ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
panel B shows the effects of increased production in the survey year. There is no evidence of

spillovers in the sense that there is a similar effect in neighboring districts. In fact, most

coefficients point in the opposite direction for mining and neighboring districts indicating, if

anything, a shift in employment from neighboring districts to the producing ones.

**8 Conclusions**

Ghana has a long history of gold production and has recently been experiencing its third gold

rush, during which annual gold production skyrocketed. It was the first gold rush the country

has experienced as an independent nation, and it brings hope of improving the lives of its

citizens. Natural resource extraction is often argued to have detrimental effects on countries,

however, and the so-called natural resource curse may imply that resource wealth is harmful to

social development and inclusive growth. We use rich geocoded data with information on

households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district

levels in difference-in-differences analyses.

Men benefit from direct job creation within the mining sector, and women seem to benefit from

indirectly generated jobs in the service sector (statistically significant within 10 km from a
Altogether 42% of respondents have visited Ukraine at least once since February 2022. Regionally, the second most common reason for visiting was to access healthcare services (28%), following visits to relatives (57%). The proportion of those visiting for healthcare varied significantly by country, with respondents in Hungary (40%), Slovakia (37%), and Romania (36%) showing the highest rates, while it was lower in Lithuania (19%), Latvia (13%), and Moldova (10%). These findings align with previously reported higher unmet healthcare needs in Hungary (22%), Slovakia (21%), and Romania (28%), suggesting that seeking healthcare in Ukraine serves as a coping strategy to address these unmet needs.

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO CITED SEEKING HEALTH CARE AS**

**REASON TO VISIT UKRAINE**

Spent savings Reduced essential health expenditure Reduced essential education expenditure Purchased food on credit Migrated / became displaced Sold household assets Engage in high risk job Sold productive assets Sold house or land School-aged children labour Withdraw children from school (N=8,720) 37% 13% 7% 6% 5% 4% 4% 3% 2% 2% 1% Hungary Romania Slovakia Bulgaria Poland Estonia Czechia Lithuania Latvia Moldova (N=3,596) 18% 11% 11% 41% 37% 35% 33% 29% 29% 27%

**15**
advantage of capturing the intensity of mining production. Since it is somewhat unclear when

mining production spills over to other types of employment, we use two measures of mining

production. Panel A of table 13 shows the results of mining production in the period before the

survey, including the survey year, on female employment, and we see that mining production

leads to less agricultural employment but more employment in services and sales, as well as in

professional work. Panel B shows that the effects are larger but not as precisely estimated for

the yearly measure. That they are larger is not surprising, since a 10-ton increase one year is

much more than a 10-ton increase over a longer time period. The precision is also probably

lower since it is unclear what year the production spills over to other activities. In any case, we

see that the effects are similar across these two specifications. [18]

---
[18] The effects for infant health and infant mortality are also stronger when we add production levels (results
Power BI Desktop Legal Documentation, Housing, Land, & Property (HLP), and Access to Justice Providing necessary documentation and ensuring access to justice, housing, land, and property rights are essential for IDPs. Legal documentation is often necessary to access basic and financial services and secure employment, whilst tenure security and housing and land rights are critical for achieving permanent housing solutions to displacement.
Pathway #4:
It is also important to highlight that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries.
Not all questions were consistently included in all country-level surveys, and some answer options were individually adjusted. To mitigate the impact of these differences, the regional analysis focused on data that could be matched. Certain indicators that may have been available by country have thus been excluded from this assessment.

Lastly, the survey was conducted during the summer months, coinciding with both host country and Ukraine school holidays. This period often sees many households temporarily visiting Ukraine, which impacted the accessibility of households and posed challenges in meeting targets, particularly in certain countries and geographic locations.

**11**
The most common reported barrier to accessing MHPSS services was not believing that one needed support (36% in women, 34% in men), followed by not knowing where to go (31% in women; 29% in men). One in six (16%) of respondents reported adopting a “wait-and-see” approach. Other barriers included language barriers (14%), lack of time (10%), inability to afford services (7%), lack of service availability (5%), stigma (4%), long waiting time (4%),

**24**

Did not believe need support Did not know where to go Wait and see Language barrier Lack of time (N=1,682)
The findings on disability, chronic illness, and vaccination are based on self-reports and were not verified against medical records, which may impact their accuracy.

A high non-response rate was observed for sensitive questions related to mental health, psychosocial well-being, protection, income and expenditure which could affect the completeness of the data. Additionally, the survey results for certain indicators, such as infant and young child feeding and SRH barriers, should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size or low response rates. As a result, some indicators could not be further analyzed to assess how factors such as gender, age, disability, or place of residence impact access to health and MHPSS services.

