ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
the IAs will, however, continue to coordinate with and report to MINEMA pursuant to the terms of MoUs they will sign; and (b) BRD will convene quarterly coordination meetings with other organizations supporting host community-refugee livelihood to identify synergies and opportunities for collaboration. **B. Results Monitoring, Evaluation, and Verification Arrangements** 54. **M&E System.** MINEMA will have overall responsibility for M&E, including the preparation of consolidated quarterly progress reports and an Annual Report to the World Bank. MINEMA, BRD, RTDA and BDF will have M&E specialists responsible for collecting and collating data on project outputs and outcomes. Reporting templates will be reviewed for Phase II and included in an updated M&E section in the PIM. The existing Project MIS will continue to be utilized. 55. **Project results will be captured through baseline, annual and endline surveys.** This will include surveys of users of project-financed infrastructure (schools, health facilities, water systems, markets, etc.) to directly track satisfaction with Jya Mbere II investments. Regular phone surveys will also be conducted for beneficiaries under component two to gather data on business sustainability and profitability to allow for real-time learning and course correction as necessary. Page 15
Bank household surveys are available with subnational representativeness. These subnational units are typically provinces or states (i.e. admin1) but can also include custom groupings of subnational regions determined by the sampling strategy of household surveys. Overall, this study covers 189 countries, which are disaggregated into 2,260 subnational units. **3.4.** **Poverty estimates** For each of the 2,260 subnational units, the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database offers several poverty estimates, which are all derived from the latest available Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) for the respective country. For the purpose of this study, the standard World Bank definitions of poverty are used to determine the number of poor people in a given subnational administrative unit. Specifically, poverty is defined by the daily expenditure thresholds of $1.90, $3.20, and $5.50. ##### **4. Methodology** **4.1. Concept of analysis** To estimate the number of people who are exposed to intense flood risk, this study follows four main steps: **1.** **Generate a combined flood hazard map:** For each country and each subnational administrative unit, a single flood hazard layer is created by combining different flood types. The resulting flood map has a 90-meters resolution, with each pixel showing estimated inundation depths in meters. For pixels where
**Table A2 Summary statistics for children’s surveys** (1) (2) (3) (4) far from a mine close to a mine before during before during _infant mortality_ first 12 months 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 _child health_ diarrhea 0.17 0.17 0.13 0.17 cough 0.24 0.22 0.22 0.18 fever 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.20 _child anthropometrics_ ht/age (st dev.) -94.43 -104.88 -127.04 -115.76 wt/age (st dev.) -90.80 -100.16 -114.28 -103.48 wh/ht (st dev.) -40.29 -45.24 -47.816 -40.52 Sample size (child at birth) 3709 2204 661 314 _Note:_ Column (1) is a sample at 20 to 100 km from a nonactive mine. Column (2) is a sample at 20 to 100 km from an active mine. Column (3) is a sample within 20 km of a nonactive mine. Column (4) is a sample within 20 km of an active mine. Infant mortality considers mine active status in birth year. ht/age = height-to-age; wt/age = weight-to-age; wh/ht = weight to height; st. dev. = standard deviation. **Table A3. Heterogeneous effects for bottom 40%, with urban locality interactions, intensity of** **mining, and timing of opening** Woman’s occupation agri- service profess- manual not earns works culture sales ional labor working cash all year PANEL A: Bottom 40% active*mine 0.033
As property rights and their links to rural-urban integration have recently been identified as key reform areas by China’s leadership, drawing the lessons from past reform experiments is important. Yet, beyond anecdotal accounts, few studies aim to assess either the magnitude of associated impacts or their incidence among different types of households. To provide a rigorous quantitative assessment, we use the fact that the experiment was implemented in Chengdu prefecture, with neighboring counties remaining unaffected. Panel data from NBS’ regular rural household survey for counties on both sides of the boundary allow us to assess reform impacts on household consumption and income, labor supply, incidence of land rental, crop choice, and productivity of agricultural land use. We use a triple difference strategy based on changes within the same household before and after the reform and inside vs. outside the boundary for identification, a choice justified by noting that sample counties on both sides of the border followed parallel trends before the intervention and we can control for a range of time variant public programs, in particular pension and medical schemes as well as agricultural subsidies that may have been implemented differently on both sides. Results suggest that about 3-4 years
countries, however, until very recently Israel did not have an asylum system, and its ongoing institutional evolution is partly a response to the recent influx. Although it carries distinctive features, Israel‘s asylum regime is guided by the prevalent exclusionary logic which dominates the policies of other developed countries. This has important implications for the asylum seekers. Their countries of origin and the scale of their influx challenge existing ̳humanitarian spaces‘. Once a critical threshold has been crossed, they are seen as a threat which can no longer be contained. Accommodating measures are being rejected for self-preservation considerations, spurred-on by Israel‘s ethnonational identity. Relatively little has been written about the meaning and significance of these developments (Willen 2010a, 2010b; Afeef 2009; Kritzman-Amir 2009; Yacobi 2009; Man 2010). This study seeks to complement the existing literature, drawing on a combination of primary and secondary sources. During July 2010, a period of field work was carried out in which 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Representatives of the key institutional bodies that deal with refugees and asylum seekers were interviewed; namely the state (officials and politicians); civil society (senior NGO staff and academics); and personnel at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
