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0003c2b3be1f6f11e4c6bfd53118f2ede31d3193ee9ea98b3c856c57a7409ad7

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Bennett, Agnes Maria (DNB00)

Bennett, Agnes Maria (DNB00)

bennatt, agnez maria (dii. enn. bii. 100)

bennet, agness maria (dii. aine. bii. 100)

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Irina Shayk

Irina Shayk Russian model (born 1986) Irina Valeryevna Shaykhlislamova (; ; born 6 January 1986), known professionally as Irina Shayk (), is a Russian model and television personality. Shayk received international recognition when she appeared as the first Russian model on the cover of the 2011 "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issue. In 2022, the website Models.com placed her on their list of the New Supers. Early life. Shayk was born in Yemanzhelinsk (Chelyabinsk Oblast region), Soviet Union, to a Volga Tatar father, Valery Shaykhlislamov ("Şəyxelislamov," from "Shaykh al-Islām"), a coal miner, and ethnic Russian mother, Olga, a kindergarten music teacher. She has stated that she inherited her looks from her father and that people often mistake her for being South American, saying, "My father was dark skinned, because he was Tatar, sometimes Tatars can look Brazilian. I get my light eyes from my mother." She has one sibling, a sister named Tatiana Petenkova. She is also an aunt to Tatiana's three children including a niece named "Irina" after her. Shayk started playing piano at age six. At age nine, she enrolled in a music school and studied there for seven years, both playing the piano and singing in the choir, since her mother wanted her to study music. Her father died of complications of pneumonia when she was 14, leaving her family with little money and forcing her mother to work two jobs to provide for the family. After high school, Shayk studied marketing but later instead chose to enter a beauty school with her older sister. While there, she was noticed by a person from a local modeling agency who was struck by her beauty. She was urged to participate in the "Miss Chelyabinsk 2004" beauty contest, which she won; she described this contest as far below the standard of beauty contests one would expect in metropolitan European cities or in the United States. Career. Modeling. 2007–2010: early years. In 2007, Shayk replaced Ana Beatriz Barros as the face of Intimissimi, and in the same year debuted in the annual "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue". After being the face of Intimissimi for three years, Shayk was made the official ambassador for the brand in 2010. Her other modeling campaigns included Beach Bunny Swimwear, and Guess for the spring/summer 2009 season. Other work includes the Victoria's Secret catalog, Lacoste, Cesare Paciotti and Morellato. She signed with IMG Models in May 2009. 2011–2015: mainstream success. Shayk modeled the Armani Exchange spring/summer 2010 campaign. She also starred in Kanye West's "Power", directed by artist Marco Brambilla. She was on the cover of "Ocean Drive" and "GQ" South Africa for the August issue. She ranked first in the "50 Hottest Russian Women" list by "Complex" magazine. She made a change from swimwear to high fashion with a spread in Spain's "Harper's Bazaar" and landed the cover of "Elle" Spain for their November 2010 issue. "Glamour" Spain awarded her "Best International Model of 2010". At the end of the year, she was pictured nude in the "GQ Spain" December issue; however, she claimed that she had not stripped for the photoshoot, and that the magazine had digitally altered the images to remove her lingerie. GQ responded that there are 15 witnesses of her posing nude. On Valentine's Day, in an episode of the "Late Show with David Letterman", it was revealed via "Billboard" that Shayk was the covermodel for the 2011 "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue". This was the fifth time she has been featured in the magazine, but the first time she has been on the cover. She is the first Russian to appear on the cover. Shayk became the face of swim label Luli Fama's 2011 advertising campaign and look book. In 2011, she covered magazines such as "Tatler Russia", "Twelv", "Cosmopolitan Spain", "GQ Mexico", "Glamour Spain", "Amica Italy" and appeared on the covered of "Elle Spain", the special edition for Christmas. She also worked for many brands like Rampage, replacing Bar Refaeli, Replay and XTI. she ranked 14th in the "Top 20 Sexiest Models" list on Models.com. The same year, she was voted "Sexiest Woman In The World" in the Hungarian magazine Periodika. In 2012, she covered "Esquire UK", "Harper's Bazaar Arabia" and "Ukraine", "Marie Claire Ukraine", "Spain" and "Russia", "GQ Germany", "Glamour Russia" and appeared on 14 "Cosmopolitan" spring covers worldwide. She also covered "S Moda Spain" and "The Sunday Times Style". She also did an editorial for "Vanity Fair Italy". The same year, she has appeared in campaigns for Morellato, Agua Bendita and Blanco. In November, Shayk covered "Twelv" Magazine, Second Issue with fellow Russian model Anne V. In the same month, she appeared in an editorial for Vogue Spain December issue working with Mario Testino. In February 2013, she covered "Vs." magazine with Anne V and the same month she did an editorial for CR Fashion book issue 2 photographed by Bruce Weber and styled by Carine Roitfeld. The same month, she did the runway of Jeremy Scott during the New York fashion week. In March 2013, she did the runway of Givenchy during the Paris fashion week. Also in 2013, Shayk featured several times in "Harper's Bazaar US". She featured for the second time in CR fashion book issue 3. In September, she covered "Allure" Russia. She was also the cover model of "Vogue" Spain, landing her first "Vogue" cover photographed by Giampaolo Sgura. In 2014, she was the placard bearer for the Russian team during the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics. 2016–2022: transition to high fashion work. Shayk has walked the runways for Miu Miu, Bottega Veneta, Marc Jacobs, Chanel, Ralph Lauren , Schiaparelli, Mugler, Moschino, Burberry, Versace, Givenchy, Diane Von Furstenberg, Giles Deacon, Desigual, Jeremy Scott, Hugo Boss, Philipp Plein, Salvatore Ferragamo, Tory Burch, Missoni, Victoria Beckham, Valentino, Max Mara, Brandon Maxwell, Isabel Marant, Etro, Vivienne Westwood, Richard Quinn, Oscar de la Renta, Brandon Maxwell, Jean Paul Gaultier, Missoni, Michael Kors, and Mango. She even walked for the last Jean Paul Gaultier fashion show in 2020. In 2016, she walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show while 6 months pregnant with baby girl Lea de Seine Shayk Cooper. She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Burberry, Jean Paul Gaultier, Marc Jacobs, Versace, Alberta Ferretti, Givenchy, Missoni, La Perla, Roberto Cavalli, Giorgio Armani, Dsquared2, La Senza, Morellato, Bebe, Lord & Taylor, Lacoste, Armani Exchange, Guess?, Blumarine, Saks Fifth Avenue, Victoria's Secret, and Avon. In October 2015, she became the new L'Oréal Paris International Spokesperson. Sometime between August 2021 and February 2022, Models.com placed her on their list of the New Supers. Acting. Shayk made her acting debut as Megara alongside Dwayne Johnson in the 2014 film "Hercules". She met Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo in 2009 and they started dating soon after. They got engaged in 2011, when Ronaldo flew to New York on Valentine’s Day and proposed to her. Their relationship came to an end in January 2015. In spring 2015, she started dating American actor Bradley Cooper. Their daughter Lea De Seine was born in Los Angeles on March 21, 2017. The couple split up in June 2019. In 2023, she dated American football quarterback Tom Brady. Philanthropy. Shayk is helping a maternity hospital in her hometown of Yemanzhelinsk. She and her sister helped rebuild the children's ward of the local hospital, and now Shayk raises money on behalf of a Russian charity, Pomogi – "Help" (), which provides care to sick children. Shayk is the official ambassador for Pomogi in Russia. She is an ambassador for the Food Bank for New York City as well as the ASPCA. She is against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, has stated an intention of donating to UNICEF and Red Cross to support their humanitarian efforts in Ukraine, and has asked her followers to donate too. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

irina swaik airina valerievna swaikhlislamubha (; jonmo 6 january 1986), pesadaribhabe airina swaik () naamere jonajat, egoraki rasian model aaru television byoktitwo. 2011 sonor "sports illustrated" xaturuwa puchakor proschod pristhat prothom model hisape uposthito huwar xomoyot sweike antohrastriyo swikriti laabh korisil. model.komm-e teuk notun suparxokolor bhitorot egoraki hisape sthan dise. prarombhik jiwan. swaikor jonmo hoisil sobhiyet unionor yemenjhelinxokot (celiabinsk oblasto onchol), ejon bholga taataror pitri, valery swaikhlisolamov ("sexcelislamov", "swaikh aal-islam" ror poraa), egoraki koyola khoni sromik, aaru rasiyar rasian nrigusthiyo maatri, uloga, egoraki kindergarten xongitor xikhyokor ghorot. taai koichil je taair aakriti teur deutakor poraa uttoradhikari hisape laabh korisil aaru manuhe praye taik dokhyin aamerikan buli bhul kori koy, "mur deutak koo 'laa saalor aasil, kiyonu teu taatar aasil, ketiyaba tatarbur brazilian zen lagibo paare. moi mur maakor poraa mur puhor soku paau."taair ejon bhatri aase, tatiana petengkuva naamor egoraki bhogni. taai tatiyanar tinijon xontanor khuriu, jaar bhitorot teur naamere "irina" naamor etaa bhotijiu aase. sweike choy bosor boyoxor poraa piyanu bojuwa aarombho korisil. noo bosor boyoxot teu etaa xongit bidyaloyot naambhorti korisil aaru taat xaat bosor dhori odhyoyon korisil, piyanu bojuwa aaru gayok-gayokor dolot gaan guwa duyutai, kiyonu teur matriye teuk xongit odhyoyon koriboloi bisarisil. teur 14 bosor boyoxot neumonier jotilotat teur deutakor mrityu hoisil, teur poriyalor haatot komm dhon aasil aaru taair maakok poriyalor protipalon koriboloi dutaa sakori koriboloi badhyo korisil. haiskulor pisot sweike biponon odhyoyon korisil kintu pisot teur dangor bhoniyekor xoite etaa biuti schoolot prowex koriboloi baasi loisil. taat thokar xomoyot, sthaniyo modeling agencyr ejon byoktiye teuk lokhyo korisil ji teur xoundorjot mugdho hoisil. teuk "miss celiabinsk 2004" xoundorjyo protijugitat ongxogrohon koriboloi aahban jonuwa hoisil, zo "too teu joylabh korisil; teu ei protijugitakhon europor mohanogori baa aamerika juktorastrot aaxa koraa xoundorzo protijugitar mandondotkoi bohu komm buli bornona korisil. keriyar. modeling. 2007-2010: prarombhik bosorxomuh. 2007 sonot sweike enaa beatries baar "sok intimisimir mukh hisape xoloni korisil, aaru xei bosorei barxik" krira xositro xatur puchakor xongkhya "too aatmoprokax korisil. tini bosor dhori intimisimir mukh huwar pisot, swaikok 2010 sonot brendtur sorkari dut hisape nijukti diya hoisil. teur aan modeling prosaror bhitorot aasil bischo bonni suimware, aaru 2009 sonor boxonto/grishmokalor baabe onuman koraa. onyanyo kamburor bhitorot aase victoriyar gupon xusi, lekusto, sijer pesiuti aaru murelatu. 2009 sonor mey "maahot teu img modelxokolor xoite swakhyor korisil. 2011-2015: mulxutir xofolota. sweike aarmani excenge spring/grishmokalin 2010 obhijanor aarhi prostut korisil. xilpi marku brambilar dwara porisalito keniye westor "pawar" too obhinoy korisil. teu aagosto ongkor baabe "oh 'chenn drive" aaru "jikyu" dokhyin africar proschod pristhat aasil. complexes" alusonir "50 goraki ataitkoi goraki rasian mohila" ror talikat teu prothom sthan laabh korisil. teu spainor "harpers bojar" too proxarito huwar xoite xaturuwa puchakor poraa uscho feswonoloi poriworton korisil aaru teulukor novembor 2010 xongkhyar baabe "ele" spainor proschod prapto korisil. "glamor" spaine teuk "" 2010 sonor shrestho antohrastriyo model "" hisape xonmanito kore. bosoror xexot, "jikyu spain" disemboror xongkhyat teuk nognobhabe sitrito koraa hoisil; obosye, teu daabi korisil je teu photoswutor baabe kapur ulai diya nasil, aaru alusonikhone teur ontorwex atoraboloi sobibur digitalvawe xoloni korisil. jikyuwe uttor disil je taair nogno bhongimar 15 john xakhyi aase. valentine diboxot "lett swo" uith david laterman "ror etaa khondot" bilobo "rd" ror joriyote prokax paisil je swaik 2011 sonor "spo 'rtos illustrated suimsuit issue" ror proschod model aasil. eitu ponchombaror baabe teu alusonikhonot sthan paise, kintu prothombaror baabe teu proschod pristhat sthan paise. proschodpotot dekha puwa teu prothomjon rasian. swaik xatur label luli famar 2011 sonor bigyapon prosar aaru luk bukor mukh hoi porisil. 2011 sonot, teu "tetolor rasiya", "tuvelov", "koo 'somopolitan spain", "jiku maxico", "glamor spain", "emika italy" ror dore alusonixomuh xamori loisil aaru khristomasor bixex xongskoron "ele spain" ror xamorik prokax paisil. teu rampage, baar refeli, reeple aaru extiair dore bohutu brendor babeu kaam korisil. modelor "xirxo 20 john jounotom model" ror talikat teu 14tomo sthan laabh korisil.komm. xei bosorote, teuk hangeriyar alusoni porio "dikat" biswor ataitkoi jouno mohila "hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. 2012 sonot, teu "eskower iuke", "harpers bojar arabia" aaru "ukrain", "meree clair ukrain", "spain" aaru "rasiya", "jikyu germany", "glamor rasiya" aadi kobhar korisil aaru biswojuri 14taa "koo 'som' polytan" spring kobharot uposthito hoisil. teu "cho muda spain" aaru "dyo xanode times style" koo xamori loisil. teu "venity feyar italy" ror baabe etaa xompadokiyou korisil. xei bosorote, teu morelatu, aaguwa bendita aaru blancore baabe obhijanot uposthito hoisil. novembor maahot sweike "towelov" alusonikhon xamori loisil, jitu aasil rasian model ene bhir xoite dwitiyo xongkhya. xei maahote, teu spainor prosolito disembor xongkhyar xompadokiyot merio "testini" ror xoite kaam kori uposthito hoisil. 2013 sonor februaryt teu "bonam."enne bhi-ror xoite alusonikhon aaru xei eke maahot teu bruch webaror dwara photu tulaa aaru kerin rightfeldor dwara xoili koraa chi. aar. feswan book xongkhya 2-ror baabe etaa xompadokiyo korisil. xei maahote, teu nework feswan xoptahor xomoyot jeremi scotor ranwe korisil. 2013 sonor march maahot peris feswan xoptahor xomoyot teu giser ranwe korisil. 2013 sonotou sweike "harpers bojar us" too keibabaru obhinoy korisil. teu dwitiyobaror baabe chi. aar. feswan book xongkhya 3too sthan paisil. septembor maahot teu "aakorxon" rasiyar bixoye prokax korisil. teu "bho 'go" spainor proschod model aasil, jiye giyampulu sogurar dwara photu tulaa teur prothom "bho' go" proschod prokax korisil. 2014 sonot 2014 xitkalin olympicor udwudhoni onusthanot teu rasiyar dolor placard baahok aasil. 2016-bortomanoh uscho feswonor kamoloi poriworton. sweike miu miu, bob 'tega veneta, mark jacob, senel, ralof loren, swiyapareli, mogolar, moxosinu, barberi, verses, givesi, diane bhon firstenborg, jailos dicon, desiguwel, jeremi scott, hiugu boch, philipin, sabhatur feragamu, torry barch, misoni, victoria bekham, valentinu, max maara, brendon maxwell, aizabel marent, etru, vivien westwod, rechard quin, oskar di laa renta, brendon maxwell, jinn poll go' ltier, misoni, michael korcho aaru aamor baabe ranwet khuj kaarhi goise. aanoki 2020 sonot xexor jinn poll goltier feswan swo 'ror babeu teu khuj kaarhi goisil. 2016 sonot, teu victoriyar gupon feswan swo' too khuj kaarhi goisil, jetiya 6 maahor gorbhoboti xixu konya lee di sein swaik kuparor xoite aasil. barberi, jinn poll go "ltier, mark jacobos, verses, alberta fereti, gise, misoni, laa parla, robortu kebhali, georgieu aarmani, discuwered2, laa chenja, murelatu, bebe, lord endo tailor, lekusto, aarmani excenge, onuman korar bigyapon obhijanot dekha goise., blumarine, sax fifth avenue, victoriyar gupon, aaru evon. 2015 sonor octobor maahot teu notun el 'oh' real peris antohrastriyo mukhopatro hisape nijukti laabh kore. obhinoy kore. sweike 2014 sonor sobi "harculis" too dowein jonosonor xoite megara hisape obhinoyot aatmoprokax korisil. byoktigoto jiwan. sweike 2007 sonor poraa 2009 sonoloike linkin parkor drummer robo bordonok dett korisil. teu 2009 sonot portugij football kheluwoi christianu runalduk log paisil aaru taar kichu xomoyor pisote teuluke dating aarombho korisil. 2015 sonor januaryt teu runaldur xoite xomporko xomapto korisil. 2015 sonor boxontokalot teu aamerikan obhinetri breadly kuparor xoite dating aarombho korisil. teulukor konya lee di sainor jonmo 2017 sonor 21 marchot los angelsot hoisil. dompotihalor 2019 sonor june maahot bisched hoisil. jonohitkormo. sweike nijor griho xohor yemenjhelinoskor ekhon matrixodonik sikitsaloyot xohay kori aase. teu aaru teur bhogniye sthaniyo sikitsaloikhonor xixur wardtu punor nirman korat xohay korisil, aaru etiya sweike rasiyar datobyo xongstha pumugi-"help" () ror hoi dhon xongroho kore, ji oxustho xixuxokolok jotno prodan kore. swaik hoise rasiyat pumugir sorkari rastrodut. teu nework sohoror khadyo bankor logote ess. pi. chi. e.-ru egoraki rastrodut. teu 2022 sonot ukrainor uporot rasiyar aakromonor birudhi, ukrainot teulukor manobiyo prochestak xomorthon koriboloi unicef aaru redd krosoloi daan korar obhiprai byokto korise, aaru teur onugamixokoloku daan koriboloi koiche.

irina shaik airina valerivna shekhlislamova (; jonmo 6 januari 1986), peshagotovabe airina shaik naame porichito, ekjon russian model ebong television byaktitto. 2011 saaler "sportasa illustrated" santarer poshaker prochchode prothom model hisabe uposthito hoye shaik antorjatik swikriti peyechilen. model.qama taake notun superder ekjon hisabe sthan diyeche. prathomik jeebon. shaikh soviet unioner iyemanjhelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast anchal)-ayee jonmogrohon corren, ekjon volga tatar pita, valery shaikhlislamov ("shaikh all-islam" theke "sexelislamov"), ekjon koyla khoni shromik ebong jatigoto russian maa, olga, ekjon kindergarten sangeet shikkhika. tini bolechen jey tini taar babar kachh theke uttoradhikarsutre taanr chehara peyechilen ebong lokera prayashai taake dakkhin american boley bhul korey boley, "amar baba kaalo chamda chhilen, kaaron tini tatar chhilen, kokhono kokhono tatarra brazilian dekhte hotey paare. aami amar mayer kachh theke amar halka chokh paai."taar eka vibone royeche, ekti boone jaar naam tatiana petenkova. tini tatianar tinn santaner ekjon massie, jaar modhye taar naame "irina" naame ekti vagnio royeche. chhoy bochor boyse shaikh piano bajano shuru corren. noy bochor boyse, tini ekti sangeet bidyalaye bhorti hohn ebong sekhane shaat bochor padashona corren, piano bajano ebong gayakdaler gaan gaoa ubhayi, kaaron taar maa cheyechilen jey tini sangeet shikhun. taar baba 14 bochor boyse neumonier jotilotai maaraa zaan, taar poribarer kachhe samanno ortho rekhe ebong taar maake poribarer bharanposhaner jonno duti chakri korte badhyo corren. uchcho bidyalayer porey, shaik bipanan niye padashona korechilen kintu porey taar borh boner saathe ekti beauty schoole probesh korte beche niyechilen. sekhane thakakalin, ekti sthaniya modeling agencyr ekjon byakti taake lakkhya corren, jini taar soundorjo dekhe mugdho hoyechilen. taake "miss cheliabinsk 2004" soundorjo protijogitai ongshogrohoner jonno anurodh koraa hoyechilo, jaa seey jitechilo; tini eyi protijogitatike europea mahanagar shahargulite baa markin juktorashtre jey soundorjo protijogitar maan aasha koraa yaay taar onek niche boley bornona korechen. pesha. modeling. 2007-2010: prathomik bochor. 2007 saale, shaik aanaa bitridge barroske intimisimir mukh hisabe protisthapon corren ebong ekoi bochore barshik "sportasa illustrated suimsuit issue"-teey atmoprokash corren. tinn bochor dhorey intimisimir mukh howar porr, 2010 saale shaikke brander sarkari dooto koraa hoy. taar anyanno modeling procharabhijaner modhye saikat banir santarer poshak ebong 2009 saaler bosonto/grisser morsumer anuman antarbhukta chhilo. anyanno kaajer modhye royeche victoria gopon catalog, lacost, sijara pacioti ebong morelato. tini 2009 saaler meey maase img modelder saathe chuktiboddho hohn. 2011-2015: muldhara safalya. shaik armani exchange spring/samar 2010 campaigner model toiri korechilen. tini shilpi marco brambilla porichalito canye oyester "pawar"-eoo abhinoy korechilen. tini august issure jonno "oshan drive" ebong "jikiu" dakkhin africar prochchode chhilen. tini "complexes" magaziner "50 john hottest russian mohila" talika prothom sthan adhikar corren. tini spener "herpers bazar"-ayee chhoriye porar saathe saathe santarer poshak theke uchcho fashione poriborton korechilen ebong taader navembar 2010 sankhyar jonno "eley" spener prochchodti abataran korechilen. "glamour" spena taake "" 2010 saaler sera antorjatik model "" puraskar pradan korey. bochorer sheshe, "jikiu spena" december sankhyay taake nogno abosthai chitrito koraa hoyechilo; tobey, tini daabi korechilen jey tini photoshooter jonno kapad khule nenni ebong magazinti taar antarbas saranor jonno chhabiguli digitalvabe poriborton korechilo. jikiu jobab deyo jey taar nogno howar 15 john sakkhi royeche. valentines deey-teey, "leeta shoe uith david letterman"-err ekti porbe, "billboard"-err madhyome jaanaa yaay jey 2011 saaler "sportasa illustrated suimsuit issure" prochchod model chhilen shaik. eyi niye panchambar magazine taanke sthan deoa holl, kintu eyi prothom tini prochchode esechen. tini prothom rush jini prochchode uposthito hoyechen. shaik saantaar lebel luli famour 2011 saaler biggapon prochar ebong looke boiyer mukh hoye othen. 2011 saale, tini "tatler rashiya", "tuelov", "bishwojonin spena", "jikiu mexico", "glamour spena", "amica itali"-err moto magazinguli cover korechilen ebong chrismuser bishesh sanskaran "eley spena"-err kovartite uposthito hoyechilen. tini rampage, barr refelly protisthapon, replay ebong xti-err moto onek brander jonnou kaaj korechen. tini modelder "sheersho 20tii jounotomo model" talika talika sthane royechen.qama. ekoi bochor, tini hangerian magazine periodicar "bishwer sabcheye jouno mohila" nirbachito hohn. 2012 saale, tini "esquare euke", "herpers bazar arabia" ebong "ukraine", "merry clair ukraine", "spena" ebong "rashiya", "jikiu germany", "glamour rashiya" cover corren ebong bishwobyapi 14tii "bishwojonin" spring kovargulite uposthito hohn. tini "moda spena" ebong "sunday times style" cover korechilen. tini "vanity feyara itali"-rawr jonno ekti sampadakiyao korechilen. ekoi bochor, tini morelato, agua bendita ebong blancore prochare uposthito hoyechen. navembar maase, shaik "tuelov" magazinti cover corren, jaa sahakarmi russian model ayana vee-err saathe dwitiya sankhya. ekoi maase, tini janapriya spener december sankhyar ekti sampadakiyate mario testinor saathe kaaj korte uposthito hohn. 2013 saaler februaryte, tini "bonam" cover korechilen."ayana vee-err saathe magazine ebong ekoi maase tini bruce webarer chhobi ebong carrin reutfelder style koraa cr fashion book issure 2-err jonno ekti sampadakiya korechilen. ekoi maase, tini neu eork fashion saptaher somoy jeremi skoter runway korechilen. 2013 saaler march maase, tini parris fashion saptaher somoy gitche runway korechilen. 2013 saleo, shaik "herpers bazar us"-ayee besh koyekbar abhinoy korechilen. tini dwitiyobarer moto cr fashion book sankhya 3-ayee prodorshito hohn. septembore, tini "akarshan" rashiya cover corren. tini "bhog" spener prochchod modelo chhilen, ebong giampolo sagura tola taanr prothom "bhog" prochchodti abataran korechilen. 2014 saale, 2014 shitkalin olimpiker udwodhoni anusthane tini russian doler jonno plackard bahok chhilen. 2016-bortomanoh uchcho fashion kaaje rupantar. shaik meu meu, bottega venetta, marqa jacobs, channel, ralf lorren, shiapareli, mughler, moschino, barberry, verses, givechi, diane vone firstenberg, zyles dicon, decigual, jeremi scott, hugo boss, phillipin, salvator ferragamo, torry barch, misni, victoria beckham, valentino, max maaraa, brandon maxwell, isabel marant, etro, vivien westoud, richarda quin, askar dii laa renta, brandon maxwell, zina poll goltier, missoni, michael course ebong aamer ranwete hanten. emonki tini 2020 saale shesh zina poll goltier fashion shoteo hentechilen. 2016 saale, tini victoria secret fashion shote hentechilen jokhon 6 maaser gorbhoboti shishu meye ly dii saine shaik kuparer saathe chhilen. tini barberry, zina poll goltier, marqa jacobs, verses, alberta ferretti, gitche, missoni, laa perla, roberto kavali, georgio armani, dsquard 2, laa senja, morelato, bebe, lord anned telor, lacost, armani exchange, onumaner jonno biggapon prochare uposthito hoyechen?, blumarine, sax pancham avenue, victoria secret ebong avon. 2015 saaler octobore, tini notun lawl 'oreal parris antorjatik mukhpatra hohn. abhinoy. 2014 saale 'harculis' chhobite doain johnsoner sange megara choritre abhinoyer madhyome shaiker abhishek hoy. byaktigato jeebon. shaik 2007 theke 2009 saal porjonto linkin parker drummer robb bordoner saathe dett korechilen. 2009 saale portugij football kheload christiano ronaldor saathe taar dekha hoy ebong err porei taaraa detting shuru korey. 2015 saaler januaryte tini ronaldor saathe somporko shesh corren. 2015 saaler bosonte, tini american abhineta bradley kuparer saathe detting shuru corren. taader meye lia dii seiner jonmo 2017 saaler 21shhey march loss angelese hoyechilo. eyi dampati 2019 saaler june maase alada hoye zaan. jonohitkor. shaik taar shohor iyemanjhelinsker ekti prasuti hospitale sahajyo korche. tini ebong taanr boone sthaniya hospitaler shishuder oyarda punarnirman korte sahayata korechilen ebong ekhon shaik ekti russian datobbo sangostha pomogir pokkhe ortho sangraha corren-"sahayata" (), jaa oshustho shishuder jotno pradan korey. shaik russia pomogir sarkari rashtroduto. tini neu eork shohorer pashapashi spcar khaddo byanker rashtroduto. tini 2022 saale ukraine russier akromoner biruddhe, ukraine taader manobik prochestake samarthan korar jonno unicef ebong reeda crosske anudan deoar abhiprai prakash korechen ebong taar anusaridero daan korte bolechen.

irina shack irina valerivena shekhalislamova (; janm 6 january 1986), jeey vyaavsaayik reete irina sheikh () tareeke odakhaay chhe, teey aek russian model aneey television vyaktitva chhe. jyaare teey teey "sports illustrated" swimsuit issuena cover parr pratham model tareeke dekhai tyaare shaikne aantarrashtriy maanyata malee hatee. namunaao.qoma teneene navaa superus tareeke sthaan aape chhe. praarambhik jeevan. shaikno janm soveeyat unionnaa yemenzelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast pradesh) maan aek kolsaanaa khania, volga taatar pitaa, valeri shekhlislamov ("shekselislamov", "sheikh all-islam" maanthi) aneey vansheey russian maataa, olga, aek balmandir sangeet shikshakne tyaan thayo hato. teneeae kahyoo chhe keey teneene tenaa pitaa pasethi teno dekhaav varsama malyo hato aneey loko ghanivaar tene dakshin american hovani bhool kareene kahe chhe, "maaraa pitaa kaalee chamdiwala hataa, kaaran keey teo taatar hataa, ketalikvaar taatar brazilian dekhai shake chhe. maney maaree maataa pasethi maaree prakaash aankho maley chhe."teneene aek bhaai chhe, aek bahen chhe jenu naam tatiana petenkova chhe. teey tatiana trana baadakoni kaakee pann chhe, jemaa teneena naam parr "irina" naamnee bhatrijino pann samaavesh thaay chhe. sheke chh varshnee ummare piyaano vagaadvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. nava varshnee ummare, teneeae aek sangeet shaalaama pravesh melvyo aneey tyaan saat varsh sudhee abhyaas karyo, piyaano vagaadtaa aneey gaayakvrundma gaataa, kaaran keey teneeni maataa ichchhati hatee keey tenee sangeetno abhyaas karey. tenee 14 varshnee hatee tyaare pneumonia jatiltaone kaarane teneena pitaanu avsaan thayu hatoo, jenaa kaarane teneena parivaar paase ochha paisa hataa aneey teneeni maatane kutumbani sambhaal raakhvaa maate beey nokareeo karvaa maate majboor curry hatee. haiskool pachhi, sheke marketingno abhyaas karyo parantu baadmaa tenee motee bahen saathe beauty schoolma praveshvaanu pasand karyoo. tyaan teneeni sthaaneek modelling agencyni aek vyakteeae nondh leedhi hatee, jeey teneeni sundartathi prabhaavit thaee hatee. teneene "miss chelyabinsk 2004" saundarya spardhama bhaag levaa vinanti karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey tenee jeetee hatee; teneeae aaa spardhaane metropolitana european shahero athavaa united statesma apekshit saundarya spardhaona dhoranthi ghanee neeche ganaavi hatee. karkirdi. modelling. 2007-2010: praarambhik varsho. varsho, sheke aenaa beatries berosne intimisimina chahera tareeke badalya, aneey teey jaj varshe vaarshik "sports illustrated swimsuit issue" maan pravesh karyo. trana varsh sudhee intimisimino chahero banyaa pachhi, shekne shekne brand maate sattavaar rajdoot banavvama aavyaa hataa. teneena anya modelling zumbeshma beach bunny swimware aneey vasant/unaalaa vasant/unaalaa mosam maate anumaan lagaavvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. anya kaaryoma viktoriyani goopt soochi, lacost, sizer pacioti aneey morelatono samaavesh thaay chhe. temane meey meey img modelo saathe karaar karyaa hataa. 2011-2015: mukhya pravaahnee safalataa. sheke armaanee exchange spring/summer 2010 abhiyaannu model banaavyu hatoo. temane kalakar marco brambilla dwara nirdeshit kenee westnee "power" maan pann abhinay karyo hato. teey august issue maate "ocean drive" aneey "jee. kyu." dakshin africana cover parr hatee. teneeae "complexes" magazine dwara "50 sauthee garam russian maheelaoni" yaadimaa pratham sthaan melavyu hatoo. temane spainnaa "harper bajaar" maan felaavaa saathe sweemverthi uchch fationma ferfar karyo aneey temnaa november 2010 naa unk maate "eley" spainnoo cover melavyu. "glamour" spayne teneene "" "" shreshth aantarrashtriy model "" noow award aapyo hato ". varshnaa ante, teneene "jee. kyu. spain" december ankamaa nagna chitramaa darshavvama aavee hatee; jooe keey, teneeae daavo karyo hato keey teneeae photoshoot maate kapadaa utaarya naa hataa, aneey saamyike teneeni lenzary door karvaa maate chhabioma digital ferfar karyo hato. jee. kyu. aee javaab aapyo keey tenee nagna dekhaati hovaana 15 sakshio chhe. valentine deey parr, "leeta shho with david laterman" naa aek episodema, "billboard" dwara jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey shack 2011 "sports illustrated swimsuit issue" maate covermodel hataa. aaa megezeenma aaa paanchmee vakhat darshavvama aavee hatee, parantu pratham vakhat teey cover parr chhe. cover parr dekhaati teey pratham russian chhe. shack swim label lulee femaanaa 2011 naa jaaherat abhiyaan aneey look bookno chahero banyo. 2011 maan, teneeae "tatler russia", "twelve", "cosmopolitan spain", "gqu meksiko", "glamour spain", "emika itali" jevaa saamyikone aavari leedha hataa aneey chrismus maateni vishesh aavrutti "eley spain" naa cover parr dekhaaya hataa. temane rampage, baar refeli, replay aneey xti jevee ghanee brands maate pann kaama karyoo hatoo. teneeae modeloni "tochnee 20 sauthee aakarshak modelo" nee yaadimaa yaadimaa sthaan melavyu hatoo.qoma. teey jaj varshe, teneene hungarian magazine saamyikma "vishwani sauthee kaamuk maheela" tareeke chuntavama aavee hatee. 2012 maan, teneeae "eskier yuke", "harper bajaar arabia" aneey "ukrain", "meerii clayer ukrain", "spain" aneey "russia", "gqu germany", "glamour russia" neey aavari leedha aneey vishvbharma 14 "cosmopolitan" spring cover parr dekhaaya. temane "modaa spain" aneey "dhaa sunday times style" neey pann aavari leedhu hatoo. temane "venity phera itali" maate aek sampadkiy pann karyoo hatoo. teey jaj varshe, teey morelato, agua bendita aneey blanco maatena abhiyaanomaa jovaa malee chhe. novemberma, sheke "twelve" saamyikne aavari leedhu, jeey saathee russian model aenee vee. saatheno beejo unk hato. teey jaj maheene, teey maariyo testino saathe kaama kartaa voga spain december anknaa sampadkiyma dekhai hatee. februari hato, teneeae "wii."aene vee saathe magazine aneey teey jaj maheene temane bruce webara dwara photograph karaayel aneey carrin reutfeld dwara style karaayel cr fashion book issue 2 maate sampadkiy karyoo hatoo. teey jaj maheene, temane newyork fashion weak darmiyan jeremi skotno runway karyo hato. march hato, tene paris fashion weak darmiyan gicheeno runway karyo hato. hato pann, shack "harper bajaar yuu. aesa" maan ghanee vakhat darshavvama aavyaa hataa. teneeae beejee vakhat see. aar. fashion book unk 3 maan darshaavyu hatoo. septembermaa, teneeae "aakarshan" russiane aavari leedhu hatoo. teey "voga" spainni cover model pann hatee, jene giampaolo sagura dwara photograph karaayel tenu pratham "voga" cover utaaryu hatoo. 2014 maan, teey 2014 naa shiyaalu olympicna udghaatan samaroh darmiyan russian team maate placard vaahak hatee. 2016-vartmaanah uchch fashion kaaryamaa sankraman. shaayeke miyu miu, bottega veneta, marqa jacobs, chenal, ralf lorren, shiyaparelee, muggler, moskino, barberi, verses, givechi, dyen voona firstenberg, jaails dican, decigual, jeremi sqota, hyugo booas, phillipin, salvatore ferragamo, torry berch, misonee, viktoriya bekham, valentino, makes maaraa, brandon maxwell, isabelle marrent, etro, vvn westwood, richard quin, oskar dii laa renta, brandon maxwell, jiina poola gaultiyar, misonee, michael course aneey keree maate runway parr chaalya chhe. tenee 2020 maan chhella jiina poola gaultiyar fashion shho maate pann chaali hatee. 2016 maan, tenee viktoriyaanaa goopt fashion shomaa gaee hatee jyaare baadak chhokari lii dii siina shack cooper saathe 6 maheenani garbhavati hatee. tenee barberi, jiina poola gaultiyar, marqa jacobs, verses, alberta ferretti, givechi, misonee, laa parla, roobertoo kavalli, georgio armaanee, dii. aesa. square 2, laa senza, morelato, bebe, looard anned taylor, lacost, armaanee exchange, anumaan lagaavvaa maate jaaherat zumbeshma jovaa malee chhe., bluemarine, seqsa fifth aevanyu, viktoriyaanu rahasy aneey avon. october january, teo navaa laureal paris aantarrashtriy pravaktaa banyaa. abhinay. sheke sheke film "herculus" maan dwayne johnson saathe megara tareeke abhinayni sharuaat curry hatee. angat jeevan. sheke 2007 thee 2009 sudhee linkin paark drummer rooba borden saathe datting curry hatee. teey 2009 maan portugies footballer christiano ronaldone malee hatee aneey tyarbad toonk samayma jaj teoae datting karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. tene january january ronaldo saathena sambandhono anta aanyo hato. vasant 2015 maan, teneeae american abhineta breadly kooparne dett karvaanu sharoo karyoo. temnee putri lii dii seenano janm 21 march, march roj losa angelisma thayo hato. aaa dampati juuna juuna alag thaee gayoo hatoo. paropkaar. shaayak tenaa vatan yemenzelinskma prasooti hospitalma madad curry rahee chhe. tenee aneey teneeni bahene sthaaneek hospitalnaa baadakona wardnu punnirman karvaamaa madad curry hatee, aneey havey shack russian charity, pomogi-"help" (), jeey beemar baadakoni sambhaal puurii paade chhe, tenaa vatee naanaa aektra karey chhe. shack russiama pomoginaa sattavaar rajdoot chhe. teo nyu york ciity temaj aee. aesa. pii. see. aee. maate food banknaa rajdoot chhe. teo teo ukrain parr russiana aakramanni viruddh chhe, temane ukrainema temnaa manavtavadi prayaasone teko aapvaa maate unicef aneey reeda crossne daan aapvaano irado darshaavyo chhe aneey temnaa anuyaayione pann daan karvaa kahyoo chhe.

irina shack irina valerevna sheikhlislamova (; janm 6 janwari 1986), jinhen peshevar roop seey irina sheikh () key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ack russie model aur television vyaktitva hain. shack koo antarrashtriya maanyata taba millie jaba vaha 2011 key "sports sachitra" swimsuit mudde key cover parr pahali model key roop mein dikhaai deen. model.comm ney unhein nae super mein seey ack key roop mein sthaan diyaa haye. praarambhik jeevan. shack kaa janm soviyat sangh key yemanzelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast kshetra) mein ack volga taataar pitaa, valeri shaikhlaslamov (сеyxelislamov, "sheikh all-islam" seey), ack koyla khanik aur ack baalvaadi sangeet shikshak, jaatiya russie maan, olga key ghar huaa thaa. usane kahaa haye kii usey apane pitaa seey viraasat mein milaa uska roop aur loga aksar usey dakshin americi honey kii galati karate hain, yeh kahate hue kii, "merey pitaa kaale rung key they, kyonki way taataar they, kabhi-kabhi taataar brazilian dikh sakate hain. mujhe apani maan seey halki aankhen milati hain."unakaa ack bhaai haye, ack bahan jiska naam tatiana petenkova haye. vaha tatiana key teen bachchon kii chaachi bhee haye, jisamen unake naam parr "irina" naam kii ack bhatiji bhee shamil haye. shaka ney chhah saal kii umr mein piano bajaana shuru curr diyaa thaa. nau saal kii umr mein, unhone ack sangeet vidyalaya mein dakhila liya aur vahaan saat saal taka adhyayan kiya, donon piano bajaate they aur gaayak mandal mein gaate they, kyonki unaki maan chaahati theen kii vaha sangeet kaa adhyayan karein. jaba vaha 14 saal kii thee taba usake pitaa kii pneumonia kii jatilataon seey mrityu hoe gaee, jisase usake parivaar key paas bahut cumm paisa thaa aur usaki maan koo parivaar kii dekhbhal key liye dou naukariyon parr kaam karane key liye majboor honah padaa. hyee school key baad, shack ney vipanan kaa adhyayan kiya, lekin baad mein apani badee bahan key saath ack saundarya vidyalaya mein pravesh karane kaa vikalp chunaa. vahaan rahate hue, unhein ack sthaaniya modeling agency key ack vyakti ney dekhaa joe unaki sundarta seey prabhaavit thaa. unhein "miss chelyabinsk 2004" saundarya pratiyogita mein bhaag lene kaa aagrah kiya gayaa thaa, jise unhone jeetaa thaa; unhone iss pratiyogita koo saundarya pratiyogitaon key maanak seey bahut neeche bataaya joe europeeya mahanagaron yaa sanyukt raajya america mein apekshit haye. carrier. modeling. 2007-2010: shuruati saal. 2007 mein, shack ney enaa beatridge barros koo antarang key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya, aur usee varsh vaarshik "sports sachitra swimsuit issue" mein shuruat kii. teen saal taka antarang kaa chehra rahane key baad, shack koo 2010 mein brand key liye aadhikarik rajdoot banaaya gayaa thaa. unake anya modeling abhiyaanon mein samudra tata banni swimwear aur vasant/garmi 2009 key mausam key liye anuman lagaana shamil thaa. anya karyon mein victoria kii gupt soochi, lacost, sizere pacioti aur morelato shamil hain. unhone maee 2009 mein aaee. aim. jee. models key saath hastakshar kiye. 2011-2015: mukhyadhara kii safalata. shack ney armani exchange spring/summer 2010 abhiyaan kaa model banaaya. unhone kalakar marco brambilla dwara nirdeshit cannie west kii "power" mein bhee abhinay kiya. vaha agast mudde key liye "ocean drive" aur "gq" dakshin africa key aavaran parr thee. vaha "complexes" patrika dwara "50 sabse hott russie mahilaaon" kii soochi mein pahale sthaan parr rahee. unhone spen key "harper key bajar" mein ack prasaar key saath swimwear seey uchch fashion mein badalaav kiya aur unake navambar 2010 key ank key liye "elle" spen kaa aavaran praapt kiya. "glamour" spen ney unhein "" 2010 kii sarvshreshth antarrashtriya model "" seey sammaanit kiya. varsh key anta mein, unhein "gq spen" disambar ank mein nagna chitra mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa; haalaanki, unhone daavaa kiya kii unhone photoshoot key liye kapade naheen hataae they, aur patrika ney unaki adhovastra koo hataane key liye chhaviyon koo digital roop seey badal diyaa thaa. jee. kyu. ney jawab diyaa kii usake nagna honey key 15 gawah hain. valentines day parr, "lait show vid david laterman" key ack episode mein, "billboard" key madhyam seey yeh khulasa kiya gayaa thaa kii shack 2011 key "sports sachitra swimsuit mudde" key liye covermodal they. yeh paanchvin baar thaa jaba unhein patrika mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa, lekin pahali baar vaha cover parr aaee hain. vaha aavaran parr dikhaai dene vaali pahali russie hain. shack swim label luli faamaa key 2011 vigyaapan abhiyaan aur look book kaa chehra bunn gayaa. 2011 mein, unhone "tatler roose", "twelve", "cosmopolitan spen", "gq mexico", "glamour spen", "emika itali" jaisi patrikaon koo cover kiya aur chrismus key liye vishesh sanskaran "eley spen" key cover parr dikhaai dee. unhone rampage, baar refelli, replay aur xt jaise kaee brandon key liye bhee kaam kiya. vaha models parr "sheersh 20 sabse kamuk models" kii soochi mein 14vein sthaan parr thee.comm. usee varsh, unhein hangerian patrika periodica mein "duniya kii sabse kamuk mahila" key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. 2012 mein, unhone "eskier yuke", "harper kaa bajar arabia" aur "ukraine", "mairi clyer ukraine", "spen" aur "roose", "gq germany", "glamour roose" koo cover kiya aur duniya bhar mein 14 "cosmopolitan" spring cover parr dikhaai dee. unhone "moda spen" aur "ravivaar kii shally" koo bhee shamil kiya. unhone "vanity fair itali" key liye ack sampadakiya bhee kiya. usee varsh, vaha morelato, agua bendita aur blanco key liye abhiyaanon mein dikhaai dee hain. navambar mein, shack ney "twelve" patrika koo cover kiya, joe saathi russie model annie vee key saath doosara ank thaa. usee maheene, vaha mario testino key saath kaam karate hue fashion spen disambar ank key liye ack sampadakiya mein dikhaai deen. farwari 2013 mein, unhone "banaam" koo cover kiya."annie vee key saath patrika aur usee maheene unhone broose webber dwara kheenchi gaee aur carrine reutfeld dwara shailibaddh kra. aeye. aar. fashion book ank 2 key liye ack sampadakiya kiya. usee maheene, unhone newyork fashion saptah key dauran jeremi scott kaa runway kiya. march 2013 mein, unhone peris fashion saptah key dauran gitchie kaa runway kiya. 2013 mein bhee, shack koo "harper key bajar us" mein kaee baar dikhaaya gayaa thaa. unhone doosari baar see. aar. fashion book ank 3 mein dikhaaya. sitambar mein, unhone "allure" roose koo cover kiya. vaha "vog" spen kii cover model bhee thee, jisane giampolo sagura dwara kheenchi gaee apani pahali "vog" cover koo utaara. 2014 mein, vaha 2014 sheetkaleen olympic key udghaatan samaroh key dauran russie team key liye takhti vaahak theen. 2016-vartamaanah uchch fashion kaary mein sankraman. shack ney miyu miyu, bottega venetta, maark jacobs, channel, ralf lauren, shiyapereli, muggler, mosino, barberi, verses, givechi, dyne wonn firstenberg, jaails decon, decigual, jeremi scott, hyugo boss, philipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory berch, missoni, victoria beckham, valentino, max maaran, isabelle marant, atro, viven westwood, richard quin, auskar dee laa renta, brandon maxwell, jeane paul gaultier, miss maxwell aur aam key liye runway parr chalana shuru kiya haye. vaha 2020 mein aakhiri jeane paul gaultier fashion show key liye bhee chully. 2016 mein, vaha victoria key gupt fashion show mein chully gaee, jabaki 6 maheene kii garbhavati ladki lii dee seane shake cooper key saath. vaha barberi, jeane paul gaultier, maark jacobs, verses, alberta ferretti, givchi, missoni, laa parla, roberto kaivali, giorgio armani, dee. aiss. squire 2, laa senja, morelato, bebe, lord aind teller, lacost, armani exchange, anuman lagaane key liye vigyaapan abhiyaanon mein dikhaai dee haye?, blumerine, sax five avenue, victoria secret, aur avon. octuber 2015 mein, vaha naee lorell peris antarrashtriya pravakta baneen. abhinay. shack ney 2014 kii film "herculis" mein dwayne johnson key saath megara key roop mein abhinay kii shuruat kii. vyaktigat jeevan. shack ney 2007 seey 2009 taka linkin park drummer robb borden koo dett kiya. vaha 2009 mein purtagaali footballer christiano ronaldo seey mileen aur isake turant baad unhone detting shuru curr dee. unhone janwari 2015 mein ronaldo key saath sambandh samaapt curr diyaa. vasant 2015 mein, unhone americi abhineta bradley cooper key saath detting shuru kii. unaki betty lii dee seane kaa janm 21 march, 2017 koo loss angils mein huaa thaa. yeh jodaa juuna 2019 mein alag hoe gayaa. paropkar. shayak apane grihnagar yemanzelinsk mein ack prasooti aspatal kii madad curr rahee haye. usane aur usaki bahan ney sthaaniya aspatal key bachchon key ward key punarnirmaan mein madad kii, aur abb shack ack russie charity, pomogi-"sahaayata" () kii or seey dhana jutaata haye, joe beemar bachchon kii dekhbhal pradaan kartaa haye. shack roose mein pomogi key liye aadhikarik rajdoot hain. vaha newyork shahar key saath-saath aeye. aiss. pee. see. aeye. key liye khaadya baink kii rajdoot hain. vaha 2022 key ukraine parr russie aakraman key khilaf haye, usane ukraine mein apane maanviya prayason kaa samarthan karane key liye unicef aur redd cross koo daan karane kaa irada vyakt kiya haye, aur apane anuyaayiyon seey bhee daan karane key liye kahaa haye.

airina shake vrattiparavagi airina shake (<unk>) endu kareyalpaduva airina valerivna shekhlislamova (janana 6 janavari 1986), obba rashyaada rupadarshi mattu duradarshana vyaktitva. 2011rahra "sports illustrated" eejuduge sanchikeya mukhaputadalli modala roopadarshiyaagi kanisikondaga shake antaaraashtriya mannaneyannu padedaru. maadarigalu.com aakeyannu hosa supargalalli obbalaagi sthana niidide. arambhika jeevana. shake soviyat okkootada yemanjhelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast pradesha) dalli, volga totter tande, kalliddalu ganigaarti, mattu janangiya rashyaada taayi, shishuvihaarada sangeeta sikshaka, volga shaikhlislamov (саяyxelislamov, "sheikh all-islam" ninda) ge janisidaru. aake tanna tandeyinda tanna notavannu aanuvamshikavaagi padediddaale mattu janaru aagaagge tannannu daksina americadavalendu tappagi bhavisuttare, "nanna tande kappu charmavannu hondiddaru, ekendare avaru totter aagiddaru, kelavomme tatargalu brazilian aagi kanisabahudu. nanna taayiyinda nanna belakina kannugalu baruttave."aakege obba sahodaraniddaane, obba sahodari tatiana petenkova. aake tatiyanala moovaru makkala chikkamma kooda aagiddu, aakeya hesarinalli "airina" emba sodara sose kooda iddaare. shake tanna aarane vayassinalli piano nudisalu praarambhisidanu. ombattane vayassinalli, avaru sangeeta shaalege serikondaru mattu elu varshagala kaala allie adhyayana maadidaru, piano nudisuvudu mattu gayaka vrundadalli haaduvudu eradoo, ekendare avara taayi avaru sangeetavannu kaliyabekendu bayasiddaru. aakeya tande pneumoniyada todakugalindaagi aake 14 varshadavalagiddaga nidhanaraadaru, aakeya kutumbadalli kadime hanavittu mattu kutumbavannu nodikollalu aakeya taayiyannu eradu udyogagalannu maadabekaayitu. proudhashaaleya nantara, shake marketing adhyayana maadidaru aadare nantara tanna akkanondige soundarya shaalege praveshisalu nirdharisidaru. alliddaaga, sthaliya modelling agency vyaktiyobbaru avala soundaryadinda prabhaavitaraadaru. miss chelyabinsk 2004" soundarya spardheyalli bhagavahisuvante aakeyannu ottaayisalaayitu, adaralli aake geddaru; ee spardheyu europina mahanagaragalalli athawa america samyukta samsthaanagalalli nirikshisabahudaada soundarya spardhegala gunamattakkinta tumba kelagittu endu aake vivarisiddaare. vrattijeevana. maadari. 2007-2010: arambhika varshagalu. varshagalu, anaa beatridge barros avarannu intimissimia mukhavaagi shaik badalaayisidaru mattu adhe varshadalli varshika "sports illustrated eejuduge sanchike" yalli paadaarpane maadidaru. mooru varshagala kaala intimissimia mukhavaagidda nantara, shake avarannu 2010 ralli brandna adhikruta rayabhariyannagi maadalaayitu. avara itara modelling abhiyanagalalli beach bunny eejudugegalu mattu 2009 rahra vasanta/besige rtuvina uhegalu serive. itara krutigalalli viktoriyaada rahasya catalog, lacost, siser passiotti mattu morellato serive. aake 2009rahra mayee tingalalli img maadarigalondige sahi haakidaru. 2011-2015: mukhyavahiniya yashassu. shake armani vinimaya vasanta/besige 2010 abhiyaanavannu roopisidaru. aake kalaavida marco brumbilla nirdeshanada canye westna "power" nalliyu natisidaru. august sanchikeya "ocean drive" mattu "gqu" daksina aafrikaada mukhaputadalli aake kanisikondiddaru. complexes" niyatakaalikeya "50 atyanta janapriya rashyaada mahileyara" pattiyalli avaru modala sthana padedaru. spaine "harpers bazar" nalli haraduvikeyondige avaru eeju udupugalinda unnata fashionge badalaadaru mattu avara november 2010 rahra sanchikeyalli "elle" spaine mukhaputavannu padedaru. "glamour" spain aakege "" 2010rahra atyuttama antaaraashtriya rupadarshi "" prashastiyannu needitu ". varshada koneyalli, "gqu spain" december sanchikeyalli aakeyannu nagnavagi chithrisalaagide; aadaagyoo, aake photoshootgaagi batte bicchikondilla mattu niyatakaalikavu aakeya ola udupugalannu tegeduhakalu chitragalannu digital aagi badalaayiside endu aake heliddaare. aake nagnavagi kanisikondiddakke 15 sakshigaliddare endu gqu pratikriyisidaru. valentines dinadandu, "late show vith david letterman" naa sanchikeyalli, 2011 rahra "sports illustrated eejuduge sanchike" yaya cover madel shake endu "billboard" moolaka bahirangapadisalaayitu. idu aidane baarige aakeyannu niyatakaalikeyalli prakatisalaagide, aadare modala baarige aake mukhaputadalli kanisikondiddare. aake mukhaputadalli kanisikonda modala russian. shake eeju label luli fama avara 2011 rahra jaahiraatu abhiyana mattu look pustakada mukhavaadaru. mukhavaadaru, avaru "tottler russia", "twelve", "cosmopolitan spain", "gqu mexico", "glamour spain", "amika itali" muntaada niyatakaalikegalannu prakatisidaru mattu krismasgagi vishesha aavruttiyaada "elle spain" naa mukhaputadalli kanisikondaru. avaru rampage, baar refaily, replay mattu extigalantaha aneka brandgalige kelasa maadidaru. aake maadarigala "top 20 sexiest models" pattiyalli 14neey sthanadalliddare.com. adhe varsha, hangerian niyatakaalikeya niyatakaalikeyalli aakeyannu "vishvada atyanta sexiest mahile" endu ayke maadalaayitu. maadalaayitu, avaru "escure yuke", "harpers bazar arabia" mattu "ukrain", "merrie clyer ukrain", "spain" mattu "russia", "gqu germany", "glamour russia" galannu olagondu vishvadaadyanta 14 "cosmopolitan" spring kavargalalli kanisikondaru. aake "moda spain" mattu "dhii sandey times style" annu saha olagondiddaru. aake "vanity fair itali" gaagi sampadakiyavannoo maadidaru. adhe varsha, avaru morellato, aguwa bendita mattu blanco abhiyanagalalli kanisikondiddare. novembernalli, shake "twelve" niyatakaalikeyannu prakatisidaru, idu sahavarti rashyaada maadari aanne vii. jotegina eradane sanchikeyaagide. adhe tingalalli, avaru mario testino avarondige kelasa maaduva wog spain december sanchikeya sampaadakeeyadalli kanisikondaru. 2013rahra phebravariyalli, avaru "versus."aanne vii jotegina niyatakaalika mattu adhe tingalu avaru broose webber tegeda mattu carrin roitfeld vinyaasagolisida cr fashion book sanchike 2rahra sampaadakeeyavannu maadidaru. adhe tingalu, avaru newyork fashion veeknalli jeremi scotna runway maadidaru. march 2013 ralli, avaru paris fashion veeknalli givenchiya runway maadidaru. maadidaru saha, shake "harpers bazar yuu. ess" nalli halavaaru baari kanisikondaru. avaru eradane baarige cr fashion pustaka sanchikeyalli kanisikondaru. septembernalli, avaru "akarshane" rashyavannu varadi maadidaru. aake "wog" spaine cover madel aagiddaru, giampolo sagura avaru chayachitra tegeda tanna modala "wog" cover annu ilisidaru. ilisidaru, 2014rahra chaligaalada olympicsna udghatana samaarambhadalli avaru rashyaada tandada phalaka dhaarakiyaagiddaru. 2016-indinavarege unnata fashion kelasakke parivartane. miyu miyu, bottega veneta, maark jacobs, channel, ralf lauren, shiyaparelli, muggler, moschino, burberry, versays, givechi, diane vaan firstenberg, gails deacon, decigual, jeremi scott, hugo baas, philipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory burch, missoni, victoria beckham, valentino, max maaraa, brandon maxwell, isabelle maarant, etro, vivien westwood, richard quin, askar dii laa renta, brandon maxwell, zeane paul galtier, misoni, micheal course mattu mango. aake 2020 ralli koneya zeane paul galtier fashion shoge saha nadedaru. 2016 ralli, avaru victoria secret fashion shonalli 6 tingala garbhiniyagi lea dii seane shake cooper emba hennu maguvannu hondiddaru. aake burberry, zeane paul galtier, maark jacobs, versays, alberta ferretti, givechi, misoni, laa perla, rabarto kaavalli, georgio armani, dsquared 2, laa senza, morelato, bebe, lard & taylor, lacost, armani exchange, yooj?, blumerine, saaks aidane avenue, victorias secret, mattu avon. october 2015 ralli, avaru hosa ell 'oreal paris antararashtriya vaktaararaadaru. natane. 2014rahra "herculus" chitradalli dwayne johnson avarondige megara patradalli shaik natisalu praarambhisidaru. vaiyaktika jeevana. shake shake 2007rinda linkin park drummer robb bordannondige dating maadidaru. avaru avaru portugees football atagara christiano ronaldo avarannu bhetiyaadaru mattu nantara shighradalle avaru dating maadalu praarambhisidaru. aake 2015rahra janavariyalli ronaldo avarondigina sambandhavannu konegolisidaru. 2015rahra vasanta rtuvinalli, aake american nata broadley cooper avarondige dating maadalu praarambhisidaru. avara magalu lea dii saine march 21,2017 randu laas angelisnalli janisidaru. dampatigalu zoon 2019 ralli berpattaru. lokopakara. shake tanna tavaru nagaravaada yemanjhelinsknalliruva herige aaspatrege sahaaya maduttiddare. aake mattu aakeya sahodari sthaliya aaspatreya makkala wardennu punarnirmisalu sahaaya maadidaru, mattu eega shaik anarogyada makkalige aaraikeyannu odagisuva rashyaada chaariti, pomogi-"help" () paravagi hanavannu sangrahisuttaare. shake avaru rashyaadalli pomogige adhikruta rayabhariyagiddare. aake newyork nagara mattu aa. ess. pii. sii. aa. yaya aahara bankina rayabhariyagiddare. aake 2022rahra ukrain melina rashyaada akramanavannu virodhisuttaale, ukrennalli avara manaviya prayatnagalannu bembalisalu unicef mattu redd krasge denige needuva uddeshavannu vyaktapadisiddaale mattu tanna anuyayigalannoo denige niiduvante keliddaale.

irina shaik vyavsayikdrushtya irina sheikh (<unk>) mhanoon olakhali jaanari irina valerievna sheikhlislamova (; janm 6 janewari 1986) hii eka russian model aanee durchitravani vyaktimatva aahe. 2011 chya 'sports illustrated' swimsoot issuechya mukhprushthavar tee pahili model mhanoon disali tevha shaikala aantarrashtriy manyata midali. model.com teela naveen super mhanoon sthan dete. prarambhik jeevan. shaikcha janm soviet unionmadhil yemanzelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast pradesh) yethe volga tatarche vadil, valery shaikhlislamov (сяyxelislamov, "sheikh all-islam" pasoon), eka kolasa khaan kamgar aanee vanshik russian aaee, olga, eka balwadi sangeet shikshika yanchya potee jhaala. tine mhatale aahe qee teela tiche swaroop tichya vadilankadun varshane midale aahe aanee lock anekada teela dakshin american asalyache chukun sangatat, "majhe vadil kaale tvacha asalele hote, kaaran teey tatar hote, kadhikadhi tatar brazilian disu shakatat. mallah majhe halake dolhe majhya aaikadoon midatat."teela eka bhawand aahe, tatiana petenkova navachi eka baheen. tee tatianachya teen mulanchi mavashi dekhil aahe, jyat tichya navavarun 'irina' navachya bhachichahi samavesh aahe. shaikne vayachya sahavya varshi piano vajavayala suruvat kelee. vayachya nauvya varshi tine eka sangeet shalet pravesh ghetala aanee tethe saat varshe shikshan ghetale, piano vajavane aanee gayakvrundat gaane donhi, kaaran tichya aaeene teela sangitacha abhyas karava ashee tichi ichcha hotee. tee 14 varshanchi asatana tichya vadilanche pneumoniachya guntaguntimule nidhan jhaale, tichya kutumbakade thode paise rahile aanee tichya aaeela kutumbache bharanposhan karnyasathi done done karnyas bhag padale. madhyamik shalenantar, shaikne vipananacha abhyas keela parantu nantar tichya mothya bahinisobat saundarya shalet pravesh ghene nivadle. tithe asatana, sthanik modelling agencytil eka vyaktine tichyakade laksh dile, jee tichya saundaryane prabhavit jhaali. teela 'miss chelyabinsk 2004' saundarya spardhet sahbhagi honyache aavahan karnyat aale, jee tine jinkley; tine yaa spardheche varnan european mahanagaranmadhye kinwa americet apekshit asalelya saundarya spardhanchya manakanpeksha khoopach qamee asalyache kele. karkird. modelling. 2007-2010: suruvatichi varshe. 2007 madhye, shaikne anaa beatries barroschi jaaga intimisimicha chehara mhanoon ghetali aanee tyach varshi varshik "sports illustrated swimsoot issue" madhye padarpan kele. teen varshe intimisimicha chehara rahilyanantar, 2010 madhye shaikala yaa brandche adhikrut rajdoot karnyat aale. tichya itar modelling mohimanmadhye beach bunny jaltaran aanee 2009 chya vasant/unhali hangamasathi andaj yancha samavesh hota. itar kamanmadhye victoriachi gupt soochi, lacost, sijer pacioti aanee morelato yancha samavesh aahe. tine meey 2009 madhye aay. emm. jee. modelsobat karar keela. 2011-2015: mukhya pravahatil yash. shaikne armani exchange spring/summer 2010 mohimeche pratirup tayar kele. tine kalakar marco brambilla digdarshit 'power' yaa canny west yaa chitrapatatahi kaam kele. august ankasathi tee 'ocean drive' aanee 'jikyu' dakshin aafrikechya mukhprushthavar hotee. complexes masikane dilelya '50 sarvat hott russian mahilanchya' yadeet tine pratham kramank patkavla. spainchya 'harper' sha bajar 'madhye prasarasah tine jaltaran poshakhapasun uchch fashionmadhye badal keela aanee tyanchya november 2010 chya ankasathi' ele 'spainche mukhprushth midavale. "glamour spenne teela 2010 chya sarvotkrusht aantarrashtriy modelcha puraskar deela. varshachya akheris, 'jee. kyu. spain' chya december ankat tiche nagna chitra chitrit karnyat aale; tathapi, tine dawa keela qee tine chhayachitranasathi kapade ghatale navhate aanee niyatkalikane tichi antarvastra kadhoon taknyasathi pratima digital paddhatine badalalya hotya. jee. kyu. neey uttar dile qee tichya nagna avasthet 15 sakshidar aahet. valentine dechya divashi, 'lett shhow with david letterman' chya eka bhagamadhye, 'billboard' dware heey ughad jhaale qee shaik haah 2011 chya 'sports illustrated swimsoot issue' chaa covermodel hota. yaa niyatkalikat tee jhalakanyachi hii pachvi vel hotee, parantu tee prathamach mukhprushthavar aahe. mukhprushthavar disanari tee pahili russian aahe. shaik haah jaltaran label luli famachya 2011 chya jahirat mohimecha aanee look bukcha chehara banala. 2011 madhye, tine 'tatler russia', 'twelve', 'cosmopolitan spain', 'jikyu mexico', 'glamour spain', 'amika itali' yasarkhya masikanche vartankan kele aanee khrisamasasathi vishesh aavrutti 'ele spain' chya mukhprushthavar disali. tine rampage, baar refeli, replay aanee xti yasarkhya anek brandsathi dekhil kaam kele. modelschya 'top 20 sexiest models' chya yadeet tee 14 vya kramankavar aahe.com. tyach varshi, hungarian masik 'periodica' madhye teela 'jagatil sarvat kamuk mahila' mhanoon nivadanyat aale. 2012 madhye tine 'eskwire yooke', 'harpers bajar arabia' aanee 'ukraine', 'merrie clair ukraine', 'spain' aanee 'russia', 'jikyu germany', 'glamour russia' aanee jagbharatil 14 'cosmopolitan' spring coverver kaam kele. tine 'moda spain' aanee 'daad sande times style' dekhil samavisht kelee. tine 'vanity phair itali' sathee eka sampadakiy dekhil kele. tyach varshi tee morelato, agua bendita aanee blancochya mohimanmadhye disali aahe. novembermadhye, shaikne 'twelve' masik prakashit kele, joou sahkari russian model anney wii. saha dusra ank hota. tyach mahinyat, tee mario testinosobat kaam kartana fashion spainchya december ankatil eka sampadakiyat disali. februwari 2013 madhye tine 'viruddha."aine vhee. saha masik aanee tyach mahinyat tine broos webarne chhayachitrit kelelya aanee carrin reutfeldne shailibaddha kelelya see. aar. fashion book ank 2 sathee eka sampadakiy kele. tyach mahinyat, tine newyork fashion weak darmyan jeremi scotchi dhavpatti kelee. march 2013 madhye, tine parris fashion weak darmyan gichichi dhavpatti kelee. 2013 madhyehi, shaik 'harpercha bajar us' madhye anek vela disala. tee see. aar. fashion book ank 3 madhye madhye disali. septembermadhye tine 'luer' rashiyache vartankan kele. tee 'vhog' spainchi mukhprushth model dekhil hotee, jyane tiche pahile 'vhog' mukhprushth utaravale, jyache chhayachitra giampolo sagura yanni kadhale. 2014 madhye, 2014 hiwali olympicchya udghatan samarambhat tee russian sanghasathi falak vahak hotee. 2016-sadhyacheh uchch fashionchya kamakade sankraman. shaikne miyu miyu, bottega venetta, marqa jacobs, channell, ralf lauren, shiyapareli, muggler, moskino, berberry, verses, givechi, diane wonn firstenberg, jiles decon, decigual, jeremi scott, hugo boss, philipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory berch, misoni, victoria bekham, valentino, max maaraa, brandon maxwell, isabelle marrant, etro, vvn westwood, richard quin, auskar dii laa renta, brandon maxwell, jeane paul gaultier, misoni, michael corse aanee aamba yasathi dhavpattivar chalalo aahe. 2020 madhye shevatchya jeane paul gaultier fashion shosathihi tee gelee. 2016 madhye, tee victoriyachya gupt fashion shomadhye gelee, jevha tee 6 mahinyanchi garbhavati mulgi lii dii seane shaik kooparshi hotee. tee barberi, jeane paul gaultier, marqa jacobs, verses, alberta ferretti, givity, misoni, laa parla, roberto cavalley, georgio armani, dii. ess. square 2, laa senza, morelato, bebe, laurd andd teller, lacost, armani exchange, andaj?, bluemarine, sacks fifth avenue, victoriache secret aanee evon. aktoobar 2015 madhye, tee laal 'oreal parischi naveen aantarrashtriy pravakte bunley. abhinay. shaikne 2014 madhye 'herculus' yaa chitrapatat dwayne johnsonsobat megara mhanoon abhinayat padarpan kele. vaiyaktik jeevan. shaikne 2007 teey 2009 paryant linkin park drummer robb bordenla dett kele. tee 2009 madhye portugij footballpatu christiano ronaldola bhetali aanee tyanantar lagechach tyanni dating suru kelee. tine janewari 2015 madhye ronaldosobatche naate sampushtat aanale. 2015 chya vasant rutumadhye tine american abhineta bradley kooparla dett karnyas suruvat kelee. 21 march 2017 roji losses angelisemadhye tyanchi mulgi lii dii seencha janm jhaala. juuna 2019 madhye heey jodape vegale jhaale. paropkar. shaik tichya yemanzelinsk yaa mool gavee asalelya prasooti rugnalayala madat karat aahe. tine aanee tichya bahineene sthanik rugnalayachya mulanchya prabhagachi punarbandhani karnyat madat kelee aanee aata shaik, aajari mulanchi kalji kalji pomogi yaa russian dharmaday sansthechya vatine paise gola karato. shaik heey rashiyatil pomogiche adhikrut rajdoot aahet. tyaa newyork shahar aanee aii. ess. pii. see. aii. chya ann bankesathi rajdoot aahet. 2022 madhye ukrainvar jhalelya russian aakramanachya tyaa virodhat aahet, tyanni yukrenmadhil tyanchya manavtavadi prayatnanna pathimba denyasathi unicef aanee reed crossla denagi denyacha hetu darshavila aahe aanee tyanchya anuyayannahi daan karnyas sangitale aahe.

irina shake irina bhyaleribhna shekhlislamobha (; janma 6 janawari 1986), jaslai wyawasayik rupma irina sek () bhanera chininchha, ek rusi model rar television wyaktitwa hun. sann 2011 ko "sports illustrated" swimsuit muddako awaranma pahilo modelko rupma dekha parepachhi sekle antarrashtriya manyata prapta garin. modelharu.kamale unlai nayan superharu madhye ekko rupma sthan dinchha. prarambhik jiwan. sekko janma sobhiyat sanghako yemanjhelinska (chelyabinsk oblast khetra) maa ek bholga tatara pita, bhyaleri shekhlislamobh ("aaaяyxelislamov", "sheikh all-islam" batt), ek koila khani, rar jatiya rusi amah, olga, ek kindergarten sangit sikshikabata bhaeko thiyo. unle afno bubako look virasatma paeko rar manisharule unlai prayaha dakshin americi bhaeko galti garera bhaneka chhan, "mera buba callo chhala bhaeka thie, kinki uni tatara thie, kahilekaahin tatarharu brazilian dekhin sakchhan. mahm merry amabata mero halka aankha prapta garchhu."unko euta bhaibahini chha, ek bahiniko naam tatiana petenkobha how. uni tatianaka tinn santanki kaki pani hun jasma unko nambata "irina" namko bhatiji pani samawesh chha. sackle chha warshako umerma piano bajauna thale. nau warshako umerma, unle euta sangit vidyalayama bharna garin rar tyahan saat warshasamma adhyayan garin, piano bajaune rar gayak samuhama gaune duwai, kinbhane unaki amale unlai sangit adhyayan garna chahanchhin. uni 14 warshako hunda nimoniako jatiltale garda unka bubako mrityu bhayo, unko pariwarsanga thorai paisa chha rar unaki amalai pariwarko bharanposhan garna dui kaam garna badhya pardai. hai skulpachhi, sekle marketing padhe tara pachhi afno jethi bahinisanga saundarya vidyalayama prawesh garna rojin. tyahan hunda, unlai sthaniya modeling agencyka ek wyaktile dekhe jo unko sundartabata prabhawit bhae. unlai "miss chelyabinsk 2004" saundarya pratiyogitama bhag lyne agraha garieko thiyo, june unle jiteki thiin; unle yo pratiyogitalai mahanagariya europeli saharharu wa sanyukta rajya americama apeksha garne saundarya pratiyogitaharuko manakbhanda dherai talko rupma warnan garin. currier. modeling. 2007-2010: prarambhik warshaharu. sann 2007 maa, sekle ena bitrij baroslai intimisimiko anuharko rupma pratisthapan gare, rar sohi warsha warshik "sports illustrated swimsuit issue" maa debue gare. tinn warshasamma intimisimiko anuhar banepachhi, seklai 2010 maa brandko adhikarik rajdut banaieko thiyo. unko anya modeling abhiyanharuma samudra tata banni paudi, rar wasanta/garmi 2009 sijanko lagi anuman samawesh thiyo. anya kritiharuma wictoriako gopya suchi, lacost, sijera pasioti rar morelato samawesh chhan. unle mey 2009 maa img modelharusanga hastakshar garin. 2011-2015: mukhyadharako safalta. sekle armani exchange spring/samar 2010 abhiyanko model banae. unle kalakar marco brambiladwara nirdeshit kanye westko "pawar" maa pani abhinaya garin. uni august issueka lagi "ocean drive" rar "jikyu" dakshin africako awaranma thiin. unle "jatil" patrikadwara "50 sabaibhanda lokpriya rusi mahila" suchima pahilo sthan prapta garin. unle spainko "harperko bazar" maa failawatsangai paudiko pahiranbata uccha fessionma pariwartan garin rar tiniharuko november 2010 ankaka lagi "ele" spainko awaranma awataran garin. "glamour" spainle unlai "" sann 2010 ko sarwashreshtha antarrashtriya model "" ko puraskar pradan pradan. warshako antyama, unlai "jikyu spain" december ankama nagna chitran garieko thiyo; tathapi, unle photosutka lagi luga nalagaeko rar patrikale unko antarwastra hataunaka lagi chhawiharu digital rupma pariwartan gareko dabi garin. jikyule unko nagna pojma 15 zana sakshi raheko jawaf die. valentine dema, "lett show whith devid letterman" ko ek episodema, "billboard" marfat yo khulasa garieko thiyo kii shake 2011 ko "sports illustrated swimsuit mudda" kaa lagi kabhar model thie. yo panchaun patak thiyo jab uni patrikama chitrit bhaeki thiin, tara pahilo patak uni awaranma chhin. uni awaranma dekhine pahilo rusi hun. sek paudi lebel luli famako 2011 vigyapan abhiyan rar look bukako anuhar bane. sann 2011 maa, unle "tatler rasiya", "twelve", "cosmopolitan spain", "jikyu meksiko", "glamour spain", "amika italy" jasta patrikaharu kabhar garin rar krisamasko vishesh sanskaran "ele spain" ko kabharma dekha parin. unle rampage, barr refeli, replay rar xti jasta dherai brandharuka lagi pani kaam garin. uni modelharuma "shirsha 20 sexiest modelharu" suchima 14 aun sthanma chhin.cum. sohi warsha, unlai hangeri patrika periodicama "wishwako sabaibhanda kamuk mahila" bhanera matadan garieko thiyo. sann 2012 maa, unle "escayer yuke", "harperko bazar arabia" rar "yukrena", "merry clair yukrena", "spain" rar "rasiya", "jikyu germany", "glamour rasiya" kabhar garin rar vishwawyapi rupma 14 "cosmopolitan" spring kabharharuma dekha parin. unle "moda spain" rar "sunday times style" pani kabhar garin. unle "bhyaniti fair italy" kaa lagi sampadakiya pani garin. sohi warsha, uni morelato, agua bendita rar blancoca lagi abhiyanharuma dekha parin. novemberma, shekle sathi rusi model annie v sangko dosro anka "twelve" patrikalai kabhar gare. sohi mahinama, uni mario testinosanga kaam gardai prachalit spain december ankako sampadakiyama dekha parin. february 2013 maa, unle "banam."annie wee rar sohi mahina unle criss fasion book issue 2 kaa lagi sampadakiya garin june bruce vebardwara khichieko thiyo rar carrin roitfeldwara shailibadha garieko thiyo. sohi mahina, unle newyork fasion haptako samayama jeremi skatko ranawe garin. march 2013 maa, unle peris fasion haptako samayama gichiko ranawe garin. sann 2013 maa pani, sekle "harperko bazar yues" maa dherai patak dekha pare. uni dosro patak siar fasion book ank 3 maa chitrit bhain. septemberma, unle "akarshan" ruslai kabhar garin. uni "bhog" spainko kabhar model pani thiin, jasle unko pahilo "bhog" kabhar awataran giyampolo saguradwara foto khicheki thiin. sann 2014 maa, uni 2014 shitkalin olampikko udghatan samarohma rusi tolika lagi placard wahak thiin. 2016-wartamanah uccha fasion kamma sankraman. syekle miyu miu, bottega bheneta, mark jacobs, chanel, ralf laren, siapareli, muggler, moschino, barberi, bharsesa, giwechi, diane bhon firsteinberg, jails decon, decigual, jeremi scott, hyugo bose, phillipines, salvatore feragamo, tory berch, missoni, victoria bekham, bhyalentino, max marah, brandon maxwell, isabelle marant, etro, bhibhian westwod, richard quin, oskar day lah renta, brandon maxwell, zean pall gultier, missoni, micheal course rar aanpka lagi ranavema hindeka chhan. uni sann 2020 maa antim zin pall gultier fasion soka lagi pani hindin. sann 2016 maa, uni victoria sikret fasion soma hindin rar 6 mahinako garbhawati chhori lea day sayne sek kuparsanga. uni barberi, zin pall gultier, mark jacobs, bharsesa, alberta ferretti, gichi, missoni, lah parla, roberto kawalli, georgio armani, dieskweard 2, lah senza, morelato, bebe, leard anned taylor, lacost, armani exchange, anumanka lagi vigyapan abhiyanharuma dekha parin?, blumerin, sax faibh avenue, wictoriako sikret, rar ebhan. october 2015 maa, uni nayan loreal peris antarrashtriya prawakta banin. abhinaya. sekle sann 2014 ko film "herculus" maa dwayne jonasansanga megara rupma abhinayako suruwat gareki thiin. wyaktigat jiwan. sekle sann 2007 dekhi 2009 samma linkin park drummer robe boardenlai dett garin. unle sann 2009 maa porchugalka footballer cristiano ronaldolai bheteki thiin rar tyasko lagattai uniharule dating garna thale. unle janawari 2015 maa ronaldositko sambandha samapta garin. sann 2015 ko wasantama unle americi abhineta bradley kuparsanga dating garna thalin. tiniharuko chhori lea day senko janma 21 march 2017 maa lus angelsma bhaeko thiyo. june 2019 maa yo jody alag bhayo. paropkar. sekle afno grihanagar yemanjhelinskako prasuti aspatalma maddat gariraheki chhin. unle rar unaki bahinile sthaniya aspatalko balbalikako ward punarnirman garna maddat garin, rar ab sackle rusi paropkari sanstha, pomogi-"help" ()-ko tarfabata paisa uthaunchhan, jasle birami bachchaharuko herchah pradan gardacha. sek rasiyama pomogika lagi adhikarik rajdut hun. uni newyork saharka sathai espisaka lagi food bankky rajdut hun. uni 2022 maa yukrenma bhaeko rusi akramanko viruddhama chhin, yukrenma uniharuko manawiya prayaslai samarthan garna unicef rar redd kraslai daan garne iccha wyakta gareki chhin, rar afna anuyayiharulai pani daan garna agraha gareki chhan.

irina shayak irina bhaleribhana shekhlislamobha (; janma 6 januari 1986), peshadara bhabare irina shake (<unk>) bhabare janashuna, jane rushiah model ebong television byaktitwa . 2011 masihar "sports elastrated" suimsuit issue prachada prusthare pratham model bhabe shay abhinai kariba parey shaik antarjatija manyata paithile. model.qama tanku nutan supermananka madhyaru jane bhabare sthana deichi . prarambhika zeeban. shayak sobhieta sanghara jemanajhelinsak (chaliabinsk oblast anchala) ray jane bholaga tatter pita, bheleri shajaklislamov (сеyxelislamov, "shajakh all-islam" ru "сеyxelislamov"), jane koila khani sramika ebong jatigata rushiah maa, olaga, jane kindergarten sangeeta shikhyakanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. shay kahichanti je shay taanka pitankatharu uttaradhikarare taanka roop paichanti ebong lokamane tanku dakhina americae bolly bhul karanti, kahichanti, "moe bapa kalaa charma thile, kaaran shay tatara thile, belebele tatara brazilara dekhajaipare . mun moe maa 'nka thaaru moe haluka aakhi paithae."tankara jane bhai achanti, jane bhaunee, jahara naama tatiana petenakova. shay madhya tatijananka tini pilanka mausi, jeunthire taanka naamare "irina" namaka jane bhaniji madhya achanti. shayak chhaa barsha bajasare piano bajaiba arambha karithile. naaa barsha bajasare, shay eka sangeeta bidyalajare naama lekhaithile ebong sethare saata barsha adhyajana karithile, ubhaja piano bajaiba ebong gajaka dalare geeta gaiba, kaaran taanka maaa chahunthile je shay sangeeta adhyajana karantu. taanka pita pneumonia janita jatilata karanaru 14 barsha bajasare mrutyubarana karithile, taanka paribara pakhare alpa tanka thila ebong taanka maanku paribarara bharanposhan paain duiti chakiri karibaku badhya karithile. haiskul parey, shayak marketing adhyajana karithile kintu parey taanka budd bhauneenka saha eka saundarjya bidyalajare prabesha karibaku bachithile. sethare thiba samajare, eka sthaniah madeling agencyra jane byakti tanku lakhya karithile, jieki taanka saundarjya dwara prabhabita hoithile. tanku "miss chelyabinsk 2004" saundarjya pratijogitare anshagrahana karibaku anurodha karajaithila, jaahaa shay jitithile; shay ehi pratijogitaku europeah mahanagar kimba juktarastra aamerikare aasha karajauthiba saundarjya pratijogitara manaka thaaru bahuta comm bolly barnana karithile. kyariyara. madeling. 2007-2010: prarambhika barsha. 2007 ray, shayak aanaa bitridge barosnku intimisiminka chehera bhabare badalaithile, ebong sehi barsha barshika "sports elastrated suimsuit iyu" ray arambha karithile . tini barsha dhari intimisiminka chehera heba parey, 2010 ray shaiknku brander sarkari rastradoota karajaithila. tankara anya madeling abhijanare belabhumi banni santarana poshaka, ebong basanta/grishma 2009 rutu paain anumana antarbhukta . anya karjyagudika madhyare victoriara gupta suchi, lacost, sijera pacioti ebong morelato antarbhukta . shay meey 2009 ray img madelmananka sahita swakhyara karithile. 2011-2015: mukhyadharara saphalata. shaik armani exchanges basanta/grishma 2010 abhijanara model karithile. shay kalakara marco brambilanka nirdeshita kanije westara "pawara" ray madhya abhinai karithile. shay august prasanga paain "ocean drive" ebong "gku" dakhina africar prachada prusthare thile. complexes" patrika dwara "50 john hutt rushiah mahila" talikare shay pratham sthana adhikara karithile. shay spainer "harpers bajaara" ray bistara sahita santarana poshakaru uccha fyashanaku paribartana karithile ebong navember 2010 sankhya paain "ele" spainer prachadaku abataran karithile . "glamour" spain tanku "" 2010 rahr shrestha antarjatija model "" bhabare sammanita karithila. barsha sheshare, tanku "jiku spain" december sanchikare nagna bhabare chitrita karajaithila; tathapi, shay daabi karithile je shay photosot paain poshaka bahara karinahanti, ebong patrikati taanka antarbasaku hataiba paain chitragudika digital bhabare paribartana karichhi . jiku uttara dele je taanka nagna pose rahr 15 john sakhi achanti . valentine day 'ray, "lett shoe with devida letterman" rahr eka episodare, "billboard" madhyamare ehaa prakash paithila je 2011 "sports elastrated suimsuit issue" rahr kavara model thile shayak. pancham thara paain shay patrikare sthana paichanti, kintu pratham thara paain shay prachada prusthare achanti . shay pratham rushiah jie prachada prusthare dekhajanti . shayak suiming lebel luli phamanka 2011 bigyapana abhijana ebong look pustakara chehera hoithile . 2011 ray, shay "tatler rushia", "twelabh", "cosmopolitan spain", "jiku mexico", "glamour spain", "amika italy" pari patrika kavara karithile ebong christmas paain swatantra sanskarana "ele spain" rahr kabharare upasthita hoithile. shay rempages, baar refaily, replay ebong xti pari aneka brand paain madhya kaama karithile. shay madelamananka upare "shrestha 20 john sexiest model" talikare talikare sthanare rahithile.comm. sehi barsha, shay hangereeja patrika 'piriodikare' biswara sabutharu kamuka mahila 'bhabare nirbachita hoithile. 2012 ray, shay "esquer jayu. kee", "harper bajaara arabia" ebong "ukraine", "merry clair ukraine", "spain" ebong "rushia", "jiku germany", "glamour rushia" ku kabhar karithile ebong biswabyapee 14 tii "casmopolitan" spring kabharare upasthita hoithile . shay "moda spain" ebong "rabibara samai sailee" madhya antarbhukta karithile. shay "bhaniti fair italy" paain eka sampadakiah madhya karithile. sehi barsha, shay morelato, agua bendita ebong blanco paain abhijanare abhinai karichanti. nabhembarare, shayak "twelabh" patrikati kavara karithile, jaahaa saathee rushiah model aane bhi. nka saha dwiteeja sankhya thila. sehi maasare, shay lokpriya spain december sankhya paain eka sampadakijare mario testinonka saha kaama karithile. februari 2013 ray, shay "banam."aane bhi ebong sehi maasare shay bruce webaranka dwara phato uthajaithiba ebong carrin roitafeldanka dwara style hoithiba cr fashion book sankhya 2 paain eka sampadakiah karithile. sehi maasare, shay nyujarka fashion saptaha samajare jeremi scottra ranawe karithile. march 2013 ray, shay paris fashion saptaha samajare giche ranawe karithile. 2013 masihare madhya, shayak "harper 'shh bajaara us" ray aneka thara pradarshita hoithile. shay dwiteeja thara paain sii. aarr. fashion book sankhya 3 ray sthana paithile. septembarare, shay "akarshana" rushiaaku kabhar karithile. shay "bhog" spainer prachada model madhya thile, jaahaa giampaolo sguranka dwara phato uthaithiba tankara pratham "bhog" prachadaku abataran karithila . |, shay 2014 shitakalina olympicsor udaghatani samarohare rushia dala paain placard bahaka thile. 2016-barttamanah uccha fashion karjyaku paribartana . shayak miu miu, botega bhenita, marck jacobs, channel, ralf lauren, siapareli, muggler, mosino, barberi, versace, gibhechi, diane bhann firstenberg, jailas deacon, decigual, jeremi scott, hugg bus, phillipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory berch, missoni, victoria bekam, valentino, max maaraa, brandon maxwel, isabelle marant, etro, vvn westaud, richard quin, askara dii laa renta, brandon maxwel, zin pull galtiyara, missoni, michael course ebong amb paain ranwere chalichanti. epariki shay 2020 ray shesh zin pull galtiyara fashion shoe paain chaali jaithile. 2016 ray, shay victoriara secret fashion shore chaali jaithile jetebele shishu jhia ly dii saine shake kuparnka saha 6 masser garbhabati thile . shay baraberi, zin pull galtiyara, marck jacobs, versace, alberta ferretti, giche, missoni, laa parla, roberto kavali, georgio armani, dii. ess. quard 2, laa senza, morelato, beb, lord anded taylor, lacost, armani exchanges, anumana paain bigyapana abhijanare abhinai karichanti., blumarine, sax pancham aabhenyu, viktorianka secret, ebong aabhan. october 2015 ray, shay nutan lorial paris antarjatija mukhapatra hoithile. abhinai. 2014 chalachitra "herculis" ray dawen janasanka saha megara bhabare abhinai arambha karithile. byaktigata zeeban. shayak 2007 ru 2009 parjyanta linkina park drummer robb boardenanku dett karithile. shay 2009 ray portugeej football khelali cristiano ronaladonku bhetithile ebong shighra semane deting arambha karithile . shay januari 2015 ray ronaladonka saha samparka samapta karithile. 2015 masiha basanta ruture shay americae abhineta bradley kuparanka saha deting arambha karithile. semanankara jhia lea dii saine march 21,2017 ray lus enjelesare janmagrahana karithile. ehi dampati june 2019 ray alga hoithile . paropakara. shayak taanka sahara jemanajhelinsakare eka prasuti daktarakhanaku sahajya karuchanti. shay ebong taanka bhaunee sthaniah daktarakhanara shishu warder punahnirmanare sahajya karithile, ebong bartamana shayak eka rushiah databya sanstha, pomogi-"help" () tarapharu artha sangraha karanti, jaahaa asustha pilamananku jatna pradan kare . shayak heuchhanti rushiaara pomogi paain sarkari rastradoota. shay nyujarka sahara tatha aii. ess. pii. sii. aii. paain khadya byankara rastradoota atanti. shay 2022 masihare ukraine upare rusher aakramanaku birodha karichanti, ukraine ray semanankara manabika prajasaku samarthan kariba paain unicef ebong redd krasku daana karibara uddeshya darshaichhanti, ebong taanka anugameemananku madhya daana karibaku kahichanti.

irina shack irina valerivana shaikhlislamova (janam 6 janwari 1986), joe peshevar taur utte irina shack (<unk>) vajon jaanhi jaandi haii, ikk russie maadal atey television shakhsiat haii. shack noon antarashtari maanta udon millie jadon uh 2011 dey "sports illustrated" swimsuit mudde dey cover utte pahili maadal vajon dikhai ditti. maadal.qaam neey uss noon navein supers vicchon ikk vajon darja ditta haii. mudhla jeevan. shack daa janam yemanzelinsk (chalyabinsk oblast khetar), soviat union witch ikk volga tatar pitaa, valery sheikhlislamov (саяyxelislamov, "shaikh all-islam" toon), ikk colla minor, atey nasli russie maan, olga, ikk kindergarten sangeet adhiaapak dey gharr hoiaa see. uss neey kiha haii kii uss noon aapne pitaa toon virasat witch millie dikkh atey lock aksar uss noon dakkhni amriki honn dee galti karde hunn, ih kahinde hoye kii, "merey pitaa kaali chamdi vaale sunn, kiunki uh tatar sunn, kaee vaar tatar braazeel dey dikhai dey sakde hunn. main aapni maan toon aapniaan chamakdar akkhan prapat karda haan."uss daa ikk bharaa haii, ikk bhainn haii jisda naam tatyana petenkova haii. uh tatyana dey tinn bacchiaan dee maasi vee haii jiss witch uss dey naam utte "irina" naam dee ikk bhatiji vee shamal haii. shack neey chhe saal dee umar witch piano vajauna shuru qarr ditta see. naun saal dee umar witch, uss neey ikk sangeet school witch dakhla liaa atey satt saal takk utthe padahi keeti, piano vajauna atey gaika witch gauna, kiunki uss dee maan chahundi see kii uh sangeet dee padahi qarey. jadon uh 14 saalan dee see taan uss dey pitaa dee namunia deeaan pechidgiaan caarn maut hoow gaee, jiss naal uss dey parivaar cole bahut ghatt paise sunn atey uss dee maan noon parivaar dee dekhbhal laee doou naukariaan curran laee majbur honaa piaa. hyee school toon baad, shack neey marketing dee padahi keeti parr baad witch aapni vaddi bhainn naal ikk sundarta school witch dakhal honn dee chonh keeti. utthe rahinde hoye, uss noon ikk sathanak modeling agency dey ikk viakati neey dekhiaa joe uss dee sundarta toon prabhavit see. uss noon "miss chalyabinsk 2004" sundarta mukabale witch hissa lainn dee apeel keeti gaee see, jiss noon uss neey jittiaa see; uss neey iss mukabale noon sundarta mukabaliaan dey miaar toon bahut hethan dassiaa joe kii mahanagri european shahiran jaan sanyukat raaj amrica witch umeed keeti jaandi haii. carrier. modeling. 2007-2010: shuruati saal. sann 2007 witch, shack neey intimisimi dey chihre vajon ainaa beateries barros dee thaan lae laee, atey use saal salana "sports illustrated swimsuit inshu" witch shuruat keeti. tinn saalan takk intimisimi daa chihra bannan toon baad, shack noon 2010 witch brand laee adhikarat umbasder banaiaa giaa see. uss deeaan horr modeling muhimman witch beach sass dey tairaki dey kappde atey basant/garmiaan 2009 dey season laee andaza lagauna shamal see. horr kamman witch victoria daa gupat catalog, lacost, sizere pacioti atey morelato shamal hunn. uss neey maee 2009 witch aaee. aimm. jee. maadlan naal hastakhar keete. 2011-2015: mukkh dhaara dee safalta. shack neey armani exchange basant/garmiaan 2010 muhim daa maadal banaiaa. uss neey kalakar marco brambila duaara nirdeshit canny west dee "pawar" witch vee kamm keeta. uh agast dey mudde laee "ocean drive" atey "jikioo" dakkhni africa dey cover utte see. uss neey "complexes" magazine duaara "50 sabh toon garam russie aurtan" dee suchi witch pahila sathaan prapat keeta. uss neey spain dey "harpers baazaar" witch failaa dey naal tairaki dey kappdiaan toon ucch fashion witch tabdili keeti atey unhan dey navambar 2010 dey ank laee "aile" spain daa cover prapat keeta. "glamour" spain neey uss noon "" 2010 dee sarbottam antarashtari maadal "" daa puraskar ditta. saal dey ant witch, uss noon "jikioo spain" dasambar dey ank witch nagan tasveer witch darsaiaa giaa see; halanki, uss neey daava keeta kii uss neey photoshoot laee kappde naheen katte sunn, atey magazine neey uss dey andruni andarle kappde noon hataun laee tasviran noon digital taur 'teey badliaa see. jee. kioo. neey jawab ditta kii uss dey nange pose denh dey 15 gawah hunn. valentine daye 'teey, "lait shoa vid david latterman" dey ikk episode witch, "billboard" raahin ih khulasa keeta giaa see kii shack 2011 dey "sports illustrated swimsuit mudde" laee cover maadal see. ih panjvin vaar see jadon uss noon magazine witch pradarshit keeta giaa see, parr pahili vaar uh cover utte aaee haii. uh cover utte dikhai denh vaali pahili russie haii. shack tairaki label luli fama dee 2011 dee vigiaapan muhim atey lukk book daa chihra bann giaa. 2011 witch, uss neey "tatler roos", "twelve", "cosmopolitan spain", "jikioo mexico", "glamour spain", "emika itali" varge rasaliaan noon cover keeta atey "aile spain" dey cover utte dikhai ditti, joe christmas laee vishesh sanskaran haii. uss neey rampage, baar refaeli, replay atey exty varge bahut saare brandan laee vee kamm keeta. uh maadlan dee "choti dey 20 sexi maadlan" dee suchi witch witch sathaan utte haii.com. use saal, uss noon hangri magazine periodica witch "dunia dee sabh toon sexi aurat" vajon chunhiaa giaa see. 2012 witch, uss neey "esquire yuke", "harper daa baazaar arbiaa" atey "ukraine", "mairi clair ukraine", "spain" atey "roos", "jikioo germany", "glamour roos" noon cover keeta atey dunia bharr witch 14 "cosmopolitan" basant cover utte dikhai ditti. uss neey "modda spain" atey "sandey times shaili" noon vee cover keeta. uss neey "vanity fair itali" laee ikk sampadaki vee keeti. use saal, uh morelato, agua bendita atey blanco laee muhimman witch dikhai ditti haii. navambar witch, shack neey "twelve" magazine noon cover keeta, saathi russie maadal ainee banaam dey naal dooja ank. use maheene, uh mario testino naal kamm karde hoye spainy dasambar dey ikk sampadaki ank witch dikhai ditti. farvari 2013 witch, usne "banaam" noon cover keeta."ainn vee atey use maheene magazine neey broos webber duaara foto khicchi gaee atey carrine roatfeld duaara shailibadh see. aar. fashion book ank 2 laee ikk sampadaki keeti. use maheene, uss neey newyork fashion weak dauran jairemi scott daa runway keeta. march 2013 witch, uss neey paris fashion weak dauran gichi daa runway keeta. 2013 witch vee, shack noon "harpers baazaar us" witch kaee vaar pradarshit keeta giaa see. uh duji vaar see. aar. fashion book ank 3 witch dikhai ditti. satambar witch, usne "aakarshan" roos noon cover keeta. uh "vog" spain dee cover maadal vee see, jiss neey giampolo sagura duaara foto khicchi gaee aapni pahili "vog" cover noon utariaa. uh 2014 witch 2014 dey sarad rutt olympic dey udghatni samaroh dauran russie team laee takhti dhaarak see. 2016-varatmaaun ucch fashion dey kamm vall tabdili. shack neey mioo mioo, botega venetta, maarak jacobs, channel, ralf lauren, shyapareli, muggler, moschino, barberi, versace, givechi, diane vaan firstenberg, guiles decan, desigual, jairemi scott, hagu baus, philipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory burch, misoni, victoria bekham, valentino, maikas maaraa, branden mcsum, isabel marant, etro, vivian westwod, richard quin, aaskar dee laa renta, branden mcswell, jeane paal gaultier, misoni, michael course atey amb laee runway 'teey turiaa haii. uh 2020 witch aakhri jeane paal gaultier fashion shoa laee vee challi see. 2016 witch, uh victoria dey gupat fashion shoa witch challi jadon kii 6 mahiniaan dee garbhavati ladki lee dee seen shack cooper naal see. uh barberi, jeane paal gaultier, maarak jacobs, versace, alberta ferretti, gichi, misoni, laa parla, roberto kawali, georgio armani, dee. aiss. squared 2, laa sainza, morelato, bebe, lard atey teller, lacost, armani exchange, anuman lagaun laee vigiaapan muhimman witch dikhai ditti haii?blumerine, saiks panjwan aivenioo, victoria daa raaz, atey aivan. aktubar 2015 witch, uh naveen lorel paris antarashtari bulara bann gaee. adakari. shack neey 2014 dee film "harkioolis" witch dwayne johnson dey naal maigara dey roop witch aapni adakari dee shuruat keeti. nijji jeevan. shack neey 2007 toon 2009 takk linkin park dey drummer raub borden noon dett keeta. uh 2009 witch puratgali footballer cristiano ronaldo noon millie atey iss toon turant baad unhan neey dating shuru qarr ditti. uss neey janwari 2015 witch ronaldo naal aapna rishta khatam qarr ditta. basant 2015 witch, usne amriki adakar bradley cooper naal dating shuru keeti. unhan dee dhee lee dee seen daa janam 21 march, 2017 noon laas angels witch hoiaa see. ih jodda juun 2019 witch vakkh hoow giaa. parupkar. shack aapne jaddi shehar yamanzelinsk witch ikk janepa hospital dee madad qarr rahee haii. uss neey atey uss dee bhainn neey sathanak hospital dey bacchiaan dey ward noon dubara banaun witch sahaita keeti, atey hunn shack ikk russie charity, pomogi-"sahaita" (), joe bimar bacchiaan dee dekhbhal pardan kardi haii, dee tarfon paise ikkathe kardi haii. shack roos witch pomogi laee adhikarat rajdoot haii. uh newyork shehar dey naal-naal aiss. pee. see. aii. laee food baink dee rajdoot haii. uh ukraine utte 2022 dey russie hamle dey virudh haii, ukraine witch unhan dey manukhtavadi yatnan daa samarthan curran laee unicef atey redd karaas noon daan curran daa irada dassiaa haii, atey aapne pairokaran noon vee daan curran laee kiha haii.

irinaa shaik airinaa valerivna shaikhlislaamovaa (; janma 6 janavaree 1986), vrutti-drushtyaa airinaa shaik () iti namna prasiddha, ekaa russian-rupadarshini dooradarshan-vyaktitvaa cha asti. shaik ityeshaa 2011 tame varshe "sports illustrated" swimsoot ityasya mukhaputasy prathama-roopadarshineeroopen abhyanayt tadaa antarashtriya-manyatam praapnot. pratiroopaani.kaam ityeshaa tasyaah nootaneshu soopar-ityeteshu anyatamah iti sthaanam pradadaati. praarambhikajeevanam. shaik ityasya janma soviyat-sanghasya yemanzelinsk (chelyaabinsk oblast-pradesha) ityatra, volgaa-totter ityasya pitaa, veleri-shaikhlislaamov ("саяyxelislamov", "shaikh-all-islaam" ityatah), ekaha angaara-khanikaarah, tathaa jaateey-rusie-maataa, olga, kindergarten-sangeeta-shikshikaayaah cha putratvena abhavat. saa swapituh swaroopam uttaradhikarat praaptavatee iti avadat, janaah praayah tam dakshinamerikadeshasya naagarikah iti apashabdam kurvanti, "mama pitaa krushnavarneeyaha aasit, yatah saha totter aasit, kadaachit totter ityete brazili-deshaah iti drushyante. aham mama matayaha prakasha-netraan prapnuyat."tasyaah ekaha bhraatruh asti, tatiana petenkova iti ekaa bhaginee. saa tatiyana ityasyaah trayah putraah api asti, tasyaah namna "irinaa" iti naamnyaah bhatriyaa api asti. shaik ityeshah shanmaase vayasi piano vaayitum aarabdhavaan. navavarshe saa ekasmin sangeetavidyaalaye namankanam krutvaa tatra saptavarshaani yaavat adhyayanam krutavatee, piano-vaadanam, gaayakavrundasya gayanam cha, yatah tasyaah maataa saa sangeetasy adhyayanm icchati sma. tasyaah pitaa 14 varshe pneumonia-rogena sankate mrutaa, tasyaah parivaarasya alpam dhanam cha parityajy, tasyaah matam parivaarasya bharanaposhanartham dwau kaaryau kartum baadhyavatee. ucchavidyaalayasya anantaram shaik-varyaha vipananasya adhyayanam krutavaan, parantu pashchat tasyaah jyeshtasahotreenaa saha saundaryavidyaalaye praveshtum chitavaan. tatra sthitvaa saa sthaniya-madeling-samsthaayaah ekaa vyaktyaa lakshita, yaa tasyaah saundaryam prati akrushta aasit. saa "miss chelyaabinsk 2004" iti saundaryaspardhayam bhaagam graheetum preritaa, yaa saa jitavatee; saa iyam pratiyogitaa european-mahaanagareshu athavaa samyuktarajyamerika-deshe apekshitasya saundaryaspardhaayaah maanakebhyah bahu nyoonah iti varnayat. vruttihi. madeling. 2007-2010: praarambhikavarshaani. 2007 tame varshe, shek-varyaha anaa beatridge-baros ityasya sthaane intimishimee ityasya mukharupena niyuktah, tasmin eva varshe vaarshik-"creedaa-sachitra-swimsoot-sanchikaayaam" padaarpanam krutavaan. varshatrayam yaavat intimishimee ityasya mukham iti bhutva, shek 2010 tame varshe brand ityasya aadhikaarik-raajadootah abhavat. tasyaah anyeshu madeling-pracharaneshu beech-banni-swimmiwer, 2009 tamasya varshasya vasantakaalasya/greeshmakaalasy krute anumanam cha antarbhavati sma. anyeshu kaaryeshu victoriyaayaah guptasuchikam, lacost, siser paciotti, morellato cha antarbhavanti. saa 2009 mey-maase aii. emm. jii. models ityanena saha hastaaksharam krutavatee. 2011-2015: mukhyadharayaha safalataa. shaik ityeshah armani-vinimayasya spring/sammar 2010 abhiyanasya pratiroopam krutavaan. saa kenye-vest ityasya "power" ityasmin api abhyanayt, yasya nirdeshanm kalakaraha maarko brambilla ityanena krutam. saa august-ishyoo ityasya krute "ocean drave" tathaa "jikyu" dakshina-africa ityetayoho mukhaputasy upari aasit. saa "complexes" patrikaayaah "50 atyuttameshu russian-mahilanam" suchyam prathamastham praapnot. saa spen-deshasya "harpers-bazaar" ityatra prasaranena saha swimming-weyar-taha hai-fyaashan-prati parivartanam krutavatee, api cha teshaam 2010 tamavarshasya november-masasya sanchikaayaah krute "ele" spen-deshasya mukhapatram praaptavatee. "glamour" spen-deshah tasyaah "2010 tamavarshasya sarvashreshta-antarashtriya-rupadarshini" iti puraskaram avaapnot. varshasya ante, saa "jikyu spen" december-sanchikaayaam nagnarupena chitritaa aasit; tathaapi, saa photoshoot krute vastradhaaranam naa krutavatee, tathaa cha patrikayaa swasya antarvastram nishkaasayitum chitraani digitaly parivartitaani iti avadat. jee. kyoo. ityanena pratyuttarm dattam yat tasyaah nagnapradarshane 15 sakshi santi iti. valentain-day-dine, "lett sho vitha david later-myaan" ityasya ekasmin prakaranasya "bill-board" dwara prakatitam yat shaik 2011 tame varshe "sports illustrated swimsoot-ishyoo" ityasya kavar-maadel aasit iti. eshaa panchamam praavashyam saa patrikaayaam prakaashitavatee, parantu prathamavaaram saa mukhaputam praapnot. saa pracchade drushyamana prathamaa russian asti. shaik ityeshah swimming-label-lulee-faamaa ityasya 2011 tamavarshasya vijnaapana-abhiyanasya tathaa look-pustakasya mukhah abhavat. 2011 tame varshe saa "tatler-rashyaa", "twelve", "cosmopalitan-spen", "jikyu-meksiko", "glamour-spen", "amikaa-italee" ityadinam patrikanam vaartaapatraani prakaashitavatee, tathaa cha chrismus-visheshasamskaranasya "ele-spen" ityasya vaartaapatrakeshu api prakashita. saa rempage, baar-refeli, replay, extee ityadinam anekeshu brand-krute api karyam krutavatee. saa maadel-madhye "shirsha-20 kamukatama-maadel-suchyam" 14 tamam sthaanam praapnot.ko. tasmin eva varshe, saa hangeriyan-patrikaayaam piriyodikayam "vishvasya kamukatama mahilaa" iti nirvachita. 2012 tame varshe saa "esquair-yoo. key", "harpers-bajaar-arabia", "ukraine", "merry clair-ukraine", "spen", "rashyaa", "jikyu-germany", "glamour-russia" ityetaani "esquair-yooke", "harpers-bajaar-arabia", "ukraine", iti cha "esquair-yooke", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", "spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen ", spen", spen "spen", spen "spen saa "ess modaa spen" tathaa "da sunday tams stail" ityetaani api aacchaadayat. saa "vanity ferr italee" ityasya sampadakiyam api krutavatee. tasmin eva varshe saa morelato, agua benditaa, blaanko ityetayoho prachaareshu abhyanayt. november-maase, shek ityayam "twelve" iti patrikaam prakashitavan, yasya dwiteeya-sanchikaayaam sahavartihi russian-maadel enne vi aasit. tasmin eva maase saa mariyo testino ityanena saha karyam kurvantee vog-spen-desmber-sanchikaayaah sampadakiye prakatitaa. 2013 februvari-maase saa "versus" iti vaartaam aacchaadayat."enne vee ityanena saha patrikaa, tasmin maase cha saa see. aar. fyaashan book-sanchikaa 2 ityasya sampadakiyam krutavatee, yasya chaayaachitram broos webber ityanena chaayaachitranam krutam, carrin royitfeld ityanena shaileekrutam. tasmin eva maase saa nyuyaark-fyaashan-veek ityasmin jeremi-scott ityasya runn-ve iteedam krutavatee. 2013 maarch-maase, saa pyaris-fyaashan-veek-madhye givachee-ityasya ranve-iteedam krutavatee. 2013 tame varshe api shaik ityayam "harpers-bazaar-ass" ityasmin bahuvaaram abhyanayt. saa dviteeyavaaram sii. aar. fyaashan-book-sanchikaayaam 3 iti chalachchitre abhyanayt. september-maase saa "loor" rashyaa iti patrikaam pradatta. saa spen-deshasya "vog" ityasya aawaran-pratiroopam api aasit, yatra giampolo sguraa ityanena chaayaachitram praaptavatee tasyaah prathamam "vog" aawaran-chitram praaptam. 2014 tame varshe 2014 shitkal-olympic-kreedaayaah udghaatan-samaarohe saa russian-dalasya phalakavaahakah aasit. 2016-vartamaanah uccha-fyaashan-kaarye parivartanam. shaik ityeshah miyu miyu, bottegaa venetta, maark jacobs, chaanel, ralf lauren, shiyaaparelli, muggler, moskino, berberry, verses, givechee, dian vaan firsteinberg, galls deacon, deciguval, jeremi scott, hyoogo baas, philipin, saalvator feraagaamo, tory barch, missoni, victoria beckham, valentino, max maara, brandon maxwell, isaabel maarant, etro, vivine vest wood, richard quin, oscar day laa rentaa, brandon maxwell, jeane paal gaultier, missoni, mckell kors, maampam cha ityetaanaam runn ve-madhye gatavaan. saa 2020 tame varshe antimasya jeane-paal-gaultier-fyaashan-sho-krute api padayatram krutavatee. 2016 tame varshe saa victoria-nagarasya seekret-fyaashan-sho-madhye padayatram krutavatee, yadaa saa 6 masasya garbhavati, leey dee senn shaik cooper iti balika aasit. saa berberry, jeane paal gaultier, maark jacabs, verses, alberta ferretti, givachee, missoni, laa parlaa, roberto kaavalli, georgio armani, dii. ess. ess, laa senza, morelato, bebe, lard & teller, lacost, armani exchange, anumaana?, blumarine, saaks-fift-evanyoo, victorias-seekret, evan cha. 2015 october-maase saa nootanam law 'oreal-pyaris-antarashtriya-pravaktaa abhavat. abhinayam karotu. shaik ityeshaa 2014 tame varshe "herculus" iti chalachchitre dwayne jaansan ityanena saha megara iti namna abhinayam aarabhat. vyaktigatajeevanam. shaik 2007 taha 2009 paryantam linkin paark drummer raab boarden ityanena saha detting akarot. saa 2009 tame varshe portugees-football-atagaram christiano ronaldo ityanena saha militavatee, tadanantaram sheeghramev te detting kartum aarabhant. saa 2015 janavaree-maase ronaldo ityanena saha sambandham samaaptavatee. 2015 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale saa amerikaadeshasy abhinetryaa broadley cooper ityanaya saha detting aarabdhavatee. teshaam putree lee dee senn ityeshaa 2017 maarch 21 dinaanke laas-angelies-nagare ajayata. dampatee 2019 joon-maase vibhaktau. paropakaaram. shaik swanagarasya yemanzelinsk-nagare prasooti-chikitsaalayasy sahayyam karoti. saa saa saa cha tasyaah bhaginyaa sthaniya-chikitsaalayasy baal-wardsya punarnirmaane sahayyam krutavantah, adhunaa shek ityeshah rogagrastaanaam balakanam paricharyaam pradadati pomogi-"help" () iti russian-daatrutvasya krute dhanam sangruheeyate. shaik ityeshah russia-deshasya pomogi-nagarasya adhikarikaha raajadootah asti. saa nyuyaark-nagarasya tathaa e. ess. pi. sii. e. ityasya khaadya-byaank ityasya raajadootah asti. saa 2022 tame varshe ukren-deshe russian-deshasya aakramanasy viruddham asti, ukraine-deshe teshaam maanaveeyaprayaasebhyah samarthanam daatum unicef-samsthaayai tathaa redd-cross-samsthaayai cha daanam kartum icchati iti avadat, tathaa cha swapantum cha daanam kartum aadishtavatee.

airina shake airina valeriyevna sheklislamova (prappu janavari 6,1986), thozhil reethiyaaga airina shake () endru azhaikkappadubavar, oru russia maadal mattrum tholaikaatchi aalumai aavaar. 2011 aam aandu "sports illustrated" neechaludai veliyeettin attaippadaththil muthal maadalaaga thoantriyapoathu shake sarvadesa angkeekaaraththaip pettraar. maathirigal.kaam avarai puthiya superstaargalil oruvaraaga tharavarisaippaduththukirathu. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. shake soviyath ontriyaththin yemensellinsk (seliabinsk oblast piraanthiyam) ill, oru volka dadder thanthai, valery sheklislamov ("shhaikselislamov", "shake all-islaam" ilirunththu), oru nilakkari surangath thozhilaali mattrum ina russia thaai, oolkaa, oru mazhalaiyar palli isai aasiriyar aakiyoarukku piranthaar. thanathu thanthaiyidamirunthu thanathu thoattraththai maraburimaiyaagap petrtrathaakavum, makkal thannai thenn americar endru thavaraaga ennuvathaakavum, "enn thanthai karuppu nira thoal kondavar, aenenil avar dadder, sila nerangalil daadarkal piraesiliyanaagath thoandralaam. naan enn ammaavidamirunthu enn olii kankalaip perukiraen."avalukku oru udanpirappu ullathu, oru chakoothari dadiana pettenkova. avar tattiyanaavin moontru kuzhandhaigalin aththai aavaar, idhil avarathu peyaril "irina" endra marumagal ullaar. shake thanathu aaru vayathil biano vaasikkath thodangkinaar. onbathu vayathil, avar oru isaip pallyil saernthu, angku aezhu aandugal padiththaar, biano vaasippathu mattrum paadagar kuzhuvil paaduvathu aagiya irandum, aenenil avarathu taayaar avar isai karka vaendum endru virumbinaar. avarathu thanthai 14 vayathil nimonia sikkalkalaal iranthaar, avarathu kudumbaththidam kuraindha panam irunththathu, maelum kudumbaththai paraamarikka avarathu thaayai irandu vaelaigalai seiya kattaayappadutthinaar. uyarnilaip pallikkup piragu, shake marketting padiththaar, aanaal pinnar thanathu mooththa cakoothariyudan oru azhagu pallyil nuzhiyath therntheduththaar. angku irunththapoathu, ulloor modeling niruvanatthaich saerntha oru nabar avalaik kavanittaar, avar avarathu azhagaal eerkkappattaar. avar ventra "miss seliabinsk 2004" azhagu poattiyil pankerka avar valiyurutthappattaar; inththa poatti perunagara iroappiya nagarangalil allathu americavil oruvar ethirpaarkkum azhagu poattikalin tharatthai vida migavum kuraivaaga iruppathaaka avar vivaritthaar. thozhil. modeling. 2007-2010: aaramba aandugal. 2007 aam aandil, shaikh anaa peetrij parosai intimisimiyin mugamaaga maatrinaar, athae aandil varudaanthira "sports illustrated neechaludai idhazhil" arimugamaanaar. moontru aandugal intimisimi mugamaaga irunththa piragu, shake 2010 aam aandil brandin athikaarappoorva thootharaaga niyamikkappattaar. avarathu pira modeling pirachchaarangkalil kadarkarai panni neechaludai mattrum vasantha/koadai 2009 paruvaththirkaana yoogam aagiyavai adangkum. mattra padaippugalil victoriavin ragasiya pattiyal, lagost, sizaer pacioti mattrum morelato aagiyavai adangkum. avar mae 2009 ill img maadalgaludan kaiyeluththittaar. 2011-2015: pirathaana vettri. shake armani parimaattra vasantha/koadai 2010 prachchaaraththai maathiriyaaga uruvaakkinaar. kalaignar marco brambilla iyakkiya kaanye westin "power" padaththilum naditthaar. august idhazhukkaaga "oasan trive" mattrum "jigiu" thennaapirikkaavin attaippadaththil avar irunthaar. complexes" idhazhin "50 migavum pirabalamaana russia penkal" pattiyalil avar muthalidaththil ullaar. avar spainin "harbers bajar" ill paraviyavudan neechchaludaigalil irunthu uyar paanikku maarinaar, maelum avarkalin navambar 2010 idhazhukku "ellae" spainin attaiyai iranthaar. "kavarchi" "speyin avarukku" "2010 aam aandin sirantha sarvadesa maadal" "viruthai valangkiyathu". aandin iruthiyil, "jigyu speyin" disambar idhazhil avar nirvaanamaaga padampidikkappattaar; iruppinum, avar poattoashoottirkaaka thunigalai agattravillai endrum, avarathu ullaadaiyai agattruvatharkaaga paththirigai padangkalai digital muraiyil maattriyathaakavum koorinaar. avar nirvaanamaaga poas koduththatharku 15 saatchigal iruppathaaka jigiu pathilaliththaar. kaathalar thinaththandru, "davit lettermanudon thaamathamaaga nadantha nigazhchchiyin" oru aththiyaayaththil, 2011 aam aandin "sports illustrated neechaludai veliyeettirkaana" kavar maadal shake thaan endru "vilambarap palagai" moolam theriyavanthathu. avar paththirikkaiyil idampettriruppathu idhu ainthaavathu muraiyaagum, aanaal avar muthal muraiyaaga attaiyil idampettrullaar. attaiyil thoantriya muthal russia penn ivardhaan. shake neechal lable luli famavin 2011 vilambara prachaaram mattrum thoattra puththagaththin mugamaaga aanaar. 2011 aam aandil, avar "tottler russia", "dwelve", "cosmopolitan speyin", "jigyu mexico", "clamour speyin", "amika itali" poantra paththirigaigalai veliyittaar, maelum kiristhumasukkaana sirappu pathippaana "ellae speyin" inn attaiyil thoantrinaar. avar rembej, paarr refaeli, replay mattrum exty poantra pala piraandugalilum paniyaattrinaar. maadalgalil "sirantha 20 kavarchiyaana maadalgal" pattiyalil avar 14 vadhu idaththil ullaar.com. athae aandu, hangaeriya idhazhaana priyoadigaavil "ulagin kavarchiyaana penn" endru avar thernthedukkappattaar. 2012 aam aandil, avar "escoir englaanthu", "harbers bajar arabia" mattrum "ukrain", "maeri clyer ukrain", "speyin" mattrum "russia", "jigyu jermani", "kavarchi russia" aagiyavattrai ulladakkinaar, maelum ulagalavil 14 "cosmopolitan" vasantha attaikalil thoantrinaar. avar "moadaa speyin" mattrum "thii chande times style" aagiyavattraiyum ulladakkinaar. avar "vanity fair itali" endra thalaippukkaana thalaiyangaththaiyum ezhuthinaar. athae aandu, avar morelato, agua pentita mattrum blanco aagiya padangkalukkaana pirachchaarangkalil thoantriyullaar. novemberil, shake "dwelve" paththirigaiyai veliyittaar, idhu saga russia maadal annae vii udan irandaavathu idhazh. athae maathaththil, avar mario destinovudan inainthu speyin disambar idhazhil oru thalaiyangaththil thoantrinaar. pipravari 2013 ill, avar "ethiraaga"."annae vii mattrum athae maathaththil avar broose weber pugaippadam eduththa mattrum kareen roidfield vadivamaiththa chii. aarr. fasion puuk idhazh 2 kkaana thalaiyangaththai seithaar. athae maathaththil, avar newyorg fasion vaaraththin poathu jeremi scott oodupaathaiyil seithaar. maarch 2013 ill, baris fasion vaaraththin poathu avar kitchiyin oodupaathaiyil seithaar. 2013 aam aandilum, shake "harbers bajar azz" ill pala murai idampettraar. avar irandaavathu muraiyaaga chii. aarr. fasion puththaga veliyeedu 3 ill thoantrinaar. septambaril, avar "kavarchi" russiavai ulladakkinaar. avar spainin "voak" inn kavar maadalaagavum irunthaar, giambolo scrawal pugaippadam edukkappatta avarathu muthal "voak" kavar tharaiyirangkiyathu. 2014 aam aandil, 2014 kulirkaala olympicin thodakka vizhaavil russia aniyin pathaakaiyai thaangkiyavaraaga irunthaar. 2016-tharpoothu varaif uyar fasion panikku maattram. miyu miyu, botekha venetta, maark jagobs, saenal, ralf lauren, shyabarelli, muckler, moskino, burberry, versus, kivechi, diane vaan firstenberg, kyles teaken, desikuval, jeremi scott, gugo baas, pilippin, salvador ferracamo, doori burch, misoni, victoria beccom, valentino, makes maaraa, brandon maxwell, izabel maarand, edro, viviyen westwood, richard kuvin, aaskar dii laa renda, brandon maxwell, jeane paal goldier, misoni, michael course mattrum maampazham aagiyavattrirkaana oodupaathaigalil shake nadanthu sendrullaar. avar 2020 aam aandil kadaisi jeane paal goldier beshan shoavirkum nadanthu sentraar. 2016 aam aandil, avar victoriavin ragasiya beshan shovil nadanthu sentraar, athae neraththil 6 maatha karppiniyaaga penn kuzhandhai liie dii chiin shake cooper irunthaar. burberry, jeane paal goldier, maark jagobs, versus, alberda ferretti, kivechi, misoni, laa berla, rabardo kavalli, georgio armani, dii. ess. skoyar 2, laa senza, morelato, bebe, lard & daylor, lagost, armani exchaenjch, yoogam?, bloomerine, sax five avenue, victoriavin ragasiyam mattrum aevan. october 2015 ill, avar puthiya ell 'ooriyal baris sarvadesa seithith thodarpaalar aanaar. nadippu. shake 2014 aam aandu veliyaana "herculus" thiraippataththil dwayne jaansanudan megaaraavaaga arimugamaanaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. shake 2007 muthal 2009 varai linkin paark trummer raap poardaanudan tating seithaar. avar 2009 aam aandil poarththukeesiya kaalpandhu veerar christiano ronaldovai sandhiththaar, athanpiragu avarkal viraivil tating seiyath thodangkinar. avar janavari 2015 ill ronaldo udanaana uravai mudivukkuk konduvandhaar. 2015 vasantha kaalaththil, avar america nadigar broadly koopparudan tating seiyath thodangkinaar. avarkalin magal liie dii chiin maarch 21,2017 andru losses aenchalsil piranthaar. inththa jody juun 2019 ill pirinthathu. paroapakaaram. shake thanathu sontha uuraana yemansellinskill ulla oru magappaeru maruthuvamanaikku udhavugiraar. avarum avarathu sagoathariyum ulloor maruthuvamanaiyin kuzhandhaigal wardai meendum kattiyeluppa udhavinar, ippoathu shake oru russia thondu niruvanamaana poamoakiyin saarbaaga panaththai thirattukiraar-"udhavi" (), idhu noaivaaippatta kuzhandhaigalukku kavanippai valangkukirathu. shake russiavil ulla poamoakiyin athikaarappoorva thootharaaga ullaar. avar newyorg nagaram mattrum spcavn unavu vangkiyin thootharaaga ullaar. avar 2022 aam aandu ukrain meethaana russia padaiyeduppukku ethiraanavar, ukrainil avarkalin manithaabimaana muyarchigalai aatharippatharkaaka unicef mattrum senchiluvaich siluvaikku nankodai alikkum nokkaththaik kooriyullaar, maelum thanathu aatharavaalargalaiyum nankodai vazhangkumaaru kettukkondaar.

irina shake vruttiparamgaa irina shake (<unk>) gaa prasiddhi chendina irina valeriyevana shekhlislamova (jananam 6 janavari 1986), oka russian modal mariyu television vyaktitvam. 2011 "sports illustrated" swimsuit issue mukhachitrampai modati modalga kanipinchinappudu shake antarjaateeya gurtimpu pondindi. namuunaalu.com aamenu kotta suuparlaloo okarigaa perkondi. prarambha jeevitam. shake soviet unionloni yemanjhelinsk (chelyabinsk oblast praantam) loe volga totter tandri, valery sheklislamov (саяyxelislamov, "sheikh all-islam" nundi), boggu ganula karmikudu, mariyu jaathi russian talli, olgaa, kinder garten sangeeta upadhyayuralu dampatulaku janminchaadu. aame thana roopaanni thana tandri nundi vaarasatvamgaa pondindani, prajalu aamenu dakshina americaku chendina vyaktigaa tarachugaa porapaatu chestaarani, "naa tandri nallati charmam galavaadu, endukante athanu totter, konnisaarlu totterlu brazilianga kanipistaaru. naaku naa talli nundi telikapati kallu vastaayi."aameku oka thobuttuvu undhi, aame paeru tatiana petenkova. aame tatiana mugguru pillalaku attha kooda, aame paeru meeda "irina" anae menakodalu kooda unnaaru. shake aarella vayasulo piano vaayinchadam praarambhinchaadu. tommidella vayasulo, aame oka sangeeta paatasaalalo chaeri, akkada edu samvatsaraalu chaduvukundi, piano vaayinchadam mariyu gayaka brundamlo padatam rendoo, endukante aame talli aame sangeetam neerchukoevaalani korukundi. aame 14 samvatsaraala vayassulo pneumonia samasyalatho aame tandri maraninchaadu, aame kutumbamlo takkuva dabbu undi, kutumbaanni pooshinchadaaniki aame tallini rendu udyogaalu cheyamani balavantam chesaadu. unnata paatasaala taruvaata, shake marketing chadivaadu, conny taruvaata thana akkatho kalisi oka soundarya paatasaalalo pravesinchadaaniki enchukunnadu. akkada unnappudu, aame andaanni chuusi aascharyapoyina sthaanika modeling agencyki chendina oka vyakti aamenu gamaninchaadu. miss chelyabinsk 2004" andaala pootiiloo palgonamani aamenu koraru, adhi aame gelichindi; eee pootiini european metropolitan nagarallo ledhaa united stateslo evarainaa aasinchina andaala pootiila pramaanaala kante chaalaa takkuvagaa aame abhivarninchindi. vrutti. modeling. 2007-2010: prarambha samvatsaraalu. samvatsaraalu, shaik anaa beatridge baros sthaanamlo intimissimi mukhamgaa niyaminchabaddaadu, adhe samvatsaramlo vaarshika "sports illustrated swimsuit issue" loe pravesam pondaadu. moodu samvatsaraalu intimissimiki mukhamgaa unna taruvaata, shake shake brandku adhikaarika rayabariga niyaminchabaddaadu. aame itara modeling pracharalalo beach bunny swimware mariyu 2009 vasanta/vesavi season kosam anchanaa veyadam unnaayi. itara rachanalalo victoria yokka rahasya jabita, lacost, siser pasiyotti mariyu morelato unnaayi. aame mae aame img modallatho oppandam kudurchukundi. 2011-2015: pradhana sravanti vijayam. shake armani exchange spring/summer 2010 pracharanni roopondinchaadu. kalakarudu marco brumbla darsakatvam vahinchina kaanye west yokka "power" loe kooda aame natinchindi. aame augustu sanchika kosam "oshan drive" mariyu "jique" dakshinaafrikaa mukhachitramlo kanipinchindi. complexes" patrika "50 hottest russian umen" jaabitaalo aame modati sthaanamlo nilichindi. aame speyin yokka "harpers bazar" loe vyaapti chendadamtho eetha dustula nundi hye fyaashanku maarindi mariyu vaari november 2010 sanchika kosam "elle" speyin yokka mukhachitraanni andukundi. "glamour" speyin aameku "" 2010 yokka uttama antarjaateeya modal "" gaa avaardu ichindi ". aaa samvatsaram chivarilo, "jique speyin" december sanchikalo aame nagnamgaa chithreekarinchabadindi; ayithe, aame photoshoot kosam battalu vippaledani, thana lodustulanu tolaginchadaaniki patrika chitraalanu digitalga maarchindani aame perkondi. aame nagnamgaa kanipinchina 15 mandhi saakshulu unnaarani jique badulichindi. valentines day rojuna, "laet show vith david letterman" yokka oka episodelo, 2011 "sports illustrated swimsuit issue" kuu shake cover modal anie "billboard" dwara velladaindi. aame patrikalo kanipinchadam idhi aidava saari, conny aame mukhachitramlo undatam idhe modatisaari. kavarpai kanipinchina modati russian aame. shake eetha label lulee fama yokka 2011 prakatanala pracharam mariyu look book yokka mukham ayyadu. ayyadu, aame "tatler russia", "twelve", "cosmopolitan speyin", "jique mexico", "glamour speyin", "amika itali" vanti patrikalanu cover chesindi mariyu chrismus kosam pratyeka edition ayina "elle speyin" kavarlo kanipinchindi. aame rampage, baar refaeli, replay mariyu exti vanti aneka brandlaku kooda panichesindi. modalla jaabitaalo "top 20 sexiest models" jaabitaalo aame 14va sthaanamlo nilichindi.com. adhe samvatsaram, aame hangerian patrika patrikalo "prapanchamlone atyanta srungaarabharitamaina mahila" gaa ennukoobadindi. ennukoobadindi, aame "escure yuke", "harpers bazar arabia" mariyu "ukrain", "maerii clyer ukrain", "speyin" mariyu "russia", "jique germany", "glamour russia" lanu cover chesindi mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa 14 "cosmopolitan" spring kavarlalo kanipinchindi. aame "modaa speyin" mariyu "dhi sandey times style" lanu kooda cover chesindi. aame "vanity fair italii" kosam oka sampaadakeeyaanni kooda chesindi. adhe samvatsaram, aame morelato, agua bendita mariyu blanco pracharalalo kanipinchindi. navambarulo, shake thoti russian modal anae vii thoo rendava sanchika ayina "twelve" patrikanu cover chesaadu. adhe nelaloo, aame marrio testinotho kalisi vog speyin december sanchikalo oka sampaadakeeyamlo kanipinchindi. fibravari chesindi, aame "verses."anae vii thoo patrika mariyu adhe nelaloo aame broose webber teesina mariyu carrin roitfeld shaililo teesina cr fyaashan book issue 2 kosam oka sampaadakeeyaanni chesindi. adhe nelaloo, aame newyork fyaashan veeklo jeremi scott runway chesindi. marchi chesindi, aame paris fyaashan weak samayamlo givechii runway chesindi. chesindi kooda, shake "harpers bazar yuu. ess" loe anekasaarlu kanipinchaadu. aame rendava saari cr fyaashan book sanchika sanchika kanipinchindi. septemberlo, aame "allyur" russia cover chesindi. aame "vog" speyin cover modal kooda, aame modati "vog" kavarnu giampolo sgura chithreekarinchindi. shake, 2014 sheethaakaala olympics praarambhotsava kaaryakramamlo aame russia jattuku pluckardu bearargaa unnaaru. 2016-prastutam adhika fyaashan paniki parivartana. miyu miyu, bottegaa veneta, maark jacobs, chaanel, ralf lauren, shiaparelli, muggler, moskino, burberry, versays, givechii, diane vaan firstenberg, gails deacon, desigual, jeremi scott, hugo baas, philipin, salvatore ferragamo, tory burch, misoni, victoria bekham, valentino, maaks maaraa, brandon maxwell, isabel maarant, etro, vivien westwood, richard quin, askar dii laa renta, brandon maxwell, zeane paal galtier, misoni, maikhel course mariyu mamidi kosam ranvelalo shaik nadichadu. aame aame chivari zeane paal galtier fyaashan show kosam kooda nadichindi. nadichindi, aame victoria yokka secret fyaashan sholo 6 nelala garbhavatigaa undagaa lii dii seen shake cooper anae baby garbhavatigaa nadichindi. aame burberry, zeane paal galtier, maark jacobs, versays, alberta ferretti, givechii, misoni, laa perla, raberto kavalli, georgio armani, armani, laa senza, morelato, bebe, lard & taylor, lacost, armani exchange, yooj?, blumarine, saaks aidava avenue, victoria secret, mariyu evan. october october, aame kotta ell 'oreal paris antarjaateeya pratinidhi ayyaru. natana. shake shake vacchina "herculus" chitramlo dwayne jaansantho kalisi megara paathratho natinchindi. vyaktigata jeevitam. shake 2007 nundi 2009 varaku linkin park drummer raab bordentho dating chesaadu. aame aame portugees football kreedaakaarudu christiano ronaldonu kalusukunnaru mariyu aaa tarvaata vaaru dating praarambhinchaaru. aame 2015 janavarilo ronaldoku thoo unna sambandhaanni muginchindi. 2015 vasantakaalamlo, aame american natudu broadley koopartho dating praarambhinchindi. vaari kumarte lii dii saine marchi 21,2017naa laas angelslo janminchindi. eee janta juun juun vidipoyaaru. daatrutvam. shake thana swasthalamaina yemanjhelinsk looni prasuuti aasupatriki sahayam chestondi. aame mariyu aame sodari sthaanika aasupatri pillala vaardunu punarnirminchadamlo sahayapaddaru, ippudu shaik anaarogyamtho unna pillalaku samrakshana andinche russian swachchanda samstha pomogi-"help" () tarapuna dabbunu sekaristunnaru. shake russialo pomogiki adhikaarika rayabari. aame newyork nagaraniki mariyu spcaku aahara byaankuku rayabariga unnaaru. aame aame ukrainpai russia dandayaatraku vyatiraekam, ukreyinlo vaari manavata prayatnaalaku maddatugaa unicef mariyu redd cross kuu viraalam ichhe uddesaanni perkondi mariyu thana anucharulanu kooda viraalam ivvamani korindi.

areena shaikh areena velriona shaikhlislamova (paidaish 6 januri 1986)yee juu paishah waranah toor parr areena shaikh () kay naam say jaanee jaati haine eek rosee maadal aur teeli vision shaqsiyat haine. shaikh kuu beenn alaqwami satah parr iss waqat pehchaan milly jabb wah 2011 kay "sports alstrated" teraki kay labaas kay shumaray kay sarwaraq parr pehli maadal kay toor parr nazar aayen. maadal.kaam nay asay nayey supers mein say eek kay toor parr darjah diyaa hay. ibtadayi zindagi. shaikh soweet union kay yamanzelansk (cheliyabansk oblist reejan) mein eek wolga tataar waalid velari shaikhlislamof ("саяyxelislamov"yee "shaikh ill-islaam" say)yee koyale kay kaan kinn aur nasli rosee maan aulga juu eek condergarten mausiqi kii astaad thein kay haan paida hoay thay. iss nay kahaa hay kahh asay apnay waalid say apnee shakal warasat mein milly hay aur loag aksar asay janubi americi honay kii ghalti kartay haine yaha kehtay hoay kahh "miray waalid seeyah jald kay thay keunkah wah tataar thay baaz auqaat tataar brazeel kay nazar aasakte haine. majhay apnee halki aankhein apnee maan say milti haine."iss kaa eek behan bhayee hay eek behan jiss kaa naam tatiyana petankova hay. wah tatiyana kay teen bachon kii khaalah bhee hay jinn mein iss kay naam parr "areena" naami eek bhatiji bhee shaamil hay. shaikh nay chh saal kii amar mein pyano bajana sharoo kiyaa. noow saal kii amar mein iss nay eek music school mein daakhlah liyaa aur wahaan saat saal takk taleem haasil kii pyano bajana aur koyar mein gaana donon keunkah iss kii maan chahti thee kahh wah mausiqi kii taleem haasil karay. jabb wah 14 saal kii thee tuu iss kay waalid namoniya kii paicheedgiyon say inteqal kirr gayey iss kay khaandaan kay paas behat kumm paisay thay aur iss kii maan kuu khaandaan kii deekh bhaal kay liye duu mulazimatein karnay parr majbur kiyaa. hayee school kay baad shaikh nay marketing kii taleem haasil kii leakin baad mein iss kay bajaye apnee bury behan kay saath beauty school mein daakhil honay kaa intekhaab kiyaa. wahaan rehtay huay asay eek maqami modeling agency kay eek shaqs nay dekha juu iss kii khubsurati say mutasir hawaa. inhein "miss cheliyabansk 2004" khubsurati kay muqabilay mein hasah leenay kii taakid kii gayee jasay inhon nay jeeta thaa. inhon nay iss muqabilay kuu metropolitan europi shehron yaa riyasathaye muthadah mein honay waalay khubsurati kay muqabilon kay mayaar say behat neechey qaraar diyaa. carrier. modeling. 2007-2010: ibtadayi saal. 2007 mein shaikh nay intesimi kay chehrey kay toor parr ainaa betries baros kii jagah lay lie aur asee saal salanah "sports alstrated soyam sout aisho" mein debio kiyaa. teen saal takk intesimi kaa chehrah rehney kay baad shaikh kuu 2010 mein braand kaa bazabtah safeer banaya gayaa. iss kii deegar modeling mahmaat mein beach bunny swiming wear aur bahaar/mosam garma 2009 kay seezan kaa andazah lagaana shaamil thaa. deegar kaamon mein victoriah kaa khafiya catalog lext seezar paisioti aur morleto shaamil haine. iss nay mayee 2009 mein aayee ayem jee models kay saath muahidah kiyaa. 2011-2015: markazi dhaaray kii kamiyabi. shaikh nay armani exchange spring/summer 2010 muham kaa namunah banaya. inhon nay fankaar marco brambila kii hidayat kaaree mein banayi gayee keenay vest kii "pawar" mein bhee kaam kiyaa. wah agast aisho kay liye "aushin drive" aur "jee kiyo" janubi afriqah kay sarwaraq parr thein. wah "complex" megzin kii "50 sabb say ziyadah garm rosee khwatin" kii fehrist mein pehley number parr rahee. iss nay speen kay "harpers bazaar" mein failnay kay saath teraki kay labaas say hayee fashion mein tabdili kii aur inn kay nomber 2010 kay shumaray kay liye "ailay" speen kaa sarwaraq haasil kiyaa. "gleemer" speen nay inhein "" 2010 kii behtareen beenn alaqwami maadal "" say nawaza. saal kay aakhir mein "jee kiyo speen" dasambar kay shumaray mein inn kii aryaan tasveer kashee kii gayee thee vovo tahim inhon nay daawi kiyaa kahh inhon nay foto shoat kay liye kapday nahein ataaray thay aur yaha kahh megzin nay inn kii zeer jaamah ataarnay kay liye tasavir kuu degital toor parr tabdil kiyaa thaa. jee kiyo nay jawaab diyaa kahh iss kay aryaan honay kay 15 gawah haine. valentine day parr "dude latter meen kay saath deer say show" kii eek qast mein "bull board" kay zariye yaha inkshaf hawaa kahh shaikh 2011 kay "sports alstrated soyam sout aisho" kay coor maadal thay. yaha panchwen baar thaa jabb inhein megzin mein dikhaya gayaa thaa leakin pehli baar wah sarwaraq parr aayee haine. wah sarwaraq parr nazar aaney waali pehli rosee haine. shaikh teraki kay leebal loli faama kii 2011 kii ishtehari muham aur lick buck kaa chehrah bunn gayaa. 2011 mein iss nay "tetler roos"yee "tolio"yee "cosmopolitan speen"yee "jee kiyo mexico"yee "gleemer speen"yee "amika ataali" jeesay rasalon kaa ahatah kiyaa aur karsams kay khususi edition "ailee speen" kay sarwaraq parr namodar hoyee. iss nay rempaj baar refly ree play aur aiks tye aayee jeesay behat say brandz kay liye bhee kaam kiyaa. wah models parr "topp 20 sexest models" kii fehrist mein 14 wein number parr hay.kaam. asee saal inhein hungri kay megzin paridica mein "duniya kii sexest khaatun" kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. 2012 mein iss nay "esquire bartaniah"yee "harpers bazaar arbiya" aur "ukareen"yee "meeri clair ukareen"yee "speen" aur "roos"yee "jee kiyo germani"yee "gleemer roos" kaa ahatah kiyaa aur duniya bhar mein 14 "cosmopolitan" spring korz parr nazar aayee. iss nay "modaa speen" aur "sunday times style" kaa bhee ahatah kiyaa. inhon nay "venty fair atlee" kay liye eek idaarti bhee kiyaa. asee saal wah morlato agwa bendeta aur blanco kii mahmaat mein nazar aayee haine. nomber mein shaikh nay "tolio" megzin kaa ahatah kiyaa juu saathi rosee maadal aine wee kay saath dosra shumarah thaa. asee mahinay wah fashion speen dasambar shumaray kay eek idaarti mazmun mein maaryo testino kay saath kaam kartay hoay nazar aayen. faroori 2013 mein iss nay "bamuqablah" kaa ahatah kiyaa."aine wee kay saath megzin aur asee mahinay iss nay curse webar kii tasveer kashee aur carine roatfeld kii style kardah see aar fashion buck aisho 2 kay liye eek idaarti kaam kiyaa. asee mahinay iss nay neoyork fashion veek kay doraan gerimi scott kaa runn way kiyaa. maarch 2013 mein iss nay peers fashion veek kay doraan govichi kaa runn way kiyaa. 2013 mein bhee shaikh kuu "harpers bazaar yuu aiss" mein kayee baar dikhaya gayaa. wah dosri baar see aar fashion buck aisho 3 mein nazar aayen. satambar mein inhon nay "elever" roos kaa ahatah kiyaa. wah "wog" speen kii coor maadal bhee thein jiss nay apnaa pehla "wog" coor giraya jiss kii tasveer gyampolo sagora nay lee thee. 2014 mein wah 2014 kay sarmayi olympics kii iftatahi taqrib kay doraan rosee team kay liye play card bayer thein. 2016-maujudah: aalee fashion kay kaam kii taraf muntaqli. shaikh miyo miyo botiga waneta maark jacobs chinal raalif lauran shiyaparli magar moschino barbari warsees goyachi ddiyaan waan frustin burg jayalaz daikan desigoal gerimi scott heogo baas flip silvatovar fergamo tory birch masuni victoria begham valentino meks maaraa branden meks wail izabil maaraant etro viveen vest woad richard koen aaskar ddee laa renta branden meks wail jaine paal galtier masuni michael kors aur aam kay liye runn way parr chull chakay haine. wah 2020 mein aakhri jaine paal galtier fashion show kay liye bhee chalee thein. 2016 mein wah victoriah kay khafiya fashion show mein chalee gayein jabb kahh wah bachee lee ddee seen shaikh kopar say 6 maah kii haamilah thein. wah barbari jaine paal galtier maark jacobs warsees alberta ferrity goyachi masuni laa parlaa rabarto culie georgio armani ddee aiss squired 2yee laa senza morlato baib laard aind teller lecoust armani exchange andazah laganay kay liye ishtehari mahmaat mein nazar aayee haine?yee blomarine saaks faith avenio victoriah kaa raaz aur aiyon. aktobar 2015 mein wah nayee eel aureel peers beenn alaqwami tarjuman bunain. adakari. shaikh nay 2014 kii film "herculus" mein daween jaansan kay saath batoor meega kay apnee adakari kaa aaghaz kiyaa. zaati zindagi. shaikh nay 2007 say 2009 takk lankan paark kay dermer raab borden kuu ddait kiyaa. iss kii mulaqat 2009 mein partagali fitt baalar christiano ronaldo say hoyee aur iss kay foraa baad hyee inhon nay deting sharoo kirr dee. iss nay januri 2015 mein ronaldo kay saath taluqat khatam kirr diye. mosam bahaar 2015 mein iss nay americi adakaar breadly kopar kay saath deting sharoo kii. inn kii betty lee ddee seen 21 maarch 2017 kuu laas angeles mein paida hoyee thee. yaha jodaa joone 2019 mein alg how gayaa. ansaan dosti. shaikh apnay aabayi shehar yamanzelansk mein zachgi kay hospital mein madad kirr rahee hay. iss nay aur iss kii behan nay maqami hospital kay bachon kay waard kii tameer noow mein madad kii aur abb shaikh eek rosee khairati adaaray pomogi-"help" () kii taraf say raqam aktha kartay haine juu beemaar bachon kii deekh bhaal farahim kartaa hay. shaikh roos mein pomogi kay sarkaari safeer haine. wah neoyork shehar kay foud benak kay saath saath aey aiss pee see aey kii safeer bhee haine. wah 2022 mein ukareen parr rosee hamlay kii khalaaf hay ukareen mein inn kii insani koshishon kii himayat kay liye unicife aur reed karaas kuu atiyah karnay kaa aradah zahir kiyaa hay aur apnay pirokaron say bhee atiyah karnay kuu kahaa hay.

0003c7e4a1113a59a5822aba0ce117cef475db1e2386c7e2c4452b08007c0994

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52481519

1955–56 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team

1955–56 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team American college basketball season The 1955–56 Drexel Dragons men's basketball team represented Drexel Institute of Technology during the 1955–56 men's basketball season. The Dragons, led by 4th year head coach Samuel Cozen, played their home games at Sayre High School and were members of the College–Southern division of the Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC). The team finished the season 10–8, and finished in 1st place in the MAC in the regular season. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1955-56 drackchel dragons puruxor busketball doll 1955-56 drackchel dragons purux busketball dole 1955-56 puruxor busketball sijonor xomoyot drackchel institut owo tekon "lojik protinidhitwo korisil. soturtho bosoror mukhyo proxikhyok semuwel kujene netritwo diya dragonxokole saire haiskulot teulukor ghoruwa khelxomuh khelisil aaru modhyo aatlantik xonmilon (mek) ror kolej-dokhyin bibhagor xodosyo aasil. doltuwe sijon 10-8 xomapto korisil, aaru niyomiya sijonot mekot 1moo sthanot xomapto korisil. xomoixusi. !kolon = 9 xoili = "potbhumih #f8b800; rongoh #002663;". niyomito ritu

1955-56 drexel dragon purushder basketball doll 1955-56 purushder basketball morshume drexel dragon purushder basketball doll drexel institute off technologyr protinidhitto korechilo. 4rtho borsher prodhan coach samuel kozener netritte dragonra sayre haiskule taader home gema khelechilo ebong middle atlantik conferencer (mack) college-soudern bibhager sadasya chhilo. dolti 10-8 morsumti shesh korey ebong niyamita morshume myake 1maum sthane shesh korey. samayasuchi. !collon = 9 shaili = "potobhumi #f8b800; rangah #002663;". niyamita ritu

1955-56 draxel dragon purushoni basketball team 1955-56 draxel dragon purushoni basketball teame 1955-56 purushoni basketball season darmiyan draxel institute off technologynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. chothaa varshnaa mukhya coach semual cosenni aagevanima dragon, sayare haai schoolma temnee gharaanganaani ramato ramyaa hataa aneey madhya atlantic parishado (meeka) naa college-dakshini vibhagna sabhyo hataa. teame season 10-8 purn curry, aneey niyameet seasonma mekmaa pratham sthaane samaapt curry. samaypatrak. !collan = 9 shailee = "prushthbhumih #f8b800; rangah #002663;". niyameet mosam

1955-56 drexel dragon purushon kii basketball team 1955-56 drexel dragons purushon kii basketball team ney 1955-56 purushon key basketball season key dauran drexel institute off technology kaa pratinidhitva kiya. dragon, chauthe varsh key mukhya coach saimuel cosion key netritva mein, saire hyee school mein apane gharelu khel khele aur madhya atlantic sammelanon (mack) key college-dakshini vibhaag key sadasya they. team ney season 10-8 samaapt kiya, aur niyamit season mein mack mein pahale sthaan parr rahee. anusuchi. !collan = 9 shally = "prishthbhoomih #f8b800; rangah #002663;". niyamit mausam

1955-56 drexel dragons purushara basketball tanda 1955-56 purushara basketball rtuvinalli drexel dragons purushara basketball tandavu drexel institute off technologyannu pratinidhisitu. 4neey varshada mukhya tarabetudaara samuel kozen netrutvada dragongalu tamma tavaru aatagalannu saire proudhashaaleyalli aadidaru mattu middle atlantic conferencegala (mack) kaaleju-daksina vibhagada sadasyaraagiddaru. tandavu rtuvannu 10-8 nalli mugisitu mattu niyamita rtuvinalli mcnully 1 neey sthaanavannu galisitu. velapatti. !collin = 9 shaili = "hinnele #f8b800; bannah #002663;"| niyamita rtu

1955-56 drexel dragon purush basketball sangh 1955-56 drexel dragons purush basketball sanghane 1955-56 purush basketball hangamat drexel institute auph technologyche pratinidhitva kele. chauthya varshache mukhya prashikshak samuel cosion yanchya netrutvakhalil dragon, sayre highschoolmadhye tyanche gharguti khel khelale aanee madhya atlantic parishadanchya (mack) mahavidhyalay-dakshin vibhagache sadasya hote. sanghane hangam 10-8 purn keela aanee niyamit hangamat mcmadhye pahilya sthanavar rahila. velapatrak. !collan = 9 shaili = "parshvabhoomih #f8b800; rangah #002663;". niyamit hangam

1955-56 drexel dragon purush basketball tolly 1955-56 drexel dragon purush basketball tolile 1955-56 purush basketball sijanma drexel institute aff technologyko pratinidhitwa गऱ्यो।. chautho warshaka mukhya prashikshak samuel kojenko netritwama raheka dregonharule sera hai schoolma afno gharelu khel khele rar madhya atlantic sammelan (mack) ko college-dakshini divisionka sadasya thie. tolile sijan 10-8 samapta garyo, rar niyamit sijanma mcma 1 aun sthanma samapta bhayo. samaya talika. !collan = 9 shaili = "prishthabhumihi #f8b800; rangah #002663;". niyamit mausam

1955-56 drexel dragon purush basketball dala 1955-56 purush basketball ruture drexel dragons purush basketball dala drexel institute off technologyra pratinidhitwa karithila. chaturtha barshar mukhya prashikhyaka samuel kojennka netrutware dragonmane sejre haiskulare semanankara gharoi khela khelithile ebong madhya atlantic sammilani (mack) rahr college-dakhina divijanara sadasya thile. dala 10-8 rutu samapta kallah, ebong nijamita ruture mack ray 1maha sthanare samapta kallah . karjyasuchi. !collin = 9 sailee = "prusthabhoomihi #f8b800; rangah #002663;". nijamita rutu

1955-56 drakesal dragons purash basketball team 1955-56 draxel dragons purash basketball team neey 1955-56 purash basketball season dauran draxel institute aaf technology dee numaindagi keeti. dragon, chauthe saal dey mukkh coach semual cosion dee agvai witch, saire hyee school witch aapniaan gharelu khedan khediaan atey middle atlantic conferences (maek) dey kaalaj-dakkhni division dey member sunn. team neey season 10-8 noon khatam keeta, atey niyamat season witch maek witch pahile sathaan 'teey rahee. samaan-saarnee. !collen = 9 shaili = "pichokada #f8b800; rangao #002663;". niyamat season

1955-56 drexel dragons purushasya basketball-dalam 1955-56 drexel-dragons-purusha-basketball-dalah 1955-56 purusha-basketball-rutau drexel-institute-aaf-teknaalaji-ityasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. chaturthavarshasya mukhya-prashikshakasya saamuyel kozen ityasya netrutve dragons-janaah saire-ucchavidyaalaye swagruhakreedaah kreeditavantah, tathaa cha madhya-atlaantik-sammelanasy (myaak) mahaavidyaalaya-dakshina-vibhaagasya sadasyaah aasan. dalah 10-8 iti satram samapya niyamita-rutau myaak-madhye prathamasthaane samaapayat. anusoochih. !kollan = 9 shailee = "prushtabhoomihi #f8b800; varnaha #002663;". niyamitam rutuhu

1955-56 trexel tragons aangal koodaippandhu anii 1955-56 trexal tragons aangal koodaippandhu anii 1955-56 aangal koodaippandhu paruvaththil trexal institute aap technology pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. 4 vadhu aandu thalaimai payirchiyaalar saamuvel gosan thalaimaiyilaana trackengal, saerae uyarnilaip pallyil thangal sontha vilaiyaattukalai vilaiyaadinar mattrum naduththara adlandic maanaadugalin (maek) kalluri-therku pirivin uruppinargalaaga irunththanar. anii 10-8 seesanai mudiththu, valakkamaana seasonil makel 1 vadhu idaththil mudiththathu. attavanai. !kolin = 9 paani = "pinnani #f8b800; niram #002663;"| valakkamaana paruvam

1955-56 drexel dragons purushula basketball jattu 1955-56 drexel dragons purushula basketball jattu 1955-56 purushula basketball seasonlo drexel institute off technologyki praatinidhyam vahinchindi. 4va samvatsaram pradhana coach shamyul kozen netrutvamloni dragonlu, saire haiskoollo tama sonta atalanu aadaru mariyu middle atlantic conferences (maak) yokka kalaasaala-dakshina vibhaagamlo sabhyuluga unnaaru. jattu season 10-8 nuu muginchindi, mariyu regular seasonlo maaklo 1va sthaanamlo nilichindi. schedule. !collin = 9 shaili = "nepathyam #f8b800; ranguh #002663;"| saadhaarana season

1955-56 dreksil dragon mardon kii basket baal team 1955-56 dreksil dragon mardon kii basket baal team nay 1955-56 mardon kay basket baal seezan kay doraan dreksil insity teut aaf technology kii numaindagi kii. dragon choothay saal kay head coach simoil kozan kii qayadat mein seeyar hayee school mein apnay gharilo kheel khelay aur muddle atlantik conferences (meek) kay college-sadran devision kay rakan thay. team nay seezan 10-8 khatam kiyaa aur baqayedah seezan mein meek mein pehli position haasil kii. sheedol. !colan = 9 style = "piss manzar: #f8b800 vovo rung: #002663 vovo"| baqayedah mosam

0003c8aecedbf5add120b762028d6b83881f1daf957d15b38ef51a6df0f1d964

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30577397

Raaz Chandpuri

Raaz Chandpuri Raaz Chandpuri (born Mohammad Sadiq; 189a2-1969) was an Indian poet and literary critic, known for writing Urdu ghazal and nazm. He was amongst the earliest disciples of Seemab Akbarabadi and attained the status of an Ustaad for himself. He was a master of Urooz. His first known collection of ghazals, "Nawa e Raaz", was published in 1961 by Adara Anees of Allahabad. However, he is better known for his critical appraisal of the life and work of Seemab Akbarabadi, "Dastaan e chand", on which exercise Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi too had relied while writing the biography of Seemab Akbarabadi titled - " Zikr e Seemab ". Written by Sarwar Alam Raz Sarwar and published by Kitab Ghar, "Baqiyaat e Raaz" is the only critical appraisal of the life and work of Raaz Chandpuri. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (jonmogoto naam mohommod sadik; 189e 2-1969) ejon bharotiyo kobi aaru xahityo xomalusok aasil, ji urdu gojol aaru naajom likhaar baabe jonajat. teu simabo aakborabadir prarombhik xisyoxokolor bhitorot aasil aaru nijor baabe ejon ustador morzada laabh korisil. teu euroojor ejon prodhan aasil. 1961 sonot allahabador aadara onise teur prothom gyat gojol xongroho "nowe raaj" prokax korisil. obosye, teu simabo aakborabadir jiwan aaru kaamor xomaluchonamulok mulyayonor baabe odhik porisito, "dastan e chand", jaar uporot mohor laal soni jiah fatehabadiye sibabo aakborabadir jiwani likhaar xomoyot nirbhor korisil-"jikor e simabo" xirxok. xoruwar aalom raaj xoruwaror dwara likhito aaru kitabo ghoror dwara prokaxito, "bakiyat ee raaj" hoise raaj sandopurir jiwan aaru kaamor ekmatro xomaluchonamulok mulyayon.

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (jonmonam mahammad sadiq; 189ayee 2-1969) ekjon bharatiya cobby ebong sahitya somalochok chhilen, jini urdu gojol ebong najom lekhar jonno porichito. tini chhilen seebab akbarabadir prachintama shishyoder modhye ekjon ebong nijer jonno ostader morjada orjon korechilen. tini uruzer ekjon muster chhilen. taanr prothom porichito gojol sangraha, "naoa ayee raaj", 1961 saale allahabader adara anis dwara prokashito hoyechilo. tobey, tini 'dastan ayee chaand "naame' simbab akbarabadi"-rawr jeebon oo kaajer samalochanamulak mulyayaner jonno beshi porichito, jaar upor mehr laal soonee jiah fatehabadio nirbhar korechilen 'jikhar ayee simbab "shironame' simbab akbarabadi"-rawr jeeboni lekhar somoy. sorwar alom raaj sorwar rachito ebong kitab ghor dwara prokashito, "bakiat ayee raaj" holl raaj chandpurir jeebon oo kaajer ekmatro samalochanamulak mulyayan.

raaz chandpuri raaz chandpuri (janmanam mohammed saadik; 189a 2-1969) aek bhaartiy kavee aneey saahityik vivechak hataa, jeo urdu gazal aneey nazam lakhvaa maate jaanita hataa. teo sibab akbarabadina praarambhik shishyomana aek hataa aneey temane potaana maate ustaadno darajjo praapt karyo hato. teey uruzno master hato. temno pratham gazalono jaanito sangrah, "navaa aee raaz", 1961maan allahabadna adada anees dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. jooe keey, teo 'dastan aee chaand' naamnaa 'simab akbarabadi' naa jeevan aneey kaarynaa vivechanaatmak mulyankan maate vadhu jaanita chhe, jenaa parr mehar laal soonee ziya fatehabadi pann 'zikar aee sibab' sheershak saathe 'sibab akbarabadi' noon jivancharitra lakhatee vakhate aadhaar raakhyo hato. surver aalam raaj surver dwara lakhaayel aneey kitaab ghar dwara prakashit, "bakhiyaat aee raaj" aee raaz chandpurina jeevan aneey kaaryanu ekmatra vivechanaatmak mulyankan chhe.

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (janm seey mohammad saadik; 189a 2-1969) ack bhaaratiya kavi aur saahityik aalochak they, jinhen urdu gajal aur najam likhane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. way sibab akbarabadi key shuruati shishyon mein seey they aur unhone apane liye ack ustaad kaa darja praapt kiya. vaha eurose kaa master thaa. unakaa pahala gyaat gajal sangrah, "navaa aeye raaz", 1961 mein allahabad key adaada anees dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, vaha jeevan key apane aalochanatmak mulyankan aur jeevan key liye jaane jaate hain, "dastan aeye chand", jiss parr mehar laal soney jiyaa kismatabadi ney bhee jeevan-"zikr aeye nazaab" sheershak seey zeer akbarabadi kii jeevani likhate samay bharosa kiya thaa. sarvar aalam raaj sarvar dwara likhit aur kitab ghar dwara prakaashit, "bakhiyaat aeye raaz" raaj chandpuri key jeevan aur kaary kaa ekmatra mahatvapurna mulyankan haye.

raaj chandpuri raaja chandpuri (mohamad sadiq; 189aa <aii. dii. 1>) obba bhaaratiya kavi mattu sahitya vimarshakaraagiddu, urdu gajal mattu nazam bareyalu hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. aata seamub akabarabadiya arambhika sisyaralli obbaraagiddaru mattu swatah ustad sthaanamaanavannu padedaru. aata uruz nalli nipunanagiddanu. avara modala prasiddha gajhal sangrahavaada "nawah aa raaj" annu 1961ralli allahabadna adara anees prakatisidaru. aadaagyoo, avaru "dastan aa chandh" emba seemab akabarabadiya jeevana mattu kelasada vimarshaatmaka moulyamaapanakke hesaruvasiyagiddare, adara mele mehr laal sooni jiah fatehabadi saha-"zikar aa seemab" emba shirshikeya seemab akabarabadiya jivanacharitreyannu bareyuvaaga avalambisiddaru. sarwar aalam raaj sarwar bareda mattu kitab gharr prakatisida "bakiyat aa raaj" raaja chandpuri jeevana mattu krutiya ekaika vimarshaatmaka moulyamaapanavaagide.

raas chandpuri urudu gazal, nasam enniva ezhuthunnathil prashasthanaaya oru indian kaviyum saahitya niroopakanum aayirunnu raas chandpuri (jananam mohammed saadikh; 189a 2-1969). seemab akbaraabaadiyude aadyakaala shishyanmaril oralaaya addeham svayam oru ustad padavi nedi. addeham eurosinte maastaraayirunnu. addehathinte ariyappedunna aadyathe gazal samahaaramaaya "navaa iii raas" 1961 ll alahaabaadile adara anees prasidheekarichu. ennirunnaalum, seemab akbaraabaadiyude jeevithacharitram ezhuthumbol mehr laal soony siya fatehabadi aashrayichirunna 'dastan iii chandh' enna 'sajakr iii seemab' enna sheershakathilulla 'seemab akbaraabaadiyude' jeevithatheyum pravartthanatheyum kurichulla vimarsanaathmaka vilayiruthaliloodeyaanu addeham kooduthal ariyappedunnathu. sarwar aalam raas sarwar ezhuthukayum kitab gharr prasidheekarikkukayum cheytha "bakhiyaathu iii raas" aanu raas chandpuriyude jeevithatheyum pravartthanatheyum kurichulla eaka vimarsanaathmaka vilayiruthal.

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (janmanam mohammed sadiq; 189a 2-1969) heey eka bharatiy kavee aanee sahityik samikshak hote, jeey urdu gazal aanee nazam lihinyasathi olakhale jaatat. too sibab akbarabadichya suruvatichya shishyanpaiki eka hota aanee tyane swatahsathi ustadcha darja prapt keela. too uruzcha master hota. tyancha pahila dnyat gazalancha sangrah, 'navah aii raaj', 1961 madhye allahabadchya adada anees yanni prakashit keela. tathapi, teey 'dastan aii chand' yaa 'seemab akbarabadi' chya jivanache aanee karyabaddalachya tyanchya samikshatmak mulyankanasathi adhik olakhale jaatat, jyavar 'mehar laal soonee jiah fatehabadi' yaa abhyasane 'seemab akbarabadi' chey charitra 'zikr aii sibab' asey lihitana bharr deela hota. sarvar aalam raaj sarvar yanni lihilele aanee kitab ghar yanni prakashit kelele, 'bakhiyat aii raaj' heey raaj chandpuri yanchya jivanache aanee karyache ekmev gambhir moolyankan aahe.

raaj chandapuri raaj chandapuri (janma mohammad sadik; 189a 2-1969) ek bharatiya kawi rar sahityik alochak thie, jo urdu gajal rar najam lekhnaka lagi parichit thie. uni simba akbarabadika prarambhik chelaharu madhye ek thie rar afna lagi ustadko darja prapta gare. uni urujka guru thie. unko pahilo gyat gajal sangraha, "nawa ae raaj", sann 1961 maa allahabadka adara anisle prakashit gareka thie. yadyapi, uni simba akbarabadiko jiwan rar kamko alochanatmak mulyangkanka lagi parichit chhan, "dastan ae chanda", jasma mehr lall sony zia fatehabadile pani simba akbarabadiko jiwani lekhda-"zikar ae simbab" shirshakma nirbhar gareko thiyo. sarwar alam raaj sarwardwara likhit rar kitab ghardwara prakashit, "bakiyat ae raaj" raaj chandapuriko jiwan rar kamko ek matra alochanatmak mulyankan how.

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (janmanam mahammad sadique; 189aii 2-1969) jane bharatiah kabi ebong sahitya samalochaka thile, jie urdu gajal ebong nazam lekhiba paain janashuna . shay simbab aakabarabadeenka prarambhika shishyamananka madhyaru jane thile ebong niz paain eka ustadara manyata hassel karithile. shay uruz rahr jane guru thile. tankara pratham janashuna gajal sangraha, "nawe aii raaj", 1961 ray allahabadar adara aneesanka dwara prakashita hoithila. tebe, shay 'dastan aii chand "namaka' simbab akabarabadi" rahr zeeban ebong karjyara samalochanamoolaka mulyankana paain adhika janashuna, jaahaa upare 'mehr laal sony jiah fatehabadi "madhya' zikra aii simbab" sheershakare 'simbab akabarabadi "nka jeebani lekhiba samajare nirbhara karithile. sarawara alam raaj sarawaranka dwara likhita ebong kitab ghara dwara prakashita, "bakijat aii raaj" heuchhi raaj chandapurinka zeeban ebong karjyara ekamatra samalochanamoolaka mulyankana .

raaz chandpuri raaz chandpuri (janam mohammad sadiq; 189a 2-1969) ikk bharti kavee atey sahitak aalochak see, joe urdu ghazlan atey nazam likhan laee janhiaa jaanda haii. uh seemab akbarabadi dey sabh toon purane cheliaan vicchon ikk see atey uss neey aapne laee ikk ustad daa darja prapat keeta. uh eurose daa mahr see. unhan daa pahila prasidh ghazlan daa sangrah, "navaa aii raaz", sann 1961 witch allahabad dey adada anees duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. halanki, uh seemab akbarabadi dey jeevan atey kamm dey aalochnatmak mulankan laee jaane jaande hunn, jiss utte mehar laal soonee ziaa fatehabadi neey vee 'zikr aii sibab' sirlekh vaali sibab akbarabadi dee jeevani likhade samein bharosa keeta see. sarvar aalam raaj sarvar duaara likhi gaee atey kitaab gharr duaara prakashit, "bakiat aii raaz" raaj chandpuri dey jeevan atey kamm daa ikko-ikk aalochnatmak mulankan haii.

raaj chandapuri rajachandapuri (janmanama muhammad saadika; 189a 2-1969) ekaha bharatiyaha kavihi, saahitya-sameekshakah cha aasit, yah urdoo-gajal-naazma-lekhanartham prasidhah aasit. saha sibab-akabarabadi ityasya prarambhikasu shishyeshu anyatamah aasit, swasya krute ustaad iti padaveem cha praptavan. saha eurose ityasya guruhu aasit. tasya prathamam dnyaatam gajalsangraham "navaa e raaz" 1961 tame varshe allahabad-nagarasya adara anees ityanena prakaashitam. parantu, saha "dastan e chanda" iti seemaab-akabarabadi ityasya jeevanasya karyasya cha vimarshaatmakamoolyaamkane prasidhah asti, yasya abhyaase mehr-laal-soni-jia-fatehabadi api sibab-akabarabadi ityasya jeevanacharitram "zikra-e-sibab" iti shirshakena likhati sma. server-aalam-raaj-sarvaar ityanena likhitam, kitaab-ghaar ityanena prakaashitam cha "bakiyat-e-raaj" iti raaj-chandapuri ityasya jeevanasya karyasya cha ekamaatram vimarshaatmakam mulyamkanam vartate.

raas chandpuri raas chandpuri (pirappu mugamathu saathik; 189a 2-1969) oru inthiya kavignarum ilakkiya vimarsagarum aavaar, avar uruthu kasal mattrum nasm ezhuthuvathil peyar pettravar. avar seemap akbaraapaathiyin aarambagaala seedargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, maelum thanakkena oru ustad anthasthaip pettraar. avar urus maastar. avarathu muthal kajalkalin thoguppaana "navaa aee raas" 1961 aam aandil allahabaddaich saerntha adhara aneezal veliyidappattathu. iruppinum, avar seemap akbaraapaathiyin vaazhkkai mattrum padaippugalai vimarsiththu mathippeedu seithatharkaaga nanku ariyapattavar, "dastan ii santh", idhu mehar laal soani jiah fadehabadiyin vaazhkkai varalaattrai ezhuthum poathu nambiyirunthathu-"jigar ii seemap". sarvar aalam raas sarwar ezhuthiya mattrum kidaap qarr veliyitta "pakkiyath ii raas" thaan raas chandapuriyin vaazhkkai mattrum padaippugalin oray vimarsana mathippeedu aagum.

raaj chandpuri raaj chandpuri (jananam mohammed sadiq; 189a 2-1969) oka bharatiya kavi mariyu saahitya vimarsakudu, urdoo gajal mariyu nazm rachanalaku prasiddhi chendaaru. athanu seamub akbarabadi yokka toli shishyulalo okadu mariyu tanaku taanugaa ustad hodaanu pondaadu. athanu uruz loe master. ayana mottamodati gajals sekarana "navaa yea raaj" nuu 1961loe allahabadku chendina adara anees prachurinchaaru. edemaina, athanu seemab akbarabadi jeevitam mariyu pani gurinchi vimarsanaatmaka anchanaaku prasiddhi chendaadu, "dastan eah chandh", dheenipai mehrlal sooni jiah fatehabadi kooda aadhaarapadindi-"zikar eah seemab" anae paerutoe seemab akbarabadi jeevita charitranu vraasetappudu. sarwar aalam raaj sarwar rachinchi, kitab gharr prachurinchina "bakiyat eah raaj" anedi raaj chandpuri jeevitam mariyu rachanala yokka ekaika vimarsanaatmaka madimpu.

raaz chandpuri raaz chandpuri (paidaishi toor parr mohammad sadiq vovo 189a 2-1969) eek hindustani shayer aur adbi nqad thay juu ardo ghazal aur naazim likhnay kay liye jaanay jaatay haine. wah saimb akbar aabadi kay ibtadayi shagirdon mein say thay aur inhon nay apnay liye astaad kaa darjah haasil kiyaa. wah aroz kaa maahir thaa. inn kaa pehla maruf ghazlon kaa majmuah "naway raaz" 1961 mein alah aabaad kay adara anees nay shaye kiyaa thaa. tahim wah saimb akbar aabadi "dastaan ayee chaand" kii zindagi aur kaam kay baaray mein apnay tanqidi jaizay kay liye ziyadah mashhur haine jiss parr maher laal sonee ziyaa fatah aabadi nay bhee saimb akbar aabadi kii sawanah umri likhtay waqat inhasaar kiyaa thaa jiss kaa anwaan thaa-"zakar ayee sahraab". sarwar aalim raaz sarwar kii likhee hoyee aur qatab gahar kii taraf say shaye kardah "bachyaat raaz" raaz chandpuri kii zindagi aur kaam kaa waahid tanqidi jaizah hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4239972

Ohio's 8th congressional district

Ohio's 8th congressional district U.S. House district for Ohio Ohio's 8th congressional district sits on the west side of Ohio, bordering Indiana. The cities of Hamilton, Fairfield, Middletown, Springfield, Eaton, Greenville, Piqua, and Troy are part of the district. The district was represented by Republican John Boehner, the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. On September 25, 2015, Boehner announced his resignation from the speakership and retirement from Congress, which became effective on October 31, 2015. The current representative for this district is Republican Warren Davidson, who defeated Democrat Corey Foister and Green Party candidate James J. Condit Jr. in the 2016 special election to fill Boehner's seat. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uhio 'ror 8moo congressional jilaa uhio "ror 8moo congressional jilaa indianer ximantoborti uhio" ror poschim dixot owosthito. hamilton, fairfield, midletown, springfield, eaton, greenville, pica aaru troy sohorxomuh jilakhonor ongxo. jilakhonor protinidhitwo korisil republican john buwenare, ji aamerika juktorastror protinidhi xobhar 53 xongkhyok bokta aasil. 2015 sonor 25 septemborot buwenare odhyokhyo podor poraa podotyag aaru congressor poraa owoxor ghuxona kore, ji 2015 sonor 31 octoborot karzokori hoisil. ei jilaar bortomanor protinidhi hoise republican waaren davidson, jiye demkret kuree pho "istaar aaru green partyr prarthi james je-koo porasto korisil. koo 'ndit je. aar. 2016 sonor bixex nirbasonot buwenaror aaxon puron koriboloi.

ohior 8maum congressional zela ohior 8maum congressional zela ohior poschim dike abosthito, jaa indianar simantabarti. hamilton, fairfield, midlettown, springfield, eaton, greenville, pica ebong troy shaharguli eyi jelara ongsho. eyi jelara protinidhitto korechilen republican john boehner, jini markin juktorashtrer protinidhi porishder porishder speaker chhilen. 2015 saaler 25shhey septembara, boehner speakership theke podotyag ebong congress theke abosarer ghoshana corren, jaa 2015 saaler 31shhey octobor theke karjokor hoy. eyi jelara bortoman protinidhi hollen republican oyarena davidson, jini democratic corey foister ebong grin partyr prarthi james jeey-keey porajito korechen. condit junior. boehner asson puroner jonno 2016 saaler bishesh nirbachone.

oheeyona oheeyona kongresanal district oheeyono oheeyono kongresanal jeello oheeyoni pashchim bajuae aavelo chhe, jeey indianani sarahade aavelo chhe. hamilton, fairfield, midlettown, springfield, etone, greenville, pikwa aneey troy shahero jeellano bhaag chhe. aaa jillaanu pratinidhitva united states house off representativesna representativesna speaker, ripablikana john bonner dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 25 september, october roj, bohnare speekarshipmathi raajinaamu aapvani aneey congressmanthi nivrutti levani jaaherat curry, jeey 31 october, october roj asarkarak bunny. aaa jeellana vartmaan pratinidhi ripablikana warren davidson chhe, jemane demokretika corey foister aneey green partyna umedvaar james jeey. neey haraavya hataa. jeey. aar. aar vishesh chuntanima bonnerni bethak bharvaa maate.

ohiyo kaa 8vaan congressional jilaa ohiyo kaa 8vaan congressional jilaa ohiyo key paschim kii or sthit haye, joe indiana kii seema seey lagaa huaa haye. hamilton, fairfield, midlettown, springfield, eaton, greenville, pica aur traay shahar jile kaa hissa hain. jile kaa pratinidhitva republican johnn boenner ney kiya thaa, joe sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa key 53vein adhyaksh they. 25 sitambar, 2015 koo, boenner ney speakership seey apane istife aur congress seey sevaanivritti kii ghoshana kii, joe 31 octuber, 2015 koo prabhaavi hoe gaee. iss jile key liye vartamaan pratinidhi republican vaaran davidson hain, jinhone democratic core foister aur green party key ummidwar james jey koo haraaya. condit junier. 2016 key vishesh chunaav mein boenner kii seat bharane key liye.

ohiyoda 8neey congressina jille ohiyoda 8neey congressina jilleyu ohiyoda paschima bhagadallide, idu indiyaanaada gadiyallide. hamilton, fairfield, midlitown, springfield, eetan, greenville, pica mattu troy nagaragalu jilleya bhagavagive. ee jilleyannu united states house off representativesna 53neey speaker republican zaan bonner pratinidhisidaru. 2015rahra september 25randu, bohner avaru speaker huddege rajiname niiduvudaagi mattu kangresninda nivruttiyaguvudagi ghoshisidaru, idu 2015rahra october 31randu jaarige banditu. ee jilleya prastuta pratinidhiyu republican warren davidson aagiddu, avaru democratic coor foster mattu green pakshada abhyarthi james zhe. avarannu solisidaru. zhe. sii. sii. 2016rahra vishesha chunavaneyalli bohner avara sthaanavannu tumbalu.

ohiyoyile ettaamathe kongras jilla ohiyoyude ettaamathe kongras jilla ohiyoyude padinjaaru bhagathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu, ithu indianayude athirthiyilaanu. haamilttan, fairfield, midu leydaun, springfield, eedan, greenville, pikwa, troy ennee nagarangal jillayude bhagamaanu. yunaittad stetts house oof representativesile 53-aamathe speakeraaya republican joonn bonner jilla prathinidheekarichu. 2015 septambar 25 nuu, bohner speakershippil ninnu raajivaykkukayum kongrasil ninnu viramikkukayum cheythu, athu 2015 october 31 nuu praabalyatthil vannu. demookratik koorii fosttareyum green party sthaanaarthi jaims jeey. yeyum paraajayappedutthiya republican vaaran davidson aanu eee jillayude nilavile prathinidhi. juuniyar. bohnerude seett niraykkunnathinulla 2016leeii prathyeka thiranjeduppil.

ohayocha ohiyocha congress jilha ohiyocha ohiyocha congress jilha ohiyochya paschim bajula, indianachya simevar aahe. hamilton, fairfield, midlettown, springfield, eaton, greenville, pica aanee trie hii shahare jilhyacha bhag aahet. united states haus auph representativesche 53 weey adhyaksh, republican johnn boenner yanni jilhyache pratinidhitva kele. 25 september 2015 roji, boenerne vaktrutvacha rajinama aanee congressmadhun nivrutti jaheer kelee, jee 31 aktoobar 2015 roji prabhavi jhaali. yaa jilhyache sadhyache pratinidhi republican warren davidson aahet, jyanni democratic corey foister aanee green partyche umedvar james jeey. yanna parabhoot kele. kanishth. boenerchi jaaga bharnyasathi 2016 chya vishesh nivadanukit.

ohiyoko 8 aun congress zilla ohiyoko 8 aun congressional zilla ohiyoko paschimatira awasthit chha, indianako simanama. hamilton, fairfield, midlettauna, springfield, etone, greenbhil, pica rar troya saharharu jillako hissa hun. jillako pratinidhitwa sanyukta rajya americako pratinidhi sabhako 53 aun speaker republican john bonerle gareka thie. september 25,2015 maa, bonerle waktritwabata rajinama dine rar congressbata sewaniwritti ghoshana gare, june october 31,2015 maa prabhawkari bhayo. yass jillaka lagi wartaman pratinidhi republican warren devidson hun, jasle democratic corey foister rar green partyka ummedwar james jey lai parajit gare. condit junier. sann 2016 ko vishesh chunawama bonerako sitt bharnaka lagi.

ohiora 8maha congress zillah ohiora 8maha congress zillah ohiora paschima parsware abasthita, jaahaa indiana seemaare abasthita. hamilton, fairfield, midletown, springfield, eaton, greenbhil, pica ebong troy sahara ehi jillara anshabisesha. ehi jillara pratinidhitwa karithile republican zohn boener, jieki juktarastra americara pratinidhi sabhara 53 tama bachaspati thile. september 25,2015 ray, boener bachaspati padaru istafa ebong kangresaru absar ghoshana karithile, jaahaa october 31,2015 ray karjyakaree hoithila . ehi jillara barttamanara pratinidhi heuchhanti republican warren devidasan, jie democrat corey foster ebong green party prarthi james jay. nku parasta karithile. yugma-yugma. boenarnka aasana purana kariba paain 2016 swatantra nirbachanare.

ohio daa daa congress zilha ohio daa daa congress zilha ohio dey pachham vaale paase sathit haii, joe indiana dee sarhadd naal laggda haii. hamilton, fairfield, midleton, springfield, eaton, greenville, peeka atey trie zilhe daa hissa hunn. iss zilhe dee numaindagi sanyukat raaj dey pratinidhi sabha dey dey speaker, republican jauhan bonner neey keeti see. 25 satambar, 2015 noon, boenner neey bulara ahude toon aapne astife atey congress toon retirement daa ailaan keeta, joe 31 aktubar, 2015 noon prabhavi hoiaa. iss zilhe laee maujuda numainda republican vaaran davidson haii, jiss neey democratic corrie foister atey green party dey umidwar james jey noon haraiaa. junier noon santosh dio. boenner dee seet noon bharan laee 2016 deeaan vishesh chonhan witch.

ohiyo-nagarasya 8 tamah kaangres-mandala asti. ohiyo-nagarasya 8 tamah congressional-mandala ohiyo-nagarasya paschimadishi, indiana-pradeshasya simayam sthitah asti. hamilton, ferfield, middletown, springfield, eaton, greenville, pikaa, troy ityete nagaraani asya mandalasya bhagaha santi. asya mandalasya pratinidhitvam republican-jaan bohner ityanena krutam, yah samyuktarajyamerika-pratinidhi-sabhaayaah 53 tamah vaktaa aasit. 2015 september 25 dinaanke, bohner varyaha vaktrutvaat tyaagapatram, kaangres-pakshaat nivruttihi cha ghoshayat, yat 2015 october 31 dinaanke prabhaawitah abhavat. asya mandalasya vartamaanah pratinidhihi republican vaaren devidson asti, yah democrat-corey-foyastar tathaa green-party-abhyarthinam james jey. ityetam parajayata. kandit jey. aar. 2016 tame varshe bohner ityasya asanasya poorane visheshanirvaachane.

ohiyoavin ohiyoavin congress maavattam ohiyoavin 8 vadhu congress maavattam ohiyoavin maerkup paguthiyil, indiana ellaiyil amainthullathu. haamiltan, fairfield, mitletavun, springfield, eettan, greenville, biga mattrum troy nagarangal maavattaththin oru paguthiyaagum. inththa mavattaththai america pirathinithikal sabaiyin 53 vadhu paechchaalaraana kudiyarasuk katchiyin john poanar pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. septumber 25,2015 andru, bohanor paechchaalaraaka irunthu rajinama seivathaagavum, congressil irunthu oaivu peruvathaakavum arivitthaar, idhu october 31,2015 andru nadaimuraikku vanthathu. inththa maavattaththin tharpoothaiya pirathinithi kudiyarasu vaaran davitson aavaar, avar jananayagak katchiyin koorii phoostar mattrum pasumaik katchiyin vaetpaalar james jay. aii thoarkadiththaar. kaandit juuniyar. 2016 aam aandu nadaipettra sirapputh therthalil, bohanorin irukkaiyai nirappuvatharkaaga.

ohiyo yokka 8va congress jilla ohiyo yokka 8va congress jilla ohiyoku paschimaana, indiana sarihaddulo undhi. hamilton, fairfield, midletown, springfield, eetan, greenville, pikwa mariyu troy nagaralu jillaalo bhaagamgaa unnaayi. eee jillaaku united states pratinidhula sabha yokka 53va speaker ayina republican zaan bonner praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. 2015 september 25naa, bohner speaker padavi nundi thana raajeenaamaanu mariyu congress nundi padavee viramananu prakatinchaaru, idhi 2015 october 31naa amaluloki vachindi. eee jillaaku prastuta pratinidhi republican warren davidson, athanu democrat corey foster mariyu green party abhyardhi james zhe nuu oodinchaadu. kandit zhe. aarr. bohner seetunu bharti cheyadaaniki 2016 pratyeka ennikalaloo.

auhaiyo kaa 8 waan congress zalaa auhaiyo kaa 8 waan congress zalaa auhaiyo kay maghrab kii taraf waaqa hay juu indiya kii sarhad say mutsil hay. hamilton fair feld muddle town spring feld aiton grain wail peeka aur troey kay shehar zalaa kaa hasah haine. zalaa kii numaindagi republican jaan benar nay kii thee juu riyasathaye muthadah kay aiwan numaindagaan kay 53 wein specker thay. 25 satambar 2015 cow benar nay specriship say istefi deenay aur congress say retirement kaa aalaan kiyaa juu 31 aktobar 2015 kuu naafiz hawaa. iss zalaa kay maujudah numayende republican waarin dudeson haine jinhon nay democratic kooree foster aur grain paarti kay amidwar jaims jay kuu shakast dee. juniyar kuu bund karein. bohner kii nashast kuu parr karnay kay liye 2016 kay khususi intekhabat mein.

0003cf6c0842367d081a3c8af63a6b858eea516fb5013bdde98f3f05336f8bb1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29899753

Wesley Ngo Baheng

Wesley Ngo Baheng French footballer of Cameroonian descent Wesley Ngo Baheng (born 23 September 1989) is a French footballer of Cameroonian descent who plays for UJA Alfortville. Biography. Baheng began playing at the youth system of Le Havre, and was offered a contract with Newcastle United in January 2008. He accepted but spent 18 months out of football due to a cruciate ligament injury. After a deal with 1. FC Nürnberg fell through, in the early weeks of the 2010–11 season, Baheng had trials at Amiens, Faro, Mechelen and Gateshead, but eventually signed for Aldershot Town on a short-term deal. He made his professional debut as a substitute in the 2–0 defeat in the FA Cup match against Dover Athletic on 27 November 2010. Ngo Baheng was released by new Aldershot manager, Dean Holdsworth at the end of his short-term contract on 19 January 2011. On 28 January 2011, he signed a week-to-week contract with Hereford United, he left the club in March 2011. After a difficult season in Blanc-Mesnil, and coming back from injury, in June 2012, Wesley Ngo Baheng signed a contract federal to FC Dieppe. Music. Ngo Baheng has also experimented with rap, recording several tracks under the alias "F-ikass" which is a diminutive of the French word "efficace" which directly translates to "effective" in English. In 2010, he produced a music video with local Newcastle R&B singer Kallum Campbell – titled "Tiddies on a Sunday". He has a publishing company and events company with his manager Sasha Huet Baranov. He also featured on Kallum Campbells debut album 'Burberry Slippers', appearing on the track 'packet dropper'. Club stats. As of 15 April 2011. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

wesoli engu baheng wesole engu baheng (jonmo 23 septembor 1989) hoise cameronian bongxudbhut ejon forasi football kheluwoi ji ujaa alfortvilor hoi khele. jiwani. baheng ley habharer juwo pronalit kheliboloi aarombho korisil, aaru 2008 sonor januaryt nucasol unitedor xoite ek suktir prostab diya hoisil. teu swikar korisil kintu cruciate ligamentor aaghator baabe footballor poraa bahirot 18 maah otibahito korisil. 1. efsi nurnbergor xoite ek sukti huwar pisot, 2010-11 sijonor prarombhik xoptahburot, bahengor amience, faaru, meselen aaru gatesheadot porikhya hoisil, kintu owoxexot etaa hroswomyadi suktit alderswot townor baabe swakhyor korisil. 2010 sonor 27 novemborot dodd "bhaar ethletikor biruddhe ef. e. kaapor khelot 2-0ror porajoyor bikolpo hisape teu pesadari hisape aatmoprokax korisil. 19 january 2011-too teur hroswomyadi suktir xexot notun alderswot menezar dinn holdsworthor dwara engu bahengko mukoli koraa hoisil. 28 january 2011-too, teu hairford unitedor xoite xoptah-xoptahor sukti swakhyor korisil, 2011 sonor march maahot clubtu eri goisil. blunk-mesonilot ek kothin sijonor pisot, aaru aaghator poraa ubhoti ohaar pisot, june 2012-too, wesoli engu baheng efsi diaper xoite federal sukti swakhyor korisil. xongit. engu bahengye repor xoiteu porikhya-nirikhya korise, "ef-ikas" uponamor odhinot keibatau trekk record korise jitu forasi xobdo "efesise" ror etaa xoru naam ji ingrajit punpotiyakoi "karzokori" buli onubad kore. 2010 sonot teu sthaniyo nucasol aar endo bi gayok kallum campbelor xoite "tdg ono e xanode" xirxok etaa music video 'prostut korisil. teur etaa prokaxok company aaru onusthan company aase jaar xoite teur menezar sasa huyet baranuv aase. teu kallam campbelor prothom elbam 'barberi sopolpers' tou obhinoy korisil, ji 'peket droper' trekot uposthito hoisil. clubber porixongkhya. 2011 sonor 15 apriloloike.

wesley engo baheng wesley engo baheng (jonmo 23 septembara 1989) cameronian bongshodbhuto ekjon farasi football kheload jini uza alfortviller hoye khelen. jeeboni. baheng leey haver jubo byabasthai khelte shuru corren ebong 2008 saaler januaryte nucasol uniteder saathe ekti chuktir prostab deoa hoy. tini sweekar corren kintu krushbiddho ligamenter aghater karone footballer baire 18 maas katiechilen. 1. fc nuronberger saathe ekti chukti howar porey, 2010-11 morsumer prothom saptahogulite, baheng amiens, farrow, meshelen ebong gatesheade trial korechilen, tobey shesh porjonto ekti swalpameyadi chuktite aldershot shohorer jonno swakkhar korechilen. 2010 saaler 27shhey navembar dover athletiker biruddhe fa cup matche 2-0 gole porajoyer bikalpa hisebe tini peshadar atmoprokash corren. 19shhey januari 2011 tarikhe notun aldershot manager, dinn holdsworth dwara engo baheng mukti paan. 28shhey januari 2011-ayee, tini hearford uniteder saathe saptahe saptahe chukti swakkhar corren, 2011 saaler march maase club chhede choley zaan. blunk-mesnille ekti kathin morshumer porey, ebong aghat theke firey aasaar porey, june 2012-ayee, wesley engo baheng fc diaper saathe ekti federal chukti swakkhar corren. sangeet. engo baheng ryaper satheo porikkha-nirikkha korechen, "eff-ecus" uponamer adhine besh koyekti track record korechen jaa farasi shobdo "afcs" err ekti khudro roop jaa sarasari ingrezite "karjokor" anubad korey. 2010 saale, tini sthaniya nucasol arr anned bii gayak kallum campbeller saathe ekti music vdo toiri korechilen-jaar shironam chhilo "teadys ono aaa sunday". taar manager sasha huet baranover saathe taar ekti prokashona sangostha ebong event sangostha royeche. tini kallam campbeller prothom album 'barberry sleepers'-eoo abhinoy korechilen, jaa 'packett dropper' tractite uposthito hoyechilo. cluber porisongkhyan. 2011 saaler 15ee april porjonto.

wesley engo baheng wesley engo beheng (janm 23 september 1989) cameroonian vanshnaa french footballer chhe jeey ujaa alfortville maate ramey chhe. jivancharitra. bahenge leey haavareni yuvaa pranaalimaa ramvaanu sharoo karyoo, aneey january january nucasal united saathe karaarnee ofara karvaamaa aavee hatee. tene sveekaaryu parantu cruciate asthibandhanni ijaane kaarane footballni bahaar 18 maheena gaadyaa. 1. aef. see. nernberg saatheno sodo nishfal gayaa pachhi, 2010-11 seasonna sharuaatnaa saptahoma, bahenge emmins, faaro, mashelen aneey gatehead khaate parikshano karyaa hataa, parantu aakhare tunkaa gaalaana sodaa parr aldershot taaun maate hastakshar karyaa hataa. tene 27 november november roj dover athletic saameni aefae cup mechamaa mechamaa haarmaa aveji tareeke tenee vyaavsaayik sharuaat curry hatee. 19 january january roj tenaa tunkaa gaalaana karaarnaa ante navaa aldershot manager, deane holdsworth dwara engo bahengne mukt karvaamaa aavyo hato. 28 january january roj, tene herford united saathe athvadiya-darr-athvaadiye karaar parr hastakshar karyaa, tene march march club chhodi deedhi. blank-mesneelma mushkel season pachhi, aneey ijamathi paachha faryaa pachhi, juuna juuna, wesley engo bahenge aefsee depe maate federal karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. sangeet. engo bahenge rape saathe pann prayog karyo chhe, upnaam "aef-ikas" hethal ghanaa track reqorda karyaa chhe, jeey french shabd "efficiency" noon laghuttam chhe, jeno angrejeemaa seedho anuvaad "asarkarak" thaay chhe. chhe, temane sthaaneek nucasal aar anned bii gaayak kallam campbell saathe "tidies ona aaa sunday" sheershak dharaavto music videeyo banaavyo hato. temnaa manager saasha huate baranov saathe temnee prakaashan kampani aneey events kampani chhe. teo kallam campabelsnaa pratham album 'barberi slippers' maan pann jovaa malyaa hataa, jeey 'packett droper' track parr dekhaaya hataa. klabnaa aankada. 15 april 2011 sudhee.

wesley engo baheng wesley engo baheng (janm 23 sitambar 1989) cameronian mool key ack francisi footballer hain joe ujaa alfortville key liye khelate hain. jeevani. baheng ney leey hawrey kii yuva pranali mein khelna shuru kiya, aur janwari 2008 mein nucasal united key saath ack anubandh kii peshkash kii gaee. unhone sweekaar curr liya lekin ack cruciate ligament chot key kaaran football seey baahar 18 maheene bitaaye. 1. aff. see. noornberg key saath ack saude key baad, 2010-11 season key shuruati hafton mein, baheng ney emines, faaro, mechelen aur gateshead mein pareekshan kiye, lekin antatah ack alpakaalik saude parr aldershot shahar key liye hastakshar kiye. unhone 27 navambar 2010 koo dover athletic key khilaf aff. aeye. cup match mein 2-0 seey haar mein ack vikalp key roop mein apani peshevar shuruat kii. 19 janwari 2011 koo apane alpakaalik anubandh key anta mein nae aldershot manager, deane holdsworth dwara engo baheng koo riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 28 janwari 2011 koo, unhone hairford united key saath saptah-darr-saptah anubandh parr hastakshar kiye, unhone march 2011 mein club chhod diyaa. blanck-mesneil mein ack kathin satra key baad, aur chot seey vaapas aaney key baad, juuna 2012 mein, wesley engo baheng ney aff. see. diape key liye ack sanghiya anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. sangeet. engo baheng ney rapp key saath bhee prayog kiya haye, upnaam "aff-ikas" key tahat kaee track record kiye hain joe francisi shabd "efficiency" kaa ack chhota saa haye jiska seedhe angreji mein "prabhaavi" anuvaad hotaa haye. 2010 mein, unhone sthaaniya nucasal aar aind bee gaayak kallam campbelle key saath ack sangeet video kaa nirmaan kiya-jiska sheershak thaa "ravivaar parr tidies". unake prabandhak saashaa huet baranov key saath unaki ack prakaashan company aur karyakram company haye. unhone kallam campabels key pahale album 'barberi chappal' mein bhee abhinay kiya, joe 'paiket dropper' track parr dikhaai diyaa. club key aankade. 15 aprail 2011 taka.

wesley engo baheng wesley engo baheng (janana 23 september 1989) cameronian moolada french football aatagararagiddu, avaru uza alfortville para aduttare. jivanacharitre. leey haavreya yuva vyavastheyalli aadalu praarambhisida baheng avarige 2008rahra janavariyalli nucasal yunaitednondige oppandavannu nidalaayitu. avaru wappikondaru aadare shilubegerisida asthirajju gaayadindaagi footbalninda 18 tingalugalannu kaledaru. 1. eff. sii. noornberg jotegina oppandavu viphalavaada nantara, <aii. dii. 1> rtuvina arambhika vaaragalalli, baheng amiens, faroe, mechelen mattu gateshednalli prayogagalannu hondiddaru, aadare antimavagi alpavadhiya oppandada mele aldershot pattanakke sahi haakidaru. 2010rahra november 27randu dover athletic viruddhada efa cup pandyadalli 2-0 antarada solinalli avaru badaliyaagi tamma vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru. hosa aldershot manager, deane holdsworth avaru 19 janavari 2011randu tamma alpavadhiya oppandada koneyalli engo baheng avarannu bidugade maadidaru. 2011rahra janavari 28randu, avaru hearford yunaitednondige vaaradinda vaara oppandakke sahi haakidaru, avaru 2011rahra marchnalli club annu toredaru. blanck-mesneelnalli kashtakara rtuvina nantara, mattu gaayadinda hintirugida nantara, zoon 2012ralli, wesley engo baheng effsey daipege federal oppandakke sahi haakidaru. sangeeta. engo baheng raap annu saha prayogisiddaare, idu "eff-ikas" emba upanaamada adiyalli halavaaru haadugalannu record maadide, idu french pada "efficience" naa chikkadaagide, idu neravagi inglishnalli "parinamakari" endu anuvaadisuttade. 2010ralli, avaru sthaliya nucasal aarr & bii gayaka kallum camp bell avarondige "tidies aun aa sandey" emba shirshikeya music veediyovannu nirmisidaru. aata tanna vyavasthapaka sasha huet baranov avarondige prakashana kampani mattu eevents kampaniyannu hondiddaare. avaru kallam camp belsna chocchala album 'burberry chappaligalu' nalloo kanisikondaru, idu 'packett dropper' tracknelly kaanisikonditu. club ankiamshagalu. 2011rahra april 15rahra velege.

wesley engo baheng wesley engo beheng (janm 23 september 1989) haah cameroonian vanshacha french footballpatu aahe joou uja alfortvilkadoon khelato. charitra. bahengane leey havarechya yuva pranalimadhye khelanyas suruvat kelee aanee janewari 2008 madhye tyala nucasal unitedshee karar karanyachi aupher denyat aalee. tyane sweekarle parantu cruciate ligamentchya dukhapatimule tyane footballpasoon 18 mahine door ghalavale. 1. eff. see. noornbergshee jhalela karar sampushtat aalyanantar, 2010-11 hangamachya suruvatichya aathvadyanmadhye, bahengchya emines, pharoo, meshelen aanee gateshead yethe chachanya jhalya, parantu akheris alpakalin kararavar uldershot shaharasathi swakshari kelee. 27 november 2010 roji dover ethaletikviruddha eff. aii. cup samnyat 2-0 chya parabhavat tyane paryayi mhanoon vyavsayik padarpan kele. 19 janewari 2011 roji tyachya alpakalin kararachya shevati naveen uldershot vyavasthapak, deane holdsworthney engo bahengla sodale. 28 janewari 2011 roji, tyane harford unitedsobat aathvadyatun aathvadyaparyant karar keela, march 2011 madhye tyane club sodala. blank-mesnilmadhil katheen hangamanantar aanee dukhapatitun paratalyanantar, juuna 2012 madhye, wesley engo bahengane eff. see. diapeshy federal karar keela. sangeet. engo bahengane raps dekhil prayog kele aahet, 'eff-ikas' yaa upnamantargat anek ganee reecord kelee aahet, jee french shabd 'efficiacy' chee laghuroop aahe, jyacha thet ingerjit 'prabhavi' assa anuvad hoto. 2010 madhye, tyane sthanik nucasal aar andd bii gayak kallam campabelsobat 'teadies aun aaa sande' yaa shirshakacha eka sangeet video tayar keela. tyachi eka prakashan company aanee karyakram company aahe, jee tyachi vyavasthapak sasha huet baranovsobat aahe. packett dropper' yaa ganyavar disana 'barberi chappal' yaa kallam campbelchya pahilya albammadhyehi too disala. clubchi aakadevari. 15 april 2011 paryant.

wesley enago baeng wesley engo baeng (janma 23 september 1989) camerunian wanshaka francelli footballer hun jo uza alfortabhilka lagi khelchhan. jiwani. baengle ley hyabharko yuwa pranalima khelna thale, rar janawari 2008 maa nucasal unitedsanga samjhauta prastawa garieko thiyo. unle swikar gare tara cruciate ligament chotka karan footbalbata 18 mahina bitae. 1. fc nyuranbargasangko samjhauta pachhi, 2010-11 sijanko prarambhik haptaharuma, baengle amiens, faroe, mechelen rar gatesheadma parikshan gareka thie, tara antatah alpakalin samjhautama uldershot taunaka lagi hastakshar gare. unle 27 november 2010 maa dover athletic wiruddhako fa cup khelma 2-0 ko harma wikalpako rupma afno wyawasayik padarpan gare. 19 janawari 2011 maa afno chhoto awadhiko samjhautako antyama nayan uldershot prabandhak, dinn holdsworthle engo baenglai riha gare. 28 janawari 2011 maa, unle hairford unitedsanga hapta-dekhi-hapta samjhautama hastakshar gare, unle march 2011 maa club chhode. blank-mesnilma gahro sijanpachhi, rar chotbata farkiepachhi, june 2012 maa, wesley engo bangle fc diapeko lagi sanghiya samjhautama hastakshar gare. sangit. engo baengle rapko prayog pani gareka chhan, upanam "ef-ikas" antargat dherai trackharu record gareka chhan june francelli shabda "affacies" ko sano how june angrejima "prabhawkari" maa pratyaksha anuwad gardacha. sann 2010 maa, unle sthaniya nucasal arr anned bee gayak kallam campbelsanga "teadys unn aha sunday" shirshakko music bhidiyo nirman gare. unka prabandhak sasa huet baranobhsanga prakashan company rar karyakram company chha. unle kallam campbelko pahilo album 'barberi chappal' maa pani abhinaya gare, track 'packett droper' maa dekha pare. clubko tathyanka. 15 april 2011 samma.

wesli engo baenga wesli engo baenga (janma 23 september 1989) jane cameronia banshodbhaba farasi football khelali jie uza alfortville paain khelanti . jeebani. baenga leey habhare juba byabasthare kheliba arambha karithile, ebong januari 2008 ray nucasal united sahita eka chuktinama pradan karajaithila. shay sweekara karithile kintu cruciate ligament aaghata hetu 18 maasa phutabalaru bahare bitaithile . 1. aif. sii. narnabarganka saha eka chuktinama parey, <aai. dii. 1> sijinra prarambhika saptahagudikare, baengra amience, faroe, mechelena ebong gatesheadre parikhyana hoithila, kintu sheshare eka swalpakaleena chuktinama upare aldersot tauna paain swakhyara karithile. shay 27 navember 2010 ray dover athletic bipakhyare aif. aii. cop myachre 2-0 parajajare eka bikalpa bhabare tankara bruttigata debyu karithile. 19 januari 2011 ray taanka swalpakaleena chuktinama sheshare nutan aldershot manager, dinn holdsworth dwara engo baenganku mukta karajaithila. 28 januari 2011 ray, shay hearford united sahita eka saptaha-ru-saptaha chuktinama swakhyara karithile, shay march 2011 ray club chadithile. blank-mesnilare eka kathina rutu parey, ebong aghataru feriba parey, june 2012 ray, wesli engo baenga aif. sii. diape paain eka chuktinama swakhyara karithile. sangeeta. engo baenga raap sahita madhya parikhyana karichanti, "aif-ecas" upanama adheenare aneka track record karichanti jaahaa farasi sabda "afcs" rahr eka khudra roop jaahaa ingrajire sidhasalakha "prabhabasali" ku anubada kare . 2010 ray, shay sthaniah nucasal aarr & bii gajaka kalum kyampwelnka saha eka music bhidio prastuta karithile-jahara shirshaka thila "rabibarare teadys" . tankara manager sasha huet baranovanka saha eka prakashan company ebong event company achhi . shay kalum campbelsra pratham album 'baraberi slippers' ray madhya abhinai karithile, jaahaa 'packett droper' track ray dekhajaithila . club parisankhyana. 2011 masiha april 15 tarikh suddha.

wesley ngo baheng wesley ngo baheng (janam 23 satambar 1989) cameronian mool daa ikk franch footballer haii joe ujaa alfortville laee khedada haii. jeevani. baheng neey leey haver dee yuva pranali witch khedna shuru keeta, atey janwari 2008 witch nucasal united naal ikrarname dee peshkash keeti gaee see. usne savikar qarr liaa parr ikk saleeb ligament dee satt caarn football toon bahr 18 maheene bitaae. 1. eff. see. noornberg naal ikk samjhaute toon baad, 2010-11 season dey shuruati haftiaan witch, baheng neey amiens, faroe, maishelan atey gateshead witch azmaish keeti see, parr aakharkar ikk chhoti miaad dey saude 'teey aldershot taoon laee dastkhat keete gaye sunn. uss neey 27 navambar 2010 noon dover athletic dey virudh eff. aii. kapp match witch 2-0 dee haar witch ikk badal vajon aapni peshevar shuruat keeti. 19 janwari 2011 noon aapne thodeh samein dey ikrarname dey ant witch navein aldershot manager, deane holdsworth duaara ainn. jee. ou. baheng noon rihaa keeta giaa see. 28 janwari 2011 noon, uss neey herford united naal hafte-darr-hafte dey ikrarname 'teey dastkhat keete, uss neey march 2011 witch club chhadd ditta. blanck-mesnil witch ikk mushkal season toon baad, atey satt toon waps aaunn toon baad, juun 2012 witch, wesley ango baheng neey eff. see. diape laee ikk sanghi samjhaute' teey dastkhat keete. sangeet. ango baheng neey raip naal vee prayog keeta haii, jiss witch "eff-ikaas" dey upnam heth kaee track ricard keete gaye hunn joe kii franch shabad "ephysius" daa ikk chhota jiha hissa haii jisda siddha anuvad angrezi witch "prabhavshali" hunda haii. sann 2010 witch, uss neey sathanak nucasal aar aind bee gaeek kaalam campbell naal ikk sangeet vdo tiaar keeta-jiss daa sirlekh "tiddys aana aii sandey" see. uss dee ikk parkashan company atey events company haii joe uss dey manager saasha huet baranov naal haii. uh kaalam campbell dee pahili album 'barberi chappal' witch vee dikhai ditta, joe 'paeket droper' track utte dikhai ditta. club dey ankade 15 aprail 2011 takk.

vesale enago baaeng wesley engo baaeng (jananam 23 september 1989) ekaha cameronian-vamshasya french-football-kreedakah asti yah ujaa alfortville-pakshaat kreeditavaan. jeevanacharitram. baaeng leey haavre ityasya yuva-vyavasthaayaam kreeditum aarabdhavaan, tathaa cha 2008 janavaree-maase nyukyasal-unated ityanena saha anubandham pradaatum cha prayatat. saha sveekrutavaan parantu cruciate ligament-aaghaatasy karanat football-kreedaayaah bahihi 18 masani vyateetavaan. 1. ef. see. noornberg ityanena saha ekena kararasya anantaram, <aii. dee. 1> rutoho aarambhike saptaaheshu, baheng-ityasya amians, faaro, mesheln, gateshead ityeteshu pareekshanaani aasan, parantu ante alpakaalik-kararasya aadhaaren aldershot-nagarasya krute hastaaksharitaah. 2010 tame varshe november-masasya 27 dinaanke dover-athletik-kreedaayaah viruddham ef. e. cup-kridaayaam 2-0 parajaye vikalparupena saha vyaavasaayikaroopen padaarpanam krutavaan. 2011 janavaree-masasya 19 dinaanke swasya alpakaaleen-anubandhasya ante nutanena aldershot-vyavasthaapaken dean holdswort ityanena engo baangeh muktah abhavat. 2011 janavaree-masasya 28 dinaanke, saha hairford-unated ityanena saha saptaah-prati-saptaah-anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan, 2011 maarch-maase club-taha nishkaasitah. blaank-mesneel-kridaayaam kathina-rutoho anantaram, kshataat punaraagamanam krutvaa, 2012 joon-maase, wesley engo baange ef. sii. daipe-samsthaayaah krute federal-anubandhe hastaaksharam krutavaan. sangeetam. engo-baheng api raap-ityanena saha prayogam krutavaan, "ef-ikaas" iti upanamna anekeshu gitanam dhwanimudranam krutavaan, yat french-shabdasya "ephesees" ityasya laghuroopam asti, yasya anglabhashayam pratyaksharoopen "effective" iti anuvaadah bhavati. 2010 tame varshe, saha sthaniyena nyukyasal aar & bee gayakena kallum campbell ityanena saha "tidies aan e sunday" iti shirshakena ekam music-veediyo nirmame. tasya prabandhaken sasha huyet baranov ityanena saha prakaashan-samsthaa, karyakrama-samsthaa cha asti. saha kallam-kempbels ityasya prathama-aalbam 'berberry-slippers' ityasmin api abhyanayt, yat 'pyaaket-dropper' iti track ityasmin abhyanayt. club-saankhyikee. 2011 april 15 dinaankaparyantam.

wesley enco baheng wesley enco baheng (prappu septumber 23,1989) olippathivaalaraana oru pirenchu kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar ujah alford villukkaaga vilaiyaadugiraar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. leeii haavrevin ilaignar amaippil vilaiyaadath thodangiya baheng, janavari 2008 ill neu castle united udan oru oppanthaththai valangkinaar. avar aetrtrukkondaar, aanaal siluvaiyil kaayam kaaranamaaga kaalpandhilirundhu 18 maathangkal kaliththaar. 1. eff. chii. nurnberg udanaana oru oppantham thoalviyadaintha piragu, 2010-11 paruvaththin aaramba vaarangkalil, baheng ameans, faroe, meshelen mattrum cadesheat aagiya idangkalil soathanaigalaik kondirundhaar, aanaal iruthiyil oru kurugiya kaala oppanthaththil altershot downuku kaiyeluththittaar. navambar 27,2010 andru dover thadakalaththirku ethiraana efa kooppai poattiyil 2-0 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthathil maattraaka avar thanathu thozhilmurai arimugamaanaar. 19 janavari 2011 andru thanathu kurugiya kaala oppanththaththin mudivil puthiya altershot maelaalar, deane holdsworthal enco baheng viduvikkappattaar. janavari 28,2011 andru, avar herford united udan vaaraththirku oru oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar, maarch 2011 ill kilappai vittu veliyaerinaar. blank-mesnil oru kadinamaana paruvaththirkup piragu, kaayaththilirunthu thirumbi vanthaar, juun 2012 ill, wesley enco baheng eff. chii. diapevukku oru koottaatchi oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. isai. enn. coow baheng raap moolam parisoathanai seithu, "eff-ikaas" endra punaippeyarin keezh pala paadalkalaip pathivu seithullaar, idhu aangkilaththil "ephexinus" endra pirenchu vaarthaiyin siriyathaagum, idhu neradiyaaga "effective" endru mozhipeyarkkappattullathu. 2010 aam aandil, avar ulloor nucastal aarr & pii paadagar kallam campelludon oru isai veediyoavaith thayaaritthaar-"detease aann aee suntay" endra thalaippil. avar thanathu maelaalar sasha huyat paranoavudan oru veliyeettu niruvanam mattrum nigazhvugal niruvanatthai vaiththirukiraar. kallam cambelsin muthal aalbamaana 'burberry seruppugal' endra paadalilum avar thoantrinaar, idhu 'backett tropper' endra paadalil thoantriyathu. kilap pullivivarangkal. aepral 15,2011 varai.

wesley ngo baheng wesley engo baheng (jananam 23 september 1989) uza alfortville tarapuna aadee cameroonian santatiki chendina french football kreedaakaarudu. jeevita charitra. leey hawrey yokka yuva vyavasthalo baheng adatam praarambhinchaadu, mariyu janavari 2008loe nucasal unitedto oppandam kudurchukunnadu. athanu angeekarinchaadu conny crusite ligament gaayam kaaranamgaa football nundi 18 nelalu gadipadu. 1. effsy noornbergtho oppandam mugisina taruvaata, 2010-11 season prarambha varallo, bahengku amiens, faroe, meshelen mariyu gate headlalo trials jarigaayi, conny chivariki swalpakaalika oppandampai aldershot town kosam santakam chesaaru. 2010 november 27naa dover athletikku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina efae cup matchlo 2-0thoo odipoyinappudu pratyamnaayamgaa athanu thana vruttiparamaina arangetram chesaadu. 19 janavari 2011naa thana swalpakaalika oppandam mugimpulo kotta aldershot manager deane holdsworth chae engo baheng vidudala cheyabaddaadu. 28 janavari 2011naa, athanu herford unitedto vaaraaniki vaaram oppandampai santakam chesaadu, marchi 2011loe klabnu vidichipettadu. blanck-mesneyllo kashtataramaina season tarvaata, gaayam nundi tirigi vacchina taruvaata, juun 2012loe, wesley engo baheng effsy daipeeki federal oppandampai santakam chesaadu. sangeetam. engo baheng raap thoo kooda prayogaalu chesindi, "eff-ikas" anae maaruperuto aneka tracklanu record chesindi, idhi french padam "efficiase" yokka chinnadi, idhi aanglamlo neerugaa "effective" anie anuvadistundi. 2010loe, athanu sthaanika nucosil aarr & bii gayakudu kallum camp beltho kalisi "tiddies aann eah sandey" anae paerutoe oka music veediyoonu nirminchaadu. ataniki thana manager sasha huet baranovto kalisi oka prachurana samstha mariyu eevents company undhi. athanu kallam camp bells toli album 'burberry slippers' loe kooda kanipinchaadu, idhi 'packett dropper' track loe kanipinchindi. club ganaamkaalu. 2011 april 15 natiki.

vesli ango bahing vesli ango bahing (paidaish 23 satambar 1989) cameronin nasal kaa eek francisi fitt baalar hay juu yuja alfort will kay liye kheelta hay. sawanah umri. bhang nay lee haawar kay youth system mein khelna sharoo kiyaa aur asay januri 2008 mein neo kesal united kay saath muahidah karnay kii paishkash kii gayee. iss nay qabool kiyaa leakin saleebi lagament kii choot kii wajah say 18 maah fitt baal say baahir guzaray. 1. aif see nornberg kay saath eek muahide kay baad 2010-11 seezan kay ibtadayi hafton mein bhang nay amainz ferow matchlin aur gait head mein trials kiyay leakin balaakhir eek qaleel madti muahide parr alder shaat town kay liye dastakhat kiye. inhon nay 27 nomber 2010 kuu dover athletic kay khalaaf aif aey cup meech mein 2-0 say shakast mein muthbadil kay toor parr apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz kiyaa. ango bahing kuu nayey alder shaat maneejar deane holds warth nay 19 januri 2011 kuu apnay qaleel madti muahide kay ikhtatam parr rehaa kiyaa. 28 januri 2011 cow inhon nay hairford united kay saath haftah waar muahide parr dastakhat kiyay inhon nay maarch 2011 mein kalb chhod diyaa. blank mesnal mein eek mashkal seezan kay baad aur choot say waps aaney kay baad joone 2012 mein vesli ango bahing nay aif see diapy kay liye eek wafaqi muahide parr dastakhat kiye. mausiqi. ango bahing nay reep kay saath bhee tajarbah kiyaa hay arfi naam "aif-aikas" kay tahat kayee track record kiye haine juu kahh francisi lafz "efficies" kaa eek chhota saa hasah hay jiss kaa angrezi mein braah raast tarjumah "effecto" hay. 2010 mein inhon nay maqami neo kesal aar aind bee gulukaar clome camp bail kay saath eek music video tayaar kii-jiss kaa anwaan "atwaar kuu tuddies" thaa. iss kii eek publishing company aur avents company hay jiss mein iss kaa meniger saasha hoyat baranof hay. wah clome camp bails kay pehley album 'barbari chapars' mein bhee nazar aayey juu track 'pecket dropeper' parr nazar aayey. kalb kay aidadushmar. 15 apreel 2011 takk.

