ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
**World** 0 2 4 6 8 Billions **Figure 2** _**. Global population headcounts exposed to different levels of flood risk**_ By regionally disaggregating global exposure headcounts, it becomes apparent that flood risks are particularly prevalent in certain regions. At 595.3 million people, the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region has the highest number of people exposed to significant flood risk – corresponding to about 25% of EAP’s total population. In all other regions, flood exposed people account for a smaller share of the overall population. In the South Asia region (SAR), 370 million people are exposed to significant flood risk – i.e. about 19.5 percent of the SAR population. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and the United States and Canada (USA & CAN), between 16.3 to 8 percent of the respective regional populations are exposed to high flood risk. Figure 4 provides a full breakdown of regional exposure estimates in absolute and relative terms. In several cases, regional exposure numbers are driven by single countries – like is the case for China in EAP, India in SAR, or Egypt in MENA. Section 5.2. presents
wheat and other grains increased and those of oil crops decreased in Chengdu while the opposite was true for households in neighboring counties. Also, key interventions in place during the period of concern are a new rural pension scheme (Lei _et al._ 2013), cooperative medical scheme (Wagstaff _et al._ 2009), and agricultural subsidies (Huang _et al._ 2011; Meng 2012). While these are funded centrally, disbursements may vary by prefecture and we include information on the amounts received in such schemes, in addition for a wide range of household-level observables, in our regressions. **3.2 Nature and cost of the certification process** To quantify costs of the reform, we use the overlap between the counties in our sample and a village survey administered in May 2014 on either side of comparable stretches of the administrative border of Chengdu prefecture(Deininger _et al._ 2015). Characteristics of the certification process for different types of land are described in table 2. The average village has an area of about 7,500 mu (5 km [2] ) of which some 51% were 13 To test for presence of pre-reform trends for variable _Yit_ in household _i_ in year _t_, we use the pre-reform sample to estimate ��� �������
**Poverty and flood exposure.** By combining flood exposure estimates with survey-based sub-national data on poverty, we further estimate flood exposure among the world’s poor. Our estimates show that 132 million people living in extreme poverty (living on less than $1.90 per day) are directly exposed to flood risk; of these, 72.5 million (or 55 percent) are in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 16). Approximately two out of ten people exposed to flood risk globally are living in extreme poverty. When poverty is defined using less extreme (i.e. higher) thresholds, the number of flood-exposed poor people increases significantly. Around 343 million are estimated to live in high-risk flood zones while living on less than $3.20 a day. The number increases to 587 million when considering incomes below $5.50 a day. Increasing the poverty threshold from $1.90 to $5.50 doubles the number of poor people exposed to floods in Sub-Saharan Africa from 73 million to 147 million. However, in South Asia the number of the poor and flood-exposed increases seven-fold from 41 million to 289 million; in East Asia the increase is nine-fold from 9 million to 80 million. but increases the poor people exposed in SAR by a factor of 6.55 to 286.8
by the World Bank, in collaboration with WHO (Pandey, et al., 2004; Wang, et al., 2003). For natural resource degradation, we base our indicator on recent research that identifies the vulnerability of people on fragile lands (i.e., land that is steeply-sloped, arid, or covered by natural forest) as a major determinant of rural poverty and natural resource degradation in developing countries (World Bank, 2003). Our indicator, the total rural population living on fragile lands, has been constructed from a GIS (Geographic Information System) - based spatial overlay of demographic, topographical, climatic and natural resource information. We have developed our biodiversity threat indicator from a variety of sources. For terrestrial biodiversity, we use a GIS-based spatial overlay of human population with critical areas identified by Conservation International (CI), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and Birdlife International (BI). We also include freshwater lake areas, to capture the role of inland aquatic ecosystems. The World Bank’s Environment Strategy focuses on both the threat to biodiversity from human encroachment, and the value of biodiversity resources for human populations. Our indicator for this two-way relationship in each country is its total human population in critical biodiversity areas. For marine biodiversity, we draw on estimates of
up potential differential effects across urban compared to rural localities. None of the treatment effects are statistically significantly different between rural and urban areas. [16] In panel C, we have constructed a new treatment variable _#active*mines_ that counts the number of actively producing mines within 20 km. Women are sampled within 20 km of one mine (593 women), within 20 km of two mines (137 women), and within 20 km of three mines (64 women). The 16 Few of the other interaction coefficients are also statistically significant. The interaction between _urban*mine_ is significant, and women in urban localities with a future mine are 12 percentage points less likely to be working in agriculture. 28
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) 15. As per paragraph 5.9 of the Procurement Regulations, the World Bank’s Systematic Tracking and Exchanges in Procurement (STEP) system will be used to prepare, clear, and update Procurement Plans and conduct all procurement transactions for the Project. Page 35
see Office of the Prime Minister and UNHCR (2024) _Uganda Urban Response Strategy 2024-2029_ . 7 The definition used is canopy height >5m. Global Forest Watch 8 Compounded by the fact that refugee settlement population density is typically ten times the national average: World Agroforestry Center, 2024. 9 Gianvenuti, A., Bedijo, N. G., Jalal, R., Hitimana, L., Walter, S., Linhares-Juvenal, T., and Xia, Z. (2022). Woodfuel Consumption in Refugee Hosting Areas and Its Impact on the Surrounding Forests—The Case of Uganda. _Forests_, _13_ (10), 1676. Page 2
