ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
financed under DRDIP II and ensure they are aligned with and incorporated in the District Development Plan. 59. **DRDIP II will be implemented using the CDD approach, whereby communities identify, prioritize, and** **implement subprojects themselves,** guided by the Sub-County Implementation Support Team, Sub-County Executive Committee, Sub-County Technical Planning Committee, Parish Development Committee, and Assistant Commandant. At the community level, implementation will be carried out by committees that the project will establish and train, including a Community Project Management Committee (CPMC), Community Procurement Committee (CPC), Community Monitoring Group, Grievance Redress Committee (GRC), and Refugee Welfare Committee (RWC) in the settlements. The project will ensure gender equity in the membership of the various committees. Implementing Partners (component 2) and TSPs (component 3) will be hired to support community capacity for subproject identification, planning and implementation. A Community Operations Manual will be incorporated into the PIM to detail all steps in the CDD process. 60. **The Inspectorate of Government (IG) will remain engaged in implementation arrangements** at the national and local government level to strengthen transparency and accountability and to prevent and respond to corruption. **B. Results Monitoring, Evaluation, and Verification Arrangements** 61. **M&E System.** OPM will have overall responsibility for M&E, including
**The World Bank** Socio-economic Inclusion of Refugees & Host Communities in Rwanda Project Phase II (P509677) 33. _Sub-component 2(c): Partial Credit Guarantee Scheme (US$860,000)._ Despite the financing provided through the MG scheme, many financial institutions in Rwanda remain hesitant to lend to creditworthy refugees due to the lack of an established credit history and insufficient collateral. The GoR’s Business Development Fund (BDF) has a partial credit guarantee (PCG) scheme to respond to the collateral challenge. While refugees are eligible for the scheme, few either access it or are aware that it exists. Building on the experience of the ongoing Access to Finance for Recovery and Resilience project (P175273) in Rwanda, which is partly implemented by BDF, the sub-component will support and facilitate the provision of individual PCGs to refugees to offset PFI collateral requirements or portfolio guarantees to cover credit losses associated with loans made to refugees. 34. **BDF will implement the sub-component.** A full Financial Intermediary Assessment of BDF was conducted as part of project preparation, full details of which will be included in the Project Implementation Manual. [22] Given that capital needs will be provided by BDF, funding from Jya Mbere II will only be required for BDF’s
# **PROTECTION BRIEF** **CZECHIA** ### JULY- SEPTEMBER 2024 ## Operational Context Based on the number of Ukrainian refugees who applied for an extension of Temporary Protection in 2024 (320,000), the figures of Temporary Protection holders in Czechia, including new arrivals, were updated to **384,558** people as of **29 September 2024**, compared to 373,745 at the end of 2023 (source: Ministry of the Interior). This report presents an overview of refugees’ profiles as well as main findings regarding protection risks and priority needs of refugees from Ukraine in Czechia. The brief is based on the analysis of **438 Protection Monitoring interviews** conducted with refugees from Ukraine in all the 14 regions as well as findings from focus group discussions in the third quarter of 2024. ## Key Figures 384,558 71% Temporary Protection holders in Czechia as of 29 September 2024 [1] Temporary Protection holders in Czechia of Temporary Protection holders are women as of 29 September 2024 [1] and children [2] ## 98% 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 34% of Protection Monitoring respondents are of respondents consider accommodation as Temporary Protection holders their highest priority need ## 67% 29% ## 29% of working age respondents are
UNHCR Czechia continued to conduct Protection Monitoring while also consulting different groups of refugees though focus group discussions on protection risks and priority needs. Specific challenges in accessing rights were reported. The key findings are highlighted below. ### Protection Risk I The number of respondents reporting a lack of critical documentation increased from 28% to 32% in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the last quarter of 2023. The increase was mainly in relation to obtaining or renewing biometric passports (85%) and internal passports (19%), which impacted the possibility to move freely, to access basic services as well as work and education. Various factors hinder refugees’ access to documentation, including associated processing fees, long waiting periods, unavailability of services or lack of information on procedures. 10% of the respondents also reported facing challenges in registering births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, and obtaining corresponding documents. UNHCR / March 2024 2
1.7 **Labor inputs** Male family labor dummy 68.6 71.0 63.4 67.4 69.8 64.3 Female family labor dummy 92.1 92.0 92.3 94.1 94.3 93.7 Hired labor dummy 30.2 30.5 29.7 27.7 25.0 31.1 Exchange labor dummy 17.6 16.9 19.3 16.4 13.6 20.1 Number of male family labor days per acre 20.4 19.7 21.8 20.2 19.2 21.4 Number of female family labor days per acre 44.5 40.1 54.7 48.9 42.4 57.2 Total family labor days per acre 64.9 59.8 76.5 69.0 61.6 78.6 Total exchange labor days per acre 2.7 2.4 3.3 2.5 1.6 3.6 Total family and exchange labor days per acre 68.1 63.0 79.8 72.3 64.6 82.3 Hired labor days per acre 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.7 Total labor days per acre 70.8 65.4 83.2 74.8 66.2 85.8 Number of observations (parcels) 18220 12658 5562 6628 3720 2908 _Source:_ Own computation from 2005/06 UNHS III _Note:_ Unit of observation is a parcel (under crop) in a given season. Thus the same parcel could provide two observations if cultivated in both seasons in the reference period (July 2004 – June 2005). 19
