ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) 35. **Component 4: Project Management and Operational Analytical Support (US$10 million).** Component 4 will finance project management costs and technical assistance. A PIU will be financed by the World Bank with adequate fiduciary procedures in place to ensure the efficient and transparent use of loan proceeds. Staff and activities financed under this Project will be clearly delineated in the Project Operations Manual. 36. _Subcomponent 4.1. Project Management_ (US$5 million). This subcomponent will support project management, through: (i) operating a PIU in MEP; (ii) strengthening MEP’s supervision, monitoring, and evaluation capacity for specific Project activities; (iii) carrying out technical and Project audits; and (iv) environmental and social management activities. The subcomponent will finance project operating costs and acquisition of goods and services related to overall project activities, such as impact evaluation studies and communication activities. 37. _Subcomponent 4.2. Operational Analytical Support_ (US$5 million). This subcomponent will finance just-in-time analytical work, as needed, in relation to the Project’s areas of activity. These include the preparation of analytical policy work and related policy and operational support activities regarding the following topics, _inter alia_ : (i) International Baccalaureate program; (ii) Non-University Colleges ( _Educación
**The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 24. **The proposed PDO-level indicators are:** - Direct project beneficiaries, of which female, refugees, host community residents, and vulnerable to climate change (number); - Beneficiaries of cash for nutrition transfers under the project, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number); - People provided with improved access to basic infrastructure and services, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number); - People supported to enhance their livelihoods and income generation, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number **).** **C. Project Beneficiaries** 25. **The project will have a holistic approach that will benefit underserved communities in Dikhil region, two** **refugee-hosting regions of Obock** **and Ali Sabieh (including Ali Addeh and Holl Holl refugee villages), and expand across** **the country including Djibouti-Ville for the social safety nets.** The project is expected to reach 74,800 direct beneficiaries, including 12,860 refugees (39.4 percent of the total refugee population) and 35,900 host community residents (4.5 percent of the total host population). Beneficiary targets have been set in consideration of the size of the refugees and host community populations. 26. **Intervention areas.** Under component 1, safety net support will be provided across all regions
2019, nine safety net programs covered different groups), inadequacy, and unpredictability. Djibouti’s social protection system is currently inadequate to shield poor and vulnerable people from adverse lifecycle impacts or encourage desirable investment in human capital and provides limited coverage. In 2012, social safety net coverage was 9.5 percent, well below regional averages, with government social safety net spending 0.18 percent of GDP, compared with the Middle Eastern and North African average of one percent and the world average of more than 1.5 percent. Social safety net systems are critical in protecting and building the human capital of children threatened by adverse impacts on livelihoods such as environmental shocks. This support is particularly important for the 21 percent of Djiboutians who are extremely poor and have no capacity to smooth consumption and protect their human capital. 9. **Development indicators in Djibouti highlight significant service delivery challenges and multidimensional** **poverty, particularly in rural areas** . Maternal mortality remains high (234 deaths for 100,000 births) with rural areas driving the trend [4] . According to the **Human Capital Review for Djibouti (World Bank, 2024)**, access to basic services such as targeted social safety nets, education and healthcare remains limited, with rural areas experiencing
a setting that is more likely to mirror commercial-level insurance operations; therefore, it provides a higher level of external validity. The paper will proceed as follows: Section I explains the insurance policies and data that will be studied in the empirical section. Section II provides the main empirical evidence, and shows that recipients of insurance payouts are more likely to purchase insurance the following year. Section III searches for evidence of a number of mechanisms by which this could take place. Section IV discusses a number of behavioral explanations for the results. Section V concludes and offers policy recommendations. **I.** **Index Insurance and Customer Data** In this analysis I study monsoon rainfall index insurance policies underwritten by the insurance company ICICI-LOMBARD and sold by BASIX, a microfinance institution based in Hyderabad. The policies insure against excess or deficit rainfall; they are calculated based on rainfall measured at a stated weather station. By basing payoffs on just rainfall, the policies have low monitoring and verification costs and also should be free of adverse selection and moral hazard (Collier, Skees, and Barnett 2009). These attributes make policies inexpensive to create and administer, which allows them to be sold in small quantities and