0003d0156c5df6d34c2a76bd48db2c6f539cfdbb3521250d913292267012782f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12568128

Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant

Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant The Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant is located in Philippsburg, Karlsruhe (district), Germany. The plant was operated by EnBW Kernkraft GmbH. As part of Germany's phase out of nuclear energy (Atomausstieg), unit 1 was shut down in 2011 and unit 2 in 2019. Demolition of conventional structures began in January 2020. The process of decommissioning is underway as of January 2020 beginning with defueling and dismantling of primary coolant lines. The plants operator EnBW expects the decommissioning process to take around 10-15 years. History. For the first unit, parts made for the cancelled Wyhl plant were used. The second unit was originally planned to be a BWR as well but plans later changed. Final disconnection for both units was scheduled for 2011 for unit 1 and 2017 for unit 2, but as of 2010 had been changed to 2026 and 2032 respectively. Following the incident at the Fukushima plant in Japan reactor 1 was closed on 17 March 2011 for a three-month moratorium on nuclear power. The outcome of this moratorium was announced on the morning of 30 May 2011 and Philippsburg-1 was named as a plant that would not be returning to generation at the end of the moratorium. Subsequent legislation caused the end of Philippsburg-2's operation on the evening of 31 December 2019. The two cooling towers were demolished early on the morning of 14 May 2020. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

phillipsburg parmanobik xokti prokolpo phillipsburg parmanobik xokti prokolpo germanyr carlsoruhe (jilaa) ror philipsburgot owosthito. ei prokolpotu enbidobliu kerncraft gmbais-ror dwara porisalito hoisil. germanyr parmanobik xoktir poraa poritranor porzayor ongxo hisape (etom "sotig) 2011 sonot unit 1 aaru 2019 sonot unit 2 bondho koraa hoisil. 2020 sonor januaryt poromporagot gathoni dhongxo koraa aarombho hoisil. 2020 sonor january maahor poraa prathomik kulent linexomuhor indhon birudhi aaru dhongxo korar xoite owoxor prokriyatu aarombho hoise. prokolpor operator eno. bi. dobliu.-ye aaxa kore je ei niskriyo prokriyatur baabe pray <aai. di. 1> bosor lagibo. itihax. prothom gutor baabe baatil huwa wile udbhidor baabe toiyar koraa ongxoxomuh byobohar koraa hoisil. dwitiyo guttu mulotoh bwr huwar porikolpona koraa hoisil kintu pisot porikolpona xoloni koraa hoisil. duyuta unitor baabe suranto xongzug bischinno korar xomoixusi 2011 sonot unit 1 aaru 2017 sonot unit 2ror baabe nirdharito aasil, kintu 2010 sonoloike iyak krome 2026 aaru 2032 loi xoloni koraa hoisil. japanor fukuxima prokolpot xonghotit huwa ghotonar pisote 2011 sonor 17 marchot parmanobik xoktir uporot tini maahor sthogitadexor baabe bondho koraa hoisil. ei sthogitadexor folafol 2011 sonor 30 mey 'ror ratipuwa ghuxona koraa hoisil aaru aaru ene etaa prokolpo hisape naamkoron koraa hoisil ji sthogitadexor xexot utpadonoloi ghuri naahe. poroborti aainor folot 2019 sonor 31 disembor xondhiya phillipsburg-2-ror karjyokolap xomapto hoisil. 2020 sonor 14 mey 'ror ratipuwa dukhon kuling tawar bhangi peluwa hoisil.

phillipsburg paromanobik bidyut kendra phillipsburg paromanobik bidyut kendroti germanyr karlsruhe (zela)-err phillipsburge abosthito. eyi karkhanati enbidblue carncraft gmbhech dwara porichalito hoyechilo. germanyr paromanobik shakti (atomastig) theke beriye aasaar ongsho hisabe, 2011 saale unit 1 ebong 2019 saale unit 2 bondho korey deoa hoy. procholito kathamo dhongser kaaj 2020 saaler januaryte shuru hoy. prathomik coolant lineguli jalanihin oo venge deoar prokriya 2020 saaler januari theke shuru hoy. plant operator enn. bii. dobleeu aasha korey jey nishkriyakaran prokriyati pray <aaee. dii. 1> bochor somoy nebe. itihas. prothom uniter jonno, batil oill planter jonno toiri ongshoguli byabohar koraa hoyechilo. dwitiya unittio mulat ekti bwr howar parikalpana koraa hoyechilo kintu porey parikalpanaguli poribortito hoy. 2011 saale unit 1-err jonno ebong 2017 saale unit 2-err jonno chudanta sangjog bichchinno korar kotha chhilo, kintu 2010 saaler hisabe jothakrome 2026 ebong 2032-ayee poriborton koraa hoyechilo. japaner fukushima chullir ghotonar porr 2011 saaler 17 march paromanobik shaktir upor tinn maaser sthogitadesher jonno bondho korey deoa hoy. eyi sthogitadesher folafol 30 meey 2011 sokale ghoshana koraa hoyechilo ebong phillipsburg-1-keey emon ekti karkhana hisabe namkaran koraa hoyechilo jaa sthogitadesher sheshe projonmer dike firey asbe naa. poroborti aainti 2019 saaler 31shhey december sandhyay phillipsburg-2-err apareshana shesh korey. 2020 saaler 14ee meey bhore duti cooling tower venge fela hoy.

phillipsburg paramanu oorjaa sanyantra phillipsburg paramanu oorjaa sanyantra germany key phillipsburg, carlsruhe (jilaa) mein sthit haye. sanyantra kaa sanchaalan aine. bee. doubleu. kerncraft jee. aim. bee. aich. dwara kiya gayaa thaa. germany key paramanu oorjaa (atmostig) key charan key hisse key roop mein, ikai 1 koo 2011 mein aur ikai 2 koo 2019 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. paaramparik sanrachanaon kaa vidhvans janwari 2020 mein shuru huaa. janwari 2020 seey sevamukt karane kii prakriya chala rahee haye, jisamen praathamik sheetlak lines koo eendhan seey baahar karna aur nasht karna shuru kiya gayaa haye. sanyantra sanchaalak aine. bee. doubleu. koo ummeed haye kii sevamukt karane kii prakriya mein lagbhag 10-15 varsh lagenge. itihas. pahali ikai key liye, radd kiye gaye vayal sanyantra key liye banaae gaye bhaagon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. doosari ikai koo mool roop seey bee. doubleu. aar. bhee banaane kii yojana banaai gaee thee, lekin baad mein yojanaaen badal gaeen. donon ikaaiyon key liye antim disconnection 2011 key liye ikai 1 key liye aur 2017 key liye ikai 2 key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 2010 taka ise kramshah 2026 aur 2032 mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. japan reactor 1 mein fukushima sanyantra mein ghatana key baad 17 march 2011 koo paramanu oorjaa parr teen maheene kii roque key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss sthagan key parinam kii ghoshana 30 maee 2011 kii subah kii gaee thee aur phillipsburg-1 koo ack aise sanyantra key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa joe sthagan key anta mein utpaadan mein vaapas naheen aayega. baad key kaanoon key kaaran 31 disambar 2019 kii shaam koo phillipsburg-2 kaa sanchaalan samaapt hoe gayaa. 14 maee 2020 kii subah dou sheetlan towers koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

phillipsburg paramanu vidyut sthaavara phillipsburg paramanu vidyut sthaavaravu germany kaarlsruhe (jille) yaya philipsburgnallide. ee sthaavaravannu enbidablue kerncraft gmbhech nirvahisuttittu. germany paramanu shaktiya (automastig) hantada bhagavagi, 2011ralli ghataka 1 mattu 2019ralli ghataka 2nnu muchchalaayitu. saampradaayika ranchanegala dhvamsavu 2020rahra janavariyalli praarambhavaayitu. 2020rahra janavariyinda praathamika sheetaka maargagala indhanavannu kadime maaduva mattu kittuhaakuva prakriyeyu praarambhavaaguttide. sthaavarada nirvaahakaru enbidablue, seveyinda nivruttaraguva prakriyeyu sumaru 10-15 varshagalannu tegedukolluttade endu nirikshisuttaare. itihaasa. modala gatakakke, raddugonda vaihl sthaavarakkaagi tayaarisida bhagagalannu balasalaayitu. eradane ghatakavannu moolatah bii. doubleu. aarr. aagiralu yojisalagittu aadare nantara yojanegalu badalaadavu. eradoo ghatakagalige antima samparka kaditavannu 2011ralli ghataka 1kke mattu 2017ralli ghataka 2kke nigadipadisalaagittu, aadare 2010rahra velege adannu kramavagi 2026 mattu 2032kke badalaayisalaagittu. japan reactor 1rahra fukushima sthaavaradalli nadeda ghataneya nantara, paramanu shaktiya mele mooru tingala nishedhakkagi 2011rahra march 17randu adannu muchchalaayitu. ee nishedhada phalitaamshavannu 2011rahra mayee 30rahra beligge ghooshisalaayitu mattu phillips burg-1 annu nishedhada koneyalli utpaadanege maralada sthaavaravendu hesarisalaayitu. nantarada shaasanavu 2019rahra december 31rahra sanje phillips burg-2rahra karyacharaneyannu konegolisitu. 2020rahra mayee 14rahra munjane eradu cooling gopuragalannu kedavalaayitu.

phillipsburg aanavorja nilayam germmaniyile kaalsroohe (jilla) yile philippsburgilaanu phillipsburg aanavorja nilayam sthithi cheiyunnathu. enbidablue kernkraaft gmbhaanu plaant pravarthippichathu. germmaniyude aanavorjam (aattomoustig) avasaanippikkal ghattatthinte bhaagamaayi 2011ll yoonit 1 umm 2019ll yoonit 2 umm adachupootti. parambaraagatha gadanakalude polikkal 2020 januvariyil aarambhichu. praadhamika sheethalanaaramgangal indhanam kalayukayum polikkukayum cheythukondu 2020 januvariyil nirthalaakkal prakriya purogamikkukayaanu. nirthalaakkal prakriyaykku ekadesham 10-15 varshangal edukkumennu plaant oopparettar enbidablue prathekshikkunnu. charithram. aadya unitinaayi, raddakia vail plaantinaayi nirmmicha bhagangal upayogichu. randaamathe yoonittum aadyam oru bii. dablyu. aarr. aarr. acan padhathiyittirunnuvenkum pinneedu padhathikal maari. rund unitukaludeyum anthima vichedanam 2011ll yoonit yoonit 2017ll yoonit yoonit shedule cheythirunnuvenkilum cheythirunnuvenkilum kanakkanusarichu yathaakramam 2026,2032 aayi maatti. jappan reactor 1 leeii fukushima plaantile sambhavathethudarnnu 2011 march 17 nuu aanavorjjathin moonnu maasathe morattoriyathinaayi adachu. eee morattoriyatthinte phalam 2011 meyy 30 nuu raavile prakhyapikkukayum morattoriyatthinte avasaanathil uthpaadanathilekku madangaatha oru plantaayi phillipsburg-1 nuu peru nalkukayum cheythu. thudarnnulla niyamanirmmanam 2019 desember 31 nuu vaikunneram phillipsburg-2-nte pravartthanam avasaanippikkaan kaaranamaayi. 2020 meyy 14 nuu athiraavile rund cooling towerukalum polichumaatti.

phillipsburg anuurja prakalp phillipsburg anuurja prakalp phillipsburg, karlasruhe (jilha), germany yethe aahe. haah prakalp aine. bii. doubleu. kerncraft jee. emm. bii. etch. dware chalavala jaat hota. germanychya anuurja (atmostig) chya tappyacha eka bhag mhanoon, 2011 madhye unit 1 aanee 2019 madhye unit 2 bund karnyat aale. paramparik sanrachananchi padani janewari 2020 madhye suru jhaali. janewari 2020 pasoon prathamik shitalak reshanchya indhan nikami aanee nasht karnyapasoon sevamuktichi prakriya suru aahe. prakalp sanchalak aine. bii. doubleu. laa apeksha aahe qee sevamukti prakriyela sumare 10-15 varshe lagtil. itihas. pahilya yunitsathi, radd kelelya vayal plantsathi banavalele bhag vaparale gele. dusare unit dekhil suruvatila bii. doubleu. aar. mhanoon niyojit hote parantu nantar yojana badalalya. donhi unitschee antim disconnection 2011 madhye unit 1 sathee aanee 2017 madhye unit 2 sathee niyojit hotee, parantu 2010 paryant tee anukrame 2026 aanee 2032 madhye badalanyat aalee hotee. japanmadhil fukushima prakalpatil ghatanenantar anuurja prakalp 1 haah anuurja prakalp 17 march 2011 roji teen mahinyanchya sthagitisathi bund karnyat aala. yaa sthagiticha parinam 30 meey 2011 chya sakali jaheer karnyat aala aanee phillipsburg-1 laa eka prakalp mhanoon naav denyat aale jeey sthagitichya shevati nirmitila parat yenar nahee. tyanantarchya kayadyamule 31 december 2019 chya sandhyakali phillipsburg-2 chey operation sampushtat aale. 14 meey 2020 roji pahate done sheetak manore padnyat aalee.

philipsburg paramanu shakti kendra philipsburg paramanu shakti kendra germanyra karlasruhe (zillah) rahr philipsburgre abasthita. ehi karakhanara parichalana enn. bii. dablyu. corncraft jii. emm. bii. etch. dwara karajaithila. germanyra paramanu shakti (automassig) rahr parjyajara anshabisesha bhabe, bichhinna unit 1 ebong ebong unit 2 banda hoijaithila. paramparika dhanchagudikara dhwansa januari januari arambha hoithila. januari januari prathamika shitalakari linegudikara indhan nishkasana ebong bhangiba sahita nishkriya prakriya arambha hoichhi. plant operator enn. bii. dablyu. aasha karanti je nishkriya prakriya praiah <aai. dii. 1> barsha lagiba. itihas. pratham unit paain, batil hoithiba waiel plant paain tiari ansha byabahara karajaithila . dwiteeja unit madhya prathame eka bidablyuaara hebaku yojana karajaithila kintu parey yojana badalithila . ubhaja unit paain chudanta sanjoga bichhinna bichhinna unit 1 paain ebong ebong unit 2 paain nirdharita hoithila, kintu 2010 suddha ehaaku jathakrame 2026 ebong ebong paribartana karajaithila. japanara fukushima plantare ghatithiba ghatana parey, 2011 masiha march 17 tarikhare, paramanu shakti upare tini masser stagitadesha paain, reactor reactor banda karidiajaithila. ehi stagitadeshara phalaphal 30 meey 2011 sakale ghoshana karajaithila ebong philipsburg-1 ku eka plant bhabare namit karajaithila jaahaa stagitadesha sheshare utpadanaku feriba naahin . parabarti ine anujai 2019 december 31 sandhyare sandhyare operation shesh hoithila. 2020 masiha meey maasa 14 tarikh sakale duiti kuling tawaraku bhangi diajaithila.

filipsburg pramanu bijli plant filipsburg pramanu bijli plant filipsburg, karalsaruhe (zilha), germany witch sathit haii. iss plant daa sanchalan ainn. bee. dablioo. corncraft jee. aimm. bee. aich. duaara keeta giaa see. germany dey pramanu shakti (atomastig) dey padaa dey hisse vajon, unit 1 noon 2011 witch atey unit 2 noon 2019 witch bnd qarr ditta giaa see. ravaiti dhanchiaan noon dhahna janwari 2020 witch shuru hoiaa see. janwari 2020 toon bnd curran dee prakiriaa chall rahee haii jiss dee shuruat primary cooling lines noon bnd curran atey khatam curran naal hoee haii. plant sanchalak ainn. bee. dablioo. noon umeed haii kii iss prakiriaa noon khatam curran witch lagbhag 10-15 saal laggange. itihaas. pahili ikai laee, radd keete gaye vill plant laee banaae gaye hissiaan dee varton keeti gaee see. duji ikai noon vee asal witch ikk bee. w. aar. banaun dee yojna banayi gaee see parr baad witch yojnavan badal gaeeaan. doven ikaiaan laee antim disconnection 2011 laee ikai 1 laee atey 2017 laee ikai 2 laee nirdharat keeta giaa see, parr 2010 takk kramvaar 2026 atey 2032 witch badal ditta giaa see. japan dey reactor 1 witch fukushima plant dee ghatna toon baad 17 march 2011 noon pramanu bijli utte tinn mahiniaan dee roque laee bnd qarr ditta giaa see. iss roque dey natije daa ailaan 30 maee 2011 dee sware noon keeta giaa see atey flipsburg-1 noon ikk ajihe plant vajon naam ditta giaa see joe roque dey ant witch utpadan witch waps naheen aavega. baad dey kanoon neey 31 dasambar 2019 dee shaam noon flipsburg-2 dey sanchalan noon khatam qarr ditta. 14 maee 2020 dee sware noon doou cooling toweran noon dhaah ditta giaa see.

phillipsburg-paramaanu-oorjaa-kendram phillipsburg-paramaanu-oorjaa-samyantrah phillipsburg-nagare, kaarlsruhe (mandalam), germany-deshe sthitah asti. asya samyantrasya sanchaalanam enn. bii. doubleu. kerncraft jii. emm. bee. ech. ityanena krutam. germany-deshasya paramaanu-oorjaa-nirgamanasya (atamousstig) charanasya bhagarupena, 2011 tame varshe prathama-ghatakah, 2019 tame varshe dwiteeya-ghatakah cha bandhitaah. 2020 tame varshe janavareemaase paaramparika-samrachanaah dhvamsitum aarabdhaani. 2020 tame varshe janavareemaase praathamik-sheetalak-marganam nirvaatena vighatanen cha aarambhen, nishkasani-prakriya prachalati. samyantra-prachaalakah enn. bii. doubleu. apekshitam yat nishkasanikriyayaha praayah <aii. dii. 1> varshaani yaavat bhavishyati iti. itihaasah. prathama-ghatakasy krute, nirastasya vail-sasyasya krute nirmitaani bhaagaani upayujyante sma. dwiteeya-ghatakasy api moolatah bee. doubleu. aar. iti yojanaa aasit, parantu pashchat yojanaah parivartitaah. 2011 tame varshe prathama-ghatakasy antimam vicchedanam, 2017 tame varshe dwiteeya-ghatakasy cha vicchedanam niyatam aasit, parantu 2010 tame varshe kramashah 2026,2032 iti parivartitam. japaan-deshasya reactor-1 ityasya fukushimaa-sthaavarasya ghatanaayaah anantaram 2011 maarch 17 dinaanke paramaanu-shaktyaah vishaye maasatrayam sthaganam krutvaa bandhitam. asya sthagitehe parinaamah 30 mey 2011 praatahkaale ghoshitah, phillipsburg-1 ityasya naam ekena sasyasya rupena dattam, yat sthagitehe ante punah utpaadanam naa bhavishyati. tadanantaram vidhim krutvaa 2019 december 31 dinaanke sayankale phillipsburg-2 ityasya karyasya samaaptih abhavat. 2020 mey-masasya 14 dinaanke praatahkaale shitalikaran-gopuradwayam dhvamsam abhavat.

bliepsburg anuu minn nilaiyam bliepsburg anuu minn nilaiyam germanyin karlsruhe (maavattam), billipsburkil amainthullathu. inththa aalaiyai enbablue kerngraft jii. emm. pii. ech. niruvanam iyakkiyathu. jermaniyin anusakthi veliyaettraththin oru paguthiyaaga, alagu 1 2011 ill moodappattathu mattrum alagu 2 2019 ill moodappattathu. valakkamaana kattamaippugalai idippathu 2020 janavariyil thodangiyathu. janavari 2020 muthal panineekkam seiyum seyalmurai aarambamaagirathu. aalai auperator enblue panineekkam seyalmurai sumar 10-15 aandugal edukkum endru ethirpaarkkirathu. varalaaru. muthal alagukku, rathu seiyappatta vail aalaikkaaka seiyappatta bhaagangkal payanpaduththappattana. irandaavathu alagu muthalil oru pii. doublue. aarr aaga thittamidappattathu, aanaal thittangal pinnar maattrappattana. irandu alagugalukkaana iruthi thundiththal 2011 aam aandil alagu 1 mattrum 2017 ill alagu 2 kku thittamidappattathu, aanaal 2010 aam aandu nilavarappadi muraiyae 2026 mattrum 2032 aaga maattrappattathu. jappan anuu ulai 1 ill ulla fukushima aalaiyil nadantha sambavaththaith thodarnthu anusakthi meethaana moontru maatha thadaiyai 17 maarch 2011 andru moodappattathu. inththa thadaikkaalaththin mudivu 30 mae 2011 kaalai arivikkappattathu mattrum bliebsburg-1 thadaikkaalaththin mudivil urpathtikku thirumpaatha oru aalaiyaaka peyaridappattathu. adhaith thodarnthu vantha sattam 2019 disambar 31 maalai bliepsburg-2 inn seyalpaattai mudivukkuk konduvandhadhu. irandu kuliroottum koopurangalum 2020 mae 14 aam thaethi athikaalaiyil idikkappattana.

phillipsburg anhu vidyut kendram phillipsburg anhu vidyut kendram germanyloni karlsruhe (jilla) looni phillipsburglo undhi. eee karmagaranni enbidableu kerncraft gmbhech nirvahinchindi. germany anushakti (atamastig) nundi nishkramana dasalo bhaagamgaa, 2011loe unit 1 mariyu 2019loe unit 2 moosiveyabaddaayi. saampradaaya nirmaanaala koolchiveta 2020 janavarilo praarambhamaindi. praathamika sheetalakarani linelanu indhanam paaraveyadam mariyu tholaginchadamtho praarambhamayye upasamharana prakriya 2020 janavari natiki konasagutondi. karmagara nirvahakudu enbidableu upasamharana prakriyaku sumaru 10-15 samvatsaraalu padutundani bhaavistunnaaru. charitra. modati unit kosam, raddu cheyabadina vaihl plant kosam tayaaru chesina bhagalu upayoginchabaddaayi. rendava unit kooda modata bii. doubleu. aarr gaa undaalani pranaalika cheyabadindi, conny taruvaata pranaalikalu marchabaddayi. rendu unitla tudi disconnection 2011loe unit 1kii mariyu 2017loe unit 2kii schedule cheyabadindi, conny 2010 natiki varusaga 2026 mariyu 2032kii maarchabadindi. japan reactor 1 looni fukushima plantlo jarigina sanghatana taruvaata anusaktipai moodu nelala taatkaalika nishedham kosam 17 marchi 2011naa moosiveyabadindi. eee taatkaalika nishedham yokka phalitam 30 mae 2011 udayam prakatinchabadindi mariyu phillipsburg-1kii taatkaalika nishedham mugimpulo tirigi utpatti cheyani karmagaramga paeru pettaru. tadupari chattam 2019 december 31 saayantram phillips burg-2 yokka operation mugimpuku kaaranamaindi. 2020 mae 14 tellavaarujaamuna rendu sheetaleekarana towerlanu kuulchiveesaaru.

flipbusburg johri bajli gahar flipbusburg johri bajli gahar flipsesburg karalsarohi (zalaa)yee germani mein waaqa hay. plant kuu aine bee dabliyo curran craft jee ayem bee aich nay chalaya thaa. germani kay johri tawanayi (atomoustig) say baahir honay kay marhalay kay eek hasay kay toor parr yount 1 kuu 2011 mein aur yount 2 kuu 2019 mein bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. rawayati dahanchon kuu masmaar karnaa januri 2020 mein sharoo hawaa. januri 2020 say ibtadayi colent linon kuu aindhan say paak karnay aur khatam karnay kay saath asay khatam karnay kaa amal jaari hay. plant operator aine bee dabliyo kuu toqaa hay kahh decotion kay amal mein taqriba 10-15 saal lagein gay. tareekh. pehli akayee kay liyay mansukh shadah wile plant kay liye banaye gayey parzay istemaal kiye gayey thay. dosri yount kuu asl mein bee dabliyo aar bhee bananay kaa mansubah banaya gayaa thaa leakin baad mein mansubay badal gayey. donon younton kay liye hatmi manqata 2011 mein yount 1 kay liye aur 2017 mein yount 2 kay liye tay kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin 2010 takk asay baltarteeb 2026 aur 2032 mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. japaan kay ree actor 1 mein phocoshima plant mein honay waalay waaqiye kay baad 17 maarch 2011 kuu johri tawanayi parr teen maah kii pabandi kay liye bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss pabandi kay nataij kaa aalaan 30 mayee 2011 kii sabah kiyaa gayaa thaa aur flipbusburg-1 kuu eek aisey plant kay toor parr namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa juu pabandi kay ikhtatam parr paidawar mein waps nahein aayey gaa. iss kay baad kay qanoon saazi kii wajah say 31 dasambar 2019 kii shaam kuu flipbusburg-2 kaa operation khatam how gayaa. donon coling towers kuu 14 mayee 2020 kii sabah sawairay manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16982821

Empress of Mijak

Empress of Mijak Empress of Mijak (known as Empress in North America and the United Kingdom) is the first novel in the "Godspeaker" series by Karen Miller. It was published in 2007. Plot summary. Hekat, the protagonist, is a girl born unwanted and as a burden to her family. Her father beats his wife and rapes Hekat on the insistence that she should birth him more sons to plough the fields in the dry desert wasteland known as the Anvil. Hekat is sold to the slave traders Abajai and Yagji. Once sold, she begins her journey to the south, through the wealthier, greener Mijak, to reach the traders' home city of Et-Raklion. Along the way, Abajai teaches her how to speak courteous Mijaki, how to dress, and how to sing and dance, and keeps her away from the rest of the slaves. Hekat realizes too late that Abajai still sees her as just a slave who would fetch a good price from the warlord Raklion. Heartbroken, Hekat runs and joins Et-Raklion Warlord's army with the help of a nameless god.

mizakor xomoragyi xomoragyi mizak (uttor aamerika aaru juktorajyot xomoragyi hisape jonajat) hoise kaaren milaror "godospikar" sringkholar prothomkhon uponyax. 2007 sonot iyak prokax koraa hoisil. plotor xarangxo. nayok hekat egoraki jonmogotobhabe obansito aaru nijor poriyalor baabe buja hisape jonmogrohon koraa suwali. taair deutake taair potnik aaghat kore aaru hekatok dhorxon kore ei jurere je taai teuk aaru odhik putro jonmo dibo laage jaate teu xukan morubhumir owoxisto potharot kheti koribo paare jaak unville buli jonaa yaay. hekat daax byowoxayi abajai aaru jagjik bikri koraa hoy. ebaar bikri huwar pisot, teu dhoni, xeujiya mizakor maajere dokhyinoloi jatra aarombho kore, byowoxayixokolor griho sohor ett-rekliyonot uposthito hoh 'boloi. batote abajaiye taik binoyi mizaki kenekoi koo 'bob laage, kenekoi puchak pindhibo laage, kenekoi gaab laage aaru nasibo laage xikay, aaru taik baaki daxoxokolor poraa durot raakhe. hekate bohut deri huwar loge loge upolobdhi kore je abajaiye etiyau taik kewol ejon daax hisape dekhe jiye juddhor netaa rekliyonor poraa bhaal mulyo paab. hridoy bhangi hekat douri yaay aaru ejon naamohin debotar xohayot ett-reclion juddhorokhyir xenabahinit jugdan kore.

mizaker samragyi misaker samragyi (uttor america ebong juktorajye samragyi naame porichito) curren miller "godspeaker" sirijer prothom uponyas. etty 2007 saale prokashito hoy. plot sarsongkhep. nayak hekat ekti meye jaa jonmogotovabe abanchito ebong taar poribarer jonno bojha hisabe jonmogrohon korey. taar baba taar streeke mardhar korey ebong hekatke dharshan korey eyi zid dhorey jey seey jeno taar arow chhele jonmo deyo jaate seey shushko marubhumir jomite jommy chaash korte paare jaa unville naame porichito. hekat daas byabasayi abazai ebong iyagjir kachhe bikri koraa hoy. ekbar bikri hoye gele, tini byabosayider niz shohor ett-racleone pouchanor jonno dhonee, sobuj mizaker modhyo diye dakkhine jatra shuru corren. pothe, abazai taake binoyi mizaki bolte, poshak porte ebong gaan gaite oo nachte sheikha ebong taake bucky kritodasder theke doore rakhe. hekat khub deri korey bujhte paare jey abazai ekhono taake cable ekjon daas hisabe dekhe jey juddhobaj rakliyaner kachh theke vall daam paabe. hridaya venge, hekat daude yaay ebong eka namheen debotar sahajye ett-racleon worelorder senabahinite jog deyo.

meejakni maharani maharani meejak (uttar america aneey united kingadamma maharani tareeke odakhaay chhe) aee carren millerni "godspeaker" shreneeni pratham navalkathaa chhe. teey 2007maan prakashit thayu hatoo. plooat saransh. naayak, hekat, anichchhaniy aneey tenaa parivaar maate boj tareeke janmeli chhokari chhe. tenaa pitaa tenee patneene maar maare chhe aneey hekat parr balaatkaar karey chhe, kaaran keey teneeae tene vadhu putrone janm aapvo joiae jethee teey sookie rannee ujjad jameenma khetaro khed curry shake, jene unveal tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. hekaat gulam vepaareeo abazai aneey yagjine vechvaamaa aave chhe. aekvaar vechai gayaa pachhi, teey vepaarionaa vatan shaher aeta-rekliyan sudhee pahonchvaa maate, samruddh, hariyaadaa meejak dwara dakshin tarafni tenee musafari sharoo karey chhe. rastaama, abazai tene namr mizaki kevee reete bolvi, kevee reete poshaak pahervo aneey kevee reete gaavu aneey nrutya karavu teey sheekhve chhe, aneey tene baakinaa gulaamothi door raakhe chhe. hecketne khoob modu thaay chhe keey abazai haju pann tene maatra aek gulam tareeke juae chhe jeey sardaar rekliyan pasethi saaree keemat melavashe. hradayvidarak, hekaat dode chhe aneey aek namheen devni madadthi aeta-rekliyan sardaarni senaama jodaay chhe.

meezak kii maharani maharani (uttari america aur sanyukt raajya mein maharani key roop mein jaani jaati haye) curran miller dwara "godspeaker" shrinkhala mein pahala upanyaas haye. yeh 2007 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. kathaanak kaa saransh. naayak, hekat, ack ladki haye joe janm seey avaanchhit haye aur apane parivaar key liye ack bojh key roop mein haye. usake pitaa ney apani patni koo peeta aur hekaat key saath balatkar kiya, iss aagrah parr kii vaha sookhe registan mein kheton koo hull karane key liye usey aur bete paida karey, jise unville key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. hekaat koo gulam vyapariyon abazai aur yagji koo becha jaataa haye. ack baar bick jaane key baad, vaha dakshin kii or apani yatra shuru karati haye, ameer, harit mizak key madhyam seey, vyapariyon key grih shahar aitt-raclean taka pahunchane key liye. raaste mein, abazai usey vinamra mizaki bolna, kapade pahanana, aur gaanaa aur nritya karna sikhaati haye, aur usey baaki daason seey door rakhti haye. hekaat koo bahut dair seey pataa chalata haye kii abazai abhee bhee usey sirf ack gulam key roop mein dekhta haye joe sardar raklian seey achchi keemat legaa. dill tootane parr, hekaat bhaagata haye aur ack anaam bhagwan kii madad seey aitt-raclean sardar kii senaa mein shamil hoe jaataa haye.

mizak saamraagni misak saamraagni (uttara america mattu united kingdamnalli saamraagni endu kareyalpaduva) currain miller avara "gaad speaker" saraniya modala kaadambariyaagide. idannu 2007ralli prakatisalaayitu. kathaavastuvina saramsha. naayakanaada hekat, anagatyavagi janisida hudugi mattu tanna kutumbakke horeyagiddale. aakeya tande tanna hendatiyannu hodeyuttaane mattu akeyu tannannu hecchu gandu makkalannu heruttiddalu endu ottayisida mele aakeyannu atyaachaara maaduttaane, ona marubhumiya banjaru bhoomiyalli holagalannu ulume maadalu idannu unville endu kareyalaaguttade. hekathannu gulama vyapaarigalaada abajai mattu yagjige marata maadalaaguttade. omme maaratavaada nantara, avalu dakshinakke tanna prayanavannu prarambhisuttale, srimanta, hasiru meezak moolaka, vyaapaarigala tavaru nagaravaada ett-rockleon annu talupalu. dariyuddakkoo, abazoy aakege sabhyavaada mizaki maatanaaduvudu, batte dharisuvudu mattu haaduvudu mattu nrutya maaduvudu hege endu kalisuttaane mattu avalannu ulida gulaamarinda duraviduttaane. abazoy innoo tannannu kevala gulaamalaagi noduttaane mattu yuddhada mukhyastha rakliyanninda uttama beleyannu padeyuttaane endu hekatge tadavagi tiliyuttade. hridaya vidraavakanaada hekat, oduttaane mattu hesarillada devara sahayadinda ett-rockleyon yuddhada mukhyastana sainyavannu seruttaane.

mijak chakravarthini carren millarude "godspeaker" parambarayile aadyathe novalaanu empress oof mijack (vadakke amerikkayilum yunaittad kingdatthilum empress ennariyappedunnu). 2007laanu ithu prasidheekarichathu. plott sangraham. anaavashyamaayi janicha penkuttiyum kudumbatthinu oru bharavumaayi janicha penkuttiyumaan naayakan hekat. avalude pithaav bharya adikkukayum avalkk kooduthal aanmakkale janippikkanamenn nirbandhikkukayum aanvil ennariyappedunna varanda marubhoomiyile paadangal uzhuthumarikkaan aval hekkathine balaalsangam cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. adimakkachavadakkaar abajay, yagji ennivarkku hekat vilkkunnu. vittazhinjaal, aval thekottulla yaatra aarambikkunnu, sambannavum pachappullathumaaya meejakkiloode, vyaapaarikalude swantham nagaramaya ettu-racleonilekku. vazhiyil, abajay avale maryaadayode mijaki samsarikkaanum vasthram dharikkanum paadaanum nritham cheyyaanum padippikkukayum avale mattu adimakalil ninnu akattinirthukayum cheiyunnu. abajay ippozhum thanne oru adimayaayi kaanunnundennum avarkk yudhaprabhuvaaya racleonil ninnu nalla vila labhikkumennum hekat valare vaikiyaan manassilaakkunnath. hridayam takarnna hekat oodukayum perillaattha oru daivathinte sahaayathode ettu-racleon yudhaprabhuvinte sainyathil cherukayum cheiyunnu.

mijakchi samradnyi misses auph mizak' (uttar america aanee united kingadammadhe samradnyi mhanoon olakhali jaanari) hii carren millerchi 'godspeaker' maliketil pahili kadambari aahe. 2007 madhye prakashit jhaale. plot saransh. nayak, hekat, janmapasunach nako asaleli aanee tichya kutumbasathi oze mhanoon janmaleli mulgi aahe. tiche vadil tyachya patnila marhan karatat aanee hekatvar balatkar karatat, kaaran tine tyala aanakhi mule karoon koradya valvantatil osad jamineet nangarani karavi, jyala unville mhanatat. hekat gulam gulam abjai aanee yagji yanna vikale jaate. ekada vikali gelyanantar, tee dakshinela, shrimant, harit mijakmadhun, mijakmadhun mool shahar ett-racleanparyant pohochanyasathi ticha pravas suru karate. vatet, abajai teela vinamra mizaki kashee bolayachi, kapade kase ghalayache aanee gaane aanee nrutya kase karave heey shikavate aanee teela itar gulamanpasoon door thevate. abajai ajunahi teela fakt eka gulam mhanoon pahato jyala sardar rackleonkadoon changli kimmat milel, heey hekatala khoop usheera kalate. hriday vidarak, hekat dhavto aanee eka adnyat devachya madatine ett-raclean sardaranchya sainyat sameel hoto.

mizakaki maharani maharani mizak (uttari america rar sanyukta adhirajyama maharani bhanera chininchha) carren millerko millerko shringkhalako pahilo upanyas how. yo sann 2007 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. plut saransh. nayak, nayak, janmabata anawashyak rar afno pariwarka lagi bojhko rupma janmieki ketty hun. unko bubale afnie shrimatilai kutpit garchhan rar hekatle sukkha marubhumima khet jodnaka lagi thap chhoraharu janmauna agraha gare jasle garda unlai balatkar garchhan. hekat dass wyapari abajai rar rar bechinchha. ek patak bikri bhaepachi, unle dhani, hariyali mizak hundai dakshintirko afno yatra suru garchhin, wyapariharuko griha sahar sahar pugna. batoma, राख्छिन्। unlai vinamra mizaki kasari bolnu, kasari luga lagaunu, rar kasari gaune rar nritya garne bhanera sikaunchhin, rar unlai baanki dasharubata tadha rakhchhin. राख्छिन्। ajhai pani unlai euta dasko rupma herchhan jasle sardar sardar ramro mulya paunechha bhanera hekatle dherai dhilo mahasus garchha. hridayawidarak, hekat bhagchha rar ek namahin dewatako sahayogma sahayogma sardarko senama samel hunchha.

mijakanka samragyee empress off mizak' (uttara america ebong juktarajyare empress bhabe janashuna) heuchhi carren milaranka 'gadaspikar' shrunkhalara pratham upenyas. ehaa 2007ray prakashita hoithila. plut saransha. najaka hekata janmaru abanchhita ebong taanka paribara paain eka bojha bhabare janma hoithiba eka jhia . taanka pita taanka patneenku maada marithanti ebong hekatanku balatkara karanti, ehi zid upare je shay tanku adhika pua janma deba uchita, sushka marubhumire thiba jami gudiku, jaahaaku anbhil kuhajae, chaash kariba paain. hekataku daasa byabasajee abazai ebong jagajeenku bikri karajae. thare bikri heba parey, shay byabasajeenka niz sahara ett-racleanare pahanchiba paain, dhani, sabuja mizak dei dakhinaku jatra arambha karanti . baatare, abazai tanku binamra mizaki kahiba, poshaka pindhiba, ebong geeta gaiba oh nrutya kariba shikhanti, ebong tanku anya kreetadasamananka thaaru doorare rakhanti . hekat bahuta bilambare anubhaba karanti je abazai tathapi tanku kebala jane daasa bhabare dekhanti jie judhapati rakliankatharu eka bhal mulya paibe . hrudai bhangi, hekata daudi palai jane agyata debatanka sahajatare ett-raclean judhaprabhura senare joga dianti .

meejak dee samrat meejak dee samrat (uttri amrica atey united kingdom witch samrat vajon jaanhi jaandi) crain miller duaara "godspeaker" luddy daa pahila nawal haii. ih 2007 witch prakashit hoiaa see. plaat daa sankhep. naaik, hekat, ikk anchahe atey aapne parivaar laee ikk bojh vajon paida hoee ladki haii. uss daa pitaa aapni patni noon kuttda haii atey hekat naal iss zor 'teey balatkar karda haii kii uh sukki maruthal dee banjar zameen witch khetan noon hull curran laee uss noon horr puttar paida qarey jiss noon unville kiha jaanda haii. hekat gulam vapariaan kii atey atey noon vechiaa jaanda haii. ikk vaar wetch ditte jaanh toon baad, uh vapariaan dey grahi shehar naal takk pahunchan laee, ameer, harey mizak raahin dakkhan vall aapni yaatra shuru kardi haii. raste witch, kii uss noon nimmer nimmer bolna, kappde pahinana atey gauna atey nacchna sikhaundi haii, atey uss noon baaki gulaman toon door rakkhdi haii. hekat noon bahut dair naal ahsas hunda haii kii kii ajey vee uss noon siraf ikk gulam dey roop witch vekhadi haii joe sardaar sardaar toon changi keemat prapat karegi. dill tutt keey, hecket bhajjda haii atey ikk namvar devta dee madad naal naal jangi sardaar dee fauj witch shamal hoow jaanda haii.

samraajnee misaak-raajnee (uttaramerikadeshe tathaa samyuktaraajye cha samraajnee iti namna prasiddha) kaaren miller ityasya "godspeaker" shrunkhalaayaah prathamaa upanyasika asti. 2007 tame varshe asya prakaashanam jaatam. plyaat saaraamshaha. naayakah hekat ityeshaa anaacchaditayaa janmitaa balika, svaparivaarasya bhaararoopen cha asti. tasyaah pitaa swapatneem praharam krutvaa, anavil iti namna prasiddhasy shushka-marubhoomau kshetraani krushayitum tasyaah adhikaputraan janayitum aagrahaat hekaatam balaatkaroti. hekaatah daasavyaapaaribhyah daasavyaapaaribhyah krute vikreeyate. ekadaa vikrayitaa saa, dakshinadisham prati, samruddha-harita-meejak-dwara, vyaparinam gruhnagaram gruhnagaram praaptum yatram aarabhate. maarge, yat tasyaah vinayapoornam vinayapoornam, vastradhaaranam, geetam nrutyam cha katham karaneeyam iti shikshayati, anyaih daasaih doore cha sthaapayati. hekat ityayam atyantam vilambena jaanaati yat yat adyaapi tam kevalam dasarupena pashyati yah yuddhaprabhuh yuddhaprabhuh ityatah uttamm moolyam praapsyati iti. hrudayam bhagnah, hekat dhaavan, naamaheenadevasya saahaayyen saahaayyen senayam sammilayati.

mijak paerarasi mizakin paerarasi (vada america mattrum aikkiya raachchiyaththil paerarasi endru azhaikkappadukirathu) curran millerine "codsbeaker" thodarin muthal naaval aagum. idhu 2007 ill veliyidappattathu. kadhai surukkam. naayaganaaga irukkum hegath, thaevaiyattravalaakavum, thanathu kudumbaththirku oru sumaiyaagavum pirantha oru penn. anvil endru azhaikkappadum varanda paalaivana tarisu nilaththil vayalgalai uzhuvatharkaaga thanakku maelum magangalaip petrtredukka vaendum endra valiyuruththalin paeril avarathu thanthai thanathu manaiviyai adiththu, hegaththai paaliyal palaathkaaram seikiraar. hegath adimai varththagargalaana abajoy mattrum yagjikku virkappadukirathu. virkappattavudan, avar therkae thanathu payanaththaith thodangukiraar, selvantha, pasumaiyaana meejag vazhiyaaga, varthagargalin sontha nagaramaana edd-raglianai adaiya. vazhiyil, abajoy avalukku kanniyamaana mijaki paesuvathu, eppadi aadai anivathu, eppadip paaduvathu mattrum nadanam aaduvathu enbathaik karpikiraar, maelum avalai mattra adimaikalidamirunthu vilagi vaikkiraar. abajoy innum thannai oru adimaiyaaga mattumae paarkkiraar enbathai hegath thaamathamaaga unarkiraar, avar porkkunamikka raakliyanidamirunthu nalla vilaiyaip peruvaar. idhayaththai udaiththa hegath, peyar illaatha kadavulin uthaviyudan edd-raglian poarveerarin iraanuvaththil saerugiraar.

mizak saamraagni misak saamraagni (uttara america mariyu united kingdamlo saamraagni anie pilustaaru) anedi curran miller raasina "gaad speaker" siriisloo modati navala. idhi 2007loe prachurinchabadindi. katha saaraamsam. kathaanaaika ayina hekat, avaanchitamgaa mariyu aame kutumbaaniki bhaaramgaa janminchina ammai. aame tandri thana bharyanu kottadu mariyu aame tanaki marinni kumaarulanu janmanicchi, unville anie piluvabade podi edaari banjaru bhuumilooni polaalanu dunnaalani pattubattadamtho hekat paie atyaachaaram chestaadu. hekaatnu baanisa vyaapaarulu abazoy mariyu yagjilaku vikrayistaaru. okasari vikrayinchabadina tarvaata, aame dakshinaana thana prayaanaanni praarambhistundi, sampannamaina, pacchani meezak dwara, vyaapaarula sonta nagaramaina ett-rockleon cherukovadaniki. daarilo, abazoy aameku maryaadapuurvakamaina mizaki elaa matladalo, elaa dustulu dharinchaalo, elaa padalo, nrutyam cheyaalo neerputundi mariyu aamenu migilina baanisalaku dhooramgaa unchutundi. abazoy ippatikee tananu yuddhaprabhuvu raclian nundi manchi dharanu pondhe banisaga matrame chuustaadani hekat chaalaa aalasyamgaa grahistaadu. hrudayam virigina hekat, paerulaeni devuni sahayamtho ett-raclian yuddhaveerudu sainyamlo chaerataadu.

mejak kii maharani empress aaf mejak (jasay shamali america aur bartaniah mein empress kay naam say jaana jaataa hay) cairan miller kaa "gaadd specker" seerez kaa pehla naawal hay. yaha 2007 mein shaye hawaa thaa. plaat kaa khalasah. markazi kardaar haikat eek aisi ladki hay juu paida hyee say naapsandidah hay aur apnay khaandaan kay liye bojh kay toor parr hay. iss kaa baap apnee bewi kuu maarta hay aur iss asraar parr heekat kay saath ziyadati kartaa hay kahh wah khashak sahra kii banjar zameen mein kheeton kuu jawarnay kay liye asay mazeed betay paida karay jasay anol kahaa jaataa hay. heekat ghalaam tajiron abajayi aur yagji kuu farokhat kiyaa jaataa hay. eek baar farokhat honay kay baad wah tajiron kay aabayi shehar aett-reclune takk pahunchnay kay liyay ameer sabz mejak kay zariye janub kii taraf apnaa safar sharoo karti hay. raastay mein abajayi asay shayesta mijaki bolna kapday pehanna gaana aur naachna sikhati hay aur asay baaqi ghalamon say door rakhti hay. heekat kuu behat deer say ahsaas hotaa hay kahh abajayi abb bhee asay sarf eek ghalaam kay toor parr dekhta hay juu jangju rocklain say achhi qeemat haasil karay gaa. dall shakastah heekat bhagta hay aur eek bay naam devta kii madad say aett-rockleon warlard kii foj mein shaamil how jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=53709

1385

1385 Wikipedia's 1385 article offers a list of noteworthy events of this year. This page is currenly a placeholder for a page about the year 1385. The Wikiquote community has not yet come to a consensus on what this page, and calendar-year pages generally, ought to say. Please discuss any suggestions for the contents of year pages at the , or the current discussion page at .

1385 wikipedier 1385 probondhot ei bosoror ullekhjugyo ghotonaxomuhor ekhon talika prodan koraa hoise. ei pristhatu bortoman 1385 sonor etaa pristhar baabe sthandhari. ei pristhatu aaru xadharonote kelendar-bosoror pristhabure ki kuwa usit xei bixoye wikikikut xomproday etiyau ekmot huwa naai. onugroho kori borxor pristhaxomuhor bixoybostur baabe jikunu poramorxo baa bortomanor alusona pristhat alusona korok.

1385 wikipedier 1385 nibondhoti eyi bochorer ullekhjoggo ghotonagulir ekti talika pradan korey. eyi patati bortomane 1385 khristabder ekti patar sthandharok. uikikote sampradai ekhono eyi paata ebong calender-bochorer patagulir sadharonbhabe qee bolla uchito seey somporke oikomotte pouchoyoni. dayaa korey bochorer patagulir visayavastur jonno jey konao poramorsho niye alochona korun athoba bortoman alochona patay.

1385 wikipediano 1385 lekh aaa varshnee nondhpaatra ghatanaaoni yaadee aape chhe. aaa prushth haalmaa varsh 1385 vishenaa prushth maate sthaandhaarak chhe. wikikwot samudaay haju sudhee aaa prushth aneey saamanya reete calendar-varshnaa prushtho shun kahe chhe tenaa parr sarvasanmati parr aavyo nathee. maherbaani kareene varshnaa prushthoni samagri maate koipan soochanoni charcha karoo athavaa vartmaan charcha prushth parr charcha karoo.

1385 wikipedia kaa 1385 lekh iss varsh kii ullekhaniya ghatnaaon kii soochi pradaan kartaa haye. yeh prishth vartamaan mein varsh 1385 key baare mein ack prishth key liye ack sthaandhaarak haye. wikiquet samudaay abhee taka iss prishth parr aam sahamati parr naheen aaya haye, aur calender-varsh prishthon koo aam taur parr kyaa kahana chaahiye. kripaya varsh key prishthon kii samagri key liye kissy bhee sujhaav parr charcha karein, yaa vartamaan charcha prishth parr.

1385rahra wikipeediyaada 1385rahra lekhanavu ee varshada gamanarha ghatanegala pattiyannu odagisuttade. ee putavu prastuta 1385rahra ondu putakke placeholder aagide. vikikote samudaayavu ee puta mattu calender-varshada putagalu samanyavagi enu helabeku embudara bagge innoo ommatakke bandilla. varshada putagala vishayagalige sambandhisida yaavude salahegalannu dayawittu ee putadalli athawa prastuta charcha putadalli charchisi.

1385 wikipediayude 1385 lekhanam eee varshathe sradheyamaaya sambhavangalude oru pattika nalkunnu. eee peju nilavil 1385-leeii oru pejinte placeholderaanu. eee pejum kalandar-varsha pejukalum pothuve enthaanu parayendathennu vikkikot samooham ithuvare samavaayathilethiyittil. varsha pejukalude ulladakkangalkkayulla eathenkilum nirddeshangal dayavaayi eee thaalilo nilavile charchaa pejilo charcha cheyyuka.

1385 wikipediacha 1385 lekh yaa varshichya ullekhaneey ghatananchi yadee deto. heey prushth sadhya 1385 salchya prushthasathi sthandharak aahe. wikiquet samudayane yaa prushthavar aanee samanyatah dindarshika-varsh prushthanvar kaay sangave yavar adyap ekmat jhalele nahee. kripaya varsh prushthanchya majkurasathichya konatyahi soochananvar yethe kinwa sadhyachya charcha prushthavar charcha qaraa.

1385 wikipedia 1385 lekhle yass warshaka ullekhaniya ghatanaharuko suchi pradan gardacha. yo prishtha hall warsha 1385 ko barema prishthaka lagi sthandharak how. wikikwet samudaya ajhai yass prishtha, rar calender-warsha prishthaharule samanyataya key bhannu parchha bhanne kurama sahamatima aeko chhaina. kripaya warsha prishthaharuko samagrika lagi kunai pani sujhawaharu yahan wa halko chhalfal prishthama chhalfal garnuhos.

1385 wikipediara 1385 nibandha chalita barshar ullekhaneeah ghatnagudikara eka talika pradan kare . ehi prustha bartamana 1385 masiha bishajare eka prustha paain eka sthanadharaka . ehi prustha, ebong calender-barsha prusthagudika sadharanatah qa 'naa kahiba uchita shay bishajare wikikote sampradai eparjyanta eka sahamatire aasinahin . barsha prusthagudikara bishajabastu paain kaunasi paramarsha paain dajakari ehi prusthare kimba barttamanara alochana prusthare alochana karantu.

1385 wikipedia daa 1385 lekh iss saal deeaan mahattavpuran ghatnavan dee suchi pesh karda haii. ih safaa varatman witch saal 1385 dey baare witch ikk safe laee ikk placeholder haii. vikikot community ajey takk iss panne atey calender-saal dey safiaan noon aam taur utte qee kahina chahida haii iss baare aam sehmati utte naheen aaee haii. saal dey panniaan dee samaggari laee kise vee sujhaa baare kripa karke iss jaan maujuda charcha panne 'teey charcha crow.

1385 wikipedia ityasya 1385 lekhah asya varshasya ullekhaniyanam ghatananam suchim pradadaati. samprati etat prushtam 1385 tame varshe prushtasya sthanadharakam asti. wikikwot samudayah idanim api sarvasammatam naa praapnot yat etat prushtam, tathaa cha samanyataha panjikaa-varsha-prushtaani kim vakttum shaknuvanti iti. krupayaa varshaprushtaanaam vishayavastoonaam krute keshu api suzawan vartamaan-charchaa-prushthe vaa charchayatu.

1385 wikipedia yokka 1385 vyaasam eee samvatsaramloni mukhyamaina sanghatanala jaabitaanu andistundi. eee paejee prastutam 1385 samvatsaraaniki chendina oka paejeeki placeholder. vikikote community eee paejee, mariyu calender-iyar paejeelu saadhaaranamgaa emi cheppaalane daanipai inca ekaabhipraayaaniki raaledu. dayachesi samvatsaram paejeela vishayaala kosam evaina salahalanu charchinchandi, ledhaa prastuta charcha pageelo.

1385 vacapedia kaa 1385 mazmun iss saal kay qaabil zakar waaqiaat kii fehrist paish kartaa hay. yaha safha phee alhaal saal 1385 kay baaray mein eek safha kay liye eek plais holder hay. wakikot community ubhee takk iss baath parr ittefaq raaye parr nahein pahunchi hay kahh iss safha aur aam toor parr calender saal kay safhaat kuu kiyaa kehna chahiye. braah karam saal kay safhaat kay mandarjat kay liye kasee bhee tajaweez parr bahas karein yaa maujudah mubahase kay safha parr.

0003d70af333bfab509a909c3924dc01d936bfcb20e32739255f8aa27bdae205

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21878254

Marlene Sandoval

Marlene Sandoval Rubí Marlene Sandoval Nungaray (born January 18, 1984) is an American-born Mexican former football defender and member of the Mexico women's national football team. She was allocated to the Portland Thorns FC for the NWSL league, but later removed by the Mexican Football Federation due to injury. Early life. Sandoval was born in Santa Ana, California. She holds citizenship in both the U.S. and Mexico. Sandoval attended Valencia High School in Placentia, California, where she was a two-time first-team all-league selection, a two-time league MVP and a two-time All-CIF selection as a sophomore and junior. She was also a two-time all-league selection and an All-CIF selection in volleyball. Cal State Fullerton. Sandoval attended California State University, Fullerton and majored in kinesiology. During her senior year, she helped the Titans finish with a school-record 19 wins and a trip to the "Sweet 16" of the NCAA Tournament following wins over UNLV and USC. She started 22 of 23 matches, finishing with four goals and three assists to stand tied for fifth on the team in scoring (11 points). She was named NSCAA Second-Team All-American, an NSCAA First-Team All-West Region selection, and earned second-team All-America honors from Soccer Buzz and SoccerTimes.com. She was also named Big West Conference Defensive Player of the Year. She was twice named Big West Player of the Week. She set the foundation of the defensive lineup that helped Fullerton set school records for fewest goals allowed (15), fewest shots allowed (161) and most shutouts (12). Sandoval finished her college career with 71 appearances, eight goals, and seven assists. Playing career. International. In 2003, Sandoval scored a goal for Mexico in a Women's World Cup qualifier against Japan and won a bronze medal at the Pan American Games in the Dominican Republic. She also scored a goal with Mexico in a 5–1 win over Panama at the 2002 Gold Cup and competed for Mexico's U-19 squad at the Youth World Cup in Canada in the summer of 2002. Sandoval also competed for Mexico at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where she finished in 8th place with the Mexico women's national football team. She was also a member of Mexico's 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup squad. Overall, she has earned 85 caps and scored 5 goals with the Mexico national team. Club. In 2012, Sandoval was signed by the Santa Clarita Blue Heat of the now-defunct USL W-League. Portland Thorns FC. In January 2013, Sandoval was included in a list of 55 players from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico national teams that were allocated to the eight teams in the new National Women's Soccer League. Sandoval was allocated to Portland Thorns FC, but was later removed by the Mexican Football Federation due to injury. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

marlene senduval rubi marlene senduval nungare (jonmo 18 january, 1984) egoraki aamerikat jonmogrohon koraa maxican prakton football defender aaru maxic 'mohila rastriyo football dolor xodosyo. teuk eno. dobliu. ess. el. leegor baabe poo 'rtland thornos ef. chi.-loi aabonton koraa hoisil, kintu pisot aaghator baabe maxican football federationor dwara aatorai diya hoisil. prarombhik jiwan. sendubhalor jonmo hoisil californier xanta aanat. teur duyukhon eu. e.-too nagorikotwo aase.ess. aaru maxico. sendubhale californier placentier valencia haiskulot porha-xuna korisil zo 'too teu dubar prothom dolor ol-leeg nirbason, dubar leeg mvp aaru dwitiyo aaru konistho hisape dubar ol-sif nirbason korisil. teu dubarkoi ol-leeg nirbasito aaru bholibolot ol-sif nirbasito aasil. kell owostha fullerton. sendubhale california state university, fulartonot odhyoyon korisil aaru kainesio "lojit snatok degree laabh korisil. teur jyestho borxot, teu titanxokolok skool-record 19taa joy aaru eno. chi. e. e. protijugitar "suit 16" loi bhromon kori xomapto korat xohay korisil. teu teu khelor bhitorot bhitorot khel aarombho korisil, sarita go "lo aaru tinita assistor xoite xomapto kori sko" ring (11 point) kori dolot ponchom sthanot xoman hoi thiyo disil. teuk eno. ess. chi. e. e. dwitiyo-doll ol-aamerikan, eno. ess. chi. e. e. prothom-doll ol-west rijiyon nirbason, aaru cho 'kaar boj aaru cho' cartimer poraa dwitiyo-doll ol-aamerika xonman orjon koraa hoisil.komm. teuk big west conferences defencive player owo dyo bosor hisapeu monunit koraa hoisil. teuk dubarkoi big west player owo dyo wikh hisape monunit koraa hoisil. teu protirokhyamulok lineupor bheti sthapon korisil jiye fulartonok onumudit ataitkoi komm go "lo (15), onumudit ataitkoi komm swot (161) aaru besibhag swotout (12) ror baabe schoolor obhilekh sthapon korat xohay korisil. sendubhale 71taa uposthiti, aathta go "lo aaru xatota estor xoite teur kolej keriyar xomapto korisil. khelor jiwan. antohrastriyo. 2003 sonot, sendubhale japanor biruddhe mohila biswokapor jugyota orjonot maxicor hoi etaa go "lo korisil aaru dominican republicot onusthito huwa penn aamerikan gamesot bronjor podok laabh korisil. 2002 sonor sworno kaapot panamar biruddhe 5-1 go "loto joylabh kori teu maxic" ror xoite etaa go "lou korisil aaru 2002 sonor grishmokalot kanadat onusthito juwo biswokapot maxic" ror onurdho-19 dolor baabe protidondita korisil. sendubhale 2004 sonot greechor athensot onusthito grishmokalin olimpikot maxicor hoi protidondita korisil, zo 'too teu maxicor mohila rastriyo football dolor xoite 8moo sthanot xex korisil. teu maxicor 2011 sonor fifa mohila biswokap doloru xodosyo aasil. xamogrikbhabe, teu maxico rastriyo dolor xoite 85taa kep orjon korise aaru 5taa go "lo korise. club. 2012 sonot, sendubhalot xanta clarita blue hitor dwara swakhyor koraa hoisil. poo 'rtland thornos ef. chi. 2013 sonor januaryt, ju. e.-ror 55 john kheluoir talikat sendubhalok ontorbhukto koraa hoisil.ess.kanada aaru maxicor rastriyo dolxomuh notun rastriyo mohila football leegot aathta dolok aabonton koraa hoisil. sendubhalok poo 'rtland thornos ef. chi.-koo aabonton koraa hoisil, kintu pisot aaghator baabe maxican football federatione iyak aatorai disil.

marlene sandoval rubi marlene sandoval nungare (jonmo 18ee januari, 1984) ekjon markin bongshodbhuto mexican praktan football defender ebong mexico mohila jatiya football doler sadasya. taake enn. dobleeu. esha. ell liger jonno portland thorns eff. shee-teey baradda koraa hoyechilo, kintu porey aghater karone mexican football phedareshana taake sariye deyo. prathomik jeebon. sandovaler jonmo californier santa anate. tini ubhoy markin nagorikotter adhikari.esha. ebong mexico. sandoval californier placentier valencia hye schoole padashona korechilen jekhane tini duibar prothom-doler oll-ligg nirbachan, duibar leeg mvp ebong sophomore ebong junior hisabe duibar oll-seef nirbachan korechilen. tini duibar oll-ligg nirbachan ebong volleybaler oll-seef nirbachono chhilen. kyala steta fullerton. sandoval california steta university, fullertone padashona corren ebong kinesiologyte mejor hohn. taar senior bochore, tini titander ekti school-record 19 tii joy ebong ncaa turnamenter "suit 16"-ayee ekti triper saathe shesh korte sahajyo korechilen. tini 23tii matcher modhye 22tii match shuru corren, charti goal ebong tinti assist diye shesh corren ebong scoring (11 point)-ayee pancham sthane somotai dandiye zaan. tini enn. esha. shee. ayee. ayee dwitiya-doler sorbo-american, ekti enn. esha. shee. ayee. ayee prothom-doler sorbo-poschim anchal nirbachan, ebong football baaz ebong sockertime theke dwitiya-doler sorbo-america somman orjon korechilen.qama. tini bigg oyesta conferences defencive player off dya iyaro nirbachito hohn. tini doo 'barr saptaher sera oyesta kheload nirbachito hoyechilen. tini protirokkhamulok lineuper vitti sthapon korechilen jaa fullertonke onumodito sabcheye qama goal (15), onumodito sabcheye qama shhata (161) ebong beshirbhag shutout (12)-err jonno school record sthapon korte sahayata korechilo. sandoval 71tii uposthiti, atti goal ebong satti assist diye taar college karmajiban shesh corren. carrier khelun. antorjatik. 2003 saale, sandoval japaner biruddhe mohilader vishwakap bachaiporbe mexicor hoye ekti goal corren ebong dominican projatontre pyana american gamese bronz podok jitechilen. tini 2002 saaler swarna kaape panamar biruddhe 5-1 gole joylav korey mexicor hoye ekti goal corren ebong 2002 saaler grisse kanada jubo bishwokape mexicor anurdho-19 doler hoye protidwondita corren. sandoval 2004 saale greecer ethense grissokalin olympyke mexicor hoyeo protidwondita korechilen, jekhane tini mexico mohila jatiya football doler saathe 8maum sthane shesh korechilen. tini mexicor 2011 fifa mohila vishwakap dolero sadasya chhilen. samogrikbhabe, tini mexico jatiya doler hoye 85tii match khelechen ebong 5tii goal korechen. club. 2012 saale, sandoval santa clarita blue hitt dwara swakkhorito hoyechilo. portland thorns fc. 2013 saaler januaryte, sandovalke eu-err 55 john kheloader talika antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo.esha.kanada ebong mexico jatiya dalguli notun jatiya mohila football leagay atti dolke baradda koraa hoyechilo. sandoval portland thorns eff. shee-keey baradda koraa hoyechilo, kintu porey aghater karone mexican football phedareshana dwara aposaron koraa hoyechilo.

marlene sandoval rubie marlene sandoval nungre (janm 18 january, 1984) americama janmela bhutpurv meksikana football defender aneey meksiko maheela raashtriy football teamnaa sabhy chhe. teneene nwsl leag maate portland thornes aefseene falavvama aavee hatee, parantu paachhalthi ijaane kaarane meksikana football federation dwara tene door karvaamaa aavee hatee. praarambhik jeevan. sandovalno janm keliforniyana saanta enaamaa thayo hato. tenee banne yuu. aesa. maan nagrikta dharaave chhe.aesa. aneey meksiko. sandowale keliforniyana placentiama valencia haai schoolma abhyaas karyo hato jyaan teey beey vakhat pratham-team ola-leag pasandagi, beey vakhat leag mvp aneey beey vakhat ola-sif pasandagi tareeke sophomore aneey juniyar tareeke hatee. teey beey vakhat ola-leag pasandagi aneey volleyballma ola-sif pasandagi pann hatee. qela state fullerton. sandowale california state university, fullertonma abhyaas karyo hato aneey kinesiologyma snaatak thayaa hataa. teneena varishth varsh darmiyan, teneeae aena. aela. vee. aneey yuu. aesa. see. parr jeet baad shaala-vikram 19 jeet aneey aena. see. aee. aee. tournamentna "sweet 16" nee suffer saathe titanne samaapt karvaamaa madad curry. tene tene 22 matchoni sharuaat curry, chaar goal aneey trana aasist saathe samaapt kareene scoring (11 point) maan team paanchmaa sthaane barabari parr rahee. teneene aena. aesa. see. aee. aee. nee beejee-team ola-american, aena. aesa. see. aee. aee. nee pratham-team ola-vesta rijan pasandagi tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, aneey sokara buzz aneey sokara timesmanthi beejee-team ola-america sanmaan melavyu hatoo.qoma. teneene bigg vesta conferences defencive player off dhaa year pann jaaher karvaamaa aavee hatee. teneene beey vaar bigg vesta player off dhaa weak tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee. temane rakshanatmak shreneeno paayo nakhyo jene fullertonne sauthee ochha goal (15), sauthee ochha shhota (161) aneey sauthee vadhu shutout (12) maate shaalaana reqorda banavvama madad curry. sandowale 71 dekhaav, aath goal aneey saat sahaay saathe tenee college karkidrino anta aanyo. karkirdi ramvu. aantarrashtriy. aantarrashtriy, sandowale japan saame maheela vishva cup qualifiermaa meksiko maate goal karyo hato aneey dominican reepablikma payne american gamesma kansya chandrak jeetyo hato. temane aneey gold kapmaa panaama saame saame jeetma meksiko saathe goal pann karyo hato aneey aneey unalama kenedama yojaayela yuvaa vishva kapmaa meksikonee under-19 team maate bhaag leedho hato. sandowale greesnaa ethensamaa ethensamaa unaalu olympicma pann meksiko maate bhaag leedho hato, jyaan tenee meksiko maheela raashtriy football team saathe saathe sthaane rahee hatee. teo meksikonee 2011 fifa maheela vishva cup teamnee sabhy pann hatee. ekandare, tene 85 cape melvee chhe aneey meksiko raashtriy team saathe 5 goal karyaa chhe. club. 2012 maan, sandoval parr saanta clarita blue heat dwara hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. portland thornes aef. see. january january, sandovalne yuu. aesa. naa 55 khelaadioni yaadimaa saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato.aesa., keneda aneey meksiko raashtriy teamo keey jeey navee raashtriy maheela sokara leegma aath teamone falavvama aavee hatee. sandoval portland thornes aef. see. neey falavvama aavyu hatoo, parantu paachhalthi ijaane kaarane meksikana football federation dwara tene door karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

marlene sandoval rubi marlene sandoval nungre (janm 18 janwari, 1984) ack americi mool key poorv football rakshak aur mexico mahila rashtriya football team kii sadasya hain. unhein aine. doubleu. aiss. ell. leag key liye portland thorns aff. see. key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin baad mein chot key kaaran maxican football mahasangh dwara hataa diyaa gayaa. praarambhik jeevan. sandoval kaa janm saanta enaa, california mein huaa thaa. vaha donon yuu mein nagrikta rakhti haye.aiss. aur mexico. sandoval ney placentia, california mein valencia hyee school mein bhaag liya, jahan vaha dou baar pahali-team aul-leag chayan, dou baar leag mvp aur dou baar aul-seef chayan key roop mein ack sofomore aur junier key roop mein theen. vaha dou baar aul-leag chayan aur volleyball mein aul-seef chayan bhee theen. calle state fullerton. sandoval ney california raajya vishvavidyalaya, fullerton mein bhaag liya aur kinesiology mein mejar kiya. apane varishth varsh key dauran, unhone ncaa tournament key school-record 19 jeet aur "sweet 16" kii yatra key saath sheersh khilaadiyon koo samaapt karane mein madad kii, jisake baad unhone nlv aur usc parr jeet hassil kii. unhone 23 maichon mein seey 22 kii shuruat kii, chaar goal aur teen sahaayata key saath samaapt karate hue scoring (11 ank) mein team parr paanchven sthaan parr barabari parr khadee raheen. unhein aine. aiss. see. aeye. aeye. dwiteeya-team aul-american, ack aine. aiss. see. aeye. aeye. pratham-team aul-west kshetra chayan naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhone socker buzz aur socker time seey dwiteeya-team aul-america sammaan arjit kiya thaa.comm. unhein bigg west conference defensive player off dha ear bhee naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein dou baar bigg west player off dha weak naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone rakshaatmak lineup kii neenv rakhee jisane fullerton koo sabse cumm goal (15), sabse cumm shott (161) aur sabse adhik shutout (12) key liye school record sthaapit karane mein madad kii. sandoval ney apane college currier koo 71 pradarshanon, aathh golon aur saat sahaayata key saath samaapt kiya. currier khelna. antarrashtriya. 2003 mein, sandoval ney japan key khilaf mahila vishva cup qualifier mein mexico key liye ack goal kiya aur dominican ganarajya mein paine american khelon mein kansya padak jeetaa. unhone 2002 key swarn cup mein panama parr 5-1 seey jeet mein mexico key saath ack goal bhee kiya aur 2002 kii garmiyon mein kanada mein yuva vishva cup mein mexico key under-19 daste key liye pratispardha kii. sandoval ney athens, grees mein 2004 key grishmakaaleen olympic mein mexico key liye bhee pratispardha kii, jahan vaha mexico mahila rashtriya football team key saath 8vein sthaan parr rahee. vaha mexico kii 2011 feefa mahila vishva cup team kii sadasya bhee theen. kull milakar, unhone 85 cap arjit kiye hain aur mexico rashtriya team key saath 5 goal kiye hain. club. 2012 mein, sandoval parr saanta clarita blue heat dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they. portland kaante aff. see. janwari 2013 mein, sandoval koo yuu. aiss. key 55 khilaadiyon kii soochi mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.aiss.kanada aur mexico rashtriya teams koo naee rashtriya mahila football leag mein aathh teams koo aavantit kiya gayaa thaa. sandowal koo portland kaanton key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin baad mein chot key kaaran maxican football mahasangh dwara hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.

marlene sandoval rubi marlene sandoval nungare (janana janavari 18,1984) americadalli janisida mexican maaji football raksaka mattu mexico mahila rashtriya football tandada sadasyaragiddare. aakeyannu enn. doubleu. ess. ell. leagge portland thorns eff. sii. ge niyojisalaayitu, aadare nantara gaayada kaaranadindaagi mexican football federation avarinda tegeduhaakalaayitu. arambhika jeevana. sandoval californiada saantaa anaadalli janisidaru. aake eradoo yuu. ess. nalli pouratvavannu hondiddaare.ess. mattu mexico. sandoval californiada jarayuvinalliruva valencia proudhashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru eradu baari modala-tandada aall-leigh ayke, eradu baari leigh mvp mattu eradu baari aall-sif aaykeyaagi sophomore mattu junier aagiddaru. aake eradu baari aall-leigh ayke mattu volleybalnalli aall-sif aykeyoo aagiddaru. call state fullerton. sandoval california state university, fullertonnalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu kinesiologyalli majer aagiddaru. tanna hiriya varshadalli, avaru unlv mattu usc melina vijayagala nantara shaala-daakhaleya 19 geluvugalu mattu ncaa pandyavaliya "sweet 16" ge pravaasavannu mugisalu titangalige sahaaya maadidaru. avaru 23 pandyagalalli 22 pandyagalannu praarambhisidaru, naalku golugalu mattu mooru asistgalondige mugisidaru mattu ankagalisuvalli (11 ankagalu) tandadalli aidane sthanakke samanagi nintaru. aakeyannu nsca eradane-tanda aall-american endu hesarisalaayitu, nsca modala-tanda aall-west reejan ayke, mattu saakar bajh mattu saakar taimgalinda eradane-tandada aall-america gouravagalannu galisidaru.com. aake bigg west conferences varshada rakshanaatmaka aatagaarti endoo hesarisalpattaru. aake eradu baari bigg west player off dhii weak endu hesarisalpattaru. avaru rakshanaatmaka tandada adipayavannu haakidaru, idu fullertonge anumatisalaada kadime golugalige (15), anumatisalaada kadime hodetagalige (161) mattu hecchina shattoutgalige (12) shaala daakhalegalannu nirmisalu sahaaya maaditu. sandowal tamma kaaleju vrattijeevanavannu 71 pandyagalalli, entu golugalalli mattu elu asistgalondige mugisidaru. vrattijeevanada aata. antaaraashtriya. 2003ralli, japan viruddhada mahila vishwakap arhata pandyadalli mexico para ondu golu galisida sandoval, dominican ganaraajyadalli nadeda pyaan american kridakutadalli kanchina padakavannu geddaru. avaru 2002rahra chinnada kapnalli panama viruddha 5-1 antarada geluvinalli meksikoda jotegudi golu galisidaru mattu 2002rahra besigeyalli kenadaadalli nadeda yuva vishvakapnalli meksikoda 19 varshadolagina tandakkagi spardhisidaru. 2004ralli greesna ethensnalli nadeda besige olympicsnalli mexico para spardhisida sandoval, allie mexico mahila rashtriya football tandadondige 8neey sthaanavannu galisidaru. aake meksikoda 2011rahra fifa mahila vishwakap tandada sadasyaroo aagiddaru. ottaareyaagi, avaru mexico rashtriya tandadondige 85 pandyagalannu adiddare mattu 5 golugalannu galisiddaare. club. 2012ralli, sandovalge saantaa clarita blue heat sahi haakitu. portland thorns eff. sii. 2013rahra janavariyalli, yuu. ess. naa 55 atagarara pattiyalli sandowal avarannu serisalaayitu.ess.hosa rashtriya mahila saakar leagnalli entu tandagalige niyojisalaada kenada mattu mexico rashtriya tandagalu. sandoval annu portland thorns effsige nidalaayitu, aadare nantara gaayadindaagi mexican football federation adannu tegeduhaakitu.

marlene sandoval amerikkayil janicha oru muun meksikkan football defender meksikoo vanita deseeya football teamile amgavumaanu rubie marlene sandoval nungare (jananam januvari 18,1984). enn. dablyu. ezz. ell leeginaayi portland thoons effsiyilekku avale anuvadichuvenkilum pinneedu parikkine thudarnnu meksikkan football federation avale neekkam cheythu. aadyakaala jeevitam. kaaliforniyayile santa anayilaanu sandoval janichathu. avalkk rund yuu. eiii. iii. kalilum pourathvam undu.ezz. meksikoyum. sandoval kaaliforniyayile marupilla valencia haiskoolil padichu, avide avar rund thavana phastt-team ool-leag selection, rund thavana leag emvp, rund thavana ool-sif selection ennivayil sophomor, juuniyar ennee nilakalil. rund thavana ool-leag selection volleyball ool-sif selection koodiyaayirunnu avar. call stettu fullerton. sandoval california stettu yooniversittiyil fullertonil padikkukayum kinesiologyil birudam nedukayum cheythu. thante seeniyar varshathil, school record 19 vijayangalum enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentinte "sweet 16" lekkulla yathrayum anel. vii, yuu. ezz. sii ennivaykkethiraaya vijayangale thudarnnu taittanmaare poortthiyaakkaan avar sahayichu. 23 malsarangalil 22 ennavum aarambhicha avar naalu golukalum moonnu asisttukalum nedi scoringle (11 pooyint) teamil anchaam sthaanathekku samanilayil ninnu. avarkk enn. ezz. sii. eiii. eiii randaam team ool-american, enn. ezz. sii. eiii. eiii aadya team ool-vestt reejian selection, socker bajilum socker timeukalilum ninnu randaam team ool-american bahumathikal labhichu.coom. bigg vestt konfarans defensive player oof dhaa iyar aayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. aazhchayile bigg vestt kalikkariyaayi avar randuthavana thiranjedukkappettu. anuvadaneeyamaaya ettavum kuranja golukal (15), anuvadaneeyamaaya ettavum kuranja shottukal (161), ettavum kooduthal shattouttukal (12) ennivaykkaayi school recordukal sthaapikkaan fullertone sahaayicha prathirodha nirayude adithara avar sthaapichu. 71 malsarangalum ettu golukalum ezhu asistukalumaayaanu sandoval thante koleju currier avasaanippichathu. currier kalikkuka. anthaaraashtra thalatthil. 2003ll jappanethiraaya vanita lokakapp yogyathaa malsarathil mexicoic vendi oru goal nediya sandoval dominican republicil nadanna paan american gamesil venkala medel nedi. nedukayum swarnna kappil panaamaykkethire panaamaykkethire vijayicha mexicoicoppam oru goalum avar nedukayum nedukayum venalkkaalath kaanadayil nadanna yoothu lokakappil meksikkoyude under-19 teaminayi malsarikkukayum cheythu. 2004ll greasile ethansil nadanna venalkkaala olimbiksil meksikkoykkuvendiyum sandoval malsarichu, avide meksikoo vanita deseeya football teaminoppam ettaam sthaanathethi. meksikkoyude 2011 fifa vanita lokakapp teamil avar amgamaayirunnu. mothatthil, avar meksikoo deseeya teaminoppam 85 malsarangal nedukayum 5 golukal nedukayum cheythittundu. club. 2012ll santa clarita blue heett aanu sandovalil oppuvachathu. portland thoons eph. sii. 2013 januvariyil yuu. esil ninnulla 55 kalikkaarude pattikayil sandovaline ulppeduthi.ezz.puthiya deseeya vanita socker leagile ettu teamukalkk anuvadicha canada, meksikoo deseeya teamukal. portland thoons eph. sii. kku sandoval anuvadichenkilum pinneedu parikkine thudarnnu meksikkan football federation neekkam cheythu.

marlene sandoval rubi marlene sandoval nungre (janm 18 janewari 1984) hii americet janmaleli mexican majee football bachavpatu aanee mexico mahila rashtriy football sanghachi sadasya aahe. teela aine. doubleu. ess. ell. leegsathi portland thorns eff. see. madhye niyukt karnyat aale hote, parantu nantar dukhapatimule mexican football mahasanghane teela kadhoon takale. prarambhik jeevan. sandovalcha janm californiatil santa aanaa yethe jhaala. tichyakade donhi yuu. aii. chey nagrikatva aahe.ess. aanee mexico. sandovalne californiatil placentia yetheel valencia highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetale, jithe tee done vela pratham-sangh aul-leag nivad, done vela leag emm. vhee. pii. aanee done vela aul-siif nivad mhanoon sophomore aanee junier mhanoon hotee. tee done vela aul-leag nivad aanee volleyballmadhye aul-siif nivad dekhil hotee. call sthitee fullerton. sandovalne fullerton yetheel california steet universitymadhye shikshan ghetale aanee kinesiologymadhye padvi prapt kelee. tichya varishtha varshat, tine vijetyanna shaletil vikrami 19 vijayansah aanee aine. see. aii. aii. spardhechya 'sweet 16' chya sahalisah, yuu. ess. see. aanee yuu. ell. vhee. vareel vijayanantar, purn karnyat madat kelee. tine 23 paiki 22 samnyanchi suruvat kelee, chaar goal aanee teen sahayyansah guna (11 guna) midvanyat sanghat pachvya sthanavar barobari sadhali. teela aine. ess. see. aii. aii. dviteey-sangh aul-american, aine. ess. see. aii. aii. pratham-sangh aul-west rijan nivad mhanoon naav denyat aale aanee socker buzz aanee sockerchya kalat teela dviteey-sangh aul-american sanman midala.com. teela bigg west conferences defensive player auph daad ear mhanoonahi nivadanyat aale. teela donada bigg west player auph daad weak mhanoon nivadanyat aale. tine bachavatmak pathakacha paya rachala jyamule fullertonla parvanagi asalelya sarvat qamee goal (15), parvanagi asalelya sarvat qamee shots (161) aanee sarvadhik shutout (12) sathee shaley vikram prasthapit karnyat madat jhaali. sandovalne 71 samne kheloon, aath goal aanee saat sahayya karoon tichi mahavidhyalayin karkird purn kelee. khelanyachi karkird. aantarrashtriy. 2003 madhye, sandovalne japanviruddhachya mahila vishvachashak patrata spardhet meksikosathi goal keela aanee dominican republickmadhil panne american gamesmadhye kansyapadak jinkale. aanee suvarn chashakat panamavar 5-1 assa vijay midvat tine mexicosobat golahi keela aanee aanee unhalyat canadamadhye jhalelya yuva vishvachashakat meksikochya 19 varshankhalil sanghasathi spardha kelee. sandovalne greesmadheel ethens yethe jhalelya 2004 unhali olympicmadhyehi meksikosathi spardha kelee, jithe tee meksikochya mahila rashtriy football sanghasah sanghasah sthanavar rahili. tee meksikochya 2011 fifa mahila vishvachashak sanghachi sadasyahi hotee. ekoon, tine mexico rashtriy sanghasathi 85 samne khelale aahet aanee 5 goal kele aahet. club. 2012 madhye santovalvar santa clarita blue heatney swakshari kelee hotee. portland konte eff. see. janewari 2013 madhye, sandowalcha yuu. aii. madheel 55 kheladunchya yadeet samavesh karnyat aala hota.ess., canada aanee mexico rashtriy sangh jeey naveen rashtriy mahila football leegmadhye aath sanghanna vatap karnyat aale hote. sandoval portland kontyachya eff. see. laa denyat aale hote, parantu nantar dukhapatimule mexican football mahasanghane teey kadhoon takale.

marlen sandoval rubi marlen sandoval nungare (janma janawari 18,1984) ek americi-janmeka mexicon purva football defender rar meksiko mahila rashtriya football toliki sadasya hun. unlai nwsl ligka lagi portland thornes fcma chhutyaieko thiyo, tara pachhi chotka karan mexicon football mahasanghale hatae. prarambhik jiwan. sandovalko janma santa anah, californiama bhaeko thiyo. unisanga duwai yuema nagarikta chha.ess. rar meksiko. sandovalle californiako placentiako bhyalensia hai schoolma padheki thiin jahaan uni dui patak pahilo-tolly sabai-ligg chayan, dui-patak ligg mbhipi rar sofomore rar juniyarko rupma dui-patak sabai-sif chayan thiin. uni dui patakko sabai-ligg chayan rar bhalibalma sabai-sif chayan pani thiin. kyal state fullerton. sandovalle california state university, fullertonma adhyayan gare rar kinesiologyma mazer gare. afno warishtha warshako samayama, unle titonharulai schol-record 19 jiit rar nca pratiyogitako "sweet 16" maa yatra garera yuelbhi rar yuesasimathi jit hasil garna maddat garin. unle 23 wata khelmadhye 22 khel suru garin, chaar goal rar tean sahayata diera score (11 anka) maa tolima panchaun sthanma barabarima ubhin. unlai enn. ess. sii. ae. ae. dosro-tolly sabai-americi, enn. ess. sii. ae. ae. pahilo-tolly sabai-paschim khetra chayan, rar football buzz rar football samayabata dosro-tolly sabai-americi sammanharu prapta gariyo.cum. unlai bigg west conferences defencive player aff da ear pani ghoshit garieko thiyo. unlai dui patak bigg west player aff da hapta ghoshit garieko thiyo. unle rakshatmak lineupko jag sthapit garin jasle fullertonlai anumati diieko sabaibhanda cum goal (15), anumati diieko sabaibhanda cum sutt (161) rar dherai sutout (12) kaa lagi schol record sett garna maddat maddat. sandovalle afno college currier 71 upasthiti, atha goal rar saat sahayata liera samapta garin. currier khelnuhos. antarrashtriya. sann 2003 maa, sandovalle japan wiruddhako mahila vishwakap chhanotma meksikoka lagi goal gare rar dominican ganatantrama pyan american khelharuma kasya padak jite. unle 2002 ko swarna kapma panamamathi 5-1 ley jit hasil garera meksikosanga goal pani garin rar 2002 ko garmima canadama bhaeko yuwa vishwakapma meksikoko yu-19 tolika lagi pratispardha garin. sandovalle sann 2004 maa athens, grissma bhaeko grishmakalin olympicma meksikoka lagi pani pratispardha gareki thiin, jahaan uni meksiko mahila rashtriya football tolisanga 8 aun sthanma samapta bhain. uni meksikoko 2011 fifa mahila vishwakap toliko sadasya pani thiin. samagrama, unle meksiko rashtriya tolisanga 85 wata capharu kamaeki chhin rar 5 golharu gareki chhin. club. sann 2012 maa, sandovallai santa clarita blue hitdwara hastakshar garieko thiyo. portland thornes fc. janawari 2013 maa, sandowallai yubata 55 kheladiharuko suchima samawesh garieko thiyo.ess., canada, rar meksiko rashtriya toliharu june nayan rashtriya mahila football ligma atha toliharulai chhutyaieko thiyo. sandoval portland thornes fclai chhutyaieko thiyo, tara pachhi chotka karan mexicon football mahasanghale hataeko thiyo.

marlen sandoval rubi marlen sandoval nungare (janma januari 18,1984) jane americae-janmita mexicore purbatana football defender ebong mexico mahila jatiah football dalara sadasya . tanku enn. dablyu. ess. ell. ligg paain portland therns aif. sii. ku abunton karajaithila, kintu parey aaghata karanaru mexicon football federation dwara hatai diajaithila. prarambhika zeeban. sandoval californier santa aanaare janmagrahana karithile. shay ubhaja jayu. aii. rahr nagarikatwa dhaaran karichanti.ess. ebong mexico. sandoval californier placentier valencia haiskulare adhyajana karithile jeunthare shay duithara pratham-dala all-ligg chayan, duithara ligg embhipi ebong duithara all-siph chayan bhabare sophomore ebong juniara bhabare thile . shay duithara sarba-ligg chayan ebong bhalibalare sarba-siph chayan madhya thile . call sthiti fullerton. sandoval california rajya biswabidyalaja, fullerton ray adhyajana karithile ebong kainesiolojire mejara hoithile. taanka baristha barshare, shay taitanamananku skula-record 19 tii bijai ebong ncaa turnamenter "suite 16" ku jatra curry ell. ell. bhi. ebong jayu. ess. sii. upare bijai hassel karibare sahajya karithile. shay shay matchru matchru match arambha karithile, chariti goal ebong tinoti sahajata sahita samapta curry scoring (11 point) ray dalare pancham sthanare samaana rahithile. tanku enn. ess. sii. aii. aii. dwiteeja-dala sarba-americae, eka enn. ess. sii. aii. pratham-dala sarba-paschima anchala chayan, ebong football buzz ebong football time ru dwiteeja-dala sarba-america sammana arjan karithile.comm. tanku bigg westa conferences defencive player off dee iyar madhya manoneet karajaithila. shay duithara bigg westa player off dee witch bibechita hoithile. shay rakhyanatmaka lineapra muladua pakaithile jaahaa phulartanku skula record sthapana karibare sahajya karithila jaahaa sarbanimna goal (15), sarbanimna sutt anumathi (161) ebong sarbadhika sutout (12) paain. sandoval sandoval pradarshan, athati goal ebong satati sahajata sahita taanka college kyariyara samapta karithile. kyariyara kheliba. antarjatija. 2003 ray, sandoval japan bipakhyare mahila biswakap jogyata parjyajare mexico paain eka goal karithile ebong dominican ganarajyare paan americae gamesray bronz padaka jitithile. shay 2002 swarna kapare panama upare 5-1 bijajare mexico sahita eka goal madhya karithile ebong 2002 grishma ruture kanadare juba biswakapare mexicore under-19 dala paain pratidwandita karithile. sandoval madhya greecer ethensare 2004 grishma alimpiksare mexico paain pratidwandita karithile, jeunthare shay mexico mahila jatiah football dala sahita 8maha sthanare samapta karithile. shay mexicore 2011 fifa mahila biswakap dalara sadasya madhya thile. motamoti bhabe, shay shay match khelichanti ebong mexico jatiah dala paain paain goal karichanti. club. 2012 ray, sandoval santa clarita blue heat dwara swakhyarita hoithila . portland therns aif. sii. januari 2013 ray, sandoval jayu. aii. rahr 55 john khelalinka talikare antarbhukta hoithile.ess.kanada ebong mexico jatiah dala jaahaa nutan jatiah mahila football ligre athati dalaku abunton karajaithila. sandoval portland thurns aif. sii. ku abunton karajaithila, kintu parey aaghata karanaru mexicore football federation dwara ehaaku hatai diajaithila.

marlene sandoval rubi marlene sandoval nungre (janam 18 janwari, 1984) ikk amriki mool dee mexican sabka football defender atey mexico mahila rashtari football team dee member haii. uss noon ainn. dablioo. aiss. aill. leeg laee portland kandey eff. see. laee allot keeta giaa see, parr baad witch satt caarn mexican football federation duaara hataa ditta giaa see. mudhla jeevan. sandoval daa janam centa aanaa, california witch hoiaa see. uss cole dovan yuu. aii. dee nagrikta haii.aiss. atey mexico. sandoval neey placentia, california witch valencia hyee school witch padahi keeti jitthe uh doou vaar pahili team aal-leeg chonh, doou vaar leeg mvp atey doou vaar aal-seef chonh ikk sophomore atey junier vajon see. uh doou vaar aal-leeg chonh atey valibal witch aal-siff chonh vee see. kaell raaj fullerton. sandoval neey california state university, fullerton witch padahi keeti atey chinesiology witch muharat haasal keeti. aapne senior saal dauran, usne aaee. aill. vee. atey yuu. aiss. see. utte jittan toon baad school-ricard 19 jittan atey ainn. see. aii. aii. tournament dey "mitthe 16" dee yaatra naal titans noon khatam curran witch sahaita keeti. uss neey 23 maichan vicchon 22 dee shuruat keeti, chaar goal atey tinn sahaita naal team witch panjven sathaan (11 ank) laee barabari 'teey rahee. uss noon ainn. aiss. see. aii. aii. duji-team aal-american, ikk ainn. aiss. see. aii. aii. pahili-team aal-pachmi khetar dee chonh daa naam ditta giaa see, atey football buzz atey football times toon duji-team aal-america sanman prapat keeta see.com. uss noon saal daa vadda pachmi conferences rakhiaatmak khidari vee chunhiaa giaa see. uss noon doou vaar hafte dee vaddi pachmi khidari ailaniaa giaa see. uss neey rakhiaatmak lineup dee neenh rakkhi jiss neey fullerton noon sabh toon ghatt goal (15), sabh toon ghatt shaat (161) atey sabh toon vaddh shutout (12) laee school ricard sathapat curran witch sahaita keeti. sandoval neey aapne kaalaj carrier noon 71 peshkariaan, atth golan atey satt assist naal khatam keeta. carrier khedna. antarashtari. sann 2003 witch, sandoval neey japan virudh mahila vishav kapp qualifier witch mexico laee ikk goal keeta atey dominican ganraj witch paen american khedan witch kaansi daa tagma jittiaa. uss neey 2002 dey soone kapp witch panama utte 5-1 naal jitt witch mexico naal ikk goal vee keeta atey 2002 deeaan garmiaan witch canada witch yuva vishav kapp witch mexico dee under-19 team laee mukabala keeta. sandoval neey ethans, yunan witch 2004 dey garmiaan dey olympic witch mexico laee vee hissa liaa, jitthe uh mexico mahila rashtari football team naal naal sathaan 'teey rahee. uh mexico dee 2011 feefa mahila vishav kapp team dee member vee see. kull milaa keey, uss neey 85 caps haasal keetiaan hunn atey mexico rashtari team naal 5 goal keete hunn. club. sann 2012 witch, sandoval noon centa clarita blue heat duaara hastakhar keeta giaa see. portland kandey eff. see. janwari 2013 witch, sandowal noon yuu. aiss. dey 55 khidariaan dee suchi witch shamal keeta giaa see.aiss.canada atey mexico deeaan rashtari teaman joe naveen rashtari mahila football leeg witch atth teaman noon allot keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. sandoval noon portland kandey eff. see. noon allot keeta giaa see, parr baad witch satt laggan caarn mexican football federation duaara hataa ditta giaa see.

marlene sandoval rubie marlene sandoval nungaare (jananam janavaree 18,1984) amerikaadeshasy poorva-meksiko-deshasya football-rakshaka, meksiko-deshasya mahilaa-rashtriya-football-dalasya sadasyah cha asti. saa enn. doubleu. ess. ell. leag-krute portland-tharns-ef. sii. krute niyuktaa aasit, parantu pashchat aaghaatasy karanat meksiko-football-federation ityanena apasarita. praarambhikajeevanam. sandoval ityayam california-deshasya santa aanaa-nagare ajayata. saa ubhayoho yoo. e. madhye naagarikatvam dhaarayati.ess. meksiko-deshe cha. sandowal-varyaha california-rajyasya placentia-nagarasya valencia-ucchavidyaalaye abhyanayt, yatra saa dvivaaram prathama-dalasya aal-leag-chayanam, dvivaaram leag-emm. vee. pee., dvivaaram aal-sif-chayanam cha sophomore-junier-rupena akarot. saa dvivaaram aal-leag-chayanam, tathaa cha walibal-kridaayaam aal-sif-chayanam cha aasit. key. ell.-sthitihi fullerton asti. sandowal ityeshah california-raajyavishvavidyaalaye, fullerton-nagare abhyanayt, canaciology-madhye cha snaatakapadaveem praptavan. tasyaah varishtavarshe saa, yu. ess. sii. tathaa enn. ell. vi. ityetayoho upari vijayam avalambya, vidyaalaya-abhilekha-19 vijayaihi, enn. sii. e. e. pratiyogitaayaah "sweet 16" ityasya yatraya cha tatan-kreedakaah samaapayitum sahayyam krutavatee. saa 23 madhye 22 kreedaah aarabhat, chatwaarah goal-saha, trayah assist-sahitam cha samapya, golane (11 ankaani) dale panchame sthaane samarupena sthitaa. saa enn. ess. see. e. e. dwiteeya-dalasya aal-american iti namakam praapnot, enn. ess. see. e. e. prathama-dalasya aal-west-kshetrasya chayanam, tathaa cha saakar-buzz tathaa saakar-tams ityetaih dwiteeya-dalasya aal-american-sammanan arjitavatee.ko. saa bigg-west-conferences ityasya varshasya rakshaatmak-kreedaaluh iti api namankita. saa dvivaaram bigg-vest-player-aaf-da-veek iti namankita aasit. saa rakshaatmakasy shrenyaah aadharam sthaapitavatee, yena fullerton-varyaha anumatanam alpanam goals (15), anumatanam alpanam shots (161), adhikaamshaah shutt-aut (12) ityetaanaam krute vidyaalayasya abhilekhaan sthaapayitum sahayyam krutavaan. sandowal ityeshaa 71 pradarshanani, ashta goals, sapta assists cha krutvaa mahaavidyaalayasya vruttijeevanam samaapyat. kridamikhitam vruttihi. antarashtriyam. 2003 tame varshe, sandowal ityayam meksiko-deshasya krute japaan-deshasya viruddham mahilaa-vishvakap-arhataa-spardhayam goal krutvaa, dominican-republic-deshasya paan-american-kreedaasu kaamsyapadakam praapnot. saa 2002 swarnakape panamayaha viruddham 5-1 ityanena vijaye meksiko-deshah saha goal api krutavatee, 2002 grishmakaale kenada-deshe yuva-vishvakap-kridaayaam meksiko-deshasya 19-taha nyoon-dalasya krute spardhaam krutavatee. sandowal ityeshaa 2004 tame varshe grees-deshasya ethens-nagare greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kreedaasu meksiko-deshasya krute api spardhaam akarot, yatra saa meksiko-mahilaa-rashtriya-football-dalena saha 8 tame sthaane samaapayat. saa meksiko-deshasya 2011 feefaa-mahilaa-vishvakap-dalasya sadasyaa api aasit. samagratayaa saa 85 cap-kreedaam arjitavatee, meksiko-rashtriyadale 5 goals cha krutavatee. club. 2012 tame varshe sandoval-nagaram santa clarita-bloo-heat ityanena hastaaksharitam. portland tharns ef. sii. 2013 janavaree-maase yoo. e.-deshasya 55 kridapatunam suchyam sandoval-varyaha antarbhavati sma.ess., kenada, meksiko cha rashtriyadalani ye nutanasya rashtriya-mahilaa-saakar-leag ityasmin ashtadalebhyah aabantitaani aasan. sandoval-kreedaayaah krute portland-therns-ef. sii. ityasya krute avakriyata, parantu pashchat aaghaatasy karanat meksiko-football-federation ityanena apasaaritam.

marlene sandoval roobie marlene sandoval nungare (prappu janavari 18,1984) oru america-pirantha mexican munnaal kaalpandhu paathukaavalar mattrum mexico penkal thaesiya kaalpandhu aniyin uruppinar aavaar. avar enn. doublue. ess. ell leekkirkaaga portland mutkal eff. chii. kku odhukkappattaar, aanaal pinnar kaayam kaaranamaaga mexican kaalpandhu koottamaippaal neekkappattaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. sandoval californiavin sanda anaavil piranthaar. avar iru americavilum kudiyurimaiyaip pettrullaar.ess. meksikoa. sandoval californiavin nanjukkodiyil ulla valencia uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar, angku avar irandu murai muthal-anii aall-leak thaervu, irandu murai leak emm. vii. pii mattrum irandu murai aall-sif thaervu sobomore mattrum juuniyar aaga irunthaar. avar irandu murai aall-leak thaervaagavum, kaippandhu poattiyil aall-sif thaervaagavum irunthaar. kaall nilai fullerton. sandoval california maanila palkalaikkazhagaththil payintraar, fullerton mattrum kinesiology pattam pettraar. thanathu mooththa aandil, avar dietankal palli saathanai 19 vetrtrikaludan mudikka udhavinaar mattrum enn. chii. aee. aee poattiyin "sweet 16" kku oru payanaththaith thodarnthu ulv mattrum yuu. ess. chii. kku ethiraana vetrtrikalaith thodarnthu. avar 23 poattikalil 22 poattikalil vilayaadi, naanku koolgal mattrum moontru assistugaludan mudiththu, scoringle (11 pulligal) aniyil ainthaavathu idaththirku samamaaga nindraar. avar enn. ess. chii. aee. aee irandaavathu anii aall-american endru peyaridappattaar, oru enn. ess. chii. aee. aee muthal anii aall-vest piraanthiyam thaervu, mattrum kaalpandhu salasalappu mattrum kaalpandhu nerangalilirunthu irandaavathu anii aall-america gowravangalaip pettraar.com. avar aandin periya maerku maanattu tharkaappu veeraraagavum peyaridappattaar. avar irandu murai vaaraththin sirantha vest player endru peyaridappattaar. anumathikkappatta migak kuraindha koolgal (15), anumathikkappatta migak kuraindha shaatkal (161) mattrum perumpaalaana shatavutkal (12) aagiyavattrirkaana palli saathanaigalai amaikka fullertonukku udhaviya tharkaappu varisaiyin adiththalatthai avar amaitthaar. sandoval thanathu kalluri vaazhkkaiyai 71 thoattranggal, ettu koolgal mattrum aezhu uthavigaludan muditthaar. thozhil vaazhkkai vilaiyaadungkal. sarvadesa alavil. 2003 aam aandil, sandoval jappanukku ethiraana penkal ulagak kooppai thaguthip poattiyil mexico anikkaaga oru cole adiththaar mattrum tominican kudiyarasil nadantha paan american vilaiyaattup poattikalil venkalap pathakkam ventraar. 2002 thangak kooppaiyil panaamaavukku ethiraaga 5-1 endra cole kanakkil mexikovudan inainthu cole adiththa avar, 2002 koadaiyil kanadaavil nadaipettra ilaignar ulagak kooppaiyil mexikovin yuu-19 anikkaaga poattiyittaar. sandoval 2004 koadaikkaala olimpikkil meksikoavirkaagap poattiyittaar, angku avar mexico magalir thaesiya kaalpandhu aniyudan 8 vadhu idaththil muditthaar. mexikovin 2011 fifa magalir ulagak kooppai aniyil uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. ottumoththamaaga, avar mexico thaesiya aniyudan 85 keppugalaip pettrullaar mattrum 5 koolgalai adiththullaar. kilap. 2012 aam aandil, sandoval sanda clarita neela veppatthaal kaiyezhuththaanathu. portland mutkal eff. chii. janavari 2013 ill, sandoval yuu. ess. aich saerntha 55 veerargalin pattiyalil serkkappattaar.ess.puthiya thaesiya magalir kaalpandhu leakil ettu anigalukku odhukkappatta kanada mattrum mexico thaesiya anigal. sandoval portland mutkal eff. chii. kku odhukkappattathu, aanaal pinnar kaayam kaaranamaaga mexican kaalpandhu koottamaippaal agattrappattathu.

marlene sandoval ruby marlene sandoval nungare (jananam janavari 18,1984) americalo janminchina mexican maajee football defender mariyu mexico mahilala jaateeya football jattulo sabhyuralu. aamenu enn. doubleu. ess. ell. leag kosam portland thorns eff. sii. kii ketaayinchaaru, conny taruvaata gaayam kaaranamgaa mexican football federation chetha tolaginchabadindi. prarambha jeevitam. shandowal californialoni saantaa anaalo janminchaadu. aame rendu yuu. ess. laloe pourasatvam kaligi undhi.ess. mariyu mexico. sandoval californialoni maavilooni valencia unnata paatasaalalo chadivaaru, akkada aame rendusaarlu modati-jattu aall-leag empika, rendusaarlu leag emvipi mariyu sofomore mariyu juniyargaa rendusaarlu aall-sif empika. aame rendusaarlu aall-leag empika mariyu wallyball loe aall-sif empika kooda. coll state fullerton. sandoval california state university, fullerton loe chadivaadu mariyu cainesiologylo patta pondaadu. thana senior samvatsaramlo, aame paatasaala-rikaardu 19 vijayaalato mariyu ncaa tornamentloni "sweet 16" kuu velladaaniki, unlv mariyu usclapy vijayalu saadhinchina taruvaata titans muginchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. aame 23 matchlalo 22 myaachlanu praarambhinchindi, naalugu goals mariyu moodu asistlatho muginchi, skoru (11 paayintlu) loe jattulo aidava sthaanamlo samamga nilichindi. aame rendava-jattu aall-american, modati-jattu aall-west region empikagaa empikaindi, mariyu sacker buzz mariyu sacker times nundi rendava-jattu aall-america gowravaalanu sampaadinchindi.com. aame bigg west conferences defensive player off dhi iyarga kooda empikaindi. aame rendusaarlu bigg west player off dhi weak gaa empikaindi. anumatinchina athi takkuva goals (15), anumatinchina athi takkuva shotlu (161) mariyu chaalaa shattoutlu (12) kosam paatasaala recordulanu nelakolpadaaniki fullertonku sahayapade rakshanaatmaka shreniki aame punaadi vesindi. shandowal thana kalaasaala vruttini 71 pradarsanalu, enimidi goals mariyu edu asistlatho muginchindi. kereer adatam. antarjaateeyamgaa. 2003loe, sandoval japanto jarigina mahilala prapancha cup qualifierlo mexico tarafuna goal chesi, dominican republicklo jarigina paan american gameslo kaamsya patakaanni geluchukunnadu. 2002 goaled kaplo panaamaapai 5-1 thedaatho vijayam saadhinchi, 2002 vesavilo kenadaalo jarigina yooth varald kaplo mexico under-19 jattu kosam potipadi, mexicotho kalisi goal chesindi. sandoval 2004 vesavi olympicslo athens, greeslo mexico tarafuna kooda pootii paddadu, akkada aame mexico mahilala jaateeya football jattutho 8va sthaanamlo nilichindi. aame mexico yokka 2011 fifa mahilala prapancha cup jattulo kooda sabhyuralu. mottammeeda, aame mexico jaateeya jattutho 85 matchlu aadi 5 goals chesindi. club. 2012loe, sandoval meeda shanta clarita blue heat santakam chesindi. portland thorns eff. sii. 2013 janavarilo, yuu. ess. kuu chendina 55 mandhi aatagaalla jaabitaalo sandovalnu chaerchaaru.ess.kotta jaateeya mahilala sacker leaglo enimidi jatlaku ketaayinchina kenada mariyu mexico jaateeya jatlu. sandovalnu portland thorns eff. sii. kii ketaayinchaaru, conny taruvaata gaayam kaaranamgaa mexican football federation daanini tolaginchindi.

marleen sandoval ruby marleen sandoval nangaray (paidaish 18 januri 1984) eek americi nazaad maxican saabiq fitt baal muhafiz aur mexico khwatin kii qomi fitt baal team kii rakan haine. asay aine dabliyo aiss eel leeg kay liye port lend tharans aif see kay liye mukhtas kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin baad mein maxican fitt baal federation nay choot kii wajah say asay hataa diyaa. ibtadayi zindagi. sandoval kii paidaish saanta anaa california mein hoyee thee. wah donon yuu aiss mein shahriyat rakhti hay.aiss. mexico. sandoval nay california kay naal mein valencia hayee school mein taleem haasil kii jehaan wah duu baar pehli team aal leeg kaa intekhaab duu baar leeg ayem wee pee aur duu baar aal saif kaa intekhaab batoor sophumor aur juniyar thein. wah duu baar aal leeg slection aur waali baal mein aal saif slection bhee thein. keell steat flerton. sandoval nay california steat university flerton mein taleem haasil kii aur caniciology mein meejar kiyaa. apnay seniyar saal kay doraan iss nay titans kuu school kay record 19 jeeth aur aine see aey aey tornament kay "sweet 16" kay doray kay saath khatam karnay mein madad kii. iss nay 23 mein say 22 meechon kaa aaghaz kiyaa chaar goal aur teen assist kay saath scoring (11 points) mein team mein panchwen number parr baraabar rehney kay liye khatam kiyaa. asay aine aiss see aey aey dosri team aal american aine aiss see aey aey pehli team aal vest reejan slection kaa naam diyaa gayaa aur iss nay saakar buzz aur saakar times say dosri team aal america aizazat haasil kiye.kaam. inhein bugg vest conference defencive player aaf dee aiyar bhee qaraar diyaa gayaa. inhein duu baar bugg vest player aaf dee veek qaraar diyaa gayaa. iss nay dafayi line app kii bunyaad rakhee jiss nay flerton kuu sabb say kumm goal (15)yee sabb say kumm shots kii ajazat (161) aur ziyadah tarr shutt aaot (12) kay liye school kay record qayem karnay mein madad kii. sandowal nay 71 paishi aath goal aur saat assist kay saath apnaa college carrier khatam kiyaa. carrier khelna. beenn alaqwami. 2003 mein sandowal nay japaan kay khalaaf khwatin kay world cup qualifier mein mexico kay liye eek goal kiyaa aur jamhuria dominican mein peen american games mein kaansi kaa tamgha jeeta. iss nay 2002 kay gold cup mein panama parr 5-1 say jeeth mein mexico kay saath eek goal bhee kiyaa aur 2002 kay mosam garma mein canada mein youth world cup mein mexico kay inder 19 schwad kay liye muqabilah kiyaa. sandowal nay yunaan kay aithanz mein 2004 kay summer olympics mein mexico kay liye bhee muqabilah kiyaa jehaan wah mexico khwatin kii qomi fitt baal team kay saath 8 wein number parr rahee. wah mexico kay 2011 faifa weemanz world cup schwad kii rakan bhee thein. majmuyi toor parr iss nay mexico kii qomi team kay saath 85 caps haasil kii haine aur 5 goal kiye haine. kalb. 2012 mein sandoval parr saanta claretta blue heat nay dastakhat kiye thay. port lend kaantay aif see. januri 2013 mein sandowal kuu yuu kay 55 khiladiyon kii fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa.aiss.canada aur mexico kii qomi teamein juu nayee qomi khwatin kii fitt baal leeg mein aath teamon kay liye mukhtas kii gayee thein. sandoval port lend thoranz aif see kuu mukhtas kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin baad mein maxican fitt baal federation nay choot kii wajah say asay hataa diyaa.

0003d83343ce0f85170a71e2c77a484f4a7b007acbad4a7f3e1a32d045609ca1

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=79441

impeachment

impeachment English. Etymology. From , and thence either: The English word is analysable as . Old French "empechier", "empeechier" and "empescher" (compare modern ) are derived from , of , from (variant of ) + (from , ultimately from ) + . In senses 1.2 (“accusation that a person has committed a crime”) and 1.3 (“act of impeaching or charging a public official with misconduct”), the word has been used in place of , the present active infinitive of . French. Etymology. , originally to refer to the United States. . Polish. Etymology. , from .

ingraji obhixongxon. byutpotti. iyar poraa, aaru taar porah ingraji xobdotu bislexonjugyo. puroni forasi "empacier", "empicier" aaru "empesiyar" (aadhunik tulona korok) + (poraa, owoxexot poraa) + ror poraa,ror, poraa, poraa, poraa aahoron koraa hoise. 1.2 ("ejon byoktiye oporadh korar obhijug") aaru 1.3 ("oporadhor baabe ejon rajohuwa bixoyajonok obhijukto koraa baa obhijukto korar karjyo") orthot, ei xobdotu bortomanor xokriyo oximor thait byobohar korr koraa hoise. forasi. byutpotti. , mulotoh aamerika juktorastrok bujiboloi. . palis. byutpotti. , poraa.

ovisiongson ingrezi. byutpatti. theke, ebong sekhan thekeh ingrezi shobdoti bishleshonjoggo. prachin farasi "empessier", "empessier" ebong "empeshara" (adhuniker saathe tulna korun) theke udbhuto hoyeche, err, theke, theke (err baikalpik) + (theke, shesh porjonto theke) +. 1. 2 ("ekjon byakti jey aporadh koreche boley abhijog") ebong 1.3 ("asadacharaner jonno ekjon sarkari kormokortake ovishongsoner baa abhijukto korar kaaj") orthe, shobdoti bortoman sakriya asimer poriborte byabohrito hoyeche. farasi. byutpatti. , mulat markin juktorashtroke bojhate. . polisha. byutpatti. , theke.

mahabhiyog angreji. vyutpatti. maanthi, aneey tyaanthi kyaan toh angreji shabd tareeke vishleshan curry shakaay chhe. juunii french "empatchier", "empatchier" aneey "empature" (aadhunik sarkhaamani karoo) maanthi, off, maanthi (prakaar) + (maanthi, aakhare maanthi) + maanthi levaamaa aave chhe. arthamaa 1.2 ("vyakteeae guno karyo chhe aevo aarop") aneey 1.3 ("jaaher adheekari parr gervartanook saathe mahabhiyog athavaa aarop lagaavvaanu kaary"), aaa shabdno upyog vartmaan sakreey anant shabdnaa sthaane karvaamaa aavyo chhe. french. vyutpatti. , mulroope united statesno sandarbh aapvaa maate. . polisha. vyutpatti. , thee.

mahaabhiyog angreji. vyutpatti. seey, aur vahaan seh angreji shabd kaa vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye. purani francisi "empatior", "empatior" aur "empatior" (aadhunik kii tulanaa karein) seey, seey, seey, seey (key sanskaran) + seey (seey, antatah seey) + seey vyutpann hain. 1. 2 ("aarop kii kissy vyakti ney aparaadh kiya haye") aur 1.3 ("kissy saarvajanik adhikaari parr durachar key saath mahaabhiyog yaa aarop lagaane kaa kaary") key arthon mein, iss shabd kaa upayog vartamaan sakriya anant key sthaan parr kiya gayaa haye. francisi. vyutpatti. , mool roop seey sanyukt raajya america koo sandarbhit karane key liye. . polish karein. vyutpatti. , seey.

impeachment inglish. vyutpatti. ninda, mattu allindah inglish padavannu heege vishleshisabahudu. haleya french "empechiyar", "empechiyar" mattu "empessure" (aadhunikateyannu holisi) galannu (roopaantara) + (rinda, antimavagi) + ninda, off, ninda, ninda padeyalaagide. 1.2 ("obba vyaktiyu aparaadhavannu maadiddaane emba aaropa") mattu 1.3 ("saarvajanika adhikariya mele dushkrutyada aaropa athawa aaropa horisuva kriye") emba arthagalalli, ee padavannu prastuta sakriya ananta padada badalige balasalaagide. french. vyutpatti. , moolatah united states annu ullekhisalu. . palish. vyutpatti. , ninda.

impeachment engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. athil ninnum, avide ninnum engleesh vaakk vishakalanam cheyyaavunnathaanu. pazhaya franch "empechiyar", "empechiyar", "empessure" (aadunikavumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyuka) enniva (vakabhedam) + (ninnu, aathyanthikamayi) + ll ninnu uruthirinjathaanu. 1.2 ("oru vyakthi oru kuttakrithyam cheythu enna aaropanam"), 1.3 ("oru pothu udyogasthane impeach cheiyukayo allengil mosham perumaattathinu kuttappeduthukayo cheyyuka") ennee ardhangalil, eee vaakk upayogichu, pakaram, nilavil sajeevamaaya ananthamaaya ardham. franch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. , yadhaarthathil americaye soochippikkaan. . poolish. padavyuthpathishaasthram. , muthal.

mahabhiyog ingraji. vyutpatti. pasoon aanee tethunah ingraji shabd mhanoon vishleshan karnyayogya aahe. junya french "empatior", "empatior" aanee "empatior" (aadhunik tulana qaraa) heey (prakar) + (pasoon, shevati pasoon) + pasoon, pasoon, pasoon, pasoon ghetale gele aahet. 1.2 ("ekhadya vyaktine gunha keela aahe assa aarop") aanee 1.3 ("sarvajanik adhikaonyavar gairvartanukicha aarop kinwa aarop karanyachi krutee") yaa arthanmadhye, haah shabd sadhyachya sakriy anant shabdachya jaagi vaparla gela aahe. french. vyutpatti. , mulat united statescha sandarbh denyasathi. . polish. vyutpatti. , pasoon.

mahabhiyog angreji. wyutpatti. batt, rar tyahanbataha angreji shabda vishleshan yogya chha. purano francelli "एम्पेचिएrar", "एम्पेचिएrar" rar "एम्पेसिचrar" (adhunik tulana garnuhos) batt, ko, (ko sanskaran) + (batt, antatah batt) + batt wyutpanna chhan. 1. 2 ("wyaktile aparadh gareko arop") rar 1.3 ("sarvajanik adhikarimathi duracharko abhiyog lagaune wa arop lagaune karya") ko arthama, yo shabdako wartaman sakriya anantako sthanma prayog garieko chha. francelli. wyutpatti. , muel rupma sanyukta rajyalai bujhauna. . police. wyutpatti. , batt.

mahabhijoga ingraji. byutpatti. ru, ebong setharuhu ingraji shabdati bishleshanajogya . puruna french "empature", "empature" ebong "empacer" (adhunika tulana karantu) ru, rahr, ru (rahr prakara) + (ru, sheshare ru) + ru utpanna hoichhi . arthare 1.2 ("jane byakti eka aparadha karichanti bolly abhijoga") ebong 1.3 ("jane sarkari adhikarinku asadacharana sahita abhishansana kimba abhijoga karibara karjya"), ehi shabdati bartamana sakriya aseem sthanare byabahruta hoichhi. farasi. byutpatti. , moolatah juktarastra aamerikaaku bujhae . .. palish karantu. byutpatti. , ru.

mahandosh angrezi. shabdawali. toon, atey utthon angrezi shabad daa vishleshan keeta jaa sakda haii. purani franch "ampature", "ampature" atey "ampacer" (aadhunik dee tulna crow) toon, dey, toon (dey roop) + (toon, akheer witch toon) + toon lae gaye hunn. arthan witch 1.2 ("dosh kii ikk viakati neey ikk apradh keeta haii") atey 1.3 ("kise jantak adhikari utte dosh lagaun jaan durvihar naal dosh lagaun daa kamm"), iss shabad dee varton iss dey maujuda sargaram anant dee thaan keeti gaee haii. franch. shabdawali. , mool roop witch sanyukat raaj amrica noon darsaun laee. . palish. shabdawali. , toon.

mahaabhiyogah anglabhashayam asti. vyutpattih. taha, tatah cha aanglashabdah vishleshanayogyah asti. puratanam french-bhashayaha "empature", "empature", "empesture" (aadhunikasy tulanaa karotu) cha (prakarat) + (taha, antatah ityatah) + ityatah, taha, ityatah nishpannani santi. 1. 2 ("vyaktihi aparaadham akarot iti aaropah") tathaa 3 ("duracharena saarwajanik-adhikarinam viruddham abhishamsanam athavaa aaropam") iti artheshu, vartamaanasya sakriyasya anantasya sthaane ayam shabdah prayuktah asti. french-bhashayam. vyutpattih. moolatah samyuktarajyamerika iti nirdishtam. . polish. vyutpattih. , ityatah.

kuttrachchaattu aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, mattrum angrundhu aangkila varththai yena pakuppaaivu seiyakkoodiyathu. pazhaiya pirenchu "empatior", "empatior" mattrum "empeshchar" (naveenaththudan oppidugaiyil) aagiyavai (maarupaadu) + (irunthu, iruthiyil irunthu) + ilirunththu perappadugindrana. 1.2 ("oru nabar oru kuttraththaich seithuvittaar endra kuttrachchaattu") mattrum 1.3 ("oru podhu athikaariyai thavaraana nadaththaikku udpaduththum allathu kuttram saattum seyal") endra arththangkalil, inththa varththai payanpaduththappattullathu, adharku pathilaaka, tharpoothaiya seyalil ulla mudivattrathu. pirenchu. sorpirappiyal. , muthalil americavaik kurikkum. . balish. sorpirappiyal. , irunthu.

abhisamsana aanglam. vyutpatti. nundi, mariyu akkadi nundih aangla padam ilaa vislaeshimchabadutumdi. paatha french "empatior", "empatior" mariyu "empessure" (aadhunika poolika) + (nundi, chivariki nundi) + nundi, nundi, nundi, nundi udbhavinchaayi. 1. 2 ("oka vyakti neram chesaadani aaropinchadam") mariyu 1.3 ("prabhutva adhikaarini dushpravartanato abhisamsana ledhaa abhiyogaalu mopadam") anae ardhaalalo, eee padaanni prastuta kriyaaseela anantamaina padaaniki badulugaa upayoginchaaru. french. vyutpatti. , modata united statesnu suuchimchadaaniki. . palish. vyutpatti. , nundi.

mawakhize kii angrezi. siftiyat. say aur wahaan say: angrezi lafz kaa tajziya iss tarah kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. praani francisi "empature"yee "empature" aur "empessure" (mawaznah jadeed) say makhuz haine say say say (mukhtalif qasm) + (say balaakhir say) +. 1. 2 ("yaha alzaam kahh kasee shaqs nay jarm kiyaa hay") aur 1.3 ("kasee sarkaari ahalkaar kaa mawakhize yaa badantazami kay saath fard jarm aayed karnay kaa amal") kay maanon mein yaha lafz iss kii jagah istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay juu kahh maujudah faal lamahdud hay. francisi. siftiyat. yee asl mein riyasathaye muthadah kaa hawalah deenay kay liye. . paalish. siftiyat. yee say.

0003d84f908beb4836979a18ef047378cf2c308dc6cc1d970a4bef6dcd894502

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23562028

CDF (Aus)

CDF (Aus)

see. dii. aef. (aee. oo. aesa.)

see. dee. aff. (aeye. aeye. aiss.)

sii. dii. eff (aa. oo. ess)

see. dii. eff. (austreliya)

sii. dii. aif. (aii. oh. ess.)

see. dee. eff. (aii. ou. aiss.)

see. dee. ef. (e. o. ess.)

0003d9d6247073559142d8e1eb6c7dc79dc120614bb8255e6cc822392f0cd383

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69714858

Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT Station

Phra Nang Klao Bridge MRT Station

fra naang klau breej em. aar. ti. steson

phra nang clao brij emm. aar. tii. sthanak

fra nanga clao brij emm. aara. tii. station

fra naang kalao brij aimm. aar. tii. station

0003da4659935ce90b80f962c88d642e935676d0da85056c7d8fb43a28184787

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62678710

Mario Brini

Mario Brini Mario Brini (11 May 1908 – 9 December 1995) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomat in the Secretariat of State of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia. Biography. Mario Brini was born in Piombino, Italy, on 11 May 1908. He was ordained a priest on 29 June 1938. During the Second World War, Brini worked as the resident expert on the Soviet Union for the Secretariat of State. During the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome in 1944, Alexander Kurtna, an Estonian national who worked from 1940-1944 as a translator at the Congregation for the Eastern Churches while spying for both Nazi Germany and Joseph Stalin's NKVD, turned the tables on his SS handler, Herbert Kappler, by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from Kappler's office. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to Monsignor Mario Brini, who delivered them at Kurtna's instructions to the Soviet Government. On 12 September 1959, Pope John XXIII named him Apostolic Delegate to Indochina. He was named a titular archbishop on 14 October 1961 and received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Amleto Cicognani on 28 January 1962. On 13 June 1962, Pope John appointed him Apostolic Internuncio to Egypt (United Arab Republic). On 2 October 1965, Pope Paul VI named him Secretary (Assessore) of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. He retired upon the appointment of his successor, Myroslav Marusyn, on 14 September 1982. Mario Brini died on 9 December 1995. Brini played a major role in the 1999 exposé of scandalous behavior by Vatican officials, "Gone with the Wind in the Vatican" by Monsignor Luigi Marinelli. His family sued the publisher to have all copies of the book destroyed, prompting further publicity for the book's claims. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

maario 'briny maariu briny (11 mey '1908-9 disembor 1995) ketholik girjar ejon italy proxowok aasil jiye hulee chi rajyor xosibaloyot aaru ruman curiot kutnitibid hisape kaam korisil. jiwani. 1908 sonor 11 mey 'too italyr piyombinut maariu brineer jonmo hoisil. 1938 sonor 29 junot teuk puruhito hisape nijukti diya hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot brineeye rajyor xosibaloyor baabe sobhiyet unionor baxinda bixexogyo hisape kaam korisil. 1944 sonot rumor muktir xomoyot huwa bisringkholotar xomoyot, estonian rastriyo alekjendar kurtonai, jijon naaji germany aaru juchef stallinor eno. key. bhi. di. duyure baabe guptosorbritti kori pubo girjar mondolit onubadok hisape kaam korisil, teu capleror karzaloyor poraa xirxo gupon cyceritesdienst codebook suri kori teur ess. ess. handler harbert capleror uporot tablebur ghurai disil. kurtonai taar pisot codebookbur monsigonar maario "brinir usoroloi pothiyaisil, jiye kurtonar nirdexot xeibur sobhiyet sorkarok prodan korisil. 1959 sonor 12 septemborot pup john exiie teuk indusainaloi opostolic protinidhi hisape namakoron kore. 1961 sonor 14 octoborot teuk naamxusok aarsobixop hisape monunit koraa hoisil aaru 1962 sonor 28 januaryt cardinal aamoletu chik 'gnanir poraa teur episcopal protistha laabh korisil. 1962 sonor 13 junot pup john-e teuk ijipto (united aarob republic)-too opostolic intornusio "hisape nijukti disil. 1965 sonor 2 octoborot pup poll bhi-ye teuk prasyo girjar mondolir xosibo (mulyayonkari) hisape nijukti disil. 1982 sonor 14 septemborot teur uttoradhikari maair "slav marusinor nijuktir pisot teu owoxor grohon kore. 1995 sonor 9 disemborot maario 'brineer mrityu hoy. 1999 sonot moo 'nosigonar luigi marinelir "wetikanor botahot juwa" wetikan bixoyaxokole koraa oporadhmulok aasoronor prokaxot brinye ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. teur poriyale prokaxokor biruddhe kitapkhonor xokolu protilipi dhongxo koriboloi gusor ruju korisil, jaar folot kitapkhonor dabir baabe odhik prosar hoisil.

mario brinny mario brinny (11 meey 1908-9 december 1995) catholic girjar ekjon italiya dhormoprocharok chhilen jini central centraler sachibalaye ebong roman kuria kutnitik hisabe kaaj korechilen. jeeboni. mario brinny 1908 saaler 11 meey italir piombinote jonmogrohon corren. 1938 saaler 29shhey june tini purohito nijukto hohn. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy, brinny rajyo sachibalayer jonno soviet unioner abasik biseshoggo hisabe kaaj korechilen. 1944 saale romer mukti ghire bishrinkhalar somoy, alekjandar kurtana, ekjon estonian nagrik, jini purber girjagulir jonno mondolite onubadok hisabe kaaj korechilen ebong nazi germany ebong josepha stalliner enn. keey. vee. dii ubhoyer jonno guptacharbritti korechilen, capler offices theke sheersho gopon cyseritesdienst codebook churi korey taar esha. esha handler, harbert capler tabilty ghuriye diyechilen. kurtana tarpor kodbukguli monisonar mario brinir kachhe pathiye deyo, jini kurtanar nirdeshe seguli soviet sarkarer kachhe pouche deena. 1959 saaler 12ee septembara pope john xii taanke indochinai prerito protinidhi hisebe manoneet corren. 1961 saaler 14ee octobor tini ekjon nammatro archbishop hisabe manoneet hohn ebong 1962 saaler 28shhey januari cardinal amleto sikgonanir kachh theke taanr episcopal abhishek grohon corren. 1962 saaler 13ee june pope john taanke mishore (sangjukto arob projatontro) prerito internucio nijukto corren. 1965 saaler 2raa octobor pope poll vee taanke prachyer girjar jonno mandalir sachib (mulyayankari) hisabe manoneet corren. 1982 saaler 14ee septembara taanr uttarsuri myroslav marusiner niyoger porr tini abosar grohon corren. 1995 saaler 9ee december mario brinny maaraa zaan. 1999 saale vatican kormokortader dwara kolongkojonok achoroner prakash korar khettre brinny ekti prodhan bhumika palon korechilo, jaa monsignor luizi marinelli dwara "vaticane bataser saathe choley geche". taanr poribar prokashokke boitir samasta anulipi dhongso korar jonno mamla korey, jaa boitir dabir jonno arow procharer jonno prorochito korey.

maariyo brinny maariyo brinny (11 meey 1908-9 december 1995) ketholik churchna italian paadari hataa, jemane pavitra see rajyanaa sachivalayma rajdwarima aneey rooman curiama kaama karyoo hatoo. jivancharitra. maariyo brinino janm 11 meey 1908naa roj italyna piyombinomaa thayo hato. temne 29 juuna 1938naa roj paadari tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. beeja vishva yuddh darmiyan, brinny rajyanaa sachivaalay maate soviyet unionma nivasi nishnaat tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. 1944maan romnee muktini aaspasni andhadhundhi darmiyan, astenian nagrik alexander kurtna, jemane naazi germany aneey joseph stallinna aena. keey. vee. dii. banne maate jasusi karatee vakhate purveey charcho maate mandalma anuvaadak tareeke 1940-1944 thee kaama karyoo hatoo, temane caplerni officemathi tochnee goopt ciceritsdien codebook choree kareene temnaa aesa. aesa. handler, herbert capler parr table fervyu. tyarbad kurtanaae codebook monsinor maariyo brinny aapee, jemane temne kurtanaani soochnaao parr soviyet sarkaarne pahonchaadi. 12 september 1959naa roj, pope john xxiiiaee temne indochainama apostolic pratinidhi tareeke naam aapyu. 14 october 1961naa roj temne nammatrana archbishop tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo aneey 28 january 1962naa roj cardinal amleto secognany pasethi temnu episcopal abhishek praapt thayu hatoo. 13 juuna 1962naa roj, pope johne temne egypt (sanyukt aarab prajasattak) maan apostolic internancio tareeke niyukt karyaa. 2 october 1965naa roj, pope paule temne praachya charcho maate mandalnaa sacheev (mulyankankarta) tareeke naam aapyu. teo 14 september 1982naa roj temnaa uttaradhikari myroslave marusinni nimanook parr nivrutt thayaa hataa. maariyo brinnynu mrutyu 9 december 1995naa roj thayu hatoo. 1999maan monsinor luigi marinelli dwara "vetikanmaa pawan saathe chaalya", vetikan adheekario dwara apkirtibharya vartannaa khulasama brinny mukhya bhoomika bhajvi hatee. temnaa parivaare prakashak saame pustakni tamaam nakalo nasht karvaa maate daavo maandyo hato, jenaathi pustaknaa daavao maate vadhu prachaar thayo hato.

mario brinny mario brinny (11 maee 1908-9 disambar 1995) catholic church key ack italvi paadari they jinhone raajya key sachivalaya mein rajanyik mein kaam kiya thaa. jeevani. mario brinny kaa janm 11 maee 1908 koo itali key piombino mein huaa thaa. unhein 29 juuna 1938 koo ack pujari niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, brinny ney raajya key sachivalaya key liye soviyat sangh mein nivasi visheshagya key roop mein kaam kiya. 1944 mein rome kii mukti koo gherne vaali arajakta key dauran, alekjendar kurtana, ack astonian nagrik, jinhone purvi churchon key liye ack anuvaadak key roop mein 1940-1944 seey kaam kiya, naazi germany aur joseph stallin key aine. key. vee. dee. donon key liye jasusi karate hue, apane aiss. aiss. handler, herbert capler, koo capler key karyalaya seey sheersh gupt ciceritsdian codebook churaa curr table parr ghumaaya. isake baad kurtana ney codebook koo monsinor mario brinny koo saunp diyaa, jinhone unhein kurtana key nirdeshon parr soviyat sarkaar koo saunp diyaa. 12 sitambar 1959 koo pope johnn xxiii ney unhein indochin mein apostolic pratinidhi naamit kiya. unhein 14 octuber 1961 koo ack nammatra key archbishop key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa aur 28 janwari 1962 koo cardinal amletto sikognani seey unakaa episcopal abhishek praapt huaa thaa. 13 juuna 1962 koo, pope johnn ney unhein misra (sanyukt arab ganarajya) mein apostolic internancio niyukt kiya. 2 octuber 1965 koo, pope paul vee ney unhein praachya churchon key liye mandali kaa sachiv (moolyankankarta) naamit kiya. way 14 sitambar 1982 koo apane uttaradhikari myroslav marussin kii niyukti parr sevaanivritt hue. mario brinny kii mrityu 9 disambar 1995 koo hui. 1999 mein vatican adhikaariyon dwara kiye gaye nindaniya vyavhaar key pradarshan mein brinny ney ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, joe monsinor luigi marinelli dwara "vatican mein havaa key saath chalaa gayaa" thaa. unake parivaar ney prakaashak parr pustak kii sabhi pratiyon koo nasht karane kaa mukadama daayar kiya, jisase pustak key daavon key liye aur prachaar huaa.

mario brinny mario brinny (11 mayee 1908-9 december 1995) catholic churchna italian padriyagiddu, avaru hollie sea rajyada sachivaalayadalli mattu roman curiadalli rajatantrikaralli kelasa maadidaru. jivanacharitre. mario brinny 1908rahra mayee 11randu italiya piyombinodalli janisidaru. 1938rahra zoon 29randu paadriyaagi deekshe padedaru. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli, brinny soviyat okkootada raajya sachivaalayada nivasi tagnaraagi kelasa maadidaru. 1944ralli romna vimochaneyannu suttuvaredidda avyavastheya samayadalli, purvada charchugala sabheyalli bhashantarakararagi kelasa maadida estonian prajeyaada alexander kurtna, naaji germany mattu joseph stallin avara enn. keey. vii. dii eradakkoo behugaarike maduvaga, caplern kacheriyinda unnata rahasya cyseritesdienst kodbukgalannu kadiyuva moolaka tanna ess. ess. handler, herbert capler mele tablegalannu tirugisidanu. nantara kurtna aaa kodbukgalannu monsigner mario brinige ravanisidanu, avaru kurtnaada suchanegala merege avugalannu soviyat sarkaarakke talupisidaru. 1959rahra september 12randu, pope zaan xxiii avarannu indochainaakke apostolic pratinidhiyagi nemisidaru. aata 1961rahra october 14randu naamamaatrada archbishop endu hesarisalpattaru mattu 1962rahra janavari 28randu cardinal amleto sikognaniyinda tamma episcopal pratishtapaneyannu padedaru. 1962rahra zoon 13randu, pope zaan avarannu egypt (united arab republic) ge apostolic internancio endu nemisidaru. 1965rahra october 2randu, pope paul vii avarannu oriental charchugala sabeya karyadarshi (moulyamaapanakaara) endu hesarisidaru. aata tanna uttaradhikariyada myroslav marussin avara nemakaatiya nantara 1982rahra september 14randu nivruttaraadaru. mario brinny 1995rahra december 9randu nidhanaraadaru. 1999ralli mansigner luyigi marinelli avaru "vatican nalli gaaliyondige hoda" vatican adhikaarigala apakirti nadavalikeya bahirangapadisuvikeyalli brinny pramukha patra vahisidaru. pustakada ellah pratigalannu naashapadisuvante aatana kutumbavu prakashakara viruddha mokaddame hooditu, idu pustakada hakkugalige mattashtu prachaaravannu prerepisitu.

marrio briny catholica sabhayude oru itaaliyan purohithanaayirunnu marrio briny (11 meyy 1908-9 desember 1995), addeham hollie zee samsthaana sekratteriyattilum roman curiayilum nayathanthranjanaayi pravarthichu. jeevacharitram. 1908 meyy 11nuu italiyile piompinoyilaanu marrio briny janichathu. 1938 juun 29nuu purohithanaayi niyamithanaayi. randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu briny soviyatt yooniyanil stettu sekratteriyattil resident vidagthanaayi pravarthichu. 1944ll romile vimochanathe chuttipattiyulla araajakathvathinidayil, naasi germmanikkum joseph staalinte enn. keey. vii. dii. kkum vendi chaarappani cheiyunnathinide kizhakkan pallikalude sabhayil vivarthakanaayi jolie cheythirunna alexander kurtna enna eestoniyan pouran, capplerude offeesil ninnu rahasyamaaya sicherheetsdiyanst kodbukkukal moshtichu thante ezz. ezz. handler herbert capleril meshakal thirikkukayum cheythu. kurtna pinneedu coode bukkukal monsigner marrio brinic kaimari, avar kurtnayude nirddeshaprakaaram soviyatt sarkkaarin kaimari. 1959 septambar 12nuu joonn xsiii marpappa addehathe indochainaayilekkulla apostolica prathinidhiyayi niyamichu. 1961 october 14 nuu addeham oru naamamaatra aarch bishappayi thiranjedukkappedukayum 1962 januvari 28 nuu cardinal amletto sikognaniyil ninnu thante episcopal prathishta sweekarikkukayum cheythu. 1962 juun 13nuu joonn marpappa addehathe eejipthilekk (yunaittad arab republic) apostolica internunsiyo aayi niyamichu. 1965 october 2nuu pooll araman marpappa addehathe ooriyantal pallikalude sabhayude sekrattariyaayi (vilayiruthalkkaaran) niyamichu. 1982 septambar 14nuu thante pingamiyaaya myroslav maarusinte niyamanathode addeham viramichu. 1995 desember 9nuu marrio briny antharichu. monsigner luigi marinelli 1999ll "kaattikkaanil kattinoppam pooyi" ennu vaattikkan udyogastharude apakeerthikaramaaya perumaattam thurannukaattunnathil briny oru pradhana punk vahichu. pusthakatthinte ellah pakarppukalum nasippikkanamennu addehathinte kudumbam prasaadhakanethire cases phayal cheythu, ithu pusthakatthinte avakaashavaadangalkku kooduthal pracharanam nalki.

mario briiny mario briiny (11 meey 1908-9 december 1995) haah catholic charchcha italian dharmopadeshak hota, jyane rajya sachivalayatil mutsaddi mhanoon aanee roman curiamadhye kaam kele. charitra. mario briiny yancha janm 11 meey 1908 roji italitil piombino yethe jhaala. 29 juuna 1938 roji tyanchi pujari mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. dusya mahayuddhadarmyan, briiny yanni rajya sachivalayasathi soviet unionmadhye nivasi tadnya mhanoon kaam kele. 1944 madhye romchya muktis vedhalelya gondhalachya kalat, alekzandar kurtna yaa estonian nagarikane, joou nazi germany aanee joseph stallinchya aine. keey. vhee. dii. yaa doghansathi hergiri kartana purv charchsathichya mandalit anuvadak mhanoon kaam karat hota, caplerchya karyalayatun sarvoch gupt sicherhetsdinest kodbuk choroon tyacha ess. ess. handler, herbert capplerver table firavale. tyanantar kurtanane sanketpustake monsigner mario brinikade pathavali, jyane kurtanachya soochanenusar tee soviet sarkarla dilee. 12 september 1959 roji pope johnn xxiii yanni tyanna indochinmadhye preshit pratinidhi mhanoon niyukt kele. 14 aktoobar 1961 roji tyanna nammatra archbishop mhanoon naav denyat aale aanee 28 janewari 1962 roji cardinal emleto sikognani yanchyakadun tyanna episcopal pratishthapan midale. 13 juuna 1962 roji pope johnne tyala egyptmadhye (sanyukt arab prajasattak) apostolic internancio mhanoon niyukt kele. 2 aktoobar 1965 roji pope paul sahava yane tyanna prachya charchchya mandalache sachiv (mulyankankarta) mhanoon niyukt kele. 14 september 1982 roji tyacha uttaradhikari myroslav marussin yachya niyuktinantar too nivrutt jhaala. 9 december 1995 roji mario briiny yanche nidhan jhaale. 1999 saalee monsinor luigi marinelli yanni 'vhatikanmadhil vaayaasah gele' yaa vatican adhikadhyanchya nindaniy vartanacha pardafash karnyat brinyne mothee bhoomika bajavali. tyachya kutumbiyanni prakashkanvar pustakachya serve pratee nasht karnyasathi khatala dakhal keela, jyamule pustakachya davyansathi aanakhi prasiddhi midali.

mario briny mario briny (11 maee 1908-9 december 1995) catholic charchaka ek italian padari thie jasle holly see rajyako sachiwalayama kutnitigyama rar roman curiama kaam gare. jiwani. mario brinyko janma 11 mey 1908 maa italyko piombinoma bhaeko thiyo. uni 29 june 1938 maa pujari niyukta bhaeka thie. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama, brinyle rajya sachiwalayaka lagi sobhiyat sanghama niwasi wisheshagyako rupma kaam gare. sann 1944 maa romko muktilai gherieko arajaktako samayama, alekjander kurtna, ek estonian rashtriya jasle purvi charchaharuka lagi mandalima anuwadakko rupma kaam gare rar nazi germany rar josef stallinko nkvd duwaika lagi jasusi gardai, caplerko karyalayabata shirsha gopya sicherhetsdinest kodbukharu choreko afno ss handler, herbert caplerma tableharu farkae. kurtanale tyasapachhi kodbukharu monsignor mario brinylai die, jasle kurtanako nirdeshanma sobhiyat sarkarlai die. 12 september 1959 maa, pope john xxiii ley unlai indochainaka lagi apostolic pratinidhi naam die. unlai 14 october 1961 maa namamatrako archbishop naam diieko thiyo rar 28 janawari 1962 maa cardinal amleto sikognanibata unko episcopal abhishek prapta bhayo. 13 june 1962 maa, pope jonele unlai egypt (sanyukta arab ganatantra) maa apostolic internancio niyukta gare. 2 october 1965 maa, pope pall chaule unlai prachya charchaharuka lagi mandaliko sachiva (mulyangkankarta) naam die. uni 14 september 1982 maa afno uttaradhikari, myroslav marusinko niyuktima sewaniwritta bhae. mario brinyko 9 december 1995 maa mrityu bhayo. sann 1999 maa monsigner luigi marinelidwara bhyatikan adhikariharudwara "bhyatikanma hawasanga gayo" bhanera apamanjanak wyawaharko khulasa garnama brinyle pramukh bhumika kheleko thiyo. unko pariwarle prakashaklai pustakka sabai pratilipiharu nashta garna mudda dayar garyo, jasle pustakko dabika lagi thap pracharlai prerit गऱ्यो।.

mario briny mario briny (11 meey 1908-9 december 1995) catholic churcher jane italiah dharmapracharaka thile jie holly sii rajyara sachibalajare ebong roman kyuriaare kutaneetigya bhabare karjya karithile. jeebani. mario briny 1908 masiha meey maasa 11 tarikhare italyra piombinore janmagrahana karithile. 1938 masiha juna maasa 29 tarikhare shay jane purohita bhabe nijukta hoithile. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare briny rajya sachibalaja paain sobhieta sanghara abasic bisheshagya bhabe karjya karithile. 1944 masihare romer mukti charipakhare thiba bishrunkhala samajare, alekjandar kurtana, jane estonian nagarika jie purba church paain mandaleere anubadaka bhabare 1940-1944 ru kaama karithile ebong ubhaja nazi germany ebong joseph stalinnka enakebhidi paain guptachar karjya karuthile, kyapalaranka karjyalajaru shirsha gupta chicherheitsidienst codebook chori curry taanka ss handler herbert kyapalaranka upare tebul ghunchai deithile. ehapare kurtana ehi kodbukgudiku monsigner mario brininku pradan karithile, jieki kurtananka nirdeshare segudiku sobhieta sarakaranku pradan karithile. 1959 masiha september 12 tarikhare pope zohn xsiii tanku indochainare prerita pratinidhi bhabe namit karithile. 1961 masiha october 14 tarikhare tanku eka namamatra archabishap bhabe namit karajaithila ebong 1962 masiha januari 28 tarikhare cardinal amletto sikognaninka thaaru tankara episcopal abhisheka grahan karithile. 1962 masiha june 13 tarikhare pope zohn tanku misher (sanjukta arab ganarajya) ku prerita internancio bhabe nijukta karithile. 2 october 1965 ray, pope pull-6 tanku prachya church paain mandalira sachiba (aakalanakaree) bhabare namit karithile. 1982 masiha september 14 tarikhare shay taanka uttaradhikari myroslav marusinanka nijukti parey absar grahan karithile. mario briny 1995 masiha december 9 tarikhare mrutyubarana karithile. 1999 ray, monsigner luigi marinelinka dwara "bhyatikanare pabana sahita galaa", vyatikana adhikarinka dwara nindaniah acharanara exposeray briny eka pramukh bhumika grahan karithile. taanka paribara prakashakanka birodhare pustakara samasta kapi nust karibaku makaddama dair karithile, jaahaa pustakara daabi paain adhika pracharaku prerita karithila .

mario brinny mario brinny (11 maee 1908-9 dasambar 1995) catholic church daa ikk italvi padri see jiss neey hollie see dey raaj dey sakatret atey roman kiooriaa witch diplomat witch kamm keeta. jeevani. mario brinny daa janam 11 maee 1908 noon piombino, itali witch hoiaa see. uss noon 29 juun 1938 noon padri niyukat keeta giaa see. dooje vishav yuddh dauran, brinny neey raaj dey sakatret laee soviat union witch nivasi mahr vajon kamm keeta. 1944 witch rome dee aazadi noon gheran vaali arajakta dauran, alegzander kurtana, ikk astonian nagrik, jiss neey purbi charchan laee mandali witch ikk anuvadak vajon kamm keeta see, jadon kii naazi germany atey joseph stallin dey ainn. keey. vee. dee. dovan laee jasusi karde hoye, capler dey daftar toon choti dey gupat sicharheatsdeeanst kodbukkan noon chori karke aapne aiss. aiss. handler, herbert capler utte mezan noon modiaa. kurtana neey firr codebook monsigner mario brinny noon dittiaan, jinhan neey kurtana dey nirdeshan 'teey soviat sarkaar noon dittiaan. 12 satambar 1959 noon, pope john xxiii neey uss noon indochina laee apostolic delegate namzad keeta. uss noon 14 aktubar 1961 noon ikk namvar archbiship namzad keeta giaa see atey 28 janwari 1962 noon cardinal amletto sikogni toon uss daa episcopal pavittar keeta giaa see. 13 juun 1962 noon, pope john neey uss noon misser (sanyukat arab ganraj) witch apostolic internancio niyukat keeta. 2 aktubar 1965 noon, pope paul sharee neey uss noon purbi charchan laee sangat daa sakattar (mulankan curran vaala) namzad keeta. uh 14 satambar 1982 noon aapne uttradhikari, myroslav marussin dee niyukti toon baad sevamukt hoow gaye. mario brinny dee maut 9 dasambar 1995 noon hoee see. brinny neey 1999 witch vetican adhikariaan duaara apmanjanak vivhaar dey visfot witch ikk pramukh bhumika nibhai, joe kii monsigner lugi marinelli duaara "vetican witch havaa dey naal giaa" see. uss dey parivaar neey parkashak utte kitaab deeaan saariaan kapiaan nasht curran daa mukaddama keeta, jiss naal kitaab dey daaviaan laee horr prachar hoiaa.

mariyo briny mariyo briny (11 mey 1908-9 december 1995) catholic-charch ityasya italian-paadri aasit yah holi-see-ityasya rajya-sachivaalaye, roman-curia-bhashayam cha kootaneetijne karyam krutavaan. jeevanacharitram. mariyo briny ityasya janma 11 mey 1908 tame dine italee-deshasya piombino-nagare abhavat. 1938 joon 29 dinaanke saha purohitatvena niyuktah abhavat. dviteeyavishvayuddhe, briny rajyakaryalayasya krute soviyat-sanghasya nivaasee-visheshajnaroopena karyam krutavatee. 1944 tame varshe rome-deshasya vimochanam paritah ashaantihi aasit, tadaa alekzaandar kurtna iti astonian-rashtrasya, yah poorveeya-churchs-mandali-madhye anuvaadakaroopen 1940-1944 ityatah karyam krutavaan, nazi-germany tathaa joseph-stallin-ityasya enn. key. vee. dee. ityetayoho krute goodacharyaam kurvan, swasya ess. ess.-nirwaahakah herbert-capler ityasya upari pattikaah, capler-ityasya karyalayat shirsha-rahasy-sicherhats-diance-code-pustakaani chorya, parivartayat. tatah kurtna, code-pustakaani monsgan mariyo briny ityasmai preshitavatee, yah kurtna ityasya nirdeshanusaram soviyat-sarvakaarasya krute taan pradadat. 1959 september 12 dinaanke pope jaan xxiii varyaha tam indochainadesham prati apostolic-pratinidhihi iti naamaankitavaan. 1961 october 14 dinaanke saha namamatrasya aarch bishap iti namankitaha abhavat, tathaa cha 1962 janavaree 28 dinaanke cardinal amleto sikognaanee ityatah swasya episcopal pratishtaapanam praptavan. 1962 joon 13 dinaanke pope jaan ityeshah tam easypt-deshe (samyukta-arab-ganaraajyam) apostolic internuncio iti niyuktavaan. 1965 october 2 dinaanke, pope paal-VI, tam prachya-churchs-mandali-ityasya sachivah (nirdhaarakah) iti naamaankitavaan. 1982 september 14 dinaanke swasya uttaraadhikaari maroslav marussin ityasya niyuktyaa saha nivruttah abhavat. mariyo briny 1995 december 9 dinaanke amriyata. 1999 tame varshe monsigner luigi maarinellee ityanena "vetican-adhikaribhih vatikan-madhye vayuna saha gataah" iti nindaniya-vyavahaarasya pradarshane briny-varyaha pramukham paatram niravahat. tasya parivaarah prakashakena pustakasya sarwaah pratilipyah nashtum prahrayat, yena pustakasya daavaanaam krute adhikam prachaarah abhavat.

mario pirini mario pirini (11 mae 1908-9 disambar 1995) catholica devalayaththin oru itaaliya madhaguru aavaar, avar punitha chee mattrum roaman curia maanila seyalagaththil thootharaaga paniyaattrinaar. suyasaridhai. mario pirini 1908 mae 11 andru itaaliyin beombinoavil piranthaar. avar juun 29,1938 andru oru poosaariyaaga niyamikkappattaar. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu, pirini maanila seyalagaththirkaana soviyath ontriyaththil vathivida nipunaraaga paniyaattrinaar. 1944 aam aandil roam viduthalaich soolappatta kuzhappaththin poathu, kilakku devaalayangalukkaana sabaiyil mozhipeyarppaalaraaga 1940-1944 ill panipurintha oru estonian naattavaraana alexander gurdna, naji jermani mattrum josaph stallin enn. kae. vii. dii aagiya iruvarukkum ulavu paarththapoathu, thanathu ess. ess. kaiyaalubavaraana herbert cobblerin meethu attavanaigalaith tiruppinaar, cobblerin aluvalagaththilirunthu ragasiyamaana cyseritistian code pukkugalaith thirudinaar. gurdna pinnar code pukkugalai monsigner marrio prinikku valangkinaar, avar gurdnavin arivuruththalin paeril avattrai soviyath arasaangkaththirku valangkinaar. 1959 septumber 12 andru, poap john xxiii avarai inththoaseenaavukkaana aposthalic pirathinithi endru peyarittaar. avar 14 october 1961 andru peyaralavilaana paeraayar endru peyaridappattaar, maelum janavari 28,1962 andru cardinal amletto signaaniyidamirunthu avarathu episcopal prathishtaiyaip pettraar. juun 13,1962 andru, poap john avarai egipthukku (aikkiya arabu kudiyarasu) aposthalic internanciovaaka niyamitthaar. october 2,1965 andru, poap paal vii avarai kilakkatthiya devaalayangalukkaana sabaiyin seyalaalaraaga (mathippeettaalar) niyamitthaar. thanathu vaarisaana myroslav maarusin niyamikkapatta piragu, septumber 14,1982 andru avar oaivu pettraar. marrio pirini disambar 9,1995 andru iranthaar. 1999 aam aandil moansainar luiji marinelli ezhuthiya "vaadigan athikaarigalin avathooraana nadaththai", "vaadiganil kaattrudan sentrathu" aagiyavattril pirini oru mukiya pangaik kondirundhadhu. puththagaththin anaitthu pirathikalaiyum azhiththuvidumaaru avarathu kudumbaththinar veliyeettaalaridam vazhakkuth thodarnthanar, idhu puththagaththin urimaikoaralgalukku maelum vilambaraththaith thoondiyathu.

marrio brini marrio brini (11 mae 1908-9 december 1995) catholic charchi yokka italian mataguruvu, athanu holey sea state secretariot mariyu roman curialo doutyavettagaa panicheesaadu. jeevita charitra. marrio brini 1908 mae 11naa italeelooni piombino loe janminchaadu. 1938 juun 29naa poojaarigaa niyamitulayyaadu. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, brini rashtra sachivalayam kosam soviet unionlo nivaasa nipunudigaa panicheesaaru. 1944loe rome vimukti chuttoo unna gandaragolam samayamlo, thoorpu charchila kosam 1940-1944 nundi anuvaadakudigaa panichesina alegzander kurtna anae estonian jaateeyudu, naajii germany mariyu joseph stallin yokka nkvd rendinti kosam goodacharyam chestu, coppler karyalayam nundi agra rahasya cyseritesdienst codd buklanu dongilinchadam dwara thana ss handler, herbert coppler meeda pattikalu tippaaru. kurtna aaa code buklanu monsiner marrio briniki pampindi, athanu vaatini kurtna suuchanala meraku soviet prabhutvaaniki andinchaadu. 1959 septembaru 12naa, pope zaan xxiii aayananu indochainaaku apostolic pratinidhigaa niyaminchaaru. athanu 14 october 1961naa naamamaatrapu arch bishapga paeru pettabaddadu mariyu 28 janavari 1962naa cardinal amleto sikognani nundi thana episcopal pratishtanu andukunnadu. 1962 juun 13naa, pope zaan aayananu eejiptuku (united arab republic) apostolic interntioga niyaminchaaru. 1965 aktobaru 2naa, pope paal vii aayananu oriental charchila kosam sanghaaniki karyadarshi (madimpu) gaa niyaminchaaru. 1982 september 14naa thana varasudu myroslav marussin niyamakam taruvaata ayana padavee viramana chesaaru. marrio brini 1995 december 9naa maraninchaadu. 1999loe mamsigner luigi marinelli chetha "vaatikan loe gaalitho vellina" vaatikan adhikaarula apakeerti pravartananu bahirgatam cheyadamlo brini pradhana paatra pooshinchindi. pustakam yokka anni kaapeelanu naasanam cheyaalani athani kutumbam prachuranakartapai daavaa vesindi, idhi pustakam yokka vaadanalaku marinta pracharam kaliginchindi.

maaryo breny maaryo breny (11 mayee 1908-9 dasambar 1995) catholic charch kaa eek atalvi mubligh thaa jiss nay riyasat muqadas kay secretrait aur roman curia mein sifarat kaar kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. sawanah umri. maaryo breny 11 mayee 1908 kuu atlee kay shehar pumbino mein paida hoay. inhein 29 joone 1938 kuu paadri muqarar kiyaa gayaa. dosri jung azeem kay doraan breny nay riyasat kay secretrait kay liye soweet union mein rehaishi maahir kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. 1944 mein room kii aazadi kay gird gahiray hoay afratafri kay doraan alegzender curtna eek estonin shehri jiss nay naazi germani aur jozaf stallin kay aine kay wee ddee donon kay liye jasusi kartay hoay mashriqi girja gharoon kii jamaat mein batoor mutarjim kaam kiyaa nay capler kay daftar say aalee khafiya saturehetisdenist code buck choori karkay apnay aiss aiss handler herbert capler parr mezon kuu moad diyaa. iss kay baad kartana nay code buck moone segner maaryo breny kuu muntaqil kirr dain jinhon nay kartana kii hidayat parr inhein soweet hukumat kuu pahunchaya. 12 satambar 1959 cow pope jaan xxiii nay inhein indochaina mein rasooli numaindah namzad kiyaa. inhein 14 aktobar 1961 kuu titler aarch bashp namzad kiyaa gayaa aur 28 januri 1962 kuu cardinal emlito secogni say inn kii epscopal taqdis haasil kii. 13 joone 1962 cow pope jaan nay inhein misar (muthadah arab jamhuria) mein rasooli internancieve muqarar kiyaa. 2 aktobar 1965 cow pope paal shasham nay inhein mashriqi girja gharoon kii jamaat kaa secertry (tashkhis kaar) namzad kiyaa. wah 14 satambar 1982 kuu apnay jansheen myrosilav marosan kii taqriri parr retire hoay. maaryo breny kaa inteqal 9 dasambar 1995 kuu hawaa. breny nay 1999 mein vitikan hakaam kay badnuma salok kii bay nqab karnay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa juu monsgner loegi marineli kay zariah "vitikan mein hawaa kay saath chalaa gayaa" thaa. iss kay ahal khaanah nay naashir parr kitaab kii tamaam kaapiyan tabaah karnay kaa moqhadhima dayer kiyaa jiss say kitaab kay daawon kii mazeed tashheer hoyee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11977947

Gergovie plateau

Gergovie plateau The Gergovie plateau is a plateau of the Massif Central located 10 km to the south of Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, France and is named after the nearby village of Gergovie. It is the site of the Battle of Gergovia between Vercingetorix and Julius Caesar in 52 BC. Location. The plateau is located at 744 meters above sea level, and from it can be seen Chaîne des Puys, Clermont-Ferrand, and the Plaine des Sarlièves (Plain of Sarlièves), along with the Zénith and the Puy de Sancy which dominates the Auvergne from it position 1886m above sea level. Attractions. A reconstructed "Gallic hut", with an accompanying permanent exhibition ("La Maison de Gergovie") can be seen on the plateau. Events. Cervolix. "Cervolix" - an association of kite fliers and kite surfers on the plateau. It is also used, since 1995, by remote-controlled aircraft fliers. Les Arverniales. "Les Arverniales" is an archaeological festival held on the plateau, consisting of two days of reconstructions, experimental archeology and living history displays. Exhibitions. Sculptures by Yves Guérin have also been displayed on the plateau since January 2007.

gerguvi malbhumi gerguvi malbhumi hoise francer clormont-ferend, puyo-di-dodd 'moo, oh "bhargenor poraa 10 kilometer dokhyine owosthito brihot kendror etaa malbhumi aaru iyar naamkoron usoror graam gergubhir naamere koraa hoise. ee khristopurbo 52 sonot versicetorics aaru julias sijaror maajot gergovier juddhor sthan. owosthan. malbhumitu xomudropristhor poraa 744 mitter uschotat owosthito, aaru iyar poraa saine dey puyos, clermont-ferrand, aaru plain des charlives (charlivesor xomobhumi) dekha puwa yaay, logote jenith aaru puwe dey chancy ji iyar poraa owergenor uporot aadhipotyo bistar kore. aakorxon. malbhumit etaa punor nirman koraa "gallic haat", jaar xoite etaa sthayi prodorxoni ("laa meison di gerguvi") dekha puwa yaay. ghotonaxomuh. charbhulikx. "charbhulikx"-malbhumit chila uruwa aaru chila surferor ek xongothon. 1995 sonor poraa iyak duroborti niyontrito biman poribohonkarixokoleu byobohar kori aahise. bohubar. "lex arverniels" hoise malbhumit onusthito huwa ek protnotatwik utxob, zo "too dudinor punor nirman, porikhyamulok protnototwo aaru jiwito itihaxor prodorxoni thaake. prodorxoni. 2007 sonor january maahor poraa malbhumit yobhes gerinor bhaskorjyou prodorxon koraa hoise.

gargovi malvumi gargovi malvumi holl francer clermont-ferrand, puy-dii-dome, averner 10 kilometres dakkhine abosthito ekti malvumi jaa nikatbarti gargovi gramer naame namkaran koraa hoyeche. etty 52 khristopurbabde versisetorics ebong julius sijarer modhye gargovier juddher sthan. abosthan. malvumiti samudraprishtha theke 744 mitter uchchotai abosthito ebong etty theke chein days puis, clermont-ferrand ebong plain days surleaves (cerlivacer samabhumi) dekha yaay, pashapashi genith ebong pue dii sancy jaa samudraprishtha theke 1886 mitter uchchotai abosthito. akarshan. malvumite ekti sthayi prodorshoni ("laa myson dii gargovi") soho ekti punorgothito "gallic kundeghar" dekha yaay. ghotonaboli. cervolics. "cervolics"-malvumite ghudi odano ebong ghudi surferder ekti sangathan. etty 1995 saal theke remot-niyantrita biman chalokrao byabohar korey asche. bohu jaiga. "leesa arveniales" holl malvumite onusthito ekti protnotattik utsab, jaa dui diner punargathan, poriikkhamulok protnototto ebong jeebonto itihaser prodorshoni niye gothito. prodorshoni. 2007 saaler januari theke malvumite eves guerine-err bhaskarjao prodorshito hoyeche.

gargovi uchchpradesh gregovi uchchpradesh aee francenaa clairmont-ferrand, puy-dii-dooma, auvarnthi 10 kimee dakshinma stheet samooh madhyanu aek uchchpradesh chhe aneey tenu naam najiknaa gergovi gaam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. teey 52 bii. see. maan versisatorics aneey julius seasure vachche gergoviana yuddhnu sthal chhe. sthaan. aaa uchchpradesh dariyani sapatithi 744 meterni unchaiae stheet chhe, aneey temathi chain days puis, clairmont-ferrand aneey plain days cerlives (surleavesnu medaan) joee shakaay chhe, saathe saathe zenith aneey puy dii sensi jeey samudra sapatithi 1886 meterni unchaiae stheet chhe. aakarshano. aaa uchchpradesh parr kaayamee pradarshan ("laa messon dii gergovi") saathe punnirman karaayel "gallic zumpadi" joee shakaay chhe. ghatanao. cervolics. "cervolics"-uchchpradesh parr patang udadnarao aneey patang surfersno aek sangathan. teno upyog 1995 thee remot-niyantrit vimaan udadnarao dwara pann thaay chhe. aheenya. "leesa arvernials" aee uchchpradesh parr yojaato puratatviy tahevaar chhe, jemaa beey divasnaa punnirman, prayogik puratatva aneey jivant itihaasnaa pradarshanno samaavesh thaay chhe. pradarshno. yaves guerinna shilpo pann january 2007thee aaa uchchpradesh parr pradarshit karvaamaa aavyaa chhe.

gargovi pathaar jargovi pathaar clairmont-ferrand, puy-dee-dome, overn, france key dakshin mein 10 kimmy door sthit dravyamaan kendriya kaa ack pathaar haye aur iska naam paas key gaanv gargovi key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. yeh 52 eesaa poorv mein versitatonics aur julius seasure key beach gargovia kii ladaai kaa sthal haye. sthaan. pathaar samudra tala seey 744 meater kii oonchaai parr sthit haye, aur isase chene days puis, clermont-ferrand, aur playin days surleaves (surleaves kaa maidan) koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye, saath hii saath zenith aur puy dee sancy joe samudra tala seey 1886 meater kii oonchaai parr sthit overn parr haavi haye. aakarshan sthal. pathaar parr ack sthaayi pradarshani ("laa maisan dee gargovi") key saath ack punarnirmit "gallic jhopadi" dekhi jaa sakati haye. ghatanaaen. garbhashay grieva. "cervolics"-pathaar parr patang udaane vaalon aur patang surf karane vaalon kaa ack sangathan. iska upayog 1995 seey remot-niyantrit vimaan udaane vaalon dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye. vahaan key liye. "less arvernials" pathaar parr aayojit ack puraataatvik utsav haye, jisamen dou dinon key punarnirmaan, prayogaatmak puraatatva aur jeevit itihas key pradarshan shamil hain. pradarshani. janwari 2007 seey pathaar parr yaves guerine kii moortiyaan bhee pradarshit kii gaee hain.

gergovi prasthabhoomi gergovi prasthabhoomiyu fransna clermont-ferrand, puy-dii-dome, ouvargneya dakshinakke 10 kii. mea. dooradalliruva massif centralna prasthabhoomiyaagide mattu hattirada graamavaada gergovia hesarannu idalaagide. idu cree. poo. poo versingetorics mattu julius seaser naduvina gergovia kadanada sthalavagide. sthala. ee prasthabhoomiyu samudra mattadinda 744 meater ettaradallide, mattu adarinda chaine dess puis, clermont-ferrand mattu plain dess dess ಸರ್ಲೀವ್ಸ್ bayalu), jotege jenith mattu puy dii dii kaanabahudu, idu samudra mattadinda 1886 meater ettaradalliruva averjne mele praabalya hondide. akarshanegalu. punarnirmisida "gallic gudisalu", adarondige shaashvata pradarshanavannu ("laa myson dii gergovi") prasthabhoomiyalli kaanabahudu. ghatanegalu. garbhakanta. garbhakanta galipata haarisuvavaru mattu galipata sarfargala ondu sangha. idannu idannu, durastha-niyantrita vimaana haaratagaararu saha balasuttiddaare. ellede. "less "less embudu prasthabhoomiyalli nadeyuva ondu puratatva utsavavagiddu, eradu dinagala punarnirmana, prayogika puratatva mattu jeevanta itihaasada pradarshanagalannu olagondide. pradarshanagalu. janavari janavari yaves gerrin avara shilpagalannu prasthabhoomiyalli pradarshisalaaguttide.

gergovi peedabhoomi fraansile clermond-ferrand, puy-dii-dome, ovargne ennividangalil ninnu 10 kilometer thekk sthithi cheiyunna massif centralinte oru peedabhoomiyaanu gergovi peedabhoomi, aduthulla gramamaaya gergovy perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. bii. sii. 52ll versinsettorics juuliyas seaser thammilulla gergovia yudhathinte sthalamaanithu. sthalam. samudranirappil ninnu 744 meter uyarathilaanu eee peedabhoomi sthithicheyyunnathu, athil ninnu chaina dess puys, clermond-ferrand, playne dess sarliaves (saarliyevsinte samathala) ennivayum samudranirappil ninnu 1886 meter uyarathil ninnu auvarjinil aadhipathyam pulartthunna senith puy dii sancy kaanam. akarshanangal. punarnirmmicha "gallic hutt", oppam oru sthiramaaya pradarshanavum ("laa maisan dii gergovi") peedabhoomiyil kaanam. sambhavangal. servolics. "servolics"-peedabhoomiyile pattam parathunnavarudeyum pattam sarfarmaarudeyum oru association. 1995 muthal remot niyantritha vimana paratthal nadathunnavarum ithu upayogikkunnu. lokamembaadum. "rund divasathe punarnirmmaanangal, pareekshanathmaka puraavasthushaasthram, jeevacharitra pradarshanangal enniva ulkkollunna peedabhoomiyil nadakkunna oru puraavastu utsavamaanu less arvernials. pradarshanangal. 2007 januvari muthal yavs gyoorinte silpangalum peedabhoomiyil pradarshippichittundu.

gargovi pathar jargovi pathar haah francechya clermont-ferrand, puy-dii-dome, overgenechya dakshines 10 kiimii antaravar sthit vastuman madhyabhagacha pathar aahe aanee tyala jawalchya gargovi gavache naav denyat aale aahe. ii. sha. puu. 52 madhye versingatorics aanee julius seasure yanchyatil gergoviachya ladhaiche heey thikan aahe. thikan. pathar samudraspatipasun 744 meater unchivar aahe aanee tethoon chayane days puis, clermont-ferrand aanee plain days sarlives (sarliveche maidan), zinith aanee puy dii sancies pahile jaau shakate, jeey samudraspatipasun 1886 meater unchivar asalelya sthanavarun overgenaver varchasva gajavatat. aakarshane. eka punarnirmit 'gallic zopadi', jyasobat kayamswarupi pradarshan ('laa maisan dii gargovi') patharavar disu shakate. ghatana. grieva. "cervolics"-patharavaril patang udavanare aanee patang surferschee eka sanghatana. 1995 pasoon, remot-niyantrit viman uddankartyandvare dekhil yacha vapar keela jaato. sarvadurchya. "leesa arvernials" haah patharavar aayojit keela jaanara eka puratatviy utsav aahe, jyamadhye done divasanchi punarrachana, prayogik puratatva aanee jiwant itihasache pradarshan samavisht aahe. pradarshan. janewari 2007 pasoon yaves gurinchi shilpe dekhil patharavar pradarshit kelee gelee aahet.

gargobhi pathar gargobhi pathar massif centralko pathar how june clermont-ferrand, puya-day-dome, aubhargne, franceko dakshinma 10 kilometerma awasthit chha rar najikaiko gaaun gargobhiko nambata yasako naam rakhieko chha. yo 52 isa purvama versitatonics rar julius sijar bichko gergobhiyako yuddhako sthal how. sthan. pathar samudra satahabata 744 mitter mathi awasthit chha, rar yasabata chene days puis, clermont-ferrand, rar plain days cerlives (sarlibhsako maidan) dekhna sakinchha, sathasathai jenith rar puya day sanasi jasle samudra satahabata 1886 mitterko uchaima raheko sthitibata aubhargnema prabhutwa jamaunchha. akarshan. patharma sthayi pradarshani ("lah maison day gargobhi") sangko punarnirman garieko "gallic hutt" dekhna sakinchha. ghatana. sarbholiks. "sarbholiks"-patharma changa udauneharu rar changa sarfarharuko euta sangathan. yo 1995 dekhi remott-niyantrit viman udanharudwara pani prayog garinchha. yo sansarma chha. "less arvernials" patharma ayojit euta puratatwik parva how, jasma dui dinko punarnirman, prayogatmak puratatwa rar jiwit itihas pradarshanharu samawesh chhan. pradarshaniharu. janawari 2007 dekhi patharma yabhes gyurinka murtiharu pani pradarshan garieko chha.

gargobhi malabhumi jargobhi malabhumi heuchhi massif centraller eka malabhumi jaahaa francer clairmont-ferrand, puah-dii-dome, aabharjane thaaru 10 kilometer dakhinare abasthita ebong nikatasta gramm gargobhinka naamare namit hoichhi . ehaa khreestapoorba khreestapoorba versichtorics ebong julias sijaranka madhyare jargobhia juddhara sthana. sthana. ehi malabhumi samudra pattanaru 744 mitter uchchatare abasthita, ebong ethiru chene dee puis, clermont-ferrand, ebong playin dee cerlives (sarlibhsra samatala bhumi) sahita jenith ebong pue dee sanasi dekhibaku milithae, jaahaa samudra pattanatharu 1886 mitter uchchatare abasthita. akarshana. eka punahnirmana hoithiba "gallic hutt", eka sthajee pradarshani ("laa myson dii gargovi") sahita malabhumire dekhajaipare . ghatana. cerviolics. "cervolics"-malabhumire gudi udaiba ebong gudi sarfarmanankara eka sangha . 1995 masiharu, remot-nijantrita biman udanakarinka dwara madhya ehaa byabahruta heuchhi. bahu sankhyare. "less arvernijels" heuchhi eka pratnatatwika utsaba jaahaa malabhumire anusthita hue, jeunthire dui dinara punahnirmana, parikhyamulaka pratnatatwika ebong jibanta itihas pradarshan antarbhukta . pradarshani. januari 2007 ru jabhes gerinnka bhaskarjya madhya malabhumire pradarshita hoichhi .

gargovi pathaar gargovi pathaar massif kendri daa ikk pathaar haii joe colormont-ferend, puee-dee-dome, auvargan, france dey dakkhan witch 10 kilometer door sathit haii atey isda naam nedley pind gargovi dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. ih 52 ee. poo. witch versincetorics atey julias seasure darmiaan gargovia dee ladai daa sathaan haii. sathaan. pathaar samunder tall toon 744 meeter dee uchaee 'teey sathit haii, atey iss toon chenn days puis, colormont-ferend, atey plain days surleaves (surleaves daa maidaan) noon dekhiaa jaa sakda haii, naal hii zenith atey puye dee sensi joe samunder tall toon 1886 meeter dee uchaee toon iss dee sathiti toon auvargan utte haavi haii. aakarshan. pathaar utte ikk sathayi pardarshani ("laa maisan dee gargovi") dey naal ikk punarnirmit "gallic jhaunpadi" vekhi jaa sakadi haii. ghatnavan. cervolics. "cervolics"-pathaar utte patang udaun valiaan atey patang sarfaran dee ikk association. ih 1995 toon remot-controled aircraft flyers duaara vee vartiaa jaanda haii. shehar witch. "lais arvernials" pathaar utte aayojit ikk puratattav tiuhar haii, jiss witch doou dinan dey punar nirman, prayogatmak puratattav vigiaan atey jeevat itihaas dey pardarshan shamal hunn. pradarshaniaan. janwari 2007 toon pathaar utte yaves guerin deeaan murtiaan vee pradarshit keetiaan gaeeaan hunn.

gargovi pathaaram gregovi-pathaarah, france-deshasya clermont-ferrond-nagaraat, puy-dii-dome-auvargne-nagaraat 10 kii. mee. dakshine sthitah, madhyabhagasya vishaalapradeshasya pathaarah asti, samipasthasya gergovi-gramasya namna asya namakaranam krutam asti. saa. sha. poo. 52 tame varshe versiterics tathaa julius seasure ityetayoho madhye gargovia-yuddhasya sthalam etat. sthaanam. samudratalaat 744 meater-oordhvataayaam ayam pathaarah asti, tatah chaine days-puyis, clermont-ferrond, plain-days-cerlieves (cerlieves ityasya samatalam) cha drushyante, tena saha zenith, puy-dii-sancy cha drushyante, ye samudratalaat 1886 meater-oordhvataayaam sthityaa auvarn-ityatra adhipatyam sthaapayanti. aakarshanaah. punarnirmitam "gallic hutt" iti, sthayee-pradarshanee ("laa maisan day gergovi") saha, pataarasya upari drushyate. ghatanaah. cervolics. "cervolics"-pataarasya vaataat-uddayananam, vaataat-surfer-ityeteshaam cha sanghah. 1995 tamaat varshaat, doorasthaniyantritavimaanah api asya upayogah bhavati. samudratate. "laes arvernials" iti pataarasya upari aayojitah puraatatva-utsavah asti, yasmin divasadvayam punarnirmanam, prayogaatmak-puraatatvashaastram, jeevitaa-itihasasya pradarshanm cha bhavati. pradarshane. 2007 janavaree-masat asya pataarasya upari yavs-guerine ityasya shilpaani api pradarshitaah santi.

kerkovi peedabhoomi kerkovi peedabhoomi enbathu brancin puy-dii-toam, avern, clermond-ferrandirku therkae 10 kii. mee tholaivil amainthulla vegujana maiyaththin peedabhoomiyaagum, maelum idhu arugilulla graamamaana kerkovi endra peyaril peyaridappattullathu. kimu kimu versicetorics mattrum juuliyas seaser idaiyae nadantha kerkovia poar nadantha idam idhu. idam. inththa peedabhoomi kadal mattaththilirunthu 744 meettar uyaraththil amainthullathu, athilirunthu saine tess beaus, clermond-ferrand mattrum blane tess charliaves (charliavesine samaveli) aagiyavattraik kanalaam, maelum jenith mattrum puy dii sancy aagiyavai kadal mattaththilirunthu 1886 meettar uyaraththil irunthu avern meethu aathikkam seluththugindrana. eerkkum idangkal. oru niranthara kankaatchiyudan ("laa myson dii jergovi") maruseeramaikkappatta "kaalik kudisai" peedabhoomiyil kaanappadugiradhu. nigazhvugal. servolics. "servolics"-peedabhoomiyil kathadi parakkavidupavargal mattrum kathadi ulaavubavargal sangam. idhu 1995 muthal, remot-controldu aircroft flyergalaal payanpaduththappadukirathu. ingku vaazhga. "less arvernialus" enbathu peedabhoomiyil nadaiperum oru tholporul thiruvizhaavaagum, idhil irandu naatkal punaramaippu, soathanai tholporul mattrum vaazhkkai varalaaru kaatchigalaik kondullathu. kankaatchigal. yves kerrin sirpangalum janavari 2007 muthal peedabhoomiyil kaatchikku vaikkappattullana.

gergovi peethabhoomi gergovi peethabhoomi anedi massif central yokka peethabhoomi, idhi fraanslooni clermont-ferrand, puyy-dii-dome, avergneku dakshinaana 10 kii. mea. la dhooramlo undhi mariyu dheeniki sameepamloni gergovi graamam paeru pettaru. idhi cree puu 52 loe versingetorics mariyu juuliyas seasure madhya gergovia yuddham jarigina pradaesam. sthaanam. eee peethabhoomi samudra mattaniki 744 meterla ettulo undhi, mariyu daani nundi chaine dess puis, clermont-ferrand mariyu plain dess surleaves (surleaves maidaanam), jenith mariyu puyy dii saanseetho paatu chudavachu, idhi samudra mattaniki 1886 meterla ettulo unna sthaanam nundi avergenpy aadhipatyam chelaayistundi. aakarshanhalu. peethabhoomilo shaashwata pradarsana ("laa myson dii gergovi") thoo punarnirminchina "gallick hutt" nuu chudavachu. sanghatanalu. garbhasaya greevamu. "servolics"-peethabhoomipai galipatalu eguravesevaaru mariyu galipatalu eguravesevaari sangham. dheenini 1995 nundi, remot-niyantrita vimanalu eguravesevaaru kooda upayogistunnaru. anni praantaalalo. "less arvernials" anedi peethabhoomilo jarige puraavastu panduga, indulo rendu rojula punarnirmaanaalu, prayogaatmaka puraavastu shaastram mariyu jeevita charitra pradarsanalu untaayi. pradarsanalu. janavari 2007 nundi yavs gerrin silpaalu kooda peethabhoomilo pradarsinchabaddaayi.

gairgovi satah martafa gargovi satah martafa baday paimanay parr wastee kaa eek satah martafa hay juu france kay clermont-ferend piyo-ddee-dome auvargan kay janub mein 10 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay aur iss kaa naam qareebi gaaon gargovi kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. yaha 52 qabal maseeh mein warsasetworks aur jolees seezar kay darmiyan gargovia kii jung kaa maqaam hay. maqaam. satah martafa satah samandar say 744 metter kii bulandi parr waaqa hay aur iss say cheeni ddais piyos clermont-ferend aur pline ddais sarliyos (sarliyos kaa medaan) kay saath saath zeenath aur piyo ddee sensi bhee dekha jaa saktaa hay juu satah samandar say 1886 metter kii bulandi parr waaqa hay. parkashish maqamat. satah martafa parr eek dobarah tameer shadah "gallic hutt"yee jiss kay saath eek mustaqil numaish ("laa mession ddee gairgovi") bhee dekhi jaa sakti hay. waaqiaat. cervolics. "cervolics"-satah martafa parr patang adaaney waalon aur patang sarfaron kii eek anjuman. yaha 1995 say remot control waalay hawai jehaaz adaaney waalon kay zariye bhee istemaal hotaa hay. behat say maqamat parr. "lees aaronelis" satah martafa parr munaqid honay waala eek aasaar qadimah kaa tehwaar hay jiss mein duu dunn kii tameer now tajarbati aasaar qadimah aur zindah tareekh kii numaish shaamil hay. numaishein. januri 2007 say satah martafa parr yovees gairan kay mujasme bhee dikhaye gayey haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=69687384

Little Shell Island

Little Shell Island Island in Canada Little Shell Island is a small island 2 km east of Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. It is part of the Gulf Islands. The island is approximately 1 acre (0.4 hectares) in size. It is part of the Little Group of islands near Sidney and has a rich variety of wildlife. It is named after its beach, which is composed of broken seashells. In 2021, it was put up for sale for $1.1 million. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xoru xel dip xoru xel diptu kanadar britis columbier sidneer poraa 2 kilometer pube thoka etaa xoru dip. ee upoxagoriyo dippunjor ongxo. diptur aakar pray 1 ekor (0.40 hector). ee sidneer usoror dipxomuhor xoru gutor ongxo aaru iyat bibhinno dhoronor bonyoprani aase. iyar xomudrotiror naamere iyar naamkoron koraa hoise, ji bhanga xagoror khupare gothito. 2021 sonot iyak 11 laakh dolarot bikrir baabe rokha hoisil.

chhoto shale dweep chhoto shale dweepti kanadar british columbier sidneyr 2 kilometres purbe ekti chhoto dweep. etty uposagoriyo dweeppunjer ongsho. dweepti pray 1 ekor (0.40 hector) aytoner. etty sidneyr kachhe dweeppunjer chhoto gosthir ongsho ebong ekhane bivinno dharaner bonnoprani royeche. err samudra saikater naame err namkaran koraa hoyeche, jaa bhanga samudrer khosa diye gothito. 2021 saale, etty 11 lokkho markin dollare bikrir jonno rakha hoyechilo.

nankado shhale taapu naano shhale taapu kenedana british columbiana sidneethee 2 kimee purvamaa aek naano taapu chhe. teey akhaatnaa tapuono aek bhaag chhe. aaa taapu aashre 1 aekar (0.40 hector) kadano chhe. teey sideni najiknaa tapuona naana juthano aek bhaag chhe aneey temaa vanyajeevanni samruddh vividhataa chhe. tenu naam tenaa dariyakinarana naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe, jeey tutelaa dariyakinarana kavachthee banelo chhe. chhe, tene 1.1 million dollarmaa vechaan maate mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

chhota khol dweep chhota khol dweep kanada key british kolambiya key sidney seey 2 kimmy poorv mein ack chhota dweep haye. yeh khaadi dweepon kaa hissa haye. dweep kaa aakar lagbhag 1 ekad (0.40 hectare) haye. yeh sidney key paas dweepon key chhote samooh kaa hissa haye aur yahaan vanyajeevon kii ack samriddh vividhata haye. iska naam isake samudra tata key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe toote hue samudra key khol seey banaa haye. 2021 mein, ise 11 laakh dollar mein bikri key liye rakhaa gayaa thaa.

chikka shell dweepa sanna shell dweepawu kenadaada british kolambiyaada sidneya purvakke 2 kii. mea. dooradalliruva ondu sanna dweepawaagide. idu gulf dweepagala bhagavagide. ee dweepawu sumaru 1 ekare (0.40 hectare) gatradallide. idu sidney baliya dweepagala sanna gumpina bhagavagide mattu vaividhyamaya vanyajeevigalannu hondide. murida kadala chippugalinda koodida kadalatirada hesarannu idakke idalaagide. 2021ralli, idannu $1.1 dasalakshakke maratakke idalaayitu.

cheria shell dweep kaanadayile britiish kolambiyayile sidneyil ninnu 2 kilometer kizhakkayi sthithicheyyunna oru cheria dveepaanu littil shell ailand. gulf dveepukalude bhaagamaanith. ekadesham 1 ekkar (0.40 hector) valippamullathaan eee dweep. sydnic sameepamulla cheria dveepukalude bhagamaaya ithu vaividhyamaarnna vanyajeevikalulla sthalamaanu. takarnna kadalkkashanangal chernna kadaltheerathinte perilaanu ithu ariyappedunnathu. 2021ll ithu 11 laksham dollarinu vilppanaykku vachirunnu.

chhote shale bett canadatil british kolambiyachya sidneychya poorves 2 kiimii antaravar asalele eka chhote shale bett aahe. too aakhati betancha eka bhag aahe. bett andaje 1 ekar (0.40 hector) aakarache aahe. heey sidnijavalachya betanchya chhotya samoohacha bhag aahe aanee yethe vanyajivanchi samruddha vividhata aahe. tyachya samudrakinanyapasun tyache naav padale aahe, joou tutalelya samudra kavachanni banalela aahe. 2021 madhye, too 11 laakh dollarla vikrisathi thevanyat aala hota.

sano shale tapu sano khol tapu sidney, britis columbia, canadako 2 kilometer purvama raheko euta sano tapu how. yo khadi tapuharuko euta bhag how. yo tapu lagbhag 1 ekad (0.40 hector) akarko chha. yo sidney najikaika tapuharuko sano samuhako hissa how rar yasama wanyajantuharuko samridha vividhata chha. yasako naam yasako samudra tatako nambata rakhieko how, june bhaanchieko samudri kholaharubata baneko chha. sann 2021 maa, yasalai 11 lakh dollarma bikrika lagi rakhieko thiyo.

chhot shale dwepa chhot shale dwepa kanadara british columbiar sidney thaaru 2 kilometer purbare eka chhot dwepa . ehaa upasagariya dwepapunjara eka ansha. ehi dwepati pakhapakhi 1 ekara (0.40 hector) rahr. ehaa sidney nikatasta khudra dwepapunjara eka ansha ebong ethaare bibhinna prakarara banyaprani rahichanti. ehara belabhumi naamare ehara namakarana karajaichi, jaahaa bhangi jaithiba samudra kholagudika dwara gathita. 2021ray ehaaku 11 lakhya dalaarare bikri paain rakhajaithila.

chhota shell tapu chhota shell tapu sidney, british columbia, canada toon 2 kilometer purab vall ikk chhota jiha tapu haii. ih khaadi tapuan daa hissa haii. tapu daa aakaar lagbhag 1 ekad (0.40 hectare) haii. ih sidney dey nede tapuan dey chhote samooh daa hissa haii atey iss witch jangli jeevan dee ikk ameer kisam haii. iss daa naam iss dey samundari kandhe dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii, joe tutte samundari kandhiaan naal baniaa haii. saal 2021 witch iss noon 11 lakkh dallar witch vikri laee rakkhiaa giaa see.

laghu-shell-dweepah litil-shell-dweepah kenada-deshasya british-columbia-deshasya sidney-nagaraat 2 kii. mee. poorvadishi sthitah ekaha laghudweepah asti. ayam gulf-dweepeshu bhaagah asti. asya dweepadasya aakaarah praayah 1 ekar (0.40 hector) asti. eshah sidney-nagarasya sameepe dvipanam laghumandalasya bhaagah asti, yatra vanyajeevaanaam samruddhavividhataa asti. bhagnaihi samudra-kavachaihi nirmitasya samudratatasya namna asya namakaranam krutam asti. 2021 tame varshe, $1.1 millions krute vikrayanaartham sthaapitam.

siriya shell theevu siriya shell theevu kanadaavin british kolambiyaavil ulla sidniyil irunthu kizhakkae 2 kii. mee tholaivil ulla oru siriya theevu aagum. idhu valaikuda theevugalin oru paguthiyaagum. inthath theevu thoaraayamaaga 1 aekkar (0.40 hectare) parappalavil ullathu. idhu sitnikku arugilulla siriya theevugalin oru paguthiyaagum mattrum palavagaiyaana vanavilangkugalaik kondullathu. udainththa kadal sillugalaal aana adhan kadarkaraiyin peyaraal idhu peyaridappattullathu. 2021 aam aandil, idhu $1.1 milliyanukku virpanaikku vaikkappattathu.

chinna shell dveepam chinna shell dveepam kenadaaloni british kolambiyaaloni sidneaki thoorpuna 2 kilometres dhooramlo unna oka chinna dveepam. idhi gulph dheevulalo bhaagam. eee dveepam sumaru 1 ekaraala (0.40 hectorlu) parimaanamlo undhi. idhi sidney sameepamloni chinna dveepaala samuuhamloo bhaagam mariyu aneka rakaala vanyapraanulanu kaligi undhi. virigina seashelstho koodi unna daani beach paeru meeda dheeniki eee paeru pettaru. 2021loe, dheenini $1.1 millionlaku vikrayaniki unchaaru.

chhota sheel jazirah chhota sheel jazirah sudney bartanvi columbia canada say 2 chlometer mashriq mein eek chhota saa jazirah hay. yaha khaliji jazair kaa hasah hay. jazeeray kaa size taqriba 1 aikad (0.4 hector) hay. yaha sudney kay qareeb jazair kay chhotay say garwah kaa hasah hay aur yahaan jangli hayaat kii bharpur aqsaam haine. iss kaa naam iss kay saahil samandar kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay juu tutay hoay samandari sheelon parr mushtamil hay. 2021 mein asay 11 laakh ddaalar mein farokhat kay liye rakhaa gayaa thaa.

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The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CXXVII

The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787/Volume 3/Appendix A/CXXVII <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← CXXVI"a". Butler to Butler, October 8 CXXVIII. Letter to Jefferson, October 11 → <pages index="The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 Volume 3.djvu" from=107 to=108 fromsection="cxxvii" tosection="cxxvii" /> <templatestyles src="Smallrefs/styles.css" />

1787 saaler federal conventioner record/volume 3/porishishto ayee/cxxvi cxxvi" "a" ". buttler theke buttler, 8ee octobor shee. eksa. eksa. vee. aaee. aaee. jeffersonke chitthi, 11 octobor Â

1787naa sangheey sammelan/khand 3/parishisht aee/see. ex. ex. vee. aaee. naa reqorda cxxvi" "a". " butlerthi butler, 8 october cxxviii. jeffersonne patra, 11 october Â

1787 key sanghiya sammelan key abhilekh/khand 3/parishisht aeye/see. aiks. aiks. vee. aaee. cxxvi "a". butler seey butler, 8 octuber see. aiks. aiks. vee. aaee. aaee. jefferson koo patra, 11 octuber Â

1787 chya federal convention nondi/khand 3/parishisht aaa/see. ex. ex. vhee. aay. cxxvi "a". butler teey butler, 8 aktoobar see. ex. ex. vhee. aay. jeffersonla lihilele patra, 11 aktoobar Â

1787 dey sanghi sammelan dey ricard/valiam 3/antika aii/see. acks. aiks. vee. aaee. cxxvi "a". buttler toon buttler, 8 aktubar cxxviii. jefferson noon pattar, 11 aktubar Â

1787/khandah 3/parishishtah a/cxxvii ityasya sangheey-sammelanasy abhilekhaah. cxxvi "a" iti. buttler-too-buttler, october 8 cxxviii. jefferson prati patram, october 11 a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a

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Five Seals

Five Seals In Sethian Gnostic texts, the Five Seals are typically described as a baptismal rite involving a series of five full immersions in holy running or "living water," symbolizing spiritual ascension to the divine realm. The Five Seals are frequently mentioned in various Sethian Gnostic texts from the Nag Hammadi library. While some scholars consider the Five Seals to be literary symbolism rather than an actual religious ritual, Birger A. Pearson believes that the Five Seals refer to an actual ritual in which the initiate was ritually immersed in water five times. Pearson also finds many parallels between the Sethian ritual of the Five Seals and the Mandaean baptismal ritual of masbuta. Tractates. Tractates in the Nag Hammadi library that mention the Five Seals include: The Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Trimorphic Protennoia, Zostrianos, and Apocalypse of Adam also mention Micheus, Michar, and Mnesinous as three heavenly guardian spirits presiding over the rite of baptism performed in the wellspring of Living Water, while Yesseus Mazareus Yessedekeus (i.e., Jesus of Nazareth the Righteous ["ho dikaios"]) is equated with the Living Water. In contrast, Marsanes mentions Thirteen Seals rather Five Seals. Apocryphon of John. At the end of the Apocryphon of John, the Five Seals are described as protecting against death. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />I raised and sealed the person in luminous water with Five Seals, that death might not prevail over the person from that moment on. This quote has a parallel in Saying 19 of the Coptic Gospel of Thomas, attributed to Jesus. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />For there are five trees in paradise for you; they do not change, summer or winter, and their leaves do not fall. Whoever knows them will not taste death. Trimorphic Protennoia. In the Trimorphic Protennoia, the Five Seals are described in the following manner: In more detail later in the same text: Zostrianos. In Zostrianos, the protagonist Zostrianos is baptized five times in the name of Autogenes, the divine Self-Generated One. Parallels. The number five was also an important symbolic number in Manichaeism, with heavenly beings, concepts, and others often grouped in sets of five. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pasta muhor sethiyan gnostik gronthot, pasta muhorok xadharonote pobitro dour baa "jiwanta paneet" pasta xompurno nimojjonor sringkholak jorito koraa baptismor onusthan hisape bornona koraa hoy, ji oisworik rajyoloi adhyatmik utthanor protik. naag hammadi puthibhoralor bibhinno sethiyan gnostik gronthot ei pasta muhor xoghonai ullekh koraa hoise. aanhate kisuman ponditoi pasta muhorok prokrito dhormiyo reeti-nitir poriworte xahityik protik buli bibesona kore. naxpator biswax je pasta muhore etaa prokrito reeti-nitir kotha ullekh kore zo 'too dikhyatu pasbar taat utxorgogotobhabe nimojjito koraa hoisil. naxpator logote pasta muhor sethiyan reeti-niti aaru maswutar mandian baptismor reeti-nitir maajot bohutu xomantoral puwa yaay. tractate. naag hammari puthibhoralot thoka pasta muhor ullekh koraa tractxomuh hoh 'loh mohan odrishyo aatmar pobitro grontho, trim "rofik protenon" iya, jostrian "cho, aaru edamor opukelipsotu micreas, micrear, aaru menis buli ullekh koraa hoise, ji tinita sworgiyo obhibhawok aatma jiwito panir xontorot baptismor onusthanor xobhapotitwo kore, aanhate yesiyas majarias yesediyas (i.ee., najrethor jisuk dhormiyo ["hu dikai" cho "]) jiwanta panir xoite xomotulyo. iyar biporite, marchane pasta muhor xoloni terta muhor ullekh korise. jonor opo 'criffon. jonor ep "criffonor xexot, pasta muhorok mrityur poraa xurokhya diya hisape bornona koraa hoise. ei uddhrititut thomasor coptic gospelor 19 nong bakyot xomantoral aase, ji jixur baabe dayee. trim "rfik pro" tenon "aa. trim "rfik pro" tenon "aai-too pasta muhor tolot diya dhorone bornona koraa hoiseh pisot ekekhon paathot odhik bixodbhabe koukoh justrianos. jostrian 'sot nayok jostrian' cho swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-swo-sristo swo-swo-swo-swo-swo xomantoral. manikeijomot paas nombortu ek guruttopurno protik xongkhya aasil, zo "too sworgiyo prani, dharona aaru aanburok praye pasor setot gutt diya hoisil.

panchti seal sethian gnostic gronthe, panchti seal sadharonoto ekti baptismer anusthan hisabe bornona koraa hoy jaa pobitro daud baa "jeebonto joley" panchti purno nimajjan jorito, jaa oissorik rajye adhyattik arohaner protik. naag hammadi gronthagarer bivinno sethian gyanbadi gronthe panchti seeler kotha prayashai ullekh koraa hoyeche. jodio kichhu pondito panchti silke prokrito dharmiya acharer poriborte sahityik protik hisabe bibechona corren. nashpati biswas korey jey panchti seal ekti prokrito anusthanke bojhai jekhane shuruti panchbar joley bisarjan deoa hoyechilo. nashpati panchti seeler sethian anusthan ebong masbooter mandian baptismer anusthaner modhye onek samantaralata khunje paay. tract. naag hammadi gronthagarer tracte panchti seeler ullekh royeche mohan adrishya atmar pobitro boi, trimatrik protennia, jostrianos ebong adamer sarbanash echhadao jeebito joler prosrabe baptismer acharer sabhapatittokari tinti swargiya abhibhabok atma hisabe misheus, mitcher ebong menesiser ullekh korey, jokhon easues mazareus iyesediyasa (i.ee., nazareth jeeshu dharmik ["hoe dicaios"]) jeebonto joler saathe soman. err biporite, marsense panchti seeler poriborte teroti seeler ullekh korey. john err apocryphon. joner opocryphoner sheshe, panchti seelke mrityur biruddhe surakkha hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. eyi uddhrititi thomaser coptic gospel 19-err samantaral, jaa jishur boley. trimorphic protennia. trimorphic protennia, panchti seal nimnolikhito poddhotite bornona koraa hoyeche porey ekoi patthye arow bistaritobhabeh jostrianos. jostrianose, nayak jostrianos swa-srishto oissorik byaktir naame panchbar baptismo nene. samantaral. swargiya prani, dharona ebong annannoder prayashai pancher sete gosthibhukto korey, manicagemer ekti guruttopurno protiki sankhyao chhilo panch nambar.

paanch seal sethiyan noostic granthomaa, paanch seelne saamanya reete pavitra dodmaa paanch sampoorn nimajjan athavaa "jivant paanee" nee shreneene samavati baptismani vidhee tareeke varnavama aave chhe, jeey daivi kshetramaa aadhyatmik aarohannu prateek chhe. naag hammadi pustakalayna viveedh sethiyan noostic granthomaa paanch seelno vaaramvaar ullekh karvaamaa aavyo chhe. jyaare keey ketlaak vidhyano paanch seelne vaastavik dhaarmik vidhine badale saahityik prateek maane chhe. pierson maane chhe keey paanch seal aek vaastavik vidheeno sandarbh aape chhe jemaa praarambh paanch vakhat vidhithi paanimaa visarjit karvaamaa aavyo hato. moteene paanch seelnee sethiyan vidhee aneey masbutani mandiyan baptismani vidhee vachche pann ghanee samaantaao maley chhe. tractates. naag hummody pustakalayma paanch seelno ullekh kartaa maargmaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh mahaan adrashya aatmana pavitra pustak, trimiteey protenoa, zostrianos aneey aedamnaa sakshatkarma pann micus, meacher aneey menesiyasno ullekh trana svargeey vaalee aatmaao tareeke karvaamaa aavyo chhe jeey jivant paaninaa kuvaamaa karvaamaa aavtaa baptismana sanskaarni adhyakshta karey chhe, jyaare yessius masurious yasedius (i.ee., nazarethna isu nyaayi ["hoow dicayos"]) neey jivant paanee saathe sarkhavvama aave chhe. tenaathi vipareet, marsane paanch seelne badale tera seelno ullekh karey chhe. johnno apocryphone. johnna apocryphone ante, paanch seelne mrutyu saame rakshan tareeke varnavama aave chhe. aaa avtaran thomasna qoptiqa gospelnaa 19 kahevatma samaantar chhe, jeey isune aabhaari chhe. trimorphic protenoa. trimorphic protenoyama, paanch seal neecheni reete varnavama aavee chheh vadhu vigatvaar pachhithi teey jaj lakhanma zostrianos. zostriyanosma, naayak zostrianosne svayam-utpann daivi vyaktinaa naame paanch vakhat baptisma aapvama aave chhe. samaantaao. paanch number pann manichaism aek mahatvapurn pratikatmak sankhyaa hatee, jemaa svargeey praaneeo, vibhavnao aneey anya loko ghanivaar paanchnaa samoohma juthbaddh hataa.

paanch muharen sethian nostic granthon mein, paanch muharon koo aam taur parr ack bapatisma sanskar key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye jisamen pavitra daud mein paanch poorna visarjan yaa "jeevit jall" kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye, joe divya kshetra mein aadhyatmik aarohan kaa prateek haye. naag hammadi pustakalaya key vibhinn sethian nostic granthon mein paanch muharon kaa aksar ullekh kiya gayaa haye. jabaki kuchh vidwan paanch muharon koo ack vaastavik dhaarmik anushthaan key bajaay saahityik prateek maanate hain. nashpati kaa maanana haye kii paanch muhar ack vaastavik anushthaan koo sandarbhit karate hain jisamen deeksha koo paanch baar paani mein sanskar roop seey visarjit kiya gayaa thaa. nashpati koo paanch muharon key sethian anushthaan aur masubuta key mandian bapatisma anushthaan key beach kaee samaantaaen bhee milati hain. tractates. naag hammadi pustakalaya mein paanch muharon kaa ullekh karane vaale maargon mein shamil hainh mahaan adrishya aatma kii pavitra pustak, trimitiya protenoya, jostrianos, aur addam key sarvanash mein bhee teen swargiya sanrakshak aatmaon key roop mein misheyas, mitcher aur menesius kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye joe jeevit paani key kuein mein kiye gaye bapatisma key sanskar kii adhyakshata karate hain, jabaki yessius mazarius yasedius (i.ee., nasreth key yeeshu koo dharmi ["hoe dicayos"]) jeevit paani key barabar maanaa jaataa haye. isake vipareet, marcense mein paanch muharon key bajaay terah muharon kaa ullekh haye. johnn kaa apocryphone. johnn key apocryphone key anta mein, paanch muharon koo mrityu seey bachaane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. iss uddharan mein thomas key coptic gospel key 19 key kahane mein ack samanantar haye, jiska shreya yeeshu koo diyaa jaataa haye. trimorphic protenoa. trimorphic protenoa mein, paanch muharon kaa varnan nimnalikhit tareeke seey kiya gayaa haih baad mein usee paath mein adhik vistaar seh jostrianos. jostrianos mein, naayak jostrianos koo autogens key naam seey paanch baar bapatisma diyaa jaataa haye, joe divya swa-utpann hotaa haye. samaantaaen. paanch number bhee manichaism mein ack mahatvapurna prateekaatmak sankhya thee, jisamen swargiya prani, avadhaaranaaen aur anya aksar paanch key samooh mein samoohbaddh hotey they.

aidu mudregalu sethian gnostic patyagalalli, aidu moharugalannu samanyavagi pavitra otadalli athawa "jeevanta nirinalli" aidu purna visarjanegalannu olagonda baptism vidhi endu vivarisalaagide, idu daivika saamrajyakke aadhyaatmika aarohanavannu sanketisuttade. naag hammadi granthaalayada vividha sethian gnaanavaadi patyagalalli aidu mudregalannu aagaagge ullekhisalaagide. kelavu vidvaamsaru aidu moharugalannu nijavaada dharmika acharaneya badalige saahityika sanketavendu pariganisuttaare. aidu moharugalu nijavaada aacharaneyannu soochisuttave endu pierson nambuttaare, idaralli praarambhavannu aidu baari acharaneyagi nirinalli mulugisalaayitu. pierson aidu mudregala sethian aacharane mattu masbuta mandeyan baptism acharaneya naduve aneka samaanaantaragalannu saha kandukolluttade. tractgalu. naag hammadi granthaalayadalliruva aidu mudregalannu ullekhisuva maargasoochigalu heegiveh mahan adrushya aatmada pavitra pustaka, trimorphic protenoya, jostrianos, mattu adamna apocalypse saha micheus, maikar mattu menesinus annu mooru swargeeya raksaka aatmagalaagi ullekhisuttade, baptismn aacharaneyannu jeevanta neerina buggegalalli nadesalaaguttade, aadare yesses majareyas yesedius (i.ii., nazaretna yesu, nitivantanu ["hoow dicaios"]) jeevanta nirinondige samanaagiruttaane. idakke vyatiriktavagi, maarsengalu hadimuru moharugalannu ullekhisuttave, badalige aidu moharugalannu ullekhisuttave. zaan naa apocryphone. jaanna apocryphan koneyalli, aidu moharugalannu saavina viruddha rakshisuttade endu vivarisalaagide. ee ullekhavu yesuvige kaaranavaada thamasna coptic suvaarteya 19neey helikeyalli samaanaantaravaagide. trimorphic protenoya. trimorphic protenoyaadalli, aidu moharugalannu ee kelagina reetiyalli vivarisalaagideh nantara adhe pathyadalli hecchu vivaravaagih jostriyannaru. jostrianosnalli, nayaka jostrianos swayam-srushtiyaada daivika aatojengala hesarinalli aidu baari dikshasnan padeyuttaane. samaanaantaragalu. aidane sankhyeyu manichisamnalli ondu pramukha saanketika sankhyeyaagittu, swargeeya jivigalu, parikalpanegalu mattu itararu samanyavagi aidu gumpugalalli gumpuguduttaare.

paach shikke sethian nostic granthanmadhye, paach shikke samanyatah baptismyacha sanskar mhanoon varnan kelee jaatat, jyat pavitra dhavnyachya kinwa "jiwant panyat" paach purn visarjananchi malika samavisht asate, jee daivi kshetrat aadhyatmik aarohan darshavate. naag hammadi granthalayatil vividh sethian nostic granthanmadhye paach shikkyancha varanvar ullekh keela jaato. kahee vidwan paach shikke heey pratyaksh dharmik vidhiaivaji sahityik pratikvad manatat, tarr 'berger aaa'. nashpaticha assa vishvas aahe qee paach shikke mhanje pratyaksh vidhee jyamadhye diksha paach vela vidhibaddhapane panyat visarjit kelee gelee hotee. nashpatila paach shikkyancha sethian vidhee aanee masbutcha mandian baptismyacha vidhee yatahi anek samanata aadhaltat. tractates. naag hummody granthalayatil paach shikkyancha ullekh asalelya lekhanmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh mahan adrushya aatmyache pavitra pustak, trimiteey protenoya, zostrianos aanee adamchya sarvanashamadhye, jiwant panyachya panyachya kelelya baptismyachya vidhiche netrutva netrutva teen swargiy snrakshak aatmya mhanoon misheyas, mitcher aanee menesinus yancha dekhil ullekh aahe, tarr yessius mazarius yasedekius (i.eae., nazrethcha yeshu daad rhythius [hoow dicayos]) haah jiwant panyashi samaan aahe. yaulat, marsnessmadhye paach shikkyanaivaji tera shikkyancha ullekh aahe. johncha apocryphone. johnchya apocryphonechya shevati, paach shikke mrutyupasoon sanrakshn denari asalyache varnan kele aahe. yaa avataranat thomaschya coptic gospelchya 19 chya sanganyala samantar aahe, jeey yeshula shrey dile jaate. trimorphic protenoya. trimorphic protenoamadhye, paach shikkyanche varnan khaleel prakare kele aaheh tyach majkurat nantar adhik tapashilavarah zostrianos. zostrianosmadhye, nayak zostrianoscha paach vela autogenschya navane baptisma hoto, joou daivi swa-nirmit aahe. samantar. paach kramank hii manikeizammadhil eka mahattvachi pratikatmak sankhya dekhil hotee, jyat swargiy prani, sankalpana aanee itar bahutekda pachchya sanchanmadhye gatbaddh kele gele hote.

panchti mohar sethian gnostic granthare, panchti moharaku sadharanatah eka baptisma reetineeti bhabare barnana karajaichi jeunthire pabitra prabaha kimba "jibanta jala" ray panchti sampurna nimajjanara eka sirij antarbhukta, jaahaa dibya rajyaku adhyatmika arohanara pratika . naaga hammadi library bibhinna sethian gnostic pathyare panchti mohar barambar ullekha karajaichi . keteka bidwana ehi panchti moharaku eka prakruta dharmika reetineeti paribarte sahityika pratika bolly bibechana karuthibabele, 'birgara aii'. nashapati biswasa kare je panchti mohar eka prakruta reetineeti ku suchita kare jeunthire aarambhaku pancha thara bidhibadha bhabare panire bisarjan karajaithila . panchti moharar sethian reetineeti ebong maswutara mandian baptisma reetineeti madhyare madhya nashapati aneka samanata paithae . tract. naaga hammadi laibrereere thiba tractet jeunthire panchti seal ullekha rahichhi segudika madhyare rahichhih mahan adrushya atma, trimorphic protenoa, jostrianos, ebong adamra apocalypsra pabitra pustakare madhya mishaeus, michar ebong menesinasnku tinoti swargeeja abhibhabaka atma bhabare ullekha karajaichi jaahaa jibanta jalara kooare baptismara reetira adhyakhyata karanti, jetebele yessius majareyas yesdekias (i.ee., najaritra yeeshu dharmika ["hoe dicayos"]) jibanta jala sahita samaana atanti. aparapakhyare, marsanes panchti seal paribarte terati seal ullekha karichanti. jannka apocryphone. jannka apocryphone sheshare, panchti moharaku mrutyuru surakhya deba bhabare barnana karajaichi . ehi uktiti thamasanka cuptic susamacharara susamacharara bakyaku jeesunka saha samanantara bhabe upasthapana karichhi. trimorphic protenoa. trimorphic protenoare, panchti moharaku nimnalikhita dhangare barnana karajaichihi parey sehi samaana pathyare adhika bistruta bhabareh jostrianos. jostrianosare, najaka jostrianos swa-srusta aiswika autogen naamare pancha thara baptijit huanti . samantarala. pancha nambara madhya manicheijamre eka gurutwapurna prateekatmaka sankhya thila, jeunthire swargeeja prani, dharana ebong anyamane prajatah panchti setare gostheebhukta hoithile .

panj mohran sethian nastik granthan witch, panj mohran noon aam taur utte ikk baptismal rasam vajon darsaiaa giaa haii jiss witch pavittar daud jaan "jeevat paanee" witch panj poore visfot dee ikk luddy shamal haii, joe braham khetar witch adhiaatmik chadhan daa prateek haii. panj mohran daa zikar aksar naag hammadi library dey vakkh-vakkh sethian nastik granthan witch keeta jaanda haii. jadon kii kujh vidwan panj mohran noon ikk asal dharmik rasam dee bajaae sahitak prateek mannade hunn. pearson daa mannana haii kii panj mohran ikk asal rasam noon darsaundiyan hunn jiss witch rasmi taur 'teey panj vaar paanee witch duboiaa giaa see. motee panj mohran dey sethian rasam atey masboota dey mandean baptism rasam dey vichkaar bahut saariaan samantavan vee labhda haii. tracket. naag hammadi library witch panj mohran daa zikar curran vaale tracket witch shamal hann mahaan adikh aatma, trimorphic protenoa, zosterinos atey aadam dey apocalypse dee pavittar kitaab witch missius, meacher atey manicinus daa zikar tinn swargi sarprast aatmavan vajon keeta giaa haii joe jeevat paanee dey jharne witch keete gaye baptism dey rasam dee pardhangi karde hunn, jadon kii yassias mazarius yasedekius (i.ee.nasrat dey yisu dharmi ["hoow dicaios"] noon jeevat paanee dey barabar manniaa jaanda haii. iss dey ulat, marcenus witch panj mohran dee bajaae teran mohran daa zikar haii. john daa apocryphone. john dey apocryphone dey ant witch, panj mohran noon maut toon bachaun vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. iss havale witch thoms dee 19veen coptic injeel dey 19ven havale daa ikk smanarthi haii, jiss daa caarn yisu noon manniaa jaanda haii. trimorphic protenoa. trimorphic protenoa witch, panj mohran noon heth likhe tarike naal darsaiaa giaa haiyav baad witch use paath witch vadhere vistaar nalaya zostrinos. zostrianos witch, naaik zostrianos noon sway-paida keete braham dey naam utte panj vaar baptisma ditta jaanda haii. samantavan. panj number vee manichasm witch ikk mahattavpuran prateek sankhiaa see, jiss witch swargi prani, sankalpan atey horaan noon aksar panj dey samoohan witch vandiaa jaanda see.

pancha mudraani sethiyan-gnostic-grantheshu, pancha-mudraah samanyataya baptisma-vidhihi iti varnitaah santi, yatra pavitra-pravaahe athavaa "jeevant-jale" pancha poorna-nimajjananam shrunkhalaa antarbhavati, yaa divya-raajye aadhyaatmik-aarohanasy prateekam asti. naag-hammadi-pustakaalayasy vibhinneshu sethiyan-nostic-grantheshu pancha-mudranam ullekhah bahudhaa bhavati. kechan vidvaamsaha panchamudraani vaastavika-dhaarmik-anushtaanasya apekshayaa saahityik-prateekavaadah iti manyante, birger-e iti. panchamudraani vaastavikam anushtaanam soochayanti, yasmin aarambhah panchavaaram jale nimajjitah aasit iti naashikaah manyante. panchamudranam sethiyan-anushtaanasya, masbutasya mandian-baptisma-anushtaanasya cha madhye api anekaani samaanaani cha pirson-pakshina pashyanti. tractate iti. naag-hammadi-pustakaalaye panchamudranam ullekhayuktaah anucchedaah santi - mahaan adrushyaatmaayah pavitragranthe, trividhapraakrutapraant-utpattih, jostrianos, adam ityasya sarwanaashah cha, jeevajalasya srote acharitasya baptismasya samskaarasya adhyakshah tribhihi swargeeya-rakshak-aatmaah iti missius, michaar, menesinus ityetaan api ullikhati, yissius majarius yasedekius (i.ee.naasareth ityasya yeshuhu dharmmikam (how dicayos) jeevantajalam iva samana asti. tadviruddham, marcense pancha mudranam sthaane trayodasha mudranam ullekham karoti. jaan ityasya apocryphone. jaan ityasya apocryphone ityasya ante pancha mudraah mrutyoho viruddham rakshakaah iti varnitaah santi. ayam uddharanah thaamas-ityasya coptic-gospel ityasya 19 iti vachanasya samaantarah asti, yat yeeshum eva shreyaskarm bhavati. tri-marphic-protenoyaa. tri-rupiya-protenoya-ityasmin pancha-mudranam varnanam nimnalikhite vidhena krutam asti. pashchat tasmin eva granthe adhikavivaranam. zastrianos. zostrianos ityasmin, naayakah zostrianos, swayam-nirmitasya daivikasya autogenes ityasya namna panchavaaram baptismam sweekaroti. samaantaraani. panchasankhyaa api mainicheyisam ityasmin mahattvapoornam pratikatmakasankhya aasit, yatra swargeeya-jeevah, dharanaha, anye cha praayah panchaguneshu samooheshu samooheekrutaah aasan.

ainthu muththiraigal sethiyan nostic noolgalil, ainthu muththiraigal podhuvaaga punitha oottaththil allathu "uyirulla neeril" ainthu muzhu moozhkuthalgalai ulladakkiya oru gnaanasnaana sadangaaga vivarikkappadugindrana, idhu theiveega saamraajyaththirku aanmeega aeruthalai kurikkirathu. ainthu muththiraigal naak hammadi noolagaththin palvaeru sethiyan nostic noolgalil adikkadi kurippidapattullana. sila arinyarkal ainthu muththiraigalai oru unmaiyana madha sadangai vida ilakkiya adaiyaalamaaga karudhugindranar. ainthu muththiraigal oru unmaiyana sadangaik kurikkindrana endru muththu nambukirathu, idhil thuvakkam ainthu murai sadangaaga thanneeril moozhkadikkappattathu. ainthu muththiraigalin sethiyan sadangirkum, maspudaavin maandiyan gnaanasnaana sadangirkum idaiyae pala ottrumaigalaiyum muththu kaankirathu. tractates. ainthu muththiraigalaik kurippidum naak hammadi noolagaththil ulla pakuthikalaavana periya kannukkuth theriyaatha aavi, trimorphic protenoya, jostrianos mattrum aadamin abocalypse aagiyavattrin punitha puththagaththil micheus, micar mattrum meneesus aagiya moontru paraloaga paathukaavalar aavikal uyirulla neeroottril nigazhththappadum gnaanasnaanaththin sadangirku thalaimai thaangkukintrana, athae neraththil yesses masarius yesetius (i.eee., nazaraththin iyaesu neethimaan ["hoow ticaios"]) uyirulla thanneerudan saman seiyappadugiraar. idharku maaraaga, maarsaangal ainthu muththiraigalai vida pathinmoondru muththiraigalai kurippidugindrana. jaanin abocryphone. jaanin abocryphone mudivil, ainthu muththiraigal maranaththilirunthu paathukaappathaaka vivarikkappadugindrana. inththa maerkoal tamazin kaaptik narcheythiyin 19 vadhu koottrukku inaiyaaga ullathu, idhu iyaesuvukkuk kaaranam. trimorphic protenoya. trimorphic protenoyavil, ainthu muththiraigal pinvarum muraiyil vivarikkappattullana pinnar athae uraiyil maelum virivaaga jostrianos. sostrianosil, kathaanaayagan jostrianos ainthu murai thannudaimaip peyaraal gnanasnanam perukiraar, theiveega suya-uruvaakkappatta ondru. inaikal. ainthaam enn maneechcheeyisaththil oru mukkiyamaana kuriyeettu ennaagavum irunththathu, paraloaga uyirinangkal, karuththukkal mattrum pirar perumpaalum ainthu thoguppukalil kuzhuvaaga irunththanar.

aidu mudralu sethian gnostic grandhaalalo, aidu mudralu saadhaaranamgaa pavitramaina pravaahamlo ledhaa "sajeeva neetilo" aidu puurti nimajjanaalato kuudina baptism aacharamgaa varninchabaddaayi, idhi daivika raajyaaniki aadhyaatmika aarohananu suuchistumdi. naag hammadi library nundi vividha sethian gnostic grandhaalalo aidu mudralu tarachugaa prastaavinchabaddaayi. kontamandi panditulu aidu mudralanu vaastava mataparamaina aacharam kakunda saahitya prateekagaa bhaavistaaru. aidu mudralu oka vaastavamaina aacharaanni suuchistaayani pier sunn nammutundi, dheenilo prarambhanni aidu saarlu neetilo nimajjanam chesaaru. pier sunn aidu mudrala sethian aacharam mariyu masbuta yokka mandeyan baptism aacharam madhya aneka samaantaraalanu kooda kanugontundi. tractlu. aidu mudralanu prastaavinchae naag hammadi libraryloni margalu goppa adrushya aatma, trimuurtula protenoya, jostrianos mariyu adam yokka apocalypse yokka pavitra pustakam kooda maikhas, maikhar mariyu menenius anae moodu swargapu samrakshaka aatmalu baptism yokka aachaaraaniki adhyakshata vahistunnatlugaa perkontundi, ayithe yesu majares yesedius (i.ii., nazaret yokka yesu neethimanthudu ["hoow dicaios"]) jeevajalamtho samanam. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, marsense padamudu mudralanu kakunda aidu mudralanu prastaavistundi. zaan yokka apocryphone. zaan yokka apocryphone chivarilo, aidu mudralu maranam nundi rakshinchevigaa varninchabaddaayi. eee coat thamus yokka captic suvaarta yokka 19 va maatalo samaantaramgaa undhi, idhi yesuku aapaadinchabadindi. trimorphic protenoya. trimorphic protenoyalo, aidu mudralu eee krindi paddhatiloo vivarinchabaddaayih taruvaata adhe vachanamlo marinta vivarangah jostrians. jostrianoslo, kathaanaayakudu jostrianos swayam-srushtinchabadina daivika vyakti ayina autogens paerita aidusarlu baptism pondutaadu. samaantaraalu. manichayijamlo aidu sankhya kooda oka mukhyamaina sanketha sankhya, swargapu jeevulu, bhavanalu mariyu itarulu tarachugaa aidu samoohaalalo samuuham cheyabaddaaru.

paanch mahrein sitheen gnostic matun mein paanch mehron kuu aam toor parr eek baptasmah kii rasm kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein muqadas dodh yaa "zindah paani" mein paanch makmal wasarjan kaa eek silsilah shaamil hay juu alhee dairay mein rohani chadhayi kii alaamat hay. paanch mehron kaa zakar naag humdi library kay mukhtalif sitheen gnostic mutan mein aksar kiyaa jaataa hay. jabkah kachh scholars paanch mehron kuu eek haqeeqi mazhabi rasm kay bajaye adbi alaamat samajhte haine bargar aey. nashpati kaa khayaal hay kahh paanch mahrein eek haqeeqi rasm kaa hawalah deeti haine jiss mein ibtada kuu rasmi toor parr paanch baar paani mein dobaya jaataa thaa. nashpati kuu paanch mehron kii sithiyayi rasm aur masbuta kii mandiyayi baptasmah kii rasm kay darmiyan bhee behat see mamasilat milti hay. tracket. naag humdi library mein paanch mehron kaa zakar karnay waalay tracket mein shaamil haine: azeem poshidah rooh trimorphic protenoya zostrianos aur addam kay apocalipse kii muqadas kitaab mein mashyus macker aur minicience kaa bhee zakar kiyaa gayaa hay kahh wah teen aasmani sarparast rohein haine juu zindah paani kay chashme mein kiye jaanay waalay baptasmah kii rasm kii sadarat karti haine jabkah yasios mazarees yasdeks (i.ayee.yasua naasrat kay rastbaz ["how dikayos"]) kuu zindah paani kay baraabar samjha jaataa hay. iss kay barakas marcines mein paanch mehron kay bajaye teerah mehron kaa zakar hay. jaan kaa apocryphon. jaan kay apocrifone kay aakhir mein paanch mehron kuu moth say bachanay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. iss iqtebas mein thamas kii coptic anjeel kay 19 kuu kahnay mein eek matwazi hay juu yasua say mansub hay. trimorphic protenonia. trimorphic protenonia mein paanch mehron kuu darj zeel andaaz mein biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay: baad mein asee mutan mein mazeed tafsil say: zostrianos. zostrianos mein markazi kirdaar zostrianos kuu autogens kay naam parr paanch baar baptasmah diyaa jaataa hay juu kahh khood say paida honay waala alhee hay. matwazi. paanch number bhee minichezam mein eek aham alamati number thaa jiss mein aasmani makhluq tasvaraat aur deegar aksar paanch kay seeton mein grop kiye jaatay thay.

