ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
4. Access to National Public Services

In practical terms, a formal State led system for recognizing foreign diplomas of refugees and foreigners does
exist through an authentication mechanism led by the National Office for Higher Education Examinations
and Competitions (Office National des Examens et Concours du Supérieur - ONECS). Regarding driving
licenses, only Chadian driving licenses can be obtained through ANATS after fulfilling ANATS requirements.

### **4. Access to National Public Services**

The new asylum legislation guarantees the right to health, education, public assistance and public relief for
refugees and asylum-seekers in possession of their individual documentation on par with nationals of Chad.

**4.1** **Education**

Article 21 of the [2020 Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) specifies that every refugee or asylum-seeker in possession of individual
documentation enjoys the right to education and vocational training under the same conditions as nationals.
[The same is reiterated by Article 65 of the 2023 Decree. Despite not explicitly mentioning asylum-seekers](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
in its wording, Article 32 of the 2020 Law and Article 75 of the 2023 Decree should be interpreted in the
spirit of Article 21 of the law and Article 65 of the Decree that asylum-seekers are equally entitled to the
same treatment as nationals regarding education.
The government of Brazil has taken steps towards the recognition of the central role played by
local authorities in protecting and promoting local integration of forcibly displaced persons. In
November 2023 the Ministry of Justice and Public Security has launched the "National Network
of Welcoming Cities - Red Nacional de Cidades Acolhedoras" with the objective of strengthening
dialogue and actions around public policies and programs for migrants, refugees and stateless
people. UNHCR has since 2020 being supporting the Cities of Solidarity initiative in Brazil helping
sharing experiences among the network of cities forming part of initiative and has recognized best
practices from 17 municipalities.

In recent year, Brazil has experienced an increasing number of climate disasters, which have been
more frequent and severe and have been affecting a growing number of people, including
populations already displaced in Brazil. The Government is developing a Climate Plan as well as
risk reduction, adaptation, and resilience plans, which takes into account displacement impact;
while the legislative branch is discussing bills to regulate and respond to internal displacement.
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland impacts of immigration reviewed in the This outcome is rather modest compared Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity to a cross-country panel model estimated of capital remained the same and the in an IMF report, in which a 1.7% Ukrainian

## 3. population of Poland increased more refugee share in the adult population of

than the number of workers (primarily by Poland should eventually result in about Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on 3.4% higher GDP per capita (Jaumotte GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%. et al., 2016).

## Economic impact of Chart 17. Gross domestic product growth paths with and without Ukrainian refugees

Deloitte D.Climate model calibrated to the Ministry of Finance GDP growth forecast.

140

## Ukrainian refugees

impacts of immigration reviewed in the Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity of capital remained the same and the population of Poland increased more than the number of workers (primarily by Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%.
_Note:_ Figure 5 shows the main treatment coefficients ( _active*mine_ ) using the baseline estimation strategy (with
DHS individual-level data; see table 4 for more information) in the top panel, but with different cutoffs (10 km,
20 km, 30 km, 40 km, and 50 km). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. The bottom panel shows the result using a
spatial lag model that divided the plane into different treatment bins (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 40–50) and compares
them with farther away. Panel A shows the result for nonmigrants, and panel B shows the result for migrants.

**6.2 Access to infrastructure and health care**

Another source of heterogeneity is asset ownership and access to infrastructure. Table 8 shows

that fewer households have electricity in active mining communities, but they spend less time

fetching water and are more likely to own a radio (all estimates are statistically insignificant,

however). There is no change in the likelihood of having a flush toilet. Moreover, it seems that

households are just as likely to have access to a pit toilet as not having a toilet (and instead

use a bucket, bush, and so forth).

**Table 8 OLS estimates for ownership of assets and access to infrastructure**
To facilitate trend monitoring, the questionnaires were standardized across all countries, ensuring consistency in the majority of indicators between 2023 and 2024. Since the 2023 regional survey did not include data from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, values for these countries were excluded from the 2023–2024 comparison. To maintain accuracy, only valid responses were included in the calculations, with responses such as ‘prefer not to answer’ or ‘do not know’ excluded. To facilitate interpretation, certain response options were consolidated into broader categorical variables.

