ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
with the institutional rating, we normalize this mean indicator to the range [0 - 100]. Our composite indicator is the product of the normalized environmental index and CPIA rating. Table 2.1 illustrates the calculation of the policies and institutions indicator for four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This indicator (row 8) equals the product of the indicator of institutional development problems (row 7) and the indicator of overall environmental problems (row 6). The latter is the average of problem indicator values for global emissions, pollution, fragile lands, biodiversity and water resources. The four country cases illustrate the contributions of separate components to the final indicator values. Chad has a low overall environmental indicator (.69) but a very high institutional indicator (5), yielding a product of 3.44. South Africa’s overall environmental indicator (4.24) is about six times Chad’s value, but its institutional indicator (2) is much lower because its institutions are more highly-developed. The resulting composite indicator for South Africa (8.49) is about 2.5 times Chad’s indicator value (3.44). Kenya has about the same composite indicator value as South Africa (8.35), but the indicator components are quite different. Kenya’s environmental indicator (2.39) is somewhat more than half of South Africa’s (4.24), but
efficiency of land use and leaving landlords as well as occupants worse off. The continued importance of agriculture for economic development and poverty reduction in Uganda implies that, in addition to exploring the magnitude of possible underinvestment on lands without clear property rights, finding ways to increase investment could have high social benefits. With more than 85% of the population still living in rural areas and agriculture accounting for 77% of employment and 50% of total output (Belshaw _et al._ 1999), land-related investment will be critical for growth and poverty reduction. Household survey data point towards a large and possibly widening gap between rural and urban levels of consumption and recent increases in poverty. After decreasing from 59.7% in 1992 to 37.4% in 1999/2000, rural poverty increased to 41.1% in 2002/2003. The fact that poverty among crop farmers is much above the rural average (Kappel _et al._ 2005), something that is often attributed to limited agricultural productivity growth (Republic of Uganda 2005), implies that ways to increase agricultural productivity will be critical to prevent widening of rural-urban income gaps. Land-related investments will be critical in this respect because the scope for expansion of cultivated area which, together with elimination of
compare results with the main specification in table 3, I again provide a dummy for whether there was a payout in the village along with a quadratic effect of the ratio of payouts to the premium. When aggregating the village data, I use the mean of the payout ratios in the village to create a payout ratio for the village. [16] The overall results of the table tell a consistent story: significantly sized payouts drive repeat buyers but not new purchasers, showing few spillover effects. Columns 1 and 2 shows how payouts affect the number of total and repeat buyers, respectively, the next year, and the results are very consistent with the baseline results from table 3. A dummy for whether there was any payout is negative, but the payout size has a positive effect. This suggests that low payouts have a marginally negative effect on the number of repeat purchasers, but this effect flips to positive as the size of the payout ratio increases above approximately 1. Column 3 shows the effect of payouts on new buyers in a village. Here, all the payout coefficients show a different pattern than for new buyers, but due to large standard errors
estimate the inundation depth at a grid cell level of 3 arc-seconds, (~ 90 m) and provide coastal surge hazard layers, along with pluvial and fluvial layers. The maps provide information on the extent and depth of flood hazard for a specific location. For the coastal component, we explicitly model four return periods - 25, 50, 100, and 200 year events, under current and future climate conditions.