0003eb5831dee38eaf45f66c9820b4f52ce35741a8d33278ce95439796b275a9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68771045

Lauren Davidson

Lauren Davidson Scottish footballer Lauren Davidson (born 1 October 2001) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a forward for Glasgow City in the Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) and the Scotland national team. Club career. Davidson played for the youth team of Glasgow City. After a stint with Hibernian she joined the senior squad of Glasgow City in August 2020. International career. Davidson represented Scotland at the under-16, under-17 and under-19 levels. She was added to the full national team in September 2021 and made her international debut that month in a 2–0 win against Hungary, appearing as a late substitute for Claire Emslie. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

loren davidson loren devidson (jonmo 1 octobor 2001) egoraki scotlandor football kheluwoi jiye scotlandor mohila primiyar leeg (swpl) aaru scotland rastriyo dolor glaxogu sohoror hoi forward hisape khele. clubber keriyar. devidsone glaxogu sohoror juwo dolor hoi khelisil. hibernianor xoite kichu xomoy kaam korar pisot teu 2020 sonor aagosto maahot glaxogu sohoror jyestho dolot jugdan korisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. devidsone 16 bosoror tolor, 17 bosoror tolor aaru 19 bosoror tolor storot scotlandok protinidhitwo korisil. 2021 sonor septembor maahot teuk xompurno rastriyo dolot jug diya hoisil aaru xei maahot hangarir biruddhe 2-0ror joyot teu antohrastriyo aatmoprokax korisil, clair emsolir pisot bikolpo hisape uposthito hoisil.

lorren davidson lorren davidson (jonmo 1 octobor 2001) ekjon scottish football kheload jini scottish mohila premiere ligg (sdabluply) ebong scotland jatiya doley glasgo sitir hoye forroard hisabe khelen. club carrier. davidson glasgo shohorer jubo doler hoye khelechen. hiberniander saathe kaaj korar porr tini 2020 saaler auguste glasgo shohorer senior squade jog deena. antorjatik karmajiban. davidson anurdho-16, anurdho-17 ebong anurdho-19 store scotlander protinidhitto korechilen. 2021 saaler septembore taake purno jatiya doley jukto koraa hoy ebong seii maase hangerir biruddhe 2-0 byabodhane joylav korey clair emslir derite bikalpa hisabe uposthito hoye antorjatik crickete atmoprokash corren.

lorren davidson lorren davidson (janm 1 october 2001) aek skotisha footballer chhe jeey skotisha maheela premiere leag (swpl) aneey scotland raashtriy team glassgo shaher maate aagalnaa khelaadi tareeke ramey chhe. club karkirdi. davidson glassgo shahernee yuvaa team maate ramyo hato. hibernian saathe kaama karyaa pachhi teey august 2020maan glassgo shahernee varishth team jodai hatee. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. devidsne under-16, under-17 aneey under-19 stare skotlendnu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. september 2021maan teneene sampoorn raashtriy team umervaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey maheene hangeri saame 2-0thee jeet saathe teneeae aantarrashtriy padaarpan karyoo hatoo, jeey clayer amsleena modaa aveji tareeke dekhai hatee.

lauren davidson lauren davidson (janm 1 octuber 2001) ack scotish footballer hain joe scotish mahila premiere leag (aiss. doubleu. pee. ell.) aur scotland rashtriya team mein glassgo shahar key liye ack forward key roop mein khelate hain. club carrier. davidson glassgo shahar kii yuva team key liye khele. hibernian key saath ack karyakal key baad vaha agast 2020 mein glassgo shahar key varishth daste mein shamil hoe gaeen. antarrashtriya currier. davidson ney under-16, under-17 aur under-19 staron parr scotland kaa pratinidhitva kiya. unhein sitambar 2021 mein poorna rashtriya team mein jodaa gayaa thaa aur unhone usa maheene hangri key khilaf 2-0 seey jeet mein apani antarrashtriya shuruat kii, joe clair amsley key liye dair seey vikalp key roop mein dikhaai dee.

lauren davidson lauren davidson (janana 1 october 2001) obba scottish football atagartiyagiddu, avaru scottish mahila premiere leigh (esdablupl) mattu scotland rashtriya tandadalli glasgo sitigaagi forward aagi aduttare. club vrattijeevana. davidson glasgo nagarada yuva tandakkagi aadidaru. hibernian jotegina ondu avadhiya nantara avaru august 2020 ralli glasgo nagarada hiriya tandavannu seridaru. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. davidson under-16, under-17 mattu under-19 mattadalli scotlend tandavannu pratinidhisidaru. september 2021 ralli avarannu purna rashtriya tandakke serisalaayitu mattu aaa tingalu hangeri viruddha 2-0 antarada geluvinondige clyer emslige tadavagi badaliyaagi kanisikondaru.

lorren davidson scotish vanita premiier leagilum (sdabluply) scotland deseeya teamil glasgo sittikk vendi kalikkunna oru scotish football kalikkaranaanu lorren davidson (jananam october 1,2001). club currier. glasgo sittiyile yoothu teaminu vendiyaanu davidson kalichathu. hibernian teamumaayulla oru kaalayalavinusesham 2020 augustil avar glasgo sittiyile seeniyar squadil chernnu. anthaaraashtra currier. under-16, under-17, under-19 thalangalil davidson skotlandine prathinidheekarichu. 2021 septambaril poornna deseeya teamil cherkkapetta avar aaa maasam hangarikkethiraaya 2-0 vijayathil anthaaraashtra arangettam kurichu, clair emsleyude vaikia pakarakkariyaayi prathyakshappettu.

lauren davidson lauren davidson (janm 1 aktoobar 2001) haah eka scottish footballpatu aahe joou scottish mahila premiere leag (ess. doubleu. pii. ell.) aanee scotland rashtriy sanghat glassgo shaharasathi forward mhanoon khelato. club karkird. davidson glassgo citychya yuva sanghakadun khelala. hibernionberober kaam kelyanantar tee august 2020 madhye glassgo shaharachya varishtha sanghat sameel jhaali. aantarrashtriy karkird. devidsonne 16 varshankhalil, 17 varshankhalil aanee 19 varshankhalil staravar scotlandche pratinidhitva kele. september 2021 madhye teela purn rashtriy sanghat samavisht karnyat aale aanee tyaa mahinyat hangeriviruddha 2-0 assa vijay midvat tine aantarrashtriy padarpan kele, clair emsleecha usheera paryay mhanoon tee disali.

laren devidson laren devidson (janma 1 october 2001) ek scottish footballer hun jasle scottish mahila premiere ligg (swpl) rar scotland rashtriya tolima glasgo saharka lagi agragamiko rupma khelchhin. club currier. devidsonle glasgo saharko yuwa tolika lagi khele. haibarniyasangko karyakalpachi uni august 2020 maa glasgo saharko warishtha tolima samel bhain. antarrashtriya currier. devidsonle under-16, under-17 rar under-19 starma scotlandko pratinidhitwa gare. uni september 2021 maa purna rashtriya tolima thapin rar tyas mahina hangeri viruddha 2-0 ko jitma clair emsliko dhilo wikalpako rupma dekha pareki thiin.

lauren devidson lauren devidson (janma 1 october 2001) jane scottish football khelali jie scottish mahila premiyara ligg (ess. dablyu. pii. ell.) ebong scotland jatiah dalare glasgo sahara paain jane agragami bhabare khelanti . club kyariyara. devidson glasgo saharar juba dala paain khelithile. hibernian sahita eka karjyakala parey shay august 2020 ray glasgo saharar baristha dalare joga deithile. antarjatija kyariyara. devidson under-16, under-17 ebong under-19 starare scotlander pratinidhitwa karithile. september 2021 ray tanku sampurna jatiah dalare joga diajaithila ebong sehi maasare hangeree bipakhyare 2-0 ray bijajare antarjatija debyu karithile, clair emsalinka bilambare bikalpa bhabare upasthita hoithile .

lauran davidson lauren davidson (janam 1 aktubar 2001) ikk scottish footballer haii joe scottish mahila premiere leeg (swpl) atey scotland rashtari team witch glasgo shehar laee ikk forward vajon khedadi haii. club carrier. davidson neey glasgo shehar dee yuva team laee khediaa. hibernian naal kamm curran toon baad uh agast 2020 witch glasgo shehar dee senior team witch shamal hoow gaee. antarashtari carrier. davidson neey under-16, under-17 atey under-19 padhran 'teey scotland dee numaindagi keeti. uss noon satambar 2021 witch puurii rashtari team witch shamal keeta giaa see atey uss maheene hangri virudh 2-0 naal jitt naal uss neey aapni antarashtari shuruat keeti, joe clair amsley dey dair naal badal vajon dikhai ditti.

lauren devidson lauren devidson (janma 1 october 2001) ekaa skaatish-football-kreedakah asti yaa skaatish-mahilaa-premiyar-leag (ess. doubleu. pi. ell.) madhye glasgo-nagarasya krute, scatland-rashtriya-dalasya cha krute agresarupena kreeditavatee. club-vruttihi. devidson ityeshah glasgo-nagarasya yuvadalen kreeditavaan. habernian ityanena saha karyakalam yapayitva saa 2020 august-maase glasgo-nagarasya varishta-dale sammilitaa. antarashtriya-vruttihi. devidson ityeshah 16 varshaanaam adhah, 17 varshaanaam adhah, 19 varshaanaam adhah cha scatland-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. saa 2021 september-maase poorna-rashtriya-dale yojitaa, tasmin maase hangeree-viruddham 2-0-vijayena antarashtriya-padaarpanam krutavatee, clair amsley ityasya vilamba-vikalparupena abhyanayt.

lauren davitson lauren davitson (prappu october 1,2001) oru skaatlaanthu kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar skaatlaanthu magalir premiier leak (ess. doublue. pii. ell) mattrum skaatlaanthu thaesiya aniyil clasco nagaraththirkaaga munnoakki vilaiyaadugiraar. kilap vaazhkkai. clasco nagaraththin ilaignar anikkaaga davitson vilaiyaadinaar. hybernianudan oru panikku piragu avar august 2020 ill clasco nagaraththin mooththa aniyil saernthaar. sarvadesa thozhil. davitson scatlandhai 16 vayathukkutpattavarkal, 17 vayathukkutpattavarkal mattrum 19 vayathukkutpattavarkal mattangkalil pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. avar septumber 2021 ill muzhu thaesiya aniyil serkkappattaar, maelum antha maatham hangaerikku ethiraaga 2-0 endra cole kanakkil vettri pettru sarvadesa alavil arimugamaanaar, clyer emslicku thaamathamaaga maattraaka thoantrinaar.

lauren davidson lauren davidson (jananam 1 october 2001) oka scottish football kreedaakaarini, aame scottish mahilala premiere leag (swpl) mariyu scatland jaateeya jattulo glassgo siteeki forwardga aadutundi. club kereer. davidson glassgo city yuva jattu tarapuna aadadu. hiberniantho kontakaalam panichesina taruvaata aame 2020 augustulo glassgo nagaramloni senior jattulo cherindi. antarjaateeya vrutti. davidson under-16, under-17 mariyu under-19 sthaayilalo skaatlaandku praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. aame september 2021loe puurti jaateeya jattulo cherchabadindi mariyu aaa nelaloo hangareepai 2-0thoo vijayam saadhinchi, clyer emsleaki aalasyamgaa pratyamnaayamgaa kanipinchindi.

lareen dudeson lareen dudeson (paidaish 1 aktobar 2001) eek scotsh fitt baalar hay juu scotsh weemanz premier leeg (aiss dabliyo pee eel) aur scott lend kii qomi team mein glassgo stee kay liye forward kay toor parr khailti hay. kalb carrier. dudeson glassgo stee kii youth team kay liye khelay. hiberniyayi kay saath eek kaam kay baad wah agast 2020 mein glassgo shehar kay seniyar schwad mein shaamil hoyein. beenn alaqwami carrier. dudeson nay inder 16yee inder 17 aur inder 19 kii sathon parr scott lend kii numaindagi kii. inhein satambar 2021 mein makmal qomi team mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa aur iss mahinay hungri kay khalaaf 2-0 say jeeth kay saath inhon nay beenn alaqwami satah parr debio kiyaa juu clair aimslay kay deer say muthbadil kay toor parr nazar aayen.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46252239

Ultra long-haul

Ultra long-haul Descriptor for 16-hour-plus flights Ultra-long-haul (also known as "ultra-long-range operations" ) refers to the duration of a flight (flight duration) being "ultra long." IATA, ICAO, and IFALPA jointly define any flight scheduled to last over 16 hours as "Ultra Long". These flights usually follow a great circle route, often passing over a polar region. In some cases, non-stop ultra-long-haul routes could be less preferable to stopover flights as passengers on ultra-long-haul nonstop flights must sit in the aircraft for those long hours. A low-oil-price environment favors the establishment and operation of ultra-long-haul flights. Since 9 November 2020, Singapore Airlines SQ 23/24 is the world's longest active commercial flight, between Singapore and New York JFK airport, covering in around 18 hours and 40 minutes, operated by an Airbus A350-900ULR. History. Ultra-long-haul flights lasting over 16 hours in duration have been around since the 1930s. While modern jet aircraft travel at faster speeds and cover longer distances, the record for the longest scheduled commercial ultra-long-haul flight route remains set in 1943. Some of the historical ultra-long-haul routes include: In the late 2000s/early 2010s, rapidly rising fuel prices, coupled with an economic crisis, resulted in cancellation of many ultra-long-haul non-stop flights. This included the services provided by Singapore Airlines from Singapore to Newark and Los Angeles that were ended in late 2013 as well as similar lengthy flights from New York to both Mumbai and Bangkok. As fuel prices later decreased and more fuel efficient aircraft were introduced to the market, the economics of ultra-long-haul flights improved and more distant markets became served by new and reinstated services. By 2023, 29 of the 30 longest flights in the world (by great circle distance), were now all ultra-long-haul in duration ranging from 16 hours to 18 hours and 50 minutes in duration. Airliners. The longest range jetliner in service is the Airbus A350 XWB Ultra Long Range, capable of flying up to . The Airbus A380 is capable of flying with 544 passengers. The longest range Boeing airliner in service is the 777-200LR, which can cover with 301 passengers. The Boeing 777-8X is capable of flying with 350 to 375 passengers. The Boeing 787-9 is capable of flying with 290 passengers. Longer ranges are possible when not carrying passengers. New airliners like the Airbus A330neo, Airbus A350 and Boeing 787 enable economically sustainable nonstop ultra-long-haul operations on thinner routes with fewer demands, because all the previous planes capable of providing nonstop ultra-long-haul services are larger and thus more expensive to operate compared to these planes, which in turn require more tickets to be sold and more demands between both destinations to maintain the profitability of those services. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

oti digholiya durotwo oti-dirgho-durotwo ("oti-dirgho-durotwor karjyokolap" buliu jonaa yaay) maane etaa uronor xomoikal (uronor xomoikal) "oti-dirgho" huwatu."aai. e. ti. e., aai. chi. e. oh '., aaru aai. ef. el. pi. e. ye jutiyabhabe 16 ghontatkoi odhik xomoy dhori soli thoka jikunu uronor bimanok" "oti digholiya" "buli xongyayito kore. ei uronbure xadharonote etaa brihot brittiyo poth onuxoron kore, praye etaa meru oncholor uporere paar hoi yaay. kisuman khetrot, biman bondho koratkoi nono-stop oti-digholiya-durotwor pothbur komm posondojugyo hoh "bob paare kiyonu oti-digholiya durotwor nonstop bimanot jatrixokole xei digholiya xomoyor baabe bimanot bohi thakibo lagibo. komm tel mulyor poriwexe oti-dirgho durotwor biman protistha aaru porisalonar pokhyo loy. 2020 sonor 9 novemboror poraa, xingapur airlines squared <aai. di. 2> hoise biswor ataitkoi digholiya xokriyo banijyik biman, jitu xingapur aaru nework je. ef. key. bimanbondoror maajot pray 18 ghonta 40 minutet aarombho hoy, etaa airbus e <aai. di. 1> ulor dwara porisalito hoy. itihax. 1930-ror doxokor poraa 16 ghontatkoiu odhik xomoy dhori sola oti-digholiya durotwor biman solasol soli aahise. aadhunik jett bimanxomuhe drut gotit jatra korar logote digholiya durotwo otikrom korar biporite, 1943 sonot ataitkoi digholiya nirdharito banijyik oti-dirgho-durotwor biman pothor obhilekh sthapon koraa hoisil. kisuman oitihaxik oti-dirgho-durotwor pothor bhitorot aaseh 2000-ror doxokor xexor faale/2010-ror doxokor aarombhonite drutogotit briddhi puwa indhonor mulyo, aaru ek orthonoitik xongkotor folot bohutu oti-dirgho-durotwor nono-stop biman baatil koraa hoisil. iyar bhitorot aasil 2013 sonor xexor faale xomapto huwa xingapuror poraa neverk aaru los angelesoloi xingapur airlinesor dwara prodan koraa xewar logote neworkor poraa mumbai aaru benkok duyuloi ekedhoronor digholiya biman. pisoloi indhonor mulyo hraax huwar loge loge aaru odhik indhon dokhyo biman bojarot proborton korar loge loge oti-dirgho-durotwor bimanor orthoniti unnot hoisil aaru odhik duroborti bojarot notun aaru punor sthapon koraa xewar dwara xewa aagborha hoisil. 2023 sonor bhitorot biswor 30 khon dirghotomo bimanor bhitorot 29 khon (brihot brittiyo durotwor dwara) etiya 16 ghontar poraa 18 ghonta aaru 50 minutor xomoyor bhitorot oti-dirgho durotwor aasil. biman. xewar ataitkoi digholiya porixoror jetliner hoise airbus e350 exdobliubi ultra long range, ji uporoloi uriboloi xokhyom. e380-e 544 john jatrir xoite uriboloi xokhyom. xewar ataitkoi digholiya porixoror boing bimankhon hoise 777-200 lr, ji 301 john jatrir xoite xamori lo 'bob paare. boing <aai. di. 1> ex.-e 350ror poraa 375 john jatrir xoite uriboloi xokhyom. boing <aai. di. 1>-e 290 john jatrir xoite uriboloi xokhyom. jatrixokolok korhiyai niya noho "ley digholiya porixor xombhob. e330nio ", e350 aaru bi787-ror dore notun bimanxomuhe komm sahidar xoite paatol pothot orthonoitikbhabe bohonkhyom nonstop ultra-long-hoh 'lo opareson xokhyom kore, kiyonu nonstop ultra-long-hoh' lo xewa prodan koriboloi xokhyom xokolu purbor biman dangor aaru xeyehe ei bimanxomuhor tulnat porisalona koriboloi odhik byoybohul, jaar baabe xei xewaxomuhor labhjonokota bojai rakhiboloi odhik tikot bikri korar abosyok hoy aaru duyuta gontobyosthanor maajot odhik sahida thaake.

oti deergho durotto oti-deergho-durotto (jaa "oti-deergho-parisima apareshana" nameo porichito) bolte ekti udaner somoikalke (udaner samaykal) "oti-deergho" bojhai."iata, aikao ebong aifalpa jouthobhabe 16 ghantar beshi somoy dhorey nirdharito jey konao udanke" "oti deergho" "hisabe sangyayita korey. eyi udanguli sadharonoto ekti borh brittakar poth anusaran korey, prayashai ekti meru anchaler upor diye yaay. kichhu kichhu khettre, abiram oti-deergho-durotter rutguli udanguli bondho korar cheye qama pochondosoi hotey paare kaaron oti-deergho-durotter abiram udaner jatrider aboshyoi seii deergho somoyer jonno bimane bosote hobey. ekti qama teela-mulyer poribesh oti-deergho-durotter udan protistha ebong porichalonar pokkhe. 2020 saaler 9ee navembar theke singapur airlineser square 23/24 singapur ebong newyork jfke bimanbandar modhye bishwer dirghotomo sakriya banijyik udan, jaa pray 18 ghanta 40 minit somoy neyo, ekti airbus dwara porichalito hoy. itihas. 1930-err doshok theke 16 ghantaro beshi somoy dhorey chola oti-deergho durotter udan choley asche. adhunik jeeta biman druto gotite bhromon korey ebong deergho durotto atikram korey, tobey dirghotomo nirdharito banijyik oti-deergho-durotter udan pother record 1943 saale sthapito hoy. kichhu oitihasik oti-deergho-durotter ruter modhye royeche 2000-err doshoker shesher dike/2010-err doshoker godar dike, druto bordhito jalanir daam, orthonoitik sangkater saathe, onek oti-deergho-durotter abiram udan batiler falaswarup. err modhye singapur theke neoark ebong loss angeles porjonto singapur airlineser prodotto porishebaguli antarbhukta chhilo jaa 2013 saaler shesher dike shesh hoyechilo ebong seisathe neu eork theke mumbai ebong bankock ubhoy khettrei ekoi dharaner deergho udan chhilo. porey jalanir daam komey ebong arow jalani sashrayi biman bajare aasaar foley, oti-deergho durotter bimaner arthaniti unnoto hoy ebong arow durborti bajargulite notun ebong punosthapito porishebaguli porisheba pradan korey. 2023 saaler modhye, bishwer 30tii dirghotomo bimaner modhye 29tii (bishal brittakar durotter vittite), ekhon 16 ghanta theke 18 ghanta ebong 50 minuter samaykaler modhye chhilo. biman. porishebar dirghotomo parisima jetliner holl airbus ayee350 exdoblueby oti deergho parisima, jaa porjonto udte sokkhom. ayee380 544 john jatri niye udte sokkhom. porishebar dirghotomo parisima boying biman holl 777-200 lr, jaa 301 john jatri niye jete paare. boying 777-8 eksa 350 theke 375 john jatri niye udte sokkhom. boying 787-9 290 john jatri niye udte sokkhom. jatri bohon naa korle deergho durotto sombhob. ayee330neo, ayee350 ebong bii787-err moto notun bimanguli qama chahida soho patla rutey orthonoitikbhabe teksoi nonstop oti-deergho-durotter criacollup sokkhom korey, kaaron nonstop oti-deergho-durotto porisheba pradan korte sokkhom purboborti samasta bimanguli borh ebong eibhabe eyi bimangulir tulna porichalona koraa beshi byabahul, jaar foley seii porishebagulir munafa bojay rakhte arow beshi ticket bikri korte hoy ebong ubhoy gontobyer modhye arow chahida thaake.

ultra laambaa antar ultra-longa-holl (jene ultra-longa-rainz operations tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe) aee udaan (udaanno samaygaalo) noow samaygaalo "ultra-longa" hovaano ullekh karey chhe."iata, ikao aneey ephalpa sanyukt reete 16 kalaakthee vadhu samay sudhee chaalnaari koipan udaanne" "atee laambi" "tareeke vyakhyayit karey chhe". aaa udaano saamanya reete aek mahaan vartool maargne anusare chhe, jeey ghanivaar dhruveey pradesh parthee pasaar thaay chhe. ketlaak kissaaomaa, none-stopa ultra-longa-holl ruut flights rokvaa karataa ochha pradhanyaksham hoi shake chhe kaaran keey ultra-longa-holl none-stopa flights parnaa musafaroae teey laambaa kalaako maate vimaanmaa besavu aavashyak chhe. ochhi keematnu telanu vatavaran atee-laambaa antarnee udaanoni sthaapnaa aneey sanchaalanni tarfen karey chhe. 9 november 2020thee, singapore airlines square 23/24 aee vishwani sauthee laambi sakreey vyaapaari udaan chhe, jeey singapore aneey newyork JFK airport vachche chhe, jeey lagbhag 18 kalaak aneey 40 minutema aavari leey chhe, jeey airbus dwara sanchaalit chhe. itihas. 16 kalaakthee vadhu samay sudhee chaalati atee-laambaa antarnee udaano 1930naa daaykaathi chaali rahee chhe. jyaare aadhunik jett vimaano zadpi zadape musafari karey chhe aneey laambaa antarne aavari leey chhe, tyaare sauthee laambaa samay sudhee nirdharit vyaapaari ultra-laambaa antarnaa udaan maargno vikram 1943maan sthaapit thayo chhe. ketlaak aitihasik ultra-laambaa antarnaa maargomaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh 2000naa daykana antamaa/2010naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, zadapthi vadhee rahela indhannaa bhaav, aarthik katokati saathe, ghanaa atee-laambaa antarnee none-stopa flights rada karvaamaa parinmi hatee. aamaa singaporthi newark aneey losa angels sudhini singapore airlines dwara puurii padvama aavtee sevaao keey jeey 2013naa antamaa samaapt thaee hatee temaj newyorkthee mumbai aneey bangcock banne maate samaan laambi flightsno samaavesh thaay chhe. jaim jaim baltannaa bhaavmaa paachhalthi ghataado thayo aneey bajaarmaa vadhu balatan kaaryaksham vimaano rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa, ultra-laambaa antarnee udaanonu arthtantra sudharyu aneey vadhu durnaa bajaroma navee aneey punsthapit sevaao dwara sevaa aapvama aavee. 2023 sudhimaa, vishwani 30 sauthee laambi flightsmanthi 29 (motaa vartool antar dwara), havey 16 kalaakthee 18 kalaak aneey 50 minutena samaygalani tamaam atee-laambaa antarnee hatee. vimaano. sevama sauthee laambi rangenu jetliner airbus aee350 exdablueby ultra longa rainz chhe, jeey tyaan sudhee udvaa maate saksham chhe. aee380 544 musafaro saathe udaan bharvama saksham chhe. sevama sauthee laambi rangenu boing airliner 777-200 lr chhe, jeey 301 musafaro saathe aavari shake chhe. booing 777-8 x 350 thee 375 musafaro saathe udaan bharvama saksham chhe. booing 787-9 290 musafaro saathe udaan bharvama saksham chhe. jyaare musafarone vahan naa karvaamaa aave tyaare laambi rainz shakya chhe. aee330neeo, aee350 aneey bii787 jevaa navaa vimaano ochhi maang saathe paatala margo parr aarthik reete takaau nonstope ultra-longa-holl kaamgeereene saksham karey chhe, kaaran keey nonstope ultra-longa-holl sevaao pradaan karvaamaa saksham agaauna tamaam vimaano motaa chhe aneey aama aaa vimaanoni sarkhaamanimaa sanchalan maate vadhu kharchaal chhe, jenaa badalaama teey sevaaoni nafakarakta jalava maate vadhu ticket vechavaani jaroor padey chhe aneey banne sthalo vachche vadhu maang hoya chhe.

ultra lambi doori ultra-long-holl (jise ultra-long-renz operation key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) ack udaan (udaan kii avadhi) kii avadhi koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe "ultra long" haye."aaee. aeye. tii. aeye., aaee. see. aeye. oh. aur aaee. aff. ell. pee. aeye. sanyukt roop seey 16 ghante seey adhik samay taka chalane vaali kissy bhee udaan koo" "ultra long" "key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain. yeye udaanen aamtaur parr ack badey vritt maarg kaa anusaran karati hain, joe aksar ack dhruviya kshetra seey gujarati hain. kuchh mamalon mein, none-stop ultra-long-holl maarg udaanon koo rokane key liye cumm behtar hoe sakate hain kyonki ultra-long-holl none-stop udaanon parr yaatriyon koo una lambe ghanton key liye vimaan mein baithana padata haye. cumm tail-moolya vaalaa vatavaran atee-lambi doori kii udaanon kii sthaapana aur sanchaalan kaa samarthan kartaa haye. 9 navambar 2020 seey, singapur airlines squire 23/24 duniya kii sabse lambi sakriya vaanijyik udaan haye, joe singapur aur newyork jfk havaai adde key beach lagbhag 18 ghante aur 40 minut mein chalati haye, joe ack airbus dwara sanchaalit hoti haye. itihas. 1930 key dashak seey 16 ghante seey adhik kii avadhi taka chalane vaali ultra-long-holl udaanen chala rahee hain. jabaki aadhunik jett vimaan tej gati seey yatra karate hain aur lambi doori taya karate hain, sabse lambe samay taka nirdhaarit vaanijyik ultra-long-holl udaan maarg kaa record 1943 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. kuchh aitihaasik ultra-long-holl maargon mein shamil hainh 2000 key dashak key anta/2010 key dashak kii shuruat mein, eendhan kii kimaton mein teji seey vriddhi, ack aarthik sankat key saath, kaee ultra-long-holl none-stop udaanon koo radd karane mein safal rhaa. isamen singapur seey newark aur loss angils taka singapur airlines dwara pradaan kii jaane vaali sevaaen shamil theen joe 2013 key anta mein samaapt hoe gaeen aur saath hii newyork seey mumbai aur bancock donon key liye isi tarah kii lambi udaanen shamil theen. jaise-jaise eendhan kii keematen baad mein cumm huin aur bajar mein adhik eendhan kushal vimaanon koo pesh kiya gayaa, ultra-long-holl udaanon key arthshastra mein sudhaar huaa aur adhik door key baajaron mein naee aur bahaal sevaaon kii seva shuru hui. 2023 taka, duniya kii 30 sabse lambi udaanon mein seey 29 (badey vritt kii doori seey), abb 16 ghante seey 18 ghante aur 50 minut kii avadhi mein sabhi ultra-long-holl theen. vimaan. seva mein sabse lambi doori kaa jetliner airbus aeye350 exdablueby ultra long renz haye, joe udaan bharane mein saksham haye. aeye380 544 yaatriyon key saath udaan bharane mein saksham haye. seva mein sabse lambi doori kaa boing vimaan 777-200 lr haye, joe 301 yaatriyon key saath cover curr sakata haye. boing 777-8 x 350 seey 375 yaatriyon key saath udaan bharane mein saksham haye. boing 787-9 290 yaatriyon key saath udaan bharane mein saksham haye. jaba yaatriyon koo naheen leey jaaya jaataa haye tou lambi doori sambhav haye. aeye330neo, aeye350 aur bee787 jaise nae vimaan cumm maang vaale chhote maargon parr aarthik roop seey tikaau nonstop ultra-long-holl sanchaalan koo saksham banaate hain, kyonki nonstop ultra-long-holl sevaaen pradaan karane mein saksham pichhale sabhi vimaan badey hotey hain aur iss prakaar inn vimaanon kii tulanaa mein sanchaalit karane key liye adhik mahange hotey hain, jisake liye badale mein una sevaaon kii laabhpradata banaae rakhane key liye adhik tikaton kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur donon gantavyon key beach adhik maang hoti haye.

ultra long-haal ultra-long-haal (ultra-long-ranges karyacharanegalu endoo kareyalaaguttade) endare haaraatada awadiyu (haaraatada awadhi) "ultra long" agiruvudannu soochisuttade."aii. aa. tii. aa, aii. sii. aa. oo mattu aii. eff. alpa jantiyagi 16 gantegaliginta hecchu kaala nadeyuva yaavude haaraatavannu" "athi udda" "endu vyaakhyaanisuttave". ee vimaanagalu samanyavagi dodda vrattada maargavannu anusarisuttave, aagaagge dhruva pradeshada mele haaduhoguttave. kelavu sandarbhagalalli, athi-doorada-taderahita vimaanagalalliruva prayanikaru aaa deergha gantegala kaala vimaanadalli kulitukollabekagiruvarudi, taderahita athi-doorada-prayanada maargagalu vimaanagalannu nillisuvudakkinta kadime aadyateyaagirabahudu. kadime-taila-beleya vatavaranavu athi-doorada-prayanada vimaanagala sthaapane mattu karyacharanege anukulakaravagide. 2020rahra november 9rinda, singapur airlines square 23/24 vishvada athi uddada sakriya vanijya vimaanavaagiddu, singapur mattu newyork jfk vimaana nildaanada naduve sumaru 18 gante 40 nimishagalalli sancharisuttade, idannu air bus aa 350-900 alr nirvahisuttade. itihaasa. 16 gantegaliginta hecchu avadhiya athi-doorada-prayanada vimaanagalu 1930rahra dasakadindaloo chaaltiyallive. aadhunika jett vimaanagalu vegavagi prayanisuttaveyadaru mattu hecchu doora prayanisuttaveyadaru, athi uddada nigadita vanijya athi-doorada-prayanada haaraatada daakhaleyu 1943ralli sthaapitavaagide. kelavu aitihaasika athi-doorada-prayanada maargagalu heegiveh 2000dha dashakada koneyalli/2010rahra aarambhadalli, vegavagi airuttiruva indhana belegalu, arthika bikkattinondige, aneka athi-doorada-prayanada taderahita vimaanagala raddatige kaaranavaayitu. idaralli singapuradinda newark mattu laas angeliesge singapur vimanayana samsthegalu odagisida sevegalu 2013rahra koneyalli konegondavu mattu newyorkninda mumbai mattu bancock eradakkoo idhe reetiya sudirgha vimaanagalu seriddavu. nantara indhana belegalu kadimeyaadante mattu hecchu indhana daksha vimaanagalannu maarukattege parichayisidante, athi-doorada-prayanada vimaanagala aarthikateyu sudhaarisitu mattu hecchu doorada maarukattegalige hosa mattu marusthaapisalaada sevegalu doreyitu. 2023rahra velege, vishvada 30 athi uddada vimanagalalli 29 vimaanagalu (dodda vrattada antaradinda), eega 16 gantegalinda 18 gante mattu 50 nimishagala avadhiyavaregina ellah athi-deergha-prayanada avadhiyaagive. vimaanagalu. seveyalliruva athi uddada jetliner endare airbus aa350 exdablueby ultra long ranges, idu vimaanada uddakkoo haraballa saamarthyavannu hondide. aa380 vimaanavu 544 prayanikarondige haraballa saamarthyavannu hondide. seveyalliruva athi uddada shreniya boying vimaanavendare 301 prayanikarannu olagondiruva 777-200 lr. boying <aii. dii. 1> ex 350rinda 375 prayanikarondige haaruva saamarthyavannu hondide. boying <aii. dii. 1> 290 prayanikarondige haaruva saamarthyavannu hondide. prayanikarannu sagisadiddaga deerghaavadhiya prayana saadhyavide. aa330neo, aa350 mattu bii787 nantaha hosa vimaanagalu kadime bedikeyondige teluvaada maargagalalli aarthikavaagi susthiravaada taderahita ultra-long-haal karyacharanegalannu sakriyagolisuttave, ekendare taderahita ultra-long-haal sevegalannu odagisuva saamarthyavannu hondiruva hindina ellah vimaanagalu doddadagiruttave mattu aaddarinda ee vimaanagalige holisidare kaaryanirvahisalu hecchu dubaariyaagiruttave, idarindaagi aaa sevegala laabhadaayakateyannu kapadikollalu hecchina tiketgalannu marata maadabekaaguttade mattu eradoo sthalagala naduve hecchina bedikegalu bekaguttave.

ultra long-hole ultra-long-hole ("ultra-long-rench ooppareshans" ennum ariyappedunnu) ennathu oru parakkalinte (parakkal dairkhyam) dairkhyathe "ultra long" ennu soochippikkunnu."aii. eiii. tii. eiii, aii. sii. eiii. oo, aii. eph. ell. pii enniva samyukthamaayi 16 manikkooriladikam neendunilkkunna eathoru vimanatheyum" "ultra long" "ennu nirvachikkunnu". eee vimanangal saadhaaranayaayi oru valia vrithapaatha pinthudarunnu, palappozhum oru dhruvapradeshathiloode kadannupokunnu. chila sandarbhangalil, ultra-long-hole nonstoppu vimaanangalile yaathrakkaar aaa deerghaneram vimaanathil irikkendathinaal nirthaatheyulla ultra-long-hole roottukalkk vimanangal nirthunnathinekkaal munganana kuravaayirikkum. kuranja annavilayulla anthareeksham deerghadoora vimaanangalude sthaapanathinum pravartthanatthinum anukoolamaanu. 2020 november 9 muthal, singapur airlines square <aii. dii. 1> lokathile ettavum dairkhyameriya sajeeva vaanijya vimaanamaan, singapoorinum newyork jeey. eph. keey vimaanathaavalathinum idayil, ekadesham 18 manikkoor 40 minittum dairkhyamulla oru airbus eiii. aii. dii. 2> allar. charithram. 16 manikkooriladikam neendunilkkunna deerghadoora vimanangal 1930 muthal undu. aadhunika jettu vimanangal vegathayeriya vegathayil sanjarikkukayum kooduthal dooram sanjarikkukayum cheyyumbol, ettavum dairkhyameriya shedule cheytha vaanijya ultra-long-hole flaitt roottinte record 1943 ll sthaapikkappettu. charitraparamaaya ultra-long-hole roottukalil chilath ivayaanu ivayaanu avasaanathilum avasaanathilum thudakkathilum, athivegam vardhichuvarunna indhanavilayum saambathika prathisandhiyum niravadhi deerghadoora nirthaatheyulla vimanangal radhaakkaan kaaranamaayi. 2013 avasaanathode avasaanicha singapur airlineukal nalkunna sevanangalum newyorkkil ninnu mumbai, bancock ennividangalilekkulla samanamaaya neenda vimaanangalum ithil ulppedunnu. pinneedu indhanavila kurayukayum kooduthal indhanakshamathayulla vimanangal vipaniyil avatharippikkukayum cheythathode, deerghadoora vimaanangalude saambathikam mechappedukayum kooduthal vidoora vipanikalkku puthiyathum punasthaapikkappettathu sevanangal labikkukayum cheythu. 2023 aayappozhekkum lokathile ettavum dairkhyameriya 30 vimaanangalil 29 ennavum (valia sarkkil doorathil) ippol 16 manikkoor muthal 18 manikkoor vareyum 50 minitt vareyum dairkhyamulla ultra-long-hole aayirunnu. vimanangal. sarveesil ettavum dairkhyameriya jettu liner airbus eiii 350 exdablueby ultra long rench aanu, ithu vare parakkaan kazhiyum. 544 yaathrakkaarumaayi parakkaan parakkaan kazhiyum. 301 yaathrakkaare vahikkaan kazhiyunna 777-200 Lr aanu sevanathilulla ettavum dairkhyameriya boying vimanam. 350 muthal 375 vare yaathrakkaarumaayi parakkaan boying <aii. dii. 1> ex-nuu kazhiyum. boying <aii. dii. 1> nuu 290 yaathrakkaarumaayi parakkaan kazhiyum. yaathrakkaare vahikkaathappol kooduthal dooram sanjarikkaan kazhiyum. kazhiyum, eiii350, eiii350 thudangiya puthiya vimanangal kuranja aavashyangalode nerttha roottukalil saambathikamaayi susthiramaaya nonstoppu ultra-long-hole pravartthanangal prapthamaakkunnu, kaaranam nonstoppu ultra-long-hole sevanangal nalkaan kazhivulla ellah muun vimaanangalum valuthaanu, athinaal eee vimanangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol pravartthikkaan kooduthal chelaveriyathaanu, athinaal aaa sevanangalude laabhakshamatha nilanirthaan kooduthal tikkattukal vilkkukayum rund lakshyasthaanangalkkidayil kooduthal aavasyangalum aavasyappedukayum cheiyunnu.

atee lamb pallyache atee-lamb pallyache (jyala atee-lamb pallyache operation asehi mhanatat) mhanje uddan (uddan kalavadhi) haah "atee-lamb" asanyacha kalavadhi."aay. aii. tii. aii., aay. see. aii. oo. aanee ifalpa yanni sanyuktapane 16 tasanpeksha jaast kaal chalanare konatehi uddan" "atee lamb" "mhanoon paribhashit kele aahe". hii uddane sahasa eka mothya vartul margache anusaran karatat, bahutekda dhruviy pradeshavarun jaatat. kahee prakarananmadhye, atee-lamb pallyachya nonstop uddananvaril pravashanni tyaa dirgh tasansathi vimanat basane aavashyak asalyane, uddane thambavanyapeksha avirat atee-lamb pallyache marg qamee shreyaskar asoo shakatat. teel-kimmatiche qamee vatavaran atee-lamb pallyachya uddananchi sthapana aanee sanchalan karnyas anukool aahe. 9 november 2020 pasoon, singapur airlines square 23/24 heey singapur aanee newyork jeey. eff. keey. vimantaladarmyanache jagatil sarvat lamb sakriy vyavsayik uddan aahe, jeey sumare 18 taas aanee 40 minitant pravas karate, jeey airbus aii 350-900 ulaardware chalavale jaate. itihas. 16 tasanpeksha jaast kaal chalanari atee-lamb pallyachi uddane uddane dashakapasun suru aahet. aadhunik jett vimane jalad vegane pravas karat asatana aanee lamb antar paar karat asatana, sarvat lamb niyojit vyavsayik atee-lamb pallyachya uddan margacha vikram 1943 madhye nondavala gela aahe. kahee aitihasik atee-lamb pallyachya marganmadhye heey samavisht aaheh 2000 chya dashakachya uttaradhat/2010 chya suruvatila, indhan darr zapatyane vadhane, aarthik sankatasah, anek atee-lamb pallyachya naan naan uddane radd karnyat aalee. yamadhye singapurhun newark aanee losses engelisparyantchya singapur viman kampanyanni 2013 chya uttaradhat sampavalelya sevancha samavesh hota tasech newyorkpasoon mumbai aanee bancock yaa donhisathichya ashach lamb uddanancha samavesh hota. nantar indhanachya kimmati qamee jhalyamule aanee adhik indhan karyaksham viman bajarat aanale gelyane, atee-lamb pallyachya uddananchi arthvyavastha sudharali aanee adhik durchya bajarpethanna naveen aanee punarsanchayit sevandware seva midali. 2023 paryant, jagatil 30 sarvat lamb uddananpaiki 29 uddane (mothya vartul antarane), aata 16 taas teey 18 taas aanee 50 minitanchya kalavadhitil serve atee-lamb pallyachi hotee. viman. sevetil sarvat lamb pallyache jetliner mhanje airbus aii350 exdablueby ultra long rainz, jeey paryant udanyas saksham aahe. aii380 viman 544 pravashansah uddan karnyas saksham aahe. 777-200 lr heey sevetil sarvat lamb pallyache boing viman aahe, jeey 301 pravashansah pravas karoo shakate. boing 777-8 ex 350 teey 375 pravashansah uddan karnyas saksham aahe. boing 787-9 290 pravashansah uddan karnyas saksham aahe. pravasi naan netana lamb pallyachi shakyata asate. asate, aii350 aanee aanee sarkhya naveen vimananmule qamee maganisah patal marganvar aarthikdrushtya tikau, avirat, atee-lamb pallyache vyavhar shakya hotat, kaaran avirat atee-lamb pallyachya seva puravinyas saksham asaleli mageel serve vimane mothee asatat aanee tyamule yaa vimananchya tulanet chalvane adhik mahag asate, jyasathi tyaa sevancha napha tikavoon thevanyasathi adhik tikite vikane aanee donhi gantvyasthananmadhye adhik magani karane aavashyak asate.

ultra lamo duri ultra-lamo-duri (jaslai "ultra-lamo-dayara aparesanharu" pani bhaninchha) ley udan (udan awadhi) ko awadhi "ultra lamo" bhaeko bujhaunchha."iata, aikao, rar ifalpale sanyukta rupma 16 ghanta bhanda badhi samaya chalne kunai pani udanlai" "ultra lamo" "ko rupma paribhashit garchhan. yee udanharule prayaha dhruwiya khetra parr gardai, samanyataya euta utkrishta writta marga pachhyaunchan. kehi awasthama, gaira-stop ultra-lamo-duri margharu udanharu rokna cum upayukta huna sakchha kinki ultra-lamo-duri nunstop udanharuma yatruharule tee lamo ghantaharuka lagi vimanma basnuparchha. cum tel mulyako watawarnle ultra-lamo durika udanharuko sthapana rar sanchalanlai samarthan gardacha. 9 november 2020 dekhi, singapur airlines squire 23/24 singapur rar newyork JFK airportko bichma wishwako sabaibhanda lamo sakriya wyawasayik udan how, lagbhag 18 ghanta rar 40 minetma kabhar gardai, airbus A 350-900 ulradwara sanchalit chha. itihas. sann 1930 ko dashakdekhi 16 ghantabhanda badhi samayasamma chalne ultra-lamo-duri udanharu chhan. jabki adhunik jett wimanharu chhito gatima yatra garchhan rar lamo duriharu kabhar garchhan, sabaibhanda lamo anusuchit wyawasayik ultra-lamo-duri udan margako record 1943 maa sett garieko chha. kehi aitihasik ultra-lamo-duri margharuma samawesh chhanh sann 2000 ko dashakko antya/sann 2010 ko prarambhama, tiwra gatima badhdo indhanko mulya, arthik sankatko sath, dherai ultra-lamo-duriko nun-stop udanharu radda bhayo. yasama singapurbata newark rar lus angelska lagi singapur airlinesdwara pradan garieka sewaharu samawesh thie june sann 2013 ko antyama samapta bhaeka thie sathai newyorkbata mumbai rar bankock duwaika lagi yastai lamo udanharu samawesh thie. pachhi indhanko mulya ghatdai jaanda rar bajarma thap indhan kushal wimanharu paces bhaepachi, ultra-lamo durika udanharuko arthashastrama sudhar bhayo rar adhik tadhaka bajarharuma nayan rar punahsthapita sewaharudwara sewa pradan gariyo. sann 2023 sammama, wishwako 30 wata sabaibhanda lamo udanharu madhye 29 (thulo circle duridwara), ab 16 ghantadekhi 18 ghanta rar 50 minetko awadhima sabai ultra-lamo-duri thie. wimanharu. sewama sabaibhanda lamo dayarako jetliner airbus ae 350 exwby ultra lamo dayarako how, june udna saksham chha. ae380 544 yatru liera udan garna saksham chha. sewama sabaibhanda lamo duriko boing viman 777-200 lr how, jasle 301 yatruharulai sametna sakchha. boing 777-8 x 350 dekhi 375 yatruharusanga udan garna saksham chha. boing 787-9 290 yatruharusanga udan garna saksham chha. yatruharu bokne nagare lamo duri sambhawa hunchha. हुन्छ।, ae350 rar rar jasta nayan wimanharule cum magka sath patlo margharuma arthik rupma digo nunstop ultra-lamo-duri sanchalanharu saksham banaunchhan, kinbhane nunstop ultra-lamo-duri sewaharu pradan garna saksham sabai aghillo wimanharu thula chhan rar yasaile yee wimanharuko tulanama sanchalan garna badhi mahango chhan, jaslai adhik tikatharu bechna awashyak chha rar tee sewaharuko nafa kayam rakhna duwai gantawyaharu bitch adhik magharu.

ati dirgha-durata ati-dirgha-durata (jaahaaku "ati-dirgha-durata parichalana" madhya kuhajae) eka udanara abadhi (udaana abadhi) ku "ati-dirgha" ku bujhae ."iata, icao ebong iphalpa milita bhabe 16 ghantaru adhika samai dhari udaana paain nirdharita jekaunasi udanaku" "ati dirgha" "bolly byakhya karichanti. ehi udanagudika sadharanatah eka budd bruttakara marga anusarana karithae, jaahaa prajatah eka meru anchala dei gati karithae. keteka khetrare, biman banda kariba apekhya anah-stop ati-dirgha-durata marga comm pasandajogya hoipare kaaran ati-dirgha-durata anah-stop bimanare jatrimananku sehi dirgha samai paain bimanare basibaku padiba . eka comm-taila-mulyara paribesha ati-dirgha-durata udaana pratistha ebong parichalanaku samarthan kare . 9 navember 2020 thaaru singapura airlines squaer <aai. dii. 1> heuchhi biswara dirghatama sakriya banijyika biman, jaahaa singapura ebong nyujarka jay. aif. kee. bimanbandar madhyare, praiah 18 ghanta 40 minitare jatra karithae, eka airbus aii. aai. dii. 2. ell. aarr. dwara parichalita hoithae. itihas. 1930 dashakaru 16 ghantaru adhika samai dhari chalithiba ati-dirgha-durata biman chalachala heuchhi. adhunika jett biman druta gatire jatra karuthiba bele ebong dirgha durata atikrama karuthibabele, dirghatama nirdharita banijyika ati-dirgha-durata udaana margara record 1943 ray sthapita hoichhi. keteka aitihasika ati-dirgha-durata marga antarbhuktah 2000 dashkar sheshabhagare/2010 dashkar prarambhare, druta gatire brudhi pauthiba indhan mulya, arthika sankata sahita, aneka ati-dirgha-durata abiram biman udaana batil hoithila. ethire singapuraru newarka ebong lus angeless parjyanta singapura airlines dwara pradan karajaithiba seba antarbhukta thila jaahaa 2013 masiha sheshare shesh hoithila ebong nyujarkaru ubhaja mumbai ebong byankak paain samaana lamba biman seba madhya antarbhukta thila. parey indhan mulya hrass paiba ebong bajaarare adhika indhan dakhya biman prachalan heba phalare, ati-dirgha-durata udanara arthabyabasthare unnati ghatithila ebong adhika doora bajaraku nutan ebong punahsthapita seba pradan karajaithila. 2023 suddha, biswara biswara dirghatama biman madhyaru madhyaru (bruhat bruteeja durata anusare), bartamana 16 ghanta thaaru 18 ghanta ebong 50 minitor abadhi madhyare ati-dirgha-durata thila. biman. seba pradan karuthiba dirghatama renz jett liner heuchhi airbus aii350 exdablyubi ultra lang renz, jaahaa udaana karibare sakhyama. aii380 544 john jatrinku nei udaana bharibare sakhyama. seba pradan karuthiba dirghatama durata bisista boing biman heuchhi 777-200 lr, jaahaa 301 john jatrinku nei jatra karipariba. boing <aai. dii. 1> ex. ex 375 john jatrinka saha udaana karibare sakhyama. boing <aai. dii. 1> 290 john jatrinka saha udaana karibare sakhyama. jatrimananku naah neigale lamba durata sambhaba. ସମ୍ଭବ।, aii350 ebong ebong bhali nutan bimanagudika comm chahida sahita patala maargare arthika bhabe sthajee anah-stop ultra-lang-hull parichalanaku sakhyama karithae, kaaran anah-stop ultra-lang-hull seba pradan karibare sakhyama samasta purba bimanagudika budd ebong ehipari ehi bimanagudika tulanare parichalana kariba paain adhika byajabahula, jaahaa phalaswaroopa sehi sebagudikara labhapradata bajaiah rakhiba paain adhika ticket bikrai kariba aabasyaka kare ebong ubhaja gantabya madhyare adhika daabi kare .

atie lambi doori ultra-lambi doori (jiss noon "ultra-lambi doori dey sanchalan" vee kiha jaanda haii) ikk udaann (udaann dee miaad) dee miaad noon "ultra lambi" vajon darsaundi haii."aaee. aii. tii. aii., aaee. see. aii. ou. atey aaee. eff. aill. pee. aii. neey sanjhe taur utte 16 ghantiaan toon vaddh samein takk challan vaali kise vee udaann noon" "atie lambi" "vajon paribhashit keeta haii. ih udanan aam taur utte ikk mahaan chakkar maarag dee palna kardiaan hunn, aksar ikk dharuvi khetar toon langhdiaan hunn. kujh mamlian witch, gair-stop ultra-lambi-doori dey raste udanan noon rokann naalon ghatt tarjihi hoow sakde hunn kiunki ultra-lambi-doori deeaan naan-stop udanan 'teey yatrian noon unhan lambe ghantiaan laee jahaz witch baithna chahida haii. ghatt tail-keemat vaala vatavaran atie-lambi doori deeaan udanan dee sathapana atey sanchalan daa pakkh purda haii. 9 navambar 2020 toon, singapur airlines varag 23/24 dunia dee sabh toon lambi sargaram vaparak udaann haii, joe singapur atey newyork JFK havaai adde dey vichkaar haii, joe lagbhag 18 ghante atey 40 mint witch kamm kardi haii, ikk airbus duaara sanchalit haii. itihaas. ultra-lambi doori deeaan udanan 16 ghantiaan toon vaddh samein takk chaldiaan hunn joe 1930 dey dahake toon hunn. jadon kii aadhunik jett jahaz tez raftar naal yaatra karde hunn atey lambi doori taea karde hunn, sabh toon lambe anusuchit vaparak atie-lambi doori dey udaann maarag daa ricard 1943 witch sathapat keeta giaa haii. kujh itihasak atie-lambi doori dey rootan witch shamal hann 2000 dey dahake dey akheer/2010 dey dahake dey arambh witch, tezi naal vadhdiaan baalan deeaan keematan, ikk aarthik sankat dey naal, bahut saariaan atie-lambi doori deeaan naan-stop udanan noon radd qarr ditta giaa. iss witch singapur toon nevark atey laas angels takk singapur airline duaara pardan keetiaan gaeeaan sevavan shamal sunn joe 2013 dey akheer witch khatam hoow gaeeaan sunn atey naal hii newyork toon mumbai atey bancock dovan laee samaan lambiaan udanan vee shamal sunn. jiven kii baad witch baalan deeaan keematan witch qamee aaee atey vadhere baalan kushal jahazan noon markeet witch pesh keeta giaa, atie-lambi doori deeaan udanan dey arth shastar witch sudhar hoiaa atey vadhere door dey bazaran witch naviaan atey bahaal sevavan duaara seva pardan keeti gaee. 2023 takk, dunia deeaan 30 sabh toon lambiaan udanan vicchon 29 (vadde chakkar dee doori duaara), hunn 16 ghante toon 18 ghante atey 50 mint dee miaad witch saariaan atie-lambi doori deeaan sunn. havaai jahaz. seva witch sabh toon lambi rainz daa jetliner airbus aii 350 exdabluby ultra lambi rainz haii, joe utthon takk udaann bharan dey samrath haii. aii380 544 yatrian naal udaann bharan dey samrath haii. seva witch sabh toon lambi doori daa boying jahaz 777-200 lr haii, joe 301 yatrian naal cover qarr sakda haii. boying 777-8 x 350 toon 375 yatrian naal udaann bharan dey samrath haii. boying 787-9 290 yatrian naal udaann bharan dey samrath haii. jadon yaatari naheen hunde taan lambi doori sambhav haii. aii330neo, aii350 atey bee787 varge navein havaai jahaz ghatt mangan vaale patle maargan 'teey aarthik taur' teey tikaoo naan-stop ultra-lambi-hall sanchalan noon samrath banaunde hunn, kiunki pichle saare jahaz joe naan-stop ultra-lambi-hall sevavan pardan curran dey samrath hunn, vadde hunn atey iss tarahan inhan jahazan dee tulna witch sanchalan laee vadhere mahinge hunn, jiss laee badle witch vadhere tikatan vechan dee zaroorat hundi haii atey uhanan sevavan dee munafe noon kaaim rakkhan laee dovan manzilan darmiaan vadhere mangan hundiaan hunn.

ati deergha-yatra ati-deergha-yatrayaha ("ati-deergha-door-sanchaalanaani" iti api dnyaayate) avadhihi (uddayan-avadhihi) "ati-deerghah" iti soochayati."aii. e. tii. e., aii. key. e. o., ifaalpaa cha samyuktaroopena 16 ghantaat adhikakalam yaavat nirneetasy kasyaapi vimaanasya vyaakhyaam" ati-deerghah "iti kurvanti. ete uddayanaah praayah mahatee vruttamaargam anusaranti, praayah dhruvapradeshasya upari gacchanti. keshuchit sandarbheshu, vimaanayaanaani sthagayitum vinaa-virama-ati-deergha-door-maargah nyoonah shreyah bhavitum arhati yatah ati-deergha-door-vinaa-virama-vimaaneshu yaatrikaah te deergha-ghantaah yaavat vimaane upavishyante. alpa-taila-mulya-vaataavaranam ati-deergha-door-vimanayananam sthapanam, sanchaalanam cha anukoolam bhavati. 2020 tamavarshasya november-masasya 9 dinaankaat aarabhy, singaapur-vimaanayaanaani ess. kyoo. aii. dee. 2 iti vishvasya dirghatamam sakriyam vaanijya-vimaanayaanam asti, singaapur-nyuyaark-jey. ef. key-vimaanasthaanakayoh madhye, praayah 18 ghantaah 40 nimeshaani yaavat sanchaalayati, yat erbus-e. aii. dee. 1. ell. aar. ityanena sanchaalyate. itihaasah. 16 ghantaat adhikakalam yaavat dirghaduram gantum uddayantah 1930 tamaat dashakaat eva prachalanti. yadyapi aadhunik-jett-vimaanaani drutagatyaa yatram kurvanti, dirghaduram cha gacchanti, tathaapi deerghatamasya anusoochitasy vaanijyasya ati-deergha-door-uddayan-margasya abhilekhah 1943 tame varshe sthaapitah asti. kechan aitihaasika-ati-deergha-door-maargaah santi. 2000 tamasya dashakasy ante/2010 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, drutagatyaa vardhamana indhanamoolyaani, aarthikasankaten saha, bahunam ati-deergha-duragaminam viramarahita-vimanayananam raddatayaha parinaamah abhavat. asmin singaapur-vimaanayaanasamsthaabhih singaapur-taha newark-laas-angelies-paryantam pradiyamanani sewaah api cha 2013 tamavarshasya ante samaaptaani, nyoo yaark-nagaraat mumbai-byaankaak-nagarayoho krute cha etaadrushaah deerghaani vimaanayaanaani cha aasan. pashchat yadaa indhanamoolyam nyunikrutam, adhika-indhana-daksha-vimaanaani vipanyaam praavartitaani, tadaa ati-deergha-door-uddayananam aarthik-sthitihi sudharita, door-vipanyah nootanaih punahsthaapitaih cha sewaabhih sewitaah abhavan. 2023 tamavarshaparyantam vishvasya 30 deerghatamavimaaneshu 29 (bruhadaakaar-duraat), adhunaa 16 ghantaatah 18 ghantaparyantam, 50 nimeshaparyantam yaavat yaavat, ati-deergha-yatrayaha avadhihi aasit. vimaanayaanaani. sevaayaam deerghatama-shreni-vimaanayaanam erbus e350 exdablyubee ultra-deergha-paridhihi asti, yat oordhvagaamee-uddayan-samarthah asti. e380 vimaanam 544 yaatrikaih saha uddiya shaknoti. sevaayaam deerghatama-duragami-boying-vimaanam asti 777-200 Lr, yat 301 yaatrikaih saha sanchaalayitum shaknoti. boying <aii. dii. 1> eksa. 350 taha 375 yaatrikaih saha uddiya samarthah asti. boying <aii. dii. 1> 290 yaatrikaih saha uddiya samarthah asti. yatrikan naa vahan deerghatar-paridhihi sambhawah bhavati. e330niyo, e350, bee787 ityadini nootanaani vimaanaani alpa-apekshaayukteshu patrena maargeshu aarthikaroopen sthiraani avirataani ati-deergha-door-yatrayaha karyani samarthayanti, yatah poorva-vimaanaani avirataani ati-deergha-door-sewaah pradadat bruhataah santi, ataha eteshaam vimananam apekshayaa adhika-vyayayuktaah santi, yena adhika-vikraya-tiket-aavashyakataa bhavati, tathaa cha teshaam sevaam labhapradam kartum dwayoh gantavyayoho madhye adhika-magaha cha bhavanti.

ultra neenda thooram ultra-long-haal (ultra-long-raench operations endrum azhaikkappadukirathu) enbathu oru vimanaththin (vimaana kaalam) kaalam "ultra long" aaga iruppathaiyum kurikkirathu."iada, ikaavoa mattrum ifalba aagiyavai inainthu 16 manii neeraththirku mael needikkum endhavoru vimaanaththaiyum" "ultra neelam" "endru varaiyarukkintrana". inththa vimaanangkal vazhakkamaaga oru periya vatta paathaiyaip pinpattrukintrana, perumpaalum oru thuruvap pakuthiyaik kadanthu selkindrana. sila santharppangalil, idaividaatha ultra-neenda thoora paathaikal vimaanangkalai niruththuvathai vida kuraivaaga virumbappadalaam, aenenil ultra-neenda thoora idaividaatha vimaanangkalil payanigal antha neenda maninerangkalukku vimanaththil utkaara vaendum. kuraindha ennei vilaich soozhal, miga neenda thoora vimaanangkalai niruvuvatharkum iyakkuvatharkum saathagamaaga ullathu. navambar 9,2020 muthal, singapur airlines sathuram 23/24 enbathu singapur mattrum newyorg jfk vimaana nilaiyaththirku idaiyil ulagin miga neenda seyalil ulla vaniga vimaanamaagum, idhu sumar 18 manii 40 nimidangalil oru airbus moolam iyakkappadukirathu. varalaaru. 16 manii neeraththirkum maelaaga neediththa ultra-neenda thoora vimaanangkal 1930 kazhil irunthu ullana. naveena jedd vimaanangkal vaekamaana vaekaththil payanikkum athaevaelai, neenda thooram payanikkum athaevaelai, miga neenda thittamidappatta vaniga ultra-neenda thoora vimaanap paathaikkaana saathanai 1943 ill amaikkappattathu. sila varalaattru ultra-neenda thoora paathaikal pinvarumaaru 2000kalin pirpaguthiyil/2010kalin thodakkaththil, vaekamaaka adhigariththu varum eriporul vilaigal, porulaathaara nerukkadiyudan inainthu, pala theevira neenda thoora idaividaatha vimaanangkal rathu seiyappattana. 2013 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil mudivadaintha singappoorilirunthu newark mattrum losses aenjals varai singapur vimaana niruvanangal valangkiya sevaigalum, newyoarkkilirunthu mumbai mattrum baangaak aagiya iru idangkalukkum idhae poantra neenda vimaanangkalum idhil adangkum. pinnar eriporul vilaigal kuraindhu, adhiga eriporul thiranulla vimaanangkal santhaiyil arimugappaduththappattaal, ultra-long-hooll vimaanangkalin porulaathaaram maempattathu mattrum tholaithoora santhaigalil puthiya mattrum maruseeramaikkappatta sevaigalaal saevai seiyappattathu. 2023aam aandukkul, ulagin miga neenda 30 vimaanangkalil 29 vimaanangkal (periya vatta thooraththaal), ippoathu 16 manii neram muthal 18 manii neram mattrum 50 nimida kaala alavu varai ultra-neenda thoora payanamaaka irunththana. vimaanangkal. sevaiyil ulla miga neenda thoora jedd liner airbus aee 350 ex doublue pii ultra neenda thooramaagum, idhu varai parakkum thiran kondadhu. aee380 vimaanam 544 payanigaludan parakkum thiran kondadhu. sevaiyil ulla miga neenda thoorap boising vimaanam 777-200 lr aagum, idhu 301 payanigaludan sella mudiyum. boying 777-8 ex 350 muthal 375 payanigaludan parakkum thiran kondadhu. boying 787-9 290 payanigaludan parakkum thiran kondadhu. payanigalai aetrtrich sellaathapoathu neenda thooram sella mudiyum. aee330neo, aee350 mattrum pii787 poantra puthiya vimaanangkal kuraindha thevaikaludan melliya paathaikalil porulaathaara reethiyaaga nilaiyaana idaividaatha ultra-neenda thoora seyalpaadugalai seyalpaduththugindrana, aenenil idaividaatha ultra-neenda thoora sevaigalai vazhangkum thiran konda munththaiya vimaanangkal anaiththum periyavai, enavae inththa vimaanangkaludan oppidumpoathu seyalpada adhiga vilai, idharkup pathilaaka adhiga dickettukalai virka vaendum mattrum antha sevaigalin laapaththai paraamarikka iru idangkalukkum idaiyil adhiga koorikkaikal thaevaippadugindrana.

ultra long-haall ultra-long-haall (ultra-long-range operations anie kooda pilustaaru) anedi oka vimaana vyavadhi (vimaana vyavadhi) "ultra long" gaa undataanni suuchistumdi."iata, aikavo mariyu ifalpa samyuktamgaa 16 gantalaku paiga konasage edainaa vimananni" "ultra long" "gaa nirvachinchaayi". eee vimanalu saadhaaranamgaa oka goppa vrutta marganni anusaristaayi, tarachugaa dhruva praantam gundaa velataayi. konni sandarbhaallo, athi-suduura nonstop vimanalalo prayaaneekulu aaa sudeergha gantalu vimaanamlo kuurchoevaali kabatti, vimanalanu apadam kante athi-deergha-dhoora margalu takkuva praadhaanyatanistaayi. takkuva-chamuru-dhara vaataavaranam athi-suduura vimaanaala sthaapana mariyu nirvahanaku anukuulamgaa untundi. 2020 november 9 nundi, singapur airlines square 23/24 anedi singapur mariyu newyork jfk vimaanaasrayam madhya prapanchamlone atyanta podavaina kriyaaseela vaanijya vimanam, idhi sumaru 18 gantala 40 nimishaallo prayaanistundi, dheenini air bus eah 350-900 ulr nirvahistundi. charitra. 1930la nundi 16 gantalaku paiga sudeergha prayaana vimanalu nadustunnaayi. aadhunika jett vimanalu vegavantamaina vegamtho prayaanistuu, ekkuva dhooram prayaanistunnappatiki, athi podavaina vaanijya ultra-long-haall vimaana maargam yokka rikaardu 1943loe nelakolpabadindi. konni chaaritraka ultra-long-haall margalu 2000la chivaralo/2010la praarambhamlo, vaegamgaa perugutunna indhana dharalu, aardhika sankshobhamto paatu, aneka athi-suduura-viramam laeni vimanalu raddu cheyabaddaayi. indulo 2013 chivarilo mugisina singapur nundi newark mariyu laas angels varaku singapur vimanayana samsthalu andinche sevalu, alaage newyork nundi mumbai mariyu bancock rendintikee ilanti sudeergha vimanalu unnaayi. taruvaata indhana dharalu taggadamtho mariyu marinta indhana samarthavanthamaina vimanalanu marketloki pravesapettadamto, athi-suduura vimaanaala aardhika vyavastha merugupadindi mariyu marinta suduura marketlaku kotta mariyu punaruddharinchabadina sevalu andaayi. 2023 natiki, prapanchamlooni 30 podavaina vimanalalo 29 (goppa vruttaakaara dhooram dwara), ippudu 16 gantala nundi 18 gantala varaku mariyu 50 nimishala vyavadhi varaku ultra-long-haall gaa unnaayi. vimanalu. sevalo unna athi podavaina shreni jetliner airbus eah350 exdablueby ultra long range, idhi egurutundi. eah380 544 mandhi prayaanikulatoe egaragaladu. sevalo unna athi podavaina shreni boying vimanam 777-200 lr, idhi 301 mandhi prayaanikulatoe prayaaninchagaladu. boying 777-8 x 350 nundi 375 mandhi prayaanikulatoe egaragaladu. boying 787-9 290 mandhi prayaanikulatoe egaragaladu. prayaaneekulanu teesukellanappudu ekkuva dhooram prayaaninchae avakaasam undhi. eah330neo, eah350 mariyu bii787 vanti kotta vimanalu takkuva demandlatho sannani margallo aardhikamgaa sthiramaina nonstop ultra-long-haall karyakalapalanu praarambhistaayi, endukante munupati vimaanaalannii nonstop ultra-long-haall sevalanu andinchagalavu, anduvalla eee vimaanaalato poliste panicheyadaaniki marinta khareedainavi, dheeniki ekkuva tikketlu vikrayinchaalsina avasaram undhi mariyu aaa sevala laabhadaayakatanu konasaaginchadaaniki rendu gamyasthaanaala madhya ekkuva demandlu untaayi.

ultra laang haal ultra laang haal (jasay "ultra laang renj operations" bhee kahaa jaataa hay) say maraad parwaz (parwaz kii madat) kii madat "ultra laang" hay."aaita aaikao aur ifolpa mushtarkah toor parr 16 ghantay say ziyadah chalnay waali kasee bhee parwaz kuu" "intehayi taweel" "kay toor parr biyaan kartay haine. yaha parwazein aam toor parr eek azeem dairay kay raastay parr chalti haine juu aksar qatbi elaqay say guzarti haine. kachh muamilat mein naan stop ultra laang haal roats kuu parwazein roknay kay muqabilay mein kumm tarjih dee jaa sakti hay keunkah ultra laang haal naan stop parwazon parr musafiron kuu inn lambay ghanton takk hawai jehaaz mein bethna padta hay. teel kii kumm qeemat waala maahul intehayi taweel fasilay takk parwazon kay qayaam aur operation kay haqh mein hay. 9 nomber 2020 say sangapur aiyar lines marbaa 23/24 sangapur aur neoyork jay aif kay hawai aday kay darmiyan duniya kii sabb say taweel faal tajarti parwaz hay juu taqriba 18 ghantay aur 40 mint mein maheet hay juu eek airbus aey 350-900 alar kay zariye chalayi jaati hay. tareekh. 16 ghantay say ziyadah kii madat takk chalnay waali intehayi taweel fasilay kii parwazein 1930 kii dahayi say chull rahee haine. jabb kahh jadeed jait tayaray teez raftaar say safar kartay haine aur taweel fasilay tay kartay haine sabb say taweel tay shadah tajarti ultra laang haal flyte roat kaa record 1943 mein qayem hay. kachh tarikhi ultra laang haal roats mein shaamil haine: 2000 kii dahayi kay aakhir/2010 kii dahayi kay awail mein aindhan kii qeematon mein teezi say izaafah maashi behraan kay saath behat see intehayi taweel fasilay takk naan stop parwazein mansukh how gayein. iss mein sangapur say newarik aur laas angeles takk sangapur aiyar lines kii farahim kardah khidmaat shaamil thein juu 2013 kay aakhir mein khatam hoyein aur saath hyee neoyork say mumbayi aur bancock donon kay liye asee tarah kii lambi parwazein shaamil thein. jeesay jeesay baad mein aindhan kii qeematon mein kamee aayee aur ziyadah aindhan say mosar tayaray market mein mutaarif karaye gayey intehayi taweel fasilay takk parwazon kii maeshat mein behtari aayee aur ziyadah door daraaz kay bazaron mein nayee aur bahaal shadah khidmaat kii khadmat hoyee. 2023 takk duniya kii 30 taweel tareen parwazon mein say 29 (baday dairay kay fasilay kay lahaaz say)yee abb 16 ghantay say 18 ghantay aur 50 mint kii madat kay tamaam intehayi taweel fasilay parr thein. hawai jehaaz. saros mein sabb say taweel renj kaa jait liner airbus aey 350 aiks dabliyo bee ultra laang renj hay juu oopar takk adnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay. aey 380 544 musafiron kay saath adnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay. khadmat mein sabb say taweel renj boying hawai jehaaz 777-200 lr hay juu 301 musafiron kay saath ahatah kirr saktaa hay. boying 777-8 x 350 say 375 musafiron kay saath adnay kii salahiyat rakhti hay. boying 787-9 290 musafiron kay saath adnay kii salahiyat rakhti hay. musafiron kuu naha lay jaanay parr lambi renj mumkin hay. aey330 new aey350 aur bee787 jeesay nayey hawai jehaaz kumm maang kay saath patli raaston parr iqtesadi toor parr payedar naan stop ultra laang haal operations kuu qaabil banatay haine keunkah naan stop ultra laang haal sarosaz farahim karnay kay qaabil pachlay tamaam tayaray baday hotay haine aur iss tarah inn tayaron kay muqabilay mein kaam karnaa ziyadah mahunga hotaa hay jiss kay natijay mein inn khidmaat kay munafa kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye ziyadah ticket farokhat karnay aur donon maqamat kay darmiyan ziyadah mutalibat kii zarurat hoti hay.

0003f0f1a711a0671a9044132dc3fbc0b0c643bf0225c4f15e819824ecdbf2bd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71426505

Nauroz (TV series)

Nauroz (TV series) 2023 Pakistani television series Nauroz () is a 2023 Pakistani television series premiered on Green Entertainment, directed by Shahzad Kashmiri, who co-produced it as well. The series features Mawra Hocane as the main protagonist. The plot focuses on a girl from a small village and her journey to a big city. Plot. Armaghan Khan, a civil servant, marries Pariwash but faces marital issues. He finds solace in a tawaif and proposes to her. The tawaif dies during childbirth, leaving a baby girl named Rishtina. Armaghan's family rejects Rishtina, and his first wife leaves him. Armaghan secretly gives Rishtina to his friend Dervesh Khan, and dies the next day. Living in a remote town "Jalalam" located between mountains, Rishtina grows up in isolation and turns twenty in a secret basement, believing the outside world is dangerous due to the deception by her adoptive parents, Darvesh and Ammara. Tragedy strikes when Ammara dies, and Rishtina learns the whole truth. To protect Rishtina from her grandfather Karvaan Khan who wants to kill her for being the daughter of a tawaif, Darvesh Khan sends her to Islamabad to live with Hassan, a friend of Armaghan. She arrives to find Hassan paralyzed and with nowhere else to go. Hassan's daughter-in-law Sadaf behaves harshly towards her due to which she decides to stay in a hotel. When a hotel worker tries to assault her she runs away and is compelled to spend her life on the road. After spending several nights on the road she gets into a car accident. The car was being driven by Hira, a famous TikToker who brings her in her house. She decides keep Rishtina in her house until her full recovery. When Darvesh Khan leaves alone after Rishtina's departure, Karvaan Khan comes to meet him where he comes to know that he had kept Armaghan's daughter here for years. He kills Darvesh Khan and goes to Islamabad in search of her to kill her. He seeks the help of his friend Waji Gul, an Islamabad-based head of land grabbers who hires one of his workers Rustam to look for the girl. Hira is the only daughter of her parents. She leaves her house when her parents come to know about her presence on TikTok, which creates a serious conflict between them. When she comes to know Rishtina's story she decides to help her. She recovers her money from the hotel with the help of her friend Rustam who later begins to like Rishtina. After developing a bond with her, Hira helps her in making videos so that she could reach to her Agha Jaan. Rishtina receives fame when one of her videos gets viral where she fights with a TikToker Junaid in party who tries to harass her. The fame makes her an overnight star on social media, gaining her millions of followers and huge earnings when she is approached for fashion modeling and brand advertisements. Rustam finds out from Wajid Gul that Karvaan has killed the Darvesh Khan and tells it to Hira. Hira conveys this to Rishtina and warns her by showing her a picture of Karvaan Khan who wants to kill her. After learning about the death of her Agha Jaan, for whom she was making videos, her heart breaks and she gets fed up of the fake world of social media and tries to discover the purpose of the fame that she has achieved. She gets inspired by the teachings of YouTuber Shayan, who once worked as a television director but left the field due to the type of the content that was being made for television audiences. With the help of Hira, Rishtina collaborates with Shayan who directs ashort film based on a story by Rishtina. Rishtina helps a widow whose land was grabbed by Wajid Gul through social media. His worker tries to harm her but Rustam saves her by reaching there and beats his own fellow worker. When Wajid Gul finds out about it he doubts Rustam and investigates him. He learns that Rishtina is the same girl that Karvaan Khan is looking for. He tries to inform him through phone but gets killed by Rustam. Born as Khadim Hussain, Rustam had lived in poverty before he started working for Wajid. He is arrested by the police for the murder of Wajid Gul. When Rishtina leaves the cinema after the premier of her short film, she is kidnapped by two masked men. Shayan follows them and saves her. When police catch the kidnappers it is revealed that the kidnapper was Junaid, who was trying to get revenge on Rishtina. She had humiliated him in a party for harassing her after which his career went downhill. For their safety, Hira decides to bring Rishtina to her parents' house with her as they had recently reconciled. One day on the road she comes across her mother, who was driving a taxi due to her father's ailment. She takes her to her father and the parents accept her and forgive her. On Wajid Gul's death, Karvaan Khan comes to his house and advises his son to forgive Rustam so that they could kill him by himself. He agrees to it. Karvaan Khan comes to know that his grandson Salar is alive and currently living in Islamabad with his wife and a son Sarib. He goes to meet him but he blatantly tells him that he doesn't want to establish any connection with them as told by his mother. After the short film, Rishtina and Shayan decide to collaborate on a Children's television series for which they choose Sarib as one of the cast members. On the day of shooting, Sarib gets kidnapped and police try to recover him. Rishtina, who was in Salar's house at that time with his mother comforting her, is stunned to see Karvaan Khan, who comes there upon the news of the kidnapping of his grandson. After interrogating Salar's wife about him, she comes to know that Salar is her brother. Rishtina gets the help of Rustam, who is in jail and has connections with a child trafficking gang. The police recover many kidnapped children with the help of Rishtina and Shayan. Karvaan Khan gets emotional on the recovery of his grandson and thanks Rishtina. Rustam is released from the jail and determines to leave his life as a criminal by going back to Chakwal to his siblings. He sends a letter to Rishtina where he tells her the truth that her Agha Jaan had not died of pneumonia but was murdered by Karvaan Khan. He then goes to kill Karvaan Khan but gets himself killed by him and Wajid Gul's son. When Rishtina receives his letter she instantly comes to know that Karvaan Khan has murdered him alongside killing her Agha Jaan. She gets fed up of this hide and seek and determines to face him and punish him for his deeds. She files FIRs against him for the murders of Agha Jaan and Rustam in the police stations of "Jalalam" and Islamabad respectively. She goes to Jalalm and challenges him for his deeds by looking in his eyes. He tries to kill her but fails and the police reach and arrest him. She returns to Islamabad where she shares her story in interviews and podcasts. Afterwards, she starts a cleanliness campaign with Hira and Shayan contributing to the betterment of society. Production. "Nauroz" was confused by media reports with "Neem", another Shahzad Kashmiri directorial, Kashif Anwar's written and Mawra Hocane starrer. About choosing this script, Hocane stated that, "Nauroz" threw her right out of her comfort zone and Shahzad Kashmiri's guidance helped her to grow as an actor and as a person. To portray a young girl, Hocane lost about 6 kg weight and was almost starving leading her to clear her memory about the filming of the series. The trailer of the series was launched by the network on 22 April 2023. Broadcast. On 29 June 2023, it was revealed by the channel's social media handles that the show will premier on 13 July 2023, airing episodes weekly on Thursday at 20:00 PST. Soundtrack. The original soundtrack track of the series 'Sawal' is performed by Amanat Ali, with lyrics by Kashif Anwar and music composition by Naveed Nashad. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nouruj (tibhi dharabahik) nouruj () hoise 2023 sonor ekhon pakistani television dharabahik, jikhon xeujiya monuronjonor uporot primiyar koraa hoisil, swahjad kashmiriye porisalona korisil, jiye iyak xoho-projujonau korisil. ei dharabahikkhonot mukhyo nayok hisape mawora hukenor obhinoy aase. ei kahinitu etaa xoru gaonr egoraki suwali aaru teur ekhon dangor sohoroloi koraa jatrar uporot gurutwo aarup kore. plot. ristina hoise paharor maajot owosthito ekhon nirjon gaont baax koraa egoraki juboti. taair deutake xurokhyamulok aaru xabodhan hoi taik baahiror prithibir poraa lukuwai raakhe. teu taik atmorokhyar dokhyota prodan kore aaru owoxexot taik gaonr baxindaxokolor sokur poraa aatori, taair xurokhyar baabe sohoroloi pothiyai diye. ristina sohorkhonot uposthito huwar pisot oxongkhyo proityahbanor xonmukhin hoy, kiyonu eitu teur prothombaror baabe teur ghoror bahirot prowex kore. obosye, taai egoraki jonopriyo cho "siyel miriya probhawxali aairar xoite mukhamukhi hoy, ji taair aatithyo briddhi kore aaru taik bhitoroloi loi yaay. iraa ristiner baabe ek poth prodorxok hoi pore, teuk cho "siyel miriyar rosi aaru bibhinno platformot teur uposthiti kenekoi nogodi koribo laage xikay. ristiner jiwanat ek natokiyo poribortonor maajere paar hoi yaay jetiya teu cho "siyel miriyar jogotoloi yaay. teur video "tuwe drutogotit aakorxon laabh kore aaru kichu dinor bhitorote otyadhik jonopriyo hoi pore. tothapiu, khyatir logote ek guruttopurno xomosyar sristi hoy. ristinaye nijoke bitorkot lipto huwa onubhob kore jetiya teu suwali egorakir baabe nyayor xomorthonot cho "siyel miriyat konthoswor utthapon kore, jaar folot teur jiwanat oproityaxito xomosya aaru jotilotar sristi hoy. utpadon. "nouruj" xongbad madhyomor protibedonor dwara "nim" ror xoite bibhranto hoisil, aan etaa swahjad kashmiri porisalona koraa, kaxif aanwaror likhito aaru mawora huken obhineet. ei sitronatyo basoni korar xondorbhot, hukene koichil je, "nouruje" taik teur swaschondyo oncholor poraa bahiroloi pelai disil aaru swahjad kashmirir nirdexonai teuk egoraki obhinetri aaru ejon byokti hisape bikax laabh korat xohay korisil. xoru suwaligorakik sitrito koriboloi, hukene pray 6 keji ujon hraax korisil aaru pray bhukot aasil jaar folot hete dharabahiktur sitrogrohonor bixoye teur smriti sposto korisil. ei sringkholatur trailertu networke 2023 sonor 22 aprilot mukoli korisil. xomprosar koraa hoy. 2023 sonor 29 junot seneltur cho "siyel miriya handlexomuhe prokax korisil je onusthantur primiyar 2023 sonor 13 julyte brihospotibare xaptahik xomprosarito khondoxomuh 20:00 pst too hoh" bob. soundtrack. sawal "dharabahikor mool soundtrack trektu omanot aaliye poriwexon korise, iyar gitor kotha kochif anuwaror aaru xongit rosona naved naxade korise.

nauroz (tibhi sirij) nauroz () 2023 saaler ekti pakistani television sirij jaa sobuj binodoner upor premiere koraa hoyechilo, shahzad kashmiri dwara porichalito, jini etty soho-prajojanao korechilen. eyi sirije prodhan nayak hisebe royechen maora hoken. eyi golpoti ekti chhoto gramer ekti meye ebong ekti borh shohore taar jatrake kendra korey. plot. rishtina ekti alpavayasi meye jey pahader modhye abosthito ekti nirjan grame baas korey. taar baba, surakkhamulak ebong sotorko, taake bairer jogoto theke lukiye rakhen. seey taake attorokkhar dokkhota pradan korey ebong abosheshe gramer basindader gopon chokh theke doore, taar nirapottar jonno taake shohore pathay. shohore aasaar porr rishtinar onek chyalenjer mukhomukhi hotey hoy, kaaron eyi prothombar seey taar baadir baire jete shuru korey. zaihok, seey ekjon janapriya soshyala midia probhabok irar mukhomukhi hoy, jey taar atitheyata prosarito korey ebong taake niye yaay. ira rashtinake soshyala medier dadi ebong bivinno platforme taar uposthiti kibhabe nagadikaran koraa yaay taa shekhate ekjon pothprodorshok hoye othe. soshyala medier jogote probesh korar saathe saathe ristinar jeebon natakiya rupantarer modhyo diye yaay. taar videoguli druto akarshan orjon korey ebong koyek diner modhye atyanta janapriya hoye othe. taa sotteo, khyatir pashapashi aase naana samasya. ekti meyer jonno nyaybicharer somorthone soshyala midia kanthaswar tolar somoy ristina nijeke bitorke joriye porey, jaar foley taar jeebone aprotyashito jhamela ebong jotilota dekha deyo. utpadon. "nauroz" sangbadmadhyamer protibedone "neem"-err sange bibhranto hoyechilo, jaa chhilo shahzad kashmiri porichalito arekti chhobi, kashif anoarer lekha ebong maora hoken abhineet. eyi chitronattoti beche neoar bishoye hoken bolechilen jey, "nauroz" taake taar swachchondo anchal theke berr korey diyechilo ebong shahzad kashmirir nirdeshona taake ekjon abhineta ebong ekjon byakti hisabe bede uthte sahayata korechilo. alpavayasi meyetike chitrito korar jonno, hoken pray 6 keji ozon hrass korechilen ebong pray anahare chhilen jaar foley tini sirijer chitrogrohon somporke taar smriti porishkar korte perechilen. 2023 saaler 22shhey april network dwara eyi sirijer trailerty chaalu koraa hoy. somprocharito. 2023 saaler 29shhey june, chyaneler soshyala midia handelguli prakash korey jey shoti 2023 saaler 13ee julai premiere hobey ebong brihospotibar 20:00 pst-teey saptahik porbo somprocharito hobey. soundtrack. sawal' sirijer mool soundtracti 'amanoto allie' poribeshon korechen, jaar gaaner kotha likhechen kashif anoire ebong sangeet rachona korechen naved nashad.

nauroz (tivi shrenee) nauroz () aee 2023nee pakistani television shrenee chhe, jenu premiere green entertainment parr thayu chhe, jenu nirdeshan shahzad kashmiri dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jemane tenu saha-nirmaan pann karyoo hatoo. aaa shreneema mukhya naayak tareeke mawra hocken chhe. aaa vaarta aek nankada gaamnee chhokari aneey tenaa motaa shahernee suffer parr kendrit chhe. plooat. rishtina aek yuvan chhokari chhe jeey parvato vachche aavela aek alaayadu gaammaan rahe chhe. tenaa pitaa, rakshanatmak aneey saavadh, tene bahaarnee duniyaathi chhupave chhe. teey teneene aatmarakshani kushalataa pradaan karey chhe aneey chhevate teneene tenee salaamati maate, gaamnaa rahevasioni goopt najarthi door shaherma mokale chhe. shaherma pahonchya pachhi rishtina asankhya padkaarono saamno karey chhe, kaaran keey teey tenaa gharnee bahaar pratham vakhat saahas karey chhe. jooe keey, teneeno saamno lokpreey soshiyal media prabhaavak iraa saathe thaay chhe, jeey teneenu aatithya karey chhe aneey teneene andar laee jaay chhe. iraa rishtina maate maargdarshak vyaktee bunny jaay chhe, tene soshiyal mediana dorada aneey viveedh platform parr tenee haajarinu mudrikaran kevee reete karavu teey sheekhve chhe. jyaare tenee soshiyal mediani duniyama praveshe chhe tyaare rishtinaanu jeevan naatkeey parivartanmathi pasaar thaay chhe. tenaa videeyo zadapthi aakarshan melve chhe aneey thodaa jaj divasomaa atyant lokpreey bunny jaay chhe. tema chhataa, khyatini saathe mushkeleeono samooh pann aave chhe. jyaare tenee aek chhokari maate nyaynaa samarthanma soshiyal media parr potaano avaaj uthaave chhe, tyaare rishtina potaane vivaadmaa fasaayelee juae chhe, jeey tenaa jeevanma anadhaari mushkeli aneey gunchavano taraf doree jaay chhe. utpaadan. "media ahevaalo dwara 'nauroz "neey' neem" saathe munjhavanma mukvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey anya aek shahzad kashmiri digdarshit, kashif anvarni likheet aneey mawra hocken abhineet hatee. aaa patkathaa pasand karvaa vishe, hokene janaavyu hatoo keey, "nauroze" teneene tenaa comfort zonmathi bahaar kaadhee deedhi hatee aneey shahzad kashmirina maargdarshanthi teneene aek abhineta aneey aek vyaktee tareeke vikasavvama madad malee hatee. yuvan chhokarinu chitran karvaa maate, hocken lagbhag 6 keelo vajan ghataadi rahee hatee aneey lagbhag bhukhyaa rahee hatee, jenaa kaarane teey shreneena filmankan visheni tenee yaadone saaf curry rahee hatee. aaa shreneenu trailer network dwara 22 april 2023naa roj lonch karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. prasaaran. 29 juuna 2023naa roj, chenalnaa soshiyal media handle dwara jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey aaa shonu premiere 13 julai 2023naa roj thashe, jeey guruvaare 20:00 pst parr saaptaahik episode prasaarit karashe. soundtrack. sawal' shreneenu mool soundtrack geet amanat allie dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jemaa kashif anvarnaa geeto aneey naved nashad dwara sangeet rachnaa karvaamaa aavee chhe.

nauroz (tv shrinkhala) nauroz () 2023 kii pakistani television shrinkhala haye jiska premiere harit manoranjan parr kiya gayaa haye, jiska nirdeshan shahzad kashmiri ney kiya haye, jinhone ise saha-nirmit bhee kiya haye. shrinkhala mein mukhya naayak key roop mein mawra hoken koo dikhaaya gayaa haye. kathaanak ack chhote seey gaanv kii ladki aur ack badey shahar kii usaki yatra parr kendrit haye. plot. rishtina pahaadon key beach basey ack sunsan gaanv mein rahane vaali ack yuva ladki haye. usake pitaa, surakshaatmak aur satark, usey baahari duniya seey chhipaaye rakhate hain. vaha usey aatmaraksha key kaushal pradaan kartaa haye aur antatah usey usaki suraksha key liye gaanv key nivaasiyon kii aankho seey door shahar bhejata haye. shahar mein pahunchane parr rishtina koo kaee chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye, kyonki yeh pahali baar haye jaba vaha apane ghar seey aage nickle rahee haye. haalaanki, vaha ack lokpriya soshal media influencer iraa seey milati haye, joe uska aatithya karati haye aur usey ander leey jaati haye. iraa rishtina key liye ack maargdarshak vyakti bunn jaati haye, usey soshal media kii rassiyon aur vibhinn platforms parr apani upasthiti kaa mudrikaran kaise karna haye, yeh sikhaati haye. rishtina key jeevan mein ack naatakiya parivartan aataa haye kyonki vaha soshal media kii duniya mein pravesh karati haye. unake video teji seey aakarshan praapt karate hain aur kuchh hii dinon mein behad lokpriya hoe jaate hain. phir bhee, prasiddhi key saath-saath kaee pareshaaniyan bhee aatee hain. rishtina khud koo vivaad mein ulajhi hui paati haye jaba vaha ack ladki key liye nyaay key samarthan mein soshal media parr apani aavaaj uthaati haye, jisase usake jeevan mein apratyaashit pareshani aur jatilataaen paida hoti hain. utpaadan. "nauroz" media reports dwara "neem" key saath bhramit thaa, ack aur shahzad kashmiri nirdeshit, kashishaf anwar kii likhit aur mawra hoken abhineet. iss patkatha koo chunane key baare mein, hoken ney kahaa kii, "nauroz" ney usey apane aaraam kshetra seey baahar fenk diyaa aur shahzad kashmiri key margadarshan ney usey ack abhineta aur ack vyakti key roop mein badhane mein madad kii. yuva ladki koo chitrit karane key liye, hocken ney lagbhag 6 kigra vajan cumm curr diyaa aur lagbhag bhookh seey marr rhaa thaa, jisase vaha shrinkhala key filmancan key baare mein usaki yaaddaasht koo saaf curr rhaa thaa. shrinkhala kaa trailer network dwara 22 aprail 2023 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. prasaran. 29 juuna 2023 koo, channel key soshal media handle dwara yeh khulasa kiya gayaa thaa kii show kaa premiere 13 julaai 2023 koo hoga, joe guruwar koo 20:00 pst parr saptahik episode prasaarit karega. soundtrack. shrinkhala 'sawal' kaa mool soundtrack track amanat allie dwara prastut kiya gayaa haye, jisake boll kashif anwar dwara aur sangeet rachana naved nashad dwara kii gaee haye.

nauroj (duradarshana sarani) nauroj () 2023rahra pakistani duradarshana saraniyagiddu, idannu saha-nirmaana maadida shahzad kashmiri nirdeshisiddare. ee saranialli mawra hocane mukhya patradalliddare. kathaavastuvu ondu sanna hallia hudugi mattu dodda nagarakke aakeya prayanavannu kendrikarisuttade. plat. rishtina emba yuvatiyu parvatagala naduve nelegondiruva nirjana halliyalli vaasisuttaale. aakeya tande, rakshanaatmaka mattu jaagarookaraagiddu, aakeyannu horagina prapanchadinda maremachuttare. avanu aakege aatmarakshaneya kaushalyagalannu niiduttaane mattu antimavagi hallia nivasigala kannininda duraviruva avala surakshategaagi avalannu nagarakke kaluhisuttaane. tanna maneyannu meeri modala baarige prayanisuttiruvudarinda, rishtina nagarakke agamisidaga halavaaru savaalugalannu edurisuttaale. aadaagyoo, aake janapriya samajika madhyama prabhavi iraalannu edurisuttaale, aake tanna aatithyavannu vistarisuttaale mattu avalannu olage karedoyyuttaale. ira avaru rishtinage margadarshi vyaktiyaguttare, samajika madhyamada haggagalannu mattu vividha vedikegalalli tanna upasthitiyannu hege hanagalisabeku embudannu avarige kalisuttaare. aake samajika madhyamada jagattinalli todagidaaga rishtinala jeevanavu natakiya parivartanege olagaaguttade. aakeya veediyogalu tvaritavagi gamana seleyuttave mattu kelave dinagalli apaara janapriyavaguttave. aadaagyoo, khyaatiya jotege sankashtagala ondu gumpu baruttade. aake hudugiyobbalige nyaya dorakisikoduvudannu bembalisi samajika jaalataanadalli dhwani ettidaaga, aake vivaadadalli silukikolluttaale, idu aakeya jeevanadalli anireekshita tondaregalu mattu todakugalige kaaranavaaguttade. utpaadane. "madhyama varadigalindaagi, shahzad kashmiri nirdeshanada mattondu chitravaada kashif anwar avara likhita mattu mawra hokan abhinayada 'neem' nondige 'nauroj' gondalakkolagaayitu. ee chitrakatheyannu ayke maaduva bagge, "nauroj" tannannu tanna aarama valayadinda horahaakitu mattu shahzad kashmiri avara maargadarshanavu natiyagi mattu vyaktiyagi beleyalu sahaaya maaditu endu hocane helidaru. chikka hudugiyannu chithrisalu, hocane sumaru 6 keey. zii tukavannu kaledukondalu mattu bahuteka hasivininda balaluttiddalu, idarindaagi saraniya chitrikaranada bagge avala nenapu maayavaayitu. ee saraniya trailer annu network 22 april 2023 randu bidugade maaditu. prasara. zoon 29,2023 randu, chanelna samajika madhyama handlegalu ee kaaryakramada prathama pradarshanavu julai 13,2023 randu guruvaaradandu varakkomme prasaaravaaguva kantugalannu 20:00 pst nalli prasara maaduttade endu bahirangapadisitu. soundtrack. sawal' saraniya moola dhwanipathawannu amnat allie avaru pradarshisiddare, kashif anwar sahitya mattu naved nashad sangeeta samyojaneyannu niididdaare.

nauros (television parambara) shahzad kashmeeri samvidaanam cheytha 2023-ll harita vinodathil pradharshippicha oru paakistaan television parambarayaanu nauros (). maavra hockainaanu eee parambarayile pradhana kathaapaathrathe avatharippikkunnath. oru cheria graamatthil ninnulla oru penkuttiyeyum oru valia nagaratthilekkulla avalude yathrayeyum kendreekarichaanu katha. plott. parvathangalkkidayil otappetta oru graamatthil thamasikkunna oru penkuttiyaanu rishtina. avalude pithaav, samrakshanavum jagrathayum ullathinaal, avale puramlokatthil ninnu marachuvekkunnu. avan avalil svayam prathirodhatthinulla kazhivukal nalkukayum oduvil graamavaasikalude kannil ninnu akannu avalude surakshaykkaayi avale nagaratthilekku ayaykkukayum cheiyunnu. nagaratthiletthumbol rishtina niravadhi velluvilikal neridunnu, kaaranam ithu avalude veedinappurathekku aadyamaayittaanu. ennirunnaalum, aval oru janapriya soshyal media influvenceraaya iraye kandumuttunnu, aval avalude aathidheyathvam vardhippikkukayum avale akathekku kondupookukayum cheiyunnu. soshyal meediyayude kayarukalekkurichum vividha plaattphomukalil avalude saannidhyam engane dhanasambaadanam nadathaamennum padippichukondu ira rishtina nayikkunna vyakthiyayi maarunnu. soshyal meediyayude lokathekku kadannukayarumbol rishthinayude jeevitam naadakeeyamaaya parivarthanatthinu vidheyamaakunnu. avalude veediyokal athivegam shradha nedukayum divasangalkkullil valareyadhikam janapriyamaakukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, prashasthiyodoppam oru koottam durithangalum varunnu. oru penkuttikku neethi labhikkunnathine pinthunachu soshyal mediayil shabdam uyarthumbol rishtina vivaadathil akappedunnu, ithu avalude jeevithathil apratheekshitha prashnangalilekkum sankeernathakalilekkum nayikkunnu. uthppaadanam. "shahzad kashmeeri samvidaanam cheytha mattoru chithramaaya kashif anvaarinte rachana maavra hocken pradhana veshathilethiya 'neem' enna chithravumaayi bandhapetta maadhyamavaarthakal 'nauros' neey aashayakkuzhappathilaakki. eee thirakkatha thiranjedukkunnathinekku, "nauros" thanne avalude comfort sonil ninnu puratthaakkiyennum shahzad kashmeeriyude maargganirddesham oru nadiyenna nilayilum oru vyakthiyenna nilayilum valaraan sahayichuvennum hockain paranju. aaa penkuttiye thithreekarikkunnathinu, hockain ekadesham 6 kilogram bharam kuraykkukayum pattini kidakkukayum cheythu, ithu parambarayude chithreekaranathekkurichu avalude oormmakal maaychukalayaan kaaranamaayi. 2023 epril 22 nuu network eee parambarayude trailer puratthirakki. prakshepanam. 2023 juun 29 nuu, 2023 juulai 13 nuu aazhchathorum episodukal sampreshanam cheiyunna paripadi premiier cheiyumennu chaanalinte soshyal media handilukal velippeduthi. soundu track. saaval' parambarayude yadhaartha sountraakku avatharippikkunnath amanath aliyaanu, kashif anvaarinte varikal, naved nashaadinte samgeethasamvidhaanam enniva ulppedunnu.

nauroz (durchitravani malika) nauroz () hii 2023 salchi pakistani durchitravani malika aahe, jicha harit karamanukivar pratham pradarshan karnyat aale, jyache digdarshan shahzad kashmiri yanni kele, jyanni tyachi saha-nirmitihi kelee. yaa maliket mukhya nayak mhanoon mavra hoken aahe. eka chhotya gavatil mulgi aanee tichya mothya shaharachya pravasavar kathanak kendrit aahe. plot. rishtina hii dongaranmadhye vasalelya eka nirjan gavat rahnari eka tarun mulgi aahe. tiche vadil, snrakshak aanee savadh, teela bahereel jagapasoon lapvoon thevatat. too teela swasanrakshan kaushalye shikavato aanee akheris teela tichya surakshesathi, gavatil rahivashanchya najarepasoon door, shaharat pathavato. shaharat aalyavar rishtinala anek aavhananna samore jaave lagate, kaaran tichya gharachya palikade jaanyachi hii tichi pahilich vel aahe. tathapi, teela iira yaa lokpriy soshal media prabhavkala bhetate, jee tiche aatithya karate aanee teela aat ghete. iira hii rishtinasathi eka margdarshak vyakti banate, teela soshal mediachya dorkhandanche aanee vividh manchanvar tichya upasthitiche mudrikaran kase karave heey shikavate. jevha tee soshal mediachya jagaat pravesh karate tevha rishtinachya jeevanat natyamay badal hoto. tiche video vegane aakarshan vadhavtat aanee kahee divasantach prachand lokpriy hotat. tathapi, prasiddhibarobarach anek sankate yetat. jevha tee eka mulichya nyayasathi soshal mediavaril aavaj uthavate, jyamule tichya aayushyat anpekshit adachani aanee guntagunt nirman hote, tevha rishtina swatahla vadat adakate. utpadan. "shahzad kashmiri digdarshit aanakhi eka chitrapat, kashif anvarcha likhit aanee mavra hoken abhineet 'neem "haah chitrapat madhyamanchya batmyanmule gondhaloon gela hota. hii patkatha nivadanyabaddal, hokenane sangitale qee, 'nauroz' neey teela tichya aaramkshetratun baher kadhale aanee shahzad kashmirichya margdarshanane teela eka abhinetri aanee eka vyakti mhanoon vadhanyas madat jhaali. tarun muliche chitran karnyasathi, hokenche vajan sumare 6 kilone qamee jhaale aanee tee jawaljawal upashi hotee, jyamule tichi malikechya chitrikaranavishayichi aathvan sutali. yaa malikecha trailer 22 april 2023 roji networkdware pradarshit karnyat aala. prasaran. 29 juuna 2023 roji, vahinichya soshal media handledware heey ughad jhaale qee yaa karyakramacha premiere 13 julai 2023 roji hoil, guruwari 20:00 pstvar saptahik episode prasarit kele jaatil. dhwanimudran. sawal' malikeche mool dhwanimudran geet amanat aline sadar kele aahe, jyat kashif anvarche booal aanee naved nashad yanni sangeet dile aahe.

nauroj (television shringkhala) nauroj () sann 2023 ko pakistani television shringkhala how june harit manoranjanma premiere garieko chha, jaslai saha-nirman garne shahzad kasmirile nirdeshan gareka hun. yass shringkhalama mawara hokena mukhya nayakka rupma chhan. kathanak euta sano gaunki ketty rar unko thulo saharko yatrama kendrit chha. plut. ristina pahadko bichma awasthit euta alakshit gaunma basne aut yuwati hun. unka buba, surakshatmak rar satarka, unlai bahiri sansarbata lukaunchhan. usale unlai atmarakshako seep pradan gardacha rar antatah gaunka basindaharuko chuchuro ankhabata tadha, unko surakshaka lagi saharma pathaunchha. saharma aipugepachhi ristinale dherai chunautiharuko samana garchhin, kinki yo unko pahilo patak unko gharbhanda bahirko udyam how. yadyapi, unle lokpriya samajik sanjal prabhawak irako samana garchhin, jasle unko atithya wistar garchhin rar unlai bhitra linchhin. ira ristinaka lagi ek margadarshak wyaktitwa banchha, unlai samajik mediako dori rar vibhinna platformharuma afno upasthitilai kasari mudrikaran garne bhanera sikaundachha. ristinako jiwan natakiya pariwartanbata gujriraheko chha jab uni samajik mediako sansarma janchhin. unka bhidiyoharule druta rupma akarshan prapta garchhan rar kehi dinbhitrai atyadhik lokpriya hunchhan. yadyapi, prasidhisangai sankatharuko euta samuha pani aunchha. ristinale afulai vivadma faseko bhettaunchhin jab unle aut ketika lagi nyayako samarthanma samajik sanjalma afno awaz uthaunchhin, jasle garda unko jiwanma apratyashit samasya rar jatiltaharu nimtyaunchin. utpadan. "nauroj' midia reportharudwara 'nim' sanga bhramit thiyo, arko shahzad kasmiri nirdeshit, kasif anawarko likhit rar mawara hokena abhinit. yo patakatha chhanot garne barema, hokenle bhane, "nauroj" ley unlai afno comfort jonbata bahira fyaanke rar shahzad kasmiriko margadarshanle unlai abhinetako rupma rar ek wyaktiko rupma badhna maddat maddat. jawan ketiko chitran garna, hokenle lagbhag 6 kilo wazan ghatae rar lagbhag bhokamarima thie jasle garda unko shringkhalako chhayangkanko barema unko samjhana safa bhayo. shringkhalako trailer networkdwara 22 april 2023 maa sarvajanik garieko thiyo. prasaran. june 29 2023 maa, channelko sosal midia handleharule yo khulasa gareko thiyo kii soe july 13 2023 maa premiere hunechha june bihibar 20:00 pst maa saptahik episodharu prasaran gardacha. soundtrack. kasif anawarko shabda rar naved nashadko sangit sanyojansahit 'sawal' shringkhalako muel soundtrack amanat alile prastut gareka chhan.

nauroja (tibhi sirij) naoroja () heuchhi 2023 masihar eka pakistani television dharabahika, jahara premiyara sabuja manoranjanare hoithila, jahara nirdeshana shahzad kashmiri deithile, jieki ehara saha-prajojana madhya karithile. ehi dharabahikare mawra hoken mukhya najaka bhabe abhinai karichanti. ehi kahaniti eka chhot gaanra jhia ebong eka budd saharaku tankara jatra upare dhyana deithae. plut. ristina heuchhanti pahad madhyare abasthita eka nirjan graamare rahuthiba jane jubatee. taanka pita, surakhya ebong satarka, tanku bahara duniaaru luchai rakhanti . shay tanku aatmarakhyara dakhyata pradan karanti ebong sheshare tanku surakhya paain saharaku pathanti, gaan adhibasinka gupta najararu doorare . rushatina saharaku pahanchiba parey aneka aahwanara sammukheen huanti, kaaran ehaa tankara pratham thara paain taanka ghara bahare jatra kariba . tebe, shay jane lokpriya social midia prabhabaka iranku bhetichanti, jieki tankara aatithya pradan karanti ebong tanku grahan karanti. ira ristinanka paain eka margadarshaka byaktitwa palatichanti, tanku social mdr russie ebong bibhinna platformre taanka upasthitiku kipari mudrikarana karibe taaha shikhaichhanti . social midia duniaare prabesha kariba sahita ristinanka jeebanare eka natakiah paribartana aasichhi. tankara bhidiogudika druta gatire akarshana hassel kare ebong kichhi deane madhyare atyadhika lokpriya hoijae . tathapi, prasiddhi sahita aneka durdasha madhya asithae. eka jhia paain nyaaja paain social midiare swara uthaile, jaahaa taanka jeebanare apratyashita samasya ebong jatilata srusti kallah parey, ristina nijaku bibaadare phasichanti. utpadana. "naoroja ", shahzad kashmirinka dwara nirdeshita, kashif anawaranka likhita ebong mawara hoken abhineet' nima" sahita ganamadhyama report dwara dwandware padithila. ehi script chayan kariba bishajare hoken kahithile je, "naoroja" tanku taanka comfort jonru bahara curry deithile ebong shahzad kashmirinka margadarshan tanku jane abhineta ebong jane byakti bhabare bikashita hebare sahajya karithila. jubateetiku chitrita kariba paain, hoken praiah 6 kilogram ojana hrass karithile ebong praiah bhokila thile jaahaa phalare shay ehi dharabahikara suting bishajare tankara smruti sapha karithile. ehi shrunkhalara trailer 2023 masiha april 22 tarikhare netawarka dwara unmochan karajaithila. prasarana. 29 june 2023 ray, chyanelara social midia handle dwara ehaa prakash paithila je ehi shoe 'rahr premiyara july 13 2023 ray saptahika episode prasarana kariba gurubara deane 20:00 pst ray. soundtrack. sawal "dharabahikara moola soundtrack' amanata allie" nka dwara paribeshana karajaichi, jeunthire kashif anawaranka geeta ebong nabheda nashadanka dwara sangeeta rachna karajaichi.

nauroz (tii. vee. ladiwar) nauroz () ikk 2023 pakistani television luddy haii jiss daa premiere green entertainment utte keeta giaa haii, jiss daa nirdeshan shahzad kashmiri neey keeta haii, jiss neey iss daa sahi-nirman vee keeta haii. iss luddy witch mawra hoken noon mukkh naaik vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. ih kahani ikk chhote jihe pind dee ikk ladki atey ikk vadde shehar dee uss dee yaatra utte kendrit haii. plaat. rishtina ikk naujwan ladki haii joe pahadan dey vichkaar sathit ikk alagg pind witch rahindi haii. uss daa pitaa, surakhiaa atey savdhan, uss noon baahari dunia toon luka keey rakkhda haii. uh uss noon sway-rakkhiaa dey hunar pardan karda haii atey aakharkar uss noon pind dey vasnikan deeaan akkhan toon door, uss dee surakhiaa laee shehar bhejda haii. shehar witch pahunchan 'teey rishtina noon kaee chunotiaan daa sahmana karna painda haii, kiunki ih uss daa pahila mauka haii jadon uh aapne gharr toon bahr jaa rahee haii. halanki, uh ikk prasidh soshal media prabhavak iraa naal mildi haii, joe uss dee parahunchari daa vistaar kardi haii atey uss noon ander lae jaandi haii. iraa rishtina laee ikk maarag darshak bann jaandi haii, uss noon soshal media deeaan rassiaan atey vakkh-vakkh platforman 'teey aapni maujudgi daa mudrikaran kiven karna haii, ih sikhaundi haii. rishtina daa jeevan ikk nataki tabdili toon langhda haii kiunki uh soshal media dee dunia witch dakhal hundi haii. uss dey vdo tezi naal khich prapat karde hunn atey kujh hii dinan witch bahut mashur hoow jaande hunn. firr vee, prasidhi dey naal-naal bahut saariaan mushkilan vee aaundiaan hunn. rishtina aapne aap noon vivaad witch ulajhi hoee paundi haii jadon uh ikk ladki laee niaan dey samarthan witch soshal media utte aapni aavaaz buland kardi haii, jiss naal uss dee zindagi witch ankiaasi musibat atey pechidgiaan paida hoow jandiaan hunn. utpadan. "media reportan anusar 'nauroz "noon' neem" naal ulajhan witch paa ditta giaa see, joe kii shahzad kashmiri duaara nirdeshit ikk horr film haii, jiss witch kashif anwar neey likhiaa haii atey mawra hoken neey mukkh bhumika nibhai haii. iss script dee chonh curran baare, hoken neey kiha kii, "nauroz" neey uss noon aapne aaram khetar toon bahr kaddh ditta atey shehzad kashmiri dey margdarshan neey uss noon ikk abhinetri atey ikk viakati dey roop witch vadhan witch sahaita keeti. naujwan ladki noon darsaun laee, hoken neey lagbhag 6 kilogram bhaar ghataa ditta atey lagbhag bhukhe marr rahee see jiss naal uh luddy dee shooting baare aapni yaad noon saaf qarr rahee see. network duaara 22 aprail 2023 noon luddy daa trailer lanch keeta giaa see. prasaran. 29 juun 2023 noon, channel dey soshal media handles duaara ih khulasa keeta giaa see kii shoa daa premiere 13 julai 2023 noon hovega joe veervar noon 20:00 pst 'teey haftavari episode prasarit karega. soundtrack. ladiwar 'sawal' daa mool soundtrack track amanat allie duaara pesh keeta giaa haii, jiss dey boll kashif anwar duaara atey sangeet rachna naved nashad duaara keeti gaee haii.

nauroz (dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa) nauroz () iti 2023 tamavarshasya pakistani-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa asti, yasya prathamapradarshani harita-manoranjana-kaaryakrame abhavat, yasya nirdeshanm shahzad kashmiri ityanena krutam, yah tasya saha-nirmaanam api akarot. asmin shrunkhalaayaam mavara hoken mukhyanaayakaroopen drushyate. itivruttam laghunagare sthitayaha balikayaha, bruhadnagaram prati tasyaah yatrayaha cha vishaye asti. plut. ristinaa ityeshaa parvateshu sthitasya nirjana-graame nivasantee yuvatee asti. tasyaah pitaa rakshaakarah saavadhaanah cha tasyaah bahyalokat guptam karoti. saha tasyaah aatmarakshayaha kaushalaan praadaati, ante gramavasinam guptadrushteh dooram, tasyaah surakshartham nagaram prati preshayati. nagaram aagaty ristinaa anekaan samasyaan sammukheekaroti, yatah saa prathamavaaram swagruhaat bahihi udyamam karoti. parantu saa lokapriyam samajika-maadhyam-prabhaavakam iraa ityetam prati samaagacchati, yaa tasyaah aatithyam vistrutya tasyaah sweekaranam karoti. iraa, ristinaa-ityasyaah maargadarshakah vyaktihi bhavati, saa saa samajika-madhyamanam doraha, vividha-mancheshu tasyaah upasthitim katham dhanasanchayitavyam iti cha shikshayati. ristinaa ityasyaah jeevanam naatakeeyaroopen parivartanam bhavati yadaa saa samajika-maadhyam-jagatam prati drushtaa bhavati. tasyaah veediyo drutagatyaa aakarshitaah bhavanti, katipayadineshu atyantam lokapriyaani bhavanti cha. tathaapi, khyatya saha durdashaayaah samoohah api aagacchati. yadaa saa balikayaha nyayasya samarthane samajikamadhyameshu swaswaram utthaapayati tadaa ristinaa vivaade vyakulata drushyate, yena tasyaah jeevanam apratyashitam klesham jatilam cha bhavati. utpaadanam. "nauroz" iti chalacchitram, shahzad kashmiri ityanena nirdeshitam, kashif-anwar ityasya likhitam, mavra-hoken abhineetam cha "neem" iti maadhyam-vruttaantaihi bhramitah aasit. asya chitrakathaayaah chayanasy vishaye, hoken avadat yat, "nauroz" ityeshaa tam sahajakshetrat nishkaasayat, tathaa cha shahzad kashmiri ityasya margadarshanam abhinetaaroopen, vyaktiroopen cha vardhayitum sahayyam krutavaan iti. balika chitrayitum, hoken ityeshaa praayah 6 kilograam bhaaram nyunikarot, praayah anahare aasit, yena hett ityeshaa shrunkhalaayaah chitrikaranasya vishaye tasyaah smrutim nikshaptavatee. shrunkhalaayaah trailer iti jaalajaalen 2023 april 22 dinaanke udghaatitam. prasaaranam karotu. 2023 joon 29 dinaanke, vaahinyaah samajika-maadhyam-hastaih prakatitam yat 2023 julai 13 dinaanke, saptahikarupena, guruvaasare, 20:00 pst ityatra, karyakramasya prathamapradarshanm bhavishyati iti. dhwanimudranam bhavati. saaval' iti shrunkhalaayaah mool-dhwanimudrikaayaah geetam amanaat-allie ityanena pradarshitam asti, yasya geetaani kashif-anwar ityanena, sangeetasamyojanam naaved-nasaad ityanena cha krutam asti.

nauroas (tholaikaatchi thodar) nauroas () enbathu 2023 aam aandu bagistan tholaikaatchi thodaraagum, idhu pasumai pozhuthupoakkil thiraiyidappattathu, shahsad kashmiri iyakkiyullaar, avarum adhai inaith thayaarippaalaraaga irunthaar. inthath thodaril mawra hogaen mukiya kathaanaayaganaaga nadikkiraar. kadhaikkalam oru siriya kiraamatthaich saerntha oru pennaiyum, oru periya nagaraththirku aval maerkonda payanaththaiyum maiyamaagak kondullathu. sathi. malaikalukku idaiyae amainthulla oru thanimaiyaana kiraamaththil vasikkum oru ilam penn rishtina. avaludaiya thanthai, paathukaappaakavum echcharikkaiyaakavum, avalai veli ulagaththilirunththu maraikka vaikkiraar. avar avalukku tharkaappu thirankalaik karpikiraar, iruthiyil kiraamavaasigalin maraimugak kankalilirunthu vilagi, avaludaiya paathukaappirkaaka nagaraththirku anuppukiraar. thanathu veettirku appaal selvathu idhuvae muthal muraiyaaga iruppathaal, rishtina nagaraththirku vanththavudan pala savaalgalai ethirkolkiraar. iruppinum, avar pirabalamaana samooga uudaga selvaakku seluththubavaraana iraa enbavarai ethirkolkiraar, avar thanathu virunthoambalai virivupaduththi avalai alaiththuch selkiraar. iraa rishtinavukku oru vazhikaattum nabaraaga maarukiraar, samooga uudakangkalin kayirugalaiyum, palvaeru thazhangalil thanathu iruppai evvaaru panamaakkuvathu enbathaiyum avalukkuk karpikiraar. samooga uudaga ulagil aaraayumpoathu rishtinaavin vaazhkkai oru viyaththagu maattraththirku utpattullathu. avarathu veediyoakkal viraivaaga eerppaip pettru sila naatkalil migavum pirabalamadaigindrana. iruppinum, pugazhaip peruvathudan, pala nerukkadigalum varukintrana. oru pennukku neethikku aatharavaaka samooga uudakangkalil kural ezhuppumpoathu, rishtina sarchchaiyil sikkik kolgiraar, idhu avarathu vaazhkkaiyil ethirpaaraatha sikkalkalukkum sikkalkalukkum vazhivagukkirathu. urpaththi. "shahsad kashmeer iyakkiya mattroru padamaana cassif anwar iyakkiya mattrum mawra hogaen nadiththa 'vaeppilai' kuritthu uudakangkalil veliyaana seithigalaal 'nauroas' kuzhappam adainthathu. inththa thiraikkathaiyaith thaerntheduppathu pattri, hogaen, "nauroas" thannai thanathu aaruthal mandalaththilirunthu veliyae erinththathaakavum, shahsad kashmiri vazhikaattuthal oru nadigaraagavum oru nabaraagavum valara uthaviyathu endrum koorinaar. ilam pennaaga siththarikka, hogaen sumar 6 kiloo edaiyai ilanththaar, kittatthatta pattiniyaal irunthaar, ithanaal thodarin padappidippu pattriya ninaivai avar thelivupaduththinaar. inthath thodarin trailer 22 aepral 2023 andru netvorkaal thodangappattathu. oliparappu. juun 29,2023 andru, inththa nigazhchchi juulai 13,2023 andru oliparappappadum endru saenalin samooga uudaga kaippidigalaal veliyidappattathu, viyaalakkizhamai vaaraanthira aththiyaayangkal 20:00 pst ill oliparappappadum. olippathivu. sawal' thodarin asal olippathivu paadalai amanath alii nigazhththugiraar, cassif anwar paadal varigalaiyum, navet nashad isaiyamaiththullaar.

nauroz (tv syries) nauroz () anedi 2023 pakistan television syries, idhi green entertainment loe pradarsinchabadindi, dheeniki shahzad kashmiri darsakatvam vahinchaaru, ayana dheenini saha nirmaata kooda. eee dharavahikalo mawra hocane pradhana kathanayakudiga natistunnaru. oka chinna graamaaniki chendina oka ammai mariyu aame pedda nagaraniki chesina prayaanampai eee katha drushti pedutundi. plaat. rishtina parvataala madhya unna ekanta graamamlo nivasistunna oka chinna ammai. aame tandri, rakshanaatmaka mariyu jagrattagaa, aamenu bayati prapanchaaniki dhooramgaa unchaadu. athanu aameku aatmarakshana naipunhyaalanu andinchi, chivariki graama nivaasula guudaachaari kallaku dhooramgaa, aame bhadrata kosam aamenu nagaraniki pamputaadu. nagaraniki cherukunna tarvaata rishtina aneka savaallanu edurkontundi, endukante aame thana intini daati velladam idhe modatisaari. ayithe, aame pramukha soshal media influencer iraa nuu kalustundi, aame thana aatidhyaanni vistarinchi aamenu lopaliki teesukuvelutundi. iraa rishtinaku maargadarsaka vyaktigaa maari, soshal media yokka taadulu mariyu vividha platfamlalo thana unikini elaa dabbu arginchalo neerputundi. soshal media prapanchamloki pravesinchinappudu rishtina jeevitam naatakeeya parivartanaku lonavutundi. aame veediyolu vaegamgaa aadarana pondutaayi mariyu koddi rojullone apaaramaina prajaadarana pondutaayi. edemaina, keertito paatu aneka kashtalu kooda vastaayi. oka ammayiki nyayam kosam maddatugaa soshal medialo thana swaraanni penchinappudu rishtina vivaadamloo chikkukundi, idhi aame jeevitamlo oohinchani samasyalu mariyu samasyalaku daariteestundi. utpatti. "shahzad kashmiri darsakatvam vahinchina maroe chitram, kashif anwar rachana, mawra hokane pradhana paatralalo natinchina 'vepa' thoo 'nauroz' media nivedikala dwara gandaragolaniki guraindi. eee scriptnu enchukovadam gurinchi, hocane matladutu, "nauroz" aamenu comfort john nundi bayataku visirivesindani, shahzad kashmiri maargadarsakatvam natudigaa mariyu vyaktigaa edagadaaniki sahaayapadindani paerkonnaaru. aaa chinna ammayini chithreekarinchadaaniki, hocane sumaru 6 kilola baruvunu kolpoyadu mariyu daadaapu aakalitho unnadu, tadwara syries chitreekarana gurinchi aame gnaapakaanni tolaginchadaaniki daariteesindi. eee syries yokka trailarnu network 22 april 2023naa praarambhinchindi. prasaram. juun 29,2023naa, chhaanel yokka soshal media handles eee show juulai 13,2023naa premiere avtundani, guruvaram naadu vaaraaniki okasari episodlanu prasaram chestayani velladinchaayi. soundtrack. sawal' syries yokka asalu soundtrack patanu amanath allie pradarsinchaaru, kashif anwar saahityam mariyu naved nashad sangeetaanni samakuurchaaru.

noroz (tye wee seerez) noroz () 2023 kii pakistani teeli vision seerez hay jiss kaa premier grain entertainment parr hawaa jiss kii hidayat kaaree shahzad kashmeeri nay kii jinhon nay asay mushtarkah toor parr prodios bhee kiyaa thaa. iss seerez mein moraa hokeen kuu markazi kirdaar kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay. plaat eek chhotay say gaaon kii eek ladki aur iss kay baday shehar kay safar parr markoz hay. plaat. rashtina eek naujawan ladki hay juu pahaadon kay darmiyan waaqa eek alg thalag gaaon mein rehti hay. iss kay waalid hifazati aur mohtat asay beruni duniya say chhapatay haine. wah asay apnay dafaa kii maharatein deeta hay aur aakhir kaar asay gaaon kay baashindon kii ghabrahat say door iss kii hifazat kay liye shehar bhej deeta hay. rashtina kuu shehar pahunchnay parr mutadid challenges kaa saamna karnaa padta hay keunkah yaha iss kaa pehla moqaa hay jabb wah apnay gahar say aagay nikal rahee hay. tahim iss kaa saamna eek mashhur soshal mediya infloincer airaa say hotaa hay juu iss kii mahman nawazi mein izafah karti hay aur asay andar lay jaati hay. airaa rashtina kay liye eek rehnuma shaqsiyat bunn jaati hay asay soshal mediya kii rasiyan aur mukhtalif plait forms parr apnee maujudgi say paisah kamanay kaa tariqah sikhati hay. rashtina kii zindagi eek dramayi tabdili say guzarti hay keunkah wah soshal mediya kii duniya mein daakhil hoti hay. iss kii videoz teezi say taujah haasil karti haine aur chand hyee dunon mein bay hadd maqbool how jaati haine. tahim shahrat kay saath saath mashkalaat kaa eek majmuah bhee aataa hay. rashtina khood kuu tanazah mein aljhati hay jabb wah eek ladki kay liye insaaf kii himayat mein soshal mediya parr aawaz uthati hay jiss kii wajah say iss kii zindagi mein ghair matuqa preshani aur paicheedgiyan paida hoti haine. paidawar. "noroz" kuu mediya reports nay "neem" kay saath aljhaya thaa juu kahh eek aur shahzad kashmeeri kii hidayat kaaree mein bannay waali film kaasif anwar kii likhee hoyee aur moriya hokeen kii adakari thee. iss script kay intekhaab kay baaray mein hokeen nay kahaa kahh "noroz" nay asay apnay comfort zoon say baahir phaink diyaa aur shahzad kashmeeri kii rehnumayi nay asay eek adakaar aur eek shaqs kay toor parr tarqi karnay mein madad kii. naujawan ladki kii tasveer kashee kay liyay hokeen kaa wazan taqriba 6 clow kumm how gayaa aur wah taqriba bhoka thaa jiss kii wajah say wah seerez kii film bundi kay baaray mein apnee yaadein saaf kirr rahee thee. iss seerez kaa trailer neet wark nay 22 apreel 2023 kuu laanch kiyaa thaa. nashar karein. 29 joone 2023 cow chinal kay soshal mediya handles nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh iss show kaa premier 13 jolayi 2023 kuu hoga juu jamaraat kuu 20:00 pst parr haftah waar aqsaat nashar karay gaa. sound track. seerez 'saawal' kaa asl sound track amanat alee nay paish kiyaa hay jiss kay boul kaasif anwar kay haine aur mausiqi kii composition naveed nashad nay kii hay.

0003f4879b7e02854374e43f6a54002b2e271119bec234bc247408cc8ab99586

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38138999

NCAPG (gene)

NCAPG (gene)

eno. key. pi. ji. (jinn)

enn. keey. pii. zii (zina)

aena. keey. pii. jee. (janin)

aine. see. pee. jee. (jeane)

enn. keey. pii. zii (zeane)

aine. keey. pii. jee. (januk)

enn. kee. pii. jii. (zin)

ainn. keey. pee. jee. (jeane)

ena. key. pee. jee. (jeane)

enn. keey. pii. zii (janyuvu)

0003f5564719f0ed430ac51f275bd0dec0ae08aa0681d715499cf82d56bf5bb0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62818019

Gullballen

Gullballen Gullballen (English: "the Golden Ball") is a Norwegian football award given by the Norwegian Football Federation to the best male and female Norwegian footballers each year. The award replaced Kniksen of the Year as the main award given to the best Norwegian footballer in a calendar year. The first award was given in 2014 to Stefan Johansen. Until 2018, the award was given to only one player, either male or female. In 2015, Ada Hegerberg became the first woman to win the award. Hegerberg, Caroline Graham Hansen, and Erling Haaland are the only players to have won the award more than twice. Gullballen has been given out at Norwegian sport award "Idrettsgallaen" since 2015. Winners. 2018–present. From 2018, the Gullballen has been awarded to both a male and female footballer. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

gulbolen gulbalen (ingrajih The golden boll) hoise norobejiyan football federationor dwara proti bosore shrestho purux aaru mohila norobejiyan football kheluoixokolok diya ek norobejiyan football botaa. ei botatuwe bosoror shrestho norobejiyan footballorok etaa kelendar bosorot prodan koraa mool botaa hisape nikxonor sthan loisil. prothom botatu 2014 sonot stephan juhannesonok diya hoisil. 2018 sonoloike ei botaa kewol ejon kheluoike diya hoisil, purux baa mohila. 2015 sonot edaa heggerberge ei botaa laabh koraa prothomgoraki mohila hisape porigonito hoisil. heggerberg, kerulin graham hanchen aaru arling helland hoise dubarotkoi odhik botaa laabh koraa ekmatro kheluwoi. 2015 sonor poraa gulbalenok norobejiyan krira botaa "idretsgalen" too prodan koraa hoise. bijoyi. 2018-bortoman. 2018 sonor poraa gulbalen purux aaru mohila ubhoy football kheluoike prodan koraa hoise.

gulbele gulbalen (ingrezi "golden boll") holl norwegian football phedareshana kortrik proti bochor sera norwegian purush oo mohila football kheloader deoa ekti norwegian football puraskar. eyi puroskarti bochorer sera niksenke protisthapon korey ekti calender bochore sera norwegian football kheloadke deoa prodhan puraskar hisabe. prothom puroskarti 2014 saale stephan johansenke deoa hoy. 2018 saal porjonto, purush baa mohila, shudhumatra ekjon kheloadke eyi puraskar deoa hoto. 2015 saale, adda heggerberg prothom mohila hisebe eyi puraskar jitechilen. heggerberg, caroline graham hansen ebong arling halland ekmatro kheload jaaraa doo 'baarer beshi eyi puraskar jitechen. 2015 saal theke gulbalenke norwegian sportasa award "edetsgallen"-ayee deoa hachche. vijayira. 2018-bortoman. 2018 saal theke, gulbalen ekjon purush ebong mohila ubhoy football kheloadke pradan koraa hoyeche.

gulbele gulbalen (angrejih "dhaa golden boola") norwegian football federation dwara darr varshe shreshth purush aneey maheela norwegian footballerone aapvama aavto norwegian football puraskar chhe. aaa puraskarae calendar varshmaa shreshth norwegian footballerne aapvama aavtaa mukhya puraskar tareeke nixon off dhaa yarnoo sthaan leedhu hatoo. pratham puraskar puraskar stephen johansenne aapvama aavyo hato. 2018 sudhee, aaa puraskar maatra aek jaj khelaadeene aapvama aavto hato, purush keey maheela. maheela, adaa haggerberg aaa puraskar jitnaar pratham maheela bunny hatee. haggerberg, kerolin graaham henson aneey earling hayland ekmatra aevaa khelaadeeo chhe jemane bethee vadhu vakhat award jeetyo chhe. gulbalenne gulbalenne norwena ramat puraskar "idaretsagaalen" maan aapvama aave chhe. vijetaao. 2018-vartmaan. 2018 thee, gulbolanne purush aneey maheela footballer bannene enayat karvaamaa aavyo chhe.

gulball gulballen (angrezeeh "golden ball") ack norwegian football puraskar haye joe norwey key football mahasangh dwara pratyek varsh sarvshreshth purush aur mahila norwey key footballers koo diyaa jaataa haye. iss puraskar ney varsh key sarvshreshth nikesen koo ack calender varsh mein sarvshreshth norwegian footballer koo diye jaane vaale mukhya puraskar key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya. pahala puraskar 2014 mein stephen johansen koo diyaa gayaa thaa. 2018 taka, yeh puraskar kewal ack khilaadi koo diyaa jaataa thaa, yaa tou purush yaa mahila. 2015 mein, edaa heggerberg puraskar jeetane vaali pahali mahila baneen. heggerberg, carolin graham hansen aur erling halland ekmatra aise khilaadi hain jinhone dou seey adhik baar puraskar jeetaa haye. gulball koo 2015 seey norwey key khel puraskar "edatesgallen" mein diyaa gayaa haye. vijeta. 2018-vartamaan. 2018 seey, gulball koo ack purush aur mahila footballer donon koo sammaanit kiya gayaa haye.

gulbalen gulbalen (inglish "golden baal") embudu narveya football okkootavu prati varsha atyuttama purusha mattu mahila narveya football aatagaararige needuva narveya football prashastiyagide. ee prashastiyu varshada nixen badalige calender varshadalli atyuttama norwegian football aatagaaranige nidalaaguva mukhya prashastiyagide. modala prashastiyannu prashastiyannu stephan johansen avarige nidalaayitu. nidalaayitu, ee prashastiyannu purusha athawa mahila aatagaararalli obbarige maatra nidalaaguttittu. nidalaaguttittu, adaa heggerberg ee prashastiyannu gedda modala mahileyaadaru. hegger burg, caroline graham hansen mattu earling hallend maatra eradu baari prashasti gedda ekaika atagararagiddare. gulbalenge gulbalenge narveya creeda prashasti "idretsgallen" nalli prashasti nidalaagide. vijetaru. 2018-prastuta. 2018-prastuta, gulbalen annu purusha mattu mahila football atagararibbarigoo nidalaagide.

gulbellen norwegian football federation ellah varshavum mikacha norwegian purusha, vanita football thaarangalkk nalkunna norwegian football awardaanu gulbalan (engleesha "golden booal"). oru kalandar varshathil mikacha norwegian football kalikkaaran nalkunna pradhana puraskaaramaayi nixane sthaanappeduthi eee award. 2014ll stephaan johansenaan aadya puraskaaram nalkiyathu. 2018 vare purushano sthriyo aaya oru kalikkaaran maathrame award nalkiyirunnulloo. 2015ll adhaa heggerberg eee puraskaaram nedunna aadya vanithayayi. heggerberg, carolin graham hansen, earling halland ennivar maathramaan randiladhikam thavana puraskaaram nediya kalikkaar. 2015 muthal norwegian sports avardaaya "idrattsgalleynil" gulballan puraskaaram nalkunnundu. vijayikal. 2018-innuvare. 2018 muthal, oru purusha, vanita football kalikkaaran gulbalan nalkiyittundu.

gulball gulbalen (ingrajih 'daad golden baul') haah norwechya football mahasanghane darvarshi sarvottam purush aanee mahila norwechya footballpatunna dilela norwecha football puraskar aahe. eka calendar varshatil sarvotkrusht norwegian footballpatoola deela jaanara mukhya puraskar mhanoon nixon auph daad iyarchi jaaga haah puraskar ghetala gela. pahila puraskar 2014 madhye stephen johansen yanna denyat aala hota. 2018 paryant haah puraskar purush kinwa mahila asha keval eka kheladula deela jaat asey. 2015 madhye, adaa heggerberg hii puraskar jinkanari pahili mahila tharali. heggerberg, carolin graham hanson aanee earling halland heey donpeksha jaast vela haah puraskar jinkanare ekmev kheladu aahet. 2015 pasoon gulbalenla norwechya 'idretsgalen' yaa creeda puraskarane sanmanit kele jaat aahe. vijete. 2018-sadhya. 2018 pasoon, purush aanee mahila footballpatu yaa doghannahi gulbalen puraskar denyat aala aahe.

gulbalen gulbalen (angrejih "da golden ball") nervegian football mahasanghadwara pratyek warsha utkrishta purush rar mahila nervegian footballerharulai pradan garine nervegian football puraskar how. yo puraskarle calender warshama sarwashreshtha nervegian footballerlai diieko mukhya puraskarko rupma nickson aff da iyarlai pratisthapan garyo. pahilo puraskar sann 2014 maa stefan johansenlai diieko thiyo. sann 2018 samma yo puraskar purush wa mahila gari ekjana kheladilai matra diinthyo. sann 2015 maa, adah heggerberg yo puraskar jitne pahilo mahila baneki thiin. heggerberg, caroline graham hansen rar earling halland matra kheladi hun jasle dui patakbhanda badhi puraskar jiteka chhan. gulbalenlai sann 2015 dekhi nervegian khelkud puraskar "idretsgalen" maa pradan garieko chha. vijetaharu. sann 2018-wartaman. sann 2018 dekhi, gulbalen purush rar mahila footballer duwailai pradan garieko chha.

gulbalen gulbalen (ingraji bhasare "The golden bull") heuchhi eka narawejian football puraskara jaahaa narawejian football federation dwara pratibarsha sarbashrestha narawejian purush ebong mahila footballermananku diajae . ehi puraskara eka calender barshare sarbashrestha narawejiana phutabalarnku diajaithiba mukhya puraskara bhabare nixon off dee iyar sthana neichi . pratham puraskara 2014 ray stephan johansenku diajaithila. 2018 masiha parjyanta ehi puraskara kebala jane khelalinku diajauthila, shay purush huantu kimba mahila. 2015 ray, adda heggerberg ehi puraskara jitibare pratham mahila hoithile. heggerberg, carolin graham hansen ebong erlinga halland heuchhanti ekamatra khelali jeunmane duithararu adhika ehi puraskara jitichanti. 2015 masiharu gulbalen narawejian sports award "edroutsgallen" ray pradan karajaichi. bijai. 2018-bartamana. 2018 masiharu, ubhaja purush ebong mahila football khelalinku gulbalen pradan karajaichi.

gulbalan gulbalen (angrezawi "golden baal") ikk norwegian football puraskar haii joe norwegian football federation duaara harr saal sarbottam purash atey mahila norwegian footballran noon ditta jaanda haii. ih puraskar saal dey sabh toon vadhiaa nivagian footballer noon ikk calender saal witch ditte jaanh vaale mukkh puraskar vajon nixon dee thaan lae liaa giaa. pahila puraskar 2014 witch stephen johansson noon ditta giaa see. 2018 takk ih puraskar siraf ikk khidari noon ditta jaanda see, jaan taan marad jaan aurat. 2015 witch, adaa heggerberg ih puraskar jittan vaali pahili aurat bnee. heggerberg, caroline graham hanson atey erling halland iklaute khidari hunn jinhan neey doou vaar toon vaddh puraskar jittiaa haii. gulbalan noon 2015 toon norwegian khed puraskar "edertsglen" witch ditta giaa haii. jetuaan. 2018-varatman. 2018 toon, gulbalan noon ikk purash atey mahila footballer dovan noon sanmanit keeta giaa haii.

gulbalen gulbalen (aanglah "da golden baal") ekaha norwegian-football-puraskaarah asti yah norwegian-football-sanghena prativarsham sarvottamaan norwegian-purusha-mahilaa-football-kreedakaah prati deeyate. eshah puraskaarah nixon-ityasya sthaane varshasya sarvashreshtam puraskaarah abhavat, yat panjikaa-varshe sarvottamaanam norwegian-football-kreedakaay deeyate. prathamam puraskaram 2014 tame varshe stephen johansen ityasmai dattam. 2018 tamavarshaparyantam, kevalam ekaa kreedakaay, purushaay vaa streeye vaa, puraskaarah dattah aasit. 2015 tame varshe, adaa heggerberg ityeshaa puraskaram praaptavatee prathamaa mahilaa abhavat. hegger berg, carolin graham hanson, erling halland cha eva kreedakaah santi ye dvivaaram yaavat puraskaram avaapnot. 2015 tamaat varshaat "idretsgalen" iti norwegian-creedaa-puraskaare gulbalen-kreedaayaah puraskaarah pradatta asti. vijetaah. 2018-vartamaanam. 2018 tamaat varshaat, gulbalen iti puraskaarah purusha-mahilaa-football-kridakarayoho krute pradatta asti.

kulbalan kulbalan (aangilam "thanga pandhu") enbathu ovvoru aandum sirantha norway kaalpandhu veerargalukku norway kaalpandhu koottamaippaal vazhangkappadum oru norway kaalpandhu viruthaagum. oru kaalandar aandil sirantha norwejian kaalpandhu veerarukku vazhangkappadum mukiya viruthaaga aandin niksanukku pathilaaka inththa viruthu vazhangkappattathu. muthal viruthu 2014 aam aandil stefan johansanukku vazhangkappattathu. 2018 varai, inththa viruthu aann allathu penn yena oray oru veerarukku mattumae vazhangkappattathu. 2015 aam aandil, adaa heggerberg inththa viruthai ventra muthal penn aanaar. heggerberg, caroline kiraham hansen mattrum earling haaland aagiyoar mattumae irandu muraikku mael inththa viruthai ventra oray veerargal aavar. 2015 muthal norway vilayaattu viruthu "idrates kallan" ill kulbalan vazhangkappadukirathu. vetrtriyaalargal. 2018-tharpoothu varai. 2018 muthal, kaalpandhu veerar oru aann mattrum penn iruvarukkum kulballan viruthu vazhangkappattullathu.

gulbalen gulbalen (anglam "dhi golden baall") anedi prati samvatsaram uttama purusha mariyu mahilaa norwegian football kreedaakaarulaku norwegian football samakhya andinche norwegian football avaardu. eee avaardu oka calender samvatsaramlo uttama norwegian football kreedaakaarudiki ichhe pradhana avarduga nixen off dhi iyar sthaanamlo vachindi. modati avaardunu 2014loe stephan johansenku pradaanam chesaaru. 2018 varaku, eee avaardu purusha ledhaa mahilaa aatagallaku matrame ivvabadindi. 2015loe, adaa heggerberg eee avaardunu geluchukunna modati mahilagaa nilichaaru. heggerberg, carolin graham hansen mariyu earling halland matrame rendusaarlu kante ekkuva avaardunu geluchukunna aatagaallu. 2015 nundi gulbalen nuu norwegian creeda avaardu "idretsgallen" loe pradaanam chestunnaru. vijaetalu. 2018-prastutam. 2018 nundi, gulbalen nuu oka purusha mariyu mahilaa football kreedaakaarudiki pradaanam chesaaru.

gulbuln gulbuln (angrezi: "golden baal") naarway kaa eek fitt baal aiward hay juu naarway kii fitt baal federation kii taraf say harr saal naarway kay behtareen mard aur khwatin fitt ballers kuu diyaa jaataa hay. iss aiward nay saal kay behtareen niksan kii jagah lay lee juu kahh eek calender saal mein naarway kay behtareen fitt baalar kuu diyaa jaanay waala markazi aiward hay. pehla aiward 2014 mein stephan johanson kuu diyaa gayaa thaa. 2018 takk yaha aiward sarf eek khilaadi kuu diyaa jaataa thaa mard yaa aurat. 2015 mein addaa haggerberg yaha aiward jeetnay waali pehli khaatun bunain. haggerberg carolin graham henson aur airling holland waahid khilaadi haine jinhon nay duu say ziyadah baar yaha aiward jeeta hay. gulbuln kuu 2015 say naarway kay sports aiward "adrates gallin" mein diyaa jaa rehaa hay. fateheen. 2018-maujudah. 2018 say gull baalan kuu mard aur khaatun fitt baalar donon kuu diyaa gayaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19747410

Beam expander

Beam expander Optical devices treating collimated light Beam expanders are optical devices that take a collimated beam of light and expand its width (or, used in reverse, reduce its width). In laser physics they are used either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders. Telescopic beam expanders include refracting and reflective telescopes. A refracting telescope commonly used is the Galilean telescope which can function as a simple beam expander for collimated light. The main advantage of the Galilean design is that it never focuses a collimated beam to a point, so effects associated with high power density such as dielectric breakdown are more avoidable than with focusing designs such as the Keplerian telescope. When used as intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range. In tunable laser resonators intracavity beam expansion usually illuminates the whole width of a diffraction grating. Thus beam expansion reduces the beam divergence and enables the emission of very narrow linewidths which is a desired feature for many analytical applications including laser spectroscopy. Multiple-prism beam expanders. Multiple-prism beam expanders usually deploy two to five prisms to yield large one-dimensional beam expansion factors. Designs applicable to tunable lasers with beam expansion factors of up to 200 have been disclosed in the literature. Initially multiple-prism grating configurations were introduced in narrow-linewidth liquid dye lasers but eventually were also adopted in gas, solid-state, and diode laser designs. The generalized mathematical description of multiple-prism beam expanders, introduced by Duarte, is known as the multiple-prism dispersion theory. Multiple-prism beam expanders and arrays can also be described using ray transfer matrices. The multiple-prism dispersion theory is also available in 4 × 4 matrix form. These matrix equations are applicable either to prism pulse compressors or multiple-prism beam expanders. Extra-cavity beam shaping. Extra cavity hybrid beam transformers: using a telescopic beam expander, followed by a convex lens, followed by a multiple-prism beam expander, a laser beam (with a circular cross section) can be transformed into an extremely elongated beam, in the plane of propagation, while extremely thin in the orthogonal plane. The resulting plane illumination, with a near one-dimensional (or line) cross section, eliminates the need of point-by-point scanning and has become important for applications such as N-slit interferometry, microdensitometry, and microscopy. This type of illumination can also be known in the literature as light sheet illumination or selective plane illumination. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bim expander bim expander hoise alukiyo xojuli jiye puhoror ek milimito bim loy aaru iyar aakar briddhi kore (baa, biporitbhabe byobohar koraa hoy, iyar aakar hraax kore). lejaar podartho bigyanot xeibur hoy ontordexiyo baa otirikto aaworonor upadan hisape byobohar koraa hoy. xeibur prokritir telescopic baa prismetik hoh "bob paare. xadharonote prismetik bim expandere keibatau prijom byobohar kore aaru iyak multiple-prijom bim expander buli jonaa yaay. telescopic bim xomproxaronkarixokolr bhitorot aase refracting aaru protipholito durbikhyon jontro. xadharonote byobohrito etaa proityawortonxil durbikhyon jontro hoise galilian durbikhyon jontro ji xongzukto puhoror baabe etaa xorol bim expander hisape kaam koribo paare. galilian designor mool xubidhatu hoh 'lo ee ketiyau etaa xongzukto bimok etaa binduloi kendribhut nokore, xeyehe uscho xoktir ghonotwor xoite xomporkito probhab jene dilectric brackdown caplerian teliscopor dore fukas designotkoi odhik poriharjugyo. jetiya lejaar rejunetarot intrachevity bim expander hisape byobohar koraa hoy, ei durbine 20-50 porixorot dimatrik bim xomproxaron prodan kore. xuti lejaar rejunetarot intracvity bim xomproxarone xadharonote defrection gratingor xomogro prostho alukito kore. eidore bim xomproxarone beemor bisyuti hraax kore aaru oti xongkirno linewithor nirgomon xokhyom kore ji lejaar spectroscopy xoho bohutu bislexonatmok proyugor baabe ek akangkhyito boixistyo. multiple-prijom bim xomproxarok. multiple-prijom bim expandere xadharonote dutar poraa pasta prijom niyujit kori brihot ek-matrik bim xomproxaron kaarok prodan kore. 200 porjonto bim xomproxaron kaarok thoka xurojukto lejaror baabe projujyo designxomuh xahityot prokax koraa hoise. prothomote ekadhik-prijom grating binyaxbur xongkusito-rekha torol rong lejarot proborton koraa hoisil kintu owoxexot ges, kothin-owostha, aaru died lejaar designotu grohon koraa hoisil. duwarter dwara proborton koraa ekadhik-prijom bim xomproxarokor xadharon ganitik bornonak ekadhik-prijom bischuron totwo buli jonaa yaay. ekadhik-prijom bim xomproxarok aaru ereburok rey trensfer metriks byobohar kori bornona koribo paari. multiple-prijom dispersion totwotu 4×4 metriks rupotu upolobdho. ei metriks xomikoronxomuh hoy prijom paals compresser baa multiple-prijom bim expanderor khetrot projujyo. otirikto-guhaar roshmir aakriti. otirikto gohboror hibrid bim transformerh etaa telescopic bim expander byobohar kori, taar pisot etaa uttol lens byobohar kori, taar pisot etaa multiple-prijom bim expander, etaa lejaar bim (brittakar croch sexonor xoite) proxaror xomotolot, ek otyonto dighol bimoloi rupantorit koribo paari, aanhate orthogonal xomotolot otyonto paatol. iyar folot huwa xomotol alukxojja, ek-matrik (baa rekha) croch seksonor xoite, point-baai-point scanningor proyujoniyota aatorai diye aaru eno-slit interferometry, maikro "densitumetri, aaru maikro" sko "pir dore proyugor baabe guruttopurno hoi porise. ei dhoronor alukxojja xahityot light sweet alukxojja baa nirbasito xomotol alukxojja hisapeu jonaa yaay.

beam expander beam expander holl optical device jaa alor ekti milit rashmi neyo ebong taar akaar prosarito korey (baa, biporitobhabe byabohrito, err akaar hrass korey). lezar podarthobiggane eguli intracavity baa extracavity upadan hisabe byabohrito hoy. eguli prokritite durobikkhon jontro baa prismatic hotey paare. sadharonoto prismatic beam expanderra besh koyekti prism byabohar korey ebong multiple-prism beam expander hisabe porichito. telescopic beam somprosaronkarider modhye royeche protisoron ebong protifolito telescope. sadharonoto byabohrito ekti protisoron telescope holl galilean telescope jaa milit alor jonno ekti sadharan rashmi samprasarankari hisabe kaaj korte paare. galilean nakshar prodhan subidha holl jey etty kokhonyi ekti milit marichi ekti bindute kendribhuto korey naa, taai uchcho shaktir ghonotter saathe somporkito prabhab jemon dielectric breakdown caplarian telescoper moto focussing designer tulna beshi edano yaay. jokhon lezar onuronke intracavity beam samprasarankari hisabe byabohar koraa hoy, tokhon eyi telescopguli 20-50 porisore dwimatrik beam samprasaran pradan korey. shoo-surojoggo lezar onuronoker modhye intracavity beam samprasaran sadharonoto ekti bichchuran grattinger puro prosthoke alokito korey. eibhabe rashmi samprasaran rashmi bichyuti hrass korey ebong khub sangkirna lineuith nirgomon sokkhom korey jaa lezar spectroscopy soho onek bishleshonattok proyoger jonno ekti pochondosoi baisishtya. multiple-prism beam expander. multiple-prism beam expanderra sadharonoto dui theke panchti prism sthapon korey borh eka-matrik beam samprasaran karonguli utpadan korey. 200 porjonto beam somprosaroner kaaron soho surojoggo lezarer jonno prajojya nakshaguli sahitye prokashito hoyeche. prathomikbhabe ekadhik-prism gratting configurationguly sangkirna-roikhik torol dye lezargulite chaalu koraa hoyechilo tobey shesh porjonto gyasa, kathin-abostha ebong diode lezar nakshateo grihito hoyechilo. duarte dwara probortito ekadhik-prism beam somprosaronkarider sadharan ganitik bornonati ekadhik-prism bichchuran totto hisabe porichito. ekadhik-prism beam samprasarankari ebong areguli rashmi sthanantar matricks byabohar korey bornona koraa jete paare. multiple-prism disperson totto 4 × 4 matricks akareo pawa yaay. eyi matricks samikaranguli prism pulls compressor baa multiple-prism beam expandergulir khettre prajojya. atirikto-gahbar rashmi akriti. atirikto gahbar sankar rashmi rupantarkarih ekti telescopic rashmi samprasarankari byabohar korey, tarpore ekti uttol lensha, tarpore ekti ekadhik-prism rashmi samprasarankari, ekti lezar rashmi (ekti brittakar cross bibhag soho) ekti atyanta dirghayita rashmir modhye rupantarita hotey paare, prosoroner somotole, ebong orthogonal somotole atyanta patla. pray eka-matrik (baa line) cross sekashana soho falaswarup samtal aloksajja, point-baai-point scanninger prayojaniyata door korey ebong enn-slita interferometry, microdensitometry ebong microscopy moto proyoger jonno guruttopurno hoye utheche. eyi dharaner aloksajja sahitye halka patar aloksajja baa nirbachito samtal aloksajja hisabeo porichito hotey paare.

beam expander beam expanders aee optical upkarano chhe jeey prakashni collimated beam leey chhe aneey tenaa kadane vistrut karey chhe (athavaa, vipareetma vapraay chhe, tenaa kadane ghataade chhe). lesara bhautikshastrama teno upyog intracavity athavaa extracavity tatvo tareeke thaay chhe. teo prakrutimaa durbin athavaa prismatic hoi shake chhe. saamanya reete prismatic beam expanders ghanaa prismsno upyog karey chhe aneey multiple-prism beam expanders tareeke odakhaay chhe. telescopic beam vistarankaaromaa refracting aneey reflective telescopeno samaavesh thaay chhe. saamanya reete upyogmaa levaato refracting telescope galilean telescope chhe jeey collimated prakaash maate saral beam expander tareeke kaama curry shake chhe. galilean designno mukhya fayado aee chhe keey teey kyaarey aek bindu parr collimated beam parr dhyaan kendrit karatu nathee, tethee caplarian telescope jevee kendrit design karataa dielectric breakdown jevee uchch shaktee ghanata saathe sankalaayelee asaro vadhu taalee shakaay chhe. jyaare lesara resonersmaa intracavity beam expanders tareeke upyog thaay chhe, tyaare aaa telescope 20-50 shreneema dhvee-parimaniy beam vistaran pradaan karey chhe. tune curry shakaay tevaa lesara resonersmaa intracavity beam vistaran saamanya reete vivartan gratingnee sampoorn paholaaine prakashit karey chhe. aama beam vistaran beam diversionne ghataade chhe aneey khoob jaj saankadi linividthanaa utsarjanne saksham karey chhe jeey lesara spectroscopy saheet ghanaa vishleshanatmak kaarykramo maate ichchhit laxan chhe. bahuveedh-prism beam vistarankartaao. bahuveedh-prism beam vistarankaro saamanya reete motaa aek-parimaniy beam vistaran pareebalo pedaa karvaa maate beey thee paanch prismsne tainaat karey chhe. 200 sudhinaa beam vistaran pareebalo saathe tune curry shakaay tevaa lesarone laagu padatee design saheetyma jaaher karvaamaa aavee chhe. sharuaatmaa bahuveedh-prism grating ruprekhankno saankadi-rekheey pravaahi rangnaa lesaromaa rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa parantu aakhare gases, ghana-sthitee aneey diode lesara designma pann apnavvama aavyaa hataa. duart dwara rajoo karaayel bahuveedh-prism beam vistarankaaronu saamaanyikrut gaanitik varnan, bahuveedh-prism vikheran siddhaant tareeke odakhaay chhe. bahuveedh-prism beam vistarankartaao aneey erene pann reey transfer metrisisno upyog kareene varnavi shakaay chhe. bahuveedh-prism vikheran siddhaant 4 × 4 metriksa swarupma pann uplabdh chhe. aaa metriksa samikarano prism pulse compressor athavaa multiple-prism beam expandersne laagu padey chhe. vadhaaraani-polaan beam aakaar. vadhaaraani polaan sankar beam transformers telescopic beam expanderno upyog kareene, tyarbad bahirmukh lensa dwara, tyarbad bahuveedh-prism beam expander dwara, lesara beam (golaakaar cross section saathe) neey prasaarnaa samtalma atyant vistarel bimmaan rupantarit curry shakaay chhe, jyaare orthogonal plainma atyant paatala hoya chhe. parinami samtal prakaash, aek-parimaniy (athavaa rekhaa) cross section saathe, point-baay-point scanning jaruriyaatne door karey chhe aneey aena-slita interferometry, microdensitometry aneey microscopy jevaa kaarykramo maate mahatvapurn bunny gayoo chhe. aaa prakaarnaa prakashne saheetyma prakaash patrak prakaash athavaa pasandgiyukt samtal prakaash tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe.

beam expander beam expander optical upkaran hain joe prakaash kii ack millie-juli beam lete hain aur isake aakar kaa vistaar karate hain (yaa, vipareet roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye, isake aakar koo cumm kartaa haye). lazer bhautiki mein unakaa upayog yaa tou intracovity yaa extracavity tatvon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. way prakriti mein doorbeen yaa prismatic hoe sakate hain. aam taur parr prismatic beam expander kaee prism kaa upayog karate hain aur inhen multiple-prism beam expander key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. doorbeen kiran vistarakon mein apavartak aur paraavartak doorbeenen shamil hain. aamtaur parr upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack apavartak doorbeen galilean doorbeen haye joe mishrit prakaash key liye ack sadharan beam expander key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. galilean design kaa mukhya laabh yeh haye kii yeh kabhi bhee ack bindu parr ack millie hui kiran koo kendrit naheen kartaa haye, isaliye uchch shakti ghanatva jaise kii astarak tootane seey judey prabhaav caplarian telescope jaise kendrit designs kii tulanaa mein adhik taalane yogya hain. jaba lazer anunadakon mein intracavity beam vistarakon key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou yeye doorbeen 20-50 seema mein dou-ayami beam vistaar pradaan karati hain. tunable lazer anunadakon mein intracovity beam vistaar aamtaur parr ack vivartan grating kii poori chaudaai koo rotion kartaa haye. iss prakaar beam kaa vistaar beam key vichalan koo cumm kartaa haye aur bahut sankeern linewidth key utsarjan koo saksham banaata haye joe lazer spectroscopy sahit kaee vishleshanatmak anuprayogon key liye ack vaanchhit visheshta haye. multiple-prism beam expander. multiple-prism beam expander aamtaur parr dou seey paanch prism koo badey ack-ayami beam vistaar karakon koo dene key liye tainaat karate hain. 200 taka key beam vistaar karakon key saath tunable lazer parr lagu designs kaa saahitya mein khulasa kiya gayaa haye. shuru mein kaee-prism grating vinyas sankeern-rekhaatmak taral dye lazer mein pesh kiye gaye they, lekin antatah gais, thhos-avastha aur diode lazer designs mein bhee apanaae gaye they. duart dwara prastut bahu-prism beam vistarakon kaa saamaanyikrit ganitiya vivaran, bahu-prism failaav siddhant key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. bahuvidh-prism beam vistarakon aur saraniyon koo bhee kiran hastaantaran matricks kaa upayog karke varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. bahu-prism failaav siddhant 4 × 4 matricks roop mein bhee upalabdh haye. yeye matricks sameekaran yaa tou prism puls compressor yaa multiple-prism beam expander parr lagu hotey hain. atirikt guha kiran aakar leey rahee haye. atirikt guha sankar kiran parivartakah ack doorbeen beam vistaarak kaa upayog karke, usake baad ack uttal lens, usake baad ack bahu-prism beam vistaarak, ack lazer beam (ack golakar cross section key saath) koo prasaar key tala mein ack atyant lambi beam mein badala jaa sakata haye, jabaki orthogonal tala mein behad patali hoti haye. parinami samtal roshni, ack-ayami (yaa rekha) cross section key saath, bindu-darr-bindu scanning kii aavashyakta koo samaapt karati haye aur aine-slitt interferometry, microdensitometry aur microscopy jaise anuprayogon key liye mahatvapurna hoe gaee haye. iss prakaar kii roshni koo saahitya mein prakaash patrak roshni yaa chayanaatmak samtal roshni key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaa sakata haye.

kiranada vistaaraka kiranada vistaranegalu belakina ottugudida kiranavannu tegedukondu adara gatravannu vistarisuva (athawa, himmukhavaagi balasi, adara gatravannu kadime maaduva) optical saadhanagalaagive. laser bhautashaastradalli avugalannu intracovity athawa extracavity amshagalaagi balasalaaguttade. avu prakrutiyalli dooradarshakavaagirabahudu athawa presmatic agirabahudu. samanyavagi presmatic kiranada vistaranakaararu halavaaru prismgalannu balasuttaare mattu avugalannu multiple-prism kiranada vistaranakaararu endu kareyalaaguttade. duradarshaka kiranada vistaranegalu vakreebhavana mattu pratiphalita duradarshakagalannu olagondive. samanyavagi balasuva vakreebhavana dooradarshakavendare galilean duradarshaka, idu ottugudida belakige sarala kiranada vistaarakavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. galilean vinyaasada mukhya prayojanavendare adhu endigoo ondu binduvige jodisalaada kiranavannu kendrikarisuvudilla, aaddarinda caplarian duradarshakadantaha kendrikarisuva vinyaasagaliginta hecchina vidyut saandrateyondige sambandhisida dialectric sthagitadantaha parinaamagalannu tappisabahudu. laser resonatorgalalli intracovity kiranada vistaranaakaaragalaagi balasidaaga, ee duradarshakagalu 20-50 vyaaptiyalli eradu aayaamada kiranada vistaraneyannu odagisuttave. tune maadabahudaada laser resonatorgalalli intracovity kiranada vistaraneyu samanyavagi vivartana gratingna sampoorna agalavannu belagisuttade. heegaagi kiranada vistaraneyu kiranada vyatyaasavannu kadime maaduttade mattu laser spectroscopy seridante aneka vishleshanaatmaka anvayagalige apekshita lakshanavaagiruva atyanta kiridaada rekheya agalagala horasusuvikeyannu shaktagolisuttade. bahu-prism kiranada vistaranegalu. bahu-prism kiranada vistaranakaararu samanyavagi eradu rinda aidu prismgalannu dodda ondu-aayaamada kiranada vistaraneya amshagalannu needalu niyojisuttaare. 200 ravaregina kiranada vistaraneya amshagalondige tune maadabahudaada lesargalige anvayavaguva vinyaasagalannu saahityadalli bahirangapadisalaagide. aarambhadalli bahu-prism grating sanrachanegalannu kiridaada-rekhaatmaka drava dye lesargalalli parichayisalaayitu aadare antimavagi anila, ghana-sthiti mattu diode laser vinyaasagalalli alavadisikollalaayitu. duarte parichayisida bahu-prism kiranada vistaraneya saamaanyikruta ganitada vivaraneyannu bahu-prism prasarana siddhaanta endu kareyalaaguttade. bahu-prism kiranada vistaranegalu mattu vyoohagalannu saha kirana vargaavane matrixgalannu balasikondu vivarisabahudu. bahu-prism prasarana siddhaantavu 4x4 matricks roopadalli saha labhyavide. ee matricks sameekaranagalu prism pulse sankochakagalige athawa multiple-prism kiranada vistaranakaararige anvayisuttave. hechchuvari-kuharada kiranavu akaara padeyuttade. hechchuvari kuharada hybrid kirana parivartakagalu-duradarshaka kiranada vistaarakavannu balasi, nantara convex lens, nantara bahu-prism kiranada vistaaraka, laser kiranavannu (vrattakarada adda vibhagadondige) atyanta uddaneya kiranavagi parivartisabahudu, prasaranada samataladalli, orthogonal samataladalli atyanta teluvaagiruttade. parinaamavaagi samatalada belaku, ondu-aayaamada (athawa rekhe) adda vibhagadondige, binduvininda-binduvina scanning agatyavannu nivaarisuttade mattu enn-slit interferometry, microdensitometry mattu microscopiantaha anvayagalige mukhyavaagide. ee reetiya belakannu saahityadalli belakina haaleya belaku athawa aayda samatala belaku endoo kareyabahudu.

beam expander oru koottupalisha velicham edukkukayum athinte valippam vikasippikkukayum cheiyunna opttikkal upakaranangalaan beam expanderukal (allengil, vipareethamaayi upayogikkumbol, athinte valuppam kuraykkuka). lazer bhauthikashaasthrathil avaa intra kaavity allengil extra kaavity gadakangalaayi upayogikkunnu. avaa telescopic swabhaavamullatho presmetic swabhaavamullatho aakam. saadhaaranayaayi presmetic beam expanderukal niravadhi prisangal upayogikkunnu, avaa multiple-prism beam expanderukal ennariyappedunnu. refracting, reflective telescopukal enniva telescopic beam expanderukalil ulppedunnu. saadhaaranayaayi upayogikkunna refracting dooradarshini galilian dooradarshiniyaanu, ithu koottimuttunna prakaashathinu lalithamaaya beam expanderaayi pravartthikkum. oru koottupalishayulla beam orikkalum oru poyintilekku focus cheiyunnilla ennathaanu galilian roopakalppanayude pradhana nettam, athinaal keplerian dooradarshini polulla focussing designukale apekshichu uyarnna oorjja saandrathayumaayi bandhapetta dialectric breakedown polulla efakttukal ozhivaakkaavunnathaan. lazer resonatorukalil intra kaavity beam expanderukalaayi upayogikkumbol, eee dooradarshinikal 20-50 shreniyil dvimaana beam vipuleekaranam nalkunnu. tunable lazer resonatorukalil intrakkaavitti beam vipuleekaranam saadhaaranayaayi oru defraction grettinginte muzhuvan veethiyum prakashippikkunnu. angane beam vipuleekaranam beam vyathichalanathe kuraykkukayum lazer spectroscopy ulppedeyulla niravadhi vishakalana prayogangalkku aavasyamulla savisheshathayaaya valare idungiya linevidthukalude udvamanam praapthamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. multiple prism beam expanderukal. multiple-prism beam expanderukal saadhaaranayaayi rund muthal anchu vare prisangal vinyasichu valia oru dimensional beam expansion gadakangal nalkunnu. 200 vare beam vipuleekarana gadakangalulla tunable laserukalkku baadhakamaaya designukal saahithyathil velippeduthiyittundu. thudakkathil multiple-prism grating konfigareshanukal idungiya-linewidth liqvid dye laserukalil avatharippikkappettuve oduvil gyaas, soolid-stettu, diode lazer designukalilum avaa sweekarichu. duverte avatharippicha multiple-prism beam expanderukalude saamaanyavalkkaricha ganithashaasthra vivaranam multiple-prism dispersion sidhaantham ennariyappedunnu. multiple-prism beam expanderukalum arekalum reey transfer maatriksukal upayogichu vivarikkaam. multiple prism dispersion sidhaantham 4x4 matricks roopathilum labhyamaan. eee matricks samavaakyangal prism pulse compressorukalkko multiple-prism beam expanderukalkko baadhakamaan. extra-kevitti beam roopeekaranam. extra kevitti hibrid beam transformerukal oru telescopic beam expander, thudarnnu oru convex lense, thudarnnu multiple-prism beam expander, oru lazer beam (vrithaakrithiyilulla cross sekshanullathu) enniva upayogichu valare neelamulla beam aakki parivartthanam cheyyaan kazhiyum. thathfalamaayundaakunna playin prakasham, oru dimensional (allengil line) cross sekshanodoppam, pooyint-bye-pooyint scanninginte aavasyakatha illaathaakkukayum enn-slitt interferometry, microdensitometry, microscopy thudangiya aaplikkeshanukalkku pradhaanamaayitheerukayum cheiyunnu. itharathilulla prakasham saahithyathil laitt sheett prakasham allengil selective playin prakasham ennum ariyappedunnu.

beam vistarak beam vistarak hii prakashatil ashee upkarane aahet jee prakashachi ektrit beam ghetat aanee tyacha aakar vadhavtat (kinwa, ulatya paddhatine vaparale tarr, tyacha aakar qamee karatat). lesar bhautikshastrat teey ektar intracavity kinwa extracavity ghatak mhanoon vaparale jaatat. teey durbini kinwa presmatic swarupache asoo shakatat. samanyatah presammatic beam vistarak anek prism vapartat aanee tyanna multiple-prism beam vistarak mhanoon olakhale jaate. durbin kiran vistarkanmadhye apavartak aanee paravartak durbini samavisht aahet. samanyatah vaparla jaanara apavartak durbini mhanje galilean durbini jee ektrit prakashasathi eka sadhee kiran vistarak mhanoon kaam karoo shakate. galilean rachanecha mukhya fayda assa aahe qee tee kadhihi ektrit kiranavar eka binduvar laksh kendrit karat nahee, mhanoon astarak vighatanasarkhya uchch shaktichya ghanateshi sambandhit parinam caplarian durbinisarkhya kendrit rachnepeksha adhik talhata yetat. jevha intracavity beam expander mhanoon vaparale jaate, tevha lesar resonatormadhye, heey durbini 20-50 shreneet dvi-aayami beam vistar pradan karatat. tune karnyayogya lesar resonatorsmadhye intracavity beemcha vistar sahasa vivartan gratingchi sampoorn rundi prakashit karato. asha prakare beemcha vistar beam diversions qamee karato aanee atishay arund reshechya rundiche utsarjan saksham karato jeey lesar spectroscopies anek vishleshanatmak anuprayogansathi eka ichchit vaishishtya aahe. bahu-prism beam vistarak. bahu-prism beam vistarak sahasa done teey paach prism mothya eka-aayami beam vistar ghatak midvinyasathi tainat karatat. 200 paryantchya beam vistar ghatkansah tune karnyayogya lesarna lagoo asalelya rachana sahityat ughad kelya gelya aahet. suruvatila bahu-prism grating sanrachana sankuchit-resheey drav rung lesarmadhye sadar kelya gelya hotya parantu akheris gass, ghan-avastha aanee diode lesar designsmadhyehi swikarlya gelya. duartene sadar kelelya multiple-prism beam expanderche samanyikrut ganiteey varnan multiple-prism dispersion theary mhanoon olakhale jaate. bahuvidh-prism beam vistarak aanee arreche varnan dekhil kiran hastantaran matricks vaparoon kele jaau shakate. bahu-prism prasaran siddhant 4 × 4 matricks swarupat dekhil upalabdh aahe. hii matricks samikarane ektar prism puls compressor kinwa multiple-prism beam expanderna lagoo hotat. atirikt-pokaliche kiran aakar ghet aahet. atirikt pokali sankarit kiran parivartakah durbin kiran vistarak vaparoon, tyanantar bahirmukh lains, tyanantar bahu-prism beam vistarak, lesar beam (golakar cross sections) yanche prasar pratalamadhye, atyant lamb bimmadhye rupantar kele jaau shakate, tarr orthogonal pratalamadhye atyant patal asate. parinami samtal prakash, jawalpas eka-aayami (kinwa resha) cross sections, bindu-darr-bindu scanningchi garaj door karate aanee aine-slit interferometry, microdensitometry aanee microscopy yasarkhya anuprayogansathi mahatvache jhaale aahe. yaa prakarchya prakashala sahityat prakashpatrak prakash kinwa nivadak samtal prakash mhanoon dekhil olakhale jaau shakate.

beam wistarak beam expanderharu uptical upkaranharu hun jasle prakashko colimated beam linchha rar yasako akar wistar gardacha (wa, ultoma prayog gari, yasako akar ghataunchha). lazer bhautikashastrama tiniharu yaa tata intracavity wa extracavity tatwaharuko rupma prayog garinchha. tiniharu prakritima telescopic wa prismatic huna sakchhan. samanyataya prismatic beam expanderharule dherai prijmaharu prayog garchhan rar bahu-prism beam expanderharu bhanera chininchhan. telescopic beam expanderharuma apawartak rar parawartak telescopeharu samawesh chhan. samanyataya prayog garine apawartak telescope galilean telescope how jasle colimated prakashka lagi sadharan beam expanderko rupma kaam garna sakchha. galilean designko mukhya faida yo how kii yasale kahilyai ek binduma colimated beam kendrit gardaina, tyasaile uccha shakti ghanatwasanga sambandhit prabhawharu jastai dilectric breakdown caplerian telescope jasta focus designharu bhanda badhi bewasta garna sakinchha. jab lazer resonatorharuma intracavity beam expanderharuko rupma prayog garinchha, yee telescopeharule 20-50 dayarama dui-ayamik beam wistar pradan gardacha. tune yogya lazer resonatorharuma intracavity beam wistarle samanyataya vivartan greatingko sampurna chaudailai ujyalo parchha. yasari beam wistarle beam vichalanlai cum gardacha rar dherai sanghuro linewidthko utsarjan saksham gardacha june lazer spectroscopy sahit dherai vishleshanatmak anuprayogharuka lagi ek ichchit suwidha how. bahu-prism beam wistarakharu. bahu-prism beam wistarkartaharule samanyataya dui dekhi paanch prijmaharu thulo ek-ayamik beam wistar karakharu utpadan garna prayog garchhan. 200 sammako beam wistar karakharu bhaeka tune garna sakine lejarharuma lagu hune designharu sahityama prakat garieko chha. suruma bahu-prism greating configurationharu sanghuro-rekhapachhiko taral dye lejarharuma prastut garieko thiyo tara antatah gyas, thosa-awastha, rar diode lazer designharuma pani apanaieko thiyo. duartdwara prastut bahu-prism beam expanderharuko samanyikrit ganitiya wiwaranlai bahu-prism failao siddhanta bhaninchha. bahu-prism beam wistarakharu rar ereharu pani rey sthanantaran matricksharu prayog garera warnan garna sakinchha. bahu-prism failao siddhanta 4 × 4 matricks rupma pani upalabdha chha. yee matricks samikaranharu yaa tata prism pulse compressorharu wa bahu-prism beam expanderharuma lagu hunchhan. atirikta-guha beam akar. atirikta guha hybrid beam transformerh telescopic beam expander prayog garera, tyasapachhi convex lens, tyasapachhi bahu-prism beam expander, lazer beam (golakar cruss sectionko sath) lai prasarko samatalma atyanta lamo bimma rupantaran garna sakinchha, jabki arthogonal plainma atyanta patlo hunchha. parinamswarup samatal roshani, ek-ayamik (wa rekha) cruss sectionko sath, bindu-dwara-bindu scanko awashyakta samapta gardacha rar enn-slitt interferometry, microdensitometry, rar microscopy jasta anuprayogharuka lagi mahatwapurna bhaeko chha. yass prakarko prakashlai sahityama prakash panah prakash wa chayanatmak samatal prakashko rupma pani janna sakinchha.

bima samprasaranakari bim expander heuchhi uptical device jaahaa alokar eka sangathita bim nei ehara aakaar bistara kare (kimba, bipareetare byabahruta, ehara aakaar hrass kare) . lazer padartha bigyanare segudiku intrakaviti kimba extra-cavity upadan bhabe byabahara karajaithae. segudika prakrutire durabikhyana kimba prismatic hoipare . sadharanatah prismatic bim expandermane aneka prism byabahara karanti ebong multiple-prism bim expander bhabare janashuna . telescopic bima expandergudika madhyare refracting ebong reflective telescope antarbhukta . sadharanatah byabahruta eka apabartaka telescope heuchhi galilian telescope jaahaa sangathita aloka paain eka sarala bima expander bhabare karjya karipare . galilian design rahr mukhya subidha heuchhi ehaa kebe bii eka bindure eka sangathita bimaku focus kare naahin, tenu caplerian telescope pari focus design apekhya dilectric bhangana pari uccha shakti ghanatwa sahita jadita prabhaba adhika edaiba jogya . jetebele lazer anuranakare intrakaviti bima expander bhabare byabahruta hue, ehi telescopegudika 20-50 parisara madhyare dwimatrika bima samprasarana pradan kare . tuneball lazer rejonetarare intrakaviti bim samprasarana sadharanatah eka defraxon gretingara sampurna osaraku alokita kare . ehipari bima samprasarana bima divergenceku hrass kare ebong bahuta sankirna linewith nirgamanaku sakhyama kare jaahaa lazer spectroscopy sameth aneka bishleshanatmaka prajoga paain eka ichhadheena baisistya . ekadhika-prism bima samprasaranakari. ekadhika-prism bima samprasaranakari sadharanatah duiru panchti prism nijojita curry bruhata eka-matrika bima samprasarana karaka utpadana karanti . 200 parjyanta bima samprasarana karaka sahita tuneball lazer paain prajujya design sahityare prakash paichi . prarambhare ekadhika-prism greting binyasagudika sankirna-rekhiah tarala ranga lejargudikare prabartita hoithila kintu sheshare gas, kathina-abastha ebong diaud lazer designre madhya grahan karajaithila . ekadhika-prism bim expandargudikara sadharana ganitika barnana, jaahaa duarte dwara prabartita, ekadhika-prism dispersion siddhanta bhabare janashuna . bahu-prism bima expander ebong aare madhya kirana sthanantara matricks byabahara curry barnana karajaipariba . ekadhika-prism bichhurana siddhanta madhya 4 × 4 matricks aakarare upalabdha. ehi matricks samikaranagudika prism pulse compressor kimba multiple-prism bima expander paain prajujya. atirikta-gahwara rashmi gathan. atirikta gahwara hibrid bima transformrah eka telescopic bima expander byabahara curry, taa 'parey eka uttal lens, taa' parey eka multiple-prism bima expander, eka lazer bima (eka bruttakara cross sexon sahita) ku eka atyanta lamba beemre rupantarita karajaipariba, prasaranara samatalare, ebong orthogonal plenre atyanta patala . phalaswaroopa eka-matrika (kimba rekha) cross sexon sahita samataleeah alokikarana, point-baai-point skaningra aabashyakataaku samapta kare ebong enn-slitt interferometry, microdensitometry ebong microscopy pari prajoga paain gurutwapurna hoijaichhi . ehi prakarara alokikaranaku sahityare aloka patra alokikarana kimba chajnit samtal alokikarana bhabare madhya janajaipare .

beam vistarak beam expander optical upkaran hunde hunn joe parkash dee ikk sanyukat beam lainde hunn atey iss dey aakaar noon vadhaunde hunn (jaan, ulat witch varte jaande hunn, iss dey aakaar noon ghataunde hunn). lazer bhautik vigiaan witch uhanan noon jaan taan interacavity jaan extercavity tattan vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. uh kudrat witch durbin jaan prismatic hoow sakde hunn. aam taur utte presmatic beam expander kaee prism dee varton karde hunn atey multiple-prism beam expander vajon jaane jaande hunn. durbin beam vistarkan witch refracting atey reflective telescope shamal hunn. ikk refracting telescope aam taur utte galilean telescope haii joe sanyukat parkash laee ikk sadharan beam vistarak vajon kamm qarr sakda haii. galilean design daa mukkh faida ih haii kii ih kadey vee ikk sanyukat beam noon ikk bindu 'teey kendrit naheen karda, iss laee ucch shakti ghanta jiven kii dielectric tuttan naal jude prabhav caplerian telescope varge focus design naalon vadhere bachann yog hunde hunn. jadon interacavity beam expanderan vajon vartiaa jaanda haii, taan lazer resonatoran witch, ih durbin 20-50 rainz witch doou-ayami beam expanden pardan kardiaan hunn. tunable lazer resonatoran witch intercavity beam daa vistaar aam taur utte ikk defraction grating dee puurii chaudai noon parkashman karda haii. iss tarahan beam daa vistaar beam dey vibhinnta noon ghataunda haii atey bahut hii tang linewidth dey nikas noon samrath banaunda haii joe kii lazer spectroscopy samet bahut saare vishleshnatmak applicationan laee ikk lodindi visheshta haii. multiple-prism beam expander. multiple-prism beam expander aam taur utte vadde ikk-ayami beam expendtion kaarak paida curran laee doou toon panj prism lagaunde hunn. 200 takk dey beam vistaar karkan vaale tunable lezran utte lagu design saahit witch pragat keete gaye hunn. shuru witch multiple-prism grating sanrachnavan noon tang-rekhik-chaudai taral dye lezran witch pesh keeta giaa see parr aakharkar gais, thos-avastha atey died lazer design witch vee apnaiaa giaa see. multiple-prism beam expanderan daa aam ganitik verva, joe kii duarte duaara pesh keeta giaa haii, multiple-prism dispersion thioori vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. multiple-prism beam expander atey aire noon reey transfer matricks dee varton karke vee darsaiaa jaa sakda haii. multiple-prism dispersion thioori 4 × 4 matricks roop witch vee upalbadh haii. ih matricks samikarnan jaan taan prism pulse compressoran jaan multiple-prism beam expanderan utte lagu hundiaan hunn. vadhu-gufa beam shakal. vadhu guha hybrid beam transformer ikk durbin beam expander dee varton karde hoye, uss toon baad ikk convax lenz, uss toon baad ikk multiple-prism beam expander, ikk lazer beam (ikk circular karaas section dey naal) noon ikk bahut hii lambi beam witch badliaa jaa sakda haii, prasaar dey plain witch, jadon kii orthogonal plain witch bahut patli hundi haii. natije vajon plain dee roshni, ikk-ayami (jaan line) karaas section dey nede, bindu-darr-bindu scanning dee zaroorat noon khatam kardi haii atey n-slitt interferomatory, microdensitometry atey microscopy vargiaan applicationan laee mahattavpuran hoow gaee haii. iss kisam dee roshni noon saahit witch light sheet roshni jaan chonven plain roshni vajon vee janhiaa jaa sakda haii.

beem-vistaarakah kirana-vistaarakaah prakasha-yantraani santi ye prakashasya samyojita-kiranam sveekrutya tasya akaram vistaroti (athavaa, vipareetaroopen upayujya, tasya akaram nyooneekartum). lesar-bhautikashaastre te intracovity athavaa extracavity-tattvaroopena upayujyante. te dooradarshakaprakrutih vaa presmatic vaa bhavitum arhanti. samanyataya prismatic-beem-expanders ityete aneke prijm ityetaan upayunjanti, te multiple-prijm-beem-expanders iti namna prasidhaah santi. dooradarshak-kirana-vistaarakeshu apavartanam, paraawartak-durabinaha cha santi. samanyataha prayuktah apawartak-dooradarshakah galileen-dooradarshakah asti yah samyojita-prakashasya krute saral-kirana-vistaarakatvena karyam kartum shaknoti. galilean-vinyaasasya mukhyalabhah asti yat etat kadaapi ekabinduh yaavat samyojita-kiranam naa kendreekaroti, ataha caplarian-doorabeenam ityadinam kendreekruta-vinyasanam apekshayaa uccha-shaktisangatakena yathaa astarak-vighatanen saha sambadhaah prabhaawaah adhikam nivaaraneeyaani bhavanti. yadaa lazer-resonators madhye intracovity-beem-expanders-rupena upayujyate, ete durabinaha 20-50 parimite dwi-aayaami-beem-expansion pradaasyanti. tunable lesar-resonators madhye intracovity-beem-expansion samanyataya vivartana-greating ityasya sampornavyaaptim prakaashayati. evam kiranasya vistaarah kiranasya vichalanam nyooneekaroti tathaa cha ateeva sankeernasy rekhaapadhatyasy nirgamanam samarthayati, yat lazer spectroscopy sahitam anekanam vishleshanaatmak-upayoganam krute apekshitam lakshanm vartate. bahu-prijma-kirana-vistaarakaah. bahu-prisum-kirana-vistaarakaah samanyataya dwitayam pancha prisum-ityetam niyojayanti yena bruhad eka-aayaami-kirana-vistaar-kaarakaah utpadyante. 200 yaavat kirana-vistaar-karakanam tunable-lesar-krute vartamaane vinyaasaah saahitye prakatitah santi. praarambhe bahu-prisum-greating-vinyaasaah sankeerna-rekheey-drava-varna-lesar-madhye pravartitaah, parantu ante vaayuve, ghana-avasthaayaam, diode-lesar-vinyaaseshu api sweekrutaah. bahu-prisum-kirana-vistaarakaanaam samanyikrutam ganiteeyavivaranam, duvarten pravartitam, bahu-prisum-prasarana-siddhantah iti namna prasidhah asti. bahuvi-prisum-kirana-vistaarakaanaam, saraninam cha varnanam cha rey-sthanantarana-matricks-dwara kartum shakyate. bahu-prisum-prasarana-siddhantah 4 × 4 matricks-rupena api upalabhyte. ete matricks-sameekaraneh prisum-puls-compressor-krute athavaa multiple-prisum-beem-expander-krute vartante. atirikta-guhaa-kirana-aakrutihi. atirikta-guhaa-sankar-kirana-parivartakaah-dooradarshak-kirana-vistaarakasya upayogena, tadanantaram uttal-lensasya upayogena, tadanantaram bahu-prijma-kirana-vistaarakasya, lazer-kiranasya (vruttaakaar-cross-khandena saha) prasaar-samatale atyanta-deergha-kiranaroopen parivartayitum shakyate, yadyapi orthogonal-samatale atyantam patalam bhavati. tatphalatah samatal-prakaashah, eka-aayaami (athavaa rekhaa) cross-sekshanto saha, bindu-dwara-bindu-scanning ityasya aavashyakataam samaaptam karoti, tathaa cha enn-slit-interferometry, macrodensitometry, macroscopy ityadinam upayojanana krute mahattvapoornam jaatam. saahitye etaadrushee jyotihi prakashapatrika athavaa chayanaatmak-samatal-jyotihi iti namna api janiyat.

beam expander kattrai virivaakkigal oliyiyal saathanangalaagum, avai oru inaikappatta oliyin kattrai eduththu adhan alavai virivupaduththukintrana (allathu, thalaikeezhaaga payanpaduththappadugindrana, adhan alavaik kuraikkindrana). lazer iyarpiyalil avai intra cavity allathu extra cavity koorugalaagap payanpaduththappadugindrana. avai iyarkaiyil tholainoakki allathu presmatic aaga irukkalaam. podhuvaaga presmatic beam expandergal pala prisamgalaip payanpaduththukintrana, maelum avai multible-prism beam expandergal endru azhaikkappadugindrana. tholainoakki kattrai virivaakkigalil olivilagal mattrum pirathipalippu tholainoakkigal adangkum. podhuvaagap payanpaduththappadum olivilagal tholainoakki calilian tholainoakki aagum, idhu oru eliya kattrai virivaakkiyaagach seyalpadakkoodiya inaikappatta olikku. calilian vadivamaippin mukiya nanmai ennaventraal, idhu orupoathum oru pullikku oru collimate kattrai myyappaduththuvathillai, enavae minkadatta murivu poantra uyar sakthi adarththiyudan thodarpudaiya vilaivugal cablerian tholainoakki poantra kavanam seluththum vadivamaippugalai vida thavirkakkoodiyavai. lazer resonatorgalil intracovity beam expandergalaaga payanpaduththappadumpoathu, inththa tholainoakkigal 20-50 varambil iru parimaana beam virivaakkathai vazhangkukintrana. tunable lazer resonatorgalil intracovity kattrai virivaakkam podhuvaaga oru defraction cratingin muzhu agalaththaiyum olirach seikirathu. ithanaal kattrai virivaakkam kattrai vaerupaattaik kuraikkirathu mattrum lazer spectroscopy ullitta pala pakuppaaivu payanpaadugalukku virumbiya amsamaana migavum kurugiya linevitkalin umizhvai seyalpaduththukirathu. pala-prism beam virivaakkigal. pala-prism kattrai virivaakkigal podhuvaaga irandu muthal ainthu prisangkalai periya oru parimaana kattrai virivaakka kaaranigalai vazhangka payanpaduththukintrana. 200 varai kattrai virivaakka kaaranigaludan tunable laesarkalukku porunthakkoodiya vadivamaippugal ilakkiyaththil velippaduththappattulana. aarambaththil pala-prism cretting ullamaivugal kurugiya-neriyal thirava saaya laesargalil arimugappaduththappattana, aanaal iruthiyil vaayu, thida nilai mattrum deod lazer vadivamaippugalilum aetrtrukkollappattana. tourdall arimugappaduththappatta pala-prism kattrai virivaakkigalin podhuvaana kanitha vilakkam, pala-prism sitharal koatpaadu endru azhaikkappadukirathu. pala-prism kattrai virivaakkigal mattrum varisaigalaiyum kathir parimaattra maetrikskalaip payanpaduththi vivarikkalaam. pala-prism sitharal koatpaadu 4 × 4 matricks vadivaththilum kidaikkirathu. inththa matricks samanpaadugal prism thudippu amukkigal allathu pala-prism kattrai virivaakkigalukku porunthum. koodudhal kuzhi kattrai vadivam. koodudhal kuzhi kalappina kattrai minmaattrikal oru tholainoakki kattrai virivaakkiyaip payanpaduththi, adhaith thodarnthu oru kuvindha lense, adhaith thodarnthu oru pala-prism kattrai virivaakkam, oru lazer kattrai (oru vatta kurukkuvettu konda) migavum neelamaana karraikku maattrappadalaam, parappalin thalaththil, orthoganal vimanaththil migavum melliyathaaga irukkumpoathu. idhan vilaivaaga oru parimaana (allathu koadu) kurukkuvettu konda vimaana olii, pulli-moolam-pulli scaningin thevaiyai neekkukirathu mattrum n-litt interferometry, micro tensitometry mattrum microscopy poantra payanpaadugalukku mukkiyamaanathu. inththa vagai oliyai ilakkiyaththil olii thaazh olii allathu thernthedukkappatta vimaana olii endrum alaikkalaam.

punjam vistarana punjam vistarana yantraalu anevi kaanti yokka kuurpu punjam teesukoni daani parimaanaanni vistarinche optical parikaraalu (ledhaa, riverslo upayoginchina daani parimaanaanni taggistaayi). lazer bhouthika saastramlo vaatini intracovity ledhaa extracavity elementsga upayogistaaru. avi prakrutilo telescopic ledhaa presmatic kaavacchu. saadhaaranamgaa presmatic punjam vistaranadaarulu aneka prismlanu upayogistaaru mariyu veetini bahula-prism punjam vistaranalu anie pilustaaru. telescopic punjam vistaranalo vakreebhavana mariyu pratibimbimchae telescopelu unnaayi. saadhaaranamgaa upayoginche vakreebhavana telescope galilean telescope, idhi kuurukupooyina kaanti kosam saadhaarana punjam vistaranagaa panichestundi. galilean design yokka pradhana prayojanam emitante, idhi eppuduu oka collimated punjamnu oka binduvuku kendrikarinchadu, kabatti caplarian telescope vanti focusing designla kante dialectric breakdown vanti adhika shakti saandratatoe sambandham unna prabhavalu nivaarinchadaginavi. lazer resonatorlalo intracovity beam expanderluga upayoginchinappudu, eee telescopelu 20-50 paridhiloo dvi-miteeya beam vistarananu andistaayi. tune cheyagala lazer resonatorlalo intracovity punjam vistarana saadhaaranamgaa vivartana grating yokka mottam vedalpunu prakasimpajestundi. eee vidhamgaa punjam vistarana punjam vaividhyam taggistundi mariyu lazer spectroscopy sahaa aneka vislaeshanhaatmaka anuvartanaalaku kaavalasina lakshanam ayina chaalaa irukaina line vidtla udgaaraanni anumatistundi. bahula-prism punjam vistaranalu. bahula-prism punjam vistaranadaarulu saadhaaranamgaa rendu nundi aidu prijamlanu pedda oka-dimensional punjam vistarana kaarakaalanu andinchadaaniki moharistaaru. 200 varaku punjam vistarana kaarakaalato tune cheyagala laejarlaku vartinche namuunaalu saahityamlo velladinchabaddaayi. praarambhamlo bahula-prism grating aakruteekaranalu irukaina-sarala drava rangu lagerlalo pravesapettabaddaayi, conny chivariki gyaas, ghana-sthithi mariyu diode lazer designlalo kooda sweekarinchabaddaayi. dwarte pravesapettina bahula-prism punjam vistaranala yokka saadhaaraneekarinchina ganita vivarananu bahula-prism vyaapti siddhaantam antaaru. bahula-prism punjam vistaranalu mariyu shrenulanu kooda rae badilee maatrikalanu upayoginchi vivarinchavacchu. bahula-prism vyaapti siddhaantam 4x4 maatrika roopamlo kooda andubaatulo undhi. eee maatrika sameekaranaalu prism pulls compressorlu ledhaa bahula-prism punjam vistaranalaku vartistaayi. adanapu-guha punjam aakaram. adanapu kuharam hybrid beam transformerlu telescopic beam expandernu upayoginchi, taruvaata convex lens, taruvaata bahula-prism beam expander, lazer beam (vruttaakaara cross sekshanto) nuu chaalaa podavaina punjamgaa maarchavacchu, prasarana yokka samatalamlo, orthogonal samatalamlo chaalaa sannaga untundi. phalitamgaa erpade samatala prakaasam, oka dimensional (ledhaa line) cross sekshanto, point-bye-point scanning avasaranni tolagistundi mariyu n-slit interferometry, microdensitometry mariyu microscopy vanti anuvartanaalaku mukhyamainadigaa maarindi. eee rakamaina prakaasaanni saahityamlo light sheet prakaasam ledhaa selective plain prakaasam anie kooda pilustaaru.

beam tausia kaar beam extender optical devices haine juu roshni kii eek milty beam leetay haine aur iss kay size kuu badhatay haine (yaa altaa istemaal kartay huay iss kay size kuu kumm kartay haine). leaser physics mein inhein yaa tuu intra cavity yaa extra cavity anaasir kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. wah qadarti toor parr dorbeen yaa persamtik how saktay haine. aam toor parr parshumati beam kay tausia kaar kayee perzam istemaal kartay haine aur inhein multipal perzam beam kay tausia kaar kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. dorbeen kay beam kay tausia kaaron mein refrecting aur akaasi karnay waali dorbeen shaamil haine. eek refrecting dorbeen juu aam toor parr istemaal hoti hay galileen dorbeen hay juu gahnay hoay roshni kay liye eek saadah beam extender kay toor parr kaam kirr sakti hay. galileen design kaa bunyadi fayedah yaha hay kahh yaha kabhi bhee eek marbut beam kuu eek naqtah parr markoz nahein kartaa hay lehza hayee pawar density jeesay daayee electrik break ddaun say waabistah asraat caplarian dorbeen jeesay foksing design kay muqabilay mein ziyadah qaabil greez haine. jabb leaser resonators mein intra cavity beam extenders kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay tuu yaha dorbeen 20-50 renj mein duu jehti beam kii tausia farahim karti haine. tewan aibal leaser resonators mein intra cavity beam kii tausia aam toor parr defrection greating kii poori chodayi kuu roshan karti hay. iss tarah beam kii tausia beam kay inharaf kuu kumm karti hay aur behat tung line wadath kay akhraaj kuu qaabil banaati hay juu leaser spectroscopy sameet behat say tajziyati apply cashions kay liye eek matlubah khususiyat hay. multipal perzam beam extender. eek say ziyadah presum beam kay tausiyi kaar aam toor parr duu say paanch presum tayinaat kartay haine taakah eek jehti beam kay tausiyi awamil paida kiye jaa sakein. 200 takk kay beam kii tausia kay awamil kay saath tewan aibal leasures parr laago honay waalay design adab mein zahir kiye gayey haine. ibtadayi toor parr mutadid perzam greating kii tartibaat kuu tung-lakiri maaye daayee leasures mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa leakin aakhir kaar gees thoos haalat aur dieded leaser designon mein bhee apnaya gayaa. eek say ziyadah perzam beam kay tausia kaaron kii amumi riyaziyati wazahat jasay duartay nay mutaarif karaya thaa kuu eek say ziyadah perzam kay phailao kay nazariyah kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. eek say ziyadah perzam beam kay tausia kaaron aur safon kuu bhee ray transfer metriks kaa istemaal kartay hoay biyaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. milty pull perzam dispression theori 4 × 4 metriks kii shakal mein bhee dastiyaab hay. yaha metriks masawaat yaa tuu perzam puls compressors yaa multipal perzam beam extenders parr laago hoti haine. izaafi khopdi kii beam kii shakal. izaafi cavity hibard beam transformers: eek dorbeen beam expender kaa istemaal kartay huay iss kay baad eek convex lense iss kay baad eek say ziyadah perzam beam expender eek leaser beam (eek circler karaas section kay saath) kuu eek intehayi lambi beam mein tabdil kiyaa jaa saktaa hay phailao kay jehaaz mein jabkah arthogonal jehaaz mein intehayi patli. natijay mein tayarah kii roshni qareeb eek jehti (yaa line) karaas section kay saath point bayee point scaning kii zarurat kuu khatam karti hay aur aine-silt enterferometry microdensitomatory aur khurdbin jeesay apply cashions kay liye aham how gayee hay. iss qasm kii roshni kuu adab mein light sheet elomenation yaa slecto plain elomenation kay toor parr bhee jaana jaa saktaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=267366

Mauna Kea

Mauna Kea Hawaiian volcano Mauna Kea ( or ; ; abbreviation for "Mauna a Wākea") is an inactive volcano on the island of Hawaiʻi. Its peak is above sea level, making it the highest point in the state of Hawaii and second-highest peak of an island on Earth. The peak is about higher than Mauna Loa, its more massive neighbor. Mauna Kea is unusually topographically prominent for its height: its wet prominence is fifteenth in the world among mountains, at ; its dry prominence is . This dry prominence is greater than Mount Everest's height above sea level of , and some authorities have labeled Mauna Kea the tallest mountain in the world, from its underwater base. Mauna Kea is ranked 8th by topographic isolation. It is about one million years old and thus passed the most active shield stage of life hundreds of thousands of years ago. In its current post-shield state, its lava is more viscous, resulting in a steeper profile. Late volcanism has also given it a much rougher appearance than its neighboring volcanoes due to construction of cinder cones, decentralization of its rift zones, glaciation on its peak, and weathering by the prevailing trade winds. Mauna Kea last erupted 6,000 to 4,000 years ago and is now thought to be dormant. In Hawaiian religion, the peaks of the island of Hawaiʻi are sacred. An ancient law allowed only high-ranking aliʻi to visit its peak. Ancient Hawaiians living on the slopes of Mauna Kea relied on its extensive forests for food, and quarried the dense volcano-glacial basalts on its flanks for tool production. When Europeans arrived in the late 18th century, settlers introduced cattle, sheep, and game animals, many of which became feral and began to damage the volcano's ecological balance. Mauna Kea can be ecologically divided into three sections: an alpine climate at its summit, a "Sophora chrysophylla"–"Myoporum sandwicense" (or māmane–naio) forest on its flanks, and an "Acacia koa"–"Metrosideros polymorpha" (or koa–ʻōhiʻa) forest, now mostly cleared by the former sugar industry, at its base. In recent years, concern over the vulnerability of the native species has led to court cases that have forced the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources to work towards eradicating all feral species on the volcano. With its high elevation, dry environment, and stable airflow, Mauna Kea's summit is one of the best sites in the world for astronomical observation. Since the creation of an access road in 1964, thirteen telescopes funded by eleven countries have been constructed at the summit. The Mauna Kea Observatories are used for scientific research across the electromagnetic spectrum and comprise the largest such facility in the world. Their construction on a landscape considered sacred by Native Hawaiians continues to be a topic of debate to this day. Topographic prominence. Mauna Kea is unusually topographically prominent for its height, with a wet prominence fifteenth in the world among mountains, and a dry prominence second in the world, after only Mount Everest. It is the highest peak on its island, so its wet prominence matches its height above sea level, at . Because the Hawaiian Islands slope deep into the ocean, Mauna Kea has a dry prominence of . This dry prominence is taller than Mount Everest's height above sea level of , so Everest would have to include whole continents in its foothills to exceed Mauna Kea's dry prominence. Given how much Mauna Kea protrudes from the Hawaiian Trough, some authorities have called it the tallest (as opposed to highest) mountain in the world, as measured from base to peak. Unlike prominence, base is loosely defined, which has resulted in numbers ranging from (roughly to the deepest point in the Hawaiian Trough) to (to the root of the mountain deep underground). On those examples, other mountains stake rivaling claims, such as Mount Lamlam claiming higher climb from base (, starting from Challenger Deep), and all of the Himalayan Mountains claiming tremendously deep roots. Greater rises could be measured from the Atacama Trench to the Andes Mountains, for example, the bottom of Richard's Deep ( deep) to the peak of the nearby Llullaillaco ( high) is . Neither Mount Lamlam nor Llullaillaco have the dry prominence of Mauna Kea, because they do not extend into trenches in every direction. Geology. Mauna Kea is one of five volcanoes that form the island of Hawaiʻi, the largest and youngest island of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. Of these five hotspot volcanoes, Mauna Kea is the fourth oldest and fourth most active. It began as a preshield volcano driven by the Hawaiʻi hotspot around one million years ago, and became exceptionally active during its shield stage until 500,000 years ago. Mauna Kea entered its quieter post-shield stage 250,000 to 200,000 years ago, and is currently active, having last erupted between 4,500 and 6,000 years ago. Mauna Kea does not have a visible summit caldera, but contains a number of small cinder and pumice cones near its summit. A former summit caldera may have been filled and buried by later summit eruption deposits. Mauna Kea is over in volume, so massive that it and its neighbor, Mauna Loa, depress the ocean crust beneath it by . The volcano continues to slip and flatten under its own weight at a rate of less than per year. Much of its mass lies east of its present summit. It stands above sea level, about higher than its neighbor Mauna Loa, and is the highest point in the state of Hawaii. Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Mauna Kea has been created as the Pacific tectonic plate has moved over the Hawaiian hotspot in the Earth's underlying mantle. The Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, over 70 million years, has created the -long Hawaiian Ridge–Emperor seamount chain. The prevailing, though not completely settled, view is that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet's mantle for much, if not all of the Cenozoic Era. However, while Hawaiian volcanism is well understood and extensively studied, there remains no definite explanation of the mechanism that causes the hotspot effect. Lava flows from Mauna Kea overlapped in complex layers with those of its neighbors during its growth. Most prominently, Mauna Kea is built upon older flows from Kohala to the northwest, and intersects the base of Mauna Loa to the south. The original eruptive fissures (rift zones) in the flanks of Mauna Kea were buried by its post-shield volcanism. Hilo Ridge, a prominent underwater rift zone structure east of Mauna Kea, was once believed to be a part of the volcano; however, it is now understood to be a rift zone of Kohala that has been affected by younger Mauna Kea flows. The shield-stage lavas that built the enormous main mass of the volcano are tholeiitic basalts, like those of Mauna Loa, created through the mixing of primary magma and subducted oceanic crust. They are covered by the oldest exposed rock strata on Mauna Kea, the post-shield alkali basalts of the "Hāmākua Volcanics", which erupted between 250,000 and 70–65,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic flows are hawaiites and mugearites: they are the post-shield "Laupāhoehoe Volcanics", erupted between 65,000 and 4,000 years ago. These changes in lava composition accompanied the slow reduction of the supply of magma to the summit, which led to weaker eruptions that then gave way to isolated episodes associated with volcanic dormancy. The Laupāhoehoe lavas are more viscous and contain more volatiles than the earlier tholeiitic basalts; their thicker flows significantly steepened Mauna Kea's flanks. In addition, explosive eruptions have built cinder cones near the summit. These cones are the most recent eruptive centers of Mauna Kea. Its present summit is dominated by lava domes and cinder cones up to in diameter and hundreds of meters tall. Mauna Kea is the only Hawaiian volcano with distinct evidence of glaciation. Similar deposits probably existed on Mauna Loa, but have been covered by later lava flows. Despite Hawaii's tropical location, during several past ice ages a drop of a degree in temperature allowed snow to remain at the volcano's summit through summer, triggering the formation of an ice cap. There are three episodes of glaciation that have been recorded from the last 180,000 years: the "Pōhakuloa" (180–130 ka), "Wāihu" (80–60 ka) and "Mākanaka" (40–13 ka) series. These have extensively sculpted the summit, depositing moraines and a circular ring of till and gravel along the volcano's upper flanks. Subglacial eruptions built cinder cones during the Mākanaka glaciation, most of which were heavily gouged by glacial action. The most recent cones were built between 9000 and 4500 years ago, atop the glacial deposits, although one study indicates that the last eruption may have been around 3600 years ago. At their maximum extent, the glaciers extended from the summit down to between of elevation. A small body of permafrost, less than across, was found at the summit of Mauna Kea before 1974, and may still be present. Small gullies etch the summit, formed by rain- and snow-fed streams that flow only during winter melt and rain showers. On the windward side of the volcano, stream erosion driven by trade winds has accelerated erosion in a manner similar to that on older Kohala. Mauna Kea is home to Lake Waiau, the highest lake in the Pacific Basin. At an altitude of , it lies within the Puʻu Waiau cinder cone and is the only alpine lake in Hawaii. The lake is very small and shallow, with a surface area of and a depth of when fullest. Radiocarbon dating of samples at the base of the lake indicates that it was clear of ice 12,600 years ago. Hawaiian lava types are typically permeable, preventing lake formation due to infiltration. Either sulfur-bearing steam altered the volcanic ash to low-permeability clays, or explosive interactions between rising magma and groundwater or surface water during phreatic eruptions formed exceptionally fine ash that reduced the permeability of the lake bed. No artesian water was known on the island of Hawaiʻi until 1993 when drilling by the University of Hawaiʻi tapped an artesian aquifer more than below sea level, that extended more than of the borehole's total depth. The borehole had drilled through a compacted layer of soil and lava where the flows of Mauna Loa had encroached upon the exposed Mauna Kea surface and had subsequently been subsided below sea level. Isotopic composition shows the water present to have been derived from rain coming off Mauna Kea at higher than above mean sea level. The aquifer's presence is attributed to a freshwater head within Mauna Kea's basal lens. Scientists believe there may be more water in Mauna Kea's freshwater lens than current models may indicate. Two more boreholes were drilled on Mauna Kea in 2012, with water being found at much higher elevations and shallower depths than expected. Donald Thomas, director of the University of Hawaiʻi's Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes believes one reason to continue study of the aquifers is due to use and occupancy of the higher elevation areas, stating: "Nearly all of these activities depend on the availability of potable water that, in most cases, must be trucked to the Saddle from Waimea or Hilo — an inefficient and expensive process that consumes a substantial quantity of our scarce liquid fuels." Future activity. The last eruption of Mauna Kea was about 4,600 years ago (about 2600 BC); because of this inactivity, Mauna Kea is assigned a United States Geological Survey hazard listing of 7 for its summit and 8 for its lower flanks, out of the lowest possible hazard rating of 9 (which is given to the extinct volcano Kohala). Since 8000 BC lava flows have covered 20% of the volcano's summit and virtually none of its flanks. Despite its dormancy, Mauna Kea is expected to erupt again. Based on earlier eruptions, such an event could occur anywhere on the volcano's upper flanks and would likely produce long lava flows, mostly of ʻaʻā, long. Long periods of activity could build a cinder cone at the source. Although not likely in the next few centuries, such an eruption would probably result in little loss of life but significant damage to infrastructure. Human history. Native history. The first Ancient Hawaiians to arrive on Hawaiʻi island lived along the shores, where food and water were plentiful. Settlement expanded inland to the Mauna Loa – Mauna Kea region in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Archaeological evidence suggests that these regions were used for hunting, collecting stone material, and possibly for spiritual reasons or for astronomical or navigational observations. The mountain's plentiful forest provided plants and animals for food and raw materials for shelter. Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source. Early settlement of the Hawaiian islands led to major changes to local ecosystems and many extinctions, particularly amongst bird species. Ancient Hawaiians brought foreign plants and animals, and their arrival was associated with increased rates of erosion. The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland; some of this change was caused by the use of fire, but the prevailing cause of forest ecosystem collapse and avian extinction on Hawaiʻi appears to have been the introduction of the Polynesian (or Pacific) rat. The five volcanoes of Hawaiʻi are revered as sacred mountains; and Mauna Kea's summit, the highest, is the most sacred. For this reason, a "kapu" (ancient Hawaiian law) restricted visitor rights to high-ranking aliʻi. Hawaiians associated elements of their natural environment with particular deities. In Hawaiian mythology, the summit of Mauna Kea was seen as the "region of the gods", a place where benevolent spirits reside. Poliʻahu, deity of snow, also resides there. "Mauna Kea" is an abbreviation for Mauna a Wākea and means "white mountain," in reference to its seasonally snow-capped summit. Around AD 1100, natives established adze quarries high up on Mauna Kea to extract the uniquely dense basalt (generated by the quick cooling of lava flows meeting glacial ice during subglacial eruptions) to make tools. Volcanic glass and gabbro were collected for blades and fishing gear, and māmane wood was preferred for the handles. At peak quarry activity after AD 1400, there were separate facilities for rough and fine cutting; shelters with food, water, and wood to sustain the workers; and workshops creating the finished product. Lake Waiau provided drinking water for the workers. Native chiefs would also dip the umbilical cords of newborn babies in its water, to give them the strength of the mountain. Use of the quarry declined between this period and contact with Americans and Europeans. As part of the ritual associated with quarrying, the workers erected shrines to their gods; these and other quarry artifacts remain at the sites, most of which lie within what is now the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve. This early era was followed by cultural expansion between the 12th and late 18th century. Land was divided into regions designed for the immediate needs of the populace. These "ahupuaʻa" generally took the form of long strips of land oriented from the mountain summits to the coast. Mauna Kea's summit was encompassed in the ahupuaʻa of Kaʻohe, with part of its eastern slope reaching into the nearby Humuʻula. Principal sources of nutrition for Hawaiians living on the slopes of the volcano came from the māmane–naio forest of its upper slopes, which provided them with vegetation and bird life. Bird species hunted included the ʻuaʻu ("Pterodroma sandwichensis"), nēnē ("Branta sandvicensis"), and palila ("Loxioides bailleui"). The lower koa–ʻōhiʻa forest gave the natives wood for canoes and ornate bird feathers for decoration. Modern era. There are three accounts of foreigners visiting Hawaiʻi before the arrival of James Cook, in 1778. However, the earliest Western depictions of the isle, including Mauna Kea, were created by explorers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Contact with Europe and America had major consequences for island residents. Native Hawaiians were devastated by introduced diseases; port cities including Hilo, Kealakekua, and Kailua grew with the establishment of trade; and the adze quarries on Mauna Kea were abandoned after the introduction of metal tools. In 1793, cattle were brought by George Vancouver as a tribute to King Kamehameha I. By the early 19th century, they had escaped confinement and roamed the island freely, greatly damaging its ecosystem. In 1809 John Palmer Parker arrived and befriended Kamehameha I, who put him in charge of cattle management on the island. With an additional land grant in 1845, Parker established Parker Ranch on the northern slope of Mauna Kea, a large cattle ranch that is still in operation today. Settlers to the island burned and cut down much of the lower native forest for sugarcane plantations and houses. The Saddle Road, named for its crossing of the saddle-shaped plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, was completed in 1943, and eased travel to Mauna Kea considerably. The Pohakuloa Training Area on the plateau is the largest military training ground in Hawaiʻi. The base extends from the volcano's lower flanks to elevation, on state land leased to the US Army since 1956. There are 15 threatened and endangered plants, three endangered birds, and one endangered bat species in the area. Mauna Kea has been the site of extensive archaeological research since the 1980s. Approximately 27 percent of the Science Reserve had been surveyed by 2000, identifying 76 shrines, 4 adze manufacturing workshops, 3 other markers, 1 positively identified burial site, and 4 possible burial sites. By 2009, the total number of identified sites had risen to 223, and archaeological research on the volcano's upper flanks is ongoing. It has been suggested that the shrines, which are arranged around the volcano's summit along what may be an ancient snow line, are markers for the transition to the sacred part of Mauna Kea. Despite many references to burial around Mauna Kea in Hawaiian oral history, few sites have been confirmed. The lack of shrines or other artifacts on the many cinder cones dotting the volcano may be because they were reserved for burial. Ascents. In pre-contact times, natives traveling up Mauna Kea were probably guided more by landscape than by existing trails, as no evidence of trails has been found. It is possible that natural ridges and water sources were followed instead. Individuals likely took trips up Mauna Kea's slopes to visit family-maintained shrines near its summit, and traditions related to ascending the mountain exist to this day. However, very few natives reached the summit, because of the strict "kapu" placed on it. In the early 19th century, the earliest notable "recorded" ascents of Mauna Kea included the following: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries trails were formed, often by the movement of game herds, that could be traveled on horseback. However, vehicular access to the summit was practically impossible until the construction of a road in 1964, and it continues to be restricted. Today, multiple trails to the summit exist, in various states of use. Ecology. Background. Hawaiʻi's geographical isolation strongly influences its ecology. Remote islands like Hawaiʻi have a large number of species that are found nowhere else (see Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands). The remoteness resulted in evolutionary lines distinct from those elsewhere and isolated these endemic species from external biotic influence, and also makes them especially vulnerable to extinction and the effects of invasive species. In addition the ecosystems of Hawaiʻi are under threat from human development including the clearing of land for agriculture; an estimated third of the island's endemic species have already been wiped out. Because of its elevation, Mauna Kea has the greatest diversity of biotic ecosystems anywhere in the Hawaiian archipelago. Ecosystems on the mountain form concentric rings along its slopes due to changes in temperature and precipitation with elevation. These ecosystems can be roughly divided into three sections by elevation: alpine–subalpine, montane, and basal forest. Contact with Americans and Europeans in the early 19th century brought more settlers to the island, and had a lasting negative ecological effect. On lower slopes, vast tracts of koa–ʻōhiʻa forest were converted to farmland. Higher up, feral animals that escaped from ranches found refuge in, and damaged extensively, Mauna Kea's native māmane–naio forest. Non-native plants are the other serious threat; there are over 4,600 introduced species on the island, whereas the number of native species is estimated at just 1,000. Alpine environment. The summit of Mauna Kea lies above the tree line, and consists of mostly lava rock and alpine tundra. An area of heavy snowfall, it is inhospitable to vegetation, and is known as the Hawaiian tropical high shrublands. Growth is restricted here by extremely cold temperatures, a short growing season, low rainfall, and snow during winter months. A lack of soil also retards root growth, makes it difficult to absorb nutrients from the ground, and gives the area a very low water retention capacity. Plant species found at this elevation include "Styphelia tameiameiae", "Taraxacum officinale", "Tetramolopium humile", "Agrostis sandwicensis", "Anthoxanthum odoratum", "Trisetum glomeratum", "Poa annua", "Sonchus oleraceus", and "Coprosma ernodiodes". One notable species is Mauna Kea silversword ("Argyroxiphium sandwicense" var. "sandwicense"), a highly endangered endemic plant species that thrives in Mauna Kea's high elevation cinder deserts. At one stage reduced to a population of just 50 plants, Mauna Kea silversword was thought to be restricted to the alpine zone, but in fact has been driven there by pressure from livestock, and can grow at lower elevations as well. The Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve on the southern summit flank of Mauna Kea was established in 1981. The reserve is a region of sparsely vegetated cinder deposits and lava rock, including areas of aeolian desert and Lake Waiau. This ecosystem is a likely haven for the threatened ʻuaʻu ("Pterodroma sandwichensis") and also the center of a study on wēkiu bugs ("Nysius wekiuicola"). Wēkiu bugs feed on dead insect carcasses that drift up Mauna Kea on the wind and settle on snow banks. This is a highly unusual food source for a species in the genus "Nysius", which consists of predominantly seed-eating insects. They can survive at extreme elevations of up to because of natural antifreeze in their blood. They also stay under heated surfaces most of the time. Their conservation status is unclear, but the species is no longer a candidate for the Endangered Species List; studies on the welfare of the species began in 1980. The closely related "Nysius aa" lives on Mauna Loa. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and forest tent caterpillar moths have also been observed in the same Mauna Kea ecosystem; the former survive by hiding under heat-absorbing rocks, and the latter through cold-resistant chemicals in their bodies. Māmane–naio forest. The forested zone on the volcano, at an elevation of , is dominated by māmane ("Sophora chrysophylla") and naio ("Myoporum sandwicense"), both endemic tree species, and is thus known as māmane–naio forest. Māmane seeds and naio fruit are the chief foods of the birds in this zone, especially the palila ("Loxioides bailleui"). The palila was formerly found on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Hualālai, but is now confined to the slopes of Mauna Kea—only 10% of its former range—and has been declared critically endangered. The largest threat to the ecosystem is grazing by feral sheep, cattle ("Bos primigenius"), and goats ("Capra hircus") introduced to the island in the late 18th century. Feral animal competition with commercial grazing was severe enough that a program to eradicate them existed as far back as the late 1920s, and continued through to 1949. One of the results of this grazing was the increased prevalence of herbaceous and woody plants, both endemic and introduced, that were resistant to browsing. The feral animals were almost eradicated, and numbered a few hundred in the 1950s. However, an influx of local hunters led to the feral species being valued as game animals, and in 1959 the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, the governing body in charge of conservation and land use management, changed its policy to a sustained-control program designed to facilitate the sport. Mouflon ("Ovis aries orientalis") was introduced from 1962 to 1964, and a plan to release axis deer ("Axis axis") in 1964 was prevented only by protests from the ranching industry, who said that they would damage crops and spread disease. The hunting industry fought back, and the back-and-forth between the ranchers and hunters eventually gave way to a rise in public environmental concern. With the development of astronomical facilities on Mauna Kea commencing, conservationists demanded protection of Mauna Kea's ecosystem. A plan was proposed to fence 25% of the forests for protection, and manage the remaining 75% for game hunting. Despite opposition from conservationists the plan was put into action. While the land was partitioned no money was allocated for the building of the fence. In the midst of this wrangling the Endangered Species Act was passed; the National Audubon Society and Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources, claiming that they were violating federal law, in the landmark case "Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources" (1978). The court ruled in favor of conservationists and upheld the precedence of federal laws before state control of wildlife. Having violated the Endangered Species Act, Hawaiʻi state was required to remove all feral animals from the mountainside. This decision was followed by a second court order in 1981. A public hunting program removed many of the feral animals, at least temporarily. An active control program is in place, though it is not conducted with sufficient rigor to allow significant recovery of the māmane-naio ecosystem. There are many other species and ecosystems on the island, and on Mauna Kea, that remain threatened by human development and invasive species. The Mauna Kea Forest Reserve protects of māmane-naio forest under the jurisdiction of the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. Ungulate hunting is allowed year-round. A small part of the māmane–naio forest is encompassed by the Mauna Kea State Recreation Area. Lower environment. A band of ranch land on Mauna Kea's lower slopes was formerly "Acacia koa" – "Metrosideros polymorpha" (koa-ʻōhiʻa) forest. Its destruction was driven by an influx of European and American settlers in the early 19th century, as extensive logging during the 1830s provided lumber for new homes. Vast swathes of the forest were burned and cleared for sugarcane plantations. Most of the houses on the island were built of koa, and those parts of the forest that survived became a source for firewood to power boilers on the sugarcane plantations and to heat homes. The once vast forest had almost disappeared by 1880, and by 1900, logging interests had shifted to Kona and the island of Maui. With the collapse of the sugar industry in the 1990s, much of this land lies fallow but portions are used for cattle grazing, small-scale farming and the cultivation of eucalyptus for wood pulp. The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge is a major koa forest reserve on Mauna Kea's windward slope. It was established in 1985, covering of ecosystem remnant. Eight endangered bird species, twelve endangered plants, and the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat ("Lasiurus cinereus semotus") have been observed in the area, in addition to many other rare biota. The reserve has been the site of an extensive replanting campaign since 1989. Parts of the reserve show the effect of agriculture on the native ecosystem, as much of the land in the upper part of the reserve is abandoned farmland. Bird species native to the acacia koa–ʻōhiʻa forest include the Hawaiian crow ("Corvus hawaiiensis"), the ʻakepa ("Loxops coccineus"), Hawaii creeper ("Oreomystis mana"), ʻakiapōlāʻau ("Hemignathus munroi"), and Hawaiian hawk ("Buteo solitarius"), all of which are endangered, threatened, or near threatened; the Hawaiian crow in particular is extinct in the wild, but there are plans to reintroduce the species into the Hakalau reserve. Summit observatories. Mauna Kea's summit is one of the best sites in the world for astronomical observation due to favorable observing conditions. The arid conditions are important for submillimeter and infrared astronomy for this region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The summit is above the inversion layer, keeping most cloud cover below the summit and ensuring the air on the summit is dry, and free of atmospheric pollution. The summit atmosphere is exceptionally stable, lacking turbulence for some of the world's best astronomical seeing. The very dark skies resulting from Mauna Kea's distance from city lights are preserved by legislation that minimizes light pollution from the surrounding area; the darkness level allows the observation of faint astronomical objects. These factors historically made Mauna Kea an excellent spot for stargazing. In the early 1960s, the Hawaiʻi Island Chamber of Commerce encouraged astronomical development of Mauna Kea, as economic stimulus; this coincided with University of Arizona astronomer Gerard Kuiper's search for sites to use newly improved detectors of infrared light. Site testing by Kuiper's assistant Alika Herring in 1964 confirmed the summit's outstanding suitability. An intense three-way competition for NASA funds to construct a large telescope began between Kuiper, Harvard University, and the University of Hawaiʻi (UH), which only had experience in solar astronomy. This culminated in funds being awarded to the "upstart" UH proposal. UH rebuilt its small astronomy department into a new Institute for Astronomy, and in 1968 the Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources gave it a 65-year lease for all land within a radius of its telescope, essentially that above . On its completion in 1970, the UH was the seventh largest optical/infrared telescope in the world. By 1970, two telescopes had been constructed by the US Air Force and Lowell Observatory. In 1973, Canada and France agreed to build the 3.6 m CFHT on Mauna Kea. However, local organisations started to raise concerns about the environmental impact of the observatory. This led the Department of Land and Natural Resources to prepare an initial management plan, drafted in 1977 and supplemented in 1980. In January 1982, the UH Board of Regents approved a plan to support the continued development of scientific facilities at the site. In 1998, were transferred from the observatory lease to supplement the Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve. The 1982 plan was replaced in 2000 by an extension designed to serve until 2020: it instituted an Office of Mauna Kea Management, designated for astronomy, and shifted the remaining to "natural and cultural preservation". This plan was further revised to address concern expressed in the Hawaiian community that a lack of respect was being shown toward the cultural values of the mountain. Today the Mauna Kea Science Reserve has 13 observation facilities, each funded by as many as 11 countries. There are nine telescopes working in the visible and infrared spectrum, three in the submillimeter spectrum, and one in the radio spectrum, with mirrors or dishes ranging from . In comparison, the Hubble Space Telescope has a mirror, similar in size to the UH88, now the second smallest telescope on the mountain. A "Save Mauna Kea" movement believes development of the mountain to be sacrilegious. Native Hawaiian non-profit groups such as Kahea, concerned with cultural heritage and the environment, also oppose development for cultural and religious reasons. The multi-telescope "outrigger" proposed in 2006 was eventually canceled. A planned new telescope, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), has attracted controversy and protests. The TMT was approved in April 2013. In October 2014, the groundbreaking ceremony for the telescope was interrupted by protesters causing the project to temporarily halt. In late March 2015, demonstrators blocked access of the road to the summit again. On April 2, 2015, 300 protestors were gathered near the visitor's center when 12 people were arrested with 11 more arrested at the summit. Among the concerns of the protest groups are the land appraisals and Native Hawaiians consultation. Construction was halted on April 7, 2015, after protests expanded over the state. After several halts, the project has been voluntarily postponed. Governor Ige announced substantial changes to the management of Mauna Kea in the future but stated the project can move forward. The Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi approved the resumption of construction on October 31, 2018. Protestors have posted online petitions as a reaction against the Thirty Meter Telescope. The online petition titled "The Immediate Halt to the Construction of the TMT Telescope" was posted to Change.org on July 14, 2019. The online petition has currently gathered over 278,057 signatures worldwide. Some protesters have also called for the impeachment of Hawaiian Governor David Ige because of his support for the Thirty Meter Telescope. On July 18, 2019, an online petition titled "Impeach Governor David Ige" had been posted to Change.org and has currently gathered over 62,562 signatures. As of late 2021 construction plans are currently on hold due to the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and a shift in funding for the project that may see federal funds made available through the National Science Foundation. The controversy surrounding construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope continues. Independent polls commissioned by local media organizations show consistent support for the project in the islands with over two thirds of local residents supporting the project. These same polls indicate Native Hawaiian community support remains split with about half of Hawaiian respondents supporting construction of the new telescope. A July, 2022, state law responds to the protests by shifting control over the master land lease from the University of Hawaii to the new Mauna Kea Stewardship and Oversight Authority (MKSOA). The MKSOA is a 12 member board (11 voting members and 1 non-voting member) which includes representatives from the university, astronomers and native Hawaiians and it was created with the aim of finding a balance between the conflicting interests of astronomers and native Hawaiians. It is placed within the Hawaii department of land and natural resources and will be the principal authority for the management of state-managed lands within the Mauna Kea lands after a 5 year transition period from the university starting on July 1, 2023. During the transition period, the MKSOA and the university will jointly manage the land while the authority develops a management plan to govern land uses, human activities, and overall operations. Once the transition period is up in 2028, the authority's responsibilities will include issuing new land use permits which will be important as the current master lease ends in 2033, and any observatories which don't come up with new leases by the time of its expiration will be decommissioned. Climate. Mauna Kea has an alpine climate (ET). Due to the influence of its tropical latitude, temperature swings are very low. Frosts are common year round, but the average monthly temperature remains above freezing throughout the year. Snow may fall at an altitude of and above in any month, but occurs most often from October to April. A weather station was operated from 1972 to 1982; however, only 33 months within this period have temperature records; many years only have data for two months. The temperatures presented below are smoothed averages, not the raw numbers recorded by NOAA. Recreation. Mauna Kea's coastline is dominated by the Hamakua Coast, an area of rugged terrain created by frequent slumps and landslides on the volcano's flank. The area includes several recreation parks including Kalopa State Recreation Area, Wailuku River State Park and Akaka Falls State Park. There are over 3,000 registered hunters on Hawaii island, and hunting, for both recreation and sustenance, is a common activity on Mauna Kea. A public hunting program is used to control the numbers of introduced animals including pigs, sheep, goats, turkey, pheasants, and quail. The Mauna Kea State Recreation Area functions as a base camp for the sport. Birdwatching is also common at lower levels on the mountain. A popular site is "Kīpuka Puʻu Huluhulu", a kīpuka on Mauna Kea's flank that formed when lava flows isolated the forest on a hill. Mauna Kea's great height and the steepness of its flanks provide a better view and a shorter hike than the adjacent Mauna Loa. The height with its risk of altitude sickness, weather concerns, steep road grade, and overall inaccessibility make the volcano dangerous and summit trips difficult. Until the construction of roads in the mid-20th century, only the hardy visited Mauna Kea's upper slopes; hunters tracked game animals, and hikers traveled up the mountain. These travelers used stone cabins constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s as base camps, and it is from these facilities that the modern mid-level Onizuka Center for International Astronomy telescope support complex is derived. The first Mauna Kea summit road was built in 1964, making the peak accessible to more people. Today, multiple hiking trails exist, including the Mauna Kea Trail, and by 2007 over 100,000 tourists and 32,000 vehicles were going each year to the Visitor Information Station (VIS) adjacent to the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy. The Mauna Kea Access Road is paved up to the Center at . One study reported that around a third of visitors and two-thirds of professional astronomers working on the mountain have experienced symptoms of acute altitude sickness. Visitors to the mountain should prepare ahead of time by acclimating at a lower elevation or using a prescription medicine like Diamox. It is strongly recommended to use a four-wheel drive vehicle to drive all the way to the top. Brakes often overheat on the way down and there is no fuel available on Mauna Kea. A free Star Gazing Program was previously held at the VIS every night from 6-10 pm, with the program canceled due to both a change in operating hours and closure due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Between 5,000 and 6,000 people visit the summit of Mauna Kea each year, and to help ensure safety, and protect the integrity of the mountain, a ranger program was implemented in 2001. Footnotes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mouna keyaa mouna keyaa (baa; "mouna e wakeya" ror xongkhipto naam) hoise hawai dipor ek xokriyo aagneyogiri. iyar sringo xagorpristhor uporot, ee hawai rajyor xorbuscho bindu aaru prithibir etaa dipor dwitiyo xorbuscho sringo. ei sringotu iyar odhik bixal suburiya mouna luwatkoi pray ukh. mouna keyaa iyar uschotar baabe oswabhabikbhabe stholakritir khetrot bixistoh iyar aardro pradhanyo prithibir porbotmalar maajot ponchodox, iyar xukan pradhanyo hoise. ei xukan pradhanyo xagorpristhor poraa mount everestor uschotatkoi odhik, aaru kisuman kortripokhyoi iyar panir tolor poraa mouna kiyak biswor ataitkoi ukh porbot buli label dise. ee pray ek nijut bosor puroni aaru enedore xo xo haajar bosor aagote jiwanor ataitkoi xokriyo dhaal porzay otikrom korisil. iyar bortomanor post-swild owosthat, iyar laabha odhik sikomikai thaake, jaar folot ek odhik ukh profile hoy. chinder coon nirman, iyar faat oncholor bikendrikoron, iyar xikhorot himbah aaru prosolito banijyik botahor folot huwa botoror baabe poroborti aagneyogiriye iyar suburiya aagneyogirir tulnat iyak odhik rukhyo rup dise. mouna keyaa 6,000ror poraa 4,000 bosor aagote xexbaror baabe bisfuron hoisil aaru etiya ee xupto buli dharona koraa hoy. hawaiyan dhormot, hawai dipor sringobur pobitro. etaa prasin aaine kewol uscho podor alaik iyar xikhor bhromon koriboloi onumoti disil. mouna keyar dhaalot baax koraa prasin hawaiyanxokole khadyor baabe iyar bistrito oronyor uporot nirbhor korisil, aaru xojuli utpadonor baabe iyar faale ghono aagneyogiri-himbahor basalt khonon korisil. 18 xotikar xexor faale jetiya europianxokol aahisil, tetiya boxoti sthaponkarixokole goru, bhera aaru khelor jontur proborton korisil, jaare bohutu bonoriya hoi porisil aaru aagneyogirir poriwexgot bharxamyor khyoti koriboloi aarombho korisil. mouna kiyak poriwexgotobhabe tinita bhagot bibhokto koribo paarih iyar xikhorot etaa alpine jolobayu, etaa "sofura cries" filaa "-iyar faale" maay "porom sandwicence" (baa momane-nayeu) oronyo, aaru ekhon "ekesiya kuwa"-"metro" sider "cho polymerpha" (baa kuwa-uhiya) oronyo, ji etiya besibhag purbor cheni udyugor dwara iyar aadharot poriskar koraa hoise. xehotiya bosorburot, sthaniyo projatir durbolotar uporot udwegor folot aadalotor gusorxomuhor sristi hoise jiye hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhagok aagneyogirir uporot thoka xokolu bonoriya projatir nirmulor dixot kaam koriboloi badhyo korise. uscho uschota, xukan poriwex aaru sthir bayu prowahor xoite, mouna keyar xikhortu jyotirbigyan porzobekhyonor baabe biswor onyotomo shrestho sthan. 1964 sonot etaa prowex poth sristi huwar pisore poraa, xirxo xonmilonot egharkhon dexor dwara puji jugan dhora terkhon durbikhyon jontro nirman koraa hoise. mouna keyaa nirikhyon kendrobur xomogro toritsumbokiyo spectermot boigyanik gowexonar baabe byobohar koraa hoy aaru iyat biswor xorbobrihot ene xubidha aase. sthaniyo hawaiyanxokole powitro buli gonyo koraa ek bhu-drishyor uporot teulukor nirman aajiu bitorkor bixoy hoiyei aase. tot 'poo' graphik pradhanyo. mouna keyaa iyar uschotar baabe oswabhabikbhabe stholakritirobhabe bixisto, porbotmalar maajot biswot ek aardro pradhanyor xoite ponchodox, aaru kewol mount everestor pisot biswot dwitiyo xusko pradhanyo. ee iyar dipor xorbuscho sringo, xeyehe iyar aardro pradhanyo xagorpristhor uporot iyar uschotar xoite mill khaay. jihetu hawaiyan dippunj xagoror gobhirotat dhaalu hoi aase, iyar baabe mouna keyar ek xukan pradhanyo aase. ei xukan pradhanyo xagorpristhor poraa everest mountor uschotatkoi ukh, xeyehe evereste iyar paddexot xomogro mohadexxomuhok ontorbhukto koribo lagibo jaate mouna keyar xukan pradhanyo otikrom koribo paare. hawaiyan trophor poraa kiman mouna keyaa ulai aahise xei bixoye bibesona kori kisuman kortripokhyoi iyak prithibir ataitkoi ukh (xorbuschor biporite) porbot buli obhihito korise, jitu aadharor poraa xikhoroloike porimapito hoy. pradhanyor biporite, aadharok xithilbhabe xongyayito koraa hoise, jaar folot xongkhya (pray hawaiyan trafor gobhirotom binduloi) poraa (gobhir bhugorbhostho porbotor xipa) loike hoise. xei udahoronburor uporot, onyanyo porbotmala protidondi daabi kore, jene mount lamlamoi aadharor poraa (proityahbankari gobhiror poraa aarombho kori) uscho aaruhon daabi kore, aaru xokolu himaloy porbotmalabe oti gobhir xikor daabi kore. odhik uschotar uschota atakama trensor poraa andies porbotmalaloike maapa hoh 'bob paare, udahoronsworupe, risardor gobhir (gobhir) poraa usoror lullilaku (uscho) ror xikhoroloike. lamlam aaru lullallaku paharor kunutute mouna keyar xukan pradhanyo naai, kiyonu xeibur protitu dixote khondar poraa bistrito nohoy. bhubigyan. hawai dip gothon koraa pasta aagneyogirir bhitorot mouna keyaa etaa, ji hawaiyan-xomrat simaunt sainor ataitkoi dangor aaru konisthotom dip. ei pasta hotspot aagneyogirir bhitorot mouna keyaa hoise soturtho ataitkoi puroni aaru soturtho ataitkoi xokriyo aagneyogiri. ee pray ek nijut bosor aagote hawai hotspotor dwara salit pressild aagneyogiri hisape aarombho hoisil, aaru 500,000 bosor aagoloike iyar dhaal porzayot byotikromibhabe xokriyo hoi porisil. 250, 000ror poraa 200,000 bosor aagote mouna keyaa iyar xanto post-swild porzayot prowex korisil, aaru bortoman xokriyo, 4,500ror poraa 6,000 bosor aagote xexbaror baabe bisfuron hoisil. mouna keyar drishyoman xikhor kaldera naai, kintu iyar xikhoror usorot keibatau xoru chinder aaru piumis xongku aase. etaa purbor xikhor kaldera hoyotu pisot xirxo ogroxor jomar dwara bhorai aaru xomadhistho koraa hoisil. mouna keyaa aayotonor poraa odhik, imaan dangor je ee aaru iyar suburiya, mouna luwai iyar tolot thoka mohaxagoror bhutwok nisu kore. aagneyogiritu proti bosorotkoi komm haarot nijor ujonor tolot pisoli goi xomotol hoi aase. iyar odhikangxo bhor iyar bortomanor xikhoror pubo dixot owosthito. ee xagorpristhor uporot owosthito, iyar suburiya mouna luwatkoi pray uscho, aaru hawai rajyor xorbuscho bindu. xokolu hawaiyan aagneyogirir dore, proxanto mohaxagoriyo tektunik plate prithibir ontornihito mentelor hawaiyan hotspotor uporere sthanantorito huwar baabe mouna keyaa sristi koraa hoise. hawai dipor aagneyogiribur hoise ei prokriyar ataitkoi xehotiya proman je, 7 kuti bosorotkoiu odhik xomoy dhori,-dighol hawaiyan riz-xomrat simaunt sringkhol sristi korise. prosolito, jodiu xompurnorupe sthir nohoy, dristibhongitu hoh 'lo je hotspottu grohotur aaworonor bhitorot bohu porimane sthir hoi aase, jodi xokolu senujuik jug nohoy. obosye, hawaiyan aagneyogiri bhaldore buji puwa aaru byapokbhabe odhyoyon koraa huwar biporite, hotspot probhawor kaaron huwa pronalir kunu nirdisto byakhya etiyau naai. iyar briddhir xomoyot iyar suburiyar xoite jotil storot otiriktobhabe mauna keyar poraa laabha prowahito hoy. ataitkoi guruttopurnobhabe, mouna keyaa kuhalar poraa uttor-poschimoloi puroni prowahitor uporot nirmito, aaru dokhyinoloi mouna luwar aadharok ched kore. mouna keyar faale thoka mool bisfuronmulok faat (faat onchol) iyar post-swild aagneyogirir dwara xomadhistho koraa hoisil. hilu riz, moo 'naa keyar pube thoka etaa bixisto panir tolot faat thoka oncholor gathoni, exomoyot aagneyogirir etaa ongxo buli biswax koraa hoisil; obosye, etiya iyak kuhalar etaa faat thoka onchol buli buji puwa yaay ji komm boyoxor moo' naa keyaa prowahere probhabito hoise. aagneyogirir bixal mool bhor nirman koraa dhaal-porzayor laabha hoise prathomik megma aaru nimojjito mohaxagoriyo bhutwokor misronor joriyote sristi koraa moo 'naa luwar dore tho' leitik basalt. xeibur 250,000 aaru 70-65,000 bosor aagote bisfuron huwa "hamakkuwa aagneyogiri" ror post-swild khyari basalt, mouna keyar ataitkoi puroni mukoli xil store aawori aase. ataitkoi xehotiya aagneyogiri prowahxomuh hoh 'lo hawait aaru mugiyaraitoh xeibur hoise 65,000-ror poraa 4,000 bosor aagote udbhob huwa post-swild "lapahu aagneyogiri". labhar gothonor ei poribortonburor loge loge xirxotaloi megmar jugan laahe laahe hraax paisil, jaar folot durbol bisfuronor sristi hoisil jaar folot aagneyogiri xuptotar xoite jorito bischinno ghotonaburor sristi hoisil. lapahu laabha odhik sikomikajukto aaru iyat aagor tho 'leitik besaltotkoi odhik baspoxil thaake; teulukor daath prowahito ongxo ullekhjugyobhabe moo' naa keyar faale thiyo hoi thaake. iyar uporiu, bisfurok bisfurone sringor usorot chinder xongku nirman korise. ei xongkubur hoise mouna keyar ataitkoi xehotiya bisfuron kendro. iyar bortomanor xikhorot laabha gombuj aaru chinder kunor dwara byaxar aaru xo xo mitter ukh. mouna keyaa hoise himbahor sposto proman thoka ekmatro hawaiyan aagneyogiri. mouna luwat xombhobotoh ekedhoronor jomaa aasil, kintu pisoloi laabha prowahe iyak dhaaki rakhise. hawair grishmondoliyo owosthan thoka swotweu, bigoto keibabaru borof jugor xomoyot usnotar ek degree hraxor folot grishmokalot aagneyogirir xikhorot borof thakiboloi onumoti disil, jaar folot borphor aaworonor sristi hoisil. juwa 180,000 bosoror poraa himbahor tinita khondo lipibodho koraa hoiseh "pukuluwa" (180-130 kaa), "waihu" (80-60 kaa) aaru "makanaka" (40-13 kaa) sringkhola. eibure xirxosthantu byapokbhabe bhaskorjyo korise, aagneyogirir uporor faale morain aaru till aaru bojorar brittakar brittakar britto jomaa korise. upo-himbah bisfuronxomuhe maknaka himbahor xomoyot chinder xongku nirman korisil, jaar besibhagei himbahor karjyor dwara prosurbhabe aawori aasil. ataitkoi xehotiya xongkubur 9000 aaru 4500 bosoror aagote himbahor jomar uporot nirman koraa hoisil, jodiu etaa odhyoyonoi ingito diye je xexor bisfurontu pray 3600 bosor aagote hoisil. iyar xorbadhik porixorot himbahbur xikhoror poraa uschotar majoloike bistrito hoisil. 1974 sonor aagote mouna keyar xikhorot parmafrostor etaa xoru xorir puwa goisil, aaru etiyau uposthito thakibo paare. borxun aaru borof-puxit dharar dwara gothito xoru xoru golibure xirxosthantu khudit kore, ji kewol xitkalot golito aaru borxunor xomoyothe boi yaay. aagneyogirir botahor faale, banijyik botahor dwara salit dharar khyoyoi puroni kuhalar dore eke dhorone khyoy tworanwito korise. proxanto mohaxagoriyo owobahikar xorbuscho hrod wayau hrodor baxosthan hoise mouna keyaa. iyar uschotat, ee puu wayau chinder kunor bhitorot owosthito aaru ee hawair ekmatro alpine hrod. hrodtu oti xoru aaru ogobhir, iyar pristhobhagor eleka aaru xompurno huwar xomoyot iyar gobhirota. hrodtur paddexot thoka nomunar readyo "carbon dettingye ingito diye je 12,600 bosor aagote ee borphor poraa poriskar aasil. hawaiyan labhar prokarbur xadharonote pargomyo, jaar folot prowexor folot hrod gothon huwat baadha diye. salfar bohon koraa baspe aagneyogirir saik komm-pargomyotat poriworton korisil, baa pranwonto bisfuronor xomoyot briddhi puwa megma aaru bhugorbhostho jolo baa pristhor panir maajot bisfurok aantohkriyar folot byotikromibhabe xukhmo saai gothon hoisil jiye hrodor tolor pargomyotak hraax korisil. 1993 sonoloike hawai dipot kunu artician panir bixoye jonaa nayay jetiya hawai biswobidyaloye xagorpristhor tolot thoka etaa artician jolobhritit odhik khonon korisil, ji burhulor muth gobhirotatkoi odhik xomproxarito hoisil. burhultu maati aaru labhar ek xongkusito storor maajere drill koraa hoisil zo 'too moo' naa luwar prowahe mukoli moo 'naa keyaa pristhot dokhol korisil aaru poroborti xomoyot xagor pristhor tolot hraax paisil. xomosthanik gothonoi dekhuway je xamudrik storor uporot thoka borxunere ohaa panir poraa paanee aahoron koraa hoise. jolobhritor uposthitir baabe moo 'naa keyar besal lensor bhitorot etaa mitha panir murok dayee koraa hoy. bigyanixokole biswax kore je bortomanor modelbure ingito koratkoi mouna keyar mitha panir lensot odhik paanee thakibo paare. 2012 sonot mouna keyaa-too aaru dutaa burhul khonon koraa hoisil, zo "too paanee oti uschotat aaru aaxa koratkoi komm gobhirotat puwa goisil. hawai biswobidyaloyor xokriyo aagneyogirir odhyoyon kendror xonsalok donald thomase biswax kore je jolobhritixomuhor odhyoyon obyahot rokhar etaa kaaron hoise uscho uschotar oncholxomuhor byobohar aaru dokholor baabe, eidore koyoh "ei karzokolapxomuhor pray xokolubur panir upolobdhotar uporot nirbhor kore, jitu besibhag khetrote waimiya baa hilur poraa sedeloloi truck koribo lagibo-ek odokhyo aaru byoybohul prokriya ji aamar durbol torol indhonor jothesto poriman byobohar kore." bhobisyotor karzokolap. pray 4,600 bosor aagote (pray 2600 khristopurbo) mouna keyar xex bisfuron hoisil; ei xokriyotar baabe, mouna keyak iyar xikhoror baabe 7 aaru iyar tolor faale 8 ror aamerika juktorastror bhutatwik joripor bipodaxongkar talika nirdharon koraa hoise, 9 ror xorbonimno xombhabyo bipodor ratingor bhitorot (jitu bilupto aagneyogiri kuhalak diya hoise). 8000 khristopurbor poraa laabha prowahe aagneyogirir xirxor 20 xotangxo aawori rakhise aaru iyar kunu prantoi pray naai. iyar xupto owosthar swotweu, mouna keyaa punor bisfuron huwar xombhawona aase. purbor bisfuronor uporot bhitti kori, ene ek ghotona aagneyogirir uporor faale jikunu thaite xonghotit hoh 'bob paare aaru xombhobotoh digholiya laabha prowah utponno koribo, besibhagei aa, dighol. digholiya xomoyor karjyokolapor folot utxot etaa chinder coon nirman koribo paari. jodiu poroborti keitaman xotikat ene ogroxoror xombhawona naai, tothapiu ene bisfuronor folot hoyotu xamanyo jiwanhani hoh "bob paare kintu antohgathonir jothesto khyoti hoh" bob. manob itihax. sthaniyo itihax. hawai dipot uposthito huwa prothom prasin hawaiyanxokole upokulor kaxot baax korisil, zo 'too khadyo aaru paanee prosur porimane aasil. 12xo aaru 13xo xotikar aarombhonite boxotixomuh obhyontorinbhabe mouna luwa-mouna keyaa onsololoi xomproxarito hoisil. protnotatwik promanoi poramorxo diye je ei oncholbur sikar, xilor xamogri xongroho koraa, aaru xombhobotoh adhyatmik karonor baabe baa jyotirbigyan baa nou-poribohonmulok porzobekhyonor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. porbotor prosur oronyoi khadyor baabe udbhid aaru jibo-jontu aaru aasroyor baabe kesa xamogri prodan korisil. purbote kunu sikari jontur bixoye jonaa nasil ene uronhin soraibur ek prodhan khadyo utxo hoi porisil. hawaiyan dippunjor prarombhik boxotir folot sthaniyo poriwex tontrot guruttopurno poriworton aaru bixexkoi sorai projatir maajot bohutu bilupti ghotisil. prasin hawaiyanxokole bidexi udbhid aaru jibo-jontu korhiyai aane, aaru teulukor aagmon khyor haar briddhir xoite jorito aasil. prosolito nimnobhumir bonancholor poriwex tontrotu bonancholor poraa ghahoniloi rupantorit hoisil; ei poribortonor kisuman juir byoboharor folot hoisil, kintu bonn poriwex tontror poton aaru hawair uporot pokhyi bilupto huwar prosolito kaaron aasil polynesian (baa proxanto mohaxagoriyo) murkhor proborton. hawair pasta aagneyogirik pobitro porbot hisape xonman koraa hoy; aaru xorbuscho mouna keyar xikhortu ataitkoi pobitro. ei karonot, etaa "kaapu" (prasin hawai aain)-e uscho podor aalir baabe dorxonarthir odhikar ximito korisil. hawaiyanxokole teulukor prakritik poriwexor upadanxomuhok bixex debotar xoite xomporkito korisil. hawaiyan pouranik kahineet, mouna keyar xikhorok "debotaxokolor onchol" hisape dekha goisil, zo 'too porupkari aatma baax kore. borphor debota puliyahuwu taat baax kore. "mouna keyaa" hoise mouna e wakeyar ek xongkhyepon aaru iyar ortho hoise "bogaa porbot", iyar ritugoto borof-assadit xikhoror xondorbhot. 1100 sonor aaxe-paxe sthaniyo lukoxokole xojuli toiyar koriboloi ononyobhabe ghono basalt (laabha prowahito drut xitol huwar folot upo-himbah bisfuronor xomoyot himbahor borphor xoite milito huwar folot utponno) niskaxon koriboloi mouna keyar uporot uscho aaru uscho owosthito edoj kuwari sthapon korisil. blade aaru maach dhorar xojulir baabe aagneyogirir kaach aaru gyabro 'xongroho koraa hoisil, aaru handler baabe maanen kaathok posondo koraa hoisil. 1400 sonor pisot kuwarir karzokolapor xikhorot, kormosarixokolok rokhyonabekhyon koriboloi khadyo, paanee aaru kaathor xoite aashroy; aaru xomapto xamogri sristi koraa kormoxalar baabe rukhyo aaru xukhmo kotar baabe prithok xubidha aasil. waiyau hrode sromikxokolor baabe khuwa panir byowostha korisil. sthaniyo prodhanxokole nobojatok xixur nabhir rojjuburu iyar paneet dubo disil, jaate teulukok porbotor xokti diye. ei xomoisuwar bhitorot aaru aamerikan aaru europianxokolor xoite xomporkor maajot khonir byobohar hraax paisil. khononor xoite jorito reeti-nitir ongxo hisape, sromikxokole teulukor debotaxokolor mondir nirman korisil; eixomuh aaru onyanyo khonon xilpokola ei sthanxomuhot thaake, jaar besibhagei etiya mouna keyaa borof jugor xongrokhito sthanor bhitorot aase. ei prarombhik jugor pisot dwadox aaru ostadox xotikar xexor faale xangoskritik xomproxaron hoisil. jonoxadharonor tatkhyonik proyujoniyotar baabe bhumi oncholxomuhot bibhokto koraa hoisil. ei "aahupuwa"-ye xadharonote porbotor xikhoror poraa upokuloloike bhumir dighol tukurar rup loisil. mouna keyar xikhortu kauher aahupuwat aawori aasil, iyar pubo dhaalor kichu ongxo usoror hiumulaloi goisil. aagneyogirir dhaalot baax koraa hawaiyanxokolor baabe pustir prodhan utxo iyar uporor dhaalor manane-naayu oronyor poraa aahisil, jiye teulukok udbhid aaru sorair jiwan prodan korisil. sikar koraa sorai projatixomuhor bhitorot aase eu ("perodruma sendwisanis"), nene ("branta sandvicencies"), aaru palila ("loxio" ids belolui "). nimno kuwa-uhiya oronyoi sthaniyo lukoxokolok kenur baabe kaath aaru xojjar baabe olongkrito sorair paalok disil. aadhunik jug. 1778 sonot james kukor aagomonor aagote hawai bhromon koraa bidexixokolor tinita biboron aase. obosye, 18 xotikar xexor faale aaru 19 xotikar aarombhonite onwexonkarixokole mouna keyaa xoho diptur ataitkoi prasin poschimiya chitron sristi korisil. euroop aaru aamerikar xoite xomporkor folot dipor baxindaxokolor baabe dangor porinam porisil. sthaniyo hawaiyanxokol proborton koraa rugor dwara bidhwosto hoisil; banijyo protisthar loge loge hilu, kelakekuwa, aaru kailuwake dhori bondor sohorxomuh briddhi paisil; aaru dhaatur xojulir probortonor pisot mouna keyar edoje kuwarixomuh tyag koraa hoisil. 1793 sonot, roja kamehameha aai-ror proti sroddhanjoli hisape jorjo venkuvare goru-moo 'hoh korhiyai aane. 19 xotikar aarombhonite, teuluke bondigrihor poraa polayon korisil aaru diptut muktobhabe ghuri furisil, jaar folot iyar poriwex tontror jothesto khyoti hoisil. 1809 sonot john palmar parker uposthito hoisil aaru kamehameh aair xoite bondhutwo sthapon korisil, jiye teuk dipot goru-moo 'horr byowosthaponar dayitwot rakhisil. 1845 sonot otirikto bhumi onudanor xoite, parkare mouna keyar uttor dhaalot parker res sthapon korisil, jitu aajiu karzokhyom hoi thoka etaa dangor goru-moo 'horr res. diptut boxoti sthapon koraxokole kuhiyar kheti aaru ghoror baabe nimno sthaniyo bonancholor besibhag ongxo jwolai katisil. mouna keyaa aaru mouna luwar maajor sedel-aakritir malbhumi paar huwar baabe naamkoron koraa sedel rudtu 1943 sonot xompurno hoisil, aaru mouna keyaloi jothesto xohoj jatra korisil. malbhumit thoka puhakuluwa proxikhyon khetrotu hoise hawair ataitkoi dangor xamorik proxikhyon khelpothar. ei owosthantu aagneyogirir tolor faaler poraa uschotaloi loi, 1956 sonor poraa aamerika juktorastror xoinyok ijara diya rajyik maatit bistrito hoi aase. oncholtut 15taa bipodaponno aaru biponno udbhid, tinita biponno sorai aaru etaa biponno badulir projati aase. 1980-ror doxokor poraa mouna keyaa byapok protnotatwik gowexonar sthan hoi aahise. 2000 sonor bhitorot pray 27 xotangxo bigyan xongrokhito sthanor joreep koraa hoisil, zo "too 76taa mondir, 4taa edoje utpadon kormoxala, 3taa aan marker, 1taa itibasokbhabe sinakto koraa xomadhikhyetro, aaru 4taa xombhabyo xomadhistholi sinakto koraa hoisil. 2009 sonor bhitorot sinakto koraa sthanor muth xongkhya 223 loi briddhi paisil, aaru aagneyogirir uporor faale puratatwik gowexona soli aase. eitu poramorxo diya hoise je aagneyogirir xikhoror sariufale etaa prasin borphor rekhar xoite byowosthito mondirbur, mouna keyar pobitro ongxoloi poribortonor baabe sinhitokari. hawaiyan moukhik itihaxot mouna keyar sariufale xomadhistho korar bohutu ullekh thoka swotweu, keitaman sthan nischito koraa hoise. aagneyogiritut thoka bohutu chinder kunot mondir baa onyanyo xilpokolar obhab hoh 'bob paare kaaron xeibur xomadhistho korar baabe xongrokhito aasil. aaruhon. praak-xomporko xomoyot, mouna keyar uporoloi jatra koraa sthaniyo lukoxokolok xombhobotoh bidyoman pothotkoi bhu-drishyor dwara odhik nirdexona diya hoisil, kiyonu pothor kunu proman puwa huwa naai. iyar poriworte prakritik xoiloxira aaru panir utxo onuxoron koraa hoh 'bob paare. byoktixokole xombhobotoh iyar xikhoror usoror poriyal-porisalona koraa mondirxomuh bhromon koriboloi mouna keyar dhalburoloi bhromon korisil, aaru porbot aaruhonor xoite xomporkito porompora aajiu bidyoman. obosye, oti komm xongkhyok sthaniyo lukei xikhorot uposthito hoisil, kaaron taat kothurbhabe "kaapu" rokha hoisil. 19 xotikar aarombhonite, mouna keyar ataitkoi prasin ullekhjugyo "lipibodho" aaruhonot nimnolikhitbur ontorbhukto aasiloh 19 xotikar xexor faale aaru 20 xotikar aarombhonite trail gothon koraa hoisil, praye khelor paalor solasolor dwara, jibur ghurat uthi jatra koribo paari. obosye, 1964 sonot ekhon poth nirman nuhuwaloike ei xikhoroloi zaan-baahonor prowexadhikar pray oxombhob aasil, aaru ee etiyau ximabodho hoi aase. aaji, bibhinno byobohar koraa rajyot, xonmilonoloi ekadhik poth aase. poriwex bigyan. potobhumi. hawair bhougulik bischinnotai iyar poriwex bigyanok drirhobhabe probhabito kore. hawair dore duroborti dipxomuhot brihot xongkhyok projati aase jibur aan koo 'tu puwa nayay (hawai dipxomuhot andemism sauk). duroborti owosthar folot bibortoniyo rekha aan thair poraa prithok hoi porisil aaru ei sthaniyo projatiburok bahyik joibik probhawor poraa prithok kori rakhisil, aaru logote teulukok bixexkoi bilupti aaru aakromonatmok projatir probhawor proti durbol kori tulisil. iyar uporiu krixir baabe bhumi poriskar korake dhori hawair poriwex tontro manob unnoyonor poraa bhabukir xonmukhin hoise; diptur anumanik tritiyangxo sthaniyo projati itimodhye nischinho hoi goise. iyar uschotar baabe, mauna keit hawaiyan dippunjor jikunu thaite joibik poriwex tontror xorbadhik boisitryo aase. porbotor poriwex tontroi iyar dhaalor xoite usnotar poriworton aaru uschotar xoite borxunor baabe kendribhut britto gothon kore. ei poriwex tontroxomuhok uschotar bhittit pray tinita bhagot bibhokto koribo paarih alpine-sabalpain, monten aaru besal oronyo. 19 xotikar aarombhonite aamerikan aaru europianxokolor xoite xomporkor folot diptut odhik boxoti sthapon korisil aaru iyar ek sthayi netibasok poriwexgot probhab porisil. nimno dhalburot, kuwa-uhiya oronyor bixal oncholbur krixijmatoloi rupantorit koraa hoisil. uporot, resor poraa polayon koraa bonoriya jibo-jontubure mouno keyar sthaniyo maane-nayeu bonancholot aashroy laabh korisil aaru byapokbhabe khyotigrosto hoisil. oh-sthaniyo udbhidbur hoise aan gurutor bhabuki; dipot 4,600 tokoiu odhik projati aase, aanhate sthaniyo projatir xongkhya maatro 1,000 buli onuman koraa hoise. alpine poriwex. mouna keyar xirxotu gosor rekhar uporot owosthito, aaru iyat besibhag laabha xil aaru alpine tundra thaake. prosondo tuxarpator ek onchol, ee udbhidkulor baabe onaharjugyo, aaru iyak hawaiyan krantiyo uscho gulmobhumi buli jonaa yaay. iyat otyonto thanda tapmatra, komm xomoyor baabe briddhi huwa ritu, komm bristipat aaru xitkalot borphor baabe briddhi ximito. maatir obhabe xipar briddhiu hraax kore, maatir poraa pusti xuxon koratu kothin kori tule, aaru oncholtu oti komm paanee raakhe. ei uschotat puwa udbhid projatixomuhor bhitorot aase "styphelia temiamia", "taraxacom officinal", "tetramolopium humile", "egor 'stich sandwicencies", "entho' xantham audoratum", "trichetum glomeratum", "puaa enuwa", "cho 'naas oh' leresius", aaru "koo 'pro' maa erno 'dodd' dos". etaa ullekhjugyo projati hoise mouna keyaa silverserwad ("argiroxifium sandwicence" bhaar. "sandwicence"), ek otyonto biponno sthaniyo udbhid projati ji mouna keyar uscho uschotar chinder morubhumit briddhi paay. etaa porzayot maatro 50taa udbhidor jonoxongkhyaloi hraax paisil, mauna key rilverds xobdotu alpine oncholot ximabodho buli bhoba hoisil, kintu prokritote poxudhonor sapor folot taat salit hoise, aaru nimno uschotatou briddhi paab paare. 1981 sonot mouna keyar dokhyin xikhoror faale thoka mouna keyaa borof jugor xongrokhito bonanchol sthapon koraa hoisil. ei xongrokhito bonancholtu hoise ayulian morubhumi aaru hrod waiyaur oncholoke dhori birol udbhidjukto chinder aboxisto aaru laabha xilor ek onchol. ei poriwex tontrotu bipodgrosto euo "(" perodruma sendwisanis ") ror baabe ek xombhabyo aasroyosthol aaru wekiyu baag (" naisiyas wekiyuikula ") ror uporot ek odhyoyonor kendro. wekiyu bogbure mrito pukor mritodeh khaay jibur botahot mouna keyar uporoloi naami borphor paarot boxoti sthapon kore. naisiyas" gonor etaa projatir baabe ee ek oti oswabhabik khadyo utxo, zo "too prodhankoi beej-khadyo prani thaake. teulukor tejot prakritik antifriesor baabe teuluke otyadhik uschotat jiyai thakibo paare. eibur besibhag xomoy gorom huwa pristhor tolot thaake. teulukor xongrokhyonor sthiti sposto nohoy, kintu ei projatitu etiya biponno projatir talikar baabe prarthi nohoy; projatitur kolyanor uporot odhyoyon 1980 sonot aarombho hoisil. ghonisthobhabe xomporkito "naisiyas aa" moo "naa luwat baax kore. nekore makor (lycosidae) aaru bonn taabur ketarpilar mothburu eke mouna keyaa poriwex tontrot dekha goise; prothomtu taap-grohonxil xilor tolot lukai thaake, aaru pisortu teulukor xorirot thanda-protirudhi raxayonik podarthor joriyote jiyai thaake. manne-nayeu bonanchol. aagneyogirir uporot oronyo onchol, ek uschotat, maane ("sofura cries" filaa ") aaru naiu (" maay "porom sandwissance") ror dwara probhabito, duyuta sthaniyo gosor projati, aaru xeyehe iyak maane-naiu oronyo buli jonaa yaay. ei oncholor soraiburor mukhyo khadyo hoise mamane beej aaru naiu foll, bixexkoi palila ("loxio" ids belolui "). polila purbote mouna keyaa, mouna luya aaru huwalair dhaalot puwa goisil, kintu etiya mouna keyar dhaalot ximabodho-iyar purbor porixoror maatro 10 xotangxo-aaru iyak gurutorbhabe biponno buli ghuxona koraa hoise. poriwex tontror baabe ataitkoi dangor bhabuki hoise 18 xotikar xexor faale diptut proborton koraa bonoriya bhera, goru-moo 'hoh ("bob' cho primigenies"), aaru sagoli ("kepra hirkach")-ror dwara sorai koraa. banijyik sorair xoite bonoriya jontur protijugita jothesto tibro aasil je 1920-ror doxokor xexor faale xeibur nirmul korar baabe ek karzoxusi aasil, aaru 1949 sonoloike obyahot aasil. ei sorair folafolburor bhitorot etaa aasil sthaniyo aaru proborton koraa, udbhidor pradurbhab briddhi, jibur brousingor proti protirudhi aasil. 1950ror doxokot bonoriya jontubur pray nirmul koraa hoisil aaru iyar xongkhya aasil keixman. obosye, sthaniyo sikarixokolor prowahor folot bonoriya projatiburok khelor jontu hisape mulyo diya hoisil, aaru 1959 sonot bhumi aaru prakritik xompodor hawai bibhag, xongrokhyon aaru bhumi byobohar byowosthaponar dayitwot thoka porisalona xongsthai iyar nititu kriratu xohoj kori tuliboloi design koraa ek xusthir-niyontron karzoxusiloi xoloni korisil. mouflon ("oh" bhis eris orientelis ") 1962 sonor poraa 1964 sonoloike proborton koraa hoisil, aaru 1964 sonot okhyo horin (" okhyo okhyo ") mukoli korar porikolpona kewol resing udyugor protibador dwara protirudh koraa hoisil, jiye koichil je teuluke xosyor khyoti koribo aaru rug biyopabo. sikar udyugtuwe protidondita korisil, aaru poxupalok aaru sikarixokolor maajot pich-pich-pich owoxexot rajohuwa poriwexor chintar utthan ghotaisil. mouna keyar uporot jyotirbigyanor xubidhar bikax aarombho huwar loge loge, xongrokhyonbidxokole mouna keyar poriwex tontror xurokhyar daabi jonaisil. xurokhyar baabe 25 xotangxo oronyor ber loguwar aaru khelor sikaror baabe baaki 75 xotangxo byowosthapona korar porikolpona koraa hoisil. xongrokhyonbadixokolor birudhitar pisotu ei porikolponatu karzokori koraa hoisil. jetiya maati bibhajon koraa hoisil, ber nirmanor baabe kunu dhon aabonton koraa huwa nasil. ei bibador maajote biponno projati aain grihit hoisil; rastriyo odubon cho "saiti aaru chira club aainee protirokya pujir dwara hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhagor biruddhe gusor ruju koraa hoisil, daabi koraa hoisil je teuluke federal aain ulonghon korise, ei jugantokari gusorot" palila bonam. hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhag "(1978). aadalote xongrokhyonbadixokolor pokhyot raay disil aaru bonyopranir rajyik niyontronor aagote federal aainor ogradhikar xomorthon korisil. biponno projati aain ulonghon korar baabe, hawai rajyok porbotor kaxor poraa xokolu bonoriya jontu aatorai peluwar proyujon hoisil. ei xiddhantor pisot 1981 sonot aadalotor dwitiyo nirdex diya hoisil. ek rajohuwa sikar karzoxusiye bohu bonyo jibo-jontu aatorai disil, ontotoh xamoyikbhabe. etaa xokriyo niyontron karzoxusi aase, jodiu ee maan-nayeu poriwex tontror guruttopurno punoruddharor onumoti diboloi porzapto kothurotare porisalito nohoy. diptut aaru mouna keyat aan bohutu projati aaru poriwex tontro aase, jibur manob bikax aaru aakromonatmok projatir dwara bhabuki hoi aase. mauna keyaa bonancholtuwe hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhagor odhinot thoka maane-nayeu bonancholor xurokhya diye. bosorjuri ungulate sikaror onumoti diya hoy. maane-nayeu oronyor etaa xoru ongxo mouna key rajyik binudon khyetre aaguri aase. nimno poriwex. mouna keyar tolor dhaalot thoka rengso bhumir etaa doll purbote "ekasiya kuwa"-"metro" sider "cho polymerpha" (kuwa-uhiya) oronyo aasil. iyar dhongxo 19 xotikar aarombhonite europiyo aaru aamerikan boxoti sthaponkarixokolor prowahor dwara salit hoisil, kiyonu 1830-ror doxokot byapokbhabe goch-gosonir baabe notun ghoror baabe kaathor jugan dhora hoisil. bonancholor bixal ongxo juit jwolai kuhiyar khetir baabe aatorai diya hoisil. diptur besibhag ghor kuwaire nirman koraa hoisil, aaru oronyor xei ongxobur ji jiyai aasil kuhiyar bagisar uporot xokti boyolar aaru ghorbur gorom koriboloi juir kaathor utxo hoi porisil. exomoyot bixal oronyotu 1880 sonor bhitorot pray odrishyo hoi goisil, aaru 1900 sonor bhitorot, goch-gosonir aagroh kunaa aaru maui dipoloi sthanantorito hoisil. 1990-ror doxokot cheni udyugor potonor loge loge ei bhumir besibhag ongxo potito hoi pore kintu iyar kichu ongxo goru-moo 'hoh sora, khyudro krixi aaru kaathor mojjar baabe eukeliptusor khetir baabe byobohar koraa hoy. hakalau bonn rastriyo bonyoprani aashroy hoise mouna keyar botahor dhaalor uporot thoka ek prodhan kuwa bonanchol. 1985 sonot iyak protistha koraa hoisil, zo "too poriwex tontror owoxistoxomuh xamori luwa hoisil. aan bohutu birol bayutor uporiu ei oncholot aathta biponno sorai projati, barta biponno udbhid, aaru biponno hawaiyan huree baduli ("lasiuras cinerius semutus") dekha goise. 1989 sonor poraa ei xongrokhito bonancholtu ek byapok punorbinyax obhijanor sthan hoi aahise. xongrokhito bonancholor kichu ongxoi sthaniyo poriwex tontror uporot krixir probhab dekhuway, jihetu xongrokhito bonancholor uporor ongxor besibhag bhumi porityokto krixibhumi. akasia kuwa-uhiya oronyor sthaniyo pokhyi projatixomuhor bhitorot aase hawaiyan kaak ("korbhas hawaiensis"), okepa ("loxop kukenis"), hawai lotaa ("orio" mistis maana "), aaru hawaiyan hoh 'koo (" hemignathus munor "), jibur xokolu biponno, bipodaponno baa bipodaponno; bixexkoi hawaiyan kaak bilupto hoi aase, kintu iyak hakalau xongrokhito oncholot punor proborton korar porikolpona aase. xonmilon nirikhyon kendroxomuh. onukul porzobekhyon poristhitir baabe mouna keyar xikhortu jyotirbigyan porzobekhyonor baabe biswor onyotomo shrestho sthan. boidyutik sumbokiyo bornalir ei oncholor baabe upo-millimeter aaru infrared jyotirbigyanor baabe xusko owostha guruttopurno. xirxotu biporit storor uporot aase, xirxor tolot besibhag megh aawori raakhi aaru xirxor botor xukan huwatu nischito kori, aaru bayumondoliyo produxonor poraa mukto kori. xirxo bayumondoltu byotikromibhabe sthir, biswor kisuman shrestho jyotirbigyanor baabe oxantito obhab. sohoror puhoror poraa mouna keyar durotwor folot huwa oti aandhar aakax aainor dwara xongrokhito koraa hoy ji sariufalor oncholor poraa puhor produxon hraax kore; ondhokar store khyin jyotirbigyanor bostuburor porzobekhyonor onumoti diye. ei karokxomuhe oitihaxikbhabe mouna kiyak stargagingor baabe ek utkristo sthan kori tulisil. 1960-ror doxokor aarombhonite, hawai dipor banijyo sengbortuwe orthonoitik uddipok hisape mouna keyar jyotirbigyanor bikaxok utxahito korisil; eitu aarijuna jyotirbigyani gerard quiperor biswobidyaloyor notun unnot infrared light detector byobohar koriboloi sthanor xondhanor xoite ekeloge hoisil. 1964 sonot quiperor xohokari alika heringor dwara koraa sait porikhyai xonmilonkhonor utkristo upojuktotak nischito korisil. harbhard biswobidyaloyor quiper aaru hawai biswobidyaloyor (eu. eis.) maajot etaa brihot durbikhyon jontro nirmanor baabe nasar pujir baabe ek tibro trimargi protijugita aarombho hoisil, jaar kewol xour jyotirbigyanor obhigyota aasil. iyar folot "upstart" prostawok puji prodan koraa hoisil. iyar xoru jyotirbigyan bibhagtu jyotirbigyanor baabe etaa notun protisthanoloi punor nirman koraa hoisil, aaru 1968 sonot hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhage iyak iyar durbikhyon jontror byaxardhor bhitorot thoka xokolu bhumir baabe 65 bosoror liz disil, mulotoh upororkhini. 1970 sonot xompurno huwar pisot, ei durbikhyon jontrotu aasil biswor xoptom brihottom optical/infrared durbikhyon jontro. 1970 sonor bhitorot aamerika juktorastror bayu xena aaru luwel objarbhetoriye dutaa durbikhyon jontro nirman korisil. 1973 sonot kanada aaru france 3.6 mitter chi. ef. eis. ti. nirmanor baabe xohomot puxon korisil. obosye, sthaniyo xongothonxomuhe porzowexor uporot poriwexor probhawor bixoye udweg utthapon koriboloi aarombho korisil. iyar folot bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhage 1977 sonot prostut koraa aaru 1980 sonot puron koraa ek prarombhik byowosthapona porikolpona prostut korisil. 1982 sonor januaryt regentor porixode ei sthanot boigyanik xubidhar obyahot unnoyonok xomorthon korar baabe ek porikolpona onumudon korisil. 1998 sonot, moo 'naa keyaa borof jugor xongrokhito bonancholor puronor baabe porzobekhyon kendror poraa lijoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 1982 sonor porikolponatu 2000 sonot 2020 sonoloike xewa aagborhaboloi design koraa ek xomproxaronor dwara xoloni koraa hoisiloh ee jyotirbigyanor baabe monunit mouna keyaa byowosthaponar etaa karzaloy sthapon korisil, aaru bakikhini "prakritik aaru xangoskritik xongrokhyon" loi sthanantor korisil. ei porikolponatu aaru xongxudhon koraa hoisil hawaiyan xomprodayor maajot prokax puwa udwegor xomadhan koriboloi je porbotor xangoskritik mulyobudhor proti xonmanor obhab dekhuuwa hoisil. aaji mouna keyaa bigyan xongrokhito oncholot 13taa porzobekhyon xubidha aase, protitute 11khon dexor dwara puji jugan dhora hoise. drishyoman aaru infrared spekramot notaa durbikhyon jontro kaam kori aase, tinita upo-millimeter spekramot, aaru etaa readyo 'spekramot, iyar poraa aayon baa byonjonor xoite. tulonamulokbhabe, haabol mohakax durbikhyon jontror etaa aaina aase, aakarot uaes88-ror dore, ji etiya porbotor dwitiyo xoru durbikhyon jontro. saaw mouna key" andulone porbotor bikaxok opobitro buli biswax kore. xangoskritik oitijyo aaru poriwexor xoite jorito kahiyar dore sthaniyo hawaiyan olabhjonok gutxomuheu xangoskritik aaru dhormiyo karonot unnoyonor birudhita kore. 2006 sonot prostawito multy-telescope "outrigger" owoxexot baatil koraa hoisil. porikolpito notun durbikhyon jontro, trix mitter durbikhyon jontro (tmt)-e bitorko aaru protibadok aakorxito korise. 2013 sonor aprilot tmt onumudit hoisil. 2014 sonor octobor maahot protibadkarixokole durbikhyon jontror bhumi pujon onusthanot baadha disil jaar folot prokolpotu xamoyikbhabe bondho hoi goisil. 2015 sonor march maahor xexor faale protibadkarixokole punor xonmilonoloi juwa pothor prowex bondho korisil. 2015 sonor 2 aprilot, 300 john protibadkari dorxonarthir kendror usorot ekotrito hoisil jetiya 12 john lukok greptar koraa hoisil aaru xonmilonot aaru 11 john greptar koraa hoisil. protibad gutxomuhor udwegor bhitorot aase bhumi mulyayon aaru sthaniyo hawaiyanxokolor poramorxo. rajyokhonot protibad xomproxarito huwar pisot 2015 sonor 7 aprilot nirman bondho koraa hoisil. keibatau sthogito rokhar pisot, prokolpotu swessai sthogito koraa hoise. gobhornor igeye bhobisyote mouna keyar byowosthaponat jothesto poriworton ghuxona korisil jodiu prokolpotu aagbarhi jaabo paare buli koichil. hawair uschotom nyayaloye 31 octobor, 2018-too nirman punor aarombho korar onumudon jonaisil. protibadkarixokole trix mitter durbikhyon jontror biruddhe protikriya hisape online aabedon prokax korise. tmt teliscopor nirman tatkhyonikbhabe bondho koraa" xirxok online abedontu xoloni koriboloi post koraa hoisil.2019 sonor 14 julyte online petitiontuwe bortoman biswojuri 278,057 tokoi odhik swakhyor xongroho korise. kisuman protibadkariye trix mitter durbikhyon jontror baabe teur xomorthonor baabe hawaiyan gowornor david iger biruddhe mohabhijugor babeu aahban jonaise. 2019 sonor 18 julyte "impis gobhornor david ige" xirxok etaa online aabedon xoloni koriboloi post koraa hoisil.org aaru bortoman 62,562 tokoiu odhik swakhyor xongroho korise. 2021 sonor xexor faale koo "vid-19 mohamarir soli thoka probhab aaru prokolpotur baabe pujir poribortonor baabe nirman porikolponaxomuh bortoman sthogito rokha hoise zo" too rastriyo bigyan foundationor joriyote federal puji upolobdho koraa dekha jaabo paare. trix mitter durbikhyon jontror nirmanok loi bibad obyahot aase. sthaniyo xongbad madhyom xongothonxomuhe koraa swotontro nirbasonot dipxomuhot prokolpotur baabe dui tritiyangxoru odhik sthaniyo baxindai prokolpotu xomorthon korar xoite dharabahik xomorthon dekhuwaise. ei ekekhon xomikhyai sthaniyo hawaiyan xomprodayor xomorthon notun durbikhyon jontro nirmanok xomorthon koraa hawaiyan uttordataxokolor pray aadhar xoite bibhokto hoi thokar ingito diye. 2022 sonor july maahot rajyik aaine hawai biswobidyaloyor poraa master bhumi lijor uporot niyontron notun mouna keyaa meramoti aaru porzobekhyon kortripokhyoloi (em. key. ess. oh '.) sthanantor kori protibador proti xohari jonay. makes 'aa hoise 12 john xodosyor porixod (11 john bhutdankari xodosyo aaru 1 john oh-bhutdankari xodosyo) zo' too biswobidyaloyor protinidhi, jyotirbigyani aaru sthaniyo hawaiyanxokol ontorbhukto thaake aaru iyak jyotirbigyani aaru sthaniyo hawaiyanxokolor birudhi swarthor maajot bharxamyo bisari uliuwar lokhyore sristi koraa hoisil. iyak hawai bhumi aaru prakritik xompod bibhagor bhitorot rokha hoise aaru 2023 sonor 1 julyr poraa aarombho huwa biswobidyaloyor poraa 5 bosoror poribortonor xomoyor pisot mouna keyaa bhumir bhitorot rajyik-porisalito bhumir byowosthaponar baabe prodhan kortripokhyo hoh 'bob. poribortonor xomoisuwat, macxua aaru biswobidyaloye jutiyabhabe bhumi porisalona koribo aanhate kortripokhyoi bhumir byobohar, manob karzokolap aaru xamogrik karjyokolap niyontron koriboloi ek byowosthapona porikolpona bikoxito koribo. 2028 sonot poribortonor xomoy xex huwar pisot, kortripokhyor dayitwoburor bhitorot notun bhumi byoboharor onumoti jaari koraa ontorbhukto thakibo ji 2033 sonot bortomanor master liz xex huwar baabe guruttopurno hoh 'bob, aaru iyar myad ukoli juwar xomoyot notun lijor xoite naahe ene jikunu nirikhyon kendrok baatil koraa hoh' bob. jolobayu. mouna keyar ek alpine jolobayu (ityadi) aase. iyar krantiyo okhyangxor probhawor baabe, taapmatrar dulona oti komm. himm xadharonbhabe bosorjuri thaake, kintu gorh mahekiya tapmatra gutei bosorjuri himankor uporot thaake. jikunu maahot uschota aaru uporot borof poribo paare, kintu octoboror poraa apriloloike praye hoy. 1972 sonor poraa 1982 sonoloike etaa botor kendro porisalito hoisil; obosye, ei xomoisuwar bhitorot maatro 33 maahor bhitorot taapmatrar obhilekh aase; bohu bosorot maatro dumahor baabe tothyo aase. tolot prodorxito tapmatra moxrin gorh, nuwar dwara lipibodho koraa kaasa xongkhya nohoy. binudon. mouna keyar upokulor uporot hamakuwa upokulor aadhipotyo aase, jitu aagneyogirir faale xoghonai hraax aaru bhumiskholonor folot sristi huwa ek durgom bhukhondo. ei oncholot kalupa rajyik binudon khyetro, wailuku nodee rajyik udyan aaru aakaka jolopropat rajyik udyanoke dhori keibatau binudon udyan aase. hawai dipot 3,000tokoiu odhik ponjiyonbhukto sikari aase, aaru binudon aaru jiwika duyutare baabe sikar koratu mouna keyar ek xadharon karzokolap. gaahori, bhera, sagoli, turkey, tikha aaru kuweloke dhori proborton koraa jibo-jontur xongkhya niyontron koriboloi ek rajohuwa sikar karzoxusi byobohar koraa hoy. mouna key rajyik binudon khetrotuwe ei khelor baabe ek aadhar xibir hisape kaam kore. paharor tolor storotu sorai suwatu xosorasor dekha yaay. etaa jonopriyo sthan hoise "kipuka pu huhuhulu", mauna keyar faale etaa kipuka jitu etaa paharor uporot laabha boi juwar folot bonanchole prithok hoi porar xomoyot gothon hoisil. mouna keyar uscho uschota aaru iyar faale thoka thiyotai kaxor mouna luwatkoi ek bhaal drishyo aaru komm xomoyor podojatra prodan kore. uschotar xoite uschotar oxusthota, botoror udweg, thiyo pothor grade, aaru xamogrikbhabe durgomotar folot aagneyogiritu bipojjonok aaru xikhor bhromon kothin hoi pore. bingxo xotikar majbhagot poth nirman nuhuwaloike, kewol hardixokole mouna keyar uporor dhalxomuh bhromon korisil; sikarixokole khelor jontubur onuxoron korisil, aaru porbotaruhixokole porbotor uporoloi jatra korisil. ei bhromonkarixokole 1930-ror doxokot oxamorik xongrokhyon bahinir dwara nirmito xilor kebinbur aadhar xibir hisape byobohar korisil, aaru ei xubidhaxomuhor porai antohrastriyo jyotirbigyan durbikhyon jontror xomorthon complexor baabe aadhunik modhyo-storor unijuka kendrotu aahoron koraa hoisil. prothom mouna keyaa xikhor poth 1964 sonot nirman koraa hoisil, jaar folot xikhortu odhik lukor baabe xulobh hoi porisil. aaji, mouna keyaa trailoke dhori ekadhik hiking trail aase, aaru 2007 sonoloike proti bosore 100,000-tokoiu odhik porjotok aaru 32,000-ru odhik baahon antohrastriyo jyotirbigyanor oh 'nijuka kendror kaxoriya dorxonarthi tothyo kendroloi (bhis) goi aasil. moo 'naa keyaa prowex pothtu kendroloi poriskar koraa hoise. etaa odhyoyonot prokax paise je porbotot kaam koraa pray ek tritiyangxo dorxonarthi aaru dui tritiyangxo pesadari jyotirbigyaniye tibro uschotar oxusthotar lokhyon onubhob korise; aagneyogirir faale jatra koraa dorxonarthixokolok komeu aadha ghonta aaru odhik uschotar xoite khaap khuwar baabe dorxonarthi kendrot odhik xomoy rakhiboloi poramorxo diya hoy. uporoloi jaboloi sarisokiya baahon byobohar korar poramorxo diya hoy. breakbur praye tolot juwar pothot otirikto gorom hoy aaru mouna ki-too kunu indhon upolobdho nohoy. purbote proti nixa 6-10 ror poraa etaa binamuliya taroka suwa karzoxusi onusthito koraa hoisil, karjyokori xomoyor poriworton aaru soli thoka koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe bondho huwa duyutar baabei karzoxusi baatil koraa hoisil. proti bosore 5,000ror poraa 6,000 lukor maajot mouna keyar xikhor bhromon kore, aaru xurokhya nischito korat xohay koriboloi, aaru porbotor okhondota xurokhito koriboloi, 2001 sonot etaa renjar karzoxusi rupayan koraa hoisil.

