ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
have a stronger focus on all households’ members, rather than focusing only on women and young children. In addition, they provide more detailed information on labor market participation, such as exact profession (where, for example, being a miner is a possible outcome), hours worked, and a wage indicator. The data estimate household expenditure and household income. Wages, income, and expenditure can, however, be difficult to measure in economies where nonmonetary compensation for labor and subsistence farming are common practices. **4 Empirical Strategies** **4.1 Individual-level difference-in-differences** Time-varying data on production and repeated survey data allow us to use a difference-in differences approach. [7] However, due to the spatial nature of our data and the fact that some mines are spatially clustered, we use a strategy developed by Benshaul-Tolonen (2018). The difference-in-difference model compares the treatment group (close to mines) before and after the mine opening, while removing the change that happens in the control group (far away from mines) over time under the assumption that such changes reflect underlying temporal variation common to both treatment and control areas. We limit the data to include households within 100 km of a mine location and estimate the following: _Yivt = β0 + β1
use, a shift in crop composition towards higher-value crops, and more active rental markets to transfer land from less to more productive users. This suggests removal of earlier threats of expropriation encouraged more effective use of highly productive peri-urban land to intensify agricultural production and, by doing so, increased job opportunities and resulted in changes of labor supply. Young individuals shifted from migration to agricultural activities while the old shifted from farming to off-farm activities. The paper is structured as follows. Section two provides context, discusses some of the salient features of the Chengdu experiment, and introduces analytical methodology and data sources. Section three presents descriptive statistics from the household survey as well the nature and cost of the land certification process in Chengdu. Section four discusses impacts on household welfare, individual labor supply, and agricultural productivity and crop composition. Section five concludes with implications for policy and future research. **2. Motivation and background** Between 2000 and 2010, rural-urban land conversion in China expanded at rates that are among the highest in East Asia. As such changes are not easily reversed, this poses vast challenges for China’s development for decades to come. While piecemeal efforts to change this pattern had
households inside Chengdu and 453 and 382 households in neighboring counties (Meishan and Ziyang) in the pre-and post-reform sample, respectively. Using a triple-difference approach, reform effects are identified based on difference between (i) years one and two within the same household; (ii) pre- and post-reform periods; and (iii) treated and non-treated households. The basic equation of interest can be written as ���� ��������� ���������� ������� ���������� ����������� ��������������� ������� ������� ��� �����(1) where _Yijt_ is the outcome of interest for household _I_ in village _j_ in year _t_ ; [12] _Xijt_ is a vector of time-varying household characteristics including the number of children, adults and old people, highest education, the head’s gender and age, and the amount from pension and medical schemes as well as crop subsidies received; _Vijt_ is a vector of time-varying village characteristics including total working age population, land area used for agriculture, distances to educational, health, and administrative institutions; _δij_ is a household fixed effect, _εijt_ is an error term; _Rijt_ is a binary indicator taking a value of 1 if the observation is post-reform (2011/12) and 0 otherwise; _Cij_ is an indicator that is 1 for households within Chengdu prefecture and 0 otherwise; _Tijt_ is
communities close to mines that have not started producing, evidenced by the fact that infant mortality is 8 percent compared to 7 percent farther away, and 6 percent in communities with active mines. The anthropometrics height-for-age (stunting or chronic malnutrition), weight-for-age (wasting or acute malnutrition), and weight-for-height (underweight) show that the children living in mining communities before the mine started operating have the lowest scores of all four groups. The outcomes seem to improve with mining, although not enough to offset the initial adverse situation. To test for exogeneity, we run regressions using baseline individual-level data to explore changes in observable characteristics among women (the main part of the sample). Table 3 shows that there are no significant effects of the mine opening on the age structure, migration history, marital status, fertility, or education, using the difference-in-difference specification with a full set of controls. If anything, it seems that women in active mining communities are marginally older, more likely to never have moved, and more likely to be or have been in a cohabiting relationship or married. Given the women’s slightly higher age, it is not surprising to find that they have higher fertility and lower schooling (assuming that schooling