Bank's response. We begin by constructing an overall indicator of environmental problems from our thematic indicators. Using regression analysis, we find a strong relationship between countries’ general indicator values and the scale of their environmental borrowing, but a relatively weak relationship for AAA. At the thematic level, we find that problem indicators have relatively weak relationships with both lending and AAA. Adding country risk to the analysis, we test an optimal allocation model and find that it is consistent with the Bank’s actual lending and AAA since 1998. We conclude that our model’s assignment of lending and AAA to countries reflects the Bank’s actual experience with partner countries. The model’s explanatory power is relatively low, however, and when we compare model assignments to actual allocations, we find many large discrepancies for countries and environmental themes. Some gaps may reflect activity by other donor institutions, but many others may represent problems with efficient implementation of the Bank’s Environment Strategy. To promote further discussion of this issue, we use our optimal allocation model to develop measures of lending opportunity by environmental theme for the Bank's partner countries. 2
**A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis** 59. **The project is technically feasible and focused on enhancing the implementation of legislation and policies on** **refugees while ensuring service delivery to both host and refugee populations in Zambia.** The proposed design responds to gaps identified by the MoHAIS, district level officials in Meheba, various line ministries and the UNHCR. This was confirmed by information and data shared during project preparation. The project draws on analytical and operational work on refugees and host communities across World Bank operations in the region. Component 1 of the project is designed to focus on visible and practical changes in policies that tangibly improve the experiences of refugees while fostering longer term legislative reform. Component 2 on infrastructure adopts a multi-sectoral approach by working with both line ministries and local level district officials to achieve enhanced services for both refugees and host communities and in many cases, expand on existing objectives or scale up well tested designs. Component 3 builds on experiences from and synergies with the World Bank financed Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (P179507), as well as numerous national agri-business support programs in Meheba to: 1) foster strong participation among farmer cooperatives to ensure sustainable
Act of 2010) that will enhance opportunities for protection and solutions for self-reliance. [16] To assist policy delivery, the Government has established an interagency National Steering Committee chaired by the Office of the Vice President. In March 2023, the MoHAIS launched a plan for the Modernization of Refugee and Host Community Settlement Areas (MORHCSA) which seeks to turn the new Refugee Policy into action on the ground. 15. **The World Bank Group, following consultation with the UNHCR, confirms that the protection framework for** **refugees continues to be adequate in Zambia.** Zambia meets the eligibility criteria for accessing the International Development Association replenishment (IDA20) Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR). The country currently hosts 101,837 refugees, exceeding the threshold of 25,000 required under the window. [17] The GRZ has signed and ratified the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. The Government has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations
**Access to decent work:** The key barrier to accessing work, according to respondents who are unemployed, is a lack of knowledge of the Czech language (59%). This finding was also reflected in focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with Ukrainian refugee women and men in Brno, Ostrava in Prague in August and September, where refugees reported challenges in securing jobs that matched their qualifications due to language barriers. All participants in the focus group discussions emphasized the need for better language proficiency to improve their employment prospects. of Protection Monitoring respondents of working age are employed in host country Nevertheless, 67% of respondents reported being employed compared to 60% in Q1. . [4] Moreover, respondents’ access to earnings also increased from 87% to 93% during the same time period. Working excessively long hours also decreased from 24% to 16%. These findings ostensibly indicate an improvement in access to employment and in working conditions amongst Ukrainian Temporary Protection holders. Employment continued to be mentioned as one of the top two priority needs (32%) of households interviewed. Moreover, in terms of information, 29% of respondents indicated a need for more information about job opportunities; this continued to be the highest reported information
Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 1 A visual of what the combined hazard maps (which include coastal and fluvial/pluvial) look like. The map presented here is the worse-case scenario we simulate, a 200-year return period flood with high sea level rise number of people within each district who live below the poverty line: this Bpoverty map^ is displayed in Fig. 3a, and the full methodology can be found in (Lanjouw et al. 2013). [3] In addition, we use gridded population density data with a 1 km resolution from Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015). This Bpopulation map^ is displayed in Fig. 3b. While we are able to simulate current and future flood hazard, we are unable to project socioeconomic characteristics like poverty or population at the district level, as such an exercise is extremely challenging. Specifically for Vietnam, a recent paper models population and poverty in 2030 at national-level, but notes that examining how these dynamics is distributed spatially within the country is still not possible (Rozenberg and Hallegatte 2016). Nonetheless, as a stress test, a number of papers in the field have employed the same strategy we follow in this paper, of using current socio-economic characteristics
