ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
of human trafficking in different states of

Venezuela through a service mapping

exercise that was implemented.

**IX. Protection Mainstreaming**

**Training**

**The PC in collaboration with the**

of Performing Arts, over 140 people

attended the play, including community

members, representatives from NGOs

and INGOs, and agency representatives.

Drawing on testimonies and real

data, and with the technical support

of UNHCR, IOM, and the Venezuela

Protection Cluster, the authors of the

play have crafted an original and avant
garde dramaturgy that highlights the

issue of TiP and its associated risks. Two

additional performances are scheduled

for the last week of November (in

Petare) and another in December in

Chichiriviche de La Costa, La Guaira,

in commemoration of the 16 days of

activism for the International Day for the

Eradication of Violence against Women.

**VI. Annual TiP Bulletin 2022-2023**

**After one year of the creation of the**

**6**

**WGTiP, an annual bulletin was pub-**

**lished in October.** This document

consolidates information from the quar
terly bulletins of 2022 and 2023 and

provides a context analysis of TiP in

Venezuela, raising awareness on new

information and dynamics and highlights

counter-trafficking efforts of members

with a specific focus on activities for the
agri- service profess- manual not earns works
culture sales ional labor working cash all year
PANEL A: Women

active*mine -0.025 0.024 -0.017* 0.012 0.006 0.054** -0.013
(0.039) (0.031) (0.009) (0.021) (0.023) (0.026) (0.033)
mine -0.025 0.056* -0.001 -0.012 -0.018 -0.069*** -0.012
(0.031) (0.029) (0.008) (0.018) (0.020) (0.022) (0.024)
active 0.014 -0.000 -0.006 0.009 -0.016 -0.037** -0.007
(0.015) (0.016) (0.006) (0.011) (0.012) (0.015) (0.016)

Observations 12,176 12,176 12,176 12,176 12,176 9,262 7,085
R-squared 0.350 0.103 0.124 0.024 0.234 0.095 0.042
Mean of dep var. 0.237 0.358 0.045 0.117 0.739 0.891 0.877

PANEL B: Men

active*mine 0.050 0.020 0.027 -0.069* 0.006 -0.013 -0.015
(0.051) (0.020) (0.026) (0.036) (0.023) (0.028) (0.051)
mine -0.060 0.002 0.000 0.041 -0.018 -0.009 0.066*
(0.042
(0.036) (0.023) (0.028) (0.051)
mine -0.060 0.002 0.000 0.041 -0.018 -0.009 0.066*
(0.042) (0.016) (0.020) (0.030) (0.020) (0.028) (0.039)
active 0.000 0.002 -0.001 -0.029 -0.016 -0.107*** -0.025
(0.021) (0.014) (0.015) (0.020) (0.012) (0.039) (0.028)

Observations 7,157 7,157 7,157 7,157 7,157 4,374 2,794
R-squared 0.290 0.415 0.084 0.183 0.076 0.107 0.104
Mean of dep var. 0.328 0.111 0.137 0.214 0.209 0.928 0.841
The overlap between certain mental health problems, such as difficulties with memory, concentration, or self-care, and the criteria used to assess disability further demonstrates the complex interplay between these factors. The data also suggests that structural and systemic differences between countries may influence outcomes, as reflected in the varying rates reported. These findings highlight the critical need for inclusive MHPSS strategies that address the unique needs of individuals with disabilities and provide targeted interventions to reduce barriers and ensure equitable access to support. Additionally, further analysis of country-specific contexts could help uncover underlying factors driving these disparities.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO REPORTED EXPERIENCING**

**A MENTAL HEALTH OR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEM BY**

**DISABILITY STATUS AND COUNTRY**

With disability Without disability Regional Romania Hungary Poland Bulgaria Estonia Lithuania Slovakia Czechia Latvia Moldova (N=17,934)

**25**
**positive impact on labour productivity.**
In the earlier report, the overall positive impact of refugees was reduced based on conservative assumptions, in the absence of available/clear data on the increased competition in the labour market. The model notably considered lower wages and higher unemployment among native workers. However, recent data indicates that these concerns did not materialize.
Instead, Polish workers have moved on to better paid occupations, and the economy has benefited from a larger pool of talent, enabling deeper specialization and increased productivity growth.