on industrial transformation and value-chain production. In 2023, the GRZ launched its National Adaptation Plan (NAP), a long-term strategic plan formulated to address identified risks and vulnerabilities in various sectors to enhance Zambia’s resilience to the impacts of climate change. **B. Sectoral and Institutional Context** 6. **Zambia has a long history of hosting refugees lasting over six decades.** Between 1985 and 2007, the country hosted more than 100,000 refugees and asylum seekers. The largest portion fled to Zambia from Angola during the longrunning civil war that occurred after the country’s achievement of independence in 1975. Other significant refugee populations have arrived following the civil conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. Following the end of Angola’s 27-year civil war in 2002, more than 74,000 Angolan refugees returned home under a voluntary repatriation program that concluded in 2007. 7. **There are currently approximately** **101,837 refugees, asylum seekers, and former refugees in Zambia.** **[10]** The majority of refugees and asylum seekers originate from the Democratic Republic of Congo; other significant refugee populations are from Burundi, Somalia, Angola, and Rwanda. Zambia continues to receive new arrivals of refugees and asylum seekers—approximately 600–800 refugees arrive each month from the South Kivu,
**The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT enhance Djibouti’s responsiveness to shocks, such as economic crises and natural disasters. To achieve this, the project will expand interoperability between the social registry and other essential databases, including civil registries and public health systems, thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of targeting vulnerable households while reducing errors of exclusion and inclusion. Based on the piloting undertaken under the PITCH and the Social Protection Emergency Crisis Response Project, inclusion of refugees will be enhanced with the objective of enrolling more refugees, facilitating their access to services. The MASS in collaboration with ANSIE are undertaking a comprehensive audit of the SR that will result into a comprehensive plan for revising its operational manual, a plan of action of which will inform key stakeholders. This initiative will also support better coordination with United Nations humanitarian agencies and development partners, ensuring that refugee populations are better documented and ascertained so that they can benefit from a wider range of integrated services. Interoperability with other databases will also enhance responsiveness in the event of a natural disaster. 39. **In addition to reinforcing the social registry, the sub-component will support enhancing the operational capacity**
## Background ## OBJECTIVES Study a select number of protracted refugee populations in Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and DRC and assess their risk of statelessness arising from prolonged exile. Develop recommendations for local integration pathways that mitigate risks of statelessness and ensure the realization of the right to a nationality, including access to legal identity documentation, in support of durable solutions. Inform the development of a comprehensive durable solutions strategy for forcibly displaced persons, including refugees in the Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes sub-region is characterized by a number of protracted refugee situations. In some situations, several generations of refugees have been born in exile in their country of asylum. Statelessness canaarise as both a cause and consequence of displacement, particularly for forcibly displaced populations who have spent a prolonged time in exile. In some instances, refugees have lost their ties with their country of origin, are unable to prove their legal ties to their country of origin, or might no longer be considered citizens by their country of origin, and remain without guaranteed access to the citizenship of their country of asylum and thus might be at risk of statelessness. In the spirit of the 2019 Munyonyo Outcome Document
Conversely, NGOs, the media and Israeli officials have held Israel accountable to the high standards of its international commitments. Thus, in parallel to employing harsh deterrence measures, Israel has also offered limited and differing degrees of protection. Over time, the government has issued a few thousand work permits to Sudanese and Eritreans, exercising a degree of tolerance and recognition of their needs, although these were exceptional permits that had to be renewed. But the majority of asylum seekers have not received such permits and have been forced to work illegally to survive. Such uneven, contradictory action exempts the state from declaring its allegiance either to deterrence or tolerance. 7UNHCR made the initial identification and interview of the asylum seeker. On the basis this process, a recommendation was given to the National Status Granting Body (NSGB), an inter-ministerial committee responsible for considering UNHCR recommendations. The final decision was taken by the MOI. 5
percent of students from lower secondary to short-cycle tertiary enroll in vocational education and training, compared to 32 percent 9 [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/64e578cbeaa522631f08f0cafba8960e-0140062023/related/HCI-AM23-CRI.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/64e578cbeaa522631f08f0cafba8960e-0140062023/related/HCI-AM23-CRI.pdf) 10 OECD Education at A Glance, 2023, Table A4.2. The correlation (not causation) between socio-economic conditions, academic achievement and labor market outcomes is a global phenomenon. For the OECD countries as a whole in 2018, the percentage of below Level 2 performers from the top quintile of the PISA index for economic, social and cultural status, was 8%; while for the bottom quintile, the figure was 49%. For the labor market figures quoted in the text, 30% of 25-64 year olds for the OECD countries correspond to the 32% mentioned in the text for Costa Rica. [11 Encuesta de expectativas de empleo, Q1 2024, ManpowerGroup: https://go.manpowergroupcca.com/meos-cr.](https://go.manpowergroupcca.com/meos-cr) 12 OECD Economic Surveys - Costa Rica, February 2023. Page 2
