ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
The approach to data collection in each of the countries included in the report differed depending on the availability of sampling frames and information on the distribution of the refugee population by geographic area and accommodation type. All interviews were conducted face to face. As a probabilistic selection of respondents could not be ensured, the primary goal was to collect a diverse sample that would reflect the population’s composition as closely as possible.

For the regional analysis, weights were applied based on the most up-to-date estimates of the number of refugees staying in each country. This allowed calculated indicators to more accurately represent the broader refugee population across the region.

Appropriate measures were implemented to ensure the protection of personal data and to guarantee confidentiality in all data collection and processing activities. Consent was requested and recorded for all selected participants, providing clear information on the purpose, and expected use of the data.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Table 1.** Ukrainian employment rate in EU.

**Employment rate** **Main sectors of employment** **Date** **Source**

**Source:** Deloitte elaboration based on the aggregation in OECD International Migration Outlook 2023. The calculation methods of employment
rates vary between the countries, the results for Poland, the United Kingdom, Czech Republic and Italy are based on surveys. Additionally, the different statistical offices and organisations may use different employment and working age definitions.

Currently, DIW Berlin data shows that the employment of refugees from Ukraine is much lower in Germany, although many aspire to find employment. In a weekly report from 12th July 2023 the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), a survey conducted in the first quarter of 2023 finds that only 18% of working age refugees were employed (Kollman, 2023). Among the non-employed, however, as many as 93% declare willingness to begin working, of which 71% as soon as possible or within a year.
Importantly, many refugees are currently attending language courses in Germany
The   number   of   UN   organisations   and   international   and   national   NGOs   as   well   as   the
scale   of   humanitarian   and   development   activities   in   the   South-­‐East   are   currently
expanding.   At   present   UNHCR   is   reviewing,   together   with   partners,   how   leadership   and
co-­‐ordination   in   support   of   durable   solutions   in   the   South-­‐East   can   be   strengthened   and
centred   around   a   shared   vision   and   strategy   located   within   a   broader   protection
framework   incorporating   key   standards.   UNHCR,   in   accordance   with   its   mandate
obligations,   will   play   an   active   role   in   this   process   and   in   enhancing   inter-­‐agency   co-­‐
ordination   on   durable   solutions   at   regional   and   State/Region   levels.

One   mechanism   might   be   the   establishment   of   a   Working   Group   on   Durable   Solutions
for   IDPs   and   Refugees   to   serve   as   a   platform   to   co-­‐ordinate   durable   solutions   related
activities   from   the   preparatory   phase.   The   working   group   could   be   co-­‐led   by
representatives   from   the   Government   and   UNHCR,   and   might   consist   of   relevant   UN
agencies,   NGOs,   donors,   civil   society   and   representatives   of   parties   involved   in   the   peace
process.   In   cease-­‐fire   areas,   all   activities   will   have   to   be   undertaken   in   close   consultation
with   non-­‐state   armed   groups   operating   in   those   areas.
natives and this gap was largest for men, workers in the highest education level, and nonnaturalized immigrants. This has an important impact on wages, because, as showed in a seminal work by Kleiner and Krueger (2013) and confirmed in several analyses, working in a regulated profession comes with a significant wage premium.
Brücker et al. (2021), who analysed German data, found that occupational recognition led to full convergence of immigrants’ earnings to those of their native counterparts. Tani (2020) found that in Australia, licensing raised hourly value to the economy. This estimate may underestimate the potential benefits, as the boost in productivity would most likely rise not just employee wages, but employer profits as well. Conversely, the overall impact on wages might be lower, if increased worker competition reduced the average individual premium.
the refugee inflow. Before the refugee influx, the share of companies reporting vacancies in the quarterly NBP survey stood at 49% in Q4 2021 – the highest level on record. This helps to explain the relative ease of the refugees' labour market inclusion in terms of employment rates.
After refugee inflow, the share of firms reporting vacancies stopped growing and declined slightly to 45% in Q3 2023. This partly indicates the fact that many refugees entered the labour market, and partly a cyclical economic slowdown. Despite that, the labour market remains relatively strong.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 9.** Change in the number of workers registered for social security with Ukrainian citizenship by NACE sector between end of Q3
2023 and 2021 Thousands Manufacturing Accommodation and food service activities Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Human heatlh and social work activities Administrative and support service activities Education Information and communication Professional, scientific and technical activities Public administration and defense; compulsory social security Construction Financial and insurance activities Agriculture, forestry and fishing Real estate activities Water supply: sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
The number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship since the beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine grew in all NACE [21] sectors apart from transportation and storage. Since 2021, just before the escalation of war in 2022 in Ukraine, the number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship and social security insurance grew the most in manufacturing (almost by 34 thousand), accommodation and food