from the national level to higher local governments (districts, cities, urban centers), to lower local governments (sub-counties), and to the communities. The FM assessment indicated that the arrangements satisfy the World Bank’s minimum requirements under Investment Project Financing (IPF) policies and directives. The FM residual risk rating is Substantial. 73. **Successful implementation of the project requires strong FM arrangements at the national, district, urban** **center (local government), and community levels.** CAOs and Town/City Clerks and CFOs are the key players for districts and urban centers in managing and disbursing funds to communities and ensuring accountability of project resources. DRDIP I established robust accountability mechanisms and operated a ring-fenced FM system. Phase II will use the same systems, including the existing MIS to record project data, processes, accounting, and reporting. Key risks identified Page 21
comments. All remaining errors are my own. A supplemental appendix to this article [is available at https://academic.oup.com/wber.](https://academic.oup.com/wber) 1 CIA World Factbook: India; Indiastat.com. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK. All [rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com](mailto:journals.permissions@oup.com)
infiltrators‖ ( _mistaneniavoda_ ) in an effort to associate refugees with a threat to the employment prospects of Israelis. As one academic interviewee observed, the ongoing primacy of this term demonstrates ―the success of agents within the [governmental] institutions to inject this discourse and create a sort of panic‖ characterised by a ―takeaway feeling – they will come here, take what we have, and change this place‖. This ―takeaway feeling‖ partly explains the urgency of an MK who suggested various security technologies that allowed Israel to act in a middle zone between violence and doing nothing: ―...preventing entrance, a fence, guard dogs, sensors...arrivals will not be answered and received, we will not let them in‖...‖Between killing and not acting there is prevention, [and the state should act upon it] if Israel wishes to survive‖. However, any discussion which touches upon security-related issues must also consider the close triangular relationships between African refugees, Palestinian refugees and Israeli security considerations. In the Israeli context, the term ̳refugee‘ is traditionally associated with two types of refugee: Jewish holocaust survivors who fled Europe and the Palestinian refugees who were displaced as a result of the 1948 War. The state fears that recognizing African asylum
accordance with the Ministry of Interior’s decision. So far, authorities have registered and issued 30,000 cards, but their resources have quickly depleted and they are running out of resources to continue registration. UNHCR has been requested to support this initiative, as resource shortages risk preventing further registration, exposing refugees to potential deportation and increased GBV risks. Approximately 40,000 vulnerable individuals will be directly impacted, including women, children, and other vulnerable groups among the Sudanese refugee population. **Shelter and Core Relief Items** Overcrowded and inadequate shelters heighten the risk of disease transmission and compromise the safety and dignity of refugees, with current shelter solutions falling below minimum humanitarian standards. In-kind support will be provided to Sudanese refugees with heightened risk and vulnerability if funding is available. **Education** Only one-third of primary school-aged children and 5% of secondary school-aged children in Mbera refugee camp are enrolled due to lack of financial means, documentation, and schools. The situation is equally dire outside of the camp in Hodh Chargui, where the enrolment rate is only 6%. School kits, capacity building and salaries for teachers, and support to transition from the Malian to Mauritanian curriculum will all increase access to education for some 45,000 refugee
limited understanding of the importance of climate adaptation for their livelihoods and there is a need for better government aid after flood events (Le Dang et al. 2014; McElwee et al. 2017). In urban areas, private adaptive capacity may be even lower, resulting in an increasing need for urban planning to incorporate climate risk dimensions (Liao et al. 2016). While adaptation is not a focus of this paper, the uncertain and growing impacts of flood risk found in this paper indicate more attention is warranted to design effective adaptation policies. Data To examine population and poverty-specific exposure to floods, we employ spatial data defining flood hazard and a number of socioeconomic characteristics representing poverty and population density. Flood Hazard Data Flood Hazard Maps for Vietnam Developed for this Study For this study, we developed flood hazard maps representing riverine, flash-flood and coastal flood hazards for Vietnam. These flood hazard maps estimate the inundation depth at a grid cell level of 3 arc-seconds, (~ 90 m) and provide coastal surge hazard layers, along with pluvial and fluvial layers. The maps provide information on the extent and depth of flood hazard for a specific location. For the coastal component, we explicitly model