mouna keey mouna keya (baa; "mouna aaa wakeya"-err sangkhipto roop) hawai dweeper ekti sakriya agneygiri. err shikhar samudraprishther upore, jaa etike hawai rajyer sorbochcho bindu ebong prithibir ekti dweeper dwitiya sorbochcho shringo korey toley. eyi shringoti arow borh protibeshi, mouna loar cheye pray unchu. mouna keya taar uchchotar jonno aswabhabikbhabe stholakritibhabe bishishto err ardro bishistota bishwer porbotmalar modhye panchadash, ekhane err shushko bishistota holl. eyi shushko pradhanno samudraprishtha theke mount everster uchchotar cheye beshi, ebong kichhu kortripokkho err joler taldesh theke mouna keyake bishwer sabcheye unchu porboto hisabe chinnito koreche. etty pray eka million bochor purno ebong evabe koyek hazar bochor agey jeeboner sabcheye sakriya ddhaal porjai atikram koreche. err bortoman poosta-shield abosthai, err lava arow sandra, jaar foley ekti khada prophaila toiri hoy. sindara shanku nirman, err futtle anchalgulir bikendrikaran, err shirshe himbah ebong procholito banijya bataser karone poroborti agneygiri etike taar protibeshi agneygirir tulna onek beshi rukkho chehara diyeche. mouna keya sheshbar 6,000 theke 4,000 bochor agey udbhuto hoyechilo ebong ekhon etty supto boley money koraa hoy. hawaiya dhorme, hawai dweeper shringoguli pobitro. ekti prachin aain shudhumatra uchcho podostho alike err shirshe yawar anumati deyo. prachin hawaibasira jaaraa mouna cair ddhaale bosobas koroto taaraa khabarer jonno err bistrito boner upor nirbhar koroto ebong saranjam utpadoner jonno err parshwe ghono agneygiri-himbah bassault khonon koroto. 18 shotoker shesher dike jokhon europera eshe pouchoy, tokhon bosoti sthaponkarira gobadi poshu, bheda ebong khelar pranider proborton korey, jaar modhye anekguli bonno hoye othe ebong agneygirir poribeshgoto bharsamyoke khotigrostho korte shuru korey. mouna keyake poribeshgotobhabe tinti bibhage bivokto koraa jete paareh err shirshe ekti alpine jalbayu, ekti "sophora chrysphila"-err parshwe "myoporam sandouiscence" (baa mamane-nayeo) bonn, ebong ekti "acasia koya"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (baa koya-ohia) bonn, jaa ekhon beshirbhagi praktan chinny shilp dwara porishkar koraa hoyeche. samprotik bochorgulite, sthaniya projatir durbolota niye udweger karone adaloter mamlaguli hoyeche jaa hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhagke agneygirir samasta bonno prajati nirmul korar dike kaaj korte badhyo koreche. uchcho uchchota, shushko poribesh ebong sthitishil bayuprabaha soho, mouna keey-err shirshosthan jyotirbigyan porjobekkhoner jonno bishwer onnotomo sera sthan. 1964 saale ekti probeshpoth toirir porr theke, egaroti desher orthayone teroti telescope eyi sheersho sommelone nirmito hoyeche. mouna keya porjobekkhonagarguli boidyutin chaumbakiya bornali judey boigyanik gobeshonar jonno byabohrito hoy ebong bishwer brihottomo eyi dharaner subidha niye gothito. sthaniya hawaiyander dwara pobitro boley bibechito ekti prakritik drishyer upor taader nirman aajo bitorker vishay hoye dandiyeche. topographic bishistota. mouna keya taar uchchotar jonno aswabhabikbhabe stholakritikbhabe bishishto, bishwer porbotmalar modhye ardro bishistota panchadash, ebong bishwer dwitiya shushko bishistota, shudhumatra mount everester porey. etty taar dweeper sorbochcho shringo, taai err ardro bishistota samudraprishther upore taar uchchotar saathe melle. jehetu hawai dweeppunjo samudrer govire ddhaal, taai mouna cair ekti shushko pradhanno royeche. eyi shushko bishistota samudraprishtha theke everest porboter uchchotar cheye lomba, taai mauna cair shushko bishistota atikram korte everestke puro mahadeshke taar padodeshe antarbhukta korte hobey. hawaiyan gorto theke kotota mouna keya beriye eseche taa bibechona korey, kichhu kortripokkho etike bishwer sabcheye unchu (sorbocher biporite) porboto boley abhihito koreche, jaa bases theke shikhar porjonto porimap koraa hoy. bishistotar biporite, vitti shithilbhabe sangyayita koraa hoyeche, jaar foley sankhya (hawaiyan gorter gabhirtama bindu porjonto) theke (govir bhugorbhostho pahader shikad porjonto) porjonto hoyeche. eyi udahorongulir upor, anyanno porbotoguli protidwondi daabi korey, jemon mount lamlam bases theke uchchotoro arohan daabi korey (challenger govir theke shuru korey), ebong samasta himalaya porbotmala prochondo govir shikad daabi korey. atacama parikha theke andiz porboto porjonto brihottor utthan porimap koraa jete paare, udahoronsorup, richarder govir (govir) theke nikatbarti lullallako (uchcho) err sheersho porjonto. lamlam porboto baa lullallako porboto ubhayi mouna cair moto shushko pradhanno paay naa, kaaron eguli protiti dike parikha porjonto prosarito hoy naa. bhutotto. hawai dweep gathankari panchti agneygirir modhye mouna keya ekti, jaa hawai-samrat seamont cheiner brihottomo ebong konisthotomo dweep. eyi panchti hotspot agneygirir modhye, mouna keya holl choturtho prachintama ebong choturtho sorbadhik sakriya. etty pray eka million bochor agey hawai hotspot dwara chaalito ekti presild agneygiri hisabe shuru hoyechilo ebong 500,000 bochor agey porjonto err ddhaal porjaye byatikramibhabe sakriya hoye othe. 250, 000 theke 200,000 bochor agey mouna keey taar shanto poosta-shiild porjaye probesh korechilo ebong bortomane sakriya, 4,500 theke 6,000 bochor agey sheshbar bishforito hoyechilo. mouna cair drishyoman shikhar caldera nei, tobey err shirsher kachhe besh koyekti chhoto sindara ebong pumis shanku royeche. ekti praktan shikhar kaldera porey shikhar agnyutpater amanoto dwara bhora ebong somahito hotey paare. mouna keya aytoner tulna eto borh jey etty ebong err protibeshi mouna loa err niche samudrer bhuttokke nichu korey deyo. proti bochorero qama haare agneogirity taar nijer ojoner niche pichle ebong samtal hotey thaake. err beshirbhag bhor err bortoman shirsher purbo dike abosthito. etty samudraprishther upore, taar protibeshi mouna loar cheye pray unchute abosthito ebong hawai rajyer sorbochcho bindu. samasta hawaiyan agneygirir moto, mauna keya toiri koraa hoyeche kaaron pacific tectonic plate prithibir antarnihito aboroner hawaiyan hotspoter upor diye sorey geche. hawai dweeper agneygiriguli eyi prokriyar samprotiktomo proman jey, 7 kotee bochorero beshi somoy dhorey, deergho hawaiyan shailashira-samrat seamont chein toiri koreche. procholito, jodio sampurnarupe sthir noy, drishtibhongi holl jey hotspotti groher aboroner modhye beshirbhag somoy dhorey sthir royeche, jodi naa samasta sinozoic juger jonno. jodio hawaiyan agneygiri bhalbhabe bojha yaay ebong byapokbhabe adhyayan koraa hoy, tobey hotspot probhaber kaaron haoya prokriyatir konao nirdishto byakhya nei. lava taar briddhir somoy taar protibeshider saathe jotil store achchadito hoye mouna keey theke probahito hoy. sorbadhik bishistobhabe, mouna keya kohala theke uttor-poschime purano probaher upor nirmito, ebong dakkhine mouna loar vittike chhed korey. mool agnyutpatkari futtle (futtle anchal) err poosta-shield agneygirir dwara somahito hoyechilo. hilo shailashira, jaa mouna cair purbe ekti bishishto joler niche futtle anchal kathamo, eksamoy agneygirir ekti ongsho boley money koraa hoto; tobey, etty ekhon kohalar ekti futtle anchal hisabe bojha yaay jaa torun mouna keya probaher dwara probhabito hoyeche. agneygirir bishal prodhan bhor toiri koraa ddhaal-storer lavaguli holl prathomik magma ebong nichu mahasagariya bhuttoker mishraner madhyome toiri haoya maona loar moto tholitic bassault. taaraa 'hamakkua agneygiri'-rawr poosta-shield kkhar bassault, jaa 250,000 ebong 70-65,000 bochor agey bishforito hoyechilo, taar prachintama unmukto sheela stor dwara achchadito. samprotiktomo agneygirir probaho holl hawait ebong mugiarite eguli holl poosta-shield "lapaho agneygiri", jaa 65,000 theke 4,000 bochor agey udbhuto hoyechilo. lava gathone eyi poribortonguli shirshe magmer sorboraher dheer hraser saathe chhilo, jaar foley durbal agnyutpato ghote jaa agneygirir suptotar saathe somporkito bichchinno porbogulir poth deyo. lapaho lavaguli arow sandra ebong ager tholitic basaltgulir tulna beshi udwayi; taader puru probaho ullekhjoggobhabe maona cair parshwe khada. echhadao, bishforonguli shirsher kachhe sindara shanku toiri koreche. eyi shankuguli mouna cair samprotiktomo udgiran kendra. err bortoman shirshe lava gombuj ebong sindara shanku dwara probhabito hoy jaar byasha ebong uchchota shoto shoto mitter. mouna keya holl ekmatro hawaiyan agneygiri jaa himbaher swatantra proman soho. sombhoboto mouna loate anurup amanoto vidyaman chhilo, tobey poroborti lava probaho dwara achchadito hoyeche. hawaiyer grissomondoliyo abosthan sotteo, bigoto besh koyekti baraf juge tapmatrai eka degree hraser foley grisser modhye agneygirir shirshe tushar thakte paare, jaa ekti borofer achchadon gathoner sutropat korey. goto 180,000 bochor dhorey himbaher tinti porbo record koraa hoyeche "pokuloa" (180-130 qaa), "oyaihu" (80-60 qaa) ebong "makanaka" (40-13 qaa) sirij. eguli agneygirir uporer dick borabor bistritobhabe shikharti bhaskorjayito koreche, morain ebong ekti brittakar boloy ebong nudi jomaa koreche. subglassial agnyutpatguli makanaka himbaher somoy sindara shanku toiri korechilo, jaar beshirbhagi himbah crea dwara byapokbhabe akranto hoyechilo. sabcheye samprotik shankuguli 9000 theke 4500 bochor agey himbaher amanoter upore nirmito hoyechilo, jodio ekti gobeshonai ingito deoa hoyeche jey shesh agnyutpatti pray 3600 bochor agey hotey paare. himbahguli taader sorbochcho matra shikhar theke uchchota porjonto bistrito chhilo. permafroster ekti chhoto deho, jaa 1974 saaler agey mouna cair shirshe pawa giechilo, ebong ekhono uposthito thakte paare. brishti ebong tushar-poshito sroto dwara gothito chhoto chhoto golir chuda, jaa shudhumatra shitkale goley yawa ebong brishtir somoy probahito hoy. agneygirir bataser dike, banijyik bataser dwara chaalito sroter kshay purano kohalar moto khyake twarannito koreche. proshanto mahasagariya abobahikar sorbochcho hrod oyaiyau-err abashsthol holl mouna keya. err uchchotai, etty puu oayau sindara shankute abosthito ebong hawaiyer ekmatro alpine hrod. hrodti khub chhoto ebong agabhir, jaar pristhotoler ayton ebong govirota jokhon purno hoy. hroder padodeshe namunagulir radiocarbon detting ingito korey jey etty 12,600 bochor agey baraf theke porishkar chhilo. hawaiyan lava sadharonoto probeshjoggo, jaa onuprobesher karone hrod gathonke protirodh korey. sulfur bohonkari bashpo agneygirir chhaike qama-byaptijoggo qaday poriborton korey, athoba frietic agnyutpater somoy kromobordhoman magma ebong bhugorbhostho joll baa pristher joler modhye bisforok mythscrea byatikramibhabe sukkho chhai gathon korey jaa hroder tolodesher byaptijogyata hrass korey. 1993 saal porjonto hawai dweepe konao artesian joll jaanaa yayni jokhon hawai vishwavidyalaya dwara khonon koraa hoyechilo samudraprishther cheye beshi artesian bhugorbhostho jolostor, jaa borholer moat govirotar cheye beshi prosarito hoyechilo. borholti mutty ebong lover ekti sangkuchito storer modhyo diye khonon koraa hoyechilo jekhane mouna loar probaho unmukto mouna keya pristher upor dokhol korey niyechilo ebong porobortikale samudraprishther niche neme giechilo. somosthanik gathon dekhay jey, samudraprishther gader cheye beshi uchchotai mouna keey theke assa brishti theke joll utponno hoyeche. bhugorbhostho joler uposthitir jonno maona cair besal lenser modhye ekti mitha joler matha dayee. bigyanira biswas corren jey bortoman modeler tulna mouna cair mitha joler lenser modhye beshi joll thakte paare. 2012 saale mouna keyate arow duti borhole khonon koraa hoyechilo, jekhane joll onek beshi uchchotai ebong prottashar cheye qama gobhirotai pawa giechilo. hawai bishwobidyaloyer sakriya agneygiri adhyayaner kendrer porichalok donald thomas biswas corren jey bhugorbhostho jolostorer adhyayan chaliye yawar ekti kaaron holl uchcho uchchota anchaler byabohar ebong dokholer karone, tini bolenoh "eyi samasta kriyakalapguli nirbhar korey panian joler upolobdhotar upor jaa beshirbhag khettrei oyaimiya baa hilo theke saddle trucke korey niye yawa aboshyok-ekti adakkha ebong byabahul prokriya jaa amader durlov torol jalanir jotheshto poriman byabohar korey." bhabishyater karjokolap. pray 4,600 bochor agey (pray 2600 khristopurbabdo) mouna cair shesh agnyutpato hoyechilo; eyi nishkriyotar karone, mouna keyake taar shirsher jonno 7 ebong err neecher diker jonno 8 err ekti markin juktorashtrer bhutattik jorip bipoder talika deoa hoyeche, jaa 9 err sorbonimno sombhabbo bipoder retting (jaa bilupto agneygirir kohalake deoa hoyeche). 8000 khristopurbabder porr theke lava probaho agneygirir shirsher 20 shotangsho judey royeche ebong karjoto err konao parshwa nei. supto abostha sotteo, mouna keya abar bishforito hobey boley aasha koraa hachche. purboborti agnyutpater upor vitti korey, eyi dharaner ghotona agneygirir uporer diker jey konao jaiga ghotote paare ebong sombhoboto deergho lava probaho toiri korte paare, beshirbhagi deergho. deergho somoyer karjokolap utser ekti sindara shanku toiri korte paare. jodio poroborti koyek shotabdite eyi dharaner agnyutpater sombhabona nei, tobey err foley sombhoboto samanno pranhanir pashapashi porikathamor ullekhjoggo khoti hobey. manob itihas. sthaniya itihas. hawai dweepe agoto prothom prachin hawaiyara upokul borabor bosobas koroto, jekhane prachur porimane khaddo oo joll chhilo. 12shha ebong 13shha shatabdir godar dike bosotiguli abhyantarinbhabe mouna loa-mouna keya anchale prosarito hoyechilo. protnotattik proman theke jaanaa yaay jey, eyi anchalguli shicker, pathorer upadan sangraha ebong sombhoboto adhyattik karone baa jyotirbidyar baa nouporibohon porjobekkhoner jonno byabohrito hoto. pahader prachur bonn khadder jonno udbhid oo prani ebong ashrayer jonno kanchamal sarbaraha koroto. udantahin pakhi jaa agey konao shikarike janoto naa, seguli ekti prodhan khaddo utso hoye othe. hawai dweeppunjer prathomik bosoti sthaniya bastutantre borh poriborton ebong biseshoto pakhi projatir modhye onek biluptir dike porichalito korechilo. prachin hawaiyara bideshi udbhid oo prani niye esechilo ebong taader agmon kshayer haar briddhir saathe jukto chhilo. procholito nimnabhumi bonn bastutantra bonn theke trinobhumite rupantarita hoyechilo; eyi poribortoner kichhu ongsho aguner byaboharer karone hoyechilo, tobey bonn bastutantrer poton ebong hawaite avian biluptir procholito kaaron polynesian (baa pacific) indurer proborton boley money hoy. hawaiyer panchti agneygiri pobitro porboto hisabe sommanito; ebong sorbochcho mouna cair shirshoti sabcheye pobitro. eyi karone, ekti "kapu" (prachin hawai aain) uchcho podostho alir dorsonarthider adhikarke seemaboddho korey. hawaiyara taader prakritik poribesher upadangulike nirdishto debotar sange jukto korey. hawaiyan purane, mouna cair shirshoke "debotader anchal" hisabe dekha hoto, jekhane poropkari atmara baas korey. tushar debota poliahuo sekhane baas corren. "mouna keya" holl mouna-ayee-wakier ekti sangkhipto roop ebong err ortho holl "saadaa porboto", err mousumi tushar-achchadito shirsher prosonge. 1100 khristabder dike, sthaniya basindara saranjam toirir jonno ananya ghono bassault (lava probaher druto shitalkaran dwara upo-himbah udgiraner somoy himbaher saathe milit howar foley utponno) uttoloner jonno mouna cair upore adge khoni sthapon korechilen. blader jonno agneygirir cutch ebong gabro sangraha koraa hoto ebong machh dhorar saranjamer jonno manen kaatth pochondo koraa hoto. 1400 khristabder porr sheersho khanir kaajkormer somoy, rukkho ebong sukkho cutter jonno prithak subidha chhilo; shromikder tikiye rakhar jonno khaddo, joll ebong kaather ashray; ebong somapto ponno toiri korar karmashala chhilo. oyaiyau hrod shromikder jonno panian joler byabostha korechilo. sthaniya prodhanra nobojatok shishuder navir dadio err joley dubiye dito, jaate taader pahader shakti deoa yaay. eyi somoyer modhye ebong american oo europeoder saathe jogajoger modhye khanitir byabohar hrass peyeche. khoni khonon sangkranta anusthaner ongsho hisabe, shromikra taader debotader jonno mondir nirman koroto; eyi ebong anyanno khoni nidarshanguli eyi sthangulite roye geche, jaar beshirbhagi ekhon mouna keey baraf juger sanrakkhito anchaler modhye royeche. eyi prathomik juger porey 12shha ebong 18shha shatabdir shesher dike sangoskritik samprasaran ghote. jonogoner tatkhonik proyojoner jonno jommy anchalgulite bivokto koraa hoyechilo. eyi "ahupua" sadharonoto porboto shikhar theke upokul porjonto deergho bhumi vittik striper roop niyechilo. mouna cair shirshoti kaohe-err ahupuate beshtito chhilo, jaar purbo ddhaltir kichhu ongsho nikatbarti humula pouchechilo. agneygirir ddhaale bosobaskari hawaiyander pushtir prodhan utso chhilo err uporer ddhaler manane-nayeo bonn theke, jaa taader udbhid ebong pakhi jeebon pradan korechilo. shicker koraa pakhir projatir modhye royeche eu ("poterodroma sandouichancies"), nene ("branta sandvichancies") ebong palila ("loxioids bellui"). nimno koya-ohia bonn sthanioder canor jonno kaatth ebong sajja korar jonno pakhir palok deyo. adhunik jug. 1778 saale james kuker agmoner agey hawaite assa bideshider tinti biboron royeche. tobey, 18 shotoker shesher dike ebong 19 shotoker godar dike abhijatrider dwara toiri koraa hoy mouna keya soho dweeper prachintama poschima chitro. europe ebong americar sange jogajoger foley dweeper basindader jonno borh porinoti hoyechilo. sthaniya hawaiyanra probortito roga dwara biddhosto hoyechilo; hilo, kelakekua ebong kailua soho bondor shaharguli banijya protisthar saathe saathe briddhi peyechilo; ebong dhatu saranjam probortoner porey mouna keyate adge khaniguli porityokto hoyechilo. 1793 saale, raja kamehameh-ee-err proti shroddha janate george vancouver gobadi poshu niye asen. 19 shotoker godar dike, taaraa bonditto theke rakkha peyechilo ebong swadhinbhabe dweepe ghure bedaay, jaar foley err bastutantrer byapok khoti hoy. 1809 khristabde john palmer parker eshe kamehamehar saathe bondhutto corren, jini taake dweepe gobadi poshu byabosthaponar dayitte nijukto corren. 1845 saale atirikto jommy onudaner madhyome parker mouna cair uttor ddhaale parker khamar sthapon corren, jaa ekti borh gobadi poshu khamar jaa aajo chaalu royeche. dweepe bosoti sthaponkarira aakh chaash ebong baadir jonno nichu sthaniya boner beshirbhag ongsho pudiye feley. mona keya ebong maanaa loar modhye saddle-akritir malvumi paar howar jonno namkaran koraa saddle roadti 1943 saale somponno hoyechilo ebong maanaa keyate yatayatke jotheshto sahaj korey diyechilo. malvumir pohakuloa proshikkhon elakati hawaiyer brihottomo samrik proshikkhon maatth. 1956 saal theke markin senabahinike izara deoa rashtriya jomite agneygirir neecher dick theke uchchota porjonto eyi ghantititi bistrito. eyi anchale 15tii biponno oo biponno udbhid, tinti biponno pakhi ebong ekti biponno badud prajati royeche. 1980-err doshok theke mouna keya byapok protnotattik gobeshonar sthan. 2000 saaler modhye bigyan sanrakkhaner pray 27 shotangsho jorip koraa hoyechilo, 76tii mondir, 4tii adje utpadon karmashala, 3tii anyanno chinnitkari, 1tii chinnito kabarasthan ebong 4tii sombhabbo samadhisthal chinnito koraa hoyechilo. 2009 saaler modhye chinnito sthaner sankhya bede 223-ayee dandiyeche ebong agneygirir uporer diker protnotattik gobeshona cholche. etty poramorsho deoa hoyeche jey mandirguli, jaa agneygirir shirsher charpashe ekti prachin tusharrekha hotey paare, taa mouna cair pobitro ongshe rupantarer jonno chinnitkari. hawaiyer moukhik itihase mouna cair charpashe dafon korar onek ullekh thaka sotteo, koyekti sthan nischito koraa hoyeche. agneogirite chhoriye thaka onek sindara shankute mondir baa anyanno nidorshongulir abhab hotey paare kaaron seguli dafoner jonno sanrakkhito chhilo. arohan. praka-jogajoger somoye, sthaniya basindara sombhoboto vidyaman pother cheye prakritik drishya dwara beshi porichalito hoto, kaaron pother konao proman pawa yayni. err poriborte prakritik shailashira ebong joler utsoguli anusaran koraa sombhob. byaktira sombhoboto mouna cair ddhaale bhromon korey err shirsher kachhe paribarik rakkhanabekkhan koraa mandirguli poridorshon korey ebong porboto arohan somporkito oitijjoguli aajo vidyaman. tobey, khub qama sthaniya manushoi shirshe pouchechilen, kaaron err upor kathor "kapu" rakha hoyechilo. 19 shotoker godar dike, mouna cair prachintama ullekhjoggo "nothibhukto" arohaner modhye nimnalikhitguli antarbhukta chhiloh 19 shotoker shesher dike ebong 20 shotoker godar dike trailguli toiri hoyechilo, prayashai khelar paaler chalachal dwara, jaa ghodaay chadey bhromon koraa jete paare. tobey, 1964 saale ekti sadak nirmaner agey porjonto eyi shirshe janbahoner probesh karjoto asambhab chhilo ebong etty ekhono seemaboddho royeche. bortomane, bivinno byaboharik rajye sheersho sommeloner ekadhik poth royeche. bastutantra. patabhumi. hawaiyer bhougolik bichchinnota err bastutontroke dridhobhabe probhabito korey. hawaiyer moto prottonto dweepgulite prachur sankhyak prajati royeche jaa onno kothao pawa yaay naa (hawai dweeppunje prantikota dekhun). durobortitar foley bibortoniyo rekha onno kothao theke alada hoye yaay ebong eyi sthaniya projatigulike bahyik joibo prabhab theke bichchinno korey deyo ebong taader biseshoto biluptir ebong akromonattok projatir probhaber jonno jhunkipurno korey toley. echhadao hawaiyer bastutantra krishikkhetrer jonno jommy saaf koraa soho manob unnayan theke humkir mukhe royeche; dweeper anumanik tritiyangsho sthaniya prajati itimadhye nischinno hoye geche. err uchchotar karone, hawai dweeppunjer jey konao jaiga biotic bastutantrer sorbadhik boichitro royeche. porboter bastutantraguli tapmatrar poriborton ebong uchchotar saathe brishtipater karone taar ddhaal borabor kendribhuto boloy toiri korey. eyi bastutontrogulike uchchota onusare motamutibhabe tinti bibhage bivokto koraa jete paareh alpine-subulpine, monten ebong besal bonn. 19 shotoker godar dike american ebong europeoder saathe jogajog dweepe arow beshi bosoti sthaponkarider niye aase ebong ekti sthayi netibachak poribeshgoto prabhab feley. nimno ddhaale, koya-ohia boner bishal ongsho krishijami hisabe rupantarita hoyechilo. upore, poshu-choron theke paliye assa bonno pranira moun cair sthaniya mamane-nayeo jungley ashray peyechilo ebong byapokbhabe khotigrosto hoyechilo. aaa-sthaniya udbhid holl anyanno gurutoro humki; dweepe 4,600 tiro beshi probortito prajati royeche, jekhane sthaniya projatir sankhya matro 1,000 boley anuman koraa hoy. alpine poribesh. mouna cair shirshoti gacher rekhar upore abosthito ebong beshirbhag lava sheela ebong alpine tundra niye gothito. bharee tusharpater ekti anchal, etty udbhider jonno anabasi, ebong hawaiyan grissomondoliyo uchcho gulmabhumi hisabe porichito. ekhane atyanta thhanda tapmatra, swalpo briddhir morshum, qama brishtipat ebong sheeter masgulite tusharpater karone briddhi seemaboddho. maatir abhab shikader briddhio byahoto korey, mutty theke pushti shoshan koraa kathin korey toley ebong eyi anchaltike khub qama joll dhorey rakhar khomota deyo. eyi uchchotai pawa udbhid projatir modhye royeche "styphelia temiamia", "taraxacum officinal", "tetramolopium humail", "aggrosties sandouisensis", "anthoxanthum odoratum", "tricetom glomeratum", "poa annua", "soncus oleresius" ebong "coprosma arnodiods". ekti ullekhjoggo prajati holl mouna keey sylverward ("argroxifium sandouiscence" bhaar. "sandouiscence"), ekti atyanta biponno sthaniya udbhid prajati jaa mouna cair uchcho uchchotar sindara morubhumite bede othe. eka porjaye matro 50tii udbhider jonosongkhai hrass peye, mouna keey sylverward alpine johne seemaboddho boley money koraa hoyechilo, tobey bastobe gobadi poshur chaaper karone sekhane chaalito hoyeche ebong nimno uchchotaio badte paare. 1981 saale dakkhin shirshe abosthito mouna keya borofer sanrakkhanagarti protisthito hoy. eyi sanrakkhanagarti ayeliyana marubhumi ebong hrod oyaiyau soho biral udbhijjo sindara amanoto ebong lava sheela soho ekti anchal. eyi bastutantrati biponno eu ("poterodroma sandouichancies")-err jonno ekti sombhabbo ashrayasthal ebong uikiu bugg ("niceus oyekiuikola")-err upor ekti gobeshonar kendrao. uikiu bagguli mrito pokamakader mritodeho khaay jaa batase mouna keya porjonto probahito hoy ebong tushar teere bosoti sthapon korey. etty "niceus" goner ekti projatir jonno ekti atyanta aswabhabik khaddo utso, jaa prodhanoto beej-khaoar pokamakad niye gothito. taader rokte prakritik antifries thucker karone taaraa sorbochcho uchchotai benche thakte paare. eguli beshirbhag somoy uttopto pristher niche thaake. taader sanrakkhaner abostha osposhto, tobey projatiti arr biponno projatir talikar jonno ekti prarthi noy; projatir kalyaner upor gobeshona 1980 saale shuru hoyechilo. ghonisthobhabe somporkito "niceus aaa" maona loate baas korey. nekde makadsa (lycosidae) ebong bonn tanbu caterpillar mothgulio ekoi mouna keya bastutantre dekha geche; prothomti taap-shoshankari pathorer niche lukiye theke yaay ebong porerti taader shorire thhanda-protirodhi rasayaniker madhyome benche thaake. mamane-nayeo bonn. agneygirir upor bonovumi anchal, ekti uchchotai, mamane ("sophora chrysphila") ebong naio ("myoporam sandouiscence") dwara probhabito, ubhoy sthaniya gaachh prajati, ebong eibhabe mamane-noyo bonn hisabe porichito. eyi anchaler pakhider prodhan khaddo holl mamaner beej ebong naio foll, bishesh korey palila ("loxioids bellui"). polila purbe mouna keya, mouna loa ebong hualaier ddhaale pawa jeto, kintu ekhon mouna cair ddhaale seemaboddho-err ager porisorer matro 10 shotangsho-ebong etike gurutorvabe biponno ghoshana koraa hoyeche. bastutantrer jonno sabcheye borh humki holl 18 shotoker shesher dike dweepe probortito bonno bheda, gobadi poshu ("boses premigenous") ebong chhagol ("capra hircus") dwara chorano. banijyik charoner sange bonno pranir protijogita etotai teebro chhilo jey 1920-err doshoker shesher dike taader nirmul korar ekti karmasuchi chhilo ebong 1949 saal porjonto abyahoto chhilo. eyi charoner folafolgulir modhye ekti chhilo bheshoj ebong kaather udbhider kromobordhoman pradurbhab, ubhayi sthaniya ebong probortito, jaa brousing protirodhi chhilo. bonno pranider pray nirmul koraa hoyechilo ebong 1950-err doshke kayekash sankhya chhilo. tobey, sthaniya shikarider probaher foley bonno projatigulike khelar prani hisabe mulya deoa hoyechilo ebong 1959 saale hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhag, sanrakkhan oo bhumi byabohar byabosthaponar dayitte thaka porichalona porshod, kheladhular subidharthe ekti teksoi-niyantran kormosuchite taar neeti poriborton korey. mouflon ("ovis arris orientalis") 1962 theke 1964 saal porjonto chaalu koraa hoyechilo ebong 1964 saale akkho horin ("akkho akkho") mukto korar parikalpana shudhumatra khamar shilper protibader madhyome protirodh koraa hoyechilo, jaaraa bolechilo jey taaraa fosoler khoti korbe ebong roga chhoriye debe. shicker shilp ladai korechilo ebong poshupalok ebong shikarider modhye pichhon-pichhon ladai shesh porjonto jonosadharoner poribeshgoto udweger jonmo deyo. mouna keey-teey jyotirboigyanik subidhar bikasher saathe saathe sanrakkhanbadira mouna keey-err bastutantrer surakkhar daabi janiyechilen. 25 shotangsho bonke surokkhito rakhar jonno ebong bucky 75 shotangshoke kheladhular shikarer jonno porichalona korar parikalpana koraa hoyechilo. sanrakkhanbadider birodhita sotteo porikolponati karjokor koraa hoyechilo. jommy bhag koraa holeo bedaa nirmaner jonno konao ortho baradda koraa hoyney. eyi dwandwer modhye biponno prajati aain pusses koraa hoyechilo; jatiya audubon society ebong siera club aainee protirokkha tehbil hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhager biruddhe ekti mamla dayer korechilo, daabi korechilo jey taaraa federal aain langghan korche, landmark mamla "polila bonam. hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhag "(1978). adalat sanrakkhanbadider pokkhe raay deyo ebong bonnoprani niyantraner agey yuktarashtriya aainer agradhikar bohal rakhe. biponno prajati aain langghan korey, haoi rajyoke pahader paash theke samasta bonno prani sariye felte hoyechilo. eyi siddhanter porey 1981 saale dwitiya adaloter adesh aase. ekti jonosadharoner shicker karmasuchi ontoto samoyikbhabe onek bonno pranike sariye deyo. ekti sakriya niyantran karmasuchi royeche, jodio etty jotheshto kathoratar saathe porichalito hoy naa jaate manane-nayeo bastutantrer ullekhjoggo punoruddharer anumati deoa yaay. dweepe ebong mouna keyate arow onek prajati ebong bastutantra royeche, jaa manob bikash ebong akromonattok projatir dwara humkir mukhe royeche. hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhager adhine momane-nayeo bonn sanrakkhan korey. saaraa bochor dhorey anabrito shikarer anumati deoa hoy. manane-nayeo boner ekti chhoto ongsho mouna keya rajyo binodan elaka dwara beshtito. nimno poribesh. mouna cair neecher ddhaale ekti khamar jommy chhilo purbe "acasia koya"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (koya-ohia) bonn. err dhongso 19 shotoker godar dike europea ebong american bosoti sthaponkarider probaher dwara chaalito hoyechilo, kaaron 1830-err doshke byapokbhabe kaatth kaata notun baadir jonno kaatth sarbaraha korechilo. boner bishal ongsho pudiye aakh chasher jonno porishkar koraa hoyechilo. dweeper beshirbhag baadi koya diye toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong boner jey ongshoguli benche giechilo taa aakh chasher boilergulike bidyut deoar ebong ghargulike gorom korar jonno jalani kaather utso hoye othe. 1880 saaler modhye eksamoy bishal bonn pray adrishya hoye giechilo ebong 1900 saaler modhye, kaather agroho cona ebong maui dweepe sthanantorito hoyechilo. 1990-err doshke chinny shilper potoner saathe saathe eyi jomir beshirbhag ongsho potito hoy tobey kichhu ongsho gobadi poshu chorano, chhoto akarer chaash ebong kaather sajja jonno eucalyptus chasher jonno byabohrito hoy. hakalau bonn jatiya bonnoprani ashray holl mouna cair bataser ddhaal borabor ekti prodhan koya bonn sanrakkhanagar. 1985 saale etty protisthito hoy, jaa bastutantrer aboshistangshoke achchadon korey. eyi anchale anyanno biral joibo udbhid chharao atti biponno pakhi prajati, baroti biponno udbhid ebong biponno hawaiyan hoari badud ("lasiurus sinereus semota") dekha geche. 1989 saal theke eyi sanrakkhito anchalti ekti byapok punahropan abhijaner sthan hoye dandiyeche. sanrakkhito anchaler kichhu ongsho sthaniya bastutantrer upor krishir prabhab dekhay, kaaron sanrakkhito anchaler uporer ongshe beshirbhag jommy porityokto krishijami. akasia koya-ohia boner sthaniya pakhi projatir modhye royeche hawaiyan kaak ("corvus hawaiensis"), akepa ("loxops cocinius"), hawai lataa ("oremistis maanaa"), akia bowl ("hemignathus munroi"), ebong hawaiyan hock ("byutio solitarius"), jaa sabgulii biponno, biponno baa biponno; biseshoto hawaiyan kakti haklau sanrakkhanagare projatitike punra probortoner parikalpana royeche. sheersho porjobekkhon kendra. anukul porjobekkhoner karone mouna keey-err shirshosthan jyotirbigyan porjobekkhoner jonno bishwer onnotomo sera sthan. boidyutik chaumbakiya bornalir eyi anchaler jonno submillimeter ebong infrared jyotirbigyaner jonno shushko poristhiti guruttopurno. shirshoti biporito storer upore, shirsher neeche beshirbhag megh ddheke rakhe ebong nischito korey jey shirshe batas shushko ebong bayumandaliya dushan theke mukto. bishwer sera jyotirbigyaner jonno ashantir abhab soho shikharer bayumandalti byatikramibhabe sthitishil. shohorer alo theke mouna cair durotter foley khub ondhokar akash aain dwara sanrakkhito hoy jaa ashepasher anchal theke alo dushanke hrass korey; ondhokar storti ksheen jyotirboigyanik bostur porjobekkhoner anumati deyo. eyi karonguli oitihasikbhabe mouna keey stargaginger jonno ekti durdanto sthan korey tulechilo. 1960-err doshoker godar dike, hawai dweeper banijya bibhag orthonoitik uddipok hisabe mouna cair jyotirboigyanik bikashke utsahito korechilo; etty orizona jyotirbigyani gerard quiper bishwobidyaloyer infrared alor notun unnoto detector byabohar korar jonno sitegulir onusondhaner saathe mille yaay. 1964 saale quiper sahokari alika herring dwara saita porikkha sheersho sommeloner asamanno upojuktota nischito korey. ekti borh telescope nirmaner jonno nassa tohobiler jonno ekti teebro trimukhi protijogita shuru hoyechilo quiper, harvard vishwavidyalaya ebong hawai bishwobidyaloyer (uho) modhye, jaar cable sour jyotirbidyay obhiggota chhilo. err foley "upstart" prostaber jonno tehbil pradan koraa hoy. taar chhoto jyotirbigyan bibhagke jyotirbigyaner jonno ekti notun protisthane punarnirman koraa hoy ebong 1968 saale hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhag etike taar telescoper byasardher modhye samasta jomir jonno 65 bochorer izara deyo, mulat uporer. 1970 saale err samaptir porr, etty chhilo bishwer saptam brihottomo optical/infrared telescope. 1970 saaler modhye markin biman bahini ebong loel observatory duti telescope nirman korechilo. 1973 saale kanada ebong france 3.6 mitter cfht nirman korte sommoto hoy. tobey, sthaniya sangosthaguli porjobekkhoker poribeshgoto prabhab somporke udweg prakash korte shuru korey. err foley bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhag ekti prathomik porichalon parikalpana prostuto korey, jaa 1977 saale khasda koraa hoy ebong 1980 saale poripurok koraa hoy. 1982 saaler januaryte, regents board saite boigyanik subidhar abyahoto bikashke samarthan korar jonno ekti parikalpana anumodan korey. 1998 saale, porjobekkhonagar theke sthanantar koraa hoy mouna keya baraf juger sanrakkhaner poripurok hisabe. 1982 saaler porikolponati 2000 saale 2020 saal porjonto poribeshon korar jonno porikolpito ekti samprasaran dwara protisthapito hoyechiloh etty jyotirbigyaner jonno manoneet mouna keya byabosthaponar ekti offices sthapon korechilo ebong aboshishtoguli "prakritik oo sangoskritik sanrakkhane" sthanantorito korechilo. hawai sampradayer modhye jey pahader sangoskritik mulyabodher proti sommaner abhab dekhano hachche seii udweger samadhaner jonno eyi porikolponati arow sangshodhan koraa hoyechilo. bortomane mouna keya bigyan sanrakkhan kendre 13tii porjobekkhon subidha royeche, jaar prottektir arthayan 11tii desh korey. drishyoman ebong infrared bornalite noyti telescope kaaj korey, tinti submillimeter bornalite ebong ekti redio bornalite, ayna baa bason soho. tulna, hubble space telescoper ekti ayna royeche, jaa akarer dick theke uaich88-err moto, jaa ekhon pahader dwitiya khudrotomo telescope. ekti "sebha moun keya" andolon biswas korey jey pahader bikash apobitro. sangoskritik oitijhyo ebong poribesher sange somporkito kahiar moto sthaniya hawaiyan olabhjonok gosthigulio sangoskritik oo dharmiya karone unnoyoner birodhita korey. 2006 saale prostabito multy-telescope "outrigger" abosheshe batil koraa hoy. ekti porikolpito notun telescope, trish mitter telescope (tmt), bitorko ebong protibadke akrishto koreche. 2013 saaler aprile tmt onumodito hoy. 2014 saaler octobore, telescoper jonno bhumidhwas anusthanti bikkhovkarider dwara byahoto hoy jaar foley prokolpoti samoyikbhabe bondho hoye yaay. 2015 saaler marcher shesher dike, bikkhovkarira abar sheersho sommeloner rastati aborodh korey. 2015 saaler 2raa april, dorsonarthi kendrer kachhe 300 john bikkhovkari joro hohn jokhon 12 jonke greptar koraa hoy ebong sheersho sommelone arow 11 jonke greptar koraa hoy. protibad gosthigulir udweger modhye royeche bhumi mulyayan ebong sthaniya hawaiyander poramorsho. rajyo judey bikkhov prosarito howar porr 2015 saaler 7ee april nirman kaaj bondho korey deoa hoy. besh koyekbar theme yawar porr prokolpoti swechchai sthogito koraa hoyeche. governor ige bhabishyate mouna keey-err byabosthaponay ullekhjoggo poriborton ghoshana korechilen kintu bolechilen jey prokolpoti egiye jete paare. hawaiyer supreme court 31shhey octobor, 2018-ayee nirman punra shuru korar anumodan diyeche. bikkhovkarira trish mitter telescoper biruddhe protikriya hisabe online petition poosta koreche. tii. emm. tii telescope nirmaner abilambe biroti" shirshok online petitionti poribortoner jonno poosta koraa hoyechilo।14ee julai, 2019 tarikhe online petitionti bortomane bishwobyapi 278,057tiro beshi swakkhar sangraha koreche. kichhu bikkhovkari hawaiyan governor david ige-keey ovishongsoner ahoban janiyeche kaaron tini trish mitter durbiner proti samarthan janiechen. 18ee julai, 2019-ayee, "impeach governor david ige" shironame ekti online petition poribortoner jonno poosta koraa hoyechilo.org ebong bortomane 62,562 tiro beshi swakkhar sangraha koreche. 2021 saaler shesher dike covid-19 mahamarir chalman prabhab ebong prokolper jonno tohobiler poribortoner karone nirman parikalpanaguli bortomane sthogito royeche jaa jatiya bigyan foundationer madhyome yuktarashtriya tehbil upolobdho hotey paare. trish mitter durbin nirmaner vishayti niye bitorko abyahoto royeche. sthaniya ganomadhyom sangosthagulir dwara porichalito swadhin janamat joripe dweepgulite dui tritiangshero beshi sthaniya basinda eyi prokolpoke samarthan korey. eyi ekoi samikkhaguli ingito korey jey sthaniya hawaiyan sampradayer samarthan notun telescope nirmaner somorthone pray ardhek hawaiyan uttordatader saathe bivokto royeche. ekti julai, 2022, rajyo aain hawai vishwavidyalaya theke muster jommy izara upor niyantran notun maona keya tottabodhayok ebong tadarki kortripokkho (mksoa) sthanantar korey protibader protikriya jaanaay. emm. keey. esha. oo. ayee ekti 12 sadasyer board (11 john bhotdankari sadasya ebong 1 john aaa-bhotdankari sadasya) jaar modhye bishwobidyaloyer protinidhi, jyotirbigyani ebong sthaniya hawaiyanra royechen ebong etty jyotirbigyani ebong sthaniya hawaiyander porosporbirodhi swarther modhye bharsamyo khunje berr korar lakkhye toiri koraa hoyechilo. etty hawai bhumi oo prakritik sompod bibhager modhye sthapon koraa hoyeche ebong 2023 saaler 1 julai theke vishwavidyalaya theke 5 bochorer uttoroner samaykaler porey mouna keya jomir modhye rashtro-porichalito jommy porichalonar jonno prodhan kortripokkho hobey. rupantarer samaykale, emm. keey. esha. oo. oo. vishwavidyalaya jouthobhabe jommy porichalona korbe ebong kortripokkho jomir byabohar, manob karjokolap ebong samogrik criacollup porichalonar jonno ekti porichalon parikalpana toiri korbe. 2028 saale ekbar poribortoner somoy shesh holey, kortripokkher dayitter modhye thakbe notun jommy byaboharer anumati pradan koraa jaa guruttopurno hobey kaaron bortoman muster liz 2033 saale shesh hobey ebong jey konao porjobekkhonagar jaa taar meyad shesh howar somoy notun liz niye aase naa taa batil koraa hobey. jalbayu. mouna keyate ekti alpine jalbayu (ityadi) royeche. err grissomondoliyo akkhangsher probhaber karone, tapmatrar poriborton khub qama hoy. tusharpat saaraa bochori hoy, kintu saaraa bochor garh masik tapmatra himanker upore thaake. jey konao maase tusharpater uchchota ebong taar upore tusharpat hotey paare, tobey prayashai octobor theke april porjonto hoy. 1972 theke 1982 saal porjonto ekti abhawa kendra porichalito hoyechilo; tobey, eyi somoyer modhye matro 33 maaser tapmatrar record royeche; onek bochorer kachhe matro dui maaser tothyo royeche. niche jey tapmatra deoa hoyeche taa mosrino garh, noa dwara nothibhukto kancha sankhya noy. binodan. mouna cair upokulrekha hamakua upokul dwara probhabito, jaa agneygirir parshwe ghono ghono poton ebong bhumidhwaser dwara srishto rukkho bhukhander ekti anchal. eyi anchale kalopa rajyo binodan elaka, oyailuku nodee rajyo uddan ebong akaka jolopropat rajyo uddan soho besh koyekti binodan uddan royeche. hawai dweepe 3,000-ero beshi nibondhito shikari royeche ebong binodan oo jeebika ubhoyer jonnoi shicker koraa, mouna keyate ekti sadharan kaaj. shukar, bheda, chhagol, turkey, tissi ebong quell soho probortito pranider sankhya niyantran korte ekti jonosadharoner shicker karmasuchi byabohar koraa hoy. mouna keya rajyo binodan elakati kheladhular jonno ekti bases camp hisabe kaaj korey. pahader nimno storeo pakhi dekha sadharan byapar. ekti janapriya sthan holl "kipuka poo huluhulu", jaa mouna cair parshwe ekti kipuka jaa lava probahito holey ekti pahader upor bonke bichchinno korey deyo. mouna cair durdanto uchchota ebong err parshogulir khada ekti vall drishya ebong sanglagna mouna loar tulna ekti chhoto hike pradan korey. uchchota, abhawar udweg, khada rastar grade ebong samogrikbhabe durgomotar jhunki agneygirike bipojjonok ebong shirshe bhromonke kathin korey toley. bingsho shatabdir majhamajhi somoye rasta nirmaner agey porjonto, shudhumatra hardy mouna cair uporer ddhaale poridorshon korechilo; shikarira khelar pranider anusaran korechilo ebong porbotarohira pahader upore bhromon korechilo. eyi bhromonkarira 1930-err doshke besamoric sanrakkhan bahini dwara nirmito pathorer kebinguli bases camp hisabe byabohar korechilen ebong eyi subidhaguli thekei antorjatik jyotirbigyan telescope support complexer jonno adhunik modhyo-storer onizuka kendroti udbhuto hoyeche. prothom mouna keya shikhar sadakti 1964 saale nirmito hoyechilo, jaa shikhortike arow beshi manusher kachhe accessogyo korey toley. aaz, mouna keya trail soho ekadhik hiking trail royeche ebong 2007 saaler modhye proti bochor 100,000-ero beshi porjotok ebong 32,000 janbahon antorjatik jyotirbigyaner jonno onizuka kendra sanglagna poridorshok tothyo statione (vs) jachchilo. maona keey axes roadti kendrer dike paka koraa hoyeche. ekti samikshai jaanaa geche jey, pahade karmarata pray eka tritiyangsho dorsonarthi ebong dui tritiyangsho peshadar jyotirbigyanider teebro uchchotar oshusthotar lakkhan dekha diyeche; agneygirir parshwe bhromonkari dorsonarthider kompokkhe aadh ghanta ebong uchchotoro uchchotar saathe khaap khaiye neoar jonno dorsonarthi kendre arow beshi somoy thamar poramorsho deoa hoy. shirshe yawar jonno chaar chucker gaadi byabohar korar poramorsho deoa hoy. breakguli prayashai niche namar pothe atirikto gorom hoy ebong mouna keyate konao jalani pawa yaay naa. err agey proti raate 6-10 oporanno theke ekti phri stara godging programa onusthito hoto, chalman covid-19 mahamarir karone operating ghanta poriborton ebong bondho ubhoy karone programti batil koraa hoyechilo. proti bochor 5,000 theke 6,000 manush mouna keey-rawr shirshe zaan ebong pahader nirapatta nischito korte ebong akhandata rakkha korte 2001 saale ekti renjara programa bastobayito hoy.

maunaa keyaa maunaa keaa (athavaa; "maunaa aee vakea" noon sankshipt naam) havaai taapu parr aek sakreey jwalamukhi chhe. tenu shikhar dariyani sapatithi upar chhe, jeey tene havaai rajyanu sauthee unchu bindu aneey pruthvi parnaa taapunu beeju sauthee unchu shikhar banaave chhe. aaa shikhar tenaa vadhu vishaal padoshi maunaa loa karataa lagbhag unchu chhe. maunaa keaa tenee unchai maate asamanya reete bhaugolik reete agranee chheh tenee bheeni prasiddhi parvatomaa vishvamaa pandarmi chhe, tenee shushk prasiddhi aheen chhe. aaa shushk pradhanya samudra sapatithi everest parvatni unchai karataa vadhaare chhe, aneey ketlaak sattavalaoae tenaa paanini neechethi maunaa keaane vishvanaa sauthee unchaa parvat tareeke label karyoo chhe. teey lagbhag dass laakh varsh junun chhe aneey aama hajaaro varsho pahelaa jeevanno sauthee sakreey kavach tabakko pasaar karyo hato. tenee vartmaan poosta-shiild sthitima, teno laava vadhu chikanu hoya chhe, parinaame teey vadhu undee ruprekha dharaave chhe. cinder shankunaa nirmaan, tenaa tirad kshetrona vikendran, tenee toach parr himnadikaran aneey pravartmaan vepaar pawan dwara havaamaanne kaarane antamaa aavela jwalamukhi tene tenaa padoshi jwalamukhini tulnaamaa vadhu kathor dekhaav aapyo chhe. maunaa keaa chhelle 6,000 thee 4,000 varsh pahelaa faatee nikalyu hatoo aneey havey teey nishkreey hovaanu manvama aave chhe. havaaiyan dharmamaa, havaai taapuna shikharo pavitra chhe. aek praachin kaayado maatra uchch kakshana aleene tenee toach parr javaani manjuri aapto hato. maunaa keaana dhholaav parr raheta praachin havaivasio khoraak maate tenaa vyaapak jangalo parr aadhaar raakhtaa hataa aneey saadhan utpaadan maate tenee baajuo parr gaadh jwalamukhi-himnadinaa basaltsnee khankam kartaa hataa. chhe sadeena antamaa jyaare europeano aavyaa, tyaare vasaahatioae pashuo, ghetaa aneey ramatnaa praaneeo rajoo karyaa, jemathi ghanaa jungley bunny gayaa aneey jwalamukhina paryaavaraniy santulanne nuksan pahonchaadvaanu sharoo karyoo. maunaa keaane paryaavaraniy reete trana vibhagoma vahenchee shakaay chheh tenaa shikhar parr alpine aabohva, tenee baajuo parr "sofora chrysophila"-"myoporam sandvisions" (athavaa maane-naayo) jungle, aneey "babool coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (athavaa coa-ohiya) jungle, jeey havey tenaa paaya parr bhutpurv khaand udhyog dwara saaf karvaamaa aave chhe. taajetarnaa varshomaa, mool prajationi nabalai angenaa chintaanaa kaarane adalatna keso saame aavyaa chhe, jenaa kaarane havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhno vibhagne jwalamukhi parnee tamaam jungley prajatione nabud karvaanee dishaamaa kaama karvaanee faraj puddy chhe. tenee unchee unchai, shushk vatavaran aneey stheer havaana pravaah saathe, maunaa keenu shikhar khagoleey nirikshan maate vishvanaa shreshth sthalomaanu aek chhe. maarg pravesh maargnee rachnaa thaee tyaarthi, ageeyar desho dwara bhandol purun padvama aavel tera durbinnu nirmaan aaa shikhar sammelanmaa karvaamaa aavyu chhe. maunaa keaa vedhshaalaaono upyog electromagnetic spectrum vaignanik sanshodhan maate thaay chhe aneey temaa vishwani sauthee motee aavee suveedha saamel chhe. mool havaivasio dwara pavitra manvama aavtaa landscape parr temnu nirmaan aaje pann charchaano vishhay chhe. bhaugolik pradhanya. maunaa keaa tenee unchai maate asamanya reete bhaugolik reete agranee chhe, jemaa parvatomaa vishvamaa pandarmu bheenu pradhanya chhe, aneey vishvamaa maatra mount everest pachhi beeja krame shushk pradhanya chhe. teey tenaa taapunu sauthee unchu shikhar chhe, tethee tenu bheenu pradhanya tenee samudra sapatithi unchai saathe mela khaay chhe. havaaiyan taapuo samudramaa undaa dhholaav dharaave chhe, tethee maunaa keenu shushk pradhanya chhe. aaa shushk pradhanya samudra sapatithi mount everestnee unchai karataa unchu chhe, tethee everestne maunaa keenaa shushk pradhanyane vataavvaa maate tenee taleteemaa samagr khandono samaavesh karvo padashe. havaaiyan kundmathi ketala maunaa keyaa bahaar nikale chhe teey jotaa, ketlaak sattavalaoae tene aadharthi shikhar sudhee mapvama aave chhe teey reete, tene vishvano sauthee uncho (sauthee uncho) parvat ganaavyo chhe. pradhanythi vipareet, aadhaarne dhhilu mookie devaathi vyakhyayit karvaamaa aave chhe, jenaa parinaame sankhyaa (havaaiyan kundamaa aashre sauthee undaa bindu sudhee) thee (bhugarbhma undaa parvatnaa mool sudhee) sudhini chhe. teey udaaharano parr, anya parvato harif daavao karey chhe, jaim keey lamlam parvat aadharthi (, padkarjanak undanthi sharoo kareene) vadhu chadhanno daavo karey chhe, aneey tamaam himaalay parvato jabardast undaa mulno daavo karey chhe. motaa unchaaine atakama khaaithi andes parvato sudhee maapee shakaay chhe, udaaharan tareeke, richardna undaa (undaa) taliyethi najiknaa lullelaako (unchaa) nee toach sudhee. lamlam parvat keey lullelaako parvatne maunaa keenu sooku pradhanya nathee, kaaran keey teey darek dishaamaa khaaioma vistartaa nathee. bhustarshastra. maunaa keaa aee paanch jwalamukhimathi aek chhe jeey havaai taapu banaave chhe, jeey havaaiyan-samrat seamount saankalno sauthee moto aneey sauthee naano taapu chhe. aaa paanch hotspot jwalamukhimathi, maunaa keaa chothu sauthee junun aneey chothu sauthee sakreey jwalamukhi chhe. teey lagbhag dass laakh varsh pahelaa havaai hotspot dwara sanchaalit preshield jwalamukhi tareeke sharoo thayu hatoo aneey 500,000 varsh pahelaa sudhee tenaa dhhaal tabakka darmiyan apvaadrupe sakreey banyu hatoo. maunaa keae 250,000 thee 200,000 varsh pahelaa tenaa shaant poosta-shiild tabakkama pravesh karyo hato, aneey haalmaa sakreey chhe, jeey chhelle 4,500 thee 6,000 varsh pahelaa faatee nikalyo hato. maunaa keemaa drashyamaan shikhar caldera nathee, parantu tenaa shikharni najik sankhyaabandh naana cinder aneey pumis shanku chhe. bhutpurv shikhar kalderane pachhinaa shikhar visfot thaapano dwara bharvama aneey dafnavvama aavyo hoi shake chhe. maunaa keaa kadamaa aetalu vishaal chhe keey teey aneey tenaa padoshi, maunaa loa, tenee neeche samudranaa popadaane dabaavi deey chhe. jwalamukhi darr varshe karataa ochha darey tenaa potaana vajan hethal sarkee aneey sapaat thavaanu chaalu raakhe chhe. teno motaabhaagno samooh tenaa vartmaan shikharni purvamaa aavelo chhe. teey dariyani sapatithi upar chhe, tenaa padoshi maunaa loa karataa lagbhag unchu chhe, aneey havaai rajyanu sauthee unchu bindu chhe. tamaam havaaiyan jwalamukhini jaim, maunaa kiaanu sarjan thayu chhe kaaran keey paciphic tectonic plate pruthvinaa antargat aavaranma havaaiyan hotspot parr aagad vadhee chhe. havaai taapuna jwalamukhi aaa prakriyaano sauthee taajetarno puraavo chhe keey, 7 carode varshothi, tene laambi havaaiyan parvatmala-samrat seamount saankal banaavi chhe. pravartmaan, joke sampurnpane sthaayi nathee, abhipray aee chhe keey hotspot grahnaa aavaranma motaa bhaage stheer rahyu chhe, jooe keey samagr sanozoic yugmaa nahee. jooe keey, jyaare havaaiyan jwalamukhi saaree reete samjee shakaay chhe aneey vyaapak abhyaas karvaamaa aave chhe, tyaare hotspot asarnu kaaran baney chhe teey paddhatinu koee chokkas samajooti nathee. maunaa keaamathi laavano pravaah tenee vrudhdhi darmiyan tenaa padoshio saathe jatil staromaa overlap thaay chhe. sauthee vadhu mahattvani vaat aee chhe keey, maunaa keaa kohalathi uttarpashchim tarafnaa junaa pravaaho parr bandhvama aave chhe, aneey dakshinma maunaa loana paayaane chhede chhe. maunaa keaney bajuoma mool visfotak tirado (tirad zoan) tenaa poosta-shiild jwalamukhi dwara dafnavvama aavee hatee. heelo parvatmala, jeey maunaa keaney purvamaa aek agranee paanini andarni tirad zoan maalakhu chhe, teey aek samaye jwalamukhino aek bhaag hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo; jooe keey, havey teey kohlano tirad zoan hovaanu manvama aave chhe jeey naana maunaa keenaa pravaahthi prabhaavit chhe. jwalamukhina prachand mukhya jaththaanu nirmaan karnara dhhaal-tabakkana laavaao praathmeek megma aneey adhogatigrast dariyai popadana mishran dwara banavvama aavela monaa loa jevaa tholeitic basault chhe. teo maunaa keaa parnaa sauthee junaa khulla khadaknaa starothi dhankayela chhe, jeey "hamakua jwalamukhi" naa poosta-shiild alkali basalts chhe, jeey 250,000 aneey 70-65,000 varsh pahelaa faatee nikalyaan hataan. sauthee taajetarnaa jwalamukhina pravaaho havaai aneey mugarites chheh teey poosta-shiild "lapahoho jwalamukhi" chhe, jeey 65,000 aneey 4,000 varsh pahelaa faatee nikalyo hato. laava rachnaamaa aaa ferfaro shikhar parr megmana purvathaamaa dheema ghataada saathe aavyaa hataa, jenaa kaarane nabalaa visfoto thayaa hataa jene pachhi jwalamukhini nishkriyataa saathe sankalaayela alag-alag prasangone maarg aapyo hato. lapahoho laava vadhu chikanu hoya chhe aneey agaauna tholeitic basalts karataa vadhu astheer hoya chhe; temnaa gaadh pravaaho nondhpaatra reete maunaa keaney bajuone teevra karey chhe. vadhumaa, visfotakoae shikharni najik cinder shanku banaavya chhe. aaa shanku maunaa keaana sauthee taajetarnaa visfot kendro chhe. tenee haalnee toach parr laava gumbajo aneey cinder shanku chhe, jeno vyaas senkado meater uncho chhe. maunaa keaa himprapaatnaa vishisht puraava saathe ekmatra havaaiyan jwalamukhi chhe. aavaa jaj bhandar kadaach maunaa loa parr astitvamaa hataa, parantu pachhinaa laava pravaaho dwara aavari levaamaa aavyaa chhe. havaainu ushnkatibandhiy sthaan hovaa chhataa, pachhala ketlaak himyug darmiyan tapmanma aek degreena ghatadathi unaalaa darmiyan jwalamukhina shikhar parr baraf rahevaanu shakya banyu hatoo, jenaathi barafnee dhankanni rachnaa thaee hatee. himprapaatnaa trana prasango chhe jeey chhella 180,000 varshothi nondhvaamaa aavyaa chheh "pohakuloa" (180-130 qaa), "vaayhu" (80-60 qaa) aneey "maknaka" (40-13 qaa) shrenee. aaa jwalamukhina upala bhagma morine aneey kankarini golaakaar vintee jamaa kareene, aaa shikharne vyaapak reete shilpkam karyoo chhe. subglacial visfotoae maknaka himvarsha darmiyan cinder shanku banaavya hataa, jemathi motabhagna himnadini kriyaa dwara bhaare bharaayela hataa. sauthee taajetarnaa shanku 9000 aneey 4500 varsh pahelaa himnadini thapanoni toach parr bandhvama aavyaa hataa, jooe keey aek abhyaas soochave chhe keey chhello visfot lagbhag 3600 varsh pahelaa thayo hashe. temnee mahattam hudd sudhee, himnadeeo shikharthi neeche unchaini vachche sudhee vistarelee hatee. 1974 pahelaa maunaa keenaa shikhar parr permafrostno aek naano jaththo malee aavyo hato, jeey tenee paar karataa ochho hato, aneey haju pann haajar hoi shake chhe. naanee kheeno shikhar parr kotareli chhe, jeey varsaad aneey baraf aadharit pravaaho dwara rachaay chhe, jeey maatra shiyaalaamaa ogalataa aneey varsaadnaa varsaad darmiyan vahe chhe. jwalamukhini pavannee bajuae, vepaari pawan dwara sanchaalit pravaahnaa dhovanthi junaa kohala jevee jaj reete dhovanma vadhaaro thayo chhe. maunaa keaa aee prashant tatpradeshma sauthee unchu talaav, weau talaavnu ghar chhe. unchaiae, teey puu vayau cinder konnee andar aavelu chhe aneey havaainu ekmatra alpine talaav chhe. aaa talaav khoob jaj naanu aneey chhichharu chhe, jenee sapatino vistaar aneey jyaare sampoorn hoya tyaare tenee undaai chhe. talaavnaa taleeye namunaaoni rediyo carbon datting soochave chhe keey teey 12,600 varsh pahelaa barafthi saaf hatoo. havaaiyan laavaana prakaaro saamanya reete paargamya hoya chhe, jeey ghusankhorine kaarane talaavni rachnaane atkaave chhe. kaan too sulfur dharaavati varaale jwalamukhini raakhne ochhi paargamyata dharaavati maateema badalee nankhi hatee, athavaa vadhata megma aneey bhugarbhjal athavaa sapaatinaa paanee vachcheni visfotak kriyapratikriyao darmiyan frequency visfot darmiyan apvaadrupe sookshm raakhnee rachnaa thaee hatee jene talaavnaa talaavni pargamyatama ghataado karyo hato. 1993 sudhee havaai taapu parr koee artasian paanee jaanitu nahotu, jyaare havaai university dwara khodkaam dwara dariyani sapatithi neeche karataa vadhu artasian jalbhrutno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey borholni coole undaai karataa vadhu vistaryo hato. borhole maatee aneey laavaana saghan starmathi khodvaamaa aavyu hatoo jyaan maunaa loana pravaahe khulli maunaa qee sapaati parr atikraman karyoo hatoo aneey tyarbad dariyani sapatithi neeche ghatadvama aavyu hatoo. samsthaanik rachnaa darshaave chhe keey haajar paanee sarerash samudra sapatithi uparnaa stare maunaa kiaamaathi aavtaa varsadmathi melavaamaa aavyu chhe. jalbhrutni haajari maunaa keaana mulbhoot lensanee andarnaa taajaa paaninaa maathane aabhaari chhe. vaignaniko maane chhe keey maunaa keaana taajaa paaninaa lancemaa vartmaan namunaao soochave chhe tenaa kartaa vadhu paanee hoi shake chhe. chhe maunaa keaa parr vadhu beey borhole khodvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemaa paanee apeksha karataa ghanee vadhu unchai aneey chhichhara undanoma jovaa malyun hatoo. university off havaainaa center phora dhaa studdy off active jwalamukhina director donald thomas maane chhe keey jalbhrutono abhyaas chaalu raakhvaanu aek kaaran unchaivala vistarona upyog aneey kabajaane kaarane chhe, aema kaheeneh "aaa lagbhag tamaam pravruttio pivalayak paanini uplabdhataa parr aadharit chhe, jeey motabhagna kissaaomaa, vemiyaa athavaa heelomathi kaathee parr truckma laee javee aavashyak chhe-aek binkaryaksham aneey kharchaal prakriyaa jeey aapana durlabh pravaahi indhanno nondhpaatra jaththo vapraash karey chhe." bhavishyani pravrutee. maunaa keyaano chhello visfot lagbhag 4,600 varsh pahelaa (aashre 2600 ee. saes. purve) thayo hato; aaa nishkriyataane kaarane, maunaa keyaane tenaa shikhar maate 7 aneey tenee neechali baajuo maate 8 nee united states bhustarshastriy sarvekshan jokhamoni soochi sonpavama aavee chhe, jeey 9 naa sauthee neecha sambhaveet jokhamomathi (jeey lupt jwalamukhi kohalane aapvama aave chhe). isvision purve 8000 thee laavaana pravaahoae jwalamukhina shikharnaa 20 takaa bhagne aavari leedho chhe aneey tenee koee pann bajuae nathee. tenee nishkriyataa hovaa chhataa, maunaa keaa fareethi faatee nikalvani apeksha chhe. agaauna visfotonaa aadhare, aavee ghatnaa jwalamukhini uparnee bajuae game tyaan thaee shake chhe aneey sambhavatah laambaa laava pravaahnu utpaadan karashe, mote bhaage aeae, laambaa. laambaa samay sudhee chaalati pravrutee strot parr cinder shanku banaavi shake chhe. aagaami ketalik sadioma aaa prakaarnaa visfotnee shakyata naa hovaa chhataa, kadaach janhani ochhi thashe parantu maalkhaagat suvidhaaone nondhpaatra nuksan thashe. manav itihas. mulno itihas. havaai taapu parr pahonchnaar pratham praachin havaaiyan kinara parr raheta hataa, jyaan khoraak aneey paanee pushkal pramanma hatoo. pachhi aneey aneey sadeeni sharuaatmaa vasaahatona antardesheey vistaarno vistaar maunaa loa-maunaa keaa pradeshmaa thayo hato. puratatviy puraava soochave chhe keey aaa pradeshono upyog shikaar karvaa, pattharni samagri aektrit karvaa aneey kadaach aadhyatmik kaaranosar athavaa khagoleey athavaa naukayan avalokno maate thato hato. parvatnaa pushkal jangalo khoraak maate chhod aneey praaneeo aneey aashray maate kaacho maal puuro paadtaa hataa. jeey paksheeo agau koee sheekari pranione jaantaa naa hataa teey mukhya khoraakno srot bunny gayaa hataa. havaaiyan tapuoni praarambhik vasaahat sthaaneek ecosystemsma motaa ferfaro taraf doree gaee aneey ghanaa lupt thaee gayaa, khaas kareene pakshioni prajatioma. praachin havaivasio videshi chhod aneey praaneeo laavya hataa, aneey temnu aagman dhovanna vadhata darr saathe sankalaayelu hatoo. pravartmaan nichanvala jangalni ecosystem jangalmathi ghaasnaa medaanmaa rupantarit thaee hatee; aamaana ketlaak ferfaro aagnaa upyogne kaarane thayaa hataa, parantu havaai parr vana ecosystem patan aneey avian lupt thavaanu pravartmaan kaaran polynesian (athavaa paciphic) undarni rajuaat hovaanu janaay chhe. havaainaa paanch jwalamukhine pavitra parvato tareeke pujavama aave chhe; aneey sauthee unchu maunaa keenu shikhar sauthee pavitra chhe. aaa kaaranosar, "kaapu" (praachin havaaiyan kaayado) aee uchch kakshana aliaina mulakationa adhikaarone pratibandhit karyaa hataa. havaivasioae temnaa koodarti paryavaranna tatvone chokkas devtaao saathe sankalaayela hataa. havaaiyan pauranik kathaoma, maunaa keaana shikharne "devtaona pradesh" tareeke jovama aavtu hatoo, aek aevu sthal jyaan paropkari aatmaao vase chhe. barafnaa devtaa poliyahu pann tyaan rahe chhe. "maunaa keyaa" aee maunaa aee vaakiyaanu sankshipt naam chhe aneey teno arth "safed parvat" thaay chhe, jeey tenaa mosamee barafthi dhankayela shikharnaa sandarbhma chhe. ee. saes. saes aaspaas, mool vatanioae saadhno banaavvaa maate ananya gaadh basault (oop-himnadi visfoto darmiyan himnadionaa barafne maltaa laava pravaahnaa zadpi thandak dwara utpann) kaadhvaa maate maunaa keaa parr unchee aids khaanoni sthaapnaa curry hatee. blade aneey machhimarina saadhno maate jwalamukhina kaach aneey gabro aektrit karvaamaa aavtaa hataa, aneey handles maate maane lakadane pasand karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. ee. saes. 1400 pachhi khaankaamni tochnee pravruttimaa, ruff aneey fine cutting maate alag suveedhao hatee; kaamdaarone takaavi raakhvaa maate khoraak, paanee aneey laakada saathe aashraysthano; aneey taiyar utpaadan banaavvaani workshop. leeka vayuau kaamdaarone pivaanu paanee purun paadatu hatoo. mool vadaao navjaat shishuoni naabhi dorione pann tenaa paanimaa dubade chhe, jethee temne parvatni taakaat maley. aaa samaygaalaa aneey americno aneey europeano saathena sampark vachche khaanno upyog ghatyo hato. khankam saathe sankalaayelee dhaarmik vidhinaa bhagroope, kaamdaaroae temnaa devtaona mandeero ubhaa karyaa hataa; aaa aneey anya khaannee kalakrutio aaa sthalo parr rahe chhe, jemathi motabhagni vastuo havey jeey maunaa keyaa himyug anaamat chhe tenee andar aaveli chhe. aaa praarambhik yug pachhi pachhi aneey chhe sadeena antanee vachche saanskrutik vistaran thayu hatoo. jameenne lokonee taatkaalik jaruriyaato maate rachaayel pradeshomaa vahenchvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa "ahupua" saamanya reete parvatmaalaaothi dariyakantha sudhee jameenni laambi pattionu swaroop dhaaran karey chhe. maunaa keenu shikhar kaohena ahupuaamaa gheraayelu hatoo, jemaa tenaa purveey dhholavno aek bhaag najiknaa humulama pahonche chhe. jwalamukhina dhholaav parr raheta havaaiyan loko maate poshannaa mukhya stroto tenaa upala dhholavna maane-naayo jangalmathi aavyaa hataa, jeey temne vanaspati aneey pakshee jeevan pradaan karey chhe. shikaar karaayelee pakshee prajatioma yuo ("terodroma sandwichances"), nene ("branta sandvicences") aneey palila ("loxioids belalui") noow samaavesh thaay chhe. neechala coa-ohiya jangloae mool vataneeone naukaao maate laakadu aneey shangaar maate alankrut pakshina pinchha aapyaa hataa. aadhunik yug. james kooknaa aagman pahelaa pahelaa videshio havaaini mulakat letaa hovaana trana ahevaalo chhe. jooe keey, maunaa keaa saheet taapuna praarambhik pashchimi chitro chhe sadeena antamaa aneey vinaash sadeeni sharuaatmaa sanshodhako dwara banavvama aavyaa hataa. europe aneey america saathena samparknaa taapuna rahevasio maate motaa parinaamo aavyaa hataa. mool havaivasio sharoo thayela rogothi barbad thaee gayaa hataa; vepaarnee sthaapnaa saathe heelo, kelakekua aneey kailua saheetnaa bandar shaherono vikaas thayo hato; aneey dhaatuna saadhanoni rajuaat pachhi maunaa keaa parnee aids khaanone tyajee devaamaa aavee hatee. hatee, raajaa kamehameha prathamne shraddhaanjali tareeke george vankuvar dwara pashuo lavvama aavyaa hataa. vinaash sadeeni sharuaat sudhimaa, teo kedmathi bachee gayaa hataa aneey taapu parr muktapane fartaa hataa, jenaathi tenee paryaavaran vyavsthaane ghanoo nuksan thayu hatoo. hatoo john palmer parker aavyaa aneey kamehameha pratham saathe mitrataa curry, jemane temne taapu parr pashu vyavsthapanno havaalo sonpyo. sonpyo vadhaaraani jameen anudaan saathe, parkrey maunaa keaana uttareey dhholaav parr parker khetarni sthaapnaa curry, jeey aek vishaal pashuuchher chhe jeey aaje pann kaaryarat chhe. taapuna vasaahatioae sherdinaa vaavetar aneey gharo maate neechala mool jungleno motaabhaagno bhaag baadee nakhyo hato aneey kaapee nakhyo hato. seddle rooad, jenu naam maunaa keaa aneey maunaa loa vachchena seddle aakaarnaa uchchpradeshne paar karvaa maate rakhvama aavyu hatoo, teey teey purn thayu hatoo aneey maunaa keaa sudhini musafarine nondhpaatra reete saral banaavi hatee. uchchpradesh parno pohakuloa taaleem vistaar havaaimaa sauthee motoo lashkari taaleem medaan chhe. aaa aadhaar jwalamukhini neechali bajuthi unchai sudhee felaayelo chhe, 1956 thee yuu. aesa. armine bhaade aapvama aaveli raajyani jameen parr. aaa vistaarmaa 15 jokhami aneey luptpray chhod, trana luptpray paksheeo aneey aek luptpray chamachidiyani prajaati chhe. maunaa keey keey daaykaathi vyaapak puratatviy sanshodhannu sthal chhe. 2000 sudhimaa aashre 27 takaa vigyaan bhandarnu sarvekshan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa 76 mandeero, 4 edze utpaadan karyshalao, 3 anya markers, 1 hakaaraatmak reete odakhaayel daffan sthal aneey 4 sambhaveet daffan sthaloni odakh karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2009 sudhimaa, odakh karaayela sthaloni coole sankhyaa vadheene 223 thaee gaee hatee, aneey jwalamukhini uparnee baajuo parr puratatviy sanshodhan chaalu chhe. aevu suchavvama aavyu chhe keey jwalamukhina shikharni aaspaas jeey mandeero gothvaayelaa chhe, teey praachin barafnee rekhaa hoi shake chhe, teey maunaa kenaa pavitra bhagma sankraman maate chihno chhe. havaaiyan maukheek itihaasmaa maunaa keaney aaspaas dafanvidhina ghanaa sandarbho hovaa chhataa, thodaa sthaloni pushti karvaamaa aavee chhe. jwalamukhima patharaayela ghanaa cinder shanku parr mandeero athavaa anya kalakrutiono abhaav etalaa maate hoi shake chhe kaaran keey teey dafanvidhi maate aarakshit hataa. chadhaan. sampark purvenaa samayma, maunaa keaa sudhee musafari kartaa mool rahevasione kadaach haalnaa rastaao karataa landscape dwara vadhu margdarshan aapvama aavtu hatoo, kaaran keey rastaao hovaana koee puraava malyaa nathee. teey shakya chhe keey tenaa badale koodarti parvatmaalaao aneey paaninaa strotone anusarvaamaa aavyaa hataa. vyakteeo sambhavatah maunaa kenaa dhholavoni mulakat laeene tenaa shikhar najik parivaar dwara jalavama aavela mandeeroni mulakat leey chhe, aneey parvat chadhanne lagatee paramparaao aaje pann astitvamaa chhe. jooe keey, tenaa parr mukvaamaa aavela kadak "kaapu" neey kaarane, khoob ochha mool vataneeo shikhar parr pahonchya hataa. vinaash sadeeni sharuaatmaa, maunaa keaana sauthee junaa nondhpaatra "nondhaayela" chadanoma nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh vinaash sadeena antamaa aneey chhe sadeeni sharuaatmaa rastaao banavvama aavyaa hataa, ghanivaar ramatnaa tolaani hilchal dwara, jene ghodaa parr musafari curry shakaay chhe. jooe keey, maarg rastaanu nirmaan thayu tyaan sudhee shikhar sudhee vaahanono pravesh vyavhaareek reete ashaky hato aneey teey haju pann pratibandhit chhe. aaje, upyogni viveedh sthitioma shikhar sudhee pahonchvaanaa bahuveedh rastaao astitvamaa chhe. ecology. prushthbhumi. havaainu bhaugolik alagatu tenee paryavaranne majboot reete prabhaavit karey chhe. havaai jevaa durnaa tapuoma motee sankhyama prajaatio chhe jeey beeje kyaay jovaa malatee nathee (havaaiyan tapuoma sthaaniktaa juo). antarnaa parinaame utkranti rekhaao anyatrathi alag thaee aneey aaa sthaaneek prajatione baahy jaivik prabhaavthi alag curry deedhi, aneey temne khaas kareene lupt thavaa aneey aakramak prajationi asaro maate samvedansheel banaave chhe. vadhumaa, havaaini paryaavaran pranaalio manav vikasthi jokhamma chhe, jemaa khetee maate jameenni safaaino samaavesh thaay chhe; taapuni sthaaneek prajatiomathi andaje trija bhagno naash thaee chookyo chhe. tenee unchaaine kaarane, maunaa keaa havaaiyan dweepsamuhma game tyaan jaivik ecosystemni sauthee motee vividhataa dharaave chhe. parvat parnee ecosystems unchai saathe taapmaan aneey varsaadmaa ferfaarne kaarane tenaa dhholaav saathe kendrit vartulo banaave chhe. aaa ecosystemsne unchai dwara aashre trana vibhagoma vahenchee shakaay chheh alpine-subalpine, monten aneey basel vana. vinaash sadeeni sharuaatmaa americno aneey europeano saathena samparkthi taapu parr vadhu vasaahateeo aavyaa aneey tenee kaayamee nakaaraatmak paryaavaraniy assar thaee. neechala dhholaav parr, coa-ohiya jangalnaa vishaal pradeshone kheteeni jameenma rupantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. upar, khetaromathi bhaagi gayelaa jungley pranioae maunaa keaana mool maane-naayo jangalma aashray melvyo aneey vyaapak nuksan pahonchaadyu. biin-mool chhod anya gambhir khataro chhe; taapu parr 4,600 thee vadhu prajaatio rajoo karvaamaa aavee chhe, jyaare mool prajationi sankhyaa maatra 1,000 hovaano andaaj chhe. alpine vatavaran. maunaa keenu shikhar vrukshnee rekhaathi upar aavelu chhe, aneey temaa mote bhaage laava khadak aneey alpine tundra chhe. bhaare himvarshaano vistaar, teey vanaspati maate aashrayyogya nathee, aneey havaaiyan ushnkatibandhiy uchch zadva tareeke odakhaay chhe. aheen atyant thandaa taapmaan, tunkaa gaadaani vrudhdhini mosam, ochho varsaad aneey sheeyalana maheenao darmiyan barafnaa kaarane vrudhdhi maryadit chhe. jameenno abhaav pann mulnaa vikasne atkaave chhe, jameenmathi poshak tattvone shoshvaanu mushkel banaave chhe, aneey aaa vistaarne khoob jaj ochhi paanee jaalvi rakhvani kshamata aape chhe. aaa unchai parr jovaa malatee vanaspati prajatioma "styphelia temiyamei", "terraxacum officinale", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandvicences", "anthoxanthum audoratum", "trisetum glomeratum", "poa annua", "soncus olerasius" aneey "coprosma ernodiodes" noow samaavesh thaay chhe. aek nondhpaatra prajaati maunaa keaa silvervard ("argiroxifium sandvisions" vaar chhe. "sandvisions"), aek atyant luptpray sthaaneek chhodni prajaati chhe jeey maunaa keaana uchch unchaina cinder ranmaa kheele chhe. aek tabakke maatra 50 chhodni vastee sudhee ghatadvama aavee hatee, maunaa keey silvervard alpine zoan sudhee maryadit hovaanu manvama aavtu hatoo, parantu hakeekatma pashudhannaa dabaanne kaarane tyaan chaalyu chhe, aneey teey neechali unchai parr pann vadhee shake chhe. maunaa keenaa dakshin shikhar parr maunaa qee himyug anaamatni sthaapnaa pachhi karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa anaamat aee viral vanaspatiyukt cinder thaapano aneey laava khadakno pradesh chhe, jemaa aolian rann aneey leeka vayuana vistaaro saamel chhe. aaa ecosystem jokhami yuo ("petrodroma sandwichances") maate sambhaveet aashraysthan chhe aneey vacque bugs ("nicius vacuicola") parnaa abhyasnun kendra pann chhe. vacque kideeo mrut jantunaa mrutdehone khaay chhe jeey pawan parr maunaa keyaa taraf vahe chhe aneey barafnaa kaanthe sthaayi thaay chhe. nicius" jaatima aek prajaati maate aaa aek atyant asamanya khoraak srot chhe, jemaa mukhyatve beej khanara jantuo hoya chhe. temnaa loheemaa koodarti antifriesne kaarane teo khoob unchai sudhee tucky shake chhe. teo motaabhaage garam sapaateeo hethal pann rahe chhe. temnee sanraxan sthitee aspasht chhe, parantu prajaatio havey luptpray prajationi soochi maate umedvaar nathee; prajationa kalyan parr abhyaas 1980 maan sharoo thayo hato. najikthi sambandhit "nicius aaa" maunaa loa parr rahe chhe. varoo karoleeya (lycosidae) aneey jangalnaa tamboo caterpillar shalabh pann aee jaj maunaa keyaa ecosystem jovaa malyaa chhe; pahelu garamee-shoshee letaa khadako hethal chhupavine tucky rahe chhe, aneey pachhinu temnaa shareerma thandaa-pratirodhak rasaayano dwara. maney-naayo jungle. jwalamukhi parnaa jungle vistaar, unchaiae, maane ("sofora chrysophila") aneey naaio ("myoporam sandvisions") dwara prabhutva dharaave chhe, jeey banne sthaaneek vruksh prajaatio chhe, aneey tethee teey maane-naayo jungle tareeke odakhaay chhe. aaa vistaarmaa paksheeo maate, khaas kareene palila ("loxioids belalui") maan, mamen beej aneey naaio fala mukhya khoraak chhe. palila agau maunaa keyaa, maunaa loa aneey hualalaina dhholaav parr jovaa malato hato, parantu havey teey maunaa keaana dhholaav sudhee maryadit chhe-jeey tenee agaauni shreneena maatra 10 takaa chhe-aneey tene gambhir reete luptpray jaaher karvaamaa aavee chhe. chhe sadeena antamaa taapu parr jungley ghetaa, pashuo ("booas premigeneous") aneey bakaraao ("capra hircus") dwara charaaine paryaavaran vyavastha maate sauthee moto khataro chhe. vyaapaari charaavvaa saathe jungley pranioni spardhaa aetali teevra hatee keey temne nabud karvaano kaarykram kaarykram daykana anta sudhee astitvamaa hato aneey 1949 sudhee chaalu rahyo. aaa charavanu aek parinam sthaaneek aneey rajoo karaayela, banne prakaarnaa jadibuttio aneey lakadana chhodno vadhato vyaap hato, jeey brousing maate pratirodhak hataa. jungley praaneeo lagbhag nabud thaee gayaa hataa, aneey aneey daykama temnee sankhyaa senkado hatee. jooe keey, sthaaneek shikaarionaa pravaahne kaarane jungley prajatione ramatnaa praaneeo tareeke ganvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey aneey sanraxan aneey jameen upyog vyavsthaapannaa prabhaari sanchaalak mandal, jameen aneey koodarti sansadhanona havaai vibhage tenee niteene ramatne saral banaavvaa maate rachaayel satat-niyantran karykrama badalee hatee. mauflon ("ovis arries orientalis") 1962 thee 1964 sudhee rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey maarg axis harran ("axis axis") chhodvani yojnaane maatra pashupalan udhyognaa veerodh dwara atkavvama aavee hatee, jemane kahyoo hatoo keey teo paakne nuksan pahonchaadashe aneey rooga felavshe. shikaar udhyoge ladat aapee hatee aneey pashupaalako aneey shikaareeo vachcheni aagad-paachhalni ladaiae aakhare jaaher paryaavaraniy chintama vadhaaro karyo hato. maunaa qee parr khagoleey suveedhaona vikaasnee sharuaat saathe, sanrakshanvadioae maunaa keaney ecosystemna rakshanni maang curry. sanraxan maate 25 takaa jangalo parr vaad lagaavvaani aneey baakinaa 75 takaa jangalonu sanchalan ramatnaa shikaar maate karvaanee yojnaa prastaavit karvaamaa aavee hatee. sanrakshanvadiona veerodh chhataa aaa yojnaane amalmaa mukvaamaa aavee hatee. jyaare jameennu vibhajan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo tyaare vaad bandhva maate koee naanaa falavvama aavyaa naa hataa. aaa zaghada vachche luptpray prajaati adhiniyam pasaar karvaamaa aavyo hato; raashtriy odubon sosayati aneey siera club kaanuni sanraxan bhandole havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhanona vibhag saame daavo kareene daavo karyo hato keey teo simachinharup kesamaa, "palila wii. havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhan vibhag "(1978). adalate sanrakshanvadioni tarfenma chukaado aapyo aneey vanyajeevanna raajy niyantran pahelaa sangheey kaayadaaoni agrataane samarthan aapyu. luptpray prajaati adhiniyamnu ullanghan karyaa pachhi, havaai raajyane parvatmala parthee tamaam jungley pranione door karvaanee jaroor hatee. aaa nirnay pachhi pachhi adalatna beeja aadesh dwara anusarvaamaa aavyu hatoo. jaaher shikaar kaarykram dwara ghanaa jungley pranione ochhama ochha kaamchalaau dhorane door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. sakreey niyantran kaarykram amalmaa chhe, joke teey maane-naayo ecosystemni nondhpaatra punahpraaptine manjuri aapvaa maate puratee sakhtai saathe haath dharvaamaa aavto nathee. taapu parr aneey maunaa keaa parr anya ghanee prajaatio aneey ecosystems chhe, jeey manav vikaas aneey aakramak prajatiothi jokhamma chhe. maunaa keyaa vana anaamat havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhno vibhagna adhikarkshetra hethal maane-naayo jangalnu rakshan karey chhe. aakhu varsh andaanuna shikaarnee manjuri chhe. maane-naayo jungleno aek naano bhaag maunaa keey raajy manoranjan vistaarthi gheraayelo chhe. neechu vatavaran. maunaa keaana neechala dhholaav parr pashupaalanni jameenno aek samooh agau "babool coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (coa-ohiya) jungle hatoo. teno vinaash vinaash sadeeni sharuaatmaa european aneey american vasaahationaa pravaahne kaarane thayo hato, kaaran keey keey daaykaa darmiyan vyaapak laakada kaapvaathi navaa gharo maate laakadu purun padvama aavyu hatoo. jangalnaa vishaal bhagne baadee nakhvama aavyo hato aneey sherdinaa vaavetar maate saaf karvaamaa aavyo hato. taapu parnaa motabhagna makaano koana banelaa hataa, aneey jangalnaa jeey bhaago bachee gayaa hataa teey sherdinaa vaavetar parr boilarone vijadee aapvaa aneey gharone garam karvaa maate baltanno srot bunny gayaa hataa. aek samaye vishaal jungle 1880 sudhimaa lagbhag gayab thaee gayoo hatoo, aneey 1900 sudhimaa, lananinaa rus konaa aneey maui taapu parr sthaanaantarit thaee gayaa hataa. hataa daykama khaand udhyognaa patan saathe, aaa jameenno motaabhaagno bhaag padatar chhe parantu teno upyog pashu charaavvaa, naana paaye khetee karvaa aneey lakadana palp maate nilgirini khetee maate thaay chhe. hakalau vana raashtriy vanyajeev aashray aee maunaa keaana pawan tarafnaa dhholaav parnoo aek mukhya coa vana abhayaranya chhe. tenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa ecosystemna avsheshone aavari levaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa vistaarmaa anya ghanaa durlabh biota upraant, luptpray pakshioni aath prajaatio, luptpray chhod aneey luptpray havaaiyan horry bett ("laciurus cinerius semotus") jovaa malyaa chhe. aaa anaamat anaamat vyaapak punahropan abhiyaannu sthal rahyu chhe. anaamatnaa bhaago sthaaneek ecosystem parr krushini assar darshaave chhe, kaaran keey anaamatnaa upala bhagma motabhagni jameen jameen chhe. baboolnaa coa-ohiya jangalni mool pakshee prajatioma havaaiyan kagado ("corvus havaiensis"), akepa ("loxops coxinius"), havaai velo ("oreomistis maanaa"), akiyapolau ("hamignathus munroi"), aneey havaaiyan hoko ("beautio soliterius") noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey tamaam luptpray, jokhamma chhe athavaa jokhamma chhe; khaas kareene havaaiyan kagado jangalima lupt thaee gayo chhe, parantu aaa prajatine hakalau reservema fareethi rajoo karvaanee yojnaa chhe. shikhar vedhshaalaao. maunaa keenu shikhar anookool nirikshan paristhitione kaarane khagoleey nirikshan maate vishvanaa shreshth sthalomaanu aek chhe. electromagnetic spektramnaa aaa pradesh maate submillimeter aneey infrared khagolshastra maate shushk paristhitio mahatvapurn chhe. shikhar undhaa starnee upar chhe, jeey shikharni neeche motabhagna vaadalone aavari leey chhe aneey shikhar parnee havaa shushk aneey vaataavaraniy pradushanthi mukt chhe tenee khaatari karey chhe. shikharnu vatavaran apvaadrupe stheer chhe, jemaa vishvanaa ketlaak shreshth khagoleey darshan maate ashantino abhaav chhe. shahernaa prakashthi maunaa kenaa antarne parinaame khoob jaj shyaam aakaash kaayada dwara sachavvama aave chhe jeey aaspasna vistarmathi prakaash pradushanne ghataade chhe; andhara starthi zankhi khagoleey padaarthonu nirikshan karvaanee manjuri maley chhe. aaa pareebaloae aitihasik reete maunaa keene stargazing maate uttam sthal banaavyu hatoo. hatoo daaykaani sharuaatmaa, havaai taapu chamber off commerce aarthik protsaahan tareeke maunaa keaana khagoleey vikasne protsaahan aapyu hatoo; aaa arizona khagolshastri gerard quiperni universityni infrared prakashna navaa sudharela detectorsno upyog karvaa maate sitesnee shodh saathe mela khaato hato. maarg kuiparnaa sahayak alika hairing dwara sthal parikshanthi shikhar sammelanni utkrusht yogyataani pushti thaee hatee. nassana bhandol maate vishaal durbin banaavvaa maate teevra trimukhi spardhaa quiper, harvarda university aneey havaai university (ooh) vachche sharoo thaee, jene maatra saur khagolshastrano anoobhav hato. aanee parakashtha "upstart" darkhastne bhandol aapvama aavee hatee. tenaa naana khagolshastra vibhagne khagolshastra maate navee sansthama punhbield karvaamaa aavyo, aneey aneey havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhno vibhage tene tenaa durbinni trijyaamaa aaveli tamaam jameen maate 65 varshnee liz aapee, jeey aneevarypane uparnee hatee. hatee purn thayaa pachhi, aaa vishvanu saatmu sauthee motoo optical/infrared telescope hatoo. 1970 sudhimaa, yuu. aesa. air phorsa aneey lowell vedhshaalaa dwara beey telescopenu nirmaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo, keneda aneey france maunaa keaa parr 3.6 meater see. aef. aech. tii. banaavvaa maate sammat thayaa hataa. joke, sthaaneek sansthaoae vedhshaalaani paryaavaraniy assar ange chinta vyakt karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. aanaa kaarane jameen aneey koodarti sansadhno vibhage praarambhik vyavsthaapan yojnaa taiyar curry, jeno musaddo musaddo taiyar karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey aneey tene purak banavvama aavyo hato. january january, karbhariona boarde sthal parr vaignanik suveedhaona satat vikasne teko aapvani yojnaane manjuri aapee hatee. hatee, maunaa keaa himyug anaamatne purak banaavvaa maate vedhshaalaa leasemanthi sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. hataa yojnaane yojnaane 2020 sudhee sevaa aapvaa maate rachaayel vistaran dwara badalvama aavee hateeh tene khagolshastra maate niyukt maun keyaa vyavsthapanni kachereenee sthaapnaa curry hatee aneey bakinane "koodarti aneey saanskrutik jaalvani" maan sthaanaantarit curry hatee. havaaiyan samudayma parvatnaa saanskrutik moolyo pratye aadarno abhaav darshavvama aavee rahyo chhe teey chintaane door karvaa maate aaa yojnaamaa vadhu sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaje maunaa keyaa vigyaan bhandarma 13 nirikshan suveedhao chhe, darekne 11 desho dwara bhandol purun padvama aave chhe. drashyamaan aneey infrared spectrum nava telescope kaama karey chhe, trana submillimeter spectrum aneey aek rediyo spectrum, jemaa arisa athavaa vaangeeo hoya chhe. tenee sarkhaamanimaa, hubble spaces telescopema ariso chhe, jeey kadamaa kadamaa jevo jaj chhe, jeey havey parvat parno beejo sauthee naano telescope chhe. save maunaa keey" aandolan parvatno vikaas apveetra hovaanu maane chhe. saanskrutik vaarso aneey paryaavaran saathe sambandhit kaahiyaa jevaa sthaaneek havaaiyan biin-nafakarak jutho pann saanskrutik aneey dhaarmik kaaranosar vikasno veerodh karey chhe. chhe prastaavit multy-telescope "outrigger" aakhare rada karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aek aayojit navaa telescope, tris meater telescope (tii. aema. tii.) aee vivaad aneey virodhne aakarshyo chhe. tii. aema. tii. neey april april manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. october october, telescope maate groundbreaking samarohma pradarshankario dwara vikshep padvama aavyo hato, jenaa kaarane project asthaayi rupe bundh thaee gayo hato. march april antamaa, pradarshankarioae fareethi shikhar sudhee pahonchvaano rasto avrodhit karyo hato. 2 april, april roj, mulakati kendra najik 300 pradarshankario ekathaa thayaa hataa jyaare shikhar sammelanmaa 12 lokonee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey vadhu 11 lokonee dharapkad karvaamaa aavee hatee. veerodh juthoni chintaoma jameennu mulyankan aneey sthaaneek havaaiyan paraamarshno samaavesh thaay chhe. rajyamaa veerodh pradarshanna vistaran baad 7 april, april roj bandhkam atkavi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. ghanaa veeram pachhi, project svechchhae mulatvi rakhvama aavyo chhe. governor ega bhavishyamaa maunaa kenaa vyavsthaapanmaa nondhpaatra ferfaaroni jaaherat curry hatee parantu janaavyu hatoo keey aaa project aagad vadhee shake chhe. havaaini sarvoch adalate 31 october, october roj bandhkam pharii sharoo karvaanee manjuri aapee hatee. pradarshankarioae tris meternaa telescope saame pratikriyaa tareeke online arajeeo poosta curry chhe. tii. aema. tii. telescopena nirmanne taatkaalik atkavvu" sheershak dharaavati online arjine badalvaa maate poosta karvaamaa aavee hatee.14 julai, julai roj orge. online arjiae haalmaa vishvbharma vishvbharma vadhu saheeo aektrit curry chhe. ketlaak pradarshankarioae tris meternaa telescopene teko aapvana kaarane havaaiyan governor david ige saame mahabhiyogni pann maang curry chhe. 18 julai, julai roj, "mahabhiyog governor david ige" shirshakvali aek online arjine badalvaa maate poosta karvaamaa aavee hatee.org aneey haalmaa 62,562 thee vadhu saheeo aektrit curry chhe. 2021 naa anta sudhimaa covid-19 rogchaalaani chaalu asaro aneey project maate bhandolma ferfaarne kaarane bandhkam yojnaao haalmaa sthageet chhe, jeey raashtriy vigyaan foundation dwara federal bhandol uplabdh karaavshe. tris meternaa telescopena nirmanne laeene vivaad chaalu chhe. sthaaneek media sansthao dwara karvaamaa aavel swatantra matdaan tapuoma aaa project maate satat samarthan darshaave chhe, jemaa beey trutiyanshthi vadhu sthaaneek rahevasio aaa projectne teko aape chhe. aaa jaj sarvekshano soochave chhe keey sthaaneek havaaiyan samudaaynu samarthan vibhajit chhe aneey lagbhag adadhaa havaaiyan uttardataoae navaa telescopena nirmanne teko aapyo chhe. julai, julai, rajyano kaayado havaai universitymathi master lanned liz parnoo niyantran navaa maunaa keyaa kaarbhaari aneey dekhrekh sattadhikari (aema. keey. aesa. oo. aee.) neey sthaanaantarit kareene virodhno javaab aape chhe. maxoa 12 sabhyonu booard chhe (11 matdaan sabhyo aneey 1 biin-matdaan sabhy) jemaa universityna pratinidhio, khagolshastrio aneey mool havaaiyanono samaavesh thaay chhe aneey teey khagolshastrio aneey mool havaaiyanna virodhabhasi heeto vachche santulan shodhvaanaa hetuthi banavvama aavyu hatoo. teey havaai jameen aneey koodarti sansadhanona vibhagma mukvaamaa aave chhe aneey 1 julai, julai sharoo thataa universitymathi 5 varshnaa sankraman samaygaalaa pachhi maunaa keey jameenni andar raajy sanchaalit jameenna sanchalan maate mukhya sattaa hashe. sankraman samaygaalaa darmiyan, maxoa aneey university sanyukt reete jameennu sanchalan karashe jyaare sattadhikari jameenna upyog, manav pravruttio aneey ekandar kaamgeereene sanchaalit karvaa maate vyavsthaapan yojnaa vikasaavashe. vikasaavashe sankramanno samaygaalo puuro thayaa pachhi, sattamandalni javabdarioma navee jameen upyogni parvangio jaaree karvaano samaavesh thashe, jeey vartmaan mukhya liz liz samaapt thaay chhe aneey jeey pann vedhshaalaao tenee samapti samaye navaa liz saathe nahee aave tene nishkreey karvaamaa aavashe. aabohva. maunaa keaama alpine aabohva (vagere) chhe. tenaa ushnkatibandhiy akshaanshnaa prabhaavne kaarane tapmanma utaar-chadhaav khoob ochho hoya chhe. himvarsha aakhu varsh saamanya hoya chhe, parantu sarerash maaseek taapmaan aakhu varsh thandu karataa vadhaare rahe chhe. koipan maheenama baraf unchaithi aneey tenaathi vadhu puddy shake chhe, parantu mote bhaage octoberthi april sudhee padey chhe. 1972 thee 1982 sudhee aek havaman kendranu sanchalan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo; jooe keey, aaa samaygalama maatra 33 maheenama tapmanna reqorda chhe; ghanaa varsho paase maatra beey maheenano detaa chhe. neeche darshaavel taapmaan saral sarerash chhe, aena. oo. aee. aee. dwara nondhaayela kaacha aankadao nahee. manoranjan. maunaa keaana dariyakinarama hamakua dariyakinaranu varchsva chhe, jeey jwalamukhini bajuae vaaramvaar dhholaav aneey bhuskhalanthi sarjaayela khadkaal bhupradeshno vistaar chhe. aaa vistaarmaa kalopa raajy manoranjan vistaar, vailuku nadee raajy udhyaan aneey akaka dhodh raajy udhyaan saheet anek manoranjan udhyaano saamel chhe. havaai taapu parr 3,000 thee vadhu nondhaayela shikaareeo chhe, aneey manoranjan aneey nirvaah banne maate shikaar aee maunaa keaa parnee aek saamanya pravrutee chhe. jaaher shikaar kaarykramno upyog dukkar, ghetaa, bakra, turkey, teetar aneey butter saheetnaa rajoo karaayela pranioni sankhyaane niyantrit karvaa maate thaay chhe. maunaa keaa raajy manoranjan vistaar aaa ramat maate bays camp tareeke kaary karey chhe. parvat parr neechala stare pakshee nirikshan pann saamanya chhe. aek lokpreey sthal "kipuka poo huluhulu" chhe, jeey maunaa keaney baaju parr aek kipuka chhe, jeey tyaare rachaay chhe jyaare laava vahe chhe aneey tekri parnaa junglene alag karey chhe. maunaa keaney mahaan unchai aneey tenee bajuoni unchai najiknaa maunaa loa karataa vadhu saaru drashya aneey tunko pagpaalo pradaan karey chhe. unchaini beemari, havaamaanni chintaao, rastaa parno uncho darajjo aneey ekandar apraapyata saathe unchai jwalamukhine jokhami banaave chhe aneey shikharni musafari mushkel banaave chhe. chhe sadeena madhyamaa rastaona nirmaan sudhee, maatra hardy lokoae maunaa keaana upala dhholavni mulakat leedhi hatee; shikaareeo ramatnaa pranione track kartaa hataa aneey padayatrio parvat parr musafari kartaa hataa. aaa pravasioae pravasioae daykama nagrik sanraxan dado dwara bays camp tareeke bandhvama aaveli pattharni kebinano upyog karyo hato aneey aaa suvidhaothi jaj aantarrashtriy khagolshastra telescope support complexes maate aadhunik madhyam-starnu onizuka kendra melavaamaa aavyu chhe. pratham maunaa keyaa shikhar maarg maarg banavvama aavyo hato, jenaathi shikhar vadhu loko maate sulabh banyu hatoo. aaje, maunaa keyaa pageru saheet bahuveedh hiking rastaao astitvamaa chhe, aneey 2007 sudhimaa darr varshe 100,000 thee vadhu pravasio aneey 32,000 vaahano aantarrashtriy khagolshastra maate onizuka kendrani najiknaa mulakati maahitee station (vee. aesa.) parr jataa hataa. maunaa keyaa pravesh maarg kendra sudhee mokalo chhe. aek abhyasma janavama aavyu chhe keey parvat parr kaama kartaa lagbhag trija bhaagnaa mulaakaatio aneey beey trutiyaansh vyaavsaayik khagolshastrioae teevra unchaini mandgina lakshanono anoobhav karyo chhe; jwalamukhini baajuo parr musafari kartaa mulakatione ochhama ochho adadho kalaak aneey vadhu unchai saathe anukoolan karvaa maate mulakati kendramaa vadhu samay rokaavaani salah aapvama aave chhe. toach sudhee javaa maate chaar-wheel drive vaahanno upyog karvaanee bhaarpurvak bhalaaman karvaamaa aave chhe. brack ghanivaar neeche jataa samaye vadhu garam thaay chhe aneey maunaa qee parr koee balatan uplabdh nathee. agau darroj raatre 6-10 thee viz parr free staar jovaano kaarykram yojaato hato, jemaa chaalu covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane sanchalanna kalaakoma ferfar aneey bundh bannene kaarane kaarykram rada karvaamaa aavyo hato. darr varshe 5,000 thee 6,000 loko maunaa keaa shikharni mulakat leey chhe, aneey salaamati sunishchit karvaamaa madad karvaa aneey parvatni akhanditataanu rakshan karvaa maate, 2001 maan aek ranger kaarykram amalmaa mukvaamaa aavyo hato.

mauna key mauna keaa (yaa; "mauna aeye vakea" key liye sankshipt naam) havaai dweep parr ack sakriya jwalamukhi haye. isaki choti samudra tala seey oopar haye, joe ise havaai raajya mein sabse oonchaa bindu aur prithvi parr ack dweep kii doosari sabse oonchi choti banaati haye. yeh choti mauna loa seey lagbhag oonchi haye, joe isake adhik vishal padosi haye. mauna keaa apani oonchaai key liye asamanya roop seey sthalaakritik roop seey pramukh haih isaki aardr pramukhta pahaadon key beach duniya mein pandrahavin haye; isaki shushk pramukhta haye. yeh shushk pramukhta samudra tala seey mount everest kii oonchaai seey adhik haye, aur kuchh adhikaariyon ney apane paani key neeche key aadhar seey mauna keaa koo duniya kaa sabse unchaa parvat karaar diyaa haye. yeh lagbhag duss laakh varsh purana haye aur iss prakaar saikadon hajaaron varsh pahale jeevan kii sabse sakriya dhaal avastha seey gujar gayaa. apani vartamaan post-sheeled sthiti mein, iska laava adhik chipchipa haye, jisake parinamswarup ack oonchi ruprekha haye. sinder shankuon key nirmaan, isake daraar kshetron key vikendrikaran, isake shikhar parr himanadiyata aur prachalit vyaapaar havaaon key kaaran dair seey jwalamukhi ney ise apane padosi jwalamukhiyon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik kathor roop diyaa haye. mauna keaa aakhiri baar 6,000 seey 4,000 saal pahale foota thaa aur abb ise nishkriya maanaa jaataa haye. havaai dharm mein, havaai dweep kii chotiyaan pavitra hain. ack pracheen kaanoon ney kewal uchch shreni key allie koo isake shikhar parr jaane kii anumati dee thee. mauna keaa kii dhalanon parr rahane vaale pracheen havaai loga bhojan key liye isake vyaapak jangalon parr nirbhar they, aur upkaran utpaadan key liye isake kinaaron parr ghaney jwalamukhi-himnad besault kaa utkhanan kiya. jaba 18veen shatabdi key anta mein europeeya aae, tou basane vaalon ney maveshiyon, bhed aur khel jaanvaron koo pesh kiya, jinamen seey kaee jangli hoe gaye aur jwalamukhi key paaristhitik santulan koo nuksan pahunchaana shuru curr diyaa. mauna keaa koo paaristhitik roop seey teen vargon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih isake shikhar parr ack alpine jalavaayu, ack "sophora chrysophila"-isake kinaaron parr "myoporam sandvicence" (yaa mamane-naayo) vann, aur ack "ekasia coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (yaa coa-ohiya) vann, jise abb jyaadaatar poorv cheeni udyog dwara isake aadhar parr saaf kiya gayaa haye. haal key varshon mein, deshi prajaatiyon kii bhedyata parr chinta ney adalati mamalon koo janm diyaa haye, jisane havaai vibhaag koo jwalamukhi parr sabhi jangli prajaatiyon koo samaapt karane kii disha mein kaam karane key liye majboor kiya haye. apani uchch oonchaai, shushk vatavaran aur sthir vayu pravaah key saath, mauna key shikhar khagoliya avalokan key liye duniya key sarvshreshth sthalon mein seey ack haye. 1964 mein ack pahunch sadak key nirmaan key baad seey, gyaarah deshon dwara vitt poshit terah doorbinon kaa nirmaan shikhar sammelan mein kiya gayaa haye. mauna key vedhshaalaaon kaa upayog vidyut chumbakiya spectrum mein vaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye kiya jaataa haye aur isamen duniya kii sabse badee aisee suvidha shamil haye. deshi havaai logon dwara pavitra maane jaane vaale paridrishya parr unakaa nirmaan aaj bhee bahas kaa vishay banaa huaa haye. sthalaakritik pramukhta. mauna keaa apani oonchaai key liye asamanya roop seey sthalaakritik roop seey pramukh haye, pahaadon key beach duniya mein pandrahavin geeli pramukhta key saath, aur duniya mein ack shushk pramukhta key saath, kewal mount everest key baad. yeh apane dweep kii sabse oonchi choti haye, isaliye isaki aardr pramukhta samudra tala seey isaki oonchaai seey mell khaati haye. kyonki havaai dweep samudra mein gaharaai seey dhalaan parr hain, mauna key kii pramukhta shushk haye. yeh shushk pramukhta samudra tala seey mount everest kii oonchaai seey adhik lambi haye, isaliye mauna key kii shushk pramukhta koo paar karane key liye poore mahadweepon koo apani talhati mein shamil karna hoga. havaai gart seey kitna mauna key nikalata haye, ise dekhate hue kuchh adhikaariyon ney ise duniya kaa sabse unchaa (sabse oonchaa key vipareet) parvat kahaa haye, jaisa kii aadhar seey choti taka maapa jaataa haye. pramukhta key vipareet, aadhar koo shithil roop seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jisake parinamswarup sankhya (motey taur parr havaai gart mein sabse gahare bindu taka) seey laker (gahare bhoomigat parvat kii jarh taka) taka haye. una udaharanon parr, anya pahaad pratidvandi daavon koo pesh karate hain, jaise kii mount lamlam joe aadhar seey uchch chadhaai kaa daavaa kartaa haye (, chunauti dene vaale gahare seey shuru hotaa haye), aur sabhi himalaya parvat joe jabardast gahari jadon kaa daavaa karate hain. atakama khaai seey laker andes pahaadon taka adhik vriddhi koo maapa jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, richard key gahare (gahare) seey laker paas key lullilako (uchch) kii choti taka. naa tou mount lamlam aur naa hii lullallako mein mauna key kii pramukhta haye, kyonki way harr disha mein khaai mein naheen faile hain. bhoovigyaan. mauna keaa una paanch jwalamukhi mein seey ack haye joe havaai dweep kaa nirmaan kartaa haye, joe havaai-samrat seamont shrinkhala kaa sabse badaa aur sabse chhota dweep haye. inn paanch hotspot jwalamukhi mein seey mauna keaa chautha sabse purana aur chautha sabse sakriya jwalamukhi haye. yeh lagbhag duss laakh saal pahale havaai hotspot dwara sanchaalit ack preshield jwalamukhi key roop mein shuru huaa thaa, aur 500,000 saal pahale taka apane dhaal charan key dauran asadharan roop seey sakriya hoe gayaa thaa. mauna keaa ney 250,000 seey 200,000 saal pahale apane shaant post-sheeled charan mein pravesh kiya, aur vartamaan mein sakriya haye, joe 4,500 aur 6,000 saal pahale key beach antim baar visfot huaa thaa. mauna keaa mein ack drishyamaan shikhar caldera naheen haye, lekin isake shikhar key paas kaee chhote sinder aur pumis shanku hain. ack poorv shikhar caldera koo baad mein shikhar visfot key bhandar seey bharaa aur dafnaya gayaa hoga. mauna keaa matra mein itna badaa haye kii yeh aur iska padosi, mauna loa, isake neeche samudra kii parat koo dabaa dete hain. jwalamukhi prati varsh seey cumm kii darr seey apane vajan key tahat fisalana aur samtal honah jaari rakhta haye. iska adhikansh bhaag isake vartamaan shikhar key poorv mein sthit haye. yeh samudra tala seey oopar, apane padosi mauna loa seey lagbhag adhik oonchaa haye, aur havaai raajya mein sabse oonchaa bindu haye. sabhi havaai jwalamukhi kii tarah, mauna keaa koo banaaya gayaa haye kyonki prashant vivartanik plate prithvi key antarnihit aavaran mein havaai hotspot key oopar seey chully gaee haye. havaai dweep jwalamukhi iss prakriya key sabse halia pramaan hain kii, 70 million varshon seey adhik samay seey, lambi havaai parvat shrinkhala-samrat seamont shrinkhala banaai haye. prachalit, halanki poori tarah seey sthir naheen haye, yeh vichaar haye kii hotspot grah key aavaran key bheetar kaafee hudd taka sthir rhaa haye, yadi sabhi senozoic yug naheen. haalaanki, jabaki havaai jwalamukhi koo achchi tarah seey samajha jaataa haye aur vyaapak roop seey adhyayan kiya jaataa haye, hotspot prabhaav kaa kaaran banane vaale tantra kii koee nishchit vyakhya naheen haye. laava key key seey isake vikas key dauran apane padosiyon key saath jatil paraton mein ativyaapi hotaa haye. sabse pramukh roop seey, mauna keaa kohala seey uttar-paschim kii or puraane pravaah parr banaaya gayaa haye, aur dakshin mein mauna loa key aadhar koo kaatata haye. mauna key key kinaaron mein mool visfotkari daraar (daraar kshetra) isake post-sheeled jwalamukhi dwara dafnaya gayaa thaa. hilo riz, joe kii mauna key key poorv mein ack pramukh paani key neeche daraar kshetra sanrachana thee, koo kabhi jwalamukhi kaa ack hissa maanaa jaataa thaa; haalaanki, abb ise kohala kaa ack daraar kshetra maanaa jaataa haye joe yuva mauna key pravaah seey prabhaavit huaa haye. jwalamukhi key vishal mukhya dravyamaan kaa nirmaan karane vaale dhaal-charan laava, praathamik magma aur cumm samudri parat key mishran key madhyam seey banaae gaye, mauna loa kii tarah, tholitic besault hain. way maun key parr sabse puraane ujagar chattan staron seey dhake hue hain, "hamakua jwalamukhi" key post-sheeled kshaar besault, joe 250,000 aur 70-65,000 varshon pahale futt gaye they. sabse halia jwalamukhiya pravaah havaai aur magiyarait hainh way post-sheeled "lapaho jwalamukhi" hain, joe 65,000 aur 4,000 saal pahale key beach visfot hue they. laava sanrachana mein inn parivartanon key saath shikhar parr magma kii aapoorti mein dheemi kamee aaee, jisase kamjor visfot hue aur phir jwalamukhiya nishkriyata seey judey alag-alag prakarnon koo raasta milaa. lapaho laava adhik chipchipe hotey hain aur pahale key tholitic besault kii tulanaa mein adhik vashpasheel hotey hain; unake motey pravaah kaafee adhik hotey hain. isake alawa, visfotak visfoton ney shikhar key paas sinder shanku banaae hain. yeye shanku mauna key key sabse halia visfot kendra hain. isake vartamaan shikhar parr laava gumbad aur sinder shanku hain joe vyaas mein aur saikadon meater lambe hain. mauna keaa ekmatra havaai jwalamukhi haye jisamen himnad key vishisht pramaan hain. isi tarah key bhandar shayed mauna loa parr maujood they, lekin baad mein laava pravaah seey dhake hue hain. havaai key ushnakatibandhiya sthaan key bavjood, pichhale kaee himm yugon key dauran tapman mein ack degree kii girawat ney garmiyon key dauran jwalamukhi key shikhar parr burf rahane kii anumati dee, jisase ack burf kii topi kaa nirmaan huaa. pichhale 180,000 varshon seey himnad key teen prakaran darj kiye gaye hainh "pokuloa" (180-130 kaa), "vayhu" (80-60 kaa) aur "makanka" (40-13 kaa) shrinkhala. inme jwalamukhi key oopari kinaaron parr morine aur bajari key ack golakar valay koo jamaa karate hue shikhar koo badey paimaane parr tarasha gayaa haye. subglacial visfoton ney maknaka himnad key dauran sinder shanku banaae, jinamen seey adhikansh himnad kriya seey bhaari roop seey prabhaavit they. sabse haal key shanku 9000 aur 4500 saal pahale, himnadon key bhandar key oopar banaae gaye they, halanki ack adhyayan seey sanket milata haye kii antim visfot lagbhag 3600 saal pahale huaa hoga. apane adhikatam vistaar parr, himnad shikhar seey neeche kii oonchaai key beach taka faile hue they. 1974 seey pahale mauna keaa key shikhar parr paar seey cumm permafrost kaa ack chhota saa shareer paaya gayaa thaa, aur abhee bhee maujood hoe sakata haye. chhoti galiyaan shikhar parr nakkashi karati hain, joe barish aur burf seey bharee dhaaraon seey banati hain joe kewal sardiyon key pighalane aur barish kii bauchhaaron key dauran bahati hain. jwalamukhi key havaa kii or, vyaparik havaaon dwara sanchaalit dhaara key kataav ney puraane kohala key samaan tareeke seey kataav koo tej curr diyaa haye. mauna keaa prashant besin kii sabse oonchi jheel vaayo kaa ghar haye. yeh puu vaau sinder shanku key bheetar sthit haye aur havaai mein ekmatra alpine jheel haye. jheel bahut chhoti aur uthali haye, jiska satah kshetra aur gaharaai jaba poorna hoti haye. jheel key aadhar parr namoonon kii radiocarbon detting ingit karati haye kii yeh 12,600 saal pahale burf seey saaf thaa. havaai laava key prakaar aamtaur parr pargamya hotey hain, joe ghuspaith key kaaran jheel key nirmaan koo rokte hain. yaa tou sulfur-dhaaran karane vaali bhaap ney jwalamukhiya raakh koo cumm pargamyata mitty mein badal diyaa, yaa badhate magma aur bhujal yaa satah key paani key beach visfotak baatchit ney frequency visfoton key dauran asadharan roop seey maheen raakh kaa gathan kiya jisase jheel key tala kii pargamyata cumm hoe gaee. havaai dweep parr 1993 taka koee artasian paani naheen thaa jaba havaai vishvavidyalaya dwara samudra tala seey neeche ack artasian jalbhrit kaa dohan kiya gayaa thaa, joe borhole kii kull gaharaai seey adhik thaa. borhole koo mitty aur laava kii ack saghan parat key madhyam seey drill kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan mauna loa key pravaah ney ujagar mauna kii satah parr atikraman kiya thaa aur baad mein samudra tala seey neeche cumm hoe gayaa thaa. samasthaanik sanrachana darshaati haye kii vartamaan paani ausat samudra tala seey adhik oonchaai parr mauna key seey aaney vaali barish seey praapt huaa haye. jalbhrit kii upasthiti kaa shreya mauna keaa key besal lens key bheetar ack taaje paani key sir koo diyaa jaataa haye. vaigyaanikon kaa maanana haye kii vartamaan model kii tulanaa mein mauna key key taaje paani key lens mein adhik paani hoe sakata haye. 2012 mein mauna keaa parr dou aur borhole khode gaye they, jisamen paani bahut adhik oonchaai parr paaya gayaa thaa aur ummeed seey cumm gaharaai mein paaya gayaa thaa. sakriya jwalamukhiyon key adhyayan key liye havaai vishvavidyalaya key kendra key nideshak donald thomas kaa maanana haye kii jalbhriton kaa adhyayan jaari rakhane kaa ack kaaran uchch oonchaai vaale kshetron key upayog aur adhibhog haye, yeh kahate hueh "inmein seey lagbhag sabhi gatividhiyaan peene yogya paani kii upalabdhata parr nirbhar karati hain, joe jyaadaatar mamalon mein, vemiya yaa hilo seey kaathi taka leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye-ack aksham aur mahangi prakriya joe hamaare durlabh taral eendhan kii paryaapt matra kaa upbhog karati haye." bhavishya kii gatividhi. mauna key kaa antim visfot lagbhag 4,600 saal pahale (lagbhag 2600 eesaa poorv) huaa thaa; iss nishkriyata key kaaran, mauna key koo isake shikhar key liye 7 aur isake nichale hisson key liye 8 kii sanyukt raajya bhoovaigyaanik sarvekshan khatare kii soochi saunpi gaee haye, joe 9 kii sabse cumm sambhaavit khatare kii rating (joe vilupt jwalamukhi kohala koo dee gaee haye) haye. 8000 eesaa poorv key baad seey laava pravaah ney jwalamukhi key shikhar kaa 20 pratishat hissa cover kiya haye aur lagbhag isake kissy bhee hisse koo cover naheen kiya haye. isaki nishkriyata key bavjood, mauna keaa key phir seey fatane kii ummeed haye. pahale key visfoton key aadhar parr, iss tarah kii ghatana jwalamukhi key oopari kinaaron parr kaheen bhee hoe sakati haye aur sambhavatah lambe laava pravaah kaa utpaadan karegi, jyaadaatar lambe. lambe samay taka chalane vaali gatividhi srot parr ack sinder shanku kaa nirmaan curr sakati haye. halanki agali kuchh shataabdiyon mein iss tarah key visfot kii sambhavana naheen haye, lekin isase shayed bahut cumm logon kii zaan jaayegi lekin buniyaadi dhaanche koo kaafee nuksan hoga. maanav itihas. deshi itihas. havaai dweep parr pahunchane vaale pahale pracheen havaai taton parr rahate they, jahan bhojan aur paani prachur matra mein thaa. 12veen aur 13veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein antardeshiya basti kaa vistaar mauna loa-mauna keaa kshetra mein huaa. puraataatvik sakshya bataate hain kii inn kshetron kaa upayog shikaar, patthar kii samagri ekatra karane aur sambhavatah aadhyatmik karanon seey yaa khagoliya yaa nauvahan tippaniyon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pahaad key prachur jangal mein bhojan key liye paudhe aur janwar aur aashray key liye kachcha maal upalabdh thaa. udaan rahit pakshi jinhen pahale koee shikari naheen pataa thaa, way ack mukhya khaadya srot bunn gaye. havaai dweepon key praarambhik basaav ney sthaaniya paaristhitiki tantra mein badey badalaav kiye aur vishesh roop seey pakshi prajaatiyon key beach kaee vilupt hoe gaye. pracheen havaai loga videshi paudhon aur jaanvaron koo laae they, aur unake aagaman kaa sambandh kataav kii badhati darr seey thaa. prachalit nichale bhoomi vann paaristhitiki tantra koo jangal seey ghaas key maidan mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa; iss parivartan mein seey kuchh aag key upayog key kaaran huaa thaa, lekin havaai parr vann paaristhitiki tantra key patan aur avian vilupt honey kaa prachalit kaaran polynesian (yaa prashant) choohe kii shuruat prateet hoti haye. havaai key paanch jwalamukhi pavitra pahaadon key roop mein poojaniya hain aur sabse oonchaa mauna key shikhar sabse pavitra haye. iss kaaran seey, ack "kapu" (pracheen havaai kaanoon) ney uchch shreni key allie key liye agantuk adhikaaron koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. hawaiwasi apane praakritik paryaavaran key tatvon koo vishesh devtaon key saath jodate hain. havaai pauranik kathaaon mein, mauna key key shikhar koo "devtaon key kshetra" key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, ack aisaa sthaan jahan paropkari aatmaaen rahati hain. burf key devta poliahu bhee vahaan rahate hain. "mauna key" mauna key liye ack sankshipt naam haye aur iska arth haye "safed pahaad", isake mausami burf seey dhake shikhar key sandarbh mein. 1100 esvi key aspas, mool nivaasiyon ney upkaran banaane key liye advitiya ghaney besault (laava pravaah key twarit sheetlan seey upa-himnad visfot key dauran glacial burf seey milane seey utpann) koo nikaalane key liye mauna keaa parr uchch khadanon kii sthaapana kii. blade aur machhali pakadane key upkaran key liye jwalamukhiya kaanch aur gabro ekatra kiye gaye they, aur handle key liye maanani lakadi koo prathamikta dee gaee thee. 1400 key baad khadanon kii charam gatividhi mein, khurdari aur maheen kataai key liye alag-alag suvidhaaen theen; shramikon koo banaae rakhane key liye bhojan, paani aur lakadi key saath aashray; aur taiyar utpaad banaane vaali karyashalaen. vaayo jheel shramikon key liye peene kaa paani pradaan karati thee. deshi pramukh bhee navjat shishuon kii naabhi kii doriyon koo unake paani mein dubote they, taaki unhein pahaad kii taakat mill sakey. iss avadhi aur amerikiyon aur europeeya logon key sampark key beach khadaan kaa upayog cumm hoe gayaa. utkhanan seey judey anushthaan key hisse key roop mein, shramikon ney apane devtaon key liye mandir banaae; yeye aur anya khadaan kalaakritiyaan una sthalon parr bunny hui hain, jinamen seey adhikansh abb maun key himm yug aarakshit kshetra mein hain. iss praarambhik yug key baad 12veen aur 18veen shatabdi key anta key beach saanskritik vistaar huaa. bhoomi koo logon kii tatkaal jarooraton key liye banaae gaye kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. inn "ahupua" ney aam taur parr parvat shikharon seey laker tata taka bhoomi unmukh lambi pattiyon kaa roop leey liya. mauna key kaa shikhar kaohe key ahupua mein ghiraa huaa thaa, jisaki purvi dhalaan kaa hissa paas key humula taka pahunch gayaa thaa. jwalamukhi kii dhalanon parr rahane vaale havaai logon key liye poshan key pramukh srot isaki oopari dhalanon key maane-naayo jangal seey aae, joe unhein vanaspati aur pakshi jeevan pradaan karate they. shikaar kii jaane vaali pakshi prajaatiyon mein yuu. aeye. yuu. ("terodroma sandwichances"), nene ("branta sandvicensis") aur palila ("loxioids belalui") shamil hain. nichale coa-ohiya jangal ney mool nivaasiyon koo naukaaon key liye lakadi aur sajawat key liye alankrit pakshi pankh diye. aadhunik yug. james cook key aagaman seey pahale 1778 mein havaai kaa daura karane vaale videshiyon key teen vivaran hain. haalaanki, mauna key sahit dweep key sabse puraane paschimi chitran, 18 veen shatabdi key anta aur 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein khojkartaon dwara banaae gaye they. europe aur america key saath sampark key dweep nivaasiyon key liye badey parinam they. mool havaai loga shuru kii gaee beemariyon seey tabah hoe gaye they; vyaapaar kii sthaapana key saath hii hilo, kelakekua aur kailua sahit bandargah shahar badhe; aur dhaatu key aujaaron kii shuruat key baad mauna keaa parr aids khadanon koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. 1793 mein, george vancouver dwara raajaa kamehameha pratham koo shraddhanjali key roop mein maveshiyon koo laaya gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, way kaid seey butch gaye they aur dweep mein swatantra roop seey ghoom rahey they, jisase isake paaristhitiki tantra koo bahut nuksan huaa thaa. 1809 mein johnn palmer parker pahunche aur kamehameha aaee seey dosti kii, jisane unhein dweep parr pashu prabandhan kaa prabhaari banaaya. 1845 mein ack atirikt bhoomi anudan key saath, parker ney mauna keaa kii uttari dhalaan parr parker khet kii sthaapana kii, joe ack badaa pashu khet haye joe aaj bhee kaam curr rhaa haye. dweep key basane vaalon ney ganna baganon aur gharon key liye nichale deshi vanon koo jalaa diyaa aur kaat diyaa. mauna key aur mauna loa key beach kaathi key aakar key pathaar koo paar karane key liye naamit kaathi sadak, 1943 mein poori hui, aur mauna keaa kii yatra koo kaafee aasaan banaa diyaa. pathaar parr pohakuloa prashikshan kshetra havaai mein sabse badaa sainya prashikshan sthal haye. yeh aadhar jwalamukhi key nichale hisse seey laker oonchaai taka faila huaa haye, 1956 seey americi senaa koo patte parr dee gaee raajya kii bhoomi parr. iss kshetra mein 15 khatare mein aur luptapray paudhe, teen luptapray pakshi aur ack luptapray chamgaadad prajaati haye. mauna key 1980 key dashak seey vyaapak puraataatvik anusandhaan kaa sthal rhaa haye. 2000 taka lagbhag 27 pratishat vigyaan bhandar kaa sarvekshan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 76 mandiron, 4 aids nirmaan karyashalaon, 3 anya markers, 1 sakaratmak roop seey pehchaane gaye dafan sthal aur 4 sambhaavit dafan sthalon kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. 2009 taka, chinhit sthalon kii kull sankhya badhkar 223 hoe gaee thee, aur jwalamukhi key oopari hisson parr puraataatvik anusandhaan jaari haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii mandir, joe jwalamukhi key shikhar key aspas ack pracheen burf rekha key saath vyavasthit hain, mauna key key pavitra bhaag mein sankraman key liye marker hain. havaai key maukhik itihas mein mauna key key aspas dafanaane key kaee sandarbhon key bavjood, kuchh sthalon kii pushti kii gaee haye. jwalamukhi parr bikhare hue kaee sinder shanku parr mandiron yaa anya kalakritiyon kii kamee hoe sakati haye kyonki way dafanaane key liye aarakshit they. chadhaai. sampark seey pahale key samay mein, mauna keaa kii yatra karane vaale mool nivaasiyon koo shayed maujooda pagadandiyon kii tulanaa mein paridrishya dwara adhik nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki pagadandiyon kaa koee saboot naheen milaa haye. yeh sambhav haye kii isake bajaay praakritik katakon aur jall sroton kaa paalan kiya gayaa hoe. sambhavatah loga mauna keaa kii dhalanon parr apane shikhar key paas parivaar dwara banaae gaye mandiron kii yatra karane key liye jaate they, aur parvat parr chadhane seey sambandhit paramparaaen aaj bhee maujood hain. haalaanki, bahut cumm mool nivasi shikhar parr pahunche, kyonki usa parr sakht "kapu" rakhaa gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, mauna key kii sabse purani ullekhaniya "darj" chadhaai mein nimnalikhit shamil theh 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pagadandiyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, aksar khel jhundon kii aavaajaahi seey, jinhen ghode parr yatra kii jaa sakati thee. haalaanki, 1964 mein sadak key nirmaan taka shikhar taka vaahanon kii pahunch vyaavhaarik roop seey asambhav thee, aur yeh pratibandhit haye. aaj, upayog key vibhinn raajyon mein shikhar sammelan key liye kaee raaste maujood hain. paaristhitiki. prishthabhoomi. havaai kaa bhaugolik algaav isaki paaristhitiki koo dridhata seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. havaai jaise dooradraj key dweepon mein badee sankhya mein prajaatiyan hain joe kaheen aur naheen paaee jaati hain (havaai dweepon mein antarveshiyata dekhein). doorsthata key parinamswarup vikaasvaadi rekhaaen anya jagahon seey alag hoe gaeen aur inn sthaanik prajaatiyon koo baahari javic prabhaav seey alag curr diyaa gayaa, aur unhein vishesh roop seey vilupt honey aur aakramak prajaatiyon key prabhaavon key prati samvedansheel banaa diyaa. isake alawa havaai key paaristhitiki tantra krishi key liye bhoomi kii safai sahit maanav vikas seey khatare mein hain; dweep kii anumaanit teesari sthaanik prajaati pahale hii mitaa dee gaee haye. apani oonchaai key kaaran, mauna keaa mein havaai dweepsamuh mein kaheen bhee javic paaristhitiki tantra kii sabse badee vividhata haye. parvat parr paaristhitiki tantra tapman mein parivartan aur oonchaai key saath varsha key kaaran isaki dhalanon key saath kendrit valay banaate hain. inn paaristhitiki tantron koo oonchaai key aadhar parr motey taur parr teen vargon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih alpine-subalpine, monten aur besal vann. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein amerikiyon aur europeeya logon key saath sampark dweep parr adhik basane vaalon koo laaya, aur iska sthaayi nakaratmak paaristhitik prabhaav padaa. nichali dhalanon parr, coa-ohiya vann key vishal kshetron koo krishi bhoomi mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. oopar, jangli janwar joe kheton seey butch nikale, unhein sharan millie, aur badey paimaane parr kshatigrast, mauna key key mool maamane-naayo jangal mein. gair-deshi paudhe anya gambhir khatare hain; dweep parr 4,600 seey adhik pesh kii gaee prajaatiyan hain, jabaki deshi prajaatiyon kii sankhya kewal 1,000 anumaanit haye. alpine paryaavaran. mauna key kaa shikhar vriksh rekha key oopar sthit haye, aur isamen jyaadaatar laava chattan aur alpine tundra shamil hain. bhaari barfbari kaa kshetra, yeh vanaspati key liye durgam haye, aur ise havaiyan ushnakatibandhiya uchch jhaadiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yahaan kaa vikas atyadhik thhande tapman, cumm samay key liye badhane kaa mausam, cumm varsha aur sardiyon key maheenon key dauran barfbari seey pratibandhit haye. mitty kii kamee jadon key vikas koo bhee baadhit karati haye, jisase jameen seey poshak tatvon koo avashoshit karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye, aur kshetra koo bahut cumm jall pratidhaaran kshamata milati haye. iss oonchaai parr paae jaane vaale paudhon kii prajaatiyon mein "styphelia temiamei", "terroxacum officinal", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandvicensis", "anthoxanthum odoratum", "trisatum glomeratum", "poa enua", "soncus olerasius" aur "coprosma ernodiodes" shamil hain. ack ullekhaniya prajaati mauna key silverward ("argiroxifium sandvicence" vaar haye. "sandvicence"), ack atyadhik luptapray sthaanik paadap prajaati haye joe mauna keaa key uchch oonchaai vaale sinder registanon mein panpati haye. ack star parr kewal 50 paudhon kii aabaadi taka cumm hoe gayaa, maanaa jaataa thaa kii mauna key silverward alpine kshetra taka hii seemit thaa, lekin vaastav mein pashudhan key dabaav seey vahaan chalaa gayaa haye, aur cumm oonchaai parr bhee badh sakata haye. mauna key key dakshini shikhar parr mauna keaa himm yug aarakshit kshetra kii sthaapana 1981 mein kii gaee thee. yeh aarakshit kshetra virale vanaspati vaale sinder bhandar aur laava chattan kaa kshetra haye, jisamen aolian registan aur jheel vaau key kshetra shamil hain. yeh paaristhitiki tantra khatare mein padey yuu. aeye. yuu. ("pterodroma sandwichances") key liye ack sambhaavit aashray sthal haye aur vacue bugg ("nicius vacucola") parr ack adhyayan kaa kendra bhee haye. vacue keede mrit keeton key shavon koo khaate hain joe havaa mein mauna keaa taka bahate hain aur burf key kinaaron parr buss jaate hain. yeh genus "nicius" mein ack prajaati key liye ack atyadhik asamanya khaadya srot haye, jisamen mukhya roop seey beej khaane vaale keede hotey hain. way apane rakt mein praakritik antifries key kaaran atyadhik oonchaai parr jeevit reh sakate hain. way adhikansh samay germ satahon key neeche bhee rahate hain. unaki sanrakshan sthiti spasht naheen haye, lekin prajaati abb luptapray prajaatiyon kii soochi key liye ack ummidwar naheen haye; prajaatiyon key kalyan parr adhyayan 1980 mein shuru huaa. nikatata seey sambandhit "nicius aaa" mauna loa parr rahata haye. bhediya makadiyan (lycosidae) aur vann tambu caterpillar patang bhee usee mauna key paaristhitiki tantra mein dekhe gaye hain; poorv garmi-avashoshit chattanon key neeche chhipkar jeevit rahata haye, aur baad vaalaa apane shareer mein thhande pratirodhi rasayanon key madhyam seey. maamane-naayo vann. jwalamukhi parr vann kshetra, ack oonchaai parr, mamane ("sophora chrysophila") aur naio ("myoporam sandvicence") kaa prabhutva haye, donon sthaanik vriksh prajaatiyan hain, aur iss prakaar ise mamane-naayo vann key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss kshetra mein pakshiyon key mukhya khaadya padaarth, vishesh roop seey palila ("loxioids belalui"), maamane key beej aur naio phal hain. palila pahale mauna key, mauna loa aur hualai kii dhalanon parr paaya jaataa thaa, lekin abb mauna keaa kii dhalanon taka hii seemit haye-joe isaki poorv seema kaa kewal 10 pratishat haye-aur ise gambhir roop seey luptapray ghoshit kiya gayaa haye. paaristhitiki tantra key liye sabse badaa khatra 18veen shatabdi key anta mein dweep mein jangli bhed, maveshi ("boses primigenous") aur bakariyon ("capra hircus") dwara charaana haye. vaanijyik charaai key saath jangli jaanvaron kii pratispardha itani gambhir thee kii unhein khatm karane kaa ack karyakram 1920 key dashak key anta taka maujood thaa, aur 1949 taka jaari rhaa. iss charaai key parinamon mein seey ack jadee-bootiyon aur lakadi key paudhon kii badhati vyaapaktaa thee, donon sthaanik aur pesh kiye gaye, joe brousing key liye pratirodhi they. jangli jaanvaron kaa lagbhag unmoolan curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1950 key dashak mein unaki sankhya kuchh sou thee. haalaanki, sthaaniya shikariyon key aagaman key kaaran jangli prajaatiyon koo khel jaanvaron key roop mein moolyavaan maanaa gayaa, aur 1959 mein sanrakshan aur bhoomi upayog prabandhan key prabhaari shaasi nikaay, bhoomi aur praakritik sansadhanon key havaai vibhaag ney apani neeti koo ack nirantar-niyantran karyakram mein badal diyaa, jise khel koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. mauflon ("ovis arries orientalis") koo 1962 seey 1964 taka pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1964 mein aksh hiran ("aksh aksh") koo chhodane kii yojana koo kewal pashupalan udyog key virodh seey rokaa gayaa thaa, jinhone kahaa thaa kii way fasalon koo nuksan pahunchaayenge aur bimari failaayenge. shikaar udyog ney ladaai ladee, aur pashupalakon aur shikariyon key beach aage-peechhe honey seey antatah saarvajanik paryavaraniya chinta mein vriddhi hui. mauna keaa parr khagoliya suvidhaon key vikas key saath, sanrakshanvadiyon ney mauna keaa key paaristhitiki tantra key sanrakshan kii maang kii. sanrakshan key liye 25 pratishat vanon parr baad lagaane aur khel shikaar key liye shesh 75 pratishat kaa prabandhan karane kii yojana prastaavit kii gaee thee. sanrakshanvadiyon key virodh key bavjood yojana koo amal mein laaya gayaa. jabaki bhoomi kaa vibhajan kiya gayaa thaa, baad key nirmaan key liye koee paisa aavantit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. iss vivaad key beach luptapray prajaati adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa; rashtriya audubon society aur siera club kanuni raksha kosh ney havaai bhoomi aur praakritik sansadhanon key vibhaag key khilaf ack mukadama daayar kiya, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii way aitihaasik mamle mein sanghiya kaanoon kaa ullanghan curr rahey they. havaai bhoomi aur praakritik sansaadhan vibhaag "(1978). adalat ney sanrakshanvadiyon key paksh mein faisala sunaaya aur vanyajeevon key raajya niyantran seey pahale sanghiya kaanoonon kii prathamikta koo barkarar rakhaa. luptapray prajaati adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane key baad, havaai raajya koo pahaad seey sabhi jangli jaanvaron koo hataane kii aavashyakta thee. iss nirnay key baad 1981 mein ack doosara adalati adesh diyaa gayaa. ack saarvajanik shikaar karyakram ney cumm seey cumm asthaayi roop seey kaee jangli jaanvaron koo hataa diyaa. ack sakriya niyantran karyakram haye, halanki yeh paryaapt sakhti key saath sanchaalit naheen kiya jaataa haye taaki maane-naayo paaristhitiki tantra kii mahatvapurna vasuli kii anumati dee jaa sakey. dweep parr aur mauna keaa parr kaee anya prajaatiyan aur paaristhitiki tantra hain, joe maanav vikas aur aakramak prajaatiyon seey khatare mein hain. mauna key vann abhayaranya havaai bhoomi aur praakritik sansaadhan vibhaag key adhikaar kshetra mein maane-naayo vann kii raksha kartaa haye. guchhedaar shikaar kii anumati saal bhar dee jaati haye. maane-naayo vann kaa ack chhota saa hissa mauna key raajya manoranjan kshetra seey ghiraa huaa haye. nimn paryaavaran. mauna keaa kii nichali dhalanon parr khet kii bhoomi kaa ack samooh pahale "babool coa"-"metrocederos bahuroopata" (coa-ohiya) vann thaa. iska vinash 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein europeeya aur americi basane vaalon key pravaah seey prerit thaa, kyonki 1830 key dashak key dauran vyaapak lakadi kataai ney nae gharon key liye lakadi pradaan kii thee. jangal key vishal hisson koo jalaa diyaa gayaa aur ganna baganon key liye saaf curr diyaa gayaa. dweep parr adhikansh ghar coa seey baney they, aur jangal key way hisse joe butch gaye they, way ganna baganon parr bijli key boiler aur gharon koo germ karane key liye jalaau lakadi kaa srot bunn gaye. ack samay kaa vishal jangal 1880 taka lagbhag gayab hoe gayaa thaa, aur 1900 taka, lakadi kii kataai key hita cona aur maui dweep mein sthanantarit hoe gaye they. 1990 key dashak mein cheeni udyog key patan key saath, iss bhoomi kaa adhikansh hissa gir gayaa haye, lekin kuchh hisson kaa upayog pashu charaane, chhote paimaane parr kheti aur lakadi key goode key liye nilgiri kii kheti key liye kiya jaataa haye. haakalaau vann rashtriya vanyajeev sharan, mauna key kii havaa kii dhalaan parr ack pramukh coa vann abhayaranya haye. isaki sthaapana 1985 mein kii gaee thee, jisamen paaristhitiki tantra key avashesh shamil they. kaee anya durlabh biota key alawa, iss kshetra mein aathh luptapray pakshi prajaatiyan, baarah luptapray paudhe aur luptapray havaiyan horry bait ("lasiurus cinerius semotus") dekhe gaye hain. reserve 1989 seey ack vyaapak punah ropan abhiyaan kaa sthal rhaa haye. reserve key kuchh hisse deshi paaristhitiki tantra parr krishi key prabhaav koo darshaate hain, kyonki reserve key oopari hisse mein adhikansh bhoomi parityakt krishi bhoomi haye. babool coa-ohiya vann kii mool nivasi pakshi prajaatiyon mein havaai kauva ("corvus havaiensis"), akepa ("loxops kokiniyas"), havaai rengane vaalaa ("oramomistis maanaa"), Âakiapōlaʼu ("hemignathus munroi"), aur havaiyan baaz ("beautio solitarius") shamil hain, joe sabhi luptapray hain, khatare mein hain, yaa khatare mein hain; vishesh roop seey havaai kauva prajaatiyon koo haakalaau reserve mein phir seey pesh karane kii yojana haye. shikhar vedhashaalaaen. mauna keaa kaa shikhar anukool avalokan sthitiyon key kaaran khagoliya avalokan key liye duniya key sabse achche sthalon mein seey ack haye. vidyut chumbakiya varnakram key iss kshetra key liye upa-millimeter aur avarakt khagol vigyaan key liye shushk sthitiyaan mahatvapurna hain. shikhar vyutkram parat key oopar haye, joe shikhar key neeche adhikansh baadal koo dhakta haye aur yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii shikhar parr havaa shushk haye, aur vayumandaliya pradooshan seey mukt haye. shikhar kaa vatavaran asadharan roop seey sthir haye, jisamen duniya key kuchh sarvshreshth khagoliya drishyon key liye ashanti kii kamee haye. shahar kii roshni seey mauna key kii doori key parinamswarup bahut hii andhera aasmaan kaanoon dwara sanrakshit haye joe aspas key kshetra seey prakaash pradooshan koo cumm kartaa haye; andhera star mund khagoliya vastuon key avalokan kii anumati detaa haye. inn karakon ney aitihaasik roop seey mauna key koo stargazing key liye ack utkrisht sthaan banaa diyaa. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, havaai dweep chamber off commers ney aarthik uttejana key roop mein mauna key khagoliya vikas koo protsaahit kiya; yeh arizona khagolshastri gerard quipper key vishvavidyalaya key infrared prakaash key nae behtar detectors kaa upayog karane key liye saiton kii khoj key saath mell khaata haye. 1964 mein quiper key sahayak alika herring dwara site pareekshan ney shikhar sammelan kii utkrisht upayuktata kii pushti kii. ack badey doorbeen key nirmaan key liye nassa fund key liye ack teevra teen-tarfa pratispardha quiper, harvard vishvavidyalaya aur havaai vishvavidyalaya (uh) key beach shuru hui, jise kewal saur khagol vigyaan kaa anubhav thaa. yeh "upstart" prastaav koo diye jaane vaale dhana mein samaapt huaa. apane chhote khagol vigyaan vibhaag koo khagol vigyaan key liye ack nae sansthaan mein punarnirmit kiya, aur 1968 mein havaai bhoomi aur praakritik sansadhanon key vibhaag ney ise apane doorbeen key trijya key bheetar sabhi bhoomi key liye 65 saal kaa patta diyaa, joe anivarya roop seey oopar haye. 1970 mein puuraa honey parr, yeh duniya kaa satwan sabse badaa optical/avarakt doorbeen thaa. 1970 taka, americi vayu senaa aur lowell vedhshala dwara dou doorbinon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 1973 mein, kanada aur france ney mauna keaa parr 3.6 meater see. aff. aich. tii. banaane parr sahamati vyakt kii. haalaanki, sthaaniya sangathanon ney vedhshala key paryavaraniya prabhaav key baare mein chinta vyakt karna shuru curr diyaa. isake kaaran bhoomi aur praakritik sansaadhan vibhaag ney ack praarambhik prabandhan yojana taiyar kii, jiska masauda 1977 mein taiyar kiya gayaa aur 1980 mein poorak kiya gayaa. janwari 1982 mein, rajpratinidhiyon key board ney site parr vaigyaanik suvidhaon key nirantar vikas kaa samarthan karane key liye ack yojana koo manjuri dee. 1998 mein, mauna keaa himm yug aarakshit key poorak key liye vedhshala patte seey sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1982 kii yojana koo 2000 mein 2020 taka seva karane key liye design kiye gaye ack vistaar dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaah isane khagol vigyaan key liye naamit maun key prabandhan kaa ack karyalaya sthaapit kiya, aur shesh koo "praakritik aur saanskritik sanrakshan" mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. iss yojana koo havaai samudaay mein iss chinta koo door karane key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa kii pahaad key saanskritik moolyon key prati sammaan kii kamee dikhaai jaa rahee thee. aaj mauna key vigyaan bhandar mein 13 avalokan suvidhaaen hain, jinamen seey pratyek koo 11 deshon dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa haye. drishya aur avarakt spectrum mein nau doorbeenen kaam curr rahee hain, teen upa-millimeter spectrum mein, aur ack radio spectrum mein, darpan yaa vyanjanon key saath. tulanaa mein, habale space telescope mein ack darpan haye, joe aakar mein mein key samaan haye, joe abb pahaad parr doosara sabse chhota telescope haye. sev mauna key" andolan kaa maanana haye kii pahaad kaa vikas pavitra haye. saanskritik viraasat aur paryaavaran seey sambandhit sthaanik havaiyan gair-laabhkaari samooh jaise kii kaaiya bhee saanskritik aur dhaarmik karanon seey vikas kaa virodh karate hain. 2006 mein prastaavit bahu-telescope "outrigger" koo antatah radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ack niyojit naee doorbeen, tees meater doorbeen (tii. aim. tii.) ney vivaad aur virodh koo aakarshit kiya haye. tii. aim. tii. koo aprail 2013 mein manjuri dee gaee thee. octuber 2014 mein, doorbeen key liye bhoomi poojan samaroh pradarshankariyon dwara baadhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase pariyojana asthaayi roop seey rook gaee thee. march 2015 key anta mein, pradarshankariyon ney shikhar sammelan taka sadak kii pahunch koo phir seey avaruddh curr diyaa. 2 aprail, 2015 koo, 300 pradarshankari agantuk kendra key paas ikattha hue they jaba shikhar sammelan mein 11 aur logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. virodh samoohon kii chintaon mein bhoomi mulyankan aur sthaaniya havaai logon kaa paramarsh shamil haye. raajya mein virodh pradarshanon key vistaar key baad 7 aprail, 2015 koo nirmaan kaary roque diyaa gayaa thaa. kaee baar rukane key baad, pariyojana koo swechha seey sthagit curr diyaa gayaa haye. governor ige ney bhavishya mein mauna key key prabandhan mein paryaapt badlaavon kii ghoshana kii, lekin kahaa kii pariyojana aage badh sakati haye. havaai kii sarvocch adalat ney 31 octuber, 2018 koo nirmaan koo phir seey shuru karane kii manjuri dee. pradarshankariyon ney tees meater doorbeen key khilaf pratikriya key roop mein online yaachikaaen post kii hain. tii. aim. tii. doorbeen key nirmaan parr tatkaal roque" sheershak vaali online yachika koo badalane key liye post kiya gayaa thaa.14 julaai, 2019 koo online yachika parr vartamaan mein duniya bhar mein 278,057 seey adhik hastakshar ekatra kiye gaye hain. kuchh pradarshankariyon ney havaai key governor david ige key khilaf mahaabhiyog kaa bhee ahwan kiya haye kyonki unhone tees meater doorbeen key liye samarthan diyaa thaa. 18 julaai, 2019 koo "mahaabhiyog governor david ige" sheershak seey ack online yachika koo badalane key liye post kiya gayaa thaa.org aur vartamaan mein 62,562 seey adhik hastakshar ekatra kiye hain. 2021 key anta taka nirmaan yojanaaen vartamaan mein covid-19 mahamari key chala rahey prabhaavon aur pariyojana key liye dhana mein badalaav key kaaran sthagit hain joe rashtriya vigyaan foundation key madhyam seey sanghiya dhana upalabdh karaae jaane koo dekh sakate hain. tees meater doorbeen key nirmaan koo laker vivaad jaari haye. sthaaniya media sangathanon dwara kiye gaye swatantra chunaav dweepon mein pariyojana key liye lagaatar samarthan dikhaate hain, jisamen dou tihai seey adhik sthaaniya nivasi pariyojana kaa samarthan karate hain. inn samaan sarvekshanon seey sanket milata haye kii sthaaniya havaai samudaay kaa samarthan nae doorbeen key nirmaan kaa samarthan karane vaale lagbhag aadhe havaai uttardaataon key saath vibhajit haye. julaai, 2022 mein, raajya kaa kaanoon havaai vishvavidyalaya seey master laind lease parr niyantran koo nae mauna keaa prabandhan aur nireekshan pradhikaran (aim. key. aiss. oh. aeye.) mein sthanantarit karke virodh kaa jawab detaa haye. maxoa ack 12 sadasyiya board haye (11 matdan sadasya aur 1 gair-matdan sadasya) jisamen vishvavidyalaya key pratinidhi, khagolvid aur mool hawaiwasi shamil hain aur ise khagolvidon aur mool havaaivaasiyon key paraspar virodhi hiton key beach santulan khojane key uddeshya seey banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh bhoomi aur praakritik sansadhanon key havaai vibhaag key bheetar rakhaa gayaa haye aur 1 julaai, 2023 seey shuru honey vaale vishvavidyalaya seey 5 saal kii sankraman avadhi key baad mauna key bhoomi key bheetar raajya-prabandhit bhoomi key prabandhan key liye pramukh pradhikaran hoga. sankraman avadhi key dauran, aim. key. aiss. oh. aeye. aur vishvavidyalaya sanyukt roop seey bhoomi kaa prabandhan karenge jabaki pradhikaran bhoomi upayog, maanav gatividhiyon aur samagr sanchaalan koo niyantrit karane key liye ack prabandhan yojana vikasit karega. 2028 mein sankraman avadhi samaapt honey key baad, pradhikaran kii jimmedariyon mein nae bhoomi upayog permit jaari karna shamil hoga joe mahatvapurna hoga kyonki vartamaan master lease 2033 mein samaapt hoe jaayega, aur koee bhee vedhshala joe isake samaapti key samay taka nae patte key saath naheen aatee haye, usey sevamukt curr diyaa jaayega. jalavaayu. mauna keaa mein ack alpine jalavaayu (aadi) haye. isake ushnakatibandhiya akshansh key prabhaav key kaaran, tapman mein utaar-chadhaav bahut cumm hotaa haye. paalaa saal bhar aam hotaa haye, lekin ausat masik tapman poore saal jamane seey oopar rahata haye. burf kissy bhee maheene mein oonchaai aur usase oopar gir sakati haye, lekin aksar octuber seey aprail taka hoti haye. 1972 seey 1982 taka ack mausam kendra sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa; haalaanki, iss avadhi key bheetar kewal 33 maheenon mein tapman record haye; kaee varshon mein kewal dou maheenon key liye detta haye. neeche prastut tapman chikna ausat haye, naa kii noa dwara darj kachche number. manoranjan. mauna keaa kii tatrekha parr hamakua tata kaa prabhutva haye, joe jwalamukhi key kinare parr lagaatar dhalaan aur bhuskhalan seey utpann oobad-khabad ilaakon kaa ack kshetra haye. iss kshetra mein kalpa raajya manoranjan kshetra, vailuku nadee raajya udyaan aur akaka fauls raajya udyaan sahit kaee manoranjan udyaan shamil hain. havaai dweep parr 3,000 seey adhik panjikrit shikari hain, aur manoranjan aur nirvaah donon key liye shikaar karna, mauna key parr ack aam gatividhi haye. ack saarvajanik shikaar karyakram kaa upayog suar, bhed, bakariyaan, turkey, teetar aur bater sahit pesh kiye gaye jaanvaron kii sankhya koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. mauna key raajya manoranjan kshetra khel key liye ack aadhar shivir key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. pahaad parr nichale star parr pakshi dekhana bhee aam haye. ack lokpriya sthal "kipuka poo huluhulu" haye, joe kii mauna key key kinare parr ack kipuka haye joe taba banata haye jaba laava ack pahaadi parr jangal koo alag kartaa haye. mauna kii kii mahaan oonchaai aur isake kinaaron kii khadee sthiti ack behtar drishya pradaan karati haye aur nikatvarti mauna loa kii tulanaa mein ack chhoti chadhaai pradaan karati haye. oonchaai kii bimari, mausam kii chintaon, khadee sadak shreni aur samagr durgamata key jokhim key saath oonchaai jwalamukhi koo khatarnak aur shikhar yaatraon koo kathin banaati haye. 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein sadakon key nirmaan taka, kewal hardy ney mauna key kii oopari dhalanon kaa daura kiya; shikariyon ney khel jaanvaron koo track kiya, aur parvatarohiyon ney pahaad parr yatra kii. inn yaatriyon ney 1930 key dashak mein nagrik sanrakshan dall dwara nirmit patthar key kebinon kaa upayog aadhar shiviron key roop mein kiya, aur inn suvidhaon seey hii antarrashtriya khagol vigyaan doorbeen samarthan parisar key liye aadhunik madhya-stariya onizuka kendra praapt huaa haye. pahali mauna key shikhar sadak 1964 mein banaai gaee thee, jisase choti adhik logon key liye sulabh hoe gaee thee. aaj, mauna key trail sahit kaee lambi paidal yatra key raaste maujood hain, aur 2007 taka 100,000 seey adhik paryatak aur 32,000 vaahan pratyek varsh antarrashtriya khagol vigyaan key liye onizuka kendra seey satey agantuk soochana station (viz) jaa rahey they. kendra taka jaane key liye mauna key pravesh sadak pakki haye. ack adhyayan ney bataaya kii pahaad parr kaam karane vaale lagbhag ack tihai agantukon aur dou tihai peshevar khagolvidon mein teevra oonchaai kii bimari key lakshan hain; jwalamukhi key kinaaron parr yatra karane vaale agantukon koo cumm seey cumm aadhe ghante key liye rukane kii salah dee jaati haye aur adhimaantah adhik oonchaai key anukool honey key liye agantuk kendra mein adhik samay taka rukane kii salah dee jaati haye. sheersh taka jaane key liye chaar-pahiya vaahan kaa upayog karane kii dridhata seey anushansa kii jaati haye. break aksar neeche jaate samay adhik germ hoe jaate hain aur mauna key parr koee eendhan upalabdh naheen hotaa haye. ack muft sitara dekhane kaa karyakram pahale harr raat 6-10 baje seey aayojit kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen sanchaalan key ghanton mein badalaav aur chala rahee covid-19 mahamari key kaaran bund honey donon key kaaran karyakram radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pratyek varsh 5,000 seey 6,000 loga mauna keaa key shikhar parr jaate hain, aur suraksha sunishchit karane mein madad karane key liye, aur pahaad kii akhandata kii raksha karane key liye, 2001 mein ack ranger karyakram lagu kiya gayaa thaa.

mouna kee mouna kiah (athawa; "mouna aa vakeya" emba sankshipta roopa) hawai dweepadalliruwa ondu sakriya jwaalaamukhiyaagide. idara shikharavu samudra mattadinda ettaravaagiddu, idu hawai rajyada athi ettarada sthalavagide mattu bhumiya melina dveepada eradane athi ettarada shikharavaagide. ee shikharavu adara atyanta dodda nereya mouna lovaginta sumaru ettaradallide. mouna kee tanna ettarakkaagi bhougolikavagi asamanyavagi pramukhavaagideh adara ardra pramukhyateyu parvatagalalli jagattinalli hadinaidane sthaanadallide; adara shushka pramukhyateyu. ee ona pramukhyateyu samudra mattadinda everest parvatada ettarakkinta hechchaagide, mattu kelavu adhikaarigalu mouna keeyannu adara nirolagina taladinda vishvada athi ettarada parvatavendu hesarisiddaare. idu sumaru ondu dasalaksha varshagalashtu haleyadaagide mattu heege nooraru savira varshagala hinde jeevanada atyanta sakriya gurani hantavannu daatide. adara prastuta post-shieled sthitiyalli, adara lava hecchu snigdhavaagiruttade, idara parinaamavaagi kadidaada profile iruttade. cinder kongala nirmaana, adara biruku valayagala vikendrikarana, adara uttungadalli himanadigalu mattu chaaltiyalliruva vyapara maarutagalindaagi adara nereya jwaalaamukhigaliginta tadavaada jwaalaamukhiyu hecchu orataada notavannu niidide. mouna kiah koneyadaagi 6,000 rinda 4,000 varshagala hinde spotagonditu mattu eega suptavagide endu bhaavisalaagide. hawai dharmadalli, hawai dveepada shikharagalu pavitravagive. praachina kaanoonu unnata shreniya alige maatra adara shikharakke bheti needalu avakasha maadikottitu. mouna keeya ilijaarugalalli vasisuttidda praachina havaayiyannaru aharakkagi adara vyaapakavaada kadugalannu avalambisiddaru mattu upakaranagala utpadanegagi adara paarshvagalalli dattavaada jwalamukhi-himanadiya basaltgalannu ganigaarike maadidaru. 18neey shatamaanada koneyalli europeannaru agamisidaga, vasaahatugaararu jaanuvaarugalu, kurigalu mattu aatada pranigalannu parichayisidaru, avugalalli halavu kaadu praanigalaagi maarpattavu mattu jwaalaamukhiya parisara samatolanavannu haalumaadalu praarambhisidavu. mouna kiyavannu parisarashaastradalli mooru vibhaagagalaagi vingadisabahuduh adara shikharadalli alpine havamana, adara paarshvadalli "sophora chrysophilla"-"mayoporam sandwisence" (athawa maamane-naio) aranya, mattu "acasia koo"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (athawa cova-ohiya) aranya, eega adara taladalli hindina sakkare udyamadinda hechchaagi teravugolisalaagide. ittichina varsagalalli, sthaliya prabhedagala durbalateya bagegina kalavalavu nyaayaalayada prakaranagalige kaaranavaagide, idu hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoola ilaakheyannu jwaalaamukhiya melina ellah kaadu prabhedagalannu nirmoolane maaduva nittinalli kelasa maaduvante ottayiside. adara hecchina ettara, shushka parisara mattu sthiravaada gaaliya harivinondige, mouna keeya shikharavu khagola vikshanege vishvada atyuttama stalagalalli ondaagide. 1964ralli pravesha rasteyannu rachisidaagininda, hannondu deshagalinda dhanasahaya padeda hadimuru duradarshakagalannu shrungasabheyalli nirmisalaagide. mouna kee vikshanaalayagalannu vidyutkaantiya varnapataladaadyanta vaignaanika samshoodhanegaagi balasalaaguttade mattu idu vishvada atidodda antaha soulabhyavannu olagondide. sthaliya havaayiyannaru pavitravendu pariganisida bhoodrushyada mele avara nirmaanavu indigoo charcheya vishayavaagide. bhougolika pramukhyate. mouna kee tanna ettarakke asamanyavagi bhougolikavagi pramukhavaagide, parvatagalalli jagattinalli hadinaidaneyadu ardra pramukhyateyannu hondide mattu mount everest nantara vishvada eradane ona pramukhyateyannu hondide. idu adara dveepada athi ettarada shikharavaagide, aaddarinda adara ardra pramukhyateyu samudra mattadinda adara ettarakke hondikeyaguttade. hawaian dweepagalu samudrada aalakke ilijaaraagiruvudarinda, mouna keeya samudrada aalakke ona pramukhyateyannu hondide. ee ona pramukhyateyu samudra mattadinda everestne ettarakkinta ettaravaagide, aaddarinda mouna kiyaada ona pramukhyateyannu meeralu everestne tappalinalli idee khandagalannu serisabekaguttade. hawaian tottininda eshtu mouna kee chachikondiruttade embudannu gamanisidare, kelavu adhikaarigalu idannu taladinda shikharadavarege aleyuva vishvada athi ettarada (athi ettarada) parvata endu karediddaare. pramukhyateginta bhinnavagi, talavannu sadilavaagi vyaakhyaanisalaagide, idu (sarisumaaru hawaian tottiya aalavaada binduvinavarege) mattu (aalavaada bhoogata parvatada mooladavarege) varegina sankhyegalige kaaranavaagide. aaa udaaharanegala mele, itara parvatagalu pratispardhi hakkugalannu hondive, udaaharanege lamlum parvatavu taladinda (, challenger aaladinda praarambhavaagi) hecchina aarohanavannu helikolluttade, mattu ellah himalaya parvatagalu mahattaravaada aalavaada berugalannu hondive. hecchina ettaravannu atakama kandakadinda andis parvatagalavarege aleyabahudu, udaaharanege, richardna aalavaada (aalavaada) kelabhagadinda hattirada lullallako (ettarada) shikharadavarege aleyabahudu. lamlum athawa lullillaco parvatagalu mouna kiyaadantaha ona pramukhyateyannu hondilla, ekendare avu ellah dikkugalalloo kandakagalavarege vistarisuvudilla. bhuvijnaana. hawai dweepawannu roopisuva aidu jwaalaamukhigalalli mouna kiah ondaagide, idu hawai-chakravarty seamount sarpaliya atidodda mattu kiriya dweepawaagide. ee aidu hotspot jwaalaamukhigalalli, mouna kiah nalkane atyanta haleya mattu nalkane atyanta sakriya jwalamukhi. idu sumaru ondu dasalaksha varshagala hinde hawai hotspotninda nadesalpatta preshield jwalamukhiyagi praarambhavaayitu mattu 500,000 varshagala hinde adara gurani hantadalli asadharanavagi sakriyavaayitu. mouna kiah 250,000 rinda 200,000 varshagala hinde adara shaantavaada post-shieled hantavannu praveshisitu mattu prastuta sakriyavagide, idu 4,500 mattu 6,000 varshagala hinde koneyadaagi spotagondittu. mouna keeyavu gocharavaada sikhara kaalderaavannu hondilla, aadare adara shikharada bully halavaaru sanna cinder mattu pumis koongalannu hondide. hindina shikharada kaalderaavannu nantarada shikharada spota nikshepagalinda tumbisi samadhi maadirabahudu. mouna keeyavu gatradalli eshtu doddadagide endare adhu mattu adara nereya mouna loya, adara kelagiruva samudrada horapadaravannu taggisuttave. jwaalaamukhiyu varshakke kadime daradalli tannade tukada adiyalli jaribeelutta chappateyagutta hoguttade. adara bahupalu samoohavu adara prastuta shikharada poorvadallide. idu samudra mattadinda ettaradalliddu, adara nereya mouna lovaginta sumaru ettaradallide mattu hawai rajyada athi ettarada sthalavagide. ellah hawaian jwaalaamukhigalante, bhumiya aadhaaravaagiruva aavaranadalliruva hawaian hotspotn mele peciphic tectonic plate chalisuttiruvudarinda mouna keeyavannu rachisalaagide. hawai dveepada jwaalaamukhigalu ee prakriyeya ittichina puraavegalaagiddu, 70 dasalaksha varshagala kaala, hawai parvatashreni-chakravarty seamount sarapaliyannu srushtisive. prachalitadalliruva, sampoornavaagi nelegondilladiddaroo, ee hotspot grahada aavaranadolage hecchu kaala sthiravaagide, senozoic yugadalladiddaroo saha. aadaagyoo, hawaian jwaalaamukhiyannu chennagi arthamaadikondiddaru mattu vyaapakavaagi adhyayana maadalaagiddaru, hotspot parinaamavannu untumaaduva kaaryavidhaanada bagge yaavude nirdishta vivarane ulidilla. mouna keeyinda hariyuva lava adara belavanigeya samayadalli adara nerehoreyavarondige sankeerna padaragalalli atikramisuttade. atyanta pramukhavaagi, mouna keeyannu koohaalaadinda vaayuvyakke hariyuva haleya harivina mele nirmisalaagide mattu dakshinakke mouna lovaada talavannu chedisuttade. mouna kiyaada paarshvagalallina moola spotada birukugalannu (biruku valayagalu) adara hodikeya nantarada jwaalaamukhiyinda hoolalaayitu. mouna kiyaada purvakke iruva pramukha nirolagina biruku valaya rachaneyaada hilo parvatashreniyu ondu kaaladalli jwaalaamukhiya bhagavendu nambalaagittu; aadaagyoo, eega idu kauhalaada biruku valayavendu tilidubandide, idu yuva mouna kiya harivininda prabhaavitavaagide. jwaalaamukhiya agaadhavaada mukhya dravyaraashiyannu nirmisida gurani-hantada laavaagalu praathamika shilindhra mattu taggida sagarada horapadarada mishranadinda srushtiyaada mouna lovadantaha tholeitic basaaltgalaagive. avu 250,000 mattu 70-65,000 varshagala hinde spotagonda "hamakwa jwaalaamukhigala" kavachada nantarada kshaarada talahadigalaada mouna kiyaadallina atyanta haleya tereda bandeya padaragalinda aavrutavaagive. ittichina jwalamukhi harivugalu havaayigalu mattu mugiyaraitgalaagiveh avu 65,000 mattu 4,000 varshagala hinde spotagonda post-shilled "lapahoho jwaalaamukhigalu". lava samyojaneyallina ee badalaavanegalu shrungakke shilapakada puraikeya nidhaanagatiya kaditadondige bandavu, idu durbala spotagalige kaaranavaayitu, adhu nantara jwalamukhi suptatege sambandhisida pratyeka kantugalige daari maadikottitu. lapahoho laavaagalu hecchu snigdhavaagiruttave mattu hindina tholeitic basaltgaliginta hecchu aaviyaagiruttave; avugala dappavaada harivugalu mouna kiyaada paarshvagalannu gamanarhavagi kadidagisuttave. idallade, spotaka spotagalu shikharada bully cinder koongalannu nirmisive. ee kongalu mouna kiyaada ittichina spota kendragalaagive. adara prastuta shikharavu lava gummatagalu mattu cinder koongalinda vyaasa mattu nooraru meater ettaradallide. mouna kiah himanada spashta puraavegalannu hondiruva ekaika hawaian jwaalaamukhiyaagide. idhe reetiya nikshepagalu bahushah mouna lovaadalli astitvadalliddavu, aadare nantarada lava harivugalinda aavarisalpattive. havayiya ushnavalayada sthalada horataagiyoo, kaleda halavaaru himayugagalalli taapamaanadalli ondu degree kusitavu besigeyaadyanta jwaalaamukhiya shikharadalli himavannu ulisikollalu avakasha maadikottitu, idu manjugaddeya ranchanege kaaranavaayitu. kaleda 180,000 varshagalinda himanadiya mooru kantugalannu daakhalisalaagideh "pokulova" (180-130 qaa), "vaihu" (80-60 qaa) mattu "makanaka" (40-13 qaa) saranigalu. ivugalu jwaalaamukhiya melina paarshvagalalli morengalu mattu hullu mattu jalligala vrattakarada unguravannu sangrahisi, shikharavannu vyaapakavaagi kettisive. subglatial spotagalu makanaka himanada samayadalli cinder koongalannu nirmisidavu, avugalalli hechchinavu himanada kriyeyinda hecchu aavarisalpattavu. ittichina koongalannu 9000 mattu 4500 varshagala hinde himanadi nikshepagala mele nirmisalaagide, aadaagyoo ondu adhyayanavu koneya spotavu sumaru 3600 varshagala hinde sambhavisirabahudu endu soochisuttade. himanadigalu tamma garishta vyaaptiyalli, shikharadinda ettarada naduvinavarege vistarisive. 1974kkinta modalu mouna keeya shikharadalli addalaagiddakkinta kadime pramanada permfrastna ondu sanna dehavu kandubandittu mattu adhu egaloo astitvadallirabahudu. chaligaalada karaguva mattu maleya maleya samayadalli maatra hariyuva maley mattu hima-aadhaarita toregalinda rupugonda sanna kanivegalu shikharavannu kettuttave. jwaalaamukhiya gaaliya badiyalli, vyaapaarada gaaliyinda untaaguva holeya savetavu haleya kohalakke holuva reetiyalli savetavannu vegagoliside. mouna keeya peciphic jalanayana pradeshada athi ettarada sarovaravaada vaiyau sarovarakke neleyagide. idu puyu vayo cinder coone nolage ide mattu havayiya ekaika alpine sarovaravagide. sarovaravu tumba chikkadaagide mattu aalavilla, melmai vistirna mattu purnagondaga aalavaagiruttade. sarovarada taladalliruva maadarigala radio carbon dinankavu 12,600 varshagala hinde manjugadde spashtavagittu endu soochisuttade. hawaian laavaagala vidhagalu samanyavagi praveshasaadhyavaagiddu, olanusuluvikeyinda sarovarada rachaneyannu tadeyuttave. sulfur-hondiruva ugi jwalamukhi boodiyannu kadime-praveshasaadhyateya manninannagi badalaayisitu, athawa hechchuttiruva magma mattu antarjala athawa melmai neerina naduvina spotaka paraspara kriyegalu tivravaada spotagala samayadalli asadharanavada sukshma boodiyannu rupisi sarovarada talada praveshasaadhyateyannu kadime maaditu. 1993ralli hawai vishvavidyaanilayavu samudra mattakkinta kelagiruva artician jalacharavannu koreyuvavarege hawai dweepadalli yaavude artician neeru tilidiralilla, idu boar holna ottu aalakkinta hecchu vistarisittu. ee randhravu mannu mattu laavaada sankuchita padarada moolaka koreyalpattittu, allie mouna lovaada harivugalu oddikonda mouna kee melmaiyannu atikramisiddavu mattu taruvaaya samudra mattakkinta kelagiliyitu. samasthaanika samyojaneyu samudra mattakkinta hecchina mattadalli mouna keeyinda baruva maleyinda untaada neerannu torisuttade. mouna keeya talada masooradolagina sihineerina taleyu jalacharada upasthitiyannu hondide. prastuta maadarigalu soochisuvudakkinta mouna kiyaada sihineerina masooradalli hecchu neeru irabahudu endu vignaanigalu nambuttaare. 2012ralli mouna kiyaadalli innoo eradu borholgalannu koreyalaayitu, neeru niriksheginta hecchina ettaradalli mattu aalavillada aaladalli kandubandide. hawai vishvavidyaalayada sakriya jwaalaamukhigala adhyayana kendrada nirdeshaka donald thamus avaru jalacharagala adhyayanavannu munduvarisalu ondu kaaranavendare hecchina ettarada pradeshagala balake mattu aakramitate endu nambuttaare, heege heluttaareh "bahuteka ee ellah chatuvatikegalu kudiyuva neerina labhyateyannu avalambisive, hecchina sandarbhagalalli, vaimiya athawa hilodinda tadige truck maadabekaaguttade-idu namma virala drava indhanagala gananeeya pramaanavannu balasuva asamartha mattu dubari prakriyeyagide." bhavishyada chatuvatike. mouna kiyaada koneya spotavu sumaru 4,600 varshagala hinde (sumaru cree. poo. 2600) sambhavisitu; ee nishkriyateyindaagi, mouna kiyage adara shikharakke 7 mattu adara kelagina badigalige 8 rahra united states bhoovaignaanika samiksheya apaaya pattiyannu nigadipadisalaagide, idu 9 rahra kanishta apaaya rating (alivinanchinalliruva jwaalaamukhiya kohalakke nidalaagide). cree. poo. 8000 rinda lava harivugalu jwaalaamukhiya shikharada shekada 20 rashtannu aavarisive mattu vaastavaagi adara yaavude parshvagalilla. adara suptaavastheya horataagiyoo, mouna kee matte spotagolluva niriksheyide. hindina spotagala aadhaarada mele, antaha ghataneyu jwaalaamukhiya melina paarshvadalli elliyaadaroo sambhavisabahudu mattu deerghavaada lava harivannu untumaadabahudu, hechchaagi aaa, uddavagiruttade. deerghakaalada chatuvatikeyu mooladalli cinder coone annu nirmisabahudu. mundina kelavu shatamanagalalli antaha spota sambhavisuva saadhyateyilladiddaroo, idu bahushah swalpa jivahaaniyannuntumaadutta aadare moolasoukaryagalige gamanarha haaniyannuntumaaduttade. manava itihaasa. sthaliya itihaasa. hawai dweepakke agamisida modala praachina havaayiyannaru tiradalli vaasisuttiddaru, allie aahara mattu neeru heralavagiddavu. 12neey mattu 13neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli vasaahatu pradeshavu olanaadina mouna lova-mouna kee pradeshakke vistarisitu. ee pradeshagalannu beteyaadalu, kallina vastugalannu sangrahisalu mattu bahushah aadhyaatmika karanagaligagi athawa khagola athawa naukaayaanada avalokanagaligaagi balasalaaguttittu endu puratatva puraavegalu soochisuttave. parvatada samruddha aranyavu aharakkagi sasyagalu mattu pranigalannu mattu ashrayakkagi kachcha vastugalannu odagisitu. ee hinde yaavude parabhaksakagala bagge tilidirada haaraadada pakshigalu pradhana aahara moolavaagi maarpattavu. hawaian dweepagala arambhika vasaahatu sthaliya parisara vevasthegalalli pramukha badalaavanegalige mattu visheshavaagi pakshi prabhedagalalli aneka alivinanchinalliruva sthitige kaaranavaayitu. praachina havaayiyannaru videshi sasyagalu mattu pranigalannu tandaru, mattu avugala agamanavu savetada hechchida pramaanagalondige sambandhiside. chaaltiyalliruva taggu aranya parisara vyavastheyu aranyadinda hullugaavalige roopaantaragonditu; ee badalaavaneya kelavu benkiya balakeyinda untaayitu, aadare aranya parisara vevastheya kusita mattu havaayiyalli pakshigala alivina chaaltiyalliruva kaaranavendare polynesian (athawa peciphic) iligala parichaya endu toruttade. havayiya aidu jwaalaamukhigalannu pavitra parvatagalendu gouravisalaaguttade; mattu mouna kiyaada shikharavu atyanta pavitravagide. ee karanakkagi, "kaapu" (praachina hawai kaanoonu) unnata shreniya alige bheti niiduvavara hakkugalannu nirbandhisitu. havaayiyannaru tamma naisargika parisarada amshagalannu nirdishta devategalondige samyojisidaru. hawaian puraanadalli, mouna keya shikharavannu "devarugala pradesha" endu pariganisalaagittu, idu paropakari aatmagalu vasisuva sthalavagide. himada devateyaada poliyahu kooda allie vaasisuttaane. "mouna kee" embudu mouna aa vakia emba sankshipta roopavaagide mattu adara rtumaanada himadinda aavrutavaada shikharavannu ullekhisi "bili parvata" endartha. cree. shaa. 1100rahra sumaarige, sthaliyaru upakaranagalannu tayaarisalu ananyavaada dattavaada basault annu horategeyalu (upa-himanadi spotagala samayadalli himanadigalannu sandhisuva lava harivugala tvarita tampagisuvikeyinda utpattiyaguttade) mouna kiyaada mele ettarada adje kalluganigalannu sthaapisidaru. bledgalu mattu meenugaarike sadhanagaligagi jwalamukhi gaaju mattu gabrovannu sangrahisalaaguttittu mattu hyaandalgalige maane marakke aadyate nidalaaguttittu. cree. shaa. 1400rahra nantara, kalluganigaarikeya chatuvatikeyu uttungakkeridaaga, orataada mattu sookshmavaada kattarisuvikege pratyeka soulabhyagalu iddavu; kaarmikarannu pooshisalu aahara, neeru mattu maradinda aashrayagalu; mattu siddhapadisida utpannavannu rachisuva kaaryaagaaragalu iddavu. vaiya sarovaravu kaarmikarige kudiyuva neerannu odagisitu. sthaliya mukhyastharu navjat shishugalige parvatada balavannu needalu hokkulina haggagalannu adara nirinalli mulugisuttiddaru. ee avadhiya naduve mattu americannaru mattu yuropiyannarondigina samparkada naduve kallugani balakeyu kadimeyaayitu. ganigaarikege sambandhisida acharaneya bhagavagi, kaarmikaru tamma devarugalige devaalayagalannu nirmisidaru; ivu mattu itara kallugani kalakrutigalu ee stalagalalli ulidive, avugalalli hechchinavu eega mouna kee himayuga meesalu pradeshadallive. ee arambhika yugavu 12neey mattu 18neey shatamaanada antyada naduve saamskrutika vistaraneyannu anusarisitu. janara takshanada agatyagaligaagi vinyasagolisalada pradeshagalaagi bhoomiyannu vingadisalaagittu. ee "ahupuwa" galu samanyavagi parvata shikharagalinda karaavaliyavarege uddaneya bhoopradeshada roopavannu padedukondavu. mouna kiyaada shikharavu kaavheya ahupuvaadalli aavrutavaagiddu, adara purva ilijaarina bhagavu hattirada humulavannu taluputtade. jwaalaamukhiya ilijaarugalalli vasisuva havaayiyannarige poushtikateya pramukha moolagalu adara melina ilijaarugala maane-naio aranyadinda bandavu, idu avarige sasyavarga mattu pakshi jivanavannu odagisitu. beteyaadalaaguva pakshi prabhedagalalli yuu. yuu. ("petrodroma sandwichensis"), nene ("branta sandvicensis") mattu palila ("laxioids bellui") serive. kelabhaagada cova-ohiya aranyavu sthaliyarige doonigalige marah mattu alankaarakkaagi alankruta pakshi garigalannu needitu. aadhunika yuga. 1778ralli james cook agamisuva modalu videshiyaru havaayige bheti needida mooru daakhalegalive. aadaagyoo, mouna kiah seridante dveepada arambhika pashchimatya chithranagalannu 18neey shatamaanada koneyalli mattu 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli parishodhakaru rachisidaru. europe mattu americadondigina samparkavu dveepada nivasigala mele pramukha parinaamagalannu beeritu. sthaliya havaayiyannaru parichayisalaada rogagalinda dhvamsagondaru; hilo, kelakekuwa mattu kailuwa seridante bandaru nagaragalu vyaapaarada sthaapaneyondige beledavu; mattu lohada upakaranagala parichayada nantara mouna kiyaadallina adje kalluganigalannu kaibidalaayitu. 1793ralli, raaja wandane kamehameha avarige gaurava sallisuva saluvaagi georg vancouver avaru jaanuvaarugalannu tandaru. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhada velege, avaru bandhanadinda tappisikondu dweepadalli muktavaagi suttadi, adara parisara vyavastheyannu bahalavagi haanigolisidaru. 1809ralli zaan pamar parkar agamisi modalane kamehamehanondige sneha belesidanu, aata avanannu dweepadalli jaanuvaaru nirvahaneya ustuvaariyaagi nemisidanu. 1845ralli hechchuvari bhoo anudaanadondige, parkar mouna kiyaada uttara ilijaarinalli parkar ranch annu sthaapisidaru, idu indigoo kaaryanirvahisuttiruva dodda jaanuvaaru kshetravagide. dweepadalli nelesidavaru kabbina totagalu mattu manegaligaagi kelabhaagada sthaliya aranyada hecchina bhagavannu suttuhaakidaru mattu kattarisidaru. mouna kiah mattu mouna lova naduvina tadi aakaarada prasthabhoomiyannu daatalu hesarisalaada tadi rasteyu 1943ralli poornagonditu mattu mouna kiakke prayanavannu gananeeyavaagi sulabhagolisitu. prasthabhoomiyalliruva pohakulova tarabeti pradeshavu havaayiyallina atidodda military tarabeti maidaanavaagide. ee neleyu jwaalaamukhiya kelabhagadinda ettaradavarege, 1956rinda yuu. ess. seenege guttige niidalaada rajyada bhoomiyalli vistariside. ee pradeshadalli 15 alivinanchinalliruva mattu alivinanchinalliruva sasyagalu, mooru alivinanchinalliruva pakshigalu mattu alivinanchinalliruva bawali prabhedagalive. mouna cay 1980rahra dasakadinda vyaapakavaada puratatva samshoodhaneya taanavaagide. 2000dha velege sumaru 27 pratishatadashtu vignaana meesalu pradeshavannu samikshe maadalaagiddu, 76 devaalayagalu, 4 adje utpadana kaaryaagaaragalu, 3 itara gurutugalu, 1 dhanatmakavagi gurutisalaada samadhi sthala mattu 4 sambhavaneeya samadhi sthalagalannu gurutisalaagide. 2009rahra hottige, gurutisalaada ottu taanagala sankhye 223kke airide mattu jwaalaamukhiya melina parshvagala bagge puratatva samshoodhane nadeyuttide. praachina hima rekheya uddakkoo jwaalaamukhiya shikharada suttaloo jodisalaada devaalayagalu, mouna kiyaada pavitra bhagakke parivartaneya gurutugalaagive endu soochisalaagide. hawaian moukhika itihaasadalli mouna cay suttaloo samadhi maadida bagge aneka ullekhagala horataagiyoo, kelavu taanagalannu drudhapadisalaagide. jwaalaamukhiyannu aavarisiruva aneka cinder kongala mele devaalayagalu athawa itara kalakrutigala korateyu avugalannu samadhigagi kaydirisiddarindagirahu. aarohanagalu. samparkakke munchina samayadalli, mouna keyaada mele prayanisuva sthaliyaru bahushah astitvadalliruva haadigaliginta bhoodrushyadinda hecchu margadarshana padediddaru, ekendare haadigala bagge yaavude puraavegalu kandubandilla. badalige naisargika bettaguddagalu mattu neerina moolagalannu anusarisuva saadhyateyide. janaru mouna keyaada ilijaarugalige bheti needi adara shikharada baliyiruva kutumba-nirvahanaa devaalayagalige bheti niidabahudu mattu parvatavannu eruva sampradaayagalu indigoo astitvadallive. aadaagyoo, adara mele kattunittaada "kaapu" hakiruvudarinda, kelave kelavu sthaliyaru shikharavannu talupidaru. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, mouna kiyaada atyanta munchina gamanarha "daakhalita" aarohanagalu ee kelaginavugalannu olagondiddavuh 19neey shatamaanada koneyalli mattu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli, kudureya mele prayanisabahudada aatada hindugala chalaneyinda haadigalu roopugondavu. aadaagyoo, 1964ralli raste nirmanavaguvavaregu ee shikharakke vaahana praveshavu prayogikavagi asaadhyavaagittu mattu idu nirbandhitavagiye ulidide. indu, vividha balakeya sthitigalalli, shrungasabhege aneka haadigalu astitvadallive. parisara. hinnele. havayiya bhougolika pratyekateyu adara parisarada mele balavagi prabhaava biruttade. havaayiyantaha doorada dweepagalu berede kaanada hecchina sankhyeya prabhedagalannu hondive (hawaian dweepagalalli sthaliyateyannu nodi). ee doorada sthitiyu vikasaneeya rekhegalannu beredegaliginta bhinnavagisitu mattu ee sthaliya prabhedagalannu baahya jaivika prabhaavadinda pratyekisitu, mattu avugalannu alivinanchinalliruva mattu akramanakari prabhedagala parinaamagalige visheshavaagi guriyaguvante maaditu. idallade, krushigaagi bhoomiyannu teravugolisuvudu seridante manava abhivraddhiyinda havayiya parisara vyavasthegalu apaayadallive; dveepada sthaliya prabhedagalalli andaju moorane ondu bhagavannu eegaagale alisihaakalaagide. adara ettaradindaagi, mouna kee hawaian dweepasamoohadalli elliyaadaroo jaivika parisara vyavasthegala atidodda vaividhyateyannu hondide. parvatada melina parisara vyavasthegalu taapamaanadallina badalaavanegalu mattu ettaradondige maleyindaagi adara ilijaarugala uddakkoo kendrikruta valayagalannu roopisuttave. ee parisara vyavasthegalannu ettarada aadhaarada mele sthoolavaagi mooru vibhaagagalaagi vingadisabahuduh alpine-subalpine, montaine mattu basel aranya. 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli americannaru mattu yuropiyannarondigina samparkavu dweepakke hecchina vasaahatugaararannu tanditu mattu shaashvatavaada nakaaraatmaka parisara parinaamavannu beeritu. kela ilijaarugalalli, cova-ohiya aranyada vishala pradeshagalannu krishibhoomiyaagi parivartisalaayitu. melininda, jaanuvaaru kshetragalinda tappisikonda kaadu pranigalu mouna keeya sthaliya maamane-naio aranyadalli ashraya padedive mattu vyaapakavaagi haanigolagaagive. sthaliyavallada sasyagalu itara gambhira apaayagalaagive; dweepadalli 4,600kkoo hecchu prabhedagalive, aadare sthaliya prabhedagala sankhye kevala 1,000 endu andaajisalaagide. alpine parisara. mouna keeya shikharavu marada rekheya melide mattu hechchaagi lava bande mattu alpine tandragalannu olagondide. bhaaree himapaatada pradeshavaada idu sasyavargakke aashrayayogyavallada pradeshavaagide mattu idannu hawaian ushnavalayada ettarada podesasyagalu endu kareyalaaguttade. atyanta tampaada taapamaana, alpavadhiya belavanigeya kaala, kadime maley mattu chaligaalada tingalugalli himadinda illi belavanigeyu nirbandhitavagide. mannina korateyu berina belavanigeyannu kuntitagolisuttade, neladinda poshakaamshagalannu hirikollalu kashtavaguttade mattu ee pradeshakke bahala kadime neerina dharana saamarthyavannu niiduttade. ee ettaradalli kandubaruva sasya prabhedagalalli "styphilia tamemiye", "taraxacum officinal", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandvicensis", "anthoxantham odoratum", "tricetum glomeratum", "poa annuwa", "sonacus olerasius" mattu "coprosma ernodiodes" serive. ondu gamanarha prabhedavendare mouna kee sylver vard ("argiroxifium sandvicence" varr. "sandvicence"), mouna kiyaada ettarada cinder marubhumigalalli beleyuva atyanta alivinanchinalliruva sthaliya sasya prabhedavagide. ondu hantadalli kevala 50 sasyagala janasankhyege ilida mouna kee sylver vard annu alpine valayakke simitagolisalagide endu bhaavisalaagittu, aadare vaastavaagi jaanuvaarugala ottadadinda allie nadesalpattide mattu kadime ettaradalloo beleyabahudu. mouna keeya daksina shikharada paarshvadalliruva mouna kee himayuga meesalu aranyavannu 1981ralli sthaapisalaayitu. ee meesalu aranyavu iolian marubhoomi mattu lake vaiyavu pradeshagalannu olagondante viralavaada sasyayukta cinder nikshepagalu mattu lava bandegala pradeshavaagide. ee parisara vyavastheyu apaayadalliruva yuu. aa. yuu. ("petrodroma sandwichensis") ge aashrayasthaanavaagide mattu vku doshagala ("nysius vacuicola") adhyayanada kendravagide. vku kitagalu satta kitagala shavagalannu tinnuttave, avu gaaliyalli mouna keeya mele chalisuttave mattu himada dadadalli nelegolluttave. idu pradhaanavaagi beeja tinnuva kitagalannu olagondiruva "nysius" kulada ondu prabhedakke atyanta asaamaanya aahara moolavaagide. tamma raktadalli naisargika antifries iruvudarinda avu atyanta ettarada pradeshagalalli badukaballavu. avu hecchina samaya bisiyaada melmaigala adiyalli uliyuttave. avugala samrakshana sthitiyu aspashtavagide, aadare ee prabhedavu alivinanchinalliruva prabhedagala pattige abhyarthiyagilla; prabhedagala kalyanada kuritaada adhyayanagalu 1980ralli praarambhavaadavu. nikata sambandha hondiruva "nysius aaa" mouna lovaadalli vaasisuttade. thola jedagalu (lycosidae) mattu aranya tent caterpillar patangagalu saha adhe mouna kee parisara vyavastheyalli kandubaruttave; modalaneyavu shakhavannu hirikolluva bandegala adiyalli adagikolluva moolaka badukuliyuttave mattu eradaneyadu avugala dehadallina sheeta-nirodhaka rasayanikagala moolaka. maane-naio aranya. jwaalaamukhiya melina aranya valayavu, sumaru 200 meater ettaradalliddu, sthaliya maragala prabhedagalaada maane ("sophora chrysophilla") mattu naayo ("mayoporam sandvicence") praabalyavannu hondide, aaddarinda idannu maane-naio aranya endu kareyalaaguttade. ee valayada pakshigala, visheshavaagi palila ("laxioids bellui") pakshigala mukhya aahaaragalu maamane beejagalu mattu naayo hannugalaagive. ee hinde palliyu mouna kiah, mouna lova mattu huwalalai ilijaarugalalli kandubandittu, aadare eega mouna kiah ilijaarugalige simitavagide-adara hindina shreniya kevala 10 pratishata-mattu idannu gambhiravagi alivinanchinallide endu ghooshisalaagide. 18neey shatamaanada koneyalli dweepakke parichayisalaada kaadu kurigalu, jaanuvaarugalu ("boses premigeneous") mattu aadugalu ("capra hircus") meyisuvudu parisara vyavasthege atidodda bedarikeyagide. vanijya meyisuvikeyondige kaadu pranigala spardheyu tivravagittu, avugalannu nirmoolane maaduva kaaryakramavu 1920 rahra dashakada antyadavarege astitvadallittu mattu 1949 ravarege munduvariyitu. ee meyisuvikeya phalitaamshagalalli ondu sthaliya mattu parichayisalaada, brousinge nirodhakavaada gidamoolike mattu marada sasyagala hechchida haraduvikeyagide. kaadu pranigalannu bahuteka nirmoolane maadalaayitu mattu 1950rahra dasakadalli avugala sankhye kelavu nooru aagittu. aadaagyoo, sthaliya betegaarara olaharivu kaadu prabhedagalannu aatada pranigalendu pariganisalu kaaranavaayitu, mattu 1959 ralli samrakshane mattu bhoo balakeya nirvahaneya ustuvaari vahisidda hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilakheyu tanna nitiyannu krideyannu sugamagolisalu vinyasagolisalada nirantara-niyantrana kaaryakramakke badalaayisitu. mouflan ("ovis airies orientalis") annu 1962rinda 1964ravarege parichayisalaayitu, mattu 1964ralli axis jinkeyannu ("axis axis") bidugade maaduva yojaneyannu jaanuvaaru udyamada pratibhatanegalu maatra tadedavu, avaru belegalige haniyannuntumaduttare mattu roga haraduttaare endu helidaru. beteya udyamavu horaaditu, mattu saakanedaararu mattu betegaarara naduvina hindakke mattu mundakke antimavagi saarvajanika parisara kaalajiyalli hecchalakke daari maadikottitu. mouna keeyalli khagola soulabhyagala abhivruddhiyu praarambhavaaguvudarondige, samrakshanaavaadigalu mouna keeya parisara vevastheya rakshanege ottayisidaru. 25rashtu aranyagalige rakshanegaagi bayley haakuva mattu ulida 75rashtu aranyagalannu aatada beteya nirvahanege yojisalagittu. samrakshana tagnara virodhada horataagiyoo ee yojaneyannu karyaroopakke taralaayitu. bhoomiyannu vibhajisidaaga bayley nirmanakke yaavude hanavannu nigadipadisalaagalilla. ee jagalada naduveye alivinanchinalliruva prabhedagala kaydeyannu angeekarisalaayitu; rashtriya aduban society mattu siera club leagal defence fund, hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilaakheya viruddha mokaddameyannu hooditu, avaru federal kaanoonannu ullanghisuttiddaare endu helikondu, heggurutu prakarana "palila vii. hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilakhe "(1978). nyaayaalayavu samrakshana vaadakara paravagi tirpu needitu mattu vanyajeevigala melina rajyada niyantranakkinta modalu samyukta kaanunugala aadyateyannu ettihidiyitu. alivinanchinalliruva prabhedagala kaydeyannu ullanghisida nantara, hawai raajyavu parvatada badiyinda ellah kaadu pranigalannu tegeduhaakuva agatyavittu. ee nirdhaarada nantara 1981ralli eradane nyaayaalayada aadeshavannu nidalaayitu. saarvajanika bete kaaryakramavu aneka kaadu pranigalannu kanishta tatkalikavagi tegeduhaakitu. sakriya niyantrana kaaryakramavu jaariyallide, aadaroo idannu maane-naio parisara vevastheya gamanarha chetarikege anuvu maadikodalu saakashtu kattunittaagi nadesalaaguvudilla. dweepadalli mattu mouna kiyaadalli innoo aneka prabhedagalu mattu parisara vyavasthegalive, avu manava abhivruddhi mattu akramanakari prabhedagalinda apayakke silukive. mouna kee aranya meesalu aranyavu hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoola ilaakheya vyaaptige baruva maane-naio aranyavannu rakshisuttade. varshavidee gorasugala beteyannu anumatisalaagide. maane-naio aranyada ondu sanna bhagavu mouna kee raajya manaranjana pradeshadinda aavrutavaagide. kadime parisara. mouna kiyaada kela ilijaarugalalliruva ondu besaayada jameenina gumpu hinde "akeshiya cova"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (cova-ohiya) aranyavagittu. 1830rahra dasakadalli vyaapakavaada marada dimmi hosa manegalige marada dimmigalannu odagisiddarinda, 19neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli european mattu american vasaahatugaarara olaharivu idara vinashakke kaaranavaayitu. aranyada vishala bhagavannu suttu, kabbina totagaligaagi teravugolisalaayitu. dweepadallina hecchina manegalannu koyaadinda nirmisalaagittu, mattu ulidukondidda kaadina aaa bhagagalu kabbina totagalalli baylargalige vidyut needalu mattu manegalannu bisimaadalu uruvalugala moolavaagi maarpattavu. ondu kaaladalli vishaalavaagidda aranyavu 1880rahra hottige bahuteka kanmareyaayitu, mattu 1900rahra hottige, marada aasaktigalu cona mattu moui dweepakke sthalaantaragondavu. 1990rahra dasakadalli sakkare udyamada kusitadondige, ee bhumiya hecchina bhagavu palubiddide aadare kelavu bhagagalannu jaanuvaaru meyisalu, sanna pramanada krushige mattu marada tiruligaagi nilagiri krushige balasalaaguttade. hakalou aranya rashtriya vanyajeevi aashrayavu mouna kiyaada gaaliya ilijaarinalliruva pramukha cova aranya meesalu aranyavagide. idannu 1985ralli sthaapisalaayitu, idu parisara vevastheya avasheshagalannu olagondide. alivinanchinalliruva entu pakshi prabhedagalu, hanneradu alivinanchinalliruva sasyagalu mattu alivinanchinalliruva hawaian haari byaat ("laciurus cinerius semotus") ee pradeshadalli kandubandiddu, itara aneka aparoopada biota pakshigaloo saha ee pradeshadalli kandubaruttave. ee meesalu aranyavu 1989rinda vyapaka maru neduvikeya abhiyaanada taanavaagide. meesalu aranyada kelavu bhagagalu sthaliya parisara vevastheya mele krushiya parinaamavannu torisuttave, ekendare meesalu aranyada melina bhagadalliruva hecchina bhumiyu krishibhoomiyannu tyajiside. acasia cova-ohiya aranyakke sthaliyavaagiruva pakshi prabhedagalalli hawaian kaage ("carvus havaiensis"), akepa ("loxops coxinius"), hawai teppa ("oromistis manaa"), Âakiapōlaʼau ("hemignathus munroi"), mattu hawaian hock ("beautio solitarius") serive, ivellavoo alivinanchinallive, apaayakkolagaagive athawa apayakke silukive; visheshavaagi hawaian kaage kaadinalli alivinanchinallide, aadare ee prabhedavannu hakalou meesalu aranyakke marupraarambhisuva yojanegalive. shrunga vikshanaalayagalu. mouna keeya shikharavu anukulakaravaada vikshaneya paristhitigalindaagi khagola vikshanege vishvada atyuttama stalagalalli ondaagide. vidyutkaantiya varnapatalada ee pradeshakke submillimeter mattu atigempu khagolashastrakke shushka paristhitigalu mukhyavaagive. shikharavu viloma padarada melide, idu shikharada kelage hecchina modada hodikeyannu irisuttade mattu shikharada melina gaaliyu onagi, vatavaranada maalinyadinda muktavaagide endu khachitapadisuttade. shikharada vatavaranavu asadharanavagi sthiravaagide, vishvada kelavu atyuttama khagola vikshanege prakshubdhateya korateyide. nagarada deepagalinda mouna keeya dooradinda untaaguva atyanta kattaleyaada aakaashavannu suttamuttalina pradeshadinda belakina maalinyavannu kadime maaduva shaasanada moolaka samrakshisalaagide; kattaleya mattavu masukaada khagola vastugala vikshanege anuvu maadikoduttade. ee amshagalu aitihaasikavaagi mouna keeyannu stargaginge atyuttama tanavannagi maadidavu. 1960rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, hawai dweepa vanijya mandalavu arthika prachodaneyagi mouna kiyaada khagolashastrada abhivraddhiyannu proothsaahisitu; idu arizona khagolashastragna gerard kuypar avaru hosadaagi sudhaarita infrared belakina shodhakagalannu balasalu sthalagaligaagi nadesida anveshaneyondige hondikeyaayitu. 1964ralli kuiparna sahayaka alika herring nadesida sait pariksheyu shrungasabheya atyuttama suktateyannu drudhapadisitu. dodda dooradarshakavannu nirmisalu nassa nidhigaagi tivravaada mooru-maargagala spardheyu, soura khagolashastradalli maatra anubhavavannu hondidda, haarvard vishvavidyaanilayada quiper mattu hawai vishvavidyaanilayada (yuu. etch.) naduve praarambhavaayitu. idu "upstart" prastapakke hanavannu needuvalli konegonditu. tanna sanna khagolashastra vibhagavannu khagolashastrada hosa samstheyaagi marunirmisitu, mattu 1968ralli hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilakheyu tanna dooradarshakada trijyadolagina ellah bhoomige 65 varshagala guttige needitu, mukhyavaagi melinadu. 1970ralli purnagonda nantara, idu vishvada elane atidodda optical/infrared dooradarshakavaagittu. 1970rahra hottige, yuu. ess. vayupade mattu lowell vikshanaalayavu eradu duradarshakagalannu nirmisittu. 1973ralli, kenada mattu fraansgalu mouna kiyaadalli 3.6 meater cfh annu nirmisalu oppikondavu. aadaagyoo, sthaliya samsthegalu vikshanaalayada parisarada parinaamada bagge kalavala vyaktapadisalu praarambhisidavu. idu bhoomi mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilaakheyannu 1977ralli karadu siddhapadisida mattu 1980ralli purakavaada arambhika nirvahanaa yojaneyannu siddhapadisalu prerepisitu. 1982rahra janavariyalli, rajapratinidhigala mandaliyu aaa sthaladalli vaignaanika soulabhyagala munduvarida abhivraddhiyannu bembalisuva yojaneyannu anumodisitu. 1998ralli, mouna kee himayuga meesalu aranyakke purakavagi vikshanaalayada guttigege vargaayisalaayitu. 1982rahra yojaneyannu 2000ralli 2020ravarege vistarisalu vinyaasagolisalaagittu idu khagolashastrakke gottupadisida mouna kee nirvahaneya kacheriyannu sthaapisitu mattu ulidaddannu "naisargika mattu saamskrutika samrakshane" ge sthalaantarisitu. parvatada saamskrutika moulyagala bagge gouravada korateyannu torisalaaguttide emba hawaian samudaayadalli vyaktavaada kalavalavannu pariharisalu ee yojaneyannu mattashtu parishkarisalaayitu. indu mouna kee vignaana meesalu 13 vikshana soulabhyagalannu hondiddu, pratiyondoo 11 deshagalinda dhanasahaya padedide. gochara mattu atigempu varnapataladalli ombattu duradarshakagalu kaaryanirvahisuttive, mooru upa-millimeter varnapataladalli mattu ondu radeo varnapataladalli, kannadigalu athawa patregalu. holisidare, hubble bahyakasha dooradarshakavu kannadiyannu hondiddu, gatradalli yuhech88 annu holuttade, idu eega parvatada melina eradane chikka dooradarshakavaagide. save mouna kee" chaluvaliyu parvatada belavanigeyannu apavitravendu nambuttade. saamskrutika parampare mattu parisarakke sambandhisida kahiyadantaha sthaliya hawaian laabharahita gumpugalu saha saamskrutika mattu dharmika karanagaligagi abhivraddhiyannu virodhisuttave. 2006ralli prastaapisalaada bahu-duradarshaka "outrigor" annu antimavagi raddugolisalaayitu. yojita hosa dooradarshakavaada moovattu meater dooradarshakavu (tmt) vivaada mattu pratibhatanegalannu aakarshiside. 2013rahra aprilnalli tmtge anumodane nidalaayitu. 2014rahra october nalli, dooradarshakada shankusthapane samarambhakke pratibhatanaakaararu addipadisidaru, idarindaagi yojaneyu tatkalikavagi sthagitagonditu. 2015rahra march antyadalli, pratibhatanaakaararu matte shrungasabhege hoguva rasteyannu tadedaru. 2015rahra april 2randu, sandarshakara kendrada bully 300 pratibhatanaakaararu ottugudidaaga, shrungasabheyalli 12 janarannu bandhisalaayitu mattu innoo 11 janarannu bandhisalaayitu. pratibhatanaa gumpugala kalavalagalli bhoo moulyamaapana mattu sthaliya havayiyannara samalochane serive. raajyadaadyanta pratibhatanegalu vistarisida nantara, 2015rahra april 7randu nirmaanavannu nillisalaayitu. halavaaru baari sthagitagonda nantara, yojaneyannu svayampreraneyinda mundudalaagide. governor ige bhavishyadalli mouna keeya nirvahaneyalli gananeeya badalaavanegalannu ghoshisidaru aadare yojaneyu munduvariyabahudu endu helidaru. havayiya sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu october 31,2018 randu nirmaanavannu punaraarambhisalu anumodane needitu. pratibhatanaakaararu moovattu meater dooradarshakada viruddha pratikriyeyagi anline arjigalannu post maadiddaare. tmt dooradarshakada nirmaanavannu takshana nillisi" emba shirshikeya anline arjiyannu badalisalu post maadalaagide.2019rahra julai 14randu anline arjiyu prastuta vishvaadyanta 278,057kkoo hecchu sahigalannu sangrahiside. moovattu meater duradarshakakke havayiya governor david ige bembala niiduttiruvudarinda aatanannu dosharopane maaduvante kelavu pratibhatanaakaararu karey niididdaare. julai 18,2019 randu, "impeach governor david ige" emba shirshikeya anline arjiyannu badalaayisalu post maadalaagittu.org mattu prastuta 62,562 kkoo hecchu sahigalannu sangrahiside. covid-19 saankraamikada parinamagalu mattu rashtriya vignaana pratishthaanada moolaka federal nidhigalu labhyavaguvante maaduva yojanege nidhiya badalaavaneyindaagi 2021 rahra antyada velege nirmaana yojanegalu prastuta sthagitagondive. moovattu meater dooradarshakada nirmaanada suttaloo vivaada munduvaridide. sthaliya madhyama samsthegalu niyojisida swatantra samikshegalu dweepagalallina yojanege sthiravaada bembalavannu torisuttave mattu moorane eradarashtu sthaliya nivasigalu ee yojaneyannu bembalisuttaare. idhe samikshegalu sthaliya hawaian samudaayada bembalavu hosa dooradarshakada nirmaanavannu bembalisuva hawaian pratikriyisidavaralli ardhadashtu bhagadondige vibhajaneyagide endu soochisuttade. julai 2022ralli, rajyada kaanoonu mukhya bhoo guttige melina niyantranavannu hawai vishvavidyaalayadinda hosa mouna keyaa melvichaarane mattu pradhikarakke (emm. keey. ess. oo. aa) vargaayisuva moolaka pratibhatanege pratikriyisuttade. maxova 12 sadasyara mandaliyagiddu (11 matadaana sadasyaru mattu 1 matadaana maadada sadasyaru) idaralli vishvavidyaanilayada pratinidhigalu, khagolashaastragnaru mattu sthaliya havaayiyannaru seriddaare mattu khagolashaastragnaru mattu sthaliya havayiyannara sangharshada hitasaktigala naduve samatolanavannu kandukolluva uddeshadinda idannu rachisalaagide. idannu hawai bhoo mattu naisargika sampanmoolagala ilakheyolage irisalaagide mattu julai 1,2023 rinda praarambhavaaguva vishvavidyaanilayadinda 5 varshagala parivartaneya avadhiya nantara mouna cay bhoomigalolage raajya-nirvahanaa bhoomigala nirvahanege pradhana praadhikaaravaagiruttade. parivartaneya avadhiyalli, mexo mattu vishvavidyaalayavu jantiyagi bhoomiyannu nirvahisuttave, aadare praadhikaaravu bhoo balake, manava chatuvatikegalu mattu ottare karyacharanegalannu niyantrisalu nirvahanaa yojaneyannu abhivraddhipadisuttade. 2028ralli parivartaneya awadiyu mugida nantara, praadhikaarada javabdarigalalli hosa bhoo balakeya paravaanagigalannu niiduvudu seriruttade, idu prastuta master lease 2033ralli konegolluvudarinda mukhyavaagiruttade mattu adara awadhi mugiyuva velege hosa lisgalondige barada yaavude vikshanaalayagalannu raddugolisalaaguttade. havamana. mouna keeya parvatashreniya havaamaanavannu hondide (ityaadi). adara ushnavalayada akshaamshada prabhavadindagi, taapamaanada badalaavanegalu bahala kadime. himavu varshavidee saamaanyavaagide, aadare sarasari maasika taapamaanavu varshavidee ghanikaranakkinta hechchagiruttade. yaavude tingalalli himavu ettaradalli beelabahudu, aadare hechchaagi octoberninda april varege beeluttade. 1972rinda 1982ravarege havamana kendravannu nirvahisalaagittu; aadaagyoo, ee avadhiyalli kevala 33 tingalugalu maatra taapamaanada daakhalegalannu hondive; aneka varsagalalli kevala eradu tingala dattaamshavide. kelage niidalaada taapamaanagalu sugama saraasarigalaagiveye horatu, enn. oo. aa. aa. daakhalisida kachcha sankhyegalalla. manaranjane. mouna kiyaada karavaliyu hamakuwa karaavaliyinda prabhaavitavaagide, idu jwaalaamukhiya paarshvadalli aagaagge kusitagalu mattu bhookusitagalinda untaaguva orataada bhoopradeshada pradeshavaagide. ee pradeshavu kalopa raajya manaranjana pradesha, vailuku nadhi raajya udyana mattu akaa jalapaata raajya udyaanavana seridante halavaaru manaranjana udyaanavanagalannu olagondide. hawai dweepadalli 3,000kkoo hecchu nondayita betegaararu iddaare, mattu manaranjane mattu poshane eradakkoo beteyaaduvudu mouna kiyaadalli saamaanya chatuvatikeyagide. handigalu, kurigalu, aadugalu, turkey, tevalegalu mattu quill seridante parichayisalaada pranigala sankhyeyannu niyantrisalu saarvajanika bete kaaryakramavannu balasalaaguttade. mouna kee raajya manaranjana pradeshavu kreedeya bays camp aagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. parvatada kelamattagalli pakshi vikshaneyoo saamaanyavaagide. janapriya taanavendare "kipuka pue huluhulu", idu mouna kiyaada paarshvadalliruva kipuka, idu lava hariyuvikeyinda bettada mele aranyavannu pratyekisidaga roopugolluttade. mouna keyaada ettara mattu adara parshvagala kadidaada notavu pakkada mouna lovaginta uttama nota mattu kadime ettarada charanavannu odagisuttade. ettarada kaayile, havaamaanada kalaji, kadidaada raste shreni mattu ottare praveshada korateyindagi jwaalaamukhiyu apaayakaariyaagide mattu shikharada prayanavannu kashtakaravagisuttade. 20neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli rastegala nirmaanadavaregu, haardigalu maatra mouna kiyaada melina ilijaarugalige bheti niididaru; betegaararu aatada pranigalannu track maadidaru mattu parvataaroohigalu parvatada mele prayanisidaru. ee prayanikaru 1930rahra dasakadalli nagarika samrakshana padegalu nirmisida kallina koonegalannu bays campgalagi balasidaru, mattu ee soulabhyagalindale antararashtriya khagolashastra duradarshaka bembala sankirnakkagi aadhunika madhyama-mattada onizuka kendravannu padeyalaagide. modala mouna kee shrunga rasteyannu 1964ralli nirmisalaayitu, idu shikharavannu hecchina janarige talupuvante maaditu. indu, mouna kee trial seridante aneka charana haadigalu astitvadallive, mattu 2007 rahra hottige 100,000 kkoo hecchu pravasigaru mattu 32,000 vaahanagalu prati varsha onizuka antararashtriya khagolashastra kendrada pakkadalliruva sandarshakara mahiti kendrakke (vs) hoguttiddavu. mouna kee pravesha rasteyannu madhyabhaagakke sugamagolisalaagide. parvatada mele kelasa maaduva moorane ondu bhagadashtu sandarshakaru mattu moorane eradu bhagadashtu vruttipara khagolashaastragnaru teevra ettarada kayileya rogalakshanagalannu anubhavisiddaare endu ondu adhyayanavu varadi maadide; jwaalaamukhiya parshvagala mele prayanisuva sandarshakaru kanishta ardha ghanteyavarege mattu melaagi hecchina ettarakke hondikollalu sandarshakara kendradalli nilluvante soochisalaaguttade. melbhagakke hogalu naalku chakragala vaahanavannu balasuvudu balavagi shipharasu maadalaagide. breakgalu samanyavagi kelakke hoguva daariyalli atiyagi bisiyaguttave mattu mouna kiyaadalli yaavude indhana labhyaviruvudilla. ee hinde prati ratri 6-10 PM yinda uchita nakshatra vikshaneya kaaryakramavannu nadesalaaguttittu, prastuta nadeyuttiruva covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi karyacharaneya samayadallina badalaavane mattu muchchuvike eradarindaloo kaaryakramavannu raddugolisalaayitu. prati varsha 5,000 rinda 6,000 janaru mouna keyaa shrungasabhege bheti niiduttaare mattu surakshateyannu khachitapadisikollalu mattu parvatada samagrateyannu rakshisalu sahaaya maadalu, 2001 ralli ranger kaaryakramavannu jaarige taralaayitu.

