ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
Table 12 shows that log annual wages are higher close to mines (column 1), and that most of

the increase is driven by the increase in wage rates for women (column 2). Women, however,

have lower wages before the mine, and a smaller share of women earn wages. Globally, it is

considered that the historic expansion in service sector employment (which in this context

increased significantly within 10 km) has played a pivotal role in reducing the gender wage and

hour gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017).

31
UNHCR   first   established   an   operational   presence   in   South-­‐Eastern   Myanmar   in   2004
with   the   objective   of   assisting   communities   affected   by   armed   conflict   in   Kayin   and   Mon
States   and   in   Tanintaryi   Region.   Between   2004   and   2012,   UNHCR,   in   partnership   with
local   and   international   organizations,   has   delivered   over   3,000   humanitarian   projects   to
ensure   that   displaced   and   host   families   in   affected   areas   have   access   to   proper
sanitation,   primary   health   care   facilities,   safe   and   clean   water,   livelihood   activities   and
other   training   including   technical   support   to   community   management   capacities,
particularly   in   relation   to   small   infrastructure   management.

UNHCR   also   undertakes   protection   assessment,   legal   awareness   training,   and   provides
assistance   to   extremely   vulnerable   individuals   (including   land   mine   victims   and
survivors   of   sexual   and   gender-­‐based   violence).   The   extent   and   capacity   of   protection
monitoring   and   referral   networks   in   the   South-­‐East   nonetheless   remain   extremely
limited.
politicians that have been linked to mining activities in other countries such as Peru

(Maldonado, 2017) and India (Asher and Novosad, 2018), such as clientelism, corruption and

reelection of local politicians were not analyzed within the context of Ghana. We encourage

future analysis along similar lines.

A few caveats should be noted. As the gold mining industry in Ghana matures further, it will

be important to determine the long sustainability of these economic effects. This paper does not

tease out the effect of mine closure on local socio-economic conditions, an aspect that warrants

future focus. Moreover, lack of clearly estimated effects both in the individual level and district

level analysis could stem from limited sample sizes. We encourage future analysis to use more

rounds of data to ensure consistent results. Lastly, for the health and employment effects that

we observe, we cannot determine if they stem from changes in the market-based economy, from

corporate social responsibility policies or public spending. Future studies should try to carefully

disentangle the mechanisms at play.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# **2.** Situation of refugees from Ukraine on the labour market in Poland

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 7.** Unemployment rate

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

**Source:** Harmonized data, Eurostat, [Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/une_rt_m/default/table?lang=en)

##### Refugees from Ukraine fit well into the needs of the Polish labour market.

Ukrainians arrived on a labour market that structurally needs more workers, as the domestic population is ageing rapidly, while the economy is growing. High levels of education, cultural proximity and previous connections to Poland helped refugees adapt to the labour market. Furthermore, Poland made an important and strategic policy decision by promptly opening the labour market and supporting their inclusion.

16 17

**Chart 6.** Working age population with Polish citizenship (20-64 years old)

25 24 23 22 21 20
UNHCR and partners provide case management assistance to support children who are
unaccompanied or separated from traditional caregivers or who are suffering from violence,
exploitation, and neglect. UNHCR works with partners, including government partners, to assist
children with heightened protection needs by providing legal assistance, safety and security, and
psychological and health interventions as needed. UNHCR works with YCWS, our implementing
partner, to provide assistance to unaccompanied children (UAC) in a Semi-Independent Living Care
Arrangement (SILCA) through which UAC are accommodated in a rented room and their basic needs
are covered. In response to the emergency situation in Aceh, UNHCR is undertaking Best Interest
Assessments (BIA) for the large number of UAC, child spouses, and other children at risk to better
understand their needs and determine a protection approach that best addresses those needs.

### **Gender-Based Violence (GBV)**
## **NAVIGATING HEALTH** **AND WELL-BEING** **CHALLENGES FOR** **REFUGEES FROM** **UKRAINE**

#### An Inter-Agency Exploration of Data 2nd edition January 2025
**Average monthly gross earnings in enterprise sector in poviat of employment in 2022**