##### Remaining challenges

**Despite significant progress in**

**integrating refugees into the labour**

**market, several challenges persist.**
Refugees are half as likely to have an employment contract as Polish citizens and few of them achieve high incomes.
Although refugees have been moving on to more desirable professions at a faster rate than other groups in the economy, their jobs continue to be disproportionately skewed towards elementary occupations.
These issues are most evident among those with university diplomas, but those with below university education also face obstacles. As of June 2024, there were several interconnected issues:

**•** **There is a disparity between the**

**educational attainment and labour**

**market position of refugees,**

**reflecting their significant over-**
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Contents**

###### Executive summary 3 Context  5 Methodology  6 Limitations  7 Sample demographics  8 Health analysis  10 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) 19 Recommendations 28

### **Acknowledgements**

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations who contributed to this report. The regional analysis was facilitated by the Regional SEIS Health and Mental Health Sector Analysis Group, co-coordinated by Ardita Tahirukaj (WHO), Sandra Harlass (UNHCR), Monica Zikusooka (WHO) and Sofia Casas (UNHCR). The data analysis was conducted by Irma Sirutyte (UNHCR). Writing of the report was led by the co-coordinators along with Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), Iuliana Gutu (UNFPA), Leah James (UNICEF), Liqun Gao (UNHCR), and Luna Mehrain (UNFPA).

Thanks to Jad Ghosn and the Regional Bureau for Europe (UNHCR) for their guidance, review and support on the regional SEIS analysis for health and MHPSS.

Acknowledgements include also those who reviewed the report: Agron Gashi (UNICEF), Chiaki Ito (IOM), Erin Autumn Neale (IOM), Greisy Trejo (IFRC), Heide Rieder (IOM), Melita Murkom (WHO), Pieter Ventevogel (UNHCR), Ursula Wagner (IOM).
would increase GDP by 0.9-1.3% – the mid to higher bound of our estimate.
Third, Urban (2022) uses an Oxford Economics model to estimate the impact of Ukrainian refugees on the potential GDP by 2030 and 2050, including a positive shock to the total factor productivity growth. This yields GDP higher by 1.5-2.6% by 2030, significantly higher than our long-term estimate – the higher result is likely due to the increase in TFP that we do not include in our modelling. Fourth, Monitor Deloitte (2022) provided an early wide estimate of the economic impact of Ukrainian refugees.
This would translate into 0.9-2.4% higher GDP, also due to the possibility of a positive productivity shock. We review the relevant literature on the impacts of immigration on productivity in Chapter 4.
mean value of the independent variable is 0.085 - that is, on average women are close to 0.085

mines. Conditional on being close to a mine, the main independent variable is 1.33 - that is, a

woman sampled close to a mine is close to 1.33 mines on average. Panel C of table A3 shows

the effects on women’s labor market participation. We note that the estimates are similar in

direction as before, where mines are positively associated with service and sales jobs and with

cash earnings, but negatively associated with agriculture and professional jobs.

Panel D of table A3 shows the results if we drop the part of the sample that lives 20 km to 40

km away from a mine, and if we drop those that are sampled two years before mine opening.

The rationale for this is to have a cleaner control group, since those that live just outside our 20

km cutoff distance may also be “treated” by the mine, and the investment phase of the mine

that precedes initial production can generate substantial employment. Overall, the effects do

not change much except making the cash earnings coefficient larger and more significant. The
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on mid-2024 SEIS UNHCR survey (Ukrainian refugees’ educational attainment and median net wages), 2023 Eurostat Labour Force Survey Eurostat (Polish citizens educational attainment), and mid-2024 ZUS administrative data (occupational groups).

**Widespread occupational licensing**

**is a serious obstacle to an efficient**

**use of Ukrainian refugees’ human**

**capital.** Poland has the third highest
number of regulated professions among the 28 European Union member states, according to European Commission’s Regulated Professions Database. This can be a problem, as occupational licensing is cited in the literature among the reasons for occupational downgrading of migrants.
Cassidy and Dacass (2021) found that in the United States, immigrants were significantly less likely to have a license than similar

#### **4.2 Access to regulated professions**
Expanding community-based MHPSS services that integrate formal services and promote the use of informal supports will enhance service delivery.
Public awareness campaigns, tailored to both refugees and host communities, should aim to reduce stigma and improve knowledge of available support. Gender-responsive and age-sensitive approaches are necessary, particularly for adult men and adolescent boys, to encourage help-seeking behaviours and ensure that services are tailored to the specific needs of children and adolescents.
Lastly, further research is required to gain a deeper understanding of unmet health needs—including SRH and MHPSS needs—and the barriers to access, to inform more effective, inclusive, and contextsensitive interventions.

