ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
**2.3** **Institutional framework for refugee management and coordination**

According to Article 38 of the [2020 Asylum Law, the institutional framework for the protection of asylum-](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
seekers and refugees remains defined by [Decret n°839/PR/PM/MAT/2011, which establishes CNARR. In](https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/609efe754.pdf)
essence, the introduction of the new asylum legislation in Chad has not altered the institutional framework for
asylum. This legal reform has codified existing practices and brought clarity to the implementation of Decree
No. 11-839, which outlines the creation, organization and responsibilities of CNARR.

In practice, CNARR, which still operates under the Ministry of Public Security, Territorial Administration and
Local Governance (MSPARGL), remains responsible for coordinating the implementation of legal provisions

R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D** 5
**1 Introduction**

The mining sector in Africa is growing rapidly and is the main recipient of foreign direct

investment (World Bank 2011). The welfare effects of this sector are not well understood,

although a literature has recently developed around this question. The main contribution of this

paper is to shed light on the welfare effects of gold mining in a detailed, in-depth country study

of Ghana, a country with a long tradition of gold mining and a recent, large expansion in capital

intensive and industrial-scale production.

A second contribution of this paper is to show the importance of decomposing the effects with

respect to distance from the mines. Given the spatial heterogeneity of the results, we explore

the effects in an individual-level, difference-in-differences analysis by using spatial lag models

to allow for nonlinear effects with distance from mine. We also allow for spillovers across

districts, in a district-level analysis. We use two complementary geocoded household data sets

to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana

Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare

outcomes.
IT specialists and executives), and 28% of Polish citizens. Their shares increased in the past two years by 3 pp. among Ukrainian refugees and pre-war Ukrainians, 2 pp. among other foreigners, and 1 pp.
among Polish citizens – this data shows that though Ukrainian refugees may be largely employed in the less attractive occupational groups, they are also the fastest to progress toward more attractive professions. [11]

**Ukrainian refugees in Poland have**

**clearly improved their economic**

**situation over the past year.** As
indicated in chapter 1, the share of Ukrainian refugee household incomes derived from work in Poland has increased from 74% in the July-August 2023 MSNA survey to 76% in the May-June 2024 SEIS survey. [7] This is not surprising, as the situation of Ukrainians in the Polish labour market has clearly improved. First, employment rate of working-age refugees

---
[11] Since 2021, ZUS has been requesting information about the occupation of non-agricultural workers who first join the social insurance system (most farmers have a
While Article 28 of the Asylum Law permits refugees also to engage in self-employment, the lack of legally
recognized refugee identity cards is likely to remain a major obstacle to meeting administrative requirements
to open a business and pay the necessary tax.

Information on the number of refugees owning businesses is also lacking.

**3.3** **Land, housing, and property rights**
Since the beginning of the Russian invasion, the number of Ukrainian workers covered by social security insurance in Poland increased by 126 thousand. The true increase of insured refugees however is larger.
By checking previous insurance status, ZUS identified 228 thousand newly registered insured persons active on 31st March 2023. [31] Considering the number of Ukrainians with active PESEL UKR at the time, this would yield an employment rate of 43%. As this number does not take into account jobs not covered by social insurance and informal work, this can align with the over 60% employment rate noted in the surveys. This number does not take into account over 500 thousand Ukrainians that were paying social security contributions before the beginning of the full-scale war and remained in Poland after its outbreak.

The refugees present in Poland, while not without difficulties, are largely able to provide for themselves and their families. As reported in the Deloitte
Shock to labour supply was calibrated to match data of working Ukrainians presented in chapter 2. As we didn’t have data of number of unemployed refugees, we calibrated it that an increase in the number of workers due to an increase in labour supply matched employment data in two variants: lower (around 225 thou.) and higher employment (around 350 thou.).
Total increase in labour supply in Poland was balanced by equal decrease of labour supply in Eastern Europe.

Shock to propensity to save was calculated in two steps. First and foremost, it was assumed that due to their precarious life situation refugees won’t save any income.
As such shock was set to match shock for the population [54] . Additionally, to account for spending of savings from Ukraine, data from the National Bank of Ukraine on cash withdrawals and retail transactions from Ukrainian bank cards in Poland was used [55] and then calibrated to data for private consumption in Poland. Additionally, the same data was used to calibrate the negative shock to investment in Eastern Europe.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## **4.** Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch

##### The disparity between education levels and the jobs performed by Ukrainian refugees indicates their significant over-qualification in comparison to Polish citizens (4.1). Widespread occupational licensing presents an obstacle to efficient use of Ukrainian refugees’ human capital, who – in comparison to Polish citizens – rarely work in regulated professions (4.2). The higher the level of Polish language competence, the higher the wage premium. Older refugees, those who have been in Poland for a shorter period of time or have below tertiary education tend to have poorer language skills (4.3). Refugees who back in Ukraine managed the household or were not employed, remain underemployed in Poland (4.4). Key factors to enhancing the status of Ukrainian refugees in Poland will be language courses, including advanced levels tailored for professionals, easing of occupational licensing restrictions, particularly those based solely on citizenship, and implementation of active labour market policies to help specific groups enter the workforce (4.5).

