ai4data/datause-dataset-rechunked huggingface dataset:
we would have liked a sample to include data from the same households before and after the reform. The fact that NBS changed its panel of households in 2011 makes this impossible. The ability to use two panel data sets, each with multiple observations per household before and after the reform, still allows us to control for time-invariant household characteristics. [10] This implies that we can use a triple-difference approach that focuses on changes between the first and second panel period for the same households between treated and non-treated households in pre- and post-reform periods. Given the involvement of supervisors resident in the sample villages and the use of detailed logbooks to record consumption on a daily basis (Chen and Ravallion 1996), NBS data on consumption are considered of exceptionally high quality (Jalan and Ravallion 1999). Beyond information on consumption, the survey includes (less precise) data on income and individual members’ labor supply to farm or off-farm activities, migration, income from different sources, and an account of agricultural output and inputs. We also have data on key village characteristics including total working age population, agricultural land, and distance to public health and education facilities to control for village level time-varying
direct and indirect human actions. Fifth, we have not estimated the net present value of the coastal wetland loss over a period of time. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 summarizes the data sources and describes the methodology. Section 3 presents area estimates of wetlands at risk from sea-level rise (SLR) as well as the economic value of these projected losses. Section 4 briefly concludes. ##### **Data and Methodology** ###### **II.1 Data** In order to assess the exposure of wetlands at risk from SLR, we employed Geographic Information System (GIS) software to overlay the area of the wetlands with the inundation zones projected for 1m SLR. We have used the best available spatially-disaggregated global data sets from various sources, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the US Geological survey (USGS), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and the Dynamic and Interactive Assessment of National, Regional and Global Vulnerability of Coastal Zones to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise (DINAS-Coast) project. In particular: _Country boundaries and regions and coastlines_ . Country coastlines were extracted from the World Vector Shoreline, a standard National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (formerly Defense Mapping Agency) product at a nominal scale of 1:250,000.
vulnerability to flooding, drought, and landslides and their adaptation and resilience priorities; (b) climate-sensitive planning; and (c) climate-resilient infrastructure standards for local government authorities and community institutions, including energy efficiency and renewable energy in schools and health facilities to respond to climate risks. Targeted capacity building will be provided for women in the community committees to strengthen their capacity to engage. 29. _Sub-component 1.3: Displacement Crisis Response Mechanism (DCRM) (US$10 million)._ The DCRM is a contingency financing mechanism for RHDs that experience large refugee inflows. Funds from this sub-component will be rapidly disbursed to districts that reach pre-agreed population triggers in terms of children per school classroom, patients per health facility, and people per water point. The DCRM financing will be used for infrastructure construction, upgrading or rehabilitation to expand education, health, and water service capacity in districts experiencing public service pressure caused by large refugee inflows. The DCRM triggers, eligible expenditures, and other details will be defined in an updated DCRM Manual for Phase II, approval of which by the World Bank is a disbursement condition. The sub-component will: (a) fund data collection to measure strains on schools, health facilities, and water points in the RHDs; and (b) finance
the needs of communities to intensify their coping strategies including livelihood-seeking activities that may expose them to ED risks. The application of the [sanctions in progress following the coup in Niger could increase the cost of living](https://ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/COMMUNIQUE-FINAL-CINQUANTE-ET-UNIEME-SOMMET-EXTRAORDINAIRE-DE-LA-CONFERENCE-DES-CHEFS-DETAT-ET-DE-GOUVERNEMENT-DE-LA-CEDEAO-SUR-LA-SITUATION-POLITIQUE-AU-NIGER.pdf) and increase the vital needs of already vulnerable populations. This new situation would expose them to the risk of enrolment in NSAG for a salary and therefore increase the capacity of NSAG in the installation of ED. In addition, the population could intensify their survival strategies by engaging in several types of activities to adapt to the high cost of living, including the search for subsistence in areas potentially affected by ED. Consequently, an upsurge in ED incidents is very likely. ## **III. Major challenges in mine action interventions (MA)** Graph4. Mapping of MA activities, 30 juin 2023 In January 2023, the Protection Cluster launched a joint initiative of mapping protection interventions including mine action. The analysis of the data resulting from this mapping combined with the analysis of the protection response monitoring data brought out the observation below: - Only two protection actors have interventions in MA which cover only a few localities of the 7 out of 11 departments affected by