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on estimated data from [https://nbp.pl/publikacje/cykliczne-materialy-analityczne-nbp/](https://nbp.pl/publikacje/cykliczne-materialy-analityczne-nbp/szybki-monitoring/) 21  Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (French Nomenclature statistique des Activités économiques dans la
[szybki-monitoring/](https://nbp.pl/publikacje/cykliczne-materialy-analityczne-nbp/szybki-monitoring/) Communauté Européenne).

18 19
3. Economic Opportunities

In accordance with Article 28 of the 2020 Asylum Law, the restrictions on the employment of foreigners,
including the prerequisite of obtaining a work permit, should be considered not applicable to refugees.
However, Decree No. 96-189 PR/MFPT, still requiring approval from the National Office for Employment
Protection (ONAPE) for the employment of foreigners, remains silent on refugees. In addition, the decree
stipulates that, before submission to ONAPE, contracts for foreigners must receive endorsement from
immigration authorities. It is unclear whether refugees should be exempted from this endorsement from
Immigration Department.

Furthermore, Article 11 of the 1996 Decree, which prohibits hiring foreigners for non-specialized jobs, may still
apply for refugees. Companies hiring foreigners are still obligated to pay fees ranging from FCFA 100,000
to FCFA 250,000, and it is unclear whether these fees will also apply to refugees. The 2023 Asylum Decree
has not clarified the type of exemption of restrictive measures for foreigner employment that should benefit
to refugees.
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

**XII. Focal Group Discussions**

**with LGBTIQ+ Organizations for**

**Thematic Protection Analysis**

**Update (PAU)**

**In view of the preparation of a the-**

**matic Protection Analysis Update**

**(PAU) on the protection situation of**

**LGBTQI+ persons, as part of the PC’s**

**reporting efforts, with support from**

**the Areas of Responsibility (AoRs)**

**and the GenCap Gender Advisor,**

a hybrid focus group discussion was

organized with LGBTIQ+ organizations

and relevant actors on September 7th,

combining face-to-face and remote par
ticipation.

The focal group aimed to collect infor
mation from key informants on the

humanitarian needs and protection

risks of LGBTIQ+ people, with a focus

on changes perceived in the last year.

**10**

This information supported the drafting

of the document that outlines the current

context, main protection risks, affected

groups by geographical areas, and key

recommendations for humanitarian

actors, government entities, donors, and

civil society organizations in Venezu
ela. The report's analytical conclusions

aim to provide an evidence base for

programming, advocacy, and dialogue

to influence behaviors and policies,

fostering a more favorable protection

environment.

**XIII. Mental Health and Psychoso-**

**cial Support (MHPSS) Coaching**

**and Training of Trainers (ToT)**

**The PC through the Protection Assis-**
**more productive.** Firms adjust their production technologies
to the skill-mix prevalent in the economy, e.g., to the growing number of labour force with tertiary education (Acemoglu, 2002). Similarly, when immigrants arrive and make certain skills more prevalent in the labour force, firms adjust thus making the whole skill-group more productive and countervailing downward pressure on its wages, and possibly increasing overall efficiency (Peri, 2016). This is the mechanism found by previously described seminal paper by Peri (2012), in which immigration caused low-skill-biased technical change and increased productivity. An inflow of low-skilled immigrants can cause firms to adapt labour-intensive technologies or postpone automation, while expanding research and development departments in case of high-skilled immigrants (Lewis and Peri, 2015; Lewis, 2013).