mounaa qee havaay dveepile sajeevamaaya oru agniparvathamaanu mouna qee (allengil; "mouna eiii vakia" ennathinte churukkezhuthu). samudranirappinu mukalilulla ithinte kodumudi havaay samsthaanathe ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalavum bhoomiyile oru dveepile randaamathe uyaram koodiya kodumudiyumaanu. ettavum valia ayalrajyamaaya mouna lovayekkaal uyaramullathaanu eee kodumudi. mouna qee athinte uyaram kaaranam asaadhaaranamaamvidham sthalashaasthraparamaayi sradheyamaanu parvathangalkkidayil lokathil pathinanjaam sthaanathaanu athinte eerppamulla praadhaanyam; athinte varanda praadhaanyam. eee varanda praadhaanyam samudranirappil ninnu everest parvathatthinte uyarathekkaal kooduthalaanu, chila adhikaarikal mouna kiyaye athinte underwater aditharayil ninnu lokathile ettavum uyaram koodiya parvathamaayi mudrakuthiyittundu. ekadesham oru dasalaksham varsham pazhakkamulla ithu lakshakkanakkin varshangalkk munbu jeevithathile ettavum sajeevamaaya paricha ghattam kadannupoyi. nilavile poost-sheeled avasthayil, athinte laava kooduthal viscos aanu, athinte falamaayi oru steeppar profile undaakunnu. synder konukalude nirmmaanam, villal mekhalakalude vikendreekaranam, athinte kodumudiyile glaciation, nilavilulla vyapara kaatt moolam kaalavastha enniva kaaranam sameepathulla agniparvvathangale apekshichu vaikia agniparvvathangal ithinu valare parukkan roopam nalkiyittundu. 6, 000 muthal 4,000 varshangalkk munbu avasaanamaayi pottithericha mouna kiya ippol nishkriyamaanennu karuthappedunnu. havaay mathathil havaay dveepinte kodumudikal pavitramaanu. oru purathana niyamam uyarnna raankulla aliye maathrame athinte kodumudi sandarshikkaan anuvadichirunnulloo. mouna keeyude charivukalil thamasikkunna purathana havaayiyakkar bhakshanathinaayi vipulamaaya vanangale aasrayikkukayum upakarana ulppaadanathinaayi athinte vashangalil idathoornna agniparvvatha-glacial basaltukal khananam cheyyukayum cheythu. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil europianmaar athiyappol, kudiyettakkaar kannukaalikal, aadukal, geyim mrugangal enniva avatharippichu, avayil palathum vanyamaayitheerukayum agniparvvathathinte paaristhithika santhulithaavasthaye nasippikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. mouna kiyaye paaristhithikamaayi moonnu vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam athinte kodumudiyile alpine kaalavastha, sophora chrysophilla-athinte vashathulla mayoporam sandvisence (allengil maamane-nayo) vanam, oru akkeshya kova-metrosideros polymorpha (allengil kova-oohiya) vanam, ippol muun panchasaara vyavasaayam kooduthalum vrithiyaakkunnu. sameepa varshangalil, thaddesheeya enangalude durbalathayekkurichulla aashanka kodathi kesukalilekku nayichu, ithu agniparvvathathile ellah vanyamrugangaleyum unmoolanam cheiyunnathinaayi pravartthikkaan havaay karaa, prakrithivibhava vakuppine nirbandhitharaakki. uyarnna uyaram, varanda paristhithi, sthiramaaya vaayupravaham ennivayaal mouna keeyude kodumudi jyotishaasthra nireekshanatthinu lokathile ettavum mikacha sthalangalilonnaanu. 1964ll oru praveshana rooad srishtichathinushesham pathinonnu rajyangal dhanasahayam nalki pathimoonnu dooradarshinikal uchakodiyil nirmmichittundu. vaidyuthakaanthika spektrathiludaneelamulla shaasthreeya gaveshanathinaayi mouna qee nireekshanaalayangal upayogikkunnu, ithu lokathile ettavum valia atharam soukaryamaanu. thaddesheeya havaayiyakkar pavithramaayi kanakkaakkunna oru bhooprakrithiyile avarude nirmmaanam innum charchaavishayamaayi thudarunnu. sthalaakrithi praadhaanyam. mouna qee athinte uyaram kaaranam asaadhaaranamaamvidham sthalashaasthraparamaayi sradheyamaanu, parvathangalkkidayil lokath pathinanjaam sthaanathulla eerppamulla praadhaanyavum everest parvathathinu sesham lokath randaam sthaanathulla varanda praadhaanyavumund. dveepile ettavum uyaram koodiya kodumudiyayathinaal samudranirappil ninnu uyaravumaayi eerppamulla praadhaanyam yojikkunnu. havaian dveepukal samudrathilekku aazhathil charinjirikkunnathinaal, mouna kiyaykk varanda praadhaanyamund. eee varanda praadhaanyam samudranirappil ninnu everestinte uyarathekkaal uyaramullathaanu, athinaal mouna keeyude varanda praadhaanyatthe marikadakkaan everestinu muzhuvan bhookhandangalum athinte thaazhvaarangalil ulppeduthendathundu. havaian traffle ninnu ethra mouna qee neendunilkkunnu ennathinaal, adithattil ninnu kodumudi vare alakkunnathupole chila adhikaarikal ithine lokathile ettavum uyaram koodiya (ettavum uyaram koodiya) parvatham ennu vilichittundu. praadhaanyatthil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, aditharaye ayanja reethiyil nirvachikkunnu, ithu (ekadesham havaian traffile ettavum aazhameriya pooyint vare) muthal (aazhathilulla bhoogarbha parvathatthinte verukal vare) vareyulla samkhyakalkku kaaranamaayi. aaa udaaharanangalil, mattu parvathangal athiraalikalaaya avakaashavaadangal unnayikkunnu, udaaharanathinu, lamlam parvvatham adithattil ninnu uyarnna kayattamaanennu avakaashappedunnu (, velluvili aazhathil ninnu aarambikkunnu), koodaathe himalayan parvathanirakalellaam valareyadhikam aazhathilulla verukal avakaashappedunnu. attakama trench muthal andees parvathanirakal vare valia uyarcha alakkaan kazhiyum, udaaharanathinu, richaardinte aazhathilulla (aazhathilulla) adiyil ninnu aduthulla lullillaakkoyude (uyarnna) kodumudiyilekketthunnu. ellah dishakalilekkum kuzhikalaayi vyaapikkaathathinaal lamlam parvvathatthino lullillakoiko mouna keeyude varanda praadhaanyam illa. bhoomishaasthram. havaian-chakravarty seemoundu shringalayile ettavum valuthum praayam kuranjathumaaya dveepaaya havaay dweep roopeekarikkunna anchu agniparvathangalil onnaanu mouna kiya. eee anchu hotspot agniparvathangalil naalaamathethu ettavum pazhakkameriyathum naalaamathethu ettavum sajeevavumaan. ekadesham oru dasalaksham varshangalkk munbu havaay hotspot nayikkunna oru preshield agniparvathamaayi aarambhicha ithu 500,000 varshangalkk munbu vare athinte paricha ghattathil asaadhaaranamaayi sajeevamaayi. 250, 000 muthal 200,000 varshangalkk munbu mouna qee athinte shaanthamaaya poost-sheeled ghattathilekku praveshichu, nilavil sajeevamaan, 4,500 muthal 6,000 varshangalkk munbu avasaanamaayi pottitherichu. mouna keeykku drishyamaaya oru kodumudi caldera illengilum athinte kodumudiykku sameepam niravadhi cheria synder pumise konukalum adangiyirikkunnu. oru muun kodumudi caldera pinneedu kodumudi pottitheri nikshepangalaal niraykkappedukayum kuzhichidukayum cheythirikkaam. mouna keeyude alavu valare valuthaanu, athu athinte ayalrajyamaaya mouna lovayumaayi chernnu samudrathinte puramthodu thaazhthunnu. agniparvvatham prathivarshatthil thaazhe nirakkil athinte thanne bhaarathil thennimari parannukidakkunnu. athinte pindatthinte bhooribhaagavum athinte ippozhathe kodumudiyude kizhakkayi sthithicheyyunnu. samudranirappinu mukalil sthithi cheiyunna ithu ayal samsthaanamaaya mouna lovayekkaal uyarathilaanu, havaay samsthaanathe ettavum uyaram koodiya sthalamaanithu. ellah havaian agniparvathangaleyum pole, pasaphik tectonic plate bhoomiyude antharleenamaaya aavaranathile havaian hotspottinu mukaliloode neengiyathinaal mouna kiya srishtikkappettu. havaay dweep agniparvvathangal eee prakriyayude ettavum puthiya thelivaanu, 70 dasalaksham varshathilereyaayi, neelamulla havaay ridge-chakravarty seemoundu shringhala srishtichu. nilavilulla, poornnamaayum sthireekarikkappettillettim, senosoic yugathilallengilum, grahatthinte aavaranathinullil hotspot valia thothil nischalamaanu ennathaanu kaazhchappaad. ennirunnaalum, havaian agniparvvatham nannayi manassilakkukayum vipulamaayi padikkukayum cheyyumbol, hotspot efakttinu kaaranamakunna samvidaanathekkurichu krithyamaaya vishadeekaranamonnum avasheshikkunnilla. mouna keeyil ninnulla laava athinte valarchayude samayat athinte ayalkkaarumaayi sankeernamaaya paalikalaayi ovarlaappu cheiyunnu. ettavum pradhanamaayi, kohala ninnu vadakkupadinjaaran dishayilekkulla pazhaya ozhukkukalil nirmmichirikkunna mouna kiya thekk mouna lovayude aditharaye murichukadakkunnu. mouna keeyude vashangalile yadhaartha pottitherikkunna villalukal (villal mekhalakal) athinte poost-sheeled agniparvvathathaal kuzhichumoodappettu. mouna keeyude kizhakk oru pramukha underwater riftt soonn gadanayaaya hilo ridge, agniparvvathathinte bhaagamaanenn orikkal vishwasichirunnu; ennirunnaalum, ithu ippol komalayude oru villal mekhalayaanennu manassilaakkappedunnu, ithu yuva mouna qee ozhukkinaal baadhichittundu. agniparvvathathinte valia pradhana pindam nirmmicha sheeled-steju lavakal praadhamika magma thaazhnna samudra puramthottum kalarthunnathiloode srishtikkappetta mouna lovayeppole tholettik basaltukalaanu. 250, 000 num 70-65,000 varshangalkkum idayil pottithericha "hamakuwa agniparvvathangalude" poost-sheeled alkali basaltukalaaya mouna keeyile ettavum pazhaya thuranna paarakkettukalaal avaa moodappettirikkunnu. ettavum puthiya agniparvvatha pravaahangal havaayattukalum mugiyaraittukalumaan avaa 65,000 num 4,000 num idayil pottithericha poost-sheeled "lapahoho agniparvathangalaanu". laava gadanayile eee mattangal kodumudiyilekkulla magmayude vitharanam mandagathiyilaakkunnathinno, durbalamaaya pottitherikalilekku nayichu, athu agniparvvatha nishkriyathayumaayi bandhapetta otappetta episodukalkku vazhiyorukki. lapahoho lavakal kooduthal viscos ullathum munbathe tholaitic basaltukalekkaal kooduthal volaattailukal adangiyathumaanu; avayude kattiyulla ozhukkil mouna keeyude vashangal ganyamaayi kuthaneyullathaanu. koodaathe, sphodakavasthukkal pottitherichu kodumudiyude sameepam synder konukal nirmmichittundu. mouna keeyude ettavum puthiya pottitheri kendrangalaanu eee konukal. athinte ippozhathe kodumudiyil laava thaazhikakkudangalum noorukanakkinu meter vyaasavum uyaravumulla synder konukalum aadhipathyam pulartthunnu. glaciationte vyakthamaaya thelivukalulla eaka havaian agniparvathamaanu mouna kiah. samanamaaya nikshepangal mouna lovayilum nilaninnirunnuvenkilum pinneedulla laava pravahangalaal moodappettirikkunnu. havaayiyude ushnamekhalaa sthaanam undaayirunnittum, kazhinja niravadhi himayugangalil thapanilayil oru digri kuravundaayathine thudarnnu venalkkaalam muzhuvan agniparvvathathinte kodumudiyil manju nilanilkkaan anuvadikkukayum ithu oru aise cap roopappedaan kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. kazhinja 180,000 varshangalayi rekhappeduthiyittulla himanadathinte moonnu episodukalundu "pohakulova" (180-130 qaa), "vaihu" (80-60 qaa), "makanaka" (40-13 qaa) seerees. iva kodumudiye vipulamaayi kothivachittundu, agniparvvathathinte mukalbhaagathu morainukalum kalkari, charal ennivayude vrithaakrithiyilulla valayavum nikshepikkunnu. subglatial pottitherikal makanaka himanivalkkarana samayat synder konukal nirmmichu, avayil bhooribhaagavum himanival pravarthanatthaal valareyadhikam pothinjirunnu. ettavum puthiya konukal 9000 muthal 4500 varshangalkk munbu, himanikshepangalkku mukalilaanu nirmmichathu, ennirunnaalum oru patanam soochippikkunnathu avasaanathe pottitheri ekadesham 3600 varshangalkk munbaayirikkaam. ettavum uyarnna paridhiyil, himanikal kodumudi muthal uyaram vare vyaapichu. 1974 nuu munbu mouna keeyude kodumudiyil kurravulla oru cheria permaphrost kandethi, athu ippozhum undayirikkaam. shaithyakaalath urukumbozhum mazhakkaalathum maathram ozhukunna mazhayum manjum niranja aruvikalaal roopappedunna cheria kulangal kodumudiyil kothupanikalundu. agniparvvathathinte kaattinte vashath, vyapara kaatt moolamundaakunna aruvi mannolipp pazhaya kohala mannolippinu samanamaaya reethiyil mannolipp thwarithappeduthi. pasaphik thadaakatthile ettavum uyaram koodiya thadaakamaaya vayo thadaakatthinte aasthaanamaanu mouna qee. puu vuu vayo synder konil sthithi cheiyunna ithu havaayiyile eaka alpine thadaakamaan. thadaakam valare cheruthum aazhamillaathathumaanu, uparithala vistheernavum poornnamaakumbol aazhavumund. thadaakatthinte adithattilulla saambilukalude radiocarbon dating soochippikkunnathu 12,600 varshangalkk munbu manjuveezhchayundaayirunnu. havaian laava tharangal saadhaaranayaayi praveshikkaavunnavayaan, nuzhanjukayattam moolam thadaakam roopappedunnathu thadayunnu. sulfur vahikkunna neeravi agniparvvatha chaaratthe kuranja praveshanakshamathayulla kalimannaayi maattukayo allengil uyarunna magma bhoogarbhajalavum allengil uparithala jalavum thammilulla spodanaathmakamaaya edapedalukal thadaakatthinte adithattinte praveshanakshamatha kuraykkunna asaadhaaranamaaya nerttha charam roopappeduthukayo cheythu. 1993ll havaay sarvakalashaala thurankam kadalnirappinekkaal thaazheyulla oru artician jalasambharani tapp cheiyunnathuvare havaay dveepil oru artician vellavum ariyillaayirunnu, athu borhollinte motham azhathekkaal kooduthal vyaapichu. thuranna mouna qee uparithalathil mouna lovayude ozhukk kadannukayarukayum pinneedu samudranirappinu thazheyaayi kurayukayum cheytha manninteyum laavayudeyum oru churungiya paaliyiloode borhole kuzhikkapettu. samudranirappinekkaal uyarnna mouna keeyil ninnu varunna mazhayil ninnaan jalathinte uthbhavam undaayathenn isotopic ghadana kaanikkunnu. mouna keeyude basel lensinullile shudhajala thalayaanu jalasambharaniyude saannidhyam. nilavile modalukal soochippikkunnathinekkaal kooduthal vellam mouna keeyude shudhajala lensil undennu shaasthranjar vishwasikkunnu. 2012ll mouna keeyil rund borholukal koodi kuzhikkukayum pratheekshichathilum valare uyarnna uyarathilum aazhathilum vellam kandethukayum cheythu. sajeeva agniparvvathangalekkur padanathinaayi havaay sarvakalaashaalayude sentar director donald thomas parayunnath jalasambharanikalekkurichulla patanam thudaraan oru kaaranam uyarnna uyaramulla pradeshangalude upayogavum adhinivesavumaanu, "eee pravarthanangalellaam kudivellatthinte labhyathaye aasrayichirikkunnu, mikka kesukalilum, vaimiya allengil hiloyil ninnu saddle vare truck cheyyanam-nammude viralamaaya draavaka indhanangalude ganyamaaya alavu upayogikkunna kaaryakshamamallaathathum chelaveriyathumaaya prakriya." bhaaviyile pravartthanangal. ekadesham 4,600 varshangalkk munbaanu (ekadesham bii. sii. 2600) mouna kiyayude avasana pottitheri; eee nishkriyathvam kaaranam, mouna kiyaykk athinte kodumudiyil 7 umm thaazhathe vashangalil 8 umm enna yunaittad stetts geological sarway apakadasaadhyatha pattika nalkiyittundu, saadhyamaaya ettavum kuranja apakadasaadhyatha rating 9 ll (ithu vamshanasham sambhavicha agniparvathamaaya kohalayk nalkunnu). bisi 8000 muthal laavayude ozhukk agniparvvathathinte kodumudiyude 20 sathamaanavum athinte vashangalonnum ulkkollunnilla. nishkriyaavasthayilaanenkum mouna qee veendum pottitherikkumennu prathekshikkunnu. munbathe pottitherikale adisthaanamaakki, atharamoru sambhavam agniparvvathathinte mukalbhaagathu evideyum sambhavikkam, koodaathe neenda laava ozhukkinu kaaranamakum, kooduthalum aaa, neelamullathaanu. deerghakaala pravarthanangalkku uravidathil oru synder koonn nirmmikkaan kazhiyum. adutha eathaanum noottaandukalil atharamoru pottitherikku saadhyathayillengilum, athu orupakshe cheria jeevhanikkum adisthaana soukaryangalkku kaaryamaaya naashathinum kaaranamakum. manushyacharitram. thaddesheeya charithram. havai dveepil ethiya aadyathe purathana havaayiyakkar bhakshanavum vellavum daaraalamulla theerathaanu thaamasichirunnathu. panthrandaam noottaandilum pathimoonnaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum mouna lova-mouna qee mekhalayilekku ulnaadan vaasasthalam vyaapichu. vettayaadunnathinum kallu shekharikkunnathinum athmeeya kaaranangalal allengil jyothishaasthraparamo naavigeshanal nireekshanangalkkumayi eee pradeshangal upayogichirunnuvennu puraavastu thelivukal soochippikkunnu. parvvathatthile samriddhamaaya vanam bhakshanathinaayi sasyangalum mrugangalum abhayam nalkunnathinaayi asamskritha vasthukkalum nalki. munbu vettakkaare ariyaatha parakkaanaavaattha pakshikal oru pradhana bhakshya srotassaayi maari. havaian dveepukalude aadyakaala vaasasthalam praadeshika aavaasavyavasthayil valia maattangalilekkum prathyekichu pakshivarggangalkkidayil niravadhi vamshanaashangalilekkum nayichu. purathana havaayiyakkar videsha sasyangalum mrugangalum konduvannu, avayude varavu mannolippinte vardhicha nirakkumayi bandhappettirikkunnu. nilavilulla thaazhnna pradeshangalile vanaa aavaasavyavastha vanathil ninnu pulmedukalilekku parivartthanam cheyyappettu; eee mattangalil chilath theeyude upayogam moolamaanu undaayath, ennaal vanaa aavaasavyavasthayude thakarchaykkum havaayiyile pakshikalude vamshanashathinum kaaranam polynesian (allengil pasaphik) eliyude varavaanenn thonnunnu. havaayiyile anchu agniparvvathangal vishudha parvathangalayi aaraadhikkappedunnu; ettavum uyaramulla mouna kiyayude kodumudiyaanu ettavum pavithram. ekkaaranathaal, oru "kaapu" (purathana havaian niyamam) uyarnna raankulla aliyilekkulla sandarshaka avakashangal niyanthrichu. havaayiyakkar avarude prakrithi paristhithiyude gadakangale prathyeka devathakalumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. havaian puranangalil, mouna keeyude kodumudiye "daivangalude pradesham" enna nilayil kaanapettirunnu, ithu dayayullah athmaakkal vasikkunna sthalamaanu. manjinte devathayaaya poliyahuvum avide vasikkunnu. "mouna qee" ennathu mouna eiii vaakiyayude churukkapperaan, koodaathe "velutha parvvatham" ennaanu ardham, athinte kaalaanusrithamaayi manjumoodiya kodumudiye paraamarsikkunnu. 1100-oode, upakaranangal nirmmikkunnathinayi nattukaar mouna kiyayil uyarathil aads kwaarikal sthaapichu, athulyamaaya idathoornna bassault (upa-glacial pottitheri samayat laava ozhukkinte drutha thanupp glacial aisine kandumuttunnath vazhi srishtikkappedunnu) verthirichedukkunnathini. bladeukalkkum malsyabandhana upakaranangalkkumayi agniparvvatha glass gabbro shekharikkukayum handilukalkku maaman maramaan munganana nalkukayum cheythath. 1400 nuu sheshamulla ettavum uyarnna kwari pravarthanangalil, parukkanthum mikachathumaaya murikkulla prathyeka soukaryangal undaayirunnu; thozhilaallikale nilanirthunnathinaayi bhakshanam, vellam, maram enniva upayogichu abhayakendrangal; poortthiyaaya uthppannam srishtikkunna varkshoppukal. vayo thadaakam thozhilaallikalkk kudivellam nalki. thaddesheeya medhaavikal navajaathashishukkalude pokkil charadukale athinte vellathil mukki, avarkk parvathatthinte shakti nalkum. eee kaalayalavinum amerikkakkaarumaayum yooroppukaarumaayum ulla bandhatthinum idayil kwaariyude upayogam kuranju. khananavumaayi bandhapetta aachaarathinte bhaagamaayi, thozhilaallikal avarude daivangalkku aaraadhanaalayangal sthaapichu; ivayum mattu kwari karakaushala vasthukkalum saittukalil avasheshikkunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum ippol mouna qee aise eaju reservinullil sthithicheyyunnu. eee aadyakaala kaalaghattatthe thudarnnu panthrandaam noottaandinum pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathinum idayil saamskaarika vipuleekaranam nadannu. janangalude adiyanthira aavasyangalkkaayi roopakalppana cheytha pradesangalaayi bhoomi vibhajichu. eee "ahupuva" pothuve parvathashikharangal muthal theeram vare neelamulla bhoopradeshangalude roopamaanu sweekarichathu. mouna keeyude kodumudi kavheyile ahupuvayil chuttappettirikkunnu, athinte kizhakkan charivinte oru bhagam aduthulla humulayilekku athunnu. agniparvvathathinte charivukalil thamasikkunna havaayiyakkaark pradhana poshakaahaara srothassukal athinte mukalile charivukalile maane-nayo vanathil ninnaan, athu avarkk sasyangalum pakshivarggangalum nalki. vettayaadappedunna pakshi enangalil yuu ("terodroma sandwichensis"), nene ("braanta sandvisensis"), paalila ("loxioids beyliyui") enniva ulppedunnu. thaazhnna kova-oohiya vanam thaddesheeyaraayavarkku bottukalkku maravum alankaarathinaayi alankaricha pakshikalude thoovalukalum nalki. aadhunika yugam. 1778ll jaims cook athunnathinumumbu videshikal havaay sandarshichathaayi moonnu vivaranangalund. ennirunnaalum, mouna qee ulppedeyulla dveepinte aadyakaala paashchaathya chithreekaranangal 18-aamm noottaandinte avasaanathilum 19-aamm noottaandinte thudakkathilum paryavekshakar srishtichu. europumaayum amerikkayumaayum ulla sanbarkkam dweep nivaasikalil valia prathyaaghaathangal srishtichu. thaddesheeya havaayiyakkar parichayappedutthiya rogangalaal nasippikkappettu; vyapaaram sthaapichathode hilo, keelakekkuva, kailuwa ennivayulppedeyulla thuramukha nagarangal valarnnu; loha upakaranangal avatharippichathinushesham mouna keeyile adse kwaarikal upekshikkappettu. 1793ll jorjju vancouver kamehameha onnaaman rajaavinu adaranjali arppikkunnathinaayi kannukaalikale konduvannu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, avar thadavil ninnu rakshappedukayum dveepil swathanthramaayi karangukayum cheythu, ithu athinte aavaasavyavasthaye valareyadhikam nashippichu. 1809-ll joonn pammer parker ethi kamehameha onnaamanod sauhrudam sthaapikkukayum addeham addehathe dveepile kannukaali paripaalanatthinte chumatala ealppikkukayum cheythu. 1845-ll adhika bhoomi graantumaayi parker mouna keeyude vadakkan charivil parker ranch sthaapichu, ithu innum pravartthikkunna oru valia kannukaali ranch aanu. dveepile kudiyettakkaar karimbu thottangalkkum veedukalkkumaayi thaazhnna thaddesheeya vanathinte bhooribhaagavum kathikkukayum vettikkuraykkukayum cheythu. mouna keeyaykkum mouna lovaykkum edayilulla saddle aakruthiyilulla peedabhoomi kadakkunnathinte peril ariyappedunna saddle rooad 1943 ll poortthiyaakkukayum mouna keeyilekkulla yaatra ganyamaayi sugamamakkukayum cheythu. havaayiyile ettavum valia sainika pariseelana kendramaanu peedabhoomiyile pohakkulova pariseelana mekhala. agniparvvathathinte thaazhathe vashangal muthal uyaram vare, 1956 muthal us sainyathin paattatthinu nalkia samsthaana bhoomiyil eee adithara vyaapichukidakkunnu. vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna 15 sasyangalum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna moonnu pakshikalum vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru vavvaalukalum eee pradeshathundu. pradeshathundu muthal vipulamaaya puraavastu gaveshanathinte sthalamaanu mouna qee. 2000 aayappozhekkum shaasthra samrakshanakendrathinte ekadesham 27 sathamaanam sarveyil 76 shethrangal, 4 adsay nirmmaana varkshoppukal, 3 mattu markerukal, 1 positteev aayi thiricharinja shmashana sthalam, 4 saadhyamaaya shmashana sthalangal enniva kandethi. 2009 aayappozhekkum thiricharinja sthalangalude ennam 223 aayi uyarnnu, agniparvvathathinte mukalbhaagathekkurichulla puraavastu gaveshanam thudarukayaanu. purathana manjupaalikalkkidayiloode agniparvvathathinte kodumudiye chuttipattiyulla shethrangal mouna keeyude vishudha bhaagathekkulla parivartthanatthinte adayaalangalaanennu abhipraayappettittund. havaian vaakkalulla charithratthil mouna kiyaye chuttipattiyulla niravadhi paraamarshangal undaayirunnittum, kurachu sittukal maathrame sthireekarichittulloo. agniparvvathathe chitharikkidakkunna niravadhi synder konukalil kshethrangalo mattu karakaushala vasthukkalo illaathathu avaa samskarikkunnathinaayi neekkivachathukondaayirim. kayatangal. sanbarkkathinu munbulla samayangalil, mouna kiyayilekku yaatra cheiyunna thaddeshavaasikalkku nilavilulla paathakalekkaal bhooprakrithiyaanu kooduthal maarganirdesam nalkiyathu, kaaranam paathakalkk thelivukalonnum kandethiyitla. pakaram prakrithidatha malancherivukalum jalasrothassukalum pinthudarnnupokaan saadhyathayund. mouna keeyude charivukaliloode aalukal yaatra cheyth athinte kodumudikkaduthulla kudumba paripalana shethrangal sandarshikkukayum parvatharohanavumaayi bandhapetta paarambaryangal innum nilanilkkukayum cheiyunnu. ennirunnaalum, athil karsanamaaya "kaapu" sthaapichirunnathinaal valare kurachu pradeshavaasikal maathrame kodumudiyil athiyirunnulloo. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil, mouna kiyayude ettavum aadyakaala "rekhappeduthappetta" kayattangalil inipparayunnava ulppedunnu pathonpathaam noottaandinte avasaanathilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum kuthirappurathu sanjarikkaavunna geyim attin koottangalude chalanathiloodeyaanu pathakal roopappettathu. ennirunnaalum, 1964ll oru rooad nirmmikkunnathuvare kodumudiyilekkulla vahana praveshanam praayogikamaayi asaadhyamaayirunnu, athu ippozhum niyanthrikkappedunnu. innu, vividha upayogaavasthakalil, uchakodiyilekkulla onniladhikam pathakal nilavilundu. paristhithi. pashchaathalam. havaayiyude bhoomishaasthraparamaaya ottappedal athinte paristhithiye shakthamayi swaadheenikkunnu. havaay polulla vidoora dveepukalil mattevideyum kaanappedaattha niravadhi enangalundu (havaay dveepukalile endemism kaanuka). vidooratha mattidangalil ninnu vyathyasthamaaya parinaamarekhakalilekku nayikkukayum eee thaddesheeya enangale baahya jaiva swaadheenathil ninnu verthirikkukayum cheiyunnu, koodaathe avaye vamshanashathinum aakramanathmaka enangalude prathyaaghaathangalkkum prathyekichum durbalamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, krishikku bhoomi neekkam cheiyunnathadakkam maanava vikasanathil ninnu havaayiyile aavaasavyavasthakal bheeshaniyilaanu; dveepile thaddesheeya enangalil moonnilonnu ithinakam thudachuneekkappettundu. havaian dveepasamoohathil evideyum ettavum kooduthal jaiva aavaasavyavasthayulla sthalamaanu mouna qee. thaapanilayile maattangalum uyarathinanusarichu mazhayum kaaranam parvathatthile aavaasavyavasthakal athinte charivukalil kendreekritha valayangal roopappeduthunnu. eee aavaasavyavasthakale uyaram anusarichu ekadesham moonnu vibhagangalaayi tirikkaam alpine-subblepine, montaine, basel phoorast. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil amerikkakkaarumaayum yooroppukaarumaayum ulla sanbarkkam kooduthal kudiyettakkaare dveepilekku konduvarikayum shaashvathamaaya prathikoola paaristhithika falamundaakkukayum cheythu. thaazhnna charivukalil, kova-oohiya vanathinte vishalamaaya pradeshangal krishiyidamaakki maatti. uyarnna nilayil, krishiyidangalil ninnu rakshapetta kaattumrigangal mouna keeyude thaddesheeya maamane-nayo vanathil abhayam kandethukayum vipulamaayi nasippikkukayum cheythu. thaddesheeyarallaatha sasyangalaan mattoru gurutharamaaya bheeshani; dveepil 4,600-ladhikam enangal undu, athesamayam thaddesheeya enangalude ennam verum 1,000 aanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu. alpine paristhithi. marangalude niraykku mukalilaanu mouna keeyude kodumudi sthithicheyyunnathu, kooduthalum laava paarakalum alpine tundra ulkkollunnu. kanatha manjuveezhchayulla pradeshamaaya ithu sasyajaalangalkk abhayaarthyamallaathathum havaian ushnamekhalaa uyarnna kuttichedikal ennariyappedunnathumaanu. valare thanutha thaapanila, hrasvamaaya valarchaa kaalam, kuranja mazha, shaityakaala maasangalil manju enniva ivide valarchaye niyanthrikkunnu. manninte abhavam verukalude valarchaye thadassappeduthukayum bhoomiyil ninnu poshakangal agiranam cheiyunnathu budhimuttaakkukayum eee pradeshathinu valare kuranja jaladhaarana sheshi nalkukayum cheiyunnu. eee uyarathil kaanapedunna sasya enangalil "staifeliya tamemia", "tarraxacom offeesinaale", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandvisensis", "aanthoxaantham audorattam", "tricetum glomeraattam", "poow aanva", "songus olerasius", "coprosma ernodiodes" enniva ulppedunnu. mouna qee silververvade ("argeroxifium sandvisence" vaar) aanu sradheyamaaya oru inam. "sandvisence"), mouna kiyayude uyarnna uyarathilulla synder marubhoomikalil thazhachuvalarunna vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna oru thaddesheeya sasya inamaanu. oru ghattathil verum 50 sasyangalude janasamkhyayaayi churungiya mouna qee silvarvezhs vaid alpine mekhalayil maathramaayi parimithappeduthiyathaayi karuthappettirunnu, ennaal vaasthavathil kannukaalikalil ninnulla sammarddam moolam avide nayikkappedukayum thaazhnna uyarangalilum valaraan kazhiyukayum cheiyunnu. mouna keeyude thekkan kodumudiyude vashathulla mouna qee himayuga reserve 1981 ll sthaapithamaayi. ayoliyan marubhoomiyudeyum thadaakamaaya vayovinteyum pradeshangal ulppede viralamaaya sasyajalangalulla synder nikshepangaludeyum laava paarakaludeyum pradesamaanu eee reserve. eee aavaasavyavastha vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna yuu. oo. ("terodroma sandwichensis") yude oru abhayasthaanamaanu, koodaathe vekiyu bagukalekkurichulla ("nysius vekiyuyikola") oru padanatthinte kendram koodiyaanu. kaattil mouna keeyilekk ozhuki manjukadalil vasikkunna chattha praanikalude mrithadehangal vecue bagukal bhakshikkunnu. pradhaanamaayum vithu bhakshikkunna praanikal ulppedunna "nysius" janussile oru inathinte valare asaadhaaranamaaya bhakshya srothassaanith. avarude rakthathile swaabhaavika antifrees kaaranam avaykku angeyattatthe uyarangalil athijeevikkaan kazhiyum. avaa mikka samayathum choodulla prathalangalkk keezhilaanu. avayude samrakshana nila vyakthamalla, pakshe vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna jeevikalude pattikaykku eee inam inii oru sthaanaarthiyalla; eee jeevikalude kshemathekkurichulla padanangal 1980 ll aarambhichu. adutha bandhamullah "nysius aaa" mouna lovayilaanu thaamasikkunnath. chennaaya chilanthikalum (lycosidae) vanaa koodaara kaattarpillar nishaashalabhangalum ore mouna qee aavaasavyavasthayil nireekshikkappettundu; aadyathethu choodu agiranam cheiyunna paarakalkk keezhil olichirikkunnathiloode randaamathethu avarude shareerathile thanutha prathirodhasheshiyulla raasavasthukkaliloodeyum athijeevikkunnu. maane-naio vanam. agniparvvathathile vanamekhalayil, oru uyarathil, maamane ("sophora chrysophilla"), nayo ("mayoporam sandvisence") enniva aadhipathyam pulartthunnu, iva randum thaddesheeya vruksha enangalaanu, athinaal ithu maamane-nayo vanam ennariyappedunnu. eee mekhalayile pakshikalude pradhana bhakshanamaanu maamane vithukalum nayo pazhangalum, prathyekichu paalila ("loxioids beyliyui"). munbu mouna qee, mouna lova, huwalalai ennee charivukalil kandethiyirunna eee palla ippol mouna keeyude charivukalil parimithappedutthiyirikku-athinte muun shreniyude 10 sathamaanam maathram-ithu gurutharamaaya vamshanaashabheeshani neridunnathaayi prakhyapikkappettittund. pathinettaam noottaandinte avasaanathil dveepil avatharippicha kaattupothu, kannukaalikal (booas premigeneous), aadukal (capra hircus) enniva makelaanu aavaasavyavasthaykku ettavum valia bheeshani. vaanijyaparamaaya mechilppuravumaayulla kaattumrigangalude malsaram kadinamaayirunnu, avaye unmoolanam cheiyunnathinulla oru paripadi 1920 kalude avasaanam vare nilaninnirunnu, 1949 vare thudarnnu. eee mechilppurathinte falangalilonnu praadeshikavum parichayappeduthiyathumaaya sasyajaalangaludeyum marangaludeyum vardhicha vyaapanamaayirunnu, avaa browsingine prathirodhikkunnu. prathirodhikkunnu vanyamrugangalude ennam noorukanakkinu aayi, avaa eathaandu unmoolanam cheyyappettu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika vettakkaarude varavu kaattumrigangale geyim mrugangalaayi vilamathikkunnathilekku nayichu, 1959 ll samrakshanathinteyum bhoomi upayoga maanejmentinteyum chumathala bharanasamithiyaya havaay karaa, prakrithi vibhava vakupp athinte nayam kaayikarangatthe sugamamaakkunnathin roopakalppana cheytha susthira niyanthrana padhathiyilekku maatti. moufloon ("oovis erees ooriyantalis") 1962 muthal 1964 vare avatharippikkappettu, 1964 ll axis maan ("axis axis") vidaanulla padhathi, avaa vilakalkku kedupaadukal varuthumennum rogam parathumennum paranja ranching vyavasaayathinte prathishedhangal moolam maathramaan thadanjathu. vettayaadal vyavasaayam thirichadichu, krishikkaarum vettakkaarum thammilulla munnottum pinnotum oduvil pothu paristhithi aashanka vardhippichu. mouna keeyil jyotishaasthra soukaryangalude vikasanam aarambhichathode, mouna keeyude aavaasavyavasthayude samrakshanam samrakshanavaadikal aavasyappettu. vanangalude 25 sathamaanam samrakshanathinaayi veli vaykkaanum backie 75 sathamaanam geyim vettaykkaayi kaikaaryam cheyyaanum padhathi nirddeshichu. samrakshanavaadikalude ethirppu undaayirunnittum padhathi nadappaakki. bhoomi vibhajichappol veli nirmmikkaan panam anuvadichilla. eee tharkkathinidayil vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna speeshees act pasaki; deseeya ooduboon sosaittiyum siyara club leagal defense fund havaay karaa, prakrithi vibhava vakuppinu ethire oru cases phayal cheythu, avar federal niyamam lamghikkukayaanennu avakashappettu, naazhikakkall kesil "paleela vii. havai bhoomi, prakrithi vibhava vakupp (1978). kodathi samrakshanavaadikalkku anukoolamaayi vidhi parayukayum vanyajeevikalude samsthaana niyanthranathinu munbu federal niyamangalude munganana uyarthippidikkukayum cheythu. vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna speeshees act lamghichathinaal, havaay samsthaanam parvathanirakalil ninnu ellah vanyamrugangaleyum neekkam cheyyendathundu. eee theerumaanathe thudarnnu 1981-ll randaamathe kodathi utharavu. oru pothu vettayaadal paripadi niravadhi vanyamrugangale thaalkkaalikamaayi neekkam cheythu. oru sajeeva niyanthrana paripadi nilavilundu, ennirunnaalum ithu maane-naiyo aavaasavyavasthayude ganyamaaya veendedukkal anuvadikkunnathinu mathiyaya karkkashathode nadathunnilla. manushya vikasanavum aakramanathmaka enangalum moolam bheeshaniyaayi thudarunna niravadhi enangalum aavaasavyavasthakalum dveepilum mouna keyayilum undu. havai karaa, prakrithi vibhava vakuppinte adikaaraparidhiyil varunna maane-naio vanathe mouna qee phoorast reserve samrakshikkunnu. varsham muzhuvanum pashukkale vettayaadunnathu anuvadaneeyamaanu. maane-naiyo vanathinte oru cheria bhagam mouna qee samsthaana vinoda mekhalayaal chuttappettirikkunnu. thaazhnna paristhithi. mouna keeyude thaazhnna charivukalile oru koottam ranch bhoomi munbu "akkeshya kova"-"metrosideros polymorpha" (kova-oohiya) vanamaayirunnu. pathonpathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil europian, american kudiyettakkaarude varavaanu athinte naashathinu kaaranamaayath, 1830 kalil vipulamaaya maramvettal puthiya veedukalkku maramvettal nalki. vanathinte vishalamaaya bhagangal kathikkukayum karimbu thottangalkkayi vrithiyaakkukayum cheythu. dveepile mikka veedukalum kova upayogichaanu nirmmichathu, athijeevicha vanathinte aaa bhagangal karimbu thottangalile boilerukalkku oorjjam nalkunnathinum veedukal choodaakkunnathinum virakinte uravidamaayi maari. oru kaalath vishaalamaayirunna eee vanam 1880 aayappozhekkum eathaandu aprathyakshamaakukayum 1900 aayappozhekkum maramvettal thalpparyangal konayilekkum mouyi dveepilekkum maarukayum cheythu. cheythu panchasaara vyavasaayam thakarnnathode eee bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum tharishubhoomiyaanenkilum kannukaalikale meyikkaanum cherukida krishi cheyyaanum maram kondulla yookkaaliptas krishi cheyyaanum chila bhagangal upayogikkunnu. mouna keeyude kaattuveezhchayulla charivile oru pradhana kova vanasamrakshana kendramaanu hakaalou vanaa deseeya vanyajeevi sanketham. 1985ll paristhithi vyavasthayude avashishtangal ulkkollichaan ithu sthaapithamaayathu. vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna ettu pakshi enangal, vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna panthrand sasyangal, vamshanaashabheeshani neridunna havaian horry vavvalukal (lasiurus sinerius semotus) enniva koodaathe mattu niravadhi apoorva biotakalum eee pradeshathu nireekshikkappettundu. 1989 muthal vipulamaaya punarnirmmaana prachaaranatthinte sthalamaanu eee reserve. reservinte mukalbhaagathulla bhoomiyude bhooribhaagavum upekshikkappetta krishiyidamaayathinaal reservinte chila bhagangal thaddesheeya aavaasavyavasthayil krishiyude swaadheenam kaanikkunnu. akkeshya kova-oohiya vanathil kaanapedunna pakshi enangalil havaian kakka (corves havaiensis), akkepa (loxops coxinius), havaay creeper (auromistis manaa), Âakiapōlaʼau (hemignathus munroy), havaian hoock (beautio soliteriyas) enniva ulppedunnu, ivayellaam vamshanaashabheeshani neridukayo vamshanaashabheeshani neridukayo cheiyunnu; prathyekichum havaian kakka vanathil vamshanasham sambhavichuvenkilum eee inathe hakkaalau reservillake veendum avatharippikkan padhathiyundu. sammitt nireekshana kendrangal. anukoolamaaya nireekshana saahacharyangal kaaranam jyotishaasthra nireekshanatthinu lokathile ettavum mikacha sthalangalilonnaanu mouna keeyude kodumudi. vaidyuthakaanthika spektrathinte eee pradeshathe submillimeterinum infrared jyothishaasthrathinum varanda avasthakal pradhaanamaan. kodumudi vipareeta paaliykk mukalilaanu, kodumudikku thazheyaayi mikka meghangalum nilanirthukayum kodumudiyile vaayu varandathum anthareeksha malineekaranathil ninnu mukthavumaanennu urappakkukayum cheiyunnu. lokathile ettavum mikacha jyothishaasthraparamaaya kaazhchakalkk prakshubdhatha illaatha eee kodumudiyude anthareeksham asaadhaaranamaamvidham sthirathayullathaanu. nagaratthile prakashangalil ninnulla mouna keeyude akalam moolam undaakunna irunda aakasham chuttumulla pradeshathu ninnulla prakasha malineekaranam kuraykkunna niyamanirmmaanathiloode samrakshikkappedunnu; irunda nila mangiya jyotishaasthra vasthukkalude nireekshanam anuvadikkunnu. eee gadakangal charitraparamaayi mouna kiyaye nakshathranireekshanathinulla mikacha sthalamaakki maatti. 1960 kalude thudakkathil, havaay ailand chamber oof komezhs saambathika uthejanamaayi mouna kiyayude jyotishaasthra vikasanathe prothsaahippichu; ithu arizona jyothishaasthranjanaaya jerard quiper sarvakalaashaalayude infrared prakaashatthinte puthuthayi mechappeduthiya dittaktarukal upayogikkunnathinu sittukalkkaayulla thirachilumaayi poruthappettu. 1964ll kuyparinte asisttant alika herring nadatthiya saitt parisodhana uchakodiyude mikacha anuyojyatha sthireekarichu. oru valia dooradarshini nirmmikkunnathinulla naasa fandukalkkaayulla theevramaaya thrimukha malsaram harward sarvakalaashaalayile kuyparum soura jyothishaasthrathil maathram parichayamulla havaay sarvakalashaalayum (yuu. echu) thammil aarambhichu. ithu "upstart" nirddeshathinu fund nalkunnathil kalaashichu. athinte cheria jyotishaasthra vibhaagam jyothishaasthrathinaayulla oru puthiya instityoottaayi punarnirmmikkukayum 1968-ll havaay karaa, prakrithi vibhava vakupp athinte dooradarshiniyude chuttalavilulla ellah bhoomikkum 65 varshathe paattatthinu nalkukayum cheythu. 1970ll poortthiyaayappol lokathile ezhaamathe valia opttikkal/infrared dooradarshiniyaayirunnu ithu. 1970 aayappozhekkum yuu. ezz. vyomasena lowell obsarvettariyum rund dooradarshinikal nirmmichu. 1973ll canada france mouna keeyil 3.6 meter sii. eph. echu. tii nirmmikkaan sammathichu. ennirunnaalum, praadeshika samghadanakal nireekshanashaalayude paaristhithika prathyaaghaathathekkurichu aashanka uyarthaan thudangi. ithu 1977ll thayyarakki 1980ll anubandhamaayi oru prarambha maanejment plan thayyarakkan karaa, prakrithi vibhava vakuppine nayichu. 1982 januvariyil, board oof regents saittile shaasthreeya soukaryangalude thudarchayaaya vikasanathe pinthunaykkunnathinulla oru padhathikku amgeekaaram nalki. 1998ll mouna qee aise eaju reservinu anubandhamaayi nireekshanaalaya paattatthinu kaimariyirunnu. kaimariyirunnu padhathikku pakaram 2000ll 2020 vare pravartthikkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru vipuleekaranam konduvannu ithu jyothishaasthrathinaayi niyukthamaaya mouna qee maanejmentinte oru oafees sthaapikkukayum bakkiyullava "prakrithi, saamskaarika samrakshana" thilekk maattukayum cheythu. parvathatthinte saamskaarika moolyangalodu bahumaanakkurav kaanikkunnu enna havaian samoohathil prakadippicha aashanka pariharikkunnathinayi eee padhathi kooduthal parishkarichu. innu mouna qee sayans reservil 13 nireekshana soukaryangalundu, oronninum 11 rajyangal dhanasahayam nalkunnu. drishyavum infrared spectrathilum onpathu dooradarshinikalum moonnu submillimeter spectrathilum onnu radio spectrathilum mirarukaloo vibhavangalo ullavayaan. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, hubble space telescopin oru kannadiyundu, valippathil valippathil nuu samaanamaan, ippol parvathatthile randaamathe cheria telescope. save mouna kiah" prasthaanam parvathatthinte vikasanam vishudhamaanennu vishwasikkunnu. saamskaarika paithrukathilum paristhithiyilum shradhikkunna kahiya polulla laabhechayillaatha thaddesheeya havaian grouppukalum saamskaarikavum mathaparavumaya kaaranangalal vikasanathe ethirkkunnu. 2006ll nirddeshikkappetta multy-telescope "auttrigar" oduvil raddaakkappettu. aasoothrithamaaya puthiya dooradarshiniyaaya muppath meter dooradarshini (tmt) vivaadangalum prathishedhangalum aakarshichu. 2013 eprilil tmtk amgeekaaram labhichu. 2014 octoberil, dooradarshiniyude tharakkallidal chadangu prathishedhakkaar thadassappeduthi, ithu padhathi thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthivachu. 2015 march avasaanathode, prathishedhakkaar veendum uchakodiyilekkulla rooad thadanju. 2015 epril epril sandarshaka kendrathinu sameepam 300 prathishedhakkaar othukoodiyappol 12 pere arast cheyyukayum 11 pere koodi arast cheyyukayum cheythu. bhoomi vilayiruthalukalum thaddesheeya havaayiyanmaarude koodiyaalochanayumaanu prathishedha grouppukalude aashankakalil onnu. samsthaanathudaneelam prathishedham vyaapichathine thudarnnu 2015 epril epril nirmmaanam nirtthivachu. niravadhi thavana nirtthivachathinu sesham padhathi swamedhayaa maattivachu. bhaviyil mouna keeyude maanejmentil ganyamaaya mattangal govarnor ige prakhyaapichirunnuvenku padhathi munnott kondupokaan kazhiyumennu paranju. 2018 october 31 nuu havaayiyile supreme kodathi nirmmaanam punaraarambhikkunnathin amgeekaaram nalki. muppath meter dooradarshinikkethiraaya prathikaranamaayi prathishedhakkaar oonlain harjikal poost cheythu. tmt dooradarshiniyude nirmmaanam udan nirthuka" enna thalakkettilulla oonlain harji maattunnathinaayi poost cheythu.2019 juulai 14 nuu oonlain nivedanam nilavil lokamembaadumaayi 278,057 oppukal shekharichu. muppath meter dooradarshiniye pinthunachathinaal havaian govarnor david igeye impeach cheyyanamennum chila prathishedhakkaar aavasyappettittundu. 2019 juulai juulai "impeach govarnor david ige" enna peril oru oonlain harji maattunnathinaayi poost cheythirunnu.oorgu, nilavil 62,562-ladhikam oppukal shekharichu. covid-19 mahamariyude thudarchayaaya prathyaaghaathangalum deseeya shaasthra foundeshan vazhi federal fund labhyamaakkiyekkaavunna padhathikkulla dhanasahaayathile maattavum kaaranam 2021 avasaanathode nirmmaana padhathikal nilavil nirthivachirikkukayaanu. muppath meter dooradarshiniyude nirmmaanathekkurichulla vivaadam thudarunnu. praadeshika maadyama samghadanakal kammeeshan cheytha swatantra votteduppukal dveepukalile padhathikku sthiramaaya pinthuna kaanikkunnu, moonnil rund praadeshika nivaasikalum padhathiye pinthunaykkunnu. ithe sarvekalil thaddesheeya havaian samoohathinte pinthuna ippozhum vibhajikkappettirikkanum havaian prathikarichavaril pakuthiyolam perr puthiya dooradarshiniyude nirmmaanatthe pinthunaykkunnuvennum soochippikkunnu. juulai, 2022, samsthaana niyamam puthiya mouna qee melnottatthinum melnotta authority (emm. keey. ezz. oo. eiii) havaay sarvakalashaalayil ninnu maasttar land paattatthinu niyanthranam maattunnathiloode prathishedhangalodu prathikarikkunnu. sarvakalaashaalayile prathinidhikal, jyothishaasthranjar, thaddesheeya havaiyanmaar ennivar ulppedunna 12 anga bordaanu (11 votting amgangalum 1 noonn-votting amgavum) maxova, jyothishaasthranjarudeyum thaddesheeya havaayiyakkaarudeyum parasparaviruddha thalpparyangal thammilulla santhulithaavastha kandethukayenna lakshyathodeyaanu ithu srishtichathu. 2023 juulai 1 muthal sarvakalashaalayil ninnulla 5 varshathe parivartthana kaalayalavinusesham mouna qee bhoomikkullil sarkkar niyantritha bhoomikalude maanejmentinulla pradhana adhikaariyaayirikkum ithu. parivartthana kaalayalavil, maxoy sarvakalashaalayum samyukthamaayi bhoomi kaikaaryam cheyyum, athesamayam bhoomi upayogam, manushya pravartthanangal, mothatthilulla pravartthanangal enniva niyanthrikkunnathinulla oru maanejment plan authority vikasippikkunnu. 2028ll parivartthana kaalayalav avasaanichukazhinjaal, nilavile maasttar lease 2033ll avasanikkunnathinaal pradhanappetta puthiya bhoomi upayoga permittukal nalkunnathum kaalavadhi theerunna samayat puthiya paattavumayi varaatha eathenkilum nireekshanaalayangal nirthalaakkunnathum athorittiyude utharavaadithangalil ulppedum. kaalavastha. mouna keeyil alpine kaalaavasthayundu (thudangiyava). ushnamekhalaa akshaamshatthinte swaadheenam kaaranam thaapanilayile vyathiyanangal valare kuravaanu. manju varsham muzhuvanum saadhaaranamaanu, ennaal sharashari prathimasa thaapanila varsham muzhuvanum maravippikkunnathinekkaal kooduthalaanu. eathu maasavum uyarathilum athinumukalilum manju veezhaamenkilum mikkappozhum october muthal epril vareyaanu manju veezhunnathu. 1972 muthal 1982 vare oru kalavastha kendram pravarthichirunnu; ennirunnaalum, eee kaalayalavile 33 maasangalkk maathrame thaapanila rekhakalundu; pala varshangalilum rund maasathe daatta maathrameyulloo. thaazhe koduthirikkunna thaapanila sugamamaya saraashariyaanu, allathe nova rekhappeduthiyittulla asamskritha samkhyakalalla. vinodam. agniparvvathathinte vashath idaykkide veezhunnathum mannidichilum moolam srishtikkappetta parukkan bhoopradeshamaaya hamakwa theeramaanu mouna keyayude theerapradeshathil aadhipathyam pularthunnathu. kaalopa samsthaana vinoda mekhala, vailuku rivar stettu paarkk, akaka falls stettu paarkk ennivayulppede niravadhi vinoda paarkkukal eee pradeshathu ulppedunnu. havai dveepil 3,000-thiladhikam rajisttar cheytha vettakkaarund, vinodathinum upajeevanathinumaayi vettayaadunnathu mouna kiyayile oru saadhaarana pravarthanamaanu. pannikal, aadukal, aadukal, turkey, thengukal, kaadukal ennivayulppedeyulla mrugangalude ennam niyantrikkaan oru pothu vettayaadal paripadi upayogikkunnu. mouna qee samsthaana vinoda mekhala kaayikarangatthe oru bays campaayi pravartthikkunnu. malanirakalude thaazhathe nilakalilum pakshinireekshanam saadhaaranamaanu. laava ozhukumbol oru kunnin mukalile vanathe ottappeduthumbol roopappetta mouna keeyude vashathulla kipukkayaya "kipukka puu huluhulu" aanu oru janapriya saitt. mouna keeyude valia uyaravum athinte vashangalude kuthaneyullathum aduthulla mouna lovayekkaal mikacha kazhchayum hrasvamaaya kaalnadayaathrayum nalkunnu. uyaram, kaalavastha aashankakal, kuthaneyulla rooad grade, mothatthilulla praveshanamillaayma enniva agniparvvathathe apakadakaravum kodumudikalilekkulla yathrakal budhimuttaakkunnu. irupathaam noottaandinte madhyathil rodukalude nirmmaanam vare, hardy maathramaan mouna kiyayude mukalile charivukal sandarshichathu; vettakkar geyim mrugangale tracucheyyukayum malakayattakkar parvathatthilekku yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu. cheythu sivilian kansarveshan corps nirmmicha kallu cabinukal bays campukalaayi eee yaathrakkaar upayogichu, eee soukaryangalil ninnaan anthaaraashtra jyotishaasthra dooradarshini pinthunaa samuchayathinulla aadhunika madhya thalatthilulla onisuka kendram uruthirinjathu. 1964ll nirmmicha aadyathe mouna qee sammitt rooad kooduthal aalukalkk eee kodumudikku prapyamaakki. innu, mouna qee trial ulppede onniladhikam kaalnada pathakal nilavilundu, 2007 aayappozhekkum oro varshavum 100,000-ladhikam vinodasanchaarikalum 32,000 vaahanangalum onisukka sentar phoor internaashanal astronomic sameepamulla visittar information steshanilekku (visa) pookunnu. mouna qee axus rooad madhyabhaagathekku pakam cheythirikkunnu. oru patanam report cheythath, parvathatthil jolie cheiyunna sandarshakaril moonnilonnu perum professional jyothishaasthranjaril moonnil rund perum theevramaaya uyarathilulla rogathinte lakshanagal anubhavichittundu; agniparvvathathinte vashangalilekku yaatra cheiyunna sandarshakar kuranjathu araa manikorengilum nirthaan nirddeshikkunnu, uyarnna uyaravumaayi poruthappedaan sandarshaka kendratthil kooduthal samayam nirthaan nirddeshikkunnu. mukalilekku muzhuvan drive cheiyunnathinu naalu wheel drive vahanam upayogikkaan shakthamayi shupaarsha cheiyunnu. breakkukal palappozhum thaazhekkulla vazhiyil amithamaayi choodaakukayum mouna keeyil indhanam labhyamaakaathirikkukayum cheiyunnu. ellah rathriyum 6-10 muthal oru swatantra nakshatra nottam paripadi neratthe nadannirunnu, pravartthana samayathile maattavum nilavilulla covid-19 mahamari kaaranam adachupoottalum kaaranam prograam raddaki. oro varshavum 5,000 muthal 6,000 vare aalukal mouna keeyude kodumudi sandarshikkukayum suraksha urappakkaanum parvathatthinte samagratha samrakshikkanum sahayikkunnathinaayi 2001 ll oru renchar prograam nadappaakkukayum cheythu.

mauna qee mauna keya (kinwa; "mauna aaa vakeya" chey sankshipt roop) haah havai betavaril eka sakriy jwalamukhi aahe. tyache shikhar samudraspatipasun varr aahe, jyamule teey havai rajyatil sarvoch bindu aanee pruthvivaril betavaril madhye kramankache sarvoch shikhar aahe. heey shikhar tyachya adhik vishal shejari asalelya mauna loapeksha sumare unch aahe. mauna keya tyachya unchisathi asamanyapane bhaugolikdrushtya prasiddha aaheh tyache olya pramukhata parvatanmadhye jagaat pandharavya kramankavar aahe; tyache korade pramukhata aahe. heey korade mahatva samudraspatipasun everest parvatachya unchipeksha jaast aahe aanee kahee kahee tyachya panyachya prushthbhagavarun mauna keyala jagatil sarvat unch parvat asey naav dile aahe. too sumare daha laakh varshe juna aahe aanee asha prakare shekado hajaro varshanpurvi jivanacha sarvat sakriy dhaal tappa paar keela. tyachya sadhyachya kavchanantarchya sthiteet, tyacha lava adhik chikat asato, parinami eka unch aakarman tayar hote. cinder shankunche bandhkam, tyachya phaat kshetranche vikendrikaran, tyachya shikharavaril himanadiyaran aanee prachalit vyapari vyapari hawaman badal yamule usheera jwalamukhimule tyachya shejarchya jwalamukhinpeksha barech khadbadit swaroop midale aahe. mauna keaacha shevatcha udrek 6,000 teey 4,000 varshanpurvi jhaala hota aanee aata too supt asalyache manale jaate. havai dharmat, havai betachi shikhare pavitra aahet. eka pracheen kayada keval uchch darjachya alila tyachya shikharala bhet denyachi parvanagi dett asey. mauna kechya utaranvar rahnare pracheen hawaiyan annasathi tyachya vistrut jangalanvar avalambun hote aanee upkaran nirmitisathi tyachya bajuchya ghandat jwalamukhi-himnadiy talagalanchi utkhanan karat asat. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat jevha europeey lock aale, tevha vasahati gura, mendhya aanee khelanare prani aanat asat, jyapaiki barech jangali jhaale aanee jwalamukhichya paryavaraniy santulanas haanee pohochavu lagale. mauna keaache paryavaraniyadrushtya teen vibhag kele jaau shakatatah tyachya shikharavaril alpine hawaman, sophora chrysophila-tyachya bajula asalele myoporam sandvicence (kinwa maane-nayo) jungle aanee babool coa-metrocederos polymorpha (kinwa coa-ohiya) jungle, jeey aata bahutekda purvichya sakhar udhyogane tyachya payathyashi saaf kele aahe. alikadachya varshant, sthanik prajatinchya asurakshitatebaddalachya chintemule nyayalayin khatale jhaale aahet jyamule havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagala jwalamukhivaril serve vanya prajatinche uchchatan karnyachya dishene kaam karnyas bhag padale aahe. tyachya uchch unchi, korade vatavaran aanee sthir vayupravahamule, mauna keaache shikhar heey khagolshastriy nirikshanasathi jagatil sarvottam sthalanpaiki eka aahe. 1964 madhye pravesh rasta tayar jhalyapasun, yaa shikhar parishadet akra deshanchya nidhitun tera durbini bandhanyat aalya aahet. mauna keaa vedhshala sampoorn vidyutchumbakiy varnapatat vaidnyanik sanshodhanasathi vaparlya jaatat aanee tyat jagatil asha prakarchi sarvat mothee suvidha aahe. sthanik hawaiyan lokanni pavitra manalya vayavyekade bhupradeshavaril tyanche bandhkam haah aajahi charchecha vishay aahe. bhaugolik mahatva. mauna keya tyachya unchisathi asamanyapane bhaugolikdrushtya prasiddha aahe, dongaranmadhye jagaat pandharavya kramankavar olsar pramukhata aahe aanee keval mount everest nantar jagaat madhye kramankavar koradi pramukhata aahe. heey tyachya betavaril sarvat unch shikhar aahe, tyamule tyache olya pramukhata samudraspatipasun tyachya unchishi julate. hawaiyan bete samudrat kholvar dhalhalyamule, mauna keyache korade mahatva aahe. heey korade mahatva samudraspatipasun everest parvatachya unchipeksha unch aahe, mhanoon everestla mauna kechya koradya mahattwala paar karnyasathi sampoorn khandancha tyachya payathyashi samavesh karava lagel. hawaiyan gartetoon kitee mauna keya baher padato heey pahata, kahee kahee talapasoon shikharaparyant mojalyapramane tyala jagatil sarvat unch (sarvat unch) parvat mhatale aahe. pramukhatepeksha vegale, paya shithilpane paribhashit keela jaato, jyacha parinam (hawaiyan gartet andaje sarvat khol binduparyant) teey (khol bhoomigat parvatachya mulaparyant) paryantchya sankhyanmadhye jhaala aahe. tyaa udaharananvar, itar parvat pratispardhi dave karatat, jase qee lamlam parvat talapasoon (aavhanatmak kholpasoon suru houn) unch chadhaicha dawa karato aanee serve himalayin parvat prachand khol mulancha dawa karatat. atakama khandkapasun andis parvatanparyant mothya unchi mojalya jaau shakatat, udaharanarth, richardchya khol (khol) talashi jawalchya lullilakochya (unch) shikharaparyant. lamlam parvat kinwa lullilaco parvat donhimadhye mauna keaasarkhe korade mahatva nahee, kaaran teey pratyek dishene khandakanmadhye vistarat naheet. bhoogarbhshastra. mauna keya heey havai bett tayar pravas paach jwalamukhinpaiki eka aahe, jeey hawaiyan-samrat seamount sakhalitil sarvat mothe aanee sarvat tarun bett aahe. yaa paach hotspot jwalamukhinpaiki mauna keya haah chautha sarvat juna aanee chautha sarvat sakriy jwalamukhi aahe. sumare daha laakh varshanpurvi havai hotspotdware chalavala jaanara preshield jwalamukhi mhanoon tyachi suruvat jhaali aanee 500,000 varshanpurviparyant tyachya dhaal avasthemadhye too apavadatmakapane sakriy jhaala. mauna keey. aii. neey 250,000 teey 200,000 varshanpurvi tyachya bandukinantarchya shant tappyat pravesh keela aanee sadhya sakriy aahe, jyacha shevatcha udrek 4,500 teey 6,000 varshanpurvi jhaala hota. mauna keyamadhye drishyaman shikhar caldera nahee, parantu tyachya shikharajaval anek lahan cinder aanee pumis shanku aahet. purvicha shikhar caldera nantarchya shikhar udrek sathyanni bharoon purala asava. mauna keaa heey aakarane itake mothe aahe qee teey aanee tyacha shejari, mauna loa, tyachya khalee samudrachya kavchavar dabav aanatat. jwalamukhi darvarshipeksha qamee darane swatachya vajanakhali ghasarat aanee sapat hott rahato. tyache bahutansh vastuman tyachya sadhyachya shikharapasun purvela aahe. too samudraspatipasun varr aahe, tyachya shejarchya mauna loapeksha sumare unch aahe aanee havai rajyatil sarvat unch bindu aahe. serve hawaiyan jwalamukhinpramanech, pruthvichya antargat aavaranatil hawaiyan hotspotwer paisiphik tectonic plate halalyamule mauna keaa tayar jhaale aahe. havai betavaril jwalamukhi haah yaa prakriyecha sarvat alikadil purava aahe qee, 7 kotee varshanhun adhik kalapasoon, tyane lamb hawaiyan parvatshreni-samrat seamount sakhali tayar kelee aahe. prachalit, jaree purnapane sthir nasale taree, asey mutt aahe qee hotspot grahachya aavarnamadhye barechase sthir aahe, jaree sampoorn senozoic yugat nahee. tathapi, hawaiyan jwalamukhicha changlya prakare abhyas keela jaat asala taree, hotspot prabhavas karanibhoot asalelya yantraneche konatehi nishchit spashtikaran shillak nahee. mauna keaapasoon lava tyachya vadhidarmyan tyachya tyachya tharans guntaguntichya tharanmadhye aachchhadit hoto. sarvat thalakpane, mauna keya heey kohalapasoon vayavyekade vayavyekade junya pravahanvar bandhale gele aahe aanee dakshinekade mauna lovachya payathyala chhedate. mauna kechya bajutil mool udrekkari vighatana (fatalele kshetra) tyachya kavchanantarchya jwalamukhimule dabalelya hotya. mauna keyachya purvekadil eka pramukh panyakhalil phaat kshetra rachana asaleli hilo rij, ekekali jwalamukhicha eka bhag asalyache manale jaat hote; tathapi, aata teey kohalche eka phaat kshetra asalyache samajale jaate jeey tarun mauna kechya pravahamule prabhavit jhaale aahe. jwalamukhiche prachand mukhya vastuman tayar karnare dhaal-avasthetil lava heey prathamik magma aanee qamee samudriy kavach yanchya mishranadware tayar kelele, mauna loasarkhe, tholietic besault aahet. teey 250,000 aanee 70-65,000 varshanpurvi futalelya "hamakwa jwalamukhi" chya kavchanantarchya ksharyukt talastambh, mauna keya vareel sarvat junya ughad jhalelya khadakachya staranni jhakalele aahet. sarvat alikadil jwalamukhi pravah mhanje havai aanee mugerite teey 65,000 teey 4,000 varshanpurvi ugam pavalele kavchanantarche 'lapahoho jwalamukhi' aahet. lava rachneteel yaa badalanmule shikharavar magmacha puravatha haloohaloo qamee jhaala, jyamule kamkuvat udrek jhaale jyamule jwalamukhi suptateshi sambandhit vegalya prakarananna marg midala. lapahoho lava adhik chikat asatat aanee purvichya tholeitic besaltspeksha adhik asthir asatat; tyanche jaad pravah mauna kechya bajoo lakshaniyaritya unch karatat. yavyatirikt, sphotak udrekanni shikharajaval cinder shanku tayar kele aahet. heey shanku heey mauna keaache sarvat alikadil udrek kendra aahet. tyachya sadhyachya shikharavar lava ghumat aanee shekado meater unchiparyantchya cinder shankunche varchasva aahe. mauna keya haah himanadyacha spasht purava asalela ekmev hawaiyan jwalamukhi aahe. bahudha mauna loaavar ashach prakarche sathe astitvat hote, parantu nantarchya lava pravahane teey jhakale gele aahet. havaiche ushnakatibandhiy sthan asoonahi, mageel anek himyuganmadhye tapmanat kahee anshanchya ghasaranimule unhalyat jwalamukhichya shikharavar burf rahoo shakala, jyamule barfachi aachchadan tayar jhaali. himanadyache teen prasang aahet jeey gelya 180,000 varshanpasun nondavale gele aaheth "pohakuloa" (180-130 qaa), "vayahu" (80-60 qaa) aanee "maknaka" (40-13 qaa) malika. jwalamukhichya varchya bajula donger aanee gavatachi golakar vartul gola karoon, tyanni shikhar mothya pramanat korale aahe. subglacial udrekanni maknaka himandidarmyan cinder shanku tayar kele, jyapaiki bahutek himnadi kriyene mothya pramanat vyapale hote. sarvat alikadil shanku 9000 teey 4500 varshanpurvi himanadyanchya sathyanvar bandhale gele hote, jaree eka abhyasatoon asey soochit hote qee shevatcha udrek sumare 3600 varshanpurvi jhaala asava. himanadya tyanchya kamal vistarat shikharapasun unchichya darmyanparyant vistarlya. 1974 purvi mauna kechya shikharavar parchya kadela nasalela permafrostcha eka lahansa bhag sapadala hota aanee too ajunahi astitvat asoo shakato. keval hivalyat hivalyat aanee pavasachya pavasat vanyanmule paus aanee barfavar aadharit pravahanni tayar jhalelya chhotya khadya shikharavar koralelya asatat. jwalamukhichya kechya dishene, vyapari vyapari vanyanmule pravahachya dhupamule junya kohalapramanech dhoop vadhaleli aahe. mauna keya heey prashant prashant sarvat unch sarovar vayavche ghar aahe. teey puu vayoo cinder shankuchya aat aahe aanee havaimadhil ekmev alpine talav aahe. haah talav atishay lahan aanee uthal aahe, jyache prushthbhagache kshetrafal aanee jevha purn hote tevha kholee. sarovarachya payathyashi asalelya namunyanchi redio carbon dating soochit karate qee 12,600 varshanpurvi burf saaf hota. hawaiyan lavache prakar samanyatah pargamya asatat, jyamule ghuskhorimule talav tayar honyapasoon pratibandh hoto. ektar gandhakyukt vaphene jwalamukhichya rakhala qamee pargamyatechya matimadhye badalale, kinwa vadhatya magma aanee bhujal kinwa prushthbhagachya panyatil sphotak parasparsanvadamule, frietic udrekadarmyan apavadatmakapane bareek rakh tayar jhaali jyamule talavachya prushthbhagachi pargamyata qamee jhaali. 1993 paryant havai betavar konatehi artasian paanee dnyat navhate, jevha havai vidyapithane samudrasapatipeksha khalee asalelya artasian jalbhrutavar khodkam kele, jeey borholchya ekoon kholipeksha jaast vistarle. boarhole maatee aanee lavachya eka ghatt tharatoon khodanyat aala hota, jithe mauna loacha pravah ughadya mauna keaa prushthbhagavar ghuskhori karat hota aanee nantar samudraspatichya khalee qamee jhaala hota. samasthanik rachana darshavate qee samudrasapatipeksha jaast unchivar mauna keaamadhun keaamadhun pavsamule paanee tayar jhaale aahe. jalbhrutikechya upasthitiche shrey mauna kechya besal lensmadhil godya panyatil dokyala dile jaate. shastradnyancha assa vishvas aahe qee sadhyachya modelschya soochanepeksha mauna kechya godya panyachya lensmadhye jaast paanee asoo shakate. 2012 madhye mauna keaavar aanakhi done boarhole khodanyat aale, jyat paanee apekshepeksha khoop jaast unchivar aanee uthal kholvar sapadale. havai vidyapithachya sakriy jwalamukhinchya abhyas kendrache sanchalak donald thomas yanche asey mutt aahe qee jalbhrutincha abhyas suru thevanyache eka kaaran mhanje uchch unchichya bhagancha vapar aanee vyap heey aahe, asey mhantah "bahutek serve upkram pinyayogya panyachya uplabdhatevar avalambun asatat, jeey bahutek prakarananmadhye, vayamiya kinwa hilo yethoon kathivar nele jaane aavashyak aahe-eka akaryaksham aanee mahag prakriya jee aaplya durmil drav indhanacha mothya pramanat vapar karate." bhavishyatil upkram. mauna kecha shevatcha udrek sumare 4,600 varshanpurvi (sumare ii. sha. puu. 2600) jhaala hota; yaa nishkriyatemule, mauna keyala tyachya shikharasathi 7 aanee tyachya khalchya bajunsathi 8 chee united states bhoogarbhiy sarvekshan dhokyachi yadee denyat aalee aahe, 9 chya sarvat qamee sambhavya dhokyachya manankanapaiki (jeey namshesh jhalelya jwalamukhi kohalala dile gele aahe). ii. sha. puu. 8000 pasoon lavachya pravahane jwalamukhichya shikharavar 20 takke bhag vyapala aahe aanee aksharshah tyacha konatahi bhag nahee. suptavasthet asoonahi, mauna keaa punha udrek honyachi apeksha aahe. purvichya udrekanchya aadhare, ashee ghatana jwalamukhichya varchya bajula kuthehi ghadu shakate aanee bahudha lamb lava pravah nirman karel, mukhytah aaa, lamb. dirgh kalavadhichya kriyakalapanmule strotashi nigadit eka cinder shanku tayar houu shakato. pudhil kahee shatkanmadhye jaree asha udrekachi shakyata nasali taree, kadachit jivanacha thodasa tota hoil parantu payabhoot suvidhanche lakshaniy nuksan hoil. manvi itihas. sthanik itihas. havai betavar pohochalele pahile pracheen hawaiyan hawaiyan rahat hote, jithe ann aanee paanee bharpur hote. yuganantar aanee aanee shatkachya suruvatila, vasahaticha vistar antardeshiy mauna loa-mauna keya pradeshaparyant jhaala. puratatviy purave asey suchavatat qee yaa pradeshancha vapar shikar karnyasathi, dagadi sahitya gola karnyasathi aanee kadachit aadhyatmik karanansathi kinwa khagolshastriy kinwa naukayan nirikshanansathi keela jaat asey. dongaravaril vipul jangalane ann aanee aanee kachcha maal mhanoon vanaspati aanee prani puravale. purvi konatyahi shikari pranyanna olakhat nasalele uddan naan karnare pakshi haah mukhya ann srot banala. hawaiyan betanchya lavkar jhalelya vasahatimule sthanik parisansthanmadhye mothe badal jhaale aanee visheshtah pakshyanchya prajatinmadhye anek viluptata aalya. pracheen hawaiyan lock paradeshi vanaspati aanee prani aanat asat aanee tyanche aagman dhoopachya vadhiv daranshi sambandhit hote. prachalit sakhal bhagatil vann parisanstheche jangalatoon gavatal pradeshat rupantar jhaale; yapaiki kahee badal aagichya vaparamule jhaale hote, parantu vann parisanstha kosalanyache aanee havaivareel pakshyanchya namshesh honyache prachalit kaaran polynesian (kinwa prashant) undarancha parichay asalyache disate. havaiche paach jwalamukhi pavitra parvat mhanoon poojale jaatat aanee sarvat unch mauna keaa shikhar sarvat pavitra aahe. yaa karanastav, eka "kapu" neey (pracheen hawaiyan kayada) uchch-padavaril aliichya abhyagatanchya adhikaranvar nirbandh ghatale. havaiyananni tyanchya naisargik vatavaranachya ghatakancha vishisht devatanshi sambandh jodala. hawaiyan pauranik kathanmadhye, mauna kechya shikharakade "devancha pradesh" mhanoon pahile jaat asey, jithe paropkari aatma rahatat. barfachi devata poliahu dekhil tethe rahate. "mauna keey" heey mauna aii vakache sankshipt roop aahe aanee tyacha arth "pandhara parvat" assa aahe, tyachya hangami barfane aachchhadalelya shikharasandarbhat. ii. sha. 1100 chya sumaras, sthanikanni sadhane tayar karnyasathi adviteey daat besault (up-himnadi udrekadarmyan himanaditil barfala barfala lavachya pravahanchya twarit thund honyane nirman honare) kadhanyasathi mauna keaavar unch edz khaninchi sthapana kelee. blade aanee masemarichya sadhanansathi jwalamukhicha kaach aanee gabro gola kele jaat hote aanee handlesathi mamane lakudala pradhanya dile jaat hote. ii. sha. 1400 nantarchya sarvoch khankamat, khadbadit aanee bareek kapanisathi swatantra suvidha hotya; kamgaranna tikavoon thevanyasathi ann, paanee aanee lakud asaleli niwara kendre; aanee tayar utpadan tayar karnyasathi karyashala. vayo talav kamgaranna pinyache paanee puravat asey. navjat balanna parvatachi takad denyasathi sthanik pramukh tyanchya nabhitil dordekhil tyanchya panyat budavat asat. yaa kalat aanee american aanee european lokanshi sampark sadhatana khanincha vapar qamee jhaala. utkhananshi sambandhit vidhicha eka bhag mhanoon, kamgaranni tyanchya devansathi mandire ubharali; yaa aanee itar khaninchya kalakruti tyaa thikani rahatat, jyapaiki bahutek aatachya mauna keey himyug rakheev bhagat aahet. yaa suruvatichya yuganantar yuganantar aanee aanee shatkachya uttaradhat sanskrutik vistar jhaala. lokanchya tatkal garjansathi tayar kelelya pradeshanmadhye jameen vibhagali gelee hotee. yaa "ahupua" neey samanyatah parvatachya shikharanpasun shikharanpasun jaminichya lamb pattyanche roop ghetale. mauna keaache shikhar kaohechya ahupuaamadhye vedhalele hote, tyachya purvekadil utarancha kahee bhag jawalchya humulaparyant pohochato. jwalamukhichya utaranvar utaranvar havai lokansathi poshan srot tyachya varchya utaranchya maane-nayo jangalatoon aale, jyamule tyanna vanaspati aanee pakshi jeevan midale. shikar kelelya pakshyanchya prajatinmadhye yuo ("terodroma sandwichances"), nene ("branta sandvicensis") aanee palila ("loxiodes belalui") yancha samavesh hota. khalchya coa-ohiya jangalane sthanikanna naukansathi lakud aanee sajavatisathi alankrut pakshyanche pankh dile. aadhunik yug. james kukchya aagmanapurvi, 1778 madhye videshi havaila bhet dett asalyachi teen nond aahet. tathapi, mauna ksh betachi sarvat junie pashchatya chitre 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat aanee 19 vya shatkachya suruvatila sanshodhakanni tayar kelee hotee. europe aanee amerikechya samparkat aalyane betavaril rahivashanvar mothe parinam jhaale. sthanik hawaiyan lock roganmule uddhvast jhaale; vyapar sthapanesah hilo, kelakekua aanee kailuas bandar shahare vadhali; aanee dhatuchi sadhane sadar kelyanantar mauna keaavareel edz khanincha padav karnyat aala. 1793 madhye, george vancouver yanni raja kamehameha pahila yala shraddhanjali mhanoon guredhore aanali. hote shatkachya suruvatiparyant, teey bandivasatun sutale hote aanee betavar muktapane firat hote, jyamule tethil parisanstheche mothe nuksan jhaale hote. 1809 madhye johnn palmer parker aala aanee tyane kamehameha pahilashi maitri kelee, jyane tyala betavaril guranchya vyavasthapanacha prabhari niyukt keela. 1845 madhye atirikt jameen anudanasah, parkarne mauna kechya uttarekadil utaravar parker farmchi sthapana kelee, eka mothe guranche pharm jeey aajahi karyarat aahe. betavaril vasahati oos lagwad aanee gharansathi khalchya bhagatil bahutansh sthanik jungle jaaltat aanee kapatat. mauna keey aanee mauna loa darmyanchya kathichya aakarachya patharala olandalyamule naav denyat aalela kathicha rasta 1943 madhye purn jhaala aanee mauna keaacha pravas lakshaniyaritya sulabh jhaala. patharavaril pohakuloa prashikshan kshetra heey havaimadhil sarvat mothe lashkari prashikshan maidan aahe. jwalamukhichya khalchya bajupasoon unchiparyant, 1956 pasoon americi lashkarala bhadepattivar dilelya rajyachya jaminivar haah tall vistarla aahe. yaa bhagat 15 dhokyat asaleli aanee luptapray vanaspati, teen luptapray pakshi aanee eka luptapray vatvaghal prajati aahe. aahe dashakapasun mauna keya heey vyapak puratatva sanshodhanache thikan aahe. 2000 salaparyant sumare 27 takke vidnyan rakheev kshetrache sarvekshan karnyat aale hote, jyat 76 mandire, 4 utpadan karyashala, 3 itar chinhak, 1 sakaratmakaritya olakhali geleli dafanbhoomi aanee 4 sambhavya daphan sthale olakhali gelee hotee. 2009 paryant, olakhalya gelelya sthalanchi ekoon sankhya 223 paryant vadhali hotee aanee jwalamukhichya varchya bajus puratatva sanshodhan suru aahe. jwalamukhichya shikharajaval, jee kadachit pracheen himresha asel, tyabhovati mandanyat aaleli mandire, mauna kechya pavitra bhagakade sankraman karnyasathi chinhak aahet, asey suchavale gele aahe. hawaiyan maukhik itihasat mauna keaachya aaspas daphan karnyacha anek sandarbh asoonahi, kahee thikananchi pushti jhaali aahe. jwalamukhivar thisul asalelya anek cinder shankunvar mandire kinwa itar kalakrutincha abhav, teey daphan karnyasathi rakheev asalyamule asoo shakato. chadhane. samparkpurv kalat, mauna keaaparyant pravas pravas sthanikanna kadachit vidyaman vidyaman bhudrushyadvare adhik margadarshan kele jaat asey, kaaran kaaran konatahi purava sapadala nahee. tyaeivaji naisargik utaar aanee jalsrotanche anusaran kele gele asave. mauna kechya shikharajavalil kautumbik-dekhbhal kelelya mandiranna bhet denyasathi lock bahudha mauna kechya utaranvar firayala gele asavet aanee donger chadhanyashi sambandhit parampara aajahi astitvat aahet. matra, tyavar lavalelya kadak 'kapu' mule, khoop qamee sthanik lock shikharavar pohochale. hote shatkachya suruvatila, mauna kechya sarvat junya ullekhaneey "nondavalelya" chadhananmadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh hotah hote shatkachya uttaradhat aanee hote shatkachya suruvatila, ghodyavar pravas karata yenyajogya khelanchya kalpanchya halchalinmule paywata tayar kele gele. tathapi, 1964 madhye rasta bandhalya jaiparyant shikharavar vahanancha pravesh vyavharikdrushtya ashakya hota aanee tyavar nirbandh kayam aahet. aaj, shikhar parishadesathi anek marg aahet, jeey vegvegalya vaparat aahet. paryavaran. parshvabhoomi. havaiche bhaugolik vilgikaran tyachya paryavaranavar jordar prabhav takte. havaisarkhya durgam betanvar mothya sankhyene prajati aahet jyaa itar kuthehi aadhalat naheet (hawaiyan betanmadhil sthanikata pahaa). durchya paristhitimule utkrantichya resha itaratranpeksha vegalya jhalya aanee yaa sthanik prajatinna bahya jaivik prabhavapasun vegale kele aanee tyanna visheshtah namshesh honyaparyant aanee aakramak prajatinchya prabhavanparyant asurakshit banavale. yavyatirikt, havaichi parisanstha shetisathi jameen saaf karnyasah manvi vikasamule dhokyat aahe; betavaril sthanik prajatinpaiki andaje trutiyansh prajati aadhich nasht jhalya aahet. tyachya unchimule, mauna keaamadhye hawaiyan dweepsamuhat kuthehi jaivik parisansthanchi sarvat mothee vividhata aahe. tapmanatil badal aanee unchinusar parjanyaman yamule dongaravaril parisanstha tyachya utaranvar ekkendrit vartule tayar karatat. yaa parisansthanna unchinusar sadharanpane teen vibhaganmadhye vibhagale jaau shakateh alpine-subalpine, monten aanee besal vann. hote shatkachya suruvatila american aanee europeey lokanshi jhalelya samparkamule betavar adhik lock sthayik jhaale aanee tyacha paryavaraniy nakaratmak parinam kayam rahila. khalchya utaranvar, coa-ohiya jangalatil vishal bhaganche shetjaminit rupantar karnyat aale. unchavar, shetjamininmadhun paloon gelelya vanya pranyanna mauna kechya mool mamane-nayo jangalat aashray midala aanee tyanche mothya pramanat nuksan jhaale. bigger-sthanik vanaspati haah dusra gambhir dhoka aahe; betavar 4,600 hoon adhik parichay jhalelya prajati aahet, tarr sthanik prajatinchi sankhya keval 1,000 asalyacha andaj aahe. alpine vatavaran. mauna keaache shikhar vrukshareshechya varr aahe aanee tyat mukhytah lava khadak aanee alpine tundra aahet. jordar himvrushtiche kshetra asalele heey kshetra vanaspatinsathi durgam aahe aanee hawaiyan ushnakatibandhiy unch zudupanchya pradesh mhanoon olakhale jaate. atyant thund tapman, alp vadhicha hangam, qamee paus aanee hivalyatil mahinyant burf yamule yethe vaadh pratibandhit aahe. maticha abhav mule vadhanyasahi adthala aanato, jaminivarun poshakdravye shoshane katheen karate aanee yaa bhagala paanee dharan karanyachi kshamata khoop qamee dete. yaa unchivar unchivar vanaspatinchya prajatinmadhye 'styphelia temiyamei', 'taraxacum officinel', 'tetramolopium humail', 'agrostis sandvicensis', 'anthoxanthum audoratum', 'trisetum glomeratum', 'poa enua', 'soncus oleresius' aanee 'coprosma ernodiodes' yancha samavesh hoto. eka ullekhaneey prajati mhanje mauna keey silvervard ("argiroxifium sandvisions" vaar. "sandvisions") hii eka atyant luptapray sthanik vanaspati prajati aahe jee mauna kechya unch unchichya cinder valvantat bharbharatila yete. eka tappyavar keval 50 vanaspatinchya loksankhyeparyant qamee jhalele, mauna keey silvervard heey alpine kshetrapurate maryadit asalyache manale jaat hote, parantu pratyakshat pashudhan dabavamule teey tethe chalavale gele aahe aanee qamee unchivar dekhil vadhu shakate. mauna keyachya dakshin shikharavar mauna keya himyug rakheev kshetra 1981 madhye sthapan karnyat aale hote. heey rakheev kshetra heey viral vanaspatiyukt cinder sathyanche aanee lava khadakanche kshetra aahe, jyat aolian valvant aanee lake vayucha samavesh aahe. hii parisanstha dhokyat asalelya yuaau ("terodroma sandwichances") sathee sambhavya aashraysthan aahe aanee vku bagvar ("nicius vekiuikola") abhyasache kendra dekhil aahe. vacue keetak mrut kitakanche mrutdeh khatat jeey jeey mauna keaaparyant vahoon jaatat aanee barfachya kathavar sthayik hotat. pramukhyane biyane khanare keetak asalelya 'nicius' vanshatil prajatinsathi haah eka atyant asamanya ann srot aahe. tyanchya raktatil naisargik antifreezamule teey atyant unchivar jagoo shakatat. teey bahutek vela garam prushthbhagakhalihi rahatat. tyanchi sanwardhan sthitee aspasht aahe, parantu hii prajati aata luptapray prajatinchya yadisathi umedvar rahileli nahee; prajatinchya kalyanavaril abhyas 1980 madhye suru jhaala. jawalcha sambandhit 'nicius aaa' haah mauna loaavar rahato. landga kolee (lycosidae) aanee vann tamboo survant patang dekhil tyach mauna keya parisansthet disun aale aahet; pahile ushnata-shoshak khadkankhali lapoon rahatat aanee dusare tyanchya shariratil thund-pratirodhak rasayanandware. maney-nayo jungle. jwalamukhivaril jungle kshetra, unchivar, maane (sophora chrysophila) aanee naio (myoporam sandvisions), yaa donhi sthanik vruksh prajatinche varchasva aahe aanee tyamule tyala maane-nayo vann mhanoon olakhale jaate. mamani biyane aanee nayo fale heey yaa bhagatil pakshyanche, visheshtah palila (loxioids belalui) chey mukhya ann aahe. palila purvi mauna keey, mauna loa aanee huaalalaichya utaranvar aadhalali hotee, parantu aata tee mauna kechya utaranparyant maryadit aahe-jee tyachya purvichya parvataranganchya keval 10 takke aahe-aanee gambhirpane dhokyat asalyache ghoshit kele gele aahe. 18 vya shatkachya uttaradhat betavar aanaleli jangali mendhya, guredhore ("boses premigeneous") aanee mendhya ("capra hircus") charavane haah parisansthesathi sarvat motha dhoka aahe. vyavsayik charaishi vanya pranyanchi spardha itaki tivra hotee qee tyanche uchchatan karnyacha karyakram 1920 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant astitvat hota aanee 1949 paryant chaloo rahila. yaa charaicha eka parinam mhanje sthanik aanee parichay asalelya vanaushadhiyukt aanee lakadi vanaspatincha vadhata prasar, jeey brousingla pratirodhak hote. vanya pranyanche jawaljawal uchchatan jhaale aanee 1950 chya dashakat tyanchi sankhya kahishe jhaali. tathapi, sthanik shikarichya oghamule vanya prajatinna khel prani mhanoon mahatva dile gele aanee 1959 madhye sanrakshn aanee jameen vapar vyavasthapanachi jababdari asalelya havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagane, tyache dhoran badaloon khel sulabh karnyasathi tayar kelelya shashvat-niyantran karyakramat badalale. mauflon ('ovis eris orientalis') 1962 teey 1964 darmyan suru karnyat aala aanee 1964 madhye aksh harran ('aksh aksh') sodanyachi yojana keval pashuudhyogachya nishedhamule rokhali gelee, jyanni sangitale qee teey pikanche nuksan kartil aanee rog pasarvatil. shikar udhyogane pratikar keela aanee pashupalak aanee shikari yanchyatil pudhe-pudhe chalalyane akheris sarvajanik paryavaraniy chintet vaadh jhaali. mauna keey varr khagolshastriy suvidhancha vikas suru jhalyanantar, sanvardhanvadyanni mauna keey chya parisansthechya sanrakshanachi magani kelee. 25 takke jangalanna sanrakshanasathi kumpan lavnyachi aanee urvarit 75 takke jangalanna khelanchya shikarisathi vyavasthapit karanyachi yojana prastavit karnyat aalee hotee. sanvardhanvadyancha virodh asoonahi hii yojana amalat aanali gelee. jaminichi falani jhaali asatana kumpan bandhanyasathi konatehi paise vatap karnyat aale navhate. yaa vadachya darmyan luptapray prajati kayada manjur karnyat aala; national audubon society aanee siera club leagal defence fundney havai vibhagachya bhoomi aanee naisargik sansadhananviruddha khatala dakhal keela, jyat dawa keela gela qee teey federal kayadyache ullanghan kareet aahet, aitihasik prakaranat "palila wii. havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhag "(1978). nyayalayane sanvardhanvadyanchya bajoone nikal deela aanee vanyajeev rajya niyantranapurvi federal kayadyanche pradhanya kayam thewale. luptapray prajati kayadyache ullanghan kelyamule, havai rajyala dongarrangamadhun serve vanya prani kadhoon takane aavashyak hote. yaa nirnayanantar 1981 madhye madhye nyayalayin aadeshane. eka sarvajanik shikar karyakramane anek vanya prani, kiman tatpurte, kadhoon takale. eka sakriy niyantran karyakram astitvat aahe, jaree too maane-nayo parisansthechi lakshaniy punarprapti houu denyasathi puresha kathoratene aayojit keela jaat nahee. betavar aanee mauna keaavar itar anek prajati aanee parisanstha aahet, jyaa manvi vikas aanee aakramak prajatinmule dhokyat aahet. mauna keya vann rakheev kshetra havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagachya adhikarkshetrantargat maane-nayo vananche sanrakshn karate. andananchya shikarila varshbhar parvanagi aahe. maane-nayo jangalacha eka chhotasa bhag mauna keya rajyachya karamanook kshetrane vedhalela aahe. qamee vatavaran. mauna keyachya khalchya utaranvaril shetjaminicha eka gut purvi "babool coa"-"metrocederos bahuroopi" (coa-ohiya) jungle hote. hote shatkachya suruvatila european aanee american vasahatinchya oghamule tyacha naash jhaala, kaaran kaaran dashakat mothya pramanat lagvadimule naveen gharansathi lakud midale. jangalatil motha bhag jaalanyat aala aanee usachya lagvadisathi saaf karnyat aala. betavaril bahutek ghare koapasoon bandhali gelee hotee aanee jangalache jeey bhag tikoon rahile teey usachya lagvadivaril boilerna veej denyasathi aanee gharanna garam karnyasathi jaalanyache srot banale. ekekaliche vishal jungle 1880 paryant jawaljawal nahise jhaale hote aanee 1900 paryant, konachya aanee maui betavar lakudtod karnyachya aavadi sthalantarit jhalya hotya. 1990 chya dashakat sakhar udyog kosalalyane, hii bahutek jameen padik aahe parantu kahee bhag guranche charane, lahan pramanat shetee aanee lakadachya palpasathi nilgirichya lagvadisathi vaparale jaatat. hakalau vann rashtriy vanyajeev aashray heey mauna kechya kechya utaravaril eka pramukh coa vann rakheev kshetra aahe. 1985 madhye tyachi sthapana karnyat aalee, jyat parisanstheche avashesh samavisht aahet. itar anek durmil bayotanvyatirikt, yaa bhagat aath luptapray pakshi prajati, baaraa luptapray vanaspati aanee luptapray hawaiyan horry vatvaghale (laciurus cinerius semotus) aadhalun aale aahet. 1989 pasoon heey rakheev kshetra mothya pramanavar punarvikri mohimeche thikan aahe. rakheev kshetrachya kahee bhaganmadhye sheticha sthanik parisansthevar honara parinam disun yeto, kaaran rakheev kshetrachya varchya bhagatil bahutansh jameen shetjamini sodoon denyat aalee aahe. babool coa-ohiya jangalatil sthanik pakshyanchya prajatinmadhye hawaiyan kavala ('corvus havaiensis'), akepa ('loxops coxinius'), havai well ('oriomistis manah'), akepolou ('hemignathus munroi') aanee hawaiyan hocka ('beautio soliterius') yancha samavesh aahe, jeey serve dhokyat aahet, dhokyat aahet kinwa dhokyat aahet; visheshtah hawaiyan kavala jangalat namshesh jhaala aahe, parantu hya prajatinna hakalau rakheev pradeshat punha aananyachya yojana aahet. shikhar vedhshala. mauna keaache shikhar heey anukool nirikshan paristhitimule khagolshastriy nirikshanasathi jagatil sarvottam sthalanpaiki eka aahe. vidyutchumbakiy varnpatatil yaa pradeshasathi submillimeter aanee infrared khagolshastrasathi shushk paristhiti mahattvachi aahe. shikhar ulat tharavar aahe, shikhrakhali bahutek dhag jhakalele aahet aanee shikharavaril havah koradi aanee vatavaraniy pradushanapasun mukt aahe yachee khatri karate. shikharavaril vatavaran apavadatmakapane sthir aahe, jyat jagatil kahee sarvottam khagolshastriy drushye pahanyasathi ashantata nahee. shaharachya divyanpasun mauna kechya antaramule nirman honare atyant gadad aakash, aajubajuchya bhagatoon honare prakash pradushan qamee pravas kayadyandvare sanrakshit kele jaate; andharachi patali, mand khagolshastriy vastunche nirikshan karnyas anumati dete. yaa ghatakanmule aitihasikdrushtya mauna keey heey tarankit pahanyakarta eka utkrusht thikan banale. 1960 chya dashakachya suruvatila, havai eyeland chamber auph commersney aarthik protsahan mhanoon mauna kechya khagolshastriy vikasala protsahan dile; heey arizona khagolshastradnya gerard quiper vidyapithachya infrared prakashache navyane sudharit shodhak vaparnyasathichya sthalanchya shodhabarobar julale. 1964 madhye kuiparchya sahayyak alika herringne kelelya sthal chachanine shikhar parishadechya utkrusht yogyatechi pushti kelee. eka motha durbini tayar karnyasathi nasachya nidhisathi tivra trikoni spardha suru jhaali, quiper, harvard vidyapith aanee havai vidyapith (uh), jyanna keval saur khagolshastracha anubhav hota. yacha parinam 'upstart' prastavala nidhi denyat jhaala. tyachya chhotya khagolshastra vibhagachi khagolshastrasathichya naveen sansthemadhye punarbandhani kelee aanee 1968 madhye havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagane tyala tyachya durbinichya trijyetil serve jaminisathi 65 varshanche bhade dile, jeey moolatah varilpramane hote. 1970 madhye purn jhalyavar, haah jagatil satva sarvat motha optical/infrared durbini hota. 1970 paryant, american havai dall aanee lowell vedhshalene done durbini bandhalya hotya. 1973 madhye canada aanee france yanni mauna keaavar 3.6 meater see. eff. etch. tii. bandhanyache manya kele. tathapi, sthanik sanghatananni vedhshalechya paryavaraniy parinamambaddal chinta vyakt karnyas suruvat kelee. yamule jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagane 1977 madhye tayar keleli aanee 1980 madhye purak ashee prarambhik vyavasthapan yojana tayar kelee. janewari 1982 madhye, rajpratinidhinchya mandalane tyaa thikani vaidnyanik suvidhanchya nirantar vikasala pathimba denyasathi yojanela manjuri dilee. 1998 madhye, mauna keya himyug rakheev kshetrala purak mhanoon vedhshalechya bhadepattyatun hastantarit karnyat aale. 1982 chya yojanechi jaaga 2000 madhye 2020 paryant seva denyasathi aakhalelya vistarane ghetali geleeh tyane khagolshastrasathi niyukt kelele maun keey vyavasthapan karyalay sthapan kele aanee urvarit "naisargik aanee sanskrutik sanrakshn" kadey halavale. parvatachya sanskrutik mulyambaddal aadar nasalyachi havai samudayat vyakt jhaleli chinta door karnyasathi yaa yojnet aanakhi sudharana karnyat aalee. aaj mauna keya vidnyan rakheev kshetrat 13 nirikshan suvidha aahet, jyapaiki pratyekala 11 deshankadun nidhi deela jaato. drishyaman aanee infrared spectrummadhye nauu durbini karyarat aahet, teen submillimeter spectrummadhye aanee eka redio spectrummadhye, jyat aarse kinwa dish aahet. tyaa tulanet, hubblebill space telescopemadhye aakarane aakarane sarkhach aarsa aahe, joou aata dongaravaril dusra sarvat lahan telescope aahe. save maun keey' chalvalicha vishvas aahe qee parvatacha vikas haah apavitra aahe. sanskrutik varsa aanee paryavaranashi sambandhit kahiya sarkhya sthanik hawaiyan naa-napha gatannihi sanskrutik aanee dharmik karanansathi vikasala virodh keela aahe. 2006 madhye prastavit bahu-durbin "outrigger" akheris radd karnyat aale. tees meater durbini (tii. emm. tii.) yaa niyojit naveen durbinine vaad aanee nishedhanna aakarshit kele aahe. tii. emm. tii. laa april 2013 madhye manjuri denyat aalee. aktoobar 2014 madhye, durbinichya bhoomipoojan samarambhat nidarshakanni vyatyay aanala jyamule prakalp tatpurata thambla. march 2015 chya uttaradhat, nidarshakanni shikhar parishadeparyantcha rasta punha adavala. 2 april 2015 roji, 300 nidarshak abhyagat kendrajaval jamale hote, jevha shikhar parishadet 12 jananna atak karnyat aalee aanee aanakhi 11 jananna atak karnyat aalee. jaminiche moolyankan aanee sthanik hawaiyan sallamasalat hii nishedh gatanchya chintanpaiki eka aahe. rajyabhar nidarshane vadhalyanantar 7 april 2015 roji bandhkam thambavanyat aale. anek vela thambavalyanantar haah prakalp swechhene pudhe dhakalanyat aala aahe. governor ige yanni bhavishyat mauna kechya vyavasthapanat lakshaniy badalanchi ghoshana kelee parantu haah prakalp pudhe jaau shakato asey sangitale. havaichya sarvoch nyayalayane 31 aktoobar 2018 roji bandhkam punha suru karnyas manyata dilee. nidarshakanni tees meater durbiniviruddha pratikriya mhanoon online yachika dakhal kelya aahet. tii. emm. tii. durbinichya bandhkamala tatkal sthagiti' yaa shirshakachi online yachika badalanyasathi pathvanyat aalee hotee.14 julai 2019 roji online yachikevar jagbharat 278,057 hoon adhik adhik jhalya aahet. kahee nidarshakanni hawaiyan governor david ige yanchya tees meterchya durbinila pathimba dilyabaddal tyanchyavar mahabhiyog karanyachi magani kelee aahe. 18 julai 2019 roji, 'mahabhiyog governor david ige' yaa shirshakachi eka online yachika badalanyasathi pathvanyat aalee hotee.org aanee sadhya 62,562 hoon adhik adhik gola kelya aahet. 2021 chya uttaradhat, covid-19 mahamarichya chaloo parinamanmule aanee rashtriy vidnyan sansthedvare upalabdh karoon denyat aalelya federal nidhimadhye badal houu houu prakalpasathichya nidhitil badalamule bandhkam yojana sadhya rakhadalya aahet. tees meterchya durbinichya bandhkamasandarbhat vaad suruch aahe. sthanik madhyam sanghatananni kelelya swatantra nivadnukanmadhye betanvaril prakalpala satatyane pathimba darshavala jaat asoon done trutiyanshahun adhik sthanik rahivashanni yaa prakalpala pathimba deela aahe. hyach sarvekshanannusar, sthanik havai samudayakadun pathimba vibhagala gela asoon sumare ardhe hawaiyan pratisadkarte naveen durbinichya bandhkamala pathimba dett aahet. julai 2022 madhye, rajya kayada havai vidyapithatun mukhya jameen bhadepattivaril niyantran naveen mauna keya karbhari aanee dekhrekh pradhikaranakade (emm. keey. ess. oo. aii.) halavoon nidarshananna pratisad deto. meksoa heey 12 sadasyanche mandal aahe (11 matdan sadasya aanee 1 gair-matdan sadasya) jyamadhye vidyapithache pratinidhi, khagolshastradnya aanee sthanik hawaiyan yancha samavesh aahe aanee khagolshastradnya aanee sthanik hawaiyan yanchya parasparvirodhi hitsambandhanmadhye santulan sadhanyachya uddeshane teey tayar kele gele hote. heey havai jameen aanee naisargik sansadhan vibhagat thewale aahe aanee 1 julai 2023 pasoon vidyapithatun 5 varshanchya sankraman kalavadhinantar mauna keey jamineet rajya-vyavasthapit jaminichya vyavasthapanasathi pramukh pradhikaran asel. sankraman kalavadhit, emm. keey. ess. oo. aii. aanee vidyapith sanyuktapane jaminiche vyavasthapan kartil tarr pradhikaran jaminicha vapar, manvi kriyakalap aanee ekoon karye niyantrit karnyasathi vyavasthapan yojana vikasit karel. 2028 madhye sankraman kalavadhi sampalyanantar, pradhikaranachya pradhikaranachya naveen jameen vapar parvane jaaree karane samavisht asel, jeey 2033 madhye sadhyache mukhya bhadepattiche kaam sampalyamule mahattvache asel aanee jyaa vedhshala kalbahya honyapurvi naveen bhadepattya gheuun yet naheet tyaa bund kelya jaatil. hawaman. mauna keaamadhye alpine hawaman (ityadi) aahe. tyachya ushnakatibandhiy akshanshamule tapmanat badal khoop qamee hotat. himvarshav heey varshbhar samanya asate, parantu sarasari masik tapman varshbhar gothanapeksha jaast rahate. konatyahi mahinyat burf unchichya unchivar aanee tyahoon adhik unchivar padoo shakato, parantu bahutekda aktoobar teey eprilparyant padato. 1972 teey 1982 yaa kalat eka hawaman kendra chalavale gele; tathapi, yaa kalavadhit keval 33 mahinyant tapmanachya nondi aahet; anek varshanmadhye keval done mahinyansathichi mahitee asate. khalee dilele tapman gulgulit sarasari aahe, aine. oo. aii. aii. neey nondavalelya kachchya sankhyansathi nahee. manoranjan. mauna keyachya kinarpattivar hamakua kinarpattiche varchasva aahe, jwalamukhichya bajula varanvar ghasaran aanee bhuskhalanamule nirman jhalelya khadkal bhupradeshache kshetra. yaa bhagat kalopa rajya karamanook kshetra, vailuku nadee rajya udyan aanee akaka fauls rajya udyanasah anek karamanook udyane samavisht aahet. havai betavar 3,000 hoon adhik nondanikrut shikari aahet aanee manoranjan aanee udarnirvah yaa donhinsathi shikar karane haah mauna keaavarcha eka samanya upkram aahe. dukarn, mendhya, mendhya, turkey, teel aanee bater yasah parichay karoon dilelya pranyanchya sankhyevar niyantran thevanyasathi sarvajanik shikar karyakramacha vapar keela jaato. mauna keya rajya karamanook kshetra yaa khelasathi aadhar shibir mhanoon karya karate. dongaravaril khalchya staranvar pakshi nirikshan dekhil samanya aahe. eka lokpriy thikan mhanje "kipuka puu huluhulu", jeey mauna kechya bajuvaril kipuka aahe, jeey lava vahato tevha tayar hote aanee dongaravaril jungle vegale karate. mauna keechi unchai aanee tyachya bajuchi unchai heey shejarchya mauna lovapeksha changle drushya aanee lahan chadhai pradan karate. unchimule unchivaril aajaar, havamanachi chinta, rastyachi tivra shreni aanee ekoon durgamatemule jwalamukhi dhokadayak hoto aanee shikharavar pohochane katheen hote. hote shatkachya madhyaparyant raste bandhanyaparyant, keval hardy lokanni mauna kechya varchya utaranna bhet dilee; shikari shikari pranyancha magova ghet asat aanee giryarohak dongravar chadhat asat. yaa pravashanni 1930 chya dashakat nagri sanwardhan dalane tayar kelelya dagadi kholyancha aadhar shibire mhanoon vapar keela aanee yaa suvidhanmadhunach aantarrashtriy khagolshastra durbini samarthan sankulasathi aadhunik madhyam-stariy onizuka kendra tayar kele aahe. pahila mauna keey shikhar rasta 1964 madhye bandhanyat aala, jyamule shikhar adhik lokanna sulabh jhaale. aaj, mauna keey trails anek hiking trails astitvat aahet aanee 2007 paryant darvarshi 100,000 hoon adhik paryatak aanee 32,000 vahane onijuka center phaur international astronomyla lagoon asalelya abhyagat mahitee kendrakade (vhis) jaat hotee. mauna keey pravesh rasta madhyabhagi pakka aahe. eka abhyasat asey nondavale gele aahe qee dongravar kaam pravas sumare eka trutiyansh abhyagatanna aanee done trutiyansh vyavsayik khagolshastradnyanna tivra unchivaril aajarachi lakshane jaanavali aahet; jwalamukhichya bajuvar pravas pravas abhyagatanna kiman ardha taas thambanyacha sallah deela jaato aanee adhik unchishi julavun ghenyasathi abhyagat kendravar jaast vel thambanyacha sallah deela jaato. varparyant jaanyasathi chaar chakee vahan vaparanyachi jordar shifaras kelee jaate. khalee jaatana break anekada jaast garam hotat aanee mauna keey. aii. varr indhan upalabdh nasate. yapurvi darroj ratri 6-10 pasoon wii. ess. varr eka mukt taara pahanyacha karyakram aayojit keela jaat asey, jyamadhye chaloo asalelya covid-19 mahamarimule kamache taas badalalyamule aanee bund jhalyamule karyakram radd karnyat aala. darvarshi 5,000 teey 6,000 lock mauna kechya shikharala bhet detat aanee surakshitata sunishchit karnyat madat karnyasathi aanee parvatachya akhandateche rakshan karnyasathi, 2001 madhye eka ranger karyakram rabavanyat aala.

mauna key mauna keya (wa; "mauna ae wakia" ko sankshipta naam) hawai tapuma raheko euta sakriya jwalamukhi how. yasako shikhar samudra satahabata mathi chha, jasle yasalai hawai rajyako uchchatam bindu rar prithvima tapuko dosro-aglo shikhar banaunchha. shikhar yasako thulo chhimeki mauna loabhanda lagbhag aglo chha. mauna key yasako uchaika lagi asamanya rupma sthalakritik rupma pramukh chhah yasako bhijeko pramukhta pahadharu bitch sansarma pandhraun chha; yasako sukhkha pramukhta chha. yo sukhkha pramukhta samudra satahabata mount ebherestako uchai bhanda badhi chha, rar kehi adhikariharule yasako panimuni adharbata mauna kelai wishwako sabaibhanda aglo parwatko lebel lagaeka chhan. yo lagbhag das lakh warsha purano how rar yasari sayaun hazar warsha pahile jiwanko sabaibhanda sakriya dhal charan parr garyo. yasako halko post-silled awasthama, yasako labha adhik chipchipa chha, jasko parinamswarup stipper profile hunchha. pachhillo jwalamukhiwadle yasalai cinder shankuharuko nirman, yasako darar kshetraharuko vikendrikaran, yasako shikharma himnadi, rar prachalit wyaparik hawaharudwara mausamka karan yasako chhimeki jwalamukhiharuko tulanama dherai kathora roop dieko chha. mauna key antim patak 6,000 dekhi 4,000 warsha pahile wisfot bhaeko thiyo rar ahile yo nishkriya raheko manincha. hawai dharmama, hawai tapuka chuchuraharu pawitra chhan. euta prachin kanunle uccha-shrenika alilai matra yasako shikhar bhraman garna anumati diyo. mauna keko dhalanma basne prachin hawaiwasiharu khanaka lagi yasako wyapak wanma nirbhar thie, rar upkaran utpadanka lagi yasako chheuma ghana jwalamukhi-himnadi besaltharu utkhanan gare. 18 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama jab yuropeliharu aipuge, basobas garneharule gaiwastu, bheda rar khel janawarharu parichaya garae, jasmadhye dherai jangali bhae rar jwalamukhiko paristhitik santulanlai kshati kshati thale. mauna keyalai paristhitik rupma tean bhagma vibhajan garna sakinchhah yasako shikharma ek alpine jalawayu, ek "sofora crysophila"-yasako chheuma "myoporam sandwissence" (wa mane-nayo) jungle, rar ek "babul koa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (wa koa-ohiya) jungle, june ahile prayaha purva chiny udyogdwara yasako adharma safa garieko chha. halka warshaharuma, deshi prajatiko kamajortako chintale adalati muddaharu nimtyaeko chha jasle hawai vibhaglai jwalamukhima sabai jangali prajatiharu unmulan garne dishama kaam garna badhya pareko chha. yasako uccha uchai, sukhkha watawaran, rar sthira hawako prawahaka sath, mauna keko shikhar khagoliya awalokanka lagi sansarko utkrishta sthalharu madhye ek how. sann 1964 maa pahunch sadak nirman bhaedekhi, eghar deshaharudwara witta poshit tehrawata telescopeharu shikhar sammelanma nirman garieko chha. mauna keaa vedhashalaharu vidyut chumbakiya spectrumma vaigyanik anusandhanka lagi prayog garinchha rar yasama wishwako sabaibhanda thulo yasto suwidha samawesh chha. sthaniya hawaiyanharudwara pawitra manine paridrishyama tiniharuko nirman ajasamma bahasko vishaya baneko chha. sthalakritik pramukhta. mauna keaa yasako uchaika lagi asamanya rupma sthalakritik rupma pramukh chha, pahadharu bitch sansarma pandhraun osilo pramukhta, rar sansarma sukkha pramukhta dosro, kewal mount everest pachhi. yo yasako tapuko sabaibhanda aglo chuchuro how, tyasaile yasako bhijeko pramukhta samudra satahabata yasako uchaisanga mail khanchha. hawaiyan tapuharu samudrama gahiro dhalan bhaekale, mauna kiko sukhkha pramukhta chha. yo sukhkha pramukhta samudra satahako uchai bhanda aglo chha, tyasaile mauna kiko sukhkha pramukhta parr garna everestle yasako fedma sampurna mahadwipharu samawesh garnuparnecha. hawaiyan trafbata kati mauna keaa bahira niskanchha bhanne kuralai dhyanma rakhdai, kehi adhikariharule yasalai wishwako sabaibhanda aglo (sabaibhanda agloko viparit) parwat bhaneka chhan, june adhardekhi shikharsamma mapan garieko chha. pramukhtako viparit, adharlai shithil rupma paribhashit garieko chha, jasko parinamswarup sankhya (hawaiyan trafko lagbhag gahiro bindu) dekhi (gahiro bhumigat parwatko jara) sammako chha. tee udaharanharuma, anya parwatharule pratispardhi dawiharu garchhan, jastai mount lamlamle adharbata uccha arohanko dabi gardacha (, chunautidar gahirobata suru hunchha), rar sabai himalaya parwatharule atyadhik gahiro jara davi garchhan. ajha thulo uchai atakama khaidekhi andes parwatsamma mapan garna sakinchha, udaharanka lagi, richardko gahiro (gahiro) ko taladekhi najikaiko lullilako (uccha) ko shikharsamma. lamlam parwat rar lullallako parwatma naha tata mauna keko sukhkha pramukhta chha, kinki tiniharu harek dishama khaiyaharuma wistar hundainan. bhuwigyan. mauna keaa paanch jwalamukhiharu madhye ek how jasle hawai tapu banaunchha, hawaiyan-samrata cement shringkhalako sabaibhanda thulo rar kanchho tapu how. yee paanch hotspot jwalamukhiharu madhye mauna keaa chautho sabaibhanda purano rar chautho sabaibhanda sakriya jwalamukhi how. yo lagbhag das lakh warsha pahile hawai hataspatdwara sanchalit pressiled jwalamukhiko rupma suru bhayo, rar 500,000 warsha pahilesamma yasako dhal charanma asadharan rupma sakriya bhayo. mauna keaa 250,000 dekhi 200,000 warsha pahile yasako shanta post-silled charanma prawesh gareko thiyo, rar hall sakriya chha, antim patak 4,500 rar 6,000 warsha pahile wisfot bhaeko thiyo. mauna kiyama dekhine shikhar caldera chhaina, tara yasako shikhar najikai dherai sanah cinder rar pumis shankuharu chhan. purva shikhar caldera pachhi shikhar wisfot nikshepharudwara bharieko rar gadiyo huna sakchha. mauna keaa matra maa yati vishal chha kii yo rar yasako chhimeki, mauna loa, yasako tall samudri crustlai dabaunchha. jwalamukhi prati warshabhanda kamko darma afnai taulama jharne rar chapta hune kram jaari chha. yasako dherai bhag yasako wartaman shikharko purvama awasthit chha. yo samudra satahabata mathi khada chha, yasako chhimeki mauna loa bhanda lagbhag uccha chha, rar hawai rajyako uchchatam bindu how. sabai hawai jwalamukhiharu jastai, prithwiko antarnihit awaranma hawaiyan hataspatma prashanta wiwartanik plate sardai jaanda mauna keaa sirjana garieko chha. hawai tapu jwalamukhiharu yass prakriyako sabaibhanda bharkharko praman how kii, 7 karod warsha bhanda badhi, lamo hawaiyan riz-samrata cement chenn sirjana gareko chha. prachalit, yadyapi purna rupma basobas garieko chhaina, yo drishya yo how kii hotspot grahako awaranbhitra dherai hadasamma sthira raheko chha, yadi sabai senozoic yug hoina bhane. yadyapi, hawaiyan jwalamukhilai ramrosanga bujhieko chha rar wyapak rupma adhyayan garieko chha, hotspot prabhawa nimtyaune sanyantrako kunai nishchit wyakhya baanki chhaina. yasako wridhiko samayama yasako chhimekiharusanga jatil tahaharuma overlap garieko mauna kebata lawa bagchha. sabaibhanda pramukh rupma, mauna keaa kohalabata uttarapashchimma purano prawahama nirman garieko chha, rar dakshinma mauna loako adharlai chhedchha. mauna keako chheuma muel wisfotkari dararharu (darar kshetraharu) yasako post-silled jwalamukhidwara gadiyo. mauna keyako purvama raheko euta pramukh panimuni fatt khetra sanrachana, hilo riz, kunai samaya jwalamukhiko euta bhag bhaeko vishwas garieko thiyo; yadyapi, yo ahile kohalako fatt khetra how bhanera bujhinchha june yuwa mauna keyako prawahabata prabhawit bhaeko chha. jwalamukhiko vishal mukhya drawyaman nirman garne dhal-charan lawa prathamik magma rar adhinastha samudri crustko mishranbata sirjana garieko mauna loa jastai tholeitic besaltharu hun. tiniharu mauna kema sabaibhanda purano khula chattan starle dhakieka chhan, "hamakua jwalamukhi" ko post-shield kshar besaltharu, june 250,000 rar 70-65,000 warsha pahile wisfot bhaeko thiyo. sabaibhanda bharkharko jwalamukhi prawaha hawaites rar mugerites hunh tiniharu post-shield "lapahoho jwalamukhiharu" hun, june 65,000 rar 4,000 warsha pahile wisfot bhaeko thiyo. labha sanrachanama yee pariwartanharule shikharma magmako apurtiko dhilo kamiko sath, jasle kamjor wisfotharu nimtyayo jasle tyasapachhi jwalamukhi nishkriyatasanga sambandhit prithak episodharulai bato diyo. lapahoho lawa adhik chipchipa hunchhan rar pahileka tholeitic besaltharu bhanda badhi asthira hunchhan; tiniharuko baklo prawahale mauna keko chheuma ullekhaniya rupma thado gardacha. thap rupma, wisfotak wisfotharule shikhar najikai cinder shankuharu nirman gareka chhan. yee shankuharu mauna keka sabaibhanda halaika wisfot kendraharu hun. yasako halko shikharma wyas rar sayaun mitter aglosammaka labha gumbaj rar cinder shankuharuko prabhutwa chha. mauna keaa himaskhalanko spashta praman bhaeko ek matra hawaiyan jwalamukhi how. yastai nikshepharu sambhawatah mauna loama awasthit thie, tara pachhi lawa prawahale dhakeka chhan. hawaiko ushnakatibandhiya sthan bhae tapani, wigatka dherai baraf yugharuma tapkramma ek degreeko girawatle garmima jwalamukhiko shikharma hiun rahan anumati diyo, jasle barafko topiko gathanlai trigger anumodan. pachhillo 180,000 warshadekhi himanadika tinawata episodharu record garieka chhanh "pokuloa" (180-130 kaa), "wayahu" (80-60 kaa) rar "makanaka" (40-13 kaa) shringkhala. yasale jwalamukhiko mathillo chheuma morine rar till rar bajariko golakar chakra jamma gardai shikharlai wyapak rupma murtikla gareko chha. subglacial wisfotharule makanaka himanadiko samayama cinder shankuharu nirman gare, jasmadhye adhikansh himnadi karyale bhari rupma ghuseka thie. sabaibhanda bharkharka shankuharu 9000 rar 4500 warsha pahile, himnadi nikshepharuko mathi nirman garieko thiyo, yadyapi euta adhyayanle antim wisfot lagbhag 3600 warsha pahile bhaeko huna sakchha bhanera sanket gardacha. tiniharuko adhikatam simama, himanadiharu shikharbata uchaiko bichsamma failieko thiyo. permafrustko euta sano sharira, parr bhanda cum, 1974 bhanda pahile mauna keko shikharma fela pareko thiyo, rar ajhai pani upasthit huna sakchha. sanah galliharule shikharma kundieka chhan, warsha rar hiunle bharieka kholaharudwara banieka chhan june jado pagline rar warshako warsha hunda matra bagchha. jwalamukhiko hawako chheuma, wyaparik hawale sanchalit kholako ksharanle purano kohalama jastai ksharanlai gati dieko chha. mauna keya prashanta besinko sabaibhanda aglo taal waiauko ghar how. yasako uchaima, yo puu waiau cinder cone bhitra awasthit chha rar hawaiko ek matra alpine taal how. taal dherai sano rar aglo chha, sataha kshetrafal rar jab bharincha taba gahirai hunchha. talko talma namunaharuko radio carbon dettingle 12,600 warsha pahile baraf safa bhaeko sanket gardacha. hawaiyan lawaka prakarharu samanyataya pargamya hunchhan, jasle ghusapaithaka karan talko gathanlai rokchha. yaa tata sulfur-bokne bhaple jwalamukhiko kharanilai cum pargamyata matoma pariwartan anumodan, wa badhdo magma rar bhumigat jaal wa satahako pani bichko wisfotak antarkriyale frietic wisfotko samayama asadharan rupma sukshma kharani banayo jasle talko satahako pargamyata cum anumodan. hawai tapuma kunai artesian pani sann 1993 samma thaha thiena jab hawai vishwavidyalayale samudra satahabhanda talko artesian jalbhritlai tapp garyo, june borholko kull gahirai bhanda badhi failieko thiyo. borhole mato rar labhako sankuchit tahabata drill garieko thiyo jahaan mauna loako prawahale khula mauna key satahama atikraman gareko thiyo rar pachhi samudra satahabhanda tall jhareko thiyo. samasthanik sanrachanale ausat samudra satahabhanda mathi mauna kebata aune warshabata utpanna bhaeko pani dekhaunchha. jalbhritko upasthitilai mauna keeko besal lensabhitra taja paniko taukolai shreya diinchha. vaigyanikharu vishwas garchhan kii mauna keko taja paniko lensma halko modelharule sanket garna sakne bhanda badhi pani huna sakchha. sann 2012 maa mauna kiyama thap dui borholharu drill garieko thiyo, pani apekshabhanda dherai uchai rar aglo gahiraima fela pareko thiyo. hawai wishwawidyalayako sakriya jwalamukhiharuko adhyayan kendraka nirdeshak donald thomasle jalbhritharuko adhyayan jaari rakhne euta karan uccha uchai kshetraharuko prayog rar adhibhog how bhani vishwas garchhan, yaso bhandaih "lagbhag yee sabai gatiwidhiharu piune paniko upalabdhatama nirbhar gardacha june, dherai jaso awasthama, waimiya wa hilobata kathima truck garnuparchha-ek aksham rar mahango prakriya jasle hamro durlabh taral indhanharuko paryapta matra khapat gardacha." bhawishyako gatiwidhi. mauna keyako antim wisfot lagbhag 4,600 warsha pahile (lagbhag 2600 isa purva) bhaeko thiyo; yass nishkriyataka karan, mauna keyalai yasako shikharka lagi 7 rar yasako tallo bhagka lagi 8 ko sanyukta rajya bhugarbhiya sarwekshan khatarako suchi tokieko chha, 9 ko sabaibhanda cum sambhawit khatara mulyankan (june vilupta jwalamukhi kohalalai diieko chha). isapurva 8000 dekhi labha prawahale jwalamukhiko shikharko 20 pratishat ogateko chha rar yasako kunai pani bhag lagbhag chhaina. yasako nishkriyatako bawajud, mauna keaa feri wisfot hune apeksha garieko chha. pahileko wisfotko adharma, yasto ghatana jwalamukhiko mathillo chheuma katai pani huna sakchha rar sambhawatah lamo labha prawaha utpadan gardacha, prayaha eae, lamo. lamo awadhiko gatiwidhile srotma cinder cone nirman garna sakchha. yadyapi agami kehi shatabdiharuma tyasto sambhawana chhaina, yasto wisfotle sambhawatah thorai jyan gumaune tara purwadharma mahatwapurna kshati क्षतिछ. manav itihas. sthaniya itihas. hawai tapuma aipugne pahilo prachin hawaiyanharu kinarma basthe, jahaan khana rar pani prashasta thiyo. 12 aun rar 13 aun shatabdiko suruma mauna loa-mauna keaa kshetrama antardeshiya basti wistar bhayo. puratatwik pramanharule yee kshetraharu sikar garna, dhungako samagri sankalan garna, rar sambhawatah adhyatmik karanharu wa khagoliya wa naupariwahan awalokanharuka lagi prayog garieko sujhawa dinchha. pahadko prashasta junglele annaka lagi vanaspati rar janawar rar ashrayaka lagi kachcha mall pradan anumodan. pahile kunai shikariharu thaha nabhaeko udanwihin charaharu mukhya khadya srota bane. hawaiyan tapuharuko prarambhik basobasle sthaniya paristhitiki pranalima thulo pariwartan rar vishesh gari charaharuka prajatiharu bichma dherai viluptataharu nimtyayo. prachin hawaiharule videshi vanaspati rar janawarharu lyae, rar tiniharuko agaman ksharanko badhdo darsanga sambandhit thiyo. prachalit tallo wann paristhitiki pranali junglebata ghaanse maidanma rupantaran bhaeko thiyo; yee pariwartanharu madhye kehi agoko prayogka karan bhaeko thiyo, tara hawaima wann paristhitiki pranali patan rar avian vilupta hune prachalit karan polynesian (wa pasific) musako parichaya bhaeko dekhinchha. hawaika paanch jwalamukhiharulai pawitra parwatka rupma pooj garinchha; rar mauna kiko shikhar, sabaibhanda aglo, sabaibhanda pawitra chha. yass karanka lagi, ek "kapu" (prachin hawai kanuna) ley uccha shreniko aliaima agantuk adhikarlai pratibandhit anumodan. hawaiwasiharule afno prakritik watawaranka tatwaharulai vishesh dewataharusanga sambandhit gare. hawaiyan pauranik kathaharuma, mauna keko shikharlai "dewataharuko khetra" ko rupma herieko thiyo, jahaan paropkari atmaharu baschhan. hiunka devta poliahu pani tyahan baschhan. "mauna key" mauna ae wakiako sankshipta naam how rar yasako mausami hiunle dhakieko shikharko sandarbhama yasako artha "seto pahad" how. sann 1100 ko waripari, muel niwasiharule upkaranharu banaunaka lagi adwitiya ghana besalt (upa-himnadi wisfotko samayama himnadi barafsanga bhetne labha prawahako druta chisobata utpanna) nikalna mauna kiyama aglo adge khaniharu sthapana gare. blade rar machha marney gearka lagi jwalamukhi glass rar gabro sankalan garieko thiyo, rar handleharuka lagi manena kathlai prathamikta diieko thiyo. sann 1400 pachhi charam utkhanan gatiwidhima, tyahan kharani rar ramro katnaka lagi chhuttai suwidhaharu thie; kamadarharulai kayam rakhna khana, pani rar kathko sath ashraya; rar tayar utpadan sirjana garne karyashalaharu. waiyau talle majdurharulai piune pani upalabdha garaeko thiyo. deshi pramukhharule navjat sishulai pahadko shakti dina yasako panima nabhiko dori pani dubaune garthe. yass awadhiko bichma rar americi rar yuropeliharusanga samparkako bichma khaniko prayog ghatyo. utkhanansanga sambandhit anushthanko ek bhagko rupma, kamadarharule afna dewataharuko mandirharu khada gare; yee rar anya utkhanan kalakritiharu siteharuma rahanchhan, jasmadhye adhikansh ahile mauna key himm yug arakshit khetrabhitra chhan. yo prarambhik yug yug rar rar shatabdiko antyatira sanskritik wistarle pachhyaeko thiyo. jaminlai janatako tatkal awashyaktaka lagi design garieka kshetraharuma vibhajan garieko thiyo. yee "ahupua" ley samanyataya parwat shikhardekhi tatasamma unmukh bhumiko lamo pattako roop leo. mauna keko shikhar kaoheko ahupuama gherieko thiyo, yasako purvi dhalanko kehi bhag najikaiko humulama pugeko thiyo. jwalamukhiko dhalanma basne hawaiwasiharuka lagi poshanka pramukh srotharu yasako mathillo dhalanko mane-nayo junglebata aeka thie, jasle uniharulai vanaspati rar charaharuko jiwan pradan anumodan. sikar garieka charaharuka prajatiharuma yuo ("terodroma sandwichances"), nene ("branta sandvicencis"), rar palila ("loxioids bellui") samawesh chhan. tallo koa-ohiya junglele sthaniyaharulai dungaka lagi kath rar sajawatka lagi alankrit charaka pakhaharu diyo. adhunik yug. sann 1778 maa james kukko agamanaghi videshiharule hawai bhraman gareko tinawata wiwaranharu chhan. tathapi, mauna keasahit tapuko prarambhik paschimi chitranharu 18 aun shatabdiko antya rar 19 aun shatabdiko suruma anweshakharule sirjana gareka thie. europe rar amerikasangko samparkale tapuka basindaharuka lagi thulo parinamharu nimtyayo. muel hawaiwasiharu suru garieka rogharule vinash gareka thie; wyaparko sthapanasangai hilo, kelakekua rar kailua lagayat bandargah saharharu badhe; rar dhatu upkaranharuko parichaya pachhi mauna kema edje khaniharu tyagieka thie. sann 1793 maa, george bhyankobharle raja kamehameha prathamlai sammanko rupma gaiwastuharu lyae. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, tiniharu bandibata umkeka thie rar swatantra rupma tapuma ghumdai thie, yasako paristhitiki pranalilai dherai kshati kshati thie. sann 1809 maa john palmer parker aipuge rar kamehameha prathamsanga mitrata gare, jasle unlai tapuma gaiwastu wyawasthapanko prabhari banae. sann 1845 maa atirikta bhumi anudanko sath, parkerle mauna keko uttari dhalanma parker khet sthapana gare, june az pani sanchalanma raheko thulo gaiwastu khet how. tapuka basobas garneharule ukhu bagan rar gharharuka lagi tallo deshi wanko dherai bhag jalae rar kate. mauna key rar mauna loa bichko kathi akarko pathar parr gareko karan sann 1943 maa nirman garieko yo sadakle mauna keyako yatralai nikai sahaj banayo. patharma raheko pohakuloa prashikshan khetra hawaiko sabaibhanda thulo sainya prashikshan maidan how. yo adhar jwalamukhiko tallo bhagadekhi uchaisamma failieko chha, sann 1956 dekhi americi senalai bhadama diieko rajya jaggama. yass kshetrama 15 wata khatarama pareka rar luptapraya wanaspatiharu, tinawata luptapraya charaharu, rar euta luptapraya chameraka prajatiharu chhan. mauna key 1980 ko dashakdekhi wyapak puratatwik anusandhanko sthal bhaeko chha. sann 2000 sammama vigyan arakshako lagbhag 27 pratishat sarwekshan garieko thiyo, jasma 76 wata mandira, 4 wata edje nirman karyashalaharu, 3 wata anya markerharu, 1 wata sakaratmak rupma pahichan garieko dafan sthal, rar 4 wata sambhawit dafan sthalharu pahichan garieko thiyo. sann 2009 sammama, pahichan garieka sthalharuko kull sankhya badhera 223 pugeko thiyo, rar jwalamukhiko mathillo bhagma puratatwik anusandhan jaari chha. jwalamukhiko shikharko waripari wyawasthit garieka mandirharu june purano hiunko rekha huna sakchha, mauna keko pawitra bhagma sankramanka lagi markerharu hun bhanne sujhawa diieko chha. hawaiyan maukhik itihasma mauna keaa warpar gadeko dherai sandarbhaharu bhae tapani, kehi siteharu pushti bhaeka chhan. jwalamukhima failieko dherai cinder shankuharuma mandirharu wa anya kalakritiharuko abhawa tiniharu dafanka lagi arakshit thie. arohan. samparkapurva samayama, mauna keama yatra garne muel niwasiharu sambhawatah awasthit trailharu bhanda paridrishyadwara badhi nirdeshit thie, kinki trailharuko kunai praman fela pareko chhaina. yasako satta prakritik pahad rar jalasrotharu pachhyaieko huna sakchha. wyaktiharule sambhawatah mauna keko dhalanharuma yasako shikhar najikai pariwardwara marmat garieka mandirharu bhraman garna yatra gare, rar parwat arohansanga sambandhit paramparaharu ajasamma awasthit chhan. yadyapi, yasama rakhieko kada "kapu" kaa karan dherai thorai muel niwasiharu shikharma puge. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama, mauna keko sabaibhanda prarambhik ullekhaniya "record garieko" arohanharuma nimna samawesh thieh 19 aun shatabdiko uttarardha rar 20 aun shatabdiko prarambhama trailharu banaiyo, prayaha khel gothalaharuko gatiwidhiko madhyambata, june ghodama yatra garna sakinchha. yadyapi, sann 1964 maa sadak nirman nabhaesamma shikharma sawari sadhanko pahunch wyawaharik rupma asambhawa thiyo, rar yo pratibandhit chha. az, shikhar sammelanka lagi dherai margharu prayogka vibhinna rajyaharuma awasthit chhan. paristhitiki. prishthabhumi. hawaiko bhaugolik algawale yasako paristhitikilai kada prabhawa parchha. hawai jasta durgam tapuharuma dherai sankhyama prajatiharu chhan june aru katai pani paindainan (hawaiyan tapuharuma sthanikta hernuhos). duriko parinamswarup vikaswadi rekhaharu anyatraka bhanda farak bhae rar yee sthaniya prajatiharulai bahya jaivik prabhawabata alag gare, rar tiniharulai vishesh gari vilupta hune rar akramak prajatiharuko prabhawko lagi asuraxit banaunchha. yasabahek hawaiko paristhitiki pranali manav vikasbata khatarama chha jasma krishika lagi jagga safa garne pani samawesh chha; tapuka anumanit tesro sthaniya prajatiharu pahile nai nashta bhaiskeka chhan. yasako uchaika karan, mauna keasanga hawaiyan dwipsamuhama kahin pani jaivik paristhitiki pranaliko sabaibhanda thulo vividhata chha. parwatma paristhitiki pranaliharule tapkramma pariwartan rar uchaisangai warshaka karan yasako dhalanharuma kendrit chakraharu banaunchhan. yee paristhitiki pranaliharulai uchaidwara lagbhag tean bhagma vibhajan garna sakinchhah alpine-sabalpine, monten, rar besal wann. 19 aun shatabdiko prarambhama americi rar yuropeliharusanga bhaeko samparkale tapuma thap basobas garneharulai lyayo, rar yasale sthayi nakaratmak paristhitik prabhawa pareko thiyo. tallo dhalanharuma, koa-ohiya wanko vishal kshetraharulai khetiko khetma parinat gariyo. aglo, khetharubata bhagne jangali janawarharule mauna keko muel mane-nayo junglema sharan pae, rar wyapak rupma kshati parey. gaira-deshi botabiruwaharu anya gambhir khatara hun; tapuma 4,600 bhanda badhi parichaya garieka prajatiharu chhan, jabki deshi prajatiharuko sankhya kewal 1,000 anuman garieko chha. alpine watawaran. mauna keko shikhar rukhko rekhako mathi awasthit chha, rar yasama prayaha labha chattan rar alpine tundra samawesh chha. bhari himpat bhaeko khetra, yo wanaspatiharuko lagi durgam chha, rar yasalai hawaiyan ushnakatibandhiya uccha jhadiharu bhaninchha. yahan atyanta chiso tapakram, chhoto badhdo mausam, cum warsha rar jado mahinaharuma hiunle wriddhi simit gardacha. matoko abhawale jarako wriddhi pani rokchha, jaminbata poshak tatwaharu awashoshit garna gahro banaunchha, rar yass kshetralai dherai cum pani dharan kshamata dinchha. yass uchaima paine vanaspati prajatiharuma "styphelia temiamei", "taraxacom officinale", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostice sandwissensis", "anthoxantham odoretum", "tricetum glomeratum", "poa annua", "sonakas oleraceous", rar "koprosma ernodiods" samawesh chhan. euta ullekhaniya prajati mauna key silversword ("argiroxifium sandwissence" warr how. "sandwissence"), ek atyadhik luptapraya sthaniya vanaspati prajati june mauna keeko uccha uchai cinder marubhumima fastaunchha. ek charanma kewal 50 botabiruwako janasankhyama ghataieko, mauna key silverwordlai alpine kshetrama simit manincha, tara wastawma gaiwastuharuko dabable tyahan sanchalit bhaeko chha, rar cum uchaima pani badhna sakchha. mauna keeko dakshini shikhar parshwama mauna keaa himyug araksha 1981 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo. yo araksha wirlai vanaspati cinder nikshep rar lawa chattanko khetra how, jasma aolian marubhumi rar taal waiauko kshetraharu samawesh chhan. yo paristhitiki pranali khatarama pareka yuo ("pterodroma sandwichances") kaa lagi sambhawit ashraya how rar vikyu bagharu ("nicius wekiuikola") maa adhyayanko kendra pani how. vikyu bagharule mrit kira shawaharu khanchhan june hawama mauna kiyama bagchha rar hiunko kinarma basobas gardacha. yo genus "nicius" ko prajatika lagi ek atyadhik asamanya khadya srota how, jasma mukhyataya biu khane kiraharu hunchhan. tiniharuko ragatma prakritik antifriesko karan tiniharu charam uchaima banchna sakchhan. tiniharu pani dherai samaya tato satahaharumuni rahanchhan. tiniharuko sanrakshan sthiti aspashta chha, tara prajatiharu ab luptapraya prajatiharuko suchika lagi ummedwar chhainan; prajatiharuko kalyanma adhyayan 1980 maa suru bhayo. najikko sambandhit "nicius aaa" mauna loama baschha. bwaanso makura (lycosidae) rar wann tent caterpiller patangharu pani eutai mauna keya ecosystema awalokan garieko chha; pahile garmi-awashoshit chattanharu muni lukeko jiwit rahanchha, rar pachhillo tiniharuko sharirma chiso-pratirodhi rasayanharu marfat. mane-nayo wann. jwalamukhima wann khetra, ko uchaima, mane ("sofora crysophila") rar naio ("myoporam sandwissence"), duwai sthaniya rookh prajatiharudwara prabhutwa chha, rar yasaile yasalai mane-nayo wann bhaninchha. yass kshetraka charaharuka mukhya khana mamaneko biu rar naio falharu hun, vishesh gari palila ("loxioids bellui"). palila pahile mauna key, mauna loa rar huallaiko dhalanma painchha, tara ahile mauna keako dhalanma simit chha-yasako purano dayarako 10 pratishat matra-rar yasalai gambhir rupma khatarama pareko ghoshana garieko chha. paristhitiki tantraka lagi sabaibhanda thulo khatara 18 aun shatabdiko uttarardhama tapuma parichaya garaieko jangali bheda, gaiwastu ("bose premisaneous"), rar bakhra ("capra hircus") dwara charaunu how. wyawasayik charaunesanga jungley janawarharuko pratispardha yati gambhir thiyo kii tiniharulai unmulan garne karyakram 1920 ko dashakko uttaradhasamma astitwama thiyo, rar 1949 samma jaari rahyo. yass charaune parinamharu madhye euta jadibuti rar kathka botabiruwaharuko badhdo prachalan thiyo, duwai sthaniya rar parichaya garieko thiyo, june brousing pratirodhi thiyo. jungley janawarharu lagbhag unmulan bhae, rar 1950 ko dashakma kehi sayako sankhya thiyo. yadyapi, sthaniya shikariharuko agamanle jangali prajatiharulai khel janawarko rupma mulyankan garna thalyo, rar 1959 maa sanrakshan rar bhumi prayog wyawasthapanko prabhari prashasakiya nikaya, hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhagle afno niti pariwartan gari khellai sahaj banauna design garieko nirantar-niyantran karyakramma pariwartan anumodan. mauflon ("obhis arries orientalis") sann 1962 dekhi 1964 samma suru garieko thiyo, rar sann 1964 maa aksha mrig ("aksha aksha") chhodne yojanalai pashupalan udyogko virodhle matra rokeko thiyo, jasle bhane kii tiniharule balilai kshati kshati rar rog failaunechhan. sikar udyogle pachhadi ladeko thiyo, rar pashupalak rar sikarharu bichko agadi-pachhadi antatah sarvajanik watawarniya chintama wriddhi bhayo. mauna kima khagoliya suwidhaharuko vikas suru bhaepachi, sanrakshanwadiharule mauna kiko paristhitiki pranaliko sanrakshanko mag gare. 25 pratishat wann sanrakshanka lagi parkhal lagaune rar baanki 75 pratishat khel sikarka lagi wyawasthapan garne yojana prastawa garieko thiyo. sanrakshanwadiharuko virodhka bawajud yo yojana amalma lyaieko thiyo. jamin vibhajan garda parkhal nirmanka lagi kunai paisa chhutaieko thiena. yass jhagada bichma luptapraya prajati aina parit bhayo; rashtriya adubon society rar siera club kanuni raksha koshle hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhagko viruddha mudda dayar garyo, uniharule sanghiya kanuna ullanghan gariraheko dabi gardai, aitihasik mudda "palila banam. hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhag "(1978). adalatle sanrakshanwadiharuko pakshama faisala sunaeko chha rar wanyajantuharuko rajya niyantran aghi sanghiya kanunko prathamiktalai kayam rakheko chha. luptapraya prajati ainako ullanghan garepachhi, hawai rajyale pahadbata sabai jungley janawarharu hatauna awashyak thiyo. yo nirnayapachi sann 1981 maa dosro adalatko adesh ayo. euta sarvajanik sikar karyakramle dherai wanya janawarharulai, kamtima asthayi rupma hataeko thiyo. ek sakriya niyantran karyakram awasthit chha, yadyapi yo mane-nayo ecosystemko mahatwapurna rikbharilai anumati dina paryapta kathorataka sath sanchalan garieko chhaina. tapuma rar mauna kema anya dherai prajati rar paristhitiki pranaliharu chhan, june manav vikas rar akramak prajatiharubata khatarama chhan. mauna keya wann arakshale hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhagko kshetradhikarantargat mane-nayo wanko raksha gardacha. angulate sikarlai warshabhari anumati diinchha. mane-nayo wanko euta sano bhag mauna key rajya manoranjan kshetradwara gherieko chha. cum watawaran. mauna keyako tallo dhalanharuma khetko bhumiko euta samuha pahile "babul koa"-"metrocederos bahurup" (koa-ohiya) jungle thiyo. yasako vinash 19 aun shatabdiko suruma europeli rar americi basobas garneharuko agamanle prerit thiyo, kinki 1830 ko dashakma wyapak lagingle nayan gharharuka lagi kath pradan anumodan. jangalko vishal bhag jalaera ukhu baganka lagi safa gariyo. tapuka adhikansh gharharu koabata baneka thie, rar jungleka tee bhagharu june bancheka thie ukhu baganma pawar bayalarharu rar gharharu tato garna jalaune kathko srota bane. ek samaya vishal wann 1880 sammama lagbhag haraeko thiyo, rar 1900 sammama, lugging ruchi cona rar maui tapuma sareko thiyo. sann 1990 ko dashakma chiny udyogko patansangai, yo jaminko dherai bhag paral chha tara kehi bhag gaiwastu charaune, sano kheti rar kathko lugaka lagi nilgiri khetika lagi prayog garinchha. hakalau wann rashtriya vanyajantu sharan mauna kiko hawako dhalanma raheko ek pramukh koa wann araksha how. yo 1985 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo, paristhitiki pranaliko awasheshlai sametdai. yass kshetrama anya dherai durlabh biotaka atirikta athawata luptapraya charaka prajati, bahrawata luptapraya wanaspatiharu, rar luptapraya hawaiyan hori batt ("laciurus cinerius semotus") pani dekhieko chha. yo araksha sann 1989 dekhi wyapak punah ropan abhiyanko sthal baneko chha. arakshaka kehi bhagharule sthaniya paristhitiki pranalima krishiko prabhawa dekhaunchhan, kinki arakshako mathillo bhagma dherai jamin parityag garieko khetiyogya jamin how. babul koa-ohiya jungleka muel niwasi charaharumadhe hawaiyan kauwa ("korbhas hawaiensis"), akepa ("locksups cosinius"), hawai lata ("oreomistis manah"), akiyapolau ("hemignathus munroi"), rar hawaiyan hock ("beautio soliterius") samawesh chhan, yee sabai khatarama pareka chhan, khatarama pareka chhan, wa khatarama pareka chhan; vishesh gari hawaiyan kauwa jungley kshetrama vilupta bhaeko chha, tara tyahan prajatilai hakalau arakshama punah prastut garne yojana chha. shikhar vedhashala. anukul awalokan awasthaka karan khagoliya awalokanka lagi mauna keko shikhar wishwako utkrishta sthalharu madhye ek how. vidyut chumbakiya spectrumko yass kshetraka lagi submillimeter rar infrared khagol vigyanka lagi shushka awasthaharu mahatwapurna chhan. shikhar ulto tahabhanda mathi chha, shikharko tall dheraijaso badalle dhakeko chha rar shikharma hawa sukhkha rar wayumandaliya pradushanbata mukta chha bhanera sunishchit gardacha. shikharko watawaran asadharan rupma sthira chha, wishwako kehi utkrishta khagoliya drishyaka lagi ashantiko abhawa chha. saharko battiharubata mauna keeko duriko parinamswarup dherai andhyaro akash warparko kshetrabata prakash pradushanlai cum garne kanundwara sanrakshit garieko chha; andhakarko starle kamjor khagoliya wastuharuko awalokan garna anumati dinchha. yee karakharule aitihasik rupma mauna kelai stargazingka lagi utkrishta sthan banayo. sann 1960 ko dashakko prarambhama, hawai tapu wanijya mandalle arthik protsahanko rupma mauna keeko khagoliya vikaslai protsahit anumodan; yo arizona khagolshastri gerard kuiparko infrared prakashko nayan sudharieko detectorharu prayog garna siteharuko khojisanga mail khanchha. sann 1964 maa kuiparko sahayak alika herringle gareko site parikshanle shikhar sammelanko utkrishta upayukttako pushti garyo. nasako koshka lagi thulo telescope nirman garna tiwra tinn-pakhiya pratispardha kuiper, harward vishwavidyalaya, rar hawai vishwavidyalaya (uha), jasko saurya khagol vigyanma matra anubhav thiyo, bitch suru bhayo. yasako parinam "upstart" prastawalai kosh pradan garnama bhayo. ohale afno sano khagol vigyan vibhaglai khagol vigyanko nayan sansthanma punarnirman gare, rar 1968 maa hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhagle yasalai yasako telescopeko trijyabhitraka sabai bhumiko lagi 65 warshako patta diyo, aniwarya rupma mathiko. sann 1970 maa yasako nirman pura bhaepachi yo wishwako sataun thulo uptical/infrared telescope thiyo. sann 1970 sammama americi wayu sena rar lovel vedhashalale duiwata telescope nirman garisakeka thie. sann 1973 maa, canada rar france mauna kiyama 3.6 mitter cfht nirman garna sahamat bhae. tara, sthaniya sansthaharule vedhashalako watawarniya prabhawabare chinta uthauna thale. yasale bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhaglai prarambhik wyawasthapan yojana tayar garna netritwa anumodan, june 1977 maa masauda banaieko thiyo rar 1980 maa purak bhayo. janawari 1982 maa, rajapratinidhiko boardle cytema vaigyanik suwidhaharuko nirantar vikaslai samarthan garne yojanalai anumodan anumodan. sann 1998 maa, mauna keaa himyug arakshako purakka lagi vedhashala pattabata hastantaran garieko thiyo. sann 1982 ko yojanalai sann 2000 maa 2020 samma sewa garna design garieko vistardwara pratisthapan garieko thiyoh yasale khagol vigyanka lagi tokieko mauna key wyawasthapanko karyalaya sthapana garyo, rar baankilai "prakritik rar sanskritik sanrakshan" maa sario. yass yojanalai hawai samudayama parwatko sanskritik mulyamanyataprati sammanko kami dekhairaheko chha bhanne chinta wyakta garna thap sanshodhan garieko thiyo. az mauna keya vigyan arakshama 13 wata awalokan suwidhaharu chhan, pratyeklai 11 wata deshaharudwara witta poshit garieko chha. tyahan drishya rar infrared spectrumma nau telescopeharu kaam gariraheka chhan, tinn submillimeter spectrumma, rar euta radio spectrumma, darpan wa dishharu dekhi. yasako tulanama, hablab space telescopema aina chha, akarma akarma jastai, ahile pahadma dosro sano telescope how. sebh mauna key" andolanle parwatko vikaslai apawitra thaneko chha. sanskritik sampada rar watawaransanga sambandhit kahiya jasta sthaniya hawaiyan gaira-labhkari samuhaharule pani sanskritik rar dharmik karanharule garda wikasko virodh garchhan. sann 2006 maa prastawit bahu-telescope "outrigor" antatah radda gariyo. euta yojanabadha nayan telescope, tees mitter telescope (tmt) ley vivad rar virodhlai akarshit gareko chha. tmt april 2013 maa swikrit bhaeko thiyo. october 2014 maa, telescopeko bhumi pujan samarohma pradarshankariharule awarodh gareka thie jasle garda pariyojana asthayi rupma rokieko thiyo. march 2015 ko antyama, pradarshankariharule shikharsamma pugne sadakko pahunchalai feri awaruddha gare. april 2,2015 maa, 300 zana pradarshankariharu agantuk kendrako najik bhela bhaeka thie jab shikhar sammelanma 12 janalai pakrau garieko thiyo rar thap 11 janalai pakrau garieko thiyo. virodh samuhaharuko chintaharumadhe bhumi mulyankan rar sthaniya hawaiyan paramarshaharu chhan. rajyama virodh pradarshan wistar bhaepachi april 7,2015 maa nirman rokiyo. dherai patak rokiepachhi pariyojanalai swechchhale sthagit garieko chha. governer igile bhavishyama mauna keko prabandhanma paryapta pariwartanko ghoshana gare tara pariyojana agadi badhna sakne batae. hawaiko sarvochcha adalatle october 31,2018 maa nirman punah suru garna swikriti diyo. pradarshankariharule tees mitter telescopeko biruddha pratikriyako rupma unline niwedanharu post gareka chhan. tmt telescopeko nirmanma tatkal roke" shirshakko unline nivedan pariwartan garna post garieko thiyo.july 14,2019 maa org. unline nivedanle hall vishwawyapi rupma 278,057 bhanda badhi hastaksharharu sankalan gareko chha. kehi pradarshankariharule hawaiyan governer devid igelai tees mitter telescopeko samarthanka karan mahabhiyogko mag gareka chhan. july 18,2019 maa, "mahabhiyog governer devid ige" shirshakko unline yachika pariwartan garna post garieko thiyo.org rar hall 62,562 bhanda badhi hastaksharharu sankalan gareko chha. 2021 ko antyatira nirman yojanaharu hall covid-19 mahamariko chaliraheko prabhawa rar pariyojanaka lagi koshma pariwartanka karan rokieka chhan jasle rashtriya vigyan foundation marfat sanghiya kosh upalabdha garaieko dekhna sakchha. tees mitterko telescope nirmanko barema vivad jaari chha. sthaniya midia sangathanharudwara sanchalit swatantra sarwekshanle tapuharuma yass pariyojanaka lagi nirantar samarthan dekhaunchha rar dui tihaibhanda badhi sthaniya basindaharule yass pariyojanalai samarthan garchhan. yee sarwekshanharule hawai samudayaka lagbhag adha uttaradataharule nayan telescopeko nirmanlai samarthan gardai vibhajit raheko sanket gardacha. july 2022, rajya kanuna nayan Mauna Kea karbhari rar nirikshan pradhikaran (mksoa) garna hawai vishwavidyalaya dekhi master bhumi patta maa niyantran sthanantaran garera virodh pratikriya. maksoa 12 sadasyiya board how (11 zana matadan sadasya rar 1 zana gaira-matadan sadasya) jasma vishwavidyalayaka pratinidhiharu, khagolshastriharu rar muel hawaiyanharu samawesh chhan rar yo khagolshastriharu rar muel hawaiyanharuko paraspar virodhi chasoharu bitch santulan fela parney uddeshyaka sath sirjana garieko thiyo. yo hawai bhumi rar prakritik srota vibhagbhitra rakhieko chha rar july 1,2023 dekhi suru hune vishwavidyalayabata 5 warshako sankraman awadhi pachhi mauna key bhumibhitra rajya-wyawasthit bhumiko wyawasthapanka lagi pramukh pradhikaran hunechha. sankraman awadhima, maksoa rar vishwavidyalayale sanyukta rupma jaminko wyawasthapan garnechha jabki pradhikaranle bhumiko prayog, manav gatiwidhiharu rar samagra sanchalanharu niyantran garna wyawasthapan yojana vikas gardacha. sann 2028 maa sankraman awadhi samapta bhaepachi, akhtiyarko jimmewariharuma nayan bhumi prayog anumati jaari garnu samawesh hunechha june halko master leej sann 2033 maa samapta hundai jaanda mahatwapurna hunechha, rar kunai pani vedhashala june yasako myad sakiesamma nayan lijharu liera aundaina. mausam. mauna keama alpine jalawayu (adi) chha. yasako ushnakatibandhiya akshanshako prabhawka karan, tapakram dherai cum hunchha. hiun warshabhari samanya hunchha, tara ausat massic tapakram warshabhari himankabhanda mathi rahanchha. hiun kunai pani mahinama uchaima rar mathiko uchaima parna sakchha, tara prayaha octoberdekhi aprilsamma hunchha. sann 1972 dekhi 1982 samma euta mausam kendra sanchalan garieko thiyo; yadyapi, yass awadhima 33 mahina matra tapakram record chha; dherai warshaharuma dui mahinako matra deta chha. tall prastut garieko tapakram smooth ausat how, noadwara record garieka kachcha sankhyaharu hoina. manoranjan. mauna keko tatarekha hamakua tatale prabhutwa jamaeko chha, jwalamukhiko chheuma barambar dhalan rar bhuskhalanle sirjana gareko ubad-khabad bhubhagko khetra. yass kshetrama kalopa rajya manoranjan khetra, vailuku nadi rajya park rar aka fals rajya park sahit dherai manoranjan parkharu samawesh chhan. hawai tapuma 3,000 bhanda badhi darta garieko shikariharu chhan, rar manoranjan rar nirvaha duwaika lagi sikar garnu, mauna kiyama euta samanya gatiwidhi how. sungur, bheda, bakhra, turkey, tita rar batera lagayat parichaya garieka janawarharuko sankhya niyantran garna sarvajanik sikar karyakram prayog garinchha. mauna key rajya manoranjan kshetrale khelka lagi adhar shiwirko rupma karya gardacha. pahadko tallo tahama pani chara herne chalan chha. euta lokpriya sthal "kipuka pu huluhulu" how, june mauna keko chheuma raheko kipuka how june labha bagne bela pahadma jangalai alag garda baneko hunchha. mauna kiko thulo uchai rar yasako chheuko thadopanle chheuchhauko mauna loa bhanda ramro drishya rar chhoto padayatra pradan gardacha. uchai, mausamko chinta, thado sadak grade, rar samagra durgamatale jwalamukhilai khatarnak rar shikhar yatraharu gahro banaunchha. 20 aun shatabdiko madhyama sadak nirman nabhaesamma, kewal hardyle mauna keko mathillo dhalanharuma bhraman gare; shikariharule khel janawarharu track gare, rar parwatarohiharule pahadma yatra gare. yee yatruharule 1930 ko dashakma nagarik sanrakshan kordwara nirmit dhungako kebinharulai adhar shiwirko rupma prayog gare, rar yee suwidhaharubata nai antarrashtriya khagol vigyan telescope samarthan parisarka lagi adhunik madhya-starko onijuka kendra wyutpanna bhaeko chha. pahilo mauna key shikhar sadak sann 1964 maa nirman garieko thiyo, jasle shikharlai dherai manisharuka lagi pahunchayogya banayo. az, mauna key trail sahit dherai paidal yatra trailharu awasthit chhan, rar 2007 sammama 100,000 bhanda badhi paryatakharu rar 32,000 sawari sadhanharu pratyek warsha onijuka centre ferr international astronomyko chheuma raheko agantuk suchana station (bhies) maa jaandai thie. mauna keya pahunch sadak kendrama pakka garieko chha. euta adhyayanle patta lagayo kii pahadma kaam garne lagbhag ek tihai agantukharu rar dui tihai wyawasayik khagolshastriharule tiwra uchai rogko lakshanharu anubhav gareka chhan; jwalamukhiko chheuma yatra garne agantukharulai kamtima adha ghanta rar uccha uchaima anukul huna agantuk kendrama badhi samaya rokne sallaha diinchha. shirshasamma pugna chaar pangra drive wahn prayog garna kada sifaris garinchha. breakharu prayaha taltira jaanda badhi tato hunchhan rar mauna kiyama kunai indhan upalabdha hundaina. pahile harek raat 6-10 sanjhadekhi bhijma euta nih shulk tara herne karyakram ayojit garieko thiyo, chaliraheko covid-19 mahamariko karan sanchalanko samayama pariwartan rar banda duwaika karan karyakram radda garieko thiyo. pratyek warsha 5,000 dekhi 6,000 manisharu mauna keko shikhar bhraman garchhan, rar suraksha sunishchit garna rar pahadko akhandatako raksha garna, 2001 maa ek renjar karyakram lagu garieko thiyo.

mouna kee. mauna keaa (baa; "mauna aii wakia" rahr sankhipta roop) heuchhi hawai dwepare thiba eka sakriya agnejagiri. ehara shikhar samudra pattanatharu adhika, jaahaa ehaaku hawai rajyara sarbocha bindu ebong pruthibira dwepare dwiteeja sarbocha shrunga karithae. ehi shrungati ehara adhika bishala padoshi mauna loa thaaru praiah uccha. mauna keaa ehara uchchata paain bhu-bhougolika drustiru aswabhabika bhabare pramukhah ehara ardrata parbatamala madhyare bisware panchdash; ehara sushka pramukhata heuchhi ehi shukhila bisistata samudra pattanatharu mount everestara uchchata thaaru adhika, ebong kichhi kartrupakhya ehara jalmagna aadhaararu mauna keaaku biswara sarbocha parbata bolly chinhita karichanti. ehaa praiah eka nijuta barsha puruna ebong ehipari shaha shaha hazar barsha purbe jeebner sabutharu sakriya dhala parjyaja atikrama karithila . ehara barttamanara post-sild abasthare, ehara labha adhika sandra, phalaswaroopa eka steeper profile . sinder shanku nirmana, ehara fatt khetrara bikendrikarana, ehara shikharare himbah ebong prachlita banijyika pabana dwara panipaga karanaru nikatabartee agnejagiri tulanare bilambita agnejagiri madhya ehaaku adhika kathore roop deichi . mouna keya shesh thara paain 6,000 ru 4,000 barsha purbe udgeerana hoithila ebong bartamana ehaa supta bolly bibechana karajae . hawai dharmare, hawai dwepara shrungagudika pabitra. eka pracheen ine kebala uccha padastha aalinku ehara shikhar paridarshan karibaku anumathi deithila . mauna kr dhalure rahuthiba pracheen hawaibaseemane khadya paain ehara byapaka jangala upare nirbhara karuthile ebong upakarana utpadana paain ehara parsware ghana agnejagiri-glacial basalt khanan karithile. 18shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare jetebele juropeejamane pahanchithile, setebele basati sthapanakareemane goru, mendha ebong khela pashumananku prabartana karithile, jeunmananka madhyaru aneka banya hoigala ebong agnejagirira paribesha santulanaku khyati pahanchaiba arambha kallah . mauna kejaku paribesagata drustiru tinoti bhagare bibhakta karajaipareh ehara shikharare eka alpine jalabaju, eka "sophora chrysophila"-ehara parsware "myoporam sandawisens" (kimba maane-naio) jangala, ebong eka "acasia coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (kimba coa-ohia) jangala, jaahaa bartamana prajatah purbatana chini shilpa dwara ehara bhittire sapha karajaichi. nikata ateetare, sthaniah prajatira durbalata upare chinta adalat mamla srusti karichhi jaahaa hawai jami ebong prakrutika sambala bibhagaku agnejagirire thiba samasta banya prajatiku bilopa kariba digare karjya karibaku badhya karichhi. ehara uccha uchchata, sushka paribesha ebong sthira baaju prabaha sahita, mouna kr shikhar jyotirbigyana parjyabekhyana paain biswara sarbottama sthana madhyaru gotie . 1964 masihare eka prabesha sadaka nirmana heba paratharu, egarati desh dwara artha jogai diajaithiba terati durabikhyana jantra ehi shikhar sammilaneere nirmana karajaichi. mouna keaa abajaravetoreegudika samagra bidyuta chumbakiah spektramare baigyanika gabeshana paain byabahruta hue ebong biswara sarbabruhata ehipari subidha antarbhukta . sthaniah hawaijanamananka dwara pabitra bolly bibechita eka prakrutika drushya upare semanankara nirmana aaji parjyanta eka bitarkara bishai hoi rahichhi . togographic pramukhata. mauna keaa ehara uchchata paain bhu-bhougolika drustiru aswabhabika bhabare pramukh, parbata madhyare bisware eka ardra pramukhata panchdash, ebong kebala mount everesta parey bisware dwiteeja shukhila pramukhata . ehaa ehara dwepara sarbocha shrunga, tenu ehara ardrata samudra prustharu ehara uchchata sahita mela khauchhi. jehetu hawaijana dwepapunja samudrara gabheerare dhalu, tenu mouna kr eka sushka pramukhata rahichhi. ehi shukhila bisistata samudra pattanatharu everesta parbata uchchata thaaru adhika, tenu mauna kr shukhila bisistataku atikrama kariba paain ebherestaku ehara padadeshare samagra mahadeshaku antarbhukta karibaku padiba . hawaijana garttaru kete mauna keaa baharichhi, kichhi kartrupakhya ehaaku biswara sarbocha (sarbocha tulanare) parbata bolly kahichanti, jaahaa talaru shikhar parjyanta mapa karajae . pramukhata tulanare, aadhaaraku shithil bhabare byakhya karajaichi, jahara phalaswaroopa sankhya (hawaijana trophro gabhiratama bindu parjyanta) thaaru (gabhira bhugarbhastha parbata moola parjyanta) parjyanta rahichhi. sehi udaharanagudika upare, anya parbatagudika pratidwandita daabi karanti, jepariki lamlam parbata talaru uccha aarohan daabi kare (, challenger gabheeraru arambha curry), ebong samasta himalai parbata atyadhika gabhira moola daabi kare . adhika uchchata atakama parikha thaaru andice parbata parjyanta mapa karajaipare, udaharana swaroopa, richardanka gabhira (gabhira) tala bhagaru nikatasta lullilako (uccha) rahr shikhar parjyanta. lamlam parbata kimba lullilako parbata gudikar madhya mouna kr pari shukhila pradhanya naahin, kaaran segudika pratyeka digare parikha parjyanta bistara karanti naahin. bhutatwa. mauna keaa heuchhi panchti agnejagiri madhyaru gotie jaahaa hawai dwepa gathan kare, jaahaa hawai-samrat seamcount shrunkhalara sarbabruhata ebong kanistha dwepa . ehi panchti hotspot agnejagiri madhyaru, mouna keaa heuchhi chaturtha sarbapuratana ebong chaturtha sarbadhika sakriya. ehaa praiah eka nijuta barsha purbe hawai hotspot dwara parichalita eka preshield agnejagiri bhabare arambha hoithila, ebong 500,000 barsha purbe ehara dhala parjyajare asadharana bhabare sakriya hoithila . 250, 000 ru 200,000 barsha purbe mauna kee ehara shant post-sild parjyajare prabesha karithila, ebong bartamana sakriya achhi, shesh thara paain 4,500 ru 6,000 barsha purbe udgeerana hoithila . mauna kr eka drushyamana shikhar caldera naahin, kintu ehara shikhar nikatare aneka chhot sinder ebong pumis shanku achhi . eka purbatana shikhar caldera parabarti shikhar bisphorana jamaa dwara bhartti ebong poti hoithaipare . mauna kr ayatan ete budd je ehaa ebong ehara padoshi mauna loa ehara tale thiba samudra bhutwakaku chaap deidianti. agnejagiriti barshaku comm haarare niz ojanare khasijauchhi ebong chapata heuchhi. ehara adhikansha pind ehara barttamanara shikhar purbare abasthita . ehaa samudra pattan thaaru praiah uchchare, ehara padoshi mauna loa thaaru, ebong hawai rajyara sarbocha bindu . samasta hawaijana agnejagiri pari, mauna keaa srusti hoichhi kaaran pruthibira antarnihita mentler hawaijana hotspot upare prashanta mahasagariya tectonic plate gati karichhi . hawai dwepa agnejagiri heuchhi ehi prakrijara sabutharu sampratika pramana je, 7 koti barsharu adhika samai dhari, dirgha hawaijana riz-samrat seamcount shrunkhala srusti karichhi . prachlita, jadio sampurna bhabare sthira hoinahin, drustikona heuchhi je hotspot grahatira abaran madhyare bahu samai paain sthira hoichhi, jadi samasta senozoic juga nuhen . tebe, hawaijana agnejagiri bishajare bhal bhabe bujhiba ebong byapaka adhyajana karajaithiba bele, hotspot prabhaba srusti karuthiba pranalira kaunasi nirdista byakhya naahin. mauna kejaru labha prabahita hoithae, jaahaa ehara brudhi samajare ehara padoshimananka sahita jatila staragudikare atishai aachadita hoithae. sabutharu pramukh bhabe, mouna keya kohalaru uttara-paschimaku puruna prabaha upare nirmita, ebong dakhinare mouna loara moolaku chheda kare . mauna kr parsware moola udgiranakari fatt (fatt anchala) ehara post-sild agnejagiri dwara poti diajaithila . hilo riz, mauna kr purbare eka pramukh jalmagna fatt anchala sanrachana, ekada agnejagirira eka ansha bolly biswasa karajauthila; tathapi, ehaa bartamana kohalara eka fatt anchala bolly bujhajae jaahaa juba mauna keaa prabaha dwara prabhabita hoichhi . agnejagirira bishala mukhya pind nirmana karithiba dhala-parjyaja labha heuchhi prathamika magma ebong abnamit mahasagariya bhutwaka mishran dwara srusti hoithiba mauna loa pari tholitic basalt . segudika 'hamakwa agnejagiri' rahr post-shieled khyara basault, jaahaa 250,000 ru <aai. dii. 1> barsha purbe udbhuta hoithila, mauna kr sabutharu puruna unmukta shaila stara dwara aachadita . sabutharu sampratika agnejagiri prabaha heuchhi hawait ebong mugeraith segudika heuchhi post-sild "lapahoho agnejagiri", jaahaa 65,000 ru 4,000 barsha purbe udbhuta hoithila . labha gathanare ehi paribartanagudika shikharaku magmar joganara manthara hrass sahita asithila, jaahaa durbala bisphoranara kaaran hoithila jaahaa parey agnejagiri suptata sahita jadita bichhinna adhyajaku baata deithila . lapahoho labha adhika sandra ebong purba tholitic basalt tulanare adhika bashpibhuta hoithae; semanankara mota prabaha mouna kr parswaku yathesta gabhira karithae . ehaa byatita, bisphoraka bisphorana shikhar nikatare sinder shanku nirmana karichhi . ehi shankugudika heuchhi mouna kiara sabutharu sampratika udgeerana kendra . ehara barttamanara shikharare labha gambuja ebong sinder shanku byasa ebong shaha shaha mitter uchchata parjyanta rahichhi. mauna keaa heuchhi ekamatra hawaijana agnejagiri jaahaa himbahar swatantra pramana sahita . sambhabatah mauna loaare samaana jamaa rahithila, kintu parabarti labha prabaha dwara aachadita hoichhi . hawaira grishmamandalija abasthiti satwe, bigata aneka baraf jugare tapmatra eka degree hrass hetu grishma ruture agnejagirira shikharare baraf rahibara sujoga milithila, jaahaa eka baraf aachadana gathanaku trigger karithila . gata 180,000 barsha dhari himbahar tinoti adhyaja lipibadha hoichhih "pokuloa" (180-130 kaa), "waihu" (80-60 kaa) ebong "makanaka" (40-13 kaa) sirij . egudika shikharaku byapaka bhabe bhaskarjyajita karichhi, agnejagirira upara parsware morine ebong eka bruttakara till ebong bajra chakra jamaa karichhi . subglacial bisphoranagudika macaca glaciation samajare sinder shanku nirmana karithile, jeunthiru adhikansha himbah kriya dwara prabala bhabare grass hoithila . sabutharu sampratikatama shankugudika 9000 ru 4500 barsha purbe, himbah bhandara upare nirmita hoithila, jadio eka adhyajana suchaithae je shesh bisphorana praiah 3600 barsha purbe hoithaipare . semananka sarbadhika bistarare, himabahagudika shikhararu uchchata madhyare bistara hoithila. 1974 masiha purbaru mouna kr shikharare paramaphrastara eka chhot sharira milithila, ebong ehaa ebe madhya upasthita thaipare. chhot chhot glee ehi shikharare khodita hoichhi, jaahaa barsha ebong baraf-poshita jharana dwara gathita jaahaa kebala sheeta ruture tarala ebong barsha samajare prabahita hue . agnejagirira pabanamukhi parsware, banijyika pabana dwara parichalita prabaha khyaja puruna kohala bhali khyajaku twaranwita karichhi. mauna keaa heuchhi prashanta mahasagariya ababahikara sarbocha hrada wajau hrada. ehara uchchata puu wajau sinder cone madhyare abasthita ebong ehaa hawaira ekamatra alpine hrada . ehi hradati ati chhot ebong agabhira, jahara prusthabhaga khetraphala sarbadhika purna thiba samajare ehara gabhirata sarbadhika. hradara padadeshare namunagudikara redio carbon deting suchita kare je ehaa 12,600 barsha purbe barapharu sapha thila . hawaijana labha prakara sadharanatah prabeshajogya, anuprabesha karanaru hrada gathanaku atakaithae . gandhaka bahanakaree bashpa agnejagirira chhaiku comm-prabeshajogyata mruttikare paribartana karithila, kimba brudhi pauthiba magma ebong bhutala jala kimba prustha jala madhyare bisphoraka parasparika kriya frietic bisphorana samajare asadharana sukshma chhai gathan karithila jaahaa hrada talara prabeshajogyata hrass karithila . hawai dwepare kaunasi artesian jala 1993 parjyanta janaa nathila jetebele hawai biswabidyalaja dwara khanan samudra prustharu adhika artesian jalabhandaraku tapp karithila, jaahaa boreholer mote gabhirata thaaru adhika bistara karithila . ehi borholti eka sankuchita mruttika ebong labha stara dei khanan karajaithila jeunthare khola mauna keaa prusthare mauna loara prabaha atikrama karithila ebong parabarti samajare samudra prustha tale hrass paithila . samasthanika gathan darshae je samudra prustharu adhika uchchatare mauna kijaru asuthiba barsharu jala utpanna hoichhi. ehi jalastarara upasthiti paain 'mouna kee' rahr besal lens madhyare eka madhur jalara mundaku daie karajae. baigyanikamane biswasa karanti je barttamanara madelagudika suchaipare taa 'thaaru adhika paani mauna kr madhur jala lensare thaipare . 2012 masihare mouna kejare aau duiti borehole khanan karajaithila, jeunthire aasha karajauthiba paani apekhya adhika uchchata ebong agabhira gabheerataare paani milithila. hawai biswabidyalajara sakriya agnejagiri adhyajana kendra nirdeshaka donald thomas biswasa karanti je jalabhandarara adhyajana jaari rakhibara eka kaaran heuchhi uccha uchchata anchalara byabahara ebong dakhal, kahichantih "praiah samasta karjyakalapa paniah jalara upalabdhata upare nirbhara kare jaahaa adhikansha khetrare waimia kimba hilore katheeku trakare nebaku padiba-eka adakhya ebong byajabahula prakriya jaahaa ammer durlabh tarala indhanaku yathesta parimanare byabahara kare ." bhabisyata karjyakalapa. praiah 4,600 barsha purbe (praiah 2600 khreestapoorba) mouna kr shesh bisphorana hoithila; ehi nishkrijata hetu, mauna kejaku ehara shikhar paain 7 ebong ehara nimna parswa paain 8 rahr eka juktarastra bhutatwika sarbhe bipada talika diajaichhi, sarbanimna sambhabya bipada reting 9 (jaahaa bilupta agnejagiri kohalaku diajaichhi) . khreestapoorba 8000 paratharu labha prabaha agnejagirira shikhar 20 pratishataku aachadita karichhi ebong ehara kaunasi parswa naahin . ehara suptata satwe, mouna keaa punithare udgeerana hebara aasha karajae . purba bisphorana aadhaarare, ebhali ghatana agnejagirira upara parsware jekaunasi sthanare ghatipare ebong sambhabatah dirgha labha prabaha srusti kariba, mukhyatah aaa, dirgha . deerghakaleena karjyakalapa utsare eka sinder shanku nirmana karipare . jadio parabarti kichhi shatabdire epari bisphorana hebara sambhabana naahin, tebe ehara phalaswaroopa huet alpa jeebanahani ghatipare, kintu bhittibhumi upare gurutwapurna khyati heba. manab itihas. sthaniah itihas. hawai dwepare pahanchuthiba pratham pracheen hawaijanamane koolare rahuthile, jeunthare khadya ebong jala prachur thila . 12shaa ebong 13shaa shatabdir prarambhare, ehi basati aabhyantareen bhabe mouna loa-mouna keaa anchalaku samprasarita hoithila. pratnatatwika pramanaru janapadichhi je ehi anchalagudika shikara, pathara samagri sangraha ebong sambhabatah adhyatmika kaaran paain kimba jyotirbigyana kimba nauchalana parjyabekhyana paain byabahruta heuthila. pahadara prachur jangala khadya paain udbhida ebong pashu ebong ashrai paain kanchamal jogai deithila . udanahina pakhimane, jeunmane purbaru kaunasi shikareenku jaani nathile, semane eka mukhya khadya utsa palati jaithile. hawaijana dwepapunjara prarambhika basati sthaniah ecosystemre pramukh paribartana aanithila ebong aneka bilupti ghataithila, bisesh curry pakhi prajati madhyare. pracheen hawaijanamane bideshi udbhida ebong prani aanithile, ebong semanankara agman khyaja haara brudhi sahita jadita thila . prachlita taliaa jangala ecosystem jangalaru trunabhumiku rupantarita hoithila; ehi paribartana madhyaru kichhi agnikandara byabahara dwara hoithila, kintu jangala ecosystem patana ebong hawaire pakhi biluptira prachlita kaaran polynesian (kimba prashanta mahasagariya) mushanka prabartana bolly janapade . hawaira panchti agnejagiri pabitra parbata bhabare sammanita; ebong mauna kr shikhar, sarbocha, sabutharu pabitra . ehi karanaru, eka "kapu" (pracheen hawai ine) uccha padastha aalinka upare parjyataka adhikaraku seemita karithila. hawaijanamane semananka prakrutika paribeshara upadanagudiku nirdista debatanka saha jodithile. hawaijana puranare, mouna kr shikharaku "debatamanankara anchala" bhabare bibechana karajauthila, jeunthare paropakaree atma baasa karanti . barfar debata poliahu madhya sethare baasa karanti. "mouna kee" heuchhi mouna aii wakia paain eka sankhipta naama ebong ehara rutukaleena baraf aachadita shikharaku sandarbhita curry ehara artha "dhalaa parbata" . 1100 masiha pakhapakhi, sthaniah lokamane upakarana prastuta kariba paain ananya ghana basalt (upa-himbah udgeerana samajare labha prabahara druta shital heba dwara srusti hoithiba baraphaku mishiba dwara utpanna) bahara kariba paain mauna keaa upare uccha aadaje khani pratistha karithile. blade ebong machadhara upakarana paain agneah catch ebong gabro sangraha karajaithila, ebong handle paain maane kaath pasanda karajaithila . 1400 masiha parey, sarbadhika khanan karjyakalapare, kathina ebong sukshma katiba paain alga subidha thila; shramikamananku bajaiah rakhiba paain khadya, paani ebong kaath sahita ashrajasthala; ebong samapta utpada srusti karuthiba karmasala . wajau hrada shramikamananka paain paniah jala jogai deithila. sthaniah mukhiamane madhya nabajata sisunka nabhi rajju gudiku ehara panire budaibe, jaahaa semananku parbata shakti deba . ehi samai madhyare ebong americae ebong juropeejamananka sahita jogajoga madhyare khanira byabahara hrass paithila. khanan sahita jadita reetira ansha bhabare, shramikamane semananka debatamananka paain mandira nirmana karithile; ehi ebong anyanya khani kalakrutigudika sehi sthanare rahichhi, jeunthiru adhikansha bartamana mauna kee baraf juga rijarbha madhyare achhi . ehi prarambhika juga parey 12shaa ebong 18shaa shatabdir seshabhaga madhyare sanskrutika samprasarana hoithila. janasadharananka turanta abashyakata paain jami anchalagudikare bibhakta karajaithila. ehi "ahupua" gudika sadharanatah parbata shikhararu upakula parjyanta dirgha bhumi-bhittika dharara roop neithanti. mauna kr shikhar kaohe ahupuaare paribestita thila, ehara purba dhalu ansha nikatasta humullah parjyanta pahanchithila . agnejagirira dhalure rahuthiba hawaijanamananka paain pustira pramukh utsa ehara upara dhalure thiba maane-naio jangalaru asithila, jaahaa semananku udbhida ebong pakhi zeeban pradan karithila . shikara karajauthiba pakhi prajati madhyare juo ("paterodroma sandawichensis"), nene ("branta sandabhichensis"), ebong palila ("luxioids bellui") antarbhukta . nimna coa-ohia jangala sthaniah lokanku danga paain kaath ebong sajja paain alankruta pakhi pakha paakhi deithila . adhunika juga. 1778 masihare james kukanka agman purbaru bideshimane hawai gasta karithiba tinoti bibaranee rahichhi. tebe, 18shaa shatabdir seshabhaga ebong 19shaa shatabdir prarambhare anusandhanakarimananka dwara mauna keaa sameth dwepara prarambhika paschatya chitrana srusti karajaithila. europe ebong america sahita jogajoga dwepa adhibasinka paain pramukh parinam srusti karithila . sthaniah hawaijanamane prachlita roga dwara dhwansa hoithile; banijya pratistha sahita hilo, kelakekua ebong kailuaa sameth bandara sahara brudhi paila; ebong dhaatu upkaranara prabartana parey mauna kr aadaje khani parityaga karajaithila . 1793 masihare, raja raja shradhanjali swaroopa george bhanakyuvaranka dwara goruman anajaithila. unabinsha shatabdir prarambha suddha, semane bandeetwaru rakhya paai mukta bhabare dwepare ghuri buluthile, jaahaa ehara ecosystemku bahuta khyati pahanchaithila . 1809 masihare zohn palmer parker sethare pahanchi pahanchi saha bandhuta sthapana karithile, jieki tanku dwepare pashu parichalana dajitware rakhithile. 1845 masihare eka atirikta jami anudan sahita, parker mauna kr uttara dhalure parker farm pratistha karithile, eka bruhata gaichash jaahaa aaji madhya karjya karuchhi . ehi dwepare basabasa karuthiba adhibasimane aakhu chaash ebong ghara paain tala sthaniah junglera adhikansha anshaku jaali deithile ebong kaati deithile. mauna kee ebong mauna loa madhyare thiba saddle aakrutira malabhumiku atikrama kariba paain namit ehi saddle road 1943 masihare sampurna hoithila ebong mauna keaaku jatra yathesta sahaja hoithila. malabhumire thiba pohakuloa prasikhyana khetra heuchhi hawaira sarbabruhata samarika prasikhyana khetra. ehi aadhara agnejagirira tala parswaru uchchata parjyanta, 1956 masiharu americae senaku lijare diajaithiba rajya jamire, ehi anchalare anchalare bipadagrasta ebong bipanna udbhida, tinoti bipanna pakhi ebong gotie bipanna badudi prajati achhi . 1980 dashakaru mouna keaa byapaka pratnatatwika gabeshanara sthana hoi rahichhi. 2000 masiha suddha praiah 27 pratishata bigyana bhandarar sarbhe karajaithila, jeunthire jeunthire mandira, ebong adje utpadana karmasala, karmasala anya marker, marker chinhat hoithiba kabarasthana ebong ebong sambhabya kabarasthana chinhat karajaithila. 2009 masiha suddha chinhat hoithiba stanagudikara mote sankhya sankhya brudhi paithila ebong agnejagirira upara parsware pratnatatwika gabeshana jaari rahichhi. ehaa suchita hoichhi je agnejagirira shikhar charipakhare eka pracheen baraf rekha sahita sajjit hoithiba mandiragudika, mouna kr pabitra anshaku paribartanara chinha . hawaijana moukhika itihasare mouna keaa charipakhare samadhi bishajare aneka ullekha satwe, alpa kichhi sthana nischita hoichhi . agnejagirire thiba aneka sinder shanku upare mandira kimba anyanya kalakruti abhaba huet samadhi paain sanrakhita hoithaipare . aarohan. jogajoga purba samajare, mauna keaa upare jatra karuthiba sthaniah adhibasimane sambhabatah bidyamana path apekhya prakrutika drushya dwara adhika parichalita hoithile, kaaran pathara kaunasi pramana milinahin . ehaa sambhaba je ehaa paribarte prakrutika pahad ebong jala utsa anusarana karajaithila . byaktimane sambhabatah mauna kr dhalaku jatra curry ehara shikhar nikatare paribara-rakhyanabekhyana karajaithiba mandira paridarshan karithile, ebong parbata aarohan sambandheeah parampra aaji parjyanta bidyamana . tebe, ati comm sthaniah lock shikharare pahanchithile, kaaran ehaa upare kathore "kapu" rakhajaithila. unabinsha shatabdir prarambhare, mauna kr sarbapracheena ullekhaneeah "record" aarohanare nimnalikhita antarbhukta thilah unabingsha shatabdir sheshabhagare ebong binsha shatabdir prarambhare, prajatah khela pasumananka gatibidhi dwara, jeungudika ghodare jatra karajaiparila, pathman gathan karajaithila. tebe, 1964 masihare eka sadaka nirmana heba parjyanta shikharaku janabahana prabesha praiah asambhaba thila, ebong ehaa seemita hoi rahichhi. aaji, bibhinna upajogara sthitire, shikhar sammilaneeku ekadhika path bidyamana . paribesha. prusthabhumi. hawaira bhougolika bichinnata ehara paribeshaku drudha bhabare prabhabita kare . hawai bhali durgama dwepapunjare bahu sankhyaka prajati achanti jaahaa anya keunthi madhya dekhibaku milanti naahin (hawaijana dwepapunjare sthanijata dekhantu). dooratwara phalaswaroopa bibartana rekha anya sthanatharu bhinna hoithila ebong ehi sthaniah prajatigudiku bahya jaiba prabhabaru pruthaka karithila, ebong semananku bisesh curry bilupta heba ebong aakramanatmaka prajatira prabhaba prati asurakhita madhya karithila. ehaa byatita krushi paain jami sapha kariba sameth hawaira ecosystem manab bikasharu bipadare achhi; dwepara aanumanika trutijansha sthaniah prajati purbaru nischinha hoisarichhi . ehara uchchata karanaru, mauna keaare hawaijana dwepapunjara jekaunasi sthanare jaiba ecosystemer sarbadhika bibidhata achhi . parbata upare thiba parisangstha ehara dhalu sahita ghanibhuta chakra gathan kare kaaran tapmatra ebong brustipatare paribartana uchchata sahita . ehi parisangsthagudiku uchchata anusare motamoti bhabe tinoti bhagare bibhakta karajaipareh alpine-subalpine, mountain ebong besal jangala. 19shaa shatabdir prarambhare americae ebong juropeejamananka sahita samparka dwepaku adhika basati sthapana karithila ebong ehara eka sthajee nakaratmaka paribesagata prabhaba thila . nimna dhalure, coa-ohia junglera bishala anchalaku krushijami bhabe rupantarita karajaithila. adhika uchchare, pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pasumananka pasumananka pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara pashumankara ashrajasthala paithile, ebong semane mouna kr sthaniah mamane-naio jangalare byapaka bhabe khyatigrasta hoithile. anah-sthaniah udbhida heuchhi anya eka gurutara bipada; ehi dwepare 4,600 ru adhika prabartita prajati achanti, jetebele kii sthaniah prajati sankhya maatra 1,000 bolly akalana karajaichi. alpine paribesha. mauna kr shikhar brukhya rekha upare abasthita, ebong ehaa mukhyatah labha pathara ebong alpine tundra dwara gathita . prabala tusharapatara eka anchala, ehaa udbhida paain anabasika, ebong hawaijana grishmamandalija uccha jhadibhumi bhabare janashuna . ethaare atyadhika thanda tapmatra, eka swalpa brudhi rutu, comm barsha ebong sheeta ruture tusharpat jogun abhibruddhi seemita . mruttikara abhaba madhya mulara brudhiku rokithae, bhumiru poshaka tatwagudiku shoshibare asubidha srusti karithae, ebong ehi anchalaku bahuta comm jala dhaaran khyamata deithae . ehi uchchatare dekhajauthiba udbhida prajati madhyare rahichhi "styphelia temiamei", "taraxacom officinal", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostice sandawisenasis", "anthoxantham odoratum", "tricetum glomeratum", "poa anua", "soncus oleraceous", ebong "koprosma ernodiades". gotie ullekhaneeah prajati heuchhi mouna kee silversard ("orgroxifium sandawisens" bhaar. "sandawisens"), eka atyanta bipanna sthaniah udbhida prajati jaahaa mauna kr uccha uchchata sinder marubhumire badhithae . gotie parjyajare maatra maatra udbhida bisista janasankhya parjyanta hrass paai, mauna kee silverward alpine jonre seemita bolly bibechana karajauthila, kintu bastabare pasumananka chaap jogun ehaa sethare parichalita hoichhi, ebong nimna uchchatare madhya brudhi paipare. mouna kr dakhina shikhar parsware mauna keaa baraf juga sanrakhyana 1981 ray sthapita hoithila. ehi sanrakhyana khetrati aolian marubhumi ebong waau hrada sameth birala udbhidajukta sinder jamaa ebong labha pathara eka anchala . ehi ecosystem bipadagrasta juo ("paterodroma sandawichensis") paain eka sambhabya ashrajasthala ebong wekiju bugg ("nicious wekijuikola") upare eka adhyajanara kendra madhya . wekiju bugg mruta keat shabaku khaanti jaahaa pabanare mauna keaa uparaku prabahita hue ebong baraf koolare sthira hue . nicious" ganara eka prajati paain ehaa eka atyanta aswabhabika khadya utsa, jeunthire mukhyatah manji khauthiba kitapatanga rahichanti. semananka raktare prakrutika antifries thibaru semane atyadhika uchchatare banchi rahiparibe. semane madhya adhikansha samajare uttapta prustha tale ruhanti . semanankara sanrakhyana sthiti aspasta, kintu prajatiti aau bipanna prajati talika paain prarthi nuhen; prajatira kalyana upare adhyajana 1980 ray arambha hoithila. nikatatar jadita "nicious aaa" mauna loaare baasa kare . gadhiaa makad (lycosidae) ebong jangala tambu caterpillara moth madhya samaana mauna keaa ecosystemre dekhibaku milichi; prathamati taap-soshaka pathara tale luchi banchithae, ebong parabarteeti semananka shareerare thanda-pratirodhee rasajanika madhyamare banchithae . maane-naio jangala. agnejagirira jangala anchala, eka uchchatare, maane ("sophora chrysophila") ebong naio ("mayoporam sandawisensa") dwara prabhabita, ubhaja sthaniah brukhya prajati, ebong tenu maane-naio jangala bhabare janashuna . ehi anchalara pakheemananka paain, bisesh curry palila ("luxioids bellui"), 'mamen manji "ebong' naio phala" heuchhi mukhya khadya. palila purbaru mouna keya, mouna loa ebong hualai dhalure dekhibaku milithila, kintu bartamana ehaa mouna kr dhalure seemita-ehara purba renjara maatra 10 pratishata-ebong ehaaku gurutara bhabare bipanna ghoshana karajaichi . ehi paribesha byabastha paain sabutharu budd bipada heuchhi 18shaa shatabdir shesh bhagare ehi dwepare prabartita banya mendha, goru ("boses premisaneous") ebong chheli ("kapra hirks") nka dwara charaiba. banijyika chaaran sahita banya prani pratijogita ete tibra thila je segudiku uchheda kariba paain eka karjyakram 1920 dashkar seshabhaga parjyanta rahithila, ebong 1949 parjyanta jaari rahithila. ehi charanara eka phalaphal thila ubhaja sthaniah ebong prabartita, jaahaa anusandhana prati pratirodhaka thila, sehi truna ebong kaath gachara bardhita prasara. banya pashumankara praiah bilopa hoijaithila, ebong 1950 dashakare semanankara sankhya kichhi shaha thila. tebe, sthaniah shikareenka agman jogun banya prajatigudiku khela pashu bhabe mulya diajaithila, ebong 1959 masihare hawai bhumi ebong prakrutika sambala bibhaga, sanrakhyana ebong bhumi byabahara parichalanara dajitware thiba parichalana sanstha, ehara neetiku eka nirantara-nijantrana karjyakramare paribartana karithila jaahaa khelaku sugama kariba paain parikalpana karajaithila. mauphlan ("obhis ariz orientalis") 1962 ru 1964 parjyanta prabartita hoithila, ebong 1964 ray axis harina ("axis axis") mukta karibara yojana kebala pashupalana silpara pratibada dwara pratirodha karajaithila, jeunmane kahithile je semane phasalaku khyati pahanchaibe ebong roga bistara karibe . shikara shilpa pachaku hatithila, ebong pashupalaka ebong shikareenka madhyare pachaku pachaku ladhei sheshare janasadharananka paribesagata chinta badheithila. mouna kee upare jyotirbigyana subidhara bikash arambha heba sahita, sanrakhyanabadeemane mouna kr ecosystemer surakhya daabi karithile. jangalagudikara 25 pratishataku surakhya paain baada lagaibaku ebong abasista 75 pratishataku khela shikara paain parichalana karibaku eka yojana prastaba diajaithila. sanrakhyanabadeemananka birodha satwe ehi yojana karjyakaree hoithila. jami bibhajita hoithiba bele baada nirmana paain kaunasi artha abunton karajai nathila. ehi bibada madhyare bipanna prajati adhiniam parita hoithila; jatiah aduban society ebong siera club aaingata pratirakhya panthi hawai bhumi ebong prakrutika sambala bibhaga biruddhare eka makaddama dair karithila, daabi curry je semane sangheeah ine ullanghana karuchanti, aitihasika mamalare "palila banam. hawai bhumi ebong prakrutika sambala bibhaga "(1978). court sanrakhyanabadeenka sapakhyare raiah deithile ebong banyajantu upare rajya nijantrana purbaru sangheeah einer pradhanyaku samarthan karithile. bipanna prajati adhinijamaku ullanghana curry, hawai rajyaku parbata parswaru samasta banya praneenku hataiba aabasyaka thila. ehi nishpatti parey 1981 masihare eka dwiteeja adalat adesh diajaithila. eka sarbajaneena shikara karjyakram aneka banya pashumananku ati kamare asthajee bhabare hatai deithila. eka sakriya nijantrana karjyakram karjyakaree hoichhi, jadio ehaa yathesta kathoratara saha parichalita hue naahin jaahaa maane-naio ecosystemer ullekhaneeah punaruddharaku anumathi die . ehi dwepare ebong mauna keaare anyanya aneka prajati ebong ecosystem achhi, jaahaa manab bikash ebong aakramanatmaka prajati dwara bipadare rahichhi . mauna keaa jangala sanrakhyana hawai bhumi ebong prakrutika sampada bibhagara adhikara khetra adheenare maane-naio jangalaku surakhya deithae . barshasara ungulate shikaraku anumathi diajaichhi . maane-naio junglera eka chhot ansha mauna kee rajya manoranjan khetra dwara paribestita . nimna paribesha. mauna kr nimna dhalure thiba eka bedd chaash jami purbaru "acasia coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (coa-ohia) jangala thila . ehara binash 19shaa shatabdir prarambhare europeah ebong americae basati sthapanakareenka agman dwara parichalita hoithila, kaaran 1830 dashakare byapaka kaath katiba nutan ghara paain kaath jogai deithila . junglera bishala anshaku jaali aakhu chaash paain sapha karajaithila. dwepara adhikansha ghara koare nirmita hoithila, ebong junglera sehi anshagudika jaahaa banchithila aakhu bagichare bajalaraku shakti deba ebong gharaku garam kariba paain jaaleni kathara utsa hoigala . ekakaleena bishala jangala 1880 masiha suddha praiah adrushya hoijaithila, ebong 1900 masiha suddha, logg agraha cona ebong maui dwepaku sthanantarita hoithila . 1990 dashakare chini silpara patana parey, ehi jamira adhikansha bhaga patita hoi rahichhi, kintu ehara kichhi ansha goru charaiba, khudra chaash ebong kathara lugapana paain eucalypts chaash paain byabahruta hue. hakalau jangala jatiah banyaprani ashrai heuchhi mouna kr pabanamukhi dhalure eka pramukh coa jangala sanrakhyana. 1985 masihare ehaa sthapita hoithila, jeunthire ecosystem abasistangsha antarbhukta thila. anya aneka birala bajota byatita, ehi anchalare athati bipanna pakhi prajati, barati bipanna udbhida ebong bipanna hawaijana horry badudi ("lasiurus cinerious semots") dekhibaku milichi. 1989 masiharu ehi sanrakhita anchala byapaka punah ropana abhijanara sthana hoi rahichhi. sanrakhita anchalara kichhi ansha sthaniah ecosystem upare krushira prabhaba darshauchhi, kaaran sanrakhita anchalara upara bhagare thiba adhikansha jami parityakta krushijami atte . acasia coa-ohia jangalare rahuthiba pakhi prajati madhyare rahichhi hawaijana cack ("karbhas hawaiensis"), akepa ("loxps coxinius"), hawai lataa ("oriomistis maanaa"), aakiaapolau ("hemignaths munroi"), ebong hawaijana hock ("butio solitarius"), jaahaa sabu bipanna, bipadagrasta kimba bipadagrasta; bisesh curry hawaijana cack jangalare bilupta hoijaichhi, kintu ehi prajatiku hakalau rijarbhare punahprabartana karibara yojana rahichhi. shikhar parjyabekhyana kendra. anukula parjyabekhyana paristhiti hetu jyotirbigyana parjyabekhyana paain mouna keaa shikhar biswara sarbottama sthana madhyaru gotie . bidyut chumbakiah bernpatalara ehi anchala paain submillimeter ebong infrared jyotirbigyana paain sushka paristhiti gurutwapurna . shikharati bipareet stara upare rahichhi, jaahaa shikhar tale adhikansha megh aachadanaku rakhithae ebong shikharare baaju shukhila ebong bajumandalija pradooshanaru mukta rahiba sunishchita karithae. shikhar bajumandala asadharana bhabe sthira, jeunthire biswara keteka sarbottama jyotirbigyana darshan paain ashantira abhaba rahichhi. saharar alokaru mouna kr durata karanaru srusti hoithiba ati andhakara aakashaku ine dwara sanrakhita karajaichi jaahaa akhpakh anchalaru aloka pradooshanaku hrass karithae; andhakara stara durbala jyotirbigyana bastur parjyabekhyanaku anumathi deithae . ehi karanagudika aitihasika bhabe mouna kejaku stargaging paain eka utkrusta sthana curry deithila. 1960 dashkar prarambhare, hawai dwepa chember off commerce arthika uddipaka bhabare mouna kr jyotirbigyana bikashaku prostahita karithila; ehaa arizona jyotirbigyanee gerard kuiparnka biswabidyalajara abalohita alokar nutan unnat detector byabahara kariba paain site khojiba sahita mela khauthila . 1964 masihare kuiparanka sahakaree alika heringanka dwara karajaithiba site parikhyana shikhar sammilanira ullekhaneeah upajuktataku nischita karithila. eka budd durabikhyana jantra nirmana paain nassa panthi paain eka tibra trimukhi pratijogita arambha hoithila, jaahaa harbard biswabidyalajara quiper ebong hawai biswabidyalaja (juecha) madhyare hoithila, jahara kebala saura jyotirbigyanare abhigyata thila. ehaa "upstart" prastabaku panthi pradan karibare parinata hoithila. ehara khudra jyotirbigyana bibhagaku eka nutan jyotirbigyana pratisthanare punah nirmana karajaithila, ebong 1968 ray hawai bhumi ebong prakrutika sambala bibhaga ehaaku ehara telescoper byasardha madhyare thiba samasta jami paain 65 barshar patta deithila, jaahaa mukhyatah uparokta . 1970 masihare ehara karjya shesh heba parey, ehaa biswara saptama sarbabruhata uptical/infrared telescope thila. 1970 masiha suddha, americae bayusena ebong lowel abajarabhetori dwara duiti telescope nirmana karajaithila. 1973 masihare kanada ebong frances mauna keaa upare 3.6 mea. sii. aif. etch. tii. nirmana kariba paain raaji hoithile. tebe, sthaniah sangathanagudika parjyabekhyanagarara paribesagata prabhaba bishajare chinta prakata kariba arambha karithile. ehaa bhumi ebong prakrutika sambala bibhagaku eka prarambhika parichalana yojana prastuta karibaku prerita karithila, jaahaa 1977 ray draft karajaithila ebong 1980 ray paripuraka hoithila. januari 1982 ray, regent board saitare baigyanika subidhara nirantara bikashaku samarthan karibaku eka yojana anumodana karithila . 1998 masihare, mauna keaa baraf juga sanrakhyanara paripuraka bhabe parjyabekhyana liz ru sthanantarita karajaithila. 1982 jojanaku 2000 masihare 2020 parjyanta karjya kariba paain eka samprasarana dwara pratisthapita karajaithilaha ehaa jyotirbigyana paain manoneet mauna keaa managementer eka karjyalaja pratistha karithila, ebong abasistaku "prakrutika ebong sanskrutika sanrakhyana" ku sthanantarita karithila . hawaija sampradajare prakash paithiba chintara samadhan paain ehi jojanaku ahuri sanshodhana karajaithila je parbatar sanskrutika mulyabodha prati sammanara abhaba dekha jauchhi . aaji mauna keya bigyana sanrakhyanagarare sanrakhyanagarare parjyabekhyana subidha rahichhi, pratyekati pratyekati desh dwara artha jogai diajauchhi. drushyamana ebong infrared spektramare nauty telescope karjya karuchhi, tinoti submillimeter spektramare, ebong gotie redio spektramare, darpana kimba basson sahita tulanatmaka bhabe, hubble spaces telescopere eka darpana rahichhi, jahara aakaar aakaar bhali, jaahaa ebe parbata upare dwiteeja khudratama telescope. sebh mouna kee" andolana parbattira bikashaku apabitra bolly biswasa kare . sanskrutika aitihya ebong paribesha sahita jadita kahia bhali sthaniah hawaijana analabhakari gosthi madhya sanskrutika ebong dharmika karanaru bikashaku birodha karanti. 2006 masihare prastabita bahu-telescope "outrigor" sheshare batil karajaithila. eka jojanabaddha nutan telescope, tirish mitter telescope (tmt), bibada ebong birodhaku akarshita karichhi. 2013 masiha april maasare tii. emm. tii. ku manjuri milithila. october october, telescope paain bhittiprastara sthapana samarohare bikhyobhakareemane baadha srusti karithile, jahaphalare prakalpati samajika bhabe ataki jaithila. 2015 march shesh aadaku, bikhyobhakareemane puni shikhar parjyanta rasta prabeshaku abarodh karithile. 2015 masiha april 2 tarikhare, 300 john bikhyobhakaree paridarshaka kendra nikatare ekatrita hoithile, jetebele 12 jananku girapha karajaithila ebong shikhar sammilaneere aau 11 jananku girapha karajaithila. pratibada gostheegudikara chinta madhyare rahichhi jami mulyankana ebong sthaniah hawaijanamananka paramarsha. rajyare bikhyobha brudhi paiba parey 2015 masiha april 7 tarikhare nirmana karjya sthagita rakhajaithila. aneka thara atakiba parey, prakalpaku swechakruta bhabare sthagita rakhajaichhi. rajyapala ige bhabishyatare mouna kr parichalanare gurutwapurna paribartana ghoshana karithile kintu kahithile je prakalpa aagaku badhipariba. hawaira sarbocha nyajalaja october 31,2018 ray nirmana karjya punah arambha karibaku anumodana karithile. bikhyobhakareemane tirish mitter telescope biruddhare pratikrija bhabare unline petition post karichanti . tii. emm. tii. telescope nirmanaku turanta banda kariba" shirshaka eka unline pitisanku paribartana paain post karajaithila.july 14,2019 ray, ehi unline petition bartamana saaraa bisware 278,057 ru adhika dastakhat sangraha karichhi. keteka bikhyobhakaree madhya hawaija rajyapala devida igenka birodhare mahabhijoga paain aahwana karichanti kaaran shay tirish mitter telescopeku samarthan karichanti. july 18,2019 ray, "mahabhijoga gabharnara devida ige" shirshaka eka unline petition paribartana paain post karajaithila .org ebong bartamana 62,562 ru adhika dastakhat sangraha karichhi . 2021 masiha shesh suddha, kovida-19 mahamarira prabhaba ebong prakalpa paain panthire paribartana hetu nirmana yojana bartamana sthagita rahichhi, jaahaa jatiah bigyana foundation madhyamare upalabdha hoithiba sangheeah panthi dekhipare. tirish mitter durabikhyana jantra nirmanaku nei bibada jaari rahichhi. sthaniah ganamadhyama sangathanagudika dwara karajaithiba swadheena nirbachana dwepapunjare ehi prakalpa paain nirantara samarthan darshauchhi ebong dui truteejangsharu adhika sthaniah basinda ehi prakalpaku samarthan karuchanti. ehi samaana sarbhegudika suchai thaae je sthaniah hawaijana sampradayara samarthan ebe bii bibhajita hoi rahichhi ebong hawaijana uttaradatamananka madhyaru praiah adhaa nutan telescope nirmanaku samarthan karuchanti. july, 2022 ray, rajya ine hawai biswabidyalajaru nutan mauna keaa tatwabadhana ebong tadarakh kartrupakhya (emm. kee. ess. oh. aii.) ku master jami liz upare nijantrana sthanantara curry bikhyobhara pratikrija deithae. mexoa heuchhi eka 12 sadasya board (11 john bhoting sadasya ebong 1 john anah-bhoting sadasya) jeunthire biswabidyalajara pratinidhi, jyotirbigyanee ebong sthaniah hawaijana antarbhukta ebong ehaa jyotirbigyanee ebong sthaniah hawaijananka paraspara birodhi swartha madhyare santulana khojiba uddeshyare srusti karajaithila . ehaa hawai jami ebong prakrutika sambala bibhaga madhyare rahichhi ebong 2023 july july biswabidyalajaru 5 barshar sankramana abadhi parey mauna kee jami madhyare rajya parichalita jamira parichalana paain pramukh kartrupakhya hebe. sankramana samajare, emm. kee. ess. oh. oh. oh. oh. oh. oh. oh. milita bhabe jamira parichalana karibe, jetebele kii kartrupakhya jamira byabahara, manab karjyakalapa ebong samagrika parichalanaku nijantrana kariba paain eka parichalana yojana bikashita karibe. 2028 masihare paribartanara abadhi shesh heba parey, kartupakhyanka dajitware nutan jami byabahara anumathi pradan kariba antarbhukta heba jaahaa barttamanara master liz 2033 ray shesh heba sahita gurutwapurna heba, ebong jekaunasi abajarabhetori jaahaa ehara abadhi shesh heba belaku nutan liz sahita aasanti naahin, segudika karjyamukta heba . jalabaju. mauna kr eka alpine jalabaju (ityadi) achhi . ehara grishmamandalija akhyanshara prabhaba hetu, tapmatra bahuta comm hoithae. barshasara tusharpat sadharana, kintu harahari masika tapmatra barshasara himanka thaaru adhika rahithae. jekaunasi maasare baraf uchchata thaaru adhikare padipare, kintu octoberaru april parjyanta prajatah hoithae. 1972 ru 1982 parjyanta eka panipaga kendra parichalita hoithila; tebe, ehi samai madhyare maatra 33 maasa tapmatra record achhi; aneka barsha kebala dui masser tathya achhi . nimnare upasthapita tapmatra swacha harahari, noa dwara record karajaithiba asankhya sankhya nuhen. manoranjan. mouna kr upakula hamakua upakula dwara prabhabita, eka durgama anchala jaahaa agnejagirira parsware barambar patana ebong bhuskhalana dwara srusti hoichhi . ehi anchalare kalopa rajya manoranjan khetra, wailuku nadee rajya udyan ebong acaca prapata rajya udyan sameth aneka manoranjan udyan antarbhukta . hawai dwepare 3,000 ru adhika panjikruta shikari achanti, ebong ubhaja manoranjan ebong jeebika paain shikara, mouna keaare eka sadharana karjyakalapa . eka sarbajaneena shikara karjyakram ghushuri, mendha, chheli, turkey, teekha ebong batari sameth prabartita pasumananka sankhyaku nijantrana karibaku byabahruta hue . mouna keaa rajya manoranjan khetra ehi khela paain eka bases camp bhabare karjya kare . pahadara nimna starare pakhi nirikhyana madhya sadharana kathaa. eka lokpriya sthana heuchhi "kipuka puu huluhulu", jaahaa mauna kr parsware eka kipuka jaahaa labha prabahita heba dwara eka pahad upare jangalaku pruthaka curry srusti hoithila . mauna kr bishala uchchata ebong ehara parswabhagara tikhnata nikatasta mauna loa tulanare eka bhal drushya ebong eka chhot padajatra pradan kare . uchchata janita asusthata, panipaga sambandheeah samasya, rastakadara gabhirata ebong samagrika bhabe durgama heba karanaru agnejagiri bipadapurna ebong shikharare pahanchiba kastakara hoithae. binsha shatabdir madhyabhagare sadaka nirmana heba parjyanta, kebala hardy maane mauna kr upara dhalu paridarshan karithile; shikarimane khela pashumananku track karithile, ebong parbatarohimane parbata uparaku jatra karithile . ehi jatrimane 1930 dashakare besamarika sanrakhyana bahini dwara nirmita pathara kyabinaku bases camp bhabare byabahara karithile, ebong ehi subidhagudikaru antarjatija jyotirbigyana telescope support complexes paain adhunika madhyama stariah onizuka kendra utpanna hoichhi . pratham mauna keaa shikhar sadaka 1964 ray nirmita hoithila, jaahaa shikharaku adhika lokanka paain sulabh karithila . aaji, mauna keaa trail sameth ekadhika haiking trail bidyamana achhi, ebong 2007 suddha 100,000 ru adhika parjyataka ebong 32,000 yaana pratibarsha antarjatija jyotirbigyana paain onizuka kendra sanlagna paridarshaka suchana stationku jauthile. mauna keaa prabesha rastati kendra parjyanta pakka hoichhi . eka adhyajanaru janapadichhi je parbata upare karjya karuthiba praiah eka trutijansha parjyataka ebong dui trutijansha pesadara jyotirbigyanee tibra uchchata janita asusthatara lakhyan anubhaba karichanti; agnejagirira parsware jatra karuthiba parjyatakamananku ati kamare adha ghanta ebong adhika uchchatare khap khuaiba paain paridarshaka kendrare adhika samai rahibaku paramarsha diajaichhi. shirsha parjyanta gaadi chalaiba paain chaari-chakia drive yaana byabahara karibaku drudha bhabare suparish karajae . brekagudika prajatah talaku jiba baatare atyadhika garam hoithae ebong mauna keaare kaunasi indhan upalabdha nathaae . purbaru pratidina raatire 6-10 aparanha thaaru eka mukta taaraa dekhiba karjyakram anusthita heuthila, jeunthire chaluthiba kovida-19 mahamari karanaru karjya samajare paribartana ebong banda ubhaja karanaru karjyakram batil hoithila. pratibarsha 5,000 ru 6,000 lock mouna kr shikhar paridarshan karanti, ebong parbattira surakhya sunishchita karibare sahajya kariba ebong akhandata rakhya kariba paain, 2001 ray eka ranger karjyakram karjyakaree karajaithila .