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT interventions on anti-corruption and accountability, which will continue to play (as in DRDIP I) an important role in mitigating political and governance risks. 94. **Institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability (Substantial).** OPM implemented DRDIP I to a high standard, but the long gap between the closure of Phase I and commencement of Phase II means many project staff have moved on to new positions. The main project delivery mechanism is CDD, which means communities lead on planning, subproject identification, procurement, and FM. While this approach has proven effective, it requires extensive technical support to succeed. The success of the project also depends on intensive coordination across line agencies, districts, and humanitarian agencies, adding to complexity. The World Bank will provide hand-on support to the government teams on core project management functions, such as FM, procurement, and E&S management. At the community level, the project will contract partner organizations to build local implementation capacity. 95. **Fiduciary (Substantial).** The FM risk is Substantial and the procurement risk is Moderate. The major risks are delays in disbursing to communities and making payments as well as accounting for
policies, including a large-scale governmental deportation campaign targeted at authorised workers who overstayed their visas and became unauthorised (Willen 2007). The third transformation is the ongoing influx of African migrants. Against this backdrop, the 2006 refugee influx met heightened anxiety over the transforming ethnonational character of the Israeli nation-state. The idea that mass influx involves demographic change has deep roots and was tactically used by Jews themselves prior to establishment of the state and during the British mandate (Neuman 1999). This language was engaged again, intensified by these changing patterns of migration and the ongoing focus on state security, to represent asylum seekers as a serious threat to both social cohesiveness and security - conveyed through the transportable, easy-to-use refugee template. Politicians and public officials further inflamed the debate by releasing controversial statements. PM Netanyahu employed rejectionist rhetoric: ―infiltrators cause cultural, social and economic damage, and pull us towards the Third World‖ and, in a slip of tongue, he later referred to the infiltrators as ―surge of refugees who threaten to wash away our achievements and damage our existence as a Jewish democratic state‖ (Goldstein 2010). The head of the SCPFW has called for a stop to the ―illegal infiltration‖
##### **Introduction** Coastal wetlands, which are comprised of marshes, swamps, mangroves and other coastal plant communities, provide a large number of goods and services that contribute to the economic welfare of the local and global communities (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). [4] Examples of ecosystem services include the protection of shorelines from erosion, storm buffering, sediment retention, water quality maintenance, nutrient recycling, preservation of biodiversity, provision of natural environmental amenities, climate regulation, carbon sequestration, as well as cultural heritage and spiritual benefits (Larson et al., 1989; Barbier, 1991; Williams, 1990; Barbier et al., 1997; Brouwer et al., 1999; Woodward and Wui, 2001; McLeod et al., 2005; Brander et al., 2006). However, coastal wetlands are declining rapidly. Recent estimates indicate that approximately 1% of the global coastal wetland stock was lost each year in the late 20 [th] century (Nicholls, 2004; Hoozemans et al., 1993). The causes of wetland loss are numerous and often complex. [5] The rapid loss of the global coastal wetland stock in the 20 [th] century was primarily caused by direct land reclamation. While significant losses due to human actions are likely to continue in the future, it is projected that stresses on wetland areas may be further
Ukraine Emergency](https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/ukraine-emergency) webpage **Operational data portals:** - [Ukraine Refugee Situation](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine) - [Europe Sea Arrivals](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/europe-sea-arrivals) webpage **Contact:** UNHCR Regional Bureau for Europe [rbeext@unhcr.org](mailto:rbeext%40unhcr.org?subject=) **[Join our mailing list](https://manage.kmail-lists.com/subscriptions/subscribe?a=VYAYG5&g=QZGRtb)** www.unhcr.org/europe Page 7 **U N H C R R E G I O N A L B U R E A U F O R E U R O P E,** O C T O B E R 2 0 2 4
robust results for Africa. This assumption in turn implies that the next three months would be spring, the three months after that would be summer, and August, September and October would be fall (in the north). These seasonal definitions were chosen because they provided the best fit with the data and reflected the mid-point for key rainy seasons in the sample. We adjusted for the fact that seasons in the southern and northern hemispheres occur at exactly the opposite months of the year. Soil data was obtained from FAO (2003). The FAO data provides information about the major and minor soils in each location. Data concerning the hydrology was predicted from a hydrological model for Africa (Strzepek & McCluskey 2006). The model calculated the water flow through each district in the surveyed countries. Data on elevation at the centroid of each district was obtained through GIS manipulation using data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS, 2004). The USGS data are derived from a global digital elevation model with a horizontal grid spacing of 30 arc seconds (approximately one kilometer). 7
