ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
The 2023 Decree outlines the procedures for reception and registering asylum-seekers arriving in Chad. It
details the individualized refugee status determination (RSD) procedure, covering interview modalities, RSD
assessments, and final adjudication by the Sub Eligibility Commission. Additionally, the Decree introduces
an accelerated RSD procedure for specific groups, including unaccompanied and separated children,
victims of torture and gender-based violence, and vulnerable asylum-seekers. It also addresses prima facie
refugee recognition for mass influxes due to violence or unrest, or for groups of asylum-seekers with similar
characteristics. The Decree includes appeal procedures for first instance rejected asylum-seekers which is
dealt with by a Sub-Commission of Appeal stipulating that the decisions taken by this body are reasoned
and endorsed by an order taken by the Minister in charge of territorial administration. The same Decree also
indicates that decisions of the Appeals Sub-Commission are subject to appeal before the administrative
chamber of the Supreme Court. The Decree also outlines the processes for exclusion, cessation, revocation
and cancellation of refugee status. Additionally, the Decree outlines the specific legal and judicial assistance
that asylum-seekers and refugees can benefit from in the national asylum procedure, but also for the any
other matters/conflict.
Kleiner, M. M., & Krueger, A. B. (2013). Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), S173–S202. https://doi.org/10.1086/669060 46 Lessem, R., & Sanders, C. (2020). Immigrant wage growth in the United States: The role of occupational upgrading. International Economic Review, 61(2), 941-972.

Lewandowski, P., Górny, A., Krząkała, M., & Palczyńska, M. (2025). The Role of Job Task Degradation in Shaping Return Intentions: Evidence from Ukrainian War Refugees in Poland. IBS working paper, 01/2025. https://ibs.org.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2025/03/Job_task_degradation_return_intentions_Ukrainian_refugees_ IBS_WP_202501.pdf Lewis, E. (2013). Immigration and production technology, Annual Review of Economics 5(1):165-191 Lewis, E., & Peri, G. (2015). “Immigration and the Economy of Cities and Regions”,

[in] Duranton, G., Henderson, J.V., Strange, W., Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Volume 5A, North-Holland, Elsevier.

Meager N., & Speckesser, S. (2011). Wages, productivity and employment: A review of theory and international data, Brussels: European Employment Observatory.

Monitor Deloitte (2022). Refugees from Ukraine in Poland: Challenges and potential for integration. October.

NBP (2024). Sytuacja życiowa i ekonomiczna migrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce w 2024 r. Raport z badania ankietowego, Departament Statystyki, Narodowy Bank Polski, Warszawa.
High employment rate of Ukrainian refugees translates into more workers and thus additional economic growth. In July 2022, OECD estimated the contribution of Ukrainian refugees to the labour force and employment in European host countries, based on a 2014 Labour Force Survey adhoc module that includes refugee labour market outcomes and 2019 LFS with outcomes of recent non-EU migrants.
They estimated that Ukrainian refugees would increase employment in Poland by
1.2-1.8% (Dumont & Lauren, 2022).
As refugee employment rates are higher than expected, the actual increase is higher, between 1.4% and 2.2% (estimates of 0,230,35 million relative to LFS employment).

##### To assess the impact of refugees on the Polish economy, a simulation was performed using the Deloitte D.Climate model [33,34] .
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

and Gender-Based Violence for officials

of the Women's Secretariat of the State

of Miranda. Conducted from September

28th to October 11, 2023, the PA facil
itated the first virtual session on key

concepts, receiving positive feedback

from the 35 participating officials.

