ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
expand essential services, job creation and entrepreneurship to stimulate local economies, and the development of key sectors like agriculture, renewable energy, and small-scale industries. Addressing climate change, the vision emphasizes efficient water management and renewable energy to enhance resilience. Aligned with this vision, **the National Strategy for Non-** **Contributory Social Protection (NSPS, 2023-2027) integrates adaptive social protection systems, basic services,** 2 The WBG Scorecard FY24-FY30 Methodology Note defines a ‘ **refugee’** is a person who, ‘owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his or her nationality, and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country’, referencing the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. For the purposes of this PAD, the term ‘refugee’ will include both refugees and asylum-seekers. 3 UNHCR (2025), Djibouti: Refuge and Asylum-Seekers Locations, as of 15 Jan 2025; UNHCR (2024), Djibouti: Refuge and Asylum-Seekers Locations, as of 31 Dec 2025 Page 2
relationships between household wealth (excluding the value of owned land) and their willingness to pay in order to obtain full ownership rights on occupied parcels. The marginal elasticity of the reported amount that occupants’ are willing to pay with respect to wealth, though inelastic with 0.36, is positive and statistically different from zero. But wealth elasticity on the probability of willingness to pay is very negligible (0.03), implying that poorer tenants will possibly be over-bid even if they are equally willing to buy full ownership rights on occupied parcels. **5. Conclusion and policy implications** Although a large literature explores the effectiveness of titling interventions, and the impacts of tenure security on investment and productivity of land use, the African literature has not led to a consensus on whether insecurity should be of concern to policy makers or on how to most effectively address it. Our findings contribute to the methodological and the policy debate. Methodologically, the ability to use within household fixed effect estimates allows us to demonstrate that tenure insecurity has statistically very significant effects on investment and thus the productivity of land use. The fact that both our sample and the point estimates obtained are several times larger
after the 2005 floods, it was slow to arrive and the amount delivered was inadequate to support losses suffered (Patankar 2015). Given that poor people have consumption closer to subsistence, a substantial loss from floods in the absence of support can have high non-monetary costs in the form of irreversible impacts on children and distress sales of assets (de Janvry et al. 2006; World Bank and Australian AID 2014). In summary, livelihood shocks triggered by floods could keep people from escaping poverty and even push them into deeper poverty (Karim and Noy 2014). Despite this poverty-vulnerability relationship, previous quantitative studies on flood exposure in Vietnam have focused on the generation of losses rather than exposure across socioeconomic levels (Chinh et al. 2017; Apel et al. 2016; MONRE 2009). Nevertheless, insights from qualitative focus groups across the country (in An Giang, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Hoa Binh, and Bac Nih) find that many poor households feel more vulnerable to floods due to their increased exposure (a result of living in flood prone areas, like along river banks or outside of protective dikes, and often having substandard quality of housing) are less likely to have sufficient assets to buffer the effects of
executing agency, which describes how procurement in this Project will support the PDOs and deliver value for money under a risk-based approach. The PPSD will provide adequate supporting market analysis for the selection methods detailed in the Procurement Plan. Mandatory 29 MEP implemented the Equity and Efficiency of Education Project (P057857, 7284-CR). However, the project closed in 2013. 30 The PEFA 2022 concluded that overall Costa Rica PFM system is well aligned with good international practices, being budget reliability and transparency of public finances the foremost strengths. Page 18
because the input data, including labor (both hired and household) and machinery, were available only at that unit of measurement. It was not possible to allocate most inputs to specific plots as much of it was applied to several plots at a time. The dataset we used contains 1750 irrigated plots and 9183 dryland plots. The distribution of surveys – irrigated and dryland plots by country – is shown in Table 1. In this study, we relied on monthly temperature data collected from US Department of Defense satellites (Basist et al. 2001). This set of polar orbiting satellites obtain measurements at a given location on earth at 6am and 6pm every day. The satellites are equipped with sensors that measure surface temperature by detecting microwaves that pass through clouds (Weng & Grody 1998). The monthly precipitation data comes from the Africa Rainfall and Temperature Evaluation System (ARTES) (World Bank 2003). This dataset, created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association’s Climate Prediction Center, is based on ground station measurements of precipitation over the period 1948–2001. The average temperatures and precipitation for each country in the sample are shown in Appendices A and B. Note that there is a wide range