To protect data privacy and maintain confidentiality, informed consent was obtained and documented from all participants, with clear explanations provided regarding the purpose and use of the data. The complete questionnaires, along with the consolidated anonymized dataset, are available in the [UNHCR Microdata Library.](https://microdata.unhcr.org/index.php/catalog/?page=1&from=2023&to=2024&region%5B%5D=3&ps=100)

# Limitations

This analysis has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, due to sampling constraints (lack of complete sampling frame) and the non-probabilistic selection of respondents, the results may not fully represent the entire Ukrainian refugee population. Additionally, the choice of sampling locations may have introduced a bias toward more vulnerable segments of the population. Variations in sampling approaches and data collection periods across countries can also affect comparability.
**in Poland.** According to the SEIS survey,
Ukrainian refugees with master’s and PhD degrees earn a 22% higher median net wage than those with only secondary education. This appears to be a small gain, even accounting for the fact that, generally, the differences between median wages are less pronounced than between average wages (which are pulled higher by top incomes) and that our method of wage estimation based on SEIS household incomes [26] flattens the distribution.
According to the most recent estimate in October 2022, in the economy as a whole, the average gross wage of master’s and PhD degree holders was 84% higher than those with only secondary education. [27]

**Most Ukrainian refugees work in**

**a different sector than previously**

**in Ukraine, which also points to**
As of the end of 2023, 5.9 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded across Europe, close to 2 million of whom are in the countries covered by the
[Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRP)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105903) [5] . To better understand their evolving situation, unpack risks and vulnerabilities and inform planning across sectors, Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessments (MSNA) were conducted under the RRP between June and September 2023 by UNHCR’s Regional Bureau for Europe and its Inter-Agency partners. This publication focuses on the results for livelihoods and socio-economic inclusion and attempts to draw conclusions based on survey data of 11,496 households (and 26,857 individuals) living in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.

### **Socio-economic** **inclusion – key** **findings**

**Refugee households demonstrate a high degree**

**of economic vulnerability**
The MSNA survey data demonstrates that refugee households from Ukraine are characterized by a high degree of economic vulnerability. On an individual basis, half live with an equivalized disposable income [6] that falls below 50% of the host population median [7] (a commonly used poverty threshold). This contrasts with just 9% of nationals belonging to the same income bracket.

**THE POVERTY RATE** **[1]** **OF REFUGEES VERSUS HOST**

---
[7] Based on [OECD data from 2021, which was indexed by the CPI for 2022 and 2023 for each respective country](https://stats.oecd.org/)
The high employment rate of refugees in Poland covers not only employees, but also entrepreneurs. Five percent of Ukrainian refugees registered for social security have set up a business or work as freelancers. Similar results can be gleaned from the Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Poland 2023 survey results, which show that slightly more than 5% of respondent households receive income from selfemployment or similar activities.

All broad sectors of the economy saw an increase in the number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship and social insurance since 2021, apart from storage and transportation. The number increased the most in manufacturing (almost by 34 thousand), accommodation and food (more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand). [11] While public data does not distinguish between refugees entering these sectors and pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing jobs, it is largely consistent with the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, in which the most refugees are employed in manufacturing (14%), accommodation and food service (12%), and trade and repair (6%).

Ukrainian refugee households in Poland

---
[11] According to the social security data until 30th September 2023.
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**BARRIERS TO ACCESSING SRH SERVICES**

Long waiting times Could not afford transport Lack of knowledge Could not afford clinic fee Unable make appointment Language barrier Could not afford hospital Do not trust local provider Lack health insurance No means of transport (N=363) 33% 23% 22% 19% 18% 15% 12% 11% 10% 7% In urban areas, financial barriers, such as transportation costs and clinic fees, were the most reported obstacles to accessing SRH services. In contrast, women in rural settings faced challenges primarily related to knowledge of services, appointment-making and language barriers.

**Barriers in accessing SRH care for different**

**groups**
The number of respondents who faced barriers in accessing SRH services in the adolescent, youth, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and persons with disabilities categories was low, and data needs to be interpreted with caution. However, the findings offer valuable insights into the experiences of individuals in these categories.
Many of the refugees that settled in Poland remain in special needs or otherwise precarious households. According to the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, nearly half of all refugee households have a person with a chronic illness, while in nearly 10% there is a disabled person (Washington Group level 3 disability). In over a third of all households is a single parent and over a fifth houses an elderly person (10% of households are comprised of exclusively elderly people).

households with persons with chronic ilness households with a single parent households with one or more older persons households with disabled individuals households exclusively with elderly
1. Host Communities

Even though the [Law 021-PR-2019 on legal aid and judicial assistance was enacted in 2019, its implementation](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609f00834.html)
has been stalled due to the absence of an implementing Decree. Chad is planning to commit to adopting
this Decree at the 2023 December Global Forum on Refugees.