It is also important to note that there were slight differences in the questionnaire across countries and years, such as adjustments to answer options.
Therefore, the regional trend analysis was limited to questions that were consistently used across all participating countries and years to ensure comparability. Furthermore, certain indicators were excluded from the regional analysis due to insufficient sample size or the unavailability of data across all countries.

7. [https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/](https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/question-sets/wg-short-set-on-functioning-wg-ss/)

**7**
Despite the improved legal framework and the free issuance of birth certificates within the stipulated period,
challenges in physically accessing civil registration centres, along with a persistent lack of awareness
regarding legal obligations surrounding births, contribute to the overall low rates of birth registration in
Chad.

It is worth noting that there has been an increase in the birth registration rate from 15 per cent in 2020 to
26 per cent in 2023. The strategic partnership between UNHCR and government agencies responsible for
issuing birth certificates, specifically the Directorate of Political Affairs and Civil Status (APEC until 2020) and
ANATS since 2021, has facilitated the issuance of birth certificates to over 150,000 refugee children and
children from host communities in refugee hosting areas.

**2.5** **Justice and security**
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on GUS and ZUS data. All continuous variables have been regressed in first differences to account for non-stationarity Polish citizens employment rates and registered unemployment rates. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

39 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 2022-Q2 2023-Q2 2024-Q2 Males Males Source: Deloitte own elaboration based Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Females of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey). Females 38
A steady inflow of migrants could be observed in the last decade since 2014, when armed conflict erupted in Eastern Ukraine. As the Ukrainian economy suffered and its currency lost value, many Ukrainians came to Poland looking for work. Most of them came on a guest worker basis, enabled by a law from 2011, that allowed Ukrainians and five other nations to work in Poland for 6 months during a year without a work permit, based on employers' declaration. This was a circular migration, in which they returned to Ukraine once the 6 month period expired.
In effect most stayed in Poland for less than twelve months and therefore were not included in the resident population or other national population estimates.
A National Bank of Poland research paper estimates that between 2014 and 2018, between one and two million Ukrainian workers arrived in the country (Strzelecki, Growiec and Wyszyński, 2022).
Hard data on the number of Ukrainian workers in Poland before 2022 are limited 12
**XVI. Participation in the Gender**

**ToT for Government Officials**

**As part of the efforts of the Gender**

**Technical Working Group of Miranda**

**(“Mesa** **de** **Genero”)** **to** **support**

**strengthening of local government,**

**the Protection Cluster through the**

Protection Assistant, supported the

delivery of a ToT on Gender Equality

_b.Fundación Proyecto Maniapure (FPM)_

_(October):_ FPM, a PC partner, imple
ments integrated protection, and WASH

strategies in Amazonas and Bolivar. The

PC, in coordination with FPM staff, vis
ited the state of Amazonas to showcase

FPM's impactful work in the monthly

impact stories series.

The main axis of the organization

revolves around a community model that

centers the mental and physical health

as a human right. Their work has been

distinctive and their projects of great

impact to the most vulnerable groups,

such as the indigenous communities of

the Venezuelan Amazonia.

The PA visited the community of Valle

Lindo in the municipality of Atures in the

state of Amazonas, where he was able to

interview several persons of interest who

participate in the foundation's programs,

and in particular those people who were

participating in community sensitizations

and trainings on the prevention of TiP
5. Cross Sectors

**c.** **Land:** Access to land for sustainable agricultural activities, which is crucial for fostering refugee’s self
reliance remains challenging.

14 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**
migrant households in mining communities with migrant households elsewhere, and the null

hypothesis would be similar trajectory over time. If we reject the null, we cannot distinguish

between selective migration to mining communities and the impact of the mining. The

nonmigrant analysis can plausibly reflect similar households over time, with the limitation of

selective outward migration. We believe inward migration to mining areas to be more common

than outward migration (in line with Fafchamps et al., 2016).

Diarrhea is a major concern in many developing countries. Diarrheal diseases are, in part, a

matter of infrastructure, where access to clean water and proper sanitation are important

determinants. To further understand the effects on diarrhea, we look at the difference between

migrants and nonmigrants and the effects by distance (Figure 5). There are, in fact, large

differences between the migrant and the nonmigrant populations. Among nonmigrants, a mine

opening is associated with large decreases in incidence, whereas for migrants, the opposite is

true. Considering all children between 0 km and 20 km of an active mine, children born to
Alongside the large-scale, capital-intensive mining industry in Ghana, there is an artisanal and

small-scale mining sector (ASM). ASM activities were legalized in 1984, when the state

loosened its monopoly on gold mining. In Ghana, as in many other African countries, the sector

is an important employer (ILO 1999). It is estimated that around 1 million people in Ghana

support themselves with revenues from ASM activities.

