ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
the east of Israel, Jordan hosts nearly 500,000 refugees, and to the South, Egypt (from which the majority of asylum seekers cross to Israel) hosts a population of more than 100,000 (UNHCR 2009; USCRI 2009). It is also known that Egypt has a vast population of unregistered foreign nationals who are not accounted for in refugee statistics. Estimates of their number vary considerably (Harrell-Bond and Zohry 2003; Nassar 2008). While such numerical and comparative analysis suggests that Israel‘s asylum seeker population is relatively small, this approach does not illuminate the social and political issues which give Israel‘s asylum seekers particular political and cultural weight. Surrounded by Arab and Muslim countries with weaker economies, Israel‘s prosperity and democratic structure act as significant pull factors for migrants. The country‘s decision to follow UNHCR guidelines and not to deport Eritreans and Sudanese while tolerating their unauthorised work must also function as an incentive. It is also important to consider the circumstances that prompt Sudanese and Eritreans, the two dominant groups of asylum seekers, to make Israel their first or second country of asylum (Afeef 2009, 9). While their circumstances significantly differ, Eritreans and Sudanese share a desire to seek better protection and to
and coincidence of flood risk and population, this approach does not allow a robust estimation of exposure headcounts. Jongman et al. (2012) provide the first global flood exposure analysis that utilizes spatial hazard and population data, albeit at relatively coarse resolution by current standards (10 x 10 kilometers for population data, and 1 x 1 kilometers for flood data). The authors estimate that in 2010, 805 million people worldwide were exposed to fluvial flooding with a 1-in-100 year return period; 271 million people to coastal flooding with the same return period. By accounting for overlap between coastal and fluvial flood risk zones, they further estimate that the global flood exposed population was 992 million in 2010, and project this number to reach 1.3 billion by 2050. In this study, we show that this projection has already been exceeded in 2020, with 1.47 billion living in high-risk flood zones. Several factors can explain this increase in estimated exposure headcount: On the 1 Disclaimer: The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on the maps in this study do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance
host in Africa, and among the five largest worldwide.** There are over 1.8 million refugees and asylum seekers in the country at present, most of whom originate from South Sudan (54 percent) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (32 percent). Uganda continues to experience significant inflows, with over 170,000 refugees having arrived during 2024. The refugees are formally settled in 12 of Uganda’s 146 districts, plus Kampala. 4. **Uganda is globally recognized for its refugee policy framework, which is closely aligned with the priorities of** **the GCR.** Uganda’s refugee policies deliver the shared international vision under the 2018 GCR, that allows refugees to 1 As of April 30, 2025, the exact number of refugees and asylum seekers in Uganda is 1,890,334. Source: Office of the Prime Minister and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2 Zhou, Yang-Yang, Grossman, Guy, and Ge, Shuning, 2023. "Inclusive refugee-hosting can improve local development and prevent public backlash," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 166(C). 3 Phase I of DRDIP in Uganda was rated Satisfactory throughout implementation and exceeded all Project Development Objective indicator targets. Page 1
rural-urban integration reforms undertaken in Chengdu prefecture followed a more integrated approach that could hold broader lessons. We describe the nature of the reforms and our analytical approach to evaluating their impact. **2.1 The challenges of rural-urban land conversion in China** In the 2000-2010 period, the size of urban areas in China expanded enormously: use of satellite imagery to define ‘urban’ consistently across countries reveals that, with an average annual area expansion of 9.8% for Hangzhou, 8.1% for Shanghai, 6.1% for Chongqing, 5.9% for Chengdu, 4.5% for the Pearl River Delta and 4.0%, for Beijing, most Chinese cities expanded at a rate well in excess of the East Asian average of 2.8% (World Bank 2014). [1] At the same time, and despite numerous measures to the contrary, rural-urban income inequality widened. While clear causality is difficult to establish, most experts agree that high rates of land conversion make a key contribution to this and, in addition, give rise to factor market distortions and often inefficient and unsustainable land use. This can largely be attributed to structural factors, most importantly the fact that, as rural land is owned by village collectives and not tradable, conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural
696 Stein Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources. [5] This data set has daily readings of rainfall for the period 1961–2004, at a precision of .25. [6] The data are extrapolated based on historical rainfall readings from weather stations primarily provided by the Indian Meterological Department. For each block, the data contain the amount of rainfall in millimeters and the number of stations within the grid that contributed to the data. These data are used to evaluate how the insurance policies would have paid out historically, which can be used as a proxy for past rainfall shocks. [7] The three individual years of BASIX customer data were converted into a panel by manually matching individual customers using available identifying data. Errors in matching customers from year to year create the possibility of introducing nonclassical measurement error into the analysis. In section I discuss the possible consequences of such errors and how they affect interpretation of the estimates. **II.** **Results: The Effect of Payouts on Take-Up** In this section I address the central question: is receiving an insurance payout correlated with repurchasing insurance the following year? To do this, I examine BASIX’s customers in 2005 and 2006, and