**Access to housing:** Protection monitoring findings and focus group discussions have highlighted that accommodation was the most urgently reported need (39% of respondents in first quarter of 2024 compared to 27% in the last quarter of 2023), followed by employment. Protection monitoring shows a positive trend in the percentage of respondents residing in rented accommodation with an increase from 46% in the last quarter of 2023 to 59% in the first quarter of 2024. In parallel to this, the percentage of residents in collective accommodation facilities decreased from 12% to 6% during the same period. It is likely that many refugees residing in collective accommodation facilities have already begun to relocate to rented housing as a result of the changes in the provision of cost-free accommodation. This applies also to vulnerable persons, who previously continued to benefit from cost-free accommodation beyond the 150 days. Findings from Protection Monitoring for this quarter confirm that 38% of those having to leave their accommodation was on account of the accommodation closing, compared to only 22% in the last quarter of 2023. ## 39% Consider accommodation an urgent need facilities across seven regions [1] highlighted the challenges in accessing sustainable and affordable housing, including
to their home country while application fees for passports are unaffordable for many. The GRZ has offered to integrate former Angolan refugees who arrived between 1966 and 1986. However, most of those who arrived after 1986 do not have any form of identification. The risk of statelessness extends to children born to refugees, because Zambian laws do not automatically grant citizenship to children born to foreign parents on Zambian territory. 9. **Most refugees and former refugees in Zambia live in designated refugee settlements** . Approximately 75 percent of refugees are in one of the three remote refugee settlements of Mantapala (8720 individuals), Meheba (41,762 individuals), and Mayukwayukwa (26,049 individuals), with 25 percent in Lusaka, Ndola, and other urban centers. Mayukwayukwa and Meheba are four to five decades old, with dilapidated and inadequate infrastructure. Around 16,000 8 National Adaptation Plan for Zambia, 2023. 9 The plan is the fourth of its series of five-year National Development Plans intended to achieve the National Vision 2030, which is aimed at transforming Zambia into ‘a prosperous middle-income nation by 2030’. 10 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. Page 9
and so on), and nearby households. A key social infrastructure priority is schools, which are massively overcrowded and lack classroom capacity; teacher accommodation; and appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). Energy for school infrastructure will allow uninterrupted learning, while new classroom designs will allow greater cooling and ventilation and the adoption of simple water harvesting will permit more handwashing. Through this component, the GRZ—specifically Kalumbila Town Council—will be provided with TA to improve capacity in climate-resilient design and construction standards for infrastructure. The project aims to pilot new climate-resilient classrooms designs that are cost-effective and sustainable. The project will also invest in sensitizing local communities on how better to adapt to climate risks, including appropriate water usage, farming techniques etc. 32. **Meheba falls within the Kalumbila District, one of the eleven districts of the North-Western Province in Zambia.** The district has become a new destination for domestic and foreign investment in Zambia, driven largely by the rapid growth in mining activities, which has seen the population of the district more than double in 10 years—from around 85,000 at the time of the 2010 census to 180,000 in the 2022 census. [23] The population of Meheba, which is predominantly youthful (75.9
varied but a total of 9597 surveys were administered. After data cleaning, including removal of farms that did not grow crops, and surveys with field errors and missing information, the final number of useable surveys was 8463. We conducted the analysis at the plot level of each farm as the dataset was sufficiently detailed to extract and utilize information about whether or not a particular plot (from a set of three) was irrigated or not. Each farm provided plot specific data on whether or not irrigation was used, crop production (including crop type, amount harvested, quantity sold, quantity consumed and amount of sales receipt) and crop costs (fertilizer, pesticide and seed data). Using this data, prices per crop and yields per hectare of farmland and cropland were estimated, as well as plot specific crop revenues and farm level gross and net revenues. Net revenue estimates are at the farm level because the input data, including labor (both hired and household) and machinery, were available only at that unit of measurement. It was not possible to allocate most inputs to specific plots as much of it was applied to several plots at a time. The dataset we used contains 1750 irrigated
in table 1. **Table 1.** Insurance Policy Summary Statistics **Year** **2005** **2006** **2007** Number of weather stations 34 42 28 Average premium for three phases (Rs) 290 295 287 Expected payout (Rs, using rainfall 1961–2004) 119 73 80 Ratio of premium to expected payout 2.67 2.47 2.12 Mean percentage of years policy would have 22.9 15.6 13.9 paid out 1961–2004 _Notes_ : This table lists basic features of the insurance policies studied in this paper. Each policy offers three phases of coverage with different premiums, but customers are not required to purchase all three. However, as purchasing all three phases was the most common behavior, the average premium for purchasing all phases of coverage is listed. The expected payout is estimated using the APHRODITE dataset, for the period 1961–2004. As pricing strategies for ICICI-LOMBARD are proprietary, these estimates may not correspond to their internal estimates of expected payouts. However, the APHRODITE data set likely draws from the same historical data used to price the insurance policies. The ration of premium to expected payout is the average premium (averaged across all weather stations) divided by the average expected payout. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX and APHRODITE.
