ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
of renewable energy and/or improved cooking systems for public institutions, which will be incorporated into Component 1. Component 2 will be organized around two sub-components, as described below. 33. _Sub-component 2.1: Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems (US$20 million)._ The DRDIP II Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) carried out in 2024 identified various types of sensitive and degraded ecosystems within the project area, including riverbanks, wetlands, bare and steep sloping hillsides, forest reserves, gully erosion sites, and other sites at risk due to climate change. Such areas serve as water catchments, biodiversity hotspots, and sources of ecosystem services to the communities and will inform the selection of watersheds for restoration activities. Subproject selection within those watersheds will be guided by local needs and community priorities that will respond to climate change impacts. Measures to be supported will include: (a) construction of soil and water conservation structures, such as terraces, bunds, check dams and trenches to build community resilience to climate change-induced water scarcity; and (b) planting of ground cover and indigenous trees to reduce run-off, tackle erosion and landslides, enrich the ecosystem, re-stabilize the environment, and strengthen resilience to drought. These time-limited interventions are expected to directly respond to climate change impacts
Israel would ―open the gates...wide to every Jew and confer upon the Jewish people the status of a fully privileged member of the comity of nations‖ (MFA 1948/2010). Established to express the right of the Jewish people to self-determination and grounded in the Zionist ideology, Israel‘s Jewish and democratic character is underlined by the 1950 Law of Return which constructs a distinctive migration regime. The law establishes the ―natural right‖ of every Jew to return to the homeland and become a citizen, based on ethno-religious ancestral ties which are represented in the modern nation, and in the ideological commitment to Jewish immigration (Sachar 2000; Shuval 1998). The law constructs a migration regime that defines the particularities of membership claims while excluding those who do not meet its demands, creating varying degrees of a much-debated structural discrimination against non-Jews, and in particular Palestinians (cf. Carmi 2003; Yiftachel 2006; Gavison 2010). The state actively seeks, via a range of institutions, to encourage Jewish ̳homecoming‘ and sustain a Jewish demographic majority. Israel‘s self-defined ―Jewish and democratic‖ character creates inherent tensions for non-Jewish migrants (amongst others) who are conceived by some as an existential threat (Kritzman-Amir 10
years old) on off-farm work and similar shifts, though no change in aggregate labor supply, by females. 14 With a mean cultivated area of 3.45 mu, the estimated benefit per mu in terms of consumption and income is 3,150*0.077/3.45 and 4,928*0.067/3.45, respectively. . 15 As we have information on time use at individual level, analyzing this aspect also allows us to obtain gender- and age-differentiated estimates of reform impacts, in line with evidence that such differences could be important (Wang 2014). 16 The age brackets of 16-60 years (or 55 for females) are in line with the age for participation in formal labor markets. 12
It should be noted that the choice of population density map is important for the purpose of this study. Smith et al. (2019) provide a sensitivity analysis for flood exposure assessments using different population density maps, including GHSL-POP 2015 (3-arc second, ~90 m resolution). They show that high-resolution population density maps perform best in capturing local exposure distribution, in particular the HighResolution Settlement Layer (HRSL) with 1 arc second, or ~30 m resolution, produced jointly by Facebook, Columbia University and the World Bank (2018). While HRSL is only available for a limited number of countries, GHSL-POP is shown to perform better than alternatives with global coverage, such as LandScan data (30-arc second, ~900 m resolution; Bright et al. 2016). **3.3.** **Administrative boundaries** The definition of national administrative boundaries follows the standard World Bank global administrative map. However, national boundaries are further disaggregated into subnational units for all countries where World Bank household surveys are available with subnational representativeness. These subnational units are typically provinces or states (i.e. admin1) but can also include custom groupings of subnational regions determined by the sampling strategy of household surveys. Overall, this study covers 189 countries, which are disaggregated into 2,260 subnational units. **3.4.** **Poverty
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT World Bank GEMS system. Project results will be captured through baseline, annual, and endline surveys. Regular phone surveys will also be conducted for beneficiaries under the economic opportunity component to gather data on business sustainability and profitability to allow for real-time learning and course correction as necessary. Where appropriate, results indicators will be disaggregated by gender and by refugee/host community status. **C. Disbursement Arrangements** 62. **The project will receive disbursements from the World Bank in a holding account under the consolidated fund** **in United States Dollars (US$) in the Bank of Uganda (BoU) managed by the Office of the Accountant General under** **MoFPED.** Funds from the holding account will be transferred to two accounts for OPM and IG in US$ held at BoU. To implement the project, funds will be transferred from the US$ accounts for OPM and IG into the OPM operations and implementation account and IG’s operations account, both denominated in Uganda Shillings (UGX). Payments for eligible expenditure by OPM and IG can be made from either their US$ or UGX accounts. Transfers by OPM to districts, cities, and urban centers will
