ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
85. **Inclusion and non-discrimination.** E&S documents include specific measures to mitigate the risk of discrimination against or exclusion of any affected individuals or groups in providing or receiving benefits under the project. These measures are described in detail in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), ESA, and Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP). The following are examples of the mitigation measures included in all the aforementioned documents: (a) strengthening the capacity of the PIST, workers, contractors, subcontractors, and service providers, which will include worker training and sensitization on the obligations of project participants to ensure non-discrimination of vulnerable and marginalized individuals or groups; (b) ensuring that contracts, codes of conduct, hiring procedures, whistle-blower protection protocols, and other measures, as needed, are in place to allow remediation of cases of discrimination; (c) designing and implementing a mechanism to receive and report grievances to the World Bank, proposing appropriate remediation, and following up on agreed actions to resolve cases of discrimination reported through a dedicated hotline; and (d) developing a strong data management system and process that secures personal data and information in a manner that is safe, ethical, and confidential. 86. **Furthermore, the ESA and SEP also refer to the GoU’s Circular
more frequent flooding rains. 42. **Implementation** . This component will be implemented by MINEMA, supported by the Ministry of Environment and the Rwanda Environment Management Authority. As activities will be in the camps, MINEMA will be responsible for long-term management and maintenance. The activities are expected to improve environmental conditions for 125,000 people (camp-based refugee population and people living in the surrounding villages). **Component 4: Project Management, M&E and Capacity-Building (US$4.02 million equivalent)** 43. This component will support the Single Project Implementation Unit (SPIU) at MINEMA and staff in the target districts to manage the project. [24] This will include project staff at the district level for coordination and oversight. M&E arrangements will include a baseline survey, annual surveys, and endline assessment and continued operation of the Management Information System (MIS). Other activities will include a communications strategy and funds for capacity-building for staff from all project implementing agencies on issues such as community development, fiduciary management, E&S risk management, financial inclusion, climate risk management and development responses to forced displacement. 23 The assessment also identified additional needs that will not be included in the Phase II design due to resource constraints and to avoid overcomplicating the design: (a) reforestation
specialists with experience with IDRD-financed operations. Given these constraints, the creation of a PIU dedicated to the implementation of the IBRD Project is the preferred option presented by MEP’s Financial Directorate. [29] . The assessment identified key FM actions that should be undertaken by the MEP that include: (i) the creation and maintenance of a PIU; (ii) recruitment of FM staff with appropriate skills and experience, no later than 6 months after effectiveness; (iii) the MoF granting the PIU with a license to use the SIGAF (Sistema Integral de Gestión Administrativa y Financiera for its name in Spanish); (iv) preparing an FM section in the project operational Manual (POM) satisfactory to the Bank. The creation of the PIU will be a condition of effectiveness (upon satisfactory implementation of the agreed fiduciary action plan, it is expected that MEP’s PIU will have the capacity to ensure adequate FM arrangements are in place for the proposed project implementation). 51. **The PIU to be established at the MEP is expected to undertake the FM aspects of the proposed Project.** These encompass the following main tasks: (i) budget formulation and monitoring; (ii) cash flow management (including processing payments and submitting loan withdrawal applications to
displaced as a result of the 1948 war, and were under the auspices of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), an agency which was established prior to UNHCR. Palestinian refugees and their descendants are now estimated at 4.7 million (UNRWA 2009). _Refugee Survey Quarterly_ has recently published a special issue which provides a detailed historical account of this multifaceted issue (RSQ 2009). 3
(Bonte) 1998 2003 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada Konongo 1990 active LionGold Corp. Singapore Kwabeng 1990 1993 Akrokeri-Ashanti Canada Nzema 2011 active Endeavour Canada Obotan 1997 2001 PMI Gold Canada Obuasi 1990 active AngloGold Ashanti South Africa Prestea Sankofa 1990 2001 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa Tarkwa 1990 active Gold Fields Ghana Ltd. South Africa Teberebie 1990 2005 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa Wassa 1999 active Golden Star Resources USA _Source:_ InterraRMG 2013. _Note:_ Active is production status as of December 2012, the last available data point. 6