Natives and other immigrants 36 Note that these percentages are only indicative, as Ukrainian refugee educational attainment is assumed on the basis of November 2022 NBP (2023) survey for 18+ age group and July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey for 15+ age group, while the general population is taken from the 2022 Labour Force Survey for 15-74 (broadest available) age group, and earnings by educational attainment are taken from the GUS (2022) “Structure of wages and salaries by occupations in October 2020”.
37 Note that the numbers of Ukrainian refugees and all workers numbers by poviats are taken from ZUS Statistical Portal on 30th September 2023 from the universe of workers registered for social security (this does not cover the informal sector and some jobs that do not require social security). Ukrainian refugees are identified by PESEL UKR. Salaries and wages are taken from Statistics Poland BDL GUS database for 2022, but cover only the enterprise sector (firms with 10 or more employees).
38 Note that there is no publicly available administrative data on the sectoral distribution of Ukrainian refugees. We proxied their sectors by taking the difference in workers with Ukrainian citizenship registered for social security between H1 2023 and end of 2021 in A-Q 1-letter NACE sections. For the general population we used employment in the 15+ age group in Q2 2023 from the Eurostat Labour Force Survey. Earnings by NACE section have been taken from Statistics Poland Statistical Bulletin wages and salaries for the enterprise sector and public sector in Q2 2023.
39 Note that Ukrainian refugees have been allocated to firm sizes based on the July-August 2023 UNHCR (2023) survey, while general workers from the GUS (2023) “Employment in the national economy in 2022”. Productivity of firms by size is based on gross value added per person employed in industry, construction, and market services sectors (broadest available) in 2021 from Eurostat Structural Business Statistics.
Population Data Analysis – September 2022

Overview

As of the end of September 2022, Southern Africa hosts around **8.6 million persons of concern (PoCs) to UNHCR** .
This includes 1.1 million refugees and asylum-seekers and 6.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as
others of concern, refugee returnees and IDP returnees. **The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) represents 77**

**per cent of the regional data.**

Refugees, Asylum-Seekers and Others of concern

The region hosts **785,000 refugees, 278,000**

**asylum-seekers** **and** **36,000** **others** **of**

**concern** . Among those 1.1 million PoCs, 74 per
cent of them are from the countries outside of
the Southern Africa region. [1] The top five
countries of origin are Central African Republic
(243,000), Rwanda (242,000), DRC (228,000),
Burundi (84,000) and Ethiopia (61,000).

Internally Displaced Persons
(IDPs)

In Southern Africa, there are **6.9 million**

**internally displaced persons (IDPs)** . Most of
them are conflict-induced, 6.4 million, but there
are also natural disaster-induced IDPs, 0.5
million. The data on IDPs are reported in DRC,
Congo, Mozambique and Zimbabwe (see
Figure 1).

Durable Solutions

Figure 1. Number of IDPs in RBSA by Cause as of 30 September 2022

---
[1] The Southern Africa region refers to the 16 countries covered by the Regional Bureau for Southern Africa of UNHCR including Angola,
active*mine -0.086*** -0.055** 3.705 -0.058 -0.032 0.125**
(0.025) (0.025) (2.898) (0.086) (0.032) (0.051)

Mean dep var 0.715 0.705 45.71 0.491 0.259 0.028

_Note:_ The table uses GLSS data for Ghana for the survey years 1998, 2005, 2012. The sample is restricted to
women and men aged 15–49. Robust standard errors clustered at the village or neighborhood level in parentheses
(except if otherwise stated). All regressions control for year and district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years
of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year. The treatment distance is defined to 20 km. Rows
2 drop sample between 20 to 40 km of a mine, and rows 3 drop sample that was surveyed two years before mine
opening. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. FE = fixed effects.

30
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE requirements and differences in location-specific regulations. On the other hand, individuals with experience in construction found it easier to secure employment in the same sector, with an unemployment rate at just 5%. Lower language requirements and fewer issues with skill recognition are likely to be the main reasons. This possibly explains why 53% of former construction sector employees from Ukraine were able to find work in the same sector.

**REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT TRANSITION MAP FOR SELECTED SECTORS**

Past sector of employment in Ukraine Current sector of employment in Host country Education and support service activities Construction

**Accounting for those engaged in Ukrainian**

**distance learning, the share of youth not in**

**employment, education or training for refugees**

**from Ukraine is comparable to that of host**

**countries**
If distance learning, which follows the Ukrainian curriculum, is taken into account, the share of young Ukrainians (aged 15 to 24) who are not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) stands at 14% [16] across the region, which is fully in line with the Other No longer employed Construction Education Administrative and support service activities

---
[16] Likely to be a bit overstated, as the survey did not inquire about activities of 15-year-olds outside of school enrollment. Also,
statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before

and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population

that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in

14
**ing grounds for the next months**

**have been set.** Further, meetings have

been held with the 6 subnational Pro
tection Clusters in Zulia, Táchira, Apure,

Amazonas, Barinas, and Bolivar. Coor
dination with these coordinators will be

strengthened to assure decision taking

is guaranteed also from the field, and

their support in the implementation of

the extended OCHA Local Coordination
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE stigma limiting help-seeking behaviors among adult men. Conversely, for children aged 5–11, caregivers sought support for 76% of boys and 64% of girls.
These findings highlight the complex interplay of gender and societal norms in influencing helpseeking behaviours, warranting further investigation.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO TRIED TO ACCESS MENTAL**

**HEALTH SUPPORT BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male work arrangements). These informal mechanisms, while less structured, complement formal services by fostering emotional connection and practical assistance through personal relationships and community networks.

