ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
there is an effect in neighboring districts. **3.1 Resource data** The Raw Materials Data are from InterraRMG (2013). The data set contains information on past or current industrial mines. All mines have information on annual production volumes, ownership structure, and GPS coordinates on location. We complete this data with exact geographic location data from MineAtlas (2013), where satellite imagery shows the actual mine boundaries, which allows us to identify and update the center point of each mine. The production data and ownership information are double-checked against the companies’ annual reports. For Ghana, this exercise results in 17 industrial mines tracked over time. We have annual production levels from 1990 until 2012. As mentioned, Table 1 shows the mining companies active in Ghana during recent decades, with opening and closing years (although some were closed in between, and are not presented in the table). Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of these mines. **Figure 2 Gold mines and DHS clusters in Ghana** **Panel A Gold mines and 20 km buffer zones Panel B Gold mines, DHS clusters, and 100 km buffer zones** 4 The distances are radii from mine center point, and form concentric circles around the mine. 5 The DHS
Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts, and the Case for Resilience [World Bank (2015) Platform for Urban Management and Analysis.^ http://puma.worldbank.org/](http://puma.worldbank.org/) World Bank (2016) Climate Change and Poverty in Vietnam. World Bank Internal Document World Bank, and GFDRR (2011) Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change - Vietnam World Bank, Australian AID (2014) ‘WHERE ARE WE DURING FLOODING?’ A Qualitative Assessment of Poverty and Social Impacts of Flooding in Selected Neighborhoods of HCMC
Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 3 (a) Poverty map and (b) population density map for Vietnam at the district level. Sources: (Lanjouw et al. 2013; Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015) point indicating a potential slum location. Evidence suggests that slum areas exist in the northern districts of HCMC (Habitat for Humanity 2008), which we do not find in PUMA. For this reason, we ran the analyses for two samples – all the districts in the province, and only the districts with potential slums from PUMA. The potential slum locations are presented in Fig. 4. Methodology Exposure to Flooding at the National Level At the national level, we estimate per district the number of people exposed to each scenario of flooding, and the number of poor people exposed. In the flood data, we define exposed areas as those grid cells where the flood level is greater than zero; non-exposed areas are those grid cells where the flood level is zero. This is a measure of extent rather than depth, and has been used in previous studies to examine exposure to floods (Jongman et al. 2014; Winsemius et al. 2015; Ceola et al. 2014). Furthermore, while we lose information
environmental degradation and deforestation are not new phenomena in Uganda, the large-scale and long-term presence of refugees has added to the existing pressure on the environment. From 2001 to 2023, Uganda lost 1.1 million hectares of tree cover, equivalent to a 14 percent decrease since 2000. [7] Wetlands decreased from 16 percent of the country’s land area in 1994 to an estimated 10 percent in 2021, according to the Ministry of Water and Environment. In a country where 89 percent of primary energy needs are met by biomass, land degradation is a multi-faceted crisis that has been deepened by the large refugee population. [8 ] While average woodfuel consumption per person in a refugee household is lower than that of a host household, demand still averages 660 kilograms per person per year, concentrated in and around settlement areas. [9] Refugees also open up new areas of bushland and woodland for farming, either for their own production or as hired workers or sharecroppers on host community land. 4 World Bank (2023). _World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies._ Washington, DC: World Bank at p. 208. 5 Poverty rates in refugee-hosting districts during the COVID-19 crisis ranged from 37.7 percent in
million people face high flood risk, while living on less than $5.5 per day. These findings are based on high-resolution flood hazard and population maps that enable global coverage, as well as poverty estimates from the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys. This paper is a product of the Climate Change Group and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, and a background paper for the 2020 Poverty and Shared Prosperity Report. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. The authors may be contacted at jrentschler@worldbank.org. _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development_ _issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the_ _names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those_ _of the authors. They do not necessarily represent