**XVII.** **September’s** **Monthly**

**Meeting with Partners**

**On Thursday, September 28th, the PC**

**convened its monthly meeting with**

**53 members representing 41 partner**

**organizations.** The agenda covered an

information exchange between partners

which expressed concerns on the way

national IDs are processed in light of the

soon elections; saw a presentation of

the New Accountability Framework for

Affected Populations (AAP), its objectives

and work plan; updates from the national

subcluster of Ciudad Guayana on their

**11**

**October.** The focus was on ensuring

the accuracy of registered services and

collaborating with partner organizations

to edit or confirm the removal of inactive

services. The revised database is under
going verification for coherence by the

IM team before being uploaded onto the

platform. Considerations regarding the

platform itself and the inclusion of other

sectors are also under review, and once

finalized, the PC will implement its com
munication strategy on Service Mapping.
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE measles vaccination coverage for children stood at 83%, similar to 84% in 2023, falling short of the 95% target.

Informal support also played a vital role, with 33% receiving help from family or friends and 12% accessing spiritual support. Overall, 88% of those who received support reported improved wellbeing, though there are notable differences depending on gender and age.
differences are identified in 15-19 and 20-24 age groups, with much higher employment rates for Ukrainian refugees due perhaps to the fact that the Ukrainian school system ends at 17 while the Polish one at 19. [13] However, employment rates drop for Ukrainian female refugees in the 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 age groups when compared to younger and older groups, as well as to Polish women, which may be due to insufficient access to childcare services.
Employment rates for Ukrainian female refugees are also substantially lower in the 55-59 age group, perhaps due to the fact that female retirement age in Ukraine has only recently (in 2021) become 60. [14]

**With the current level of integration**

**of Ukrainian refugees into the labour**

**market and the jobs they perform,**

**their median net earnings are about**

**four-fifths of the national median**

**– although likely lower in terms of**

---
[14] https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/Media.action;jsessionid=U1dm6XAPF38pPk5_pzhfaGoS_rOACMDDVv4w5uevMsKBeQEC5-_g!284293951?id=15680 15 Percentage calculated based on GUS average for the economy as a whole in the months of the SEIS survey.
The regional protection monitoring harmonization established a regional incident typology framework to efficiently
analyze the regional protection monitoring data. To this extent, 7,503 protection incidents with 106,673 victims were
reported in September 2022 in both countries, which affected 10 provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) and 1 province in Mozambique. It is worth mentioning that of the protection incidents reported in September
2022, some occurred in the same month, and some occurred before September 2022.
### **Registration and Documentation**

UNHCR Indonesia undertakes registration of persons seeking asylum in Indonesia on behalf of the
Government of Indonesia and issues UNHCR identity documentation. Registration interviews are
primarily conducted in-person for verification of biometric data and relevant records. Most
registration interviews take place at the Reception Center in Jakarta or during accommodation
visits/missions by the respective field team for individuals residing outside the greater Jakarta area. In
2023, 2,547 individuals (1,324 cases) were registered by UNHCR Indonesia, which includes 1,225
Rohingya refugees registered during emergency registration missions following boat disembarkations
in Aceh in November and December 2023. UNHCR Indonesia provides continuous registration services
to registered refugees and asylum-seekers and maintains updated personal data in our internal
database to ensure vulnerable refugees and asylum-seekers are identified and assisted with
protection interventions and solutions.

### **Refugee Status Determination**
# Appendix. Model Calibration

##### D.Climate is CGE [51] model developed by Deloitte Economic Institute based on GTAP model [52] . If source of data is not specified it means that shocks were calibrated to data from the model database.

It was assumed that impact of refugees on the Polish economy was felt as combined four different shocks: to population, labour supply, average propensity to save, and productivity, with shocks to population and labour supply being balanced by equivalent shocks in Eastern Europe [53] .
Moreover, as part of assumed increase in spending by Ukrainians in Poland was financed by savings from Ukraine this was balanced by equivalent negative shock on investment in Eastern Europe.