The sector is associated with several hazardous labor conditions, however. This includes child

labor, mercury exposure, and risk of mine collapse (Hilson 2009). The ASM and the large-scale

mining sector sometimes thrive side by side, but sometimes competing interests lead to conflict

between the two sectors, such as around Prestea, where domestic _galamsey_ miners (informal

small-scale miners) have been in conflict with the multinational concession owner (Hilson and

Yakoleva 2007).

In this analysis, we focus solely on large-scale mining. We understand, however, that small

and large-scale operations may be geographically correlated. Assuming that the start of a large

scale mine does not affect the likelihood or viability of artisanal and small-scale mining, it is

not a threat to our identifying assumptions. However, should ASM respond to large-scale
1. [Ukraine Refugee Situation ( accessed 12 Dec 2024)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine)
2. [Ukraine Situation: Regional Refugee Response Plan 2025](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026) 3. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/06/25/ukrainian-refugees-council-extends-temporaryprotection-until-march-2026/ 4. Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H. and Saxena, S., 2019. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 394: 240-248.
5. Eurofound (2024), Social impact of migration: Addressing the challenges of receiving and integrating Ukrainian refugees, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

**5**
age migrant married cohabiting divorced fertility woman partner
active*mine 0.263 0.028 0.025 0.018 -0.003 0.030 -0.036 -0.003
(0.510) (0.042) (0.027) (0.029) (0.017) (0.115) (0.031) (0.030)

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age (not column 1), and years of education (not columns 6 and 7). Active is
active status of mine in the survey year. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

**5.1 Employment outcomes**

Using the difference-in-differences approach (equation 1), we estimate results on occupation,

child health, and inequality. First, panel A of table 4 indicates that women in active mining

communities ( _active*mine_ ) are insignificantly more likely to work in service and sales and less

in agriculture, and 1.7 percentage points less likely to work as professionals (statistically

significant). There is no change in the likelihood that she is not working. These 5 categories

stem from the same occupational variable in the DHS data, and are mutually exclusive. The

surveyed individual is told to report their main occupation. The coefficients can therefore be

interpreted as relative increases of each specific sector. Women are more likely to earn cash for
of establishing a theater group with an

experimental line of work.

La Carnada, an immersive and

documentary-style theatre production,

aims to raise awareness about victims

of Trafficking in Persons (TiP), focusing

on sexual and labour exploitation. It

sheds a light on contexts where digital

media, domestic violence, and deceptive

opportunities pose significant risks,

particularly for women and girls. As

part of the French-Venezuelan Festival

**5**
In 2022, 15,402 persons have been repatriated voluntarily thus far, with 2,805 persons repatriated in September.
The largest group of returns was from Zambia to the DRC, with 2,159 persons repatriated in September. Further,
there has been notable movements from Angola to the DRC in September, where, 47 families of 143 persons were
repatriated to destinations in the DRC such as Kassai Province, Kinshassa, Kwilu Province and Goma.

From January to September 2022, 4,497 individuals of 1,063 cases were submitted for resettlement consideration.
Among these cases, half were male and the other half were female with 57 per cent being children under age 18.

In the same period, 2,067 individuals departed for resettlement. A half of the departed cases were male and another
half were female, similarly to submitted cases. Most persons have been considered for resettlement to the United
States (3,417). The highest number of those departed also headed to the United States (1,285). In terms of country of
asylums, the highest number of submitted applications were from Malawi (1,438) and Zambia (1,367). Congolese
(DRC) is the nationality with the highest number of submissions (3,618) and departures (1,729).
antenatal at least 1 doctor midwife has health died
PANEL A. # visits antenatal attended attended card 12 months

active
0.759*** 0.026 0.055 0.125*** 0.039 -0.085***
district
(0.244) (0.022) (0.115) (0.033) (0.059) (0.031)

N 9,245 9,245 9,462 9,462 11,047 9,270

R-square 0.242 0.121 0.160 0.154 0.161 0.138

small

at birth, the child was
average
large height weight weight

PANELB. size size size for age for age for height

active
0.066 0.078 -0.148 -6.333 -23.676** -20.080
district
(0.057) (0.085) (0.090) (18.753) (9.364) (13.428)

N 11,837 11,007 11,007 9,646 9,646 9,851

R-square 0.041 0.061 0.060 0.199 0.163 0.073

in the last 2 weeks, had
PANEL C. fever cough diarrhea

active
0.016 0.010 0.058
district
(0.057) (0.035) (0.036)

N 10,849 10,883 10,887

R-square 0.052 0.046 0.055

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the district level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year.
Panel b, columns 1, 2, and 3 show size at birth. Panel B, columns 4, 5, and 6 show anthropometrics (new WHO)
in standard deviations. *** p<0.01, *
in the survey year.
Panel b, columns 1, 2, and 3 show size at birth. Panel B, columns 4, 5, and 6 show anthropometrics (new WHO)
in standard deviations. *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.
migrant mothers are 6.9 percentage points more likely to have suffered from diarrheal diseases

in the two weeks prior to the start of the survey.