Furthermore, it also important to note that the new asylum legislation enacted during the prescribed period
has also incorporated a few provisions to promote peaceful coexistence including through securing the
right of refugees and asylum-seekers to access State legal aid services to prevent and/or resolve conflict.
Citizenship and Immigration Act to remove the time-limitation for registration of stateless persons and align the

definition of a stateless person with the definition in the 1954 Convention; acceding to the two UN statelessness

conventions and ratification of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Specific

Aspects of the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa; enhancing birth registration

systems to prevent future statelessness; simplifying procedures for nationality application and documentation; and

implementing community outreach programs to raise awareness about the rights and entitlements of citizenship.

The Kenyan government is also encouraged to continue its leadership on this issue by advocating for regional and

international cooperation to address statelessness, including sharing best practices and lessons learned from its

national experience.

**4. Promote international collaboration and investment to support stateless populations in gaining nationality and**

**legal identity and accessing essential services.**

Governments, international organizations, and development agencies should work together to ensure stateless

individuals receive the support needed to obtain nationality and legal documentation. This includes nationality law

and policy changes enabling stateless people to acquire nationality, investing in robust and inclusive civil registration
**violence**
Services for survivors of gender-based violence encompass a range of functions, including safety and security, legal assistance, healthcare, mental health and psychosocial support. A critical component is access to clinical management of rape to ensure timely medical treatment and care.
As this service is provided by the health care sector, as part of SRH, it is included in this analysis.

The SEIS identified gaps in awareness about on available GBV services. In 2024, 38% of respondents were unaware of health services providing support to GBV survivors in their area, while 58% were unaware of available psychosocial support services. Respondents were less aware of health services in rural areas (45%) compared to urban areas (37%). Key barriers to accessing GBV-related services in general included lack of awareness (58%), language and cultural barriers (53%) and stigma/ shame (46%). This indicates that additional coordinated efforts between the health, protection and GBV working groups and partners are required to enable access to all lifesaving GBV-related services including clinical management of rape.

**17**
Indonesia’s new president and vice president were inaugurated in October 2024. This new
government offers an opportunity to renew and expand Indonesia’s humanitarian leadership on
refugee issues. The country is a regional and global power – the fourth largest country by population
in the world, the largest majority Muslim country in the world, the largest economy in southeast Asia,
and recent leadership roles as the President of the G20 and the Chair of ASEAN. Advocacy efforts will
seek to ensure Indonesia does not solely embrace political, economic, and military leadership, but that
the country also showcases independent humanitarian leadership – particularly on refugee issues.

### **UN Common Pledge**

The UN Common Pledge offers new opportunities to strengthen the protection environment in
Indonesia. At the 2023 Global Refugee Forum, several agencies in the UN Country Team (UNHCR, IOM,
UNFPA, WHO, UNDP, ILO, UNICEF, FAO, and UNESCO) pledged to provide guidance, technical support,
and advocacy to enable refugee inclusion in Indonesia in four key areas: education, health, selfreliance, and birth registration. UNHCR will work closely with these agencies in 2024 and beyond to
secure inclusive policies and an enabling protection environment in the country.

### **Enhancing Engagement with Refugees**
In effect, immigrants increase not just the size of the economy, that is the gross domestic product, but its productivity as well. While this has been well documented on the macroeconomic level, showing the existence of the effect, the exact channels remain unclear. Jaumotte et al. (2016) in an IMF report show that an increase of 1 percentage point in the share of immigrants in the adult population increases GDP per capita by 2% in a sample of 18 developed OECD countries during the period from 1980 to 2010. It should be noted that this model would yield much higher estimates for Ukrainian refugees than those presented in this appendix, given that they currently constitute 2% of Poland’s adult population. Aleksynska and
**tant participated in a two-day MHPSS**

**coaching organized by PAHO and led**

**by an international IASC consultant.**

This coaching, held during the second

week of October, aimed to strengthen the

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support

Technical Working Group’s role by eval
uating its work plan, achievements, and

the next steps. The coaching agenda

intended to bring accompaniment and

advice to people with coordination

functions for the implementation of an

MHPSS strategy in their organizations,

agencies, and clusters.

These efforts represent a significant

inter-institutional initiative to empower

professionals in the field, providing

knowledge and tools essential for effi
cient organizational functionality during

humanitarian emergencies. Following

these activities, the working group plans

to implement its work plan, emphasizing

MHPSS as a cross-cutting topic in the

humanitarian architecture.