**SUMMARY** Previous Ricardian analyses of agriculture have either omitted irrigation or treated irrigation as though it is exogenous. In practice, it is a choice by farmers that is sensitive to climate. This paper develops a choice model of irrigation in the context of a Ricardian model of cropland. We first examine how climate affects the decision to employ irrigation and then how climate affects the net revenues of dryland and irrigated land. This Ricardian ‘selection’ model, using a modified Heckman model, is then estimated across 8400 farmers in Africa. We explicitly model irrigation, but we control for the endogeneity of irrigation that plagues a recently suggested remedy. We find that the choice of irrigation is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Simulating the welfare impacts of several climate scenarios, we demonstrate that a model which assumes irrigation is exogenous provides a biased estimate of the welfare effects of climate change. If dryland and irrigation are to be estimated separately in the Ricardian model, irrigation must be modeled endogenously. The results also indicate that African agriculture is sensitive to climate change. Many farmers in Africa will experience net revenue losses from warming. We find that the elasticity of net revenue with
the surveys of women will be the main source of data. However, we also use the surveys of men, which give us data from the same four survey years, but with a total number of 12,294 individuals, of which 7,491 men live within 100 km of a mine. In addition, the DHS data collect records of all children born within the five years prior to the surveying. Of the 12,174 children born to the surveyed women within the last five years, 6,888 were born to women currently residing within 100 km of a mine. See Appendix table 1 for definition of outcome variables. We complement the analysis with household data from the GLSS collected in the years—1998– 99, 2004–05, and 2012–13. These data are a good complement to the DHS data, because they 6 The first mines were opened in 1990, prior to the first household survey. Ten mines were opened after the first DHS in 1993. There is less variation in the data set using GLSS where the first households were surveyed in 1998, i.e. 8 years after the first mine opened. However, the DHS data include births recorded from 1987, which is prior to all mine openings. 9
normal good, then increased wealth would result in greater insurance demand. [18] Although the BASIX data set does not offer the opportunity to test the direct effects of a cash payment separately from an insurance payout, there are a number of reasons why it is unlikely that wealth or liquidity effects are driving the results. Most important, insurance payouts are given in the context of a rainfall shock, which would most likely result in a loss of income. It may help to recall that the empirical results are being driven by variation in rainfall across locations, not by levels of insurance within a village. Therefore, for wealth effects to be driving the results, one would need to think that experiencing an insurance payout in the context of a rainfall shock resulted in people becoming wealthier than those people who didn’t experience a shock at all. Given the fact that most buyers bought a relatively low amount of insurance coverage relative to their incomes, experiencing a rainfall shock, even when insured, would likely decrease future wealth. Therefore, wealth effects seem like a poor explanation as to why receiving payouts spurs future insurance sales. If people who received insurance payouts had a
Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 9 Relative exposure in the Red River Delta for historical 25-year flood (left) and 25-year flood with high climate impacts (right) 2012). For instance, comparing exposure of poor people to average exposure, poor households are 71% more exposed to flooding in the Mithi River Basin in Mumbai, India (Hallegatte et al. 2016). We examine these dynamics in HCMC, using high-resolution local-scale flood maps designed specifically for HCMC (Lasage et al. 2014) and a proxy for poverty using the spatial location of potential slums from the Platform for Urban Management and Analysis (PUMA) data set (World Bank 2015). The results we present below are for all districts in HCMC; results for only districts with slum areas are similar and thus not reported. We find that a relatively high percentage of the potential slum areas are exposed to floods, ranging from 68.9% (for a 10-year return period) up to 83.3% (for a 1000-year return period). When considering all urban areas of HCMC, exposure to flooding is lower: 63% (for a 10-year Fig. 10 Relative exposure in the Mekong Delta for historical 25-year flood (left) and 25-year flood with high climate impacts (right)
The Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used for all procurement activities; and g) The World Bank will carry out regular reviews of project-related procurement activities. 17. **Procurement oversight and monitoring arrangements.** The World Bank exercises its procurement oversight through a risk-based approach comprising prior and post reviews as appropriate. The World Bank sets mandatory thresholds for prior review based on the procurement risk rating of the project. The requirement for a prior or post review is specified in the Procurement Plan. The World Bank will carry out post reviews of procurement activities undertaken by the recipient to determine whether they comply with the requirement of the Financing and Project Agreements. 18. **Terms of reference** for all contracts will be cleared by the World Bank, regardless of whether the assignment is for prior or post review. 19. **Training and workshops** : The project will finance training and workshops, if required, based on an annual training plan and budget, which will be submitted to the World Bank for its prior review and approval. The annual training plan will identify, among other things: (a) the training envisaged; (b) the justification for the training; (c) the personnel to be