**TYPE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT**

**RECEIVED BY GENDER**

Female Male Psychotherapy/counseling Support from family or friends Creative psychosocial activities Structured wellbeing intervention Spiritual support Psychiatry/medication management School-based services Workplace support Other Messaging materials Caregiver training (N=1,715) 5-11 12-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=4,052)

### **Types of Support**
##### 4. Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch 26 4.1 Over-qualification 27 4.2 Access to regulated professions 29 4.3 Language wage premium 31 4.4 Persons not previously in employment 34 4.5 Recommendations 35 Appendix: Modelling strategy 36 Glossary                                                      44 List of charts and tables 45 Literature 46

02 Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**Protection Cluster September/ October 2023 activity report**

This report has been prepared by the Protection Cluster in Venezuela

_Cover photo: © UNHCR / Kimberly Sarkis (2023)_

The Protection Cluster is a broad-based participatory forum of protection partners which brings
together United Nations agencies, human rights and development organisations and actors, as well
as local and international non-governmental organisations. The Protection Cluster is led by UNHCR.

All our information products, including reports, maps and factsheets are available on the Venezuela

Protection Cluster website:
[https://ven.protectioncluster.org](https://ven.protectioncluster.org)

Contacts:

Protection Cluster Coordinator, **Alice Contini**, continia@unhcr.org

Protection Associate, **Patricia Bosco**, boscoleo@unhcr.org
Counter-Trafficking in Crisis Specialist, **Norma Ferrer**, noferrer@iom.int

Protection Assistant, **Kimberly Sarkis**, sarkisne@unhcr.org
Protection Specialist, **Giuliana Inturrisi**, giuliana.inturrisi@drc.ngo

**2**
boosts the economic impact of Ukrainian refugees. To arrive at results that would be comparable to the previous report, economic impact has been additionally simulated in a scenario without the productivity shock. This brought the results down to 1.3% GDP in 2024, which is in line with the Deloitte (2024) most optimistic of the four outlined scenarios of 1.1% GDP in 2023 and 1.4% GDP in the long term. [21] The Ukrainian refugees and the economy turned out to have adapted better than expected last year. Moreover, the fact that the previously modelled mild adverse effects on the labour market have not materialized reflects a stronger increase in labour productivity than was assumed. As a result, the positive impact of Ukrainian refugees on the economy is greater than previously expected.

**As Ukrainian refugees entered the**

**labour market, the economy adapted,**

**resulting in more specialization and**

---
[21] Full results of a modelling scenario with no shock to productivity are available in the Online Technical Appendix.
The recommendations drawn from this analysis focus on addressing the health and mental health and psychosocial needs and barriers identified in the SEIS, tailoring them to the specific data and context of each country. To enhance policy development, it will be crucial to improve monitoring of refugees’ health, including sexual and reproductive health and mental health, through inclusion of disaggregated refugee data into national data systems. This will require effective collaboration among health organizations, statistical offices, and partners. Addressing capacity issues in national health systems, such as workforce shortages and long wait times, can be supported through telemedicine and temporarily integrating Ukrainian healthcare workers. Refugees with chronic illnesses and disabilities require targeted interventions to meet their health and MHPSS needs, including through health financing mechanisms. Continued efforts are also required to address persistent access barriers through contextspecific strategies, including providing refugees with information on navigating health systems and preventive health services such as vaccination.
Among the 5% who reported access constraints, the primary barrier to accessing SRH services was long waiting times, affecting 33%. Financial barriers also posed challenges, with 23% of women reporting difficulties covering transportation costs, 19% struggling with clinic fees, and 12% with hospital fees. Additionally, 21% lacked knowledge of where to access SRH care and 19% were unable to make appointments, reflecting both informational and administrative barriers to SRH services.
Activities   –   whether   delivered   by   UNHCR   or   partners-­‐   should   be   conflict-­‐sensitive   and
address   key   issues   of   concern   of   both   returning   refugees   and   IDPs   and   their
communities.   A   community-­‐based   programme   that   builds   on   existing   systems   and
structures   and   supports   local   development   plans   should   be   planned   and   implemented
based   upon   comprehensive   needs   assessments   and   consultations   with   the   populations
concerned   as   well   as   government   and   non-­‐government   actors.

