ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
During the 2022-2023 school year, a total of 105,295 refugee children were enrolled in schools. This number
includes 7,520 in pre-primary, 75,205 in primary, 24,999 in secondary, and 571 in higher education and
vocational training. The gross enrolment rates for refugees were as follows: 71 per cent in primary, 28 per
cent in secondary, and less than 1 per cent in tertiary education. Refugee enrolment rates at the primary and
tertiary levels remain below those of national students (71 per cent and 1 per cent compared to 91 percent
and 3 per cent respectively), while they are higher than those of national students at the secondary level (28
percent compared to 22 per cent).

Chad continues to have a government-led system to support the integration of refugee children coming
from a different education system (Nigerian and Sudanese refugees) but funded by UNHCR. Local education
authorities organize placement tests and catch-up classes before integrating refugee children into the most
appropriate Chadian school year according to their level, age and other criteria. With new arrivals from
Sudan since April 2023, Sudanese refugee children have been integrated into the existing programme with
ongoing recruitment of new teachers in the main refugee hosting areas.
**Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland**

**Economists have advanced an array of factors that could be causing these macro-level effects. While macro-level**

**regressions show a positive impact of immigration on productivity, they cannot show the exact channels through which**

**these effects come about. It is thus uncertain which are dominant. Among them are:**

# Conclusions

**Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland**
[8] F. N. P. Nimoh, T. P. Beltramo, J. R. Fix, F. K. Appler, U. J. Pape, and L. A. Rios Rivera, ‘Understanding the Socioeconomic Conditions of
the Stateless Shona Community in Kenya: Results from the 2019 Socioeconomic Survey’, Dec. 2020. Accessed: Apr. 02, 2024. [Online].
Available: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/356511608745182603/Understanding-the-Socioeconomic-Conditions-of-the-Stateless-Shona-Community-inKenya-Results-from-the-2019-Socioeconomic-Survey

[9] U. J. Pape _et al._, ‘How COVID-19 Continues to Affect Lives of Refugees in Kenya : Rapid Response Phone Survey - Rounds 1 to 5’, World
Bank Group, Washington, D.C., Policy Note 166098, Oct. 2021. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available:
https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/202201637042522937/pdf/How-COVID-19-Continues-to-Affect-Lives-of-Refugeesin-Kenya-Rapid-Response-Phone-Survey-Rounds-1-to-5.pdf

[10] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and ICF, ‘Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022. Key Indicators Report’, KNBS and ICF,

Nairobi, Kenya, and Rockville, Maryland, USA, 2023. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.knbs.or.ke/wpcontent/uploads/2023/08/Kenya-Demographic-and-Health-Survey-2022-Key-Indicators-Report.pdf
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Outcomes of** **Mental Health and** **Psychosocial** **Support**

Among those who accessed MHPSS, 33% answered “yes” when asked whether they experienced improvement, while 55% reported a “slight” improvement, resulting in a combined positive response rate of 88%.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVED MENTAL HEALTH**

**AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES AND REPORT**

**IMPROVEMENT IN WELL-BEING BY COUNTRY**

Yes Slight No/No, worsening across gender, with older adults aged 60+ reporting the highest improvement rates (93% for women and 94% for men).

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WHO RECEIVED MENTAL HEALTH**

**AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES AND REPORT**

**IMPROVEMENT IN WELL-BEING BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male Regional Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia (N=1,662) 33% 35% 46% 41% 26% 41% 38% 29% 30% 28% 48% 55% 54% 48% 51% 67% 44% 44% 62% 57% 56% 49%
**higher productivity.** In a simplistic
supply-demand framework, the influx of Ukrainian refugees should have caused some Polish workers to become unemployed or leave the labour force, or real wages to fall. This has not happened.
First, among Polish citizens employment rates have grown, and unemployment rates have fallen. Second, poviats in which employment share of Ukrainian refugees has grown by 1 pp., saw 0.5 pp. higher employment rates among Polish citizens, and 0.3 pp. lower unemployment rates.

