ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
can promote reconciliation and a sense of national unity and identity. [[11]]

**Acquiring Kenyan citizenship has significantly improved the socioeconomic conditions of the Shona community,**

**enabling them to access essential services, economic opportunities, and social benefits.** Before gaining citizenship

in 2020, the Shona faced numerous barriers due to their stateless status, which excluded them from formal

employment, financial services, and government programs. Following the acquisition of nationality, the Shona now

enjoy access to legal identity documents, increased livelihood opportunities, better health insurance access, and

financial inclusion. These positive changes align with findings in the academic literature, which highlight the

importance of citizenship in reducing poverty and enhancing human capital by allowing individuals to leverage

government services, engage in formal employment, and contribute more productively to society.

**Citizenship has also enhanced the Shona community’s labor market potential, though employment rates are still**

**recovering from the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.** Legal identity has granted many Shona

individuals the ability to seek formal employment and broaden their economic activities beyond informal self
employment. This has enabled the community to slowly rebuild their livelihoods post-pandemic. Nevertheless,

employment levels remain below pre-pandemic rates, especially for women, reflecting challenges in labor market
Moreover, Chad developed a national strategic plan for the progressive implementation of universal health
coverage from 2017 to 2019, starting with vulnerable populations. Eventually, it should cover all individuals
residing in Chad, including refugees. However, the implementation of this plan was disrupted by the
COVID-19 pandemic. As of June 2023, its implementation was not yet effective.

**4.3** **Social protection**

State social protection programmes are guaranteed to refugees and asylum-seekers under Article 21 of the
[2020 Asylum Law. Article 33 of the Law specifies that refugees and asylum-seekers are entitled to the same](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
[treatment as nationals regarding assistance and public relief. Article 77 of the 2023 Decree reiterates the](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
same.

The 2016-2020 National Social Protection Strategy (SNPS) faced implementation challenges. Subsequently,
a new SNPS for 2022-2026, developed with support from UNICEF, the World Bank, UNFPA, WFP and FAO,
is now awaiting validation and government approval. This strategy, distinct from its predecessor, prioritizes
addressing financial and livelihood security for the most vulnerable, managing risks, reducing vulnerability
and ensuring access to basic social services for all residents in Chad, including refugees. Notably, it aligns
with the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). The forthcoming strategy will be accompanied by a priority
action plan.
In terms of economic violence, only 21% of Venezuelan women of working age access the formal
job market, compared with 42% of men, and the situation is even worst for young women aged
18 to 26 who are single head of household (13%). [28] Moreover, women in the formal job market
earn an average salary that is 7% lower than men, a gap that widens up to 32% at higher and post
graduate levels. [29]

As far as physical and sexual violence is concerned, 18% of Venezuelan women and girls do not
feel safe in their communities, a proportion that is three times higher in Roraima and Amazonas
states, compared with the rest of the country. [30] Among the places that are perceived as most
insecure, respondent mentioned: the way to school (44%), community and religious spaces (44%),
shelters (35%) and their own homes (28%). [31] A recent study also found that in the state of Roraima,
9% of key informants witnessed some form of sexual violence against children. [32]

_26_ ACNUR (2023), cit. p. 14

_27_ Idem, p.17

_28_ R4V (2024), cit.
The top 5 protection incidents reported in the region are homicide (30 per cent), assault and battery (29 percent),
extortion of property (16 per cent), destruction of properties (13 per cent), and looting (12 per cent). Also, those
protection incidents affected 99.88 percent of Internally displaced persons (IDPs), 0.11 percent of refugees, and 0.01
per cent of asylum-seekers. The protection incidents affected more males (53 per cent) than females (47 per cent),
and the protection incidents affected the age group (0 to 17), children, who represent 44 percent of all victims
reported in September 2022. In addition, the perpetrators of those protection incidents are armed groups (46 per
cent), host communities (26 per cent), others (23 per cent), and unknown (5 per cent). It is worth mentioning that 1.3
percent of the regional population, compared to September 2022 regional data, was affected by the protection
incidents reported in September 2022.
have a stronger focus on all households’ members, rather than focusing only on women and

young children. In addition, they provide more detailed information on labor market

participation, such as exact profession (where, for example, being a miner is a possible

outcome), hours worked, and a wage indicator. The data estimate household expenditure and

household income. Wages, income, and expenditure can, however, be difficult to measure in

economies where nonmonetary compensation for labor and subsistence farming are common

practices.