one hand, since 2010 urbanization and development in high-risk coastal zones has been occurring at rapid rates in many parts of the world. These trends are putting an increasing number of people in harm’s way. Human activities, such as ground water extraction, are exacerbating risks as land subsidence is increasing the extent and intensity of flooding. On the other hand, the increase in the estimated flood exposure headcount is methodological; the use of more accurate and higher resolution data, as well as the inclusion of pluvial flooding mean that this study captures flood risks more comprehensively than past studies. In addition, the Global Assessment Report (UNDRR 2017) offers estimates of risks from five major natural hazards (including flood risks), though it focuses on monetary quantifications of disaster risks. Besides such global assessments, the recent availability of high-resolution flood and population maps has enabled countless local and national risk assessments, for instance in Tanzania, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam (Chakraborty et al. 2014; Erman et al. 2019; Fielding 2012; Braese et al. 2020). **Flood risks and poverty.** Many analyses have explored the link between natural hazards – flood risks in particular – and poverty; a detailed review of
mine action. The analysis of the data resulting from this mapping combined with the analysis of the protection response monitoring data brought out the observation below: - Only two protection actors have interventions in MA which cover only a few localities of the 7 out of 11 departments affected by ED **(Ref Graph4 & Gaph2).** 4 out of 11 departments most affected by EE remain without any LAM intervention. - There is a **major gap in Explosive Device Risk Education** (EDRE) interventions in several regions affected by ED (Diffa, Tillabery, Dosso, Agadez and Niamey). - A critical lack of victim assistance is observed in all 11 affected departments ( **Ref Graph5)** . - Existing capacities have only made it possible to reach about 3,000 people [8] with EDRE [activities, representing only 2% of target set in the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP).](https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-plan-de-reponse-humanitaire-mars-2023) - 98% of the HRP LAM target is therefore not reached. In addition, 77% of the funding requirement MA interventions is not met. - There is also a **lack of human resources dedicated to coordination at national and regional** **level, prevention, and assistance to victims** . The MA Sub-Cluster has not been functional since the withdrawal of UNMAS in
(Su _et al._ 2013), a figure that has risen further as fiscal decentralization reduced alternative revenue sources for local governments (Qun _et al._ 2015). [3] Revenue generated in this way provides a huge implicit subsidy to industrialization (Ding and Lichtenberg 2011), with negative impacts on availability of land for residential and housing purposes (Peng and Thibodeau 2012). This pattern of land development, which would be difficult to maintain without complementary restrictions in labor markets that in and of themselves may lead to considerable efficiency losses (Au and Henderson 2006b), has several consequences. First, as local governments compete to attract industry, prices for industrial land in China have remained very low (World Bank and DRC, 2014). Supplying land to industry below its real value led to inefficient use of a valuable resource; in fact a nation-wide survey in 2003 1 The average is for urban areas in East Asia with more than 5 million inhabitants in 2010 (World_Bank and DRC 2014). 2 Farmers’ residential land is often not expropriated, something that led to the spread of ‘urban villages’, i.e. unplanned neighborhoods that tend to provide shelter for migrants tend exert negative externalities on prices for neighboring properties (Song and Zenou 2009).
eligible expenditures, and other details will be defined in an updated DCRM Manual for Phase II, approval of which by the World Bank is a disbursement condition. The sub-component will: (a) fund data collection to measure strains on schools, health facilities, and water points in the RHDs; and (b) finance approximately 41 infrastructure subprojects. Through ongoing analytical work, the World Bank has developed an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based model that predicts refugee inflows before they occur. [21] If the World Bank is able to raise funds to run the AI model live, the GoU will undertake an assessment to consider using it for Phase II to facilitate the disbursement of DCRM funding to districts before large refugee inflows occur, supporting preparedness and minimizing stress on host populations and refugees in the RHDs. **Component 2: Integrated Natural Resource Management (US$30 million equivalent)** 30. **Component 2 will support investments in environmental restoration and protection to respond to ecosystem** **degradation in the RHDs and additional impacts caused by climate change and refugee presence.** The expansion of farming by refugees and host communities is driving rapid deforestation in the RHDs, reducing the extent of natural forests and woodlands. Refugees and hosts also harvest wood for
**6. Summary and Conclusions** In this paper, we have constructed a spatial panel database of cyclone tracks and coastal landfalls in Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha. For 1960-2016, our tracking data come from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) for cyclones with Bangladesh landfalls and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) for cyclones with landfalls in West Bengal and Odisha. For storms before 1960, our data come from country reports in the global IBTrACS database maintained by the Global Data Center for Meteorology of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We determine each storm’s landfall as its first intersection with an ordered line of coastline points, spaced at .001 decimal degrees (approximately 100 meters). We identify each cyclone’s primary coastal impact zone as the set of coastline points lying within the cyclone’s radial distance from its landfall point to its zone of maximum wind speed. Although we confine our