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) can contribute meaningfully to environmental conservation and sustainable development while meeting the challenges posed by climate change. **MEP Management Structure and Efficiency** 10. **Reforming the organizational structure and management processes of MEP offers an opportunity to increase** **its efficiency, decision-making, and accountability to improve student learning and education trajectories in Costa Rica.** With 2,763 officials at the central level and 1,451 at the regional level, distributed in 4,810 schools, the educational system has the necessary infrastructure to implement significant changes. [16] A reform of MEP to increase effectiveness and alignment with educational objectives would include: (i) review and rationalization of the central organizational structure to eliminate redundancies and clarify roles and responsibilities, especially in units focused on educational quality; (ii) restructuring of MEP regional units to better respond to local needs and organizations, ensuring that these offices focus on providing direct and effective support to frontline schools; and (iii) Improving decision-making with a data-driven approach, improving information systems and planning, which requires more accurate cost estimation and resultsoriented strategic planning. These measures would allow the MEP to optimize its management and fulfil its mandate to ensure that resources are used
vulnerable freshwater marshes and China represents 79.1% of all vulnerable GLWD Coastal Wetlands within EAP. Within MENA, 92.7% of all regional vulnerable saline wetlands are in Libya and Egypt. On the whole, our results suggest a significant asymmetry in the burden of SLR on wetlands: a small number of developing countries is expected to bear the additional burnt of sea level rise, while many other coastal countries will experience little change. It should be noted that numerous studies on impacts of climate change have indicated that small island nations are particularly susceptible to the impacts of SLR (for example, see Anthoff et al 2010; Nicholls et al 2010; Anthoff et al 2006; Church et al 2006; Nicholls et al 1999). However, limitations of the resolution of the global spatial datasets make quantification of the vulnerability of wetlands of small island nations particularly difficult. [20] Even though the SRTM elevation data are at approximately 90m spatial resolution, the global wetlands data are compiled from a range of sources resulting in generalized areas. Also, the correspondence 20 Tol 2007 drew on the Global Vulnerability Analysis and other country studies for quantification of wetland loss from 1 m SLR for a global analysis
The World Bank Economic Review 701 villages that did not experience a rainfall shock. A shock is defined using each location’s insurance policies in 2005: If insurance would have paid out in 2004 based on the structure of the 2005 weather policy, this is deemed a rainfall shock. As the quality of the rainfall data is related to the amount of nearby weather stations, I weight the observations based on the number of nearby rainfall stations. [11] Also, I create a hypothetical payout ratio, similar to the “Ratio of Payout to Premium” variable presented in table 3. This is the ratio of the amount that the 2005 policy would have paid out in 2004 divided by the premium of the policy. The results of this regression are presented in table 5. [12] **Table 5.** Direct Effects of Rainfall on Purchasing **Dependent variable is number of buyers in 2005** **(1)** **(2)** **(3)** **(4)** Would have been payout in 2004 −3.843*** −4.592*** −5.045** −3.788* (0.987) (1.039) (2.173) (1.898) Ratio of hypothetical 2004 payout to 2005 Premium 4.365 −0.755 (4.610) (5.543) Payout ratio squared −1.991 −0.279 (1.814) (2.064) Constant 8.001*** 0.651 7.985*** 1.015 (0.714) (6.341) (0.713) (6.494) Weather station constants NO YES NO
more progressive approach to refugee inclusion.** There is a general recognition in Government that a shift to self-reliance and a move away from humanitarian support is required. Zambia’s Eighth National Development Plan (8NDP) has a vision for a more decentralized approach to economic and social development, which will support the greater inclusion of approximately 101,837 [15] refugees, asylum seekers, and former refugees that currently reside in the country. 14. **In August 2023, the GRZ endorsed a new National Refugee Policy, approved by the Cabinet in November 2023.** The Office of the Commissioner for Refugees, in close cooperation with the MoHAIS and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), developed the new policy to address existing legal gaps and enhance coordination within government. Its implementation is expected to ease reservations to the 1951 Convention and harmonize the 2017 Refugee Act with other national legislation (for example, the Immigration and Deportation Act of 2010) that will enhance opportunities for protection and solutions for self-reliance. [16] To assist policy delivery, the Government has established an interagency National Steering Committee chaired by the Office of the Vice President. In March 2023, the MoHAIS launched a plan for the Modernization of Refugee and Host