**4 Empirical Strategies**

**4.1 Individual-level difference-in-differences**

Time-varying data on production and repeated survey data allow us to use a difference-in

differences approach. [7] However, due to the spatial nature of our data and the fact that some

mines are spatially clustered, we use a strategy developed by Benshaul-Tolonen (2018). The

difference-in-difference model compares the treatment group (close to mines) before and after

the mine opening, while removing the change that happens in the control group (far away from

mines) over time under the assumption that such changes reflect underlying temporal variation

common to both treatment and control areas.

We limit the data to include households within 100 km of a mine location and estimate the

following:

---
[7] We have not done a synthetic control approach because of limited ability to explore pretreatment trends.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **Model calibration**

We introduce a positive productivity shock into the Deloitte D.Climate model, reflecting empirical findings that refugee inflows coincided with stronger labour-market outcomes, to offset any potential adverse effects. Although higher employment rates among Ukrainian refugees correlate with improved job and wage outcomes for Polish citizens, we take a deliberately conservative approach in our general equilibrium simulations. While descriptive statistics and econometric estimates point in a positive direction, the available data remain too sparse for firm

**Chart 31. Labour market activity rates**

Women in 15-64 age group conclusions. [31] On the other hand, a default Deloitte D.Climate model estimation is in line with the previously mentioned canonical model. This yields a 1.35% decrease in wages and a 0.4 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate, which is implausible. Therefore, a positive marginal productivity of labour shock has been added to the model and calibrated to eliminate the impact on the unemployment rate throughout the simulation years of 2022, 2023, and 2024. While it is possible that the unemployment rate could fall despite the influx of Ukrainian refugees due
health care access, as has been observed in Tanzania (Rhee et al., 2018).

The analysis shows that mining has created structural shifts in labor markets, and that it has

reduced infant mortality rates. However, along with increased wage rates, we find that

household level expenditure on housing and energy increases. In addition, the migrant

population may have lower living standards with less electricity and a higher disease burden

among children. We have no information where the migrant population moved from, and we

cannot tell whether they have migrated to the area to benefit from the industry, or whether they

were part of a relocation program due to the mining. One caveat is that these observed

differences among migrant households in mining communities and non-mining communities

could stem from untestable selection, as we do not observe the migrant households before the

migration. Regardless of the motivation behind the migration decision, the policy

recommendation is to ensure policies are in place to ensure sustainable living conditions in this

group.

These district level findings should be placed in the context of seminal work by Caselli and

Michaels (2010) who found weak increases in living standards in Brazilian municipalities after
The Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology issued a Circular Note in
2019, with amendments in 2022, allowing refugees and asylum seekers to access primary and
secondary formal and informal education in the national education system. Enrollment in local schools
requires a valid UNHCR document and competency in Indonesian language. UNHCR and our partners
provide preparation classes, covering Indonesian language and basic skills (reading, writing, and
math), as well as additional support (tuition fees, transport allowance and school supplies) to assist
children to access local schools. IOM similarly supports refugee children living in IOM
accommodations. Challenges to increase enrolment rates among refugee children include limited
interest on the part of refugee children to learn Indonesian, financial barriers, resettlement
expectations, the inability to obtain official documentation certifying completion of school (due to the
lack of an Indonesian identification number), and inadequate physical space within classrooms to
accommodate non-Indonesian children. As a result of these and other challenges, as of September
2024, only 769 refugee children (of approximately 3,000 school age children) are enrolled in
accredited national schools.

### **Health**
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**TOP 5 REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT SECTORS SPLIT BY**

**EMPLOYEE BACKGROUND (2024)**

**TOP EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS FOR EMPLOYED REFUGEES**

**(2024)**

Employed in the same sector in Ukraine Manufacturing Hospitality Construction Wholesale IT Lack of local language knowledge Cannot find a job with decent pay Few jobs for my skills or experience Lack of jobs with a suitable schedule Degree or skills recognition issues Source: Survey data 17% 15% 35% 5% 2% 4% Employed in a different sector in Ukraine 16% 9% 5% 24% 6% 4% 1% Note: Percentages are based on the distribution of relevant responses in the survey Source: Survey data Moreover, in the latest survey round, nearly 35% of employed refugees identified inadequate pay, a lack of positions that match their skill set, and challenges in having their qualifications recognized as barriers to employment. All of these answers also suggest a mismatch between qualifications and job placement.
Consistent with the findings on having to shift to jobs outside of previous employment backgrounds, working women reported the above employment barriers more frequently than men, supporting the hypothesis that they may be facing underemployment more often.

# **Methodology**
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE The survey methodology relied on a single household member (the respondent) answering health and MHPSS questions on behalf of all household members, which may have limited the ability to fully capture the unique needs and experiences of each individual. Furthermore, the questionnaire itself was constrained to a limited range of questions, which may have restricted the depth of data collected on complex and multifaceted topics, such as mental health and psychosocial well-being. Additionally, sensitive topics such as mental health and sexual and reproductive health may have been underreported, depending on the respondent’s comfort level and the presence of others during the interview.