exercise to Bangladesh and the two Indian coastal states, our methods are general and could be expanded to an arbitrarily-large set of coastal locations. We use the database for an analysis of cyclone strike locations and impact zones in seven historical periods: 1877-1900, 1901-1920, 1921-1940, 1941-1960, 1961-1980, 1981-2000 and 2001-2016. Although we
flood risks. Indeed, large coastal cities are likely to be risk hotspots. Hallegatte et al. (2013) estimate the flood risks in the world’s 136 largest coastal cities. They show that population and asset growth, climate change and subsidence are all likely to contribute to a drastic increase in global average flood losses – from $6 billion per year in 2005 to over $60 billion in 2050, assuming proactive adaptation actions in all cities. Kulp and Strauss (2019) conduct a global assessment of the potential impact of sea level rise on the world’s coastal population. The global scale of their study and the use of high-resolution flood and population data makes it the closest comparable analysis of flood risk. Their assessment suggests that today between 190 million and 630 million people (depending on the emissions scenario considered) live in areas that could be inundated by sea level rise by the year 2100. They also estimate that one billion people live on land that is less than 10 meters above current high tide lines. This present study complements the one by Kulp and Strauss (2019) in several ways: First, it considers not only the one billion people living near current high tide
conduct due diligence on the creditworthiness of the proposed borrowers. To minimize borrowers’ moral hazard, there will be no direct contact between the BDF and end borrowers; all information required by the BDF on borrowers and projects will be collected through the PFIs. Full details will be included in a PCG Manual, acceptance of which by the World Bank will be a condition of disbursement for this sub-component. 36. **Eligibility criteria.** The PCG will be open to creditworthy refugees. Detailed terms and conditions of the guarantees will be spelled out in the PCG manual and in a PCG Agreement to be signed between the BDF and PFIs. The BDF will be solely responsible for the selection of PFIs and monitoring of compliance with the eligibility criteria. 37. _Sub-component 2(d): Graduation for vulnerable groups (US$6.5 million)._ To support highly vulnerable refugees and host community members who are not bankable, graduation-style programming will be introduced in Phase II. Sub-component activities will target individuals living in extreme poverty who face barriers such as lack of collateral, limited financial literacy and social exclusion. MINEMA will contract an implementing partner to support at least 2,500 households (70 percent refugee/30 percent host community members/60 percent femaleheaded)
90m x 90m pixel. The map shows a high concentration of flood-exposed populations in Hanoi, as well as urbanized areas along the Red River. The granularity offered by these pre-processed population exposure maps could be valuable for various applications; e.g. for the development of disaster mitigation plans prior to a flood event, or to estimate the number of affected people during flood events in order to prepare the scale-up of shock-responsive social protection systems. However, several limitations of these maps should be noted: First, poverty estimates are not available with the same resolution and are not incorporated in these maps. Second, while the maps can help to identify the scale of overall vulnerability and the location of pockets of vulnerability, they cannot replace detailed needs assessments for the targeting of post-disaster support or the evaluation of damages after specific events. 2 These maps will be made available publicly, and will be available upon request in the meanwhile. 23
0.183 0.076 0.107 0.104 Mean of dep var. 0.328 0.111 0.137 0.214 0.209 0.928 0.841 _Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. Results for women’s partners also available upon request. OLS = ordinary least squares. The women and men samples have different sampling frames and therefore we are not analyzing these results jointly. Two further caveats should be noted: (i) with many variables tested, such evidence should not be given too much weight, (ii) number of sampled men in the treatment category is quite small. Out of 7,157 sampled med, only 484 men live close to active mines. A bigger treated sample would provide more reliable results. [10] **5.2 Child health** We explore effects on child health, such as size at birth, infant mortality, anthropometrics, and incidence of cough, diarrhea, and fever. Panel A and Panel B use different variable definitions 10 Results for sampled women’s partners are similar. 18
to establish or expand their operations. This will include improving the scale and quality of community tree nurseries, and the establishment of tree plantations with market orientation, based on locally appropriate and climate-resilient species with commercial demand and also adapted to future climate conditions. The use of indigenous tree species will be promoted where technically viable. Inter-cropping within plantations during the early years of growth will provide co-benefits to group members from food and cash crops. Groups will also be supported to establish wood fuel plantations in public institutions with kitchens (e.g., schools and health facilities) to provide a sustainable supply of fuel for mass catering. LIPW under this sub-component will be limited to these institutional woodlots, as the nursery and plantations are productive assets from which participants will draw Page 10