climate variables but found the linear model to be more reliable. (Log pseudolikelihood = -2340.59 and r-squared 0.51 versus -2187.4434 and 0.54, respectively, for the quadratic probit model.) The Chow test for determining the null hypothesis that the estimated parameters are jointly the same is rejected (chi [2] (30) = 3967.66; Prob > chi [2] =0.0000). The coefficients (which are highly significant) suggest that the probability of adoption of irrigation increases with higher temperatures and precipitation in each season except in spring. The reported standard errors in the paper are based on the Huber-White estimator of variance which are robust against many types of misspecification of the model (Heltberg & Tarp 2002). The annual marginal effects, which are more informative of the decision to irrigate or not, reflected in the probability response functions of choosing irrigation given delta temperature increments (holding all other variables constant), reflect the current irrigation landscape in Africa. The probability of adoption of irrigation increases in regions with lower temperatures (for example Egypt and South Africa), while it decreases in warmer regions. Irrigation in cooler regions is more profitable because it requires less water and the crops are more productive. Similarly, in regions of higher precipitation
information within the infrastructure module on repairs and upgrades and the integration of energyefficient and climate-smart features, such as improved drainage, natural ventilation, and use of climate-resilient materials in educational establishments; and (ii) strengthen the digitalization of MEP and the development of digital platforms and content delivery to enable remote instruction when extreme weather events make it unsafe for students to go to school for in-person learning. [28] The integration of digital platforms will be accompanied by the development of business continuity plans to ensure network connectivity and minimize downtime during extreme weather events. With these considerations, the Project is considered to have reduced risks to acceptable levels and to be aligned on adaptation. 27 These will consider the best available technology or match or surpass country benchmarks in energy efficiency performance. [28 In the past, extreme weather events have disrupted school continuity. For instance, in 2017, Hurricane Nate damaged 72 schools that remained](https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/educacion/tormenta-nate-dana-72-escuelas-y-colegios-en-todo-el-pais/42ZNMUM3BFA5BIWXJI3INJOBHA/story/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_content=2017-10-06&utm_campaign=rss-nacional) [closed for several days. More recently, in 2022, 234 schools lost access to electricity and water following storm Julia. The MSP contract will include](https://mep.go.cr/noticias/mep-reporta-234-centros-educativos-afectados-paso-huracan-julia) contingency measures so that remote instruction can continue in the event of outages. Page 17
panel B shows the effects of increased production in the survey year. There is no evidence of spillovers in the sense that there is a similar effect in neighboring districts. In fact, most coefficients point in the opposite direction for mining and neighboring districts indicating, if anything, a shift in employment from neighboring districts to the producing ones. **8 Conclusions** Ghana has a long history of gold production and has recently been experiencing its third gold rush, during which annual gold production skyrocketed. It was the first gold rush the country has experienced as an independent nation, and it brings hope of improving the lives of its citizens. Natural resource extraction is often argued to have detrimental effects on countries, however, and the so-called natural resource curse may imply that resource wealth is harmful to social development and inclusive growth. We use rich geocoded data with information on households and mining production over time to evaluate the gold boom at the local and district levels in difference-in-differences analyses. Men benefit from direct job creation within the mining sector, and women seem to benefit from indirectly generated jobs in the service sector (statistically significant within 10 km from a mine). Women
candles, flashlights, and generators for lighting and cell phone charging. Enhanced transport and energy will also stimulate retail business and production. The upgrading and expansion of school infrastructure will improve learning outcomes, enhance teacher retention and new recruitment, and afford greater dignity to boarding pupils, especially girls, as many are currently sharing beds due to the lack of capacity. The provision of modern WASH facilities will support greater school attendance—especially for girls whose attendance is often curtailed due to lack of access to hygiene services [26] —and improve the health of students who are at increased risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera in the rainy season given the current overreliance on pit latrines. (a) **Transport infrastructure: Meheba settlement main access road and Mwafwe bridge (US$3 million).** The overall state of rural roads within the Meheba settlement remains one of the main bottlenecks to the development of that settlement into an economically viable area. Results from various studies such as the 23 Zambia 2022 Census of Population and Housing, Central Statistical Office Zambia, 2023. 24 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 25 One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023.