Nam Assessment Report on Climate Change IPCC (2007) Summary for Policymakers.^ In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New [York, USA. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf](http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf) IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press de Janvry, A., F. Finan, E. Sadoulet, and R. Vakis. 2006. BCan conditional cash transfer programs serve as safety nets in keeping children at school and from working when exposed to shocks?^ J Dev Econ 79: 349–373 Jongman B, Hochrainer-Stigler S, Feyen L, Aerts JCJH, Mechler R, Botzen WJW, Bouwer LM, Pflug G, Rojas R, Ward PJ (2014) Increasing stress on disaster-risk finance due to large floods. Nat Clim Chang 4(4):264–
shock of the same intensity occurs again. Using historical data and based on the statistical frequency of a shock of a certain intensity, it describes the probability of such an event. Figure 1 illustrates the extent of floods with two return periods: one with a 25-year return period (or a 1in-25-year flood) and one with a 100-year return period (or a 1-in-100-year flood). The 1-in-25-year flood has a 1/25 or 0.04 annual probability of occurring. In other words, each year there is a 4 percent chance of such an event occurring, regardless of when the last such event took place. The probabilistic nature of return periods means that there is a 63.9 percent probability that a flood of at least this intensity will occur once within a 25-year period. But this also leaves the possibility for this event to not occur at all, or to occur several times. In comparison, a 1-in-100-year flood is a more extreme event with a lower probability but higher intensity — that is, it affects a wider area and has a greater depth. As time passes, more climatic data become available, which will update the empirical probabilities associated with certain natural shocks. As the impacts
optimal allocation model, with a brief review of the methodology developed in Buys, et al. (2003). Assuming continuity with the past scale and thematic composition of lending, Section 8 uses the model to estimate lending and AAA opportunities by country and environmental theme for the period 2004-2009. [2] Section 9 interprets our findings using two country cases, and Section 10 provides a summary and conclusions. **2. Environmental Indicators** Building on prior work by Buys, et al. (2003), we construct country indicators for six environmental problems: greenhouse gas emissions; health damage from air and water pollution; the threat of natural resource degradation on fragile lands; threats to biodiversity; problems related to water resources; and problems with environmental policies and institutions. All of our indices reflect recent research on the cross-country incidence of environmental problems. For global greenhouse gas emissions, our indicator is total metric tons of carbon equivalent in 2000 from fuel combustion (CO2), land-use change (CO2) and other sources (methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N20), hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)). We draw our emissions estimates from the World Resources Institute’s Climate Analysis and Indicators database. [3] Our estimate of pollution damage is total DALY (disability-adjusted life year) losses
NUSAF IV will focus on the poorest individuals, while DRDIP II will target ‘active individuals’ identified through national wealth ranking data; (b) DRDIP II will concentrate on regions with a high refugee population, freeing up NUSAF IV to operate in other areas; (c) data sharing will be facilitated through interoperability between the DRDIP II management information system (MIS) and related projects; (d) the Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS) at the portfolio level will provide mapping of different projects, offering timely information on subproject locations; and (e) bi-annual joint reviews and joint missions of the PIUs and World Bank will be explored for strategic stocktaking and alignment. DRDIP II will also coordinate with activities of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), ensuring at the very least not to crowd out private investment. 45. **As part of the portfolio level coordination, a common taxonomy across operations will be developed through** **project implementation manuals, building a shared understanding of graduation pathways at individual and group** **levels** . Livelihoods grants from NUSAF IV and economic opportunity grants from DRDIP II will form the foundational support to refugees and host communities, priming households to become economically active and participate in value chains. The DRDIP
the planned procurement, the absence of a comprehensive project expenditure framework, and weak technical and procurement capacity at both the ministry and PMU levels. 16. The mitigation measures are as follows: a) A comprehensive expenditure framework including a Procurement Plan for the overall project for the first 18 months of implementation has been developed and will be updated periodically as necessary; b) Qualified staff will be assigned as focal persons to monitor, support, and report on procurement activities; c) Evaluation committee members will consist of a maximum of five members with three members from the concerned PMU/department and two members from the concerned ministry; d) Financial and administrative authority at the PMU/Department of Procurement level will be efficiently delegated to conduct procurement and manage contracts in compliance with the World Bank’s Procurement Regulations; e) Implementing agencies will start advance procurement to award a few critical contracts following Board approval; f) The Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used for all procurement activities; and g) The World Bank will carry out regular reviews of project-related procurement activities. 17. **Procurement oversight and monitoring arrangements.** The World Bank exercises its procurement oversight through a risk-based approach comprising prior and