fixed effects, the two strategies are complementary. While the district-level analysis informs us about differences across and within districts over time, the local-level analysis gives us the additional impact at the very local level. This means that any differences in effects across district and local analysis should not be interpreted as inconsistencies, but rather as differential and additional impacts. In a difference-in-differences setting, it is important that the sample is balanced, assuming that the treatment and control groups are on similar trajectories. Table 2 shows the summary statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in 14
Policy Research Working Paper 7250 ### **Abstract** Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners compared to men further away, and that women in mining communities may more likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities, compared to the evolution in communities further away. This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **2024.** The Project is specifically aligned with CPF Objective 3: Supporting results-oriented management and quality for all in the education sector _._ Priorities for the education system described in the CPF include elements that inform the proposed Project: (i) quality of education; (ii) equity in educational opportunity; and (iii) relevance of education for success in the labor market. Finally, the CPF mentions that closing the digital skills gap is critical to reduce the illiteracy and income inequality divide. The inclusion of digital competencies as curricular content in the educational system will stimulate internet access and use. The Project will also support the CPF approach to foster skills for green jobs and employability in high value-added sectors. It is aligned with Outcome 2 regarding building and protecting human capital of the World Bank’s Gender Strategy 2024-2030. Further, the Project directly addresses global challenges related to the effects of situations of fragility, conflict, and violence as a global challenge, and contributes towards indicator 14 of the World Bank’s Scorecard by providing improved education services to displaced populations and people in host communities. 18. **The Project is consistent with Costa Rica’s Nationally Determined
1 Zamstats.gov.zm. 2 Zambia Statistics Agency. 2023. _Highlights of the 2022 Poverty Assessment in Zambia_ . World Bank. 2023. _Zambia Gender Assessment_ . 3 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 4 2022 Census of Population and Housing, GRZ 2023. 5 According to the 2021 Labour Force Survey Report by Zamstat, the working-age population (15 and older) is 10 million, of which only 3.1 million are employed. 6 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 7 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. Page 8
devastating conflict in **Yemen** have left 18.2 million people dependent on humanitarian assistance. In **Iraq**, UNHCR also urgently needs resources to continue supporting the authorities in ensuring access to civil documentation and inclusion in the national social safety net for some 1 million internally displaced Iraqis. UNHCR is responding to two refugee situations in **Algeria** : a nearly 50-year-old displacement of Sahrawi refugees in five refugee camps near Tindouf in the south-west of the country, and an urban asylum-seeker and refugee population of diverse origin in Algiers and other governorates. **Mauritania** has hosted a significant number of refugees since 2012 and continues to face a large influx of Malian refugees; more than 100,000 people have arrived in 2024 alone. UNHCR is providing vital assistance to the most vulnerable refugees and invests in the resilience of more than 250,000 refugees as well as host communities in the Hodh Chargui region. The number of refugees and asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR in **Morocco** increased significantly in recent years. UNHCR works to ensure access to asylum and protection under the framework of the National Strategy for Immigration and Asylum (SNIA) and towards the inclusion of refugees and asylum-seekers in national social protection systems. Amid
.77. One point of concern with these results is that there are many cases where there are multiple purchasers of insurance in a certain village in one year and then zero in the next year. Although this could be the result of people simply being unsatisfied with insurance, the large amount of villages that suddenly drop to zero purchasers is suspicious, especially since the BASIX data does not contain information about whether marketing activities took place in a given village in a given year. For all the villages that had purchasers in one year and then none in the next year, it is quite likely that no BASIX representative visited the village; therefore the customer did not really have a chance to purchase the insurance. If this was the case, it would make sense to exclude these villages from the analysis, as the previous year’s payout would have no way to possibly influence a customer’s purchase decision. In columns 3 and 4 I exclude villages that had no purchasers the following year from the analysis, creating what I call the “Marketing Restricted Sample.” Restricting the sample this way results in a drop of the number of observations from 10,977 to