Third, there is no evidence of lowered wages, in fact the limited available data suggests that Ukrainian refugees may have caused higher wage growth in poviats which they have moved to. These are common findings well documented in academic literature, that as immigrants enter the labour market, native workers specialize in complementary, higher value tasks, which we see empirically in Polish workers moving to more attractive occupational groups. This can be seen in the data, as Polish citizens are moving to better paid occupations. It constitutes a positive shock to productivity which is what counterbalances labour market pressures. [17] Source: Deloitte D.Climate estimates. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

**The main impact of Ukrainian refugees**

**is expanding the economy and putting**
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE negative perceptions of Ukrainian refugees in some host communities including perceived overuse of health services and preferential treatment [6] . As the refugees stay longer, sustainable solutions to meeting health needs of refugees and host communities, including sustainable financing, refugee data integration, integration of the refugee health workforce, and enhanced service delivery including mental health services, are critical.

Through regional multi-agency collaboration, multisector needs assessments have been conducted in refugee-receiving countries since 2022 to collect information on the needs of refugees, including those related to health, nutrition and mental health and psychosocial support. These assessments support partners’ understanding of the level of access to essential services among refugees and outcomes enable governments and partners to identify priorities for the response. In 2024, a social-economic lens was added in assessing the needs of refugees in the SocioEconomic Insights Study (SEIS) conducted in ten countries (Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia).

# Methodology
_Source: Authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**Livelihood opportunities for the Shona community have improved significantly since gaining citizenship,**

**particularly in terms of financial access and job prospects – as well as protection outcomes, such as reduction in**

**harassment by law enforcement.** According to the survey data, over half of the Shona community reported that

citizenship has enhanced their access to banking and mobile wallet services, making it easier for them to save,

invest, and manage their finances. Increased job opportunities were cited by 47 percent of respondents, reflecting

how the ability to present formal identification has opened new avenues for employment and economic

participation. Importantly, 46 percent of the Shona noted a reduction in harassment by law enforcement, which

had previously hindered their movement and limited their economic activities. This improvement has enabled more

individuals to seek employment and conduct business without fear of arbitrary detentions or fines.

_Figure 6: Impacts on receiving citizenship on livelihood opportunities_

_Source: Authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 8
Additionally, 22 private companies pledged to hire 1,200 refugees and to support 15,000 refugees
with trainings and job placement by 2027. Currently, Brazil formally employs around 200,000
refugees and people in need of international protection. Of these, more than 12 thousand are
employed by 55 companies and organizations that are part of the Companies with Refugees
Forum, an initiative started in 2021 by UNHCR and the UN Global Compact – Brazil Chapter. The

UNHCR / October, 2024 9
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

# **Background**

Over three years have elapsed since the start of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, an event which has led to the largest displacement crisis in Europe since World War II. As of the end of 2024, 6.3 million refugees from
[Ukraine were recorded across Europe, close to 2 million of whom are located in ten Regional Refugee](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026)
[Response Plan](https://www.unhcr.org/europe/publications/regional-refugee-response-plan-2025-2026) countries: Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia. This report aims to assess the livelihood situation of this population based on the 2024 round of data collected by the Socio-Economic Insights Survey (SEIS), which received responses from 8,723 households containing 19,803 individuals. Figures for 2023 are derived from a similar exercise [7] conducted in 2023.

# **Key findings**

**Refugee poverty rates remain high, albeit improved from 2023**
pollution from mining and agricultural productivity. The results point toward decreasing

agricultural productivity because of environmental pollution and soil degradation, which could

have negative welfare effects on households that do not engage in mining activities or in

indirectly stimulated sectors. Lower productivity in agriculture could potentially push

households to engage in mining-related sectors, in addition to pull factors such as higher wage

earnings in the stimulated sectors.

