ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
3. Economic Opportunities

country, most Chadians traditionally obtain land through the family or lineage, following the principle of
first occupancy and, for women, through marriage.

In practice, refugees have access to agricultural land through sharecropping, loans or leases.

It is important to note that before the enactment of the new asylum legislation and in the absence of clear
rules, refugees theoretically had the right to purchase land. However, this was challenging due to the
prevalence of the traditional ownership system, their inability to produce financial documents and other
administrative obstacles.

In practical terms, refugees continue to encounter greater challenges than nationals in accessing large,
fertile land parcels due to their distance from the camps. When engaging in sharecropping agreements
(métayage), refugees are required to share a portion of the harvest with the landowner or pay rent for
these lands, which can sometimes amount to 50,000 FCFA per hectare per year.
surrounding communities. [ [3], [4]] Acquiring citizenship, brings the promise of improved employment and earnings, [[5]]

especially among women and the poorest, [[6]] while also offering broader social and economic benefits, as increases

in talent, skills and taxation accompany legalization.

**Since 2014, more than 500,000 stateless people have acquired a nationality globally.** Statelessness for many

others has been prevented as a result of efforts to improve birth registration and issuance of nationality documents

to populations at risk of statelessness and legislative changes, including those that eliminate discrimination on the

basis of gender, allowing women to pass on nationality to their children on an equal basis as men, However,

acceleration of efforts is needed to ensure that everyone can enjoy the fundamental right to a nationality, which

often enables the enjoyment of other rights and full participation in the society.

**Kenya has emerged as a global leader in the eradication of statelessness, setting an example for other nations**

**through its continued efforts to reduce the number of stateless persons within its borders.** The country has made

significant strides, beginning with the recognition of 1,496 members of the Makonde community as nationals of
Despite a historically enabling environment for refugees and other forcibly displaced in Chad, the lack of
a specific refugee legal framework has been a longstanding issue. The new 2020 asylum Law contributed
to addressing this vacuum and enhances the existing national institutional framework for the protection
[of refugees and asylum-seekers assumed by CNARR, as established by the 2011 Decree establishing the](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html)
[National Commission for the Reception, Reintegration of Refugees and Returnees](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html) (Décret n°839/PR/PM/
MAT/2011, CNARR). This latter remains in force given the role played by CNARR to supervise the refugee
management in the country. The new asylum Law clarifies the principles applicable to refugees and asylumseekers to ensure their protection and provides a legal basis for their civil and socio-economic rights, including
freedom of movement, access to justice, the right to work, healthcare, education and land. Additionally, the
new asylum Law grants refugees the same rights as Chadian citizens regarding education, healthcare and
social protection. It also provides for the recognition of the refugee identity card as a residence permit.
individuals in the East, Horn, and Great Lakes of Africa region, as well as the millions of stateless people globally,

demonstrating that resolving statelessness is not only a matter of human rights but also of inclusive economic

development.

## **Recommendations**

**1. Develop holistic, long-term policy frameworks that address the socioeconomic and human rights dimensions of**

**statelessness.**

National governments and international stakeholders should adopt inclusive development policies that go beyond

legal recognition to ensure the full social and economic integration of stateless and formerly stateless populations.

This entails ensuring equitable access to education, healthcare, employment, and social protection services for

newly recognized citizens. Governments should be encouraged to introduce targeted social safety nets and

employment support programs to reduce poverty and promote resilience among stateless and formerly stateless

groups. UNHCR and the World Bank, in partnership with national governments and NGOs, can provide technical

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 10
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© 2025. For information, contact Deloitte Poland.

**Scan the QR code**

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**the report!**
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**REGIONAL REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT RATE BY LEVEL OF**

**LOCAL LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2024)**

Employment rate Share of the refugee population (rhs) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 35% Does not understand Beginner Intermediate Advanced Fluent Source: Survey data The 2024 survey introduced a new question on local language proficiency, reinforcing previous findings of a strong correlation between language skills and employment. Respondents with at least an intermediate level of local language proficiency reported nearly twice the employment rate compared to those with no knowledge (9% of respondents). Even Ukrainians with only a basic understanding—limited to a few words or phrases (28% of the sample)—experienced a notable increase in employment compared to those with no local language skills [16] .