**4**
increase in off-shore oil revenue accruing to municipalities, alongside increased illegal activity

by mayors (Caselli and Michaels, 2010). We estimate district level effects on living standards

(in mining districts, but no spillovers to adjacent districts, in line with Mamo et al, 2019), but

do not have further information on public spending by sector to put these effects in context to

expected changes. Political outcomes such as clientelism, corruption and reelection of local

36
Deloitte’s D.Climate general equilibrium model finds that refugees from Ukraine contributed 0.7-1.1% to GDP cumulatively in 2023. In the long-term this effect will grow to 0.9-1.35% as the economy fully adjusts.
The increases in government revenue from direct and indirect taxes due to wages and private consumption of refugees from Ukraine was likewise modelled.
These increases amounted to 0.8-1.0% higher general government revenues in 2022, 1.3-1.6% in 2023, and 0.95-1.13% in the long term. This implies that, while there are no precise public data on the government support to refugees from Ukraine, while a government official quoted cost figures of 15-20 billion PLN in 2022 and around 5 billion in 2023 [50] have been already offset by refugees via taxes of 12.3-15.2 billion PLN in 2022 and 18.2-22.5 billion PLN in 2023.

All the modelling results are conservative lower bound estimates, as econometric studies from other countries have found immigration to have additionally a positive impact on labour productivity that cannot be accounted for using the available data.
These effects could stem from the growth in specialisation due to additional workers with different skillsets appearing on the labour market, e.g., occupational upgrading of native workers.

---
[50] E.g. vice-president of Polish Development Found Bartosz Marczuk estimated it at around 16 billion PLN, but this estimation also included spending of
The regional analysis is grounded in consolidated data from the Socio-Economic Insights Survey (SEIS), conducted across ten countries: Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia. Data for the country-specific SEISs were collected through in-person interviews from May to July 2024.

The total sample size comprises **8,720 households** and **19,803 household members**, with respondents providing information on behalf of all individuals within their households.

**COUNTRY** **SAMPLE SIZE 2023** **SAMPLE SIZE 2024**

Bulgaria 1,054 1,072 Czechia 1,218 1,215 Estonia - 600 Hungary 682 801 Latvia - 600 Lithuania - 638 Moldova 890 622 Poland 5,645 1,290 Romania 1,222 1,008 Slovakia 819 874

**Total** **11,530** **8,720**

Each country adopted a unique sampling approach, dependent on factors such as the availability of sampling frames and information regarding population distribution by geographic area and accommodation type. A combination of different sampling methods was used, typically incorporating multiple stages and blending convenience sampling, cluster random sampling, and simple random sampling (the latter being exclusive to Romania). It is important to highlight that Hungary and Moldova modified its sampling approach, which limits the comparability of its results across years.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland To account for refugees impact on economy shocks for economy were calibrated according to existing data.
As the refugees started coming to Poland by the end of February and in March 2022 it was assumed that their impact on the economy should be seen starting from the second quarter of 2022. As such their primary impact on yearly data was divided as between 2022 and 2023 setting 3⁄4 of it in 2022 and 1⁄4 in 2023. The total number of refugees was set according to the newest data from the PESEL registry (Chart 3. in Chapter 1). Their employment was calibrated to match data presented in Chapter 2. Changes in population and
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Box 1.** Inflow of savings from Ukraine

**Chart 13.** Income structure of Ukrainian refugee households

**5%** **1%**

Work (regular-, temporary-,and self-employment in Poland, remote employment in Ukraine Remittances from friends/relatives Polish government benefits (Family 500+, cash benefits, disability grants) Ukrainian government benefits (pensions, disability grants, parental benefits) Other (humanitarian organizations, other sources)

**Source:** Deloitte elaboration based on the MSNA Poland 2023. The work category includes regular employment, temporary work, self-employment
and remote work in Ukraine.