26
UNHCR facilitates voluntary repatriation for refugees and asylum seekers who request to return to
their countries of origin, with arrangements often made in close cooperation with IOM through its
Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) program. During the course of 2023, 95 refugees voluntarily
repatriated from Indonesia, primarily to Sri Lanka and Iraq. Voluntary repatriation is impacted by
ongoing conflicts and human rights violations in countries of origin, which renders many unable to
safely return home and limits interest in repatriation.

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 6
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE (selling house or land, using degrading sources of income, taking on high-risk or illegal jobs) and crisis-level (reducing essential health and education expenditures, selling productive assets) coping strategies. This statistic is even worse for those that fall below the poverty line [8], standing at 10% and 18% respectively. Female-led households (where all adult members are female) report having to engage in harmful coping strategies more often than their male-led counterparts.

**SHARE OF REFUGEE HOUSEHOLDS ADOPTING HARMFUL**

**COPING STRATEGIES ABOVE AND BELOW THE POVERTY**

**LINE, %** **[1]**

Above the poverty line Below the poverty line 10% 10% housing fully subsidized by the government (notably, in Slovakia this share stands at 81%). Eight percent are being hosted free of charge by locals.
Seventeen percent pay for rent only partially for various reasons, such as living with extended family, partially subsidized by the host government or employer. Those that fully pay rent report this being their number one expense, constituting 40% of the total household budget.
In terms of economic impact, refugees are treated as a subset of all immigrants.
Economic literature typically categorises immigrants by their country of birth, regardless of their legal status. Although refugees seek new homes out of necessity rather than for economic opportunity, economic research focuses on their employment rates and other measures of labour market integration, which are usually lower than those of other immigrants and natives (Brell et al., 2020).
In this respect, Ukrainian refugees in Poland resemble other immigrants and natives more closely than usual.

This appendix outlines a revised **Deloitte**

**D.Climate** general equilibrium modelling
strategy compared to the previous Deloitte (2024) report, accounting for the impact of Ukrainian refugees on productivity.
Over the past two decades, research by academic economists has shown that viewing immigration solely through the lens of supply and demand severely constrains our understanding of the process (Peri, 2016). Such a model suggests that immigration increases economic output 36
Refugees (2023) Refugees (2024) Hosts (2023) Overall Male Female With severe psychological distress With a disability Source: Survey data, SAG estimates 64% 67% 63% 57% 86% 96% 92% 72% 49% Technical or Bachelor's Master's Doctoral Vocational 30% Lower secondary or below Source: Survey data, SAG estimates

**11**
particularly when they are at risk of refoulement, arrest, and detention.

### **Financial Assistance**

UNHCR assists a small number of extremely vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers with cash support
to help meet basic needs. Together with partners, UNHCR conducts a socio-economic assessment of
cases that have been identified as requiring financial assistance. Those cases that have heightened
needs are presented to a Socio-Economic and Health Panel (comprised of YCWS, JRS, and UNHCR) for
a determination of inclusion in the cash program. Those who qualify receive up to six months of cash
assistance, following which a re-assessment is required to determine continued needs.

### **Economic Empowerment**
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

- Contribute   to   the   CTFMR   efforts   in   documenting,   verifying,   reporting   and
responding   to   grave   child   rights   violations,   including   recruiting   and   using
children   in   armed   conflict.

- Conduct   multi-­‐sector   baseline   assessments   and   identify   proxy   indicators   for   self-­‐
reliance;   establish   monitoring   and   evaluation   system   in   order   to   track   progress
made   on   key   indicators   over   the   framework   period.

- Support   and   participate   to   multi-­‐sector   need   assessments   and   planning   process,
in   particular   in   areas   of   current   or   potential   return.

- Provide   an   initial   light   rapid   response   to   spontaneous   IDP   and   refugee
returnees,   identified   through   returnee   monitoring,   by   providing   NFIs   and
relevant   protection   interventions   on   a   needs   basis,   as   well   as   community-­‐based
assistance   to   receiving   communities,   with   a   view   to   building   confidence   in   the
return   process.

- Advocate   with   Government,   donors   and   private   sector   in   regard   to   rehabilitation
of   main   roads   to   key   potential   returnee   areas   and   establishment   of   facilities   that
could   eventually   support   an   organised   return.