We explore the effects of mining activity on employment, earnings, expenditure, and children’s

health outcomes in local communities and in districts with gold mining. We combine the DHS

and GLSS with production data for 17 large-scale gold mines in Ghana. We find that a new

large-scale gold mine changes economic outcomes, such as access to employment and cash

earnings. In addition, it raises local wages and expenditure on housing and energy.

An important welfare indicator in developing countries is infant mortality, and we note a large

and significant decrease in mortality rates among young children, at both the local and district

levels. [1] We hypothesize that increased access to prenatal care is one of the mechanisms behind

the increased survival rate.

---
[1] In the 2010 Ghana population census average district size is 112,000
activities, either by increasing or decreasing activity in the close geographic area, we will end

up estimating the impact of these sectors jointly. In a later stage, should the opportunity arise,

we encourage researchers to try to disentangle the effects of small-scale and large-scale mining.

**3 Data**

To conduct this analysis, we combine different data sources using spatial analysis. The main

mining data is a dataset from InterraRMG covering all large-scale mines in Ghana, explained

in more detail in section 3.1. This dataset is linked to survey data from the DHS and GLSS,

using spatial information. Geographical coordinates of enumeration areas in GLSS are from

Ghana Statistical Services (GSS). [2] Point coordinates (global positioning system [GPS]) for the

surveyed DHS clusters [3] allow us to match all individuals to one or several mineral mines. We

do this in two ways.

First, we calculate distance spans from an exact mine location given by its GPS coordinates,

and match surveyed individuals to mines. These are concentric circles with radiuses of 10, 20,

and 30 kilometers (km), and so on, up to 100 km and beyond. In the baseline analysis where

---
[2] The data was shared by Aragón and Rud (2013)
[3] Both the DHS and GLSS enumeration area coordinates have a 1-5 km offset. The DHS clusters have up to
The new asylum legislation provides a robust legal framework for guaranteeing access to justice for
refugees and asylum-seekers. This includes outlining specific provisions regarding legal assistance and
judicial assistance to permit access to justice, legal representation and enforcement of ruling. It is important
[to consider this framework in conjunction with Law 021-PR-2019 on legal aid and judicial assistance, which](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609f00834.html)
was enacted in 2019, though not fully operational in absence of an implementing decree. Article 27 of the
[2020 Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) recognizes the refugee right to access Chadian Courts. The same provision also provides
for treatment regarding access to judicial assistance on par with nationals and exempts refugees from
providing a financial deposit to Courts (caution judicatum solvi) applicable to ordinary foreigners.

[Article 65 of the 2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) further outlines that refugees and asylum-seekers enjoy access to Court on par
with nationals. Additionally, the 2023 Decree outlines the rights of asylum-seekers and refugees to access judicial
assistance and legal assistance in the conditions outlined by the law. A specific legal provision of the 2023
Decree also details the different modalities composing legal aid accessible to refugees and asylum-seekers
_UNHCR   Discussion   Paper   –15   June   2013_

5. Returning   refugees   and   IDPs   and   receiving/hosting   communities   have

opportunities   to   (re-­‐)establish   meaningful   and   productive   lives,   through   access
to   livelihoods   opportunities.
6. IDPs   and   returned   refugee,   together   with   the   communities   receiving   or   hosting

them   enjoy   key   socio-­‐economic   rights,   including   access   to   shelter,   education   and
health   and   other   services   and   infrastructure.

**9.** **KEY   ASSUMPTIONS   AND   RISKS**

With   the   understanding   that   a   more   in-­‐depth   analysis   is   needed,   the   following   is   a   list   of
key   assumptions   and   risks   that   need   to   be   taken   into   consideration   prior   to   planning
durable   solutions   programming   in   the   South-­‐East:

- The   peace   process   remains   one   of   the   Government’s   main   priorities   including
adequately   addressing   the   current   situations   in   Kachin   and   Rakhine.   Much   will
also   depend   on   the   agreements   that   are   reached   with   the   different   armed   groups
and   the   level   of   political,   economic   and   cultural   autonomy   they   could   retain.   Any
on-­‐going   armed   clashes   and/or   protection   incidents   could   derail   progress   made
so   far.
The   proposed   five   phases   reflect   different   stages   in   IDP   operations,   and   in   the   refugee
repatriation   and   reintegration   process,   with   each   corresponding   to   incrementally
increasing   resource   requirements   for   UNHCR   and   its   operational   partners.