The World Bank Economic Review 695 BASIX conducts marketing visits through village meetings and door-to-door visits. The first step is to hold a group meeting in the village, where potential customers are shown a marketing video that includes details about rainfall insurance (and other BASIX products). It then speaks with visitors and answers questions. The BASIX team then makes a follow-up visit where it goes door to door, trying to sell BASIX products, including rainfall insurance. Data The data set consists of the entire set of BASIX’s purchasers of rainfall index insurance from 2005 through 2007, which covers six states. [3] Though it ran small pilots in 2003 and 2004, BASIX began to mass-market rainfall insurance starting in 2005. The data contain limited personal information about each customer, including their location, how many policies they purchased, and what payouts they received during that season. The BASIX data covers 42 weather stations and includes a total of 19,882 customers during the period 2005–2007. [4] After numerous rainfall shocks in 2006, BASIX realized that many customers who had purchased only a small amount of insurance were disappointed that they received small payouts. In response, BASIX instituted a rule in 2007 that required
highly-developed. The resulting composite indicator for South Africa (8.49) is about 2.5 times Chad’s indicator value (3.44). Kenya has about the same composite indicator value as South Africa (8.35), but the indicator components are quite different. Kenya’s environmental indicator (2.39) is somewhat more than half of South Africa’s (4.24), but Kenya’s institutional problem indicator (3.5) is about 1.8 times South Africa’s. As a result, the products of the two indicators are nearly the same for the two countries. Of the four countries, Nigeria has by far the largest composite indicator value (25.29) because of the size of its overall environmental indicator (8.43). the equal-weighted index. Our results show that correlations among the indicators remain at .95 or higher, over a broad range of plausible definitions. 7
that net receipts from these schemes were, if anything, lower to for households inside the prefecture boundary than outside. Treatment and control areas may already have followed different growth trajectories before reforms. The standard way to check whether may have been the case is to test for parallel trends. [13] As discussed in detail below, we cannot reject the hypothesis of no significant differences in pre-reform trends between households inside and outside the border for overall household welfare and the share of income derived from agriculture non-farm employment, migration, and local wages and, with one exception, individuals’ time use, and agricultural yields and profits. Some significant pre-reform trends exist, however, with respect to use of agricultural inputs and crop choice. They point towards marked declines in agricultural assets ( 18% in Chengdu vs. +35% in villages outside the prefecture boundary) and use of inputs (-38% vs. -16%). Output shares of wheat and other grains increased and those of oil crops decreased in Chengdu while the opposite was true for households in neighboring counties. Also, key interventions in place during the period of concern are a new rural pension scheme (Lei _et al._ 2013), cooperative medical scheme (Wagstaff _et al._ 2009),
price increasing profitability and extending life length. The expansion across artisanal small-, medium-, and large-scale mining contributed to an increase in total production that rose from 541,147 oz in 1990 to 3,119,823 oz in 2009 according official Ghana statistics (Bloch and Owusu, 2012). This production increase led to an increased sector contribution to GDP from 4,83% (1990) to 5,78% (2009), alongside export value of US$304m in 1990, US$702m in 2000, and US$2246 m in 2008, reaching 43% of national exports in 2008. Mining related foreign direct investment (FDI) also rose from US$165m to US$762m between 1995 and 2009. Mining was the dominating sector with between 48% and 94% of mining FDI to total FDI from 1995 to 2007, until the country saw an incredible increase in non-mining foreign direct investment (Bloch and Owusu, 2012), following the discovery of oil in 2007. 4
counterfactual, and does not allow quantification of benefits in a way that can be compared to the cost of the intervention. To provide these and, in doing so, draw out the implications of the experiment in a more systematic manner, more systematic survey evidence is needed. **2.3 Analytical approach and data sources** We use panel data from the National Bureau of Statistics’ regular household survey in 7 counties adjacent to the border of Chengdu prefecture (3 counties inside and 4 outside the boundary), [9] as illustrated in figure 1 to assess household-level effects of Chengdu’s property rights reform on household welfare, time use, inputs into and productivity of agricultural production. A modified regression discontinuity design whereby reform effects are identified by comparing between counties located just inside the prefecture border who were affected by the reform and otherwise comparable ones just outside the border who were not is applied. Ideally, we would have liked a sample to include data from the same households before and after the reform. The fact that NBS changed its panel of households in 2011 makes this impossible. The ability to use two panel data sets, each with multiple observations per household before and after the
Policy Research Working Paper 7388 ### **Abstract** As part of a national experiment in 2008, Chengdu pre fecture implemented ambitious property rights reforms, including complete registration of all land together with measures to ease transferability and eliminate migration restrictions. A triple difference approach using the Statistics Bureau’s regular household panel suggests that the reforms increased consumption and income, especially for less wealthy and less educated households, with estimated benefits well above the cost of implementation. Local labor supply increased, with the young shifting toward agriculture and the old toward off-farm employment. Agricultural yields, intensity of input use, and diversity of output also increased. Improving property rights in peri-urban China appears to have increased investment and diversification. This paper is a product of the Agriculture and Rural Development Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The authors may be contacted at kdeininger@worldbank.org. _The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development_