squared. In this specification, the dummy on receiving 5 [APHRODITE’s water resources project; http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip.](http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/precip) 6 25° latitude equals about 27.5 kilometers. .25° longitude varies by latitude; over the range of latitudes in this survey it equals roughly 26 kilometers. 7 It is not clear if ICICI-LOMBARD used APHRODITE or another source of historical rainfall data in order to price their policies because this information is proprietary. The APHRODITE data set is based on historical data provided primarily by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), but similar gridded data sets provided by IMD contain vast amounts of missing data over both time and space. It is very likely that the ICICI-LOMBARD products were priced using IMD data, but it is likely the ICICI-LOMBARD used different techniques to account for missing data. 8 It makes sense to assume that the error _εt,i_ is correlated for the same person across time as well as across people in a given year. Ideally, one would like to include individual fixed effects to account for individual heterogeneity. However, in order to exploit this variation one would need to look at customers who purchased insurance in both 2005 and 2006, and received payouts in only one of those
facilitate the full participation, retention, and educational advancement of students with disabilities, as well as facilitation for their transition to the labor market. 13. **Indigenous students face additional educational challenges related to the low availability of educational** **materials in indigenous languages.** There are an estimated 16,000 indigenous students from eight communities (NgäbeBugle, Cabécar, Bribri, Malecu, Chorotega, Huetar, Térraba, and Boruca) located in 24 indigenous territories recognized by the State. Education matters are managed by local indigenous education councils ( _Consejos Locales de Educación_ _Indígena_ ) under the aegis of MEP’s national system of indigenous education. Despite the existence of a decree from 2013 that aims to preserve indigenous languages and promote early grade learning in mother tongues, additional efforts are needed to train teachers and develop learning materials in indigenous languages. [21] Education and administrative boards continue to face a lack of training and supervision, hindering their ability to effectively fulfill their responsibilities. 19 UNHCR, Strategy 2024, Situation Analysis. 20 Data from MEP’s Saber, as of September 26, 2023. 21 Sistema Costarricence de Información Jurídica, Decreto Ejecutivo 37801, Reforma del Subsistema de Educación Indígena, [https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/Scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=75249&strTipM=FN](https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/Scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRM&nValor1=1&nValor2=75249&strTipM=FN) Page 5
CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN MENA / 10 OCTOBER 2024 **Basic Needs** UNHCR’s cash-based assistance targets only the most vulnerable; those who live hand to mouth in truly precarious and desperate situations. Multi-purpose cash assistance assists families to put food on the table, pay for medicines, and keep children in school. Emergency cash assistance is disbursed rapidly for urgent cases, such as for those at risk of eviction from their homes or in need of immediate and life-saving medical care. Cash for Protection works with refugees within a case management framework to address specific and often more complicated protection issues holistically. Around 46,000 IDPs and 3,100 refugee households are affected by the current funding shortfall. **Protection** Holding an identity document is one of life’s basics. Without an ID card, one cannot access basic services, freedom of movement is reduced, and risk of detention and arrest increased. Finding work is also made more difficult. According to UNHCR’s protection monitoring, over 54% of families have at least one child without a birth certificate, and 71% have family members without national identity cards. Displaced populations are often unable to access or have lost civil documentation and face challenges getting replacements for reasons connected to
2.8 Value of crop output during the second season of 2004 347.5 366.9 164.0 419.3 Area covered under crops during the first season of 2005 2.7 3.0 1.6 2.9 Value of crop output during the first season of 2005 190.2 194.2 140.9 212.2 Value of crop output per acre [a] 101.5 96.7 95.3 110.8 Number of observations (households) 5530 2726 1076 1728 _Source:_ Own computation from 2005/06 UNHS III _Notes:_ [a ] Plot area weighted average of the value of crop output per acre of the two agriculture seasons. 17
PIU. If the authorization is obtained, there may be an additional risk that the MEP fails to obtain access to SIGAF. To mitigate these risks, efforts will be made to include in the same draft law seeking loan approval by the Legislative Assembly the creation of a PIU with access to SIGAF. In addition, once the PIU is created, the MEP will recruit staff with adequate qualifications and experience on terms of reference acceptable to the Bank as reflected in the POM. Training in FM and disbursement procedures will be provided to FM staff before starting implementation, and a Project operational manual satisfactory to the Bank will be prepared and will include a FM section detailing FM processes and procedures to ensure adequate internal controls, contract management and monitoring mechanisms over project funds, timely payments and issuance of financial report: Lastly, the Bank will undertake regular missions to support the implementation of the project. For Procurement. The procurement residual risk of delays in implementation is Substantial as MEP has limited experience implementing World Bank-financed projects, and no experience under the current Procurement Framework. These risks will be mitigated by training staff on Procurement Regulations, as well as through the inclusion