Finally, unlike for the host population, refugee employment rates were found to be practically the same for all education levels above technical or vocational [17], implying that local employment markets may not be valuing advanced degrees. Possible explanations include impediments to foreign qualifications recognition and other barriers that are preventing placement into high-skilled jobs (such as language, a mismatch between qualifications and local demand, etc.).
# **Population** **Data Analysis**

### **Regional Bureau** **for Southern Africa**

**September 2022**
In 2023, the national utilization rate was 0.31 new consultations per inhabitant per year, while in the camps, it
stood at 1.2 new consultations per refugee per year. This indicates that healthcare access is more favourable
in the camps than host populations. The disparity can be attributed partially to improved geographical access
in the camps, but more significantly, it is driven by financial factors. Notably, healthcare is provided free of
charge in refugee camps, whereas state facilities require fees for healthcare services. For refugees living
outside the camps, UNHCR, through its health partner, has signed agreements with state health centers for
free access, with costs covered by partners under UNHCR’s budget.

Sexual and reproductive healthcare is integrated into the package of services offered in refugee camps
covered by UNHCR and partners’ budget. As of June 2023, the rate of assisted childbirth was 91% in the
refugee camps.
While the majority of people were able to access health care services, 17% were unable to access needed care across the region. The unmet need was reported highest in Romania (28%), Hungary (22%), and Slovakia (21%).

Regionally, unmet health needs were higher for individuals with chronic illnesses compared to those without chronic illnesses (21% vs 12%) and higher compared to 2023 (15% vs 10%). Similarly, unmet

**11**
Attempts to access support differed by age, with caregivers of the youngest age group (5–11 years) being the most likely to seek support on their behalf, while older persons less often attempted to access support. In addition, in both 2023 and 2024, there were consistent gender differences in attempts to access support. In all age groups except children under 11, females attempted to access support more often than males. The gender gap in seeking support was most pronounced in the older age groups: among individuals aged 35-59, 47% of women tried to access services compared to only 31% of men, suggesting potential social and cultural
**% OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCED HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**LAST 30 DAYS BY GENDER AND AGE**

Female Male

### **Access to care**

Regionally, of the individuals who experienced health problems 30 days prior to the survey, 83% were able to obtain care, compared to 88% in 2023.
With host countries continuing to implement necessary legislation that allows refugees access to health care, reported access to health services has remained above 70% in all countries. However, after three years of the crisis, a steady improvement in access has been seen in only a few countries notably Bulgaria and Czechia. Notably, access to needed care was highest in Latvia and Czechia at 94%.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES**

**(OUT OF THOSE WHO REPORTED A HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**THE LAST 30 DAYS)**

Obtained health services Unmet health care need Regional Latvia Czechia Estonia Bulgaria Moldova Poland Lithuania Slovakia Hungary Romania (N=6,108) 83% 94% 94% 88% 86% 85% 83% 83% 79% 78% 72% 17% 14% 15% 17% 17% 21% 22% 28% 6% 6% 12% 0-4 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=19,637)
calculate from each mine location to each DHS cluster. This is also the distance measure that

we use to create the “mine” dummy, which captures whether the cluster lies within 20 km of a

known gold deposit. Note that we only consider deposits that have been in production at some

point until December 2012.

All households are thus within 100 km of one, or several, gold deposits. To ascertain whether

there is any gold production in these potential mining sites, we construct an indicator variable

_active_, which takes a value of 1 if there is at least one mine within 100 km that was extracting

gold in the year the household was surveyed, and 0 otherwise. While the _mine_ dummy captures

some of the special characteristics of mining areas (for example, whether mines tend to open in

less urban areas), the _active_ dummy captures long-range spillovers of mining.