Shock to population was calibrated to match data for residents of Poland from Statistics Poland and number of refugees based on PESEL UKR. Equivalent shock in Eastern Europe was calculated using data for population in this region from World Population Prospects UN.
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Disability and** **MHPSS**

Mental health and psychosocial problems were significantly more often reported by individuals with disabilities (51%, up from 42% in 2023) compared to those without disabilities (21%, up from 17% in 2023).
This highlights the heightened vulnerability of individuals with disabilities to mental health and psychosocial challenges, which are often exacerbated by social barriers such as limited accessibility, social exclusion, stigma, and a lack of support systems. There are clear variations across countries, with Romania (61%) and Hungary (60%) reporting the highest percentage of problems among individuals with disabilities, while Moldova (29%) and Latvia (31%) reported the lowest percentage.
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

edits to some of the objectives and to the

timeline stipulated.

**IV. GPC Townhall**

**On October 18th a Townhall was**

**organized by the Global Protection**

**Cluster (GPC) with Field Operations.**

HRP 2024 key messages/instructions

were discussed and a calendar of

bi-monthly GPC Townhalls with field

operations with planned key topics were

presented. The meeting had the aim to

understand the different timelines and

ongoing HPC processes in each field

operation as well as provide support to

whom needed it.

**V. La Carnada Play**

**The Working Group on the Prevention**

**and** **Response** **to** **Trafficking** **in**

**Persons** **(WGTiP)** **organized** **and**

Fora for the HNO process are in line with

Protection needs in their area.

The Protection Cluster assured partic
ipation in the weekly ICCG meetings

where HPC ongoing activities have been

discussed and planned.

Finally, bilateral meetings have been

organized with PC’s partners NRC and

OHCHR. With both partners their protec
tion programming has been discuss and

possible coordination in the Cluster.

**III. Accountability for Affected**

**Populations (AAP) WG**

**The PC has participated actively in**

**the monthly meetings conducted by**

**the AAP working group, which aimed**

**at increasing the inputs of affected**
lack of trust (3%), work commitments (3%), transportation (2%), and insecurity/safety concerns (2%) and other factors (5%). Results show that, despite reporting mental health problems that impede functioning, more than a third of respondents did not perceive a need for MHPSS, which may stem from a lack of mental health literacy, stigma or lack of confidence in services.
Insufficient awareness about available resources is also a primary barrier across the region, with language barriers posing additional challenges in certain countries. Women were more likely to report lacking time to seek services (12%) than were men (4%), which may be linked to their multiple other responsibilities related to livelihoods, household responsibilities, and care work. Addressing these barriers requires tailored interventions to improve awareness, reduce stigma and increase confidence in services, enhance linguistic accessibility, and address logistical and availability constraints (especially among women), ultimately improving access to MHPSS services.

**SELF-REPORTED BARRIERS TO ACCESSING MENTAL**

**HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES BY**

**GENDER AT REGIONAL LEVEL (TOP 5)**

Female Male 46%

### **Barriers to** **accessing Mental** **Health and** **Psychosocial** **Support services**
2021, so the sample size is still growing.
However, it is large enough to allow for some cautious inference with 4.2 million Polish citizens in mid-2022 and 6.2 million in mid-2024. This has been combined with average salaries in 128 occupational groups in GUS data for October 2022 (the most recent data). Over the two-year period from Q2 2022 to Q2 2024, following the arrival of Ukrainian refugees, the occupational group distribution of Polish citizens shifted

**Chart 30. Polish citizens occupational distribution change by salary bracket, Q2 2022 and Q2 2024**
Q2 2022 distribution, Q2 2024 distribution, and percentage point changes between them

-1.8 pp.