invest in economic opportunity and access to services in the hosting districts; and (b) at the same time, facilitate refugee mobility out of the camps and rural areas into urban centers, where more opportunities are available and self-reliance is more achievable. 8. **Building on the ongoing Phase I of Jya Mbere, Phase II aims to assist refugees and host communities to** **achieve self-reliance.** Compared to when Phase I commenced, there is now greater understanding conceptually and in practical terms of what it takes to achieve self-reliance. The Rwanda RSRI has seven domains: education, health, labor, income, food security, ID/social capital, and housing, with the first four to be supported by Phase II (plus environmental management). Complementing the RSRI, the 2022 _National Graduation Strategy_ provides guidance on the characteristics of those who have “graduated” out of long-term poverty into self-reliance, including livelihood diversification, savings, and access to markets and services, all of which will be supported by Jya Mbere II. 9. **Climate change poses risks to Rwanda’s positive economic outlook and refugees are particularly vulnerable** **to climate shocks** . Ranked 112 out of 185 countries in the 2021 Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN), Rwanda is vulnerable to flooding, heat, drought, and
the basis for improved skills in a transition towards lower-carbon economies. On mitigation, the activities supported by the Project are expected to generate negligible Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and as such, do not pose material risks of having a negative impact on the country’s low emission targets. **II.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION** **A. Project Development Objective** **PDO Statement** 19. The Project Development Objective is to enhance MEP efficiency and improve foundational learning, digital competencies, and employability skills of students in MEP administered schools. **PDO Level Indicators** i. **PDO 1: Enhancing MEP Efficiency:** Indicator 1: Reduction in processing times for selected administrative and management processes within MEP. ii. **PDO 2: Improving foundational learning, digital competencies and employability skills** : Indicator 2: Percentage of Grade 3 students who surpass Basic level in National Assessments for Reading and Mathematics; Indicator 3: Percentage of students who have met the Intermediate achievement level of digital instruction corresponding to their Grade; Indicator 4: Percentage of technical stream secondary education students with micro-credentials registering English proficiency (all these indicators will be disaggregated by gender and by indigenous and refugee/migrant status). [23] 23 The Project will support block-chain backed micro-credentials (these are authenticated digital certificates, with the block-chain ensuring the
registration plan that includes vulnerable people within the refugee and host population, for example, single women and people with disabilities. Specific activities to be supported include the following: (a) Procurement of approximately 150,000 paper-based cards or polycarbonate cards (out of the 20 million that the Government will buy for citizens) (b) Transfer of the UNHCR ProGres [22] database to the MoHAIS (separate servers and peripheral equipment) (c) IT upgrading at MoHAIS offices in the three refugee settlements to enable all future documentation requests to be done locally and digitally, eliminating the need for travel to Lusaka (d) Community-level customized campaigns for refugees in three districts, including mobile registration camps targeting women and girls (e) Biometric registration kits. 30. The project will uphold approved operating procedures applied by the Department of National Registration within the MoHAIS in safeguarding personal data, aligned with the GRZ’s Data Protection Act of 2021. MoHAIS officials will benefit 20 Refers to refugees, asylum-seekers, refugee returnees, stateless people, and the internally displaced. 21 Statelessness and Climate Change Factsheet, UNHCR, 2021. 22 UNCHR’s registration and case management system Page 15
physical assaults, kidnappings, murders, sexual violence but also incidents related to explosive devices (ED). The security situation and military operations in neighboring countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria), the continuation of NSAG incursions into Niger, the intensification of operations by the Defense and Security Forces (DFS) are all factors that predict the persistence of ED threats in Niger. Indeed, since 2022, the threat of ED has continued to rage in the regions of Tillabery and Diffa. The Protection Cluster recorded approximately 55 ED-related incidents in 2022 (a 34% increase compared to 2021). From January to June 2023, 32 ED incidents were reported, representing more than half of the total number of incidents reported in 2022. It is also worth highlighting the problem of food insecurity which affects several departments, including those affected by ED threats. In fact, faced with the effects of food insecurity, communities could resort to negative coping strategies, in particular that of venturing into areas affected by ED in search of means of subsistence or even collecting scrap metal found on explosive remnants of war for resale. In the face of a growing threat from ED, mine action capacities remain limited in Niger. Considerable challenges exist both in
at the country level. Our overall environmental indicator is the mean of the five thematic indicators. [9] We use log values for the analysis because the size distributions of country indicators and resource allocations are extremely 8 For biodiversity, our data include only Bank lending. Grants by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for biodiversity conservation are not included in this analysis, but the GEF is currently conducting a parallel analysis of its own resource allocation. 9 All indicators are normalized to the range [0-100], so they have equal weight in determining the mean indicator. 11