The treatment effect that we are mostly interested in is captured with the _active*mine_

coefficient. The coefficient for _β3_ tells us what the effect of being close to an actively producing

mine is. Since the inclusion of the three dummies ( _active_, _mine_, and _active*mine_ ) captures the
work, and the likelihood increases by 5.4 percentage points, which is equal to a 6 percent

increase.

While the directionality of the occupational outcomes is broadly in line with previous results

(Kotsadam and Tolonen, 2016, for 29 African countries, and Benshaul-Tolonen, 2018, for 8

African gold-producing countries), the estimates are largely insignificant, potentially due to a

limited sample size. Two categories have positive, albeit insignificant, coefficients: services

and manual labor. The (insignificant) estimate for service jobs [9] is equivalent to 6.7% increased

employment, and manual labor 10.2%, alongside which the likelihood that a woman earns cash

for her work increases with 6%.

For men (panel B of table 4), the estimates point toward an increase in agriculture, services,

and professional (all statistically insignificant estimates), but a decreased likelihood of working

in manual labor. Results for men in panel B are largely insignificant, and it is worthwhile noting

that the sample size is only slightly above 50% than the women sample size due to DHS

sampling frame.

**Table 4 OLS estimates women’s and men’s occupation in the DHS individual-level analysis**

Occupation

---
[9] Service sector jobs in the wake of structural transformation has been found important in
Peri, G. (2012). The effect of immigration on productivity: Evidence from US states. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), 348-358.

Peri, G. (2014). Do immigrant workers depress the wages of native workers? IZA World of Labor, 42.

Peri, G. (2016). Immigrants, productivity, and labor markets. Journal of economic perspectives, 30(4), 3-30.

Peri, G., & Sparber, C. (2009). Task specialization, immigration, and wages.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 135-169.

Peterson, B. D., Pandya, S. S., & Leblang, D. (2014). Doctors with borders: occupational licensing as an implicit barrier to high skill migration. Public Choice, 160(1-2), 45–63. doi:10.1007/s11127-014-0152-8 Schmid, L. (2023). The impact of host language proficiency on migrants’ employment outcomes. American Economic Review: Insights, 5(4), 477-493.

Sohst, R., Tirado, T., Salgado, L., & Slootjes, J. (2024). Exploring Refugees’ Intentions to Return to Ukraine: Data Insights and Policy Responses.
International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute Europe.

Strzelecki, P., Growiec, J., & Wyszyński, R. (2022). The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland. Review of World Economics, 158(2), 365-399.

Tokariuk, O. (2025). Ukraine’s fight for its people. Strategies for refugee and diaspora engagement, Ukraine Forum, Chatham House, February.
**4.2** **Health care**

[Article 21 of the Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) stipulates that every refugee or asylum seeker is entitled to the right to health
under the same conditions as nationals.

During the prescribed period, Chad has developed a new [National Health Development Plan for 2022-](https://www.afro.who.int/fr/countries/chad/publication/plan-national-de-developpement-sanitaire-pnds-4-2022-2030#:~:text=PLAN%20NATIONAL%20DE%20DEVELOPPEMENT%20SANITAIRE%20(PNDS%204)%202022%2D2030,-Le%20Minist%C3%A8re%20de&text=Le%20PNDS4%20est%20le%20dernier,des%20Objectifs%20de%20D%C3%A9veloppement%20Durable.)
[2030, aiming to establish an integrated, efficient, resilient, and person-centered health system. This plan](https://www.afro.who.int/fr/countries/chad/publication/plan-national-de-developpement-sanitaire-pnds-4-2022-2030#:~:text=PLAN%20NATIONAL%20DE%20DEVELOPPEMENT%20SANITAIRE%20(PNDS%204)%202022%2D2030,-Le%20Minist%C3%A8re%20de&text=Le%20PNDS4%20est%20le%20dernier,des%20Objectifs%20de%20D%C3%A9veloppement%20Durable.)
includes refugees and asylum seekers, ensuring their access to public health services on an equal basis with
nationals. Refugees and asylum-seekers are also incorporated into national, provincial, and departmental