**XIV. Impact Stories of Series:**

**September and October**

_a. Premiere Urgence Internationale (PUI)_

_(September):_ The subnational cluster of

Bolívar, in coordination with the national

PC, visited PUI's activities in Casaco
ima, Delta Amacuro state. PUI's project

focuses on improving living conditions

through mental health, physical health,

and WASH. Beneficiaries of the project

were interviewed for a better under
standing of the projects’ impact. The

interviews confirmed how mental and
While there have been some important advancements in refugee inclusion in Indonesia, the
characterization of the refugee experience in Indonesia as a transient one creates little impetus for
policy makers to develop comprehensive and inclusive protection policies. For refugees, resettlement
expectations have discouraged engagement in constructive experiences in Indonesia, including
education, training, skills building, and self-empowerment opportunities; fostered a sense of
unfairness, anxiety, and frustration; led to a deterioration in mental health; and eroded trust in UNHCR
and partners.  UNHCR’s efforts to work with and for the refugee community are also undermined by
the unique focus on resettlement in the country, impacting outreach and communication efforts, the
prioritization of human and financial resources, staff security, and programming.

### **Lack of Access to Opportunities for Economic Empowerment**

Refugees are unable to work legally in Indonesia, creating economic vulnerabilities and compounding
protection risks for the refugee population. In addition to economic insecurity, lack of access to work
impacts refugees in a number of ways: informal work experiences may render refugees vulnerable to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 7
UNHCR will continue to expand the ways in which we engage with refugees in 2024 and 2025. A
cornerstone of these activities is the rollout of the Digital Gateway, a corporate self-service tool being
piloted in Indonesia that will address many of the concerns of the refugee community, as well as the
geographic challenges in Indonesia, by providing a platform through which refugees can remotely
communicate with UNHCR, view their bio-data, update contact information, book appointments for
services, and obtain updates on case processing status.

In addition to the Digital Gateway, UNHCR is strengthening tools of engagement and communication
with the refugee community following several years of more limited contact resulting from COVID
restrictions and security challenges in the field. These initiatives include re-instituting walk-in
counseling at the UNHCR reception center; revitalizing the UNHCR HELP website; expanding refugee
Town Halls to respond to queries and share information; undertaking regular outreach missions to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 9
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTED WITH A CHRONIC ILLNESS**

**AND THOSE WITH DISABILITY LEVEL 3 AND ABOVE**

Chronicle illness Disability level 3 and above

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male 23% 23% Regional Czechia Estonia Lithuania Latvia Poland Slovakia Hungary Bulgaria Moldova Romania 3% 3% 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=18,679) Regionally, 26% of individuals self-reported a chronic illness (5,384 individuals out of a sample of 19,622), with rates ranging from 17% in Czechia to 34% in Moldova and Romania, closely followed by Bulgaria at 32%. Chronic illnesses increase with age, with 77% of individuals over 60 reporting a chronic condition (78% of women, 72% of men).
Regionally, women above the age of 35 selfreported a higher rate of chronic illness compared to men.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS BY AGE AND**

**GENDER**

Female Male (Chronic Illness N=19,622, Disability N=18,679)
## **HELPING HANDS** THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

#### An inter-agency exploration of socio-economic data April 2024
and other forms of violence. Beneficia
ries mentioned that they feel grateful for

all the work of FPM and wish that more

communities could benefit from such

sensitizations and trainings, which are

relevant to the daily realities they expe
rience.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1689/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-de-socios-cluster-de-proteccion-octubre-2023)

**XV. Protection Service Mapping**

**Revisions and Edits**

**In line with the Protection Cluster’s**

**efforts to guarantee a functioning and**

**updated service mapping, together**

**with the UNHCR IM Unit, the Pro-**

**tection Service Mapping database**

**underwent a comprehensive review**

**and** **update** **in** **September** **and**
**REFUGEE VS HOST EMPLOYMENT RATES BY COUNTRY**

Refugee (2023) Refugee (2024) Host (2023) 76% 76% 76% 62% Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region Note: For comparability, employment rates for host countries have been recalculated assuming a similar gender distribution to that of refugees Source: ILO, survey data 14. The employment rate is defined as the number of employed or self-employed individuals of working age (15-64) as a share of the total number of people in this age group 15. The labor force is defined as the number of people that are either employed or unemployed

**10**