refugees have obtained residence permits enabling them to live in and around Lusaka, Ndola, and other urban centers. [11] **(** Figure 1). **Figure 1. Location of Refugees in Zambia** _Source:_ June 2024, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security (MoHAIS). 10. **Socioeconomic conditions for refugees in the designated settlements are challenging.** Notwithstanding, the Government’s long-standing efforts to support the three main refugee settlements and adjacent areas, achieving selfreliance for refugees in these settlements has proven elusive. Refugees face restrictions on freedom of movement and, while by law they have the right to employment and education, the cost of residence and work and study permits places severe restrictions on their ability to attain self-reliance. While many refugees are in practice living outside the settlements, they are prone to arrest and extortion in the absence of legal identity and full mobility rights. Female refugees experience additional vulnerabilities to gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual exploitation both within and outside the settlements. The situation is compounded by the remote rural locations of settlements, underdeveloped local infrastructure and services, and limited opportunities to develop sustainable livelihoods. [12] Changing weather patterns are having a disproportionate impact on refugees and host communities as they struggle to adapt
the following year), the balanced sample (where insurance was offered all years), and the balanced marketing sample (where insurance was purchased in all years). One may be concerned that the linear probability model may give biased estimates, especially since such a small percentage of the sample were repeat buyers. Therefore, the results from a probit model are also presented in the supplemental appendix and give similar results to OLS. As mentioned earlier, the dependent variable in this regression was generated by manually matching customers from one year to another, and therefore it is likely measured with some error. Although there is no reason to believe that this measurement error is correlated with any independent variables in the regression, since the dependent variable in the regression is a dummy variable, this can lead to downward bias on the estimated coefficients. In order to get a feel for the potential magnitude of this error, I run simulations where I assume that the BASIX data has been matched completely correctly and then induce “measurement error” by randomly changing the dependent variable of whether people purchased the following year or not. With the introduction of 10 percent matching errors (with an equal probability of
represent riverine and coastal flood hazard for Vietnam considering climate change. Second, we examine how exposure to floods differs based on socioeconomic characteristics, with an explicit focus on poverty. Our results indicate that climate change is likely to increase the number of people exposed to floods, especially in the Mekong and Red River Deltas. For the same return period flood under current socioeconomic conditions, climate change may increase the number exposed to 38 to 46% of the population (an increase of 13–27% above current exposure), depending on the severity of sea level rise. Regarding poverty and exposure, while we do not find evidence of a differential exposure at the national level, we find at the city level that poor people are relatively more exposed to floods. Within HCMC, potential slum areas are 10–20% more exposed to floods compared to the rest of the city, with the exposure differential increasing with climate change. Nevertheless, the findings presented in this paper should be interpreted considering a number of caveats. While we use current and future flood data, we only use current population and poverty data, as reliably projecting these socioeconomic trends spatially into the future is almost impossible. Changes in these trends
**The World Bank** Zambia Refugee and Host Communities Project (P503941) **ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan** 1. **Overall project implementation will be managed by the MoHAIS.** As the lead implementing agency, the MoHAIS has both an important implementation role—specifically on Component 1—and a coordination role which includes mobilization of the PSC and PSG and monitoring the implementation performance of the devolved responsibility to the SPMU in Kalumbila District. MoHAIS will help resolve any technical or political bottlenecks which may arise across the project. The MoHAIS has already assumed an important leadership role in the development of the GRZ’s Refugee Policy and the MORHCSA. The implementation arrangement is presented below. **Figure 1.1. Project Implementation Arrangements** 2. **Project activities under Components 2 and 3 will require specialist technical service providers.** The SPMU will be responsible for contracting appropriate providers and overseeing implementation progress of selected providers. - **Component 2: Climate Resilient Community Infrastructure.** All designs and supervision activities will be undertaken by respective implementing government ministries, except for the road improvement activities which will be designed and supervised by a firm selected from the market. Construction activities will also be by private sector firms to ensure higher build and climate-resilient standards.