in 2020 (only 49 percent of needs) to US$37 million in 2023 (41 percent of needs), despite almost no change in refugee numbers. 6. **Progress towards achieving refugee self-reliance is hampered by a lack of employment and income-** **generating opportunities.** A tailored Refugee Self-Reliance Index (RSRI) prepared by the GoR, the World Bank and UNHCR measures refugee self-reliance in Rwanda. As noted above, the 2022 census and the first round of RSRI data showed that most refugees have good access to basic services, but fare poorly with respect to employment and income. The employment to population ratio for refugees is 15 percent as against 46 percent for the total population. According to the RSRI survey, just 24 percent of refugees reported doing paid work in the previous seven days (though this increases to 45 percent for refugees living in Kigali) and only eight percent run a business or are engaged in farming. Low income is reflected in poor food security, with almost 60 percent of refugee households reporting that they typically eat only one meal per day. The main reasons provided for the low employment levels were lack of skills (44 percent) and lack of information about the local labor
The choice of district – rather than cluster – fixed effect is informed by the understanding that meaningful time-invariant factors - such as mining laws, level of development, local political institutions, norms regarding environment, women’s participation in the labor market, etc. - that influence exploitation of the mine happens at the district level. Including district fixed effects, we control for various institutional and cultural factors at the district level that are stable over time. Including district fixed effects also ensures that we are not only capturing effects from transfers or the fiscal system as we compare individuals within the same districts. With this method we capture the geographic spillover effects in the vicinity of the mine. Moreover, cluster fixed effects are not possible because of clusters are not repeatedly sampled over time. However, since the estimation is at individual level, all standard errors are clustered at the DHS cluster level. The sample is restricted to individuals living within 100 km of a deposit location ( _mine_ ), so many parts of Northern Ghana where there are few gold mines are not included in the analysis. The sample restriction is created by using the time-stable continuous distance measure that we calculate
this error, I run simulations where I assume that the BASIX data has been matched completely correctly and then induce “measurement error” by randomly changing the dependent variable of whether people purchased the following year or not. With the introduction of 10 percent matching errors (with an equal probability of a mismatch for buyer or nonbuyers), the coefficient on receiving a payout in the full sample (column 1) falls from .090 to an average of .072 over 1,000 simulations. For the marketing restricted sample in column 2, it drops from .222 to .178. In other words, if one assumes 10 percent matching errors, then the estimated coefficients are likely to be underestimated by around 20 percent. It also may be possible that most of the error came from being unable to identify positive matches, possibly due to different members of a household signing the insurance contract from year to year. Repeating the above simulation but assuming that only people who were found not to have bought the next year could have been errors, the coefficients become underestimated by around 10 percent. Although the exact form and structure of the matching errors cannot be known, it is possible that the reported
prioritize on-farm value chains such as cassava, maize, soybeans, sunflowers, groundnuts, sorghum, sesame, as well as aquaculture. Off-farm livestock activities could consider trading, baked goods, agro-technology (milling), apiary, piggery, and cattle-rearing for milk and beef value chains. In refugee settings, where land access is relatively limited, non-farm enterprises and small livestock (e.g., poultry) will be encouraged. Utilizing existing diagnostics, a list of high potential value chain options by order of priority for the targeted regions has been developed. Each district will target two-three of these key value chains to ensure scale, impact, and synergy with ongoing investments. Priority value chains will inform group-based investments through the CDD model, where a positive list will be presented to beneficiaries for informed choice. 38. **For selected value chains, the sub-component will strengthen coordination efforts at the national and district** **levels to avoid duplication.** The project will support the development of a District Economic Opportunities Plan (DEOP) that will outline existing efforts in the chosen value chains, identify private sector players and off-takers, and compile a catalogue of assets and infrastructure requiring construction or maintenance. The DEOP will serve as a framework for DRDIP II investments to collaborate effectively with activities under the Uganda
with World Bank-funded projects applying the ESF; (b) multiplicity of stakeholders with a fragmented coordination mechanism, coupled with weak institutional capacity; (c) potential risk of exclusion, which could exacerbate existing tensions of inequality among refugees and host communities; (d) disproportionate impacts of planned activities on vulnerable groups, (e) risk of labor influx leading to increased incidences of GBV, sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA), and sexual harassment (SH) based on the contextual environment; (f) lack of privacy in the use of personal data; and (g) potential physical and economic impacts. 71. To mitigate identified environment and social risks, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared, with guidelines for site-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), corresponding Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), and other relevant instruments when applicable. A SEP has been prepared, which outlines the process of consultations to be conducted throughout the project cycle with identified stakeholders (particularly women, youths, persons with disability, and the elderly), using culturally appropriate methods for provision of accurate project information. The SEP also describes the grievance process which is responsive to GBV/SEA/SH. Agreed actions for monitoring project risks are specified in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP). The ESCP,