R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D** 11
productivity, which is the part of labour productivity coming from organisational and technological innovations, in a sample of U.S. states in the period 19602006. He finds that a 1 percentage point increase in the shares of immigrants raises labour productivity by 0.9% and TFP by 1.4%. These estimates are causal, as the author uses distance from the Mexican border and previous immigrant communities, which are both orthogonal to economic growth in host states.
What is further interesting, is firms in reaction to immigration adapt production technologies directed to workers without college education. This is consistent with the idea, that firms make workers more productive by adapting technologies to their skill sets. It is also important that these positive effects for productivity have been achieved despite immigrant inflow comprised less educated workers.

39
RESETTLEMENT KEY FIGURES

**Submitted Cases**

1,063 4,497

**Cases** **Case Members**

**Active Cases**

986 4,219

**Case** **Case Members**

**Submitted Cases Member by**

**Country of Submission**

REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**PERSONS OF CONCERN INVOLVED IN RESETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA**

As of 30 September 2022

MOVEMENTS OF GROUPS OF 10 OR MORE RESETTLEMENT CASE MEMBERS

**Country of Origin** **Country of Submission** **Country of Resettlement**

MAP OF THE DEPARTURES BY COUNTRY OF SUBMISSION

**Departure Cases**

337 2,067

**Case** **Case Members**

**Quota**

6,483 69%

**Allotcated Quota** **% of Submission vs Quota**

**Balance (Quota/Submission) :** 1,986

**Departure Cases by Age and Gender**

**ZAM**

**MLW**

**RSA**

**ZIM**

**MOZ**

**ANG**

**BOT**

**NAM**

**COB**

**COD**

**USA**

**SWE**

**NZL**

**FIN**

**NOR**

**CAN**

**AUL**

**FRA**

**493**

**303**

**205**

**28**

**27**

**13**

**11**

4%

9%

9%

26%

0%

0-4

5-11

12-17

18-59

60+

3%

12%

9%

1%

26%

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**MLW**

**ZAM**

**3,417**

**1,438
+

3%

12%

9%

1%

26%

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**MLW**

**ZAM**

**3,417**

**1,438**

**1,367**

**Departure Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**1,247**

**464**

**169**

**122**

**16**

**15**

**14**

**12**

**2**

**2**

**RSA**

**ZIM**

**NAM**

**BOT**

**MOZ**

**MAD**

**519**

**487**

**355**

**157**

**96**

**36**

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Origin**

**Departure Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Origin**
[Article 24 of the Asylum Law accords refugees a treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event,](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances, concerning the
acquisition of movable or immovable property, lease contracts and other associated rights. Article 67
of the [2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) adds that refugees lawfully staying in the country shall have the same treatment
as foreigners in general concerning that right. Article 29 of the Asylum Law also accords refugees
lawfully staying in Chad treatment as favourable as possible concerning housing which falls under
national legislation, or which is submitted to public control, and, in any event, not less favourable than
that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances. Article 71 of the 2023 Decree specifies
that refugees lawfully staying in Chad should be accorded the same treatment as foreigners in general
regarding housing subject to the laws and regulations in force. Key to note is that Article 61 of the 2023
Decree, specifically addressing local integration as a durable solution, specifies that the Government
prioritizes refugees’ right to access land and secure allocated land to achieve self-reliance.
**SCENARIO 1** **SCENARIO 2** **SCENARIO 3** **SCENARIO 4**

**Low employment**

**conservative**

**productivity**

**High employment**

**conservative**

**productivity**

**Low employment**

**baseline**

**productivity**

**High employment**

**baseline**

**productivity**

The main impact of refugees is in growth of the economy. Refugees increase both supply as workers and entrepreneurs as well as demand as consumers. Increase in GDP is not directly proportional to the increase in population or employment.
Net benefits are lowered both due to a decrease in capital to labour ratio as well as an increase in competition on the labour market. Moreover, increase in demand in tight labour market conditions results in higher inflation and lower price competitiveness of Polish products which lower its overall positive impact.
Nevertheless, the positive impact of refugees on the economy is significant in every scenario considered.