<= 4,000 (4,000; 6,000] (6,000; 8,000] (8,000; 10,000] - 10,000 Q2 2022 Q2 2024 41
to April 2022 on wages of native workers and other immigrants. They find no effect on wages, employment, or unemployment rate, except a very small positive impact on the wages of native women.
Understanding how immigrants create positive productivity effects that counteract negative wage pressures and improve economic efficiency, requires moving beyond the canonical model of labour supply and demand.
In reality, immigrants and native residents differ in important ways, which triggers complementary occupational upgrading of natives (Beerli and Peri, 2017; Tabellini, 2020; Cattaneo et al., 2015; Foged and Peri, 2016; D’Amuri i Peri, 2014; Ortega and Verdugo, 2014; Peri and Sparber, 2009) and investment in complementary production technologies by firms (Peri, 2016; Lewis and Peri, 2015; Lewis, 2013; Peri, 2012).
We survey this literature in this chapter, underlying that our model should thus be treated as a conservative lower bound of the effect.
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES the survey data side, only households that did not have any missing information on income (respondents were asked to provide both sources and amounts) were included in the calculation. For households claiming no or very little income an imputation was made based on expenses and the duration of stay in the host country.

It is important to note that while the poverty definition adopted in this assessment allows for comparisons across the countries covered (limitations apply to the Republic of Moldova), it may not be directly comparable to other studies, as approaches tend to vary quite significantly. The setup of the questionnaire, the sampling methodology, the processing of income data (including any imputations), the approach to equivalizing income, and finally the location of the poverty line itself in the income range all have a substantial impact on poverty indicators.
Most of the refugees from Ukraine currently living in Poland are women and children, though over half of the total population is of working age.
The best population data available is the active PESEL database as of 10th October 2023. According to the registry, 63.7% of them are women and 36.3% are men.
The database also includes the age of the Ukrainian PESEL holders, which indicates that over half (56%) are of working age (18-64), which amounts to more than 536 thousand people. More precisely, women younger than 18 make up 19% of the population, women aged 18-64 account for around 41% of the population, while those aged 65 and above are around 3% of total population. The incoming men are mostly young, those younger than 18 stand for around 20% of all refugees, men aged 18-64 make up 15% of the population and men older than 64 account for only 1%.
Kenya in 2016, followed by the provision of nationality to 1,659 Shona in 2020-21, and most recently, the

recognition as nationals of approximately 7,000 Pemba in 2023. These milestones underscore Kenya’s commitment

to addressing statelessness, a commitment reaffirmed at the Global Refugee Forum (GRF) in December 2023

through four strategic pledges aimed at the progressive eradication of statelessness. Despite these achievements,

an estimated 9,800 individuals in Kenya remain stateless today, highlighting the need for sustained efforts to fully

resolve this issue. Gaps in law continue to be a contributing cause of statelessness, due to Section 15(1) of the

Citizenship and Immigration Act, which limits the scope of the definition of a stateless person to those who were

in Kenya when it gained independence on 12 December 1963, excluding many individuals who arrived later, as well

as their descendants. In addition, neither the Constitution nor the Citizenship and Immigration Act contain a legal

safeguard to ensure that a child born on the territory who would otherwise be statelessness is granted Kenyan

nationality.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 2
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Mining and quarrying Transportation and storage

**-1**

**34**

**Chart 8.** Share of companies reporting vacancies

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% C I G Q N P J M O F K A L E D B H

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

(more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand).
The only sector that has seen a decline was transportation and storage (by more than 1 thousand). Unfortunately, public data does not report how much of this change is due to the refugees from Ukraine entering these sectors, or how much due to pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing their jobs.

2006
-Q4

2008

-Q2

2009

-Q4

2011

-Q2

2012
-Q4

2014
-Q2

2015

-Q4

2017
-Q2

2018

-Q4

2020
-Q2

2021
-Q4

2023
-Q2
- Enhance   awareness,   developing   trust   among   stakeholders   and   building
capacities   of   central   and   local   authorities,   implementing   and   operational
partners,   civil   society   and   local   communities   to   support   and   deliver   protection
and   assistance,   including   investing   in   support   to   community   self-­‐management
structures   and   community   mobilisation   through   training,   awareness   campaigns,
and   support   to   community   committees.

- Follow   up   and   advocate   with   Immigration   and   National   Registration   Department
on   expedited   procedures   for   the   issuance   of   CSCs   for   IDPs   and   returnees,
including   measures   to   prevent   statelessness   which   properly   address   the   specific
situation   of   refugees.   Support   authorities   to   ensure   that   internally   displaced
persons   and   returning   refugees   as   well   as   former   child   soldiers   do   not   miss   the
opportunity   of   obtaining   CSCs.