**10.2.** **Phase   2:   Expansion   of   integrated   support   to   spontaneous   returnees**

**and   their   communities**
Refugees are vulnerable and at risk of poor health outcomes due to disruptions in access to health care in their country of origin, experiences during their journey, and challenges in settling in a new country. For the Ukrainian refugee population, predominantly comprised of women, children and older persons, access to primary health care services, including mental health and psychosocial support, child health and nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), rehabilitation and health education to increase health literacy and empower health decision-making, is critical. Among older persons, NCDs are most prevalent, necessitating uninterrupted access to care for managing illnesses.
Communicable diseases are a concern as the movement of refugees in and out of host countries disrupts access to disease prevention, detection and treatment programmes, increasing the health risks.
**POPULATION PYRAMID**

Female Male 60+ years old 35-59 18-34 5-17 0-4 (N=19,803) 9% 25% 14% 13% 14% 3% 4% 9% 7% 3% In terms of other demographic characteristics, 6% of individuals self-reported a disability (1,435 individuals out of a sample of 18,679). Among the countries surveyed, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland reported the lowest percentage of refugees with disabilities at 5%, while Romania reported the highest at 12%.
As per a recent assessment conducted in 21 Brazilian states, 15% of Venezuelan refugees and
migrants reported having suffered discrimination and stigmatization in the previous 12 months.
Out of these, 80.4% were discriminated because of their nationality, 8.2% for their ethnicity, 5.2%
for their age, 3.5% for having a disability and 2.4% due to their sexual orientation and gender
identity. [9] On the other hand, according to the same source, 33% of indigenous Venezuelans
experienced discrimination and stigmatization, mainly due to their nationality (51.1%) but also for
their ethnicity (31.9%), and to a smaller degree because of their age (6.3%). [10] This overlapping of
discrimination causes not only affects the ability of these populations to access dignified
livelihoods, but also to exercise their fundamental rights, such as access to health and education.
By refraining from any refugee dispersal policies, Poland and other EU Member States may have improved labour market inclusion. In many European countries refugees are geographically dispersed after arrival to spread the cost of hosting them, ease the stress on the housing market and public services, and to avoid creating ethnic enclaves. The effects, however, can be detrimental to labour market inclusion and may be contrary to other aims of the policy. Dispersal pushes at least some of the refugees into regions with weak labour markets and few co-nationals already settled, who otherwise could transmit important information about employment opportunities. Fasani, Frattini, and Minale (2022) conducted the first cross-country study of refugee dispersal policies.
Their LFS sample covers refugees who experienced dispersal policies in Finland, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK (no data for Denmark). They find that non-EU15 refugees aged 25-64 who arrived when a dispersal policy was in place experience 4.5 percentage points lower employment rates than for those not exposed to such a policy. This may understate the effect, as for refugees who arrived 10 or less years before the survey, the effect is 17.5 percentage points, while it becomes statistically insignificant afterwards.
For the six countries for which data on residence is available, non-dispersed refugees show clearly stronger clustering in economically stronger regions (measured by GDP per capita).
this tool. This meeting marked the first

under the leadership of the new cluster

coordinator.

For more information request the

meeting minutes for any cluster member.

**12**

**XVIII. Second Allocation for Ven-**

**ezuela Humanitarian Fund (VHF)**

**The call for proposals for the second**

**allocation of the Venezuela Human-**

**itarian Fund (VHF) was opened on**

**October 13th closing on November**

**6th.** This allocation focuses on "Multisec
toral assistance for the improvement of

essential health services, strengthening

community resilience through livelihood

support, gender equality and women's

empowerment, supporting emergency

education activities, and the provision

of assistance and protection services

in complementarity with CERF funds in

13 municipalities across 5 border states:

Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Falcon, Sucre,

and Zulia." The three key prioritized

areas encompass enhancing essential

health services (Mental Health and Psy
chosocial Support (MHPSS), Women's

and Adolescents Health, and Sexual &

ducted in 16 states, with the collaborative

efforts of 9 partner organizations. This tool

provides valuable insights into the evolving

protection landscape and aids in tailoring

responses to the specific needs of affected

populations.

