ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
**populations in responding to and**

**shaping the assistance following a**

**disaster in the Venezuelan context.**

The cluster’s participation in this space

guarantees that affected populations are

placed at the heart of the emergency

response. Additionally, the different

needs and capacities of all these groups

will shape the response plan and how

cluster partners and affected populations

interact through all the phases of the

Humanitarian Programme Cycle (HPC),

guiding the necessary workplans.

During the meeting of October, the new

framework of AAP was presented, and it

was revised jointly by its members. This

framework was created with the support

and accompaniment of the Humanitarian

Country Team and the Resident and

Humanitarian Coordinator. The WG

coordinator shared the minimum

commitments of the framework with

the members and opened the floor for

discussions. The PC suggested some

**coordinated the "La Carnada" play**

**in Petare in collaboration with the**

**Taller Experimental de Teatro/ Center**

**for Artistic Creation (TET), IOM, and**

**UNHCR on September 23rd and 24th.**

This The TET is a theatral group based

in Caracas, Venezuela that was founded

on December 11, 1972, by Eduardo Gil

under the heart of the Central University

of Venezuela (UCV) with the purpose
An inflow of migrants can constitute more than just an increase in the labour supply. Typically, in theoretical models an increase in the number of workers lowers the amount of capital per worker thus lowering productivity until firms invest to return the capital-worker ratio to normal, returning productivity to the previous level (Borjas, 2019). However, immigrants bring new skills to the workforce, extending the scope of specialisation and thus likely making workers more productive.
Panel econometric studies from the past decade found, that immigration improves not just GDP or GDP per person (Ortega and Peri, 2014), but has also a causal positive impact for labour productivity (Jaumotte et al., 2016), GDP per capita growth rate (Aleksynska and Tritah, 2015), and total factor productivity (Peri, 2012).

13 E.g. vice-president of Polish Development Found Bartosz Marczuk estimated it at around 16 billion PLN, but this estimation also included spending of NGOs which was combined with spendings of local governments [Polska pomoc dla Ukrainy 2022 - ile kosztowała? - Infor.pl.](https://www.infor.pl/prawo/nowosci-prawne/5635962,Polska-pomoc-dla-Ukrainy-2022-ile-kosztowala.html) 14 For example, found by Beerli and Peri (2017), Tabellini (2020), Cattaneo et al. (2015), Foged and Peri (2016), D’Amuri and Peri (2014), Ortega and Verdugo (2014), Peri and Sparber (2009).
Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES.  For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhcr.org)

The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations
7. The MSNA, which ran in 7 countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia 8. Equivalized as per [Eurostat methodology. Essentially income per person, but with household members beyond the first one](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Equivalised_income) assigned weights less than 1.
9. With the poverty line defined as 50% of the median national equivalized income 10. This figure differs from the one reported in the [previous year’s publication due to changes to methodology, which includes a](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/108068) different treatment of households that report zero income

**4**
In Chapter 3, we estimate the economic impact of refugees from Ukraine in Poland in general equilibrium Deloitte D.Climate model. This is the gold standard of economic modelling on the macro-level, which comprehensively accounts for the supply side of the economy including labour supply and productivity, and the demand side including consumption as well as taxation. Unfortunately, such macroeconomic models cannot account for how exactly refugees and other migrants enable native workers to specialise in better paid professions (occupational upgrading), or how firms allow for new skills by adapting different production technologies. As such, our estimates should be treated as a conservative lower bound of the effect.

Furthermore, in Chapter 4, we move beyond theoretical modelling, to examine empirical studies on how immigrants and refugees impact not just output, but labour productivity as well. This effect comes not from traditional supply-demand analysis, but from increased specialisation.
Immigrants enable occupational upgrading of residents, supply new skills to firms, enter household works services that allow highly productive native women to increase labour supply, and exhibit high rates of entrepreneurship.
Among the 23% of individuals reported to have mental health or psychosocial problems affecting daily functioning (such as the ability to get out of bed, care for oneself or others, or carry out daily activities such as cooking, going to school), 46% (47% of women and girls; 42% of men and boys) reported trying to access support. This means that more than half (54%) of individuals experiencing such problems did not try to access support, which may be due to multiple factors, including stigma, mental health awareness, or other access barriers.