The audit reports for 2022/2023 that had an unqualified (clean) audit opinion were for Isingiro, Kamwenge, and Obongi districts. 2023/2024 audit reports were not available on the Auditor General’s website. The audit reports for 2023/2024 that had an unqualified (clean) audit opinion were for Adjumani, Kikuube, Kiryandongo, Koboko, Kyegegwa, Lamwo, Madi Okollo, Obongi, Terego, Yumbe, Amuru, Bundibugyo, Kanungu, Kisoro districts. Others were Arua City, Gulu City, Kitgum Municipality, Koboko Municipality, and Mbarara City. In the case of Ntoroko, this was due to understating value-added tax receivables, unrecognized prepayments to contractors, and not recognizing advance payments. Page 22
_Figure 21. Share of total population that is exposed to significant flood risk and living in poverty at_ _$5.50/day_ **Relationship between population exposure and other variables.** The relationship between poverty and flood risk exposure is driven by multiple partly opposing forces. As section 2 has outlined, country-level evidence has demonstrated that areas with higher flood risks (such as coastal zones) can offer economic opportunities, thus resulting in lower poverty rates; yet at the local level (e.g. within coastal towns), lowincome households can be driven into low-cost and high-risk neighborhoods. This means that – depending on the resolution of analysis and country-specific geographic and economic characteristics – the relationship between poverty and flood exposure could be either positive or negative. The global-level data used in this study only offer a limited view on this question. Figure 22 illustrates the relationship between average income levels and flood exposure rates for the 2,260 sub-national regions for which data are available. The figure suggests that regions with high flood-exposure tend to have lower income levels on average, only dedicated country-level analysis can assess this question conclusively – for instance based on household survey data. 22
South Asia Middle East & North Africa Latin America & the Caribbean **Figure 3. Regional distribution of economic losses** ###### **III.4 Prior research on impacts of SLR on coastal wetlands** The papers most immediately related to this analysis are those of Nicholls at al. (1999), Nicholls (2004), McFadden et al. (2007) with estimates of exposure of coastal wetlands to SLR, and Tol (2007), Anthoff et al. (2010) on valuation of wetland losses due to SLR. It should be noted that Nicholls (1999) and Nicholls (2004) are based on wetland losses derived from the Global Vulnerability Analysis (Hoozemans et al. 1993) [23] - “a first-order perspective on wetland loss rates with incomplete coverage and wetland losses controlled only by tidal range and accommodation space” - as pointed out by McFadden et al. (2007). Nicholls et al. (1999) estimated that a 38 cm rise in global sea level from 1990 to the 2080s will lead to an approximate 22% loss of the coastal wetlands, [24] and 46% of the coastal wetlands would be lost if the sea level rises by 1 m. Nicholls (2004) further estimated losses of wetlands under various greenhouse emissions scenarios and found that a 34 cm rise in
through the project grievance redress mechanism that are resolved (Percentage). **Economic and Financial Analysis** 69. **Results of Economic Analysis without Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Accounting.** The results of the economic analysis indicate that DRDIP II is economically viable, as it is projected to yield a baseline Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of 22 percent, which is above the prevailing discount rate of 16.7 percent adopted for economic analysis. The Economic Net Present Value (NPV) is estimated at US$62.7 million, equivalent to UGX 231 billion. The benefit-cost ratio (BCR) is estimated at 1.12 percent. 70. **Results of Economic Analysis, with GHG Accounting.** The overall economic analysis has been rerun to assess the economic viability of the project taking into account benefits from reduction of carbon gas emissions. The GHG accounting analysis done using the Environmental Externalities Accounting Tool (EX-ACT) shows that over 20 years, the project will result in a carbon emission savings of 2,056,927 tCO2e (102,846 tCO2e per year). The savings in GHG emissions further enhance the viability of the project, as they contribute to overall net revenue and ultimately to the EIRR. After considering all project costs and benefits from reduction of carbon gas emissions, the overall EIRR is
financial statements which will be audited under terms of reference and by an external firm, both acceptable to the World Bank, will be produced for the project. Basic arrangements to ensure control, recording, and reporting are further described in Annex 1. 52. **Procurement** . Procurement for the Project will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank’s Procurement Regulations for IPF Borrowers for Goods, Works, Non-Consulting and Consulting Services, dated September 2023. The Project will also be subject to the World Bank’s Anticorruption Guidelines, dated October 15, 2006 (revised July 2016). The World Bank's Standard Procurement Documents will be used in World Bank-financed Open International Competitive Procurement. The World Bank completed a procurement capacity assessment of MEP in April 2024. The assessment reviewed the organizational structure for implementing the Project and assessed the experience of the existing staff. A Project Procurement Strategy for Development (PPSD) was prepared by the executing agency, which describes how procurement in this Project will support the PDOs and deliver value for money under a risk-based approach. The PPSD will provide adequate supporting market analysis for the selection methods detailed in the Procurement Plan. Mandatory 29 MEP implemented the Equity and Efficiency of Education Project