31 [Cudzoziemcy w polskim systemie ubezpieczeń społecznych (zus.pl)](https://www.zus.pl/documents/10182/2322024/Cudzoziemcy+w+polskim+systemie+ubezpiecze%C5%84+spo%C5%82ecznych_2022.pdf/) 32 According to NBP (2023), there were few respondents in this situation, and they most likely had secured other sources of income.

28 29
The government of Chad continues to ensure the security of refugees and asylum-seekers through the
Humanitarian Workers and Refugee Detachment (DPHR). Generally, refugees are not more exposed to
[existing violence and crime. According to protection data collected through Project 21](https://response.reliefweb.int/west-and-central-africa/protection/projet-21) (‘regional protection
monitoring’) approximately 15 per cent of refugees and asylum-seekers claim to have been victims of
physical assault, but it is noteworthy that these cases occurred in the country of origin at the time of fleeing.

While rape and child marriage remain prohibited by Law, other forms of gender-based violence (GBV)
are insufficiently covered by existing Laws and policies to protect the Chadian and refugee populations.
The national policy to respond to GBV, in effect since 2011, applies in refugee camps and refugee hosting
villages but faces challenges due to limited resources (human and logistic) to fully implement this policy. The
referral mechanism for refugee victims for medical, legal and psychosocial support remains in place but its
effectiveness depends on the human and financial resources available in the relevant hosting areas.
45 Based on number of economically active people in III quarter of 2023 according to labour market survey.
46 E.g. vice-president of Polish Development Found Bartosz Marczuk estimated it at around 16 billion PLN, but this estimation also included spending of NGOs which was combined with spendings of local governments Polska pomoc dla Ukrainy 2022 - ile kosztowała? - Infor.pl.
labour supply in Poland were offset by equivalent changes for Eastern Europe region [41] . It was also assumed that refugees should have higher spending needs which means a lower saving rate than natives.
Moreover, data shows that it is partially financed by savings they have in Ukrainian banks which was calibrated as them having negative saving rate while being offset by lowering investment levels in Eastern Europe [42] . Lastly, their productivity may differ from productivity of natives (Box 2) which also was taken into account.
In total there were three major sources of uncertainty: total level of employment, productivity, and impact on consumption.
The   sustainability   of   IDP   (and   potentially,   refugee)   returns   is   also   still   hampered   by
limited   access   to   livelihood   opportunities.   At   present,   access   to   livelihood   resources   and
training   opportunities   are   scarce.   Returning   IDPs   and   refugees   may   have   lost   the
productive   assets   needed   to   restart   agriculture,   while   homes   have   been   destroyed   by
the   conflict   or   have   fallen   into   disrepair.

Additionally,   distances   are   substantial   between   the   temporary   shelters   in   Thailand   and
potential   return   areas.   Many   of   the   places   of   origin   of   registered   refugees   in   Thailand   are
particularly   isolated   and   have   received   little   investment   in   infrastructure.   Investment   in
repatriation   infrastructure,   including   transit   centres   or   way   stations,   will   be   required   in
case   of   an   organized   repatriation   movement.

**3.** **POPULATION   OF   CONCERN   IN   SOUTH-­‐EAST   MYANMAR**

**3.1.   Refugees   in   Thailand**

UNHCR’s   current   area   of   operations   in   South-­‐East   Myanmar   covers   Kayin,   Kayah,   and
Mon   States,   and   Taninthayri   Regions.   These   are   the   primary   places   of   origin   of   the
estimated   128,876   Myanmar   refugees   residing   in   the   temporary   shelters   along   the
border   in   Thailand,   and   are   assumed   to   be   the   primary   potential   areas   of   return.
_Note:_ Panel A shows the location of the gold mines that were active during the study period. Around each circle,
a 20-km radius is marked. These 40-km-wide areas are the baseline treatment areas in the analysis. Panel B shows
the 100-km treatment areas and the distribution of the DHS clusters. Road data is an alternative way of defining
distance from mines, but time series data on roads is not available.