**20**

(N=4,053) Of those individuals who reported trying to access support, almost all (96% overall; 97% of women, 94% of men) reported successfully accessing and receiving some sort of support. This high rate of access is partly explained by the inclusion of both formal services, such as psychotherapy, psychiatric care, or structured group interventions, and informal support, such as help from family, friends, employers, or spiritual leaders. By encompassing a broad spectrum of support mechanisms, the findings capture the diverse ways individuals seek and receive assistance, highlighting the importance of informal networks in complementing formal MHPSS services.
rush. During this period, annual gold production has increased by 700 percent, as shown in

Figure 1. It is the expansion that has happened during this recent gold rush that is used in this

analysis to understand the socioeconomic effects of mining. The high international gold price

was a driving factor in the expansion of small-scale mining, such as the 2,700% increase in gold

mining territory around the Offin River between 2008 and 2012 (Hausermann et al., 2018).

Between 2006 and 2012, two large-scale mines opened in Ghana, but no mine closed down

(Table 1) possibly due to the high gold price increasing profitability and extending life length.

The expansion across artisanal small-, medium-, and large-scale mining contributed to an

increase in total production that rose from 541,147 oz in 1990 to 3,119,823 oz in 2009 according

official Ghana statistics (Bloch and Owusu, 2012). This production increase led to an increased

sector contribution to GDP from 4,83% (1990) to 5,78% (2009), alongside export value of

US$304m in 1990, US$702m in 2000, and US$2246 m in 2008, reaching 43% of national

exports in 2008. Mining related foreign direct investment (FDI) also rose from US$165m to
Securing   durable   solutions   for   displaced   populations   should   be   an   integral   component
of   the   peace   process,   and   the   engagement   of   UNHCR   and   other   actors   in   support   to
durable   solutions   should   be   located   within   a   broader   peace-­‐building   framework.   In
addition   to   advocating   for   the   participation   of   IDPs   and   refugees   in   the   peace
negotiations,   activities   in   support   of   durable   solutions   should   be   grounded   in   sound
conflict   analysis.   The   provision   of   assistance   should   be   conflict-­‐sensitive,   minimizing
unintended   negative   impact   while   maximising   its   peace-­‐building   impact,   and   use   “Do   No
Harm”   approaches   to   contribute   at   building   trust   and   supporting   the   peace-­‐building
process.   Co-­‐existence   projects   and   other   activities   should   be   prioritised   in   support   of
reintegration.   Activities   such   as   peace   education   and   conflict   resolution   training   may   be
undertaken   even   prior   to   an   organised   voluntary   return.

Refugees   and   IDPs   will   frequently   opt   to   spread   risk   and   to   cushion   the   impact   of   return
by   having   some   family   members   remaining   outside   the   country,   or   move   elsewhere
within   the   country   to   pursue   migration   strategies.   This   should   be   facilitated   and   not
viewed   as   a   failure   of   the   reintegration   process.

**6.** **NATIONAL   OWNERSHIP   AND   CO-­‐ORDINATION**
Among adolescent girls aged 15- 17 who faced access barriers (N=13), the lack of knowledge took the lead ahead of the waiting times and financial barriers. Moreover, compared to women, adolescent girls reported lower levels of trust in local healthcare providers. For all young women aged 18-24 who reported barriers (N=30), the most significant were long waiting times and inability to make an appointment.

Among pregnant and breastfeeding women (N=441), 5% reported facing barriers in accessing SRH services. For those experiencing barriers, half lacked knowledge about where to access SRH services and one in five did not trust local healthcare providers, in addition to facing language barriers.

Women with a disability reported more barriers with 11% across the region (N=29) compared to those without disability (5%).

An in-depth assessment is needed to better understand sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs, the role of SRH access barriers in decisions to visit Ukraine, and how these barriers vary among women of different age groups, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and women with disabilities.