is derived from a number of data sources and categories: ‘Lagoon’ from ArcWorld (ESRI, 1992: referenced in Lehner and Döll 2004); ‘Delta’, ‘Lagoon’, ‘Mangrove’, ‘Estuary’, ‘Coastal Wetland’, and ‘Tidal Wetland’ of WCMC wetlands map (Dugan, 1993; WCMC, 1993; referenced in Lehner and Döll 2004) - see Lehner and Döll (2004) for a detailed description. 7
a cost in net revenues because it was not clear what value to assign to wages. We controlled for household labor by using household size as a proxy. In each country, districts were chosen to get farms across a wide range of climate conditions in that country. In each chosen district, a random but clustered sample of farms was selected. The clustering helped to reduce survey expenses. The number of surveys in each country 6
the ERR to 23 percent while increasing the estimated number of beneficiaries by 20 percent increased the ERR to 35 percent. **B. Fiduciary** **(i)** **Financial Management** 63. The FM assessments for the project implementing agencies were conducted using World Bank Guidance: FM Manual for World Bank Investment Project Financing Operations, reissued on September 7, 2021. The purpose of the assessment was to evaluate the adequacy of FM arrangements to support project implementation. The objectives of the assessment were to determine whether the MoHAIS has minimum FM arrangements, adequate to ensure that (a) funds are properly accounted for and used only for the intended purposes in an efficient and economical way; (b) capability exists for the preparation of accurate, reliable, and timely periodic financial reports; (c) internal controls exist which allow 45 A 15 percent discount rate is estimated as the risk-adjusted opportunity cost of capital. Additional NPV estimates at other discount rates have also been provided as a measure of the sensitivity of the analysis. 46 This corresponds to the average village population in similar areas according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). This information can be accessed at Village Assessment Survey County Profiles. [https://iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/sites/default/publicfiles/documents/Lakes.pdf](https://iomsouthsudan.org/tracking/sites/default/publicfiles/documents/Lakes.pdf) _._ 47 Burden of
Bangladesh and the two Indian coastal states, our methods are general and could be expanded to an arbitrarily-large set of coastal locations. We use the database for an analysis of cyclone strike locations and impact zones in seven historical periods: 1877-1900, 1901-1920, 1921-1940, 1941-1960, 1961-1980, 1981-2000 and 2001-2016. Although we believe that our results have independent interest, we highlight their implications for socioeconomic analysis of household and community responses to cyclonic storm risks. Episodic, short-run responses to some individual storms are well-documented. Such anecdotal evidence certainly provides many useful insights, but georeferenced panel data are required for systematic comparative research on coastal adaptation. In this context, robust assessment of causal factors requires significant variation in cyclone impacts, both across coastal areas and over time. The results of our seven-period analysis indicate that such variation characterizes the coastal zone. During each 20-year period, some areas have 20
rural areas** . Maternal mortality remains high (234 deaths for 100,000 births) with rural areas driving the trend [4] . According to the **Human Capital Review for Djibouti (World Bank, 2024)**, access to basic services such as targeted social safety nets, education and healthcare remains limited, with rural areas experiencing the most pronounced deprivations. The widespread poverty in these regions is characterized by poor living conditions, inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, and substandard infrastructure, and limitations on the freedom of movement for camp-based refugees. [5] While this situation is aggravated for refugees, who can face discrimination and challenges related to documentation, members of the host community also live in precarity. These factors contribute to a lower quality of life and hinder economic opportunities. 10. **The Dikhil region, an arid and resource-constrained area in southern Djibouti, faces a unique and multifaceted** **challenge of poverty that requires a comprehensive, integrated rural development approach.** The region not only hosts a significant migrant population, primarily from Ethiopia, but also grapples with chronic underdevelopment, reflected in high poverty rates, limited access to basic services (including water, sanitation, healthcare, and education), and high levels of unemployment. The continuous inflow of migrants places additional strain
in working conditions amongst Ukrainian Temporary Protection holders. Employment continued to be mentioned as one of the top two priority needs (32%) of households interviewed. Moreover, in terms of information, 29% of respondents indicated a need for more information about job opportunities; this continued to be the highest reported information need. 4 As per the 2024 Socio-Economic Insights Survey conducted by UNHCR, this figure could be as high as 79% amongst working-age Ukrainian refugees. The data was collected in the period 15 May-16 July. UNHCR / September 2024 4