in active mining communities are marginally older, more likely to never have moved, and more likely to be or have been in a cohabiting relationship or married. Given the women’s slightly higher age, it is not surprising to find that they have higher fertility and lower schooling (assuming that schooling has increased over time in Ghana). All these estimates are, however, insignificant. **Table 3 Observable characteristics in the DHS individual data** non- ever currently ever total any schooling 16
Policy Research Working Paper 9447 ###### **Abstract** Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards affecting people around the world. This study provides a global estimate of the number of people who face the risk of intense fluvial, pluvial, or coastal flooding. The findings suggest that 1.47 billion people, or 19 percent of the world population, are directly exposed to substantial risks during 1-in-100 year flood events. The majority of flood exposed people, about 1.36 billion, are located in South and East Asia; China (329 million) and India (225 million) account for over a third of global exposure. Of the 1.47 billion people who are exposed to flood risk, 89 percent live in low- and middle-income countries. Of the 132 million people who are estimated to live in both extreme poverty (under $1.9 per day) and in high flood risk areas, 55 per cent are in Sub-Saharan Africa. About 587 million people face high flood risk, while living on less than $5.5 per day. These findings are based on high-resolution flood hazard and population maps that enable global coverage, as well as poverty estimates from the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys. This paper is a product
9.745 6.292 9.759 8.111 ... disputes could not be resolved by village 1.248 0.074 0.724 0.894 0.042 1.690 0.933 leaders **Results** Contract now longer than 30 years 0.987 0.993 0.980 0.977 1.000 0.983 0.993 Contract now permanent 0.717 0.792 0.497 0.481 0.848 0.861 0.860 _Source:_ Own computation from 2014 Chengdu village survey for three counties inside Chengdu based on 153 villages. . 18
Local 27 UNDP. 2022. _Needs Assessment Report for the Promoting Human Security through Sustainable Resettlement_ _Programme._ 28 UNHCR. 2023. _Socioeconomic Survey Report: Zambia_ . 29 UNHCR. 2022. _Working towards One Meheba - GAP Analysis_ . 30 The low population density, lack of any obvious farming activity, and absence of markets to the south of the Mwafwe River mean that upgrading the second portion of the road past the Mwafwe bridge is deemed not economically viable at this time and not a priority for the project. 31 The REA project involves electricity supply to Maheba C Primary School, Maheba D Primary School, Maheba D RHC, Maheba Markets 1 and 2, Maheba E Community School, Maheba F Primary school, Maheba F RHC, Maheba G Primary School, Brave Heart RHC, Kamiba Primary School, Kamiba RHC, and surrounding areas. The work involves construction a total of 36.471 km 33 kV of overhead lines (OHL) from an existing 33 kV OHL at Maheba B and 23.315 km of 400 V OHL. 32 There are a total of 15 schools in the settlement—2 secondary schools, 8 primary schools, and 5 providing early childhood education (ECE). 33 Ministry of General Education, Zambia, 2020. Page 17
are at approximately 90m spatial resolution, the global wetlands data are compiled from a range of sources resulting in generalized areas. Also, the correspondence 20 Tol 2007 drew on the Global Vulnerability Analysis and other country studies for quantification of wetland loss from 1 m SLR for a global analysis including small island nations. 13
for CBI TWG meetings and participate in CBI TWG meetings on a regular basis. They are responsible for sharing programmatic information and updates, technical inputs, lessons-learnt, and actively participating in setting the strategic direction of the CBI TWG. **Secretariat:** UNHCR acts as secretariat and is responsible for information and knowledge management which includes gathering of information from partners, and publishing on the dedicated page of the interagency data portal managed by UNHCR for CBI TWG. **Information Management Officer (IMO):** This role is held by UNHCR, and it carries responsibility of managing and facilitating efficient data-related processes including overseeing the collection and analysis of data in the CBI Mapping process, as well as the production and dissemination of CBI TWG dashboards and relevant analyses to platform partners. The IMO is tasked with identifying the information needs of the platform and its partners, encouraging a culture of structured and secure information sharing among all stakeholders through well-defined sectoral mechanisms. Additionally, the IMO supports partners in continuously updating their CBIs on the Services Advisor. A key aspect of this role involves the development, collection, processing, analysis, storage, and sharing of data within the CBI TWG. **Technical Advisory Group:** Comprising a group of CVA
presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys. Following Fenske (2015) and Flatø and Kotsadam (2014), we calculate inequality by means of a Gini coefficient (recoding the wealth variable to be positive only, and using the command 13 It is also possible that mining companies compete with households for electricity if supply cannot be increased in the short run. 14 In panels Ba, Bb, and Bc of Appendix figure A1, we analyze access to radio. We learn that access to radio is higher close to active mines, and that this seems true according to both the first method (Ba), according to the spatial lag model (Bb), and for both migrants and nonmigrants (Bc). The difference in effects between electricity and radio access might be due to electricity being more dependent on public infrastructure, and that electricity access may come with a time lag to other development indicators such as employment and access to radio, since a battery radio can be bought and used instantly, and easily moved. 26