- Initiate   negotiations   for   the   removal   of   administrative   and   legal   impediments
which   might   inhibit   sustainable   return,   such   as   taxation-­‐related   issues.

- Support   a   comprehensive   evaluation   of   property   laws   and   provide   concrete
proposals   for   revisions   that   will   ensure   the   restoration   or   repossession   of   land
rights   by   returnees.

- Provide   access   to   legal   services   through   advocacy   interventions   and   training   in
serving   the   legal   needs   of   returnees   and   offering   appropriate   legal   assistance.
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Contents**

Acknowledgements 2 Summary of findings and recommendations 3 Background 4 Socio-economic inclusion – key findings 4 Methodology 10 Limitations 11

### **Acknowledgements**

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations who contributed to this report. The regional analysis was facilitated by the Regional MSNA Livelihoods and Socio-Economic Inclusion Sector Analysis Group, co-coordinated by Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR) and Susanne Klink (UNHCR). The data analysis was conducted by Marco Delogu (UNICEF), Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR), Erin Neale (IOM), and Mihail Peleah (UNDP). Writing of the report was led by the co-coordinators along with Oxana Maicuca (UNDP), Erin Neale (IOM), Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), and Alketa Zazo (UNICEF).

Additionally, we extend our appreciation to Erika Morishita Sarmiento (UNHCR) for her valuable graphic design contributions. Lastly, we express our thanks to Jad Ghosn, Milindi Illangasinghe, and the Data, Identity Management and Analysis team (UNHCR) for their guidance and support on the regional MSNA analysis for socio-economic inclusion and across all the sectors, and to Steven Bunce (UNHCR) for reviewing the report.

**Cover photograph:**
©UNHCR/Ioana Moldovan

**2**
**Poland**
The beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in large flows of refugees, reaching more than 6 million globally. [3] Much of this exodus happened through the Polish border.
As of October 2023, almost 1 million Ukrainian refugees were living in Poland [4] (Chapter 1). In the past decade, Poland experienced large labour migration from Ukraine. The number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship that registered for social security (this data does not include those working in the shadow economy or some minor cases that do not require registration) grew from just 33 thousand in 2013 to 627 thousand in 2021. It has to be noted however, that short-term nature of most of these stays (6 months in a span 12 months), fact that one person could hold several permits (as a result of changing jobs or positions within the same company), legal changes, and decentralized nature of permits all hinder the reliability of these figures. Two-thirds of such migrants have been men, some of whom left families in Ukraine temporarily to bring or send money back. Migration has been primarily based on firm sponsorship, where companies provided job offers and handled formalities, which resulted in very high employment rates – 94% as of November 2022 according to NBP (2023) estimates.
Furthermore, on 1 June 2023, the Transitional National Council also enacted [Law No. 012/PT/2023](https://www.refworld.org/docid/648710104.html) relating to
the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in the Republic of Chad. This Law establishes
the legal framework to assist internally displaced persons, serving as a guiding, preventive and assistance
tool for both the state and other relevant actors in addressing internal displacement.
This has resulted in instances of arbitrary arrests and detentions of refugees and asylum-seekers.

**2.2** **Security of legal status**

The new asylum legislation establishes predictable legal arrangements for the stay of refugees and asylum[seekers in Chad. Article 31 of the 2020 Law mandates the issuance of a refugee ID card by the competent](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
authority. This card serves as both an authorization to stay in Chad and a residency permit, allowing freedom
of movement for refugees within the conditions specified by Law. The second paragraph of Article 14 of the
2020 asylum Law stipulates that an asylum-seeker certificate is valid for six months and equivalent to an
authorization to stay in Chad, is issued by CNARR and renewed until the Eligibility Sub Commission takes
a decision on his/her refugee status.