**3.2 Household data**

We use microdata from the DHS, obtained from standardized surveys across years and

countries. We combine the respondents from all four DHS standard surveys in Ghana for which

there are geographic identifiers. The total data set includes 19,705 women (of which 12,392

live within 100 km of a mine) aged 15–49 from 137 districts. They were surveyed in 1993,

1998, 2003, and 2008, [6] and live in 1,623 survey clusters. Since the DHS surveys focus on

women, the surveys of women will be the main source of data. However, we also use the

surveys of men, which give us data from the same four survey years, but with a total number of

---
[6] The first mines were opened in 1990, prior to the first household survey. Ten mines were opened after the first
emotional well-being, as well as local integration prospects. In this sense, some Afghan women
have reported a strict control exerted by male family members, which translates into their
confinement in the domestic realm.

##### Protection Risk IV

**Trafficking in persons, forced labor or slavery-like practices.** Although asylum seekers, refugees,
and other forcibly displaced persons have the same labor rights as nationals in Brazil, they
encounter several obstacles to their economic integration. The experience of displacement,
coupled with high levels of unemployment, informal labor, and poverty, heighten the risk of this
population to fall prey of human traffickers. According to official data, between 2021 and 2023,
355 refugees and migrants of all nationalities were rescued from forced labor or slavery-like
practices in Brazil from various economic sectors, primarily in timber trade, cassava cultivation,
clothing manufacturing, road transportation, and tobacco. [33 ]
[The new asylum legislation - specifically Article 31 of the 2020 Law and Article 73 of the 2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)   provides for the issuance of refugee identity cards by the competent national authority. It outlines that the
refugee identity card is valid for five years, renewable and is issued for each refugee of 18 years old and
above. Despite this new asylum legislation, UNHCR continues to give substantial support to the Refugee
Government counterpart, CNARR, including by issuing individual refugee cards to adults, family refugee
attestations and household ration cards. There have been no changes in the documentation process for
adult refugees and asylum-seekers. Additionally, UNHCR continue to support CNARR to issue asylumseeker certificates valid for six months and their renewal.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)      (7)       (8) (9)
ln ln ln ln household level ln expenditure
wages wages wages pc total health hh
all women men exp. exp. food    housing   education energy

active*mine 0.520** 0.694*** 0.391 -0.178* -0.126 -0.069 0.316** -0.168 0.297**
(0.226) (0.241) (0.238) (0.093) (0.089) (0.095) (0.139) (0.199) (0.119)

Observations 6,226 2,914 3,312 7,522 7,522 7,396 7,420 6,541 4,752
R-squared 0.121 0.128 0.118 0.959 0.964 0.963 0.933 0.837 0.950

_controls_

individual Y Y Y

hh head Y Y Y Y Y Y
hh size Y Y Y Y Y
district fe Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
year fe Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

deflated N N N Y Y N N N N
mean (ln) 15.30 15.29 15.31 13.04 14.19 13.42 10.88 10.74 9.52

_Note:_ (1) Annual wages and salaries for individuals in all ages (nondeflated).
(2) Annual wages and salaries for women in all ages (nondeflated).
(3) Annual wages and salaries for men in all ages (nondeflated).
(4) Real per capita annual food and nonfood expenditure (regionally deflated).
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

reintegration   of   refugees   as   is   the   norm   in   repatriation   operations   across   the   world.   The
agreement   would   govern   the   procedures   for   entry   into   Myanmar   and   modalities   for
reception,   registration,   immediate   humanitarian   assistance,   and   travel   to   places   of
destination.   Another   key   aspect   will   be   access   and   monitoring   of   returnee   areas,   as   well
as   the   immediately   needed   support   to   the   reintegration   process.

UNHCR’s   2008   Policy   on   Return   and   Reintegration   defines   reintegration   as   the
reduction   and   ultimately   the   disappearance   of   any   factors   that   differentiate   returnees
from   other   members   of   their   community   in   terms   of   both   their   legal   and   socio-­‐economic
status.   Therefore,   reintegration   is   a   comprehensive,   gradual   and   dynamic   effort   that
involves   the   establishment   of   conditions   which   enable   returnees   and   their   communities
to   exercise   their   social,   economic,   civil,   political   and   cultural   rights,   and   on   that   basis   to
enjoy   peaceful,   productive   and   dignified   lives.

The   definition   of   a   comprehensive,   multi-­‐year   strategy   for   return   and   reintegration
should   therefore   be   framed   by   and   support   development   plans.   Strategic   plans   should
cover   all   key   relevant   sectors:   legal,   economic,   social,   and   environmental,   and   guide   the
division   of   roles   and   responsibilities   between   relief,   development,   public   and   private
stakeholders.