**Annex** **Table A1. Variable definitions** _Characteristics_ total children Total lifetime fertility wealth Household wealth index score non-migrant Respondent was born in the location and has never moved migrant Any respondent who has ever moved in their life urban The household lives in urban area _Woman’s occupation_ not working Was not working in last 12 months service & sales Works in services or sales professional Works as a professional agriculture Works in agriculture manual labor Works in manual labor earning cash Earns cash for work (0= not paid, in kind) works all year Works all year (0= seasonally, occasionally) _Woman’s education_ 3 years education At least 3 years of education no education No education _Child health_ first 12 months Child died within 12 months from birth diarrhea Child had diarrhea in last 2 weeks cough Child had cough in last 2 weeks fever Child had fever in last 2 weeks _Child anthropometrics_ ht/age (st dev.) Height for age (standard deviation) wt/age (st dev.) Weight for age (standard deviation) wh/ht (st dev.) Weight for height (standard deviation) 40
can make a large difference in the flood hazard particularly in well-protected areas. In these wellprotected areas, our flood maps may overestimate the flood hazard. This is a data limitation that affects many studies of flood exposure: even in high-income countries like the US, flood protection databases are incomplete and many areas are left undefended in national models when in reality they are defended (Wing et al. 2017). While recent work has tried to patch together a database of flood protection (Scussolini et al. 2016), the authors admit much remains unclear and this is a current state of the research. For most of the analyses, the Bcombined^ maps are used, which include both coastal and the fluvial/pluvial floods. For instance, the combined maps for the 25-year return period flood (under current conditions, and low, medium, and high future conditions) are presented in Fig. 1. Local Flood Hazard Maps for Ho Chi Minh City In addition to the flood hazard maps developed for this study as described above, we use an additional set of maps produced specifically for HCMC. 2 These uncertainties largely arise from climate models; global climate models (GCMs) struggle to represent the physical processes that produce extreme rainfall.
**Figure A2 Using GLSS: Employment and wages** **Panel A Woman working in services** **Panel B Log wages (woman)** **Panel C Man working in mining** **Panel D Log wages (man)** _Note:_ The four panels show the regression results from four spatial lag models using the GLSS sample. The sample is restricted to women (top two) and men (bottom two) aged 15–49. The solid lines are the coefficient for _active*mine_ for 7 distance bins (0–10 km, 10–20 km, ... 60–70 km) compared with a control group (80–100 km) away. The regressions also control for mine location at the same distances. See table 11 for control variables. 45
1% of occurring in any given year). As with all global flood maps, the effects of artificial flood protection structures like dikes are not incorporated. Two editions of the Fathom global flood maps are available; 2016 and 2019. Wherever available, the newer version has been used. The 2019 version differs from the 2016 version in the resolution of the digital elevation model that has been used to simulate event scenarios. The 2019 edition uses the newest DEM MERIT elevation model that corrects for multiple errors, including tree and building height adjustments. **Coastal flooding** is caused by storm surges and high tides in coastal areas. A commonly used global coastal flood risk map is used in this study: the Global Tide and Surge Reanalysis (GTSR) data set by Muis et al. 2016. As it uses a digital terrain model that does not account for common errors such as stripe noise and tree heights (unlike for instance DTM MERIT), this map is expected to provide a lower bound or conservative estimate of global coastal flood risk. In particular, resulting from coarse resolution in modeling elevation, bathymetry and meteorological forcing, the data set underestimates extreme sea levels. In addition, the largest tropical cyclone-induced
Our results for total Bank lending are uniformly significant at the 99% level, and the results for the OED ratings are significant at the 95% level or higher. The parameter estimates suggest that a 1% increase in Bank lending is associated with a .4% increase in environmental lending, and a 1% increase in the OED rating is associated with an environmental lending increase of about 1%. Once we control for these two factors, environmental problems retain a significant impact on environmental lending at the 99% level. However, the estimated response elasticity drops from .70 to around .45. The results for AAA in Figure 5.1 are quite different from the results for lending. The association with environmental problems is uniformly significant at the 99% confidence level, but we find no significance for environmental lending, non environmental lending, the OED success probability, or any regional dummies. R squares for the AAA regressions are much lower than R-squares for lending, suggesting a much greater random component in the allocation of AAA resources. **6. Allocation by Environmental Theme** From an institutional perspective, our overall results for lending are encouraging because they suggest that large, politically-difficult reallocations across countries would not generally be necessary to
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) 47. **The economic analysis suggests that this Project would yield positive benefits that outweigh its costs, with a** **Net Present Value estimated at US$383 million.** The internal rate of return is 21 percent, with a 5 percent discount rate. The analysis estimates the Project’s economic impact by projecting the increased earning potential of graduating cohorts as they participate in the labor market. Upon evaluating the anticipated effect size of the Project’s components on academic performance, the analysis converted these gains to additional years of schooling, and subsequently to increased income. The graduating student cohorts were disaggregated to those who entered the workforce immediately upon finishing secondary school and those who pursued tertiary education to account for the variance in workforce participation and the years in which they would enter the workforce. The analysis aggregated the effect on income until 2039, when the last cohort who benefit from the Project would graduate from the compulsory education system in Costa Rica. Annex 2 presents the Economic and Financial Analysis for the Project. **Paris Alignment** 48. **Assessment and reduction of mitigation risks.** Project activities are expected to have negligible GHG contributions, and as