of 510 million square kilometers, which implies the processing of 63 billion pixels. **3.** **Assign flood risk categories to population headcounts at the pixel level and aggregate to the** **administrative unit:** As the flood hazard and population density maps are converted into the same spatial resolution, each population map cell can be assigned a unique flood risk classification – these cells can then be aggregated to the administrative unit level (e.g. province or district level). This allows the calculation of population headcounts for each flood risk category and for each (sub-)national administrative unit. A detailed description of how this process is implemented in practice is provided in Section 4.2. This process yields an estimate of the number and share of people exposed to no-, low, moderate, high, and very high flood risk during an intense flood event. These estimates are available globally with a resolution of 90 meters, but they are also aggregated to administrative units, including for each country and subnational unit. These estimates are also aggregated to yield regional and global estimates. **4.** **Compute the number of poor people exposed to flood risk:** While poverty estimates are not available at the pixel level, the World Bank’s GMD database
in particular that of venturing into areas affected by ED in search of means of subsistence or even collecting scrap metal found on explosive remnants of war for resale. In the face of a growing threat from ED, mine action capacities remain limited in Niger. Considerable challenges exist both in programmatic actions and in the coordination of interventions. No mine action coordination mechanism is functional either at the national level or in the regions affected by ED. This makes it difficult to strategically harmonize, target and prioritize mine action interventions. The objective of this note is to strengthen advocacy with state authorities, the various technical and donor partners in order to support mine action in Niger, protect communities and humanitarian actors against the risks associated with ED and enable them to enjoy their fundamental rights and freedoms. ## **II. Analysis of the evolution of ED incidents and their impact** From the last quarter of 2022 to the 2nd reported mainly in the regions of Tillabery **2023, which indicates a worrying increase** **in the threat of ED in Niger.** This threat 1 UNHCR Niger montlhy PoC statistics, Juin 2023 2 Population displacement statistics, Ministry of Humanitarian Action and Disaster Management, july
region – which is itself a region of emigration. # 30.7 % 5 Non-Ukrainian nationals; of these, 52 per cent were in Bosnia and Herzegovina; 25 per cent in Serbia; 7 per cent in Kosovo; 6 per cent each in Albania and Montenegro; and 4 per cent in North Macedonia. In North Macedonia, this number includes individuals outside government-run centres, with forcibly displaced and stateless people accommodated in government or IOM-run centres, asylum centres, and transit facilities. UNHCR utilises arrival data to estimate the numbers involved. Note: References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999). Page 5 **U N H C R R E G I O N A L B U R E A U F O R E U R O P E,** O C T O B E R 2 0 2 4
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Knowledge and technology transfer from TSPs to CRPs will be crucial for long-term sustainability at scale. Training content for CRPs and project beneficiaries will focus on climate resilience through adoption of improved inputs, technologies, and practices, while ensuring availability of information services on soil, weather, and markets for risk mitigation. Building on global lessons from World Bank-financed CDD projects, two-three specialized CRPs will be developed in each village in line with priority value chains under implementation. CRP networks will include refugees in the settlements. 44. **Collaboration with other World Bank-financed projects will be prioritized to maximize impacts.** DRDIP II will collaborate with INVITE and NUSAF IV to identify common economic infrastructure development and job creation opportunities. Several strategies will be implemented to prevent beneficiary overlap between NUSAF IV and DRDIP II in RHDs: (a) NUSAF IV will focus on the poorest individuals, while DRDIP II will target ‘active individuals’ identified through national wealth ranking data; (b) DRDIP II will concentrate on regions with a high refugee population, freeing up NUSAF IV to operate in other areas; (c) data sharing will be facilitated through interoperability
in the country live in flood hazard zones. In other words, high-income provinces and districts tend to be more exposed to flood risks. However, a different study finds that in Ho Chi Minh City, the poor are disproportionally exposed to flooding (Narloch and Bangalore 2018). How do these results fit together? Indeed, at the local level the relationship between poverty and flood exposure can be inversed. Flood hazards tend to be highly localized, with some neighborhoods being at risk from frequent inundation, while other nearby neighborhoods may benefit from higher elevation or better drainage systems. Hallegatte et al. (2017) review the literature and conclude that land and housing markets often push poorer people to settle in these riskier areas, especially where land is scarce. Indeed, a meta-analysis of the literature suggests that a 1 percentage point increase in the yearly probability of flooding is associated with a 0.6 percent decrease in housing prices (Daniel, Florax, and Rietveld 2009). In Ho Chi Minh City, for instance, qualitative surveys suggest flood-prone areas can be much cheaper than non-flood-prone areas for the same quality of accommodation (World Bank and Australian AID 2014). Using a household survey in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Erman et