across competing priorities and are fully aligned with the Local Area Development plan for Meheba prepared by Kalumbila Town Council. The project’s three components will contribute to the building of a future policy framework and an operational model for use of WHR resources that could be extended to assist refugees and host communities in other parts of the country in potential future phases of the project. **Component 1. Strengthening the Enabling Environment (US$7 million)** 24. The objective of this component is two-fold. First, it is to build an enabling legal framework for refugees related to documentation, basic services, and livelihoods and self-reliance. Secondly, it aims to support the rollout of new national ID cards to refugees in all three of the refugee hosting district. _Subcomponent 1.1. Building an enabling legal framework (US$1 million)_ 25. In November 2023, the Cabinet approved Zambia’s new National Refugee Policy. The GRZ has set five key objectives for its revised Refugee Policy: (a) strengthened refugee protection, (b) improved access to basic services, (c) better livelihoods and self-reliance, (d) progress on long term solutions including local integration, and (e) enhanced government coordination of refugees and their inclusion in national development processes. Under this subcomponent, a national
Single Account (TSA) to make payments. Subproject payments will be made to a community bank account in a commercial bank. The CFO of the local government will authorize the opening of community bank accounts in local governments and monitor payments made through the account to ensure they are used for project purposes. Each community will have a Community Project Management Committee, and the authorized signatories for their bank account will be the Chair, Secretary, and Treasurer. All payments by districts, cities, and urban centers will be accessible online in the IFMIS by MoFPED and OPM (that will have read on rights authorized by MoFPED) for monitoring, accountability, and audit purposes. **Figure 3: Funds flow overview** 63. **The report-based disbursement method will be used by OPM and IG to receive advances from the** **World Bank.** Advances to project’s Designated Accounts will be based on six-month cash flow forecasts supported by the Page 17
observed in PISA data. Looking at graduates of pre-university technical education (mainly technical stream secondary education) one finds an interesting pattern comparing three specializations (Figure 1b). Gender disparities are high in Electronics and Automation, less in Software Development and were recently eliminated in Network and Database Design. The final example of Network and Database Design in Figure 1b shows that gender disparity can be overcome in a short period of time. Two recent studies provide a detailed general analysis of policy options. [18] For STEAM courses, the causes relate to: (i) enjoyment of reading and preference for mathematics; (ii) self-efficacy or belief in own capabilities, often reinforced by teachers; (iii) parental support or lack thereof due to low socioeconomic status; (iv) teacher preparation to deal effectively with diversity. 16 Source: Government Budget for 2024 and MEP School Census data from 2023. 17 Program-Based budgeting at a government-wide level is being implemented under the Fiscal Management Improvement Project (P172352, Loan 9075-CR), known as _Hacienda Digital_ . Investing in readiness to implement program-based budgeting at MEP, the biggest Ministry (in terms of budget and staff) is a priority for the Government of Costa Rica. 18 [Desigualdades por género en Primaria y Secundaria,
of different tenure in cases where the same crop was grown on owned and occupied ones, we drop parcels if, in the same household, there is another parcel of different tenure devoted to the same crop, either as a pure or mixed stand. This implies that, for the case of output, our sample contains owner-cum-occupants who cultivated different types of crops on at least one of their owned and their occupied parcels. [12] **3. Data and descriptive evidence** Descriptive evidence from a large and nationally representative household survey at household and parcel levels illustrates the large number of owner-cum-occupants who differ from pure owners and, to a lesser degree, occupants, in few of the variables of interest. At the same time, it points towards presence of systematic differences in investment between owned and occupied parcels which provide the motivation for more detailed econometric analysis. **3.1 Data sources and household characteristics** The data for our study come from the 2005/2006 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), fieldwork for which was conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics from May 2005 to April 2006. The survey collected information at the community, household, and parcel level for about 7,500 households in 753 EAs including
sub-component includes US$1.69 million in operational costs for BRD to manage component activities. 28. _Sub-component 2(b): Access to finance (US$5.7 million)._ This sub-component will provide finance to Rwandan and refugee entrepreneurs. The MG scheme will be retained, though with refinements based on lessons from Phase I, including: (a) detailed communication strategy will be prepared with districts, PFIs, UNHCR and refugee representatives and will be launched before funds are released to beneficiaries; (b) linkages will be made to TVET graduates (including from TVET centers financed by Jya Mbere) to help them access financial support for their business ideas post-training; (c) BRD will have more autonomy in Phase II, with separate funds flow and decisionmaking capacity, which is expected to improve efficiency; and (d) performance agreements for BRD project staff will include incentives to improve TAT. Page 9