and feedback mechanism will also be established to enable individuals to report concerns or complaints if they feel unfairly treated or adversely impacted by the project. The SEP has been disclosed on the MINEMA and World Bank websites. 88. **To address these E&S risks, the applicable Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs) are** ESS1 (Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts), ESS2 (Labor and Working Conditions), ESS3 (Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management), ESS4 (Community Health and Safety), ESS5 (Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement), ESS6 (Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources), ESS8 (Cultural Heritage), ESS9 (Financial Intermediaries), and ESS10 (Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure). 89. **To ensure compliance with the ESSs, the project will implement the following E&S instruments:** Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP), ESMF, LMP, Environmental & Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), ESMPs, SEP and Environmental and Social Audits (ESAs). Measures to integrate E&S specifications in procurement and to manage contractual obligations with construction companies and suppliers will also be enforced. Dedicated, full-time E&S specialists from the MINEMA SPIU from Phase I will oversee these activities to minimize risks. BRD, BDF and RTDA will each appoint their own E&S
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT (d) sustainable land management practices were adopted on 5,110 hectares of land area (target 4,500). A World Bank strategic review of the Uganda WHR-financed portfolio highlighted the substantial impact of the project, with notable achievements in strengthening the inclusiveness of district level development planning, strong community engagement, and efficient implementation through the community-driven development (CDD) approach and community procurement. The Implementation Completion and Results Report (ICR) for Phase I highlighted that other DRDIP countries drew inspiration from Uganda’s legal and policy framework and operational approaches on issues such as CDD, livelihood, and refugee inclusion in local planning and decision-making. [18] 20. **Phase I introduced innovations for forced displacement preparedness and social cohesion.** The project featured the world’s first displacement risk financing mechanism, the Displacement Crisis Response Mechanism (DCRM). The DCRM provided rapid contingency financing to build resilience in districts experiencing large refugee inflows. A pilot to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) also contributed to social cohesion. A 2022 World Bank study on forced displacement reinforced the value of projects such as DRDIP, concluding that ‘multi-sectoral development investments directed to refugees
if people consider insurance as an investment, as in Karni and Safra (1987). One might think that this type of bias would have spillover effects (which I do not observe), but may also be present at the individual level if people believe recent insurance payouts are a sign of individual luck. Another explanation could be that insurance purchasers behave as if they are “gambling with house money,” as in Thaler and Johnson (1990). If customers exhibit loss aversion, they may not view insurance premiums paid after receiving payouts as true losses, since they are still “in the red” in their relationship with the insurance company. If the assumption is that reference points adjust after receiving insurance payouts, the observed behavior is consistent with this theory. This explanation is bolstered by the fact that the data show negative effects of small payouts, with the effect of payouts becoming positive only 19 [This analysis is available in the supplemental appendix, table S.5. There is no correlation between payouts and a dummy](http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1093/wber/lhw045/-/DC1) for our “Marketing Restricted Sample.” However, BASIX is more likely to offer insurance in areas where there were insurance payouts in the previous year. Since all of this paper’s analysis is
for all implementing entities, including community-based organizations and seed grants for VRFs, will be described in the FM section of the PIM. The PIM will also include a Community Operations Manual that will detail all steps in the CDD process, including accountability arrangements. 75. **Audit** . The project will have two audit reports that will be submitted to the World Bank by OPM and IG within six months after the end of the financial year. The project will also have interim financial reports submitted to the World Bank within forty-five days after the end of the quarter by both OPM and IG. **Procurement** 76. **Procurement for the project will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank Procurement Regulations** **for IPF Borrowers, dated February 2025 (Procurement Regulations).** The project will be subject to the “Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and Grants”, dated October 15, 2006, and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016 (Anti-Corruption Guidelines), and beneficiary ownership disclosure requirements. The project will use the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system to provide data on planned procurement activities, establish benchmarks, monitor delays,
just outside our 20 km cutoff distance may also be “treated” by the mine, and the investment phase of the mine that precedes initial production can generate substantial employment. Overall, the effects do not change much except making the cash earnings coefficient larger and more significant. The increase in cash earning opportunities is estimated at 7.5 to 7.8 percentage points compared with 5.4 in the baseline estimation. **6.6 Employment and wages using the GLSS** The DHS data do not provide detailed information regarding how much an individual earns for work, or her wage rate, but the GLSS does collect such data. First, we try to replicate the results estimated with the DHS data. Panel A of table 11 indicates that agriculture becomes less important in mining communities for women (statistically insignificant), who mainly shift into services and sales (statistically insignificant, except for strategy 2). Men are more likely to work as miners (statistically significant across all strategies). 29