In 2022 it amounts to real GDP being higher by 0.5-0.8% and in 2023 cumulatively by 0.7-1.1%.
This corresponds to GDP being higher by 24-36.9 billion PLN in 2023 [43] .

In the long term, total potential GDP should be higher by around 0.9-1.35% due to refugees contributions. [44]

---
[44] Note that long term refers to the time when the economy fully adjusts with no additional shocks. We do not model the current refugees from Ukraine
In response to the recent arrival from Sudan from mid-April 2023 to the present, humanitarian agencies
acted swiftly to support the government’s request. They coordinated a comprehensive, multisectoral
humanitarian response on the ground under the Refugee Coordination Model previously used during
the inflow of refugees from Cameroon and Central African Republic. This involved establishing sectoral
groups to ensure a consistent and comprehensive approach. While development actors were not directly
engaged in formulating and financing emergency plans, they received regular updates on the implemented
responses by CNARR and UNHCR.

R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D** 3
reach the north of the continent through the Darien jungle or Europe through the French Guyana.
In this context, Brazil plays a crucial regional role and has the potential to offer effective legal and
socio-economic integration opportunities for displaced populations, which will contribute to the
reduction of secondary movements.

To this end, the Government is set to launch Brazil's first National Policy on Migration, Asylum and
Statelessness. Developed through an extensive participatory process involving concerned
populations, the policy aims to streamline access to rights and services at federal, state, and
municipal levels. This will support the effective reception and integration of these populations into
the Brazilian society. Additionally, the Government has also adopted a Plan of Action to address
the protection and integration challenges faced by the Haitian population.

Moreover, Brazil is launching a Resettlement, Admission, and Humanitarian Reception Program
for Afghan refugees through Complementary Means and Community Sponsorship. Authorities,
with the active support of UNHCR, are now developing Standard Operating Procedures for its
implementation, and planning ways to identify and train the civil society organizations who will be
responsible to receive these refugees in Brazil and support them in their local integration journey.
Two theories have been put forward in the literature to explain this:

**01.** Immigrants and natives differ in terms
of skills, occupational experiences, contact networks and work tasks.
Hence, they are not in direct competition. Typically, immigrants take on tasks previously performed by natives, who move to higher-valueadded tasks in the process known as “ **occupational upgrading** ” (Beerli and Peri, 2018; Tabellini, 2020; Cattaneo et al., 2015; Foged and Peri, 2016; D’Amuri i Peri, 2014; Ortega and Verdugo, 2014; Peri and Sparber, 2009).

Tritah (2015) found that a 1 percentage point increase in the rate of immigration increased GDP per capita growth by 0.3 percentage point in a sample of 20 developed OECD countries during the 1960–2005 period. Peri (2012) in a seminal paper, estimates that a 1 pp increase in the immigrant share raises labour productivity by 0.9% and TFP by 1.4%, using a sample of U.S. states from 1960 to 2006.

37
In   2012   the   programme   expanded   to   cover   capacity   building   of   government   officials   and
other   partners   in   relation   to   IDP   and   refugee   protection   and   the   role   and   mandate   of
UNHCR.   Additionally,   support   has   been   provided   by   UNHCR   to   the   Moe   Pwint   Operation
through   a   pilot   project   as   well   as   the   production   of   leaflets   in   the   local   language   to
increase   the   Ministry   of   Immigration   efforts   in   enhancing   awareness   of   the   Operation
within   the   communities.

5   TBC   2012,   see   note   3   above.

6