**______________________________________________________________________________** **Table 4.1: Trend Tests for Thematic Shares** Climate Pollution Land Biodiversity [8] Water Policy Other Time 0.318 -0.167 0.639 0.074 0.008 -1.071 0.199 (0.63) (0.19) (1.38) (0.37) (0.01) (1.65) (1.09) Constant 8.337 33.404 8.529 2.215 20.456 24.930 2.128 (2.44)* (5.54)** (2.72)* (1.61) (5.86)** (5.67)** (1.71) Obs. 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 R-squared 0.04 0.00 0.17 0.01 0.00 0.23 0.12 Absolute values of t statistics in parentheses - significant at 5%; ** significant at 1% **______________________________________________________________________________** Produced by thousands of interactions between the Bank and its partner countries, these results suggest very strong continuity in the relative valuation of thematic objectives. We will return to this point in Section 7, which develops a model for the optimal allocation of environmental resource allocation by the Bank. **5. How Has Environment Mattered in the Aggregate?** We begin our assessment by analyzing the match between environmental lending, AAA and environmental problems at the country level. Our overall environmental indicator is the mean of the five thematic indicators. [9] We use log values for the analysis because the size distributions of country indicators and resource allocations are extremely 8 For biodiversity, our data include only Bank lending. Grants by the Global Environment
**The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT include selected activities in the transit districts of Kisoro, Kanungu, Bundibugyo, and Ntoroko (Western Region) and Amuru and Lamwo (Northern Region). [14] The urban centers of Gulu, Mbarara, Arua, Koboko, and Kitgum will be included in some components. Geographic coverage can be expanded later if the government officially adds new RHDs or transit districts. Implementation will commence first in the 12 RHDs, where project structures from Phase I can be rapidly reestablished. Activities will commence in the transit districts and urban centers in year two, once needs assessments have been completed. DRDIP II’s largest footprint will be in the north, which has been most affected by the recent inflows. Planning and implementation will be informed by a clear understanding of the context of each district. 16. **Transit districts do not permanently host refugees, but field assessments have shown that population flows in** **those locations affect the delivery of basic services while asylum seekers wait to have their status assessed and be** **assigned to a host district.** Accordingly, project funds will be allocated to respond to the displacement impacts in the transit districts to expand
contain the marketing restricted sample, which is restricted only to villages where at least one person purchased insurance in the following year. All regressions contain state fixed effects. Errors are clustered at the weather-station level. ***p _<_ 0.01, **p _<_ 0.05, *p _<_ 0.1. _Source_ : Authors’ analysis based on data from BASIX. the year before. I then regress the number of each type of buyer on payout statistics and the total number of buyers in the previous year. When there was an insurance payout in the previous year, most of the repeat buyers received money from the insurance company while new buyers did not receive anything. [14] If there are similar effects of payouts on people who had not purchased insurance the year before, this would be evidence that insurance payouts are generating trust and/or learning about insurance. [15] These results are presented in table 7. In order to compare results with the main specification in table 3, I again provide a dummy for whether there was a payout in the village along with a quadratic effect of the ratio of payouts to the premium. When aggregating the village data, I use the mean of the payout ratios in
**The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT incorporate climate risk awareness and opportunities, covering areas such as sustainable livestock practices, waterefficient grazing, hydroponics, and solar-powered solutions. 49. **In addition to IGAs, support will be provided to cooperatives, family businesses and individual entrepreneurs,** **including those with existing business activities and potential for growth** . These interventions will help beneficiaries scale their operations, improve productivity, and access markets. Beneficiaries, including refugees and host communities, will collaborate on IGAs or business ventures, utilizing peer learning, skills-sharing, and value-chain integration to expand market access. Priority for business support will be given to sectors that generate jobs, particularly those that leverage value chains and cross-border economic opportunities. The project will strengthen market linkages and value chain integration, helping beneficiaries connect with local, national, and regional markets. This approach will include training on business development, understanding value chains, accessing new markets, and procurement, which will increase the sustainability of their activities and expand their reach. Finally, the sub-component will provide ongoing mentorship and technical assistance to ensure business sustainability. Animateurs will work closely with beneficiaries to provide tailored support in managing and growing their businesses, helping them overcome challenges and build resilience