**are people with disabilities** and **17% are older people** . Among older people around 50% are persons with disabilities which exacerbate the risks that this category of refugees faces. This briefing note aims to provide an overview of the situation of older refugees in Moldova and the gaps and needs they face, as well as the current efforts being made by humanitarian stakeholders to address these challenges. From the **Socio-Economic Insights Survey** (SEIS) conducted by the IMPACT Initiative in1 August 2024, the following **four main areas** were identified as significantly impacting **older refugees** compared to other groups: **Access to Information:** Older refugees face significant challenges in accessing information compared to other refugee groups. Many lack the necessary devices to connect online, and the available information is often not presented in formats that accommodate their needs. **Healthcare Access:** Access to healthcare and to medicines emerged as urgent priorities for older refugees, with a significantly higher proportion identifying these needs as compared to younger refugee groups. **Support Channels:** Refugees aged 75 and above are less likely to have access to secure and private channels for seeking support, or reporting concerns, including sensitive community issues (only 75% reported access compared to an average
to control for time effects. Also, I only include purchasers who have weather insurance contracts available in their area in the following year. [9] These results are presented in table 3, and column 1 reports the baseline OLS results. It shows that receiving a payout is associated with a 9 percent increased chance of repurchasing insurance the following year, which means that those who receive an insurance payout are more than twice as likely to purchase insurance the following year than those who did not receive a payout. [10] However, this coefficient is not statistically significant at standard levels ( _p_ = .18). The effect on repurchasing may depend on the size of the payout as well. In column 2 I add two new continuous variables to the regression: the ratio of the payout received to the premium paid (which I will call the “payout ratio”) and the payout ratio squared. In this specification, the dummy on receiving 5 [APHRODITE’s water resources project; http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip.](http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip) 6 25° latitude equals about 27.5 kilometers. .25° longitude varies by latitude; over the range of latitudes in this survey it equals roughly 26 kilometers. 7 It is not clear if ICICI-LOMBARD used APHRODITE or another
_Note:_ Panel A shows the location of the gold mines that were active during the study period. Around each circle, a 20-km radius is marked. These 40-km-wide areas are the baseline treatment areas in the analysis. Panel B shows the 100-km treatment areas and the distribution of the DHS clusters. Road data is an alternative way of defining distance from mines, but time series data on roads is not available. **3.2 Household data** We use microdata from the DHS, obtained from standardized surveys across years and countries. We combine the respondents from all four DHS standard surveys in Ghana for which there are geographic identifiers. The total data set includes 19,705 women (of which 12,392 live within 100 km of a mine) aged 15–49 from 137 districts. They were surveyed in 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008, [6] and live in 1,623 survey clusters. Since the DHS surveys focus on women, the surveys of women will be the main source of data. However, we also use the surveys of men, which give us data from the same four survey years, but with a total number of 12,294 individuals, of which 7,491 men live within 100 km of a mine. In addition,
estimated at US$57,000 at a 12 percent discount rate, with an ERR of 12 percent. **Gender** 67. **Building on the gender assessment conducted during the Phase I MTR, Phase II will address the gender** **gaps outlined in Table 10 below.** The project results framework will also track gender data. The key gaps identified in the MTR assessment are: (a) fewer women access loans from financial institutions to start their own businesses; (b) fewer women are starting businesses due to time poverty and capacity gaps; and (c) fewer women are in employment than men. Social gender norms and household dynamics play a critical role in causing these gaps. According to a 2022 study by Access to Finance Rwanda, deeply ingrained societal expectations shape how women participate in economic life and influence their capacity to leverage assets—particularly land and property—as collateral. _[34]_ One pervasive norm is that women should prioritize family and caregiving responsibilities over business activities. This norm restricts their time and engagement in income-generating pursuits and weakens their perceived legitimacy as entrepreneurs, reducing their chances of qualifying for credit. Additionally, women are often expected to rely on family support, especially from spouses, instead of seeking independent financial solutions, distancing them
System support, administration, and M&E (US$12 million)_ . This sub-component will support the operational costs of the PIST at the national, regional, district, and sub-county levels. These project structures will work in collaboration with the existing OPM structures at the various levels. The sub-component will also fund a robust M&E system that will include regular monitoring from the field using the World Bank GEMS system, as well as baseline, midline, and endline assessments. Beneficiary phone surveys will be conducted regularly to gather information from the field. The sub-component will support capacity building for the project IAs on issues such as financial management, procurement, project management, M&E, and environmental and social risk management. 48. _Sub-component 4.2: Strengthening Transparency, Accountability, and Anti-corruption (STAAC) (US$2.5 million)_ . Led by the IG, the GoU’s peak anti-corruption body, the sub-component will establish and build the capacity of Community Monitoring Groups in all DRDIP II locations to operate as frontline agents for corruption prevention, corruption risk monitoring, awareness raising and to receive corruption complaints. Project financing will also support the IG to respond to allegations of corruption made against the project. Page 13