the marketing restricted sample, which is restricted only to villages where at least one person purchased insurance in the following year. The average ratio of payout to premium (for those who received payouts) for the full sample is 3.6; for those in the marketing restricted sample it is 4.5. All regressions contain state fixed effects. Errors are clustered at the weather station level. ***p _<_ 0.01, **p _<_ 0.05, *p _<_ 0.1. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX. a payout flips to negative and significant. However, the payout ratio is positive and significant while the payout ratio squared is negative and significant. Together, this suggests that people who receive very small payouts are less likely to purchase insurance, while those who have large payouts are more likely to purchase. The overall effect of receiving a payout switches from negative to positive when the payout ratio reaches around .77. One point of concern with these results is that there are many cases where there are multiple purchasers of insurance in a certain village in one year and then zero in the next year. Although this could be the result of people simply being unsatisfied with insurance, the large
wetlands are associated with an island or mainland coast), as described in Hoozemans and Hulsbergen (1995). [15] Five possible responses to SLR corresponding to categories of wetland migratory potential were defined for the DIVA database: 1. No, or hardly any change; 2. A retreat of the coastline, combined with inland migration of coastal ecosystems; 3. A retreat of the coastline without the possibility of inland migration due to topography (e.g., coastlines with relatively high relief); 4. A possible retreat of the coastline but increase of flooding area behind the coastline (“ponding”); and 5. Total loss of the coastal ecosystem (Hoozmans et al. 1993). ###### **II.2 Methodology** The procedure used in this analysis followed several steps. First, the SRTM database was used to identify inundation zones. [16] Second, a country surface for wetlands was constructed from the polygons extracted from the Global Lakes and Wetlands database. Third, migratory potential of wetlands were assigned from the WMP classification of the coastline from the DIVA database. Fourth, the country surface of wetlands was overlaid with the inundation zone layer. The analysis then determined the area of wetlands that would be exposed to increased SLR and the area of wetlands that may be lost
Development to Foster Private Sector and Growth_ _in Rwanda._ 14 A transit district hosts asylum-seekers in the immediate period after they have come across the border. They stay in Transit Centers while their refugee claims are assessed and while the government identifies a long-term site for their resettlement. Rubavu has experienced major inflows from the DRC in recent times, with many asylum seekers staying for months. The district is being included in the project for an Integrated Craft & Production Center (ICPC) so that asylum seekers can work and seek training opportunities immediately upon arrival. This is expected to expedite the process of socio-economic inclusion. The ICPC will also be used by host community members in the district. 15 The two roads are an exception. They have been pre-identified by the government. For other subprojects, the GoR has prepared an indicative list, which will be validated through additional consultations with refugees, host communities and other stakeholders. The list includes: (a) classroom construction for a school and TVET center in Gisagara; (b) health facilities in Gatsibo and Nyamagabe; (c) water systems in Kirehe and Nyamagabe; (d) markets in Kirehe and Karongi; and (e) ICPCs in Kirehe and Rubavu. 16 The only
women as of 29 September 2024 [1] and children [2] ## 98% 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are of respondents consider accommodation as Temporary Protection holders their highest priority need ## 67% 29% ## 29% of working age respondents are employed in Czechia 1 Ministry of the Interior, Czechia 2 Ministry of the Interior, Czechia of respondents need more information about job opportunities
language skills leads to the inability to upscale professional skills and to seek meaningful employment opportunities matching qualifications. When seeking employment through agencies, women reported cases of labour exploitation with jobs that often involve long working hours, no breaks, no social protection coverage, and no annual leave. From protection monitoring, 24% of respondents reported working excessively long hours. 12% indicated they did not have an employment contract, while 3% reported the confiscation of their documentation (e.g., passport) by their employer. ### Protection Risk IV **Access to adequate healthcare:** In focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with elderly Ukrainian refugees [3], access to adequate healthcare emerged as the main concern. Participants highlighted significant barriers, including difficulties finding a general practitioner and understanding a medical insurance system that is new to them. Refugees highlighted a particular challenge in doctors neglecting to consider medical histories from Ukraine, resulting in misdiagnoses and incorrect treatment. Some instances, such as when prescribed medications conflicted with known conditions, illustrated a disconnect between patient backgrounds and treatment approaches in the Czech healthcare system. This forced some refugees to rely on bringing medications from Ukraine, exacerbated by difficulties obtaining longterm prescriptions. Language barriers also hinder effective communication of health