_© FPM/ Franco Chramosta (2023)_
of refugees from Ukraine find themselves of all refugee households income above of refugees are unemployed, which

**below the poverty line** [4] based on the poverty line **comes from regular work** **starkly contrasts with just a 3%**
reported income - this figure stands at 35% for households **unemployment rate for host country** below the poverty line **nationals**

# 32% 56% 14%

of refugees live below the poverty if is the labor force participation rate of of refugee youth is not engaged in

**support with accommodation expenses** refugees from Ukraine, which is **on par** employment, education, or training, which
is factored in as an indirect income source **with host country nationals** is **comparable to host country national** of all refugee households income above the poverty line **comes from regular work**

- this figure stands at 35% for households
below the poverty line is the labor force participation rate of refugees from Ukraine, which is **on par**

**with host country nationals**

of refugee youth is not engaged in employment, education, or training, which is **comparable to host country national**

**statistics**

---
[4] Defined as 50% of the median equivalized income in the host country
### Call(s) to Action

The Brazilian state is commendably recognized for its efforts in providing protection to refugees
and other forcibly displaced populations, in line with international, regional, and national legal
frameworks. Brazil stands as a beacon of hope for refugees in the region, demonstrating exemplary
commitment and leadership in humanitarian response, and striving to go ensure the successful
local integration of displaced individuals.

UNHCR calls upon the international community to boost the support for Brazilian authorities by
increasing financial and technical assistance to UNHCR and other humanitarian actors. This
support is crucial for sustaining and expanding Brazil’s protection and assistance programs,
ensuring the rights and needs of refugees and other forcibly displaced people are met, and Brazil’s
exemplary efforts in this field are fully supported and sustained.
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**Refugee employment rates significantly improved in 2024, moving closer to national levels**

Ukrainian refugee employment rates [14] have experienced a sizeable increase from 2023 in most countries, rising by 9 percentage points year-over-year at the regional level to 64%. This indicator now stands just 7 percentage points below the equivalently weighted mean for the host population (71%).

Refugee employment grew both owing to a decrease in unemployment, which declined to 9% from 13% last year, as well as new individuals coming into the labor force [15] . In fact, the 2024 labor force participation rate amounted to 70%, which stands almost in line with the equivalent host country indicator of 73%.

**EVOLUTION OF THE REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT RATE FROM 2023 TO 2024**

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Employment Decrease in Decrease in rate 2023 unemployment potential labor force Employment rate 2024 Unclear labor force status Expansion of the labor force Note: Only includes data from the 7 countries surveyed in both rounds (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia) Source: Survey data, SAG estimates
**in the literature is language training.**
Foged et al. (2024) analysed labour market outcomes of language training, placement in strong labour markets, active labour market policies, cutting welfare benefits, and placement in co-ethnic networks that were directed at refugees in Denmark.
Thanks to unusually detailed Danish data, they could follow individual refugees who arrived in Denmark between 1987 and 2008, for at least 10 years, and in most cases for 15 years. They found intensive language training introduced in 1999 to be the most effective of all policies, accounting for a 5-6 pp. increase in the probability of employment and a USD 3,000 increase in annual earnings (2015 figures). While locating refugees in strong labour markets also had considerable positive effects, the report found only some evidence that Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) focused on matching refugees with deficit occupations improved their employment prospects and no evidence of positive effects of cutting benefits or placing refugees in co-ethnic networks. Heller and Mumma (2023) exploited randomized enrolment lotteries for a publicly-funded
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on GUS and ZUS data, as well as data for instrumental variables from Public Employment Services Portal and Open Data governmental portal. OLS is the standard Ordinary Least Squares model, IV are Instrumental Variables Two Stage Least Squares models with instrumental variables of the share of Ukrainian pupils in Polish schools, distribution of Ukrainians from declarations on entrusting work to a foreigner in Poland in 2019, or both. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

Furthermore, consistent with a positive productivity shock, Polish citizens have been moving to better-paid occupations – as predicted by the theory of occupational upgrading (e.g., Beerli and Peri, 2018; Foged and Peri, 2016; Peri and Sparber, 2009).
Deloitte has acquired quarterly data on the occupational groups of Polish citizens who are insured with ZUS from Q1 2022 to Q2 2024. This data is not exhaustive as ZUS only began requiring such information in
In this scenario, 19% of Venezuelan households reported being at risk of evictions from rented
housing in the three months prior to their interview, with a higher incidence in Roraima (26%) and
Amazonas (29%), the two states hosting the highest proportion of refugees and other forcibly
displaced people in Brazil. As per the same study, 10% of the indigenous households surveyed
were evicted during the three months prior to the interview, which makes them almost five times
more likely to face actual eviction when compared to the total surveyed population (2%). [24] The
risk of eviction has been also systematically reported by refugees also of other nationalities,
including Haitians, Colombians, and Cubans. [25]
Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES, UNHCR Resettlement Statistics Report.   For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhc

**1,729**

**154**

**57**

**53**

**34**

**13**

**12**

**4**

**3**

**2**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**TUR**

**ZAM**

**ETH**

**UGA**

**ANG**

**AFG**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**ETH**

**PAK**

**TUR**

**CAR**

**BOT**

**ERT**

**3,619**

**263**

**235**

**220**

**40**

**36**

**19**

**14**

**8**

**8**