Activities   and   project   delivery   should   be   flexible   and   context-­‐specific   so   as   to
accommodate   complexities   and   respond   to   any   changes   that   may   occur   throughout   the
process.   Activities   range   from   food   assistance   to   essential   health   care   facilities   and
services,   primary   and   secondary   education   support,   and   community-­‐level   infrastructure
rehabilitation   or   construction   and   livelihoods.   Livelihood   opportunities   will   be   a   key
component   in   ensuring   the   sustainability   of   the   reintegration   process   and   cash   and
voucher   modalities   to   boost   the   local   economy   should   be   actively   considered   where
these   are   appropriate   and   effective   ways   of   meeting   identified   needs.

UNHCR   will   seek   innovative   solutions,   in   particular   for   self-­‐reliance,   education,   shelter,
and   domestic   energy   solutions.   Poverty   graduation   models   will   be   explored,   combining
relief   assistance   with   capacity   building   measures,   to   enable   the   poorest   individuals   and
households   to   move   out   of   poverty.
### **Improved Protection Environment**

While it is not a signatory to the Refugee Convention, Indonesia generally respects international and
domestic refugee law, particularly the principle of non-refoulement, and has demonstrated critical
humanitarian leadership in the region by consistently stepping forward to disembark boats carrying
Rohingya refugees. 2024 and 2025 present important opportunities to further advance the protection
environment in the country, including the planned revision of a key domestic refugee law and the new
policies and priorities of recently elected national leaders.

The National Refugee Taskforce has initiated inter-ministry discussions on the revision of Presidential
Regulation 125 of 2016. This Regulation provides the foundation for ensuring access to asylum and
assigns UNHCR a key role in the management of asylum claims and solutions. UNHCR’s
recommendations for consideration in the revision have focused on the need for clarifying and
expanding the decree’s scope to ensure a strong refugee protection framework in Indonesia, including
protection safeguards that ensure entry to safe territory through channels other than the sea;
increasing joint activities with the Government, particularly in registration and documentation; and
advancing inclusion efforts in the country.
Kingdom, 56% in Sweden, 53% in Lithuania and 51% in the Czech Republic. The estimate for Poland was based on November 2022 National Bank of Poland survey data.
This relatively high value is supported by a UNHCR Assessment from 2nd November, in which survey results show that 72% of refugees are in the labour force, with 61% employed and 11% unemployed.
The most refugees are employed in manufacturing – 14%, accommodation and food service – 12%, and trade and repair – 6%. 89% of the survey respondents were women [29] .

27 Deloitte elaboration based on the aggregation in OECD International Migration Outlook 2023 28 After the closing date for our report, NBP (2024) published new data, showing a slight drop in Ukrainian refugees employment rate to 62% that does not change our general conclusions.

---
[29] UNHCR Multi Sectorial Needs Assessment October 2023
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE Bulgaria (20 percentage points below the domestic figure). While differences in the typical household composition do explain some of the variation Bulgaria, for instance, has the largest share of retirees - the local context probably plays a more substantial role.

**LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION BY COUNTRY (AGE 15+), %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees

**UNEMPLOYMENT: REFUGEE POPLUATION VERSUS HOST**

**COUNTRY, %** **[1]**

Host country Ukraine refugees Bulgaria Czechia Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the [ILO for 2022](https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/)

**TOP EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS REPORTED BY UNEMPLOYED**

**REFUGEES, % OF RESPONDENTS** **[1]**

Moldova Bulgaria Romania Slovakia Poland Czechia Hungary Region

1. Host country data based on indicators reported by the World Bank
[(modeled ILO estimates for 2023)](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.ZS)
percent reported an increase, and 12 percent experienced a decrease since December 2020. This distribution

suggests that while citizenship has had a stabilizing effect for many households, it has not yet resulted in broad
based economic gains. However, the increase in income for nearly 4 out of every 10 households is a positive sign

of economic progress and potential for further growth as the community continues to integrate more fully into the

Kenyan economy.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 7
The newly enacted asylum legislation does not include a specific legal provision governing access to financial
services nor access to administrative documents and certifications, including recognition of educational
attainments received outside of the national system. However, within the context of local integration and
self-reliance, Article 61 of the [2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) outlines that the Government of Chad prioritizes actions for
refugees, among others, to access credits, microcredits and subsidies, as well as to obtain the recognition
of documents issued by competent authorities.
**benefits.** Although the employment rate
of Ukrainian refugees in Poland is already high when compared to other countries, there is still room for improvement.
Increasing the employment of refugees by 15 thousand people, which would close half of the gap between the employment rate of refugees and Poles, would yield at least PLN 1 billion of value added in the economy. This calculation is made under an assumption that those newly hired would be paid minimum wage and should be considered a lower-bound estimate, as it understates potential benefits. In part, the higher productivity of workers might boost the profits for employers, further enhanced by increased investment.

#### **4.4 Persons not previously in employment**

**Employment rates among Ukrainian**

**refugees are exceptionally high, with**

**only a minority requiring targeted**

**assistance to enter the labour market,**

**in particular those who were not**