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **Figure 1b: Technical education graduates by gender in strategic STEAM fields** 12. **By the end of 2022, Costa Rica was hosting 270,636 forcibly displaced and stateless people, and the uneven** **preparedness of these students strains the education system.** [19] Even if the influx of migrants and refugees acts as a positive factor for some schools that would be facing closure due to decline of the native-born population, the education system faces stress because of the differential quality of preparedness and disruptions faced by immigrant students. In recent decades, the country has seen the arrival of migrants and refugee applicants fleeing political and economic conditions in Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and administrative records from the General Directorate of Migration and Foreigners, the number of asylum seekers in Costa Rica increased from 27,993 in 2018 to 273,066 by December 2023. While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status, more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom, and that learning environments are inclusive. As of September 2023,
has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations with health care workers and UNHCR at the Meheba settlement report a high number of unnecessary deaths of expectant mothers due to inadequate services and the poor quality of the access road. 15 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. 16 They include, among others _,_ the Immigration and Deportation Act, Refugees Act No.1 of 2017 and amendments to other legislation, such as the Lands Act CAP 184, Higher Education Bursaries and Scholarships Act no.31 of 2016, Birth and Death Registration Act CAP 51, Citizenship Act of No 32 of 2016. 17 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. Page 11
discussions with refugees from Ukraine across the country in the first quarter of 2024. ## Key Figures 338,736 320,000 ## 338,736 320,000 Temporary Protection holders in Czechia among whom have registered for an extension ## 92% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 32% of respondents have at least one household member missing documentation or whose documents have expired ## 75% of respondents are women and children ## 39% Consider accommodation an urgent need
detail as to allow for regular and effective implementation and monitoring of all the activities to be funded. The budgets will be activity based and will be used to monitor performance during the implementation of activities. The project’s annual work plan and draft budget will be informed by the Grant Agreement. The total project cost and activity work plan will be agreed up front, and any variations will need prior approval by the World Bank. The annual work plan and budget will be submitted to the World Bank Task Team Leader for prior review and no-objection clearance no later than November 30 before the start of the coming financial year. Utilization of the budget will be monitored through quarterly Interim Financial Reports (IFRs) by analyzing overutilization and underutilizations and using the reports as management’s tool for decision-making. 5. **Disbursement and funds flow** . The project will be on statement of expenditure method of disbursement whereby the Designated Account (DA) will have a fixed allocation of funds. The project will report expenditures and request for monthly replenishment of the DA. The project will open two US$ DAs (DA-A for the MoHAIS and DA-B for the MoHAIS Kalumbila Town Council [KTC] -
in farming. Low income is reflected in poor food security, with almost 60 percent of refugee households reporting that they typically eat only one meal per day. The main reasons provided for the low employment levels were lack of skills (44 percent) and lack of information about the local labor market (34 percent). Other reasons cited include the need for investments in roads and connectivity to strengthen market access for agricultural producers and traders. A 2024 African Development Bank (AfDB) study on forced displacement in the region concluded that priority needs for self-reliance are better road connectivity, access to water and energy, improved educational and 6 The GoR’s strategy is consistent with lessons from global experience in the 2023 World Development Report that a sustainable approach to managing forced displacement requires: (a) policies that provide freedom of movement and the right to work; (b) inclusion of refugees into national service delivery systems to shift away from expensive parallel systems; and (c) support for self-reliance through access to jobs. Page 2
**The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design** 41. **Education technology policies and projects should be developed with a clear purpose, strategy, and vision of** **the desired educational change.** Costa Rica’s own long experience in the use of Education Technology (EdTech) and lessons from other countries such as Uruguay have provided valuable lessons on how to achieve expected results in a context of competing priorities. A key lesson is the importance of defining a common objective early on. This means that all stakeholders involved in the Project should have a clear understanding of what they are working towards. Another important aspect is the need for a specific team to drive the change. This team should consist of individuals with technological skillsets, such as engineers and developers, as well as education planners. This combination of expertise ensures that both the technical and educational aspects of the project are properly addressed. 42. **Understanding the key elements for success within the broader political economy is essential.** As highlighted in the Moldova Governance e-Transformation Project (P121231), it is crucial to establish reform at a high strategic level of government to ensure agreement among