**8**

# Sample demographics

The sample comprises 8,720 households, encompassing 19,803 individual household members. The population pyramid for this sample indicates that the majority of individuals are women aged 35–59 (25%), followed by women aged 18–34 (14%). To minimize potential biases due to gender imbalances, indicators were disaggregated by gender and age, allowing comparisons within consistent age groups. No significant gender disparity is observed in the sample in children; consequently, indicators related to child health were not impacted. The sample included 194 pregnant women and 247 breastfeeding women.
Power BI Desktop Solutions Pathways Action Plan Protection and Conflict Sensitivity
-
Baardheere: A high occurence of violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) perpretrated by non-state actors as well as private individuals, highlighting a complicated conflict landscape. There is a need for strengthened protection services and provision of basic services.
-
Baydhaba: Findings suggest high rates of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) took place, and were mostly perpretrated by non-state actors and private individuals. There is a need for enhanced protection from violence, and provision of basic services such as food and shelter.
-
Berdaale: Notably high incidents of violence and SGBV were recorded, mostly by non-state actors and private individuals, highlighting localized conflict dynamics. There is a need for strengthened protection for vulnerable groups.
-
Doolow: Escalating conflict was highlighted, with a high occurrence of violence and SGBV perpetrated by non-state actors, alongside private individuals.
There is a need for strengthened security services.
-
Kismayo: A high level of violence and killings were reported, perpetrated by private actors, which suggests the prevalence of opportunistic violence with unaffiliated private groups exploiting insecurity. There is a need for strengthened law enforcement capacity, and community-based protection mechanisms.
-
Banadir (including Daynile and Kahda): Very high displacements were recorded due to violence, SGBV, and killings with a combination of actors involved - predominantly unaffiliated private individuals and non-state actors.
There is a need for strengthened law enforcement capacity and a prioritization of basic services as well as livelihoods support to meet the needs of displaced communities.
-
Xudur: High rates of SGBV, exploitation and child protection violences were recorded, with penetrators identified as unaffiliated private actors, suggesting a limited state presence. There is a need to strengthen community mechanisms which are commonly relied upon by affected populations. There is also a need to improve access to food and shelter, and address exploitation through targeted protection measures.
In 2024, UNHCR conducted several assessment and analysis activities focused on protection and conflict sensitivity analysis. Key findings from these activities in the
by affected populations. There is also a need to improve access to food and shelter, and address exploitation through targeted protection measures.
In 2024, UNHCR conducted several assessment and analysis activities focused on protection and conflict sensitivity analysis. Key findings from these activities in the eight locations referred to in this report are detailed below. Note that analysis from the whole year is summarised.
**situation over the past year.** In
the 15-59/64 age group, employment rate of Polish citizens stood at 75% in Q2 2024 according to Eurostat, slightly more than the 69% for Ukrainian refugees in the SEIS 2024 survey and 73% when adjusted for a different sex and age structure. In the 15-64 age group, the employment rate of Ukrainian male refugees was 67% while that of Polish citizens in Q2 2024 was 77%. For women, the rates for Ukrainian refugees and Polish citizens are closer in the 15-59 age group (female retirement age in Poland is 60) with 70% for refugees and 72% for Poles. Visible
### TABLE OF CONTENTS September/ October 2023 report Venezuela

**Operational highlights**

4 Humanitarian Program Cycle 2024: Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) Process

4 Coordination with other platforms, subnational Clusters, ICCG, and Partners

5 Accountability for Affected Populations (AAP) WG

5 GPC Townhall

5 La Carnada Play

6 Annual TiP Bulletin 2022-2023

6 Food Security and Livelihoods (FSL) and Trafficking in Persons (TiP)

6 Monthly Meetings of the WGTiP

6 Protection Mainstreaming Training

8 Training on Mixed Migration and Durable Solutions

8 Reporting Transition to 345W

8 Focal Group Discussions with LGBTIQ+ Organizations for

Thematic Protection Analysis Update (PAU)

10 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)

Coaching and Training of Trainers (ToT)