**Immigrants tend to have higher rates of entrepreneurship**
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**SHARE OF HOUSEHOLDS BELOW THE POVERTY LINE BY**

**GENDER OF ADULTS, %**

Female with children Mixed without children Female without children Mixed with children Male without children 56% 48% 40% 37% 32% Female-led households with children also demonstrate a significantly higher poverty rate, standing at 56%, than their mixed-gender [18] counterparts (37%). This pattern does not hold true for mixed households without children, likely due to the significantly higher median age of adults in this cohort with 53 years vs. a maximum of 45 for the other groups.

Compared with their initial months in the host country, 42% of female-led households report a decrease in their ability to afford goods and services. This is the highest share among all gender groups.

---
[18] With both adult males and females present
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

# **4.** Unaccounted positive externalities

##### Macroeconomic modelling underestimates the positive economic impacts of immigration, compared to econometric estimates.

**Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland**

**Immigration's impact on productivity**

**•** Jaumotte et al. (2016) in an IMF taskforce report examine economic impacts of
The cost of care and language are still barriers among those seeking care, and regionally, when compared to 2023, the proportion of those who reported experiencing cost barriers has increased, while it has not changed for language barriers. In Romania where unmet needs are the highest, cost and language barriers were the most reported barriers after long waiting times. In Hungary, language is the most reported barrier (53%).

While the primary barrier to accessing healthcare reported by both women and men was long wait times, women reported unaffordable transport costs (25%) and hospital fees (21%) as their next most significant barriers. In contrast, men reported language difficulties (22%) and the inability to make an appointment (22%) as their top barriers after long wait times.

**BARRIERS TO ACCESSING HEALTH CARE**

2023 2024 Long waiting times* Could not afford transport Unable make appt Could not afford hospital Language barrier Could not afford clinic fee Lack of knowledge Lack health insurance Do not trust local provider Spec med treatment serv unavailable Refused to provide care (2023 N=1071, 2024 N=1,040)

- Included under Others in 2023 (Total Others 2023: 5%)

**13**
fastgini [15] in STATA). We do this for both the cluster and district level. None of the effects of

mining are statistically significant, but they point to increased asset wealth.

**Table 9 OLS estimates for wealth and inequality in the DHS individual-level analysis**

Wealth Gini

wealth cluster district
index level level

active*mine 7,290 -0.004 0.004
(12,849) (0.013) (0.018)

mine 9,922 0.011 0.006
(8,676) (0.013) (0.016)

active 7,854 -0.006 0.034**
(9,016) (0.010) (0.017)

Observations 4,909 4,909 4,909

R-squared 0.613 0.227 0.548

_Note:_ Robust standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level in parentheses. All regressions control for year and
district fixed effects, urban dummy, age, and years of education. Active is active status of mine in the survey year.

*** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. OLS = ordinary least squares.

**6.4 Bottom 40% of the population**

To understand the welfare effects of the bottom 40 percent of the population in the income

scale, we split the sample according to the wealth score provided by DHS. Given the data

structure, which is repeated cross-section, we cannot follow a particular household that was

identified as belonging to the bottom 40 percent in the initial time period. Instead, we identify

---
[15] Fastgini is a user-written command in STATA that helps calculate the gini coefficient.
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Background**

Over two years have elapsed since the start of the full-scale war in Ukraine leading to a protracted displacement and a humanitarian crisis. The response by the refugee-hosting countries continues to be overall characterized by a spirit of welcomeness and generosity and much has been done to make ensure that those fleeing the war are able to meet basic needs and have access to accommodation, healthcare, education, social assistance, and employment. Despite these efforts, the situation remains a source of deep concern, necessitating a continued and coordinated humanitarian response at the regional level.
**There are substantial barriers for**