- Phase   1: Strengthening   of   IDP   operations   and   preparation   for   refugee   return
while   providing   integrated   assistance   to   spontaneous   returnees;

- Phase   2: Expansion   of   integrated   support   to   spontaneous   returnees   and   their
communities   while   enhancing   preparedness;

- Phase   3: Refugee   repatriation   and   initial   reintegration   operations;

- Phase   4: Consolidation   of   reintegration   operations;   and

- Phase   5: Reintegration   operations   are   scaled   down   and   phased   out.

**8.** **OBJECTIVES**

General   operational   objectives   are:

1. Refugees   are   empowered   to   make   an   informed   choice   on   whether   to   return,   and

if   so,   when   and   to   where,   including   through   the   provision   of   accurate   and   up   to
date   information   on   the   situation   in   areas   of   potential   return.
2. Refugees   and   IDPs   have   the   opportunity   to   determine   which   solution(s)   are

most   appropriate   for   them,   and   to   participate   fully   in   the   assessment,   design   and
delivery   of   durable   solutions   programmes,   using   an   age,   gender   and   diversity
mainstreaming   approach.
3. Legal   frameworks   are   in   place   that   guarantee   the   rights   of   IDPs   and   returning
UNHCR Indonesia is working to expand access to complementary pathways for refugees in the country
and provides information and guidance to refugees who may be eligible for these programs. Solutions
through complementary pathways have increased in recent years, from no individual departures on
pathways in 2020 to over 300 departures in 2023. UNHCR recognizes and amplifies the link between
access to education, skills building, and empowerment activities in Indonesia with improved access to
education and labour mobility pathways in third countries. In this way, continued success with these
pathways also serves to reinforce and enhance advocacy with Indonesian authorities on the
importance of access to opportunities while in Indonesia. Since mid-2021, UNHCR has collaborated
with Talent Beyond Boundaries (TBB) on a project that matches refugee candidates in Indonesia with
employers in Australia and Canada to offer employment and a pathway to residency through labour
mobility. In 2023, 328 individuals departed on a sponsorship pathway, eight refugees departed to a
third country on family reunification, and seven refugees departed to Canada and Australia on labour
mobility programs.

### **Solutions - Voluntary Repatriation**
Considering   that   decades   of   conflict,   displacement   and   poverty   have   weakened
traditional   community   support   and   leadership   structures   will   be   important   that   the
capacities   of   communities,   as   well   as   local   partners   such   as   local   NGOs,   CBOs   and
border-­‐based   groups   working   out   of   Thailand,   are   effectively   harnessed   in   support   of
durable   solutions.      In   particular   border-­‐based   organisations   represent   critical   assets
that   are   complementary   to   the   traditional   agencies.   The   networks   and   working
relationships   that   Thai-­‐based   organisations,   which   have   been   working   with   the   refugee
and   IDP   communities   for   about   30   years,   have   developed   with   displaced   communities
will   be   invaluable   in   building   trust   and   providing   services.

The   scope   of   activities   required   is   likely   to   be   significant   and   will   require   prioritized
attention   and   significant   donor   support.   Early   support   to   kick-­‐start   the   reintegration
process   that   will   address   immediate   needs   (initial   phases)   should   transition   to   medium
and   longer   term   development   projects   (consolidation   phase)   to   ensure   the   achievement
of   sustainable   reintegration   and   eventually   lead   to   a   measurable   UNHCR   disengagement.