**Support services for survivors of gender-based**
### **Verification Exercise**

UNHCR is undertaking a country-wide verification exercise in 2024. The project enables UNHCR staff
to systematically connect with and update registration data for every refugee and asylum seeker in
Indonesia.  UNHCR protection/registration teams are updating family composition and recording
information on specific needs and vulnerabilities, skills, work experience, education levels, and family
connections outside Indonesia. The information collected will provide a clean and accurate set of data
that will enable UNHCR to better develop and target programming for the refugee population and will
assist in identifying individuals who may qualify for solutions outside Indonesia.

©UNHCR/Amanda Jufrian

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 10
_Sona Tahery, a young Afghan woman, found safety in Brazil after fleeing severe restrictions on women’s rights and access to work_
_in her home country. After spending a year as a refugee in Iran, she arrived with her sister and brother-in-law, seeking a new_
_beginning. Now, at Todos Irmãos Shelter in Guarulhos, she is rebuilding her life with dignity and hope._ © _UNHCR// Diego Baravelli_

##### Protection Risk III

**Gender equality and access to rights for refugee women and girls.** Refugee women and girls face
significant barriers to the realization of their rights due to gender roles and power disbalances.
Regardless of their nationality, women and girls face higher unemployment rates, less access to
education opportunities, greater exposure to gender-based violence and additional caregiving
responsibilities. [26] Members of the LGTBQIA+ community face discrimination and stigmatization
due to their sexual orientation and gender identity, and experience barriers in their access to
dignified livelihoods with some of them, especially transgender women, resorting to survival sex
as one of the few viable means to earn a living in the country. [27]
only statistically significant for boys at an effect size of 6.6 percentage points.

**Table 5 OLS estimates of birth outcomes, infant survival, and child health in the DHS individual-**

**level analysis**

PANEL A                 size at birth            infant mortality (<12months)         antenatal visits
small average large all boys girls # visits at least 1
active*mine 0.022 0.053 -0.075* -0.041* -0.066** -0.020 -0.151 -0.007
(0.028) (0.041) (0.041) (0.022) (0.030) (0.035) (0.331) (0.028)
mine -0.010 0.071** -0.061** 0.004 0.008 0.001 0.153 0.000
(0.019) (0.028) (0.030) (0.015) (0.020) (0.024) (0.241) (0.019)
active -0.010 0.054** -0.044 0.002 0.014 -0.012 0.012 0.002
(0.016) (0.026) (0.027) (0.014) (0.022) (0.018) (0.209) (0.012)

Observations 6,771 6,771 6,771 5,356 2,718 2,638 5,704 5,704
R-squared 0.031 0.054 0.059 0.135 0.160 0.152 0.186 0.062
Mean of dep var. 0.136 0.359 0.505 0.073 0.08 0.066 5.79 0.941

PANEL B in the last 2 weeks, had: anthropometrics (WHO) in sd has
fever
0.062
Mean of dep var. 0.136 0.359 0.505 0.073 0.08 0.066 5.79 0.941

PANEL B in the last 2 weeks, had: anthropometrics (WHO) in sd has
fever     cough    diarrhea ht/a       wt/a      wt/ht health card

active*mine -0.035 -0.061* 0.042 -3.532 -5.208 -0.641 0.014
(0.037) (0.033) (0.027) (11.472) (9.283) (8.948) (0.027)

mine -0.002 -0.006 -0.038 -0.828 3.481 3.853 -0.006
(0.031) (0.028) (0.024) (10.385) (8.574) (7.468) (0.022)