**those seeking entry into the teaching**

**profession.** There are three career stages
for teachers working in Polish schools: teacher trainee, appointed teacher, and chartered teacher. Three-quarters of teachers in the 2023/2024 school year fell into the last two categories (GUS, 2024). However, to become promoted to an appointed or chartered teacher, a foreigner must possess Polish, EU, Swiss, or other EEA citizenship (Babakova et al., 2024). In effect, only 0.4% of Ukrainian refugees were teachers (ZUS-registered in mid-2024) compared to 2.2% of Polish citizens. There were more teachers’ assistants, who are not regulated, than actual teachers. Furthermore, the data presented in chapter 2 shows that the median net wages of Ukrainian refugees in the teaching profession are just PLN 3,500, constituting 66% of what the host population earns, the lowest earnings of all sectors.

**Occupational licensing rules regarding**

**citizenship have been relaxed for**

**medical professions in the wake of**

**the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and in**

**February 2022, but those were often**

**makeshift arrangements.** According to
the Babakova et al. (2024) report, during the COVID-19 pandemic, practicing medical professionals from Ukraine were allowed

#### **4.3 Language wage premium**
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland © UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz

**Compared to Polish citizens, Ukrainian**

**refugees rarely work in regulated**

**professions** –3.6% of those insured at
ZUS compared to 10.6% of Polish citizens, as of mid-2024. This percentage was higher among pre-war Ukrainian migrants and other foreigners, because of a large share of truck and bus drivers. Overall, Ukrainian refugees are less likely to work in major regulated professions compared to Polish citizens. Among Ukrainian refugees, 0.7% work as truck or bus drivers, much less than among other migrants (4.7% prewar Ukrainians and 6.2% other migrants) or Polish citizens (2.3%). This may be partly attributed to a higher share of women among Ukrainian refugees. An exception is the taxi driving profession, which has lower entry barriers, offers flexibility and has a large share of migrants.

Due to citizenship requirements, the difference is more clearly regulatorydriven in the case of teachers (school and preschool), who account for just 0.4% of Ukrainian refugees and even less of other migrants, but 2.2% of Polish citizens. In recent years, medical 30 Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

humanitarian   mine   action   programme   with   local   and   international   humanitarian
agencies.   Despite   these   positive   developments   there   are   still   no   activities   related   to
survey   and   clearance,   marking,   or   fencing   being   undertaken.   Mine   risk   education
programmes   and   assistance   to   mine   victims   remain   still   limited   in   scope.

Land   registration   documents   are   held   by   township   authorities   in   Myanmar.   Land   tenure
documents   and   deeds   are   not   always   recorded   or   respected   and   there   are   frequent
reports   of   land   expropriation   (or   “land   grabbing”)   by   the   Government,   the   Myanmar
Army,   non-­‐state   armed   groups,   and   private   companies,   often   resulting   in   internal
displacement   without   appropriate   guarantees   of   compensation.   Although   the   reforms
introduced   by   the   Government   in   2008   provide   some   additional   security   of   land   tenure,
they   still   fail   to   adequately   recognise   widely   used   customary   rights.
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

- Contribute   towards   a   comprehensive   livelihood   support   programme.   As   per
local   needs   and   opportunities,   this   may   include   skills   and   employment
promotion;   support   to   productive   assets   and   community   infrastructure;
enterprise   development;   microfinance   promotion.

- Ensure   the   provision   of   mine   risk   education   before   return   and   upon   arrival,
ensure   the   prioritization   of   mine   marking   of   contaminated   areas   in   areas   of
return   and   advocate   and   support,   if   required,   punctual   clearance   of   critical   areas
such   as   access   roads   to   basic   services   (schools,   hospitals,   etc).