mauna qee mauna keeaa (jaan; "mauna aii vakia" daa sankhep) havaai tapu utte ikk sargaram jualamukhi haii. iss dee choti samunder tall toon uppar haii, jiss naal ih havaai raaj daa sabh toon uccha bindu atey dharti utte kise tapu dee duji sabh toon ucchi choti haii. ih choti mauna loaa naalon lagbhag ucchi haii, joe iss daa vadhere vishal guandhi haii. mauna keeaa aapni uchaee laee asdharan taur 'teey topographic taur' teey pramukh haiyav iss dee gilli pramukhta pahadan witch dunia witch pandranvin haii, iss dee khushak pramukhta haii. ih khushak pramukhta samunder tall toon mount everest dee uchaee toon vaddh haii, atey kujh adhikariaan neey iss dey paanee dey hethan dey adhaar toon mauna keyaa noon dunia daa sabh toon uccha pahaad karaar ditta haii. ih lagbhag 10 lakkh saal purana haii atey iss tarahan sainkade hazaran saal pahilan jeevan daa sabh toon sargaram dhaal padaa paar qarr giaa see. iss dee maujuda post-sheeled sathiti witch, iss daa laava vadhere chipchipa haii, jiss dey natije vajon ikk ucchi profile haii. sinder cone dey nirman, iss dey daraar khetran dey vikendrikaran, iss dey sikhar 'teey glaciation atey maujuda vaparak havavan duaara mausam dey caarn dair naal jualamukhi neey iss noon aapne guandhi jualamukhiaan naalon bahut ziaada kathor dikkh ditti haii. mauna keeaa aakhri vaar 6,000 toon 4,000 saal pahilan fatiaa see atey hunn iss noon susat manniaa jaanda haii. havaian dharam witch, havaai tapu deeaan chotiaan pavittar hunn. ikk prachin kanoon neey siraf ucch darje dey aliyi noon iss dey sikhar 'teey jaanh dee aagiaa ditti see. mauna keeaa deeaan dhalanan utte rahinn vaale prachin havaian bhojan laee iss dey viaapak janglan utte nirbhar sunn, atey sand utpadan laee iss dey kinariaan utte sanghane jualamukhi-glacial besault dee khudai keeti. jadon khatra sadee dey akheer witch european pahunche, taan vasnikan neey pashuaan, bhedan atey khed janwaran noon pesh keeta, jinhan vicchon bahut saare jangli hoow gaye atey jualamukhi dey vatavaran santulan noon nuksan pahunchauna shuru qarr ditta. mauna keyaa noon vatavarnak taur utte tinn bhagan witch vandiaa jaa sakda haiyav iss dey sikhar utte ikk alpine jalvayu, ikk "sofora chrysophila"-iss dey kinare utte "myoporam sandwicence" (jaan mamane-naio) jangal, atey ikk "babool coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (jaan coa-ohia) jangal, joe hunn ziaadaatar sabka khand udyog duaara iss dey adhaar utte saaf keeta giaa haii. haal hii dey saalan witch, mool prajatiaan dee asurakhiaa baare chinta neey adalati mamlian noon janam ditta haii jiss neey havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarotan dey vibhag noon jualamukhi utte saariaan jangli prajatiaan noon khatam curran dee disha witch kamm curran laee majbur keeta haii. iss dee ucch uchaee, khushak vatavaran atey sathir havaa dey pravaah dey naal, mauna keeaa daa sikhar khagol vigiaan nirikhan laee dunia dey sabh toon vadhiaa sathanan vicchon ikk haii. sann 1964 witch ikk pahunch sadak dee sirjana toon baad, sikhar sammelan witch giaaran deshan duaara fund prapat 13 durbinan daa nirman keeta giaa haii. mauna keey. aii. observatories dee varton electromagnetic spectrum witch vigiaanak khoj laee keeti jaandi haii atey iss witch dunia dee sabh toon vaddi ajihi sahulat shamal haii. mool havaianan duaara pavittar manne jaanh vaale landscape utte unhan daa nirman ajj vee bahis daa visha baniaa hoiaa haii. topographic pramukhta. mauna keeaa aapni uchaee laee asdharan taur 'teey topographic taur' teey pramukh haii, pahadan witch dunia witch pandranvin gilli pramukhta dey naal, atey dunia witch khushak pramukhta siraf mount everest toon baad dooje sathaan 'teey haii. ih iss dey tapu dee sabh toon ucchi choti haii, iss laee iss dee gilli pramukhta samunder tall toon iss dee uchaee naal mail khaandi haii. kiunki havaian tapu samunder witch dunghe dhalan hunn, mauna keeaa dee khushak pramukhta haii. ih khushak pramukhta samunder tall toon mount everest dee uchaee naalon lambi haii, iss laee everest noon mauna keeaa dee khushak pramukhta noon paar curran laee iss deeaan talhatiaan witch poore mahandeepan noon shamal karna pavega. ih dekhde hoye kii havaian garad toon kinna mauna qee nikalda haii, kujh adhikariaan neey iss noon dunia daa sabh toon uccha (sabh toon uccha dey ulat) pahaad kiha haii, jiven kii adhaar toon choti takk maapiaa jaanda haii. pramukhta dey ulat, adhaar noon dhilli tarahan paribhashit keeta giaa haii, jiss dey natije vajon (havaian garad witch lagbhag sabh toon dunghe bindu takk) toon lae keey (dunghe bhumigat pahaad dee jadah takk) takk dee ginti hoee haii. uhanan udaharnan utte, horr pahaad virodhi daaviaan noon pesh karde hunn, jiven kii lamlam pahaad adhaar toon ucchi chadahi daa daava karda haii (, chunotipuran dunghe toon shuru hunda haii), atey saare himalian pahaad bahut dunghiaan jadahn daa daava karde hunn. vadhere uchchaiaan noon atakama khaee toon andes pahadan takk maapiaa jaa sakda haii, udaharan vajon, richard dey dunghe (dunghe) toon nedley lulilaco (ucche) dey sikhar takk haii. naa taan lamlam pahaad atey naa hii lulilech dee mauna keeaa dee khushak pramukhta haii, kiunki uh harr disha witch khaaiaan witch naheen failde. bhuu-vigiaan. mauna keyaa panj jualamukhiaan vicchon ikk haii joe havaai daa tapu banaunda haii, joe havaian-samrat samundari luddy daa sabh toon vadda atey sabh toon chhota tapu haii. inhan panj hotspot jualamukhiaan vicchon mauna keeaa chautha sabh toon purana atey chautha sabh toon sargaram haii. ih lagbhag 10 lakkh saal pahilan havaai hotspot duaara chalaae gaye ikk precialed jualamukhi dey roop witch shuru hoiaa see, atey 500,000 saal pahilan takk iss dey dhaal padaa dauran asdharan taur 'teey sargaram hoow giaa see. mauna keeaa 250,000 toon 200,000 saal pahilan aapne shaant post-sheeled padaa witch dakhal hoiaa see, atey varatman witch sargaram haii, aakhri vaar 4,500 atey 6,000 saal pahilan fatt giaa see. mauna keeaa witch ikk dikhai denh vaala sikhar caldera naheen haii, parr iss dey sikhar dey nede kaee chhote sinder atey pumis cone hunn. ikk sabka sikhar caldera noon baad witch sikhar fatann dey bhandaran duaara bhariaa atey dafnaiaa giaa hoow sakda haii. mauna keeaa dee matra inni vaddi haii kii ih atey iss daa guandhi mauna loaa iss dey hethan samunder dee chhaale noon dabaunde hunn. jualamukhi pratee saal toon vee ghatt dee darr naal aapne bhaar heth khisakda atey samtal hunda rahinda haii. iss daa ziaadaatar punj iss dey maujuda sikhar dey purab witch sathit haii. ih samunder tall toon uppar haii, aapne guandhi mauna loaa naalon lagbhag uccha haii, atey havaai raaj daa sabh toon uccha bindu haii. saare havaian jualamukhiaan dee tarahan, mauna keeaa noon banaiaa giaa haii kiunki parshant tectonic plate dharti dey underlying maintal witch havaian hotspot utte chalee gaee haii. havaai tapu dey jualamukhi iss prakiriaa daa sabh toon taaza saboot hunn kii, 7 croad saalan toon vaddh samein toon,-lambi havaian rij-samrat cemont chenn banayi haii. prachlit, halanki puurii tarahan settle naheen hoiaa, drishtikon ih haii kii hotspot bahut saare samein laee grahi dey aavaran dey ander vadde paddhar 'teey sathir riha haii, jey saare sanozoic yugg naheen. halanki, halanki havaian jualamukhi noon changi tarahan samajhiaa jaanda haii atey viaapak taur 'teey adhiaen keeta jaanda haii, parr hotspot prabhav daa caarn bannan vaale vidhi dee koee nishchit viaakhiaa naheen haii. mauna keeaa toon laava iss dey vikas dauran aapne guaandhiaan dey naal gunjhaldar partan witch overlap hunda haii. sabh toon pramukh taur utte, mauna keeaa kohala toon uttar-pachham vall purane vahaa utte banaiaa giaa haii, atey dakkhan vall mauna loaa dey adhaar noon jodada haii. mauna keyaa dey kinariaan witch mool visfotak daraar (daraar khetar) iss dey post-sheeled jualamukhi duaara dabbe gaye sunn. mauna keyaa dey purab witch ikk pramukh paanee dey hethan dee daraar khetar banatar, hilo rij, noon ikk vaar jualamukhi daa hissa manniaa jaanda see; halanki, hunn iss noon kohala daa ikk daraar khetar manniaa jaanda haii joe kii chhote mauna keyaa pravahan toon prabhavit hoiaa haii. dhaal-padaa dey laava jinhan neey jualamukhi dey vishal mukkh punj daa nirman keeta haii, uh tholietic besault hunn, jiven kii mauna loaa, primary magma atey hethan samundari chhaale dey mishran duaara banaae gaye hunn. uh mauna keeaa utte sabh toon purani khullhi chattan dey padhran naal dhakke hoye hunn, "hamakua jualamukhi" dey post-sheeled alkali besault, joe 250,000 atey 70-65,000 saal pahilan fatt gaye sunn. sabh toon taaza jualamukhi pravaah havaai atey magariots hann uh post-sheeled "laupahoe jualamukhi" hunn, joe 65,000 atey 4,000 saal pahilan fatt gaye sunn. laava dee banatar witch ih tabdiliaan sikhar utte magma dee saplai witch hauli qamee dey naal aaiaan, jiss naal kamzor fatann daa caarn bnee jiss neey firr jualamukhi dee susti naal jude alagg-alagg episodan noon raah ditta. lopahoho laava vadhere chipchipa hunde hunn atey uhanan witch pichle tholeitic besault naalon vadhere asthir hunde hunn; uhanan dey motte vahaa neey mauna keeaa dey paase noon kaafi dungha qarr ditta haii. iss toon ilava, visfotak visfotan neey sikhar dey nede sinder cone banaae hunn. ih shanku mauna keeaa dey sabh toon taaza visfotak kendra hunn. iss dey maujuda sikhar utte laava gumbad atey sinder cone daa dabdaba haii joe viaas witch atey sainkade meeter lambe hunn. mauna keyaa iklauta havaian jualamukhi haii jiss witch glaciation dey vakkhre saboot hunn. isey tarahan dey bhandar shayed mauna loaa utte maujood sunn, parr baad witch laava dey pravaah duaara cover keete gaye hunn. havaai dee khandi sathiti dey bavjood, pichle kaee baraf yuggan dauran tapman witch ikk digri dee girawat neey garmiaan dauran jualamukhi dey sikhar 'teey baraf noon rahinn ditta, jiss naal ikk baraf dee topi daa gathan hoiaa. glaciation dey tinn episode hunn joe pichle 180,000 saalan toon daraj keete gaye hann "pohakuloa" (180-130 qaa), "vaihu" (80-60 qaa) atey "maknaka" (40-13 qaa) luddy. inhan neey sikhar utte viaapak taur utte murti keeti haii, jiss witch jawalamukhi dey uparle hissiaan dey naal morain atey till atey bajjari daa ikk circular ring jamhan hoiaa haii. subglacial fatann neey maknaka glaciation dauran sinder cone banaae, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar glacial action duaara bhaari taur 'teey gher lae gaye sunn. sabh toon taaza shanku 9000 atey 4500 saal pahilan glacial deposit dey sikhar utte banaae gaye sunn, halanki ikk adhiaen toon sanket milda haii kii aakhri visfot lagbhag 3600 saal pahilan hoiaa hovega. glacier aapni vaddh toon vaddh hadd takk sikhar toon hethan uchaee dey vichkaar takk faile hoye sunn. 1974 toon pahilan mauna keeaa dey sikhar utte permafrost daa ikk chhota jiha sareer miliaa see, atey ajey vee maujood hoow sakda haii. chhotiaan galiaan sikhar utte khicchiaan hoiaan hunn, joe meenh atey baraf naal challan valiaan dharavan duaara baniaan hunn joe siraf sardiaan dey pighlan atey meenh dey meenh dauran vahindiaan hunn. jualamukhi dey havaa vaale paase, vaparak havavan duaara sanchalit dhaara dey khor neey purane kohala dey samaan dhang naal khor noon tez qarr ditta haii. mauna keeaa jheel vaiao daa gharr haii, joe parshant besin dee sabh toon ucchi jheel haii. ih puoo vaaiaau sinder cone dey ander sathit haii atey havaai witch iklauti alpine jheel haii. jheel bahut chhoti atey ghatt haii, jiss daa satah khetarfal atey dunghai jadon sabh toon vaddh hundi haii. jheel dey adhaar utte namuniaan dee radiocarbon dating darsaundi haii kii ih 12,600 saal pahilan baraf toon saaf see. havaian laava deeaan kisman aam taur utte pargamya hundiaan hunn, joe ghuspaith caarn jheel dey gathan noon rokdiaan hunn. jaan taan gandhak-dhaarak bhaaf neey jualamukhi suaah noon ghatt-pargamta vaali mitty witch badal ditta, jaan vadh rahey magma atey dharti hethle paanee jaan satah dey paanee dey vichkaar visfotak persper kriaavan neey bahut vadhiaa suaah daa nirman keeta jiss naal jheel dey tall dee pargamta ghatt hoow gaee. havaai tapu utte koee artasian paanee 1993 takk naheen see janhiaa jaanda jadon havaai university duaara drilling neey samunder tall toon hethan ikk artasian jall bhandar noon tapp keeta, joe borhole dee kull dunghai toon vaddh fail giaa. borhole mitty atey laava dee ikk sankuchit parat vicchon langhiaa see jitthe mauna loaa dey vahaa neey khullhi mauna keeaa satah utte kabza qarr liaa see atey baad witch samunder dey paddhar toon hethan aaa giaa see. isotopic rachna darsaundi haii kii maujood paanee samunder dey paddhar toon uppar mauna keeaa toon aaunn vaali varkha toon prapat hoiaa haii. jall bhandar dee maujudgi daa caarn mauna keeaa dey besal lenz dey ander taaze paanee dey sir noon manniaa jaanda haii. vigiaaniaan daa mannana haii kii mauna keeaa dey taaze paanee dey lenz witch maujuda maadlan dey sanket naalon vadhere paanee hoow sakda haii. saal 2012 witch mauna keeaa utte doou horr borhole banaae gaye sunn, jinhan vicchon paanee umeed naalon bahut ziaada uchaiaan atey dunghai witch paaiaa giaa see. sargaram jualamukhiaan dey adhiaen laee havaai university dey kendra dey director donald thoms daa mannana haii kii jalbhandaran daa adhiaen jaari rakkhan daa ikk caarn ucch uchaee vaale khetran dee varton atey kabza haii, ih kahinde hoei "ih saariaan gatividhiaan peenn yog paanee dee uplabbadhta 'teey nirbhar kardiaan hunn, joe kii ziaadaatar mamlian witch, viamia jaan hilo toon kaathi takk truck keeti jaanhi chahidi haii-ikk ayog atey mahingi prakiriaa joe saade durlabh taral balnan dee kaafi matra dee khapat kardi haii." bhavikh dee gatividhi. mauna keeaa daa aakhri visfot lagbhag 4,600 saal pahilan (lagbhag 2600 ee. poo.) hoiaa see; iss ayogta dey caarn, mauna keeaa noon sanyukat raaj dey bhuu-vigiaanak sarvekhan khatre dee suchi witch iss dey sikhar laee 7 atey iss dey hethle hissiaan laee 8 dee suchi ditti gaee haii, joe kii 9 dee sabh toon ghatt sambhav khatre dee darjabandi vicchon (joe kii alop hoow chukke jualamukhi kohala noon ditti gaee haii). 8000 bee. see. toon lae keey hunn takk laava dey vahaa neey jualamukhi dey sikhar dey 20 pratishat hisse noon cover keeta haii atey lagbhag iss dey kise vee paase noon cover naheen keeta haii. iss dee sustata dey bavjood, mauna keeaa dey dubara fatann dee umeed haii. pahilan dey visfotan dey adhaar 'teey, ajihi ghatna jualamukhi dey uparle paase kitey vee hoow sakadi haii atey sambhavat taur' teey lambe laava pravaah paida karegi, ziaadaatar aaa, lambe. lambe samein dee gatividhi sarot utte ikk sinder cone bnaa sakadi haii. halanki agliaan kujh sadiaan witch iss tarahan dey fatann dee sambhavna naheen haii, parr iss naal shayed bahut ghatt jaani nuksan hovega parr buniaadi dhanche noon mahattavpuran nuksan hovega. manukkhi itihaas mool itihaas. havaai tapu utte pahunchan vaale pahile prachin havaian tattan dey naal rahinde sunn, jitthe bhojan atey paanee bharpur sunn. baad atey atey sadee dey arambh witch basti daa andruni hissa mauna loaa-mauna keyaa khetar witch vistaar hoiaa. puratattav saboot dassde hunn kii inhan khetran dee varton shikar curran, patthar dee samaggari ikkathi curran atey sambhav taur 'teey adhiaatmik kaarnan jaan khagol vigiaan jaan navigational nirikhanan laee keeti jaandi see. pahaad dey bharpur jangal neey bhojan laee paude atey janwar atey panaah laee kaccha maal muhaiya karvaiaa. uh uddan toon binan panchhi joe pahilan kise vee shikari noon naheen janade sunn, ikk mukkh bhojan sarot bann gaye. havaian tapuan dee shuruati basti neey sathanak vatavaran pranali witch vaddiaan tabdiliaan keetiaan atey bahut saare alop hoow gaye, khaas karke panchhiaan deeaan kisman witch. prachin havaian videshi paude atey janwar lae keey aae sunn, atey unhan daa aauna khor deeaan vadhdiaan daraan naal judiaa hoiaa see. maujuda hethle bhumi jangal vatavaran pranali noon jangal toon ghaah dey maidaan witch badal ditta giaa see; iss vicchon kujh tabdili agg dee varton caarn hoee see, parr havaai utte jangal vatavaran pranali dey dheh jaanh atey panchhiaan dey alop honn daa maujuda caarn polynesian (jaan parshant) chuhe dee shuruat japda haii. havaai dey panj jualamukhiaan noon pavittar pahadan vajon pujiaa jaanda haii atey mauna keeaa daa sikhar, sabh toon uccha, sabh toon pavittar haii. iss caarn karke, ikk "kapu" (prachin havaian kanoon) neey ucch darje dey aliaai dey visitor adhikaran noon seemat qarr ditta. havaian aapne kudrati vatavaran dey tattan noon vishesh devtiaan naal jodade hunn. havaian mithihas witch, mauna keyaa dey sikhar noon "devtiaan dey khetar" vajon dekhiaa jaanda see, ikk ajihi jagha jitthe paropkari aatmavan rahindiaan hunn. baraf dey devta poliahu vee utthe rahinde hunn. "mauna keeaa" mauna aii vakia daa sankhep haii atey iss dey mausami baraf naal dhake sikhar dey sandrabh witch isda arth haii "chitta pahaad". 1100 eesvi dey aas paas, mool nivasiaan neey sand banaun laee vilakkhan sanghane besault (laava dey vahaa dey tez thande honn naal upp-glacial fatann dauran glacial baraf noon milann naal paida hunda haii) noon kaddhan laee mauna keeaa utte ucchiaan aidz khanan sathapat keetiaan. blade atey machhi fadan dey upkarnan laee jualamukhi shishe atey gabro ikkathe keete gaye sunn, atey handle laee maan lakkad noon tarjih ditti gaee see. 1400 eesvi toon baad choti dee khadd gatividhi witch, khurdare atey vadhiaa kattan laee vakkhariaan sahulatan sunn; mazdooran noon kaaim rakkhan laee bhojan, paanee atey lakkad naal panahgahan; atey tiaar utpaad banaun valiaan workshopan. vaaiaau jheel neey mazdooran laee peenn vaala paanee muhaiya karvaiaa. mool mukhi navjame bacchiaan deeaan naabhi deeaan rassiaan noon vee iss dey paanee witch dubounde sunn, taan joe unhan noon pahaad dee taakat mill sake. iss samein dauran atey amrikiaan atey european lokan naal samparak dey vichkaar khadd dee varton witch girawat aaee. khaddan naal judiaan rasman dey hisse vajon, mazdooran neey aapne devtiaan dey mandar banaae; ih atey horr khaddan deeaan kalakritiaan sathanan 'teey rahindiaan hunn, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar hunn mauna qee aaees aij reserve dey ander hunn. iss shuruati yugg toon baad baad atey khatra sadee dey akheer witch sabheyacharak vistaar hoiaa. zameen noon lokan deeaan turant zaruratan laee tiaar keete gaye khetran witch vandiaa giaa see. ih "ahupua" aam taur utte pahadi sikhran toon lae keey tatt takk zameen deeaan lambiaan pattiaan daa roop lainde sunn. mauna keeaa daa sikhar kaohe dey ahupua witch ghiriaa hoiaa see, jiss dee purbi dhalaan daa hissa nedley humuula takk pahunchada see. jualamukhi deeaan dhalanan utte rahinn vaale havaianan laee poshan dey pramukh sarot iss deeaan uparliaan dhalanan dey maane-naio jangal toon aae sunn, jiss neey unhan noon banaspati atey panchhi jeevan pardan keeta. shikar keetiaan gaeeaan panchhiaan deeaan kisman witch yuo ("paterodroma sandwichansis"), nene ("branta sandvicensis"), atey palila ("loxiods bellui") shamal hunn. hethle coa-ohiya jangal neey mool nivasiaan noon kishtiaan laee lakkad atey sajawat laee alankrit panchhiaan dey khambh ditte. aadhunik yugg. 1778 witch james kukk dey aaunn toon pahilan havaai daa daura curran vaale videshiaan dey tinn birtant hunn. halanki, mauna keyaa samet tapu dey sabh toon purane pachmi chittar 18 veen sadee dey akheer atey 19 veen sadee dey arambh witch khojkartavan duaara banaae gaye sunn. yoorap atey amrica dey samparak dey tapu dey vasnikan laee vadde natije sunn. mool havaian pesh keetiaan gaeeaan bimariaan naal tabah hoow gaye sunn; hillo, kelakekua atey kailua samet bandargah shahiran witch vapaar dee sathapana dey naal vaadha hoiaa; atey mauna keeaa utte aidz khanan noon dhaat dey sandan dee shuruat toon baad chhadd ditta giaa see. 1793 witch, jaaraj vancouver duaara raaja kamehmeha pahile noon shardhanjali vajon pashu liaande gaye sunn. vinash sadee dey arambh takk, uh qaid toon bach gaye sunn atey tapu witch khullh keey ghumde sunn, jiss naal iss dey vatavaran pranali noon bahut nuksan pahunchiaa see. 1809 witch john palmer parker pahunche atey kamehmeha pahile naal dosti keeti, jiss neey uss noon tapu utte pashu parbandhan daa incharge banaiaa. 1845 witch ikk vadhu zameen grant dey naal, parker neey mauna keeaa dee uttri dhalaan utte parker rench sathapat keeta, ikk vadda pashu rench joe ajj vee kamm qarr riha haii. tapu dey vasnikan neey ganne dey baagan atey gharan laee hethle jangal noon saad ditta atey vakkh-vakkh thaavan noon katt ditta. mauna keeaa atey mauna loaa dey vichkaar kaathi dey aakaar dey pathaar noon paar curran laee naam ditti gaee kaathi sadak, 1943 witch puurii hoee see, atey mauna keeaa dee yaatra noon kaafi assan banaiaa giaa see. pathaar utte pohakuloa sikhlai khetar havaai witch sabh toon vadda fauji sikhlai maidaan haii. ih adhaar jualamukhi dey hethle hissiaan toon lae keey uchaee takk failiaa hoiaa haii, 1956 toon amriki fauj noon lease 'teey ditti gaee raaj dee zameen' teey. iss khetar witch 15 khatre vaale atey khatre vaale paude, tinn khatre vaale panchhi atey ikk khatre witch paee chamgadar dee prajati haii. mauna keey. aii. 1980 dey dahake toon viaapak puratattav khoj daa sathaan riha haii. 2000 takk lagbhag 27 pratishat vigiaan bhandar daa sarvekhan keeta giaa see, jiss witch 76 mandran, 4 edez nirman workshopan, 3 horr marker, 1 skaratmak taur 'teey pachani gaee kabarstan atey 4 sambhavit dafnaun valiaan thaavan dee pachanh keeti gaee see. 2009 takk, pachane gaye sathanan dee kull ginti 223 hoow gaee see, atey jualamukhi dey uparle hissiaan utte puratattav khoj jaari haii. ih sujhaa ditta giaa haii kii mandar, joe kii jualamukhi dey sikhar dey duaale parbandh keete gaye hunn, joe kii ikk prachin baraf dee rekha hoow sakadi haii, mauna keyaa dey pavittar hisse witch tabdili laee nishan hunn. havaian maukhik itihaas witch mauna keyaa dey aale-duaale dafnaun dey bahut saare havaliaan dey bavjood, kujh sathanan dee pushti keeti gaee haii. jualamukhi noon binduaan vaale bahut saare sinder cone utte mandran jaan horr kalakritiaan dee ghaat iss laee hoow sakadi haii kiunki uh dafnaun laee rakhven sunn. chadahi. samparak toon pahilan dey samein witch, mauna keyaa takk dee yaatra curran vaale mool nivasiaan noon shayed maujuda trailan dee tulna witch landscape duaara vadhere sedh ditti gaee see, kiunki trailan daa koee saboot naheen miliaa haii. ih sambhav haii kii iss dee bajaae kudrati pahadiaan atey paanee dey sarotan dee palna keeti gaee see. viaktiaan neey sambhavat taur 'teey mauna keeaa deeaan dhalanan dee yaatra keeti taan joe iss dey sikhar dey nede parivaar duaara banayi rakkhe gaye mandran daa daura keeta jaa sake, atey pahaad' teey chadhan naal sabandhat parampravan ajj vee maujood hunn. halanki, bahut ghatt mool nivasi sikhar 'teey pahunche, kiunki iss' teey sakhat "kappu" rakkhiaa giaa see. vinash sadee dey arambh witch, mauna keeaa dey sabh toon purane mahattavpuran "daraj" chadahiaan witch heth likhe shamal sanauu vinash sadee dey akheer atey haii। sadee dey arambh witch trail banaae gaye sunn, aksar khed dey jhundan dee gatee duaara, jinhan noon ghode utte chadah keey yaatra keeta jaa sakda see. halanki, 1964 witch ikk sadak dey nirman takk sikhar takk vaahanan dee pahunch lagbhag asambhav see, atey iss utte pabandi jaari haii. ajj, sikhar sammelan laee kaee raste maujood hunn, varton deeaan vakkh-vakkh sathitiaan witch. vatavaran. pichokad. havaai daa bhugolik alagg-thalagg honaa iss dey vatavaran noon zordar dhang naal prabhavat karda haii. havaai varge door-durade tapuan witch vaddi ginti witch prajatiaan hunn joe kitey horr naheen mildiaan (havaian tapuan witch sathanakta vekho). door honn dey natije vajon vikasvadi rekhavan horr thaavan toon vakkhariaan hoow gaeeaan atey inhan sathanak prajatiaan noon baahari jaivik prabhav toon alagg qarr ditta giaa, atey ih unhan noon vishesh taur 'teey alop honn atey hamlawar prajatiaan dey prabhavan laee kamzor bnaa dinda haii. iss toon ilava havaai dey vatavaran pranali manukkhi vikas toon khatre witch hunn jiss witch khetibadi laee zameen dee safai shamal haii; tapu deeaan andazan tiji sathanak prajatiaan pahilan hii mitta dittiaan gaeeaan hunn. iss dee uchaee dey caarn, mauna keyaa witch havaian tapu samooh witch kitey vee jaivik vatavaran pranali dee sabh toon vaddi vibhinnta haii. pahadan utte vatavaran pranali tapman witch tabdiliaan atey uchaee dey naal varkha dey caarn iss deeaan dhalanan dey naal-naal kendrit ring banaundi haii. inhan vatavaran pranaliaan noon uchaee duaara lagbhag tinn bhagan witch vandiaa jaa sakda haiyav alpine-subalpine, monten atey besal jangal. vinash sadee dey arambh witch amrikiaan atey european lokan naal samparak neey tapu witch vadhere vasneek liaande atey iss daa ikk sathayi nakaratmak vatavaran prabhav piaa. niviaan dhalanan utte, coa-ohiya jangal dey vishal hissiaan noon khetibadi vaali zameen witch badliaa giaa see. ucche, jangli janwar joe khetan toon bhajj gaye sunn, neey mauna keeaa dey jaddi maamne-naio jangal witch panaah laee atey viaapak taur 'teey nuksan pahunchiaa. gair-mool paude horr gambhir khatra hunn; tapu utte 4,600 toon vaddh pesh keetiaan gaeeaan prajatiaan hunn, jadon kii mool prajatiaan dee ginti siraf 1,000 honn daa andaza haii. alpine vatavaran. mauna keeaa daa sikhar rukkh rekha dey uppar sathit haii, atey iss witch ziaadaatar laava chattan atey alpine tundra shamal hunn. bhaari barafbari daa khetar, ih banaspati laee gair-parvasyog haii, atey iss noon havaian khandi ucchi jhadiaan dey maidanan vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. itthe bahut hii thande tapman, thode vaadhe dey mausam, ghatt varkha atey sardiaan dey mahiniaan dauran barafbari caarn vikas seemat haii. mitty dee ghaat jadahn dey vikas noon vee rokadi haii, zameen toon paushtik tattan noon jazab karna mushkal banaundi haii, atey khetar noon bahut ghatt paanee rakkhan dee samratha dindi haii. iss uchaee utte paae jaanh vaale paudiaan deeaan kisman witch "styphelia temiemi", "tarksecom officinale", "tetramolopium humile", "agrostis sandvisionsis", "anthoxanthum odoratum", "trisetum glomeratum", "poa ainua", "sonx olerasius" atey "coprosma ernodiodes" shamal hunn. ikk mahattavpuran prajati mauna qee silververed ("argiroxifium sandwicence" vaar haii. "sandwicence"), ikk bahut hii khatre witch paee sathanak paude dee prajati joe mauna keeaa dey ucch uchaee vaale sinder maruthal witch prafullat hundi haii. ikk padaa 'teey siraf 50 paudiaan dee aabadi takk ghatt, mauna qee silververed noon alpine zone takk seemat manniaa jaanda see, parr asal witch pashuaan dey dabaa caarn utthe chalaiaa giaa haii, atey ghatt uchaiaan' teey vee vadh sakda haii. mauna keyaa dey dakkhni sikhar dey kinare 'teey mauna keyaa aaees aij reserve dee sathapana 1981 witch keeti gaee see. reserve ghatt banaspati vaale sinder deposit atey laava chattan daa ikk khetar haii, jiss witch aolian maruthal atey jheel vaiao dey khetar shamal hunn. ih vatavaran pranali khatre witch paye yuo ("petrodroma sandwichenis") laee ikk sambhavat panahgah haii atey vacue baggan ("nicius vekiookola") utte ikk adhiaen daa kendra vee haii. vekioo keede marey hoye keede deeaan laashan noon khaande hunn joe havaa witch mauna keeaa utte vahinde hunn atey baraf dey kinariaan utte vass jaande hunn. ih jeanus "nicius" dee ikk prajati laee ikk bahut hii asadharan bhojan sarot haii, jiss witch mukkh taur 'teey beej khaann vaale keede hunde hunn. uh aapne khoon witch kudrati antifreez dey caarn bahut uchchaiaan utte jeea sakde hunn. uh ziaadaatar samein garam satahan dey hethan vee rahinde hunn. uhanan dee sambhal dee sathiti aspasht haii, parr ih prajati hunn khatre witch paee prajatiaan dee suchi laee ikk umidwar naheen haii; prajatiaan dee bhalai baare adhiaen 1980 witch shuru hoiaa see. nazdiki sabandhat "nicius aaa" mauna loaa utte rahinda haii. baghiaad makkadiaan (lycosidae) atey jangal dey tambu caterpillar keediaan noon vee use mauna keeaa vatavaran pranali witch dekhiaa giaa haii; pahila garmi noon jazab curran valiaan chattanan dey hethan look keey bachda haii, atey dooja aapne sareer witch thande-rodhak rasainan raahin. maney-naio jangal. jualamukhi utte jangal khetar, dee uchaee utte, mamane ("sofora chrysophila") atey naio ("myoporam sandwicence") daa dabdaba haii, doven sathanak rukkh prajatiaan hunn, atey iss tarahan iss noon mamane-naio jangal vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. iss khetar witch panchhiaan daa mukkh bhojan, khaas karke palila ("loxioids bellui"), maamne dey beej atey naio fall hunn. palila pahilan mauna keeaa, mauna loaa atey huallai deeaan dhalanan utte paaiaa jaanda see, parr hunn mauna keeaa deeaan dhalanan takk seemat haii-iss dee pichli rainz daa siraf 10 pratishat-atey iss noon gambhir taur utte khatre witch ghoshit keeta giaa haii. vatavaran pranali laee sabh toon vadda khatra khatra sadee dey akheer witch tapu witch pesh keetiaan gaeeaan jangli bhedan, pashuaan ("boses premigeneous") atey bakkariaan ("capra hirks") duaara charauna haii. vaparak charaun naal jangli janwaran daa mukabala inna gambhir see kii uhanan noon khatam curran daa ikk program 1920 dey dahake dey akheer takk maujood see, atey 1949 takk jaari riha. iss charaun dey natijiaan vicchon ikk jadee-bootiaan atey lakkad dey paudiaan daa vadhiaa hoiaa prasaar see, doven sathanak atey pesh keete gaye, joe brousing dey pratee rodhak sunn. 1950 dey dahake witch jangli janwaran daa lagbhag khatma qarr ditta giaa see atey unhan dee ginti kujh saun see. halanki, sathanak shikariaan dee aamad neey jangli prajatiaan noon khed janwaran vajon mahattav ditta, atey 1959 witch havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag, joe kii sambhal atey bhumi varton parbandhan dee incharge parbandhak sanstha haii, neey aapni neeti noon ikk nirantar-niyantaran program witch badal ditta joe khed noon suvidhajanak banaun laee tiaar keeta giaa see. mofflon ("ovis airies orientalis") 1962 toon 1964 takk pesh keeta giaa see, atey 1964 witch axis deear ("axis axis") noon chaddan dee yojna noon siraf pashu paalan udyog dey virodh pardarshanan duaara rokiaa giaa see, jinhan neey kiha see kii uh faslan noon nuksan pahunchaunge atey bimari failaunge. shikar udyog neey pichhe-pichhe ladai luddy, atey pashu palkan atey shikariaan dey vichkaar agge-pichhe neey aakharkar jantak vatavaran chinta witch vaadha keeta. mauna keeaa utte khagol vigiaan sahulatan dey vikas dee shuruat dey naal, sambhalvadiaan neey mauna keeaa dey vatavaran pranali dee surakhiaa dee mung keeti. 25 pratishat janglan dee surakhiaa laee vaad lagaun atey baaki 75 pratishat daa parbandhan khed shikar laee curran dee yojna daa prastav keeta giaa see. rakhiaavadiaan dey virodh dey bavjood yojna noon amal witch lianda giaa. jadon kii zameen dee vandd keeti gaee see, vaad banaun laee koee paisa allot naheen keeta giaa see. iss jhagde dey vichkaar khatre witch paee prajati aikat paas keeta giaa see; rashtari audubon suciety atey siara club kanunni rakkhiaa fund neey havaai vibhag dey zameen atey kudrati sarotan dey virudh ikk mukaddama daair keeta, ih daava karde hoye kii uh sanghi kanoon dee ulanghna qarr rahey sunn, itihasak mamle witch "palila banaam. havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag "(1978). adalat neey sambhalvadiaan dey huck witch faisla sunaiaa atey jangli jeevan dey raaj niyantaran toon pahilan sanghi kanoonan dee tarjih noon barkarar rakkhiaa. khatre witch paee prajati aikat dee ulanghna curran toon baad, havaai raaj noon pahaad dey kinare toon saare jangli janwaran noon hataun dee zaroorat see. iss faisle toon baad 1981 witch adalat daa dooja adesh aaiaa. ikk jantak shikar program neey bahut saare jangli janwaran noon ghatto ghatt asthai taur 'teey hataa ditta. ikk sargaram niyantaran program maujood haii, halanki ih kaafi sakhti naal naheen chalaiaa jaanda haii taan joe maan-naio vatavaran pranali dee mahattavpuran rikavari dee aagiaa ditti jaa sake. tapu utte atey mauna keyaa utte bahut saariaan horr prajatiaan atey vatavaran pranaliaan hunn, joe manukkhi vikas atey hamlawar prajatiaan duaara khatre witch hunn. mauna keyaa janglat reserve havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag dey adhikar khetar adheen maane-naio jangal dee rakkhiaa karda haii. gundedar shikar dee aagiaa saal bharr haii. maney-naio jangal daa ikk chhota jiha hissa mauna keyaa raaj manoranjan khetar naal ghiriaa hoiaa haii. ghatt vatavaran. mauna keeaa deeaan niviaan dhalanan utte khet dee zameen daa ikk samooh pahilan "babool coa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (coa-ohia) jangal see. iss daa vinash vinash sadee dey arambh witch european atey amriki vasnikan dee aamad duaara chalaiaa giaa see, kiunki 1830 dey dahake dauran viaapak logging neey navein gharan laee lumber pardan keeta see. jangal dey vishal hissiaan noon saad ditta giaa atey ganne dey baag lagaun laee saaf qarr ditta giaa. tapu dey ziaadaatar gharr coa dey baney sunn, atey jangal dey uh hisse joe bach gaye sunn, ganne dey baagan utte bileran noon bijli denh atey gharan noon garam curran laee baalan dee lakkad daa sarot bann gaye. ikk samein daa vishal jangal 1880 takk lagbhag alop hoow giaa see, atey 1900 takk, logging dey ruchiaan cona atey maui tapu witch tabdil hoow gaeeaan sunn. 1990 dey dahake witch khand udyog dey dheh jaanh naal, iss zameen daa bahuta hissa sunnsan hoow giaa haii parr iss dey kujh hisse dee varton pashu charann, chhote paimane dee kheti atey lakkad dey mijh laee eucalypts dee kaashat laee keeti jaandi haii. haklau janglat rashtari jangli jeev panaah mauna keeaa dee havaa dee dhalaan utte ikk pramukh coa jangli rakhvankaran haii. iss dee sathapana 1985 witch keeti gaee see, jiss witch vatavaran pranali dey bache hoye hisse noon shamal keeta giaa see. kaee horr durlabh biota toon ilava, iss khetar witch atth khatre witch paye panchhiaan deeaan kisman, baaran khatre witch paye paude atey khatre witch paye havaian hurry bait ("lassures cinerius semots") noon dekhiaa giaa haii. reserve 1989 toon ikk viaapak punar-paude lagaun dee muhim daa sathaan riha haii. reserve dey kujh hisse desi vatavaran pranali utte khetibadi dey prabhav noon darsaunde hunn, kiunki reserve dey uparle hisse witch ziaadaatar zameen khetibadi vaali zameen haii. babool dey coa-ohiya jangal deeaan mool panchhiaan deeaan kisman witch havaian kaua (corves havaiensis), akepa (lockspus cochinius), havaai lataa (oriomistis manaa), akyapolau (hamignaths munroi), atey havaian hauka (beautio solitarius) shamal hunn, joe saare khatre witch hunn, khatre witch hunn, jaan khatre dey nede hunn; havaian kaua vishesh taur 'teey jangli witch alop hoow giaa haii, parr iss prajati noon haklau reserve witch dubara pesh curran dee yojna haii. sikhar nirikhan kendra. mauna keeaa daa sikhar anukool nirikhan sathitiaan dey caarn khagol vigiaan nirikhan laee dunia dey sabh toon vadhiaa sathanan vicchon ikk haii. electromagnetic spectrum dey iss khetar laee submillimeter atey infrared khagol vigiaan laee khushak sathitiaan mahattavpuran hunn. sikhar ulat parat dey uppar haii, sikhar dey hethan ziaadaatar baddlan noon cover rakkhda haii atey ih sunishchit karda haii kii sikhar 'teey havaa khushak haii, atey vayumandal dey pradushan toon mukat haii. sikhar daa vayumandal asdharan taur 'teey sathir haii, jiss witch dunia dey kujh sarbottam khagol vigiaan dekhan laee ashanti dee ghaat haii. shehar deeaan lightan toon mauna keeaa dee doori dey natije vajon bahut hii hanera asman kanoon duaara surakhiat haii joe aale duaale dey khetar toon parkash dey pradushan noon ghatt karda haii; hanere daa paddhar behosh khagol vigiaan deeaan vastuaan dey nirikhan dee aagiaa dinda haii. inhan karkan neey itihasak taur utte mauna keeaa noon stargazing laee ikk shandar sathaan banaiaa. 1960 dey dahake dey arambh witch, havaai tapu chamber aaf commerce neey mauna keyaa dey khagol vigiaan dey vikas noon aarthik utshah vajon utshahit keeta; ih arizona khagol vigiaani gerard quipper dee university dey infrared roshni dey navein sudhre hoye detectoran dee varton curran laee saitan dee khoj dey naal mail khanda haii. 1964 witch quiper dee sahaik alika harring duaara site testing neey sikhar sammelan dee shandar anukulta dee pushti keeti. ikk vadde durbin dey nirman laee naasa fandan laee ikk tinn-pakkhi mukabala quiper, harward university atey havaai university (uh) vichkaar shuru hoiaa, jiss noon siraf surji khagol vigiaan daa tajraba see. iss dee sitte vajon "upstart" prastav noon fund ditte gaye. aapne chhote khagol vigiaan vibhag noon khagol vigiaan laee ikk naveen sanstha witch dubara banaiaa giaa, atey 1968 witch havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag neey iss noon aapne durbin dey ghere dey ander saaree zameen laee 65 saal daa patta ditta, joe kii lazmi taur 'teey uppar haii. sann 1970 witch poora honn utte ih dunia daa sattvan sabh toon vadda optical/infrared durbin see. 1970 takk, amriki havaai saina atey lovell observatory duaara doou durbinan daa nirman keeta giaa see. sann 1973 witch canada atey france mauna keeaa utte 3.6 meeter see. eff. aich. tii. banaun laee sehmat hoye. halanki, sathanak sangathanan neey observatory dey vatavaran prabhav baare chintavan uthauniaan shuru qarr dittiaan. iss naal bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag neey ikk shuruati parbandhan yojna tiaar keeti, jiss daa kharda 1977 witch tiaar keeta giaa see atey 1980 witch iss dee purti keeti gaee see. janwari 1982 witch, regent board neey site utte vigiaanak sahulatan dey nirantar vikas daa samarthan curran laee ikk yojna noon manzuri ditti. sann 1998 witch, mauna keyaa aaees aij reserve noon poora curran laee observatory lease toon tabdil keeta giaa see. 1982 dee yojna noon 2000 witch 2020 takk seva curran laee tiaar keete gaye ikk vistaar duaara badliaa giaa seeuuu iss neey mauna keyaa parbandhan daa ikk daftar sathapat keeta, joe khagol vigiaan laee namzad keeta giaa see, atey baaki noon "kudrati atey sabheyacharak sambhal" witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. iss yojna noon havaian bhaichare witch pragat keeti chinta noon door curran laee sodhiaa giaa see kii pahaad deeaan sabheyacharak kadran-keematan pratee sanman dee ghaat dikhai jaa rahee see. ajj mauna keyaa science reserve witch 13 nirikhan sahulatan hunn, jinhan vicchon harek noon 11 deshan duaara fund ditte gaye hunn. darshanyog atey infrared spectrum witch naun durbin kamm qarr rahiaan hunn, tinn sabb-millimeter spectrum witch atey ikk radio spectrum witch, shishe jaan bhande dey naal. iss dee tulna witch, hubble pulad durbin witch ikk shisha haii, joe kii aakaar witch yuu. aich. 88 dey samaan haii, joe hunn pahaad utte dooja sabh toon chhota durbin haii. ikk "sev maun keyaa" lahir pahaad dey vikas noon apvittar mannadi haii. sabheyacharak virasat atey vatavaran naal sabandhat desi havaian gair-munafa samooh jiven kii kahiaa vee sabheyacharak atey dharmik kaarnan karke vikas daa virodh karde hunn. 2006 witch prastavit multy-telescope "outrigor" noon aakharkar radd qarr ditta giaa see. ikk yojnabadh navaan durbin, teeh meeter durbin (tii. aimm. tii.) neey vivaad atey virodh noon aakarshit keeta haii. tii. aimm. tii. noon aprail 2013 witch manzuri ditti gaee see. aktubar 2014 witch, durbin laee neenh patthar samaroh pradarshankariaan duaara vighan paaiaa giaa see jiss caarn project asthai taur 'teey rook giaa see. march 2015 dey akheer witch, pradarshankariaan neey sammelan takk sadak dee pahunch noon firr toon roque ditta. 2 aprail, 2015 noon, 300 pardarshankari visitor center dey nede ikkathe hoye sunn jadon 12 lokan noon griftar keeta giaa see atey sikhar sammelan witch 11 horr lokan noon griftar keeta giaa see. virodh samoohan deeaan chintavan witch zameen daa mullankan atey sathanak havaian salaah-mashwara shamal hunn. raaj witch virodh pardarshanan dey vadhan toon baad 7 aprail, 2015 noon usari roque ditti gaee see. kaee rukawatan toon baad, project noon swaiichha naal multavi qarr ditta giaa haii. governor ige neey bhavikh witch mauna keyaa dey parbandhan witch mahattavpuran tabdiliaan daa ailaan keeta parr kiha kii project agge vadh sakda haii. havaai dee superim court neey 31 aktubar, 2018 noon nirman noon mudd shuru curran dee manzuri dey ditti. pradarshankariaan neey teeh meeter durbin dey virudh pratikiriaa vajon online patishanan post keetiaan hunn. tii. aimm. tii. durbin dey nirman noon turant rokann" sirlekh vaali online patishan noon badlan laee post keeta giaa see.14 julai, 2019 noon online patishan neey iss vele dunia bharr witch 278,057 toon vaddh dastkhat ikkathe keete hunn. kujh pradarshankariaan neey havaian governor david ige dey teeh meeter durbin dey samarthan caarn mahandosh dee mung vee keeti haii. 18 julai, 2019 noon, "mahadosh governor david ige" sirlekh vaali ikk online patishan noon badlan laee post keeta giaa see.org atey iss vele 62,562 toon vaddh dastkhat ikkathe keete hunn. 2021 dey akheer takk covid-19 mahamari dey chall rahey prabhavan atey project laee fandan witch tabdili dey caarn nirman yojnavan iss vele roque dittiaan gaeeaan hunn joe rashtari vigiaan foundation duaara upalbadh karvaae gaye sanghi fandan noon vekh sakdiaan hunn. teeh meeter durbin dey nirman noon lae keey vivaad jaari haii. sathanak media sangathanan duaara karvaae gaye sutantar chonhan tapuan witch project laee nirantar samarthan dikhaundiyan hunn atey doou tihai toon vaddh sathanak vasneek project daa samarthan karde hunn. ih uhee pole sanket dinde hunn kii sathanak havaian community daa samarthan vandiaa hoiaa haii atey lagbhag addhe havaian uttardatavan neey navein durbin dey nirman daa samarthan keeta haii. julai 2022 witch, raaj daa kanoon havaai university toon maastar lend lease utte niyantaran noon naveen mauna keyaa parbandhan atey nigrani atharty (maxoa) witch tabdil karke virodh pardarshanan daa jawab dinda haii. maxoa ikk 12 member board (11 voting member atey 1 gair-voting member) haii jiss witch university dey numainde, khagol vigiaani atey mool havaian shamal hunn atey ih khagol vigiaaniaan atey mool havaianan dey virodhi hittan vichkaar santulan labbhan dey udesh naal banaiaa giaa see. ih havaai bhumi atey kudrati sarot vibhag dey ander rakkhiaa giaa haii atey 1 julai, 2023 toon university toon 5 saal dee tabdili dee miaad toon baad mauna qee zaminan dey ander raaj duaara parbandhit zaminan dey parbandhan laee pramukh adhikari hovega. tabdili dee miaad dey dauran, maksoa atey university sanjhe taur 'teey zameen daa parbandhan karange jadon kii atharty zameen dee varton, manukkhi gatividhiaan atey samuche sanchalan noon niyantrit curran laee ikk parbandhan yojna vikast karegi. 2028 witch tabdili dee miaad khatam honn toon baad, atharty deeaan zimmevariaan witch navein zamini varton permit jaari karna shamal hovega joe kii mahattavpuran hovega kiunki maujuda maastar lease 2033 witch khatam hoow javega, atey koee vee observatory joe iss dee miaad khatam honn takk navein lease naal naheen aaundi, noon bnd qarr ditta javega. jalvayu. mauna keeaa witch ikk alpine jalvayu (aadi) haii. iss dey khandi akshansh dey prabhav caarn, tapman bahut ghatt hunda haii. thhand aam taur utte saal bharr rahindi haii, parr ausat mahinavar tapman saal bharr thande toon uppar rahinda haii. baraf kise vee maheene witch uchaee toon uppar digg sakadi haii, parr aksar aktubar toon aprail takk hundi haii. ikk mausam station 1972 toon 1982 takk chalaiaa giaa see; halanki, iss miaad dey ander siraf 33 mahiniaan witch tapman dey ricard hunn; kaee saalan witch siraf doou mahiniaan dey ankade hunn. hethan pesh keete gaye tapman nirvighan ausat hunn, naa kii noa duaara daraj keete gaye kacche ank. manoranjan. mauna keeaa dee tattvarti rekha utte hamakua tatt daa dabdaba haii, joe kii jualamukhi dey kinare utte aksar dheh jaanh atey zameen khiskan naal baniaa uccha-uccha khetar haii. iss khetar witch kaee manoranjan park shamal hunn jinhan witch clopa raaj manoranjan khetar, vailuku nadee raaj park atey akaka falls raaj park shamal hunn. havaai tapu utte 3,000 toon vaddh registered shikari hunn, atey manoranjan atey rozzy-rotty dovan laee shikar karna, mauna keeaa utte ikk aam gatividhi haii. ikk jantak shikar program dee varton sooran, bhedan, bakkariaan, turkey, teetar atey bater samet pesh keete gaye janwaran dee ginti noon niyantrit curran laee keeti jaandi haii. mauna keyaa raaj manoranjan khetar khed laee ikk adhaar camp vajon kamm karda haii. pahaad dey hethle padhran utte panchhi dekhna vee aam gall haii. ikk prasidh site "kipuka poo huluhulu" haii, joe kii mauna keeaa dey kinare utte ikk kipuka haii joe udon banada haii jadon laava vahinda haii atey ikk pahadi utte jangal noon alagg karda haii. mauna keeaa dee uchchai atey iss dey kinariaan dee khadot naal naal laggde mauna loaa naalon bihtar drish atey chhota chadahi pardan karda haii. uchaee dee bimari, mausam deeaan chintavan, ucchi sadak grade atey samucchi pahunchyogta dey jokham dey naal uchaee jualamukhi noon khatarnak banaundi haii atey sikhar deeaan yatravan noon mushkal banaundi haii. haii। sadee dey addh witch sadkan dey nirman takk, siraf hardy mauna keeaa deeaan uparliaan dhalanan daa daura karde sunn; shikariaan neey khed dey janwaran noon track keeta, atey paidal yaatari pahaad utte gaye. inhan yatrian neey 1930 dey dahake witch nagrik sambhal coor duaara banaae gaye patthar dey cabinan noon adhaar campan vajon vartiaa, atey ih inhan sahulatan toon haii kii antarashtari khagol vigiaan durbin sahaita complexes laee aadhunik maddh-padhri onizuka kendra liaa giaa haii. pahili mauna keeaa sikhar sadak 1964 witch banayi gaee see, jiss naal choti vadhere lokan laee pahunchyog hoow gaee see. ajj, mauna qee trail samet kaee hiking trail maujood hunn, atey 2007 takk harr saal 100,000 toon vaddh sailani atey 32,000 vaahan antarashtari khagol vigiaan laee onizuka kendra dey naal laggde visitor information station (vee. aiss.) jaa rahey sunn. mauna keeaa pahunch sadak kendra takk pakki haii. ikk adhiaen neey dassiaa kii pahaad utte kamm curran vaale lagbhag ikk tihai sailaniaan atey doou tihai peshevar khagol vigiaaniaan neey teebar uchaee dee bimari dey lachhnan daa anubhav keeta haii; jualamukhi dey kinariaan utte yaatra curran vaale sailaniaan noon ghatto ghatt addhe ghante atey tarjihi taur utte ucchi uchaee dey anukool honn laee visitor center witch lambe samein laee rukann dee salaah ditti jaandi haii. sikhar takk jaanh laee chaar-pahiaa drive vaahan dee varton curran dee zordar sifarash keeti jaandi haii. break aksar hethan jaande samein ziaada garam hoow jaande hunn atey mauna keeaa utte koee baalan upalbadh naheen hunda. iss toon pahilan harr raat aaee. dee. 1 toon ikk mufat starr dekhan daa program aayojit keeta jaanda see, jiss witch covid-19 mahamari caarn sanchalan dey ghantiaan witch tabdili atey bnd honn dovan caarn program radd qarr ditta giaa see. harr saal 5,000 toon 6,000 lock mauna keyaa dey sikhar 'teey jaande hunn, atey surakhiaa noon yakini banaun atey pahaad dee akhandta dee rakkhiaa curran witch sahaita laee, 2001 witch ikk ranger program lagu keeta giaa see.

maunaa key maunaa keyaa (athavaa; "maunaa a vakia" ityasya sankshiptam) havaayee-dweepe sthitah ekaha sakriyah jwalamukhi asti. asya shikharam samudratalaat oordhvam asti, yena etat havaai-rajyasya sarvochcham sthaanam, pruthivyaam dweepe dwiteeyam sarvochcham shikharam cha bhavati. shikharam tasya vishaalatamah prativeshinah maunaa lovaa ityasya apekshayaa praayah uccham asti. maunaa keyaa iteedam oordhvataayaah karanat sthalaakruti-drushtyaa asamanyataya pramukham asti-tasya aardr-praamukhyam parvateshu vishve panchadash-sthaane asti; tasya shushka-praamukhyam asti. etat shushkaprashastim samudratalaat oordhvataayaam everest-parvatasya ucchataayaah apekshayaa adhikam asti, kechan adhikaarinah maunaa key iti vishvasya sarvochchaparvatam iti tasya jalatalat mudrayanti. ayam praayah dashalakshawarshapraacheenah asti, ataha sahasrashah varshaanaam poorvam jeevanasya sarvaadhikam sakriyam kavacha-charanam gatavaan. vartamaanasya kavacha-pashchata-avasthaayaam asya lava-draavakam adhikam bhavati, yasya parinaamen adhika-aakrutihi bhavati. cinder-cone-ityasya nirmanam, tasya vicchedakshetraanaam vikendreekaranam, tasya shikharasy himanadeekaranam, prachalita-vyaapaar-vaayunaah vaataavaraneekaranam ityadinam karanat, samipasthanam jwalamukhinam apekshayaa uttarottar-jwaalaamukhiwaadah api asya ateeva kathinam roopam dattavaan. maunaa keyaa antimavaaram 6,000 taha 4,000 varshaanaam poorvam visphotitah, adhunaa saha suptah iti manyate. havaayi-matasya anusaaram havaayi-dweepe shikharaani pavitraani santi. prachina-vidhihi kevalam ucchapadaveem praaptam allie iti eva tasya shikharam drashtum anumanyata. maunaa key-ityasya vaalaneshu nivasantah prachinaha havaayiyan-janaah aharartham tasya vistrutavanaani ashritya, upakaran-utpadanartham tasya paarshve ghana-jwalamukhi-himanadi-besault-ityetaan khananm krutavantah. 18 shataabdyaah ante yadaa european-janaah aagatavantah, tadaa adhivaaseeh pashunam, medaanaam, creedaa-pashunam cha parichayah akurvan, yeshu bahavah vanyaani abhavan, jwaalaamukheeh paaristhitik-santulanam kshayishtum aarabdhavantah. maunaa keyaa iteedam paristhitikadrushtya trishu vibhaageshu vibhaktum shakyateh tasya shikharasy alpain-vaayugunah, "sofora-crasophilla"-paarshve "mayoporam-sendwaisens" (athavaa mamane-naayo) vanam, tathaa cha "akeshiya-kovaa"-"metrocederos-palimorpha" (athavaa kovaa-ohia) vanam, yat adhunaa praayah poorva-sharkaraa-udyogena swaccham krutam asti, tasya adharasthane asti. sadyah varsheshu, desheeyaah prajaatayah durbalataayaah vishaye chintayaa nyayalayasya prakaranaani abhavan, ye havaayee-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagam jwalamukhi-kshetreshu sarvaani vanya-prajaatayah unmoolayitum karyam kartum baadhyavantah. uccha-oordhvataa, shushka-paryaavaranam, sthira-vaayupravaaham cha, maunaa-key-shikharam khagoliya-nirikshanartham vishvasya sarvottama-sthaleshu anyatam asti. 1964 tame varshe praveshamaargasya nirmanat aarabhy, ekaadashadeshaih vittaposhitaanaam trayodasha-durabijanam shikharasamelane nirmanam krutam asti. maunaa keyaa-vedhashaalaayaah upayogah sampoorne vidyudayaskaant-varnapatasya vaidnyaanik-shodhanaay bhavati, tathaa cha vishvasya bruhattamaa eshaa suvidhaa asti. sthaniyaihi havaayiyan-janaihi pavitram manyante iti bhoodrushyasya upari teshaam nirmanam adyaavadhee cha vivaadasya vishayah asti. sthalaakruti-pramukhataa. maunaa keyaa iteedam oordhvataayaah karanat sthalaakruti-drushtyaa asamanyataya pramukham asti, yatra parvateshu vishve panchadash-aardr-praamukhyam asti, tathaa eva eva eva eva everest-parvatasya anantaram vishvasya dwiteeye shushka-praamukhyam asti. ayam dweepasya sarwochchah shikharh asti, ataha asya aardr-pramukhataa samudratalaat oordhvataayaam tasya ucchataayaah anuroopam asti. yatah havaayiyan-dweepaah samudrasya gabheere pravahanti, ataha maunaa-key-ityasya shushka-praamukhyam vartate. etat shushkaprashastim samudratalaat oordhvataayaam everest parvatasya ucchataayaah apekshayaa adhikam asti, ataha everest parvatasya shushkaprakhyaatim atikramayitum sampornaan mahadvipan parvatatalasya paadadeshe samaaveshayitum bhavishyati. havaayiyan-gartaat maunaa-keyaa-parwatah kiyat prasarati iti drushtvaa kechan adhikaarinah idam vishvasya sarvochcham (ucchatamasya apekshayaa) parvatam iti aahvayanti, yat adharat shikharaparyantm maapayate. pramukhataayaah vipareetam, adharaha shithilataya paribhaashitah asti, yasya parinaamen (praayah havaayiyan-gartasya gabhiratama-bindum yaavat) (bhugarbhasya gabheeraparvatasya moolaparyantam) yaavat sankhyaah santi. eteshu udaaharaneshu, anye parwataah pratidwandwinah iti davam kurvanti, yathaa lamlam-parwatah adharat ucchaarohanam (, pratidwandwee-gabheeratah aarabhy), tathaa cha sarve himaalayaparvataah atyantam gabheeram moolam angeekartum shaknuvanti. atakama-paricchedyah endis-parvateshu yaavat bruhattaraah oordhvagaameeh maapayante, yathaa, richard-ityasya gabhirasya (gabhirasya) adhah, samipasthasya lullillaako-ityasya (ucchasya) shikharam yaavat. lamlam-parvatam, lullaallaako-parvatam vaa naa maunaa-key-ityasya sadrusham shushkam praamukhyam praapnoti, yatah taani pratyekam dishaayaam parikhaah yaavat naa vistrutaah santi. bhoovidnyaanam. maunaa keyaa iti panchasu jwaalaamukhou anyatamah asti, yah havaayi-dweepam nirmayate, yah havaayi-samraat-seamount-shrunkhalaayaah bruhattamah kanishtah cha dweepah asti. eteshu pancha hotspot-jwaalaamukhou maunaa keyaa iti chaturthah praacheenatamah chaturthah cha sakriyah asti. praayah dashalakshavarshapoorvam havaayee-hotspot-dwara chalitena preshield-jwaalaamukheeroopen asya aarambhah abhavat, 500,000 varshapoorvam yaavat tasya kavacha-avasthaayaam asadharanataya sakriyah abhavat. maunaa keyaa 250,000 taha 200,000 varshaanaam poorvam swasya nishabda-kavacha-pashchata-charanam pravishtavaan, samprati sakriyah asti, antimavaaram 4,500 taha 6,000 varshaanaam poorvam visphotitah aasit. maunaa-key-ityasmin drushyamaanam shikharam caldera naasti, parantu tasya shikharasy sameepe anekaani laghu-cinder-pumis-cone-shankuhu cha santi. poorvam shikharam caldera, pashchat shikharasy visphotasya nikshepaih pooritam, samaadhim cha syaat. maunaa kee iti parimanam yaavat vishaalam asti, tena tasya sameepasthah maunaa lovaa cha tasya adhah samudrasya prushtabhaagam avakramayati. jwaalaamukheeh prativarsham nyoonamoolyen swa-bharat adhah patati cha samatalah bhavati. asya dravyaraashih adhikaamshah vartamaanasya shikharasy poorvadishi asti. samudratalaat oordhvam asti, samipasthasya maunaa lovaa-ityasya apekshayaa praayah uccham asti, havaayee-rajyasya sarvochcham sthaanam cha asti. sarve havaayiyan-jwaalaamukheebhih sadrusham maunaa-keyaa-ityasya cha nirmanam krutam asti, yatah peciphic-tectonic-plate, pruthivyaah antarnihita-aavaranasya havaayiyan-hotspot-ityasya upari gatam asti. havaayee-dweepasya jwaalaamukheeh asya prakriyayaha naveenatamam pramanam asti yat, 70 dashalakshavarshaanaam api adhikam, deerghah havaayee-parvatashreni-samraat-seamount-shrunkhalaam nirmitavaan iti. prachalitah, yadyapi purnataya sthitehe naa, tathaapi drushyam asti yat hotspot grahasya aavaranasya antah bahubhyah kalat sthiraa asti, yadi sampoornam senojoyik yugam naa syaat. parantu havaayiyan-jwaalaamukheeh samyak dnyaayitah, vistrutaroopena adhyayanam cha krutam asti, tathaapi hotspot-prabhaavasya karanasya tantrasya vishaye kimapi nishchitam vivaranam naa asti. maunaa-key-ityatah laawaaprawaah tasya vruddhehe samaye jatilastareshu tasya sameepavaasinaam stareshu aacchaaditah bhavati. sarvaadhikam pramukhatayaa, maunaa-keyaa, kohlat vaayavyadishi prayena pravahantee asti, dakshinadishi maunaa-lovaa ityasya aadharam praticchedayati cha. maunaa key-ityasya paarshveshu mool-visphotakaah vighatanaah (vikshobhakshetraani) tasya kavacha-uttar-jwaalaamukheey-prakriyaya nikshiptaani aasan. maunaa keyaa ityasya poorvadishi sthitah pramukhah jalamagn-vikshobha-kshetra-samrachanaa, hilo-riz, ekadaa jwaalaamukheeh bhaagah iti manyate sma; tathaapi adhunaa eshah kohalasy vikshobha-kshetrah iti dnyaayate yat yuva maunaa keyaa-pravaahaih prabhaawitah asti. agniparvatasya vishaalam mukhyam dravyamaanam nirmite rakshaakavach-starasya laavaah, praathamik-maigma-dravaroopasya, adhahkruta-mahasagariya-crust-ityasya cha mishranena nirmitaani maunaa-low-ityasya sadrushaah, tholitic-besault-ityete santi. te maunaa key-ityatra prachinatamaihi anaavrutaihi shilaa-staraihi aacchaaditaah santi, "hamakuva-jwalamukhi" ityasya kavacha-pashchaatasy kshar-besalts, ye 250,000 taha 70-65,000 varshaanaam poorvam visphotitaah aasan. naveenatamaani jwaalaamukheeyaprawaahaah havaayit-mager-tats-ityetaani santi, ye 65,000 taha 4,000 varshaanaam poorvam prabhawitaah post-sheeled-"lapahoho-jwaalaamukheeh" santi. lava-rachanayam ete parivartanaah shikharam prati maigma-ityasya aapoortyaah manda-hrasena saha aasan, yena durbal-visphotanam jaatam, yena tatah jwalamukhi-nishkriyataa-sambaddhaani pruthak-khandaah abhavan. lapahoho-laavaah adhika-snigdha-santi, poorvakaalasy tholietic-besault-ityasya apekshayaa adhika-asthira-padaarthaah cha santi; teshaam ghanatar-pravaahah maunaa-key-ityasya parshvabhagan mahattvapoornaroopena utkeernam karoti. etadatirichya, visphotakaah visphotakaah shikharasy sameepe cinder-cone ityetaan nirmitaah santi. ete shankavah maunaa-key-ityasya navinatama-visfotak-kendraani santi. asya vartamaanashikharashikharasya upari lavamandapanam, cinder-cone-ityetaanaam cha praabalyam vartate, yasya vyaasaah shatashah meater-yaavat unnatah cha asti. maunaa keyaa iti himanadeeyasy vishishtapramaanayuktah ekamaatrah havaayiyan-jwalamukhi asti. maunaa-low-ityatra api praayah etaadrushaah nikshepah aasan, parantu pashchat lava-pravaahaih aacchaaditaah santi. havaayee-nagarasya ushnakatibandheey-sthaanam satsu api, poorvakaalasy anekeshu himayugeshu taapamaanam swalpam nyoonam bhavati chet grishmakaale jwalamukhi-shikharasy upari himah sthaatum shaknoti sma, yena hima-aacchaadanasy nirmanam praarabdham. gata 180,000 varshaani yaavat himanadiyanam trayah prakaranaani abhilekhitaani santi-"pokulovaa" (180-130 kaa), "vaihu" (80-60 kaa), "makanaak" (40-13 kaa) iti shrunkhalaah. ete shikharasy vistrutaroopena shilpam krutavantah, agniparvatasya uparibhaage mauren-vrukshaani, kanduka-grail-vruttaakaar-valayam cha nikshepayanta. subglassial-visphotanaani makanaak-himaskhalane cinder-cone-ityetaan nirmaamaasu, yeshu adhikaamshaah himaskhalanen kriyaam krutavantah. naveenatamaani shankavah 9000 taha 4500 varshaanaam poorvam himanadi-nikshepanam upari nirmitaani aasan, yadyapi ekaha adhyayanah soochayati yat antimah visphotah praayah 3600 varshaanaam poorvam abhavat iti. adhikatamaparimaanena himanadyah shikharaat oordhvataayaah madhyaparyantam vistrutaah aasan. 1974 tame varshe poorvam maunaa key-shikharasy upari paaratah nyoonah permafrast ityasya laghuhu bhaagah praaptah aasit, adyaapi upasthitah bhavet. shikharam laghutaraah girihi utkeernayanti, ye kevalam shitakale draveete tathaa varshaayaam pravahantah varshaihi himena poshitaah pravaahaah cha bhavanti. jwaalaamukheeh vaayupravaahe, vaanijyavaaten praavartite pravaahasya kshayah, puraatane kohalayaha ksharanasya sadrushah eva kshayah teevrataram krutavaan. maunaa keyaa-pradeshe vaayau-sarovarah asti, yah prashaanta-tatasya sarwochchah sarovarah asti. asya oordhvataayaam, puu-vayo-cinder-cone ityasya antah sthitah asti, havaayi-nagarasya ekamaatrah alpain-sarovarah asti. sarovarah ateeva laghuvah, agacchah cha asti, yasya prushtabhaagah kshetraphalaah, yadaa poornah bhavati tadaa tasya gabhirata cha bhavati. sarovarasya prushtabhaage sthitanam namunanam radiocarbon-kalanirdharanam soochayati yat 12,600 varshaanaam poorvam himasya spashtah aasit iti. havaayiyan-lava-prakaraha samanyataya paaragamyah bhavanti, ye antarpraveshasya karanat sarovarasya nirmanam pratihatum shaknuvanti. sulfur-vaahak-vaashpah jwaalaamukheey-boodah nyoon-paragamyata-kardamabhoomih iti parivartayat, athavaa vardhamaanasya maigma-ityasya bhugarbhajalasya vaa prushtajalasya vaa madhye visfotak-parasparakriyaabhih, fretik-visphotanasya samaye, asadharanataya sukshma-boodah nirmitah, yena sarovarasya prushtasya paragamyata nyunikrutam. 1993 tamavarshaparyantam havaayee-dweepe kimapi artesian-jalam naa dnyaatam aasit, yadaa havaayee-vishvavidyaalayena samudratalaat adhah adhikam artesian-jalabhrutim naa shodhitam, yat borehole ityasya sampoorn-gabhiratayaha apekshayaa adhikam vistrutaa aasit. borhole-khandah mruttikaayaah lavayaha cha sankeern-starasya madhyamena tritah aasit yatra maunaa-lovaa ityasya pravaahah anaavruta-maunaa-key-prushthe aakramitah aasit, tadanantaram samudratalaat adhah nyooneekrutah aasit. samasthaanik-rachanaa, samudratalasya madhyat upari maunaa-key-taha utpadyamaanavrushtyaa vidyamaanam jalam nishpannam iti darshayati. maunaa kee ityasya besal-lens ityasya antah sthitasya swacchajalasya shiraha jalabhrutasya upasthitehe kaaranah asti. vaidnyaanikaanaam mataanugunam maunaa kee ityasya taja-jala-lens madhye vartamaan-pratimananam apekshayaa adhikam jalam syaat iti. 2012 tame varshe maunaa-key-ityatra api dwau borhole-dwaarau khananm krutam, yatra jalam apekshitat adhika-uccheshu, agacchaaditeshu cha drushyate. havaayee-vishvavidyaalayasya sakriya-jwalamukhi-adhyayan-kendrasya nirdeshaka donald thaamas ityeshah vishvasati yat jalabhrutaanaam adhyayanasya anuvartanam kartum ekam karanam uccha-urdhvasthananam kshetraanaam upayogasya adhibhogasya cha karanena asti, saha vadati, "praayah etaani sarvaani kriyaah peyajalasy labhyatayaha aadhaaren avalambyante, yaa adhikaamsheshu, vemia athavaa hilo-ityatah seddle-paryantam trakku-dwara nyavedayitum aavashyakam bhavati-eshaa adakshah tathaa vyayah prakriya asti yaa asmakam durlakshit-dravaroopa-indhananam paryaapt-parimanam prayacchati." bhavishye kriya. maunaa key-ityasya antimah visphotah praayah 4,600 varshapoorvah (praayah saa. sha. poo. 2600) aasit; asya nishkriyataayaah karanat maunaa key-ityasya samyuktarajyamerika-bhoovaidnyaanik-sarvekshanasya apayasya soochee, tasya shikharasy krute 7, tasya nimnabhagasya krute 8 iti niyuktah asti, 9 iti nyoonatam-sambhaavya-apaya-manakeshu (yat vilupta-jwalamukhi-kohala-ityasmai dattam). saa. sha. poo. 8000 tamaat varshaat aarabhy lava-pravaahah jwaalaamukhyaah shikharasy 20 pratishatam bhaagam aacchaadayat, vastutah tasya paarshvam naa aacchaadayat. suptaavasthaayaam satsu api maunaa-keyaa punah udgeertum shakyate iti asha asti. poorvakaalasy visfotaanaam aadhaaren, etaadrushee ghatana jwaalaamukhyaah uparibhaage kasyaapi sthaane bhavitum arhati, praayah deergham lava-pravaaham janayati, praayah deergham aa-ityasya. dirghakalam yaavat prachalan kaaryam srotasya sameepe cinder-cone ityasya nirmanam kartum shaknoti sma. yadyapi agrimeshu katipayeshu shataabdau etaadrushe visphotasya sambhavana naasti tathaapi sambhawatah alpam janahanih bhavishyati parantu moolasaukaryasya mahattvapoornam kshatihi bhavishyati. maanav-itihaasah. desheeyah itihaasah. havaayi-dweepe aagantum prathame prachina-havaayiyan-janaah tate nivasanti sma, yatra annam jalam cha prachuryam praaptaah aasan. 12 shataabdeshu 13 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha maunaa-loaa-maunaa-keyaa-pradeshaparyantm antardesheey-vasatihi vistrutaa. puraatatva-pramaanaani soochayanti yat ete pradeshah shikarartham, shilaasaamagreesangrahaarth, sambhawatah adhyatmikakaranebhyaha athavaa khagolashaastreey-nauparivahana-nirikshanartham vaa upayujyante sma iti. parvatasya samruddhaani vanaani aharartham sasyaan pashoon cha ashrayam cha dattavantah. ye uddayanarahitapaksheeh poorvam naa jaananti sma te mukhya-aahar-srotah abhavan. havaayiyan-dvipanam praarambhik-nivaasasya karanat sthaniya-paryaavaranavyavasthayaam mahatee parivartanaah abhavan, visheshatah pakshisamprajatishu aneke viluptaah abhavan. prachina-havaayiyan-janaah videsheey-sasyaan pashoon cha aanayan, teshaam agamanam ksharanasya vardhita-daraihi saha sambaddham aasit. pravartamaanah nimnabhoomi-vana-paryaavaranavyavastha vanaat trunabhoomi-rupena parivartitaa; eteshu kechan parivartanaah agnyutpaadanasy karanena abhavan, parantu havaayee-pradeshe vana-paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah patanasya, pakshinam viluptataayaah cha pravartamaanam karanam polynesian (athavaa prashaanta-) undarasya parichayah iti drushyate. havaayi-nagarasya pancha jwaalaamukheeh pawitraparwataah iti poojyante, maunaa-key-ityasya sarvochcham shikharam cha paramapavitram vartate. asmin karanat "kapu" (prachinaha havaayiyan-vidhihi) ucchapadaveem praaptasya allie-aii-ityasya krute agantukanam adhikaran pratibandhayat. havaayiyan-janaah swasyaah praakrutika-paryaavaranasya tattvaan visheshadevataam saha sambadhaah aasan. havaayiyan-pauraanika-kathaa-madhye, maunaa-key-ityasya shikharam "devataanaam kshetram" iti manyate sma, yatra paropakaari-aatmaah nivasanti. himadevah poliyaahu api tatra nivasati. "maunaa keyaa" iti maunaa-e-vakia ityasya sankshiptam naam asti, yasya arthah "shvetaparvatam" iti bhavati, tasya rutu-baddha-hima-shikharasy vishaye. 1100 tame varshe, sthaniyajanaha upakaranaam nirmanartham adviteeya-ghana-besault-dhaatuh (upa-himanadi-visphotanasya samaye himanadi-saha militasya lava-pravaahasya druta-shitalanat utpadyamaanah) nirgamayitum maunaa-key-ityasya upari unnata-edje-kwaaree-samsthaapayan. blade-krute, matsyabandhana-upakaranartham cha jwalamukhika-kaachah, gabro cha sangruheetaah aasan, tathaa cha hastakanam krute mamane-kaashtam cha pradhanyam aasit. 1400 tame varshe uttarottaram kwaaree-karyasya shikharam, kathoram sukshmam cha cutting-krute pruthak suvidhaah aasan; karmacharinam poshanartham aahar-jala-kaashta-yuktaani ashrayasthanani; tathaa cha nirmita-utpaadasya nirmanartham karyashalani aasan. vaiyaau-sarovarah karmachaaribhyah peyajalam pradadat. desheeyaah pramukhah api navajaat shishunam nabhika-tantum tasya jale nimajjanam kurvanti sma, yena te parvatam shakttim praapnuyuh. asya kaale, amerikeeyaih european-deshaihi cha samparkasya cha madhye, khanirayaha upayogah nyooneekrutah. utkhanan-sambaddhasy anushtaanasya bhagarupena, karmakaraah svadevataanaam krute mandiraani niramaat; ete tathaa anyaani utkhanan-kalaakrutayah cha sthale eva santi, yeshu adhikaamshaah adhunaa maunaa kee himayug-samrakshita-sthaane eva santi. asya praarambhik-yugasya anantaram 12 shataabdyaah ante 18 shataabdyaah madhye saamskrutika-vistaarah abhavat. bhoomih janaanaam taatkaalik-aavashyakataanaam krute parikalpitapradesheshu vibhaktah aasit. ete "ahupuvaa" ityete samanyataya parvatashikharaat samudratataparyantam deergha-bhoomiroopasy pattikaah sweekaroti sma. maunaa kee ityasya shikharam kaavahe-nagarasya ahupuvaayaam aacchaaditam aasit, tasya poorva-dhaalasy bhaagah sameepastham hyumula-kshetram prati aagacchati sma. jwalamukhi-ityasya vaalaneshu nivasataam havaayiyan-jananam poshanasya pramukhasrotaah tasya uparitalanam maane-naayo-vanaat aagataah, yena tebhyah vanaspatihi, pakshivrukshah cha praaptaah. shikaritaha pakshipakshah yu. e. yoo. ("terodroma sandwichances"), nene ("branta sandwichances"), palila ("loxioids belluyi") cha aasan. nimna-ko-ohia-vanaani desheeyaih naukanam krute kaashtam, alankaranaartham alankruta-pakshinam pakshinam palan cha dattavantah. aadhunikayugam. 1778 tame varshe james kuk ityasya agamanat poorvam videshiyanam havaayi-aagamanasy trayah vruttaantaah santi. tathaapi, maunaa keyaa ityanena saha dweepadasya praarambhikaani pashchatyani chitraani 18 shataabdyaah ante 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha anweshakaih nirmitaani aasan. europe-amerikaadeshayoh samparkarupena dveepavaasinaam krute mahatee parinaamaah abhavan. desheeyaah havaayiyan-janaah rogaihi vinaashaah abhavan; vaanijyasya sthapanaya saha hilo, kelakekuvaa, kailuva ityadini naukaashraya-nagaraani vardhanta; dhaatu-upakaranaam prayogena maunaa-key-ityatra adje-kwaaree-kshetraani parityaktaah. 1793 tame varshe jaarj vaanakoovar ityanena raja kamehamehaa prathamasya prati shraddhaanjaliroopen pashavah aanayitaah. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe te karavasebhyaha mukttaah dweepe swatantraroopena paribhraman, tasya paryaavaranavyavastham mahatim kshatim akurvan. 1809 tame varshe jaan palmer parker ityeshah aagaty kamehamehaa-prathamena saha mitratvam krutavaan, yah tam dweepe pashuvyaapaarasya prabhaareeroopen niyuktavaan. 1845 tame varshe atirikta-bhoomi-anudaanena, parker-varyaha maunaa-key-ityasya uttar-vaaluke parker-kshetram asthaapayat, yat vishaalam pashu-kshetram asti yat adyapi prachalati. dweepasya adhivaaseeh ikshu-udyaanebhyah gruhaanaam cha krute nimna-desheeyaranyasy adhikaamsham bhaagam prajwaalayantah, cha kshauram cha kurvanti. maunaa keyaa tathaa maunaa lovaa ityetayoho madhye saddle-aakaarasy pataarasya parasya karanat namakaranam krutam saddle-maargah 1943 tame varshe poornah abhavat, maunaa keyaa-prati yatram cha bahu sulabham cha abhavat. pataarasya pohakulova-prashikshanakshetram havaayi-nagarasya bruhattamam sainya-prashikshan-kshetram asti. asya adharaha jwaalaamukheeh prushtabhaagaat oordhvataaparyantam, 1956 tamaat varshaat amerikaadeshasy senayaha krute pattaa dattasy raajyabhoomau, vistrutaa asti. asmin kshetre 15 luptapraya-sasyaani, trayah luptapraya-pakshina, ekaha luptapraya-vaamaachak-prajaatih cha santi. maunaa key 1980 tamaat dashakaat aarabhy vistruta-puraatatva-samshodhanaayaah sthalam asti. 2000 tame varshe vijnaana-samrakshanasya praayah 27 pratishatam sarvekshanam krutam, 76 tirthasthanani, 4 aadje-nirmaana-karyashalani, 3 anyaani marker-sthalaani, 1 sakaratmakarupena chihnitam samaadhi-sthalam, 4 sambhaavya-samaadhi-sthalaani cha abhilikhan. 2009 tame varshe, parichiteshu sthalanam kulasankhyaa 223 yaavat vardhitaa, jwaalaamukheeh uparibhaage puraatatva-anusandhaanah prachalati. prachina-himarekhaayaah paarshve jwalamukhi-shikharasy paritah vyavasthaapitaani tirthasthanani, maunaa-key-ityasya pavitra-bhaagam prati sankramanasya chihnaani santi iti soochitam asti. havaayiyan-maukhika-itihaase maunaa-key-ityasya paritah samadhisthanam vishaye aneke ullekhaah santi, tathaapi katipayaani sthalaani pushteekrutaani santi. jwaalaamukheeh prasthitanam anekanam cinder-cone-madhye tirthasthananam athavaa anyaanaam kalaakrutinaam abhaawah, teshaam samadhisthapanartham aarakshitah aasit iti syaat. arohanam. samparkarapoorvakaale maunaa key-varyasya yatram kurwantah moolanivaasinah praayah vidyamaan-marganam apekshayaa bhoodrushya-dwara adhikam margadarshitaha aasan, yatah marganam pramaanaani naa praaptaah. tasya sthaane praakrutikaani parwatashrenih, jalasrotaah cha anusaritaah iti shakyate. sambhawatah janaah maunaa key ityasya shikharasy sameepe parivaar-rakshit-tirthasthanani drashtum maunaa key ityasya vaalaanaam upari yatram krutavantah, parwatah aarohanasambaddhani paramparaah adyaavadhee cha santi. parantu, ati-nyoonaah moolanivaasinah shikharam praaptavantah, yatah tasya upari kathoram "kapu" iti sthaapitam aasit. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe, maunaa key ityasya praarambhik-ullekhaneey-"abhilekhita-" aarohaneshu nimnalikhitaani antarbhavanti. 19 shataabdyaah ante 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha praayah creedaa-mandanam chalana-kriyayaha karanat, ashvaarohana-kriyayaha maargah nirmitah. parantu 1964 tame varshe margasya nirmaanaparyantam shikharam prati vaahan-praveshah vyaavahaarikaroopen asambhawah aasit, api cha saha pratibandhitah eva asti. adyatve, vividhaasu upayogeshu shikharasamelane bahwyah maargaah santi. paryaavaranam. prushtabhoomau. havaayee-nagarasya bhaugolika-pruthakkaranam asya paryaavaranavyavastham prabalatayaa prabhaavayati. havaayee ityadinam durasthadvipanam bahusankhyaakaah prajaatayah santi yaani anyatra kutraapi naa drushyante (havaayee-dweepeshu sthaanikatvam pashyatu). durasthatayaha parinaamen vikaasaatmakarekhaah anyatrabhyah bhinnani abhavan, eteshaam sthanikajatayaha baahya-jaivika-prabhaavaat pruthak abhavan, api cha taan viluptasya, akramanatmaka-prajatinam prabhaavasya cha krute visheshatayaa asurakshitaan cha kurvanti. tadatiriktam havaayee-nagarasya paryaavaranavyavastham maanavavikaasaat, krushyartham bhoomyaah nishkasanam sahitam, apashastih santi; dweepasya sthanikajatinam anumaanita-truteeyaamshah poorvamev nishchityat. maunaa keyaa ityasya oordhvataayaah karanat havaayiyan-dweepasamoohasya kasmin api jaivika-paaristhitikavyavasthayaha bruhattamaa vividhataa asti. parvatasya paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah oordhvataayaah taapamaanasy varshaayaah cha parivartanasya karanat tasya dhalanam paarshve kendreekruta-valayaani nirmeeyante. ete paryaawaranawyawasthah oordhvataayaah aadhaaren praayah trishu vibhaageshu vibhaktum shaknuvantihi alpain-sabalpain, montain, besal-vanaani cha. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe amerikeeyaih european-janaihi cha samparkah dweepam prati adhikaan nivaasinah aanayat, tathaa cha asya shaashwatah nakaratmakaha paaristhitikah prabhaawah abhavat. nimna-vaalaneshu, ko-ohia-vanasya vishaalapradeshaah krushibhoomih iti parivartitaah. oordhvatah, pashupalanat palaayanam akurvan vanyapraaninah maunaa key ityasya deshiye mamane-naayo-vanasya ashrayam praapya, vistrutaroopena kshatim avaapnot. anyaani gambheeraani vishayaah desheeyetar-vanaspatayah santi; dweepe 4,600 taha adhikaah praavartitaah prajaatayah santi, parantu desheeyaah prajaatayah kevalam 1,000 eva iti anumaanitam asti. alpain-paryaavaranam. maunaa kee ityasya shikharam vruksharekhaarah upari asti, yasmin adhikatayaa lava-shilaa, alpain-tundraa cha santi. prachand-himapatasya kshetram asti, etat vanaspati-anukoolam naasti, havaayiyan-ushnakatibandheey-uccha-zaadaam-bhoomih iti namna prasidhah asti. atra atyantam shitalatapamanam, alpakaalasy vruddhi-kaalah, nyoonawrushtih, shitakaleshu himah cha ityetaih vruddhihi parimitaa asti. mruttikaayaah abhaawah moolavruddhim api baadhayati, bhoomyaah poshakaan shoshayitum kashtataram karoti, tathaa cha kshetraya atyalpam jaladharanakshamata cha pradadaati. asmin ucchasthaane drushyamana vanaspati-prajaatayah santi "stafalia temiameyi", "taraxacom officinale", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandwissensis", "enthoksaantam odoretum", "tracetum glomeratum", "poaa enyuvaa", "sonakas olerasius", "koprosmaa ernodiods" cha. ekaha ullekhaneeyah prajaatih maunaa key silversword ("argiroxifium sandwissense" var iti. "sandwissance") iti atyantam viluptapraayah sthaanikah vanaspatijaatayah, yah maunaa key ityasya uccha-oordhvataayaam cinder-marubhoomau vardhate. ekasmin samaye kevalam 50 sasyanam janasankhyam yaavat nyooneekrutah maunaa key silversword iti padam alpain-kshetre eva seemitam iti manyate sma, parantu vastutah pashu-pakshaanaam peedanen tatra preritah asti, tathaa cha nimna-oordhvasthaaneshu api vardheta. maunaa keyaa ityasya dakshinashikharapraante maunaa keyaa himayug-samrakshita-sthalam 1981 tame varshe sthaapitam aasit. etat samrakshita-sthalam viral-vanaspati-cinder-nikshepanam, lava-shilaa-nikshepanam cha kshetram asti, yatra eva eva eva eva eva eva aviolian-marubhoomih, vaiyaa-sarovarah cha santi. eshaa paryaavaranavyavastha sambhawatah sankatagrastanam yuau ("terodroma sandwichances") krute ashrayasthanam asti, tathaa cha vekyoo-bugs ("nicius vekyukola") vishaye adhyayanasya kendram api asti. vekyoo-keetah mruta-kitanam mrutaan bhakshayanti, ye vaayuveh maunaa-key-ityasya upari pravahanti, himatate sthitaah bhavanti. nacius" vamshasya jaateh krute ayam atyantam asaamaanyah aahaarasrotah asti, yasmin mukhyataya beejabhakshak-keetah santi. teshaam raktte praakrutika-antifries-rogena te atyantam ucchasthaaneshu jeevitum shaknuvanti. te adhikaamshe samaye ushnatameshu prushteshu api bhavanti. teshaam samrakshanasya sthitihi aspashtah asti, parantu eshaa prajaatih luptapraya-prajatisuchyaha krute naa abhyarthinee asti; 1980 tame varshe prajaatisanketasy vishaye adhyayanm aarabdham. nikatasambadhah "nicius aa" maunaa loaa ityatra nivasati. wolf-spiders (lacosidae) tathaa vana-tent-caterpillar-patamgah api samaan-maunaa-keyaa-paryaavaranavyavasthayaam drushtaah santi; poorvavartinah taapa-shoshaka-shilaasu lapishya jeevanti, uttaravartinah cha swashareerasya sheet-pratirodha-rasaayaneshu jeevanti. mane-naiyo-vanam. jwaalaamukheeh vanakshetrasya ucche, mamane ("sofora krayasofilla"), naayo ("mayoporam sandwissense") ityetayoho prabhaawah asti, ubhayoho sthaanikavrukshajaatayah santi, ataha mamane-naayo-vanam iti namna prasidhah asti. asmin kshetre, visheshatah palilaa ("loxioids belluyi") iti pakshinam mukhyabhakshya, maamen-beejaani, nayo-phalaani cha santi. palilaa-pradesha poorvam maunaa key, maunaa lovaa, hvaalaalai ityetayoho vaalaneshu drushyate sma, parantu adhunaa maunaa key ityasya vaalaasu eva seemitah asti-poorvashrenyaah kevalam 10 pratishatam-iti, tathaa cha ateeva sankatagrasta iti ghoshitah asti. 18 shataabdyaah ante dweepasya praavartitaih vanya-bhedanam, pashunam (boses premisinius), bakaranam (kapra hircus) cha charanena paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah krute bruhattamah khatara asti. vaanijya-charanena saha vanya-pashunam spardhaa etaavat teevram aasit yat 1920 tamasya dashakasy ante yaavat teshaam nirmulanasya kaaryakramah aasit, 1949 tamavarshaparyantam cha aasit. asya charanasya parinaameshu anyatam aasit, sthanikanam, pravartitaanaam cha, vanaushadhi-vrukshaanaam cha vyaapakataa, ye cha nireekshan-pratirodhakah aasan. vanyapraaninah praayah nirmoolanaani abhavan, 1950 tame dashake sankhyaa katipayeshu shatakeshu eva aasit. parantu, sthaniya-shikarinam aagamanasy karanat vanya-prajaatayah creedaa-pashuroopen moolyam avaapnot, 1959 tame varshe samrakshanasya, bhoomi-upayog-vyavasthaapanasya cha prabhaari-shaasee-samsthaa, havaayee-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagah, kreedaayaah sulabhataayaah krute parikalpitaam sthira-niyantrana-kaaryakrame swanitya parivartayat. mauflon ("ovis erees orientalis") ityasya aarambhah 1962 taha 1964 paryantam abhavat, tathaa cha 1964 tame varshe aksha-mrugam ("aksha-aksham") mukttim kartum yojanaa kevalam pashu-paalan-udyogasya virodhaihi eva nivarita, ye sasyanam kshatim krutvaa roga-prasaram cha karishyanti iti uktavantah. shikaar-udyogah pratyuddhe, pashupalakanam, shikarinam cha madhye agre cha agre cha kramena saarwajanik-paryaawaran-chintayaha udayah abhavat. maunaa kee-vishaye khagoliya-suvidhaanaam vikaasah aarabhy, samrakshanavaadinah maunaa kee-ityasya paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah rakshanm praarthayan. 25 pratishatam vanaanaam rakshanarthm veli-sthaapayitum, sheshasya 75 pratishatam creedaa-shikarartham cha vyavasthaapayitum yojanaa prastavita aasit. samrakshanavaadinaam virodhah satsu api iyam yojanaa karyarupam praapnot. yadaa bhoomih vibhaktaa aasit tadaa veli-nirmanartham naa dhanam aabantitam. asya vivaadasya madhye luptapraya-prajaati-adhiniyamah paaritah; rashtriya-aaduban-samaajah tathaa siyara-club-kaanooni-raksha-koshah cha havaayee-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagasya viruddham, te sangheey-vidhim ullanghayanti iti davaya, aitihaasika-prakarane "palilaa vi. havaai bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagah "(1978). nyayalayaha samrakshanavaadinaam pakshe nirnayam akarot, vanyajeevaanaam rajyaniyantranat poorvam sangheeyavidhinaam pradhanyam api samarthayat. luptapraya-prajaati-adhiniyamasya ullanghanam akarot, ataha havaayee-raajyam parvatapradeshaat sarvaani vanyapraaninah nishkaasayitum aavashyakam aasit. asya nirnayasya anantaram 1981 tame varshe nyayalayasya dwiteeyah adeshah aasit. saarwajanik-shikaar-karyakramena aneke vanya-pashavah apasaaritaah, nyunatinyoonam asthaayeeroopen. ekaha sakriya-niyantrana-kaaryakramah asti, yadyapi saha paryaaptena katoratayaa naa sanchaalyate yena mamane-naayo-paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah mahattvapoornam punahpraaptih bhavet. dweepasya maunaa-key-key-ityatra cha anyaani anekaani prajaatayah paryaavaranavyavastham cha santi, yaani manavavikasena, akramanatmaka-prajatya cha vishamataah santi. maunaa keyaa-vana-samrakshanakshetram, havaai-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagasya adhikaarakshetre, maane-naiyo-vanasya rakshanm karoti. varshaavarsham guhya-shikarasya anumatihi asti. mane-naiyo-vanasya ekaha laghuhu bhaagah maunaa-key-rajya-manoranjana-kshetren pariveshtitah asti. nyoonam paryaavaranam. maunaa key ityasya nimna-vaalaneshu kshetrabhoomyaah ekaha samoohah poorvam "babool-koaa"-"metrocederos palimorpha" (koaa-ohia) vanam aasit. 19 shataabdyaah aarambhe europiya-amerikiya-nivaasinaam pravaahen asya vinaashah abhavat, yatah 1830 tame dashake vistrutam kaashtam nutanagruhanam krute kaashtam pradadat. vanasya vishaalapradeshaah prajwalaah, ikshu-udyaanebhyah nirmoolitaah cha abhavan. dweepasya adhikaamshaah gruhaani ko-ityanena nirmitaani aasan, tathaa cha vanasya te bhagaha ye avashishtaah aasan te ikshu-udyaaneshu vidyut-biler-krute, gruhaani ushnam kartum cha agni-kaashtasya srotah abhavan. ekadaa vishaalam vanam 1880 tame varshe praayah luptam abhavat, 1900 tame varshe, kaashtasya ruchihi konaa-nagaram, mauyee-dweepam cha prati sthanantarita aasit. 1990 tame dashake shakkar-udyogasya patananantaram asya bhoomyaah adhikaamshah bhaagah parityaktaa asti, parantu tasya bhaagah pashucharanartham, laghu-krushihi, kaashta-gatteh krute nilgiri-krushihi cha kartum upayujyate. hakaalau-vana-rashtriya-vanyajeeva-aashrayah maunaa-key-ityasya vaayuvya-vaalane sthitah pramukhah kovaa-vana-samrakshana-pradesha asti. 1985 tame varshe, paryaawaranawyawasthaayaah avasheshaan aacchaadayan, asya sthapana abhavat. asmin kshetre anyaih durlabhaah biota-pakshina, ashtah viluptapraay-pakshi-jaateeh, dvaadasha luptapraya-vanaspatihi, luptapraya-havaayiyan-horry-vavvaalaha ("laciurus cinerius semotus") cha drushtaah santi. 1989 tamaat varshaat idam arakshitakshetram vistrutam punah ropana-abhiyanasya sthalam asti. arakshitakshetrasy keshaanchan bhagaha deshiye paryaavaranavyavasthayaam krushyaah prabhaavam darshayanti, yatah arakshitakshetrasy uparibhaage adhikaah bhoomih parityaktaa krushibhoomih asti. akeshiya-koaa-ohia-vanasya moolanivaasinah pakshipakheshu havaayiyan-kau ("corvus-havaayiyemsis"), akepaa ("loxops-coccinius"), havaay-lataa ("oriomistis-manaa"), aakiyaapolau ("hemignathus munroyi"), havaay-haavkau ("beautio soliterius") cha santi, ye sarve luptapraayah, sankatagrasta, athavaa sankatagrasta santi; visheshatah havaay-kauho vanyakshetre viluptah asti, parantu prajaatim hakalaau-samrakshitakshetre punah praavartayitum yojanaah santi. shikhar-vedhashaalaah. maunaa kee shikharam anukool-nireekshan-paristhityaa khagoliya-nirikshanartham vishvasya sarvottama-sthaleshu anyatam asti. vidyutkaanteey-varnapatasya asya pradeshasya upa-millimeter-krute, infrared-khagolashaastrasy cha shushka-sthitihi mahattwapoornah asti. shikharam vyutkramastare upari asti, shikharasy adhah adhikaamsham meghacchaadanam sthaapayati, shikharasy vaayuh shushkah, vaayumandaleeyapradooshanen muktah cha iti sunishchitam karoti. shikharasy vaayumandalam asadharanataya sthiram asti, vishvasya keshaanchan sarvottamasya khagoliya-drushyebhyah ashaantihi naasti. maunaa key ityasya nagar-deepaih duratayaha parinaamen ateeva andhakaar-akashaha pariveshtita-kshetraat prakasha-pradooshanam nyooneekartum vidhidvaaraa samrakshitah asti; andhakaar-starah ksheen-khagoliya-vastoonaam nirikshanam kartum anumanyate. ete kaaranaani aitihaasikaroopena maunaa key iti taraganadarshanasya utkrushtam sthaanam krutavantah. 1960 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, havaai-dweepa-vaanijya-prakoshtah aarthik-uddeepanaroopen maunaa-key-ityasya khagoliya-vikaasam protsaahayat; etat arizona-vishvavidyaalayasya khagolashaastrajnasya gerard-kuypar ityasya infrared-prakashasya nootan-unnata-detector-ityetaan upayoktum sthalanam anveshanena saha sangatah abhavat. 1964 tame varshe kuypar ityasya sahayakaya alikaa herring ityanena sthalaparikshanena shikharasy utkrushta-upayuktataam drudheekrutam. nassa-samsthaayaah nidhayah bruhat dooradarshakasy nirmanartham teevram trimukhee-spardhaa, kuyipar-haarvard-vishvavidyaalayasya, havaayee-vishvavidyaalayasya (uh) cha madhye aarabhat, yasya kevalam saura-khagolashastre anubhawah aasit. anena "upstart" prastaavaaya nidhayah pradattaah abhavan. tasya laghu-khagolashastra-vibhaagasya punarnimanam krutvaa nootan-khagolashastra-samsthaa krutaa, 1968 tame varshe havaayee-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagah tasya dooradarshakasy trijyaam antargatyah sarvanam bhoomih 65 varshaani yaavat pattarupena dattavaan, moolatah tatt upari asti. 1970 tame varshe tasya nirmanasya samaapteh anantaram, etat vishvasya saptamm bruhattamam optical/infrared-doorabeenam aasit. 1970 tame varshe, amerikaadeshasy vayudalena, lovel-vedhashaalayaa cha durabijanou nirmitau. 1973 tame varshe, kenada-deshah, france-deshah cha maunaa-key-ityatra 3.6 mee. see. ef. ech. tea. ityasya nirmaanaay sahamatau abhavan. parantu, sthaaneeyasamsthah vedhashaalaayaah paryaavaranaprabhaavasya vishaye chintaam prakatitum aarabhant. anena bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagah 1977 tame varshe praarupitam, 1980 tame varshe poorakam cha praarambhikaprabandhan-yojanaa praavartayat. 1982 tame varshe janavareemaase, rajapratinidhi-mandalen asmin sthale vaidnyaanik-suvidhaanaam nirantaravikaasasya samarthanartham yojanaa anumoditaa. 1998 tame varshe, maunaa keyaa himayug-samrakshita-kshetrasya poorakaroopen vedhashala-pattaat sthaanaantaritaah. 1982 tamavarshasya yojanaa 2000 tame varshe 2020 tamavarshaparyantam sevaartham parikalpitena vistaaren pratisthapitaa, saha khagolashaastrasy krute nirdishtena maunaa keyaa-vyavasthaapanasya karyalayasya sthapanam akarot, sheshaan "praakrutikam saamskrutikam cha samrakshanam" prati sthanantarayat. parvatasya samskrutikamoolyaanaam vishaye sammanasya abhaawah drushyate iti havaayiyan-samudaye vyaktaam chintaam parihartum iyam yojanaa api samshodhitaa. adyatve maunaa keyaa vijnaana-aarakshane 13 nireekshan-suvidhaah santi, pratyekasmin 11 deshaihi vittaposhanam krutam asti. drushyeshu infrared-varnapatayoho nava durabinaha karyam kurvanti, trayah submillimeter-varnapatasya, ekaha radio-varnapatasya cha, yatra darpanaani vaa paatraani vaa santi. tulanayam, hubble-space-telescopasya darpanam asti, aakaarah yu. ech. 88 ityanena sadrushah asti, yah adhunaa parvate dwiteeyam laghutamam telescopum asti. sev maunaa key" iti andolanam parvatasya vikaasah apavitrah iti manayati. saamskrutikaparamparaayaah paryaavaranasya cha vishaye chintitaah, sthaniya-havaayiyan-laabharahit-samoohaah api saamskrutika-dhaarmik-kaaranaih vikaasasya virodham kurvanti. 2006 tame varshe prastaavitam bahu-dooradarshakam "autrigar" antatah nirastam abhavat. trishameetar-dooradarshakah (tii. emm. tii.) iti yojanabaddhah nootanah dooradarshakah vivaadaan virodhaan cha aakarshayat. 2013 april-maase tii. emm. tii. ityasya anumodanam krutam. 2014 october-maase, dooradarshakasy bhoomi-nirmaana-samarohah, pradarshanakaareebhih baadhitah, yena pariyojanaa asthaayeeroopen sthagitaa. 2015 maarch-masasya ante, pradarshanakaarinah punah shikharasamelane margasya pravesham avaruddhavantah. 2015 april 2 dinaanke, 300 pradarshanakaari abhyagatakendrasya sameepe samagataha, yadaa 12 janaah gruheetaah, shikharasamelane 11 janaah api gruheetaah. virodhasamuhanam chintaasu bhoomi-mulyamkanam, desheeyaah havaayiyan-paraamarshah cha santi. raajye virodhaanaam vistaarasya anantaram 2015 april 7 dinaanke nirmanakaryam sthagitam. anekaan viraman anantaram, pariyojanaayaah kaaryam svecchayaa sthagitam. governor ige ityeshah bhavishye maunaa kee ityasya prabandhanasy mahattvapoornaani parivartanaani ghoshitavaan, parantu iyam pariyojanaa agre gantum shaknoti iti avadat. havaayee-nagarasya sarwochchanyaayaalayah 31 october 2018 dinaanke nirmanasya punah prarambhasya anumodanam dattavaan. nirasanakaarinah trishameetar-dooradarshakasy viruddham pratikriyaaroopen antarjaaleey-aavedanaani preshitavantah. tii. emm. tii. dooradarshakasy nirmanasya tatkshanasya viraamah" iti sheershakam anlain-yachika parivartanaay sthapita.2019 julai 14 dinaanke o. aar. jii. iti anlain-yachika samprati vishve 278,057 taha adhikaah hastaksharan sangruheet. kechan pradarshanakaareeh, trishameetar-dooradarshakasy samarthanena havaayiyan-governor-david-ige ityasya abhishamsanasya api aahvaanam akurvan. 2019 julai 18 dinaanke "mahaabhiyogah governor david ige" iti sheershakam anlain-yachika parivartanaartham post krutam aasit.org tathaa cha samprati 62,562 taha adhikaah hastaksharan sangruheet. 2021 tamavarshasya ante yaavat, covid-19 mahamaryaha nirantaraprabhavanam karanat, pariyojanaayaah krute nidhisambaddhasy parivartanasya cha karanat nirmaana-yojanaah adhunaa sthagitaah santi, yena rashtriya-vijnaana-pratishtaanasya madhyamena sangheey-nidhayah upalabhyante. trishameetar dooradarshakasy nirmanasya vishaye vivaadah nirantaram prachalati. sthaniya-maadhyam-sanghatanaih niyuktaah swatantra-nirvaachanaani dweepeshu pariyojanaayaah krute nirantaram samarthanam darshayanti, yatra trutiyaamshaat adhikaah sthaaneeyanivaasinah pariyojanaayaah samarthanam kurvanti. ete eva sarve soochayanti yat sthaniya-havaayiyan-samudaayasy samarthanam vibhaktaa asti, praayah ardha-havaayiyan-uttaradaataarah nootan-dooradarshakasy nirmaanam samarthayanti. 2022 julai-maase rajyavidhya, mukhyabhoomi-pattyadhikarasya niyantranam havaayee-vishvavidyaalayaat nootanam maunaa keyaa-kaaryanibandhan-nireekshan-praadhikaranam (emm. key. ess. o. e.) prati sthanantarya virodhaanaam pratikriyaa bhavati. emm. key. ess. o. e. iti 12 sadasyanam mandalasya (11 matadanasadasyanam, 1 matadaanarahitasadasyasy cha), yasmin vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhihi, khagolawidah, desheeyaah havaayiyan-janaah cha santi, khagolashaastrajnaanaam tathaa desheeyaraajyasy havaayiyan-jananam cha parasparawiruddh-hitanam madhye santulanam anveshtum etat nirmitam. ayam havaai-bhoomi-praakrutika-samsaadhana-vibhaagasya antargate sthaapitah asti, 2023 julai 1 dinaankaat aarabhy vishvavidyaalayaat 5 varshaanaam sankramanakaalasya anantaram maunaa-key-bhoomi-madhye rajya-vyavasthaapita-bhoomi-prabandhanasy pramukhah pradhikaraha bhavishyati. sankramanakaale, emm. key. ess. o. e. tathaa vishvavidyaalayaha samyuktaroopena bhoomim prasthaapayanti, yadaa praadhikaranah bhooviniyogasya, maanav-kriyakalapanam, samagra-karyanam cha niyantrane prabandhana-yojanaa vikasayati. 2028 tame varshe yadaa sankramanakaalah samaaptah bhavati tadaa praadhikaranasy daayitveshu nutananam bhoo-upayog-anumatipatranam nirgamanam antarbhavati, yat 2033 tame varshe vartamaanasya mukhya-pattaa-samaapteh karanat mahattvapoornam bhavishyati, tathaa cha kaashchan vedhashaalaasu, ye tasya samaapti-kaale nootan-pattaa-rupena naa bhavanti, te nishkaasitaah bhavishyanti. vaayugunah. maunaa keyaa-pradeshe alpain-vaayugunah (ityaadi) asti. asya ushnakatibandheey-akshaamshasya prabhaawen taapamaanam atyantam nyoonam bhavati. varshaante himaprapaatah samanyaha bhavati, parantu samanyam maasikam taapamaanam varshaante shitalatayaha upari bhavati. kasyaapi maase oordhvataayaam, oordhvataayaam cha himapaatah bhavitum arhati, parantu praayah october-masat april-maasaparyantam bhavati. 1972 taha 1982 paryantam ekam vaayugunakendram sanchaalitam aasit; tathaapi, asmin kaale kevalam 33 maaseshu eva taapamaanam abhilekham asti; anekeshu varsheshu kevalam maasadwayaanaam dattaamshah eva asti. adhah prastutah taapamaanam smoot-everage-bhavati, naa tu noaa ityanena abhilikhitaani asankhyaah. manoranjanam. maunaa keyaa ityasya samudratatasya adhipatyam hamakuva-tatasya asti, ayam jwaalaamukheeh paarshve pade pade patanen, bhuskhalanena cha nirmitah katinapradeshah asti. asmin kshetre aneke manoranjana-udyaane stah, yathaa-kalopa-rajya-manoranjana-kshetram, vailuku-nadee-rajya-udyaanam, akaa-jalaprapata-rajya-udyaanam cha. havaayee-dweepe 3,000 taha adhikaah panjeekruta-shikaaree santi, manoranjanasya poshanasya cha krute shikaarah maunaa-key-ityasmin samanyaha kriyaakalaapah asti. suggaraani, meshaani, bakaraah, turkey, teetarah, baterah ityadinam pashunam sankhyaam niyantrayitum saarwajanik-shikaar-karyakramasya upayogah bhavati. maunaa keyaa-rajyasya manoranjanakshetram kreedaayaah aadhaarashibiraroopen karyam karoti. parvate nimnastareshu api pakshinireekshanam samanyam asti. kipukaa pu huluhulu" iti lokapriyam sthalam asti, yat maunaa key ityasya paarshve sthitam kipukaa asti, yat yadaa lava-pravaahah parvate vanam pruthak karoti tadaa nirmitam. maunaa kee ityasya vishaalah oordhvataa, paarshvasya oordhvataa cha samipasthasya maunaa loaa ityasya apekshayaa uttamm drushyam, laghutaram cha aarohanam cha pradadaati. oordhvataa, oordhvataa-rogasya, vaayugunasya, teevra-maarga-shreneeh, samagra-aprapyata cha, jwaalaamukheeh apaayakarah, shikharaparyatanm cha kathinam cha karoti. 20 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage maarganirmaanaparyantam, kevalam hardy-janaah eva maunaa key ityasya uparibhaageshu aagacchan; shikaareeh creedaa-pashunam nirikshanam kurvanti, parwataaroheeh cha parvatam prati gacchanti sma. ete yaatrikaah 1930 tame dashake nagarika-samrakshana-dalaihi nirmitaan shilakakshan aadhaar-shibiraroopen upayujyant, tathaa cha etebhyah suvidhaasu eva antarashtriya-khagol-vijnaana-dooradarshak-samarthan-sankeernasy aadhunik-madhya-starasya onijukaa-kendram vyutpannam asti. prathamam maunaa key shikharamargah 1964 tame varshe nirmitam, yena shikharam adhikajananam krute sulabham jaatam. adyatve maunaa kee-trail-sahitam anekaani parvataarohana-maargaani santi, 2007 tamavarshaparyantam prativarsham 1,00,000 taha adhikaah paryatakah, 32,000 vaahanaah cha onijukaa-antarashtriya-khagolashastra-kendrasya sameepe sthitaam aagantuka-suchana-kendram (vi. ess.) prati gacchanti sma. maunaa kee praveshamaargah kendraparyantam prashastah asti. ekasmin adhyayanasya anusaaram parvate karyam kurvataam praayah truteeyaamsha-paryatakanam, truteeyaamsha-vyaavasaayik-khagolashaastrajnaanaam cha teevra-oordhvataa-rogasya lakshanani anubhavitaani santi; jwalamukhi-paarshve yatram kurwantah aagantukaah, uccha-oordhvataayaah anukulatam praaptum, nyunatamam ardhaghantaam yaavat, adhika-samayaparyantm cha aagantukakendre sthaatum soochitaah santi. upari yaavat yaavat vaahanachaalanaay chatushkridayanam vaahanasya upayogam drudatayaa anushamsyate. margasya adhah virama-viraamah praayah atiushnah bhavati, maunaa-key-ityasmin indhanam naa upalabhyte. poorvam pratidinam raatrau 6-10 taha vish ityatra mukta-nakshatr-nireekshan-kaaryakramah aayojitah aasit, yatra karya-samayasya parivartanasya karanat tathaa cha vidyamaanasya covid-19-mahamarina bandhasya karanat kaaryakramah nirastah abhavat. prativarsham 5,000 taha 6,000 yaavat janaah maunaa key shikharam gacchanti, tathaa cha parvatasya surakshaam nishchetum, akhandataam rakshayitum cha 2001 tame varshe renjar-kaaryakramah kaaryaanwitah.

maana keyaa mounaa kiah (allathu; "mounaa aee vageya" enbathan surukkam) havaai theevil ulla oru seyalil ulla erimalai aagum. adhan sigaram kadal mattaththirku maelae ullathu, idhu havaai maanilaththil miga uyarnththa idamaagavum, poomiyil oru theevin irandaavathu miga uyarnththa sigaramaagavum ullathu. inththa sigaram adhan migapperiya andai naadaana maana lovavai vida uyaramaaga ullathu. mounaa keyaa adhan uyaraththirku vazhakkaththirku maaraaga idaviyal reethiyaaga mukkiyamanathu adhan eeramaana mukkiyathuvam malaikalil ulagil pathinainthaavathu idaththil ullathu; adhan varanda mukkiyathuvam. inththa varanda mukkiyathuvam kadal mattaththilirunthu everest malaiyin uyaraththai vida athigamaaga ullathu, maelum sila athikaarikal adhan neerukkadiyil irunthu ulagin miga uyaramaana malaiyai mounaa kiah endru peyarittullanar. idhu sumar oru million aandugal pazhamaiyaanathu, ithanaal nooraayirakkanakkaana aandugalukku munbu vaazhkkaiyin migavum surusuruppaana kavasam kattaththai kadanthu sentrathu. adhan tharpoothaiya poast-sheelt nilaiyil, adhan lawa migavum pisubisuppaaga ullathu, idhan vilaivaaga oru sengkuththaana suyavivaram ullathu. chinder koombugal kattudhal, adhan pilavu mandalangkalin paravalakkam, adhan uchchiyil panippaarai mattrum nilavum varththaga kaatrin vaanilai kaaranamaaga adhan andai erimalaikalai vida thaamathamaana erimalai idhu migavum karadumuradaana thoattraththai aliththullathu. mounaa keyaa kadaisiyaaga 6,000 muthal 4,000 aandugalukku munbu vediththathu, ippoathu adhu seyalattrathaaga karudhappadugiradhu. havaai mathaththil, havaai theevin sigarangal punithamaanavai. oru pandaiya sattam uyar pathaviyil ulla alii mattumae adhan ucchiyai paarvaiyida anumathiththathu. mounaa keeyin sarivugalil vasikkum pandaiya havaayiyargal unavukkaaga adhan virivaana kaadugalai nambiyirunthanar, maelum karuvigal urpaththikkaaga adhan pakkavaattil adarntha erimalai-panippaarai adiththalangkalai agazhvaaraaichchi seithanar. 18 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil iroappiyargal vanthapoathu, kudiyaeriyavargal kaalnadaigal, semmari aadugal mattrum vilayaattu vilangkugalai arimugappaduththinar, avattril pala vana vilangkugalaaka maari erimalai suttruchchoozhal samanilaiyai sethappaduththath thodangkina. mounaa keyai suttruchchoozhal reethiyaaga moontru pirivugalaagap bricalom adhan uchchiyil oru albine kaalanilai, oru "sofora chrysophilla"-adhan pakkavaattil "myoporam sandvicence" (allathu maamanae-nanoa) kaadu, mattrum oru "acasia coow"-"metroceteros polymorpha" (allathu gova-ohiyaa) kaadu, ippoathu perumpaalum munnaal sarkkaraith tholilthuraiyaal adhan adivaaraththil agatrtrappattullathu. sameepathiya aandugalil, ulloor inangkalin paathippukal kuriththa kavalai neethimandra vazhakkukalukku vazhivaguththullathu, idhu havaai nilam mattrum iyarkai valangkal thuraiyai erimalai meethu ulla anaitthu vana inangkalaiyum ozhippathai noakki seyalpada kattaayappaduththiyullathu. adhan uyar uyaram, varanda soozhal mattrum nilaiyaana kaattroattam aagiyavattrudan, mounaa keeyin uchi maanaadu vaniel kankaanippukkaana ulagin sirantha thazhangalil ontraakum. 1964 aam aandil oru anugal saalai uruvaakkappattathilirunthu, pathinoru naadugalaal nidhiyalikkappatta pathinmoondru tholainoakkigal uchimaanaattil kattappattullana. mounaa kewa kankaanippagangal minkaantha niramaalai muzhuvathum ariviyal aaraaychchikku payanpaduththappadugindrana, maelum idhu ulagin migapperiya aththagaiya vasathiyaik kondullathu. poorveega havaayiyargalaal punithamaagak karudhappadum oru nilapparappil avarkalin kattumanam intruvarai vivaathaththin thalaippaagath thodarkirathu. nilaparappu mukkiyathuvam. mounaa keyaa adhan uyaraththirku vazhakkaththirku maaraaga idaviyal reethiyaaga mukkiyamaanathu, malaikalil ulagil pathinainthaavathu eeramaana mukkiyathuvam mattrum ulagil irandaavathu ular mukkiyathuvam, everest malaiyai mattumae aduththu. idhu adhan theevin miga uyarnththa sigaramaagum, enavae adhan eeramaana mukkiyathuvam kadal mattaththilirunthu adhan uyaraththudan porunthukirathu. havaai theevugal kadalukkul aazhamaaga saaivathaal, mounaa kiah ularntha mukkiyatthuvaththaik kondullathu. inththa varanda mukkiyathuvam kadal mattaththilirunthu everest malaiyin uyaraththai vida uyaramaanathu, enavae everest adhan adivaaraththil muzhu kandangalaiyum ulladakka vaendum, idhu mounaa keeyin ularntha mukkiyatthuvaththai meerukirathu. havaai thotti irunthu evvalavu maana keyaa neendullathu enbathaik karuththil kondu, sila athikaarikal idhai ulagin miga uyaramaana (miga uyarnththa) malai endru azhaiththullanar, idhu adivaaraththilirunthu sigaram varai alavidappadukirathu. mukkiyathuvam poalallaamal, adiththalam thalarvaaga varaiyarukkappattullathu, idhan vilaivaaga (havaai thottiyil thoaraayamaaga aalamaana pulli varai) muthal (aalamaana nilaththadi malaiyin vaer varai) varayilaana enngal ullana. antha uthaaranangkalil, mattra malaikal urimaikoaralgalai poattiyidugindrana, athaavathu malai lamlam adivaaraththilirunthu (sawal aazhaththilirunthu thodangi) uyarnththa aeruthalaik koorukirathu, maelum anaitthu himalaya malaikal migapperiya aalamaana vaerkalaik koorugindrana. adagama agazhiyilirunthu andis malaikal varai adhiga uyarangkalai alavida mudiyum, eduththukkaattaaga, richardin aalamaana (aalamaana) adippaguthi muthal arugilulla lullallago (uyarnththa) uchi varai ullathu. lamlam malaikoa lullallago malaikoa maana keeyaa enum ularntha mukkiyathuvam illai, aenenil avai ovvoru thisaiyilum agazhigalil virivadaiyavillai. puviyiyal. havaai-paerarasar kadal malaich sangkiliyin migapperiya mattrum ilaiya theevaana havaai theevai uruvaakkum ainthu erimalaikalil mounaa keyaa ontraakum. inththa ainthu hotspot erimalaikalil, mounaa keyaa naankaavathu palamaiyaana mattrum naankaavathu migavum surusuruppaana erimalai aagum. idhu sumar oru million aandugalukku munbu havaai hotspot moolam iyakkappadum oru breeshield erimalai poala thodangiyathu, maelum 500,000 aandugalukku munbu varai adhan kavasam kattaththil vithivilakkaaga seyalil irunththathu. 250, 000 muthal 200,000 aandugalukku munbu adhan amaithiyaana poast-sheelt kattaththil nuzhaintha mounaa kiah, tharpoothu seyalil ullathu, kadaisiyaaga 4,500 muthal 6,000 aandugalukku munbu vediththathu. mounaa keyaavukku pulappadum uchi caltera illai, aanaal adhan uchchimaanaattirku arugil pala siriya chinder mattrum bumise koombugal ullana. oru munnaal uchi caltera pinnar uchi vedippu vaippugalaal nirappapattu pudhaikkappattirukkalaam. maana keyaa alavu athigamaaga ullathu, adhu mattrum adhan andai naadaana maana lova, adhan keezh kadal maeloadu kuraindhu. erimalai aandukku kuraivaana vigithaththil adhan sontha edaiyin keezh nazhuvi thattaiyaagath thodarkirathu. adhan vegujanaththin perumbaguthi adhan tharpoothaiya uchimaanaattin kizhakkae ullathu. idhu kadal mattaththirku maelae, adhan andai naadaana maana lovavai vida uyaramaaga ullathu, maelum havaai maanilaththil miga uyarnththa idamaagum. anaitthu havaai erimalaikalaiyum poalavae, pasipik tectonic thattu poomiyin adippadai kavasaththil havaai hotspot meethu nagarnthathaal mounaa kiah uruvaakkappattullathu. havaai theevu erimalaikal inththa seyalmuraiyin miga sameepathiya saandrugalaagum, 70 million aandugalukkum maelaaga, neenda havaai malaiththodarin paerarasar seamound sangkiliyai uruvaakkiyullathu. tharpoothulla, muttrilum nilainirutthappadavillai entraalum, hotspot perumpaalum kiragaththin kavasaththirkul nilaiyaaga ullathu, illaiyendraal anaitthu senosoic sagaapthamum alla. iruppinum, havaai erimalai nanku purinthu kollapattu virivaaga aaivu seiyappattaalum, hotspot vilaivai aerpaduththum porimurai kuritthu thittavattamaana vilakkam ethuvum illai. lawa adhan valarchchiyin poathu adhan andai naadugaludan sikkalaana adukkugalil ondrudan ondru inaikkappattullathu. miga mukkiyamaaga, mounaa kiah enbathu gohaalaavilirunthu vadamaerku noakki pazhaiya oottangkalin meethu kattappattullathu, maelum therkae mounaa lovavin adiththalatthai vettukirathu. maana keeyin pakkavaattil ulla asal vedippu pilavugal (pilavu mandalangkal) adhan poast-sheelt erimalaikalaal puthaikkappattana. hiiloo ridge, mounaa keeyin kizhakkae ulla oru mukiya neerukkadiyil pilavu mandala amaippu, oru kaalaththil erimalai oru paguthiyaaga nambappattathu; iruppinum, idhu ippoathu ilaiya mounaa qee oottangkalaal paathikkappattulla gohalavin pilavu mandalamaaga purinthu kollappadugiradhu. erimalaikkaana migapperiya vegujanaththai uruvaakkiya kavasam-nilai lavas, muthanmai magma mattrum adakkapatta kadal maeloadu kalappathan moolam uruvaakkappatta maana lova poantra tholitic pasaaltkal aagum. avai 250,000 mattrum 70-65,000 aandugalukku munbu vediththa "hamakuwa erimalai" kalin poast-sheeldu kaara adivaaramaana mounaa keeyil ulla migap palamaiyaana velippatta paarai adukkugalaal moodappattullana. miga sameepathiya erimalai oottangkal havaai mattrum mukiyar aagum avai 65,000 muthal 4,000 aandugalukku munbu vediththa boastsheeldu "labaho erimalaikal" aagum. erimalai kalavaiyil inththa maattrangkal uchchimaanaattirku magma vazhangkuvathai methuvaagak kuraitthana, idhu palaveenamaana vedippugalukku vazhivaguththathu, pinnar erimalai seyalattra thanmai thodarpaana thanimaippaduthappatta aththiyaayangkalukku vazhi vaguththathu. labahov lavas adhiga pisubisuppaaga irukkum mattrum munththaiya tholitic pasaaltkalai vida adhiga nilaiyattra thanmaiyaik kondullana; avattrin thadimanaana paaivu kanisamaaga maana keeyin pakkavaattil sengkuththaaga paaikirathu. koodudhalaaga, vedippu vedippugal uchchimaanaattirku arugil chinder koombugalai uruvaakkiyullana. inththa koombugal maana keeyin miga sameepathiya vedippu maiyangkalaakum. adhan tharpoothaiya uchimaanaattil erimalai kuvimaadangal mattrum chinder koombugal vittam mattrum noottrukkanakkaana meettar uyaram varai aathikkam seluththugindrana. panippaaraiyin thaniththuvamaana saandrugalaik konda oray havaai erimalai mounaa keyaa aagum. idhae poantra vaippukkal oruvaelai maana lova meethu irunthirukkalaam, aanaal pinnar lawa oottangkalaal moodappattullana. havaai veppamandalaththil amainthirunthaalum, kadantha pala panii yugangkalil veppanilaiyil oru digiri veelchchi koadai muzhuvathum erimalai uchchiyil panii irukka anumathiththathu, idhu oru panii moottai uruvaagath thoondiyathu. kadantha 180,000 aandugalaaka panippaaraiyin moontru aththiyaayangkal pathivu seiyappattullana "bogulova" (180-130 qaa), "vaihu" (80-60 qaa) mattrum "maganaka" (40-13 qaa) thodar. ivai uchimanattai virivaaga sirpam seithullana, erimalai mael pakkangkalil moraingal mattrum oru vatta valaiyam mattrum saralai aagiyavattraik kuvitthullana. maganaka panippaaraiyin poathu thunai panippaaraikal vedippugal chinder koombugalai uruvaakkina, avattril perumbaalaanavai panippaaraikal moolam perithum udainththana. miga sameepathiya koombugal 9000 muthal 4500 aandugalukku munbu, panippaaraikalin mael kattappattana, iruppinum oru aaivu kadaisi vedippu sumar 3600 aandugalukku munbu irunthirukkalaam endru suttikkaattukirathu. avattrin adhigapatcha alavil, panippaaraikal uchchimaanaattilirunthu uyaraththirku idaiyil varai virivadainththana. 1974 aam aandukku munbu mounaa qee uchimaanaattil kurukkae ulla oru siriya permaphrost udal kandupidikkappattathu, adhu innum irukkalaam. kulirkaalaththil urukuthal mattrum mazhaikkaalangkalil mattumae paayum mazhai mattrum panii neer saarntha neeroadaigalaal uruvaagum siriya pallangkal uchimanattai porikkindrana. erimalai kaatrin pakkavaattil, varththagak kaatraal iyakkappadum neerodai arippu pazhaiya gohalavaip poalavae arippai thurithappaduththiyullathu. pasipik padugaiyil ulla miga uyaramaana aeriyaana vayoa aerikku mavuna keyaa iruppidamaaga ullathu. idhu puyu vayoa chinder koompirkul amainthullathu mattrum havaayil ulla oray albine aeriyaakum. inththa aeri migavum siriyathaagavum aazhamattrathaakavum ullathu, maerparappu parappalavu mattrum muzhu aalam irukkumpoathu aazhamaaga ullathu. aeriyin adivaaraththil ulla maathirigalin radio corbon tating 12,600 aandugalukku munbu panii thelivaaga irunththathu enbathaik kurikkirathu. havaai lawa vagaikal podhuvaaga uuduruvakkoodiyavai, ooduruval kaaranamaaga aeri uruvaavathaith thadukkindrana. kandhagaththai thaangkum neeravi erimalai saambalai kuraindha uuduruvakkoodiya kazhimannaaga maattriyathu, allathu adhigariththu varum magma mattrum nilaththadi neer allathu maerparappu neer idaiyae vedikkum thodarbugal feriatic vedippugalin poathu vithivilakkaaga sirantha saambal uruvaanathu, idhu aeri padukkaiyin uuduruvakkoodiya thanmaiyaik kuraiththathu. 1993 aam aandu varai havaai theevil endha artician neerum ariyappadavillai, havaai palkalaikkazhagaththaal thoandappattapoathu kadal mattaththirkuk keezhae ullathai vida artician neer nilatthai adhiga alavil payanpaduththiyathu, idhu aazhthulai aalaththai vida athigamaaga virivadainththathu. aazhthulai mann mattrum lavavin oru siriya adukku vazhiyaaga thulaiyidappattathu, angku maana lova oottam velippatta maana qee maerparappil aakkiramiththu pinnar kadal mattaththirku keezhae kuraikkappattathu. isotopic kalavai enbathu kadal mattaththirku maelae ullathai vida athigamaaga maana keeyil irunthu varum mazhaiyilirunthu perappatta neeraik kaattukirathu. neerththaekkaththin iruppu mounaa keeyin adiththala lensukkul oru nanneer thalaikku kaaranam. tharpoothaiya maathirigal suttikkaattuvathai vida mounaa keeyin nanneer lensil adhiga neer irukkalaam endru vinjnaanigal nambugindranar. 2012 aam aandil mounaa keeyil maelum irandu aazhthulai thulaikal thoandappattana, neer migavum uyarnththa uyarangkalil mattrum ethirpaarththathai vida aazhamattra aalaththil kaanappadugiradhu. havaai palkalaikkazhagaththin seyalil ulla erimalai aaivu maiyaththin iyakkunar donault thamas, neer nilaigal pattriya aaivaith thodara oru kaaranam adhiga uyaramulla pakuthikalin payanpaadu mattrum aakiramippu endru nambukiraar, maelum koorukiraar "kittatthatta inththa nadavadikkaikal anaiththum kudineerin iruppaip poruththathu, perumpaalaana santharppangalil, vaimiya allathu hiloavilirunthu saenaththirku druck seiyappada vaendum-idhu oru thiramaiyattra mattrum vilaiyuyarnththa seyalmuraiyaagum, idhu namathu pattraakkurai thirava eriporulgalin kanisamaana alavaip payanpaduththukirathu." ethirkaala seyalpaadugal. mounaa keeyin kadaisi vedippu sumar 4,600 aandugalukku munbu (sumar kimu 2600) irunththathu; inththa seyalattra thanmai kaaranamaaga, mounaa keevukku adhan uchchimaanaattirku 7 mattrum adhan keezh pakkankalukku 8 endra america puviyiyal kanakkeduppu aabaththu pattiyal odhukkappattullathu, idhu 9 inn migak kuraindha aabaththu mathippeettil (idhu azhinththupoana erimalai gohalavukku vazhangkappadukirathu). kimu 8000 muthal erimalai uchimaanaattin 20 sathaveethaththai erimalai paaichchalkal ulladakkiyullana, kittatthatta adhan pakkavaattukal ethuvum illai. adhan seyalattra thanmai irunththapoathilum, mounaa keyaa meendum vedikkum endru ethirpaarkkappadukirathu. munththaiya vedippugalin adippadaiyil, aththagaiya nigazhvu erimalai mael pakkangkalil engkum nigazhalaam, maelum neenda erimalai oottangkalai uruvaakkakkoodum, perumpaalum aaa, neenda. neenda kaala seyalpaadu moolaththil oru chinder koombai uruvaakka mudiyum. aduththa sila noottraandugalil idhupoandru aerpada vaaippillai entraalum, aththagaiya vedippu uyir izhappai aerpaduththalaam, aanaal ulkattamaippukku kurippidatthakka sethaththai aerpaduththum. manitha varalaaru. poorveega varalaaru. havaai theevukku vantha muthal pandaiya havaai makkal kadarkaraiyil vaazhnththanar, angku unavu mattrum neer aeraalamaaka irunththana. 12aam noottraandin thodakkaththil mattrum 13aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil ullnaattu kudiyaettram mavuna lova-mavuna keyaa pakuthikku virivadainththathu. tholliyal saandrugal inththa pakuthikal vaettaiyaaduvatharkum, cull porutkalai sekarippatharkum, oruvaelai aanmeega kaaranangalukkaagavoo allathu vaniel allathu vazhiseluththal avathaanippukalukkaagavoa payanpaduththappattathaaka koorugindrana. malaiyin aeraalamaana kaadugal thaavarangal mattrum vilangkugalukku unavu mattrum thangkumidaththirkaana moolapporutkalai vazhangkina. munbu endha vaettaiyaadupavargalaiyum ariyaatha parakka mudiyaatha paravaikal oru pirathaana unavu aathaaramaaka maariyathu. havaai theevugalin aarambagaala kudiyaettram ulloor suttruchchoozhal amaippugalil periya maattrangkalukkum, kurippaaga paravai inangkalidaiyae pala azhivugalukkum vazhivaguththathu. pandaiya havaayiyargal velinaattu thaavarangalaiyum vilangkugalaiyum kondu vanthanar, avattrin varugai arippu vigithangkalai athikarippathoadu thodarpudaiyathu. nilavum thaazhnila vanach soozhal amaippu kaadugalilirundhu pulveliyaaga maattrappattathu; inththa maattraththil sila theeyin payanpaattaal aerpattathu, aanaal vanach soozhal amaippu sarivu mattrum havaai meethu paravai alivukku nilavum kaaranam polynesian (allathu pasipik) eliyin arimugamaagath therikirathu. havaain ainthu erimalaikal punitha malaikalaaka mathikkappadugindrana; maelum miga uyarnththa mounaa keeyin uchi, migavum punithamaanathu. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, oru "kaabu" (pandaiya havaai sattam) uyar pathaviyil ulla alikku paarvaiyaalar urimaigalai kattuppaduththiyathu. havaayiyargal thangal iyarkai soozhalin koorugalai kuripitta theivangaludan thodarpupaduththinar. havaai puraanangkalil, mounaa keeyin uchi "kadavulgalin pakuthi" endru karudhappattathu, idhu paroapakaara aavikal vasikkum idamaagum. paniyin theivamaana poaliyaahuvum angku vasikkiraar. "mounaa qee" enbathu mounaa oru vaagae enbatharkaana surukkamaagum, maelum adhan paruvagaala panii moodiya uchimaanaattaik kurikkum vagaiyil "vellai malai" endru porulpadum. kibi 1100aam aandil, ulloorvaasigal karuvigalai uruvaakkuvatharkaaka thaniththuvamaana adarththiyaana basaultai (panippaaraiyin keezh vedikkum poathu panippaaraikalai santhikkum lawa oottangkalin viraivaana kuliraal uruvaakkappadum) piriththedukka maana keeyaa meethu uyaramaana adj kuvaarigalai niruvinar. erimalai kannadi mattrum capro aagiyavai kaththigal mattrum meenpidi ubakaranangkalukkaaga sekarikkappattana, maelum kaippidigalukku mamane maram virumbappattathu. 1400aam aandukkup piragu kuwari nadavadikkaigalil uchchaththil, kadinamaana mattrum sirantha vettuthalukkaana thanithani vasathigal irunththana; thozhilaazhargalaith thakkavaikka unavu, thanneer mattrum maraththudan thangkumidangal irunththana; mattrum mudikappatta thayaarippai uruvaakkum pattaraikal irunththana. vaayo aeri thozhilaazhargalukku kudineer valangkiyathu. puthithaagap pirantha kuzhandhaigalin thoppul kayirugalaiyum ulloor thalaivarkal adhan neeril nanaippaarkal, avarkalukku malaiyin valimayaik koduppaargal. inthak kaalakkattaththirkum americkarkal mattrum iroappiyarkaludanaana thodarbukkum idaiyil kuwari payanpaadu kurainthathu. kuwari seivathoadu thodarpudaiya sadangkin oru paguthiyaaga, thozhilaazhargal thangal kadavulgalukku koayilgalai amaiththanar; ivai mattrum pira kuwari kalaipporutkal thazhangalil ullana, avattril perumbaalaanavai ippoathu mounaa qee panii yuga iruppu aagum. inththa aaramba sagaapthaththaith thodarnthu 12aam noottraandukkum 18aam noottraandin pirpaguthikkum idaiyae kalaachaara virivaakkam aerpattathu. makkalin udanadi thevaikalukkaaga vadivamaikappatta paguthigalaagap pirikkappattirunthathu. inththa "ahubuwa" podhuvaaga malai uchchimaanaattilirunthu kadarkarai varai neenda nilappaguthigalin vadivaththai eduththathu. mounaa keeyin uchi gohain ahubuvaavil soozhappattullathu, adhan kilakku sarivin oru pakuthi arugilulla humulavai adaikirathu. erimalai sarivugalil vasikkum havaayiyarkalukkaana uuttachchaththu mukiya aathaarangkal adhan mael sarivugalin mamane-nanayo kaadugalilirundhu vanthana, idhu avarkalukku thaavarangal mattrum paravai vaazhkkaiyai valangkiyathu. vaettaiyaadappatta paravai inangkalil yuu ("terrotroma sandvicensis"), naenae ("branda sandvicensis") mattrum balila ("laxiotise bailui") aagiyavai adangkum. keezh gova-ohiyaa kaadu ulloor makalukku kaenoakkalukkaana maraththaiyum, alangaaraththirkaaga alangarikkappatta paravai irakukalaiyum valangkiyathu. naveena yugam. 1778 aam aandil james cook varuvatharku munbu havaaikku varugai thantha velinaattinar pattriya moontru pathivukal ullana. iruppinum, mounaa keyaa udpada theevin aarambagaala merkaththiya siththarippugal 18 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyilum 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyilum aaraaychchiyaalargalaal uruvaakkappattana. iropa mattrum amerikkaavudanaana thodarbu theevu kudiyiruppaalargalukku periya vilaivugalai aerpaduththiyathu. ulloor havaai makkal arimugappaduththappatta noigalaal paerazhivirku aalaanaargal; hiiloo, keelagegwa mattrum kailuwa ullitta thuraimuka nagarangal varthagaththai niruviyathan moolam valarnththana; maelum uloagak karuvigal arimugappaduththappatta piragu mounaa keeyaavil ulla adj kuvaarigal kaividappattana. 1793 aam aandil, jaarj vancouver arasar kamehameha I kku anjali seluththuvatharkaaga kaalnadaigalai kondu vanthaar. 19aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, avarkal siraichaalaiyil irunthu thappiththu, theevai suthanthiramaaga suttrith thirinthanar, adhan suttruchchoozhal amaippai perithum sethappaduththinar. 1809 aam aandil john balmer bargarh vandhu kamehamehavudan natpu kondaar, avar avarai theevil kaalnadai nirvaagaththin poruppil vaitthaar. 1845 aam aandil koodudhal nila maaniyaththudan, poongaavalar mounaa keeyin vadakku saaivil poongaavukkaana pannaiyai niruvinaar, idhu oru periya kaalnadai pannaiyaagum, idhu intrum seyalpaattil ullathu. theevil kudiyaeriyavargal karumbu thoattangal mattrum veedugalukkaaga thaalvaana poorveega kaadugalin perumbaguthiyai eriththu vettinar. maana kae mattrum maana lova idaiyae ulla saenam vadiva peedabhoomiyaik kadakkum peyaraal peyaridappatta saenam saalai, 1943 aam aandil mudikkappattathu, maelum maana keyaavukkaana payanaththai kanisamaaga elithaakkiyathu. peedabhoomiyil ulla bohagulova payirchi pakuthi havaayil ulla migapperiya iraanuva payirchi maithaanamaagum. inththa thalam erimalaikku keezh pakkaththilirunthu uyaram varai neendullathu, 1956 muthal america iraanuvaththirku kuththagaikku vidappatta maanila nilaththil. ippaguthiyil 15 achuruththappatta mattrum aabaththaana thaavarangal, moontru aabaththaana paravaikal mattrum oru aabaththaana paet inangkal ullana. 1980kazhil irunthu virivaana tholliyal aaraaychchiyin thalamaaga mounaa kae ullathu. 2000aam aandukkul ariviyal kaappagaththin sumar 27 sathaveetham aaivu seiyappattu, 76 aalayangkal, 4 adj urpaththi pattaraikal, 3 pira kurippaangal, 1 nermaraiyaaga adaiyaalam kaanapatta adakkam seiyappatta idam mattrum 4 saathiyamaana adakkam seiyappatta idangkal aagiyavattrai adaiyaalam kandana. 2009aam aandukkul, adaiyaalam kaanapatta thazhangalin moththa ennikkai 223 aaga uyarnthathu, maelum erimalai mael pakkangkalil tholliyal aaraaichi nadanthu varukirathu. erimalai uchimaanaattaich suttri oru pandaiya panii koadu irukkakkoodiya vagaiyil amaikkapattulla aalayangkal, mounaa keeyin punitha pakuthikku maaruvatharkaana kurippaangal endru parinthuraikkappadukirathu. havaai vaaivazhi varalaattril mounaa keyaich suttri adakkam seiyappattathaaga pala kurippugal irunththapoathilum, sila thazhangal urudhippaduththappattullan. erimalaikku kurukkae ulla pala chinder koombugalil koayilgal allathu pira kalaipporutkal illaathathaal avai adakkam seiya odhukkappattirukkalaam. aeruthal. thodarbukku munththaiya kaalangalil, maana keyaa varai payanikkum poorveegavaasigal aerkanavae ulla paathaikalai vida nilapparapaal adhigam vazhinadaththappattanar, aenenil paathaikal pattriya endha aathaaramum kandupidikkappadavillai. adharku pathilaaka iyarkai malaiththodargal mattrum neer aathaarangkal pinpattrappattirukkalaam. thaninabarkal adhan uchchimaanaattirku arugilulla kudumbaththaal paraamarikkappadum koayilgalaip paarvaiyida mounaa keeyin sarivugalukkuch sellalaam, maelum malai aeruvathu thodarpaana paarambariyangkal intru varai ullana. iruppinum, kadumaiyaana "kabu" adhan meethu vaikkappattathaal, migach sila poorveegavaasigal uchimanattai adainthanar. 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil, mounaa keeyin aarambagaala kurippidatthakka "pathivu seiyappatta" aetrtrangkalil pinvaruvana adangum 19aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyilum 20aam noottraandin murpaguthiyilum perumpaalum kudhirai meethu payanikkakoodiya vilayaattu manththaikalin iyakkaththaal paathaikal uruvaakkappattana. iruppinum, 1964 aam aandil oru saalai kattappadum varai uchchimaanaattirku vaagana anugal nadaimuraiyil saaththiyamattrathu, maelum adhu thodarnthu kattuppaduththappattullathu. intru, uchimaanaattirkaana pala paathaikal ullana, palvaeru payanpaattu maanilangkalil. soozhaliyal. pinnani. havaain puviyiyal thanimaippadutthal adhan soozhaliyalai valuvaaga paathikkirathu. havaai poantra tholaithoora theevugalil adhiga ennikkaiyilaana inangkal ullana, avai vaeru engkum kaanappadavillai (havaai theevugalil endemisaththaip paarkkavum). tholaithooraththin vilaivaaga parinaama koadugal mattra idangkalilirunththu vaerupattana mattrum inththa ulloor inangkalai velippura uyiriyal selvaakkilirunthu thanimaippaduththiyathu, maelum avai kurippaaga alivukkum aakiramippu inangkalin vilaivugalukkum aalaakakkoodiyavaiyaaka aakkukintrana. koodudhalaaga havaai suttruchchoozhal amaippugal vivasaayaththirkaaka nilatthai agattruvathu udpada manitha valarchchiyil irunthu achurutthalukku ullaakiyullana; theevin ulloor inangkalil moontril oru pangku aerkanavae azhikkappattuvittana. adhan uyaraththin kaaranamaaga, havaai theevukkoottaththil engkum ulla uyir suttruchchoozhal amaippugalin migapperiya panmugaththanmaiyai mounaa kiah kondullathu. malaip paguthiyil ulla suttruchchoozhal amaippugal adhan sarivugalil veppanilai mattrum mazhaippozhivu maattrangkalin kaaranamaaga serivoottappatta valaiyangkalai uruvaakkukintrana. inththa suttruchchoozhal amaippugalai uyaraththin adippadaiyil thoaraayamaaga moontru pirivugalaagap bricalom albine-subalbine, montane mattrum adiththala kaadu. 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil americkarkal mattrum iroappiyarkaludanaana thodarbu theevukku athigamaana kudiyaeriyavargalaik kondu vanthathu, maelum neediththa ethirmaraiyaana suttruchchoozhal vilaivaik kondirundhadhu. keezh sarivugalil, gova-ohiyaa kaadugalin parantha pakuthikal vivasaaya nilangkalaaka maattrappattana. maelae, pannaikalil irunthu thapiya kaattu vilangkugal, maana keeyin poorveegamaana maamanae-nanayo kaattil thanjam pukunthu, virivaaga sethamatainthana. pira inaththavar allaatha thaavarangal mattra kadumaiyaana achchuruththalaagum; theevil 4,600 kkum maerpatta arimugappaduththappatta inangkal ullana, athae neraththil poorveega inangkalin ennikkai verum 1,000 aaga mathippidappattullathu. albine soozhal. mounaa keeyin uchi maram varisaikku maelae ullathu, maelum perumpaalum erimalai paarai mattrum albine duntra aagiyavattraik kondullathu. kanamaana panippozhivu ulla oru pakuthi, idhu thaavarangalukku virunththoamba mudiyaathathu, maelum havaai veppamandala uyar puthar nilangkal endru azhaikkappadukirathu. ingku migavum kulirntha veppanilai, kurugiya paruva valarchi, kuraindha mazhaippozhivu mattrum kulirkaala maathangkalil panippozhivu aagiyavattraal valarchi kattuppaduththappadugiradhu. mann illaathathaal vaer valarchchiyum thadaipadukirathu, tharaiyil irunthu uuttachchaththukkalai urinjchuvathu kadinam, maelum ippaguthiyil migak kuraindha neer thakkavaippu thiranai valangkukirathu. inththa uyaraththil kaanappadum thaavara inangkalil "styphelia damiame", "taraxagum officinale", "tetramolobium humil", "agrostis sandvicensis", "anthoxandam audoratum", "tricetum chlomeratum", "poa anuva", "soncus oolaraesiyas" mattrum "cobrosma ernodios" aagiyavai adangkum. oru kurippidatthakka inam mounaa kae silversword ("archroxifium sandvicence" varr. "sandvicence"), migavum aabaththaana ulloor thaavara inamaagum, idhu mounaa keeyin uyaramaana chinder paalaivanangalil sezhiththu valarkirathu. oru kattaththil verum 50 thaavarangalin makkalthogaikku kuraikkappattathu, mounaa qee silverswar soll albine mandalaththirku mattuppaduththappattathaaka karudhappattathu, aanaal unmaiyil kaalnadaigalin aluththaththaal angku iyakkappadukirathu, maelum kuraindha uyaraththilum valara mudiyum. mounaa keeyin therku uchimaanaattil ulla mounaa qee panii yuga kaappagam 1981 aam aandil niruvappattathu. inththa kaappagam iolean palaivanam mattrum aeri viovine pakuthikal udpada viralamaana thaavara seddy vaippukkal mattrum lawa paaraikalin paguthiyaagum. inththa suttruchchoozhal amaippu achuruththappatta yuu ("terrotroma sandvicensis") mattrum vikkiyu pizhaigal ("nicius vecucola") pattriya aaivin maiyamaagavum ullathu. kaattril maana keyaa varai paainthu panii karaikalil kudiyaerum iranththa poochchi pinangkalai vikkiyu pizhaigal unavaaga utkolgindrana. idhu "nicius" paerinaththil ulla oru inaththirku migavum asaathaaranamaana unavu aathaaramaakum, idhu mukkiyamaaga vidhai unnum poochchigalaik kondullathu. avattrin iraththaththil iyarkaiyaana uraipani ethirppu iruppathaal avai uchchanilai varai uyirvaazha mudiyum. avai perumpaalaana nerangalil veppamaana maerparappugalin keezh irukkum. avattrin paathukaappu nilai thelivaaga illai, aanaal inangkal inii azhindhu varum inangkalin pattiyalukkaana vaetpaalaraaka illai; inangkalin nalan kuriththa aaivugal 1980 ill thodangkina. nerukkamaana thodarpudaiya "nicius aaa" maana lova meethu vaazhkirathu. oanaai silanthigal (lycosidae) mattrum vana koodaara kambalippoochi anthuppoochchigalum athae maana qee suttruchchoozhal amaippil kaanappadugindrana; munthaiyavai veppatthai urinjchum paaraikalin keezh marainthu uyirvaazhgindrana, pinthaiyavai avattrin udalil kulir-ethirppu irasaayanangkal moolam uyirvaazhgindrana. maamanae-nanayo kaadu. erimalai meethu ulla vana mandalam, oru uyaraththil, mamane ("sofora chrysophilla") mattrum naayo ("myoporam sandvicence") aagiya irandu ulloor maraa inangkalum aathikkam seluththugindrana, enavae idhu mamane-naio kaadu endru azhaikkappadukirathu. inththa mandalaththil ulla paravaikalin mukiya unavaaga, kurippaaga pallila ("laxiotise bailui"), mamane vithaigal mattrum naio pazhangkal ullana. balila munbu mounaa kiah, mounaa lova mattrum huvaalaai sarivugalil kaanappattathu, aanaal ippoathu mounaa kaeyin sarivugalil mattumae ullathu-adhan munththaiya varambil 10 sathaveetham mattumae-maelum idhu migavum aapaththaanathaaka arivikkappattullathu. 18 aam noottraandin pirpaguthiyil theevukku arimugappaduththappatta kaattu aadugal, kaalnadaigal ("poas premigeneous") mattrum aadugal ("capra hircus") meichchal suttruchchoozhal amaippukku migapperiya achchuruththalaagum. vaniga reethiyaana maeichchaludanaana kaattu vilangkugalin poatti kadumaiyaanadhaaga irunththathu, avattrai ozhippatharkaana oru thittam 1920 kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu 1949 varai thodarnthathu. inththa maeichchalin vilaivaaga, ulloor mattrum arimugappaduththappatta mooligai mattrum maraa thaavarangalin adhigariththa paraval irunththathu, avai ulaavuvathai ethirkkintrana. kaattu vilangkugal kittatthatta ozhikkappattana, 1950 kazhil sila nooru ennikkaiyil irunththana. iruppinum, ulloor vaettaikkaarargalin varugai kaattu inangkalai vilayaattu vilangkugalaaka mathikka vazhivaguththathu, 1959 aam aandil nilam mattrum iyarkai valangkalin havaai thurai, paathukaappu mattrum nila payanpaattu maelaanmaiyin poruppil ulla aalum kuzhu, adhan kolgaiyai oru neediththa kattupaattu thittamaaga maattriyathu. moufloan ("oovis aaris ooriyandalis") 1962 muthal 1964 varai arimugappaduththappattathu, maelum 1964 aam aandil achu maanai ("achu achu") veliyiduvatharkaana thittam pannaith thozhilthuraiyin ethirppukalaal mattumae thadukkappattathu, avarkal payirkalai sethappaduththi noaikalaip parappuvaarkal endru koorinar. vaettaiyaadum thozhil meendum poaraadiyathu, maelum kaalnadai valarppavargalukkum vaettaikkaarargalukkum idaiyilaana munnum pinnumaaga iruthiyil podhu suttruchchoozhal akkaraikku vazhivaguththathu. mounaa keeyil vaniel vasathigalin valarchchiyudan, paathukaappu aarvalargal mounaa keeyin suttruchchoozhal amaippaip paathukaakka koarinar. paathukaappirkaaka 25 sathaveetha kaadugalukku vaeli amaikkavum, meethamulla 75 sathaveethaththai vilayaattu vaettaikkaaka nirvagikkavum oru thittam munmozhiyappattathu. paathukaappuvaathikalin ethirppu irunththapoathilum, inthath thittam seyalpaduththappattathu. nilam pirikkappattapoathu, vaeli kattuvatharku panam odhukkappadavillai. inththa sandaiyin matthiyil azhindhu varum inangkal sattam niraivaettrappattathu; thaesiya aadupoan samoogam mattrum siyara kilap satta paathukaappu nidhi havaai thuraikku ethiraaga oru vazhakkaith thaakkal seithana, avai koottaatchi sattaththai meeruvathaakak koori, milecal vazhakkil "pallila vii. havaai nilam mattrum iyarkai valangkal thurai (1978). neethimandram paathukaappaalarkalukku aatharavaaka theerppazhiththathu mattrum vanavilangkugalin maanila kattuppaattirku muun koottaatchi sattangalin munnurimaiyai uruthi seithathu. azhindhu varum inach sattaththai meeriyathaal, malaippaguthiyilirunthu anaitthu vana vilangkugalaiyum havaai maanilam agattra vaendiyirunththathu. inththa mudivaith thodarnthu 1981 aam aandil irandaavathu neethimandra uttaravu pirappikkappattathu. oru podhu vaettaith thittam pala kaattu vilangkugalai, kurainthapatcham thartkaaligamaaga, agattriyathu. oru seyalil kattupaattu thittam ullathu, iruppinum idhu mamane-nanayo suttruchchoozhal amaippai kurippidatthakka alavil meettedukka anumathikkum alavukku poathumaana theeviraththudan nadathappadavillai. inthath theevilum, maana keeyaavilum manitha valarchi mattrum aakiramippu inangkalaal achuruththappatta pala inangkal mattrum suttruchchoozhal amaippugal ullana. havaai nilam mattrum iyarkai valangkal thuraiyin athikaara varambin keezh ulla maanae-nanayo kaadugalai maana kae vana kaappagam paathukaakkirathu. kazhugu illaatha vaettaiyaaduthal aandu muzhuvathum anumathikkappadukirathu. mamane-nanayo kaattin oru siriya pakuthi mounaa kae maanila pozhuthupoakku paguthiyaal soozhappattullathu. kuraindha soozhal. mounaa keeyin keezh sarivugalil ulla pannai nilaththin oru kuzhu munbu "acasia gova"-"metroceteros polymorpha" (gova-ohiyaa) kaadu. adhan azhivu 19 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyil iroappiya mattrum america kudiyaeriyavargalin varugaiyaal unthappattathu, aenenil 1830 kazhil virivaana marakkattaikal puthiya veedugalukku marakkattaikalai vazhangkina. vanaththin parantha pakuthikal erikkappattu karumbu thoattangalukkaaga agattrappattana. theevil ulla perumpaalaana veedugal gowawal kattappattana, maelum kaattin enjchiyirukkum pakuthikal karumbu thoattangalil kodhigalangalai iyakkuvatharkum veedugalai veppappaduththuvatharkum viragu aathaaramaaka maariyathu. oru kaalaththil parantha kaadu 1880 aam aandil kittatthatta marainthuvittathu, 1900 aam aandil, marakkandrugal koonaa mattrum mavui theevukku maariyathu. 1990kazhil sarkkaraith thozhil veezhchchiyadainthathaal, inththa nilaththin perumbaguthi tharisaaga ullathu, aanaal adhan sila pakuthikal kaalnadai meichchal, siru alavilaana vivasaayam mattrum marak koozh saagupadikku payanpaduththappadugindrana. hagaalaav vana thaesiya vanavilangku adaikkalam mounaa keeyin kaattru saaivil ulla oru mukiya gova vana kaappagamaagum. idhu 1985 aam aandil niruvappattathu, idhu suttruchchoozhal amaippin echchangkalai ulladakkiyathu. ettu azhindhu varum paravai inangkal, 12 azhindhu varum thaavarangal mattrum azhindhu varum havaai hoari paet ("laziurus cinerius semotus") aagiyavai pala ariya payoattaavudan koodudhalaaga ippaguthiyil kaanappadugindrana. 1989 muthal inththa iruppu oru virivaana maruu nadavu prachchaaraththin thalamaaga irunthu varukirathu. iruppu nilaththin mael paguthiyil ulla nilaththin perumbaguthi kaividappatta vivasaaya nilamaaga iruppathaal, iruppu nilaththin sila pakuthikal ulloor suttruchchoozhal amaippil vivasaayaththin vilaivaik kaattugindrana. acasia coow-ohiyaa kaadugalai poorveegamaagak konda paravai inangkalil havaai kaagam ("corves havaaiensis"), akeba ("loxops coccinus"), havaai creeper ("oriomistis manaa"), Âakiapōlaʼu ("hemignathus munroi"), mattrum havaai haak ("beauto solidarius") aagiyavai adangkum, ivai anaiththum aabaththaanavai, achurutthalukku ullaakiyullana allathu achurutthalukku utpattullana; kurippaaga havaai kaagam vanappaguthiyil azhinthuvittathu, aanaal inththa inangkalai haagaalaav kaappagaththil meendum arimugappaduththa thittangal ullana. uchi maanaadu kankaanippagangal. saathagamaana kankaanippu nilaimaigal kaaranamaaga vaniel kankaanippukkaana ulagin sirantha thazhangalil ondru mounaa qee uchi maanaadu. minkaantha niramaalaiyin inthap pakuthikku thunai millimeter mattrum agachchivappu vaaniyalukku varanda nilaimaigal mukkiyamaanavai. uchi maanaadu thalaikeezh adukkukku maelae ullathu, uchchimaanaattirku keezhae perumpaalaana maega moottai vaiththirukkirathu mattrum uchimaanaattil kaattru varandu, valimandala maasupaadu illaamal iruppathai uruthi seikirathu. uchi maanaadu vithivilakkaaga nilaiyaanathu, ulagin sirantha vaniel paarvaikku kondhalippu illai. nagara vilakkukalilirunthu mounaa keeyin thooraththin vilaivaaga aerpadum migavum irunda vaanam suttriyulla paguthiyilirunthu olii maasupaattaik kuraikkum sattaththaal paathukaakkappadukirathu; irul nilai mangalaana vaniel porutkalaik kavanikka anumathikkirathu. inththa kaaranigal varalaattru reethiyaaga mounaa kevai natchatthirak kaatchikku oru sirantha idamaaga maattriyathu. 1960 kalin murpaguthiyil, havaai theevu varththaga sabai porulaathaara thoonduthalaaga mounaa kaeyin vaniel valarchchiyai ookkuviththathu; idhu arizona vaaniyalaar jerard quiberin palkalaikkazhagaththin agachchivappu oliyin puthithaaga maempaduththappatta kandaridhalgalaip payanpaduththa thazhangalaith thaeduvathudan oththuppoanathu. 1964 aam aandil quiberin udhaviyaalar alika herring nadaththiya thazha soathanai uchimaanaattin sirantha porutthaththai uruthippaduththiyathu. oru periya tholainoakkiyai uruvaakka naasaa nidhigalukkaana theeviramaana moontru vazhi poatti quiber, haarvard palkalaikkazhagam mattrum havaai palkalaikkazhagam (yuu. ech) idaiyae thodangiyathu, idhu sooriya vaniyalil mattumae anubavam pettrathu. idhu "upstard" munmolivukku nidhi vazhangkuvathil uchakkattaththai adainthathu. adhan siriya vaniel thuraiyai vaaniyalukkaana oru puthiya niruvanamaaga meendum kattiyezhuppiyadhu, maelum 1968 aam aandil havaai nilam mattrum iyarkai valangkal thurai adhan tholainoakkiyin aaraththirkul ulla anaitthu nilangkalukkum 65 aandu kuththagaikku valangkiyathu, adippadaiyil maelae. 1970 aam aandil adhan niraivil, ulagin aezhaavathu periya oliyiyal/agachchivappu tholainoakki aagum. 1970aam aandukkul, america vaanpadai mattrum lowell kankaanippagaththaal irandu tholainoakkigal kattappattana. 1973 aam aandil, kanadaavum piraansum maana keeyaavil 3.6 mee cft katta oppukkondana. iruppinum, ulloor amaippugal inththa aaivagaththin suttruchchoozhal thaakkam kuritthu kavalaigalai ezhuppath thodangkina. idhu nilam mattrum iyarkai valath thuraiyai 1977 aam aandil thayaarikkappatta oru aaramba maelaanmaith thittatthai tayaarikka vazhivaguththathu, maelum 1980 aam aandil koodudhalaaga vazhangkappattathu. janavari 1982 ill, aatchiyaalarkal vaariyam antha idaththil ariviyal vasathigalin thodarchchiyaana valarchchiyai aatharippatharkaana oru thittaththirku opputhal aliththathu. 1998 aam aandil, mounaa kae panii vayathu iruppukku koodudhalaaga kankaanippu kuththagaikku maattrappattana. 1982 aam aandu thittam 2000 aam aandil 2020 varai saevai seiya vadivamaikappatta oru neettipaal maattrappattathuh idhu vaaniyalukkaaga niyamikkapatta mounaa keyaa nirvaagaththin aluvalagaththai niruviyathu, meethamullavattrai "iyarkai mattrum kalaachaara paathukaappukku" maattriyathu. malaiyin kalaachaara mathippukal meethu mariyaathai illaathathu kuritthu havaai samoogaththil velippaduthappatta kavalaiyai nivarthi seivatharkaaga inththa thittam maelum thiruththappattathu. intru mounaa kae ariviyal kaappagaththil 13 kankaanippu vasathigal ullana, ovvondrum 11 naadugalaal nidhiyalikkappadugindrana. pulappadum mattrum agachchivappu niramaalaiyil onbathu tholainoakkigal ullana, moontru thunai millimeter niramaalaiyil ullana, mattrum radio niramaalaiyil ondru, kannaadigal allathu paaththirangkaludan. oppidugaiyil, maiya vinveli tholainoakki oru kannaadiyaik kondullathu, idhu Uh88 aip poantrathu, ippoathu malaiyin irandaavathu migachchiriya tholainoakki. oru "saev mounaa keyaa" iyakkam malaiyin valarchi punithamaanathu endru nambukirathu. kalaachaara paarambariyam mattrum suttruchchoozhal kuritthu akkarai konda kayaa poantra ulloor havaai ilaaba noakkattra kuzhukkalum kalaachaara mattrum madha kaaranangalukkaaga valarchchiyai ethirkkintrana. 2006 aam aandil munmoliyappatta multy-telescope "avtricker" iruthiyil rathu seiyappattathu. thittamidappatta puthiya tholainoakki, muppathu meettar tholainoakki (dmt), sarchchaigalaiyum ethirppukalaiyum eerththullathu. 2013 aepralil dmt angkeekarikkappattathu. october 2014 ill, tholainoakkikkaana adikkal naattu vizhaa ethirppaalargalaal kurukkidappattathu, ithanaal thittam thartkaaligamaaga niruththappattathu. 2015 maarch maatha iruthiyil, aarppaattakkaararkal meendum uchimaanaattirkaana saalaiyai thaduththanar. aepral 2,2015 andru, paarvaiyaalar maiyaththirku arugae 300 aarppaattakkaararkal koodinar, appoathu 12 paer kaithu seiyappattanar, maelum 11 paer uchimaanaattil kaithu seiyappattanar. nila mathippeettaalarkal mattrum ulloor havaai makkalin aaloasanai aagiyavai ethirppuk kuzhukkalin kavalaigalil adangkum. maanilaththil poaraattangkal virivadaintha pinnar, aepral 7,2015 andru kattumanam niruththappattathu. pala idainiruththangkalukkup piragu, inththa thittam thaanaaga munvanthu othivaikkappattullathu. aalunar ikae ethirkaalaththil mounaa keeyin nirvaagaththil kanisamaana maattrangkalai arivitthaar, aanaal inththa thittam munnoakki sella mudiyum endru koorinaar. havaai uchcha neethimandram october 31,2018 andru kattumaanatthai meendum thodanga opputhal aliththathu. aarppaattakkaararkal muppathu meettar tholainoakkikku ethiraana ethirvinaiyaaga anline manukkalai veliyittullanar. dmt tholainoakki kattumaanatthai udanadiyaaga niruththuthal" endra thalaippil anline manuu maattruvatharkaaka veliyidappattathu.juulai 14,2019 andru oor. anline manuu tharpoothu ulagalavil 278,057 kkum maerpatta kaiyoppangalai sekariththullathu. muppathu meettar tholainoakkikku havaai aalunar davit ikae aliththa aatharavin kaaranamaaga sila aarppaattakkaararkal avaraith thandikka vaendum endrum alaippu viduththullanar. juulai 18,2019 andru, "kuttranjaattappatta aalunar davit ikae" endra thalaippil oru anline manuu maattruvatharkaaka veliyidappattathu.org mattrum tharpoothu 62,562 kkum maerpatta kaiyoppangalai sekariththullathu. 2021 aam aandin pirpaguthiyil, koovit-19 thottrunoayin thodarchchiyaana vilaivugal mattrum thaesiya ariviyal arakkattalai moolam koottaatchi nidhi kidaikkakoodiya thittaththirkaana nidhiyil maattram kaaranamaaga kattumaanath thittangal tharpoothu nirutthi vaikkappattullana. muppathu meettar tholainoakki kattumaanatthaich suttriyulla sarchchai thodarkirathu. ulloor uudaga amaippugalaal niyamikkapatta suyaatheena karuththukkanippugal theevugalil ulla thittaththirku nilaiyaana aatharavaik kaattugindrana, moontril irandu pangku ulloor kudiyiruppaalargal inththa thittaththirku aatharavalikkintranar. idhae karuththukkanippugal puthiya tholainoakki kattumaanatthai aatharikkum havaai pathilaliththavarkalil paathikkum maerpattavargaludan ulloor havaai samoogaththin aatharavu pilavupattiruppathai suttikkaattukintrana. juulai, 2022, maanila sattam havaai palkalaikkazhagaththilirunthu maastar nilam kuththagai meethaana kattupaattai puthiya maana keyaa thalaimai mattrum maerpaarvai athikaaraththirku (emm. kae. ess. ooo. aee) maattruvathan moolam poaraattangkalukku pathilalikkirathu. emm. kae. sowa enbathu 12 uruppinargalaik konda kuzhuvaagum (11 vaakkalippavargal mattrum 1 vaakkalippillaatha uruppinar) idhil palkalaikkazhagaththin pirathinithikal, vaaniyalaalargal mattrum poorveega havaayiyargal adangkuvar, maelum idhu vaaniyalaalargal mattrum poorveega havaayiyargalin muranpatta nalangalukku idaiyae oru samanilaiyaik kandupidikkum nokkaththudan uruvaakkappattathu. idhu havaai nilam mattrum iyarkai valath thuraikkul vaikkapattu, juulai 1,2023 muthal palkalaikkazhagaththilirunthu 5 aandu kaala maattraththirkup piragu mounaa kae nilangkalukkul arasu nirvagikkum nilangkalai nirvagippatharkaana mukiya athikaaramaaga irukkum. maattrak kaalaththil, emm. kae. sowa mattrum palkalaikkazhagam inainthu nilatthai nirvagikkum athae neraththil athikaaram nilap payanpaadugal, manitha nadavadikkaikal mattrum ottumoththa seyalpaadugalai nirvagippatharkaana nirvaagath thittatthai uruvaakkukirathu. 2028 aam aandil idaikkaala kaalam mudinthathum, athikaaraththin poruppugalil puthiya nilap payanpaattu anumathigalai valangkuvathu adangkum, idhu tharpoothaiya maastar kuththagai 2033 aam aandil mudivadaiyum enbathaal mukkiyamaanathu, maelum adhan kalawati neeraththirkul puthiya kuththagaikku varaatha endha aaivagangkalum panineekkam seiyappadum. kaalanilai. mounaa kiah oru albine kaalanilaiyaik kondullathu (mattrum). adhan veppamandala atcharaekaiyin thaakkam kaaranamaaga, veppanilai maarupaadugal migavum kuraivaaga ullana. uraipani aandu muzhuvathum podhuvaanathu, aanaal sarasari maathaanthira veppanilai aandu muzhuvathum uraipanikku mael ullathu. endha maathaththilum panii uyaraththil mattrum adharku mael vizhalaam, aanaal perumpaalum october muthal aepral varai nigazhkirathu. 1972 muthal 1982 varai oru vaanilai nilaiyam iyakkappattathu; iruppinum, inththa kaalakattathil 33 maathangkalukku mattumae veppanilai pathivukal ullana; pala aandugalil irandu maathangkalukkaana tharavu mattumae ullathu. keezhae kodukkapattulla veppanilaikal menmaiyaana saraasarigal, noaa pathivu seitha moola enngal alla. pozhuthupoakku. mounaa keeyin kadarkaraiyil hamaguwa kadarkarai aathikkam seluththukirathu, idhu erimalai pakkavaattil adikkadi sarivugal mattrum nilacharivugalaal uruvaakkappatta karadumuradaana nilapparappin paguthiyaagum. ippaguthiyil kalaba maanila pozhuthupoakku pakuthi, vailuku nadhi maanila poongaa mattrum agakha neerveelchchi maanila poongaa ullitta pala pozhuthupoakku poongkaakkal ullana. havaai theevil 3,000 kkum maerpatta pathivuseiyappatta vaettaikkaarargal ullanar, maelum pozhuthupoakku mattrum vaazhvaathaaram aagiya irandirkaagavum vaettaiyaaduvathu, mounaa keeyil oru podhuvaana nadavadikkaiyaagum. pandrigal, semmari aadugal, aadugal, vaankozhi, thaeneekkal mattrum kaadai ullitta arimugappaduththappatta vilangkugalin ennikkaiyaik kattuppaduttha oru podhu vaettaiyaadum thittam payanpaduththappadukirathu. mounaa kae maanila pozhuthupoakku pakuthi vilaiyaattin adippadai mugaamaaga seyalpadugirathu. malaiyin keezh mattangkalilum paravaikalaik kankaanippathu podhuvaanathu. oru pirabalamaana thalam "kibuka puu huluhulu", idhu oru malaiyil ulla kaadugalai erimalai paaichchumpoathu uruvaagum mounaa keeyin pakkavaattil oru kibuka aagum. mounaa keeyin periya uyaramum adhan pakkavaattukalin sengkuththum arugilulla mounaa loavai vida sirantha kaatchiyaiyum kurugiya nadaippayanaththaiyum vazhangkukintrana. uyaraththil noai, vaanilai kavalaigal, sengkuththaana saalai tharam mattrum ottumoththa anuga mudiyaatha thanmai aagiyavai erimalai aapaththaanathaakavum uchi payanangkalai kadinamaakkuvadhaagavum ullathu. 20 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil saalaigal kattappadum varai, kadinamaanavargal mattumae mounaa keeyin mael sarivugalukku varugai thanthanar; vaettaikkaarargal vilayaattu vilangkugalaik kankaaniththanar, maelum malaiyaerupavargal malaikku payanam seithanar. inththa payanigal 1930 kazhil siviliyan paathukaappu padaikalaal kattapatta cull araikalai adippadai mugaamgalaaga payanpaduththinar, maelum inththa vasathigalilirunthu thaan sarvadesa vaniel tholainoakki aatharavu valaakaththirkaana naveena naduththara nilai onisuka maiyam perappattathu. muthal mounaa kae uchi saalai 1964 aam aandil kattappattathu, idhu sigaraththai adhiga makalukku anugakkoodiyathaaga maattriyathu. intru, maana qee paathai udpada pala nadaipaathaigal ullana, maelum 2007 aam aandalavil ovvoru aandum 100,000 kkum maerpatta suttrulaap payanigalum 32,000 vaaganangkalum sarvadesa vaaniyalukkaana onisuka myyaththai otiyulla paarvaiyaalar thagaval nilaiyaththirku (vish) selkindrana. mavuna keyaa anugal saalai maiyaththirku nadaipaathai amaikkappattullathu. oru aaivil, paarvaiyaalargalil moontril oru paguthiyinar mattrum malaiyil panipuriyum thozhilmurai vaaniyalaalargalil moontril irandu pangku paer kadumaiyaana uyara noaikalin arikurigalai anubaviththullanar endru therivikkappattullathu; erimalai pakkavaattil payanikkum paarvaiyaalarkal kurainthathu arai manii neram niruththa arivuruththappadugiraargal, maelum adhiga uyaraththirku aetrtravaaru paarvaiyaalar maiyaththil adhiga neram irukka arivuruththappadugiraargal. naanku sakkara oottunar vaaganaththaip payanpaduththi maelae sella migavum parinthuraikkappadukirathu. piraekkugal perumpaalum keezhae sellum vazhiyil athigamaaga veppamadaigindrana, maelum maana keeyil eriporul illai. munbu ovvoru iravum iravu 6-10 manii muthal oru ilavasa natchatthirap paarvai nigazhchchi nadaipettrathu, tharpoothaiya koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga seyalpaattu neraththil maattram mattrum moodal aagiya irandin kaaranamaagavum inththa nigazhchchi rathu seiyappattathu. ovvoru aandum 5,000 muthal 6,000 paer varai mounaa kae uchchimaanaattirku varugai tharugindranar, maelum paathukaappai uruthi seivatharkum, malaiyin orumaipaattaip paathukaappatharkum, 2001 aam aandil oru raenjar thittam seyalpaduththappattathu.

mouna kae mouna keyaa (ledhaa; "mouna eah vakeya" kuu sankshipta namam) anedi hawai dveepamlo churukaina agniparvatam. dheeni sikharam samudra mattaniki paina undhi, idhi hawai raashtramlo ettaina pradaesam mariyu bhoomipai oka dveepamlo rendava ettaina sikharamgaa undhi. sikharam daani bhaarii porugu praantamaina mouna lova kante ekkuvagaa untundi. mouna kii daani ettuku asadhaaranamgaa sthalaakrutigaa pramukhamainadih parvathaalalo daani tadi praamukhyata prapanchamlo padihenavadi, daani podi praamukhyata. eee podi praamukhyata samudra mattaniki paina unna everest parvatam kante ekkuva, mariyu kontamandi adhikarulu daani neeti aduguna unna adugu nundi mouna keeni prapanchamlone ettaina parvatam anie paerkonnaaru. idhi sumaru oka million samvatsaraala naatidi, tadwara vandala vaela samvatsaraala kritam jeevitamlo atyanta churukaina kavacha dasha daatindi. daani prastuta post-sheeled sthithilo, daani lava marinta jigataga untundi, phalitamgaa oka nitaruga untundi. cinder sankuvula nirmaanam, daani cheelika mandalaala vikendrikarana, daani sikharampai himanadeeyatvam mariyu prabalamaina vaanijya gaalula valla vaataavarana maarpula kaaranamgaa chivari agniparvatam daani porugu agniparvataala kante chaalaa kathinamaina roopaanni ichindi. mouna kae chivariga 6,000 nundi 4,000 samvatsaraala kritam visphotanam chendindi mariyu ippudu nidraanamgaa undani bhaavistaaru. hawai matamlo, hawai dveepam yokka sikharaalu pavitramainavi. oka puraatana chattam unnata sthaayi aleeni matrame daani sikharaanni sandarsinchadaaniki anumatinchindi. mouna kii vaalulalo nivasistunna puraatana havaianlu aaharam kosam daani vistrutamaina adavulapai aadharapaddaru, mariyu saadhanaala utpatti kosam daani paarsvaalapai dattamaina agniparvata-himanadeeya basaltlanu travvaaru. 18va sataabdam chivaralo europeanlu vachinappudu, sthiranivaasulu pasuvulu, gorrelu mariyu aata jantuvulanu pravesapettaaru, veetilo chaalaa varaku adaviga maari agniparvatam yokka paryaavarana samatulyatanu debbateeyadam praarambhinchaayi. mouna keeni paryaavaranaparamgaa moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchavachhuh daani sikharaagramlo alpine vaataavaranam, daani paarsvaalalo "sophora chrysophilla"-"mayoporam sandvicence" (ledhaa maamane-naayo) adavi, mariyu "akeshia koo"-"metrosideros polymorpha" (ledhaa cova-ohiya) adavi, ippudu daani bays vadda, maajee chakkera parisrama dwara ekkuvagaa tolaginchabadindi. iteevali samvatsaraalalo, sthaanika jaatula durbalatvampai aandolana kortu kesulaku daariteesindi, idhi hawai bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula vibhaganni agniparvatampai anni adavi jaatulanu nirmoolinche disagaa panicheyadaaniki balavantam chesindi. adhika etthu, podi vaataavaranam mariyu sthiramaina gaali pravaahamtho, mouna kii yokka sikharaagram khagola pariseelana kosam prapanchamlooni uttama pradaesaalaloo okati. 1964loe pravesha rahadari erpaatu chesinappati nundi, padakondu deshaalache nidhulu samakuurchabadina padamudu telescopelu sikharagra samavesamlo nirminchabaddaayi. mouna kae observatorylu vidyudayaskaanta varnapatam antataa shaastreeya parisoedhana kosam upayoginchabadutunnaayi mariyu prapanchamlone atipedda atuvanti sadupaayaanni kaligi unnaayi. sthaanika havaianlu pavitramgaa bhaavinche prakruti drushyampai vaari nirmaanam netikee charchaneeyaamsamgaa konasagutondi. sthalaakruthi praamukhyata. mouna kii daani ettuku asadhaaranamgaa sthalaakrutigaa pramukhamainadi, parvathaalalo prapanchamlo tadi praamukhyata padihenavadi, mariyu prapanchamlo podi praamukhyata rendavadi, everest parvatam taruvaata matrame. idhi daani dveepamlo ettaina sikharam, kabatti daani tadi praamukhyata samudra mattaniki paina unna daani ettutoe saripolutundi. hawai dheevulu samudramlo lothugaa valuga unnanduna, mouna kiaku podi praamukhyata undhi. eee podi praamukhyata samudra mattaniki paina unna everest parvatam etthu kante podavugaa untundi, kabatti everest mouna kii yokka podi praamukhyatanu adhigaminchadaaniki daani parvatapraantaalalo mottam khandaalanu cherchavalasi untundi. hawai loya nundi entha mouna kae poduchukunnado choosthe, kontamandi adhikarulu dheenini bays nundi sikharam varaku kolichinatlugaa, prapanchamlone ettaina (ettaina) parvatam anie pilicharu. praamukhyata vale kakunda, bays vadulugaa nirvachinchabadindi, dheeni phalitamgaa sankhyalu (sumaruga hawai lothaina binduvu varaku) nundi (lothaina bhoogarbha parvatam yokka muulam varaku) varaku unnaayi. aaa udaaharanalalo, itara parvataalu, bays nundi (, challenger lothu nundi praarambhinchi) ettaina aarohananu claim chese lamlam parvatam, mariyu himalaya parvataalannii vipareetamaina lothaina muulaalanu claim chese vaadanalaku poteegaa untaayi. atacama kandakam nundi andis parvataala varaku ekkuva ettulanu kolavavacchu, udaaharanaku, richard yokka lothaina (lothaina) diguva nundi sameepamloni lullallako (ettaina) sikharam varaku untundi. lamlam parvatam ledhaa lullallako mount mountllallaako mountllallaako mountlam ledhaa lullallako mountlallaamaalu prati disalo kandakaalaloki vistarinchavu kabatti mountlam ledhaa lullallako mountllaamlaku mountlam ledhaa lullallallako mountlaamaalu anevi mountlamlam ledhaa lullallako mountlaamaalu anevi anni disalalo kandakaalaku vistarinchavu. bhoogarbha shaastram. hawai-chakravarthy seamount golusulo atipedda mariyu athi pinna vayaskudaina dveepamaina hawai dveepaanni yerparuchukune aidu agniparvataalalo mouna keyaa okati. eee aidu hotspot agniparvataalalo, mouna kiah nalgava puraatanamainadi mariyu nalgava atyanta churukainadi. idhi sumaru oka million samvatsaraala kritam hawai hotspot nadipe preshield agniparvatamgaa praarambhamaindi, mariyu 500,000 samvatsaraala kritam varaku daani kavacham dasalo anoohyamgaa churukuga maarindi. mouna kii 250,000 nundi 200,000 samvatsaraala kritam daani nissabda post-sheeled dasaloki pravesinchindi, mariyu prastutam churukuga undhi, 4,500 mariyu 6,000 samvatsaraala kritam chivarisariga visphotanam chendindi. mouna kiaku kanipinche sikharam caldera ledhu, conny daani sikharaaniki sameepamlo aneka chinna cinder mariyu pumis sankuvulu unnaayi. oka puurva sikharam caldera taruvaata sikhara visphotana nikshepaala dwara nimpabadi, khananam cheyabadi undavacchu. mouna kii parimaanamlo entha peddadigaa untundi antey adhi mariyu daani poruguna unna mouna lova, daani krinda unna samudrapu poralanu taggistaayi. agniparvatam samvatsaraaniki takkuva retutho daani swantha baruvutho jaaripadi chadunainadigaa konasaagutundi. daani dravyaraasilo ekkuva bhaagam daani prastuta sikharaagraaniki thoorpuna undhi. idhi samudra mattaniki paina, daani poruguna unna mouna lova kante ekkuvagaa undhi mariyu hawai raashtramlo ettaina pradaesam. anni hawai agniparvataala maadirigaane, pasiphik tectonic plate bhoomi yokka antarleena montil looni hawai hotspot meedugaa kadulutunnanduna mouna kiah srushtinchabadindi. hawai dveepa agniparvataalu eee prakriyaku iteevali aadharalu, 70 million samvatsaraalaku paiga, hawai parvatasreni-chakravarthy seamount golusunu srushtinchaayi. prabalamgaa, puurtigaa sthirapadakapoyinappatiki, hotspot graham yokka aavaranalo chaalaa varaku sthiramgaa undani, senozoic yugam mottam kakapoyina. ayithe, hawai agniparvatam baga ardham chesukuni, vistrutamgaa adhyayanam cheyabadinappatiki, hotspot prabhaavaaniki kaaranamayye yantraangam gurinchi khachitamaina vivarana ledhu. mouna kiah nundi lava daani perugudala samayamlo daani poruguvaaritho sanklishta poralalo ativyaapti chendutundi. atyanta pramukhamgaa, mouna kiah anedi kohala nundi vaayuvya disaku pravahinche paatha pravahalapai nirminchabadindi, mariyu dakshinaana mouna lova yokka punaadini kalustundi. mouna kii yokka paarsvaalalo asalu visphotana pagullu (cheelika mandalaalu) daani post-sheeled agniparvatam dwara khananam cheyabaddaayi. mouna kiaku thoorpuna unna pramukha neeti aduguna cheelika john nirmaanam ayina hilo ridge, okappudu agniparvatamlo oka bhaagamgaa bhaavinchabadindi; ayithe, idhi ippudu yuva mouna kiah pravaahaala valla prabhaavitamaina kohala cheelika jonga ardham chesukobadindi. agniparvatam yokka apaaramaina pradhana dravyaraasini nirminchina sheeled-stage lavalu praathamika magma mariyu anachiveyabadina samudrapu crust kalayika dwara srushtinchabadina mouna lova vanti tholetic basaltlu. avi 250,000 mariyu 70-65,000 samvatsaraala kritam visphotanam chendina "hamakwa agniparvataala" post-sheeled kshaara basaltlu ayina mouna keyapai atyanta puraatana bahirgatamaina raathi poratho kappabadi unnaayi. atyanta iteevali agniparvata pravahalu havaayitlu mariyu mugeraitlu avi 65,000 mariyu 4,000 samvatsaraala kritam visphotanam chendina post-sheeled "lapaho agniparvataalu". lava kuurpuloo eee maarpulu sikharaagraaniki magma sarafaraanu nemmadigaa tagginchadamtho patuga, idhi balaheenamaina visphotanaalaku daariteesindi, idhi agniparvata nidraanasthitiki sambandhinchina vivikta bhagalaku daari teesindi. lapaho lavalu marinta jigataga untaayi mariyu munupati tholeitic basaltla kante ekkuva asthiratalanu kaligi untaayi; vaati mandamgaa pravahinche mouna kii yokka paarsvaalu gananeeyamgaa nitaruga untaayi. adanamgaa, paeludu visphotanaalu sikharaagraaniki sameepamlo cinder sankuvulanu nirminchaayi. eee sankuvulu mouna kii yokka iteevali visphotana kendraalu. daani prastuta sikharaagramlo lava gopuraalu mariyu vandala meterla etthu varaku vyaasangala cinder sankuvulu aadhipatyam chelaayistunnaayi. mouna keyaa anedi himanadeeyaaniki spashtamaina aadhaaraalatho unna ekaika hawai agniparvatam. ilanti niksheepaalu bahusha mouna loyaalo undevi, conny taruvaata lava pravaahaala dwara kappabadi unnaayi. hawai ushnamandala praantam unnappatikee, gatha manchu yugaalalo ushnogratalo oka degree taggudala vesavi kaalamlo agniparvatam sikharaagramlo manchu undataaniki anumatinchindi, idhi manchu kappunu yerparustundi. gatha 180,000 samvatsaraala nundi namodu cheyabadina himanadeeyaaniki sambandhinchina moodu bhagalu unnaih "pokulova" (180-130 kaa), "vaihu" (80-60 kaa) mariyu "macanaca" (40-13 kaa) syries. ivi sikharaanni vistrutamgaa chekkayi, agniparvatam yokka eguva paarshwaala venta morainlu mariyu matti mariyu kankara yokka vruttaakaara valayanni jama chesaayi. subglacial visphotanaalu macaca himaninadam samayamlo cinder sankuvulanu nirminchaayi, veetilo chaalaa varaku himaninadam charyatho bhaareega debbatinnaayi. iteevali sankuvulu 9000 mariyu 4500 samvatsaraala kritam, himanadeeya nikshepaala paina nirminchabaddaayi, ayithe oka adhyayanam chivari visphotanam sumaru 3600 samvatsaraala kritam ayi undavacchani suuchistumdi. vaati garishta sthaayilo, himaaneenadaalu sikharam nundi etthu madhya varaku vistarinchaayi. 1974 kii mundu mouna kii sikharaagramlo antataa kante takkuva permaphrast yokka chinna sareeram kanugonabadindi, inca undavacchu. chinna chinna gillies sikharaanni chekkutaayi, ivi varsham mariyu manchu aadhaarita pravaahaala dwara erpadataayi, ivi sheethaakaalamlo karige mariyu varshapu varshaala samayamlo matrame pravahistaayi. agniparvatam yokka gaali vaipu, vaanijya gaalula dwara nadiche pravaaha kotha paatha kohala maadirigaane kothanu vegavantam chesindi. mouna keyaa pasiphik pareevaahaka praantamloo ettaina sarassu ayina vaiu sarassuku nilayam. idhi puyu vayaa cinder cone lopala undhi mariyu havaayilooni ekaika alpine sarassu. sarassu chaalaa chinnadi mariyu nissaaramainadi, uparitala vaisaalyam mariyu puurtigaa nindinappudu lothu untundi. sarassu adugubhaagamlo namuunaala radiocarbon dating 12,600 samvatsaraala kritam manchu spashtamgaa undani suuchistumdi. hawai lava rakalu saadhaaranamgaa paaragamyata kaligi untaayi, chorabatla kaaranamgaa sarassu erpadataanni nirodhistaayi. sulfur-baring aaviri agniparvata buudidanu takkuva paaragamyata gala bankamattigaa maarchindi, ledhaa perugutunna magma mariyu bhoogarbhajalaala madhya paeludu paraspara charyalu ledhaa friatic visphotanaala samayamlo uparitala neeru anoohyamgaa chakkati buudidagaa erpadi, sarassu mancham yokka paaragamyatanu tagginchindi. 1993 varaku hawai dveepamlo etuvanti artesian neeru teliyadu, appudu hawai vishwavidyaalayam samudra mattam kante diguvana unna artesian jalacharanni tavvindi, idhi boru hole yokka mottam lothu kante ekkuva vistarinchindi. boru hole matti mariyu lava yokka sanklishta pora dwara travvabadindi, ikkada mouna lova pravahalu bahirgatamaina mouna kii uparitalampai akraminchabaddayi mariyu taruvaata samudra mattam krinda tagginchabaddaayi. isotopic kuurpu samudra mattaniki paina kante ekkuvagaa mouna kii nundi vachhe varsham nundi udbhavinchina neetini choopistundi. neetimattam yokka uniki mouna kii yokka besal lens lopala manchineeti talaku aapaadinchabadindi. prastuta namuunaalu soochinche daanikante mouna kii yokka manchineeti lenslo ekkuva neeru undavacchani saastravettalu bhaavistunnaaru. 2012loe mouna keeyaalo maroe rendu boreholes travvabaddaayi, neeru chaalaa ettaina pradaesaalaloo mariyu oohinchina daanikante takkuva lotula vadda kanugonabadindi. kriyaaseela agniparvataala adhyayanam kosam hawai vishwavidyaalaya kendram director donald thamus, jalacharaala adhyayanam konasaaginchadaaniki oka kaaranam adhika ettulo unna praantaala upayogam mariyu occupancy anie nammutaaru, ilaa perkontu "daadaapu eee kaaryakalaapaalannii traaguneeti labhyatapai aadharapadi untaayi, chaalaa sandarbhaallo, idhi vaimiya ledhaa hilo nundi jeenu varaku trucku cheyabadaali-idhi mana korata dravaroopa indhanaalanu gananeeyamaina parimaanamlo viniyoginche asamarthamaina mariyu khareedaina prakriya." bhavishyat karyakalapalu. mouna kii chivari visphotanam sumaru 4,600 samvatsaraala kritam (sumaru 2600 BC) jarigindi; eee nishkriyaatmakata kaaranamgaa, mouna kii daani sikharaagraaniki 7 mariyu daani diguva paarsvaalaku 8 yokka united states bhougolika survey pramaada jaabitaanu ketayinchabadindi, saadhyamainanta takkuva pramaada rating 9 (idhi antarinchipoyina agniparvatam kohalaku ivvabadindi). cree. puu. 8000 nundi lava pravahalu agniparvatam yokka sikharaagramlo 20 saatam varaku vistarinchi unnaayi mariyu vaastavamgaa daani paarsvaalu aevee laevu. nidraanamainappatikii, mouna kae mallii visphotanam chendutundani bhaavistunnaaru. munupati visphotanaala aadhaaramgaa, atuvanti sanghatana agniparvatam yokka eguva paarsvaalalo ekkadainaa sambhavinchavachhu mariyu podavaina lava pravahalanu utpatti chestundi, ekkuvagaa aaa, podavainadi. sudeergha kaala karyakalapalu muulam vadda cinder cone nuu nirminchagalavu. taruvaati konni sataabdaalaloo sambhavinchakapoyina, atuvanti visphotanam bahusha praananashtam kaliginchakapovacchu, conny moulika sadupaayaalaku gananeeyamaina nashtam kaliginchavacchu. maanava charitra. sthaanika charitra. hawai dveepaaniki vacchina modati puraatana hawai prajalu teeram vembadi nivasinchaaru, ikkada aaharam mariyu neeru samruddhiga undevi. 12va sataabdam mariyu 13va sataabdam praarambhamlo mouna lova-mouna kae praantaaniki lothattu praantaalalo sthaavaraalu vistarinchaayi. puraavastu aadharalu eee praantaalanu vaeta, raathi saamagrini sekarinchadam, bahusha aadhyaatmika kaaranaala valla ledhaa khagola ledhaa naukayana pariseelanala kosam upayoginchinatlu suuchistunnaayi. parvatamlooni samruddhiga unna adavulu aaharam kosam mokkalu mariyu jantuvulanu mariyu aasrayam kosam mudi padaarthaalanu andinchaayi. gatamlo maamsaahaarulu laeni egarani pakshulu pradhana aahara vanarugaa marai. hawai deevula prarambha sthaavaraalu sthaanika paryaavarana vyavasthalalo pedda maarpulaku daariteesaayi mariyu mukhyamgaa pakshi jaatulalo aneka viluptaalaku daariteesaayi. puraatana havaianlu videshee mokkalu mariyu jantuvulanu teesukuvacchaaru, mariyu vaati raaka kotha raetlu peragadamtho mudipadi undhi. prastuta lothattu atavee paryaavarana vyavastha adavi nundi gaddi bhoomiki roopaantaram chendindi; eee maarpulo kontha agni viniyogam valla sambhavinchindi, ayithe atavee paryaavarana vyavastha patanam mariyu havaayipai pakshula viluptaaniki prabalamaina kaaranam polynesian (ledhaa pasiphik) eluka parichayam anie telustondi. hawai yokka aidu agniparvataalanu pavitra parvataalagaa gouravistaaru; mariyu mouna kii yokka sikharam, atyanta pavitramainadi. eee kaaranamgaa, oka "kaapu" (puraatana hawai chattam) unnata sthaayi aleeki sandarsakula hakkulanu parimitam chesindi. havaianlu tama sahaja paryaavaranamlooni amsaalanu nirdishta devatalato mudipettaru. hawai puraanaalaloo, mouna kae sikharaanni "devatala praantam" gaa chuusaaru, idhi paropakari aatmalu nivasinche pradaesam. manchu devata ayina poliahu kooda akkada nivasistaadu. "mouna kii" anedi mouna eah vaake anae padaaniki sankshipta namam, dheeni ardham "tellani parvatam", daani kalanugunamga manchutho kappabadina sikharaaniki suuchanagaa. 1100 loe, sthaanikulu saadhanaalanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki pratyaekamaina dattamaina basault (lava pravaahaala sheeghra sheetaleekarana dwara upa-himanadeeya visphotanaala samayamlo manchu kalusukovadam dwara utpatti cheyabadina) nuu velikiteese vidhamgaa mouna kii meeda adhika ettulo adj kwaareelanu erpaatu chesaaru. blades mariyu fishing gair kosam agniparvata gaaju mariyu gabbro sekarinchabaddaayi, mariyu handles kosam maane kalapaku praadhaanyata ivvabadindi. 1400 taruvaata atyadhika kwari karyakalapala samayamlo, kathinamaina mariyu chakkati kotha kosam pratyeka soukaryaalu unnaayi; kaarmikulanu nilabettadaaniki aaharam, neeru mariyu kalapatho aasrayaalu; mariyu puurtayina utpattini srushtinche varkshaaplu unnaayi. vaiu sarassu kaarmikulaku taaguneetini andinchindi. sthaanika nayakulu kooda navjata sisuvula boddu teegalanu daani neetilo munchi, vaariki parvatam yokka balaanni istaaru. eee kaalam madhya kwari viniyogam mariyu americanlu mariyu europeanlatho sambandhaalu taggai. kwaareeki sambandhinchina aacharamlo bhaagamgaa, kaarmikulu tama devatalaku devaalayaalanu nirminchaaru; ivi mariyu itara kwari kalakhandalu saitlalo unnaayi, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam ippudu mouna kii manchu yugam reserve loe unnaayi. eee prarambha yugam taruvaata 12va sataabdam mariyu 18va sataabdam chivari madhya saamskrutika vistarana jarigindi. prajala takshana avasaraala kosam roopondinchina praantalugaa bhoomini vibhajinchaaru. eee "ahupuva" saadhaaranamgaa parvata sikharaala nundi teeram varaku unna podavaina bhuubhaagaala roopaanni santarinchukundi. mouna kae sikharam kavohe yokka ahupuvaalo chuttabadi undhi, daani thoorpu vaalulo kontha bhaagam sameepamloni humeulaku cherukuntundi. agniparvatam yokka vaalulalo nivasinche havaiyanlaku poeshanha yokka pradhana vanarulu daani eguva vaalulalooni maane-naio adavi nundi vachayi, idhi vaariki vrukshasampada mariyu pakshi jeevitaanni andinchindi. vetade pakshi jaatulalo yuyu ("terrodroma sandwichensis"), naenae ("branta sandwichensis"), mariyu palila ("laxioids bailui") unnaayi. diguva cova-ohiya adavi sthaanikulaku canola kosam kalapanu mariyu alankarana kosam alankarinchabadina pakshi eekalu ichindi. aadhunika yugam. 1778loe james cook raakaku mundu vidaeseeyulu havayini sandarsinchina moodu vruttaamtaalu unnaayi. ayithe, mouna ketho sahaa dveepam yokka mottamodati paaschaatya chitranalu 18va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo anveshakulu srushtinchaaru. airopa mariyu americatho sambandhaalu dveepavaasulaku pedda parinaamaalanu kaliginchaayi. sthaanika havaianlu pravesapettina vyaadhula valla naasanam cheyabaddaaru; vaanijya sthaapanatho hilo, keelakekuwa mariyu kailuva vanti odarevu nagaralu perigayi; mariyu lohapu panimutla parichayam tarvaata mouna keyapai adj kwaareelu vadiliveyabaddaayi. 1793loe, georg vancouver raaju kamehameha Ikii nivaaligaa pasuvulanu teesukuvacchaaru. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo, vaaru nirbandham nundi tappinchukuni, dveepamlo swechchagaa tirugutuu, daani paryaavarana vyavasthanu baga debbateesaaru. 1809loe zaan palmer parker vacchi kamehameha aito sneham chesaadu, athanu atanni dveepamlo pasuvula nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinchaadu. 1845loe adanapu bhoomi manjoorutho, parker mouna kii yokka uttara vaalupai parker gaddibeedunu sthaapinchaadu, idhi netikee amalulo unna oka pedda pasuvula gaddibeedulu. dveepamlo sthirapadinavaaru cheraku thotalu mariyu illa kosam diguva sthaanika adavilo chaalaa bhaganni tagalabetti kattirinchaaru. mouna kii mariyu mouna lova madhya jeenu aakaaramlo unna peethabhoomini daatadaaniki paeru pettabadina jeenu rahadari 1943loe puurtayimdi, mariyu mouna keeki prayaanaanni gananeeyamgaa sulabhataram chesindi. peethabhoomipai unna pohakulova sikshanaa praantam havaayilooni atipedda sainika sikshanaa maidaanam. eee sthaavaram agniparvatam yokka diguva paarshwaala nundi etthu varaku, 1956 nundi yuu. ess. sainyaniki leejuku icchina rashtra bhoomipai vistarinchi undhi. eee praantamloo 15 antarinchipothunna mariyu antarinchipothunna mokkalu, moodu antarinchipothunna pakshulu mariyu oka antarinchipothunna gabbilala jaatulu unnaayi. 1980la nundi mouna kae vistrutamaina puraavastu parisoedhanaku kendramgaa undhi. 2000 natiki sumaru 27 saatam sains reserve survey cheyabadindi, 76 punyakshetraalu, 4 adges tayari varkshaaplu, 3 itara markerlu, 1 sanukoolamgaa gurtinchabadina khananam sthalam mariyu 4 saadhyamayye khananam pradaesaalanu gurtinchindi. 2009 natiki, gurtinchina pradaesaala sankhya 223kii perigindi, agniparvatam eguva paarsvaalapai puraavastu parisoedhana konasagutondi. puraatana manchu rekhatho paatu agniparvatam sikharam chuttoo erpaatu cheyabadina punyakshetraalu, mouna kii yokka pavitra bhaagaaniki parivartanaku gurtulu anie soochinchabadindi. hawai moukhika charitralo mouna kae chuttoo khananam gurinchi aneka suuchanalu unnappatikee, konni pradaesaalu dhruvikarinchabaddayi. agniparvatam meeda unna aneka cinder sankuvulapai punyakshetraalu ledhaa itara kalakhandalu lekapovadam, avi khananam kosam ketayinchinanduna kaavacchu. aarohanalu. parichayaniki mundu kaalamlo, mouna keyaku prayaaninchae sthaanikulu bahusha ippatike unna kaalibaatala kante prakruti drushyam dwara ekkuvagaa maarganirdesam cheyabaddaaru, endukante kaalibaatalaku sambandhinchina aadharalu kanugonabadaledu. badulugaa sahaja parvataalu mariyu neeti vanarulanu anusarinche avakaasam undhi. vyaktulu mouna kae yokka vaalulanu daani sikharaaniki sameepamlo unna kutumba nirvahana punhyaksheetraalanu sandarsinchadaaniki prayaanaalu chesi undavacchu, mariyu parvata aarohanaku sambandhinchina sampradaayaalu eee roeju varaku unnaayi. ayithe, daanipai kathinamaina "kaapu" unchinanduna chaalaa takkuva mandhi sthaanikulu sikharaaniki cherukunnaru. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo, mouna kii yokka mottamodati mukhyamaina "namodu cheyabadina" aarohanalu eee krindi vaatini kaligi unnaih 19va sataabdam chivaralo mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo gurrampai prayaaninchagala aata mandala kadalika dwara tarachugaa kaalibaatalu erpaddaayi. ayithe, 1964loe rahadari nirmaanam varaku sikharaagraaniki vaahanaala raaka aacharanatmakamgaa asadhyam, mariyu idhi parimitam cheyabadi konasagutondi. nedu, vividha upayoga rashtraalalo sikharaagraaniki bahula margalu unnaayi. paryaavaranam. nepathyam. hawai yokka bhougolika ontaritanam daani paryaavaranaanni balamgaa prabhaavitam chestundi. hawai vanti maarumuula dveepaalalo pedda sankhyalo jaatulu unnaayi, ivi marekkada kanipinchavu (hawai dheevulalo endemism chudandi). eee suduurata phalitamgaa parinaamaatmaka rekhalu itara praantaala nundi bhinnamgaa undi, eee sthaanika jaatulanu bahya jeeva prabhavam nundi veruchesindi, mariyu vaatini mukhyamgaa antarinchipoye avakaasam mariyu hanikara jaatula prabhaavaalaku gurichestundi. adanamgaa hawai paryaavarana vyavasthalu vyavasayam kosam bhoomini tholaginchadamtho sahaa maanava abhivruddhi nundi muppulo unnaayi; dveepamlooni sthaanika jaatulalo moodinta oka vanthu ippatike tudichipettukupoyayi. daani etthu kaaranamgaa, mouna kiah hawai dveepasamoohamlo ekkadainaa jeeva paryaavarana vyavasthala yokka goppa vaividhyaanni kaligi undhi. parvatampai paryaavarana vyavasthalu ushnogratalo maarpulu mariyu ettutoe varshapaatam kaaranamgaa daani vaalula venta kendrikruta valayalanu yerparustaayi. eee paryaavarana vyavasthalanu etthu dwara sumaruga moodu vibhagaluga vibhajinchavachhuh alpine-subalpine, montaine mariyu besal adavi. 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo americanlu mariyu europeanlatho sambandhaalu eee dveepaaniki ekkuva mandhi sthiranivaasulanu teesukuvacchaayi mariyu shaashwata pratikuula paryaavarana prabhavanni chupayi. diguva vaalulalo, cova-ohiya adavula vistaaramaina praantaalanu vyavasaya bhuumulugaa marcharu. ettaina, gaddibeedula nundi tappinchukunna adavi jantuvulu mouna kii yokka sthaanika maamane-nayo adavilo aasrayam pondaayi, mariyu vistrutamgaa debbatinnaayi. sthaanika mokkalu kaanivi itara teevramaina muppu; dveepamlo 4,600 kii paiga pravesapettina jaatulu unnaayi, ayithe sthaanika jaatula sankhya kevalam 1,000 gaa anchanaa veyabadindi. alpine vaataavaranam. mouna kii sikharam chettu rekhaku paina undhi, mariyu ekkuvagaa lava rock mariyu alpine tandraalanu kaligi untundi. bhaarii himapatam unna praantam, idhi vrukshasampadaku abhedyamainadi, mariyu dheenini hawai ushnamandala ettaina podalu anie pilustaaru. ikkada perugudala atyanta challani ushnogratalu, takkuva perugutunna kaalam, takkuva varshapaatam mariyu sheethaakaalamlo manchu kaaranamgaa parimitam cheyabadindi. matti lekapovadam muulaala perugudalanu kooda addukuntundi, bhoomi nundi poeshakaalanu grahinchadam kashtataram chestundi mariyu eee praantaaniki chaalaa takkuva neeti nilupudala saamarthyaanni istundi. eee ettulo kanipinche mokkala jaatulalo "styphelia tamemia", "taraxacum afficinale", "tetramolopium humail", "agrostis sandvicensis", "aanthoksaantham odoratum", "tricetum glomeratum", "poya annuva", "sonacus olerasius" mariyu "coprosma ernodios" unnaayi. oka mukhyamaina jaathi mouna kii sylver vard ("argiraxifium sandvicence" varr. "sandvicence"), atyanta antarinchipothunna sthaanika vruksha jaathi, idhi mouna kii yokka ettaina cinder edaarulalo vruddhi chendutundi. oka dasalo kevalam 50 mokkala janaabhaaku tagginchabadindi, mouna kii sylver vard alpine joneku parimitam cheyabadindani bhaavinchaaru, conny vaastavaaniki pasuvula nundi vachhe ottidi valla akkada nadapabadindi, mariyu takkuva ettulo kooda peragavacchu. mouna kii yokka dakshina sikharam paarsvamlo mouna kii manchu yugam reserve 1981loe sthaapinchabadindi. eee reserve anedi iolian edaari mariyu sarassu vayo praantaalatoo sahaa arudaina vrukshasampada kaligina cinder niksheepaalu mariyu lava rock praantam. eee paryaavarana vyavastha bedirimpu unna yuu ("terrodroma sandwichensis") kuu aasrayam mariyu vku bugs ("nysius vekiyuikola") paie adhyayanaaniki kooda kendramgaa undhi. vq bugs chanipoyina purugula mrutadehaalanu tintaayi, ivi gaalilo mouna keeyaaku pravahinchi manchu odduna sthirapadathaayi. idhi "nysius" jaatilooni oka jaatiki atyanta asaadhaaranamaina aahara vanaru, indulo pradhanamgaa vittanaalu tine keetakaalu untaayi. vaari raktamlo sahaja antifries kaaranamgaa vaaru adhika ettulo jeevinchagalaru. avi ekkuva samayam vedichesina uparitalaala krinda kooda untaayi. vaati parirakshana sthithi aspashtamgaa undhi, conny eee jaathi ikapai antarinchipothunna jaatula jaabitaaku abhyardhi kaadu; eee jaathi sankshemaaniki sambandhinchina adhyayanalu 1980loe prarambhamayyayi. daggari sambandham unna "nysius aaa" mouna loyaalo nivasistundi. thodelu salepurugulu (lycosidae) mariyu atavee gudaram gongali purugu chimmatalu kooda adhe mouna kii paryaavarana vyavasthalo gamaninchabaddaayi; modativi vaedini grahinche raalla kinda daachadam dwara manugada saagistaayi, mariyu taruvativi vaati sariiraalaloo challani-nirodhaka rasaayanaala dwara. maamane-naio adavi. agniparvatam meeda unna atavee praantam, ettulo, maamane ("sophora chrysophilla") mariyu naayo ("mayoporam sandvicence") aadhipatyam kaligi undhi, rendoo sthaanika vruksha jaatulu, anduvalla dheenini maamane-naayo adavi anie pilustaaru. eee jonloni pakshulaku, mukhyamgaa palila ("laxioids beyillui") kuu, maamane vittanaalu mariyu naayo pandlu pradhana aaharaalu. gatamlo mouna kae, mouna lova, huwalay vaalulalo palila kanipinchindi, conny ippudu mouna kae vaalulaku parimitam cheyabadindi-daani munupati shrenilo kevalam 10 saatam matrame-mariyu teevramgaa antarinchipotunnatlu prakatinchabadindi. paryaavarana vyavasthaku atipedda muppu 18va sataabdam chivaralo dveepaaniki parichayam cheyabadina adavi gorrelu, pasuvulu ("boses premisinius") mariyu mekalu ("capra hircus") metha. vaanijya methatho adavi jantuvula pootii chaalaa teevramgaa undadamtho vaatini nirmoolinche karyakramam 1920la chivari varaku unikilo undhi, mariyu 1949 varaku konasaagindi. eee metha phalitaalalo okati sthaanika mariyu pravesapettina, vetakadaaniki nirodhakata kaligina mulika mariyu chekka mokkala praabalyam. adavi jantuvulu daadaapu nirmuulinchabaddaayi, 1950laloe konni vandala sankhyalu unnaayi. ayithe, sthaanika vetagaalla pravaham kaaranamgaa eee adavi jaatulanu aata jantuvulugaa viluvainaviga pariganinchaaru, 1959loe parirakshana mariyu bhuu viniyoga nirvahanaku baadhyata vahinche hawai bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula vibhagam, kreedanu sulabhataram cheyadaaniki roopondinchina sthiramaina niyantrana karyakramamga daani vidhananni maarchindi. mouflan ("ovis aaris orientalis") 1962 nundi 1964 varaku pravesapettabadindi, mariyu 1964loe axis deer ("axis axis") nuu vidudala chese pranaalikanu pasuvula pempakam parisrama nundi nirasanalu matrame nirodhinchaayi, vaaru pantalanu debbateestaarani mariyu vyaadhini vyaapti chestaarani chepparu. vaeta parisrama tirigi pooraadindi, mariyu pasupaalakulu mariyu vetagaalla madhya munduku venukaku velladam chivariki praja paryaavarana aandolanaku daariteesindi. mouna kii praarambhamlo khagola soukaryaala abhivruddhitho, parirakshakulu mouna kii paryaavarana vyavasthanu rakshinchaalani demand chesaaru. rakshana kosam 25 saatam adavulaku kanche veyaalani, migilina 75 saatam aata vaeta kosam nirvahinchaalani oka pranaalika pratipaadinchabadindi. parirakshakula nundi vyatiraekata unnappatikee eee pranaalika amaluloki vachindi. bhoomini vibhajinchinappudu kanche nirmaanaaniki dabbu ketayinchabadaledu. eee gharshana madhyalo antarinchipothunna jaatula chattam aamodinchabadindi; jaateeya aaduban society mariyu sierra club leagal defence fund hawai department off land und natural resourcespy daavaa vesindi, vaaru federal chattanni ullanghistunnaarani paerkontuu, mylurayi kesulo "palila vii. hawai department off land und natural resources "(1978). nyayasthaanam parirakshakulaku anukuulamgaa teerpu ichindi mariyu vanyapraanula rashtra niyantranaku mundu samakhya chattaala praadhaanyatanu samarthinchindi. antarinchipothunna jaatula chattanni ullanghinchina taruvaata, hawai rashtram parvatapraantam nundi anni adavi jantuvulanu tolaginchaalsina avasaram erpadindi. eee nirnayam taruvaata 1981loe rendava kortu uttarvu vachindi. oka bahiranga vaeta karyakramam aneka adavi jantuvulanu kaneesam tatkalikamga tolaginchindi. oka kriyaaseela niyantrana karyakramam amalulo undhi, ayithe idhi maana-naio paryaavarana vyavasthanu gananeeyamgaa punaruddharinchadaaniki taginanta drudhatatho nirvahinchabadadu. eee dveepamlo mariyu mouna keelo aneka itara jaatulu mariyu paryaavarana vyavasthalu unnaayi, ivi maanava abhivruddhi mariyu hanikara jaatulache bedirinchabadutunnaayi. mouna kae atavee abhayaaranyam hawai bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula vibhagam paridhiloo unna maamane-naio atavee praantaanni rakshistundi. gorrela vetaku edaadi podavunaa anumati undhi. maane-naio adavilo oka chinna bhaagam mouna kae rashtra vinoda praantam chuttoo undhi. takkuva vaataavaranam. mouna kii yokka diguva vaalulapai unna gaddibeedu bhoomi gatamlo "akeshia cova"-"metrosideros polymorpha" (cova-ohiya) adavi. 1830laloe vistrutamaina kalapatho kotta gruhaalaku kalapanu andinchinanduna, 19va sataabdam praarambhamlo european mariyu american sthiranivaasula pravaham daani vidhvamsamku kaaranamaindi. cheraku thotala kosam adavilooni vistaaramaina praantaalanu tagalabetti tolaginchaaru. dveepamlooni chaalaa illu koyato nirminchabaddaayi, mariyu adavilo manugada saaginchina aaa bhagalu cheraku thotalapai baayilarlaku mariyu illanu vaedi cheyadaaniki kattelaku muulamgaa marai. okappudu vistaaramaina adavi 1880 natiki daadaapu adrusyamaindi, 1900 natiki, kalapa aasaktulu cona mariyu moui dveepaaniki marai. 1990laloe chakkera parisrama kuppakuuladamtoe, eee bhoomilo ekkuva bhaagam paduga undhi, ayithe pasuvula metha, chinna taraha vyavasayam mariyu kalapa gujju kosam eucalyptus saguku upayoginchabadutundi. hackalou atavee jaateeya vanyapraanula aasrayam mouna kii yokka gaali vaalu meeda unna pradhana cova atavee abhayaaranyam. idhi 1985loe sthaapinchabadindi, paryaavarana vyavastha avasheshaalanu cover chestundi. antarinchipothunna enimidi pakshi jaatulu, antarinchipothunna pannendu mokkalu, antarinchipothunna hawain hoary byaat (lasiurus cinerius semotus) eee praantamloo aneka itara arudaina biota thoo patuga gamaninchabaddaayi. 1989 nundi eee reserve vistrutamaina punahstaapana prachaaraaniki kendramgaa undhi. rijarvloni konni bhagalu sthaanika paryaavarana vyavasthapai vyavasayam yokka prabhavanni chuuputaayi, endukante reserve yokka eguva bhaagamlo ekkuva bhoomi vyavasaya bhoomulanu vadilivesindi. akeshia cova-ohiya adaviki chendina pakshi jaatulalo hawai kaag ("carvus havainsis"), akepa ("laxops coxinius"), hawai tegalu ("oriomistis manaa"), Âakiapōlaʼu ("hemignathus munroi"), mariyu hawai hawk ("beauto solitarius") unnaayi, ivanni antarinchipothunna, bedirimpulaku guraina ledhaa pramaadamloo unnavi; mukhyamgaa hawai kaag jaatulanu hackalou rijarvloki tirigi pravesapettadaaniki pranaalikalu unnaayi. sikharagra pariseelana kendraalu. anukuulamaina pariseelana paristhitula kaaranamgaa khagola pariseelana kosam mouna kii sikharaagram prapanchamlooni uttama pradaesaalaloo okati. vidyudayaskaanta varnapatam yokka eee praantaaniki upa millimeter mariyu paraaruna khagola saastraaniki shushka paristhitulu mukhyamainavi. sikharam viloma poraku paina untundi, sikharam krinda chaalaa meghala aavarananu unchutundi mariyu sikharam meeda gaali podigaa mariyu vaataavarana kalushyam lekunda undela chestundi. sikharagra vaataavaranam anoohyamgaa sthiramgaa untundi, prapanchamlooni konni uttama khagola veekshanhalaku allakallolam ledhu. nagara deepaala nundi mouna kii dhooram valla erpade chaalaa cheekati aakaasam chuttupakkala praantam nundi kaanti kalushyanni tagginche chattam dwara samrakshinchabadutundi; cheekati sthaayi masaka khagola vastuvula pariseelananu anumatistundi. eee karakalu chaaritraatmakamgaa mouna keeni stargaging kosam oka adbhutamaina pradaesamgaa marchai. 1960la praarambhamlo, hawai dveepa vaanijya mandali aardhika uddeepanagaa mouna kae yokka khagola abhivruddhini prothsahinchindi; idhi kottagaa merugaina paraaruna kaanti detectorlanu upayoginchadaaniki arizona khagola shaastravetta gerard quiper yokka pradaesaala anveshanhatho samanamga jarigindi. 1964loe quiper sahayakudu alika herring sait pareeksha dwara sikharagra samavesam yokka atyuttama anukuulatanu dhruveekarinchindi. soura khagola saastramlo matrame anubhavam unna quiper, haarvard vishwavidyaalayam mariyu hawai vishwavidyaalayam (yuhech) madhya oka pedda telescopenu nirminchadaaniki nassa nidhula kosam teevramaina moodu-maargam pootii praarambhamaindi. idhi "upstart" pratipaadanaku nidhulu manjuru cheyadamlo mugisindi. daani chinna khagola shaastra vibhaganni khagola shaastram kosam oka kotta samsthagaa punarnirminchindi, mariyu 1968loe hawai bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula vibhagam daani telescope yokka vyaasaarthamlo unna mottam bhoomiki 65 samvatsaraala leejuku ichindi, mukhyamgaa paina. 1970loe puurtayina taruvaata, eee telescope prapanchamlone edava atipedda optical/infrared telescope. 1970 natiki, rendu telescopelanu yuu. ess. vaimanika dalam mariyu lowell observatory nirminchaayi. 1973loe kenada mariyu france mouna keepai 3.6 mea cf hetch tii nirminchadaaniki angeekarinchaayi. ayithe, sthaanika samsthalu observatory paryaavarana prabhavam gurinchi aandolana vyaktam cheyadam praarambhinchaayi. idhi bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula saakha 1977loe roopondinchina prarambha nirvahana pranaalikanu siddham cheyadaaniki daariteesindi mariyu 1980loe bharti cheyabadindi. janavari 1982loe, aaa pradaesamloe shaastreeya soukaryaala nirantara abhivruddhiki maddatugaa oka pranaalikanu regents boardu aamodinchindi. 1998loe, mouna kii manchu yugam nilvaku anubandhamgaa observatory leeju nundi badilee cheyabaddaayi. 1982 pranaalikanu 2000loe 2020 varaku upayoginchadaaniki roopondinchina podigimpu dwara bharti chesaru idhi khagola shaastram kosam niyaminchabadina mouna keyaa nirvahana karyalayanni erpaatu chesindi mariyu migilina vaatini "sahaja mariyu saamskrutika samrakshana" kuu maarchindi. parvatam yokka saamskrutika viluvala patla gowravam lekapovadam patla hawai samaajamlo vyaktam chesina aandolananu parishkarinchadaaniki eee pranaalikanu marinta savarinchaaru. nedu mouna kii sains reservelo 13 pariseelana soukaryaalu unnaayi, prati okkati 11 deshaalache nidhulu samakuurchabaddaayi. kanipinche mariyu paraaruna varnapatamlo tommidi telescopelu panicheestunnaayi, moodu upa millimeter varnapatamlo, mariyu okati radeo varnapatamlo, addaalu ledhaa vantakaalato. polchi choosthe, habul space telescope addam kaligi undhi, idhi yuhech88 parimaanamlo untundi, ippudu parvatam meeda rendava atichinna telescope. save mouna kae" udyamam parvatam yokka abhivruddhini pavitramainadigaa nammutundi. saamskrutika vaarasatvam mariyu paryaavaranaaniki sambandhinchina kiah vanti sthaanika hawai laabhaapekshaleni samuuhaalu kooda saamskrutika mariyu mataparamaina kaaranaala valla abhivruddhini vyatiraekistaayi. 2006loe pratipaadinchina bahula-telescope "outrigor" chivariki raddu cheyabadindi. pranaalikaabaddhamaina kotta telescope, muppai meterla telescope (tmt), vivaadaalanu mariyu nirasanalanu aakarshinchindi. 2013 eprillo tmt aamodinchabadindi. october 2014loe, telescope kosam bhusekarana vedukaku nirasanakaarulu antaraayam kaliginchadamtho project tatkalikamga nilipiveyabadindi. 2015 marchi chivaralo, nirasanakaarulu mallii sikharagra samavesaniki velle rahadaarini addukunnaru. 2015 april 2naa, sandarsakula kendram sameepamlo 300 mandhi nirasanakaarulu samavesamayyaru, aaa samayamlo 12 mandini arrestu cheyagaa, maroe 11 mandini sikharagra samavesamlo arrestu chesaaru. nirasana samuuhaala aandolanalalo bhuu madimpudaarulu mariyu sthaanika havaianla sampradimpulu unnaayi. raashtramlo nirasanalu vistarinchina taruvaata, 2015 april 7naa nirmaanam nilipiveyabadindi. aneka viraamaala taruvaata, project swachchandamgaa vaida veyabadindi. bhavishyattulo mouna kii nirvahanalo gananeeyamaina maarpulanu governor ige prakatinchaaru, ayithe eee project munduku saagagaladani paerkonnaaru. hawai supreenkortu 2018 october 31naa nirmaanaanni tirigi praarambhinchadaaniki aamodam telipindi. nirasanakaarulu muppai meterla telescope kuu vyatiraekamgaa pratispandanagaa online petitionlanu post chesaaru. tmt telescope nirmaanaanni takshaname nilipiveyadam" anae paerutoe online petitionnu maarchadaaniki post chesaaru.2019 juulai 14naa online petition prastutam prapanchavyaaptamgaa 278,057 santakaalanu sekarinchindi. kontamandi nirasanakaarulu muppai meterla telescope kuu maddatu icchinanduna hawai governor david igepai abhisamsanaku kooda pilupunicchaaru. juulai 18,2019naa, "abhisamsana governor david ige" anae paerutoe oka online petitionnu maarchadaaniki post chesaaru.org mariyu prastutam 62,562 kuu paiga santakaalu sekarinchindi. covid-19 mahammari konasagutunna prabhavalu mariyu jaateeya sains foundation dwara federal nidhulu andubaatulo undagala project kosam nidhula marpidi kaaranamgaa 2021 chivari natiki nirmaana pranaalikalu prastutam nilipiveyabaddaayi. muppai meterla telescope nirmaanaaniki sambandhinchina vivaadam konasagutondi. sthaanika media samsthalu nirvahinchina swatantra ennikalaloo moodinta rendu vantula mandhi sthaanika nivaasitulu eee prajectuku maddatu istuu eee dveepaalalo prajectuku sthiramaina maddatu chuuputunnaaru. idhe poles sthaanika hawai community maddatu kotta telescope nirmaanaaniki maddatu ichhe hawai prativaadulalo sagam mandhi vibhajinchabadi undani suuchistunnaayi. juulai, 2022loe, rashtra chattam hawai vishwavidyaalayam nundi master land leejupai niyantrananu kotta mouna kae stewardship und supervise authority (mksoa) kii marchadam dwara nirasanalaku pratispandistundi. maxova anedi 12 mandhi sabhyula boardu (11 mandhi oating sabhyulu mariyu 1 mandhi oating kaani sabhyudu), indulo vishwavidyaalayam, khagola saastravettalu mariyu sthaanika havaianla pratinidhulu unnaaru mariyu idhi khagola saastravettalu mariyu sthaanika havaianla viruddhamaina aasaktula madhya samatulyatanu kanugone lakshyamtho srushtinchabadindi. idhi hawai bhoomi mariyu sahaja vanarula vibhaagamlo unchabadindi mariyu juulai 1,2023 nundi vishwavidyaalayam nundi 5 samvatsaraala parivartana kaalam tarvaata mouna kae bhoomula lopala rashtra-nirvahinche bhoomula nirvahanaku pradhana adhikaram avutundi. parivartana kaalamlo, maxova mariyu vishwavidyaalayam samyuktamgaa bhoomini nirvahistaayi, ayithe adhikaram bhoomi upayogaalu, maanava karyakalapalu mariyu mottam karyakalapalanu niyantrinchadaaniki nirvahana pranaalikanu abhivruddhi chestundi. 2028loe parivartana kaalam mugisina tarvaata, prastuta master leeju 2033loe mugise samayaniki mukhyamaina kotta bhuu viniyoga anumatulanu jaarii cheyadam, mariyu gaduvu mugise samayaniki kotta leejulatho munduku raani evaina observatorylu raddu cheyabadataayi. vaataavaranam. mouna keelo alpine vaataavaranam (modalainavi) undhi. daani ushnamandala akshaamsam prabhavam kaaranamgaa, ushnograta oogisalaatalu chaalaa takkuvagaa untaayi. manchu edaadi podavunaa saadhaaranam, conny sagatu nelawari ushnograta edaadi podavunaa gaddakattadam kante ekkuvagaa untundi. yea nelaloonainaa manchu etthu mariyu anthakante ekkuva ettulo padavacchu, conny chaalaa tarachugaa october nundi april varaku sambhavistundi. 1972 nundi 1982 varaku oka vaataavarana kendram nirvahinchabadindi; ayithe, eee kaalamlo kevalam 33 nelalu matrame ushnograta recordulu unnaayi; chaalaa samvatsaraalalo rendu nelala dayta matrame undhi. diguva perkonna ushnogratalu sunnitamaina sagatulu, nova namodu chesina mudi sankhyalu kaadu. vinodam. mouna kae teerapraantamlo hamakuwa teeram aadhipatyam chelaayistundi, idhi agniparvatam yokka paarsvamlo tarachugaa tirogamanaalu mariyu kondachariyalu virigipadatam valla erpadina kathinamaina bhuubhaagam. eee praantamloo calopa rashtra vinoda praantam, vailooku nadhi rashtra udyaanavanam mariyu akaka jalapaatam rashtra udyaanavanamtho sahaa aneka vinoda udyaanavanaalu unnaayi. hawai dveepamlo 3,000 mandiki paiga namodaina vetagallu unnaaru, vinodam mariyu jeevanopaadhi kosam vaeta anedi mouna keelo oka saadhaarana karyakalapam. pandulu, gorrelu, mekalu, turkey, nemallu mariyu pittalatho sahaa pravesapettina jantuvula sankhyanu niyantrinchadaaniki oka praja vaeta karyakramam upayoginchabadutundi. mouna keyaa rashtra vinoda praantam kreedaku bays campga panichestundi. parvatampai diguva sthaayilalo pakshulanu chudatam kooda saadhaaranam. oka prasiddha pradaesam "kipuka puu huluhulu", idhi oka kondapai lava pravahinchinappudu erpadina mouna kii paarshwampai oka kipuka. mouna kii yokka goppa etthu mariyu daani paarshwaala nitaruga undatam prakkane unna mouna lova kante merugaina veekshanhanu mariyu takkuva ekki andistundi. etthu, daani etthu anaaroogyam, vaataavarana samasyalu, nitaruga unna rahadari grade mariyu mottam cherukoleni pramaadamtoe agniparvatam pramaadakaramainadi mariyu sikharagra prayaanaalanu kashtataram chestundi. 20va sataabdam madhyalo rahadaarula nirmaanam varaku, hardy matrame mouna kii eguva vaalulanu sandarsinchevaaru; vetagallu aata jantuvulanu track chestaaru, mariyu parvataaroohakulu parvatam varaku prayaaninchaaru. eee prayaanikulu 1930laloe poura parirakshana dalaalu nirminchina raathi cabinlanu bays campuluga upayoginchaaru, mariyu eee soukaryaala nundi antarjaateeya khagola shaastra telescope maddatu samudaayam kosam aadhunika madhya-sthaayi onizuka kendram udbhavinchindi. modati mouna kae sikhara rahadari 1964loe nirminchabadindi, idhi sikharaanni marinta mandiki andubaatulo unchindi. nedu, mouna kii trail thoo sahaa bahula hiking trails unnaayi, mariyu 2007 natiki prati samvatsaram 100,000 mandhi paryatakulu mariyu 32,000 vahanalu antarjaateeya khagola shaastram kosam onizuka center prakkane unna sandarsakula samachara kendraaniki (vis) veltunnaaru. mouna kae access road center varaku chadunu cheyabadindi. oka adhyayanam prakaram, parvatampai panichese sandarsakulalo moodinta oka vanthu mandhi mariyu moodinta rendu vantula mandhi vruttiparamaina khagola saastravettalu teevramaina ettulo anaaroogyam yokka lakshanaalanu anubhavinchaaru; agniparvatam yokka paarshwaala varaku prayaaninchae sandarsakulu kaneesam araganta paatu aagalani mariyu adhika ettuku alavaatu padataniki sandarsakula kendram vadda ekkuvasepu aagalani salaha istaaru. paibhaagaaniki velladaaniki naalugu chakraala vahananni upayoginchaalani gattiga sifaarsu cheyabadindi. breakulu tarachugaa diguva maargamlo vaedekkutaayi mariyu mouna kii meeda indhanam andubaatulo undadu. gatamlo prati raatri 6-10 PM nundi uchita nakshatra veekshanha karyakramam jarigindi, konasagutunna covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa nirvahana gantalalo maarpu mariyu moosiveta rendinti kaaranamgaa karyakramam raddu cheyabadindi. prati samvatsaram 5,000 nundi 6,000 mandhi prajalu mouna kae sikharaagraanni sandarsistaaru, mariyu parvata bhadrata mariyu samagratanu nirdhaarinchadamlo sahaayapadataaniki, 2001loe oka ranger karyakramam amalu cheyabadindi.