10 Impact Stories of Series: September and October

11 Protection Service Mapping Revisions and Edits

11 Participation in the Gender ToT for Government Officials

11     September’s Monthly Meeting with Partners

12 Second Allocation for Venezuela Humanitarian Fund (VHF)

12 Protection Monitoring Tool (PMT)

**14** **Protection response: performance and funding**

Humanitarian Response

**3**
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

related to refugees. CNARR continues to be responsible for coordinating the protection of refugees. Its tasks
include safeguarding the well-being of refugees and asylum-seekers, managing issues related to them (such as
identification and registration, document issuance and camp administration), and maintaining communication
with relevant ministries. These ministries encompass Foreign Affairs, Security, Defence, Justice, Finance, Social
Affairs, Human Rights, Economy, Education, Health and Water. CNARR also provides advice to the MSPARGL
on sustainable solutions. Challenges faced by CNARR in coordinating efforts among various stakeholders and
donors persist, mainly due to a shortage of stable, qualified human resources and limited financial capacity. In
these circumstances and as specified by Article 55 of the [2023 Decree, UNHCR continues to support CNARR](http://2023 Decreehttps://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
for the refugee response coordination using the established refugee coordination model. Coordination
meetings with external partners are jointly chaired by the government counterpart (CNARR or prefect) and
UNHCR. CNARR maintains a presence in all refugee camps and most refugee hosting areas.
Power BI Desktop Climate Change & Resilience Enhancing the climate adaption and resilience of IDPs and host communities is a priority.
Strengthening their ability to cope with and recover from current and future shocks, such as conflicts or climate change disasters, is essential for sustainable development and reducing the risk of further displacement.
Pathway #5:
UNHCR conducts case management for survivors of gender-based violence and refers them to support
services with their consent. Assistance may include medical care, psychosocial support, temporary
safe accommodation, assistance to report to police and in any legal process, and interventions to
protect impacted children, if required. UNHCR and YCWS run a GBV hotline that can be accessed by
survivors of GBV 24 hours/day.  Since July 2023, UNHCR has conducted a GBV prevention program
that seeks to increase awareness of the root causes of GBV and to build the capacity of the community
to prevent and respond to GBV by Engaging Men in Accountable Practices (EMAP).

### **Legal Support**

UNHCR provides support to refugees and asylum seekers experiencing legal protection concerns,
including individuals seeking international protection at air and sea borders who are unable to access

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 4
_Note:_ This figure shows the mine locations and the district in which the mines are located.

The baseline specification is shown in the following equation:

𝑌���         - 𝛽�𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒_𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡��         - ∝�� 𝑔� �𝜆𝑋�� �𝜀���      �3�

The outcome for individual _i_ in district _d_ in time period _t_ is regressed on district and year fixed

effects, an indicator for whether the individual lived in an active mine district at the time of the

interview, and time varying individual-level factors. Even though the treatment is defined at the

district level, we use individual-level data to be able to control for individual- level factors and

explore heterogeneity at the individual level. The standard errors are, however, clustered at the

district level to take into account the interdependence induced by the higher-level treatment.

Since the treatment variable is at the same level as our district fixed effects, the _β1_ coefficients

are directly interpretable as difference-in-differences estimates. That is, they capture the

difference between mining districts and nonmining districts before and after mining starts.

In estimating the district-level effects of mine openings on birth outcomes, we control for birth

year fixed effects instead of survey-year fixed effects, as we are interested in the effect of
Children from households with members living below the poverty line were also found to significantly less frequently attend school. The enrollment rate in local schools for 5–17-year-olds in this group amounted to 72% as opposed to 84% for households with a higher income. Moreover, close to 20% of these children did not participate in online learning either, thus being completely disengaged from formal education.

Finally, one in five refugee households in the poverty group reported having to reduce the number of meals eaten per day over the last week to cope with a lack of food or money to buy it. Roughly the same proportion had to borrow money or rely on friends and relatives at least once over the same period for sustenance. Almost one in three households resorted to reducing food intake for adults, so that small children could eat. When asked to assess their income level qualitatively, 26% of respondents living in poverty indicated that this amount is insufficient to cover their food needs as opposed to just 3% in the higher income group.

**7**
reintegration. The employment rate for women dropped from 72 percent in 2019 to 61 percent in 2024, suggesting

a slower recovery in sectors traditionally dominated by women. Overall, the Shona community’s gradual

employment recovery indicates the value of citizenship in building economic resilience and highlights the need for

continued support to ensure inclusive recovery for all members of the community.

**The Shona experience provides valuable lessons for addressing statelessness and promoting inclusive**

**development for other stateless communities globally.** Gaining citizenship has been transformative for the Shona,

granting them access to a range of socioeconomic benefits and reducing their vulnerability to poverty and exclusion.

This case underscores the importance of grant of nationality to stateless populations and its potential to unlock

economic and social opportunities that drive sustainable development. As more countries around the world seek

to address statelessness through legislative changes and the expansion of citizenship rights, the Kenyan experience

with the Shona can serve as a model. By providing legal identity and addressing structural barriers, policymakers

can empower stateless communities to participate more fully in their economies and societies, leading to improved

livelihoods, social cohesion, and economic growth. These findings have broader implications for the many stateless