maps, which have a spatial resolution of 20 m, represent the current conditions for five return periods: 10, 25, 50, 100, and 1000 years. Future conditions, again using the five return periods, include a sea level rise scenario of +30 cm in the year 2050 (consistent with the Blow^ sea level rise used for the maps produced for this study) in combination with current river discharge (FIM 2013). Potential peaks in precipitation events and/or river discharges due to climate change are not covered by this data set. The inundation layers for a 10, 25, and 50year return period under current climate conditions and given a sea level rise scenario of +30 cm are shown in Fig. 2. Socioeconomic Data District-Level Poverty and Population Data At the national-level analysis, we overlay the flood hazard maps developed for this study with spatial socioeconomic data. For Vietnam, the World Bank has produced estimates of the Table 2 Hazard map scenarios for which the modeling was conducted for Vietnam Scenario Coastal Fluvial/Pluvial 1 in 25 1 in 25 1 in 25 1 in 25 Future – Low 1 in 25 + 28 cm 1 in 50 1 in 25 Future – Medium 1 in
Trafficking in Women in Israel. http://www.knesset.gov.il/committees/heb/docs/sachar_final2005.htm. (Hebrew) (Accessed 20.08.2010) MALKKI, L. H. (1995a) _Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology Among Hutu_ _Refugees in Tanzania_ . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ——— (1995b) Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things. _Annual_ _Review of Anthropology_ 24, no. 1: 495-523. ——— (2002) News from Nowhere: Mass Displacement and Globalized `Problems of Organization'. _Ethnography_ 3, no. 3: 351-360. MAN, I. (2010) Refugees. _Maftech_ 1, no. 1. http://mafteakh.tau.ac.il/pdf/1-2010-08.pdf. (Hebrew) (Accessed 20.08.2010) MARKOWITZ, F. (1996) Living in limbo: Bosnian Muslim refugees in Israel. _Human Organization_ 55, no. 2: 127-132. MARTINS, B. O.(2009) Undocumented Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Israel. EuroMeSCo Paper 81. http://www.euromesco.net/images/paper81eng.pdf. (Accessed 20.08.2010) McCARTHY, R. (2010) Israel to Build Surveillance Fence along Egyptian Border. _The Guardian_, November 1. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/11/israel-fence-egypt. (Accessed 20.08.2010) MFA. (1948/2010) Israeli Declaration of Independence. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Decl aration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel. (Accessed 20.08.2010) MORRIS, B. (1997) _Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956:
20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Decl aration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel. (Accessed 20.08.2010) MORRIS, B. (1997) _Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the_ _Countdown to the Suez War_ . USA: Oxford University Press. 18
their accommodation in the coming months should there be need for collective accommodation facilities to create additional space for newcomers. Participants also expressed significant financial strain in covering the costs of their accommodation. While only 4% of respondents (17 households) reside in accommodation provided by their employer, it is noteworthy that their information and other priority needs are heightened. While accommodation was indicated as a priority need by only 13% of respondents, employment and information needs were much higher for this group, mentioned by 53% and 27%, respectively, compared to 32% and 12% of respondents overall. This group also highlighted a much higher need for information on legal status (40%), Temporary Protection (27%) and how to claim asylum (20%) than the overall respondents (26%, 15% and 5% respectively). These findings may reflect that Ukrainian Temporary Protection respondents living in employer-provided housing face barriers to accessing information and may be seeking assistance in finding new employment and in relation to their legal status. Finally, out of those who do not have a rental contract (6%), the majority of respondents (92% in comparison to 75% in Q1) are in this situation because the unit is rented by another person or entity. This
rural development approach.** The region not only hosts a significant migrant population, primarily from Ethiopia, but also grapples with chronic underdevelopment, reflected in high poverty rates, limited access to basic services (including water, sanitation, healthcare, and education), and high levels of unemployment. The continuous inflow of migrants places additional strain on these already overstretched services, exacerbating the challenges faced by host communities. The region’s arid climate and vulnerability to climate change further intensify these challenges, restricting opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. Poverty in Dikhil is marked by multiple layers of deprivation – economic exclusion, poor social infrastructure, and environmental fragility – compounded by limited access to markets and essential infrastructure. As a result, the region’s socio-economic landscape requires a nuanced, multi-sectoral response that simultaneously addresses these interconnected issues. The project’s integrated approach will create sustainable livelihoods for both local residents and migrant communities while contributing to the 4 World Bank, Gender Portal. 5 UNHCR, African Development Bank Group, IGAD, EAC (2024), Regional Report Draft: Regional Program on Enhancing the Investment Climate for the Economic Empowerment of Refugee, Returnee and Host/Return Community Women in the East and Horn of Africa and Great Lakes Region Page 3