To further understand these effects, we decompose them by distance bins in a spatial lag model

(bottom two graphs in figure 5). It becomes evident that, from a high-level incidence (dashed

line) among the original local population (panel A of figure 5), the mine has brought substantial

reductions in diarrheal incidence (as shown by the blue line). In the migrant population, the

incidence is actually higher after mine opening than before, and the likelihood increases by 6.9

percentage points. The spatial lag model in panel B of figure 5 reveals that much of the effect

is driven by a spike in incidence 10 to 20 km away from the mine center point. If more migrants

move to the area because of the mine, they will be less settled, and health outcomes can

deteriorate, on average, within that population. Nevertheless, we should be careful in

interpreting the effects this way. The mine-induced migration, which we partly capture here,

could be different from the migration happening further away. The deteriorating status of
The data also shows that poverty [5] has a very tangible effect on living conditions and protection risks. This group feel less safe, less secure in term of accommodation tenure, more frequently misses out on needed healthcare, more often has children out of school, and is much more frequently forced to resort to skipping meals because of lack of funds. In addition, vulnerable populations, such as older adults and individuals with disabilities or MHPSS [6] needs exhibit significantly higher poverty rates when compared to the refugees overall.
These connections are important to bear in mind when designing government, development, and humanitarian support programs.
We suggest interpreting the local effects as being additional to the district-level effects; that is,

the mine affects the mining district predominantly through the fiscal channel, and local mining

communities mainly through employment generation, and other localized factors. Overall, the

results are more robustly estimated at the district level than at the individual level, and we find

no indications of positive spillover effects across districts. This is in line with a public spending

hypothesis, where mining districts benefit more than adjacent non-mining districts through the

fiscal revenue channel, since 10 percent of mining royalties are redistributed to mining districts.

**2 Gold mining in Ghana**

Ghana has a long tradition of gold mining and has produced a substantial portion of the world’s

gold for over 1,000 years (see Hilson [2002] for an extensive overview of gold production in

Ghana). During colonial British rule, the country was named the Gold Coast Colony, and gold

production was booming. The first gold rush occurred between 1892 and 1901, and the second

after World War I. Gold production decreased at the dawn of independence in 1957, and

remained low until the 1980s. Over the last 20 years, Ghana has been experiencing its third gold
employer sponsorship (immigrants come following a job offer – popular in Poland), family reunions (immigrants have family ties to a citizen abroad – like often in the USA) or point systems (immigrants fulfil certain characteristics judged by the state as valuable – like in Australia), refugees as involuntary migrants may not possess any such characteristics. Additionally, they may suffer from war trauma and be subject to policies that impede their labour market integration (like temporary labour bans or dispersals described in the previous chapter). This translates into lower employment and wages of refugees, which are key characteristics in terms of economic impacts. Moreover, their spending needs due to a sudden shift in living situation may be disproportionally higher, while their propensity to save lower as their future situation is more uncertain, resulting in the need to finance their consumption using capital generated outside the country e.g.
savings from their home countries.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Most Ukrainian refugee households**

**are led by women alone.** According
to the 2024 Socio-Economic Inclusion Survey (SEIS), 67% of Ukrainian refugee households are led by women without adult partners. When changes are compared to the 2023 edition, the MultiSector Needs Assessment (MSNA) survey, 5% of households include a person with disability, down from 10% previous year, and 48% include a chronically ill person, compared to 49% in 2023. Furthermore, average household size is 2.4 persons (compared to 2.7 previous year), 57% include children (compared to 52%), and 6% include a pregnant or breastfeeding mother (same as previously; UNHCR, 2025a). Only 15% of households are nuclear families with a working age man and woman with children.

**Chart 5. Ukrainian refugee households’ demographic composition**

with one child with two or more children Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Table 1. 10 poviats with most Ukrainian refugees** **Chart 6. Local population shares of Ukrainian refugees**

**1. Warsaw** 109,705

**2. Wroclaw** 53,901

**3. Cracow** 33,057

**4. Poznan** 23,991

**5. Gdansk** 17,829

**6. Lodz** 15,902

**7. Szczecin** 14,318

**8. Poznanski** 14,028

**9. Pruszkowski** 12,206