active 0.023 -0.003 -0.033** -1.904 5.265 9.433* 0.009
(0.020) (0.020) (0.016) (5.942) (5.304) (5.183) (0.012)
Macroeconomic modelling generally finds that immigration increases output, while cross-country econometric estimates find also positive impacts on labour productivity. The first approach builds a theoretical model of the economy calibrated to the particular circumstances, which allows us to simulate counterfactuals and observe all changes in the economy.
The second approach relies on empirical data, usually over many years and countries, trying to isolate the effect of immigration, but gives no information on the channels through which these effects operate. In the present case it would not be practical to follow anything else than the first approach. Unfortunately, it relies on the canonical labour market model.
As Peri (2014) elaborates, that model assumes that immigration is simply a shift in the labour supply for a given labour demand and given labour supply of native workers. It further assumes that immigrants are essentially identical to natives in that they enter the same 38
It   builds   upon   a   separate   discussion   paper   dated   1   October   2012,   which   sets   out   a
framework   for   voluntary   repatriation   for   Myanmar   refugees   from   Thailand.   The   papers
should   form   the   basis   of   a   more   detailed   operational   strategy   for   2013-­‐2015,   and   should
also   serve   as   the   first   step   towards   a   consultative   multi-­‐stakeholder   process,   engaging
Government,   civil   society,   UN   and   NGO   partners,   donors   and   refugees   and   IDPs
themselves,   to   elaborate   a   shared   vision   and   strategy   for   support   to   durable   solutions   in
the   South-­‐East.   The   document   outlines   UNHCR’s   general   principles   and   standards   as
well   as   context-­‐specific   objectives   and   activities.

**2.** **CONTEXT**

**2.1.   Political   environment**
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

from   the   temporary   shelters   in   Thailand   to   their   place   of   origin,   the   majority   of   whom
are   single   males   who   stated   that   they   had   returned   to   assess   the   security   situation   and
start   re-­‐establishing   their   livelihood   before   the   return   of   other   family   members.   The
dimensions   of   this   spontaneous   return   movement   have   been,   so   far,   negligible.

While   the   dimensions   of   IDP   return   movements   remain   extremely   difficult   to   assess,
some   37,000   IDPs   are   estimated   by   the   The   Border   Consortium   (TBC)   to   have   returned
home   or   resettled   in   surrounding   areas   between   August   2011   and   July   2012 [3] .

If   the   current   trend   of   political   and   socio-­‐economic   reforms   continues   and   as   larger
political   events   draw   closer,   such   as   the   ASEAN/AEC   agenda   with   Myanmar   as   Chair   in
2014,   a   national   census   in   2014,   and   national   elections   in   2015,   then   the   momentum   to
translate   cease-­‐fire   negotiations   into   peace   agreements   may   increase.   This   may   lead   to
an   increase   in   the   number   of   spontaneous   returns   and   the   possibility   of   sudden
demands   upon   UNHCR   to   facilitate   the   voluntary   repatriation   of   refugees.

**2.2.   Protection   environment**
Regionally, 6% of men aged 18–34 report a disability, compared to 2% of women in this age group. A similar trend is observed for the 35–59 age group, with 8% of men and 4% of women reporting a disability respectively. The higher prevalence among men is likely related to the fact that men without a disability are less likely to leave Ukraine.

0-4 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=19,622) These findings suggest that health services should be tailored to address these gender and agerelated dynamics, as should the dissemination of information about available services.

**9**
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 19. Tertiary education and corresponding** **Chart 20. Ukrainian refugees median net wages by**

**occupational groups shares** **educational attainment**

4,300 4,275

**Addressing occupational downgrading**

**could bring macroeconomic benefits.**
To demonstrate the potential impact, a simulation was conducted in which the underrepresentation of refugees in higher-paying occupations was reduced by half. It was not assumed that there would be no differences between refugees and Polish citizens, as some barriers (such as Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland country-specific knowledge and business networks) are more difficult to address than others (such as language skills and occupational licensing). However, if the gap was narrowed by half, the average wage of refugees would increase by approximately 10%. Assuming that the productivity increase is equivalent to the wage increase, this would result in PLN 3.5 billion of added 40% Tertiary education share 25-64 age group surveys Managers, professionals, and technicians ZUS-insured employment share
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**Regular employment** **[11]** **- key for refugee household**