monaa kiyaa monaa kiyah (yaa vovo "monaa aey waakiyah" kaa mukhfif) hawai jazeeray parr eek faal aatish fashaan hay. iss kii chooti satah samandar say oopar hay juu asay riyasat hawai kaa sabb say ooncha maqaam aur zameen parr kasee jazeeray kii dosri buland tareen chooti banaati hay. chooti iss kay ziyadah baday padosi monaa lawaa say taqriba oonchi hay. monaa kiyaa apnee oonchayi kii wajah say ghair mamuli toor parr tapographik toor parr numayan hay: iss kii gaili ahmiyat duniya mein pahaadon mein pandrahwen hay iss kii khashak ahmiyat hay. yaha khashak ahmiyat satah samandar say mount eversit kii oonchayi say ziyadah hay aur kachh hakaam nay paani kay neechey kii bunyaad say monaa kiyah kuu duniya kaa sabb say ooncha pahaad qaraar diyaa hay. yaha taqriba duss laakh saal praana hay aur iss tarah sainkadon hazaaron saal pehley zindagi kay sabb say faal dahaal kay marhalay say guzar gayaa. sheeld kay baad kii apnee maujudah haalat mein iss kaa laawa ziyadah chapchapa hotaa hay jiss kay natijay mein eek teez profile hotaa hay. sinder shank kii tameer iss kay daraad waalay elaqon kii wakandariqrat iss kay arooj parr gleashi aishan aur maujudah tajarti hawaon kii wajah say mosam kii wajah say deer say aatish fashaan nay asay apnay padosi aatish fashaan kay muqabilay mein behat ziyadah sakht shakal dee hay. monaa kiyah aakhri baar 6,000 say 4,000 saal pehley phataa thaa aur abb asay ghair faal samjha jaataa hay. hawai mazhab mein hawai jazeeray kii chootiyan muqadas haine. eek qadeem qanoon sarf aalee ahday daar alee kuu iss kii chooti parr jaanay kii ajazat deeta thaa. monaa kiyah kii dhalwanon parr rehney waalay qadeem hawai baashinde khaaney kay liye iss kay wasee janglaat parr inhasaar kartay thay aur auzaar kii tayari kay liye iss kay itraaf mein gahnay aatish fashaan-glacial basalts kii khidayi kartay thay. jabb 18 wein sadee kay aakhir mein europi pahunche tuu aabaad kaaron nay maveshi bhed aur gaim janwar mutaarif karaye jinn mein say behat say jangli how gayey aur aatish fashaan kay mahuliyati tawazan kuu nqsan pahunchana sharoo kirr diyaa. monaa kiyah kuu mahuliyati toor parr teen hasoon mein taqsim kiyaa jaa saktaa hay: iss kay chooti parr eek alpayan aab woo hawaa eek "sofora karisofla"-iss kay itraaf mein "muporum sandocence" (yaa mamanay-naayo) jungle aur eek "babol kawaa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (yaa kawaa-auhiya) jungle juu abb ziyadah tarr cheeni kii sabqah sanaat kay zariah saaf kiyaa jaataa hay iss kii bunyaad parr. haaliyah barson mein maqami anwaa kii kamzori parr tashwesh adalati muqadmaat kaa baais bunny hay jiss nay mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail kuu aatish fashaan parr mojud tamaam jangli anwaa kay khaatime kay liye kaam karnay parr majbur kiyaa hay. apnee oonchi bulandi khashak maahul aur mustahkam hawaa kay bahao kay saath monaa kii chooti falkiyati mashahide kay liye duniya kay behtareen maqamat mein say eek hay. 1964 mein rasayi sadak kii takhliq kay baad say iss sarbarahi ajlaas mein gayarah mamalik kii maali aanat say teerah doorbinon kii tameer kii gayee hay. monaa kiyah observatories barqi maqnatisi spectrum mein sciency tehqeeq kay liye istemaal hoti haine aur duniya mein iss tarah kii sabb say bury sahulat parr mushtamil haine. maqami hawai baashindon kay zariah muqadas samjhay jaanay waalay zameen kii tazyeen parr inn kii tameer aaj takk bahas kaa mozua bunny hoyee hay. topographic numayan. monaa kiyaa apnee oonchayi kay liye ghair mamuli toor parr tapographik toor parr numayan hay pahaadon mein duniya mein gaili shahrat kay saath pandrahwein aur sarf mount eversit kay baad duniya mein dosray number parr khashak shahrat hay. yaha iss kay jazeeray kii sabb say oonchi chooti hay iss liye iss kii gaili ahmiyat satah samandar say iss kii oonchayi say milti jalti hay. chonkah hawai jazair samandar mein gahrayi mein dhalwan daaltay haine iss liye monaa kiyaa kii khashak ahmiyat hay. yaha khashak ahmiyat satah samandar say mount eversit kii oonchayi say ziyadah lambi hay lehza eversit kuu monaa kii kii khashak ahmiyat say tajawaz karnay kay liye puray baraazmon kuu apnay daaman mein shaamil karnaa hoga. yaha dekhtay hoay kahh hawayayi girat say monaa kiyah katni nikalti hay kachh hakaam nay asay duniya kaa sabb say ooncha (sabb say ooncha kay barakas) pahaad qaraar diyaa hay jaisa kahh bees say chooti takk maapa jaataa hay. numayan kay barakas bunyaad kii daheeli wazahat kii gayee hay jiss kay natijay mein taadad (taqriba hawaiyayi girat mein sabb say gehrey maqaam takk) say lay kirr (gehrey zeer zameen pahaad kii judd takk) takk hay. inn misalon parr dosray pahaad hareef daawon kaa daawi kartay haine jeesay kahh mount lamlam juu bees say oonchi chadhayi kaa daawi kartaa hay (yee challenger gahrayi say sharoo hotaa hay)yee aur tamaam hamaliyayi pahaad juu zabardast gehri jadoon kaa daawi kartay haine. atakama khandaq say andes pahaadon takk ziyadah oonchaiyon kii paimaish kii jaa sakti hay misaal kay toor parr richard kay gehrey (gehrey) say qareebi lalolalako (oonche) kii chooti takk. naha hyee lamlam pahaad aur naha hyee lalolalako kuu monaa kiyaa kii khashak ahmiyat haasil hay keunkah wah harr samat mein khandaqon takk nahein pheltay haine. arziyaat. monaa kiyah inn paanch aatish fashaan mein say eek hay juu hawai jazeeray kii tashkil kartaa hay juu hawai-shahanshah samandari silsilah kaa sabb say badaa aur sabb say kumm amar jazirah hay. inn paanch hott spot aatish fashaan mein say monaa kiyaa chotha qadeem tareen aur chotha sabb say ziyadah faal hay. yaha taqriba duss laakh saal pehley hawai hott spot kay zariye chalnay waalay eek presheld aatish fashaan kay toor parr sharoo hawaa aur 500,000 saal pehley takk apnay dahaal kay marhalay kay doraan ghair mamuli toor parr faal how gayaa. monaa kiyaa 250,000 say 200,000 saal pehley sheeld kay baad kay apnay perscon marhalay mein daakhil hawaa aur iss waqat faal hay aakhri baar 4,500 aur 6,000 saal pehley phataa thaa. monaa kiyah mein eek nazar aaney waala chooti caldera nahein hay leakin iss kii chooti kay qareeb kayee chhotay sinder aur pumous shank haine. eek sabqah chooti caldera baad mein chooti kay aatish fashaan zakhayer say bharaa aur dafan hawaa how saktaa hay. monaa kiyah hajm mein atnaa badaa hay kahh yaha aur iss kaa padosi monaa lawaa iss kay neechey samandari parat kuu dabaa deetay haine. aatish fashaan harr saal say bhee kumm kii sharah say apnay wazan kay neechey phisalta aur chapta hotaa rehta hay. iss kaa ziyadah tarr hasah iss kii maujudah chooti kay mashriq mein waaqa hay. yaha satah samandar say oopar apnay padosi monaa lawaa say taqriba buland hay aur riyasat hawai kaa buland tareen maqaam hay. tamaam hawai aatish fashaan kii tarah monaa kiyah iss waqat paida hawaa hay jabb paisifik tectonic plait zameen kay bunyadi mental mein hawai hott spot kay oopar say muntaqil how gayee hay. hawai jazeeray kay aatish fashaan iss amal kaa taazah tareen sabut haine kahh 7 karod saal say ziyadah arsey say hawai pahaadi pahaadi-shahanshah samandari silsilah tashkil diyaa hay. mojudah agarcha makmal toor parr aabaad nahein hay nazariyah yaha hay kahh hott spot seeyarey kay mental kay andar ziyadah tarr hadd takk mustahkam rehaa hay agar puray senozok door mein nahein. tahim agarcha hawai aatish fashaan kuu achhi tarah say samjha jaataa hay aur iss kaa wasee paimanay parr mutalah kiyaa jaataa hay leakin iss tariqah kaar kii koyee qatyi wazahat baaqi nahein hay juu hott spot asar kaa sabab bantaa hay. laawa kii nashonuma kay doraan monaa kiyah say iss kay parosiyon kay saath paichidah tehon mein overlap hotaa hay. sabb say numayan toor parr monaa kiyah kohla say shamaal maghrab kii taraf paraaney bahao parr banaya gayaa hay aur janub mein monaa lawaa kii bunyaad kuu kaatta hay. monaa kiyah kay itraaf mein asl aatish fashaan daraaden (daraad waalay elaqay) iss kay sheeld kay baad kay aatish fashaan say dafan hoay thay. heelo reej juu kahh monaa kiyah kay mashriq mein paani kay andar eek numayan daraad waalay elaqay kaa dahancha hay kay baaray mein kabhi khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh yaha aatish fashaan kaa hasah hay vovo tahim abb asay kohla kaa eek daraad waala elaqah samjha jaataa hay juu chhotay monaa kiyah bahao say mutasir hawaa hay. sheeld stage laawa jinhon nay aatish fashaan kii behat bury bury kameet banayi thee wah tholitic bisalt haine jeesay kahh monaa lawaa juu bunyadi megma aur zeer aab samandari parat kay markab say paida hotay haine. wah monaa kiyah parr sabb say qadeem bay nqab chataan kay sathon say dahkay hoay haine "hamakwa aatish fashaan" kay post sheeld alkali besault juu 250,000 aur 70-65,000 saal pehley phatay thay. aatish fashaan kay haaliyah bahao hawai aur magarites haine: wah post sheeld "laapa hohoo aatish fashaan" haine juu 65,000 aur 4,000 saal pehley phatay thay. laawa kii saakhat mein yaha tabdiliyan chooti parr megma kii farahami mein sast kamee kay saath hoyein jiss kii wajah say kamzor aatish fashaan phatnay hoay jiss nay phir aatish fashaan kii ghair faaliyat say waabistah alg thalag waaqiaat kii raah hamwaar kii. laopahu lawaa ziyadah chapchapa hotay haine aur pehley kay tholitic basalts kay muqabilay mein ziyadah ataar chadhao parr mushtamil hotay haine. inn kay motay bahao say monaa kiyah kay pehlu numayan toor parr teez how jaatay haine. iss kay alawah dhamakah khaiz aatish fashaan phatnay say chooti kay qareeb sinder shank bunn gayey haine. yaha shank monaa kiyah kay haaliyah phatnay waalay marakaz haine. iss kii maujudah chooti parr laawa kay gunbad aur sinder konoon kaa ghalbah hay juu qatar mein aur sainkadon metter lambay haine. monaa kiyah waahid hawai aatish fashaan hay jiss mein gleashi aishan kay waazah sabut haine. shayed monaa lawaa parr asee tarah kay zakhayer mojud thay leakin baad mein laawa kay bahao say dahak gayey haine. hawai kay ashankatbandi maqaam kay bawajood pachlay kayee barfani dooron kay doraan darjah hararat mein eek digri kii kamee nay mosam garma mein aatish fashaan kii chooti parr barf kuu barqarar rakhnay kii ajazat dee jiss say barf kii tupi kii tashkil hoyee. gleashi aishan kii teen aqsaat haine juu pachlay 180,000 saalon say record kii gayee haine: "pohakulva" (180-130 kaa)yee "waiho" (80-60 kaa) aur "makanaka" (40-13 kaa) seerez. inn mein aatish fashaan kay opri pahluwon kay saath morayan aur tail aur bajri kii eek goal angothi jamaa kartay hoay chooti kuu baday paimanay parr tarasha gayaa hay. sabb glacial phatnay say makanaka gleashi aishan kay doraan sinder shank banay jinn mein say ziyadah tarr glacial action say behat ziyadah mutasir hoay thay. sabb say haaliyah shank 9000 aur 4500 saal pehley barfani zakhayer kay oopar banaye gayey thay halankah eek tehqeeq say patah chalta hay kahh aakhri aatish fashaan phatnay kaa waqat taqriba 3600 saal pehley kaa how saktaa hay. apnee ziyadah say ziyadah hadd takk glacier chooti say neechey bulandi kay darmiyan takk phailay hoay thay. 1974 say pehley monaa kiyah kii chooti parr parma frast kaa eek chhota saa jism juu iss kay paar say bhee kumm thaa paaya gayaa thaa aur abb bhee mojud how saktaa hay. chooti parr chhoti chhoti gahatiyan nqsh karti haine juu baarish aur barf say chalnay waali nadiyon say banti haine juu sarf sardiyon kay pighalnay aur baarish kii barishon kay doraan behti haine. aatish fashaan kii hawaa kii taraf tajarti hawaon say chalnay waalay nadee kay katao nay paraaney kohla kii tarah katao kuu teez kiyaa hay. monaa kiyah jheel waayao kaa gahar hay juu bahar alkahil kay taas kii sabb say oonchi jheel hay. oonchayi parr yaha puu waao sinder shank kay andar waaqa hay aur hawai kii waahid alpayan jheel hay. jheel behat chhoti aur atlee hay jiss kaa satah kaa raqbah aur gahrayi jabb poori how. jheel kii bunyaad parr namunon kii redio carbon deting say patah chalta hay kahh yaha 12,600 saal pehley barf say saaf thaa. hawai laawa kii aqsaam aam toor parr pargamya hoti haine juu darandazi kii wajah say jheel kii tashkil kuu rokti haine. yaa tuu sulfar waali bhaap nay aatish fashaan raakh kuu kumm pargami mutty mein tabdil kirr diyaa yaa badhtay hoay megma aur zeer zameen paani yaa satah kay paani kay darmiyan dhamakah khaiz taamlat nay ghair mamuli barek raakh tashkil dee jiss say jheel kay farsh kii pargamita kumm how gayee. hawai kay jazeeray parr koyee artician paani 1993 takk malum nahein thaa jabb hawai university kii taraf say khoodnay say satah samandar say neechey say ziyadah artician aabi zakhiray kuu taip kiyaa gayaa juu bour houl kii kill gahrayi say ziyadah phail gayaa. bour houl mutty aur laawa kii eek compact parat say guzarta hay jehaan monaa lawaa kay bahao nay bay nqab monaa kii satah parr tajawaz kiyaa thaa aur baad mein satah samandar say neechey aaa gayaa thaa. isotopic saakhat say patah chalta hay kahh mojud paani satah samandar say ziyadah bulandi parr monaa kiyah say aaney waali baarish say haasil hawaa hay. aabi zakhiray kii maujudgi kaa sabab monaa kiyah kay bunyadi einak kay andar meethay paani kaa sarr hay. sciencedanon kaa khayaal hay kahh monaa kiyah kay meethay paani kay lens mein maujudah models kii nishandahi say ziyadah paani how saktaa hay. 2012 mein monaa kiyah parr duu aur surakh khooday gayey jinn mein paani toqaa say kahein ziyadah bulandi aur gehri gahrayi mein paaya gayaa. university aaf hawai kay center faar dee study aaf acto aatish fashaan kay director donald thamas kaa khayaal hay kahh aabi zakhayer kaa mutalah jaari rakhnay kii eek wajah oonche elaqon kay istemaal aur qabze kii wajah hay yaha kehtay hoay kahh: "taqriba yaha tamaam sargarmiyan pinay kay qaabil paani kii dastiyabi parr munhasir haine jasay ziyadah tarr muamilat mein vemiya yaa heelo say seedle takk lay jaana zaruri hay-eek ghair mosar aur mahunga amal juu hamaray kumm maaye aindhan kii kaafi maqdar istemaal kartaa hay." mustaqabil kii sargarmiyan. monaa kiyah kaa aakhri aatish fashaan phatna taqriba 4,600 saal pehley (taqriba 2600 qabal maseeh) hawaa thaa. iss ghair faaliyat kii wajah say monaa kiyah kuu iss kay chooti kay liye 7 aur iss kay nichley pahluwon kay liye 8 kii riyasathaye muthadah kay arziyati sarway kay khatray kii fehrist tafviz kii gayee hay juu kahh 9 kii sabb say kumm mamkanah khatray kii darjah bundi mein say hay (juu madoom aatish fashaan kohla kuu dee gayee hay). 8000 qabal maseeh kay baad say laawa kay bahao nay aatish fashaan kii chooti kay 20 faisad hasay kuu dahak liyaa hay aur emli toor parr iss kay kasee bhee pehlu kuu nahein. iss kii ghair faal honay kay bawajood monaa kiyah kay dobarah phatnay kii toqaa hay. pehley kay aatish fashaan phatnay kii bunyaad parr iss tarah kaa waaqiah aatish fashaan kay opri pahluwon parr kahein bhee how saktaa hay aur mamkanah toor parr laawa kay taweel bahao paida karay gaa ziyadah tarr aaa taweel. taweel arsey takk srgarmi maakhiz parr sinder shank banaa sakti hay. agarcha agli chand sadiyon mein iss tarah kay aatish fashaan phatnay kaa amkaan nahein hay leakin iss kay natijay mein shayed behat kumm jaanee nqsan hoga leakin bunyadi dahanchay kuu kaafi nqsan pahunche gaa. insani tareekh. maqami tareekh. hawai jazeeray parr pahunchnay waalay pehley qadeem hawai baashinde sahilon kay saath rehtay thay jehaan khuraak aur paani kii kasrat thee. 12 wein aur 13 wein sadee kay awail mein aabaad kaaree andron milk monaa lawaa-monaa kiyah kay elaqay takk phail gayee. aasaar qadimah kay shawahid say patah chalta hay kahh inn elaqon kuu shakaar pathar kaa mawaad jamaa karnay aur mamkanah toor parr rohani wajuhaat yaa falkiyati yaa bahri mashahidat kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa. pahaad kay waafar janglaat nay khuraak kay liye podon aur janwaron aur panah kay liye khaam maal farahim kiyaa. adnay say qaasir parinday juu pehley kasee shikaari janwar kuu nahein jaantay thay wah khaaney kaa eek aham zariah bunn gayey. hawai jazair kii ibtadayi aabaad kaaree maqami mahuliyati nazaam mein bury tabdiliyon aur behat say madoom honay kaa baais bunny khaas toor parr parindon kii anwaa mein. qadeem hawai baashinde ghair milki poday aur janwar laaye thay aur inn kii aamad kaa taaluq katao kii badhti hoyee sharah say thaa. maujudah nasheebi janglaat kaa mahuliyati nazaam jangal say gahaas kay medaan mein tabdil how gayaa thaa. iss mein say kachh tabdili aag kay istemaal kii wajah say hoyee thee leakin hawai parr jangal kay mahuliyati nazaam kay garnay aur parindon kay madumiyat kii maujudah wajah polynesiayi (yaa paisifik) choohay kaa taaruf malum hotaa hay. hawai kay paanch aatish fashaan muqadas pahaadon kay toor parr qaabil ehteram haine vovo aur monaa kiyah kii chooti sabb say oonchi sabb say muqadas hay. iss wajah say eek "kaapo" (qadeem hawai qanoon) nay aalee ahday parr faiz alee kay zaireen kay haqoq kuu mahdud kirr diyaa. hawai baashindon nay apnay qadarti maahul kay anaasir kuu makhsus dewataon say mansalk kiyaa. hawaiyayi afsanon mein monaa kiyah kii chooti kuu "dewataon kay elaqay" kay toor parr dekha jaataa thaa eek aisi jagah jehaan khair khwah rohein rehti haine. barf kay devta poliyahu bhee wahaan rehtay haine. "monaa kiyah" monaa eek waakiya kaa mukhfif hay aur iss kay mosami barf say dahki chooti kay hawalay say iss kaa matlab "safed pahaad" hay. 1100 eiswi kay aas paas maqami logon nay auzaar bananay kay liye anokhi gahnay bisalt (laawa kay bahao kii teez thandak say paida honay waali barf say milnay waali barfani barf say milnay waali barf) kuu nikalnay kay liye monaa kiyah parr oonchi aidz kaaniyan qayem kein. blade aur maahi geeri kay saamaan kay liye aatish fashaan sheeshe aur gabro kuu jamaa kiyaa jaataa thaa aur handles kay liye maanay kii lakdi kuu tarjih dee jaati thee. 1400 eiswi kay baad kaan kii chooti kii srgarmi mein khardari aur barek kaatnay kay liye alg alg sahuliyaat thein vovo karkanon kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye khuraak paani aur lakdi kay saath panah gaahein vovo aur tayaar shadah masnuaat bananay waali workshops. jheel waayao karkanon kay liye pinay kaa paani farahim karti thee. maqami sardaar nauzaidah bachon kii naaliyon kuu bhee iss kay paani mein doba deetay thay taakah inhein pahaad kii taaqat mill sakay. iss arsey aur americiyon aur europiyon kay saath raabtay kay darmiyan kaan kaa istemaal kumm hawaa. kaan kanee say waabistah rasm kay eek hasay kay toor parr karkanon nay apnay dewataon kay liye mazaraat tameer kiye. yaha aur kaan kay deegar namunay inn maqamat parr baaqi haine jinn mein say ziyadah tarr iss jagah kay andar haine juu abb monaa kiyah barfani door kaa zakhirah hay. iss ibtadayi door kay baad 12 wein aur 18 wein sadee kay aakhir mein saqafati tausia hoyee. zameen kuu inn elaqon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa thaa juu awaam kii fouri zaruriyat kay liye banaye gayey thay. yaha "aahupua" aam toor parr pahaadi chootiyon say lay kirr saahil takk zameen kii lambi putty kii shakal akhtiyar kartay thay. monaa kii kii chooti kaohi kay aahupua mein gharaa hawaa thaa jiss kii mashriqi dhalwan kaa kachh hasah qareebi hamula takk pahunchta thaa. aatish fashaan kii dhalwanon parr rehney waalay hawai baashindon kay liye ghazaiyat kay bunyadi zaraye iss kii opri dhalwanon kay maanay-naayo jangal say aayey jiss nay inhein podon aur parindon kii zindagi farahim kii. shikaar kii jaanay waali parindon kii anwaa mein yuu ("terodroma sandochances")yee nee ("branta sandocencies")yee aur palila ("locasivides belloi") shaamil haine. nichley kawaa auhiya jangal nay maqami logon kuu keeno kay liye lakdi aur sajawat kay liye parindon kay aaraish shadah pankh diye. jadeed door. 1778 mein jaims kick kii aamad say pehley ghair malkiyon kay hawai kaa dorah karnay kay teen bayanaat haine. tahim monaa kiyah sameet jazeeray kii qadeem tareen maghrabi akaasi 18 wein sadee kay aakhir aur 19 wein sadee kay awail mein explorer nay kii thee. europ aur america kay saath raabtay kay jazeeray kay rehaishiyon kay liye baday nataij baraamad hoay. maqami hawai baashinde mutaarif karayee gayee beemariyon say tabaah how gayey thay vovo tajarat kay qayaam kay saath hailo kailakikwa aur kelwa sameet bandargah kay shehron mein izafah hawaa vovo aur monaa kiyah parr aidz kaanon kuu dhaat kay auzaar mutaarif karaaney kay baad turk kirr diyaa gayaa. 1793 mein jaarj venkovar nay maveshiyon kuu baadshah kamihamah awal kuu kharaaj tehseen paish karnay kay liye laaya thaa. 19 wein sadee kay awail takk wah qaid say bach gayey thay aur jazeeray mein aazadana toor parr ghoom rahay thay jiss say iss kay mahuliyati nazaam kuu behat nqsan pahuncha thaa. 1809 mein jaan palmer parkar pahunche aur kumhamah awal say dosti kii jiss nay inhein jazeeray parr maveshiyon kay intezam kaa incharge banaa diyaa. 1845 mein izaafi zameen kii grant kay saath parkar nay monaa kiyah kii shamali dhalwan parr parkar raanch qayem kiyaa juu maveshiyon kaa eek badaa kheet hay juu aaj bhee kaam kirr rehaa hay. jazeeray kay aabaad kaaron nay gunay kay baghat aur gharoon kay liye nichley maqami jangal kaa ziyadah tarr hasah jalaa diyaa aur cott diyaa. seedle road jiss kaa naam monaa kii aur monaa lawaa kay darmiyan seedle kii shakal kay satah martafa kuu abur karnay kay liye rakhaa gayaa thaa 1943 mein makmal hawaa aur monaa kiyah takk kaa safar kaafi aasaan hawaa. satah martafa parr pohakulva tarbiti elaqah hawai kaa sabb say badaa foji tarbiti medaan hay. yaha addah aatish fashaan kay nichley pahluwon say bulandi takk phaila hawaa hay 1956 say americi foj kuu lease parr dee gayee riyasati zameen parr. iss elaqay mein 15 khatray say dochaar aur khatray say dochaar poday teen khatray say dochaar parinday aur eek khatray say dochaar chamgadar kii nasal hay. monaa kii 1980 kii dahayi say wasee aasaar qadimah kii tehqeeq kaa maqaam rehaa hay. 2000 takk science kay taqriba 27 faisad zakhayer kaa sarway kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein 76 mazaaraat 4 aidz menofecturing workshops 3 deegar maarkar 1 masbat toor parr shanakhat shadah tadfin kii jagah aur 4 mamkanah tadfin kii jighon kii nishandahi kii gayee thee. 2009 takk shanakhat shadah maqamat kii kill taadad 223 how gayee thee aur aatish fashaan kay opri pahluwon parr aasaar qadimah kii tehqeeq jaari hay. yaha tajweez kiyaa gayaa hay kahh mazaaraat juu aatish fashaan kii chooti kay ard gird eek qadeem barf kii lakeer kay saath tartib diye gayey haine monaa kiyah kay muqadas hasay mein muntaqli kay nashaan haine. hawai zabani tareekh mein monaa kiyah kay ard gird dafan karnay kay behat say hawalah jaat kay bawajood chand maqamat kii tasdiq hoyee hay. aatish fashaan parr phailay hoay behat say sinder shank parr mazaraat yaa deegar namunon kii kamee iss wajah say how sakti hay kahh wah tadfin kay liye makhsus thay. chadhayi. raabtay say pehley kay auqaat mein monaa kiyah takk safar karnay waalay maqami baashindon kuu shayed maujudah trails kay muqabilay mein zameen kii tazyeen say ziyadah rehnumayi milly thee keunkah trails kaa koyee sabut nahein milaa hay. yaha mumkin hay kahh iss kay bajaye qadarti pahadiyon aur aabi zaraye kii peervi kii gayee how. mamkanah toor parr afraad nay iss kii chooti kay qareeb khaandaani toor parr barqarar rakhay gayey mazaraat kaa dorah karnay kay liye monaa kii kii dhalwanon parr safar kiyaa aur pahaad parr chadhnay say mutaliq rawayaat aaj takk mojud haine. tahim behat kumm maqami loag chooti parr pahunchay keunkah iss parr sakht "kaapo" rakhaa gayaa thaa. 19 wein sadee kay awail mein monaa kii kii qadeem tareen qaabil zakar "record shadah" chadhaiyon mein darj zeel shaamil thay: 19 wein sadee kay aakhir aur 20 wein sadee kay awail mein trails banaye gayey aksar gaim rewad kii nql woo harkat say jinn kaa safar ghoday parr kiyaa jaa saktaa thaa. tahim 1964 mein sadak kii tameer takk chooti takk gaadiyon kii rasayi emli toor parr namumkin thee aur iss parr pabandi jaari hay. aaj istemaal kii mukhtalif haalaton mein chooti takk jaanay kay mutadid raastay mojud haine. mahuliyat. piss manzar. hawai kii geografiyayi tanhayi iss kay mahuliyat kuu mazbuti say mutasir karti hay. hawai jeesay door daraaz jazair mein anwaa kii eek bury taadad hay juu kahein aur nahein payee jaati haine (hawai jazair mein maqamiyat dekhein). door daraaz kay natijay mein irtaqayi lakirein dosri jighon say alg hoyein aur inn maqami anwaa kuu beruni hayatiyati asar say alg kirr diyaa aur inhein khaas toor parr madumiyat aur hamlah aawar anwaa kay asraat kaa khatrah bhee banata hay. iss kay elawah hawai kay mahuliyati nazaam kuu insani tarqi say khatrah lahiq hay jiss mein zaraat kay liye zameen kii safayi bhee shaamil hay. jazeeray kii maqami anwaa kaa eek andazay kay mutabiq teesra hasah pehley hyee khatam how chakaa hay. apnee bulandi kii wajah say monaa kiyah hawai jazair mein kahein bhee hayatiyati mahuliyati nazaam kaa sabb say badaa tanoo rakhta hay. pahaadi parr mahuliyati nazaam darjah hararat mein tabdiliyon aur bulandi kay saath baarish kii wajah say iss kii dhalwanon kay saath mutamarkaz halqay banatay haine. inn mahuliyati nizamon kuu bulandi kay lahaaz say taqriba teen hasoon mein taqsim kiyaa jaa saktaa hay: alpayan-subalpine monteen aur besaal jangal. 19 wein sadee kay awail mein americiyon aur europiyon kay saath raabtay nay jazeeray mein mazeed aabaad kaaron kuu laaya aur iss kaa payedar manfi mahuliyati asar padaa. nichli dhalwanon parr kawaa auhiya jangal kay wasee elaqon kuu kheeton mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa. oonchay kheeton say faraar honay waalay jangli janwaron nay monaa kii kay maqami maanay-naayo jangal mein panah lie aur baday paimanay parr nqsan pahunchaya. ghair maqami poday dosray sangeen khatrah haine. jazeeray parr 4,600 say ziyadah mutaarif shadah anwaa haine jabkah maqami anwaa kii taadad kaa takhmina sarf 1,000 hay. alpayan maahul. monaa kiyah kii chooti darkhat kii lakeer kay oopar waaqa hay aur ziyadah tarr laawa chataan aur alpayan tundra parr mushtamil hay. bhaari barf baari kaa alaqah yaha podon kay liye ghair mahman nawaz hay aur asay hawai ashankatbandi oonchi jhaadiyon kay medanon kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. yahaan intehayi sard darjah haraarat mukhtasir afzaish kay mosam kumm baarish aur sardiyon kay maheenon mein barf baari kii wajah say tarqi mahdud hay. mutty kii kamee judd kii nashonuma kuu bhee rokti hay zameen say ghazayi ajzaa kuu jazb karnaa mashkal banaa deeti hay aur iss elaqay kuu paani barqarar rakhnay kii behat kumm salahiyat deeti hay. iss bulandi parr paaye jaanay waalay podon kii anwaa mein "styphilia tememiami"yee "taroxacom officinal"yee "tetramolopium humail"yee "agrosts sandocencies"yee "anthoxyntham odortum"yee "tricetum glomertem"yee "pawa ainwa"yee "sonks aulresis"yee aur "coprosma arnodudes" shaamil haine. eek qaabil zakar nooa monaa kiyah salor word ("argiroxfem sandocence" waar hay. "sandocence")yee eek intehayi khatray say dochaar maqami podon kii nooa juu monaa kiyah kay oonche sinder sehraon mein parwaan chadhti hay. eek marhalay parr sarf 50 podon kii aabadi takk mahdood monaa kii salor word kay baaray mein khayaal kiyaa jaataa thaa kahh yaha alpayan zoon takk mahdud hay leakin haqeeqat mein maveshiyon kay dabao kii wajah say wahaan chalaya gayaa hay aur yaha kumm bulandi parr bhee badh saktaa hay. monaa kiyah kay janubi chooti kay kinaray parr monaa kiyah barfani door kaa zakhirah 1981 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha reserve kumm podon waalay sinder kay zakhayer aur laawa chataan kaa eek khatah hay jiss mein avaleen sahra aur jheel waao kay elaqay shaamil haine. yaha mahuliyati nazaam khatray say dochaar yawao ("petrodroma sandochances") kay liye mamkanah panah gaah hay aur vacue keedon ("neesis vicucola") parr mutalah kaa markaz bhee hay. vacue keeday mardah keedon kii laashon kuu khaatay haine juu hawaa mein monaa kiyah takk pahunchtay haine aur barf kay kinaron parr aabaad how jaatay haine. yaha "neesis" jains kii eek nooa kay liye eek intehayi ghair mamuli khuraak kaa zariah hay juu bunyadi toor parr beej khaaney waalay keedon parr mushtamil hay. wah apnay khoon mein qadarti ainti freez kii wajah say intehayi oonchayi parr zindah rahh saktay haine. wah ziyadah tarr waqat garm sathon kay neechey bhee rehtay haine. inn kay tahfuz kii haisiyat waazah nahein hay leakin yaha parjatiyon abb khatray say dochaar parjatiyon kii fehrist kay liye amidwar nahein haine. parjatiyon kii falaah woo behbood parr mutaliat 1980 mein sharoo hoay. qareeb say mutaliq "neesis aey aey" monaa lawaa parr rehta hay. bhediya makdiyan (lycosidy) aur jangal kay khaimay kay caterpler keeday bhee asee monaa kiyah mahuliyati nazaam mein dekhay gayey haine. pehley waalay garmi jazb karnay waali chatanon kay neechey chhap kirr zindah rehtay haine aur dosray apnay jasm mein sard mazahim chemicals kay zariye. maanay-naayo jangal. aatish fashaan parr janglaat waalay elaqay mein kii bulandi parr maanay ("sofora karisofla") aur naiyo ("muporum sandocence") kaa ghalbah hay donon maqami darkhaton kii anwaa haine aur iss tarah asay maanay-neneo jangal kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. maanay kay beej aur naiyo phal iss zoon mein parindon kii aham ghazayen haine khaas toor parr palila ("locasivides belloi"). palila pehley monaa kiah monaa lawaa aur huallai kii dhalwanon parr paaya jaataa thaa leakin abb yaha monaa kiyah kii dhalwanon takk mahdud hay-juu iss kii sabqah renj kaa sarf 10 faisad hay-aur asay intehayi khatray say dochaar qaraar diyaa gayaa hay. mahuliyati nazaam kay liye sabb say badaa khatrah jangli bhedon maveshiyon ("boose permagines")yee aur bakriyon ("capra harkas") kay zariye charaya jaana hay juu 18 wein sadee kay aakhir mein jazeeray mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa. tajarti charnay kay saath jangli janwaron kaa muqabilah atnaa shadeed thaa kahh inn kay khaatime kaa eek prograam 1920 kii dahayi kay aakhir takk mojud thaa aur 1949 takk jaari rehaa. iss charnay kay nataij mein say eek jadee botiyon aur lakdi kay podon kaa badhta hawaa phailao thaa juu maqami aur mutaarif shadah donon thay juu browzing kay khalaaf mazahim thay. jangli janwaron kaa taqriba khaatima how chakaa thaa aur 1950 kii dahayi mein inn kii taadad chand sue thee. tahim maqami shikariyon kii aamad kay natijay mein jangli anwaa kuu kheel kay janwaron kay toor parr ahmiyat dee gayee aur 1959 mein mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail juu tahfuz aur zameen kay istemaal kay intezam kii zamah daar governing baadi hay nay apnee palisi kuu eek mustaqil control prograam mein tabdil kirr diyaa juu kheel kuu aasaan bananay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa. moflon (awos airee orientals) 1962 say 1964 takk mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa aur 1964 mein mahur harran ("mahur mahur") kuu chhodnay kaa mansubah sarf kheet kii sanaat kay ahtajaj say rooka gayaa thaa jiss nay kahaa thaa kahh wah faslon kuu nqsan pahunchayen gay aur bemari failayein gay. shikaar kii sanaat nay paspayi akhtiyar kii aur paalnay waalon aur shikariyon kay darmiyan aagay peeche honay say balaakhir awami mahuliyati tashwesh mein izafah hawaa. monaa kiyah parr falkiyati sahuliyaat kii tarqi kay aaghaz kay saath tahfuz pasandon nay monaa kiyah kay mahuliyati nazaam kay tahfuz kaa mutalibah kiyaa. tahfuz kay liye 25 faisad janglaat kii baad laganay aur baaqi 75 faisad kaa intezam kheel kay shikaar kay liye karnay kaa mansubah tajweez kiyaa gayaa thaa. tahfuz pasandon kii mukhalifat kay bawajood iss mansubay kuu emli jaamah pehnaya gayaa. jabb kahh zameen kii taqsim kii gayee thee baad kii tameer kay liye koyee raqam mukhtas nahein kii gayee thee. iss jhagday kay darmiyan khatray say dochaar parjatiyon kaa qanoon manzoor kiyaa gayaa. national audiobon society aur seera kalb leagal defense fund nay hawai mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail kay khalaaf moqhadhima dayer kiyaa yaha daawi kartay hoay kahh wah tarikhi muamile mein wafaqi qanoon kii khalaaf warzi kirr rahay haine. "palila bamuqablah. hawai mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail "(1978). adaalat nay tahfuz pasandon kay haqh mein faislah diyaa aur jangli hayaat kay riyasati control say pehley wafaqi qawanin kii tarjih kuu barqarar rakhaa. khatray say dochaar parjatiyon kay qanoon kii khalaaf warzi karnay kay baad hawai riyasat kuu pahaadi elaqay say tamaam jangli janwaron kuu hatanay kii zarurat thee. iss faislay kay baad 1981 mein eek dosra adalati hakam aayaa. eek awami shikaar prograam nay behat say jangli janwaron kuu kumm az kumm aarizi toor parr hataa diyaa. eek faal control prograam mojud hay halankah yaha kaafi sakhti kay saath nahein kiyaa jaataa hay taakah maanay-naayo mahuliyati nazaam kii numayan bahaali kii ajazat dee jaa sakay. jazeeray parr aur monaa kiyah parr behat see dosri anwaa aur mahuliyati nazaam mojud haine juu insani tarqi aur hamlah aawar anwaa say khatray mein haine. monaa kiyah farest reserve hawai mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail kay dairah akhtiyar mein maanay-naayo jangal kii hifazat kartaa hay. gongay shikaar kii ajazat saal bhar hay. maanay-naayo jangal kaa eek chhota saa hasah monaa kiyah riyasati tafrihi elaqay say gharaa hawaa hay. kumm maahul. monaa kiyah kii nichli dhalwanon parr kheet kii zameen kaa eek bend pehley "babol kawaa"-"metrocederos polymorpha" (kawaa-auhiya) jangal thaa. iss kii tabahi 19 wein sadee kay awail mein europi aur americi aabaad kaaron kii aamad kii wajah say hoyee thee keunkah 1830 kii dahayi kay doraan wasee paimanay parr logging nay nayey gharoon kay liye lakdi farahim kii thee. jangal kay wasee hasay kuu jalaa diyaa gayaa aur gunay kay baghat kay liye saaf kirr diyaa gayaa. jazeeray kay ziyadah tarr gahar kawaa say banay thay aur jangal kay wah hasay juu bach gayey wah gunay kay baghat parr bajli kay boilers aur gharoon kuu garm karnay kay liye jalanay kii lakdi kaa zariah bunn gayey. eek zamanay kaa wasee jangal 1880 takk taqriba ghaib how chakaa thaa aur 1900 takk lakdi kii dilchaspi konaa aur moyee kay jazeeray mein muntaqil how gayee thee. 1990 kii dahayi mein cheeni kii sanaat kay khaatime kay saath iss zameen kaa ziyadah tarr hasah zeer zameen hay leakin kachh hasay maveshiyon kay charaaney chhotay paimanay parr kashtkari aur lakdi kay goday kay liye uclipts kii kaasht kay liye istemaal hotay haine. hiklao jangal kii qomi jangli hayaat kii panah gaah monaa kiyah kii hawaa kii dhalwan parr eek badaa kawaa jangal kaa mahfuz maqaam hay. yaha 1985 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss mein mahuliyati nazaam kay baqiyah hasay kaa ahatah kiyaa gayaa thaa. khatray say dochaar parindon kii aath anwaa baarah khatray say dochaar poday aur khatray say dochaar hawaiyayi hory chamgadar ("lasiverse sneers semots") kay elawah behat say deegar nayaab biota bhee iss elaqay mein dekhay gayey haine. reserve 1989 say eek wasee paimanay parr dobarah poday laganay kii muham kaa maqaam rehaa hay. reserve kay kachh hasay maqami mahuliyati nazaam parr zaraat kay asraat kuu zahir kartay haine keunkah reserve kay opri hasay mein ziyadah tarr zameen turk shadah khaiti kii zameen hay. babol kawaa-auhiya jangal say taaluq rakhnay waalay parindon kii anwaa mein hawai kawaa ("coros huwainsis")yee akipa ("locuspus cocanios")yee hawai craper ("auriomists maanaa")yee aakiplao ("haementhus manrui")yee aur hawai haako ("beautio solterius") shaamil haine yaha sabb khatray say dochaar khatray say dochaar yaa khatray say dochaar haine. khaas toor parr hawai kaa kawaa jangal mein madoom how gayaa hay leakin iss anwaa kuu hocklow reserve mein dobarah mutaarif karaaney kay mansubay haine. simat observatories. mozon mashahidati halaat kii wajah say monaa kii chooti falkiyati mashahide kay liye duniya kay behtareen maqamat mein say eek hay. barqi maqnatisi spectrum kay iss elaqay kay liye sabb milly metter aur infrared falkiyaat kay liye khashak halaat aham haine. chooti altaa parat kay oopar hay juu chooti kay neechey ziyadah tarr baadil kaa ahatah rakhti hay aur iss baath kuu yaqeeni banaati hay kahh chooti parr hawaa khashak how aur mahuliyati aaludgi say paak how. chooti kaa maahul ghair mamuli toor parr mustahkam hay jiss mein duniya kay kachh behtareen falkiyati nizaron kay liye hungamah aarayi kii kamee hay. shehar kii roshaniyon say monaa kiyah kay fasilay kay natijay mein behat tareek aasman kuu qanoon saazi kay zariye mahfuz kiyaa jaataa hay juu aas paas kay elaqay say roshni kii aaludgi kuu kumm say kumm kartaa hay. tariki kii satah dhandli falkiyati ashyaa kay mashahide kii ajazat deeti hay. inn awamil nay tarikhi toor parr monaa kii kuu staar gezing kay liye eek behtareen maqaam banaa diyaa. 1960 kii dahayi kay awail mein hawai jazeeray kay chamber aaf commers nay maashi moharrik kay toor parr monaa kii kii falkiyati tarqi kii huslah afzayi kii. yaha university aaf arezona kay maahir falkiyaat jairard cure kii aurkat roshni kay nayey behatar detectors kuu istemaal karnay kay liye maqamat kii talaash kay saath mawafiq thaa. 1964 mein kaipar kii maawan alaika hearing kay zariah saait testing nay chooti kii shandar mutabiqat kii tasdiq kii. eek bury dorbeen kii tameer kay liye naasa kay funds kay liye eek shadeed teen tarfah muqabilah cure harward university aur university aaf hawai (yuu aich) kay darmiyan sharoo hawaa jasay sarf shamsi falkiyaat kaa tajarbah thaa. iss kaa ikhtatam "app start" tajweez kuu funds deenay mein hawaa. apnay chhotay falkiyaat kay shobay kuu falkiyaat kay eek nayey idaarey mein dobarah tameer kiyaa aur 1968 mein hawai mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail nay asay apnee dorbeen kay dairay mein mojud tamaam zameen kay liye 65 saal kaa lease diyaa juu bunyadi toor parr oopar kii hay. 1970 mein apnee takmeel parr yaha duniya kii saatwein sabb say bury optical/infrared dorbeen thee. 1970 takk americi fazaiya aur laveel rasad gaah nay duu doorbinon kii tameer kirr lee thee. 1973 mein canada aur france nay monaa kiyah parr 3.6 metter see aif aich tye bananay parr ittefaq kiyaa. tahim maqami tanzimon nay rasad gaah kay mahuliyati asraat kay baaray mein khadshaat kaa izhaar karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa. iss kii wajah say mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail nay eek ibtadayi intezami mansubah tayaar kiyaa jiss kaa masudah 1977 mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa aur 1980 mein iss kii takmeel kii gayee. januri 1982 mein board aaf regents nay saait parr sciency sahuliyaat kii muslisil tarqi mein madad kay liye eek mansubay kii manzori dee. 1998 mein monaa kiyaa aais aij reserve kii takmeel kay liye rasad gaah kay lease say muntaqil kiyaa gayaa. 1982 kay mansubay kuu 2000 mein 2020 takk khadmat karnay kay liye design kii gayee tausia say tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa: iss nay monaa kiyah mangement kaa eek daftar qayem kiyaa jasay falkiyaat kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa aur baaqi kuu "qadarti aur saqafati tahfuz" mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. iss mansubay mein mazeed tarmim kii gayee taakah hawai baradari mein iss tashwesh kuu door kiyaa jaa sakay kahh pahaad kii saqafati aqdaar kay tayein ehteram kii kamee dikhayi jaa rahee hay. aaj monaa kii science reserve mein 13 mashahidati sahuliyaat haine jinn mein say harr eek kuu 11 mamalik kii maali aanat haasil hay. noow doorbinein nazar aaney waalay aur aurkat spectrum mein kaam kirr rahee haine teen sabb milly metter spectrum mein aur eek redio spectrum mein aayiney yaa bartanon kay saath. iss kay muqabilay mein hubble spees teeli scope mein eek aayinah hay juu size mein yuu aich 88 say milta jaltaa hay juu abb pahaad parr dosri sabb say chhoti dorbeen hay. seev monaa kii" tehreek kaa maanna hay kahh pahaad kii tarqi mazmum hay. saqafati warsay aur mahuliyat say mutaliq maqami hawaiyayi ghair munafa bakhash garwah jeesay kahh kahya bhee saqafati aur mazhabi wajuhaat kii banaa parr tarqi kii mukhalifat kartay haine. 2006 mein tajweez kardah milty teeli scope "aaot reegar" balaakhir mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa. eek mansubah bund nayee dorbeen tees metter dorbeen (tye ayem tye) nay tanazaat aur ahtajaj kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa hay. tye ayem tye kuu apreel 2013 mein manzori dee gayee thee. aktobar 2014 mein dorbeen kay liye sing bunyaad kii taqrib mein muzahireen nay khalal daala jiss kii wajah say yaha mansubah aarizi toor parr rakk gayaa. maarch 2015 kay aakhir mein muzahireen nay dobarah chooti takk jaanay waali sadak takk rasayi rook dee. 2 apreel 2015 cow 300 muzahireen visitor center kay qareeb jamaa hoay jabb 12 afraad kuu giraftar kiyaa gayaa aur sarbarahi ajlaas mein mazeed 11 kuu giraftar kiyaa gayaa. ahtajaji grohon kay khadshaat mein zameen kii tashkhis aur maqami hawai baashindon kii mashawarat shaamil haine. riyasat bhar mein ahtajaj kay failnay kay baad 7 apreel 2015 kuu tameer rook dee gayee. kayee raknay kay baad mansubay kuu razakarana toor parr maltawi kirr diyaa gayaa hay. governor aijay nay mustaqabil mein monaa kiyah kay intezam mein khaatir khwah tabdiliyon kaa aalaan kiyaa leakin kahaa kahh yaha mansubah aagay badh saktaa hay. hawai kii suprem court nay 31 aktobar 2018 kuu tameer kii bahaali kii manzori dee. muzahireen nay tees metter dorbeen kay khalaaf radamil kay toor parr aann line darkhwastein post kii haine. tye ayem tye dorbeen kii tameer kuu fouri toor parr roknay" kay anwaan say aann line pateshan kuu tabdil karnay kay liye post kiyaa gayaa thaa.14 jolayi 2019 kuu aann line pateshan parr iss waqat duniya bhar mein 278,057 say ziyadah dastakhat jamaa how chakay haine. kachh muzahireen nay hawai kay governor dude aij kay mawakhize kaa bhee mutalibah kiyaa hay keunkah wah tees metter kii dorbeen kii himayat kartay haine. 18 jolayi 2019 cow "mawakhize kay governor dude aijay" kay anwaan say eek aann line pateshan kuu tabdil karnay kay liye post kiyaa gayaa thaa.org aur iss waqat 62,562 say ziyadah dastakhat jamaa kirr chakay haine. 2021 kay aakhir takk tamirati mansubay phee alhaal coved-19 wabayi amraz kay jaari asraat aur iss mansubay kay liye funding mein tabdili kii wajah say rakay hoay haine jiss mein national science foundation kay zariye wafaqi funds dastiyaab hotay nazar aasakte haine. tees metter kii dorbeen kii tameer kay baaray mein tanazah jaari hay. maqami mediya tanzimon kay zariye karaye gayey aazadana intekhabat jazair mein iss mansubay kay liye mustaqil himayat zahir kartay haine jiss mein duu tahayi say ziyadah maqami baashinde iss mansubay kii himayat kartay haine. inn hyee sarway say patah chalta hay kahh maqami hawai baradari kii himayat abb bhee taqsim hay aur hawai kay taqriba nasf jawaab dehandgan nay nayee dorbeen kii tameer kii himayat kii hay. jolayi mein 2022, riyasati qanoon hawai university say maaster lend lease parr control kuu nayee monaa kiyah stewardship aind supervise atharti (maxwa) mein muntaqil karkay muzahiron kaa jawaab deeta hay. makswa eek 12 rakni board hay (11 voting mumbaran aur 1 ghair voting mumber) jiss mein university kay numainde mahireen falkiyaat aur maqami hawai baashinde shaamil haine aur yaha mahireen falkiyaat aur maqami hawai baashindon kay mutzad mufadat kay darmiyan tawazan talaash karnay kay maqsad say banaya gayaa thaa. yaha mohkamah zameen aur qadarti wasail kay hawai kay andar rakhaa gayaa hay aur yakam jolayi 2023 say sharoo honay waali university say 5 saal kii muntaqli kii madat kay baad monaa kii zaminon kay andar riyasati zeer intezam zaminon kay intezam kay liye bunyadi atharti hogi. muntaqli kii madat kay doraan makswa aur university mushtarkah toor parr zameen kaa intezam karein gay jabkah atharti zameen kay istemal insani sargarmiyon aur majmuyi karwaiyon kuu manzam karnay kay liye intezami mansubah tayaar karay gee. 2028 mein muntaqli kii madat khatam honay kay baad atharti kii zamah daariyon mein nayey zamini istemaal kay ajazat naamay jaari karnaa shaamil hoga juu maujudah maaster lease 2033 mein khatam honay kay saath aham hogaa aur koyee bhee rasad gaah juu iss kii meaad khatam honay takk nayey patay kay saath nahein aatee hay asay khatam kirr diyaa jaaye gaa. aab woo hawaa. monaa kiyah mein alpayan aab woo hawaa (waghairah) hay. iss kay ashankatbandi araz albald kay asar kii wajah say darjah hararat mein ataar chadhao behat kumm hotaa hay. saal bhar thand aam hoti hay leakin ausat mahanah darjah hararat saal bhar manjamad say oopar rehta hay. barf kasee bhee mahinay mein oonchayi parr aur iss say ziyadah girr sakti hay leakin aksar aktobar say apreel takk hoti hay. eek mosami station 1972 say 1982 takk chalaya gayaa thaa vovo tahim iss arsey kay andar sarf 33 maheenon mein darjah hararat kay record haine vovo kayee saalon mein sarf duu maah kay aidaad woo shamaar hotay haine. zeel mein paish kardah darjah hararat hamwaar ausat haine naha kahh nawa kay zariah record kardah khaam aidaad. tafrih. monaa kiyah kii saahili putty parr hamakwa saahil kaa ghalbah hay juu aatish fashaan kay kinaray parr baar baar grawat aur lend sliding say paida honay waalay nahamwar elaqon kaa eek elaqah hay. iss elaqay mein kayee tafrihi paark shaamil haine jinn mein kalopa steat recression airiya veloco rever steat paark aur akaka faalz steat paark shaamil haine. hawai jazeeray parr 3,000 say ziyadah registard shikaari haine aur tafrih aur rozee roty donon kay liye shikaar karnaa monaa kiyah parr eek aam srgarmi hay. eek awami shikaar kaa prograam mutaarif karaye gayey janwaron kii taadad kuu control karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay jinn mein khanzir bhedh bakriyan tarki teetar aur bateer shaamil haine. monaa kiyah riyasati tafrihi elaqah kheel kay liye bees camp kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. pahaad parr nichli sathon parr parindon kuu dekhna bhee aam hay. eek mashhur maqaam "capoca puu holo holo" hay juu monaa kiyah kay pehlu parr eek capoca hay juu iss waqat bantaa hay jabb laawa kay bahao say jangal kuu eek pahaadi parr alg thalag kirr diyaa jaataa hay. monaa kii kii behat oonchi aur iss kay pahluwon kii khadee punn malhaqah monaa lawaa say behatar nizarah aur mukhtasir paidal safar farahim karti hay. oonchayi kii bemari mosami khadshaat khadee sadak kii darjah bundi aur majmuyi toor parr naqabil rasayi honay kay khatray kay saath oonchayi aatish fashaan kuu khatarnaak aur chooti kay safar kuu mashkal banaa deeti hay. 20 wein sadee kay wast mein sadkon kii tameer takk sarf haardi nay monaa kii kii opri dhalwanon kaa dorah kiyaa vovo shikariyon nay gaim janwaron kaa saraag lagaya aur paidal chalnay waalay pahaad parr chadh gayey. inn musafiron nay 1930 kii dahayi mein sweleen conservation coor kay zariah tameer kardah pathar kay keeban kuu bees campon kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa aur yaha inn sahuliyaat say hay kahh beenn alaqwami falkiyaat dorbeen sport complex kay liye jadeed darmiyani satah kaa oonzoka center akhz kiyaa gayaa hay. pehli monaa kiyah chooti sadak 1964 mein banayi gayee thee jiss say chooti ziyadah say ziyadah logon kay liye qaabil rasayi how gayee thee. aaj mutadid paidal safar kay raastay mojud haine jinn mein monaa kii trail bhee shaamil hay aur 2007 takk harr saal 100,000 say ziyadah seyaah aur 32,000 gaadiyan beenn alaqwami falkiyaat kay oonzoka markaz say mutsil visitor information station (wee aiss) jaa rahee thein. monaa kiyah rasayi sadak markaz takk pakee hay. eek tehqeeq mein bataya gayaa hay kahh pahaad parr kaam karnay waalay taqriba eek tahayi zaireen aur duu tahayi paishah warr mahireen falkiyaat kuu oonchayi kii shadeed bemari kii elamaat kaa tajarbah hawaa hay. aatish fashaan kay itraaf takk safar karnay waalay zaireen kuu mashurah diyaa jaataa hay kahh wah kumm az kumm aadhay ghantay aur tarjihi toor parr ziyadah oonchayi kay mutabiq aaney kay liye visitor center mein ziyadah deer rakk jayein. oopar takk gaadi chalanay kay liye chaar pahiye waali gaadi istemaal karnay kii sakhti say sfarish kii jaati hay. break aksar neechey jaatay waqat ziyadah garm how jaatay haine aur monaa kiyah parr aindhan dastiyaab nahein hotaa hay. iss say qabal harr raat 6-10 bajay say veez parr eek mufta staar dekhnay kaa prograam munaqid kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss mein jaari coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say operating auqaat mein tabdili aur bandash donon kii wajah say prograam mansukh kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. harr saal 5,000 say 6,000 kay darmiyan loag monaa kiyah kii chooti parr aatay haine aur hifazat kuu yaqeeni bananay aur pahaad kii salmiyat kay tahfuz mein madad kay liyay 2001 mein eek renjar prograam naafiz kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=70812783

Friedenskirche, Stuttgart

Friedenskirche, Stuttgart Lutheran church in Stuttgart, Germany Friedenskirche (Peace Church) is a Lutheran church in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, and the parish church of the Evangelische Friedensgemeinde Stuttgart. The first church, in neo-Romanesque style was consecrated in 1892. Destroyed during World War II, with the exception of the tower, it was rebuilt in the 1960s in concrete, and consecrated anew in 1966. The church also serves as a concert venue. History. First Friedenskirche. The first Friedenskirche was built for the Lutheran parish in the centre of Stuttgart from 1890 in neo-Romanesque style, with a double choir and narrow gallery and ceiling supported on wooden columns, to designs by architect Conrad Dollinger, and consecrated on 11 December 1892. The tower, in the middle of the nave, was decorated with sculptures of apostles and Christ blessing. The church, except for the tower and enclosing walls, burnt out and collapsed after bombing on 19 October 1944, during World War II. New Friedenskirche. The church was initially left in ruins, with only the tower still intact; for the holding of services, the large hall in the parish centre was remodelled. In 1959, the parish council decided to commission a new church building. The 1960 competition was won by architect Eberhard Hübner. After the dynamiting in 1962 of the remaining sandstone walls of the former building, construction began in 1964. Although the architect favoured the use of natural stone, the parish decided on concrete, making it the first church in Stuttgart to be built using this material. The new church was built with a flat roof, and the tower topped with a metal helmet. Consecrated in 1966 with enough space for 700 worshippers, the church also serves a Korean parish and a Nambu parish. The church features a pipe organ by Richard Rensch, and is a popular concert venue. In 2020, Volker Lutz wrote a book about the organ. A gospel choir holds monthly concerts. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

friedenskirse, stutgart friedenskirse (xanti girja) hoise germanyr beden-wrttembergor statgartor etaa lutharan girja aaru evangeliske friedenseminde statgartor paris girja. nobyo-romanesk xoilir prothom girjatu 1892 sonot pobitro koraa hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot dhongxo koraa hoisil, tawaror byotikromor xoite, iyak 1960-ror doxokot kongkritot punor nirman koraa hoisil, aaru 1966 sonot punor nirman koraa hoisil. girjatuwe ek xongitanusthanor sthan hisapeu kaam kore. itihax. prothom friedenskirse. 1890 sonor poraa statgartor kendrot lutharan parisor baabe prothom friedenskirse niu-romanesk xoilit nirman koraa hoisil, zo "too etaa dwoito gayok doll aaru thek gallery aaru kaathor stombhot xomorthito saad aasil, sthopotigorakiye design korisil, aaru 1892 sonor 11 disemborot pobitro koraa hoisil. nawor maajot thoka towertu preritoxokolor bhaskorzo aaru khristor axirbadore xojuwa hoisil. 1944 sonor 19 octoborot dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot buma bisfuronor pisot tawar aaru aabodho dewalor baahire girjatu jwolai dhori pore. notun friedenskirse. girjatu prothomote dhongxawoxex hoi aasil, kewol towertu etiyau okhyot aasil; xewa onusthito korar baabe, porix kendror dangor holtu punor nirman koraa hoisil. 1959 sonot porixod porixode ekhon notun girja bhowon sthapon korar xiddhanto loy. 1960 sonor protijugitakhonot sthopotibid eberhard habnare joylabh korisil. 1962 sonot purbor ottalikatur baaki thoka belepathar dewalburor gotixilotakoronor pisot 1964 sonot nirman aarombho hoisil. jodiu sthopotigorakiye prakritik xilor byoboharor pokhyopati aasil, parise concretor uporot xiddhanto loisil, jaar folot iyak ei xamogri byobohar kori nirman koraa statgartor prothom girja hisape gorhi tulisil. notun girjatu etaa xomotol sadore nirman koraa hoisil, aaru tawaror uporot dhaatur helmate aasil. 1966 sonot 700 john upaxokor baabe porzapto sthanor xoite pobitro koraa girjai kurian porix aaru nambu porixoku xewa aagborhai. girjat etaa pipe orgen aase, aaru ee ek jonopriyo xongitanusthanor sthan. 2020 sonot volker lutze ei ongotur bixoye ekhon kitap likhisil. etaa gospel gayok dole mahili xongitanusthan onusthito kore.

friedenskirche, stuttgart friedenskirche (shanti girja) germanyr badden-urtemberger stuttgarte ekti lutharan girja ebong evangelische friedengeminde stuttgarter pyarisha girja. prothom girja, nobbo-romansic shoilite 1892 saale pobitro koraa hoyechilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy dhongso koraa hoyechilo, towerty baade, etty 1960-err doshke kongkriter modhye punarnirman koraa hoyechilo ebong 1966 saale notun korey pobitro koraa hoyechilo. girjati ekti concerter sthan hisabeo kaaj korey. itihas. prothome friedenskirche. 1890 saal theke stuttgarter kendre lutharan pyarisha-err jonno prothom friedenskirche neo-romansk shoilite nirmito hoyechilo, ekti dobble gayakdal ebong sangkirna gallery ebong kaather stambher upor chhaad soho, sthopoti dwara naksha koraa hoyechilo ebong 1892 saaler 11 december pobitro koraa hoyechilo. naver majhkhane towerty preritder bhaskorjo ebong khrister ashirbad diye sajjito koraa hoyechilo. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy 1944 saaler 19shhey octobor boma humler porr girjati pudey yaay ebong dhose porey. notun friedenskirche. girjati prathomikbhabe dhongshostupe roye giechilo, shudhumatra towerty ekhono okkhoto chhilo; porishebaguli dhorey rakhar jonno, pyarisha kendrer borh holti punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. 1959 saale, pyarisha council ekti notun girja bhobon chaalu korar siddhanta neyo. 1960 saaler protijogitai sthopoti eberhard hubner vijayi hohn. 1962 saale praktan bhabaner aboshishto belepathorer deyaler gotishilotar porey, 1964 saale nirman shuru hoy. jodio sthopoti prakritik pathorer byaboharer pokkhe chhilen, pyarisha kongkriter siddhanta niyechilo, jaa etike stuttgarte eyi upadan byabohar korey nirmito prothom girja korey toley. notun girjati ekti samtal chhaad diye nirmito hoyechilo ebong towertir upore ekti dhatob helmet chhilo. 1966 saale 700 upasoker jonno porjapto jaiga soho pobitro, girjati ekti corian pyarisha ebong ekti nambu pyarishao poribeshon korey. girja ekti pipe organ royeche ebong etty ekti janapriya concerter sthan. 2020 saale, bholkar lutz ongo somporke ekti boi likhechilen. ekti gospel gayakdal masik sangitanusthan ayojan korey.

friedenskirche, stuttgart friedenskirche (shaanti church) aee germanyna stuttgart, beden-wrttembergma aavelu aek lutheran church chhe aneey evangelische freedengeminde stutgartnu parganu church chhe. pratham church, niyo-romanesk shailima 1892maan pavitra karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan towernaa apvaad saathe teno naash karvaamaa aavyo hato, 1960naa daykama konkritmaa tenu punnirman karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey 1966maan fareethi pavitra karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. church aek sangeet kaarykramna sthal tareeke pann kaama karey chhe. itihas. pratham talelee. pratham friedenskirche 1890 thee stutgartnaa kendramaa lutheran pereesh maate niyo-romanesk shailima bandhvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa double gaayakvrund aneey saankadi gallery aneey chhat lakadana stambho parr tucky hatee, jeey architect dwara design karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey 11 december 1892 naa roj pavitra karvaamaa aavee hatee. naavnee madhyamaa tower, prerito aneey kharistna aashirvadna shilpothi shangarvama aavyo hato. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan 19 october 1944naa roj bomb dhadaka baad tower aneey gheraayeli diwalo sivaay church baleene khaakh thaee gayoo hatoo. navaa talelaa. church sharuaatmaa khanderoma chhodi devaamaa aavyu hatoo, maatra tower haju pann akbandh chhe; sevaao raakhvaa maate, parganana kendramaa motaa holane fareethi banavvama aavyo hato. 1959maan, parganu parishade churchnee navee imaarat banaavvaano nirnay leedho. 1960nee spardhaa architect eberhard hebner dwara jeetee hatee. 1962maan bhutpurv imaaratni baakini reteena pattharni divaalonu gatishilkaran thayaa pachhi, 1964maan bandhkam sharoo thayu. joke architect koodarti pattharnaa upyogni tarfen kartaa hataa, parganaae concrete parr nirnay leedho, jenaathi teey aaa saamgreeno upyog kareene bandhvama aavel pratham church banyu. navoo church sapaat chhat saathe banavvama aavyu hatoo, aneey tower dhaatuna helmet saathe toach parr hatoo. 1966maan 700 upasako maate puratee jagya saathe pavitra karaayel, church corian parganu aneey nambu parganu pann sevaa aape chhe. churchma pipe orgen chhe, aneey teey aek lokpreey sangeet kaarykramnu sthal chhe. 2020 maan, volkar lutze anga vishe aek pustak lakhyu hatoo. gospel gaayakvrund maaseek sangeet jalsaao yojaay chhe.

fredenskirche, stuttgart friedenskirche (shaanti church) germany key stuttgart, badden-wrttemberg mein ack luther church haye, aur evangelische friedengeminde stuttgart kaa parrish church haye. pahala church, nava-roman shally mein 1892 mein pavitra kiya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tower key apavaad key saath, ise 1960 key dashak mein concreet mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa, aur 1966 mein phir seey pavitra kiya gayaa thaa. church ack sangeet karyakram sthal key roop mein bhee kaary kartaa haye. itihas. pahale taley hue. pahala friedenskirche 1890 seey stuttgart key kendra mein luthran parrish key liye nava-roman shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack dohri gaayak mandali aur sankeern gallery aur chhat lakadi key stambhon parr samarthit thee, jise vastukar dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, aur 11 disambar 1892 koo pavitra kiya gayaa thaa. naabhi key beach mein, meenar koo preriton aur masih key aashirvaad kii moortiyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran 19 octuber 1944 koo bambari key baad, meenar aur gherabandi vaali divaaron koo chhodkar, church jall gayaa aur dhaha gayaa. nayaa talchhat. church shuru mein khandharon mein reh gayaa thaa, kewal meenar abhee bhee barkarar thee; sevaaon key ayojan key liye, parrish kendra mein badey holl koo phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein, parrish council ney ack nae church bhawan koo shuru karane kaa faisala kiya. 1960 kii pratiyogita vastukar eberhard hubbner ney jeeti thee. 1962 mein poorv bhawan kii shesh balua patthar kii divaaron key gatishil honey key baad, 1964 mein nirmaan shuru huaa. halanki vastukar ney praakritik patthar key upayog kaa samarthan kiya, lekin parrish ney concreet parr nirnay liya, jisase yeh iss samagri kaa upayog karke banaaya jaane vaalaa stuttgart mein pahala church bunn gayaa. nayaa church ack sapaat chhat key saath banaaya gayaa thaa, aur meenar ack dhaatu helmate key saath sheersh parr thee. 1966 mein 700 upasakon key liye paryaapt jagah key saath pavitra, church ack koriyai parrish aur ack nambu parrish kii bhee seva kartaa haye. church mein ack pipe anga haye, aur yeh ack lokpriya sangeet karyakram sthal haye. 2020 mein, volkar lutz ney anga key baare mein ack pustak likhi. ack gospel gaayak mandal masik sangeet karyakram aayojit kartaa haye.

friedenskirche, stuttgart friedenskirche (shanti church) embudu germany badden-wrttembergn stutgartnalliruva lutheran church mattu evangelische friedensgeminde stutgartne parish church aagide. modala church, neo-romanesk shailiyalli 1892 ralli pratishtapisalpattitu. gopuravannu horatupadisi, eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli naashavaayitu, idannu 1960 rahra dasakadalli kaankreetnalli marunirmisalaayitu mattu 1966 ralli hosadaagi pratishtaapisalaayitu. church sangeeta kachheri sthalavagiyoo kaaryanirvahisuttade. itihaasa. modala friedenskirch. modala friedenskircheyannu 1890rinda stutgartne madhyabhagadalliruva lutheran pyaarishgaagi neo-romanesque shailiyalli nirmisalaayitu, eradu gayakavrunda mattu kiridaada gallery mattu marada kaalamgala mele chaavaniyondige, vaastushilpi vinyaasagalige, mattu 1892rahra december 11randu pratishtaapisalaayitu. guheya madhyadalliruva gopuravannu apostalara shilpagalu mattu kristana aashirvaadadinda alankarisalaagittu. gopura mattu suttuvarida godegalannu horatupadisi, eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli 1944rahra october 19randu bomb daaliya nantara church suttuhoyitu mattu kusidu bittu. hosa friedenskirch. church aarambhadalli avasheshagalalli uliyitu, gopura maatra innoo haage ulidide; sevegala hiditakkagi, parish kendrada dodda sabhaanganavannu maruroopisalaayitu. 1959ralli, parish council hosa church kattadavannu sthapisalu nirdharisitu. 1960rahra spardheyannu vaastushilpi eberhard hubner geddaru. hindina kattadada ulida maralugallina godegala 1962ralli chalanasheelateya nantara, nirmaanavu 1964ralli praarambhavaayitu. vaastushilpi naisargika kallina balakeyannu bembalisidaroo, parish concrete annu nirdharisitu, idu stutgartnallina modala church aagiddu ee vastuvannu balasi nirmisalaayitu. hosa church annu samathattaada chaavaniyondige nirmisalaayitu mattu gopuravu lohada shirastraanadondige meelbhaagadallittu. 1966ralli 700 aaraadhakarige saakashtu sthalaavakaashadondige pavitragolisalaada ee church corian parish mattu nambu pyarishge seve sallisuttade. church pipe argan annu hondide, mattu idu janapriya sangeeta kachheri sthalavagide. 2020ralli, volkar lutz avaru angada bagge ondu pustakavannu baredaru. ondu suvaarte gayakavrundavu maasika sangeeta kacherigalannu nadesuttade.

friedenskirche, stattgaart germmaniyile baden-wurtembergile stuttgaarttilum ivanchalishe friedensjeminde stuttgaarttinte edavaka palliyilumulla oru lutheran palliyaan friedenskirche (pease charchu). 1892ll navaa-romanesk shailiyilulla aadyathe palli prathishtikkappettu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu gopuram ozhike nasippikkappettu, nasippikkappettu konkreettil punarnirmmikkukayum 1966ll veendum prathishtikkukayum cheythu. palli oru kacheri vediyaayum pravartthikkunnu. charithram. aadyam friedenskirche. 1890 muthal stattgaarttinte madhyabhaagathulla lutheran edavakaykkaayi neo-romanesk shailiyil nirmmicha aadyathe friedenskirche, eratta gaayakasanghavum idungiya gallery marathoonukalil melkkoora, vaasthushilpiyude roopakalppanaykku, 1892 desember 11 nuu prathishtichu. naavinte madhyathilulla gopuram apposthalanmaarude silpangalum kristhuvinte anugrahavum kondu alankarikkappettu. gopuravum chuttumulla mathilukalum ozhikeyulla palli 1944 october 19 nuu randaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu bombaakramanathe thudarnnu katthi nashichu. puthiya friedenskirche. gopuram maathram kedukoodaathe, palli thudakkathil avashishtangalayi avasheshichu; sevanangal nadathunnathinaayi, edavaka kendratthile valia haal punarnirmmichu. 1959ll edavaka kaunsil oru puthiya palli kettidam nirmmikkaan theerumaanichu. theerumaanichu malsarathil aarkkitekt eberhard hubbner vijayichu. 1962ll muun kettidatthinte sheshikkunna manalkkall mathilukalude chalanaathmakathaykk sesham 1964ll nirmmaanam aarambhichu. vaasthushilpi prakrithidatha kallu upayogikkaan anukoolamaayirunnuvenkilum edavaka konkreett nirmmikkaan theerumaanichu, ithu stattgaarttile eee metteeriyal upayogichu nirmmicha aadyathe palliyayi maari. puthiya palli oru paranna melkkoora gopuratthinu mukalil oru loha helmettum upayogichaanu nirmmichathu. 1966ll 700 aaraadhakare ulkkollaan mathiyaya sthalamulla eee palli oru corian edavakaykkum oru nambu edavakaykkum sevanam nalkunnu. palliyil oru pipe oorgan undu, ithu oru janapriya kacheri vediyaanu. 2020ll wolker lutts eee avayavathekkurichu oru pusthakam ezhuthi. oru suvishesha gaayakasangham prathimasa kacherikal nadathunnu.

friedenskirche, stutgart friedenskirche (shantata church) heey germanytil badden-wrttemberg yetheel stutgartmadhil eka lutheran church aahe aanee evangelishe friedengeminde stutgartche parrish church aahe. nava-romanic shailitil pahile church 1892 madhye pavitra karnyat aale. hota mahayuddhadarmyan, buruj vagalata, teey 1960 chya dashakat concreetmadhye punha bandhanyat aale aanee 1966 madhye navyane pavitra karnyat aale. church eka maifiliche thikan mhanoon dekhil kaam karate. itihas. pratham friedenskirch. pahila friedenskirche 1890 pasoon stutgartchya madhyabhagi leutheran parishsathi neo-roman shailit bandhanyat aala hota, jyat duheri gayakvrund aanee arund dalan aanee lakadi stambhanvar aadharlele chhat, vastuvishardanni rachana karnyasathi aanee 11 december 1892 roji pavitra karnyat aale. nabhichya madhyabhagi asalela buruj, preshitanchya shilpanni aanee khristachya aashirvadane sushobhit karnyat aala hota. hota mahayuddhachya kalat 19 aktoobar 1944 roji bombsfotanantar, manore aanee vedhalelya bhinti vagalata church jaloon khaq jhaale aanee kosalale. naveen friedenskirch. church suruvatila bhagnavsheshat rahile hote, keval buruj ajunahi abadhit hota; seva aayojit karnyasathi, parrish centermadhil mothya sabhagruhache nutanikaran karnyat aale. 1959 madhye, parrish parishadene charchchi naveen imarat ubharanyacha nirnay ghetala. 1960 chee spardha vastuvisharad eberhard habnerne jinkley hotee. 1962 madhye purvichya imaratitil urvarit valukashma bhintinchya gatishilatenantar, 1964 madhye bandhkam suru jhaale. jaree vastuvishardane naisargik dagadachya vaparas pasanti dilee asali taree paritione concreetcha nirnay ghetala, jyamule heey sahitya vaparoon bandhale jaanare heey stutgartmadhil pahile church banale. naveen church sapat chhapparasah bandhanyat aale hote aanee aanee shirshasthan dhatuchya shirastranane hote. 1966 madhye 700 upaskansathi pureshi jaaga asalelya charchmadhye corian parrish aanee nambu parrish dekhil aahe. charchmadhye eka pipe organ aahe aanee heey eka lokpriy maifiliche thikan aahe. 2020 madhye volkar lutzney yaa avayavasandarbhat eka pustak lihile. gospel gayakvrund masik maifili aayojit karato.

fredenskirche, stutgart friedenskirche (shanti church) germanyko stutgart, baden-wurtemberg, rar evangelische friedengeminde statgartko pyarish charchama raheko lutheran church how. nav-romantic shailima pahilo church 1892 maa pawitra garieko thiyo. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama tower bahek nashta bhayo, yasalai 1960 ko dashakma concreetma punarnirman garieko thiyo, rar 1966 maa feri pawitra garieko thiyo. charchale concert sthalko rupma pani kaam gardacha. itihas. pahilo fredenskirche. pahilo friedenskirche sann 1890 dekhi statgartko kendrama lutheran parishka lagi nav-romantic shailima nirman garieko thiyo, double gayak rar sanghuro gallery rar kathka stambhaharuma samarthit chhat, wastukardwara design garna, rar 11 december 1892 maa pawitra garieko thiyo. nebhko bichma raheko tawarlai preritharuko murti rar khrishtako ashirwadle sajaieko thiyo. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama 19 october 1944 maa bumm wisfotpachhi tower rar gherieko parkhalharu bahek church jaleko rar dhaleko thiyo. nayan fredenskirche. church suruma bhagnawasheshma chhodieko thiyo, kewal tower ajhai akshunn thiyo; sewaharuko ayojanka lagi, parish kendrama thulo hull punarnirman garieko thiyo. sann 1959 maa, parish councille nayan church bhawan nirman garne nirnaya गऱ्यो।. sann 1960 ko pratiyogita wastukar eberhard habanarle jiteka thie. sann 1962 maa purva bhawanko baanki balaute dhungaka parkhalharuko gatishilta pachhi, nirman sann 1964 maa suru bhayo. yadyapi wastukarle prakritik dhungako prayoglai samarthan gare, tara padarile concreetma nirnaya gare, jasle yasalai stutgartma yo samagri prayog garera nirman garieko pahilo church banayo. nayan church samatal chhatle banaieko thiyo, rar tawarko shirshama dhatuko helmate thiyo. sann 1966 maa 700 upasakharuka lagi paryapta thaunka sath pawitra garieko, charchale koreali parish rar nambu parish pani sewa gardacha. charchale pipe angako suwidha dinchha, rar yo ek lokpriya concert sthal how. sann 2020 maa, bholkar lutzle angako barema euta pustak lekhe. ek susamachar gayakle massic sangit karyakramharu ayojana gardacha.

friedenskirche, stutgart friedenskirche (shanti church) heuchhi germanyra baden-wurtembergra statgartre thiba eka lutheran church ebong ivanjelische friedengeminde stutgarter parish church . pratham church, nabo-romansk saileere 1892 ray pabitra karajaithila. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare dhwansa karajaithila, tawaraku baada dei, ehaaku 1960 dashakare kankritare punarbara nirmana karajaithila, ebong 1966 ray punarbara pabitra karajaithila. church eka sangeeta karjyakram sthana bhabare madhya karjya kare . itihas. prathame friedengskirche. 1890 masiharu stutgarter kendrare lutheran parish paain pratham friedenskirche neo-romansk saileere nirmita hoithila, eka double gajaka ebong sankirna gallery ebong chhaata kaath stambha upare samarthita, sthapatinka dwara design, ebong 11 december 1892 ray pabitra karajaithila. nabha majhire thiba tawaraku preritanka murti ebong khrista aasheerbadare sajjit karajaithila . dwiteeja biswajudha samajare 1944 october 19 tarikhare boma bisphorana parey, tawara ebong gheri rahithiba kanth byatita, charchati jali jaithila ebong bhushudi padithila. nooa fredenskirch. charchati prathame dhwansabasheshare rahi jaithila, kebala tawarati akshurna rahithila; seba ayojan paain, parish kendrare thiba bruhata hull ku punahnirmana karajaithila . 1959 masihare, parish parishad eka nutan church bhaban nirmana kariba paain nishpatti neithila. 1960 masihar pratijogita sthapati eberhard habanarnka dwara jitithila. 1962 masihare purbatana kothara abasista baluka pathara kanthaku gatishila kariba parey, 1964 masihare nirmana karjya arambha hoithila. jadio sthapati prakrutika pathara byabaharaku pasanda karithile, parish concret upare nishpatti neithile, jaahaa ehi samagri byabahara curry nirmita hoithiba stutgarter pratham charchare parinata hoithila . nutan charchati eka samtal chhaata sahita nirmita hoithila, ebong tawara upare eka dhaatu helmate thila . 1966 masihare 700 upasakanka paain parjyapta sthana sahita pabitra hoithiba ehi church eka corian parish ebong eka nambu parish madhya seba kare . charchare eka pipe anga achhi, ebong ehaa eka lokpriya sangeeta karjyakram sthana . 2020 ray, bholkar lutz anga bishajare eka pustaka lekhithile . eka gospel gajaka dala masika sangeeta karjyakram ayojan karithae.

freedenskirche, stuttgart freedenskirche (shanti church) stuttgart, badden-vertemberg, germany witch ikk luthern church haii, atey evangelische freedensgaminde stuttgart daa parish church haii. pahila church, navv-roman shaili witch 1892 witch pavittar keeta giaa see. dooje vishav yuddh dauran tabah qarr ditta giaa see, tower noon chhadd keey, iss noon 1960 dey dahake witch concreet witch dubara banaiaa giaa see, atey 1966 witch dubara pavittar keeta giaa see. church ikk sangeet samaroh sathaan vajon vee kamm karda haii. itihaas. pahila friedenskirche. pahila freedenskirche 1890 toon stuttgart dey kendra witch luthern parish laee navv-roman shaili witch banaiaa giaa see, jiss witch ikk double gaika atey tang gallery atey chhatt lakkad dey kalman utte rakkhi gaee see, architect duaara design keeti gaee see, atey 11 dasambar 1892 noon pavittar keeta giaa see. tower, nevi dey vichkaar, rasoolan deeaan murtiaan atey masih dee barkat naal sajaae gaye sunn. dooje vishav yuddh dauran 19 aktubar 1944 noon bumb dhamake toon baad tower atey gheriaa hoiaa kandhan noon chhadd keey church shudd giaa atey dheh giaa. navaan friedenskirche. church shuru witch khandran witch rahi giaa see, siraf tower ajey vee barkarar see; sevavan dey ayojan laee, parish center witch vadde haal noon dubara banaiaa giaa see. sann 1959 witch, parish consul neey ikk naveen church dee imaarat banaun daa faisla keeta. 1960 daa mukabala architect eberhard hobner neey jittiaa see. 1962 witch sabka imaarat deeaan baaki patthar deeaan kandhan dee gatishilta toon baad, 1964 witch nirman shuru hoiaa. halanki architect neey kudrati patthar dee varton daa pakkh liaa, parr parish neey concreet utte faisla keeta, jiss naal ih iss samaggari dee varton naal banaiaa jaanh vaala stuttgart daa pahila church bann giaa. navaan church ikk samtal chhatt naal banaiaa giaa see, atey tower dey sikhar utte ikk dhatu helmut see. sann 1966 witch 700 upasakan laee kaafi jagha dey naal pavittar keeta giaa, church ikk koriaai parish atey ikk nambu parish dee vee seva karda haii. church witch ikk pipe anga haii, atey ih ikk prasidh sangeet samaroh sathaan haii. saal 2020 witch volkar lutz neey iss anga baare ikk kitaab likhi. ikk injeel gaika masik samaroh aayojit kardi haii.

freedenskirche, stutgart freedenskirche (pees charch) jarmaneedeshasy baaden-wrttemberg-nagarasya stutgart-nagare sthitam lutheran-charch asti, tathaa eva eva eva ivaanjelish-freedenskeminde stutgart-nagarasya pyaarish-charch asti. nava-romanesk-shailee-prathama-charch 1892 tame varshe pratishtaapitam aasit. dviteeyavishvayuddhe, gopuram vihaay, nashtaa, 1960 tame dashake concret-nirmitam, 1966 tame varshe punah pratishtaapitam, charch sangeeta-sthalarupena api karyam karoti. itihaasah. prathamam friedenskirche. prathamah friedenskirche 1890 tamaat varshaat stutgart-nagarasya kendre lutheran-paadree-krute nava-romaneskiya-shaileen nirmitah, yatra dwaita-gaayakavrundah, sankeerna-chitrashaalah, kaashtastambhe sthitaa chhatah cha, vaastukaaradvaaraa vinyaasaartham, 1892 tame varshe december-masasya 11 dinaanke pratishtaapitah cha aasit, tathaa cha naukaashrayasya madhyabhaage sthitah gopuram, preshitaanaam shilpaihi, kristasya aasheervaaden cha alankrutah aasit. gopuram, pariveshtita-bhittayah cha vihaay, charch, 1944 october 19 dinaanke, dviteeyavishvayuddhe, visphotanaanantaram, jwaalayat, patitah cha abhavat. nava-freedenskirche. charch-mandalam praarambhe bhagnaavashesheshu avashishtam aasit, kevalam gopuram adyaapi akshunnam aasit; sevaadhaarane, paadari-kendre vishaal-sabhamandalam punarnirmitam. 1959 tame varshe, paadri-parishadah nootanam charch-bhavanam sthaapayitum nishchitavatee. 1960 tame varshe sthapatinaa eberhard habner ityanena pratiyogitaa vijayitaa abhavat. 1962 tame varshe poorvabhavanasya avashishtaanaam valukashma-bhittinaam gativardhanaanantaram 1964 tame varshe nirmanakaryam aarabdham. yadyapi vaastukaarah praakrutikashilaayaah upayogasya pakshapaati aasit, tathaapi paadareemandalen concreet ityasya nirnayah krutah, yena etat stutgart-nagarasya prathamam charch iti abhavat yat etasyaah samagrya nirmitam. nootanam charch samatal-chhapparayuktam aasit, tathaa cha gopuram dhaatu-shirastraanen sheershe aasit. 1966 tame varshe 700 upasakanam krute paryaaptasthaanam yukttam, charch, korea-paaris, nambu-paaris ityetaan api sevati. charch-madhye paip-aargan-bai asti, tathaa cha lokapriyam sangeeta-aayojan-sthalam vartate. 2020 tame varshe volkar lutz ityayam angasya vishaye ekam pustakam likhitavaan. gospel-gaayakavrundah maasik-sangeeta-karyakraman aayojayati.

friedenskirch, stud kaardu friedenskirsay (amaithi devalayam) enbathu germanyin stuttcard, paedan-wordemberg mattrum evanjalish friedengeminde stuttcartin barish devalayaththil ulla oru luther devalayam aagum. muthal devalayam, neoo-romanesque paaniyil 1892 aam aandil punithappaduththappattathu. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu azhikkappattathu, gopuraththaith thavira, idhu 1960 kazhil concreetil meendum kattappattathu, 1966 ill meendum punithappaduththappattathu. devalayam oru kacheri idamaagavum seyalpadugirathu. varalaaru. muthalil friedenskirch. 1890 muthal stud cartin maiyaththil ulla lutheron paarishukkaaga muthal friedenskirch kattappattathu, idhu neoo-romanesque paaniyil, irattai paadagar mattrum kurugiya calory mattrum maraa neduvarisaigalil aatharikkappatta kooraiyudan, kattidak kalaignaraal vadivamaikkappattathu, maelum 1892 disambar 11 andru punithappaduththappattathu. koopuram, naavin naduvil, appoasthalarkalin sirpangal mattrum kiristhuvin aaseervaathangkalaal alangarikkappattathu. koopuram mattrum suttruvattaara suvarkalaith thavira, devalayam, irandaam ulagap poarin poathu 1944 october 19 andru kunduveechchukkup piragu erinththu idindhu vilunththathu. puthiya friedenskirch. devalayam aarambaththil idipaadugalil vidappattathu, koopuram mattumae innum appadiyae irunththathu; sevaigalai nadaththuvatharkaaga, barish maiyaththil ulla periya mandapam maruvadivamaikkappattathu. 1959 aam aandil, barish council oru puthiya devalaya kattidaththai amaikka mudivu seithathu. 1960 aam aandu poattiyil kattidak kalaignar eberhard hubner vettri pettraar. 1962 aam aandil munnaal kattidaththin meethamulla manarkal suvarkalin iyakkaththirkup piragu, 1964 aam aandil kattumanam thodangiyathu. kattidak kalaignar iyarkai kallaip payanpaduththuvathai aathariththa poathilum, barish concreettai mudivu seithathu, ithanaal inththa porulaip payanpaduththi kattapatta muthal devalayam stud cardle amaikkappattathu. puthiya devalayam oru thattaiyaana kooraiyudan kattappattathu, maelum koopuram oru uloaga thalaikkavasaththudan maelae irunththathu. 1966 aam aandil 700 vazhipaattaalargalukku poathumaana idaththudan punithappaduthappatta inththa devalayam oru koriya barish mattrum oru nambu paarishukkum saevai seikirathu. devalayam oru kuzhaai uruppaik kondullathu, maelum idhu oru pirabalamaana kacheri idamaagum. 2020 aam aandil, volkar luts inththa uruppaip pattri oru puththagaththai ezhuthinaar. oru narcheythi paadagar maathaanthira kachchaerigalai nadaththukiraar.

friedenskirche, stuttgart friedenskirche (shanti charchi) anedi germanyloni baden-wurtembergloni stutgartloni lutheran charchi mariyu evangelische friedensgeminde stuttgart yokka parish charchi. modati charchi, neo-romanesk shaililo 1892loe pavitram cheyabadindi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo naasanam cheyabadindi, tower minaha, idhi 1960laloe concreetulo punarnirminchabadindi mariyu 1966loe kottagaa pavitram cheyabadindi. charchi kooda kacheri vaedikagaa panichestundi. charitra. modati friedenskirche. modati friedenskirche 1890 nundi stuttgart madhyalo lutheran parish kosam neo-romanesk shaililo nirminchabadindi, chekka stambhaalapai double gayaka brundam mariyu irukaina gallery mariyu paikapputho, vaastusilpi designlaku, mariyu 1892 december 11 naa pavitram cheyabadindi. guha madhyalo unna tower, apostalula silpaalu mariyu kreestu aasiirvaadamtoe alankarinchabadindi. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo 1944 aktobaru 19naa bambu daadi tarvaata tower mariyu chuttupakkala godalu minaha charchi kaalipoyindi mariyu kuppakoolindi. kotta friedenskirche. charchi praarambhamlo shidhilaavasthalo migilipoyindi, tower matrame ippatikee chekkuchedarakunda undhi; sevalanu nirvahinchadaaniki, parish centerloni pedda haall punarnirminchabadindi. 1959loe, parish council kotta charchi bhavananni praarambhinchaalani nirnayinchindi. 1960 pootiiloo vaastusilpi eberhard hubner gelichaaru. 1962loe munupati bhavanam yokka migilina isukaraayi godala dynamitting taruvaata, nirmaanam 1964loe praarambhamaindi. vaastusilpi sahaja raayi vadakanni ishtapadinappatiki, parish kaankreetupai nirnayam teesukundi, eee padaarthaanni upayoginchi stuttgartlo nirminchina modati charchiga nilichindi. kotta charchini chadunaina paikapputho nirminchaaru, mariyu tower paina lohapu sirastraanam undhi. 1966loe 700 mandhi aaraadhakulaku taginanta sthalamtho pavitram cheyabadina eee charchi corian parish mariyu nambu paarishku kooda sevalu andistundi. eee charchilo paipu orgaon undhi, idhi oka prasiddha kacheri vedika. 2020loe, volkar lutz avayavam gurinchi oka pustakam raasaaru. oka suvaarta gayaka brundam nelawari kachereelanu nirvahistundi.

fredenskeerche stut gaart fredenskeerche (pais charch) germani kay beaden writtemberg kay staat gaart mein eek lauthreen charch hay aur avingelishe fredensgamende staat gaart kaa peerish charch hay. pehla church noow romani andaaz mein 1892 mein muqadas kiyaa gayaa thaa. tower kay elawah dosri jung azeem kay doraan tabaah kirr diyaa gayaa thaa asay 1960 kii dahayi mein concret mein dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa aur 1966 mein dobarah muqadas kiyaa gayaa thaa. charch eek concert kay maqaam kay toor parr bhee kaam kartaa hay. tareekh. pehley fredenskeerche. pehla fredenskeerche 1890 say stut gaart kay markaz mein lauthreen peerish kay liye noow romani andaaz mein banaya gayaa thaa jiss mein eek double koyar aur tung gallery aur chhat lakdi kay kalimon parr rakhee gayee thee jiss kay design mamaar nay banaye thay aur 11 dasambar 1892 kuu muqadas kiyaa gayaa thaa. naaf kay beach mein waaqa tower kuu rasoolon kay majsamon aur maseeh kii barkat say sajaya gayaa thaa. church sawaye tower aur gahiri hoyee dewaron kay dosri jung azeem kay doraan 19 aktobar 1944 kuu bambari kay baad jall kirr manhadam how gayaa. neeya fredenskeerche. charch ibtadayi toor parr khandraat mein rahh gayaa thaa sarf tower ubhee takk barqarar thaa vovo khidmaat kay anaqad kay liyay peerish center mein baday haal kuu dobarah banaya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein peerish konsal nay charch kii nayee emarat sharoo karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. 1960 kaa muqabilah architect eberhard hubner nay jeeta thaa. 1962 mein sabqah emarat kii baqiyah reet kay pathar kii dewaron kii mutharik kaaree kay baad 1964 mein tameer sharoo hoyee. agarcha mamaar nay qadarti pathar kay istemaal kii himayat kii leakin peerish nay concret kaa faislah kiyaa jiss say yaha iss mawaad kaa istemaal kartay hoay tameer kiyaa jaanay waala ist gaart kaa pehla charch bunn gayaa. neeya charch eek hamwaar chhat kay saath banaya gayaa thaa aur tower kay oopar dhaat kay helmat thay. 1966 mein 700 namaziyon kay liye kaafi jagah kay saath muqadas charch eek koriyayi peerish aur eek nambo peerish kii bhee khadmat kartaa hay. charch mein eek pipe aargan hay aur yaha eek mashhur concert kaa maqaam hay. 2020 mein wolkar lutz nay aizaa kay baaray mein eek kitaab likhee. eek gaspeel koyar mahanah muhafil mausiqi kaa anaqad kartaa hay.

0003ffb02312fc0d718b960f02dbb2c301c8540ec2844c255249320151b58b0d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9174427

Charles James Briggs

Charles James Briggs British Army officer Lieutenant General Sir Charles James Briggs, (22 October 1865 – 27 November 1941) was a British Army officer who held high command in World War I. Military career. Born the son of Colonel Charles James Briggs, JP, DL, Brigg's education took place largely abroad, including periods in France and Germany. He was commissioned into the 1st King's Dragoon Guards on 30 January 1886 and served as ADC to the General Officer Commanding Egypt from 1892 to 1893. Promoted to captain on 1 March 1893, he became Adjutant of the 1st Dragoon Guards in November 1894 and Brigade Adjutant of the 4th Cavalry Brigade in April 1897. He served in the Second Boer War as Brigade Major of the 3rd Cavalry Brigade and was wounded at the Battle of Magersfontein (December 1899). He received a brevet rank as major on 29 November 1900, and was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 14 June 1902. Following the end of the war in June 1902, he left Cape Town on the SS "Sicilia" and returned to Southampton in late July. For his services during the war, he received a brevet promotion to lieutenant-colonel in the South African Honours list published on 26 June 1902. Reported to be medically unfit for foreign service after his return from the war, he was on 1 November 1902 appointed in command of a provisional regiment of Lancers, stationed at Ballincollig. He went on to command the 1st Imperial Light Horse and then a Mobile Column, before transferring to the 6th Dragoons in July 1904. He was appointed commander of the Transvaal Volunteers in 1905 and took part in suppressing the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906. He was appointed commander of the South Eastern Mounted Brigade in 1910 and commanded the Blue cavalry in the Army Manoeuvres of 1912. He served in World War I initially as commander of 1st Cavalry Brigade in the British Expeditionary Force, where he took part in the action at Nery. He commanded 3rd Cavalry Division from May 1915, the 28th Division in Salonika from October 1915 and XVI Corps (later redesignated as the British Salonika Army) from May 1916. He was chief of the British Military Mission to South Russia from February to June 1919 before retiring in February 1923. In retirement he was colonel of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards from 16 March 1926 to 31 December 1939. Decorations. These include: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

charls james brigoch leftenent general chaar charls james brigoch (22 octobor 1865-27 novembor 1941) ejon britis xena bixoya aasil ji prothom biswojudhot uscho commandor dayitwo paalon korisil. xamorik jiwan. jepi, dielor cornell charls james brigchor putro hisape jonmogrohon koraa brigor xikhya france aaru germanyt thoka xomoyoke dhori bohulangxe bidexot hoisil. 1886 sonor 30 januaryt teuk 1moo rojar dragon gardot nijukti diya hoisil aaru 1892 sonor poraa 1893 sonoloike ijiptor commanding general officeror e. di. chi. hisape xewa aagborhaisil. 1893 sonor 1 marchot captain hisape podunnoti laabh korisil, 1894 sonor novembor maahot 1moo dragon gardor adjutant hoisil aaru 1897 sonor aprilot aprilot kevelari brigedor brigade adjutant hoisil. teu dwitiyo bob 'yaar juddhot juddhot kevelari brigedor brigade mejor hisape xewa aagborhaisil aaru magersfontinor juddhot (1899 sonor disemborot) aahot hoisil. 1900 sonor 29 novemborot teu mejor hisape bravet renk laabh korisil, aaru 1902 sonor 14 junot mejoror mool rengkoloi podunnoti laabh korisil. 1902 sonor june maahot juddho xomapto huwar pisot, teu ess. ess. "sisiliya" ror kep taaun eri julyr xexor faale southomptonoloi ubhoti aahisil. juddhor xomoyot teur xewar baabe, teu 1902 sonor 26 junot prokaxito dokhyin african xonman talikat leftenent-koo 'nell hisape ek bravet podunnoti laabh korisil. juddhor poraa ubhoti ohaar pisot boidexik xewar baabe sikitsar baabe ojugyo buli protibedon diya hoisil, 1902 sonor 1 novemborot teuk belinokoligot owosthito lencharor ek osthayi rejimentor commandot nijukto koraa hoisil. 1904 sonor julyte xostho dragunoloi sthanantorito huwar aagote teu prothom rajokiyo paatol ghura aaru taar pisot etaa solonto stombhor netritwo disil. 1905 sonot teuk trenswal sessaxewokxokolor commander hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru 1906 sonot bambata bidruh domon korat ongxogrohon korisil. 1910 sonot teuk dokhyin-pubo mounted brigedor commander hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru 1912 sonor xenar kouxolburot blue kevelarir command korisil. teu prothomote prothom biswojudhot britis obhijan bahinir prothom kevelari brigedor commander hisape xewa aagborhaisil, zo 'too teu nerit huwa karjyot ongxogrohon korisil. teu 1915 sonor mey "maahor poraa tritiyo oswaruhi bahinir, 1915 sonor octoboror poraa chelunikar 28 xongkhyok aaru 1916 sonor mey" maahor poraa XVI korposor (pisoloi britis celonica xena hisape punor nirdharon koraa) netritwo disil. 1923 sonor februaryt owoxor luwar purbe 1919 sonor februaryr poraa junoloike dokhyin rasiyat thoka britis xamorik obhijanor murobbi aasil. owoxor grohonor xomoyot teu 1926 sonor 16 marchor poraa 1939 sonor 31 disemboroloike prothom rojar dragun gardor cornell aasil. xaaj-xojja. iyar bhitorot aaseh

charles james briggs leftenant general syara charles james briggs, (22 octobor 1865-27 navembar 1941) chhilen ekjon british seena kormokorta jini prothom bishwojuddhe hikemander dayitto palon korechilen. samrik karmajiban. cornell charles james briggs, jeey. pii, dii. ell-err putro hisabe jonmogrohonkari brigger shikkha france ebong germanyr samaykal soho mulat bideshe hoyechilo. 1886 saaler 30shhey januari tini 1maum rajar dragoon rakkhider dayitto paan ebong 1892 theke 1893 saal porjonto mishorer commanding general officer ayee. dii. shee hisabe dayitto palon corren. 1893 saaler 1laa march captain podey unnito hohn, tini 1894 saaler novembore 1maum dragoon rakkhider sahokari hohn ebong 1897 saaler aprile 4rtho ashwarohi brigader brigade sahokari hohn. tini dwitiya boar juddhe 3yoy ashwarohi brigader brigade mejor hisabe dayitto palon corren ebong maggersfontainer juddhe (1899 saaler december) ahoto hohn. 1900 saaler 29shhey navembar tini mejor hisabe ekti brevet podomorjada laav corren ebong 1902 saaler 14ee june mejorer mool podey unnito hohn. 1902 saaler june maase juddho shesh howar porr, tini ss "cecilia"-rawr cape town chhede julaier shesher dike southamptone firey asen. juddher somoy taanr sebar jonno, tini 1902 saaler 26shhey june prokashito dakkhin african somman talika leftenant-cornell podey ekti sangkhipto padonnati peyechilen. juddho theke firey aasaar porey tini boideshik porishebar jonno chikitsagotovabe ajogya boley jaanaa yaay, 1902 saaler 1 navembar tini balloncligge nijukto lancerder ekti asthayi regimenter netritte nijukto hohn. 1904 saaler julai maase 6stho dragunder kachhe sthanantorito howar agey tini prothom rajakiya halka ghoda ebong tarpor ekti sachal kolamer netritto deena. 1905 saale tini transval swechchasebokder commander nijukto hohn ebong 1906 saale bambatha bidroh domon korte ongsho nene. 1910 saale tini dakkhin-purbo mounted brigader commander nijukto hohn ebong 1912 saaler senabahinir kaushale neel ashwarohi bahinir netritto deena. tini prothom bishwojuddhe british abhijan bahinite prothom ashwarohi brigader commander hisabe kaaj korechilen, jekhane tini nerite abhijane ongsho niyechilen. tini 1915 saaler meey maas theke 3yoy ashwarohi bahini, 1915 saaler octobor maas theke salonica 28tomo bahini ebong 1916 saaler meey maas theke 16tomo bahini (porey british salonic senabahini hisabe punra manoneet)-err netritto deena. 1923 saaler februaryte abosar neoar agey tini 1919 saaler february theke june porjonto dakkhin russia british samrik missioner prodhan chhilen. abosar grohoner somoy tini 1926 saaler 16 march theke 1939 saaler 31 december porjonto 1maum rajar dragoon rakkhider cornell chhilen. sajsajja. egulir modhye royeche

charles james briggs leftnent general surr charles james briggs (22 october 1865-27 november 1941) british senaana adheekari hataa jemane pratham vishvyudhhma uchch kamaan sambhaali hatee. lashkari karkirdi. curnell charles james briggs, jeey. pii., dii. aela. naa putra tareeke janmela brignu shikshan motaabhaage videshma thayu hatoo, jemaa france aneey germanyna samaygaalaaono samaavesh thaay chhe. temne 30 january 1886naa roj pratham raajaana dragon gardsma niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1892thee 1893 sudhee egyptna commanding general officerna adc tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. 1 march 1893naa roj temne capton tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee, teo november 1894maan pratham dragon gardsna adjutant banyaa hataa aneey april 1897maan chothaa kevelari brigednaa brigade adjutant banyaa hataa. temane beeja booar vormaa triji kevelari brigednaa brigade mejar tareeke sevaa aapee hatee aneey maggersfontain (december 1899) nee ladaima ghaayal thayaa hataa. temne 29 november 1900naa roj mejar tareeke brewett raink malyo hato aneey 14 juuna 1902naa roj mejarnaa mool raink parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. juuna 1902maan yuddhnaa anta pachhi, temane ss "cicilia" parr cape taaun chhodyu aneey julyna antamaa southampton parat faryaa. yuddh darmiyan temnee sevaao maate, temne 26 juuna 1902naa roj prakashit dakshin african sanmaan yaadimaa leftnent-curnell tareeke sankshipt badhatee malee. yuddhmathi parat faryaa pachhi teo videsh sevaa maate tabibi reete ayogya hovaanu nondhayu, 1 november 1902naa roj temne ballincollig khaate tainaat lanceroni kaamchalaau regimentnaa commandma niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. julai 1904maan chhaththa dragoonma sthaanaantarit thataa pahelaa, temane pratham shaahee hadvaa ghodaani aneey pachhi gatisheel stambhni kamaan sambhaali hatee. 1905maan temne transwall svayamsevakonaa commander tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1906maan bambatha badvaane dabavvama bhaag leedho hato. temne 1910maan dakshin purveey mounted brigednaa commander tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1912naa sainyana daavpechma blue kevelarini kamaan sambhaali hatee. temane pratham vishvyudhhma sharuaatmaa british abhiyaan dalmaa pratham kevelari brigednaa commander tareeke sevaa aapee hatee, jyaan temane nerii khaateni karyvahima bhaag leedho hato. temane meey 1915thee trija kevelari division, october 1915thee salonikama 28maa division aneey meey 1916thee XVI corps (paachhalthi british salonic armie tareeke fareethi niyukt) nee kamaan sambhaali hatee. teo februari 1923maan nivrutt thataa pahelaa februarythi juuna 1919 sudhee dakshin russiama british lashkari missionnaa vadaa hataa. nivruttimaa teo 16 march 1926thee 31 december 1939 sudhee pratham raajaana dragon gardsna curnell hataa. sajavat. temaa nichenaano samaavesh thaay chheh

charles james briggs leftinent general surr charles james briggs, (22 octuber 1865-27 navambar 1941) ack british senaa adhikaari they jinhone pratham vishva yuddh mein uchch kamaan sambhali thee. sainya carrier. curnell charles james briggs, jey. pee., dee. ell. key bete key roop mein janme, brigg kii shiksha kaafee hudd taka videshon mein hui, jisamen france aur germany mein avadhi bhee shamil thee. unhein 30 janwari 1886 koo pahale raajaa key dragon gaard mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur 1892 seey 1893 taka misra key samanya adhikaari commanding key liye adc key roop mein kaary kiya. 1 march 1893 koo kaptan key roop mein padonnat hue, way navambar 1894 mein pahale dragon gaard key sahayak baney aur aprail 1897 mein chauthi ghudsavaar brigade key brigade sahayak baney. unhone teesare ghudsavaar brigade key brigade pramukh key roop mein dusare boer yuddh mein seva kii aur maggersfontein (disambar 1899) kii ladaai mein ghayal hoe gaye. unhein 29 navambar 1900 koo pramukh key roop mein ack brewett rank praapt hui, aur 14 juuna 1902 koo pramukh key mool pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa. juuna 1902 mein yuddh key anta key baad, unhone aiss. aiss. cicilia parr cape town chhod diyaa aur julaai key anta mein southampton laut aae. yuddh key dauran apani sevaaon key liye, unhein 26 juuna 1902 koo prakaashit dakshin african sammaan soochi mein leftinent-curnell key roop mein ack brewett padonnati millie. yuddh seey lautane key baad unhein videsh seva key liye chikitsakiya roop seey ayogya bataaya gayaa, unhein 1 navambar 1902 koo ballincollig mein tainaat lancers kii ack asthaayi resiment kii kamaan mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. julaai 1904 mein chhathe dragon mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale, unhone pahale shaahi halke ghode aur phir ack mobile collum kii kamaan sambhali. unhein 1905 mein transwall swayamsevakon kaa commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur 1906 mein bambatha vidroh koo dabaane mein bhaag liya thaa. unhein 1910 mein dakshin purvi ghudsavaar brigade kaa commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur 1912 key senaa key paintarebaazi mein neeli ghudsavaar senaa kii kamaan sambhali gaee thee. unhone pahale vishva yuddh mein shuru mein british abhiyaan bull mein pahali ghudsavaar senaa key commander key roop mein seva kii, jahaan unhone neri mein kaarravaai mein bhaag liya. unhone maee 1915 seey teesare ghudsavaar dall kii kamaan sambhali, octuber 1915 seey selonica mein 28vein division aur maee 1916 seey xvi core (baad mein british selonica senaa key roop mein phir seey naamit) kii. farwari 1923 mein sevaanivritt honey seey pahale way farwari seey juuna 1919 taka dakshin roose mein british sainya mission key pramukh they. sevaanivritti mein way 16 march 1926 seey 31 disambar 1939 taka pahale raajaa key dragon gaard key curnell they. sajawat. inmein shamil hainh

charles james briggs leftinent general surr charles james briggs, (22 october 1865-27 november 1941) modalane mahayuddhadalli unnata adhikaaravannu hondidda british seenaa adhikaariyaagiddaru. military vrutti. curnell charles james briggs, jp, dl avara maganagi janisida brigg avara shikshanavu france mattu germany avadhigalannu olagondante hechchaagi videshagalalli nadeyitu. 1886rahra janavari 30randu 1neey rajana dragoon gardsge niyojisalpatta aata 1892rinda 1893ravarege eejiptina commanding general aafisarge aa. dii. sii. aagi seve sallisidaru. 1893rahra march 1randu capton aagi badti padedaru, november 1894ralli 1neey dragoon gardsna adajutant aadaru mattu april 1897ralli 4neey ashvadalada brigadene brigade adajutant aadaru. eradane boyer yuddhadalli 3neey ashvadalada brigadene brigade majer aagi seve sallisidaru mattu 1899rahra december nalli nadeda maggersfantine kadanadalli gayagondaru. avaru 1900rahra november 29randu majer huddege badti padedaru mattu 1902rahra zoon 14randu majer huddege badti padedaru. 1902rahra joonnalli yuddhada antyada nantara, avaru ss "cicilia" dalliruva cape town annu toredu julai antyadalli southamptonge maralidaru. yuddhada samayadalli avaru needida sevegaligaagi, 1902rahra zoon 26randu prakatavaada daksina aafrikaada gouravagala pattiyalli leftinent-curnell huddege avaru badti padedaru. yuddhadinda hindirugida nantara avaru videshanga sevege vaidyakeeyavaagi anarharaagiddaarendu varadiyagide, 1902rahra november 1randu avarannu balinkolignalli niyojisalagidda taatkaalika lancergala regimentna command aagi nemisalaayitu. 1904rahra julainalli 6neey dragoongalige vargaavaneyaaguva modalu aata 1neey saamraajyashahi laghu kudure mattu nantara chalisuva kalamna netrutvavannu vahisidaru. avaru 1905 ralli transwall svayamsevakara commander aagi nemakagondaru mattu 1906 ralli bambatha dangeyannu nigrahisuvalli bhagavahisidaru. avaru 1910 ralli agneya aarohitavaada brigadene commander aagi nemakagondaru mattu 1912 rahra seenaa kushalateyalli neeli ashvadalada netrutvavannu vahisidaru. avaru modalaneya mahayuddhadalli aarambhadalli british dandayaatre padeya 1 neey ashvadalada brigadene commander aagi seve sallisidaru, allie avaru neriyallina karyacharaneyalli bhagavahisidaru. aata 1915rahra mayee tingalininda 3neey ashvadala vibhaga, 1915rahra october tingalininda salonikada 28neey vibhaga mattu 1916rahra mayee tingalininda (nantara british salonica sainya endu marunamakaranagonda) XVI corpsge netrutva vahisidaru. avaru phebravari 1923 ralli nivruttaraguva modalu phebravari 1919 rinda zoon 1919 ravarege daksina russacke british military mission mukhyastharagiddaru. nivruttiyalli avaru 1926 rahra march 16 rinda 1939 rahra december 31 ravarege 1 neey rajana dragoon gardsna curnell aagiddaru. alankaaragalu. ivugalu seriveh

chaals jaims briggs onnaam lokamahaayudhathil hikemand vahichirunna oru britiish armi offeesaraayirunnu lefttanant general sarr chaals jaims briggs (22 october 1865-27 november 1941). sainikajeevitam. jaiii. pii., dii. ell. kenal chaals jaims brigsinte makanayi janicha briginte vidyaabhyaasam francileyum germmaniyileyum kaalaghattangal ulppede videshathaan nadannathu. 1886 januvari 30 nuu onnaam raajaavinte draagan gaardukalilekku kammeeshan cheyyappetta addeham 1892 muthal 1893 vare eejipt commanding general offeesarude adcyaayi sevanamanushtichu. 1893 march 1 nuu captanaayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu, 1894 novemberil onnaam draagan gaardukalude adjattantaayum 1897 eprilil naalam kuthirappada brigedinte brigade adjattantaayum. randaam boyer yudhathil moonnaam kuthirappada brigadinte brigade mejaraayi sevanamanushtikkukayum magarsphontain yudhathil (1899 desember) parikkelkkukayum cheythu. 1900 november 29 nuu mejar enna nilayil oru breevatt rank labhicha addehathinu 1902 juun 14 nuu mejar rankilekku sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 1902 juunil yuddham avasaanichathinethudarnnu addeham ss sisiliyayile keppu taunn vittu juulai avasaanathode southaamptanilekku madangi. yudhasamayathe sevanagalkk, 1902 juun 26 nuu prasidheekaricha dakshinaafrikkan oonar listtil lefttanant-kenalilekku addehathinu oru breevatt sthaanakkayattam labhichu. yudhathil ninnu madangiyethiya sesham videsha sevanathinu vaidyashaasthraparamaayi ayogyanaanennu report cheyyappettu, 1902 november 1 nuu balinakoligil nilayurappicha laansarmaarude oru thaalkkaalika rejimentinte kamandaayi addehathe niyamichu. 1904 joolaiyil aaraamathe dragonukalilekku maarunnathinumumbu addeham aadyathe saamraajyathva laitt kuthiraykkum thudarnnu oru mobail kolatthinum command cheythu. 1905ll transwall sannadhapravarthakarude kamaandaraayi niyamikkappedukayum 1906ll bambatha kalapam adichamarthunnathil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1910ll thekkukizhakkan mounded brigedinte kamaandaraayi niyamikkappedukayum 1912leeii sainika neekkangalil blue kuthirappadayude kamaandaraayi pravartthikkukayum cheythu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil thudakkathil britiish paryaveshana senayile onnaam kuthirappada brigedinte kamaandaraayi sevanamanushtikkukayum avide addeham neriyile pravartthanatthil pankedukkukayum cheythu. 1915 meyy muthal moonnaam kuthirappada vibhaagathinum 1915 october muthal saloonikkayile 28-aamm division 1916 meyy muthal pathinaram corpsin (pinneedu britiish saloonika armi ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) addeham neethrthwam nalki. 1923 februvariyil viramikkunnathin munbu 1919 februvari muthal juun vare thekkan russiayile britiish sainika douthyathinte thalavanaayirunnu addeham. viramikkumbol 1926 march 16 muthal 1939 desember 31 vare onnaam raajaavinte draagan gaardukalude kenalaayirunnu addeham. alankaarangal. ivayil ulppedunnu

charles james briggs leftnunt general surr charles james briggs (22 aktoobar 1865-27 november 1941) heey pahilya mahayuddhat uchch padasth asalele british lashkari adhikari hote. lashkari karkird. curnell charles james briggs, jeey. pii., dii. ell. yancha mulga mhanoon janmalelya brigche shikshan france aanee germanytil kalkhandasah mothya pramanat paradeshat jhaale. 30 janewari 1886 roji tyanna pahilya rajachya dragon gardmadhye niyukt karnyat aale aanee 1892 teey 1893 paryant egyptche netrutva netrutva general officerche aii. dii. see. mhanoon kaam kele. 1 march 1893 roji capton mhanoon padonnati midali, november 1894 madhye teey pahilya dragon gardche edjutant jhaale aanee april 1897 madhye chauthya ghodadal brigedche brigade edjutant jhaale. tyanni tyanni boar yuddhat tyanni ghodadal brigedche brigade mejar mhanoon kaam kele aanee maggersfontenchya ladhait (december 1899) jakhami jhaale. 29 november 1900 roji tyanna mejar mhanoon brewett rank midala aanee 14 juuna 1902 roji tyanna mejarchya mool padavar badhati denyat aalee. juuna 1902 madhye yuddh sampalyanantar, tyanni ess. ess. ciciliatil cape tauun sodale aanee julaichya uttaradhat southamptonla paratale. yuddhadarmyanchya tyanchya sevesathi, 26 juuna 1902 roji prakashit jhalelya dakshin aafrikechya sanman yadeet tyanna leftnunt-curnell mhanoon badati midali. yuddhatoon paratalyanantar teey vaidyakiyadrushtya paradeshi sevesathi ayogya asalyache sanganyat aale, 1 november 1902 roji tyanchi ballincollig yethe tainat asalelya lancerschya tatpuratya regimentchya kamandmadhye niyukti karnyat aalee. julai 1904 madhye 6 vya dragoonmadhye badali karnyapurvi, tyane pahilya shahee halakya ghodyache aanee nantar firatya stambhache netrutva kele. 1905 madhye tyanna transwall svayamsevakanche senapati mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee 1906 madhye tyanni bambatha bund dadapanyat bhag ghetala. 1910 madhye tyanchi dakshin purv ashwarohi brigedche senapati mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee aanee 1912 chya lashkari davpechanmadhye tyanni nilya ghodadalala netrutva dile. tyanni pahilya mahayuddhat suruvatila british moheem dalat pahilya ghodadal brigedche senapati mhanoon kaam kele, jithe tyanni nerry yetheel karvait bhag ghetala. meey 1915 pasoon tyanni tyanni ghodadal vibhagache, aktoobar 1915 pasoon salonikamadhil 28 vya vibhagache aanee meey 1916 pasoon solavya tukadiche (nantar british salonic sainya mhanoon punarnamit) netrutva kele. februwari 1923 madhye nivrutt honyapurvi teey februwari teey juuna 1919 paryant dakshin rashiyatil british lashkari mohimeche pramukh hote. nivruttinantar teey 16 march 1926 teey 31 december 1939 paryant pahilya rajachya dragon gardche curnell hote. sajavat. yamadhye khaleel goshtincha samavesh aaheh

charles james briggs leftinent general sear charles james briggs, (22 october 1865-27 november 1941) ek britis sena adhikari thie jasle pahilo vishwayuddhama uccha kaman samhaleka thie. sainya currier. kernel charles james briggs, jappy, dlka chhora janmeka brigko shiksha france rar germanyko awadhisahit dherai hadasamma videshma bhaeko thiyo. uni 30 janawari 1886 maa pahilo rajako dragun gardma niyukta bhae rar 1892 dekhi 1893 samma egyptko commanding garne general afisarka edisiko rupma sewa gare. 1 march 1893 maa kaptanma padonnati bhae, uni november 1894 maa pahilo dragun gardko adjutant bane rar april 1897 maa chautho ghodchadhi brigedko brigade adjutant bane. unle tesro ghodchadhi brigedko brigade mejarko rupma dosro boar yudhama sewa gare rar maggersfontain (december 1899) ko yudhama ghaite bhae. unle 29 november 1900 maa mejarko rupma brebhet rank prapta gare, rar 14 june 1902 maa mejarko muel padama badhuwa gariyo. june 1902 maa yuddhako antya pachhi, unle ss "cicilia" maa cape tauna chhode rar julyko antyama southampton farke. yuddhako samayama afno sewaka lagi, unle 26 june 1902 maa prakashit dakshin africi samman suchima leftinent-karnelko rupma ek brebhet padonnati prapta gare. yuddhabata farkepachhi videsh sewaka lagi chikitsakiya rupma ayogya bhaeko report gariyo, uni 1 november 1902 maa ballincoligma tainath lancerharuko asthayi regimentko commandma niyukta bhae. july 1904 maa chhaitaun dragunharuma sthanantaran garnuaghi unle pahilo shahi halka ghoda rar tyasapachhi ek mobile stambhako command gare. uni 1905 maa transwal swayamsewakharuko commander niyukta bhae rar 1906 maa bambatha vidrohalai daman garnama bhag lie. uni 1910 maa dakshin purvi mounted brigedko commander niyukta bhae rar 1912 ko senako chalma nilo ghodchadhiko commander bane. unle pahilo vishwayuddhama suruma britis abhiyan balma pahilo ghodchadhi brigedko commanderko rupma sewa gare, jahaan unle nerima karbahima bhag lie. unle mey 1915 dekhi tesro ghodchadhi division, october 1915 dekhi salonikama 28 aun division rar mey 1916 dekhi XVI corps (pachhi britis salonikako senako rupma punah namit) ko command gare. uni february 1923 maa sewaniwritta hunuaghi februarydekhi june 1919 samma dakshin rasiyama britis sainya missionka pramukh thie. sewaniwrittika kramama uni 16 march 1926 dekhi 31 december 1939 samma pahilo rajako dragun gardka kernel thie. sajawat. yee samawesh chhanh

charles james briggs leftnant general saar charles james briggs (22 october 1865-27 navember 1941) jane british sena adhikari thile, jieki pratham biswajuddhare haai command dajitware thile. samarika kyariyara. cornell charles james briggs, jay. pii., dii. ell. nka putra bhabe janmita brignka sikhya frances ebong germany sameth bideshare byapaka bhabe hoithila. 1886 masiha januari 30 tarikhare shay 1maha rajanka dragun gardare nijukta hoithile ebong 1892ru 1893 masiha parjyanta egypt commander general afisaranka adisi bhabe karjya karithile. 1893 masiha march 1 tarikhare captain bhabe padonnati paithile, navember 1894ray shay 1maha dragun gardanka adjutant hoithile ebong 1897 masiha april maasare 4rtha ashwarohi brigedara brigade adjutant hoithile. shay dwiteeja boar juddhare 3jaiah ashwarohi brigedara brigade mejara bhabe karjya karithile ebong maggersfontein (december 1899) juddhare ahata hoithile. shay 29 navember 1900 ray mejara bhabare eka brebhet pahya paithile, ebong 14 june 1902 ray mejarara moola pahyaku padonnati paithile. june 1902 ray juddha shesh heba parey, shay ss "cecilia" ray cape tauna chhadi july sheshare southamptonku pherithile. juddha samajare tankara seba paain, shay 26 june 1902 ray prakashita dakhina african sammana talikare leftnant-cornell bhabare eka sankhipta padonnati paithile. juddharu feriba parey shay baideshika seba paain daktari bhabare ajogya bolly report karajaithila, shay 1 navember 1902 ray balinakoligare abasthapita lansaranka eka asthajee regimenter kamandare nijukta hoithile. july 1904 ray shastha dragunaku sthanantara heba purbaru shay pratham imperial haluka ghoda ebong taa 'parey eka bhramyamana stambhaku nirdesh deithile. 1905 masihare shay transval swechasebeemananka commander nijukta hoithile ebong 1906 masihare bambatha bidrohaku daman karibare anshagrahana karithile. 1910 masihare shay dakhina-purba mounted brigedara commander nijukta hoithile ebong 1912 masihar sena koushalare neela ashwarohi bahineera netrutwa neithile. shay pratham biswajuddhare prathame british abhijana baahineere pratham ashwarohi brigedara commander bhabare karjya karithile, jeunthare shay nereere karjyanusthanare anshagrahana karithile. shay meey 1915 ru truteeja ashwarohi divijana, october 1915 ru selonikare 28 tama divijana ebong meey 1916 ru XVI corps (parey british celonica armi bhabare punahnamakarana karajaithila) ku nirdesh deithile. 1923 masiha februari maasare absar neba purbaru shay 1919 masiha februari masaru juna maasa parjyanta dakhina rushiaaku british samarika missioner mukhya thile. absar grahan samajare shay 1926 masiha march maasa 16ru 1939 masiha december maasa 31 parjyanta pratham rajanka dragun garder cornell thile. sajasajja. egudika madhyare rahichhih

charles james briggs leftinent general sarr charles james briggs (22 aktubar 1865-27 navambar 1941) ikk british fauj daa adhikari see jiss neey pahile vishav yuddh witch hyee command sambhali see. fauji carrier. karnal charles james briggs, jey. pee., dee. ail. dey puttar vajon paida hoye, brigg dee sikkhiaa vadde paddhar 'teey videshan witch hoee, jiss witch france atey germany dey samein shamal sunn. uss noon 30 janwari 1886 noon pahile king dey dragon gaardan witch niyukat keeta giaa see atey 1892 toon 1893 takk misser dee command curran vaale general afsar dey edisi vajon seva nibhai. 1 march 1893 noon uss noon kaptani witch tarakki ditti gaee, uh navambar 1894 witch pahile dragon gaardan daa sahaik bann giaa atey aprail 1897 witch chauthi ghodswari brigade daa brigade sahaik bann giaa. uss neey tiji ghodswari brigade dey brigade mejar vajon dooje boer yuddh witch seva nibhai atey maggersfontein (dasambar 1899) dee ladai witch zakhmi hoow giaa. uss neey 29 navambar 1900 noon mejar dey roop witch ikk brevet raink prapat keeti, atey 14 juun 1902 noon mejar dey mool raink utte tarakki ditti gaee. juun 1902 witch yuddh dey ant toon baad, uh aiss. aiss. "sisilia" utte cape taoon chhadd keey julai dey akheer witch southampton waps aaa giaa. yuddh dauran aapniaan sevavan laee, unhan noon 26 juun 1902 noon prakashit dakkhni african sanman suchi witch leftinent-karnal vajon tarakki millie. yuddh toon waps aaunn toon baad uh videsh seva laee medical taur 'teey ayog dasse gaye, unhan noon 1 navambar 1902 noon balincollig vikhe tayinat lansaran dee ikk aarzi regiment dee command witch niyukat keeta giaa see. julai 1904 witch chheven dragon witch tabdil honn toon pahilan, usne pahile shaahi halke ghode atey firr ikk mobile kaalam dee command sambhali. uss noon 1905 witch transwal volunteeran daa commander niyukat keeta giaa see atey 1906 witch bambatha vidroh noon dabaun witch hissa liaa see. uss noon 1910 witch dakkhan purbi mounted brigade daa commander niyukat keeta giaa see atey 1912 dey fauj dey chaalan witch neeli ghodswar saina dee command ditti gaee see. uss neey pahile vishav yuddh witch shuru witch british muhim bull witch pahili ghodswar saina dey commander vajon seva nibhai see, jitthe uss neey neri vikhe karvai witch hissa liaa see. unhan neey maee 1915 toon tiji ghodswar division, aktubar 1915 toon salonica witch witch division atey maee 1916 toon XVI coor (baad witch british salonica fauj vajon mudd namzad) dee command sambhali. uh farvari 1923 witch sevamukt honn toon pahilan farvari toon juun 1919 takk dakkhni roos witch british miltery mission daa mukhi see. sevamukti witch uh 16 march 1926 toon 31 dasambar 1939 takk pahile raaje dey dragon gaardan daa karnal see. sajawat. inhan witch shamal hann

charles james briggs leftinent general surr charles james briggs (22 october 1865-27 november 1941) ekaha british-senadhikarinaha aasit yah prathamavishvayuddhe uccha-command-adhikaarinah aasit. sainya-vruttihi. carnell charles james briggs, jey. pee., dee. ell. ityasya putrah ajayata, brigg ityasya shiksha videsheshu bahudhaa abhavat, france-germany-deshayoho kaalayoh api. 1886 janavaree 30 dinaanke saha prathamarajasya dragoon-rakshak-rupena niyuktah, 1892 taha 1893 paryantam easypt-deshasya commanding-general-aafeesar ityasya e. dee. see. rupena karyam krutavaan. 1893 maarch 1 dinaanke capton-rupena padonnatim avaapnot, saha 1894 november-maase prathama-dragoon-gards ityasya sahaayakah abhavat, 1897 april-maase chaturtha-ashvasainya-brigade ityasya brigade-sahaayakah cha abhavat. saha dwiteeya-boyer-yuddhe truteeya-ashvasainya-brigade ityasya brigade-measure-rupena karyam krutavaan, tathaa cha magersfontein-yuddhe (december 1899) vranitah abhavat. saha 1900 tame varshe november-masasya 29 dinaanke measure-rupena brewett-padaveem praptavan, 1902 tame varshe joon-masasya 14 dinaanke measure-padaveem praptavan. 1902 tame varshe joon-maase yuddhasya samaapteh anantaram saha ess. ess. "cicilia" ityatra kep-nagaraat nishkaasy julai-masasya ante southampton-nagaram pratyagatavan. yuddhakaale tasya sewaayaah karanat, 1902 joon 26 dinaanke prakashitasya dakshina-aafrikan-sammaan-suchyam leftinent-carnell-rupena saha alpakaalikam padonnatim avaapnot. yuddhaat pratyaagatya videshasevaayaam chikitsayaha drushtyaa ayogyah iti soochitah, saha 1902 november 1 dinaanke ballincollig-nagare sthite lancer-ityeteshaam asthayee-regiment ityasya adhipatihi niyuktah. saha 1904 julai-maase shashta-dragoon-prati sthanantarat poorvam prathama-samrajyasya laghu-ashvasya, tatah chala-stambhasya cha netrutvam akarot. saha 1905 tame varshe transwall-svayamsevakaanaam senaapatih niyuktah, 1906 tame varshe bambata-vidrohasya damane cha bhaagam agruhnaat. saha 1910 tame varshe dakshinapoorva-aarohan-brigade ityasya senaapatih niyuktah, 1912 tame varshe sainya-vinyaaseshu neel-ashvasainyasya netrutvam akarot. saha prathamavishvayuddhe prathame british-abhiyaan-balasya prathama-ashvasainya-brigade ityasya senaapatih rupena kaaryam akarot, yatra saha neree-nagare kaarye bhaagam agruhnaat. saha 1915 mey-masat truteeyasya ashvasainyavibhaagasya, 1915 october-masat celonica-nagarasya celonica-nagarasya, 1916 mey-masat XVI corp-ityasya (pashchat british-celonica-senaa iti punah namakaranam krutam) netrutvam akarot. 1923 februvari-maase nivruttaat poorvam 1919 februvari-masat joon-maasaparyantam dakshina-rashyaa-deshe british-sainya-mission-ityasya pramukhah aasit. nivruttau saha 1926 maarch-masasya 16 dinaankaat 1939 december-masasya 31 dinaankaparyantam prathamarajasya dragoon-gards-ityasya carnell aasit. alankaranam. ete antarbhavanti.

charles james brics leptinent general charr charles james brics, (22 october 1865-27 navambar 1941) muthalaam ulagap poaril uyar kattalaiyai vagiththa oru british iraanuva adhigaari aavaar. iraanuva vaazhkkai. curnell charles james brics, jay. pii, dii. ell. aagiyoarin maganaagap pirantha brick, brance mattrum germanyil irunththa kaalakattangal udpada perumpaalum velinaadugalil kalvi payintraar. 1886 janavari 30 andru 1 vadhu mannarin tragun kaavalargalil niyamikkapatta avar, 1892 muthal 1893 varai egipthukku thalaimai thaangkiya podhu athikaariyin thunaith thalapathiyaaga paniyaattrinaar. 1893 maarch 1 andru kaeptanaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar, avar navambar 1894 ill 1 vadhu tragun kaavalargalin thunaith thalapathiyaagavum, aepral 1897 ill 4 vadhu kuthiraippadaip padaippirivin padaippirivu thunaith thalapathiyaagavum aanaar. avar 3 vadhu kuthiraippadaip padaippirivin padaippirivil pirathaanamaaka irandaavathu poayar poaril paniyaattrinaar, maelum magarsfondein poaril (disambar 1899) kaayamadaindhaar. avar 29 navambar 1900 andru mejar pathaviyaip pettraar, maelum 14 juun 1902 andru mejar pathaviyil kanisamaana pathavikku uyarthappattaar. juun 1902 ill poar mudivadainthathaith thodarnthu, avar ss "cicilia" will ulla cape downai vittu veliyaeri juulai pirpaguthiyil savuththaamptanukkuth thirumbinaar. poarin poathu avar seitha sevaikalukkaaga, 26 juun 1902 andru veliyidappatta thennaapirikka gowravap pattiyalil leptinent-curnell pathavikku avar oru brewett padhavi uyarvaip pettraar. avar poarilirunthu thirumbiya piragu veliyuravu sevaikku maruththuva reethiyaaga thaguthiyattravar endru therivikkappattathu, avar 1 navambar 1902 andru polyncholic ill nirutthappatta thartkaalika laancharkal padaippirivukku thalaimai thaangi niyamikkappattaar. juulai 1904 ill 6 vadhu tragongalukku maattrappaduvatharku munbu, avar 1 vadhu aekaathipaththiya olii kudhirai mattrum pinnar oru nadamaadum neduvarisaiyai kattalaiyittaar. 1905ill transwall thannaarvalargalin thalapathiyaaga niyamikkapatta avar, 1906ill bambatha kilarcchiyai odukkuvathil pankettraar. 1910ill thenkizhakku kuthiraip padaith thalapathiyaaga niyamikkappattaar. 1912aam aandu iraanuva soozhchchigalil neela kuthiraippadaikku thalaimai thaangkinaar. muthalaam ulagap poaril aarambaththil british padaiyil 1aam kuthiraip padaith thalapathiyaaga paniyaattrinaar, angku avar neriyil nadantha nadavadikkaiyil pankettraar. mae 1915 muthal 3 vadhu kuthiraippadaip pirivukkum, october 1915 muthal salonikaavil 28 vadhu pirivukkum, mae 1916 muthal XVI corps (pinnar british salonica iraanuvam endru maruvadivamaikkappattathu) kkum thalaimai thaangkinaar. pipravari 1923 ill oaivu peruvatharku munbu pipravari 1919 muthal juun 1919 varai therku rashyaavukkaana british iraanuva paniyin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. oaivu pettra piragu avar 1926 maarch 16 muthal 1939 disambar 31 varai 1 vadhu mannarin tragun kaavalargalin karnalaaga irunthaar. alangkaarangkal. ivatrtril pinvaruvana adangum

charless james briggs leftinent general surr charless james briggs, (22 october 1865-27 november 1941) modati prapancha yuddhamlo hye command nirvahinchina british armi adhikari. sainika vrutti. kalnal charless james briggs, jp, dl kumaruduga janminchina brigg yokka vidya france mariyu germany kaalaalato sahaa ekkuvagaa videshaalalo jarigindi. 1886 janavari 30naa 1va raaju dragoon guardlalo niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu 1892 nundi 1893 varaku eejiptuku commanding general officerku edisigaa panicheesaadu. 1893 marchi 1naa keptenga padoonnati pondaadu, november 1894loe 1va dragoon gaardulaku adjutant ayyadu mariyu april 1897loe 4va aswikadalam brigedku brigade adjutant ayyadu. athanu rendava boyer yuddhamlo 3va aswikadalam brigedku brigade mejargaa panicheesaadu mariyu magarsfantine (december 1899) yuddhamlo gayapaddadu. athanu 1900 november 29naa majer gaa oka breevet ranknu pondaadu, 1902 juun 14naa majer yokka gananeeyamaina hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu. 1902 juun loe yuddham mugisina taruvaata, athanu ss sisilia looni cape town nuu vadili juulai chivaralo southamptonku tirigi vacchaadu. yuddha samayamlo ayana chesina sevalaku gaanu, 1902 juun 26naa prachurinchabadina dakshinaafrikaa gourava jaabitaalo leftinent-kalnalga ayana manchi padoonnati pondaaru. yuddham nundi tirigi vacchina taruvaata videshee sevaku vaidyaparamgaa anarhudani nivedinchabadindi, 1902 november 1naa ayana ballincollig vadda unna taatkaalika lancerla regimentku naayakatvam vahinchaaru. athanu juulai 1904loe 6va dragonlaku badilee kaavadaaniki mundu, 1va saamraajya telikapati gurraniki, aapai oka chalanaseela kaalaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athanu 1905loe transwall volunteerlaku commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu 1906loe bambatha tirugubaatunu anachiveyadamlo palgonnadu. athanu 1910loe aagneya mounted brigedku commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu 1912 naati sainika vinyasalalo blue aswikadalaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athanu modati prapancha yuddhamlo modatlo british dandayaatra dalamlo 1va aswikadala brigedku commanderga panicheesaadu, akkada athanu naerii vadda jarigina charyalo palgonnadu. athanu 1915 mae nundi 3va aswikadalam vibhaagaaniki, 1915 aktobaru nundi salonikaalo 28va vibhaagaaniki, 1916 mae nundi XVI corps (taruvaata british salonika sainyam gaa punahroopakalpana cheyabadindi) kuu naayakatvam vahinchaadu. 1923 fibravarilo padavee viramana cheyadaaniki mundu 1919 fibravari nundi juun varaku dakshina russialo british sainika missionku adhipatigaa panicheesaaru. padavee viramanalo ayana 1926 marchi 16 nundi 1939 december 31 varaku 1va raaju yokka dragoon gaardulaku kalnalga unnaaru. alankaranalu. veetilo ivi unnaih

charlis jaims bergs leftinent general sarr charlis jaims burgus (22 aktobar 1865-27 nomber 1941) eek bartanvi foji afsar thay jinhon nay pehli jung azeem mein hayee kamaan sanbhali thee. foji carrier. karnal charlis jaims burgus jay pee ddee eel kay betay kay toor parr paida honay waalay burg kii taleem bury hadd takk berun milk hoyee jiss mein france aur germani kay adwaar bhee shaamil thay. inhein 30 januri 1886 kuu pehley baadshah kay dragon guards mein commission diyaa gayaa aur inhon nay 1892 say 1893 takk misar kii commanding karnay waalay general officer kay liye aey ddee see kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. yakam maarch 1893 kuu kaptaan kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee wah nomber 1894 mein pehley dragon guards kay adjutant aur apreel 1897 mein chothi culary brigade kay brigade adjutant bunn gayey. inhon nay dosri boir jung mein teesri culary brigade kay brigade meejar kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain aur meejar fontein (dasambar 1899) kii jung mein zakhmi how gayey. inhon nay 29 nomber 1900 kuu meejar kay toor parr brewait renk haasil kiyaa aur 14 joone 1902 kuu meejar kay bunyadi renk parr tarqi payee. joone 1902 mein jung kay ikhtatam kay baad inhon nay aiss aiss "cecilia" parr cape town chhod diyaa aur jolayi kay aakhir mein saothampatan waps chalay gayey. jung kay doraan apnee khidmaat kii wajah say inhein 26 joone 1902 kuu shaye honay waali janubi afriqi aizazat kii fehrist mein leftinent karnal kay ahday parr brewait tarqi milly. jung say wapsi kay baad wah tabee toor parr ghair milki khadmat kay liye naahil qaraar paaye inhein 1 nomber 1902 kuu balnakolg mein tayinaat lancers kii aarizi regment kii kamaan mein muqarar kiyaa gayaa. jolayi 1904 mein chhatay dragon mein muntaqil honay say pehley iss nay pehley shaahi halkay ghoday aur phir eek mutharik kaalim kii kamaan sanbhali. inhein 1905 mein transwal razakaron kaa commander muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur 1906 mein baambath baghawat kuu dabanay mein hasah liyaa. inhein 1910 mein janub mashriqi mounted brigade kaa commander muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur 1912 kii foj kii chaalon mein blue culary kii kamaan sanbhali gayee. inhon nay pehli jung azeem mein ibtadayi toor parr bartanvi muham joyee force mein pehli culary brigade kay commander kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain jehaan inhon nay neeri mein kararwai mein hasah liyaa. inhon nay mayee 1915 say teesre ghadswar dastay kii aktobar 1915 say silonka mein 28 wein devision kii aur mayee 1916 say XVI coor (baad mein bartanvi silonka aarmi kay toor parr dobarah namzad) kii kamaan sanbhali. wah faroori 1923 mein retire honay say pehley faroori say joone 1919 takk janubi roos mein bartanvi foji mission kay sarbarah thay. retirement mein wah 16 maarch 1926 say 31 dasambar 1939 takk pehley baadshah kay dragon guards kay karnal thay. sajawat. inn mein shaamil haine:

000400bb435a9a2eb29ccb3b67cd3054d36531731b71c1cf2793d844467b5f66

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54241250

Sue Nabi

Sue Nabi Algerian-born French entrepreneur, beauty industry executive Sue Youcef Nabi (born 13 February 1968) is an Algerian-born French entrepreneur and innovator in the world of global beauty. Nabi is the founder of vegan skincare line Orveda, launched in 2017. Nabi spent 20 years at L’Oreal, including holding the title of President for both Lancôme and L’Oréal. In July 2020 Sue was named CEO of the American multinational beauty company Coty Inc. Early life and education. Born to a father who was an engineer, politician and painter, and a French-teaching mother, Nabi grew up in Algeria. After completing an Engineering Degree at the École nationale du génie de l'eau et de l'environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES), Nabi went on to graduate with an Advanced master's degree in Marketing Management, ESSEC Business School in 1991. Career at L’Oréal. In 1993, Nabi entered L'Oreal as a Retail Sales Representative, South-West France for Jacques Dessange Professional Hair Care, and was promoted to Mennen Brand Manager (Gemey-Maybelline) in 1994. Between 1996 and 2000, Nabi was made Group Manager/Marketing Director for Gemey-Maybelline, before being promoted to General Manager, L'Oreal France. In 2005, Nabi became Worldwide President of L’Oréal Paris, and enjoyed various successes and press coverage for growing the business, championing diversity in beauty, and for individualistic, personal charisma. Through the “Because We’re Worth It” testimonials, Nabi re-invented L’Oréal Paris’ advertising and brand equity. Nabi also championed diversity of beauty through the introduction of marketing campaigns that featured, for the first time, Jane Fonda (at 68), brunettes including Penélope Cruz and Eva Longoria, Asian celebrities including Chinese actress Gong Li as well as men - from both Hollywood and TV screens - including Lost’s Matthew Fox and Grey’s Anatomy’s Patrick Dempsey. Nabi also oversaw a number of key product launches and successes, including Casting Crème Gloss Hair Color and Total Repair 5 hair care line, as well as make-up innovations including Glam Shine, Color Riche lip Colour Star Secrets line, Telescopic and Double Extend mascaras. In 2009, at the age of 41, Nabi became the Worldwide President of Lancôme, part of the L’Oreal Luxury Products division and a brand that was in decline. During a 5-year presidency, Nabi oversaw the successful launch of many new Lancôme products, most notably the perfume"La Vie est belle”, advertised by Julia Roberts. Nabi’s credits during presidency also include re-inventing Lancôme’s advertising Image with photographer Mario Testino, signing celebrities including Emma Watson, Lily Collins, as well as the creation and launch of Visionnaire Serum, Génifique Light Pearl Eye Serum, Génifique Serum rel-aunch, Teint Miracle foundations, Hypnose mascaras and Absolue l’Extrait Super Premium Skincare. In 2013, Nabi resigned from her position as president of Lancôme, and exited L’Oreal. 2013 to Present. In the wake of resignation, Nabi moved from Paris to London, England. Inspired by Taoism and a personal health journey (one which included Naturopathy and Ayurveda), Nabi spent three years creating and developing Orveda, a skincare line co-founded with friend and business partner, Nicolas Vu. In July 2020, she was appointed CEO of Coty, taking over from Peter Harf who remained as Chairman. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xuye nobi su eusef nobi (jonmo 13 february 1968) hoise elgeriat jonmogrohon koraa ejon france udyugi aaru biswo xoundorjyor jogotor udbhawok. naabi hoise 2017 sonot aarombho koraa bhegan skinkeyar line orbedar protisthapok. naabir 20 bosor lo 'realot otibahito korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil lunk' mey aaru lo 'rail duyutare baabe xobhapotir upadhi dhori rokha. 2020 sonor july maahot su-koo aamerikan bohujatik xoundorjyo company kuti inok-ror chi. ee. oh '. hisape namakoron koraa hoisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. ejon obhijonta, rajneetibid aaru sitroxilpi aaru ejon forasi-xikhyok matrir pitrir usorot jonmogrohon koraa naabi algeriat dangor hoisil. ikule nesnel du jene di lo 'eu ett di environment di strazberg (enjis) too obhijantrik degree xompurno korar pisot, nobiye 1991 sonot biponon byowosthapona, esek byowoxayik bidyaloyot unnot snatokuttor degreer xoite snatok degree laabh korisil. lo 'railot keriyar. 1993 sonot, nabiye dokhyin-poschim francer jacks degenge pesadari sulir jotnor baabe khusura bikri protinidhi hisape lo 'realot prowex korisil, aaru 1994 sonot menen brend menezar (jeme-mabeline) hisape podunnoti laabh korisil. 1996 aaru 2000 sonor bhitorot, nabik jeme-mabelineor baabe groop menezar/marketing director hisape nijukti diya hoisil, el' real francer general menejaroloi podunnoti diyar aagote. 2005 sonot, naabi el 'real perisor biswobyapi xobhapoti hoisil, aaru byoboxai briddhi, xoundorjot boisitryor protipalon, aaru byoktigoto, byoktigoto soritrotar baabe bibhinno xofolota aaru xongbad madhyomor coverage upobhug korisil. jihetu aami iyar jugyo" buli promanpotror joriyote, lo 'orel perisor bigyapon aaru brend ikyuitir punor udbhawon koraa hoise. nabiye prothombaror baabe biponon obhijanor probortonor joriyote xoundorjyor boisitryor prosar korisil, zo 'too prothombaror baabe, zen fonda (68 bosorot), penel' poo kruj aaru ibha longuria, china obhinetri gong lir logote purux-hollywod aaru tibhi skrin duyutare-lo 'sto' cho metthiu fox aaru gre 'cho anatomyr petorik demposir dore asean xelibritir xoite brunet ontorbhukto aasil. nabiye keibatau mool xamogri mukoli aaru xofolotar totwawodhan korisil, jaar bhitorot aase custing krem gloch heyar rong aaru muth meramoti 5 sulir jotnor line, logote mek-aap udbhawon jene glame swain, rong rich lip rong staar recrets line, telescopic aaru daabol extend maskara. 2009 sonot, 41 bosor boyoxot, naabi lancomor biswobyapi xobhapoti hoisil, ji el 'real bilaxbohul xamogri bibhagor ongxo aaru etaa brend ji hraax paisil. 5 bosoriya rastropotir xomoisuwat, nabiye bohutu notun lancom xamogrir xofol mukolir totwawodhan korisil, bixexkoi julia robertsor dwara bigyapon diya xugondhi "laa bhi esto bele". rastropotir xomoyot nobir krititwor bhitorot photographer merio "testinur xoite lancomor bigyapon sobi punor udbhawon koraa, emaa watson, lilly collinsoke dhori xelibritir swakhyor koraa, logote bhijoneyar chiram, jenephik light parlo aai chiram, jenephik chiram punor mukoli, tint oloukik bheti, xommuhon maskara aaru abrilyu el 'extrate supar primiyam skinkeyar sristi aaru mukoli koraa ontorbhukto. 2013 sonot, nobiye lancomor xobhapoti podor poraa podotyag korisil, aaru lo 'riyelor poraa prosthan korisil. 2013-ror poraa prostut koraa. podotyagor pisote nobi perisor poraa englandor londonoloi sthanantorito hoisil. taubad aaru ek byoktigoto swasthyo jatra (zo 'too prakritik sikitsa aaru ayurbed ontorbhukto aasil) ror dwara onupranito hoi, nobiye bondhu aaru byowoxayik ongxidar nikulax bhur xoite xoho-protistha koraa saalor jotnor line orbed sristi aaru bikax korat tini bosor otibahito korisil. 2020 sonor july maahot teuk xobhapoti hisape thoka pitter harfor poraa dayitwo grohon kori kutir chi. ee. oh '. hisape nijukto koraa hoisil.

sue nobee shoo usef nobby (jonmo 13 february 1968) ekjon algerian bongshodbhuto farasi uddokta ebong bishwa soundorjer jogote udbhabok. nabi hollen 2017 saale chaalu haoya niramish twaker jotno line arobed-err protisthata. nabi 20 bochor lawl 'reale katiechilen, jaar modhye lancom ebong lawl' real ubhoyer jonno rashtropotir khetab dharon korechilen. 2020 saaler julai maase shoo-keey markin bohujatik soundorjo sangostha kotee incorporateder ceo namkaran koraa hoy. prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha. ekjon pita jini ekjon prakaushali, rajnitibid ebong chitroshilpi chhilen ebong ekjon farasi-shikkhok mayer kachhe jonmogrohon korechilen, nobby algeria bede othen. ikole national doo zene dii lawl 'eo ett dii environment dii strasburge (engis) ekti engineering degree somponno korar porey, nobby 1991 saale bipanan byabosthaponay ekti unnoto masters degree niye snatok hohn. lawl 'oreale karmajiban. 1993 saale, nobby jacks dejanj peshadar chuler jotner jonno dakkhin-poschim francer khuchro bikroy protinidhi hisabe lawl 'reale probesh corren ebong 1994 saale menen branned manager (zemi-mabeline) hisabe padonnati paan. 1996 theke 2000 saaler modhye, lawl' real francer general manager podey padonnati pawar agey, nobike zemi-mabeliner group manager/bipanan porichalok koraa hoyechilo. 2005 saale, nobby lawl 'oreal pyariser bishwobyapi sabhapati hohn ebong byabosar briddhi, soundorjer boichitro ebong swatantra, byaktigato carrishmer jonno bivinno safalya ebong sangbad madhyomer coverage upobhog corren. kaaron amra etir jogyo" proshongshapotrer madhyome, nobir lawl 'oreal pyariser biggapon ebong branned equity punra udbhaban koraa hoyeche. nobby bipanan procharer probortoner madhyome soundorjer boichitrokeo champion korechilen, jaa prothombarer jonno, zena fonda (68 bochor boyse), penelope kruz ebong eva longoria soho brunet, cheena abhinetri gong ly soho asean celebrity ebong hollywood ebong tibhi screen ubhoy theke purush-lost mathue fox ebong gray 'shha anatomy' shha patrick dempsy soho. nabi besh koyekti mool ponner unmochan ebong safalyer tadarki korechilen, jaar modhye royeche custing crim gloss heyer kaalar ebong moat meramat 5 tii heyer cair line, pashapashi glyama shiner pashapashi meeka-up udbhaban, rongo samriddha lipa kaalar stara secrets line, telescopic ebong double extened maskara. 2009 saale, 41 bochor boyse, nobby lancomer bishwobyapi sabhapati hohn, jaa lawl 'real bilasbahul ponno bibhager ongsho ebong ekti branned jaa potoner dike chhilo. 5 bochorer presidencyr somoy, nobby onek notun lancom ponner sofol probortoner tadarki korechilen, biseshoto julia roberts dwara biggapito sugandhi "laa vee east beley". rashtrapati thakakalin nobir krititter modhye royeche photographer mario testinor saathe lancomer biggapon chitrer punoh udbhaban, emma watson, lilly collin soho celebrityder swakkhar korar pashapashi visionaire siram, genephic light parla aaee siram, genephic siram punra chaalu, tint aloukik vitti, sommohon maskara ebong acclue ell extrat super premium skincare. 2013 saale, nobby lancomer sabhapati podo theke podotyag corren ebong lawl 'real theke beriye asen. 2013 theke bortoman. podotyager porr, nobby parris theke englander londone choley zaan. taobad ebong ekti byaktigato swastho jatra (jaar modhye prakritik chikitsa ebong ayurbed antarbhukta chhilo) dwara anupranito hoye, nobee bondhu ebong byabasayik angshidar nicolas bhu-err saathe soho-protisthito ekti twaker jotno line, arobed toiri ebong bikash korte tinn bochor byoy korechilen. 2020 saaler julai maase, tini kotir ceo nijukto hohn, jini pitter harfer kachh theke dayitto grohon corren jini chairman hisabe theke zaan.

suae nabii syu yousef nabii (janm 13 februari 1968) algeriama janmela french udhyogsahsik aneey vaishvik saundaryani duniyama navpravartak chhe. nabii 2017 maan sharoo thayelee kadak shakahari tvachaa sambhaal line orvedana sthaapak chhe. nabiae lae 'orealma 20 varsh gaadyaa, jemaa lancom aneey lae' orel banne maate pramukhno khitaab raakhvaano samaavesh thaay chhe. julai 2020maan syune american bahurashtriy saundarya kampani kotee inknaa ceo tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. aek pitaa, jeey aek ijner, rajkarani aneey chitrakaar hataa aneey french-shikshak maatane tyaan janmela, nabii algeriama uchharya hataa. ikole national duu jenee dha lae 'eo aeta dha lae' environment dha strasberg (anges) khaate ijneri degree purn karyaa pachhi, nabii 1991 maan marqetina management, essec business schoolma adhyatan master degree saathe snaatak thayaa. laureal khaate karkirdi. 1993maan, nabiae jaiks desenge professional hair cair maate dakshin-pashchim francemaa chhutak vechaan pratinidhi tareeke lorealma pravesh karyo hato aneey 1994maan tene menen brand manager (jemee-mabeline) tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 1996 aneey 2000nee vachche, nabine general manager, aela 'oreal francemaa badhatee aapvama aave teey pahelaa, jemee-mabeline maate group manager/marqetina director banavvama aavyaa hataa. 2005maan, nabii lae 'oreal perisnaa vishvavyaapi pramukh banyaa, aneey vyavsaayne vikasavva, saundaryamaa vividhtaane champiyan banaavvaa aneey vyaktigat, vyaktigat karishma maate viveedh safalatao aneey presa coverageno aanand maanyo. kaaran keey amey tene laayak chhiae" prashansaapatro dwara, nabiae lae 'oreal perisnee jaaherat aneey brand equityni fareethi shodh curry. nabiae marqetina zumbeshni rajuaat dwara saundaryani vividhtaane pann champiyan banaavi hatee, jemaa pratham vakhat, jaine fonda (68 varshnee ummare), panelope cruze aneey iva longoria saheet shyamala, cheeni abhinetri gong lii saheet aeshiyan hasteeo temaj hollywood aneey tivi screen bannemathi purusho-jemaa losts methyu foakes aneey grays anatomina patrick dempsyno samaavesh thaay chhe. nabiae casting cream gloss hair cullar aneey coole repair 5 hair cair line, temaj glame shine, cullar ritch lipa cullar staar secrets line, telescopic aneey double extend mascara saheet makeup naveentao saheet sankhyaabandh mukhya utpaadan lonch aneey safaltaoni dekhrekh pann raakhi hatee. 2009maan, 41 varshnee ummare, nabii lae 'oreal lakzari products divisionno bhaag aneey aek brand keey jeey ghatee rahee hatee, teey lancomna vishvavyaapi pramukh banyaa. 5 varshnaa rashtrapati kaarykaad darmiyan, nabiae ghanaa navaa lancom utpaadanona safal prakshepanni dekhrekh raakhi hatee, jemaa sauthee vadhu nondhpaatra chhe julia rooberts dwara jaaherat karaayel attar "laa viae est bele". rashtrapatipad darmiyan nabinaa shreyma photographer maariyo testino saathe lancomnee jaaherat chhabini punshodh, emma watson, lillie collin saheet hasteeo parr hastakshar karvaa, temaj visionaire seeram, genephic light pearl aaee seeram, genephic seeram rii-lonch, tint chamatkaar paayo, sammohan mascara aneey absleu aela 'extrait super premium tvachaa sambhaalno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2013 maan, nabiae lancomna pramukh tarikenaa temnaa pada parthee raajinaamu aapyu aneey lae 'orealmathi bahaar neekali gayaa. 2013 thee vartmaan. rajinamana pagale, nabii pereesthee london, ingland gayaa. taovaad aneey vyaktigat svaasthya yaatra (jemaa nisargopachar aneey aayurvedno samaavesh thaay chhe) thee prereet, nabiae trana varsh sudhee orvednu nirmaan aneey vikaas karyo, jeey mitra aneey vyavsayik bhagidar, nicolaus voo saathe saha-sthaapit tvachaa sambhaal line chhe. julai 2020maan, temne koteenaa see. ee. oo. tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataan, jemane pieter harf pasethi kaarybhaar sambhaalyo hato, jeo adhyaksh tareeke rahyaa hataa.

sue nabi sue usafe nabi (janm 13 farwari 1968) ack algerian mool key francisi udyami aur vaishvik saundarya kii duniya mein navpravartak hain. nabi 2017 mein shuru kii gaee shakahari twacha dekhbhal line orveda key sansthaapak hain. nabi ney ll 'real mein 20 saal bitaaye, jisamen lancom aur ll' rail donon key liye adhyaksh kaa khitaab bhee shamil haye. julaai 2020 mein suu koo americi bahurashtriya saundarya company kotee ink kaa ceo naamit kiya gayaa thaa. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. ack pitaa key ghar paida hue joe ack engineer, rajneta aur chitrakaar they, aur ack francisi-shikshan maan, nabi algeria mein pully-badhee. ikole national doo jannie dee ll 'eu aitt dee ll' environment dee strasberg (ng) mein engineering kii degree poori karane key baad, nabi ney 1991 mein vipanan prabandhan, essec business school mein ack unnat master degree key saath snaatak kiya. laureal mein currier. 1993 mein, nabi ney jack desenz peshevar baal dekhbhal key liye dakshin-paschim france mein ack khudra bikri pratinidhi key roop mein loreal mein pravesh kiya, aur 1994 mein menen brand manager (jemi-mabeline) key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 1996 aur 2000 key beach, nabi koo general manager, ell 'real france key liye padonnat honey seey pahale, jemi-mabellin key liye samooh prabandhak/vipanan nideshak banaaya gayaa thaa. 2005 mein, nabi lorell peris key vishvavyaapi adhyaksh baney, aur vyavasaay koo badhaane, saundarya mein vividhata koo badhaava dene aur vyaktigat, vyaktigat karishma key liye vibhinn safaltaon aur press coverage kaa anand liya. kyonki humm isake laayak hain" prashansapatron key madhyam seey, nabi ney vigyaapan aur brand equity kaa punah aavishkaar kiya. nabi ney vipanan abhiyaanon kii shuruat key madhyam seey sundarta kii vividhata kaa bhee samarthan kiya, jisamen pahali baar, jaine fonda (68 varsh kii ayu mein), penelope cruze aur iva longoria sahit shyamali, cheeni abhinetri gong lii key saath-saath purush sahit asiai hastiyaan-hollywood aur tv screen donon seey-jisamen losts mattheau fox aur graze anatomy kii patrick dempsy shamil thee. nabi ney kaee pramukh utpaad launch aur safaltaon kaa bhee nireekshan kiya, jisamen casting cream gloss hayer culler aur kull marammat 5 hayer cayer line key saath-saath glam chamak, rung samriddh lip culler starr secrets line, telescopic aur double extend maskara sahit makeup navachar shamil hain. 2009 mein, 41 varsh kii ayu mein, nabi lancom key vishvavyaapi adhyaksh bunn gaye, joe kii vaastavik vilasita utpaad prabhaag kaa hissa thaa aur ack brand joe girawat mein thaa. 5 saal key karyakal key dauran, nabi ney kaee nae lancom utpaadon key safal prakshepan kaa nireekshan kiya, vishesh roop seey itra "laa vee estley", jiska vigyaapan julia roberts ney kiya thaa. rashtrapati key dauran nabi key shreya mein photographer mario testino key saath lancom kii vigyaapan chhavi kaa punah aavishkaar karna, emma watson, lilly collins sahit hastiyon koo hastakshar karna, saath hii saath drishti seeram, genephic light pearl aaee seeram, genephic seeram ree-launch, teent chamatkar neenv, sammohan maskara aur absolue ell 'extrat super premium twacha dekhbhal kaa nirmaan aur prakshepan bhee shamil haye. 2013 mein, nabi ney lancom key adhyaksh key roop mein apane pada seey istifa dey diyaa, aur laureal seey baahar hoe gaeen. 2013 seey prastut. istife key baad, nabi peris seey landan, ingland chaley gaye. taovad aur ack vyaktigat swaasthya yatra (jisamen praakritik chikitsa aur ayurved shamil thaa) seey prerit, nabi ney teen saal bitaakar mitra aur vyaavsaayik bhagidar, nicolaus vu key saath saha-sthaapit twacha dekhbhal line, orved kaa nirmaan aur vikas kiya. julaai 2020 mein, unhein kotee kii mukhya karyakari adhikaari niyukt kiya gayaa, joe peater haraf seey padbhar sambhal rahee theen joe adhyaksh key roop mein bunny raheen.

suye nabi suu usef nabi (janana 13 phebravari 1968) aljiriyaadalli janisida french udyami mattu jagatika soundaryada jagattinalli hosatanavannu torisuvavaraagiddaare. 2017ralli praarambhavaada sasyahari charmada aaraike line orvedaada samsthaapakaraagiruva nabi, lancom mattu ell 'oreal eradakkoo adhyaksha sthaanamaanavannu hondiruvudu seridante ell' oriyalnalli 20 varshagala kaala kaledaru. 2020rahra julainalli, suu avarannu americada bahurashtriya soundarya kampani koti inkna sii. ii. oo. endu hesarisalaayitu. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. enginiyar, rajakarani mattu varnachitrakaararaagidda tandege mattu french-bodhana taayiyaagidda nabi aljiriyaadalli beledaru. ekol national du jenee dii ell 'eu ett dii ell environment dii strasberg (engies) nalli engineering padaviyannu poornagolisida nantara, nabi 1991 ralli marketing management, essec bisiness schoolnalli sudhaarita snatakottara padaviyannu padedaru. ell 'oriyalnalli vrattijeevana. 1993ralli, jackwess desange vruttipara koodalu aaraikegaagi nairtya fransna chillare marata pratinidhiyagi laa 'oriyalge praveshisida nabi, 1994ralli mennen brand manager (jemi-mabelline) aagi badti padedaru. 1996 mattu 2000rahra naduve, laa' oriyal fransna general manager aagi badti padeyuva modalu, nabi avarannu jemi-mabellinegaagi group manager/marketing director aagi nemisalaayitu. 2005ralli, nabi avaru ell 'oreal parisna vishvaadyantada adhyaksharaadaru, mattu vevahaaravannu belesuvudakkagi, soundaryadalli vaividhyateyannu sadhisuvudakkagi mattu vaiyaktika, vaiyaktika varchassigaagi vividha yashassugalu mattu patrika prasaaravannu padedaru. ekendare naavu adakke yogyaragiddeve" emba prashamsaapatragala moolaka, laa 'oreal parisna jaahiraatu mattu brand eekvitiyannu punah kanduhididaru. modala baarige, jaine fonda (68 neey vayassinalli), penelope crooze mattu iva langoria seridante shyamaliligaru, cheenee nutty gong lii seridante asean celebritigalu mattu hollywood mattu tv paradegala purusharu-lasts mathue foxes mattu grays anatomy patrick dempsey seridante-olagonda marketing abhiyanagala parichayada moolaka naabi soundaryada vaividhyateyannu ettihididaru. casting cream gloss hair colour mattu ottu riperi 5 hair cair line, jotege glam shine, banna samruddha lip colour starr secrets line, telescopic mattu double extend maskara seridante makeup naaveenyategalu seridante halavaaru pramukha utpannagala bidugade mattu yashassannu nabi melvichaarane maadidaru. 2009ralli, 41neey vayassinalli, laa 'oriyal aisharami utpannagala vibhagada bhaagavaada mattu avanatiyalliruttidda brandna bhaagavaada lancomna vishvaadyanta adhyaksharaadaru. 5 varshagala adhyakshateya avadhiyalli, naabi aneka hosa lancom utpannagala yashasvi udaavaneya melvichaarane nadesidaru, mukhyavaagi julia roberts jaahiraatu needida sugandha dravya "laa vaii est belle". adhyakshiya avadhiyalli naabi avara mannanegalli chayagrahaka mario testino avarondige lancomna jaahiraatu chitravannu maru-kanduhidiyuvudu, emma whatson, lilly collins seridante prasiddha vyaktigalige sahi haakuvudu, jotege visionaire seeram, genephic light purl aii seeram, genephic seeram maru-bidugade, tint pavaadada adipayagalu, sammohana maskara mattu sampoorna ell 'extrite suuper premium charmada aaraike serive. 2013ralli, nabi avaru lancomna adhyaksha sthanakke rajiname niididaru mattu loriyalninda nirgamisidaru. 2013 rinda prastuta. rajiname needida nantara, nabi pyaarisninda inglendna londonge sthalaantaragondaru. tavo dharma mattu vaiyaktika aarogya prayanadinda (prakruti chikitse mattu ayurvedavannu olagonda) sphurti padeda nabi, sneehita mattu vyapara paludara nicolus vu avarondige saha-sthaapisalaada charma aaraike maargavaada orvedavannu rachisalu mattu abhivraddhipadisalu mooru varshagala kaala kaledaru. 2020rahra julainalli, avaru kotiya sii. ii. oo. aagi nemakagondaru, avaru adhyaksharaagi ulida peater harf avarinda adhikara vahisikondaru.

sue nabii suu usafe nabii (janm 13 februwari 1968) haah algeriamadhye janmalela french udhyojak aanee jaagtik saundaryachya jagatil navnirmata aahe. nabii heey 2017 madhye suru jhalelya shakahari tvacha dekhbhal resheche sansthapak aahet. nabine lancom aanee laal 'orel yaa donhisathi adhyakshapadachi padvi dharan karnyasah laal' orealmadhye 20 varshe ghalavali. julai 2020 madhye, american bahurashtriy saundarya company kotee ink. chey mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoon suu yanna niyukt karnyat aale. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. eka abhiyanta, rajkarani aanee chitrakar asalelya vadilanchya potee aanee french shikavanaya aaipasoon janmalelya nabii algeriamadhye vadhalya. ikole national duu jeanny dii laal 'eo ett dii laal' environment dii strasberg (engies) yethe abhiyantriki padvi purn kelyanantar, nabine 1991 madhye vipanan vyavasthapan, esek business skoolmadhye pragat padvyuttar padvisah padvi prapt kelee. low 'orealmadhye karkird. 1993 madhye, nabine jacks desenge vyavsayik kesanchya dekhbhalisathi dakshin-paschim francemadhye kirkol vikri pratinidhi mhanoon ell 'orealmadhye pravesh keela aanee 1994 madhye tyala menen brand manager (jemi-mabeline) mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. 1996 aanee 2000 chya darmyan, laal' oreal francechya mahavyavasthapak mhanoon padonnati honyapurvi, nabila jemi-mabelinesathi gut vyavasthapak/vipanan sanchalak karnyat aale. 2005 madhye, nabii laal 'oreal parisache jaagtik adhyaksh jhaale aanee tyanni vyavasay vadhavanyasathi, saundaryatil vividhateche samarthan karnyasathi aanee vaiyaktik, vaiyaktik karishmesathi vividh yash aanee prasarmadhyamanchya kavharejacha anand ghetala. kaaran aamhi yogya aahot" yaa prashansapatrandvare, nabine laal 'oreal parisachya jahiratincha aanee brand ikviticha punha shodh lavala. nabine vipanan mohimanchya parichayadvare saundaryachya vividhateche vijetepadahi patkavale, jyat prathamach, jaine fonda (vayachya 68 vya varshi), penelope cruze aanee iva longorias shyamvarni, chiinii abhinetri gong leaseh ashiyai celebrity tasech hollywood aanee tv screenveril purush-losts mathyu fox aanee grays anatomychya patrick dempseys. casting cream gloss kesancha rung aanee ekoon durusti 5 kesanchi kalji ghenyachya reshasah, tasech glam shine, rung samruddha othancha rung starr secrets line, telescopic aanee double extend maskara yasah makeup navkalpanansah anek pramukh utpadananche prakshepan aanee yash dekhil nabine pahile. 2009 madhye, vayachya 41 vya varshi, launcomche jaagtik adhyaksh mhanoon nabii banale, jeey laal 'oreal lakzari products divisioncha bhag hote aanee eka brand joou qamee hott hota. 5 varshanchya adhyakshapadachya kalat, nabine anek naveen lancom utpadananchya yashasvi prakshepanavar dekhrekh thewali, visheshtah julia robertsney jahirat kelelya 'laa vhii ist bele' yaa attaravar. adhyakshapadachya kalat nabichya shreyanmadhye chhayachitrakar mario testinos lancomchya jahirat pratimecha punha shodh ghene, emma watson, lilly collins prasiddha vyaktinsah swakshari karane, tasech visionaire seeram, genephic light pearl aay seeram, genephic seeram rii-launch, tinut chamatkar foundation, sammohan maskara aanee ebsleu ell 'extrat super premium tvacha dekhbhal tayar karane aanee suru karane yancha samavesh aahe. 2013 madhye, nabine lancomchya adhyakshapadacha rajinama deela aanee laal 'oriyalmadhun baher padale. 2013 pasoon sadhya. rajinamyachya parshvabhumivar, nabii parisahoon london, englandla sthalantarit jhaale. taovad aanee vaiyaktik aarogya pravas (jyamadhye nisargopachar aanee aayurvedacha samavesh hota) hyapasoon prerit houn, nabine teen varshe orved tayar karnyat aanee vikasit karnyat ghalavali, hii tvacha dekhbhal pranali mitra aanee vyavsayik bhagidar nicolaus woo yanchya saha-sthapanesah sthapan kelee gelee. julai 2020 madhye, adhyaksh mhanoon rahilelya pieter harf yanchyakadun padbhar swikarat, tichi kotichya mukhya karyakari adhikari mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee.

sue nabi su youseff nabi (janma 13 february 1968) algeriama janmeka francelli udyami rar vishwawyapi saudaryako sansarma nawaprawartak hun. nabi 2017 maa suru garieko shakahari skincare line orvedaka sansthapak hun. nabile lancom rar law 'orel duwaika lagi rashtrapatiko upadhi samatnasahit law' orealma 20 warsha bitae. july 2020 maa suilai americi bahurashtriya saundarya company koti inkako siio namit garieko thiyo. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. ek engineer, rajnitigya rar chitrakar, rar ek francelli-sikaune amah, ek pitako gharma janmieka, nabi algeriama hurkeka thie. ikole national du jene day law 'eo att day law' environment day strasberg (angis) maa engineering degree pura garepachhi, nabile sann 1991 maa marketing management, asek business schoolma unnat master degreeko sath snatak gare. lorealma currier. sann 1993 maa, nabile jacks desenz wyawasayik kapal herchahka lagi dakshin-paschim franceko khudra bikri pratinidhiko rupma lorealma prawesh gare, rar sann 1994 maa menen brand prabandhak (jammy-mabellin) maa badhuwa gariyo. sann 1996 rar 2000 ko bichma, nabilai general manager, ell 'oreal francema badhawa dinu aghi, jammy-mabelineka lagi samuha prabandhak/marketing nirdeshak banaieko thiyo. sann 2005 maa, nabi loreal perisko vishwawyapi adhyaksha bane, rar wyawasaya badhauna, saundaryama wiwidhatako champion, rar wyaktigat, wyaktigat karishmeka lagi vibhinna safalta rar press kabharejko ananda lie. kinki hammy yasako layak chhaun" prashansapatraharu marfat, nabile law 'oreal perisko vigyapan rar brand equity punah awishkar garyo. nabile marketing abhiyanharuko parichayako madhyambata saudaryako vividhatalai pani champion banae jasma pahilo patak, zen fonda (68 maa), penelope kruj rar ibha langoriyashitka shyamli, chiniyan abhinetri gong lisahit asealy celebratiharu sathai holywood rar tivi screen duwaika purushharu-lustko mathyu fucks rar greko anatomyko patrick dempsy sahit. nabile casting crim gluss hair colour rar kull marmat 5 hair care line, sathai glam chamak, rung samridha lip colour starr secrets line, telescopic rar double extend maskara sahit makeup awishkarharu sahit dherai pramukh utpadan prakshepan rar safalataharuko nirikshan gare. sann 2009 maa, 41 warshako umerma, nabi law 'oreal lakjari utpadan divisionko bhag rar girawatma raheko brand lankomko vishwawyapi adhyaksha bane. 5 warshako rashtrapatiko samayama, nabile dherai nayan lancom utpadanharuko safal prakshepanko nirikshan gare, vishesh gari julia robertdwara vigyapan garieko attar "lah bhie east bele". rashtrapati karyakalma nabiko shreyama photographer mario testinosanga lankomko vigyapan chhawi punah awishkar garne, emma watson, lilly collins lagayat celebratiharu hastakshar garne, sathai bhijanneyar siram, genephic light pearl aie siram, genephic siram punah-lunch, tint chamatkar foundation, sammohan maskara rar absleu ell 'extrite super premium skinkeyarko sirjana rar prakshepan pani samawesh chha. sann 2013 maa, nabile lancomko adhyakshako rupma afno padabata rajinama die, rar lorealbata bahira niskin. 2013 dekhi prastut garna. rajinamapachhi, nabi perisabata london, englandma sare. taowad rar wyaktigat swasthya yatra (jasma prakritik chikitsa rar ayurved samawesh thiyo) batt prerit, nabile tean warsha orvedko nirman rar vikas garna bitae, sathi rar wyaparik sajhedar, nikolas wusanga saha-sthapit chhalako herchah line. july 2020 maa, uni adhyakshaka rupma raheka pieter harfbata padabhar grahan gardai kotiko siio niyukta bhain.

sue nabee suu yousef nabee (janma 13 februari 1968) jane algeriare janmita farasi udyogi ebong biswa saundarjya jagatare udbhabaka. 2017 ray arambha hoithiba niramish charma jatna line arbedara pratisthata heuchhanti nabee. laal 'orialare 20 barsha bitaithile, jeunthire ubhaja lancom ebong laal' oreal paain rastrapati padabee dhaaran karithile . july 2020 ray sunku americae bahurastriya saundarjya company koti inkra ceo bhabare namit karajaithila. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. jane engineer, rajneta ebong chitrakar ebong jane farasi-sikhyaka maa 'nka ghare janmita nabee algeriare badhithile. ikole national du jene dii laal 'eo ait dii laal' environment dii strasbourg (angies) ray injinijaring degree samapta kariba parey, nabee 1991 ray marketing myanejamentare eka unnat master degree sahita snataka hoithile, essec business skul . lorialare kyariyara. 1993 masihare, jaabi dakhina-paschima francer jacks dejanj pesadara kesh jatna paain eka khuchura bikrai pratinidhi bhabare laal 'orialre prabesha karithile, ebong 1994 masihare menen brand manager (jemi-mabeline) bhabare padonnati paithile. 1996ru 2000 masiha madhyare, laal' oreal francer general manager bhabare padonnati paiba purbaru, nabeenku jemi-mabellin paain group manager/marketing nirdeshaka karajaithila. 2005 ray, nabee laal 'oral paris rahr biswabyapee sabhapati hoithile, ebong byabasai brudhi paain, soundarjyare bibidhata ebong byaktigata, byaktigata kariswama paain bibhinna saphalata ebong press kabharej upavoga karithile . kaaran aame ehaa jogya" prashansapatra madhyamare, nabee laal 'oral paris bigyapana ebong brand equity punah udbhabana karithile . nabee madhya marketing abhijanara prabartana madhyamare soundarjyara bibidhataku champion karithile, jeunthire pratham thara paain, zen phonda (68 barsha), penelope kruj ebong ibha langoria sameth brunet, chainij abhinetri gang linka sameth asiah celebrity tatha purush-ubhaja hollywood ebong tibhi screenru-lusts myathiu foxes ebong grays anatomy 'rahr patrick dempsy antarbhukta . casting craim gloss heyara colour ebong mote maramati 5 heyara kear line sahita makeup nabasrujana, glam shine, ranga samruddha otha ranga starr secret line, telescopic ebong double extend mascara sameth nabee aneka pramukh utpada lunch ebong saphalata tadarakh karithile. 2009 ray, 41 barsha bajasare, nabee lancomra biswabyapee sabhapati hoithile, jaahaa laal 'oreal bilasapurna utpada bibhagara ansha ebong eka brand jaahaa hrass pauchhi . 5 barshar rastrapati samajare, nabee aneka nutan lancom utpadagudikara saphala subharambhara tadarakh karithile, bisesh curry julia rabartasnka dwara bigyapana karajaithiba sugandhi "laa bhie est bele". rastrapati thiba samajare nabeenka shreya madhyare photographer mario testinonka saha lancomra bigyapana pratichabi punah udbhabana, emma watson, lilly collins sameth celebritymananka saha swakhyara kariba, tatha bhijananejara seram, genephic haluka mukto aai seram, genephic seram punahprabartana, tent chamatkara foundation, sammohan mascara ebong ebaslu ell extrite super premium twacha jatna srusti ebong lunch antarbhukta . 2013 ray, nabee lancomra sabhapati padaru istafa deithile, ebong laal 'orialru bahari jaithile. 2013 thaaru bartamana parjyanta. istafa parey, nabee pyarisaru englandara landanaku sthanantarita hoithile. taobada ebong eka byaktigata swasthya jatra (jeunthire prakrutika chikitsa ebong ayurbed antarbhukta) dwara anupranita hoi, nabee tini barsha bitaithile bandhu ebong byabasajika anshidara nicolas bhunka saha saha-pratisthita eka charma jatna line, 'orbed' srusti ebong bikash karithile. july 2020 ray, shay kotira ceo nijukta hoithile, pieter harphankatharu dajitwa grahan karithile jie adhyakhya bhabare rahithile .

sue nabii suu yousef nabii (janam 13 farvari 1968) ikk algeria witch jamme franch uddami atey vishav sundarta dee dunia witch navintakari haii. nabii shakahari chamdi dee dekhbhal line orveda dee sansthapak haii, jiss noon 2017 witch lanch keeta giaa see. nabii neey ail 'oreal witch 20 saal bitaae, jiss witch lancom atey ail' oreal dovan laee pardhan daa khitaab rakkhna shamal haii. julai 2020 witch mukkadme noon amriki bahu-rashtari sundarta company kotti ink daa see. ee. ou. namzad keeta giaa see. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. ikk pitaa joe engineer, siasatdan atey chittarkar sunn, atey ikk franch-adhiaapan maan dey gharr paida hoee, nabii algeria witch vaddi hoee. ikole national duu janeye dee ail 'eo atey dee ail' vatavaran dee strasberg (angies) vikhe engineering dee digri puurii curran toon baad, nabii neey 1991 witch marketing parbandhan, aiss. ee. see. busions school witch ikk unnat maastar dee digri naal graduate keeta. lorel witch carrier. sann 1993 witch, nabii neey jaikas descenge peshevar vaal dekhbhal laee dakkhan-pachmi france witch ikk prachun vikri numainde vajon ail 'oreal witch pravesh keeta, atey 1994 witch mainen brand manager (jaimi-mebelin) vajon tarakki ditti gaee. 1996 atey 2000 dey vichkaar, nabii noon general manager, ail' oreal france witch tarakki denh toon pahilan, jaimi-mebelin laee group manager/marketing director banaiaa giaa see. 2005 witch, nabii ll 'oreal paris dey vishwaviaapi pardhan baney, atey carobar noon vadhaun, sundarta witch vibhinnta dee champion, atey viaktigat, nijji krishme laee vakkh-vakkh safaltavan atey presses coverage daa anand liaa. kiunki aseen iss dey yog haan" parshansa pattran raahin, nabii neey ail 'oreal paris dey vigiaapan atey brand equity dee mudd khoj keeti. nabii neey marketing muhimman dee shuruat raahin sundarta dee vibhinnta noon vee agge vadhaiaa jiss witch pahili vaar, jaine fonda (68 saal dee umar witch), penelope cruze atey eeva longoria samet brunet, cheeni abhinetri gong lee samet aci hastiaan dey naal-naal hollywod atey teevi screenan dey aadmi-jiss witch lausts matthieu fox atey grays anatomy daa patrick dempsy shamal haii. nabii neey kaee pramukh utpadan dee shuruat atey safaltavan dee vee nigrani keeti, jiss witch casting cream glose vaal rung atey kull murammat 5 vaal dekhbhal line dey naal-naal glam shine, rung bharpur bullh rung starr secrets line, telescopic atey double extend mascara samet meek-upp innovation shamal hunn. saal 2009 witch, 41 saal dee umar witch, nabii lancom dey vishwaviaapi pardhan baney, joe kii ail 'oreal lagzari products division daa hissa see atey ikk brand joe girawat witch see. 5 saal dee rashtarpati dey dauran, nabii neey bahut saare navein lancom utpadan dee safaltapurvak shuruat dee nigrani keeti, khaas taur 'teey atar "laa viae aist baile", jiss daa ishtihaar julia roberts duaara ditta giaa see. rashtarpati dey karajkal dauran nabii dey credit witch photographer mario testino naal lancom dey vigiaapan chittar dee mudd khoj, aima watson, lillie collins samet mashur hastiaan noon hastakhar curran dey naal-naal visionaire seeram, genefic light motee aaee seeram, genefic seeram rii-lanch, tent chamatkar foundation, hypnose mascara atey abslue ail extrate super premium chamdi dee dekhbhal shamal hunn. sann 2013 witch, nabii neey lancom dey pardhan dey ahude toon astifa dey ditta atey ail 'oreal toon bahr hoow gaee. 2013 toon lae keey hunn takk. astife dey maddenazar, nabii paris toon london, england chaley gaye. taovad atey ikk nijji sihat yaatra (jiss witch kudrati ilaaj atey ayurved shamal sunn) toon prerit hoow keey, nabii neey tinn saal ikk chamdi dee dekhbhal line, jiss dee sathapana dosat atey vaparak bhaiwal, nicholls voo naal keeti gaee see, noon banaun atey vikast curran witch bitaae. julai 2020 witch, uss noon kotti dee see. ee. ou. niyukat keeta giaa see, jiss neey pieter harf toon ahuda sambhaliaa joe chairman rahey.

sue nabee soo yousef nabee (janma 13 febravari 1968) aljiriyaadeshe janmitah france-deshasya udyaminah, vaishvikasaundaryasya jagatah navapravartakah cha asti. naabi 2017 tame varshe prarabdhasya shakahari-twak-samrakshana-kramasya orvedasya samsthaapakah asti. naabi, lancom tathaa law 'oreal ityetayoho adhyakshapadaveem dhaaranam sahitam, law' oreal ityatra 20 varshaani vyateetavatee. 2020 julai-maase soo american-bahuraashtreey-saundarya-kampanee koti-ink ityasya see. ee. o. iti namankitaha abhavat. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. abhiyantru, rajanetri, chitrakaarah cha pituhu, tathaa cha french-shikshikaa matayaha cha putrasya janma praapnot, nabee algeriadeshe vardhitaa. ikole neshnel du jenee day law 'eeo ett day law' environment day strasberg (angies) ityatra abhiyaantriki-upaadhim samapya, nabee 1991 tame varshe marketing-management, essec-bisiness-schoole unnata-snaatakottar-upaadhim praapya snaatakapadaveem praptavan. vruttijeevanam loreal madhye. 1993 tame varshe, naabi, jaak-dessang-vyaavasaayik-kesha-samrakshanaartham dakshina-pashchim-france-deshasya chillaravikraya-pratinidhiroopen ell 'oreal-madhye pravishtah, 1994 tame varshe menen-brand-myaanejar (jemee-mebelin) iti padonnatah abhavat. 1996 taha 2000 paryantam, naabi, ell' oreal-france-deshasya mahaaprabandhakatven padonnatah poorvam, jemee-mebelin-krute samooh-myaanejar/marketing-nirdeshaka abhavat. 2005 tame varshe, nabee, ell 'oreal-pyaris ityasya vishvavyaapee-adhyakshah abhavat, tathaa cha vyavasaayasya vruddhihi, saundaryasya vividhataayaah puraskaaraah, vyaktigata-vyaktigata-karishmehe cha krute vividhaah saphalataah, patrikaa-prasaaranam cha praapnot. yatohi vayam asya yogyah" iti prashamsaapatrasya madhyamena, nabee-varyaha ell 'oreal-pyaris ityasya vidnyaapanam, brand-ikviti cha punah aavishkarot. naabi, prathamavaaram, zen fondaa (68 varshe), penelope cruze tathaa eevaa langoria ityadinam shyamala-chitraani, cheeni-abhinetree gong lee ityetabhyam saha asiayaah khyataha, tathaa cha hollywood tathaa tea. vee.-patalayoho purushaah-lasts myathyoo faaks tathaa grays anatomies petrick dempsy ityetaih saha, vipanya-abhiyananam parichayena saundaryasya vividhataam api samarthayat. naabi ityeshaa anekeshaam pramukhanam utpadanam prakshepananam safalataanaam cha nirikshanam cha akarot, yathaa casting-krem-gloss-keshavarnah, kulam repair-5 keshasamrakshanam-rekhaa, tathaiva glaam-shain, varna-samruddha-lip-colour-starr-secrets-rekhaa, telescopic, double-extend-maskaraa ityadini navakalpanaah. 2009 tame varshe 41 varsheeyah nabee, law 'oreal-vilasa-utpaada-vibhaagasya bhaagah, tathaa cha kshayeenam jatasya brand-ityasya, lancom-ityasya vishvavyaapee-adhyakshah abhavat. 5 varsheshu adhyakshakaale, nabee ityayam anekeshaam nutananam lancom-utpadanam safalatayaa prakshepanasya nirikshanam krutavaan, visheshatah julia roberts ityanena vidnyaapitam "laa vee est bele" iti sugandham. raashtrapati-kaale nabee ityasya shrenyaah, chaayaachitrakaaren mariyo testino ityanena saha lancom ityasya vijnaapana-chitrasya punah aavishkaarah, emmaa watson, lilly callins ityadinam prasiddhanaam hastaaksharam, api cha visionaner seeram, genephic lait pearl aii seeram, genephic seeram ree-lonch, teent-mirekal-foundation, hypnos maskaras, ebsalyoo ell 'extrait soopar-primiyam skinker ityetaan api antarbhavanti. 2013 tame varshe, nabee ityeshaa lyankam-nagarasya adhyakshapadat tyaagapatram adadat, law 'oreal ityatah cha nishkaasayat. 2013 taha vartamaanam yaavat. tyaagapatrasya anantaram, nabee-varyaha pyaris-nagaraat england-deshasya landan-nagaram prati gatavaan. taavo-mataat vyaktigata-swaasthya-yatraya cha preritaah (praakrutika-chikitsaa, ayurveda-paddhatihi cha antarbhavanti) nabee-varyaha mitrena tathaa vyaapaar-sahabhagina nicolas vu ityanena saha saha-sthaapitam twak-samrakshana-kramam, orvedasya nirmanam, vikaasam cha varshetrayam vyateetavaan. 2020 julai-maase saa kotyaah see. ee. o. rupena niyuktaa, adhyakshatvena vidyamanat peater-harf ityatah karyabharam sveekrutavatee.

suyae nabi suu usef nabi (prappu pipravari 13,1968) oru algeria-pirantha pirenchu thozhilmunaivoar mattrum ulagalaaviya azhagu ulagil kandupidippaalar aavaar. 2017 aam aandil thodangappatta saiva thoal paramarippu varisai allathu vaethaavin niruvanar nabi aavaar. nabi lancom mattrum ell 'ooral aagiya irandirkum janathipathi endra pattatthai vaiththiruppathu udpada ell' ooriyalil 20 aandugal kaliththaar. juulai 2020 ill america pannattu azhagu niruvanamaana koadi ink inn thalaimai nirvaaga adhigaari endru suu peyaridappattaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. oru poriyaalar, arasiyalvaathi mattrum ooviyar mattrum oru pirenchu karpikkum thaaikku pirantha nabi, aljeeriyaavil valarnthaar. école Nationale de l 'eau et de l' envronment de Strasbourg (engees) ill poriiyal pattam pettra piragu, nabi 1991 aam aandil santhaippaduththal nirvaagaththil maempatta muthukalaip pattam pettraar. ell 'ooralil thozhil. 1993 aam aandil, nabi oru sillarai virpanai pirathinithiyaaga lorealil nuzhainthaar, jaaksu inippu thozhilmurai mudi paraamarippukkaana thenmaerku brance, mattrum 1994 aam aandil mennon brand maelaalaraaka (jaemi-mabellin) padhavi uyarvu pettraar. 1996 mattrum 2000 kku idaiyil, nabi jaemi-mabellin kuzhuma maelaalar/santhaippaduththal iyakkunaraaka niyamikkappattaar, ell 'ooriyal brancin podhu maelaalaraaka padhavi uyarvu peruvatharku munbu. 2005 aam aandil, nabi ell 'ooral paarisin ulagalaaviya thalaivaraaga aanaar, maelum vanigaththai valarppatharkum, azhagil panmugaththanmaiyai velvatharkum, thanipatta, thanipatta kavarcchikkum palvaeru vetrtrikalaiyum paththirigai seithigalaiyum anubavithaar. aenentraal naangkal adharku thaguthiyaanavargal" endra saandrugal moolam, nabi ell 'ooral baris vilambaram mattrum brand eekvitti aagiyavattrai meendum kandupiditthaar. muthal muraiyaaga, jaine fonda (68 vayathil), benelobe cruze mattrum eevaa langoria ullitta pirunettukal, seena nadigai cong lii ullitta aasiya pirabalangkal mattrum hollywood mattrum tholaikaatchi thiraikalil irunthu aangal-lausts madehow fax mattrum grays anadamiyin paetrik dempsy udpada santhaippaduththal pirachchaarangkalin arimugaththin moolam nabi azhagin panmugaththanmaiyai ventraar. casting gream palapalappaana mudi niram mattrum moththa pazhuthupaarppu 5 haer cair line, aththudan clam shine, vanna valamaana uthadu vanna natchatthira ragasiyangkal line, tholainoakki mattrum irattai neettippu maskaraakkal ullitta oppanai kandupidippugal ullitta pala mukiya thayaarippu veliyeedugal mattrum vetrtrikalai nabi maerpaarvaiyittaar. 2009 aam aandil, 41 vayathil, nabi lancom inn ulagalaaviya thalaivaraaga aanaar, idhu ell 'ariyal aadambara thayaarippukal pirivin oru paguthiyaagum mattrum oru brand veezhchchiyadainthu kondirundhadhu. 5 aandu kaala janathipathi kaalaththil, nabi pala puthiya lancom thayaarippukalin vetrtrikaramaana veliyeettai maerpaarvaiyittaar, kurippaaga juulia robberts vilambarappaduththiya vaasanai tiraviyamaana "laa vii estley". janathipathi pathaviyil irunththapoathu laapiyin varavugalil pugaippadak kalaignar marrio destinovudan lancom vilambarap padaththai maruu kandupidippadhu, emma watson, lillie collins ullitta pirabalangkaludan kaiyezhuththiduvathu, athae poal paarvai seeram, jennific olii muththu seeram, jennific seeram maruu veliyeedu, deant athisaya adiththalangkal, hibnos maskaraakkal mattrum muzhumaiyaana ell 'extrite suuppar premium thoal paramarippu aagiyavai adangkum. 2013 aam aandil, lancom thalaivar pathaviyil irunthu nabi rajinama seithaar, maelum loariyalilirunthu veliyaerinaar. 2013 varai. rajinamavai aduththu, nabi paarisilirunthu englaandhin landanukku kudipeyarnthaar. thavoism mattrum thanipatta sugaathaarap payanaththaal eerkkappatta nabi, moontru aandugal oorvaethaavai uruvaakki uruvaakkinaar, idhu nanbar mattrum vaniga koottaaliyaana nicolaus vuu udan inainthu niruvapatta oru thoal paramarippu varisai. juulai 2020 ill, avar koattiyin thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyaaga niyamikkappattaar, avar piittar haarpidamirunthu poruppaettruk kondaar.

suyy nabii suu usef nabii (jananam 13 fibravari 1968) algerialo janminchina french vyavasthaapakudu mariyu prapancha andam prapanchamlo aavishkarta. 2017loe praarambhinchina saakaahaari charma samrakshana shreni ledhaa vaeda vyavasthaapakudu nabii. lancom mariyu la 'oral rendintikee adhyaksha padavini kaligi undadamtho sahaa, la' oreal loe 20 samvatsaraalu gadiparu. juulai 2020loe suu american bahulajaati soundarya samstha kooti ink yokka seeogaa paeru pettaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. injanir, raajakeeyavetta mariyu chitrakaarudu ayina tandriki, mariyu french bodhinche talliki janminchina nabii algerialo perigaaru. ekol national du geny dii ell 'enue ett dii ell' environment dii strasbourg (enges) loe injaneering degree puurti chesina taruvaata, nabii 1991loe marketing management, essec business schoollo advanced masters degreetho graduate ayyaru. ell 'oreal loe kereer. 1993loe, jackwess dessange professional hair cair kosam nairuti fraanslo retail sales pratinidhigaa, 1994loe mennen brand managerga (zemi-mabelline) padoonnati pondaadu. 1996 mariyu 2000 madhya, zemi-mabelline kosam group manager/marketing directorga nabeeni niyaminchaaru, general manager, ell 'oreal fraanslo padoonnati pondadaaniki mundu. 2005loe, nabii ell 'oreal paris yokka prapanchavyaapta adhyakshudayyadu, mariyu vyapaaraanni penchadam, andamlo vaividhyaanni saadhinchadam mariyu vyaktigata, vyaktigata aakarshana kosam vividha vijayalu mariyu patrika kavarejeeni aasvaadinchaadu. endukante memu daaniki viluvainavallam" anae prasamsaapatraala dwara, la 'oreal paris prakatanalu mariyu brand eekviteeni tirigi kanugonnaru. modatisaarigaa, jaine fonda (68 yella vayasulo), penelope cruze mariyu iva langoriato sahaa brunetlu, chainees nati gaang lii thoo sahaa asea pramukhulu alaage hollywood mariyu tv terala nundi-lasts mathue faaks mariyu grays anatomies patrick dempseatho sahaa-pradarsinchina marketing prachaaraala parichayam dwara naabii andam yokka vaividhyaanni kooda geluchukundi. casting crame gloss hair colour mariyu mottam marammattu 5 hair cair line, alaage glam shine, colour ritch lip colour starr secrets line, telescopic mariyu double extend maskaras vanti makeup aavishkaranalato sahaa aneka keelaka utpatti prayogaalu mariyu vijayaalanu kooda nabii paryaveekshinchaaru. 2009loe, 41 samvatsaraala vayassulo, la 'real lagjari products divisionlo bhaagamaina mariyu ksheenistunna brand ayina lancomcu prapanchavyaaptamgaa adhyakshudayyadu. 5 samvatsaraala adhyaksha padaviloe, nabii aneka kotta lancom utpattulanu vijayavantamgaa praarambhinchadaanni paryaveekshinchaaru, mukhyamgaa julia roberts pracharam chesina perfume "laa vii estley". adhyaksha padaviloe naabii yokka creditlalo photographer marrio testinotho lancom yokka prakatanala chitraanni tirigi kanugonadam, emma watson, lillie callins, alaage visionare seeram, genephic light purl ii seeram, genephic seeram rii-lanch, teant mirral foundations, hypnos maskaras mariyu sampoorna ell 'extrite suupar premium skinker vanti pramukhulatho sahaa santakam cheyadam vantivi kooda unnaayi. 2013loe, lancom adhyakshuraligaa thana padaviki nabii rajinama chesi, ell 'oreal nundi nishkraminchaaru. 2013 nundi prastutaaniki. rajinama nepathyamlo, nabii paris nundi inglaandlooni londonku vellaaru. tavoism mariyu vyaktigata aarogya prayaanam (indulo prakrutivaidyam mariyu aayurvedam unnaayi) nundi prerana pondina nabii, snehitudu mariyu vyapara bhagaswamy nicolus vutho kalisi sthaapinchina charma samrakshana shreni ayina vaedaanni srushtinchi, abhivruddhi cheyadaaniki moodu samvatsaraalu gadipadu. juulai 2020loe, aame kooti seeevogaa niyamitulayyaaru, chairmanga konasagina peater harf nundi baadhyatalu sweekarinchaaru.

saway nabbi swee youseef naabi (paidaish 13 faroori 1968) aljazair mein paida honay waali eek francisi karobari shaqsiyat aur aalimi khubsurati kii duniya mein akhtaraa kaar haine. nabbi vigan sakan kiar line aurveda kii baanee haine juu 2017 mein sharoo kii gayee thee. nabiyon nay eel aureel mein 20 saal guzaray jiss mein lancom aur eel aureel donon kay liye sadr kaa khataab bhee shaamil hay. jolayi 2020 mein sue kuu americi milty national beauty company kotee incorporated kaa see ayee awo namzad kiyaa gayaa. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. eek aisey waalid kay haan paida hoay juu eek engineer seyasat daan aur penter thay aur eek francisi tadrisi maan nabiyon kii prorish aljazair mein hoyee. accole national duu jeanny ddee eel ayoo aett ddee eel annornment ddee strasberg (angez) mein engineering kii digri makmal karnay kay baad nabiyon nay 1991 mein marketing mangement assec buznis school mein advanced maaster digri kay saath graduation kiyaa. eel aureel mein carrier. 1993 mein nabb nay jaiks desenge paishah waranah baalon kii deekh bhaal kay liye janub maghrabi france mein eek khurdah seils numayende kay toor parr eel aureel mein daakhil huay aur 1994 mein meenan braand meniger (jaimi-mabline) kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. 1996 aur 2000 kay darmiyan nabb kuu general maneejar eel aureel france mein tarqi deenay say pehley jaimi-mabline kay liye grop maneejar/marketing director banaya gayaa. 2005 mein nabbi eel aureel peers kay aalimi sadr banay aur karobar kuu badhanay khubsurati mein tanoo kii himayat karnay aur infiradi zaati karshamah kay liye mukhtalif kamyabiyon aur prais courage say lataf andoz hoay. keunkah humm iss kay qaabil haine" tareefon kay zariye noby nay eel aural peers kay ishteharaat aur braand acvity kuu dobarah aijaad kiyaa. nabb nay marketing mahmaat kay taaruf kay zariye khubsurati kay tanoo kuu bhee saraha jiss mein pehli baar jaine fonda (68 saal kii amar mein)yee panelope karoz aur aiwa langoriya sameet sunhare rung kay cheeni adakarah gong lee sameet aishiyayi mashhur shaqsiyat kay saath saath haali wode aur tye wee screenon donon say mard-bashmol laast methio faaks aur giray kii anatomi kaa patrick dempsy shaamil thay. nabb nay mutadid kaleedi product laanch aur kamyabiyon kii bhee nigrani kii jinn mein casting cream gloss hair cler aur kill marmat 5 hair kiar line kay saath saath meek app kii ikhteraat bashmol gleemer shayen rangeen honton kay rung say bharpur staar secret line dorbeen aur double extend maskara shaamil haine. 2009 mein 41 saal kii amar mein nabiyon nay lancom kay aalimi sadr bunn gayey juu kahh eel auriyal lagzari products devision kaa hasah thaa aur eek aisa braand thaa juu zawal pazeer thaa. 5 saalah sadarat kay doraan nabb nay behat see nayee lancom masnuaat kay kamiyab aaghaz kii nigrani kii khaas toor parr khushbo "laa wee aist bail"yee jiss kaa ishtehaar joliya roberts nay diyaa thaa. sadarat kay doraan nabiyon kay creadts mein photographer maaryo testino kay saath lancom kii ishtehari tasveer kuu dobarah aijaad karnaa aima watson lalee colance sameet mashhur shaqsiyat parr dastakhat karnaa neez vision nayer seeram genephac halkay motee aayee seeram genephac seeram dobarah laanch karnaa tent moujizana foundations hapnoz maskara aur abercue eel extrait spir premium sakan kiar shaamil haine. 2013 mein nabiyon nay lankom kay sadr kay ahday say istefi day diyaa aur eel auriyal say baahir how gayein. 2013 say lay kirr maujudah takk. istefay kay tanazar mein nabiyon nay peers say landan england muntaqil how gayey. taao mutt aur zaati sehat kay safar (jiss mein qadarti alaaj aur aayurveed shaamil thay) say mutasir how kirr nabiyon nay teen saal aur waid kii takhliq aur tarqi mein guzaray juu eek jald kii deekh bhaal kii line hay jiss kii bunyaad dost aur karobari sharakat daar nakolas wow kay saath mushtarkah toor parr rakhee gayee thee. jolayi 2020 mein inhein kotee kii see ayee awo muqarar kiyaa gayaa petter haarf say ahdah sanbhala juu chairmeen kay toor parr rahein.

00040136f832e256a316bd6498555bf6f6d68cf6f19ea13c18359c0e98ffb410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28844151

Philodoria micropetala

Philodoria micropetala Species of moth Philodoria micropetala is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The larvae feed on "Pipturus" species. They probably mine the leaves of their host plant.

philodoria maikro 'petala philodoria maikro 'petala hoise gracilaridae poriyalor etaa potongo. 1907 sonot lord walsinghame prothombaror baabe iyar bornona korisil. ee hawaiyan dip kauyair sthaniyo. lorbhabure "pipturas" projatir khadyo khaay. teuluke xombhobotoh teulukor puxok udbhidor paatbur khonon kore.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala holl gracillaridae poribarer ekti moth. 1907 saale lord walsingham prothom etty bornona corren. etty hawai dweep kauaiyer sthaniya. larva "pipturus" prajati khaay. taaraa sombhoboto taader poshak udbhider paata khonon korey.

philodoriya micropetala philodoriya micropetala aee gracillaridae parivaarno aek shalabh chhe. tenu varnan saupratham 1907maan looard walsingham dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey kaauina havaaiyan taapu maate sthaaneek chhe. larva "pipturus" prajaatio parr khoraak leey chhe. teo kadaach temnaa yajmaan chhodna pandadaoni khaan karey chhe.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala gracillaridae parivaar kaa ack patang haye. iska varnan pahali baar 1907 mein lord walsingham dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kaui key havaai dweep key liye sthaanik haye. larva "pipturus" prajaatiyon koo khaate hain. way shayed apane mezban paudhe kii pattiyon koo khodate hain.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala embudu gracillaridae kutumbada ondu chitte. idannu modalu 1907ralli lard walsingham vivarisidanu. idu hawai dweepawaada kauyige sthaliyavaagide. larvagalu "pipturus" prabhedagalannu tinnuttave. avaru bahushah tamma aatitheya sasyada elegalannu ganigaarike maaduttaare.

philodoria micropettala grassilaridae kudumbatthile oru nishaashalabhamaan philodoria micropettala. 1907ll walsingham prabhuvaan ithine aadyamaayi vivarichathu. ithu havaian dveepaaya kavaayiyil thaddesheeyamaanu. laarvakal "piptooras" inathe bhakshikkunnu. avar orupakshe avarude aathidheya chediyude elakal khananam cheythekkaam.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala haah gracillaridae kutumbatil eka patang aahe. yache varnan pratham 1907 madhye laurd walsingham yanni kele hote. haah havaichya kaui betasathi sthanik aahe. alya 'pipturus' prajatinna khatat. teey bahudha tyanchya yazman vanaspatichya pananchi khaan karatat.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala gracillaridae pariwarko ek patanga how. yasalai pahilo patak 1907 maa leard walsinghamdwara warnan garieko thiyo. yo kauiko hawai tapuma sthaniya chha. larbhaharule "pipturus" prajatiharu khanchhan. tiniharule sambhawatah afno poshak biruwako patharu khani garchhan.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala heuchhi gracillaridae paribarara eka patanga. 1907 masihare lord walsingahamanka dwara ehaa prathame barnana karajaithila. ehaa hawaija dwepa kauire sthaniah atte. ehi larbha "pipaturas" prajatinku khadya bhabe grahan karithae. semane bodhahue semananka poshaka gachara patragudiku khanan karithanti.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala gracillaridae parivaar daa ikk keeda haii. iss daa varnan pahili vaar 1907 witch lard walsingham duaara keeta giaa see. ih havaian tapu kaui daa sathanak haii. larva "piptoors" prajatiaan noon khaande hunn. uh shayed aapne mezban paude dey pattiaan dee khudai karde hunn.

philodoria macropetala philodoria macropetala iti gracillaridae-kulasya ekaha shalabhah asti. 1907 tame varshe lard vaalsinghaam ityanena prathamam asya varnanam krutam. etat havaayiyan-dweepe kauvai-pradeshe sthaniyam vartate. larva "pipturus" jaatim bhakshayanti. te praayah swa-atitheya-sasyasya patraani khananm kurvanti.

philotoria micropedala philotoria micropedala enbathu crossillaridae kudumbaththin oru andhuppoochchi aagum. idhu muthanmuthalil 1907 aam aandil lard walsingham enbavaraal vivarikkappattathu. idhu havaai theevaana kavaaikku ulloor. larvakkal "pipturus" inangkalai unavaaga utkolgindrana. avarkal thangal puravalan thaavaraththin ilaikalai surangappaduththalaam.

philodoria micropetala philodoria micropetala anedi grassilaridae kutumbaaniki chendina chimmata. dheenini 1907loe lard walsingham modatisaarigaa varninchaaru. idhi hawai dveepam kouiki sthaanikamainadi. larvalu "pipturus" jaatulanu tintaayi. vaaru bahusha vaari atidheya mokka yokka akulanu tavvutaaru.

fluodoria micropetala fluodoria micropetala gracilerady khaandaan kaa eek keeda hay. asay pehli baar 1907 mein laard walsingham nay biyaan kiyaa thaa. yaha hawai jazeeray kaoyee kaa maqami hay. larwa "peptors" parjatiyon kuu khaatay haine. wah shayed apnay mezban poday kay patoon kii kaan kanee kartay haine.

000402e93648d7d46cc929040530a4b4d85a822133e3a2893ad2482d22ca1cca

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65563090

Sanjib Kumar Mallick

Sanjib Kumar Mallick Politician from Odisha, India Sanjib Kumar Mallick (; born 11 April 1975) is an Indian politician who belongs to Odisha. He is active with Biju Janata Dal in Odisha politics. He was elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly from Bhadrak constituency in the 2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Biju Janata Dal. He defeated Pradip Nayak of Bharatiya Janata Party in a margin of 33,389 votes. Early life and family. Sanjib Mallick was born on 11 April 1975 in Bhadrak to former Indian politician Hrudananda Mallick and Annapurna Mallick. His brother Manas Ranjan Mallick was a member of Odisha Legislative Assembly. Political career. Sanjib has entered active politics after the death of his father and brother. He joined Biju Janata Dal and was elected in the 2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election to 16th Odisha Vidhan Sabha from Bhadrak. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xonjibo kumar mollik xonjibo kumar mollik (; jonmo 11 april 1975) ejon bharotiyo rajneetibid ji urixar. teu urixar rajneetit biju jonota daalor xoite xokriyo. 2019 sonor urixa bidhanxobha nirbasonot teu biju jonota dolor xodosyo hisape bhodrok xomostir poraa urixa bidhanxobhaloi nirbasito hoisil. teu bharotiyo jonota partyr prodeep nayokok 33,389 bhutor byobodhanot porasto korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru poriyal. xonjibo mollikor jonmo hoisil 1975 sonor 11 aprilot bharotor prakton rajneetibid hridananda mollik aaru onnopurna mollikor ghorot. teur bhatri manox ronjon mollik urixa bidhanxobhar xodosyo aasil. rajnoitik jiwan. pitri aaru bhatrir mrityur pisot xonjibe xokriyo rajneetit prowex korise. teu biju jonota dolot jugdan korisil aaru 2019 sonor urixa bidhanxobha nirbasonot bhodrokor poraa 16 xongkhyok urixa bidhan xobhaloi nirbasito hoisil.

sanjeeb kumar mallik sanjeeb kumar mallik (; jonmo 11 april 1975) ekjon bharatiya rajnitibid jini odishara ontorgoto. tini odishara rajnitite biju jonota daal niye sakriya. tini 2019 saaler odisha bidhansabha nirbachone biju jonota doler sadasya hisabe bhadrak asson theke odisha bidhansabhai nirbachito hohn. tini bharatiya jonota partyr pradeep nayakke 33,389 bhoter byabodhane porajito corren. prathomik jeebon ebong poribar. sanjeeb mallik 1975 saaler 11ee april bhadrake praktan bharatiya rajnitibid hridananda mallik ebong annapurna molliker ghore jonmogrohon corren. taanr bhai muns ranjan mallik odisha bidhansabhar sadasya chhilen. rajnaitik karmajiban. baba oo bhaiyer mrityur porr sanjeeb sakriya rajnitite probesh corren. tini biju jonota doley jog deena ebong 2019 saaler odisha bidhansabha nirbachone bhadrak theke theke odisha bidhan sabhay nirbachito hohn.

sanjeev kumar maleek sanjeev kumar maleek (; janm 11 april 1975) aek bhaartiy rajkarani chhe jeey odishana chhe. teo odishana rajkaranma biju janata dala saathe sakreey chhe. teo aneey odisha vidhansabhani chuntanima bhadrak matvistarmathi odisha vidhansabhama biju janata dalnaa sabhy tareeke chuntaya hataa. temane bhaartiy janata partyna pradeep nayakne 33,389 matonaa antarthi haraavya hataa. praarambhik jeevan aneey kutumb. sanjeev maleekno janm 11 april april roj bhadrakma bhutpurv bhaartiy rajkarani hradayanand maleek aneey annapurnaa maleekna ghare thayo hato. temnaa bhaai manas ranjan maleek odisha vidhansabhana sabhy hataa. raajkeey karkirdi. sanjibe tenaa pitaa aneey bhaina avsaan pachhi sakreey rajkaranma pravesh karyo chhe. teo biju janata dalmaa jodaya aneey aneey odisha vidhansabhani chuntanima bhadrakthi bhadrakthi odisha vidhaan sabhaama chuntaya hataa.

sanjeev kumar malik sanjeev kumar malik (; janm 11 aprail 1975) ack bhaaratiya rajneta hain joe odisha key hain. vaha odisha kii rajneeti mein biju janata daal key saath sakriya hain. way 2019 key odisha vidhansabha chunaav mein bhadrak nirvaachan kshetra seey odisha vidhansabha key liye biju janata dall key sadasya key roop mein chune gaye they. unhone bhaaratiya janata party key pradeep naayak koo 33,389 maton key antar seey haraaya. praarambhik jeevan aur parivaar. sanjeev malik kaa janm 11 aprail 1975 koo bhadrak mein poorv bhaaratiya rajneta hridayanand malik aur annapurna malik key ghar huaa thaa. unake bhaai maanas ranjan malik odisha vidhansabha key sadasya they. raajneetik jeevan. apane pitaa aur bhaai kii mrityu key baad sanjeev sakriya rajneeti mein pravesh curr gaye hain. vaha biju janata dall mein shamil hoe gaye aur 2019 key odisha vidhansabha chunaav mein bhadrak seey 16veen odisha vidhaan sabhaa key liye chune gaye.

sanjeeb kumar mallick sanjeeb kumar mallick (janana 11 april 1975) odishaada bhaaratiya rajakarani. avaru odisha raajakeeyadalli biju janata daalnondige sakriyaragiddare. avaru 2019rahra odisha vidhanasabha chunavaneyalli bhadrak kshetradinda odisha vidhaanasabhege biju janata dalna sadasyaraagi aaykeyaadaru. avaru bhaaratiya janata pakshada pradeep nayak avarannu 33,389 matagala antaradinda solisidaru. arambhika jeevana mattu kutumba. sanjeeb mallick avaru 1975rahra april 11randu bhadraknalli maaji bhaaratiya rajakarani hridananda mallick mattu annapurna mallick avarige janisidaru. avara sahodara manus ranjan mallick odisha vidhanasabheya sadasyaraagiddaru. rajakiya vrutti. sanjeeb tamma tande mattu sahodarana nidhanada nantara sakriya raajakeeyavannu praveshisiddare. avaru biju janata dalakke seridaru mattu 2019rahra odisha vidhanasabha chunavaneyalli bhadrakninda 16neey odisha vidhana sabhege aaykeyaadaru.

sanjeeb kumar malik odeesha swadeshiyaaya oru indian raashtreeyakkaaranaan sanjeeb kumar malik (jananam 11 epril 1975). odeesha raashtreeyathil addeham biju janata dhall enna samghadanayil sajeevamaan. 2019leeii odeesha niyamasabha thiranjeduppil bhadrak niyojakamandalatthil ninnu biju janata dhal amgamaayi odeesha niyamasabhayilekku thiranjedukkappettu. bharatheeya janata party pradeep naayakkine 33,389 vottinte bhooripakshathil addeham paraajayappeduthi. aadyakaala jeevithavum kudumbavum. muun indian raashtreeyakkaaranaaya hridaananda malik, annapoorna malik ennivarude makanayi 1975 epril 11nuu bhadrakkil sanjeeb malik janichu. addehathinte sahodaran maanas ranjan malik odeesha niyamasabhaamgamaayirunnu. rashtreeya jeevitam. pithaavinteyum sahodaranteyum maranashesham sanjeeb sajeeva raashtreeyathil praveshichu. addeham biju janata daalil cherukayum 2019leeii odeesha niyamasabha thiranjeduppil bhadrakkil ninnu 16-aamm odeesha vidhan sabhayilekku thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu.

sanjeev kumar mallick sanjeev kumar mallik (; janm 11 april 1975) heey odishache eka bharatiy rajkarani aahet. teey odishachya rajkaranat biju janata dalmadhye sakriy aahet. 2019 chya odisha vidhansabha nivadanukit teey biju janata dalche sadasya mhanoon bhadrak matdarsanghatun odisha vidhansabhevar nivadoon aale hote. tyanni bharatiy janata pakshachya pradeep nayak yancha 33,389 matanchya farkane parabhav keela. prarambhik jeevan aanee kutumb. sanjeev mallick yancha janm 11 april 1975 roji bhadrak yethe majee bharatiy rajkarani hridayanand mallick aanee annapurna mallick yanchya potee jhaala. tyanche bhau manas ranjan mallick heey odisha vidhansabheche sadasya hote. rajkiy karkird. vadil aanee bhavachya nidhananantar sanjeevne sakriy rajkaranat pravesh keela aahe. teey biju janata dalmadhye sameel jhaale aanee 2019 chya odisha vidhansabha nivadanukit 16 vya odisha vidhan sabhesathi bhadrak yethoon nivadoon aale.

sanjib kumar mallik sanjib kumar mallik (; janma 11 april 1975) ek bharatiya rajnitigya hun jo odisaka hun. uni odisako rajnitima biju janata dalsanga sakriya chhan. uni 2019 ko odisha vidhan sabha chunawama biju janata dalka sadasyako rupma bhadrak nirvachan kshetrabata odisha vidhan sabhama nirvachit bhaeka thie. unle bharatiya janata partyka pradeep nayaklai 33,389 matko antarle parajit gare. prarambhik jiwan rar pariwar. sanjib mallikko janma 11 april 1975 maa bhadrakma purva bharatiya rajnitigya hridananda mallik rar annapurna mallikko gharma bhaeko thiyo. unka bhai manas ranjan mallik odisha vidhan sabhako sadasya thie. rajnitik jiwan. sanjib afno buba rar bhaiko mrityupachhi sakriya rajnitima prawesh gareka chhan. uni biju janata dalma samel bhae rar 2019 ko odisha vidhan sabhako chunawama bhadrakbata 16 aun odisha vidhan sabhaka lagi nirvachit bhae.

sanjeeb kumar mallik sanjeeb kumar mallik (; janma 11 april 1975) jane bharatiah rajneta jieki odishara atanti. shay odisha rajaneetire biju janata dala sahita sakriya achanti. shay 2019 odisha bidhanasabha nirbachanare bhadraka nirbachanamandaleeru biju janata dala sadasya bhabare odisha bidhanasabhaku nirbachita hoithile. shay bharatiah janata partyra pradeep najakanku 33,389 bhota byabadhanare parasta karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong paribara. sanjeeb mallik 11 april 1975 ray bhadrakare purbatana bharatiah rajneta hridananda mallik ebong annapurna mallikanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. taanka bhai manus ranjan mallik odisha bidhanasabhara sadasya thile. rajanaitika kyariyara. pita ebong bhainka mrutyu parey sanjeeb sakriya rajaneetire prabesha karichanti. shay biju janata dalare joga deithile ebong 2019 odisha bidhanasabha nirbachanare bhadrakaru 16 tama odisha bidhan sabhaku nirbachita hoithile.

sanjeev kumar malik sanjeev kumar malik (; janam 11 aprail 1975) ikk bharti siasatdan haii joe odisha naal sabandhat haii. uh odisha dee rajneeti witch bijju janata daal naal sargaram hunn. uh 2019 deeaan odisha vidhan sabha chonhan witch bhadrak halke toon odisha vidhan sabha laee biju janata dall dey member vajon chunhe gaye sunn. unhan neey bharti janata party dey pardeep naaik noon 33,389 votan dey farak naal haraiaa. mudhla jeevan atey parivaar. sanjib malik daa janam 11 aprail 1975 noon bhadrak witch sabka bharti siasatdan hardanand malik atey annpurna malik dey gharr hoiaa see. uss daa bharaa maanas ranjan malik odisha vidhan sabha daa member see. rajneetak carrier. sanjib neey aapne pitaa atey bharaa dee maut toon baad sargaram rajneeti witch pravesh keeta haii. uh biju janata dall witch shamal hoow gaye atey 2019 deeaan odisha vidhan sabha chonhan witch 16veen odisha vidhan sabha laee bhadrak toon chunhe gaye sunn.

sanjibakumaramallik sanjeeb kumaar mallik (; janma 11 april 1975) ekaha bharatiyaha raajaneetidnyah asti yah odisha-deshasya asti. saha odisha-rajyasya rajaniti-kshetre bijoo janataa daal ityanena saha sakriyah asti. saha 2019 tame varshe odisha-vidhaanasabhaanirvaachane biju janataa dall ityasya sadasyatvena bhadrak-kshetraat odisha-vidhaanasabhaayai nirwaachitah. saha bharatiyajanata-pakshasya pradipanayakam 33,389 matanam antaraat parajayata. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa parivaarah. sanjeeb mallik ityasya janma 11 april 1975 dinaanke bhadrak-nagare poorvabhaarateeyaraajanetru hrudaanandamallik ityasya, annapurna mallik ityasya cha gruhe abhavat. tasya bhrata maanas ranjanamallik odisha-vidhaanasabhaayaah sadasyah aasit. rajanaitikam vruttihi. pitaram bhraatuh cha mrutvaa sanjeeb sakriyaraajaneeteh pravesham krutavaan. saha biju janataa daal ityasmin sammilitah, 2019 tame varshe odisha-vidhaanasabhaayaah nirvaachane bhadrak-nagaraat 16 tamam odisha-vidhaanasabhaayaah krute nirwaachitah.

sanjip kumar mallik sanjip kumar mallik (prappu aepral 11,1975) odishaavaich saerntha oru inthiya arasiyalvaathi aavaar. odisha arasiyalil biju janatha thaal niruvanaththil theeviramaaga ullaar. 2019 odisha sattappaeravaith therthalil pathrak thoguthiyil irunthu odisha sattappaeravaikku biju janatha thazh uruppinaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. bhaarathiya janatha katchiyin pradeep naayak-aii 33,389 vaakkugal vidhyaasaththil thoarkadiththaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kudumbam. sanjip mallik 1975 aepral 11 andru pathrakkil munnaal inthiya arasiyalvaathi hrudhananda mallik mattrum annapurna mallik aakiyoarukku maganaagap piranthaar. avarathu cakootharar maanas ranjan mallik odisha sattamandra uruppinaraaga irunthaar. arasiyal vaazhkkai. thanathu thanthai mattrum cakootharar iranththa piragu sanjip theevira arasiyalil nuzhainthullaar. avar biju janatha thalil saernthaar, 2019 odisha sattamandra therthalil pathrakkil irunthu 16 vadhu odisha vidhan sabaavukku thernthedukkappattaar.

sanjeeb kumar mallick sanjeeb kumar mallick (jananam 11 april 1975) odishaaku chendina bharatiya raajakeeyavetta. odisha rajakeeyaalalo ayana biju janataa dhaal thoo churukuga unnaaru. 2019 odisha saasanasabha ennikallo ayana biju janataa dhalh sabhyudiga bhadrak niyojakavargam nundi odisha saasanasabhaku ennikayyaaru. bharatiya janataa paarteeki chendina pradeep nayak nuu 33,389 otla thedaatho oodinchaaru. prarambha jeevitam mariyu kutumbam. sanjeeb mallick 1975 april 11naa bhadraklo maajee bhaarata raajakeeyavetta hridayananda mallick mariyu annapoorna mallick dampatulaku janminchaaru. ayana sodarudu manus ranjan mallick odisha saasanasabha sabhyudu. raajakeeya vrutti. thana tandri, sodarudi maranam taruvaata sanjeeb kriyaaseela raajakeeyaalloki pravesinchaadu. ayana biju janataa dhaal loe chaeri, 2019 odisha saasanasabha ennikallo bhadrak nundi 16va odisha vidhana sabhaku ennikayyaaru.

sanjab kamaar milk sanjeeb kamaar milk (vovo paidaish 11 apreel 1975) eek hindustani seyasat daan haine jinn kaa taaluq odeshah say hay. wah odeshah kii seyasat mein bejo jantaa daal kay saath srgarm haine. wah 2019 kay odeshah qanoon saaz assembly kay intekhabat mein bhadrak halqay say odeshah qanoon saaz assembly kay liye bejo jantaa dall kay rakan kay toor parr muntakhib hoay thay. inhon nay bhartia jantaa paarti kay pardeep naaik kuu 33,389 woton kay farq say shakast dee. ibtadayi zindagi aur khaandaan. sanjeeb milk 11 apreel 1975 kuu bhadrak mein saabiq hindustani seyasat daan hardanand milk aur annapurna milk kay haan paida hoay. inn kay bhayee maans ranjan milk odeshah qanoon saaz assembly kay rakan thay. seyasi carrier. sanjab apnay waalid aur bhayee kii moth kay baad faal seyasat mein daakhil hoay haine. inhon nay bejo jantaa dall mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur 2019 kay odeshah qanoon saaz assembly kay intekhabat mein bhadrak say 16 wein odeshah wadhaan sabhaa kay liye muntakhib hoay.