- Capitalize   on   the   experience   and   expertise   developed   by   committees   in   the
camps,   such   as   the   GBV   committees,   and   re-­‐mobilize   their   members   in   places   of
return   to   strengthen   prevention   and   response   networks.

**10.4.** **Phase   4:   Consolidation   of   reintegration   operations**

UNHCR   will   facilitate   and   support   the   reintegration   process   increasingly   involving
specialized development organisations implementing long-­‐term area-­‐based
programmes   in   support   to   the   Government   and   in   the   framework   of   national
development   plans,   ensuring   appropriate   delegation   and   follow   up   on   commitments.

**10.5.** **Phase   5:   Reintegration   operations   are   scaled   down   and   phased   out**
**Total Population**

**11,735 Individuals**

**(6,548 Cases)**

**Vulnerabilities***

Unaccompanied or

separated child

Woman at risk

Single parent

Child at Risk

Disability

Chronic Illness

**136**

_*One individual may have multiple specific needs_

**2,288**

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

_*Pre-registration data refers to a headcount upon arrival or at disembarkation sites. Some individuals departed prior to registration with UNHCR._

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 3
_Figure 4: Labor force participation by gender as a percentage of working age population across 2019 and 2024_

_Source: 2019 Shona socioeconomic survey_ [[8]] _and the authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**Household income**

**Income from business is the primary source of livelihood for the Shona community, followed by wages and other**

**minor sources.** 73 percent of household income in the Shona community comes from business activities like

carpentry, weaving baskets and hawking on the streets, indicating a strong reliance on entrepreneurship and self
employment. Wages from employment and daily labor activities constitute 25 percent of the income, while other

sources like asset earnings or assistance contribute a mere total of 2 percent, showing limited diversification in

income streams. This heavy dependence on business shows that the Shona community still relies on their traditional

income sources and suggests that the community might face heightened vulnerability to market fluctuations and

economic shocks affecting their businesses.

**A majority of households report that their income has remained stable since gaining citizenship, but a notable**

**proportion has experienced an increase.** Half of the households indicated their income stayed the same, while 38
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE The survey also reviewed household coping mechanisms where households had insufficient funds to meet all basic needs. While more than a third of respondents reported spending their savings to meet basic needs, reducing essential health expenditures (including medicines) was the second most common coping mechanisms and used by 13% of the respondents.

This coping strategy is reported highest in Romania (36%), Hungary (23%), and Bulgaria (18%). Notably, in these countries, cost of care was the second most reported barrier to accessing care after long waiting times. Delaying care has negative implications on the health of individuals, including poorer health outcomes and an increased burden on health systems dealing with more complex and chronic conditions.

**% OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO USED COPING MECHANISMS**

**DUE TO LACK OF FUNDS IN THE LAST 30 DAYS**

### **Reasons for visiting** **Ukraine**
**The results are in line with the**

**optimistic scenario from the**

**previous Deloitte (2024) report.** The
current report is different from the one from 2024 in that we account for the positive productivity shock reflected in the labour market data, which further

**The impact of Ukrainian refugees**

**on the Polish economy is estimated**

**with the Deloitte D.Climate general**

**equilibrium model** **[18]** **in a modelling**

**scenario that includes a productivity**

**shock to account for the positive**

**productivity impacts of migrants.**
In the model a marginal productivity of labour shock of a 1.5-2% dependent on the year is set, as to zero out the impact of Ukrainian refugees on the unemployment rate in the economy. This is in line with the lack of negative impacts of Ukrainian refugees on the Polish labour market in our econometric modelling, and empirical literature on productivity 17 For the literature review, underlying empirical evidence, and model calibration refer to the appendix on modelling strategy.

18 Details on Deloitte D.Climate model calibration are outlined in the Appendix on modelling strategy, while further details on this CGE- class (Computable General Equilibrium) model are available in the Online Technical Appendix.

22