This dataset, created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association’s Climate Prediction Center, is based on ground station measurements of precipitation over the period 1948–2001. The average temperatures and precipitation for each country in the sample are shown in Appendices A and B. Note that there is a wide range of climates across the 11 countries in the sample. It is not possible to use every month of climate in a Ricardian regression because of the high correlation between one month and the next. Consequently we must cluster the monthly data into seasons. However, it is not self-evident how to cluster monthly temperatures into a limited set of seasonal measurements. We explored several ways of defining three-month average seasons, starting with November, December, and January for winter. Comparing the results, we found that defining winter in the northern hemisphere as the average of November, December, and January provided the most robust results for Africa. This assumption in turn implies that the next three months would be spring, the three months after that would be summer, and August, September and October would be fall (in the north). These seasonal definitions were chosen because they provided the best fit with the data
experiences of their friends and neighbors. Evidence in the developed world shows that purchases of flood and earthquake insurance in the United States are greatly influenced by recent experiences with disasters and insurance payouts, that peoples’ insurance decisions are influenced by their friends and neighbors’ experiences with insurance (Kunreuther, Sanderson, and Vetschera 1985; Gallagher 2014). Reacting to Daniel Stein is a senior economist at IDinsight; his email address is [Daniel.stein@idinsight.org.](mailto:Daniel.stein@idinsight.org) This work would not have been possible without the assistance of the insurance staff at BASIX, especially Sridhar Reddy, for help in obtaining and understanding their customer database. Thanks to Tim Besley, Greg Fischer, Gani Aldashev, and Xavier Giné for giving helpful advice and commenting on earlier drafts. Thanks to participants at the Munich Re 6th Annual Microinsurance Conference, the Midwestern International Economic Development Conference, seminars at the London School of Economics, University of Namur, and KU Leuven for helpful comments. All remaining errors are my own. A supplemental appendix to this article [is available at https://academic.oup.com/wber.](https://academic.oup.com/wber) 1 CIA World Factbook: India; Indiastat.com. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK. All [rights reserved. For
and sharing of technical and institutional analyses to help the project designs be closely aligned and synergistic; (ii) the administrative and legislative processes for project approval by the Government are expected to take place at the same time as the IDB-financed project; and (iii) project implementation will be carried out in close coordination with the IDBfinanced project. An example of complementarity is on the pedagogical reform, with the proposed Project focused on foundational learning, while the IDB financed project would deepen the impact with support to a wider curricular reform. The efforts of both projects in supporting MEP’s digitalization agenda are included as an operational core of an ongoing regional effort between the two Banks under the Memorandum of Understanding on strategic areas including reducing the digital access gap. 16. **Costa Rica recently received a positive IMF review of the overall Government program, which bodes well for** **MEP, especially as MEP reforms are geared towards sustainability** . [22] An important consideration of the reform program is that the planned interventions do not require a level of investment that would put inordinate fiscal pressure regarding the MEP budget. Expenditures such as the investments planned for the digitalization agenda of the MEP
School](https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/01/11/djibouti-giving-refugee-children-a-chance-to-go-to-school) 9 The Ministry of Health and UNHCR signed a cooperation agreement in 2018 for the inclusion of refugees in the national health system 10 Government of Djibouti (2024), Stratégie Livelihoods et Inclusion Economique Djibouti 2024 – 2028 11 UNHCR, African Development Bank Group, IGAD, EAC (2024), Regional Report Draft: Regional Program on Enhancing the Investment Climate for the Economic Empowerment of Refugee, Returnee and Host/Return Community Women in the East and Horn of Africa and Great Lakes Region. Page 4
Some coastal zones in our study area invest significant resources in damage prevention via polder construction and other measures, while others offer compensation once cyclone-related damage has occurred. Incorporation of controls from our cyclone panel database may permit more accurate estimation of the timing and magnitude of responses to these differences. To conclude, we believe that the coastal cyclone experiences of Bangladesh, West Bengal and Odisha also offer potentially-valuable lessons for the global community. Our overall findings for the Indian Ocean are consistent with the view that ocean warming from climate change has increased the frequency and average power of regional cyclone storms. Since 1960, a composite index of cyclone frequency and power has increased by about 50%. Since our focal study area is one of the world’s most cyclone-prone, its experience can provide important clues for understanding the potential future of other cyclone-affected areas. In this context, studies that 22