possible, refugees and host communities will be provided with access to climate information, and to inform livelihood choices balanced against market demands. _Subcomponent 1.2. Issuing of ID cards to refugees and former refugees nationally (US$6 million)_ 27. **The GRZ plans to issue new biometric National Registration Cards (NRCs) to all citizens.** The process is led by the Department of National Registration, Passports and Citizenship under the MoHAIS through the Integrated National Registration Information System (INRIS) project. The overall objective of the project is to improve civil registration and identity management processes through digitization and automation. In line with the new Refugee Policy, the scheme will be extended to all refugees and former refugees, enabling them for the first time to be part of the national civil registry. Despite the historically high uptake of NRCs by Zambian citizens, women and girls still face several access challenges, attributed to time and mobility constraints due to domestic work and childcare commitments. 28. **The current system of documentation leaves persons of concern** **[20]** **vulnerable.** The GRZ, with the support of the UNHCR, has been registering persons of concern and issuing them with documents such as asylum seeker certificates, registration certificates, refugee identity cards, birth
Africa has increased substantially over the past 18 months, with more than 700,000 people approaching UNHCR in **Egypt** since April 2023 and nearly 69,000 new arrivals to **Libya** . UNHCR is working with governments and humanitarian partners to sustain an emergency response to help those fleeing the horrors of war; however, the regional response to the Sudan situation continues to be severely underfunded. After more than 13 years, the **Syria Situation** remains one of the largest displacement crises in the world. Close to 6 million Syrian refugees are hosted in the neighbouring countries. Maintaining assistance to Syrian refugees in host countries in the region remains of paramount importance, particularly given the already heightened vulnerabilities among refugees in host countries and added pressure on host governments. A lack of adequate resources has exacerbated tensions between refugees and host communities, decreased opportunities for livelihoods and strained already overstretched national systems. Years of devastating conflict in **Yemen** have left 18.2 million people dependent on humanitarian assistance. In **Iraq**, UNHCR also urgently needs resources to continue supporting the authorities in ensuring access to civil documentation and inclusion in the national social safety net for some 1 million internally displaced Iraqis. UNHCR is responding to
Policy Research Working Paper 6277 #### **Abstract** Scientific evidence indicates that global warming could well lead to a sea-level rise of 1 meter or more in the 21 [st] century. This paper seeks to quantify how a 1-meter sea-level rise that would affect coastal wetlands in 76 developing countries and territories, taking into account how much of wetlands would be submerged and how likely the wetlands would move inland as the coastline recedes. It is estimated that approximately 64 percent of the freshwater marsh, 66 percent of Global Lakes and Wetlands Database coastal wetlands, and 61 percent of brackish/saline wetlands are at risk. A large percentage of this loss would be shouldered by two regions: East Asia and the Pacific, and the Middle East and North Africa. At the country level, the results are extremely skewed with a small number of countries being severely affected. In East Asia, China and Vietnam would bear the brunt of these losses. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya and Egypt would see the most losses. A rough estimate of the economic value of the goods and services produced by wetlands at risk is approximately $630 million per year in 2000 U.S. dollars.
are also aggregated to administrative units, including for each country and subnational unit. These estimates are also aggregated to yield regional and global estimates. **4.** **Compute the number of poor people exposed to flood risk:** While poverty estimates are not available at the pixel level, the World Bank’s GMD database provides them at the subnational level for most countries. These poverty shares are multiplied with the population headcount that is estimated to be exposed to flooding, in order to obtain an estimate of the number of poor people in each administrative unit exposed to flood risk. Similarly, exposure headcount estimates are multiplied with subnational GDP per capita figures to obtain estimates of flood exposed GDP in monetary terms. **4.2.** **Stepwise computational process** The following steps are repeated for each subnational region where data are available. **Merge coastal, pluvial, fluvial flood hazard maps** - Crop fluvial and pluvial flood rasters to subnational boundary - Crop then virtually warp the coastal flood raster, using a nearest neighbors resampling method, to perfectly match the resolution and extent of the fluvial and pluvial rasters - Merge fluvial, pluvial, and coastal rasters using a maximum value method 8
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) provision of hardware (notebook computers and tablets) and connectivity for primary and secondary schools; in addition to computers, the Project will provide other equipment such as smart boards, projectors, headphones, robotics and related physical computation kits, routers to enhance internal connectivity); [26] and (iii) support to the development and implementation of a hybrid learning policy, its operational plan, and a communication strategy. This last activity would include the development of a national learning platform for virtual learning; implementation of a monitoring mechanism, such as the World Bank’s Education and Technology Readiness Index (ETRI); and development of digital resources such as e-books, multimedia contents, simulation exercises, and educational applications, as part of a unified learning management and competency certification system. As with foundational learning, implementation of the PNFT as part of the curriculum (it is not optative) will ensure that equal opportunity will be provided for girls and boys for all modules, and that girls will not lag behind boys in digital competencies, including coding and robotics. Computer Science teachers would be specially trained to make sure that coding and robotics activities are gender inclusive (for example in the choice of