salinization, and pesticide exposure, which risk human and animal health. 77. **The Social risk is rated as Substantial.** Component 1 activities, such as Cash for Nutrition, Productive Inclusion, strengthening the social registry, and distributing community resilience kits, may present risks of elite capture, social conflict, and excluding vulnerable individuals like women, young mothers, and persons with disabilities due to inadequate beneficiary targeting. These activities might also increase risks of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual Harassment (SEA/SH), corruption, fraud, and theft from households receiving benefits and kits. Additional risks include poor stakeholder engagement, weak grievance management, exclusion from beneficiary lists, payment delays, road safety especially of project workers, and insufficient enforcement and training for Codes of Conduct. 78. **Component 2.1 will finance developing and rehabilitating essential infrastructure in rural communities of Dikhil** **and refugee-hosting areas in Ali Addeh, Holl Holl, and Obock**, aiming to increase access to services like electrification, water and sanitation, renewable energy, health and education facilities, roads, and utilities. Risks related to land acquisition and physical and/or economic displacement are unknown, but activities causing these risks are expected to be ineligible for financing. Some key risks under this component include: SEA/SH from labor/project workers in remote areas; accidents from
The data for our study come from the 2005/2006 Uganda National Household Survey (UNHS), fieldwork for which was conducted by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics from May 2005 to April 2006. The survey collected information at the community, household, and parcel level for about 7,500 households in 753 EAs including 30 IDP camps. Household level data cover demographics, main economic activities, education, health, assets, income levels and sources, as well as consumption and welfare indicators. The agricultural module provides information on ownership status, crop production, input use and land-related investment at the parcel level, complemented by other forms agricultural income. [13] The 2002 population census was used as a sample frame. Following stratification into urban (30%) and rural (70%) sub samples, enumeration areas (EAs) were chosen with the probability of selection being proportional to size. Based on a listing of households in each of the selected EAs, 10 households per EA were randomly sampled. As table 1 illustrates, 5,530 of the sample households were involved in agricultural activities. Of these, about 31%, or 1,728 with 5,448 parcels, are mixed owner/occupants who operated at least one parcel under full ownership and one under usufruct. This sub-sample forms the basis for our
2024 CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN EUROPE ###### **Ukraine Situation** As the full-scale war in Ukraine continues unabated, ongoing hostilities are heavily impacting civilians, with **3.7 million people currently internally displaced.** [1] UNHCR and partners are on the frontline providing lifesaving assistance to the newly displaced, including psychosocial support, legal assistance, core-relief items, cash assistance and emergency shelter support and repairs. Where conditions allow, UNHCR is supporting government-led early-recovery efforts including repairs to civilian housing and infrastructure. Heading into yet another winter—and with targeted attacks compromising energy infrastructure in parts of the country—additional funding is critical to help scale up assistance for millions of people to repair their damaged homes, afford electricity and heating costs, and ensure they have access to essential non-food items such as clothing, heaters, thermal kits, as well as cash assistance. Over **6.1 million refugees** from Ukraine have sought safety across Europe, where host countries have generously provided protection, access to services, and inclusion into national systems. However, host governments and communities need support to guarantee access to rights and services, provide dedicated support for the most vulnerable, foster greater inclusion and ensure social cohesion. UNHCR leads the **[Regional Refugee Response Plan](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105903)** (RRP) for the Ukraine Situation
initiatives and ongoing strong political will in Europe remain promising, concrete efforts are needed to support those without legal recognition in the region. **UNHCR’S 2024 FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS** **FOR STATELESSNESS-RELATED ACTIVITIES** **IN EUROPE** **TOTAL FUNDED (as of 30 Sept 2024)** The breakthrough came early this year when with UNHCR’s support, Sadik’s wife Buqa obtained identity documents. This enabled the registration of their children in birth registries and paved the way for them to apply for identity documents. The new legal status has opened new frontiers for the family, granting them access to healthcare, education, social assistance, and more. © UNHCR/Igor Sljivancanin _* References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999)._ Page 6 **U N H C R R E G I O N A L B U R E A U F O R E U R O P E,** O C T O B E R 2 0 2 4