of natural shocks, and historical data only offer limited guidance on the future. So, when taking long-term investment and planning decisions, selecting options that offer robust performance under a variety of scenarios is crucial (Hallegatte et al. 2019). This study considers a 1-in-100 year return flood intensity to reflect a relatively rare and intense disaster. However, the concept of return periods is easily misunderstood and the probability underestimated. A 1in-100 year flood has, on average, a 1% probability of occurrence in any given year. But this translates to or 10% probability in a decade, or 50% in a lifetime (68 years). These are significant probabilities that lie well within reasonable planning horizons of governments. For comparison, the Dutch flood protection system protects against events up to 1-in-10,000 years. In addition, it should be noted that these probabilities apply independently to a given river basin or microclimate. For the purpose of this study, we consider hundreds of thousands of such locations. This means that, globally, hundreds of 1-in-100 year flood events happen every year. **3.2.** **Population density** This study estimates the location of people using the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), produced by the EC JRC. It offers global coverage and
components. Progress on all project components will be through biannual progress reports submitted by the PMU to the World Bank and disclosed publicly. 53. **Progress on the implementation of Components 2 and 3 will be overseen by the district-level PMU.** Progress will be assessed on infrastructure and agribusiness activities and provide quarterly reports to the MoHAIS. 54. **Citizen engagement and social accountability will be promoted throughout the project cycle.** The project has prepared a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) which was disclosed in country and on the World Bank website on August 1, 2024, which provides guidance on ensuring effective project communication and consultation at different stages of implementation. It further sets out indicators that will be monitored in accessing the level of beneficiary engagement, feedback, and grievances. The policy stakeholder group will facilitate the exchange of information between policy makers and the public. Citizen engagement will be measured through beneficiary assessments, which will include (a) participatory focus groups and (b) semi-structured interviews with refugees and former refugees, host community members, farmers, cooperatives, and agribusinesses. Citizen engagement outcomes will be assessed through the indicator “Stakeholder consultations convened, and priority measures identified”. These beneficiary assessments will help assess the relevance and impact
Loayza, N., A. Mier y Teran, and J. Rigolini. 2013. “Poverty, inequality, and the local natural resource curse.” Discussion Paper Series, Forschungsinstitut zur Zujunft der Arbeit, 7226, Bonn. Maldonado, S. (2017). The non-monotonic political effects of resource booms. Mamo, N., Bhattacharyya, S., & Moradi, A. (2019). Intensive and extensive margins of mining and development: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. _Journal of Development_ _Economics_, _139_, 28-49. Michaels, G. 2011. “The Long Term Consequences of Resource-Based Specialisation.” _The_ _Economic Journal_ 121: 31–57. MineAtlas. 2013. https://mining-atlas.com/ Rhee, S., Nyanza, E. C., Condon, M., Fisher, J., Maduka, T., & Benshaul-Tolonen, A. (2018). Understanding environmental, health and economic activity interactions following transition of ownership in gold mining areas in Tanzania: A case of private to public. _Land use policy_, _79_, 650-658. Standing, A., and G. Hilson. 2013. “Distributing mining wealth to communities in Ghana: Addressing problems of elite capture and political corruption.” _U4_ issue 2013 (5). van der Ploeg, F. 2011. “Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing?” _Journal of Economic_ _Literature_ 49 (2): 366–420. von der Goltz, J., & Barnwal, P. (2019). Mines: The local wealth and health effects of mineral mining in developing countries. _Journal of Development Economics_, _139_, 1-16. Wilson, N. 2012. “Economic Booms and
This reliance on international trade – especially for essential imports such as water and food - leaves Djibouti vulnerable to climate-related shocks affecting both its own territory and its neighboring trading partners. 6. **As of January 15, 2025, Djibouti hosts 32,643 registered refugees** **[2]** **and asylum-seekers, constituting** **approximately three percent of the population, primarily from Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen** [3] **.** Eighty-five percent of refugees live in settlements (2,529 in Obock; 8,019 in Holl Holl; and 16,980 in Ali Addeh), while 15 percent reside in urban areas (5,115 in Djibouti-Ville). A majority of refugees are between the ages of 18-59, and the gender composition is 52 percent male and 48 percent female. The government’s proactive approach, aligned with the Global Compact on Refugees, includes efforts to integrate refugees into national systems while promoting social and economic inclusion, reinforced by the adoption of a National Refugee Law (NRL) in 2017 to strengthen institutional and legislative frameworks and ensure refugee access to services. Djibouti’s relative peace and economic growth in the region have made it a key destination for refugees and migrants, who seek sanctuary from conflict and climate-induced disasters. Additionally, Djibouti serves as a key transit corridor for migrants from the