12
# **HIGH EMPLOYMENT** **RATES, BUT LOW** **WAGES: A POVERTY** **ASSESSMENT OF** **UKRAINIAN REFUGEES** **IN NEIGHBORING** **COUNTRIES**

## **An inter-agency exploration of** **socio-economic data** March 2025
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## Appendix: Modelling strategy

##### Compared to refugees in other countries, Ukrainians in Poland show high employment rates, making their economic impact more positive and comparable to immigrants in general. Most of the migration economics literature quoted in this appendix refers to all immigrants, not just refugees.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **“Canonical model” and recent advances**
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Summary of** **findings and** **recommendations**

Overall, refugee households from Ukraine are facing a high degree of economic vulnerability, with half of them falling below the poverty line [1] based on reported income. Factoring in accommodation support (provided either via host governments, local homeowners, or other arrangements) as an indirect source of income, reduces the poverty rate to 32%, demonstrating the importance of such interventions.
The level of access to regular [2] employment is a key factor influencing the financial wellbeing of households, highlighting the significance of economic inclusion. Despite a predominantly vulnerable population profile (35% of families consist of a single adult woman with dependents, and the overall age dependency ratio [3] stands at 61%), labor force participation rates among refugees are comparable to those of host country nationals.
However, unemployment rates remain alarmingly high at 14%. Additionally, gender gaps are

---
[1] Defined as being composed of members whose equivalized income is below 50% of the national median
[2] Defined in the survey as working for an employer full- or part-time on a regular basis, as opposed to temporary work or selfemployment
[3] Defined as the ratio of people younger than 15 and older than 64 to the 15-64 cohort
Third, cross-section regression analysis shows that poviats with a higher number of Ukrainian refugees saw a greater increase in wages, which was caused by larger share of refugees in local employment.
Due to limitations in the wage dataset, our calculations incorporated yearly data.
Cross-section models were estimated using a data sample for all 380 poviats in 2023.
The share of Ukrainian refugees among all employed, temporarily employed, and self-employed persons insured at ZUS in a given poviat was averaged across quarters to construct a yearly variable. The wage variable is the GUS data series on gross monthly wages and salaries [30], and taken as nominal change in 2023 from 2022.
The ordinary least squares cross-section model shows that in 2023, a 1 percentage point increase in the employment share of Ukrainian refugees was associated with an increase in wages of PLN 66. Given that in a mean poviat gross wage growth amounted to PLN 757 and the gross wage in the previous year was PLN 5,803, wages have grown by 13.1% in nominal terms (including inflation), of which 0.7 percentage points were associated with Ukrainian refugees (considering the fact that the employment share of the Ukrainian refugees in a mean poviat was 0.61%).

---
[30] Unfortunately, GUS data for these time periods and poviat level include the enterprise sector (firms that employ 10 or more persons) and public sector, which is
**2. Support economic integration and empowerment of the Shona community through targeted financial inclusion**

**programs and skills development initiatives.**

The Government of Kenya, in collaboration with development partners, is encouraged to implement tailored

financial inclusion strategies to help the newly recognized Shona citizens access credit, savings, and insurance

products that are crucial for business growth and household resilience. Establishing entrepreneurship training

programs, mentorship networks, and providing access to capital for small and medium-sized enterprises would

empower the Shona community to leverage their skills in wood carving, basket weaving, and other economic

activities. Additionally, promoting employment opportunities in the formal sector for Shona individuals through job

placement services and partnerships with the private sector will ensure that the community’s transition to full

citizenship is accompanied by tangible improvements in income and welfare.

**3. Reaffirm and expand Kenya’s commitment to eradicating statelessness by adopting a comprehensive national**

**strategy.**

Building on the success of granting citizenship to the Makonde, Shona, and Pemba communities, a National Action

Plan to identify and resolve remaining cases of statelessness, including the estimated 9,800 individuals who remain

stateless, offers many benefits. This strategy should include amending the relevant Sections of the Kenya