Bank. [43] Multifaceted challenges such as refugee impacts on host communities and assisting of refugees to achieve self-reliance require a combination of policy and investment. The approach is aligned with lessons from the 2023 World Development Report which highlighted that “policies should be geared toward financial and social sustainability by means of internal mobility, self-reliance, and inclusion in national services.” [44] Durable solutions require a combination of both legal and development perspectives, which is precisely what this project does. Such an approach needs to be coupled with a long-term development horizon as the typical World Bank project life cycle is not well suited to addressing such massive development deficits over typically short project cycles. 47. **The viability of agribusiness is crucial for project sustainability beyond World Bank assistance.** The TA and financial support provided under the project will build on the successful World Bank financed Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (P156492) model. The aim will be to provide cooperatives and farmers sufficient TA and grant financing to 43 World Bank. 2022. _Social Cohesion and Forced Displacement: A Synthesis of New Research_ . 44 World Development Report 2023. Page 22
adolescent clubs, community community-based child protection structures volunteers, sports and the establishment of child (Children Clubs and Child Welfare Committees) friendly spaces, and life-skills education groups. through WhatsApp and other online platforms to Operations and partners map the community disseminate referral pathways updates and key actors to further facilitate and enhance their roles protection messages. vis-a-vis the aforementioned mechanisms to protect children and their communities. In Ukraine, UNHCR shared important information on its online refugee youth platform, including In Mexico, UNHCR, in collaboration with IOM and useful links for free online courses that was used UNICEF, developed child-friendly information for social interactions and peer-to-peer support. materials on COVID-19 and supported UNHCR / July 2020 2
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 7. **Degradation of the natural environment is placing refugees and host communities at higher risk from climate** **change effects.** Uganda’s economy is highly dependent on ‘climate-sensitive’ sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and forestry. Ranked 163 [rd] out of 187 on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative index, urgent action is required to address climate vulnerability in Uganda. Key trends over the last 60 years include temperature rises (1.3degree Celsius average temperature increase, expected to reach 1.8 degrees by 2050) and a statistically significant reduction in rainfall. Droughts have become more frequent and longer-lasting, especially in the western, northern, and north-eastern regions, which cover most of the DRDIP II target areas. [10] This is causing more frequent crop failure, threatening livelihoods, increasing food insecurity, and aggravating water scarcity. In the future, rainfall is expected to decrease further in the north and north-eastern regions and increase in the west. As the climate crisis intensifies, the country faces rising incidents of extreme weather, leading to disasters such as floods, droughts, and landslides. [11] Between 2018 and 2023, over 455,000 people were displaced due to weather-related disasters,
the Women, Business, and the Law Index (World Bank 2022a). 4. **Djibouti’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters exacerbates these economic and social challenges.** The country frequently experiences heatwaves, droughts and floods, which take a heavy toll on the population by reducing productivity and disrupting economic activity. Between 1980 and 2019, Djibouti recorded ten major droughts, with the 2008-2011 drought alone shrinking GDP by four percent and affecting over 100,000 people, leading to the loss of half of Djibouti’s livestock. More recent flooding events between 2018 and 2020 caused substantial damage, impacting 250,000 people and requiring an estimated US$25 million for recovery and reconstruction. The increasing frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events place additional pressure on rural communities, which are already struggling with poverty, underdeveloped infrastructure, and limited access to essential services. In 2021, 89 percent of Djibouti’s population was exposed to climate hazards, with extreme heat affecting more people (82.8 percent) than any other 1 In Djibouti less than 1,000 square kilometers of land is arable and annual rainfall is extremely low (130 mm). Page 1
a broader range of interventions including the financial services and SBCCs. **C. Disbursement Arrangements** 65. **Given the high-risk environment, the report-based disbursement will not be applicable.** Therefore, upon project effectiveness, transaction-based disbursements will be used. An initial advance up to the ceiling of the Designated Account (DA) will be made into the DA and subsequent disbursements will be made monthly against submission of Statements of Expenditures or records as specified in the DFILs. The other methods of disbursing the funds (reimbursement, direct payment, and special commitment) will also be available to the project. The minimum value of applications for these methods is USD100,000 equivalent. The project will have the option to sign and submit withdrawal applications electronically using the eSignatures module accessible from the World Bank’s Client Connection website. The flow of funds arrangement chart is shown in Figure 1.1 here under. **Figure 1.1. Flow of Funds and Disbursement Arrangements** Page 18
**Table 1: Sample of farms** **No. of** **Irrigated** **Dryland** **Country** **plots** **plots** **plots** Burkina Faso 1141 59 1082 Cameroon 1013 145 868 Egypt 1030 1030 0 Ethiopia 932 67 865 Ghana 1210 49 1161 Kenya 862 95 767 Niger 1133 52 1081 Senegal 1362 34 1328 South Africa 283 83 200 Zambia 1009 13 996 Zimbabwe 958 123 835 **Total** **10933** **1750** **9183** 14