**The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 62. **M&E teams will also be embedded in each of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), MASS and ADDS** . These teams, in coordination with the community facilitators mobilized at local level, will be responsible for collecting data based on the results framework outlined in the M&E plan. They will transmit data on a regular basis, contributing to the periodic reports. Data to track key performance indicators will be collected from various sources: (a) project-specific surveys and questionnaires; (b) service providers; (c) local governments; (d) consultant reports; and (e) construction progress reports from supervising engineers/ engineering firm. 63. **A comprehensive midterm review of the project’s implementation and results will be conducted by the** **government and the World Bank in 2027, during which the target values will be assessed and any necessary adjustments** **to the project design will be made if needed.** The project will provide targeted support to strengthen M&E capacity within MASS and ADDS. Where feasible, the project will finance consultants to assist MASS and ADDS in developing a detailed M&E and reporting system plan. In addition, consultants will provide on-the-job training for M&E specialists across MASS, ADDS, and
_Note:_ Figure 4 shows the main treatment coefficients using the baseline estimation strategy (with DHS individuallevel data; see table 4 for more information), but with different distance cutoffs (10 km, 20 km, 30 km, 40 km, and 50 km). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. The results above suggest substantial heterogeneity in outcomes and highlights the importance to explore spatial heterogeneity in the results. In the following sections we explore plausible explanations for these outcomes. **5.4 Difference-in-differences at the district level** The results for female employment in the district-level analysis are shown in table 6. Agricultural work decreases for women in mining districts and manual work increases. Following from this, the likelihood that a woman is working year-round increases. [11] This is similar to what we saw in the individual-level regressions, but the results are now statistically significant. **Table 6 Effects of mine opening at the district level on female employment** (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) not agri- service profess- manual earns works working culture or sales ional work cash all year Active district 0.019 -0.085** 0.034 -0.018** 0.050** -0.021 0.054* (0.027) (0.042) (0.030) (0.008) (0.020) (0.049) (0.032) Observations 19,226 19,226 19,226 19,226 19,226 19,270 15,991 R-squared 0.207 0.327 0.128
only in conjunction with policies for local procurement. Moreover, some of the mining-related papers have focused on mining in an African context, exploring a range of outcomes, including HIV-transmission and sexual risk taking (Corno and de Walque 2012; Wilson 2012), women’s empowerment (Benshaul-Tolonen 2018), infant mortality (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019) and labor market outcomes (Kotsadam and Tolonen 2016). Mining is also associated with more economic activity measured by nightlights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019; Mamo et al, 2019). Kotsadam and Tolonen (2016) use DHS data from Africa, and find that mine openings cause women to shift from agriculture to service production and that women become more likely to work for cash and year-round as opposed to seasonally. Continuing this analysis, Benshaul Tolonen (2018) explores the links between mining and female empowerment in eight gold producing countries in East and West Africa, including Ghana. Women in gold mining communities have more diversified labor markets opportunities, better access to health care, and are less likely to accept domestic violence. In addition, infant mortality rates decrease with up to 50% in mining communities, from very high initial levels (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019). In a study that focuses exclusively on Ghana, Aragón and Rud (2013) explore the link between pollution from
# **MOLDOVA** **OLDER REFUGEES** **BRIEFING NOTE** #### Disability & Age Task Force Refugee Coordination Forum Moldova ### **JANUARY 2025** The **Disability & Age Task Force (DATF)** was established in March 2022 with the support of the Refugee Coordination Forum and under the **Protection Working Group** . The Task Force is composed of humanitarian actors including Government authorities, United Nations Agencies, International and National NGOs, and Organizations of Persons with Disabilities (OPDs), providing specific services for people with disabilities and older people. Its objective is to improve the inclusion of older persons and persons with disabilities in the Ukrainian Refugee Response in the Republic of Moldova, ensuring access to mainstream services as well as guaranteeing the availability of specific services to respond to needs. ## **BACKGROUND** Almost three years have passed since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, forcing millions of Ukrainians to flee the country in search of safety. Moldova in its turn is the country that has received **the largest numbers of** **refugees per capita** of the population of **2,4 million** . As of end December 2024, about 135,000 refugees from Ukraine still remained sheltered in Moldova, with about 76,000 having received asylum, temporary protection, or residence
the project is counted towards Private Capital Enabling (PCE) and Private Capital Mobilization (PCM). Component 2 on Economic Opportunity & Self-Reliance is verified as both PCE and PCM by supporting a partial credit guarantee (PCG) scheme and matching grants. Sub-component 2(c) support to the Business Development Fund (BDF) PCG scheme is expected to facilitate access to finance for up to 3,000 7 African Development Bank, UNHCR, IGAD & EAC (2024) _Regional Report:_ _Regional Program on Enhancing the Investment Climate for the_ _Economic Empowerment of Refugee, Returnee, and Host/Return Community Women in the East and HoA and Great Lakes Region._ 8 Access to Finance Rwanda (2024) _FinScope 2024 Report_ . The report shows high levels of financial inclusion but low usage of financial services. 9 Non-monetary poverty for the other four host districts is: Nyamagabe (Kigeme camp) 39 percent, Gatsibo (Nyabiheke Camp) 37 percent, Kirehe (Mahama camp) 35 percent and Karongi (Kiziba camp) 34 percent. Data is from the 2022 Census. 10 World Bank (2021) _Climate Risk Profile: Rwanda_ . 11 Alex Hunns et al (2023) “Refugee Settlements are Highly Exposed to Extreme Weather Conditions.” Page 3