**Figure 3: Coastal cyclone landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha:** **Median locations by period, 178 cyclonic storms, 1877-2016** **Sources: BMD, IMD, IBTrACS** **Figure 4: Coastal cyclone landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha:** **Distribution of locations by period, 178 cyclonic storms, 1877-2016** **Sources: BMD, IMD, IBTrACS** 11
from coefficients on dummies for longer-term possession (5-12 and > 12 years, respectively) as discussed earlier. Relevant regression results and tests for relationships between coefficients, presented in table 5, lead us to conclude that granting legal protection to _bona fide_ occupants attenuates investment disincentives in a way that goes beyond the mere passage of time. In the case of tree investment and soil conservation measures _γ_ _[2]_ _L_ [ is ] insignificant and _γ_ _[1]_ _L_ [significant, suggesting that what we find is a legal rather than just a time-effect. Still, ] while it is not surprising to find that tests consistently reject the hypothesis of _γ_ _[2]_ _L_ [ =] _[ γ]_ _T_ [ at the 1% level, ] pointing towards significant under-investment on parcels that were occupied for longer than 5 years, the same equivalent hypothesis (i.e. _γ_ _[1]_ _L_ [ =] _[ γ]_ _T_ [) is also rejected at 5% throughout. This implies that, compared to ] parcels they own, households invest significantly less in parcels to which by law they have been granted permanent and heritable occupancy rights. The magnitude of such under-investment remains large; according to the point estimates, _bona fide_ occupancy on customary land
with six lags of the dependent variable. The Arellano-Bond regression contains one lag of the dependent variable, with this lag instrumented by five previous lags. Observation are years 1967–2004 for the fixed-effects regression, and years 1962-2004 for the Arellano-Bond regression. All regressions contain weather station fixed effects. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. ***p _<_ 0.01, **p _<_ 0.05, *p _<_ 0.1. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX and APHRODITE. This evidence casts doubt on the hypothesis that positive autocorrelation of weather events is driving increased insurance purchasing. It appears that total rainfall is actually negatively autocorrelated, whereas shocks (which are proxied by the insurance contract giving a payout) do not appear to be correlated at all. Even if there is no positive autocorrelation of rainfall, there may be other aspects about experiencing a shock that result in people having a higher propensity to purchase insurance. In order to look at the results of weather separately from the effects of insurance, I analyze how previous weather events affected insurance purchase decisions in the first year that insurance was offered to BASIX customers, which was 2005. To accomplish this, I first aggregate the purchasing data to the village
**The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT **productive inclusion and social behavior change communication (SBCC) to reduce poverty, enhance resilience to climate** **risks and support economic empowerment targeting the poor and vulnerable through financial inclusion** . Refugees and asylum-seekers, included in the 2024 census, are now part of the NSPS, and refugees were incorporated into the National Programme of Family Solidarity (PNSF) in 2023. Together, these strategies aim to build a sustainable, inclusive and shockresilient socio-economic landscape, conducive to long-term growth across the country. 8. **Over the last five years, Djibouti has made significant strides in social protection, but faces challenges in** **ensuring a comprehensive, effective and efficient social protection system that is adaptive and sustainable.** While the government has successfully piloted a targeted cash transfer program and laid the foundations for delivery mechanisms using the social registry, the NSPS highlights challenges of fragmentation (as of 2019, nine safety net programs covered different groups), inadequacy, and unpredictability. Djibouti’s social protection system is currently inadequate to shield poor and vulnerable people from adverse lifecycle impacts or encourage desirable investment in human capital and provides limited coverage. In 2012, social safety net coverage was 9.5 percent, well below
J. Cochrane and W. Kisamba-Mugerwa. 1994. "Tenure Security, Credit Use, and Farm Investment in the Rujumbura Pilot Land Registration Scheme, Uganda." In Bruce, J. W. and S. E. Migot-Adholla, eds., _Searching for Land Tenure Security in Africa_ . Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishers. Rugadya, M., E. Obaiko, and H. Kamusiime. 2004. "Gender and the Land Reform Process in Uganda: Assessing Gains and Losses for Women in Uganda." Land Research Series No. 2. Kampala: Associates for Development. Shaban, R. A. 1987. "Testing between Competing Models of Sharecropping." _Journal of Political Economy_ _95_ (5): 893-920. West, H. W. 1972. _Land policy in Buganda_ . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Bank. 2003. "Nicaragua Land Policy and Administration: Towards a More Secure Property Rights Regime." Report 26683NI. Washington, DC: World Bank. 26