**prosperity**
The income composition of refugee households above and below the poverty line is very different.
Regular employment represents 74% of total income in the wealthier group compared to just 35% for lower earners. In part, this is explained by higher labor force participation [12] (68% vs 49%), which is tied to differences in household composition. The age dependency ratio [13], for example, stands at 52% in the higher earning group versus 77% for households with a lower income. Additionally, however, members of households above the poverty line are significantly more successful in finding work - their unemployment rate is twice as low at 10%, and half as many are working part time (14% vs 31%).
To show the robustness of these results, we have tried three alternative strategies for each of

the outcomes. In row 2, we drop the sample that lives 20 to 40 km away, since they might be

affected by the mine; in row 3, we drop the sample that was surveyed two years prior to mine

opening; in row 4, we add closest mine fixed effects; and in row 5 we cluster on the closest

mine. The coefficients do not change much, even if some magnitudes become bigger and the

estimates more significant. However, as in the results using DHS data, these estimates are not

precisely measured – few are statistically significant because the standard errors appear large.

Women are 7.4 to 10.4 percentage points more likely to work in service or sales if they live

close to a mine (depending on the estimations in panel A columns 4, only one statistically

significant estimate). Women close to mines are 2.5 to 2.6 percentage points more likely to

work in mining (only one statistically significant estimate).

Men, on the other hand, (results shown in panel B of table 12), are significantly more likely to
to work, but only in a designated health care center, and for no longer than five years without the possibility of extension.
In February 2022, Ukrainian psychologists were allowed to provide services to other Ukrainian citizens, but only for 18 months.
While such changes are likely to be extended, they do not motivate Ukrainian refugees – unsure, if they will be allowed to continue practice in the long term – to acquire the necessary skills, for instance to improve language fluency or invest in professional courses. Instead, the refugees may prefer to seek opportunities in other countries or change their line of work to one that will be more accessible, but less valuable for the Polish economy.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# Non-technical summary

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Swift legal action facilitated labour market integration of refugees. After the beginning of the full-scale war on 26th February 2022, the European Union activated the Temporary Protection Directive on 4th March 2022, and the Polish parliament passed a special act to facilitate refugee integration on 12th March 2022. Ukrainian refugees in Poland were granted instant access to the job market, health care, and education. The authorities granted people escaping Ukraine legal residency for a period of eighteen months and enabled them to access digital services and basic administrative systems like PESEL.
Thus, the policies that have previously hampered job market integration of refugees in other contexts, such as temporary labour market bans (Fasani, Frattini, & Minale, 2021) and forced dispersals (Fasani, Frattini, & Minale, 2022), have been avoided.
_On World Refugee Day, refugees and local families in Porto Alegre's Sarandi neighborhood shared a meal and received support._
_The event, organized by UNHCR partners, acknowledged the solidarity shown during recent floods and celebrated the rebuilding_
_of lives by refugees from Venezuela, Haiti, Colombia, and Afghanistan, among others._ © _UNHCR/Ricardo Ara._

### Challenges & Opportunities

Since 2018, Brazil has supported refugees and migrants from Venezuela through a comprehensive
humanitarian federal initiative known as “Operacao Acolhida” . The Operation primarily focuses
on the northern State of Roraima, the main entry point for Venezuelans into Brazil, where
reception, documentation, shelter, and other forms of humanitarian assistance are provided.
and girls. Maternal and reproductive health services remain underdeveloped in some areas, struggling
to be fully effective due to a lack of material and financial support.

**5.2** **Social inclusion**

The most significant differences or restrictions in terms of socio-economic development affecting refugees
with particular characteristics are:

**a.** **Access to biometric identity cards and unique identifier number:** The continued lack of access to

legally recognized identity cards for refugees issued by the competent authority in Chad, ANATS, and
national identification numbers, challenges their inclusion into national system and limits their socioeconomic integration in the country.

**b.** **Access to civil registry civil status documents:** The low percentage of registered births, due to

significant deficiencies in the Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) system in Chad, especially in
rural areas, exposes refugees born in Chad to the risk of statelessness.

R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D** 13