000403ca8f984d6979659f6d6868d5724c0804af5073cd16c29edf1f5873abfe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15961118

Takuma Aoki

Takuma Aoki Japanese motorcycle racer is a Japanese former road racer of motorcycles at Grand Prix level. He began his Grand Prix career in 1993. From 1994 to 1996, Aoki competed in the World Superbike Championship, winning one race in that series. In 1996, he won All Japan Championship Superbike class champion. He returned to Grand Prix racing with Honda in 1997, enjoying his best season when he finished fifth in the 500cc world championship. A spinal injury in a 1998 motorcycle crash left him paralyzed below the waist. Aoki has continued to work with Honda, helping them develop cars for disabled people. He is the brother of Grand Prix racers, Nobuatsu and Haruchika Aoki. Aoki has been involved in motorsports again. Using specially-modified 4-wheel drive vehicles, he has been involved in many cross country rallies, notably the Dakar Rally, the Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy and the Asia Cross Country Rally. On July 10 2019, he took a test ride on the Team Honda Dream CBR1000 Suzuka 8 Hours machine. In 2021, Aoki competed in the Le Mans 24 hour race as part of Frederick Sausset's SRT41 team. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

takuma aauki teu grand prix porzayot motorsaikelor egoraki japani prakton road resar. 1993 sonot teu grand prix keriyar aarombho korisil. aaukiye biswo superbike championswipot ongxogrohon korisil, xei sringkholatut etaa res joy korisil. 1996 sonot teu ol jaapan championswip superbike class champion hisape bijoyi hoisil. 1997 sonot 500sisi biswo championswipot ponchom sthan laabh korar xomoyot teu nijor shrestho sijon upobhug kori honder xoite grand prix resingot ubhoti aahisil. 1998 sonor ekhon motorsaikel durghotonat merudondor aaghator folot teu kokalor tolot pokhyaghatgrosto hoi porisil. aukiye honder xoite kaam kori aase, teulukok biklango lukor baabe gaari bikoxito korat xohay korise. teu grand prix resar, nubuwatxu aaru harusika aaukir bhatri. aauki punor motorspo 'rtosot jorito hoise. bixexbhabe poribortito 4-huil drive baahon byobohar kori teu bohutu croch country releet jorito hoi aase, bixexkoi daakor raily, jaguwar aai-space itrophy aaru esiya croch country releet. 2019 sonor 10 julyte teu honda dream chi. bi. aar. 1000 sujuka 8 ghontar jontrot test raid loisil. 2021 sonot aukiye frederic sousetor ess. aar. ti. 41 dolor ongxo hisape ley menoch 24 ghonta dourot ongxogrohon korisil.

takuma aoki granned prix store motorcycler ekjon japani praktan road racer. tini 1993 saale taanr granned prix karmajiban shuru corren. theke, aoki bishwa superbike championshipe protidwondita korey, seii sirije ekti reesa jitechilo. 1996 saale tini oll japan championship superbike classes champion hohn. 1997 saale tini honder saathe granned prix resingye firey asen, jokhon tini 500 sisi bishwa championshipe pancham sthan orjon corren tokhon tini taar sera morsum upobhog corren. 1998 saaler ekti motorcycle durghotonai merudonder aghater karone tini komorer niche pokkhaghatgrosto hoye paden. aoki honder sange kaaj chaliye jachche, taader protibondhi byaktider jonno gaadi toirite sahayata korche. tini granned prix racer, nobuatsu ebong haruchika aokir bhai. aoki abar motorsporte jorito hoyeche. biseshbhabe poribortito 4-huil drive janbahon byabohar korey, tini onek cross country somabeshe jorito chhilen, biseshoto ducker rally, jaguar aaee-space itrophi ebong asia cross country rally. 2019 saaler 10ee julai, tini honda drima shee. bii. arr. 1000 suzuka 8 ghanta meshine ekti test raida corren. 2021 saale, aoki fredrick sosseter esha. arr. tii. 41 doler ongsho hisabe leey mans 24 ghanta daude ongsho niyechilo.

takuma aeokee teey grand prix stare motorcycleona japanese bhutpurv rooad resara chhe. temane temane temnee bhavya karkidrini sharuaat curry hatee. tyaarthi, aeokiae vishva superbike champiyanshipma bhaag leedho hato, teey shreneema aek reesa jeetee hatee. hatee, temane ola japan championship superbike class championship jeetee hatee. teo teo honda saathe grand prix resingma paachha faryaa hataa, jyaare teo 500 seesee vishva champiyanshipma paanchmaa sthaane rahyaa tyaare temnee shreshth seasonno aanand maanee rahyaa hataa. hataa motorcycle durghatnama karodrajjuni ijaae tene kamarnee neeche lakvo laavee deedho hato. aeokiae honda saathe kaama karvaanu chaalu raakhyu chhe, jeey temne viklang loko maate kaar vikasavvama madad karey chhe. teey grand prix racers, nobutsu aneey haruchika aeokeeno bhaai chhe. aeokee fareethi motorsportsmaa saamel thaee chhe. khaas kareene sanshodhit 4-wheel drive vaahanono upyog kareene, teo ghanee cross country releeomaa saamel rahyaa chhe, khaas kareene dakaar railey, jaguar aaee-spaces atrophy aneey aesheeya cross country railey. 10 julai julai roj, tene honda dream see. bii. aar. 1000 suzuka 8 kalaaknaa machine parr test ride leedhi hatee. hatee, aeokiae fredarika sosetnee sosetnee teamnaa bhaag rupe leey mains 24 kalaaknee resamaa bhaag leedho hato.

takuma aaoki grand prix star parr motorcycles kaa ack japani poorv road racer haye. unhone 1993 mein apane grand prix currier kii shuruat kii. seey, aoki ney vishva superbike championship mein bhaag liya, usa shrinkhala mein ack races jeeti. 1996 mein, unhone aul japan championship superbike class champion jeetaa. unhone 1997 mein honda key saath grand prix racing mein vaapsee kii, jaba way 500 cc vishva championship mein paanchven sthaan parr rahey tou unhone apane sarvshreshth satra kaa anand liya. 1998 kii motorcycle durghatana mein reedh kii huddy mein chot lagane seey vaha cummer key neeche lakvagrast hoe gaye they. aoki ney honda key saath kaam karna jaari rakhaa haye, jisase unhein viklang logon key liye kaar vikasit karane mein madad millie haye. vaha grand prix racers, nobuatsu aur haruchika aaoki key bhaai hain. aoki phir seey motorsports mein shamil hoe gayaa haye. vishesh roop seey sanshodhit 4-wheel drive vaahanon kaa upayog karate hue, vaha kaee cross country railiyon mein shamil rahey hain, vishesh roop seey dakaar raili, jaguar aaee-space atrophy aur asia cross country raili. 10 julaai 2019 koo, unhone team honda dream see. bee. aar. 1000 suzuka 8 ghante kii machine parr ack pareekshan sawari kii. 2021 mein, aoki ney fredrick sosset kii kii team key hisse key roop mein leey maine kii 24 ghante kii daud mein bhaag liya.

takuma aaki grand prix mattadalli motorcyclegala japanina maaji road racer. aata 1993ralli tamma grand prix vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru. andininda, aaa saranialli ondu otavannu gelluva moolaka, aata vishwa superbike champiyanshipnalli spardhisidaru. 1996ralli, avaru aall japan championship superbike classes champiyan aagiddaru. avaru 1997ralli 500 sisi vishwa champiyanshipnalli aidane sthana galisidaaga tamma atyuttama rtuvannu anandisutta, honda jotegina grand prix racinge maralidaru. 1998rahra motorcycle apaghaatadalli bennumooleya gaayadindaagi aata sontada kelage paarshvavaayuvige olagaagiddaru. vikalaangarigaagi kaarugalannu abhivraddhipadisalu sahaaya maaduva moolaka, ayoki, hoondaadondige kelasa maaduvudannu munduvareside. aata grand prix resargalaada nobuvatsu mattu haruchika aakiya sahodara. ayoki matte motaru kridegalalli todagisikondide. visheshavaagi maarpadisida 4-wheel drive vaahanagalannu balasikondu, avaru aneka cross kantri ryaaligalalli todagisikondiddaare, visheshavaagi docker rally, jagwar aii-space etrophy mattu eshyaa cross kantri rally. 2019rahra julai 10randu, avaru honda dream cbr1000 suzuka 8 gantegala yantrada mele test raid maadidaru. 2021ralli, frederic sassetna srt41 tandada bhagavagi lyon 24 gantegala otadalli akoki spardhisidaru.

takuma auki grand prix thalatthil motorcycleukalude japanese muun rooad resaraanu. 1993ll addeham thante grand prix currier aarambhichu. muthal, loka superbike chaambyanshippil pankedutthu aaa parambarayil oru rays nedi. 1996ll addeham ellah jappan chaambyanshippu superbike klaas chaambyanshippum nedi. 1997ll hondaykkoppam grand prix racingilekku madangiyethiya addeham 500 sisi loka chaambyanshippil anchaam sthaanathethiyappol thante ettavum mikacha season aasvadichu. 1998leeii oru motor saikkil apakadatthil nattellinundaya parikk addehathe araykku thaazhe thalarthi. vikalaamgarkkaayi kaarukal vikasippikkaan sahayikkunna hondayumaayi ayokki pravartthikkunnathu thudarunnu. grand prix resarmaaraaya nobuvaatsu, haroochika ookki ennivarude sahodaranaanu addeham. ayokki veendum motor sportsil earppettittundu. prathyekamaayi parishkaricha 4 wheel drive vahanangal upayogichu, addeham niravadhi cross kantri raalikalil pankedutthittundu, prathyekichu dacker raali, jagwar aii-space etrophy, eshya cross kantri raali enniva. 2019 juulai 10 nuu addeham honda dream cbr 1000 suzuka 8 manikkoor mesheenil testt raidu nadatthi. 2021ll frederic sosettinte srt41 teaminte bhaagamaayi leeii mans 24 manikkoor raceil ayokki malsarichu.

takuma aaoki grand prix staravar motorcyclecha japani majee road resar aahe. tyane 1993 madhye tyachya grand prix karkirdila suruvat kelee. teey teey 2010 paryant, eokine jaagtik superbike ajinkyapad spardhet bhag ghetala aanee tyaa maliket eka sharyat jinkley. 1996 madhye tyane aul japan championship superbike class championship jinkley. 1997 madhye 500 cc jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhet pachve sthan patkavat tyane tyachya sarvottam hangamacha anand lutat, hondachya grand prix sharyatit punragman kele. 1998 chya motorcycle apghatatil pathichya kanyachya dukhapatimule tyala kambarchya khalee ardhangvayu jhaala. eokine honda sobat kaam karane suru thewale aahe, jyamule tyanna apang lokansathi qaar vikasit karnyat madat jhaali aahe. too grand prix dhavpatu, nobuatsu aanee haruchika aaoki yancha bhau aahe. eoki punha motorsportsmadhye sahbhagi jhaala aahe. vishesh sudharit 4-vheel drive vahanancha vapar karoon, too anek cross country rallymadhye sahbhagi jhaala aahe, visheshtah dakar rally, jagwar aay-space etrophy aanee ashiya cross country rally. 10 julai 2019 roji tyane honda dream see. bii. aar. 1000 suzuka 8 tasanchya mashinavar chachani ghetali. 2021 madhye, aaokine fredrick sossetchya ess. aar. tii. 41 sanghacha bhag mhanoon leey mans 24 taas sharyatit bhag ghetala.

takuma aoki grand prix starma motorcycleko japani purva road reser how. unle sann 1993 maa afno grand prix currier suru gare. sann 1993 dekhi sann 2010 samma, eokile vishwa superbike championshipma pratispardha gare, tyas shringkhalama euta daud jite. sann 1996 maa unle sabai japan championship superbike class champion jite. uni sann 1997 maa hondasanga grand prix resingma farkie, jab unle 500 cc vishwa championshipma panchaun sthan hasil gare. sann 1998 ko motorcycle durghatanama merudandama chot lageko karan uni kammarmuni lakawagrasta bhae. aokile hondasanga kaam garna jaari rakheko chha, uniharulai apangata bhaeka wyaktiharuka lagi karharu vikas garna maddat gareko chha. uni grand prix resers, nobuatsu rar haruchika aokika bhai hun. eoki feri motorsportsma sanlagna bhaeko chha. vishesh rupma parimarjan garieko 4-pangra drive sawari sadhanharu prayog garera, uni dherai cruss contry rallyharuma sanlagna chhan, vishesh gari dakar rally, jaguar aie-space atrophy rar asea cruss contry rally. july 10,2019 maa, unle honda dream cbr 1000 suzuka 8 ghanta messinma test ryde lie. sann 2021 maa, eokile fredrick sasetko srt 41 toliko bhagko rupma ley mans 24 ghanta daudama pratispardha gare.

takuma aaoki shay grand prix starare motorcyclera jane japani purbatana road resara . shay 1993 ray grand prix kyariyara arambha karithile. setharu, aaoki biswa superbike champianasipare pratidwandita karithile, sehi sirijare gotie rays jitithile . 1996 masihare shay all japan championship superbike class champion hoithile. shay 1997 ray honda sahita grand prix resingku pherithile, jetebele shay 500 sisi biswa champianasipare pancham sthanare rahi nijara sarbottama sijina upavoga karithile. 1998 masihar eka motor cycle durghatanare merudandare aaghata lagiba karanaru shay anta tale pakhyaghatagrasta hoijaithile. aaoki honda sahita kaama jaari rakhichhanti, semananku bhinnakhyama lokanka paain carr bikashita karibare sahajya karichanti. shay grand prix resara, nobuatsu ebong haruchika aaokinka bhai. aaoki punithare motorsportare samil hoichhanti. swatantra bhabe paribartita 4-huil drive yaana byabahara curry shay aneka cross contry ralire samil hoichhanti, bisesh curry dakara raali, jaguara aai-spaces itrophy ebong acia cross contry raali. july 10,2019 ray, shay honda dream sii. bii. aarr. 1000 suzuka 8 ghanta mesinare eka test ryde neithile. 2021 ray, aaoki frederic sussetra ess. aara. tii. 41 dalara ansha bhabare leey mans 24 ghanta daudare pratidwandita karithile.

takuma aaoki grand prix paddhar 'teey motor cyclean daa ikk japani sabka road racer haii. unhan neey aapne grand prix carrier dee shuruat 1993 witch keeti see. toon lae keey, aaoki neey vishav superbike championship witch hissa liaa, uss luddy witch ikk daud jitti. sann 1996 witch, uss neey aal japaan championship superbike class champion jittiaa. uh 1997 witch honda naal grand prix racing witch waps aaiaa, jadon uh 500 cc vishav championship witch panjven sathaan 'teey riha taan uss neey aapne sarbottam season daa anand liaa. 1998 dey ikk motor cycle hadse witch reedh dee haddi dee satt neey uss noon cummer dey hethan adhrang qarr ditta see. aaoki neey honda naal kamm karna jaari rakkhiaa haii, jiss naal unhan noon apahjan laee kaaran vikast curran witch madad millie haii. uh grand prix resaran, nobuatsu atey haruchika aaoki daa bharaa haii. aaoki firr toon motor sports witch shamal hoow giaa haii. vishesh taur utte sodhe hoye 4-wheel drive vaahanan dee varton karde hoye, uh kaee karaas contry railiaan witch shamal rahey hunn, khaas karke dakaar raili, jaguaar aaee-space atrophy atey eshia karaas contry raili. 10 julai 2019 noon, uss neey team honda dream see. bee. aar. 1000 suzuka 8 ghante dee masheen utte ikk test ryde keeti. 2021 witch, aaoki neey fredrik souset dee srt 41 team dey hisse vajon leey mans 24 ghante dee daud witch hissa liaa.

takumaa aaokee saha grand pricks-stare motorsackle-kreedaayaah jaapanees-deshasya poorwah road-resar asti. saha 1993 tame varshe swasya grand-pricks-vruttijeevanam aarabdhavaan. tatah aarabhy, eokee ityayam vishva-superback-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam spardhaam krutavaan, tasmin shrunkhalaayaam ekam res jitavaan. 1996 tame varshe saha sampoornam japaan-championship-superback-class-chaampiyan-padakam praapnot. saha 1997 tame varshe honden saha grand-pricks-resing-kridaayaam pratyagatavan, 500 sisi-vishva-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam panchamam sthaanam praptva swasya sarvottama-rutum upabhogam akarot. 1998 tame varshe motorsackle-durghatanaa-madhye merudandasya kshatehe karanat saha katibhagasya adhah pakshaghatam praapnot. eokee hondaya saha karyam nirantaram kurvan, vikalaamgaanaam krute vaahanaanaam vikaase sahayyam karoti. saha grand pricks-resar-nobutsu, haruchikaa-eokee cha ityetayoho bhrata asti. eokee punah motorsports madhye samlagnah asti. vishesharoopen parivartitam 4-wheel-drave-vaahanaani upayujya, saha anekeshu cross-contry-ryalishu, visheshatah daakar-railee, jaagvar-aii-space-atrophy, asia-cross-contry-railee ityeteshu bhaagam praapnot. 2019 julai 10 dinaanke, saha hondaa-dream see. bee. aar. 1000 sujukaa 8-avars-masheen iti dale pareekshan-yatram krutavaan. 2021 tame varshe, eokee fredrick-sasset ityasya ityasya dalasya bhagarupena leey-myaans 24-ghantaa-spardhayam spardhat.

daguma aagi grand brics mattaththil motor saikkilgalin japanian munnaal saalai pandhaya veerar aavaar. avar 1993 aam aandil thanathu grand brics vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. muthal, oaeki ulaga superbike saambiyanshippil poattiyittu, antha thodaril oru panthayaththai ventraar. 1996 aam aandil, avar anaitthu jappan saambiyanship superbike classes saambiyanai ventraar. 1997 aam aandil hondaavudan grand brics panthayaththirkuth thirumbinaar, 500 sisi ulaga saambiyanshippil ainthaavathu idaththaip pidiththapoathu thanathu sirantha paruvatthai anubavithaar. 1998 aam aandu motor cycle vibaththil muthukelumbil aerpatta kaayam avarai iduppukku keezhae mudakkivittathu. uunamutrtravarkalukkaana kaarkalai uruvaakka udhavuvathan moolam hondaavudan inainthu oaeki thodarnthu paniyaattri varukiraar. avar grand brics pandhaya veerargalaana noapuvaatchu mattrum haruchika agokiyin cakootharar aavaar. oaeki meendum motor vilaiyaattukalil eedupattullaar. kurippaaga maattriyamaikkappatta 4-sakkara oottunar vaaganangkalaip payanpaduththi, avar pala kurukku naattu paeranigalil eedupattullaar, kurippaaga tucker paerani, jaguar aii-spaces etrophy mattrum asea kurukku naadu paerani. juulai 10,2019 andru, avar hoondaa tream cbr1000 sujuga 8 manii naera iyanththiraththil oru soathanai sawari seithaar. 2021 aam aandil, friederic sassettin srd41 aniyin oru paguthiyaaga lae manes 24 manii naera panthayaththil agoki poattiyittaar.

takuma ayoki grand prix sthaayilo motor saikilla yokka japanese maajee road rayser. athanu 1993loe thana grand prix vruttini praarambhinchaadu. nundi, aaa siriisloo oka resunu geluchukunna prapancha superbike chhampiyanshiplo pootii paddadu. 1996loe, athanu aall japan championship superbike class champiyanga nilichaadu. athanu 1997loe honda thoo grand prix racing kuu tirigi vacchaadu, 500 sisi prapancha chhampiyanshiplo aidava sthaanamlo nilichinappudu thana uttama seejannu aasvaadinchaadu. 1998loe jarigina motorusaikil pramaadamloo vennemukaku gaayam kaavadamtho nadumu kinda pakshavaataaniki gurayyadu. vikalaangula kosam kaarlanu abhivruddhi cheyadamlo sahaayapadutuu, ayoki, hondaatho kalisi panicheyadam konasaaginchindi. athanu grand prix resarlu, nobutsu mariyu haruchika ayoki sodarudu. ayoki mallee motorsportslo palgonnadu. pratyaekamgaa savarinchina 4-wheel drive vahanalanu upayoginchi, athanu aneka cross country rallylalo palgonnadu, mukhyamgaa docker ryali, jagwar ii-space etrophy mariyu asea cross country ryali. 2019 juulai 10naa, athanu honda dream cbr1000 suzuka 8 gantala yantramlo test raid teesukunnadu. 2021loe, frederic sasset yokka srt41 jattulo bhaagamgaa la mans 24 gantala resulo akoki pootii paddadu.

takma aawki grend perks satah parr motor cyclon kaa eek japani saabiq road recer hay. inhon nay apnay grend perks carrier kaa aaghaz 1993 mein kiyaa. say aawki nay aalimi spir bike champine ship mein hasah liyaa iss seerez mein eek rees jeeti. 1996 mein inhon nay aal japaan champine ship spir bike klaas champine ship jeeti. wah 1997 mein honda kay saath grend perks resing mein waps aayey jabb wah 500 see see aalimi champine ship mein panchwen number parr rahay tuu apnay behtareen seezan say lataf andoz hoay. 1998 kay motor cycle haadise mein reedh kii huddy mein choot lagnay say wah kamar kay neechey mafluj how gayey. aawki nay honda kay saath kaam jaari rakhaa hay jiss say inhein maazur afraad kay liye kaarein tayaar karnay mein madad milly hay. wah grend perks recers nobuatsu aur harochika aawki kaa bhayee hay. aawki eek baar phir motor sports mein shaamil how gayaa hay. khaas toor parr tarmim shadah 4 waheel drive gaadiyon kaa istemaal kartay huay wah behat see karaas kantri railiyon mein shaamil rahay haine khaas toor parr dakaar raili jagwar aayee-spees airofi aur aishya karaas kantri reeli. 10 jolayi 2019 cow inhon nay team honda dream see bee aar 1000 sozoka 8 ghantay kii masheen parr test ryde kii. 2021 mein aawki nay frederk saast kii aiss aar tye 41 team kay hasay kay toor parr lee menz 24 ghantay kii dodh mein hasah liyaa.

0004040e76ef54ab75e1aecbb2d38184ebb63a039eb2e9dd985b2b4aa3ae80b7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20287633

Popeseye steak

Popeseye steak Popeseye steak is thinly sliced rump steak, originating in Scotland. Etymology. The etymology of the term "popeseye steak" is twofold: Butchery. One first begins with a cut of rump steak. Then, thinly slice the rump steak across the widest face of the rump steak (shown as the top of the steak in the illustration). Slice width varies; one Scotch Beef butcher sells slices that "typically weigh around 6oz" each. Characteristics. Popeseye steak is very tender, and, due to its relative thinness compared to other steaks, cooks quickly, particularly if used as a pan frying steak. Cooking of this cut should stop as soon as it is brown on each side. Food preparation. These steaks can be enjoyed as follows: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

popesai stick popesai stick hoise scotlandot utpotti huwa patolbhabe kotaa rump stick. byutpotti. popesai stick" xobdotur byutpotti dugunoh korar kaam. prothome rump stick kaati aarombho koraa hoy. taar pisot, rump sticktu rump stickor bohol mukhor uporere patolkoi kotauk (sitrot stickor uporot dekhuuwa hoise). tukurar prostho beleg beleg hoy; ejon scoch gumangxo kochare proityektu "xadharonote pray 6 oh" jo ujonor "tukura bikri kore. boixistyoxomuh. popesai stick oti kumol, aaru onyanyo stickor tulnat iyar aapekhyik paatol huwar baabe, drutogotit rondha hoy, bixexkoi jodi penn frying stick hisape byobohar koraa hoy. ei kotatu duyufale badami huwar loge loge rondha bondho koribo laage. khadyo prostut koraa. ei stickbur tolot diya dhorone upobhug koribo paarih

popsei stick popesi stick holl scotlande utponno ekti patla kaata rump stick. byutpatti. popesi stick" shobdotir byutpatti dwigunoh kasaikhana. prothome ekti rump stick kaata diye shuru hoy. tarpor, rump sticker proshostotomo mukh judey rump stickti patlabhabe ketey felun (chitre sticker sheersho hisabe dekhano hoyeche). tukro prostho poribortito hoy; ekjon scotch gorur mangs kosai tukro bikri korey jaa "sadharonoto pray 6 ounce ozon" korey. baisishtya. popsai stick khub komal, ebong anyanno sticker tulna tulonamulokbhabe patla howar karone, druto ranna hoy, bishesh korey jodi pyana frying stick hisabe byabohar koraa hoy. eyi kaata rannati ubhoy paashe badami howar saathe saathe bondho koraa uchito. khabar prostuti. eyi stickguli nimnarup upobhog koraa jete paareh

popsey stick popsey stick paatala kapela rump stick chhe, jeey skotlendmaa udbhave chhe. vyutpatti. popsey stick" shabdni vyutpatti beey ganee chheh kasai. pratham aek rump steakna katthi sharoo thaay chhe. pachhi, rump steakna sauthee paholaa chahera parr rump steakne paatala kaapo (chitramaa stickni toach tareeke darshaavel chhe). sliceni paholai badalaay chhe; aek scoach gomaansnu kasai darek slicene veche chhe jenu vajan "saamanya reete lagbhag 6 auns" hoya chhe. lakshaniktao. popsi stick khoob jaj komal hoya chhe, aneey anya stickni sarkhaamanimaa tenaa pramanma paatala hovaane kaarane, zadapthi randhvama aave chhe, khaas kareene jooe teno upyog payne frying stick tareeke thaay. aaa katnee rasoi darek bajuae kaththai rangnee thaay teey jaldi bundh thavee joiae. khoraaknee taiyari. aaa steaksno aanand neeche mujab laee shakaay chheh

popsi steak popsi steak ack patali cutty hui rump steak haye, joe scotland mein utpann hoti haye. vyutpatti. popsi steak" shabd kii vyutpatti dou gunaa haih kasai. sabse pahale ack rump steak key cutt key saath shuru hotaa haye. phir, rump steak koo rump steak key sabse chaude chehare parr bareek kaat lein (chitran mein steak key sheersh key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye). tukade kii chaudaai alag-alag hoti haye; ack scotch gomans kasai aise tukade bechata haye jinka vajan aamtaur parr lagbhag 6 auns hotaa haye. visheshataaen. popsi steak bahut komal hotaa haye, aur anya steak kii tulanaa mein isake apekshaakrit patale honey key kaaran, jaldi pakaata haye, vishesh roop seey yadi paine talane vaale steak key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. iss cutt koo donon taraf bhura honey parr pakana bund curr denaa chaahiye. bhojan kii taiyari. inn steak kaa anand nimnanusar liya jaa sakata haih

popsey steak popesei steak scotlandnalli huttuva teluvaagi kattarisida rump steak aagide. vyutpatti. popesei steak" emba padada vyutpattiyu eradu pattuh kasaikhane. modalaneyadu rump steakna katninda praarambhavaaguttade. nantara, rump steakna agalavaada mukhada mele rump steak annu teluvaagi kattarisi (drashtaantadalli steakna melbhaagavaagi torisalaagide). slies agalavu badalaaguttade; ondu scotch gomamsa kasaikhaneyu "samanyavagi sumaru 6 ouns tooka" iruva sliesgalannu marata maaduttade. gunalakshanagalu. popesoy steak tumba mruduvaagiruttade, mattu itara steekgalige holisidare adara tulanaatmakavaagi teluvaada kaarana, tvaritavagi aduge maaduttade, visheshavaagi pyaan fraing steak aagi balasidare. ee kattarisida padaarthavu eradoo badigalli kandu bannakke banda takshana adannu beyisuvudannu nillisabeku. aahara tayaarike. ee steakgalannu ee kelaginante anandisabahudu

popsei steak popasi steak haah skotlandmadhye ugam pavalela patal kapalela rump steak aahe. vyutpatti. popsei steak' yaa shabdachi vyutpatti duppat aaheh kattal. pratham eka rump steakchya kapane suru hote. tyanantar, rump steakchya rund rund rump steakche bareek tukade qaraa (chitrat steakchya varchya bhagapramane dakhavale aahe). tukadyachi rundi badalate; eka scotch gomans kasai pratyeki "sadharanpane sumare 6 auns vajanache" tukade vikato. vaishishtye. popasi steak khoop mauu asate aanee itar stickchya tulanet tyachya tulanene patalpanamule, visheshtah panne talanyache steak mhanoon vaparlyas, too patkan shijato. donhi bajunna tapkiri rung yetach haah kaap shijavane thambavale pahije. ann tayar karane. yaa stickcha anand khalilpramane gheta yeilah

popsei stick popesi stick patlo rupma katieko rump stick how, jasko utpatti scotlandma hunchha. wyutpatti. popesi stick" shabdako wyutpatti dui guna chhah kasai. pahilo rump sticko katabata suru hunchha. tyasapachhi, rump sticko chauda anuharma rump sticklai patlo rupma katnuhos (chitranma sticko mathiko rupma dekhaieko chha). tukra chaudai farak hunchha; ek scutch gomans kasaile pratyek "samanyataya lagbhag 6 aunsa taul" bhaeka tukra bechcha. wisheshtaharu. popsei stick dherai komal hunchha, rar, anya stickharuko tulanama yasako sapeksha patalopanka karan, chhito pakaunchha, vishesh gari yadi pyan frying sticko rupma prayog gariyo bhane. yo katko pratyek chheuma khairo bhaesangai pakaunu banda garnuparchha. khana tayari. yee stickharu nimnanusar ramailo garna sakinchhah

popesie stick papesie stick heuchhi skatalyandaru utpanna hoithiba patala kataa rump stick . byutpatti. popesie stick" shabdar byutpatti duigunah kasai. prathame eka rump stick katiba sahita arambha hue . taa 'parey, rump stickra prasastatama muhn upare rump stikaku patala bhabare kaati diantu (chitranare stickra shirsha bhabare darshajaichhi) . khander osara bhinna bhinna hoithae; jane scutch gomansa kasai pratyeka khanda bikri karanti jahara ojana sadharanatah praiah 6anja hoithae. baisistya. papesie stick atyanta komal, ebong anya stick tulanare ehara apekhyakruta patalapana hetu, shighra roshei kare, bisesh curry jadi eka paan phraing stick bhabare byabahruta hue . ehi kataa ubhaja parsware badami heba matre roshei banda kariba uchit . khadya prastuti. ehi stikgudiku nimnamate upavoga karajaiparibaha

popsy steak popsy steak ikk patli katti hoee rump steak haii, joe scotland witch utpan hundi haii. shabdawali. popsy steak" shabad dee shabdawali doou gunna haiyav katal. sabh toon pahilan ikk rump steak dey kattan naal shuru hunda haii. firr, rump steak dey sabh toon chaude chihre utte rump stick noon patle tukde crow (chittar witch stick dey sikhar vajon dikhaiaa giaa haii). tukde dee chaudai vakkhari hundi haii; ikk scotch beef kasai tukde vechda haii joe "aam taur 'teey lagbhag 6 auns bhaar" hunde hunn. visheshtavan. popsy steak bahut komal hunda haii, atey, horr steak dey mukabale iss dey tulnatmak patlepan dey caarn, tezi naal pakaunda haii, khaskar jey paen frying steak vajon vartiaa jaanda haii. iss katt noon khaana khaana jiven hii doven paase bhura hoow jaave, bnd qarr denna chahida haii. bhojan dee tiaari. ihanan steakan daa anand heth likhe anusar liaa jaa sakda haiyav

popesi steak popesi-steak iti scatland-deshe utpadyamaanah patitah ramp-steak asti. vyutpattih. popesi steak" iti padasya vyutpattih dwigunitaa asti. karshanm. prathame ramp-steak-krutyaa arabhyate. tatah, ramp-steak ityasya vistrutatamam mukham paritah ramp-steak ityasya patalam khandayatu (drushtaante steak ityasya upari bhaagam darshitam). khandasya vistaarah bhinnah bhavati; ekaha skaach-gomamsa-kasaai "samanyataya praayah 6 auns-bhaarayuktaah" khandaan vikrete. lakshanani. popesi-steak ateeva komalah bhavati, anyaih steaks-ityasya apekshayaa sapeksha-patanaroopen, sheeghram pakam karoti, visheshatah yadi paan-fraiying-steak-rupena upayujyate. asya ksharanasya paakah pratyekam paarshvam godhoomawarnah bhavati chet eva sthagayet. bhojanasya tayaaree. ete stik ityetaani nimnalikhitaah rupena aasvaadayitum shakyante.

popsiae steak popsaai steak enbathu scatlandil thoantriya melliya thundugalaaga vettapatta rump steak aagum. sorpirappiyal. bobsay steak" endra sollin sorpirappiyal irandu madangu kasaappu. ondru muthalil oru rump steak vettudan thodangukirathu. pinnar, rump steakin agalamaana mugaththin kurukkae rump steakai melliya thundugalaaga vettavum (vilakkappadaththil steakin mael kaattappattullathu). thundugalin agalam maarupadum; oru scotch maattiraichi kasaappukkadathi "podhuvaaga 6 avunce edaiyulla" thundugalai virkirathu. panbugal. popsy steak migavum menmaiyaanathu, maelum, mattra steakugaludan oppidumpoathu adhan oppeettalavil melliya thanmai kaaranamaaga, viraivaaga samaikkirathu, kurippaaga paan varuththa steakkaagap payanpaduththappattaal. inththa vettu ovvoru pakkaththilum paluppu niramaaga irukkumpoathu samaippathai niruththa vaendum. unavu thayaarippu. inththa steakugalai pinvarumaaru anubavikkalaam

popsy steak papsoy steak anedi scatlandlo udbhavinchina sannaga mukkalu chesina rampu steak. vyutpatti. popsey steak" anae padam yokka vyutpatti rendu retlu kattirimpu. modatidi rampu steak mukkatho praarambhamavutundi. appudu, rampa steak yokka vedalpaina mukham antataa rampa steaknu sannaga mukkalu cheyandi (drushtaamtamlo steak paibhagamga choopabadindi). mukka vedalpu maarutuu untundi; oka scatch goddu maamsam kasai mukkalu "saadhaaranamgaa 6 ounsula baruvu" kaligi untaayi. lakshanaalu. popsy steak chaalaa sunnitamainadi, mariyu itara steaklatho poliste daani saapekshamgaa sannabadatam kaaranamgaa, twaragaa vanta chestundi, mukhyamgaa paan veyinche steakga upayoginchinatlayithe. eee cutt prati vaipu godhuma rangulo unna ventane vanta aapali. aahara tayari. eee steaklanu eee krindi vidhamgaa aasvaadinchavachuhu

paapsi steak paapsi steak patli cutty hoyee rump steak hay jiss kii ibtada scott lend mein hoti hay. siftiyat. paapsi steak" kii astalah kii mushtaqiyat duu ganaa hay: qasaab. sabb say pehley eek rump steak kay cutt say sharoo hotaa hay. pahar rump steak kuu rump steak kay choday tareen chehrey parr barek say cott lain (misaal mein steak kay opri hasay kay toor parr dikhaya gayaa hay). takday kii chodayi mukhtalif hoti hay vovo eek scotch beef qasaab aisey takday farokhat kartaa hay jinn kaa "aam toor parr wazan taqriba 6 auz" hotaa hay. khususiyat. paapsi steak behat naram hotaa hay aur dosray steaks kay muqabilay mein iss kay nasbata patlay honay kii wajah say jaldi paktaa hay khaas toor parr agar peen frying steak kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaaye. iss cutt kuu pakana jeesay hyee donon taraf bhura how jaaye bund kirr deena chahiye. khaaney kii tayari. inn steaks kaa lataf mandarjah zeel tareeqe say uthaya jaa saktaa hay:

0004049a8ca39e5d17391175a0b5974c171880e519daf7fdcbe8ca8f0af9690b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60113441

2019 MEAC men's basketball tournament

2019 MEAC men's basketball tournament <templatestyles src="Standings table start/styles.css" /> The 2019 Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. The tournament was held from March 11 through March 16, 2019 at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk, Virginia. North Carolina Central defeated Norfolk State 50–47 in the championship game to win the tournament, and received the conference's automatic bid to the 2019 NCAA tournament. It was the third consecutive championship for North Carolina Central, and fourth in the last six seasons. Seeds. 11 teams were seeded by record within the conference, with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records. The top four teams received a first round bye. Florida A&M is ineligible for postseason play due to APR violations. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019 sonor komm puruxor busketball protijugita 2019 sonor modhyo-pubo ethletik xonmilon puruxor busketball protijugita aasil modhyo-pubo ethletik xonmilonor baabe poriwexon puruxor busketball protijugita. ei protijugitakhon 11 marchor poraa 16 march, 2019 loike norphuk, bharjiniyar norphuk scopot onusthito hoisil. northo kerulina centrele championswip khelot norphuk rajyo 50-47 koo porasto kori protijugitakhon joy kore, aaru 2019 ncaa protijugitaloi xonmilonor swoyongkriyo nilam laabh kore. eitu northo kerulina centrelor baabe ekerahe tritiyo aaru juwa soita sijonor bhitorot soturtho championswip aasil. beej. xonmilonor bhitorot 11taa dolok obhilekh onuxori basai koraa hoisil, zo "too ekedhoronor xonmilonor obhilekh thoka dolxomuhok taibrekar pronalire basai koraa hoisil. xirxo sarita dole prothom round baai laabh korisil. e. pi. aar. niyom ulonghonor baabe flo "rida e endo em postchison khelor baabe ojugyo.

2019 purushder swalpomaner basketball turnament 2019 saaler modhyo-purbo athletic sommelon purushder basketball turnament chhilo modhyo-purbo athletic sommeloner jonno postsigion purushder basketball turnament. turnamentti 11ee march theke 16ee march, 2019 porjonto norphoke, virgineer norphoke scope-ayee onusthito hoyechilo. championship khelay north carolina central norphoke rajyoke porajito korey turnamentti jitey neyo ebong 2019 ncaa turnamente sommeloner swayankriya darpatra paay. etty north carolina central-err jonno taanaa tritiya championship chhilo ebong goto chhoy morshume choturtho championship chhilo. beej. sommeloner modhye record anujayi 11tii dolke bachhai koraa hoyechilo, jekhane ekoi dharaner sommeloner record soho dolgulike bachhai korar jonno ekti tiebreaker byabostha chhilo. prothom chaar doll prothom roundei biday neyo. florida ayee anned emm april longghoner karone postsigion khelar jonno ajogya.

2019 nee meena basketball tournament tournament madhya-purveey athletic parishad purushoni basketball tournament aee madhya-purveey athletic parishad maateni postsision purushoni basketball tournament hatee. aaa spardhaa 11 maarchthee 16 march, 2019 sudhee virginia norphokma norphoc avkashma yojai hatee. north kerolina centrale tournament jeetva maate championship ramatmaa norphoc raajy 50-47 neey haraavi hatee aneey 2019 NCAA tournament maate parishadni aapoaap bollie praapt curry hatee. teey north kerolina central maate satat triji aneey chhella chh seasonma chothee championship hatee. beej. parishadma 11 teamone reqorda dwara kramaankit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa samaan parishad reqorda dharaavati teamone kramaankit karvaa maate tiebreaker system hatee. tochnee chaar teamone pratham roundma baay malyo hato. florida aee anned aema aee. pii. aar. naa ullanghanne kaarane postsision ramat maate ayogya chhe.

2019 meak purush basketball tournament 2019 kaa madhya-purvi athletic sammelan purushon kaa basketball tournament madhya-purvi athletic sammelan key liye purush basketball tournament thaa. yeh pratiyogita 11 march seey 16 march, 2019 taka virginia key norphoke mein aayojit kii gaee thee. north carolina central ney championship game mein norphoke state 50-47 koo harakar tournament jeetaa, aur 2019 ncaa tournament key liye sammelan kii swachaalit bolly praapt kii. yeh uttari carolina central key liye lagaatar teesari aur pichhale chhah satron mein chauthi championship thee. beej. sammelan key bheetar 11 teams koo record dwara vareeyata dee gaee, jisamen ack samaan sammelan record key saath beej teams key liye ack tiebreaker pranali thee. sheersh chaar teams koo pahale daur mein baaee millie. florida aeye aind aim aeye. pee. aar. key ullanghan key kaaran post season khel key liye ayogya haye.

2019rahra purushara alpa pramanada basketball pandyavali 2019rahra madhya-purva athletic sammelana purushara basketball pandyavaliyu madhya-purva athletic sammelanada nantarada rtumaanada purushara basketball pandyaavaliyaagittu. ee pandyaavaliyannu march 11rinda march 16,2019ravarege varjiniyaada norphocna norphoke vyaaptiyalli nadesalaayitu. uttara kerolina central championship aatadalli norphoke rajyavannu 50-47 solisi pandyaavaliyannu geddukonditu mattu 2019rahra enn. sii. aa. aa. pandyavalige sammelanada svayamchaalita bid annu sweekarisitu. idu uttara kerolina centralge satata moorane championship mattu kaleda aaru rtugalalli nalkane championship aagittu. beejagalu. sammelanadalli daakhaleya prakara 11 tandagalige shreyanka nidalaayitu, onde reetiya sammelanada daakhalegalondige tandagalige taibrekar vyavastheyannu nidalaayitu. agra naalku tandagalu modala suttina bye padediddavu. april ullanghaneyindaagi florida aa & emm nantarada rtumaanada aatakke anarharaagiddaare.

2019 purushanmaarude cheria basketball toornament 2019 midu-eestten athlattik konfarans purushanmaarude basketball toornament midu-eestten athlattik konfaransinaayulla postseesanal purushanmaarude basketball toornamentaayirunnu. 2019 march 11 muthal march 16 vare virjeeniyayile norphokkile norphoc scopylaanu toornament nadannathu. chaambyanshippu geyimil north carolina central norphoc stettu <aii. dii. 1> neey paraajayappeduthi toornament vijayikkukayum 2019 enn. sii. eiii. eiii toornamentilekkulla konfaransinte yaanthrika lelam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. north carolina centralinte thudarchayaaya moonnaamatheyum kazhinja aarr seasonukalil naalaamatheyum chaambyanshippaayirunnu ithu. vithukal. konfaransil 11 teamukale record adisthaanathil seed cheythu, ore konfarans recordukalulla teamukale tiebreaker samvidaanathode seed cheythu. aadya naalu sthaanangalil ethiya teamukalkk aadya raundu bye labhichu. epril lamghanangal kaaranam florida eiii & emm season kaliykku ayogyamaanu.

2019 alpasankhyak purush basketball spardha 2019 chee madhya-purv ethletic parishad purushanchi basketball spardha hii madhya-purv ethletic parishadesathi postsigen purushanchi basketball spardha hotee. hii spardha 11 march teey 16 march 2019 yaa kalavadhit vharjiniyatil norphoke yetheel norphoke skopmadhye aayojit karnyat aalee hotee. uttar carolina centralne ajinkyapad spardhet norphoke rajyala 50-47 harvoon spardha jinkley aanee 2019 ncaa spardhesathi parishadechi svayanchalit boolii prapt kelee. north carolina centralsathi hii salag tisari aanee gelya sahaa hangamatil chauthi ajinkyapad spardha hotee. biya. samaan conferences reecord asalelya seeding sanghansathi tybreaker pranalisah, conferencemadhye 11 sanghanna vikrami manankan denyat aale. pahilya chaar sanghanna pahilya feritil buy midala. florida aii andd emm heey aii. pii. aar. chya ullanghananmule postsigen khelasathi apatra aahe.

2019 purushanka khudra basketball turnament 2019 madhya-purba athletic sammilani purush basketball turnament madhya-purba athletic sammilani paain postsigen purush basketball turnament thila . ehi turnament march 11 ru march 16,2019 parjyanta norphoc, bharjiniaare norphoc skopare anusthita hoithila . uttara carolina central championship khelare norphoc rajya 50-47 ku parasta curry turnament jitithila, ebong 2019 ncaa turnament paain sammilanira swajangkrija bida grahan karithila. ehaa uttara carolina central paain kramagata truteeja championship thila, ebong gata chhaati ruture chaturtha . beeja. sammilani madhyare record dwara 11 tii dalaku manyata diajaithila, samaana sammilani record thiba dalagudiku manyata deba paain eka taibrekar system sahita . shrestha charoti dala pratham roundre bidai grahan karithile. florida aii anded emm apr niam ullanghana karanaru postsigen khela paain ajogya.

2019 purash basketball tournament 2019 daa maddh-purbi athletic conferences purash basketball tournament maddh-purbi athletic conferences laee postseason purash basketball tournament see. ih tournament 11 march toon 16 march, 2019 takk norphok, virginia witch norphok scope witch aayojit keeta giaa see. uttri carolina central neey tournament jittan laee championship game witch norphok raaj noon haraiaa atey 2019 ncaa tournament laee conferences dee automatic bollie prapat keeti. ih uttri carolina central laee lagatar tiji championship see, atey pichle chhe seezanan witch chauthi see. beej. conferences dey ander 11 teaman noon ricard duaara darja ditta giaa see, jiss witch ikko jihe conferences ricard valiaan teaman noon darja denh laee ikk tiebreaker pranali see. choti deeaan chaar teaman noon pahile daur witch baaee millie. florida aii aind aimm aii. pee. aar. dee ulanghna caarn postseason khed laee ayog haii.

2019 makes-purusha-basketball-pratiyogitaa 2019 tamavarshasya madhya-poorva-athletik-sammelanasy purusha-basketball-pratiyogitaa, madhya-poorva-athletik-sammelanasy krute postaseesan-purusha-basketball-pratiyogitaa aasit. maarch 11 taha maarch 16,2019 paryantam virginia-deshasya narphok-nagare narphok-scope-madhye eshaa pratiyogitaa ayojita. uttar-carolina-kendra-kridaayaam narphok-raajyam <aii. dii. 1> parajayya pratiyogitaa-vijayam praapnot, 2019 enn. see. e. e. pratiyogitaayaah krute sammelanasy swayamchaalita-prayatnam api praapnot. uttar-carolina-kendriyasya krute eshaa nirantaram truteeyam, tathaa cha gata-shut-rutushu chaturtham cha pratiyogitaa aasit. beejam. sammelanasy antare 11 dalaani abhilekhadwara seed-krutaani aasan, samaanaih sammelan-abhilekhebhya saha seed-dalanam krute tabreaker-pranaali aasit. shirsha-chaturnam dalanam prathama-charana-bai praaptam. florida e end emm, e. pi. aar.-ityasya ullanghanena postseason-kreedaayaah krute ayogyah asti.

2019 meck aangal koodaippandhu poatti 2019 matthiya kilakku thadagala maanaatil aangal koodaippandhu poatti enbathu matthiya kilakku thadagala maanaatirkaana pinththaiya kaala aangal koodaippandhu poattiyaagum. inthap poatti maarch 11 muthal maarch 16,2019 varai varjeeniyaavin noarpoakkil ulla norbok paguthiyil nadaipettrathu. vadakku carolina central saambiyanship vilaiyaattil norbok maanilatthai 50-47 thoarkadiththu poattiyai ventrathu, maelum 2019 NCAA poattikkaana maanattin thaaniyangi aelaththaip pettrathu. idhu vadakku carolina centralukkaana moontraavathu thodarchchiyaana saambiyanship mattrum kadantha aaru seesangalil naankaavathu saambiyanship aagum. vithaigal. maanaatil 11 anigal pathivu adippadaiyil vithaikkappattana, oray maathiriyaana maanattu pathivukalaik konda anigalukku dye breaker amaippu irunththathu. muthal naanku anigal muthal suttru paii petrtrana. aepral vithimeeralgal kaaranamaaga plorida aee & emm season aattaththirku thaguthiyattrathu.

2019 purushula takkuva sthaayi basketball tornament 2019 madhya-thoorpu athletic conferences purushula basketball tornament anedi madhya-thoorpu athletic conferences kosam post season purushula basketball tornament. eee tornament marchi 11 nundi marchi 16,2019 varaku varjeeniyaaloni norphocloni norphoke paridhiloo jarigindi. uttara carolina central championship aatalo norphoke state 50-47 nuu oodinchi tornamentnu geluchukundi mariyu 2019 NCAA tornamentku conferences yokka automatic bidnu andukundi. idhi uttara carolina central kosam varusaga moodava championship, mariyu gatha aaru seasonlalo naalgavadi. vittanaalu. oke vidhamaina conferences recordulatho kuudina jatlaku taibrekar vyavasthatho 11 jatlanu sadassulo rikaardu prakaram seed chesaaru. modati naalugu jatlu modati round bye andukunnaayi. april ullanghanala kaaranamgaa florida eah & emm post season aataku anarhudu.

2019 meek menz basket baal tornament 2019 kaa wast mashriqi athletic conference mardon kaa basket baal tornament wast mashriqi athletic conference kay liye mardon kaa post seezan basket baal tornament thaa. yaha tornament 11 maarch say 16 maarch 2019 takk norphok warjiniya mein norphok kay dairah kaar mein munaqid hawaa. naarth carolina central nay tornament jeetnay kay liye champine ship gaim mein norphok steat 50-47 kuu shakast dee aur 2019 aine see aey aey tornament kay liye conference kii khudkaar boli haasil kii. yaha naarth carolina central kii muslisil teesri champine ship thee aur pachlay chh seezan mein chothi. beej. conference kay andar 11 teamon kuu record kay lahaaz say seed kiyaa gayaa jiss mein eek jeesay conference record waali teamon kuu seed karnay kay liye tayee breaker system thaa. topp chaar teamon kuu pehley round mein bayee milaa. fluoreda aey aind ayem aey pee aar kii khalaaf warziyon kii wajah say post seezan kheel kay liye naahil hay.

000404e88211d2903c4d2f61f5af239cfbfcc670b69fdf22e571b041c9d87ef6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31777452

North (EP)

North (EP) North is the seventh album by Ego Likeness and is the third in their Compass EP series. It was self-released in 2009 and was available for purchase only at tour locations or through their website. Only 300 copies were pressed and were individually numbered and autographed. According to the official website, the songs are to be rereleased at a later date. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

uttor (ee. pi.) northo hoise ohongro xadrisyor dwara xoptom elbam aaru teulukor compass ee. pi. sringkholar tritiyotu elbam. iyak 2009 sonot swo-mukti diya hoisil aaru kewol bhromonor sthanot baa teulukor websitor joriyote kroyor baabe upolobdho aasil. maatro 300khon kopihe sepi thuwa hoisil aaru byoktigotobhabe nombor diya hoisil aaru swo-swakhyor koraa hoisil. sorkari website onuxori, gitbur pisot punor mukoli koraa hoh 'bob.

uttor (ee. pii) uttor holl ohongkarer sadrishyer saptam album ebong taader compass ee. pii sirijer tritiya album. etty 2009 saale swa-mukti paay ebong shudhumatra bhromoner sthangulite baa taader websiter madhyome kenara jonno upolobdho chhilo. matro 300tii coppy chepe rakha hoyechilo ebong prithokbhabe nambar deoa hoyechilo ebong swakkhar koraa hoyechilo. official website onusare, ganguli porey punra mukti paabe.

uttar (ee. pii.) ahankaarni samaantaa dwara uttar saatmu album chhe aneey temnee hokayantra shreneema triju chhe. teey 2009maan swa-prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey maatra pravaasnaa sthalo parr athavaa temnee website dwara khareedi maate uplabdh hatee. maatra 300 nakalo dabavvama aavee hatee aneey vyaktigat reete kramaankit aneey hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. sattavaar website anusaar, geeto pachhini taarikhe fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavashe.

uttar (ee. pee.) uttar ahankar samaantaa dwara satwan album haye aur unaki compass ee. pee. shrinkhala mein teesara haye. ise 2009 mein swa-jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh kewal paryatan sthaanon parr yaa unaki website key madhyam seey khareedane key liye upalabdh thaa. kewal 300 pratiyaan dabai gaeen aur vyaktigat roop seey kramaankit aur hastaaksharit kii gaeen. aadhikarik website key anusaar, baad mein geeton koo phir seey jaari kiya jaanaa haye.

uttara (ii. pii.) uttaravu ahankaarada holikeya elane album aagide mattu avara kampas aa. pii. saranialli mooraneyadaagide. idu 2009ralli swayam-bidugadeyaayitu mattu pravaasada stalagalalli athawa avara jaalataanada moolaka maatra khareedige labhyavittu. kevala 300 pratigalannu maatra ottalaayitu mattu pratyekavagi sankhyeyannu mattu swaaksharee maadalaayitu. adhikruta jaalataanada prakara, haadugalannu nantarada dinankadandu maru bidugade maadalaaguvudu.

north (ipi) ahankara saadrushyathinte ezhaamathe albavum avarude compass iii. pii. parambarayile moonnaamathe aalbavumaan north. 2009ll svayam puratthirakkiya ithu touur lokkeshanukalilo avarude websaittilo maathrame vaangaan kazhiyoo. 300 koppikal maathrame amarthukayum vyakthigathamayi nambar cheyyukayum autograph cheyyukayum cheythu. audyogika websait anusarichu, pattukal pinneedu veendum puratthirakkum.

uttar (eae. pii.) ahankarachya drushtikonatun uttar haah satva album aahe aanee tyanchya kampas eae. pii. maliketil tisra aahe. 2009 madhye too swayam-prakashit karnyat aala hota aanee keval paryatan sthalanvar kinwa tyanchya sanketsthaladvare kharedisathi upalabdh hota. keval 300 pratee dabalya gelya aanee tyanna vaiyaktikaritya kramank denyat aala aanee swakshari karnyat aalee. adhikrut sanketsthalanusar, nantar ganee punha pradarshit kelee jaatil.

uttar (ipi) uttar ahankarko samanatabata sataun album how rar tiniharuko compass app shringkhalama tesro how. yo sann 2009 maa swa-jaari garieko thiyo rar bhraman sthanharuma wa tiniharuko website marfat matra kharidka lagi upalabdha thiyo. kewal 300 pratilipiharu thichieka thie rar wyaktigat rupma ankit rar autograph garieko thiyo. adhikarik websiteka anusar githaru pachhi punah rilij garine chhan.

uttara (epi) ahankara sadrusha uttara heuchhi saptama album ebong semanankara compass ee. pii. shrunkhalara truteeja. ehaa 2009 ray swajang muktilabha karithila ebong kebala bhraman sthanare kimba semanankara website madhyamare kraiah paain upalabdha thila . kebala 300 kapi dabajaithila ebong byaktigata bhabare nambara ebong swakhyara karajaithila . official website anujai, gitagudika parabarti samajare punarbara muktilabha kariba .

uttar (ee. pee.) uttar ahankar dee samanta duaara sattvin album haii atey uhanan dee compass ee. pee. luddy witch tiji haii. ih 2009 witch sway-jaari keeta giaa see atey siraf tour sathanan jaan unhan dee website raahin kharidan laee upalbadh see. siraf 300 kapiaan dassiaan gaeeaan sunn atey viaktigat taur utte number ditte gaye sunn atey dastkhat keete gaye sunn. adhikarat website dey anusar, gaane baad witch dubara jaari keete jaane hunn.

uttaram (ee. pee.) naart iti aham-sadrushasya saptama-sangrahah asti, teshaam kampaas-ee. pi. shrunkhalaayaah truteeyah cha asti. 2009 tame varshe etat swayam pradarshitam aasit, kevalam paryatansthaleshu vaa teshaam jaalaputasy madhyamena vaa krayanartham upalabhyat. kevalam 300 pratihi eva mudritaah, vyaktigataroopen ankitaah, svakshari cha krutavantah. aadhikaarik-jaalaputasy anusaaram geetaani pashchat punah prakaashyante.

vadakku (eee. pii) vadakku enbathu eekoa poaliyin aezhaavathu aalbamaagum, maelum avarkalin thisaikatti epi thodaril moontraavathu aalbamaagum. idhu 2009 aam aandil suyamaaga veliyidappattathu mattrum suttruppayana idangkalil allathu avarkalin valaiththalam moolam mattumae vaangkuvatharku kidaiththathu. 300 pirathikal mattumae aluththappattu thaniththaniyaaga ennappattu kaiyezhuththidappattana. athikaarappoorva valaiththalaththinpadi, paadalkal pinnar veliyidappadum.

uttara (ii. pii) ahankaaram polikatho north edava album mariyu vaari diksuchi epilo moodavadi. idhi 2009loe sweeya-vidudala cheyabadindi mariyu paryatana pradaesaalaloo ledhaa vaari website dwara matrame konugolu cheyadaaniki andubaatulo undhi. kevalam 300 kaapeelu matrame nokkabaddayi mariyu vyaktigatamgaa sankhyalu mariyu santakam cheyabaddaayi. adhikaarika website prakaram, paatalu taruvaata vidudala cheyabadataayi.

shamaal (ayee pee) naarth anaa kii mashabahat kaa saatwaan album hay aur inn kii compass ayee pee seerez kaa teesra album hay. asay 2009 mein khood release kiyaa gayaa thaa aur yaha sarf torr kay maqamat parr yaa inn kii waib saait kay zariye kharidari kay liye dastiyaab thaa. sarf 300 kaapiyan dabayi gayein aur infiradi toor parr number aur dastakhat kiye gayey. sarkaari waib saait kay mutabiq gaaney baad mein dobarah release kiye jayein gay.

000406b07ae4c761ed0202bceec82b6b3bd92bfa2754399431b01d4e55013d0e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61222864

Freebie and the Bean (TV series)

Freebie and the Bean (TV series) Freebie and the Bean was a short-lived nine-episode American action comedy television series about two off-beat plainclothes police detectives in San Francisco. Based on the 1974 film of the same name, it starred Tom Mason and Héctor Elizondo in the title roles and was broadcast on CBS on Saturday nights at 9:00 PM in December 1980 and January 1981. Reception. The show ran opposite the very popular series "The Love Boat", which overshadowed it in viewer polls. In their book "The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present", authors Tim Brooks and Earle F. Marsh write, "Unfortunately this series was such as mishmash of comedy and drama, slapstick and reality, that it soon sank without a trace. The fact that it was scheduled opposite ABC's "The Love Boat"-which had no trouble defining what "it" wanted to be-probably didn't help." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

freeby endo dyo bean (tibhi dharabahik) freeby endo dyo bean aasil chaan francisokur dujon off-beat plainclus aarokhyi surangsuwar bixoye ek notaa khondor aamerikan ekshyon comedy solositro television dharabahik. 1974 sonor eke naamor solositror uporot aadharito, iyat tomm meson aaru hector elijonduwe xirxok soritrot obhinoy korisil aaru 1980 sonor disembor aaru 1981 sonor january maahot xonibare nixa 9 bojat chi. bi. ess.-too xomprosar koraa hoisil. obhyorthona. ei onusthankhon oti jonopriyo dharabahik "dyo laabh boat" ror biporite solisil, ji dorxokor jonomot xomikhyat iyak saap khaai goisil. teulukor grontho "dyo complete directory tu prime time network endo kebul tibhi swo", 1946-bortoman "too lekhok team brooks aaru aarl ef. marchor mote, "durbhagyojonokbhabe ei sringkholatu comedy aaru naatok, thopri aaru bastobotar mishmasor dore aasil, jitur kunu sinho nothokar baabei ee xunkalei dubo goisil. eitu ebosir "dyo laabh boat" ror biporite nirdharito koraa hoisil-zo 'too "ee" ki hoh "bob bisare xeitu nirdharon korat kunu oxubidha huwa nasil-xombhobotoh xohay koraa nasil."

freeby anned dya binn (tibhi sirij) freeby anned dya binn chhilo shaan franciscote dui off-bitt sadakalo poshaker pulish goendader niye ekti swalpasthayi noy-porber american action comedy cholochchitro television sirij. 1974 saaler ekoi naamer cholochchitro abolambane, etty tomm masson ebong hector elizondoke shironamer bhumikai abhinoy korechilo ebong 1980 saaler december ebong 1981 saaler januaryte shanibar raate 9 taay cbs-ayee somprocharito hoyechilo. abhyarthana. anusthanti khub janapriya sirij "dya laav boat"-err biporite cholechilo, jaa dorshokder joripe etike chhapiye giechilo. dya complete directory too prime time network anned cable tibhi shoe, 1946-bortoman" boitite lekhok team brooks ebong earl eff. marsha likhechen, "durbhagyoboshoto eyi sirijti comedy ebong natok, chada ebong bastobotar mishrer moto chhilo, jey etty shighroi konao chinno chharai dube yaay. etty ebisir "dya laav boat"-err biporite nirdharito hoyechilo-jaar "etty" qee hotey chaay taa sangyayita korte konao samasya hoyney-sombhoboto sahajyo koreni."

freeby anned dhaa biina (tivi shrenee) freeby anned dhaa biina aee saana franciscoma beey off-beat saadaa kapadana police jasuso visheni nava-episodeni american action komedi film television shrenee hatee. aaa jaj naamnee naamnee film parr aadharit, temaa tooma messon aneey hector elizondo mukhya bhoomikama hataa aneey december 1980 aneey january january shanivaarni raatre raatre 9 vaagye cbs parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavee hatee. swaagat. aaa shho khoob jaj lokpreey shrenee "dhaa lava booat" nee saame chaalyo hato, jene tene darshakona sarvekshanmaa chhavai deedho hato. temnaa pustak "dhaa complete directory too prime time network anned cable tivi shho, 1946-vartmaan" maan, lekhako tima brooks aneey earl aef. maarsh lakhe chhe, "kamanaseebe aaa shrenee komedi aneey naatak, thappad aneey vastivaktana mishran jevee hatee, keey teey toonk samayma koee nishan vinaa dooby gaee. hakeekat aee chhe keey teey abcni "dhaa lava booat" nee saame nirdharit karvaamaa aavee hatee-jene "teey" shun banvaa maange chhe teey vyakhyayit karvaamaa koee mushkeli nahoti-kadaach madad curry naa hatee."

freeby aind dha bean (tv shrinkhala) freeby aind dha bean saine francisco mein dou off-beat saade kapadon vaale pulis jasuson key baare mein ack alpakaalik nau-episode vaali americi action comedy film television shrinkhala thee. isi naam kii 1974 kii film parr adharit, isamen tomm messon aur hector elizondo ney sheershak bhoomikaon mein abhinay kiya aur disambar 1980 aur janwari 1981 mein shaniwar kii raat 9 baje cbs parr prasaarit kiya gayaa. swaagat. yeh show bahut lokpriya shrinkhala "dha lava boat" key vipareet chalaa, jisane darshakon key sarvekshanon mein ise dhaka diyaa. apani pustak "dha complete directory too prime time network aind cable tv show, 1946-present" mein, lekhakon ney time brook aur earl aff. marsh likhate hain, "durbhagya seey yeh shrinkhala comedy aur naatak, thappad aur vaastaviktaa kii tarah thee, kii yeh jald hii binaa kissy nishan key doob gaee. yeh tathya kii yeh aeye. bee. see. kii "prem nauka" key vipareet nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa-jise yeh paribhaashit karane mein koee pareshani naheen thee kii "yeh" kyaa honah chaahata thaa-shayed madad naheen kii."

freeby und dhii bean (duradarshana sarani) freeby und dhii bean syaan franciscoda ibbaru off-beat saadaa udupugala police pattedaarara bagge alpavadhiya ombattu-kantugala american auction kamidi chalanachitra duradarshana saraniyagide. 1974rahra adhe hesarina chalanachitravannu aadharisida ee chitradalli tomm mayson mattu hector elizando mukhya patragalalli natisidaru mattu 1980rahra december mattu 1981rahra janavariyalli shaniwara ratri 9 gantege cbsnalli prasaaravaayitu. svaagata. ee kaaryakramavu atyanta janapriya sarani "dhii love boat" naa eduru nadeyitu, idu vikshakara samikshegalalli adannu maremachitu. tamma pustaka "dhii complete directory tuu prime time network und cable tv shogalu, 1946-prastuta" dalli, lekhakaru tim brooks mattu arley eff. marsh bareyuttaare, "duradrushtavashat ee saraniyu haasya mattu nataka, slap stick mattu vaastavada mishrataligalantittu, adhu shighradalle yaavude kuruhugalillade mulugitu. adhu" enannu bayasuttade embudannu vyaakhyaanisalu yaavude tondare illada abc yaya "love boat" naa eduru idannu nigadipadisalaagittu-idu bahushah sahaaya madalilla."

freeby aandu dhaa beane (tivi seerees) saan fraansiskoyile rund oof-beett plaincluth police dittakteevukalekkurichu oru hraswakaala onpathu episodukalulla american aakshan komadi philim television parambarayaayirunnu freeby aandu dhaa beane. 1974ll ithe perilulla chithrathe adisthaanamaakki toom mesan, hector elisondo ennivar taittil rolukalil abhinayicha eee chithram 1980 desemberilum 1981 januvariyilum shaniyazhcha ratri 9 manikk cbsil prakshepanam cheythu. sweekaranam. kaazhchakkaarude votteduppil athine marachuvecha valare janapriyamaaya parambarayaaya "dhii lavu bottinu" ethiraayi eee shhow nadannu. dhii complete directory tuu prime time network aandu cable tivi shokal, 1946-innuvare" enna avarude pusthakatthil, time brooks earle eph. marsh ezhuthunnu, "nirbhagyavashaal eee parambara komadi, naadakam, slaapstikk, reality ennivayude mishmash poleyaayirunnu, athu taamasiyaathe oru soochanayumillaathe mungippoyi. athu" enthaayirikkanamennu nirvachikkunnathil oru prashnavumillaatha abc-yude "lavu bottinu" ethirvashathaanu ithu shedule cheythirunnathu enna vastutha orupakshe sahayichilla."

freeby andd daad bean (durchitravani malika) freeby andd daad bean hii sann franciscomadhil done auph-beat sadhya kapadyanchya polis guptaherambaddalchi nauu bhaganchi alpakalin american action comedy chitrapat durdarshan malika hotee. 1974chya yach navachya chitrapatavar aadharit, yaat tomm messon aanee hector elizondo yanni mukhya bhoomika sakarlya hotya aanee december 1980 aanee janewari 1981 madhye shaniwari ratri 9 vajata see. bii. ess. varr prasarit karnyat aala. swagat. haah karyakram 'daad love boat' yaa atishay lokpriy malikechya viruddha chalala, jyane prekshakanchya sarvekshanat tyacha padada takala. daad complete directory too prime time network andd kebal tv shhow, 1946-sadhya' yaa tyanchya pustakat, lekhak team brooks aanee earl eff. marsh lihitat, "durdaivane hii malika vinodi aanee natak, thappad aanee vastav yanchya mismashsarkhi hotee, jee lavkarach konatyahi khunashivay budali. aii. bii. see. chya 'daad love boat' chya samore teey niyojit hote-jyala 'teey' kaay houu ichchit hote heey paribhashit karnyat konatihi adchan aalee nahee-kadachit madat jhaali nahee."

freeby anned da bean (television shringkhala) freeby anned da binn saan franciscoma dui aff-bitt sada kapadaka prahari jasusiko barema alpakalin nau-episodko americi exon kamedi film television shringkhala thiyo. sann 1974 ko sohi namko chalchitrama adharit, yasama tom mession rar hector elizondole shirshak bhumikama abhinaya gareka thie rar december 1980 rar janawari 1981 maa shanibar raati 9 baje cbsma prasaran garieko thiyo. swagat. yo karyakram dherai lokpriya shringkhala "da labh boat" ko viparitma chaleko thiyo, jasle yasalai darshak sarwekshanma chhaeko thiyo. afno pustak "prime time network rar kebal tivi karyakramharuko purna nirdeshika, 1946-wartaman" maa lekhakharu team brooks rar earl ef. marsh lekhchan, "durbhagyawash yo shringkhala kamedi rar natak, thappad rar wastawiktako mismas jastai thiyo, kii yo chaandai kunai nishan bina nai dubeko thiyo. yo tathya kii yo ebisiko "da labh boat" ko viparitma nirdharit garieko thiyo-jaslai "yo" key huna chahanchha bhanera paribhashit garna kunai samasya thiena-sambhawatah maddat garena."

freeby anded daa binn (tibhi sirij) freeby anded daa binn eka swalpakaleena naaa-episode americae axon kamedi chalachitra television sirij thila jaahaa shaan franciscore dui off-bitt saadaa poshaka police guptacharanka bishajare . 1974 masihar samaana namara chalachitra upare aadharita, ethire tomm mession ebong hector elizondo mukhya bhumikare abhinai karithile ebong december 1980 ebong januari 1981ray shanibara raatire 9taa bele cbsre prasarita hoithila. swagata. ehi shoe ati lokpriya sirij "daa labh boat" rahr bipareetare chalithila, jaahaa darshakanka janmat sangrahare ehaaku chhaiaai deithila . semanankara pustaka "dee complete directory tuu prime time netawarka anded kebul tibhi shoe, 1946-bartamana" ray lekhaka team brooks ebong arley aif. marsh lekhichhanti, "durbhagyabashatah ehi sirij kamedi ebong nataka, chapuda ebong bastabatara mishmash pari thila, jaahaa shighra bina kaunasi chinhare budijaithila . ehaa ebisira "daa labh boat" rahr bipareet digare nirdharita hoithila-jaahaa "ehaa" qa "naa hebaku chahunthila taaha byakhya karibare kaunasi asubidha nathila-sambhabatah sahajya karinathila ."

freeby atey bean (tii. vee. ladiwar) freeby aind dha bean sainn francisco witch doou saada kappde vaale pulis jasusan baare ikk chhoti jihi naun-episode vaali amriki action kamedi film television luddy see. isey naam dee 1974 dee film 'teey adharat, iss witch tomm messon atey hector elizondo neey sirlekh bhumikavan nibhaiaan atey dasambar 1980 atey janwari 1981 witch shanivar raat noon 9 vaje see. bee. aiss.' teey prasarit keeta giaa see. suagat. ih shoa bahut mashur ladiwar "dii lava boat" dey ulat challiaa, jiss neey darshakan dey sarvekhanan witch iss noon chhaiaa qarr ditta. aapni kitaab "prime time network atey cable teevi shoa dee sampuran directory, 1946-varatman" witch, lekhak timm brooks atey aral eff. maarash likhda haii, "badkismati naal ih luddy kamedi atey drama, thappad atey asliat dee mishmesh vargi see, kii ih jaldi hii binan kise nishan dey dubb gaee. ih tatth kii ih aii. bee. see. dee "lava boat" dey ulat nirdharat keeta giaa see-jiss noon ih paribhashit curran witch koee mushkal naheen see kii "ih" qee banna chahunda see-shayed madad naheen keeti."

freeby end da bean (dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa) freeby end da bean iti saanafraansisko-nagarasya apratirodhya-saadaa-vastradhaarinaam aarakshak-anveshakayoho vishaye alpakaalikam nava-prakarana-american-aakshan-kamedi-chalacchitra-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaa aasit. 1974 tame varshe, tathaiva naamnah chalacchitrasya aadhaaren, asmin taam mession, hector elizondo cha mukhyapaatreshu abhyanayt, tathaa 1980 tame varshe december-maase, 1981 tame varshe janavaree-maase cha, shanivaasare raatrih 9 vaadane see. bee. ess. ityatra prasaaritam. sweekaranam. etat pradarshanm "da love boat" iti ati-lokapriy-shrunkhalaayaah viruddham prachalati sma, yat darshaka-sameekshaasu tasya upari aacchaaditam aasit. da complete directory too praim taim network and kebal-tea. vee. shos, 1946-present" iti swapustake lekhakah timm brooks tathaa arle ef. maarsh rait, "durbhagyataya eshaa shrunkhalaa haasyakavitrasya natakasya cha mishranm, thappadasy vaastavikataayaah cha sadrusham aasit, yena saa sheeghramev chihna-vinaa nimajjitaa. e. bee. see. ityasya "da love boat" ityasya viruddham etat niyojitam aasit-yasya "tatt" kim bhavitum icchati iti vyaakhyaam kartum naa samasyaa aasit-sambhawatah tatt naa upakriyata."

freefi andd thii beane (tholaikaatchi thodar) freefi andd thii beane enbathu chaan franciscovil ulla irandu off-beat vetrtru aadai bolees thuppariyum nabarkalaip pattriya kurugiya kaala onbathu aththiyaya america athiradi nagaichchuvai thiraippadath tholaikaatchith thodaraagum. 1974 aam aandu idhae peyaril veliyaana thiraippataththai adippadaiyaagak kondu, daam maesan mattrum hector elisondo aagiyoar mukiya vaedangkalil nadiththa idhu, disambar 1980 mattrum janavari 1981 aam aandugalil sanikkizhamai iravu 9 manikku cps ill oliparappappattathu. varavaerpu. inththa nigazhchchi migavum pirabalamaana thodaraana "thii love poat" kku ethirae oodiyathu, idhu paarvaiyaalarkalin karuththukkanippugalil adhai maraiththathu. thii compleat directory duu piraim time network andd cable divi shose, 1946-tharpoothu varai" endra thangal puththagaththil, aasiriyargal dimm brooks mattrum earl eff. marsh ezhuthukiraar, "thurathirshtavasamaaga inthath thodar nagaichchuvai mattrum naadagam, sappadai mattrum yadhaarththaththin mishmash poantrathu, adhu viraivil endha thadayamum illaamal moozhgiyathu. idhu aepisiyin "kaathal padagu" kku ethirae thittamidappattathu-idhu "adhu" ennavaaga irukka virumbukirathu enbathai varaiyaruppathil endha prachchanaiyum illai-anegamaaga udhavavillai."

freeby und dhi bean (tv syries) freeby und dhi bean anedi shaan franciscoloni iddaru off-beat saadaa dustulu dharinchina pooliisu detectivela gurinchi oka swalpakaalika tommidi-episodela american action comedy film television syries. 1974loe adhe paerutoe vacchina chitram aadhaaramgaa, indulo tomm masson mariyu hector elizondo pradhana paatralalo natinchaaru mariyu december 1980 mariyu janavari 1981loe sanivaaram raatri 9 gantalaku cbs loe prasaram cheyabadindi. swaagatam. eee karyakramam chaalaa prajaadarana pondina syries "dhi love boat" kii edurugaa nadichindi, idhi veekshakula polslo daanini kappivesindi. vaari pustakam "dhi complete directory tuu prime time network und cable tv sholu, 1946-prastutam" loe, rachayitalu tim brooks mariyu erley eff. marsh vraastuu, "duradrushtavasaattu eee syries comedy mariyu drama, slap stick mariyu reality yokka mishmash laaga undhi, adhi ventane jaada lekunda munigipoyindi. idhi ebisi yokka "dhi love boat" kii edurugaa schedule cheyabadindi-idhi "adhi" emi kaavaalanukuntundo nirvachinchadamlo etuvanti ibbandi ledhu-bahusha sahayapadaledu."

faribi aind dee beenn (tye wee seerez) faribi aind dee beenn eek qaleel madti noow aqsaat parr mushtamil americi action comedy film teeli vision seerez thee juu saan francesco mein duu aaf bait saadah kapadon waalay police jasuson kay baaray mein thee. asee naam kii 1974 kii film parr mubni iss mein tomm mession aur hector elizondo nay tytle roles mein kaam kiyaa aur asay see bee aiss parr atwaar kii raaton kuu dasambar 1980 aur januri 1981 mein raat 9 bajay nashar kiyaa gayaa. isteqbaliya. yaha show behat maqbool seerez "dee low boat" kay muqabil chalaa jiss nay nazireen kay sarway mein iss parr saayah ddaal diyaa. apnee kitaab "dee clipt directory tuu prime tyme neet wark aind cable tye wee shoz 1946-present" mein masnafeen tumm broks aur aral aif. maarsh likhtay haine "badqismati say yaha seerez comedy aur dramah thapad aur haqeeqat kii tarah thee kahh yaha jald hyee baghair kasee nashaan kay dob gayee. yaha haqeeqat kahh yaha aey bee see kii "dee low boat" kay saamney sheedol kiyaa gayaa thaa-jiss mein "yaha" kiyaa bunna chahta hay iss kii wazahat karnay mein koyee dushwari nahein thee-shayed iss say madad nahein milly."

000407ff186a5996d1c89957cddcf3097cbf863d43706c8f34ba9ee2e5126dd8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18625159

Muły, Augustów County

Muły, Augustów County Muły is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Płaska, within Augustów County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, close to the border with Belarus. It lies approximately east of Płaska, east of Augustów, and north of the regional capital Białystok. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mule, ogastou county mule hoise uttor-pubo polandor podlasky voivodsipor ogustou countyr bhitorot thoka jimina plaskar proxaxonik jilaar ekhon gaau, jitu belarasor ximantor usorot aase. ee plaskar pray pube, ogastour pube aaru ancholik rajdhani biyastokor uttore owosthito. gaukhonor jonoxongkhya 20 john. proxongo. <bi. aar.>

mull, augusto county mully holl belarusher seemanter kachakachi uttor-purbo polyander podlaski voivodshiper augusto kauntir modhye abosthito jimina plasca proshashonik jelara ekti grama. etty plasker pray purbo dike, augustore purbo dike ebong anchalik rajdhani bialistoker uttore abosthito. gramtir jonosongkha 20 john. reference. <bii. arr>

mulee, ogstove kaauntii mulee aee belarusni sarhadni najik, uttar-purv polendmaa, podlaski voivododshipni ogstove kaauntini andar, jimeena plascana vahivati jeellama aavelu aek gaam chhe. teey plascani lagbhag purvamaa, ogastovni purvamaa aneey praadeshik raajdhaani bialistokni uttarmaa aavelu chhe. aaa gaamnee vastee 20 chhe. sandarbho. <bii. aar.>

mull, augustov county mulli, bellaroos kii seema key karib, uttar-purvi polland mein, podlaski viododshape, augustov county key bheetar, jimna plasca key prashaasnik jile mein ack gaanv haye. yeh plasca key lagbhag poorv mein, augustov key poorv mein aur kshetriya rajdhani bialistoke key uttar mein sthit haye. gaanv kii aabaadi 20 haye. sandarbh. <bee. aar.>

mulli, augustou kaunti muliyu eeshaanya polyandna podlaski voivodeshipna augustou kountiyolage, belarasna gadiya sameepaviruva jimina plaskada aadalitaatmaka jilleyalliruva ondu graamavaagide. idu plaskada purvakke, augustouvina purvakke mattu praadeshika rajadhani bialistachna uttarakke ide. ee gramadalli 20 janasankhye ide. ullekhagalu. <bii. aarr.>

mull, augustov county mulli heey belarusachya simejaval, ishanya polandmadhil podlaski viododeshape yaa augustov countymadhil, jimina plasca yaa prashasakeey jilhyatil eka gaav aahe. heey plaskachya andaje purvela, augustovechya purvela aanee pradeshik rajdhani bialistokchya uttarela aahe. gavachi loksankhya 20 aahe. sandarbh. <bii. aar.>

mully, augustov county mully belarusko simanako najik, uttar-purvi polandko podlasky bhoibhodesipko augustau countybhitra raheko jimina plascako prashasanik jillako euta gaaun how. yo plascako lagbhag purvama, augustoveko purvama rar khetriya rajdhani bialistokko uttarma awasthit chha. gaaunko janasankhya 20 chha. sandarbhaharu. <bra>

muel, agastau county muel heuchhi uttara-purba polander podlasky voivodesip antargata agusto county antargata jimina plasca prashasanika jillara eka gramm, jaahaa bellaroos seema nikatare abasthita. ehaa plascar praiah purbare, augustore purbare ebong anchalika rajdhani biyalistakra uttarare abasthita. ehi gaanra janasankhya 20. sandarbha. <bii. aarr.>

mull, augusto county mulli uttar-purbi poland witch, belarus dee sarhadd dey nede, augusto county, podlasky voivodospish dey ander, jimna plasca dey parshaski zilhe daa ikk pind haii. ih plasca dey lagbhag purab witch, augusto dey purab witch atey khetri rajdhani bialistoke dey uttar witch sathit haii. pind dee aabadi 20 haii. havale. <bee. aar.>

mulli, augustou praantah mulli iti, bellarus-deshasya simayam, podlasky voyododshep-nagarasya agustau-prantasya madhye, jiminaa-plasca-ityasya prashaasanikamandale sthitah ekaha graamah asti. ayam plasca-pradeshasya poorvadishi, augustou-nagarasya poorvadishi, kshetriyarajadhani bialistoke-nagarasya uttardishi cha sthitah asti. asya gramasya janasankhyaa 20 asti. sandarbhah. <bee. aar.>

mulli, augustave kavundi mulli enbathu bellarus ellaikku arugil vadakizhakku poalanthil ulla potlasky voidotiship, augustave kavundikkul ulla jimina plascavin nirvaaga maavattaththil ulla oru kiraamamaagum. idhu plascavukku kizhakkae, augustovukku kizhakkae mattrum piraanthiya thalaynagaraana pialistoakkirku vadakkae amainthullathu. inththa kiraamaththin makkal thogai 20 aagum. kurippugal. <pr>

mulli, agastov county mulli anedi eshaanya polandloni podlasky voyododship looni agastov kounteelooni jimina plasca paripalana jillaalooni oka graamam, idhi bellarus sarihadduku daggaragaa undhi. idhi plascacu thoorpuna, agastovku thoorpuna mariyu praantiiya rajadhani bialistacku uttaraana undhi. eee graamamlo 20 mandhi janabha unnaaru. suuchanalu. <br>

millie agastu county mauli shamaal mashriqi poland mein belars kii sarhad kay qareeb agsto county podlasky viewadship kay andar gamina palsaka kay intezami zalaa kaa eek gaaon hay. yaha plaska kay taqriba mashriq mein agastu kay mashriq mein aur elaqayi darulhukumat bialestok kay shamaal mein waaqa hay. gaaon kii aabadi 20 hay. hawalah jaat. <bee aar>

00040b358bd1088f79293c165fae4ef627ae9ce402ffc215d94febd0841d905a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1051122

Maple Grove, Ontario (ghost town)

Maple Grove, Ontario (ghost town) Ghost town in Ontario, Canada Maple Grove is an underwater ghost town in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is one of Ontario's Lost Villages, which were permanently flooded by the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1958. Families and businesses in Maple Grove were moved by Ontario Hydro to the new town of Long Sault before the seaway construction commenced. On August 10, 1954, prime minister Louis St. Laurent, premier Leslie Frost and various U.S. officials turned the first shovelful of earth in Maple Grove. Jeremiah French came from Vermont and arrived at Maple Grove in 1784. He started out with nothing more than a tiny settlers' cottage which over time expanded into a huge flour and saw mills operation. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

maple grove, ontariu (bhut sohor) maple grove hoise kanadian ontorio "prodexor etaa panir tolot thoka bhut sohor. ee ontorio "ror heruwa gaonxomuhor bhitorot etaa, jibur saint sristir folot sthayibhabe plabito hoisil. 1958 sonot laurence siwe. maple grover poriyal aaru byowoxaybur ontorio "hydro" ror dwara xagoriyo nirman aarombho huwar aagote long sultor notun sohoroloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 1954 sonor 10 aagostot prodhanmontri luis saint. laurent, primiyar lesoli fro 'sto aaru bibhinno eu.ess. bixoyaxokole maple grovot prithibir prothom swovelful ghurai disil. geremia forasi vermontor poraa aahisil aaru 1784 sonot maple grovot uposthito hoisil. teu etaa xoru boxoti sthaponkarir kutitkoi besi eku nokorakoi aarombho korisil ji xomoyor loge loge ek brihot aata aaru korat kolor karjyokolapoloi xomproxarito hoisil.

mappel grove, ontario (bhuter shohor) mappel grove kanadar ontario prodesher ekti joler tolay bhuter shohor. etty ontarior hariye yawa gramgulir modhye ekti, jaa center srishtite sthayibhabe plabito hoyechilo. 1958 saale laurence sioye. mappel upobase poribar ebong byabosaguli somudropothe nirman shuru howar agey ontario hydro dwara deergho solter notun shohore sthanantorito hoyechilo. 1954 saaler 10ee august prodhanmontri lui seenta. laurent, premiere lesley frost ebong bivinno eu.esha. kormokortara mappel grover modhye prithibir prothom belcha chaalu korechilen. geremia farasi vermont theke esechilen ebong 1784 saale mappel grove-ayee esechilen. tini ekti chhoto bosoti sthaponkarider kutir chhada arr kichui diye shuru korenni jaa somoyer saathe saathe ekti bishal moyda ebong korat qala porichalonai prosarito hoyechilo.

maple grove, ontario (bhuteeya nagar) maple grove aee kenedana ontario praantmaa aavelu aek bhuteeya shaher chhe. teey ontariyona khovaayela gaamomaanu aek chhe, jeey sentnee rachanaathi kaayamee dhorane purmaa dooby gayaa hataa. hataa laurence seeve. maple grovemaa parivaaro aneey vyavasaayone dariyai bandhkam sharoo thaay teey pahelaa ontario hydro dwara laambaa soltnaa navaa shaherma khasedvama aavyaa hataa. 10 august, august roj, vadaa pradhaan luis saint. laurent, premiere leslie phrosta aneey viveedh yuu.aesa. adheekarioae maple grovemaa pruthvinaa pratham pavado fervyo. geremia french vermontthi aavyaa hataa aneey aneey maple grove pahonchya hataa. temane aek naana vasaahationaa kuteer sivaay beeju kanee nahee, jeey samay jataa looat aneey lakadani meelona vishaal sanchalanma vistaree gayoo hatoo.

maple grove, ontario (bhoot shahar) maple grove ontario key kanadai praant mein ack paani key neeche bhoot shahar haye. yeh ontario key khoye hue gaanvon mein seey ack haye, joe sthaayi roop seey sent key nirmaan seey baadh mein doob gaye they. 1958 mein laurence seeve. samudri nirmaan shuru honey seey pahale maple grove mein parivaaron aur vyavsaayon koo ontario hydro dwara lambe sult key nae shahar mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 10 agast, 1954 koo pradhaanmantri luis sent. laurent, premiere leslie frost aur vibhinn yuu.aiss. adhikaariyon ney maple grove mein prithvi key pahale faavade koo badal diyaa. geremia french vermont seey aaya aur 1784 mein maple grove mein aaya. usane ack chhote seey basane vaalon kii kuteer key alawa kuchh naheen shuru kiya joe samay key saath ack vishal aataa aur aaraa milon key sanchaalan mein vistaarit huaa.

maypal grove, ontario (preta pattana) maypal grove kenadaada ontario praantyadalliruva nirolagina preta pattanavagide. idu ontaariyoda kaleduhoda halligalli ondaagide, idu saint rachaneyinda shaashvatavaagi pravaahakke olagaagide. olagaagide laurence seeve. maypal totadalliruva kutumbagalu mattu vyavahaaragalannu ontario hydro samudrada nirmaana praarambhavaaguva modalu long salt naa hosa pattanakke sthalaantarisitu. august 10,1954 randu, pradhana mantri louis saint. laurent, premiere lessie fraast mattu vividha yuu.ess. adhikaarigalu maypal totadalli bhumiya modala salikegalannu tirugisidaru. geremia french varmontninda bandu bandu maypal totakke agamisidaru. avaru ondu sanna vasaahatugaarara kuteerakkinta hecchenoo illade praarambhisidaru, idu kaalaanantaradalli dodda hittu mattu marada giranigala karyacharaneyagi vistarisitu.

maple grove, ontaariyo (prethnagaram) kaanadayile ontaariyo pravishyayile oru vellathinadiyilulla prethanagaramaanu maple grove. ontaariyoyile nashtappetta graamangalilonnaanith, sent srishtichu sthiramaayi vellapokkam undaayi. 1958ll laurence seaway. kadal nirmmaanam aarambhikkunnathin munbu maple grovile kudumbangaleyum bisinasukaleyum ontaariyo hydro puthiya neelam koodiya nagaratthilekku maatti. 1954 august 10nuu luis sent. laurent, premiier lessie phrost, vividha yuu.ezz. udyogasthar maple thoppil bhoomiyude aadyathe shelfel maatti. vermontil ninnu vanna jeramiah franch 1784-ll maple grovil ethi. kaalakramena oru valia maavum zoo millukalum pravarthanatthilekku vyapippicha oru cheria kudiyettakkaarude kudilallathe mattonnumillathe addeham aarambhichu.

maple grove, auntario (bhoot shahar) maple grove heey canadachya auntario prantatil panyakhalil bhoot shahar aahe. heey ontariyochya haravalelya gavanpaiki eka aahe, jeey sentchya nirmitimule kayamche purgrast jhaale hote. 1958 madhye laurence seeve. samudratil bandhkam suru honyapurvi maple upavanatil kutumbe aanee vyavasay auntario hydrodware lamb pallyachya naveen shaharat halavanyat aale hote. 10 august 1954 roji pantpradhan louis seent. laurent, premiere lesley frost aanee vividh yuu.ess. adhikaanyaanee mepalachya upavanat pruthvicha pahila favada firavala. geremia french vermontmadhun aala aanee 1784 madhye maple grovemadhye aala. tyane eka chhotya vasahatinpasun suruvat kelee jee kalantarane eka mothya peeth aanee aaraa girnyanchya karyat vistarli.

maple grobh, ontario (bhut sahar) maple grobh ontarioko canadali prantako euta panimuni bhut sahar how. yo ontarioko haraeko gaaunharu madhye ek how, june sthayi rupma centko sirjanabata badhi aeko thiyo. sann 1958 maa lawrence siwe. samudri nirman suru hunuaghi maple grobhka pariwar rar wyawasayaharulai ontario hydrodwara lamo sultko nayan saharma sarieko thiyo. august 10,1954 maa, pradhanmantri luis cent. lawrent, premiere leslie frust rar vibhinna yu.ess. adhikariharule maple grobhma prithwiko pahilo beluka paal palera die. geremia french vermontbata aeka thie rar sann 1784 maa maple grobhma aipuge. unle euta sano basobas garneharuko kutira bahek aru kehibata suru garenan june samayasangai thulo pitho rar karat milharuko sanchalanma wistar bhayo.

maple grobh, ontario (bhuta sahara) maple grobh heuchhi kanadara ontario pradeshar eka bhutala bhuta sahara. ehaa ontariora hozzy jaithiba gramagudika madhyaru gotie, jaahaa centre srusti dwara sthajee bhabe plabita hoithila. 1958 masihare lawrence siwe. samudra path nirmana arambha heba purbaru maple grobh rahr paribara ebong byabasajaku ontario hydro dwara dirgha sulter nutan saharaku sthanantarita karajaithila . august 10,1954 ray, pradhanamantri louis cent. laurent, premiyara leslie frust ebong bibhinna jayu.ess. adhikarimane maple grobh ray pruthibira pratham belcha badalaithile . geremia french bharmantaru aasithile ebong 1784 masihare maple grobh pahanchithile. shay eka chhot basati sthapanakareenka kuteera byatita aau kichhi arambha karinathile jaahaa samai sahita eka bishala aataa ebong karata kalare prasarita hoithila .

maple grove, ontario (bhoot shehar) maple grove canada dey ontario soobe witch ikk bhoot shehar haii. ih ontario dey gumm hoye pindan vicchon ikk haii, joe cent dee sirjana naal pakke taur 'teey hadah aaa gaye sunn. 1958 witch laurence samundari jahaz. samundari nirman shuru honn toon pahilan maple grove witch parivaran atey karobaran noon ontario hydro duaara lambe sult dey navein shehar witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. 10 agast, 1954 noon pardhan mantri luis cent. laurent, premiere leslie frost atey vakkh-vakkh yuu.aiss. adhikariaan neey maple grove witch dharti daa pahila fawda badliaa. jeremaiah franch vermont toon aaiaa see atey 1784 witch maple grove pahunchiaa see. usne ikk chhote vasnikan dey kuteer toon ilava horr kujh naheen keeta joe samein dey naal ikk vishal aataa atey aaraa millan dey sanchalan witch fail giaa.

maple grove, ontario (bhutanagaram) maple-grove iti kenadaadeshasy ontario-prantasya jalasya adhah bhutanagaram asti. eshah ontario-rajyasya nashta-graameshu anyatamah asti, yat sent-ityasya nirmanena sthayirupena jalaplaawitah aasit. 1958 tame varshe laurence see-ve iti. samudrasya nirmanasya arambhat poorvam maple-upavanasya parivaaraah, vyavasaayaah cha ontario-jala-vyavasthayaa deergha-salt-nagarasya nootanam nagaram prati sthaanaantaritaah aasan. 1954 august 10 dinaanke, pradhaanamantri louis sent. laurent, premiyar lezley frast tathaa vividhah yu.ess. adhikaarinah maple-grove-madhye pruthivyaah prathamam shelful-kshetram parivartayan. geremia french-deshiyaa vermant-nagaraat aagaty 1784 tame varshe maple-grav-nagaram praapnot. saha laghuvasinam kutiraat param anyat kimapi naa prarabhata, yat kalantare vishaalam pishtam tathaa saa-mill-ityasya karyam yaavat vistaaritam.

maple thoappu, onrariyoa (paei nagaram) maple thoappu enbathu kanadaavin onrariyoa maagaanaththil ulla oru neerukkadiyil ulla paei nagaram aagum. idhu onraariyoavin ilanththa kiraamangalil ontraakum, avai saint uruvaakkam kaaranamaaga nirantharamaaga vellaththil moozhkiyullana. 1958 ill laurence kadal. maple thoappil ulla kudumbangal mattrum vanigangkal kadal kattumanam thodanguvatharku munbu onrariyoa hydroo moolam neenda salt konda puthiya nagaraththirku maattrappattana. august 10,1954 andru, pirathamar luis saint. laurent, premiier lesley frost mattrum palvaeru yuu.ess. athikaarikal maple thoappil poomiyin muthal manvetti maattrinar. geremia pirenchu vermaandil irunthu 1784 aam aandil maple thoppukku vanthaar. avar oru siriya kudiyaeriyavargalin kudisaiyaith thavira vaerontraiyum thodangavillai, idhu kaalappoakkil oru periya maavu mattrum marathool aalaikalin seyalpaadaaga virivadainththathu.

mapul grove, antario (deyyam pattanam) mapul grove anedi kenadian provins off antarioloni neeti aduguna unna deyyam pattanam. idhi antarioloni kolpoyina gramalalo okati, ivi seyint yokka srushti dwara saasvatamgaa varadalu paddayi. paddayi laurence seeve. mapul thotaloni kutumbaalu mariyu vyapaaraalanu samudrateera nirmaanam praarambhamayye mundu antario hydro dwara podavaina salt yokka kotta pattanaaniki marcharu. aagashtu 10,1954naa, pradhana mantri luis seyint. laurent, premiere lessie fraast mariyu vividha yuu.ess. adhikarulu mapul thotalo bhoomi yokka modati paaranu marcharu. geremia french vermont nundi vacchi vacchi mapul thotaku vacchaadu. athanu oka chinna sthiranivaasula kuteeramtho praarambhinchaadu, idhi kalakramena bhaarii pindi mariyu rampapu millula karyakalapamga vistarinchindi.

mepal grove oontario (bhoot shehar) mepal grove canada kay oontario soobay mein zeer aab eek bhoot qasbah hay. yaha oontario kay gumshidah dehaton mein say eek hay juu sent kii takhliq say mustaqil toor parr sailaab mein dob gayey thay. 1958 mein larns see way. mepal baagh mein khandanon aur karobaron kuu samandari tameer sharoo honay say pehley oontario hydro kay zariye laang saalt kay nayey shehar mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. 10 agast 1954 kuu wazeer aizam lois sent. laarant premier lesli frust aur mukhtalif yuu.aiss. hakaam nay mepal kay baagh mein zameen kaa pehla belcha moad diyaa. gerimia francisi warmont say aayee aur 1784 mein mepal grove pahunchi. iss nay eek chhotay say aabaad kaaron kay cottage kay elawah aur kachh nahein kay saath sharoaat kii juu waqat kay saath eek behat baday aatay aur aatay kii milon kay operation mein phail gayee.

00041125ed542fae7fda48c4b9fe78a2135f5ccf36cada2c680e6c39d23965e6

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=473636

korma

korma English. Etymology. From Turkic, likely (deverbal of ), via and . Ingrian. Etymology. Borrowed from .

kurma ingraji. byutpotti. turkeer poraa, xombhobotoh (debharbalor), aarur joriyote. ingrian. byutpotti. taar poraa rino luwa.

korma ingrezi. byutpatti. turkey theke, sombhoboto (err deverbal), madhyome ebong. ingrian. byutpatti. theke dhaar neoa.

kormaa angreji. vyutpatti. turkimathi, sambhavatah (shabdshah), maarfate aneey. ingriyan. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu.

korma angrezi. vyutpatti. turkey seey, sambhavatah (key vikaarniya), key madhyam seey aur. ingrian. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya.

corma inglish. vyutpatti. tarkiyinda, bahushah (deverbal off), moolaka mattu. ingriyan. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene.

corma engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. turkkiyil ninnu, saadhyathayulla (deverbal oof), vazhi aandu. ingriyaan. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam vaangi.

korma ingraji. vyutpatti. turkipasoon, bahudha (shabdasha), dware aanee. ingrian. vyutpatti. tyanchyakadun karj ghetale.

korma angreji. wyutpatti. tarkibata, sambhawatah (डेभrar्बलको), marfat rar. ingren. wyutpatti. batt rina lieko how.

korama ingraji. byutpatti. turkeeru, sambhabatah (deverbal off), madhyamare ebong. ingreen. byutpatti. thaaru runa.

corma angrezi. shabdawali. turki toon, sambhav taur utte (deverbal), duaara atey. ingrian. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa.

koramaa anglabhashayam. vyutpattih. turki-taha, sambhawatah (deverbal-aaf), dwara tathaa. ingren. vyutpattih. runam cha.

corma aangkilam. sorpirappiyal. thurukkiyilirunthu, anegamaaga (deverball off), vazhiyaaga mattrum. increan. sorpirappiyal. cuddon vaankinaar.

corma aanglam. vyutpatti. turkic nundi, bahusha (deverbal off), dwara mariyu. ingrian. vyutpatti. nundi runam teesukunnaru.

korma angrezi. siftiyat. turk say mamkanah toor parr (kaa deverble)yee kay zariye aur. angreen. siftiyat. say qarz liyaa.

00041395683fd03530b1a12049a4da591d7ec7b673af6d7e683c392b67b4e059

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37396558

Philip True

Philip True American journalist Philip True (18 June 1948 – 16 December 1998) was an American foreign correspondent in Mexico City, Mexico for the "San Antonio Express-News". While on a ten-day, 65-mile trek to learn about the Huichol people in the southern Sierra Madre Occidental, Jalisco, True was murdered. True was the first American journalist to be murdered in Mexico in modern times. Early history. Philip True was from San Fernando, California, and he attended both the Los Angeles Valley College and the University of California, Irvine, where he graduated in 1970. After college he was a dock worker and union representative, as well as a drywaller. While in his forties, True became a journalist, first for the "Brownsville Herald" in 1990 and then for the "San Antonio Express-News" after 1992. As a reporter for the "San Antonio Express-News", he had worked the Laredo bureau and then became its correspondent in Mexico City, Mexico. His most notable works of journalism were his coverage of the Chiapas conflict and Pope John Paul II's visit to Cuba in January 1998. Philip and Martha True were married for 7 years and had lived in Mexico City since 1996. Martha, a native Mexican from Matamoros, worked as the head of a nonprofit environmental agency in Mexico City. When True traveled to learn more about the Huichol Indians, Martha was four months pregnant with their first child. The couple had one son, Teo. Disappearance and death. Philip True had been a correspondent for "San Antonio Express-News" in Mexico City for three years in Mexico City. He twice tried to convince his editor to let him pursue a story about the Huichol Indians, who lived in a settlement in the Sierra Madre. After reviewing the idea, Fred Bonativa turned it down, and so True decided to work on it during his vacation time. True planned a ten-day trip that would take him through the state of Jalisco to Nayarit state. He started his journey 1 December 1998 in Tuxpan, Jalisco, was last seen 4 December in Chalmotita, Jalisco, and his wife reported him missing on 10 December. After the initial search for True failed, Robert Rivard, editor of the "San Antonio Express-News", convinced the President's office to commit resources to the search and afterward the missing person announcement was widely publicized. Margarito Díaz, a Huichol hunter, announced he had found a body and guided the party to the site. The Mexican army located True's corpse 16 December 1998 inside a 330-foot deep mountain ravine in the Chapalagana Canyon (Translated from Huichol: "Canyon of the Twisted Serpent') on the Jalisco-Nayarit border. True's corpse had been moved between the time Díaz first spotted it and the arrival of the search part. The corpse was found in his sleeping bag alongside a river and was covered in dirt with his neck wrapped with his bandanna. At first, the media reported True had accidentally fallen into the ravine, but Jalisco's coroner told Televisa network news that the autopsy indicated True had been murdered. Investigations. The investigations focused on Juan Chivarra de la Cruz, 28, and Miguel Hernandez de la Cruz, 24, two men of Huichol heritage who were brothers-in-law. After the arrest, the two confessed, but would later recant, initially saying they had killed True for taking unauthorized photographs or that he had trespassed on Huichol lands or that he had shown disrespect to their relatives. The first of the two autopsies performed on True in Jalisco, Mexico revealed that he was strangled with his own bandanna. The autopsy further revealed signs of torture, which was inconsistent with the confession. The autopsy also uncovered signs that he had been bludgeoned perhaps with a stick. Cuts and bruises all over True's arms could have indicated torture or some kind of defensive wounds. The report concluded that True was dead before he ended up in the deep ravine. The second autopsy was performed in Mexico City where an FBI forensics expert was to observe the autopsy. Toxicology reports showed that True had a higher than normal blood alcohol level at the time of his death and detected trace amounts of aminovalerico, which is an over-the-counter derivative of a local plant used as a stimulant in the Sierra. True could have used this medication to suppress the effects of high altitude and low temperatures. An injury not located in the first autopsy report was a blow to the back, behind his right lung, which could have caused True to lose consciousness and to stop breathing while his lungs filled with fluid. The report could also be interpreted as a fall caused the blunt trauma. A third forensics report revised the previous two autopsy reports. The report's findings were that True suffered a pulmonary edema which resulted from a head injury and could be interpreted that he was not strangled. By April 1999, Juan Chivarra told True's former newspaper that they had made statements under the duress of pressure from police. Legal proceedings. The case against Chivarra and Hernandez changed after Miguel Gatins, an American businessman, intervened on their behalf. Gatins lived in Atlanta, as his father had been a hotelier there, and then he resided in Guadalajara. After taking an interest in the case, Gatins was convinced based on contradictions in their interrogation and in the autopsies that there was no conclusive proof that murder had been committed. Gatins spent US $30,000 and worked through his philanthropic organization, Latin American Institute of Philanthropy, to acquire representation to make motions on their behalf. The head of a social service prepared the case. A member of the human rights commission in Jalisco wrote in support of the Huichol men. In 2001, lawyers presented a case to judges that evidence pointed to falling and after a closed hearing to review the evidence, judges released the two men. In May 2002, the case went to the state appeals court. Those judges reversed the acquittal and handed down a 13-year sentence, but because of further appeals, the now convicted men remained free while their appeal could run its course. In February 2003, the federal appeals court found fault with a judge in the lower court that had remained on the case after a request for recusal and so the case was sent back to the state and the convictions were also scrapped. In November 2003, Gatins reversed his decision to support the men on the basis that new evidence had convinced him of the men's guilt. By 2004, the state appeals court had reinstated the conviction, sentenced the men to 20 years "in absentia", and also set a sum for damages; however, the men had disappeared after their 2001 release. The case currently remains unresolved until the two men can be located. Reactions. Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo first offered government resources to find True after he had disappeared and later ordered an investigation into the murder the U.S. reporter. After Zedillo, President Vicente Fox intervened in support of the family. Miguel Gatins and Robert Rivard questioned whether the Mexican justice system worked. While Gatins originally supported the two Huichol men, he argued that Mexican justice did work when it freed them, while Rivard made the case that justice would not be served if guilty parties were freed. Martha True said she had been disappointed by the closed process and was surprised when the 2001 release. By the end of 2003, Gatins had switched his support to Rivard and True's position. Book. Robert Rivard, "Trail of Feathers: Searching for Philip True: A Reporter's Murder in Mexico and His Editor's Search for Justice" New York: Public Affairs, 2005. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

phillip xosa phillip tru (18 june 1948-16 disembor 1998) maxic 'ror maxico sohorot "chenn antonio" express-niuj "ror ejon aamerikan bidexi xongbaddata aasil. dokhyin siyara madre oh 'sidentel, jaliskut huisul lukoxokolor bixoye janiboloi dohdiniya, 65 mailor trekot thokar xomoyot truke hotya koraa hoisil. aadhunik xomoyot maxicot hotya koraa prothomgoraki aamerikan xangbadik aasil. prarombhik itihax. phillip tru californier chaan fernandur aasil aaru teu los angeles veli kolej aaru aarbhinor california biswobidyaloy duyutate odhyoyon korisil, zo 'too teu 1970 sonot snatok degree laabh korisil. collegeor pisot teu ejon dock kormi aaru unionor protinidhi huwar logote ejon drywaler aasil. teur sollix bosor boyoxot tru egoraki xangbadik hoi porisil, prothome 1990 sonot "brounsoville herald" ror baabe aaru taar pisot 1992 sonor pisot "chenn antoniu express-niuj" ror baabe. "chenn antoniu express-niuj" ror xangbadik hisape, teu leredu byurut kaam korisil aaru taar pisot maxicor maxico sohorot iyar xongbaddata hoisil. teur xangbadikotar ataitkoi ullekhjugyo kambur aasil siyapas xonghator bixoye teur prosar aaru 1998 sonor januaryt pup john poll dwitiyor kiuba bhromon. phillip aaru martha truwe 7 bosor dhori bibahito aasil aaru 1996 sonor poraa maxico sohorot baax kori aasil. matartha, metamursor sthaniyo maxican, maxico sohorot etaa olabhjonok poriwex xongsthar murobbi hisape kaam korisil. jetiya huisul bharotiyoxokolor bixoye odhik janiboloi truwe bhromon korisil, martha teulukor prothom xontanor xoite chaari maahor gorbhoboti aasil. dompotihalor ejon putro aasil, teu. nirmul aaru mrityu. phillip tru maxico sohorot tini bosor dhori maxic 'sohorot "chenn antoniu express-niuj" ror xongbaddata aasil. teu dubar teur xompadokok siyara madorer etaa boxotit baax koraa huisul bharotiyoxokolor bixoye etaa kahini onuxoron koriboloi diboloi proyax korisil. dharonatu porzaluchona korar pisot, fred bunatibhai iyak oswikar korisil, aaru xeyehe teur sutir xomoyot iyar uporot kaam korar xiddhanto loisil. prokritote doh diniya bhromonor porikolpona korisil jiye teuk jalisku rajyor maajere noyorito rajyoloi loi jaabo. 1998 sonor 1 disemborot jalisk "ror tuxpanot teur jatra aarombho hoisil, xexbaror baabe 4 disemborot jalisk" ror salmutita sohorot dekha goisil aaru teur potniye 10 disemborot teuk niruddex huwar kotha jonaisil. prokritor prarombhik xondhan bifol huwar pisot, "chenn antonio" express-niuj "ror xompadok robert rivarde rastropotir karzaloyok onuxondhanor baabe xompod prodan koriboloi biswax koraisil aaru taar pisot niruddex huwa byoktir ghuxonatu byapokbhabe prosar koraa hoisil. huisol sikari margaritu diyaje ghuxona korisil je teu etaa mritodeh bisari paise aaru doltuk xei sthanoloi loi juwar poth dekhuwaise. maxican xenai 1998 sonor 16 disemborot jalisku-nayorit ximantot sapalgana upotyokar 330 fut gobhir porbotor upotyokar bhitorot (huisolor poraa onubad koraa hoiseh "beka xorpor upotyoka") trur mritodeh owosthito korisil. diyaje prothombaror baabe iyak dekha puwar xomoy aaru xondhan ongxotur aagomonor maajot trur mritodehtu sthanantorito koraa hoisil. mritodehtu nodir kaxot thoka teur slipping begot puwa goisil aaru teur dingitu teur bandonare abrito kori leterat abrito aasil. prothomote xongbad madhyome prokax korisil je xotyotu bhulboxotoh upotyokatut pori goisil, kintu jalisk 'ror koo' runare televisa networkor batoritut koichil je moronuttor porikhyatuwe xosa buli ingito disil je hotya koraa hoisil. todonto. todontobure 28 bosoriya juwan sibhara dey laa kruj aaru 24 bosoriya miguwel hernandez dey laa krujor uporot gurutwo aarup korisil, ji dujon huisol oitijyor manuh aasil ji bhayek aasil. greptaror pisot, duyujone swikar korisil, kintu pisot pich pori aasil, prothomote koichil je teuluke ononumudit photu tular baabe xosa hotya korisil baa teu huisulor maatit owomanona korisil baa teu teulukor aatmiyoxokolor proti oxomman dekhuwaisil. jaliskut prokritit poriwexon koraa dukhon moronuttor porikhyar bhitorot prothomtu, maxic "ee prokax korisil je teuk nijor bandanai swaxorudh kori hotya koraa hoisil. moronuttor porikhyatut odhik otyasaror lokhyon prokax paisil, jitu swikaruktir xoite oxamonjosyopurno aasil. moronuttor porikhyatut teuk hoyotu lathire aaghat korar lokhyonou puwa goisil. trur gutei bahute kotaa aaru khyotbure otyasar baa kunu dhoronor protirokhyamulok aaghator ingito dibo paare. protibedontuwe ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je teu gobhir upotyokatut porinot huwar aagotei xotyotu mrito aasil. dwitiyotu moronuttor porikhya maxico sohorot xomponno koraa hoisil zo 'too ejon ef. bi. aai. forensik bixexogyoi moronuttor porikhyatu porzobekhyon koribo lagisil. bixakto bigyanor protibedonot dekha goise je teur mrityur xomoyot roktot xurar matra swabhabikotkoi odhik aasil aaru teu eminuvalerikur matra sinakto korisil, jitu siriyat uddipok hisape byobohar koraa sthaniyo udbhidor ek oti-dorxon byobohar. xotyoi ei ouxodhtu uscho uschota aaru nimno taapmatrar probhab domon koriboloi byobohar koribo parisil. prothom moronuttor porikhyar protibedonot nothoka aghattu aasil teur xu haufaur pisfale pithito aaghat, jaar folot teur haufau torol drobyore bhori thokar xomoyot teur setona heruwabo parisil aaru uxah bondho koribo parisil. protibedontu etaa pori juwar folot huwa murkho aaghat hisapeu byakhya koribo paari. tritiyotu forensik protibedonot purbor dutaa moronuttor porikhyar protibedon xongxudhon koraa hoisil. protibedonor folafolbur aasil je murot aaghat puwar folot palmunary edima hoisil aaru teuk swax-proswaxore hotya koraa huwa nasil buli byakhya koribo paari. 1999 sonor april maahor bhitorot juwan sibharai trur prakton baatori kakotot koichil je teuluke aarokhyir sapor odhinot bibriti disil. aainee karjyokolap. sibhara aaru hernandezor biruddhe gusortu teulukor hoi hostokhyep koraa aamerikan byowoxayi miguwel gattinsor pisot xoloni hoisil. guttins atlantat baax korisil, kiyonu teur pitri taat ejon hotel byowoxayi aasil, aaru taar pisot teu guwadalajarat baax korisil. gusortut aagroh dekhuwar pisot, gatinxokolok teulukor xudha-pucha aaru moronuttor porikhyar birudhitar bhittit nischito koraa hoisil je hotya koraa hoisil buli kunu nirnayok proman naai. gattinse aamar baabe 30,000 dollar khoros korisil aaru teur jonohitkari xongstha letin aamerikan institut owo myanthruporir joriyote teulukor hoi protinidhitwo laabh kori prostab prodan koriboloi kaam korisil. xomaj xewar murobbiye gusortu prostut korisil. jaliskut thoka manob odhikar aayugor ejon xodosyoi huisulor lukor xomorthonot likhisil. 2001 sonot, ukilxokole nyayadhixxokolor aagot etaa gusor uposthapon korisil zo "too promanoi pori juwar ingito disil aaru proman punorikhyon koriboloi ek bondho xunanir pisot, nyayadhixxokole duyujon lukok mukoli kori disil. 2002 sonor mey "maahot gusortu rajyik aapil aadalotot yaay. xei nyayadhixxokole duxmuktokoronor xiddhanto xoloni kori 13 bosoror xasti prodan korisil, kintu odhik aabedonor baabe, etiya duxi xabyosto huwa byoktixokole mukto hoi aasil jodiu teulukor abedontu nijor gotipothot solibo parisil. 2003 sonor februaryt federal aapil aadalote nimno nyayaloyor ejon nyayadhixor dux bisari paisil ji prithok huwar onurudhor pisot gusortut aasil aaru xeyehe gusortu rajyoloi ghurai pothiuwa hoisil aaru duxi xabyosto korar xiddhantou baatil koraa hoisil. 2003 sonor novembor maahot gattinse puruxxokolok xomorthon korar xiddhanto xoloni korisil ei bhittit je notun promanoi teuk puruxxokolor oporadhor bixoye nischito korisil. 2004 sonor bhitorot rajyik aapil aadalote duxi xabyosto koratu punor aarombho korisil, puruxxokolok "onuposthitit" 20 bosoror xasti disil, aaru logote khyotir porimanou nirdharon korisil; obosye, 2001 sonot mukti puwar pisot puruxxokol niruddex hoisil. duyujon lukok bisari puwaloike bortoman ei gusortu omimangxito hoi aase. protikriya. maxican rastropoti arnestu jediluwe niruddex huwar pisot prothome xotyotu bisari uliyaboloi sorkari xompodor prostab disil aaru pisot eu. e.-koo hotyar todontor nirdex disil.ess. xangbadik. jedilur pisot rastropoti vicente foxe poriyaltuk xomorthon koriboloi hostokhyep korisil. miguwel gattins aaru robert rivarde maxican nyay byowosthatuwe kaam kore neki buli prosno korisil. gattinse mulotoh duyujon huisol lukok xomorthon korar biporite teu jukti disil je maxican nyayoi teulukok mukto korar xomoyot kaam korisil, aanhate rivarde gusortu utthapon korisil je duxi pokhyoxomuhok mukto korile nyay prodan koraa noho 'bob. martha truwe koichil je teu bondho prokriyat hotax hoisil aaru 2001 sonot mukti puwar xomoyot aasorit hoisil. 2003 sonor xexor faale, gattinse nijor xomorthon protidondita aaru xotyor sthitiloi xoloni korisil. kitap. robert rivard, "trail owo figures chursing for phillip truh e reportors kormorot maxicor hotya aaru teur xompadokor nyayor xondhan" niuyorkoh rajohuwa bixoy, 2005.

phillip satya phillip true (18 june 1948-16 december 1998) mexicor mexico sitite "shaan antonio eksapresa-newz"-err ekjon markin bideshi sangbaddata chhilen. dakkhin siera madre oceantal, jaliskote huichol manushder somporke jaante dosho diner, 65 mailer podojatrai, sottoke hotya koraa hoyechilo. adhunik juge mexicote khun haoya prothom markin sangbadik chhilen satya. prathomik itihas. phillip true californier shaan fernando theke esechilen ebong tini loss angeles valley college ebong california vishwavidyalaya, arvin ubhayi padashona korechilen, jekhane tini 1970 saale snatok hohn. colleger porey tini ekjon dock karmi ebong unioner protinidhi, pashapashi ekjon drywaller chhilen. challisher doshke satya ekjon sangbadik hoye othen, prothome 1990 saale "brounsville herald"-err jonno ebong tarpor 1992 saaler porey "shaan antonio eksapresa-newz"-err jonno. "shaan antonio eksapresa-newz"-err sangbadik hisabe, tini laredo byurote kaaj korechilen ebong tarpor mexico shohorer mexicote err sangbaddata hoyechilen. taanr sangbadikatar sabcheye ullekhjoggo kajguli chhilo chiapas sanghater sangbad pradan ebong 1998 saaler januaryte pope john poll dwitiya-err cuba sofor. phillip ebong martha true 7 bochor dhorey bibahito chhilen ebong 1996 saal theke mexico sitite bosobas korchilen. martha, matamoroser sthaniya mexican, mexico sitite ekti olabhjonok poribesh sangosthar prodhan hisabe kaaj korechilen. jokhon satyati huichol bharatiyader somporke arow jaante bhromon korechilo, tokhon martha taader prothom santaner saathe chaar maaser gorbhoboti chhilo. eyi dampatir ekti putro chhilo, teo. nikhonj ebong mrityu. phillip true mexico sitite tinn bochor dhorey mexico sitite "shaan antonio eksapresa-newz"-err sangbaddata chhilen. tini doo 'barr taanr sompadokke bojhanor chesta korechilen jaate tini siera madrete ekti bosotite bosobaskari huichol bharatiyader somporke ekti golpo anusaran korte paren. eyi dharonati porjalochona korar porr, freda bonativa etty prottakhyan corren ebong taai satyikar orthe tini taar chhutir somoye etty niye kaaj korar siddhanta nene. satyikar orthe dosho diner ekti soforer parikalpana korechilen jaa taake jalisko rajyer modhyo diye nierit rajye niye jaabe. tini 1 december 1998 saale zaliscore tuxpane taanr jatra shuru corren, sheshbar 4 december zaliscore chalmotita dekha yaay ebong taanr stree 10 december taanke nikhonj howar kotha zanan. sotter prathomik anusandhan byartho howar porey, "shaan antonio eksapresa-newz"-err sompadok robbert reward rashtropotir karjaloyke onusondhaner jonno sompod deoar jonno raji corran ebong porey nikhonj byaktir ghoshanati byapokbhabe procharito hoy. huichol shikari margarito diaz ghoshana corren jey tini ekti mritodeho peyechen ebong dolke seii jaiga niye zaan. mexican senabahini 16 december 1998 saale jalisko-nierit seemante chapalgana girikhater (huichol theke anubadah "bankano saaper girikhat") 330 foot govir porboto girikhater vitore sotter mritodehti khunje paay. sotter mritodehti diaz prothom jokhon etty sonakto korechilo ebong anusandhan ongsher agmoner modhye sorano hoyechilo. mritodehti ekti nadeer teere taanr slipping byage pawa yaay ebong taanr ghadti bandanna diye modano chhilo. prothome, ganomadhyom janiyeche jey satya durghatanakrame girikhate porey geche, kintu jaliscore mrityu porjobekkhok television networker khabarke bolechen jey mayanatdanta theke jaanaa geche jey sottoke hotya koraa hoyeche. todonto. tadantaguli 28 bochor vayasi juan chivarra deey laa kruz ebong 24 bochor vayasi miguel hernandez deey laa krujer upor drishti niboddho korey, jaaraa huichol bongshodbhuto dui byakti chhilen. greptarer porr, dujone sweekar korey, kintu porey prottahar korey neyo, prathomikbhabe boley jey taaraa ananumodito chhobi tolar jonno satyikarer hotya koreche baa seey huichol jomite anadhikar probesh koreche baa seey taader atmiyader proti asamman dekhiyeche. jaliskote sotye sanchalito duti moyonatdonter modhye prothomti, mexico prakash korey jey taake taar nijer bandanna diye shwasrodh koraa hoyechilo. moyonatdonte nirjatoner lakkhano prakash peyeche, jaa swikaroktir saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo naa. moyonatdonte emon lakkhano pawa geche jey sombhoboto taake ekti laathi diye mardhar koraa hoyeche. sotter bahute kaata ebong khotoguli nirjaton baa konao dhoroner protirokkhamulok khoto nirdesh korte paare. protibedonti eyi uposonghare pouchechilo jey govir upottokai shesh howar agey satyati mrito chhilo. dwitiya mayanatdantati mexico sitite koraa hoyechilo jekhane ekjon fbi forensic biseshoggoke mayanatdanta porjobekkhon korte hoyechilo. bishaktobidyar protibedone dekha geche jey sotter mrityur somoy rokte alcoholer matra swabhabiker cheye beshi chhilo ebong aminovalericor samanno poriman sonakto koraa hoyechilo, jaa siera uddipok hisabe byabohrito ekti sthaniya udbhider ekti over-dya-counter byutpatti. satya eyi oshudhti uchcho uchchota ebong nimno tapmatrar prabhab domon korte byabohar korte paroto. prothom moyonatdonter protibedone jey aghatti pawa yayni taa chhilo taar dunn fusfuser pichhone pitthe aghat, jaa taar fusfus torol diye bhora thakakalin chetna harate ebong shwas bondho korte paare. protibedontike ekti potoner karone bhonta aghat hisabeo byakhya koraa jete paare. tritiya forensic report ager duti moyonatdonter report sangshodhan koreche. protibedoner falafalguli chhilo jey satyati ekti palmonary shoth bhog korechilo jaa mathay aghater foley hoyechilo ebong byakhya koraa jete paare jey taake shwasrodh koraa hoyney. 1999 saaler apriler modhye, juan chivara trure praktan songbadpotroke bolechilen jey taaraa pulisher chaaper mukhe bibriti diyechen. aini prokriya. chivara ebong hernandezer biruddhe mamlati poribortito hoy jokhon ekjon american byabasayi miguel gattins taader pokkhe hostokkhep corren. guttins atlanta thakten, kaaron taanr baba sekhane ekjon hotel byabasayi chhilen ebong tarpor tini guadalazara bosobas korten. mamla agroho dekhanor porr, taader jigyasabad ebong moyonatdonter dwandwer vittite guttins nischito hoyechilen jey hotya sanghatito howar konao chudanta proman nei. gattins amader 30,000 dollar byoy korechen ebong taader pokkhe prostab deoar jonno protinidhitto orjoner jonno taanr jonohitkor sangostha, lattin american institute off manthropy madhyome kaaj korechen. ekti samajsebar prodhan mamlati prostuto korechilen. jaliskote manobadhikar kamishaner ekjon sadasya huichol purushder somorthone likhechilen. 2001 saale, aainjibira bicharokder kachhe ekti mamla uposthapon corren jey promanguli porey yawar dike ingito korey ebong promanguli porjalochona korar jonno ekti close shunanir porey, bicharokera dujonke mukti deena. 2002 saaler meey maase mamlati rajyer apil adalte yaay. seii bicharpatira khalas batil korey 13 bochorer saja deena, kintu arow apiler karone, ekhon doshi sabbosto byaktira swadhin chhilen ebong taader apil taar kaaj chaliye jete paroto. 2003 saaler februaryte, federal apil adalat nimno adaloter ekjon bicharoker dosh khunje paay jini prottaharer anurodher poreo mamla theke giechilen ebong taai mamlati rajye ferat pathano hoyechilo ebong doshi sabbosto hawao batil koraa hoyechilo. 2003 saaler novembore, gattins eyi purushder samarthan korar siddhantati eyi vittite firiye anen jey notun proman taake purushder oporadhbodh somporke nischito koreche. 2004 saaler modhye, rashtriya apil adalat doshi sabbosto byaktike punarbahal korey, purushder "onuposthitite" 20 bochorer saja deyo ebong khotir porimano nirdharan korey; tobey, 2001 saale taader muktir porr purushra nikhonj hoye yaay. dujoner sandhan naa pawa porjonto mamlati bortomane amimangsito royeche. protikriya. mexicor rashtrapati arnesto jedilo nikhonj howar porr satya khunje berr korar jonno prothome sarkari sangosthaner prostab diyechilen ebong porey eu hotyar todonter nirdesh diyechilen.esha. sangbadik. jedilor porr, rashtrapati vicente fox poribarer somorthone hostokkhep corren. miguel gattins ebong robbert reward proshno tolen jey mexicor bitcher byabostha kaaj korey kina. gattins mulat dui huichol purushke samarthan korleo tini jukti diyechilen jey mexican nyaybichar taader mukti deoar somoy kaaj korechilo, onnodike rivarda mamlati korechilen jey doshi pokkhogulike mukti deoa holey nyaybichar deoa hobey naa. martha true bolechilen jey tini bondho prokriyati dekhe hotash hoyechilen ebong 2001 saale mukti pawar somoy abak hoyechilen. 2003 saaler shesher dike, gattins taar somorthonke ravered ebong trure abosthane poriborton korechilen. boi. robbert rivarda, "trail off fairs searching phara phillip truh aaa reporters marder inn mexico anned hiz editors sarcha phara justice", neu iyarkah public affairs, 2005.

phillip saachu phillip true (18 juuna 1948-16 december 1998) meksikona meksiko shaherma "seena antonio express-news" maate american videshi samvaddata hataa. jyaare dakshin siera medre oxidantal, jaliskoma huichol loko vishe jaanvaa maate dass divasnaa, 65 milenaa track parr, truney hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. aadhunik samayma meksikomaa hatyaa pamela pratham american patrakaar hataa. praarambhik itihas. phillip true keliforniyana seena fernandona hataa aneey temane losa angels velii college aneey university off california, irvin bannemaa abhyaas karyo hato, jyaan temane 1970maan snatakni padvi melvee hatee. college pachhi teo doqa kaarykar aneey union pratinidhi temaj drywaller hataa. jyaare teo chaalisna daykama hataa, tyaare teo patrakaar banyaa, pahelaa 1990maan "brounsville herald" maate aneey pachhi 1992 pachhi "seena antonio express-news" maate. "seena antonio express-news" maate patrakaar tareeke, temane laredo beuroma kaama karyoo hatoo aneey pachhi meksikona meksiko shaherma tenaa samvaddata banyaa hataa. patrakaratvani temnee sauthee nondhpaatra kruteeo chiapas sangharshnu coverage aneey january 1998maan pope john poola beejani kyubani mulakat hatee. phillip aneey martha truena lagnane 7 varsh thayaa hataa aneey teo 1996thee meksiko shaherma raheta hataa. matamorosna mool meksikana martha, meksiko shaherma binanfakarak paryaavaraniy agencyna vadaa tareeke kaama kartaa hataa. jyaare satyae huichol bhartiyo vishe vadhu jaanvaa maate musafari curry, tyaare martha temnaa pratham baadak saathe chaar maheenani garbhavati hatee. aaa dampatine aek putra hato, teo. goom aneey mrutyu. phillip true meksiko shaherma trana varsh sudhee "seena antonio express-news" maate samvaddata hataa. temane beey vaar temnaa sampadakne samjaavvaano prayaas karyo keey teo temne hyuichol bhartiyo visheni vaarta aagad dhapavva deey, jeo siera madrema aek vasaahatmaa raheta hataa. aaa vichaarnee samiksha karyaa pachhi, phreda bonativa tene nakaari kaadhyo, aneey tethee saachu chhe keey tene tenaa vacationa samay darmiyan tenaa parr kaama karvaanu nakki karyoo. satyae dass divasni safarnee yojnaa banaavi jeey tene jalisko rajyamathi nayarit raajy sudhee laee jashe. temane 1 december 1998naa roj tuxpan, jaliskoma temnee musafari sharoo curry hatee, teo chhelle 4 decembernaa roj chalmotita, jaliskoma jovaa malyaa hataa aneey temnee patniae 10 decembernaa roj temnaa goom thayaani jaana curry hatee. saachu shodhvaani praarambhik nishfalta pachhi, "seena antonio express-news" naa sampaadak roobert riwarde rashtrapatini kachereene shodh maate sansadhno aapvaa maate sahmat curry aneey pachhi goom thayel vyaktini jaaheratno vyaapak prachaar karvaamaa aavyo. hyuichol sheekari margarito diaze jaaherat curry hatee keey temne aek mrutdeh malyo chhe aneey pakshne sthal parr margdarshan aapyu chhe. meksikana senaae 16 december 1998naa roj jalisko-nyrit sarhad parr chapalgana kheenma (hyuichol parthee anuvaaditah "valankvala sarpnee kheen") 330 foot undaa parvateey kotarnee andar truena mrutdehne shodhee kaadhyo hato. diaze tene pratham vakhat joyo aneey shodh bhaagnaa aagman vachche truena mrutdehne khasedvama aavyo hato. mrutdeh tenee sleeping begmaa nadeeni bajumathi malee aavyo hato aneey tenee garadanne tenaa bandannathi lapeteene dhulthi dhankayeli hatee. sharuaatmaa, media ahewal aapyo keey saachu aakasmik reete kotarmaa padyu hatoo, parantu jaliskona coronare televisa network samacharone janaavyu hatoo keey shabparikshanma saachu hovaanu sanket malyun hatoo keey tenee hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. tapaas. tapaas 28 varsheey juan chiwara deey laa cruze aneey 24 varsheey miguel hernandez deey laa cruze parr kendrit hatee, jeey hyuichol varsana beey purusho hataa jeo saalaa hataa. dharapkad pachhi, banneae kaboolaat curry, parantu baadmaa sharuaatmaa aema kaheene pichhehath curry keey teoae anadhikrut photograph levaa badal athavaa tene huicholni jameen parr atikraman karvaa badal athavaa tene temnaa sambandhionu apmaan karvaa badal maaree nankhyu hatoo. jaliskoma saachu pradarshan karvaamaa aavela beey shabparikshanmathi pratham, meksikoe jaaher karyoo keey tenu galoon tenaa potaana bandannathi jaj dabaavi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. shabparikshanma vadhu traasnaa sanketo bahaar aavyaa hataa, jeey kaboolaat saathe asangat hataa. shabparikshanma aevaa sanketo pann bahaar aavyaa hataa keey kadaach tene lakadithi marvama aavyo hato. saacha haath parr kaap aneey uzarda traas athavaa amuk prakaarnaa rakshanatmak jakhamono sanket aapee shake chhe. ahevaalmaa taaran kadhvama aavyu hatoo keey teey undaa kotarmaa pahonche teey pahelaa saachu mrutyu paamyu hatoo. beejee shabparikshan meksiko shaherma karvaamaa aavee hatee jyaan aef. bii. aaee. forensics nishnaat shabparikshannu nirikshan karvaanaa hataa. toxicologyna ahevaalo darshaave chhe keey saachu tenaa mrutyu samaye loheemaa aalkoholnu star saamanya karataa vadhaare hatoo aneey eminovalericoni thodee maatraa shodhee kaadhee hatee, jeey siera maan uttejak tareeke upyogmaa levaata sthaaneek chhodnu over-dhaa-kaauntar vyutpann chhe. saachu aaa davaano upyog unchai aneey neecha taapmaanni asarone dabavva maate curry shakyu hota. pratham shabparikshan ahevaalmaa naa jovaa malatee ijaa tenaa jamnaa fefsani paachhalni peeth parno fatako hato, jeey tenaa fefasaa pravahithi bharela hovaa chhataa bebhaan thavaanu aneey shvaas levaanu bundh karvaanu kaaran bunny shake chhe. ahevaalnu arthghatan pann thaee shake chhe keey puddy javaathi dhundhalu aaghaat thayo hato. trija forensics ahevaalmaa agaauna beey shabparikshan ahevaalomaa sudhaaro karvaamaa aavyo hato. ahevaalnaa taarano aee hataa keey saachu chhe keey tene pulmonary edeema thayo hato jeey maathaama ijaa thavaana parinaame thayo hato aneey tenu arthghatan curry shakaay chhe keey tenu galoon dabaavi devaamaa aavyu naa hatoo. april 1999 sudhimaa, juan chiwara truena bhutpurv akhbaarne janaavyu hatoo keey teoae polisnaa dabaan hethal nivedno aapyaa hataa. kaanuni kaaryvaahi. aek american udhyogpati miguel gattinse temnaa vatee hastkshep karyaa pachhi chiwara aneey hernandez saameno cases badlai gayo. gattin aetalaantaama raheta hataa, kaaran keey temnaa pitaa tyaan hotelnaa vepaari hataa, aneey pachhi teo gwadlazarama raheta hataa. aaa kesamaa rus leedha pachhi, gaatinsane temnee puchhparachhma aneey shabparikshanma virodhabhasna aadhare khaatari thaee gaee hatee keey hatyaa karvaamaa aavee hovaana koee nirnayak puraava nathee. gattinse amara maate 30,000 dollar kharchya aneey temnaa vatee prastaav laavvaa maate pratinidhitva melavaa maate temnee paropkari sanstha, lattin american institute off paropkaar dwara kaama karyoo. aek samaaj sevaana vadaae cases taiyar karyo hato. jaliskoma manvadhikar panchnaa aek sabhyae huichol purushonaa samarthanma lakhyu hatoo. 2001maan vakiloae nyayadhisho samaksh aek cases rajoo karyo hato, jemaa puraavao padvaa taraf nirdesh karey chhe aneey puraavaani samiksha karvaa maate bundh sunavani pachhi nyayadhishoae banne maanasone mukt karyaa hataa. meey 2002maan aaa cases raajyani apil courtma gayo hato. teey nyayadhishoae nirdosh jaahernamane ultavi deedho aneey 13 varshnee sajaa sambhalaavi, parantu vadhu apeelne kaarane, havey dosheet theravama aavela purusho mukt rahyaa, jyaare keey temnee apil tenaa maargne chalaavi shakee. februari 2003maan, federal apil courte neechali adalatma aek nyayadhishma khaamee shodhee kaadhee hatee jeey alag thavaani vinanti pachhi cases parr rahee gayo hato aneey tethee kesane rajyamaa paachho mokalvaamaa aavyo hato aneey dosheet theravama aavyaa hataa. november 2003maan, gattinse aaa purushone teko aapvaano temno nirnay aee aadhare paachho khenchee leedho keey navaa puravaoae temne purushonaa apraadhni khaatari aapee hatee. 2004 sudhimaa, raajyani apil adalate dosheet theravavani sajaane punsthapit curry hatee, purushone "gerhajarimaa" 20 varshnee sajaa sambhalaavi hatee aneey nukasaanini rakam pann nakki curry hatee; jooe keey, 2001maan temnee muktee pachhi purusho gayab thaee gayaa hataa. jyaan sudhee bannene shodhee naa shakaay tyaan sudhee aaa cases haalmaa vanaukelaayelo chhe. pratikriyaao. meksikona rashtrapati ernesto zediloae goom thayaa pachhi saupratham saachu shodhvaa maate sarkari sansadhanoni rajuaat curry hatee aneey baadmaa yuu. aesa. nee hatyani tapasno aadesh aapyo hato.aesa. patrakaar. zedilo pachhi, pramukh vicente foxe parivaarnaa samarthanma hastkshep karyo. miguel gattins aneey roobert riwarde prashna karyo keey shun meksikana nyaay vyavastha kaama karey chhe. jyaare gattinse mulroope beey huichol maanasone teko aapyo hato, tyaare temane daleel curry hatee keey jyaare meksikana nyaay temne mukt karey tyaare kaama karey chhe, jyaare riwarde cases karyo hato keey jooe dosheet pakshone mukt karvaamaa aave too nyaay aapvama aavashe nahee. martha true kahyoo keey teey bundh prakriyaathi nirash thaee hatee aneey 2001nee rajuaat vakhate aashcharyachakit thaee hatee. 2003naa anta sudhimaa, gattinse potaano teko harifai aneey saacha valan taraf fervi deedho hato. pustak. roobert reward, "pageru phillip saachu shodhvu meksikomaa aek patrakaarni hatyaa aneey nyaay maate tenaa sampadakni shodh", newyorkh jaaher baabto, 2005.

phillip sach haye phillip true (18 juuna 1948-16 disambar 1998) mexico shahar, mexico mein "saine antonio express-news" key liye ack americi videshi samvaadaata they. dakshini siera madrey oxidantal, zalisco mein huichol logon key baare mein jaanane key liye duss dinn, 65 meal kii paidal yatra parr, sach haye, hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. aadhunik samay mein mexico mein hatyaa kiye jaane vaale pahale americi patrakaar they. praarambhik itihas. phillip true saine fernando, california seey they, aur unhone loss angils valley college aur california vishvavidyalaya, irvin donon mein bhaag liya, jahan unhone 1970 mein snaatak kiya. college key baad way ack dock karyakarta aur sangh key pratinidhi key saath-saath ack drywaller bhee they. apane chaalees key dashak mein, true ack patrakaar bunn gayaa, pahale 1990 mein "brounsville herauld" key liye aur phir 1992 key baad "saine antonio express-news" key liye. "saine antonio express-news" key liye ack reporter key roop mein, unhone laredo beuro mein kaam kiya thaa aur phir mexico shahar, maxico mein isake samvaadaata bunn gaye they. unaki patrakaarita kii sabse ullekhaniya kritiyaan chiapas sangharsh kii unaki coverage aur janwari 1998 mein pope johnn paul dwiteeya kii cuba kii yatra theen. phillip aur martha true kii shaadi koo 7 saal hoe gaye they aur way 1996 seey mexico shahar mein reh rahey they. martha, joe matamoros key mool nivasi they, mexico shahar mein ack gair-laabhkaari paryaavaran agency key pramukh key roop mein kaam karate they. jaba satya ney huichol bhaartiyon key baare mein adhik jaanane key liye yatra kii, tou martha apane pahale bachche key saath chaar maheene kii garbhavati thee. dampati kaa ack betaa thaa, teo. guma aur maut. phillip true mexico shahar mein teen saal taka "saine antonio express-news" key liye ack samvaadaata rhaa thaa. unhone dou baar apane sampaadak koo yeh samajhaane kii koshish kii kii way unhein siera madar mein ack basti mein rahane vaale huichol bhaartiyon key baare mein ack kahani kaa peechha karane dein. vichaar kii sameeksha karane key baad, fred bonativa ney ise aswikar curr diyaa, aur isaliye sach haye kii unhone apani chhuttiyon key samay key dauran iss parr kaam karane kaa faisala kiya. sach mein ack duss divasiya yatra kii yojana banaai joe usey zalisco raajya seey nayanarat raajya taka leey jaayegi. unhone 1 disambar 1998 koo tuxpan, zalisco mein apani yatra shuru kii, aakhiri baar 4 disambar koo chalmotita, zalisco mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur unaki patni ney 10 disambar koo unhein laapata honey kii soochana dee thee. saine antonio express-news" key sampaadak robbert reward ney sahee kii praarambhik khoj key whiffle honey key baad, rashtrapati key karyalaya koo khoj key liye sansaadhan dene key liye aashvast kiya aur baad mein laapata vyakti kii ghoshana koo vyaapak roop seey prachaarit kiya gayaa. ack huichol shikari margarito diaz ney ghoshana kii kii usey ack shav milaa haye aur usane party koo usa sthaan parr leey jaane kaa margadarshan kiya haye. maxican senaa ney 16 disambar 1998 koo jalsko-naayar seema parr chapalgana ghaati (huichol seey anuvaaditah "mudey hue saamp kii ghaati") mein 330 phut gahari pahaadi ghaati key ander sach kii laash koo sthit kiya. satya kii laash koo usa samay key beach sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba diaz ney ise pahali baar dekhaa thaa aur khoj bhaag key aagaman key beach. shav ack nadee key kinare unake soney key thaile mein paaya gayaa thaa aur usaki gardan koo usake bandana seey lapetkar mitty seey dhakaa huaa thaa. sabse pahale, media ney bataaya kii sach galati seey khaai mein gir gayaa thaa, lekin zalisco key coroner ney televisa network samachar koo bataaya kii shav pareekshan seey pataa chalata haye kii sach kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. jaanch. jaanch 28 varsheeya juan chiwara day laa cruze aur 24 varsheeya myguel hernandez day laa cruze parr kendrit thee, joe huichol viraasat key dou purush they joe behnoi they. giraftari key baad, donon ney sweekaar kiya, lekin baad mein yeh kahate hue peechhe hutt gaye kii unhone anadhikrit tasveeren lene key liye yaa usane huichol bhoomi parr atikraman karane key liye yaa usane apane rishtedaron kaa anadar karane key liye hatyaa curr dee thee. zalisco mein kiye gaye dou shav parikshanon mein seey pahale, mexico ney khulasa kiya kii unakaa galaa ghontkar unake apane bandanna seey galaa ghonta gayaa thaa. shav pareekshan mein yaatana key sanket saamane aae, joe sweekaarokti key saath asangat thaa. shav pareekshan mein iss baat key sanket bhee mille kii shayed usey chhadi seey peeta gayaa thaa. sahee haathon parr chot aur choton ney yaatana yaa kissy prakaar key rakshaatmak ghaavon kaa sanket diyaa hoga. report ney nishkarsh nikala kii vaha gahari khaai mein jaane seey pahale hii sach marr chuka thaa. doosara shav pareekshan mexico shahar mein kiya gayaa thaa jahan ack aff. bee. aaee. forensic visheshagya koo shav pareekshan kaa nireekshan karna thaa. vish vigyaan reports seey pataa chalaa kii unaki mrityu key samay rakt mein sharaab kaa star samanya seey adhik thaa aur aminovalerico kii matra kaa pataa chalaa, joe siera mein ack uttejak key roop mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sthaaniya paudhe kaa ack pratyaksh vyutpann haye. yeh sahee haye kii iss dawa kaa upayog uchch oonchaai aur cumm tapman key prabhaavon koo dabaane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa. pahali shav pareekshan report mein naheen paaee gaee chot unake daahine fefde key peechhe peeth parr ack jhataka thaa, jisase unake fefde taral padaarth seey bharey hue they aur saans lena bund hoe sakata thaa. report kii vyakhya iss roop mein bhee kii jaa sakati haye kii girawat key kaaran kund aghaat huaa thaa. teesari forensic report ney pichhale dou shav pareekshan reports koo sanshodhit kiya. report key nishkarsh they kii sach haye kii fuffusiya shoth kaa saamana karna padaa joe sir mein chot key parinamswarup huaa aur isaki vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye kii unakaa galaa ghontkar hatyaa naheen kii gaee thee. aprail 1999 taka, juan chiwara ney true key poorv samachar patra koo bataaya kii unhone pulis key dabaav mein bayaan diye they. kanuni kaaryavaahi. ack americi vyavasaayi, miguel gattins dwara unaki or seey hastakshep karane key baad chiwara aur hernandez key khilaf mamla badal gayaa. gattin atlanta mein rahate they, kyonki unake pitaa vahaan ack hotal vyavasaayi they, aur phir way gwadalajara mein rahate they. mamle mein ruchi lene key baad, gatins koo unaki poochtaachh mein virodhabhason key aadhar parr aur shav pareekshan mein yeh vishvaas hoe gayaa kii hatyaa key liye koee nirnaayak saboot naheen thaa. gattins ney hamein 30,000 dollar kharch kiye aur apane paropkari sangathan, lattin american institute off paropkar key madhyam seey kaam kiya, taaki unaki or seey prastaav banaane key liye pratinidhitva praapt kiya jaa sakey. ack samaaj seva key pramukh ney mamla taiyar kiya. zalisco mein manvadhikar aayog key ack sadasya ney huichol purushon key samarthan mein likhaa. 2001 mein, vakeelon ney nyayadhishon key saamane ack mamla prastut kiya jisamen sakshya girane kii or ishara kartaa haye aur sakshya kii sameeksha karane key liye ack bund sunavaai key baad, nyayadhishon ney donon logon koo riha curr diyaa. maee 2002 mein, mamla raajya kii appeal adalat mein gayaa. una nyayadhishon ney burry honey key faisale koo ulat diyaa aur 13 saal kii sajaa sunai, lekin aage kii apeelon key kaaran, abb doshi purush swatantra rahey, jabaki unaki appeal apana kaam curr sakati thee. farwari 2003 mein, sanghiya appeal adalat ney nichali adalat mein ack nyayadhish key saath galati paaee joe alag honey key anurodh key baad mamle mein bunny rahee thee aur isaliye mamle koo raajya koo vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa aur doshasiddhi koo bhee samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. navambar 2003 mein, gattins ney purushon kaa samarthan karane key apane faisale koo iss aadhar parr ulat diyaa kii nae sabooton ney unhein purushon key aparaadh key baare mein aashvast kiya thaa. 2004 taka, raajya kii appeal adalat ney doshasiddhi koo bahaal curr diyaa thaa, purushon koo "anupasthiti mein" 20 saal kii sajaa sunai thee, aur harjaane key liye raashi bhee nirdhaarit kii thee; haalaanki, purush 2001 mein unaki rihaai key baad gayab hoe gaye they. vartamaan mein mamla taba taka ansulajha haye jaba taka kii donon logon kaa pataa naheen chala jaataa. pratikriyaaen. maxican rashtrapati ernesto jadillo ney gayab honey key baad pahale sarkari sansadhanon kii peshkash kii aur baad mein hatyaa kii jaanch kaa adesh diyaa.aiss. reporter. jadillo key baad, rashtrapati vicent fox ney parivaar key samarthan mein hastakshep kiya. myguel gattins aur robbert reward ney sawal kiya kii kyaa maxican nyaay pranali kaam karati haye. jabaki gattin ney mool roop seey dou huichol purushon kaa samarthan kiya, unhone tark diyaa kii maxican nyaay ney kaam kiya jaba yeh unhein mukt kartaa haye, jabaki reward ney mamla banaaya kii aggar doshi pakshon koo mukt kiya jaataa haye tou nyaay naheen diyaa jaayega. martha true ney kahaa kii vaha bund prakriya seey nirash theen aur 2001 kii release parr aashcharyachakit theen. 2003 key anta taka, gattins ney apane samarthan koo pratidvandi aur satya kii sthiti mein badal diyaa thaa. kitab. robbert reward, "pankhon kaa pagadandih phillip key liye khoj sachah mexico mein ack reporter kii hatyaa aur nyaay key liye unake sampaadak kii khoj" newyorkah saarvajanik mamle, 2005.

phillip nija phillip true (18 zoon 1948-16 december 1998) meksikoda mexico nagaradalli "syaan antonio express-nyus" gaagi americada videshi varadigararagiddaru. hattu dinagala, 65 maili chaaranadalli dakshinada siera modrey, jaliskoda huichol janara bagge tiliyalu, true annu kollalaayitu. aadhunika kaaladalli meksikodalli koleyaada modala american patrakarta satya. arambhika itihaasa. phillip true californiada syaan fernando mooladavaraagiddaru mattu avaru laas angelies valley kaaleju mattu california vishvavidyaalaya, irvin eradaralloo vyasanga maadidaru, allie avaru 1970 ralli padavi padedaru. collegina nantara avaru dock worker mattu union pratinidhiyaagiddaru, jotege driwaller aagiddaru. tanna nalavattara vayassinalliddaaga, true patrakartaraadaru, modalu 1990 ralli "brounsville herold" gaagi mattu nantara 1992 rahra nantara "syaan antonio express-nyus" gaagi. "syaan antonio express-nyus" naa varadigararagi, avaru lauredo byoorodalli kelasa maadiddaru mattu nantara meksikoda mexico nagaradalli adara varadigaararaadaru. avara atyanta gamanarhavada patrikodyamada krutigalendare chiapas sangharshada kuritaada avara varadi mattu 1998rahra janavariyalli pope zaan paul IIrahra cuba bhetiyagittu. phillip mattu martha true 7 varshagala kaala vivaahavaagiddaru mattu 1996 rinda mexico nagaradalli vaasisuttiddaru. matamorosna sthaliya mexican martha, mexico nagaradalli laabharahita parisara samstheya mukhyastharaagi kelasa maadidaru. huychol bhaaratiyara bagge innashtu tilidukollalu prayanisidaga, martha tamma modala maguvinondige naalku tingala garbhiniyagiddaru. ee dampatige teo emba obba maganiddanu. kanmare mattu saavu. phillip true avaru mexico nagaradalli mooru varshagala kaala "syaan antonio express-nyus" ge varadigararagiddaru. siera madreyallina vasaahatinalli vasisuttidda huychol bhaaratiyara bagge ondu katheyannu munduvarisalu avakasha niiduvante aata eradu baari tanna sampadakanannu manavolisalu prayatnisidanu. ee kalpaneyannu parisheelisida nantara, fred bonativa adannu tiraskarisidaru, mattu aaddarinda avara rajadinagalalli adara mele kelasa maadalu nirdharisidaru. hattu dinagala pravaasavannu yojisida aata, jalisco rajyada moolaka nayarit rajyakke hoguttaane. aata 1998rahra december 1randu jaliskoda tuxponnelli tanna prayanavannu praarambhisidanu, koneyadaagi december 4randu chalmotita, jaliskodalli kanisikondanu mattu aatana patni december 10randu aata kaneyagiddanendu varadi maadidalu. nijavaada hudukaatavu viphalavaada nantara, "syaan antonio express-nyus" naa sampaadaka robbert reward, hudukaatakke sampanmoolagalannu niyojisuvante adhyaksara kacherige manavarike maadikottaru mattu nantara kaaneyaada vyaktiya prakataneyannu vyaapakavaagi prachara maadalaayitu. huychol betegaaranaada margarito diaz, taanu ondu dehavannu kandukondiddene endu ghoshisidanu mattu aaa stalakke tandavannu munnadesidanu. mexican seeneyu 1998rahra december 16randu jalisco-naayarit gadiyalliruva chapalagana kaniveya (huycholninda anuvaaditah "tiruchida haavina kanive") 330 addi aalada parvata kaniveyolage truce shavavannu pattehachchitu. riyaz adannu modalu gurutisida samaya mattu hudukaata bhagada aagamanada naduve true shavavannu sthalaantarisalaagittu. mrutadehavu nadiya dadadalliruva aatana sleeping byagnalli patteyagiddu, aatana kuttigeyannu bandannadinda sutti kolaku tumbittu. modalige, madhyamagalu nijavu aakasmikavaagi kaniveyalli biddide endu varadi maadidavu, aadare jaliskoda maranottara pariksheyu nijavendu soochisuttade endu shavapariksheyu koleyagide endu televiza network suddige tilisidaru. tanikhegalu. tanikheyu 28 varshada juwan chivara deey laa crooze mattu 24 varshada maiguel hernandez deey laa crooze, ibbaru huychol parampareya vyaktigala mele kendrikrutavagittu. bandhanada nantara, ibbaroo wappikondaru, aadare nantara hinde saridaru, aarambhadalli anadhikruta chayachitragalannu tegediddakkagi athawa avanu huychol bhoomiyannu atikramisiddakkagi athawa avanu avara sambandhikarige agourava torisiddakkagi avaru nijavagi kole maadiddaare endu helidaru. jaliskodalli nadeda eradu shavaparikshegalalli modalaneyadu, mexico tannade bandannadinda kattu hisuki hatyegeedaagiddaane endu bahirangapadisitu. shavapariksheyu chitrahimseya chihnegalannu mattashtu bahirangapadisitu, idu tappoppigeyondige asamanjasavagide. shavapariksheyalli aatanannu bahushah kolugalinda hodediruva suchanegaloo saha kandubandive. true avara tolugalaadyanta gayagalu mattu moogetugalu chitrahimse athawa kelavu reetiya rakshanaatmaka gayagalannu soochisirabahudu. aata aalavaada kaniveyalli konegolluva modale nijavu sattuhogittu endu varadiyu tirmaanisitu. eradane shavapariksheyannu mexico nagaradalli nadesalaayitu, allie eff. bii. aii vidhivignaana tagnarobbaru shavapariksheyannu gamanisabekagittu. vishashaastrada varadigalu aatana saavina samayadalli raktada alcohol mattavu saamaanya mattakkinta hechchaagittu endu torisidavu mattu siyeraadalli uttejakavagi balasuva sthaliya sasyada pratyakshavaada vyutpannavaada aminovalerikoda kuruhu pramaanavannu pattehachchidavu. hecchina ettara mattu kadime taapamaanada parinaamagalannu nigrahisalu ee aushadhiyannu true balasabahudittu. modala shavapariksheya varadiyalli kandubarada gayavu avana bala shvasakoshada himbhagakke hodeda gayavagiddu, idu avana shvasakoshavu dravadinda tumbiruvaga pragne kaledukollalu mattu usiraaduvudannu nillisalu kaaranavaagabahudu. varadiyannu kusitavu mondaada aaghaatakke kaaranavaayitu endu saha vyaakhyaanisabahudu. moorane vidhivignaana varadiyu hindina eradu shavaparikshe varadigalannu parishkariside. varadiya samshoodhanegala prakara, talege gaayavaada parinaamavaagi shvasakoshada edema untaayitu mattu aatanannu kattu hisuki kollalagilla endu arthaisikollabahudu. 1999rahra april velege, juwan chiwara avaru polisara ottadada adiyalli helikegalannu niididdaare endu truena hindina patrikege tilisidaru. kaanoonu prakriyegalu. americada udyami maiguel gottins avara paravagi madhyapraveshisida nantara chiwara mattu hernandez viruddhada prakaranavu badalaayitu. avana tande allie hotel maalikaraagidda kaarana gaatingalu atlaantaadalli vaasisuttiddaru, mattu nantara avaru gwaadalajaraadalli vaasisuttiddaru. ee prakaranadalli aasaktiyannu torisida nantara, avara vichaarane mattu shavaparikshegalalli iruva virodhaabhaasagala aadhaarada mele, kole nadedide embudakke yaavude nirnayaka puravegalilla endu gaatinge manavarikeyagittu. gattins avaru namage $30,000 kharchu maadidaru mattu avara paravagi prastaavanegalannu maadalu praatinidhyavannu padeyalu avara lokopakari samstheyaada lattin american institute off lokopakarada moolaka kelasa maadidaru. samaja seveya mukhyastharu prakaranavannu siddhapadisidaru. jaliskoda manava hakkugala aayogada sadasyarobbaru huychol janarannu bembalisi baredaru. 2001ralli, vakilaru nyayadhisharige saakshyavu beeluvudannu soochisuva prakaranavondannu mandisidaru mattu saakshyavannu parishilisalu muchchida vichaaraneya nantara, nyayadhisharu aaa ibbarannu bidugade maadidaru. 2002rahra mayee tingalalli, ee prakaranavu raajya melmanavi nyayalayakke hoyitu. aaa nyayadhisharu khulaseyannu hintegedukondu 13 varshagala siksheyannu vidhisidaru, aadare hecchina melmanavigala kaaranadindaagi, eega shikshegolagaada purusharu tamma melmanaviyannu munduvarisabahudaadaru svatantraraagi ulidaru. 2003rahra phebravariyalli, federal melmanavi nyaayaalayavu kela nyaayaalayada nyaayaadheesharalli doshavannu kanduhididide, avaru hinde sariyabekemba korikeya nantara prakaranadalli ulididdaru mattu aaddarinda prakaranavannu rajyakke hintirugisalaayitu mattu aparadha nirnayagalannu saha raddugolisalaayitu. 2003rahra novembernalli, hosa puraavegalu purushara tappitastharendu manavarike madikottive emba aadhaarada mele purusharannu bembalisuva tanna nirdhaaravannu gattins badalaayisidaru. 2004rahra hottige, rajyada melmanavi nyaayaalayavu aparadha nirnayavannu punahsthaapisitu, purusharige 20 varshagala "gairuhajariyalli" shikshe vidhisitu mattu haanige mottavannu saha nigadipadisitu; aadaagyoo, 2001ralli bidugadeyaada nantara aaa purusharu kanmareyagiddaru. ibbara patteyaguvavaregu prakaranavu prastuta bagehariyade ulidide. pratikriyegalu. mexican adhyaksha ernesto jhedillo avaru kanmareyaada nantara nijavendu kanduhidiyalu modalu sarkari sampanmoolagalannu niididaru mattu nantara yuu. ess. hatyeya tanikhege aadeshisidaru.ess. varadigaara. jedillo nantara, adhyaksha vicente foxes kutumbada bembalakkagi madhyapraveshisidaru. mexican nyaya vyavastheyu kaaryanirvahisuttadeye endu miguel gattins mattu robbert reward prashnisidaru. gattin moolatah ibbaru huychol purusharannu bembalisiddaroo, mexican nyayavu avarannu bidugade madidaga kelasa maaditu endu avaru vaadisidaru, aadare tappitastha pakshagalannu bidugade maadidare nyayavannu nidalaguvudilla endu reward prakaranavannu maadidaru. martha true avaru muchchida prakriyeyinda nirashegondiddare mattu 2001 rahra bidugadeyadaga aashcharyachakitaraadaru endu helidaru. 2003rahra antyada velege, gottins tanna bembalavannu ravered mattu true sthanakke badalayisikondiddanu. pustaka. robbert reward, "trial off feigures searching phaar phillip trueh aa reporters murder inn mexico und hiss editors search phaar justice" newyork public affairs, 2005.

philipp sharee meksikkoyile meksikoo sittiyile "saan antonio express-nyoos" enna pathratthinte oru american videsha lekhakanaayirunnu philipp true (18 juun 1948-16 desember 1998). jaliscoyile thekkan siyera madrey oksidantalile huichol janathayekkurichu arian patthu divasathe 65 mile trekkingle true kollappettu. aadhunika kaalath meksikkoyil kollapetta aadyathe american pathrapravartthakanaayirunnu true. aadyakaala charithram. kaaliforniyayile saan fernandoil ninnulla philipp true, loss enchals vaali collegilum irvinile california sarvakalaashaalayilum chernnu, avide 1970 ll birudam nedi. colleginu sesham addeham oru doock worker union prathinidiyum drivaler aayirunnu. thante naalpathukalil, true oru pathrapravartthakanaayi, aadyam 1990 ll "brounsville heraldinaayi", thudarnnu 1992 nuu sesham "saan antonio express-nyoosinu". "saan antonio express-nyoosinu" reporteraayi, addeham laredo beuroyil jolie cheyyukayum pinneedu meksikkoyile meksikoo sittiyil athinte lekhakanaavukayum cheythu. chiapas samgharshathekkurichulla addehathinte kavarej, 1998 januvariyil joonn pooll randaaman marpappa cuba sandarshanam ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya pathrapravartthanangal. philipp, maartha true ennivar vivahitharaayi 7 varshamaayi meksikoo sittiyil 1996 muthal thaamasikkukayaayirunnu. maattamorosil ninnulla thaddesheeya meksikkan vamshajayaaya maartha meksikoo sittiyile laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru paristhithi ejansiyude thalavanayi jolie cheythu. hyuchol indiakkaarekkurichu kooduthalariyaan tru yaatra cheythappol, maartha avarude aadya kunjine naalu maasam garbhiniyaayirunnu. eee dambathikalkku tioo enna oru makan undaayirunnu. maranavum aprathyakshathayum. meksikoo sittiyil moonnu varshatholam meksikoo sittiyile "saan antonio express-nyusi" nte lekhakanaayirunnu philipp true. siyara madreyile oru vaasasthalathu thaamasichirunna huichol indiakkaarekkurichulla oru katha thudaraan anuvadikkanamennu addeham randuthavana thante edittare bodhyappedutthaan shramichu. ashayam avalokanam cheytha sesham, fred bonativa athu nirasichu, athinaal thante avadhikkaalathu athil pravartthikkaan theerumaanichu. jalisco samsthaanathiloode nayaarit samsthaanathekku kondupookunna oru patthu divasathe yaathrayaan true aasoothranam cheythath. 1998 desember 1 nuu jaliscoyile tuxpanil addeham thante yaatra aarambhichu, desember 4 nuu jaliscoyile chalmottittayil avasaanamaayi kaanapettu, desember 10 nuu bhaarya addehathe kaanaathaayathaayi report cheythu. sathyathinayulla prarambha thirachil paraajayappettathin sesham, "saan antonio express-nyoos" edittar roobert reward, thirachilinu vibhavangal nalkaan presidentinte offeesine bodhyappeduthukayum pinneedu kaanathaaya vyakthiyude prakhyapanam vyaapakamaayi pracharippikkukayum cheythu. huichol vettakkaranaaya maargaritto dias oru mrithadeham kandethiyathayi prakhyapikkukayum party aaa sthalathekku nayikkukayum cheythu. meksikkan sainyam 1998 desember desember jalisco-naayarit athirthiyil chapalagana malayidukkile 330 adii aazhamulla parvatha malayidukkinullil (huicholil ninnu vivarthanam cheythirikkunnu "valanja sarppathinte malayidukku") truyude mrithadeham kandethi. dias aadyam kandethiya samayathinum thirachil bhaagatthinte varavinum idayilaanu truyude mrithadeham neekkiyathu. oru nadiyude theerathulla sleeping bagil mrithadeham kandethi, kazhuthil bandanna kondu pothinja nilayil azhukk moodiyirunnu. aadyam, sathyam abadhathil malayidukkilekku veenathaayi maadyamangal report cheythenkilum postmortem nadathiyappol sathyam kollappettathayi soochippikkunnuvennu jaliscoyude maranananthara parisodhana udyogasthan televisha network vaarthayodu paranju. anweshanangal. sahodaranmaraaya huichol paarambaryamulla rund purushanmaraaya 28 kaaranaya juvan chivara dii laa cruze, 24 kaaranaya migual hernandez dii laa cruze ennivare kendreekarichaayirunnu anweshanam. arasttinu sesham, iruvarum sammathichuvenkilum pinneedu, anadhikritha phottokal eduthathino huichol bhoomiyil athikramichu kayariyathino allengil avarude bandhukkalodu anaadaravu kaanichathino vendiyaanu thangal kolappeduthiyathennu thudakkathil paranjukondu pinmari. jaliscoyil nadanna rund shavapareekshanangalil aadyathethu, swantham bandanna upayogichu kazhuthu njerichu kolappeduthiyathaayi meksikoo velippeduthi. postmorttatthil peedanatthinte adayaalangal velippeduthi, ithu kuttasammathamumaayi poruthappedunnilla. orupakshe vadikondu marddichathaayirikkaam addehathinte adayaalangalum postmorttatthil kandethi. truyude kaikaliludaneelamulla murivukalum murivukalum peedanatheyo eathenkilum tharatthilulla prathirodha murivukaleyo soochippikkaamaayirunnu. aazhathilulla malayidukkil athunnathinumumbu sathyam marichuvennu report nigamanam cheythu. randaamathe postmortem meksikoo sittiyil nadannu, avide oru eph. bii. aii forencic vidagthan postmortem nireekshikkendathaayirunnu. maranasamayathu rakthathile alcoholinte alavu saadhaaranayekkaal kooduthalaanennu toxicology reportukal kaanikkukayum siyerayil uthejakamaayi upayogikkunna oru praadeshika chediyude ovar-dhii-kaundar derivative aaya aminovalericoyude alavu kandethukayum cheythu. uyarnna uyarathilum thaazhnna thapanilayilum undaakunna prathyaaghaathangal adichamarthaan eee marunnu upayogikkaamaayirunnu. aadyathe postmortem reportil kaanaatha oru parikk addehathinte valath shwaasakoshathinu pinnilulla purakil oru praharamaayirunnu, ithu addehathinte shwaasakoshathil draavakam nirayumbol bodham nashtappedaanum shwaasam nirthaanum kaaranamaayekkam. veezhcha moolamundaaya moorchayulla aaghaatham ennum reportine vyaakhyaanikkaam. moonnaamathe forencic report munbathe rund postmortem reportukal parishkarichu. thalaykku parikkettathinte falamaayi pulmonary edema undayathaayum addeham kazhuthu njerichu kollappettittillenum vishadeekarikkaamennum reportinte kandethalukal vyakthamaakkunnu. 1999 eprilode, poleesinte sammarddathil avar prasthavanakal nadathiyathaayi juvan chivara truyude muun pathrathodu paranju. niyama nadapadikal. american bisinasukaranaaya migewell gaattins avarkk vendi edapettathinethudarnnu chivaaraykkum hernandezinum ethiraaya cases maari. pithaav avide oru hotel jeevanakkaaranaayirunnathil gaattins atlaantayil thaamasikkukayum pinneedu gwadalajarayil thaamasikkukayum cheythu. kesil thaalparyam prakadippicha sesham, avarude chodyam cheyyalileyum postmorttatthileyum vairudhyangalude adisthaanathil kolapathakam nadannathinu nirnnayaka thelivukalonnumillennu gaattinsin bodhyappettu. gaattins njangalkk 30,000 dollar chelavazhikkukayum avarude peril prameyangal undakkunnathinaayi praathinidhyam nedunnathinaayi thante jeevakaarunya samghadanayaaya laattin american instittyoott oof launtroperiyiloode pravartthikkukayum cheythu. oru saamoohika sevanathinte thalavanaan cases thayyarakkiyathu. jaliskoyile manushyavakaasha kammeeshan amgam huichol janataye pinthunachu ezhuthi. 2001ll, thelivukal veezhunnathaayi choondikkaanikkunna oru cases abhibhaashakar jadjimark munnil avatharippikkukayum thelivukal avalokanam cheiyunnathinaayi adachitta vaadam ketta sesham jadjimar iruvareyum vittayakkukayum cheythu. 2002 meyy maasathil cases samsthaana appeel kodathiyilekku pooyi. aaa jadjimar kuttavimuktharaakkal pinvalikkukayum 13 varshathe shiksha vidhikkukayum cheythu, ennaal kooduthal appeelukal kaaranam, ippol sikshikkappettavar swathanthraraayi thudarnnu, athesamayam avarude appeel athinte vazhikk pookaan kazhinju. 2003 februvariyil, federal appeel kodathi keezhkkodathiyile oru jadjiyude kaaryatthil thettu kandethi, athu pinmaranulla abhyarthanaykku sesham kesil thudarnnu, athinaal cases samsthaanathekku thirike ayaykkukayum shikshavidhi raddaakkukayum cheythu. 2003 novemberil, puthiya thelivukal purushanmaarude kuttabodham bodhyappeduthiyennathine adisthaanathil purushanmaare pinthunaykkaanulla thante theerumaanam gaattins maatti. 2004 aayappozhekkum samsthaana appeel kodathi shiksha punasthaapikkukayum purushanmaarkk 20 varshathe "asaannidhyathil" shiksha vidhikkukayum nashtaparihaaratthuka nischayikkukayum cheythu; ennirunnaalum, 2001 ll mochitharaaya sesham avare kaanathaayi. iruvareyum kandethunnathuvare cases nilavil pariharikkappedaathe kidakkunnu. prathikaranangal. meksikkan president ernesto sedillo kaanaathaayathin sesham sathyam kandethaan aadyam sarkkar vibhavangal vaagdaanam cheyyukayum pinneedu yuu. esinte kolapaathakathekkurichu anweshanathinu utharavidukayum cheythu.ezz. reporter. sedilloik sesham, president visent phoox kudumbatthe pinthunaykkaan edapettu. meksikkan neethinyaaya samvidaanam pravartthikkunnundo ennu migewell gaattinsum roobert revered chodichu. gaattins yadhaarthathil rund huichol purushanmaare pinthunachappol, avare mochippichappol meksikkan neethi pravarthichuvennu addeham vaadichu, athesamayam kuttakkaraaya kakshikale mochippichaal neethi labhikkillenn reward cases cheythu. adanja prakriyayil thaan niraasanaayennum 2001 ll purathirangiyappol athbhuthappettuvennum maartha true paranju. 2003 avasaanathode gaattins thante pinthuna rivardinteyum trewinteyum sthaanathekku maatti. pusthakam. roobert revered, "trail oof feechezhsa searching phoor philipp tru eiii reporters kola inn meksikoo aandu hiss edittezhs serch phoor justice" newyorkka public afayezhs, 2005.

phillip kharey phillip true (18 juuna 1948-16 december 1998) haah meksikochya mexico shaharatil 'sann antonio express-news' sathicha eka american paradeshi batmidar hota. dakshinekadil siera madre auxidental, jalisco yetheel huichol lokambaddal jaanun ghenyasathi daha divasanchya, 65 mailanchya padayatret asatana, truchy hatya karnyat aalee. aadhunik kalat mexicomadhye hatya jhalela too pahila american patrakar hota. prarambhik itihas. phillip true haah californiatil sann fernandocha rahivasi hota aanee tyane losses angelis valley college aanee california vidyapith, irvin yaa donhimadhye shikshan ghetale, jithe tyane 1970 madhye padvi prapt kelee. mahavidhyalayin shikshananantar too eka godee kamgar aanee union pratinidhi tasech driwaller hota. tyachya chalisachya dashakat asatana, true patrakar banala, pratham 1990 madhye 'brounsville herald' sathee aanee nantar 1992 nantar 'sann antonio express-news' sathee. sann antonio express-news 'sathee patrakar mhanoon, tyane laredo beuromadhye kaam kele hote aanee nantar meksikochya mexico shaharat tyache pratinidhi banale hote. tyanchi patrakaritechi sarvat ullekhaneey kaame mhanje chiapas sangharshache tyanche vartankan aanee janewari 1998 madhye pope johnn paul dviteey yancha kyuba daura. phillip aanee martha true yanchya lagnala 7 varshe jhaali hotee aanee teey 1996 pasoon mexico shaharat rahat hote. matmoros yetheel mool mexican martha yanni mexico shaharatil eka naa-napha paryavaran sanstheche pramukh mhanoon kaam kele. jevha satyane huichol bharatiyambaddal adhik jaanun ghenyasathi pravas keela, tevha martha tyanchya pahilya balasah chaar mahinyanchi garbhavati hotee. yaa jodpyala eka mulga hota, teo. mrutyu aanee mrutyu. phillip true mexico shaharat teen varshe mexico shaharatil 'sann antonio express-news' sathee batmidar hota. siera madre yetheel eka vasahatit vasahatit huichol bharatiyambaddalchi katha pudhe chaloo denyakarta tyane donada aaplya sampadkala patvoon denyacha prayatna keela. yaa kalpanecha aadhava ghetalyanantar, fred bonativane tee nakarli aanee tyamule tyachya suttichya kalat tyavar kaam karnyacha nirnay ghetala. kharey tarr tyane daha divasanchya sahaliche niyojan kele jeey tyala jalisco rajyatoon nayarit rajyat gheuun jaeel. tyane 1 december 1998 roji tuxpan, jalisco yethe aapala pravas suru keela, too shevatcha 4 december roji chalmotita, jalisco yethe disala aanee tyachya patnine 10 december roji too bepatta jhalyachi mahitee dilee. kharaa shodh suruvatila ayashasvi jhalyanantar, 'sann antonio express-news' chey sampadak robbert reward yanni rashtrapati karyalayala shodhasathi sansadhane denyas sangitale aanee tyanantar bepatta jhalelya vyaktichi ghoshana mothya pramanat prasiddha karnyat aalee. huichol shikari margarito diazne jaheer kele qee tyala eka mrutdeh sapadala aahe aanee tyane tyaa thikani pakshala margadarshan kele. mexican lashkarane 16 december 1998 roji jalisco-nayarit simevar chapalgana chapalgana (huicholmadhun anuvaditah "valalelya sarpachi khore") 330 phoot khol dongral dareet truecha mrutdeh shodhala. diazne pahilyanda pahilelya velechya aanee shodh bhagachya aagmanachya darmyan truecha mrutdeh halavanyat aala hota. mrutdeh tyachya zopanyachya pishavit nadichya kathavar sapadala aanee tyachi maan tyachya bandanane gundalaleli hotee. suruvatila, madhyamanni vrutt dile qee kharey chukun dareet padale hote, parantu jaliskochya mrutyunivarkane televisa networkchya batmyanna sangitale qee shavavichhedanane kharey asalyache soochit kele qee tyachi hatya karnyat aalee hotee. tapas. tapasat 28 varshiy juan chiwara day laa cruze aanee 24 varshiy miguel hernandez day laa cruze, heey huichol varshache done purush hote jeey mehune hote. atkenantar, doghanni kabuli dilee, parantu nantar suruvatila tyanni anadhikrut chhayachitre kadhalyabaddal kinwa tyane huicholchya jamineet atikraman kele kinwa tyane tyanchya natevaikancha anadar keela mhanoon tyanni hatya kelee asey mhanat mage hutley. jaliskomadhye satyavar kelelya done shavavichhedananpaiki pahilya shavavichhedanantar, meksikone ughad kele qee tyacha swatachya bandanna galaa daboon khoon karnyat aala hota. shavavichhedanantar chhal jhalyachi chinhe pudhe disun aalee, jee kabulijbabanshi visangat hotee. shavavichedan ahavalat kadachit kathine tyachyavar vaar karnyat aalyache sanketahi sapadale. aanichyyaa hatanvar jhalelya jakhama aanee jakhama yatna kinwa kahee prakarchya bachavatmak jakhamanche sanket deu shakat hotya. too khol dareet jaanyapurvich satya mrut hota assa nishkarsh ahavalane kadhala. dusare shavavichedan mexico shaharat karnyat aale jethe eff. bii. aay. nyayvaidhyak tadnya shavavichedan pahanar hota. vishavidnyan ahavalanni darshavile qee tyachya mrutyuchya velee trumadhye samanya raktatil alcoholchi patali jaast hotee aanee tyala aminovalericoche anshatah praman aadhalale, jeey siera madhye uttejak mhanoon vaparlya jaanarya sthanik vanaspatiche pratyaksh vyutpann aahe. uchch unchi aanee qamee tapmanache parinam dadapanyasathi heey aushadh vaparale jaau shakate. pahilya shavavichedan ahavalat naan aadhalaleli dukhapat mhanje tyachya ujavya fuffusachya pathila jhalela fatka, jyamule tyachi fuffuse dravane bharaleli asatana tyachi jaaniv jhaali asatee aanee shwas thambla asata. yaa ahavalacha arth padalyamule jhalelya bholya aaghatamule dekhil lavala jaau shakato. shakato nyayvaidhyak ahavalane mageel done shavavichedan ahavalanmadhye sudharana kelee. ahavalache nishkarsh asey hote qee kharey tarr fuffusatil sooj aalee hotee jee dokyala dukhapat jhalyamule jhaali hotee aanee tyacha arth assa lavala jaau shakato qee tyacha galaa daboon khoon karnyat aala navhata. april 1999 paryant, juan chiwara yanni truechya purvichya vruttapatrala sangitale qee tyanni polisanchya dabavakhali vidhane kelee hotee. kayadeshir karyavahi. american vyapari miguel gattinsne tyanchya vatine hastakshep kelyanantar chiwara aanee hernandez yanchyavirodhatil khatala badalala. gatin heey atalantamadhye rahat hote, kaaran tyanche vadil tithe hottel vyavsayik hote aanee nantar teey gwadaljara yethe rahat hote. yaa prakaranat rus ghetalyanantar, tyanchya chaukashitil aanee shavavichhedanatil virodhabhasanchya aadhare gatinsala khatri patali qee hatya jhaali asalyacha konatahi nirnayak purava nahee. gattinsney aamhala 30,000 dollars kharch kele aanee tyanchya vatine prastav karnyasathi pratinidhitva midvanyasathi, lattin american institute auph paropkar yaa tyanchya paropkari sansthechya madhyamatoon kaam kele. eka samaj sevakadil pramukhane heey prakaran tayar kele. jalisco yetheel manavadhikar aayogachya eka sadasyane huichol purushanchya samarthanarth lihile. 2001 madhye, vakilanni nyayadhishansamor eka khatala sadar keela, jyat purave padnyakade nirdesh karatat aanee puravyancha aadhava ghenyasathi bund sunavaninantar nyayadhishanni tyaa doghanchi sutka kelee. meey 2002 madhye heey prakaran rajya apeal nyayalayat gele. tyaa nyayadhishanni nirdosh muktata ulatoon 13 varshanchi shiksha sunavali, parantu pudhil apilanmule, aata doshi tharalele lock mukt rahile, tarr tyanche apeal tyanche kaam karoo shakale. februwari 2003 madhye, federal apeal courtala khalchya nyayalayatil eka nyayadhishamadhye dosh aadhalala joou maghar ghenyachya vinantinantar yaa prakaranat rahila hota aanee mhanoon prakaran rajyakade parat pathvanyat aale aanee doshasiddhi dekhil radd karnyat aalee. november 2003 madhye, naveen puravyanni tyala purushanchya aparadhabaddal khatri patavali aahe yaa aadhare gattinsne purushanna pathimba denyacha nirnay ulatala. 2004 paryant, rajya apeal nyayalayane doshasiddhi punha suru kelee hotee, purushanna 20 varshanchi "anupasthitit" shiksha sunavali hotee aanee nuksanbharpaichi rakkam dekhil nishchit kelee hotee; tathapi, 2001 madhye tyanchi sutka jhalyanantar teey lock gayab jhaale hote. yaa doghancha shodh hoiparyant heey prakaran sadhya anuttarit aahe. pratikriya. meksikoche adhyaksh ernesto zedilo yanni bepatta jhalyanantar pratham kharey shodhanyasathi sarkari sansadhananchi aupher dilee aanee nantar yuu. yuu. chya hatyechya chaukashiche aadesh dile.ess. patrakar. zedilo nantar, rashtradhyaksh vicent foxney kutumbachya samarthanarth hastakshep keela. miguel gattins aanee robbert reward yanni mexican nyay vyavastha karya karate qaa assa prashna vicharla. gattinsne moolatah done huichol purushanna pathimba deela, tarr tyanni assa yuktivad keela qee jevha mexican nyayane tyanna mukt kele tevha teey kaam kele, tarr rewardney khatala dakhal keela qee doshi pakshanchi sutka jhaali tarr nyay deela jaanar nahee. martha true mhanali qee bund prakriyemule tee nirash jhaali hotee aanee 2001 madhye pradarshit jhalyavar teela aashchary vatale. vatale akheris, gattinsne aapala pathimba sharyati aanee aanee bhoomikekade valavala hota. pustak. robbert reward, 'trail auph fairs searching phaur phillip trueh aaa reporter' sha murder inn mexico andd hij editor 'sha search phaur justices', newyorkh public affairs, 2005.

phillip satya phillip true (18 june 1948-16 december 1998) meksiko sahar, mexicoma "saan antonio express-news" kaa lagi ek americi videshi sanwadadata thie. dakshini siyara madre oxidantal, jaliscoma huichol manisharuko barema jannaka lagi das dinko, 65 mileko trekma, saancho hatya garieko thiyo. adhunik samayama mexicoma hatya hune pahilo americi patrakar satya thie. prarambhik itihas. phillip true californiako saan fernandobata thie, rar unle lus angels bhyali college rar california vishwavidyalaya, irvin duwaima bhag lie, jahaan unle 1970 maa snatak gare. college pachhi uni dock karyakarta rar union pratinidhi, sathai drywaler thie. afno chalisko dashakma, true patrakar bane, pahile 1990 maa "braunasabhil herald" kaa lagi rar tyasapachhi 1992 pachhi "saan antonio express-news" kaa lagi. "saan antonio express-news" kaa lagi reporterko rupma, unle laredo bureauma kaam gareka thie rar tyasapachhi meksiko sahar, mexicoma yasako sanwadadata bane. unka patrakaritaka sabaibhanda ullekhaniya karyaharu chiyapas dwandwako unko kabharej rar janawari 1998 maa pope john pall dwitiyako kyuba bhraman thie. phillip rar martha truko vivaha bhaeko 7 warsha bhayo rar uni sann 1996 dekhi meksiko saharma basdai aeka thie. matmoroska muel mexicon martha meksiko saharma gaira nafamulak watawarniya agencyko pramukhka rupma kaam garthe. jab satyale huichol bharatiyaharuko barema thap janna yatra garyo, martha uniharuko pahilo bachchako sath chaar mahinako garbhawati thiin. dampatiko euta chhora thiyo, teo. gum rar mrityu. phillip true meksiko saharma tinn warshasamma meksiko saharma "saan antonio express-news" kaa lagi sanwadadata thie. unle dui patak afna sampadaklai siera madreko bastima basne huichol bharatiyaharuko katha pachhyauna dina raji garaune prayas gare. wicharko samiksha garepachhi, fred bonatibhale yasalai aswikar gare, rar tyasaile satyale afno chhuttiko samayama yasama kaam garne nirnaya gare. satyale das dinko yatrako yojana banayo jasle unlai jalisko rajyabata nairit rajyama laijanchha. unle 1 december 1998 maa tuxpan, jaliscoma afno yatra suru gare, antim patak 4 decemberma chalmotita, jaliscoma dekhieka thie, rar unaki shrimatile 10 decemberma uni bepatta bhaeko report garin. saanchoko prarambhik khoji asafal bhaepachi, "saan antonio express-news" kaa sampadak robert rewardle rashtrapatiko karyalayalai khojima srotharu pratibadha garna wishwasta parey rar pachhi bepatta wyaktiko ghoshanalai wyapak rupma prachar gariyo. huichol shikari margarito diazle afule euta shav fela pareko ghoshana gare rar partylai tyas sthanma nirdeshit gare. mexicon senale 16 december 1998 maa jalisko-nyrit simama chapalgana ghati (huicholbata anuwad gariekoh "ghumaeko sarpako ghati") maa 330 fitt gahiro pahadi kholbhitra truko shav fela pareko thiyo. satyako shav diazle yasalai pahilo patak dekheko samaya rar khoji bhagko agamanko bichma sario. shav unko sleeping byagma nadiko kinarma fela pareko thiyo rar unko ghaanti bandannale lapeteko thiyo. suruma, mediale galtile khandama khasyo bhanne satya bhaeko report sanket, tara jaliskoko coronerle television network samacharlai bhane kii shav parikshanle hatya bhaeko how bhanne satya sanket gareko thiyo. anusandhan. anusandhanle 28 warshiya juan chibhara day lah kruj rar 24 warshiya miguel hernandez day lah krujma kendrit thiyo, dui purush huichol virasatka thie jo dajubhai thie. giraftaripachhi, duwaile swikar gare, tara pachhi pachhi pachhi pachhi hatchhan, suruma uniharule anadhikrit foto khicheka lagi wa unle huichol jaminma atikraman gareko wa unle afna afantaharuko anadar gareko bhandai hatya gareka thie. jaliscoma satyama pradarshan garieka dui shawaparikshanharu madhye pahilo, meksikole khulasa garyo kii unko afnai bandannale gala katieko thiyo. shav parikshanle yatanako sanketharu pani prakat garyo, june swikaroktisanga asangat thiyo. shav parikshanle unlai sambhawatah lathile prahar garieko sanketharu pani fela pareko thiyo. satyako sampurna hatma katieka rar chotle yatana wa kunai prakarko rakshatmak ghauko sanket garna sakthyo. reportle nishkarsh nikalchha kii satya gahiro khandama pugnu aghi mareko thiyo. dosro shav parikshan meksiko saharma garieko thiyo jahaan fbi forensic visheshagyale shav parikshan garne thiyo. vishavigyan reportharule dekhae kii satyama unko mrityuko samayama samanya ragatma raksiko star bhanda badhi thiyo rar eminobhalerikoko trace matra patta lagayo, june siyerama uttejakko rupma prayog hune sthaniya botko obhar-da-counter wyutpanna how. satyale uccha uchai rar cum tapkramko prabhawalai dabauna yo aushadhi prayog garna sakthyo. pahilo shav parikshan reportma nabhaeko chot unko dahine foksoko pachhadi pachhadi prahar thiyo, jasle garda unko fokso taral padarthale bharieko bela chetana gumauna rar sas fern rokna sakchha. reportlai jharne karanle bholo aghat bhaeko pani wyakhya garna sakinchha. tesro farensic reportle aghillo dui shav parikshan reportharu sanshodhan garyo. pratiwedanko nishkarsh yo thiyo kii satyale fuffusiya shothko samana sanket june taukoma chot lageko karan bhayo rar unko ghantima ghau naparos bhanera wyakhya garna sakinchha. april 1999 sammama, juan chibharrale truko purva akhabarlai bhane kii uniharule policeko dababma bayan dieka thie. kanuni karyawahi. chibhara rar hernandez wiruddhako mudda ek americi wyapari miguel gattinsle uniharuko tarfabata hastakshep garepachhi pariwartan bhayo. gatinharu atlantama basthe, kinki unka buba tyahan hotel wyawasayi thie, rar tyasapachhi uni gwadlajarama basthe. muddama chaso liepachhi, gatinslai uniharuko sodhpuchha rar shav parikshanma virodhabhasko adharma hatya bhaeko kunai nirnayak praman nabhaeko vishwas bhayo. gattinsle hamilai $30,000 kharcha gare rar afno paropkari sanstha, lattin american institute aff paropkar marfat kaam gare, uniharuko tarfabata prastawharu banauna pratinidhitwa prapta garna. euta samaj sewaka pramukhle mudda tayar parey. jaliskoma manav adhikar ayogka ek sadasyale huichol purushharuko samarthanma lekhe. sann 2001 maa, wakilharule nyayadhishharulai euta mudda prastut gare jasma pramanle khasnu bhaeko sanket sanket rar pramanko samiksha garna banda sunuwaiko pachhi, nyayadhishharule tee dui janalai riha gare. mey 2002 maa, mudda rajya appeal adalatma gayo. tee nyayadhishharule nirdosh muktilai ultae rar 13 warshako sajaya die, tara thap apilka karan, ab doshi thaharieka manisharu swatantra rahe jabki uniharuko apille afno bato chalauna sakthyo. february 2003 maa, sanghiya appeal adalatle tallo adalatka nyayadhishma galti fela parey june alag hune anurodhpachhi muddama rahyo rar tyasaile mudda rajyama firta pathaieko thiyo rar doshasidhi pani kharez gariyo. november 2003 maa, gattinsle nayan pramanle unlai purushharuko aparadhko barema wishwasta pareko adharma purushharulai samarthan garne afno nirnayalai ultyae. sann 2004 sammama, rajya appeal adalatle doshasidhi punahsthapita gareko thiyo, tee purushharulai "anupasthitima" 20 warshako sajaya sunaeko thiyo, rar kshatipurtiko rakam pani taya gareko thiyo; yadyapi, tee purushharu 2001 maa riha bhaepachi bepatta bhaeka thie. duijanako patta naha lagesamma yo mudda hall samadhan huna sakeko chhaina. pratikriyaharu. meksikoka rashtrapati ernesto jedilole uni bepatta bhaepachi satya patta lagauna sarkari srotharu prastawa gare rar pachhi hatyako anusandhanko adesh die.ess. patrakar. jedilopachhi, rashtrapati bhisente faksle pariwarko samarthanma hastakshep gare. miguel gattins rar robert rewardle mexicon nyaya pranalile kaam garchha kii bhanera prashna gare. gattinsle suruma dui huikol purushharulai samarthan gare, unle tarka gare kii mexicon nyayale uniharulai mukta garda kaam garyo, jabki rewardle doshi pakshaharulai mukta gariyo bhane nyaya pradan garine chhaina bhanera mudda banae. martha trule bhanin kii uni banda prakriyabata nirash bhaeki thiin rar sann 2001 maa rilij hunda achamma lageko thiyo. sann 2003 ko antyasammama, gattinsle afno samarthanlai pratidwandi rar satyako sthitima pariwartan gareka thie. pustak. robert reward, "pankhaharuko trelah philipko lagi khoji satyah mexicoma ek reporterko hatya rar nyayaka lagi unko sampadakko khoj" nyu yorkah sarvajanik mamila, 2005.

phillip satya phillip true (18 june 1948-16 december 1998) mexicore mexico saharare "shaan antonio express-nyuj" paain jane americae bideshi sambadadata thile. dakhina siera madrey oxidantal, jaliscore huichol lokanka bishajare janiba paain eka dasha dinia, 65 mile padajatra samajare, truku hatya karajaithila. adhunika samajare meksikore hatya karajaithiba pratham americae sambadika thile. prarambhika itihas. phillip true californier shaan pharnandoru aasithile ebong shay ubhaja lus angeless bhyali college ebong california biswabidyalaja, iravin ray adhyajana karithile, jeunthare shay 1970 ray snataka hoithile. college parey shay jane dock karmachari ebong union pratinidhi tatha jane drywaler thile . taanka chalisha barsha bajasare, true jane sambadika hoithile, prathame 1990 ray "brounsville herald" paain ebong parey 1992 parey "shaan antonio express-nyuj" paain. "shaan antonio express-nyuj" rahr sambadika bhabare, shay laredo byurore kaama karithile ebong parey mexico saharar ehara sambadadata hoithile. tankara sambadikatara sabutharu ullekhaneeah karjyagudika thila chiapas bibadara kabharej ebong januari 1998 ray pope zohn pull dwiteejanka cuba gasta . phillip ebong martha true 7 barsha dhari bibahita thile ebong 1996 masiharu mexico saharare rahuthile. martha, matamorosra jane sthaniah mexican, mexico saharare eka analabhakari paribesha agencyra mukhya bhabare karjya karithile. jetebele satya huichol bharateejamananka bishajare adhika janiba paain jatra karithila, martha semanankara pratham santan sahita chaari masser garbhabati thile . ehi dampattinkara gotie pua thila, teo. nikhoja heba ebong mrutyu. phillip true mexico saharare tini barsha dhari mexico saharare "shaan antonio express-nyuj" rahr sambadadata thile. shay duithara taanka sampadakanku raaji karaibaku chesta karithile je tanku siera madrere eka basatire rahuthiba huichol bharateejanka bishajare eka kahani anusarana karibaku diantu. ehi bichar samikhya kariba parey, fred bonativa ehaaku pratyakhyana karithile, ebong tenu taanka chutidina samajare ehaa upare kaama karibaku nishpatti neithile. satare eka dasha dinia jatra yojana karithile jaahaa tanku zalisco rajya dei nayarit rajyaku neijiba. shay 1 december 1998 ray zaliscore tuxpanare tankara jatra arambha karithile, shesh thara paain 4 decemberare zaliscore chalmotita thaare tanku dekhibaku milithila ebong taanka patni 10 decemberare tanku nikhoja hoithiba suchana deithile. satyara prarambhika sandhan biphal heba parey, "shaan antonio express-nyuj" rahr sampadaka robert reward rastrapatinka karjyalajaku sandhan paain sambala pratishrutibadha karibaku raaji karaithile ebong parey nikhoja byaktinka ghoshana byapaka bhabare pracharita hoithila . margarito diaz, jane huichol shikari, ghoshana karithile je shay eka mrutadeha paichanti ebong dalaku sehi sthanaku margadarshan karithile. mexicore sena 16 december december zalisco-nayarit seemaare chapalgana canyon (huicholaru anubaditah "bakra sarpa canyon") ray 330 phuta gabhira parbata upatyaka bhitare trunka shabaku thaab karithila. satyara shabaku diaz prathame chinhat karithiba samai ebong sandhan anshara agman madhyare sthanantara karajaithila . mrutadehati eka nadee koolare thiba taanka sliping byagare milithila ebong taanka bekare bandanna bandhi aliaare aachadita thila . prathame, ganamadhyama report karithila je satyati bhulabashatah upatyakare padithila, kintu jaliskonka coroner television netawarka khabarku kahithile je shaba byabachheda satya bolly suchita karichhi je hatya karajaithila. anusandhana. anusandhanati 28 barsha bayaska juan chibhara dii laa kruj ebong 24 barsha bayaska miguel hernandez dii laa kruj, dui john huichol banshodbhaba purush, jeunmane swasura thile, taanka upare dhyana kendrit karithila. girapha heba parey, duhen sweekara karithile, kintu parey pachaku hatithile, prathame kahithile je semane anadhikruta phato uthaiba paain satare hatya karichanti kimba shay huichol jamire atikramana karichanti kimba shay semananka samparkeejanka prati asamman pradarshan karichanti. jaliscore satyare karajaithiba duiti shaba byabachheda madhyaru prathamati, mexico prakash karithila je tanku niz bandanna dwara galaa chipi hatya karajaithila. shaba byabachheda parey nirjatanara sanketa madhya prakash paithila, jaahaa sweekarokti sahita asangata thila. shaba byabachhedaru ehaa madhya janapadila je tanku sambhabatah eka lathire piti hatya karajaithila. trunka baahure thiba khyata ebong khyatagudika nirjyatana kimba kaunasi prakarara pratirakhyatmaka khyataku suchita karipare . ehi reporti ehi siddhantare pahanchithila je gabhira upatyakare pahanchiba purbaru satyati mruta thila. dwiteeja shaba byabachheda mexico saharare karajaithila jeunthare jane aif. bii. aai. forensic bisheshagya shaba byabachheda tadarakh karibaku thile. bishakta bigyana report darshaithila je mrutyu samajare trunkara raktare sadharana raktaru madyapana stara adhika thila ebong shay aminovalericora eka chinha parimana chinhat karithile, jaahaa sierare eka uttejaka bhabare byabahruta eka sthaniah udbhidara eka ovara-daa-counter derivetive . uccha uchchata ebong nimna tapamatrara prabhabaku daman kariba paain ehi oushadha byabahara karithaipare. pratham shaba byabachheda reportare nathiba aghatati thila taanka dahana fusfus pachapate pithi upare aaghata, jaahaa taanka fusfus taralare bhartti thibabele chetana haraiba ebong nihshwasa praswasa banda karibara kaaran hoipare . ehi reportaku eka patner kaaran bhabare madhya byakhya karajaipare jaahaa spust aaghata srusti karithila . truteeja forensic report purba duiti shaba byabachheda reportaku sanshodhita karithila. reporter phalaphal thila je prakrutare eka fusfus shoth hoithila jaahaa mundare aaghata karanaru hoithila ebong ehara byakhya karajaipare je tanku galaa chipi hatya karajai nathila. 1999 masiha april maasa suddha, juan chibhara trure purbatana sambadapatraku kahithile je semane polisara chaapare bibruti deichhanti. aaingata karjyanusthana. chibhara ebong harnandejnka birodhare mamalati badaligala jetebele jane americae byabasajee miguel gattins semananka tarapharu hastakhyepa karithile. gattins atalantare rahuthile, kaaran taanka pita sethare jane hotel byabasajee thile, ebong parey shay guadalajarare rahuthile. ehi mamalare agraha dekhaiba parey, semananka pacharauchara ebong shaba byabachhedare thiba bibada aadhaarare gattin nischita hoithile je hatya karajaithiba kaunasi nirnajaka pramana naahin. gatinmane aamaku $30,000 kharcha karithile ebong semananka tarapharu prastaba deba paain pratinidhitwa hassel kariba paain taanka paropakaree sangathana, lattin americae institute off paropakaree madhyamare karjya karithile. eka samajaseba mukhya ehi mamla prastuta karithile. jaliscore manabadhikara aajogara jane sadasya huichol purushanka samarthanare lekhithile. 2001 masihare, okilamane bicharapatimananka sammukhare eka mamla upasthapana karithile, jeunthire pramanagudika khasiba prati ingita karithila ebong pramanagudikara samikhya kariba paain eka banda shunani parey, bicharapatimane dui jananku mukta karithile. meey 2002 ray, mamla rajya apil kortaku jaithila . sehi bicharapatimane doshamuktiku olatpalat curry 13 barshar dandadesh deithile, kintu adhika abedan hetu, bartamana doshi sabyasta hoithiba byaktimane mukta rahithile ebong semananka abedan niz karjya sampadana kariparile. februari 2003 ray, sangheeah apil court nimna adalatare jane bicharapatinka dosh paithile jaahaa pratyahara paain anurodha parey mamalare rahithila ebong tenu mamalatiku rajyaku pathajaithila ebong doshi sabyasta madhya radda karajaithila . navember 2003 ray, gattin ehi purushamananku samarthan karibara taanka nishpattiku ehi aadhaarare badalai deithile je nutan pramana tanku purushamananka dosh bishajare nischita karithila. 2004 masiha suddha, rajya apil court doshi sabyastaku punahsthapita karithile, purushamananku "anupasthitire" 20 barsha paain dandadesh deithile, ebong khyati paain eka raashi madhya dharjya karithile; tathapi, 2001 masihare mukta heba parey purushamane nikhoja hoijaithile. dui john byaktinku chinhat kariba parjyanta ehi mamla bartamana amimansita rahichhi. pratikrija. mexico rastrapati arnesto jedilo nikhoja heba parey satyata janiba paain prathame sarkari sambala pradan karithile ebong parey jayu. aii. rahr hatyakandara tadanta nirdesh deithile.ess. sambadika. jedilonka parey, rastrapati vicent foxes paribarara samarthanare hastakhyepa karithile. miguel gattin ebong robert revard prashna karithile je mexicore nyaaja byabastha kaama karuchhi kii naahin. gattin moolatah dui huichol purushanku samarthan karuthibabele, shay jukti karithile je mexicore nyaaja semananku mukta kariba parey kaama karithila, jetebele revard mamla karithile je doshi pakhya mukta hele nyaaja diajiba naahin. martha true kahithile je shay banda prakrijare nirash hoithile ebong 2001 ray muktilabha kariba parey ashcharjya hoithile. 2003 masiha shesh suddha, gattin nijara samarthanaku pratidwandita ebong satyara sthitiku badalai deithile. bahi. robart revard, "trail off phejarsah sarching pharr phillip truhu aii reporter 'saas holeson inn mexico anded hiz editor' saas sarcha pharr justices", nyujarkah public affairs, 2005.

philip sacch haii philip tru (18 juun 1948-16 dasambar 1998) mexico shehar, mexico witch "sainn antonio express-news" laee ikk amriki videshi pattarkar see. jadon kii dakkhni siera madar oxidantal, jalisko witch huichol lokan baare jaanan laee ikk dass dinan, 65 meal dee yaatra utte, saccha katal qarr ditta giaa see. aadhunik samein witch mexico witch katal keete jaanh vaale pahile amriki pattarkar sunn. mudhla itihaas. philip true sainn fernando, california toon see atey usne laas angels valley kaalaj atey california university, irvin dovan witch padahi keeti, jitthe usne 1970 witch graduation keeti. kaalaj toon baad uh ikk dock worker atey union pratinidh dey naal-naal ikk drywaller vee see. jadon kii aapne chaali dey dahake witch, saccha ikk pattarkar bann giaa, pahilan 1990 witch "brounsville harreld" laee atey firr 1992 toon baad "sainn antonio express-news" laee. "sainn antonio express-news" laee ikk reporter vajon, usne laredo beoro witch kamm keeta see atey firr mexico shehar, mexico witch iss daa pattarkar bann giaa see. uss deeaan pattarkari deeaan sabh toon mahattavpuran rachnavan chiapas sanghrash dee coverage atey janwari 1998 witch pope john paul II dee kiooba dee yaatra sunn. philip atey martha tru dey viaah noon 7 saal hoow gaye sunn atey uh 1996 toon mexico shehar witch rahi rahey sunn. martha, joe kii metamoros toon ikk mool mexican haii, neey mexico shehar witch ikk gair-labhkari vatavaran agency dey mukhi vajon kamm keeta. jadon sacch neey huichol bhartiaan baare horr jaanan laee yaatra keeti, taan martha aapne pahile bacche naal chaar mahiniaan dee garbhavati see. iss jode daa ikk puttar see, teo. alop honaa atey maut. philip tru mexico shehar witch tinn saalan toon mexico shehar witch "sainn antonio express-news" laee ikk pattarkar riha see. uss neey doou vaar aapne sampadak noon samjhaun dee koshish keeti kii uh huichol bhartiaan baare ikk kahani daa pichha qarey, joe siara madar witch ikk basti witch rahinde sunn. vichaar dee samikhiaa curran toon baad, fred bonativa neey iss noon thukra ditta, atey iss laee sacch haii kii uss neey aapniaan chhuttiaan dey samein dauran iss 'teey kamm curran daa faisla keeta. sacch neey ikk dass dinan dee yaatra dee yojna banayi joe uss noon jalisko raaj toon nyrit raaj takk lae javegi. uss neey aapni yaatra 1 dasambar 1998 noon tuxpan, jalisko witch shuru keeti see, aakhri vaar 4 dasambar noon chalmotita, jalisko witch dekhiaa giaa see, atey uss dee patni neey 10 dasambar noon uss dey laapta honn dee soochna ditti see. sacchi dee shuruati khoj asfal honn toon baad, "sainn antionio express-news" dey sampadak, robbert reward neey rashtarpati dey daftar noon khoj laee sarot denh laee yakeen karvaiaa atey baad witch laapta viakati dey ailaan daa viaapak prachar keeta giaa. ikk huichol shikari margarito diaaz neey ailaan keeta kii uss noon ikk laash millie haii atey uss neey party noon site takk pahuncha ditta haii. mexican fauj neey 16 dasambar 1998 noon jalsko-nyrit sarhadd utte chapalgana ghaati (huichol toon anuvadit "mudhe hoye sapp dee ghaati") witch 330 futt dunghi pahadi khaee dey ander sacchi laash daa pataa lagaiaa. sacch dee laash noon uss samein dey vichkaar lijaiaa giaa see jadon diaaz neey iss noon pahili vaar dekhiaa see atey khoj hisse dey aaunn dey vichkaar. laash uss dey sleeping baig vicchon ikk nadee dey kinare millie see atey uss dee gardan noon bandna naal lapetiaa hoiaa see. pahilan taan media neey dassiaa kii sacch galti naal khadd witch digg giaa see, parr jalisko dey coroner neey televisa network khabran noon dassiaa kii postmortem neey sacch dassiaa kii katal qarr ditta giaa see. jaanch. jaanch 28 saala juan chiwara day laa cruze atey 24 saala migual hernandez day laa cruze, huichol virasat dey doou aadmiaan 'teey kendrit see joe jeeja sunn. griftari toon baad, dovan neey savikar keeta, parr baad witch ih kahinde hoye pichhe hutt gaye kii unhan neey anadhikarat fotoan khicchan laee sacch kiha see jaan usne huichol zaminan witch ghuspaith keeti see jaan usne aapne rishtedaran daa niradar keeta see. jalisco witch keete gaye doou postmortem vicchon pahile witch, mexico neey khulasa keeta kii uss daa galaa ghutt keey katal qarr ditta giaa see. postmortem witch tashadad dey sanket sahmane aae, joe ikbaal naal asangat sunn. postmortem witch iss gall dey vee sanket mille kii uss noon shayed ikk soaty naal kuttiaa giaa see. sacche hatth deeaan baahan utte kattan atey sattan neey tashadad jaan kise kisam dey rakhiaatmak zakhman daa sanket ditta hoow sakda haii. report neey sitta kaddhiaa kii dunghi khadd witch jaanh toon pahilan hii sacch marr giaa see. dooja postmortem mexico shehar witch keeta giaa see jitthe ikk eff. bee. aaee. forensic mahr neey postmortem daa nirikhan karna see. zahirile vigiaan deeaan reportan neey dikhaiaa kii sacch witch uss dee maut dey samein khoon witch alcohol daa paddhar aam naalon vaddh see atey aminovlerico dee trace matra daa pataa lagaiaa, joe kii siara witch ikk utejak vajon varte jaanh vaale sathanak paude daa ikk over-dha-counter derivative haii. sacch haii kii iss dawai dee varton uchchai atey ghatt tapman dey prabhavan noon dabaun laee keeti jaa sakadi see. pahili postmortem report witch naa labbhi gaee satt uss dey sajje fefde dey pichhe pitth witch ikk jhatka see, jiss naal uss dey fefde taral naal bharey hoye sunn atey saah laina bnd hoow sakda see. report dee viaakhiaa iss tarahan vee keeti jaa sakadi haii kii dhiggan caarn dhabba tuttiaa haii. tiji forensic report neey pichle doou postmortem reportan noon sodhiaa. report dey natije ih sunn kii sacch haii kii pulmonary edema daa sahmana karna piaa joe sir witch satt laggan dey natije vajon hoiaa see atey iss dee viaakhiaa keeti jaa sakadi haii kii uss daa galaa ghuttiaa naheen giaa see. aprail 1999 takk, juan chiwara neey truj dey sabka akhbar noon dassiaa kii unhan neey pulis dey dabaa heth biaan ditte sunn. kanunni karvaiaan. chivra atey hernandez virudh case udon badal giaa jadon ikk amriki vapari, migual gattins neey unhan vallon dakhal ditta. gattins atlanta witch rahinde sunn, kiunki unhan dey pitaa utthe ikk hotel maalak sunn, atey firr uh guadalzara witch rahinde sunn. mamle witch dilchaspi lainn toon baad, guttins noon unhan dee puchgich atey postmortem witch virodhabhas dey adhaar 'teey yakeen hoow giaa kii katal keete jaanh daa koee nirnayak saboot naheen haii. gattins neey saanoon 30,000 dallar kharach keete atey unhan dee tarfon matey banaun laee numaindagi prapat curran laee aapne parupkari sangathan, lattin american institute aaf parupkari duaara kamm keeta. ikk samaaj seva dey mukhi neey case tiaar keeta. jalisko witch manukkhi adhikar commission dey ikk member neey huichol purshan dey samarthan witch likhiaa. saal 2001 witch vakilan neey jajjan sahmane ikk case pesh keeta jiss witch saboot dhiggan vall ishara karde hunn atey sabootan dee samikhiaa curran laee ikk bnd sunwai toon baad, jajjan neey dovan viaktiaan noon rihaa qarr ditta. maee 2002 witch ih mamla raaj dee apeel adalat witch giaa. unhan jajjan neey burry keete jaanh dey faisle noon pult ditta atey 13 saal dee sazaa sunayi, parr horr apeelan dey caarn, hunn doshi thehraye gaye viakati aazaad rahey jadon kii unhan dee apeel aapna kamm qarr sakadi see. farvari 2003 witch, sanghi apeel adalat neey hethli adalat witch ikk jajj witch galti paaee joe vakkh honn dee benati toon baad mamle witch riha see atey iss laee case noon raaj noon waps bhej ditta giaa see atey sazaa vee radd qarr ditti gaee see. navambar 2003 witch, gattins neey purshan daa samarthan curran dey aapne faisle noon iss adhaar 'teey ulta ditta kii navein sabootan neey uss noon purshan dey apradh baare yakeen diwa ditta see. 2004 takk, raaj dee apeel adalat neey sazaa noon bahaal qarr ditta see, aadmiaan noon "gairhazari witch" 20 saal dee sazaa sunayi see, atey nuksan dee rakam vee nirdharat keeti see; halanki, aadmi 2001 witch aapni rihayi toon baad gaib hoow gaye sunn. jadon takk dovan viaktiaan daa pataa naheen lagg jaanda, udon takk ih mamla haale hall naheen hoow sakiaa haii. pratikaram. mexico dey rashtarpati arnsto zedillo neey aapne laapta honn toon baad sacch labbhan laee pahilan sarkari sarotan dee peshkash keeti atey baad witch yuu. aiss. dey katal dee jaanch dey adesh ditte.aiss. pattarkar. zedillo toon baad, rashtarpati vicent fox neey parivaar dey samarthan witch dakhal ditta. myguel gattins atey robbert reward neey swal keeta kii qee mexican niaan pranali kamm kardi haii. jadon kii gattins neey asal witch doou huichol aadmiaan daa samarthan keeta, usne daleel ditti kii mexican niaan neey kamm keeta jadon iss neey unhan noon rihaa keeta, jadon kii reward neey ih case banaiaa kii jey doshi dhiran noon rihaa qarr ditta jaanda haii taan niaan naheen ditta javega. martha tru neey kiha kii uh bnd prakiriaa toon nirash see atey jadon 2001 dee rileez hoee taan uh hairan see. 2003 dey ant takk, gattins neey aapna samarthan harif atey sacche dee sathiti witch badal ditta see. pustak. robbert reward, "pakkhan daa traile philip laee khoj sacch haiyav mexico witch ikk reporter daa katal atey uss dey sampadak dee niaan laee khoj", newyork jantak mamle, 2005.

phillip satyam. phillip true (18 joon 1948-16 december 1998) meksiko-deshasya meksiko-nagare "saan antonio express-nyoos" ityasya amerikiya-videsheey-samvadakarta aasit. dakshinasya siyara madrey-oxidantal-jaalisko-nagare huichol-jananam vishaye dnyaatum dashadivasasya 65 mail-yaavat padayatra kurvan true iti maaritah. adhunikakale meksiko-deshe maaritah prathamah american-patrakaarah satyah aasit. praarambhikah itihaasah. phillip true ityeshah california-deshasya saan-fernando-nagarasya aasit, saha laas-angelies-vyaalee-mahaavidyaalaye, irvin-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalaye cha upasthitah, yatra saha 1970 tame varshe snaatakapadaveem praptavan. mahaavidyaalayasya anantaram saha daak-karyakarta, sangha-pratinidhihi, dravaller cha aasit. yadaa tasya chaturshite dashake aasit, tadaa true iti patrakaarah abhavat, prathame 1990 tame varshe "brounsville herald" ityasya krute, tatah 1992 tame varshe "saan antonio express-nyoos" ityasya krute cha. "saan antonio express-nyoos" ityasya vaartaakaaratven, saha laredo byooro ityasmin karyam krutavaan, tatah meksiko-nagare tasya samvadakarta abhavat. tasya patrakaritayaha sarvaadhikaani ullekhaneeyaani karyani chiapas-sangharshasya vartalapaha, 1998 janavareemaase pope jaan paal dwiteeyasya kyuba-bhramanam cha aasan. phillip tathaa martha true 7 varshaani yaavat vivaahitau, 1996 tamaat varshaat meksiko-nagare nivasantau cha. matmoros-nagarasya mulanivasini martha, meksiko-nagare laabharahit-paryaawaran-samsthaayaah pramukharoopen karyam krutavatee. yadaa true-varyaha huichol-bharatiyanam vishaye adhikam dnyaatum pravaasam krutavaan, tadaa martha swaprathamaabhih shishuna saha chaturmaasasya garbhinee aasit. dampatee ekaha putrah aasit, tevo. adrushyah cha mrutyuhu. phillip true ityayam meksiko-nagare "saan antonio express-nyoos" ityasya samvaadadaatru aasit, meksiko-nagare varshatrayam yaavat aasit. saha dvivaaram swasya sampaadakam sammohanam kartum prayatat yena saha siera-madrey-nagare ekasmin bastau nivasataam huichol-bharatiyanam vishaye kathaa anusaranam kartum shaknoti. vichaarasya samiksham krutvaa, fred bonativa tam niraakrutavaan, ataha satyameva tasya viraamakaale tasmin karyam kartum nishchitavaan. satyameva dashadinasy yatrayaha yojanaa krutavaan yat tam jaalisko-raajye nayaarit-raajyam prati netum arhati. saha 1998 december 1 dinaanke jaalisko-nagarasya tuxpon-nagare swasya yatram prarabhata, antimavaaram december 4 dinaanke jaalisko-nagarasya chalmotita-nagare drushtah, tasya patnee 10 december dinaanke saha bepattaa abhavat iti soochitavatee. satyasya praarambhik-anveshanasya viphalataayaah anantaram, "syaan antonio express-nyoos" ityasya sampaadakah rabert reward ityeshah raashtrapati-karyalayam anveshanaartham samsadhanan samarpayitum pratyayojayat, tadanantaram gumasya vyaktehe ghoshanaayaah vyaapak-prachaarah krutah. huichol-shikaaree margarito diaz ityeshah, saha ekam shareeram praptavan iti ghoshayitvaa, dalasya tatsthanam prati margadarshanam krutavaan. meksiko-senaa 16 december 1998 tame dine jaalisko-nyrit-simayam chapalagana-girikhaatasy (huichol-taha anuvaaditah "vakra-sarpasya girikhaatah") 330-padasya gabheeraparvata-girikhaatasy antah true ityasya shavam asthaapayat. riyas-varyaha prathamam yadaa tatt drushtavaan, anveshanabhaagasya aagamanasy cha madhye true-ityasya shavaha sthanantaritaha aasit. tasya shavam tasya nidraavastre nadyaah paarshve praaptam, tasya kamtah bandanna ityanena aawruten malinena aacchaaditah aasit. prathamam, madhyamaha satyam akasmikataya khandake patitam iti soochitavantah, parantu jaalisko ityasya mrutyu-rakshaka televisa-jaalasy vaartaam avadat yat shavapareekshaayaah pramaanam satyameva mrutam iti. anveshanam. anusandhaane 28 varsheeyasya juvaan chivaraa dey laa cruze, 24 varsheeyasya migyuyel hernandez dey laa cruze, hyuichol-vamshasya dwau purushaah, ye shyaalakaah aasan, teshaam vishaye dhyanam aasit. bandhanaat anantaram, tau dwau swakeeyam krutavantah, parantu pashchat punah vyaknot, praarambhe, anadhikrutaani chaayaachitraani sveekrutya vaa saha huychol-bhoomau atikramanam krutavaan vaa vaa swasambaddhaan anaadaram akarot iti vaa satyameva hatavaan iti. jaalisko-nagare satye pradarshiteshu shavapareekshayoh prathame meksiko-deshe saha swasyaah bandanna ityanena shvasaneenam krutavaan iti prakaashitam. shavaparikshayam yatana-sanketaah api prakatitah, ye sweekaarokti-saha asangatah aasan. shavaparikshayam saha sambhawatah dandena prahaaritah iti sanketaah api prakatitah. satyasya sampurnayam baahushu kshataah, kshataani cha yatana vaa kasyaapi pratirakshaatmak-kshatasy vaa sanketam daatum arhanti sma. prativedanam nishkarsham dattavaan yat satyah gabheer-khandake samaptat poorvam mrutah aasit iti. dwiteeyam shavapareekshanam meksiko-nagare krutam, yatra ef. bee. aii.-forensic-visheshadnyah shavapareekshanam nireekshayet aasit. vishavijnaanasya prativedanaani darshayanti yat satyasya mrutyoho samaye raktasya madyasya starah samanyat adhikah aasit iti, tathaa cha aminovaleriko ityasya alpamatram dnyaatavaan, yat siyerarajye uttejakaroopen prayuktasya sthaniyasya sasyasya pratyaksha-vyutpannam asti. satyena uccha-oordhvataayaah, nyoon-tapamatrayaha cha prabhavan damanartham etat aushadham upayoktum shakyate sma. prathama-shavapareekshaayaah vivarane naa drushyate yat aghataha tasya dakshina-fuffusasya prushtabhaage aghataha aasit, yena tasya fuffus-drava-poorita-avasthaayaam chetanam nashtam, shwaasochchhwaasah cha sthagitah syaat. patanen sthoolah aghataha abhavat iti api prativedanasya vyaakhyaam kartum shakyate. truteeye forensic-prativedanena poorvadvayam shavapareekshan-prativedanam parishkrutam. prativedanasya nishkarshah aasan yat satyameva fuffuseeya-shothah abhavat, yasya parinaamah shiraha kshatah abhavat, tasya shvasaneekaranam naa krutam iti vyaakhyaatum shakyate. 1999 april-maasaparyantam juvaan chivara ityeshah true ityasya poorva-vruttapatram avadat yat te arakshakanam dabaawen vaktavyaani krutavantah iti. vidhi-vyavahaare. amerikaadeshasy vyavasaayihi migyuyel gattins ityanena teshaam pakshatah hastakshepasya anantaram chivara tathaa hernandez ityetayoho viruddham prakaranam parivartitam. gaatin-varyaha atlanta-nagare nivasati sma, yatah tasya pitaa tatra hotel-vyaapaarih aasit, tatah saha gwadlazer-nagare nivasati sma. prakaranasya vishaye ruchim avalambya, gaatins ityayam teshaam vichaaranasya, shavapareekshaayaah cha vairudhyasya aadhaaren nishchitah yat hatyaa krutasya nirnaayakah pramaanah naasti iti. gattins ityayam asman $30,000 vyayam krutvaa, swasyaah paropakaari-samsthaa, lattin-american-institute-aaf-paropakaar-samsthaayaah madhyamena, teshaam krute prastavan kartum pratinidhitvam praaptum karyam krutavaan. samajasevayaha pramukhah prakaranam sajjavaan. jaalisko-nagarasya maanav-adhikaar-ayogasya ekaha sadasyah huichol-purushaanaam samarthane alikhat. 2001 tame varshe, vakeelaah nyayadhishan prati ekam prakaranam prastutee, yat sakshyam patati iti soochayati, sakshyasy samikshartham samaaptasya shravanasya anantaram nyayadhishaha taan dwau purushau muktavantah. 2002 mey-maase prakaranam rajya-apeel-nyayalayam prati gatam. te nyayadhishaha nirdosham niraakrutavantah, 13 varshaani dandam dattavantah, parantu adhika-apeel-karanat adhunaa danditaah purushaah swatantraah aasan, yadyapi teshaam apeel-prakriya cha bhavitum arhati sma. 2003 februvari-maase, sangheey-apeel-nyayalayaha nimna-nyayalaye nyayadhishasya dosham dnyaatavaan, yah vicchedanam prarthayitva prakaranasya upari eva aasit, ataha prakaranam punah rajyaya preshitam, dandaan api nirastam cha. 2003 tame varshe november-maase, gattins ityayam purushaanaam samarthanam kartum swasya nirnayam, nootanapramaanaih purushaanaam aparaadham pratyabhidnyaatam iti aadhaaren, vyatikramayat. 2004 tame varshe rajya-apeel-nyayalayaha doshasiddhim punah sthaapayat, purushaan "anupasthitau" 20 varshaani yaavat dandayat, kshatipooranam cha nishchitavaan; tathaapi, 2001 tame varshe muktteh anantaram te purushaah adrushyaah abhavan. yaavat purushadwayam naa dnyaatum shakyate taavat prakaranam sadyah anuttaritam asti. pratikriyam karotu. meksiko-deshasya rashtrapatihi ernesto jedilo ityeshah, swasya adrushyasya anantaram satyasya anveshanaartham prathamam sarvakaareey-samsaadhanaani pradaasyat, anantaram yu. e. ityasya hatyayaha anveshanasya aadesham dattavaan.ess. vaartaakaarah. jedillo ityasya anantaram, rashtrapatihi vicente faaks ityeshah parivaarasya samarthane hastkshepam krutavaan. maiguyel gattins tathaa rabert reward cha meksiko-deshasya nyaayavyavasthaayaah kaaryam aasit vaa iti prashnaan akurvan. yadaa gaatin-varyaha moolatah hyuichol-purushadwayam samarthayat, tadaa saha tarkam krutavaan yat yadaa te mukttau abhavan tadaa mexican-nyayah karyam karoti iti, yadaa kii reward ityeshah prakaranam krutavaan yat yadi doshinah pakshaah mukttau bhavanti tarhi nyayah naa pradadaati iti. martha true ityeshaa avadat yat saa antaritaprakriyayaa niraashah aasit, 2001 tame varshe yadaa pradarshita tadaa cha ashcharyita abhavat iti. 2003 tamasya varshasya ante, gattins ityeshah swasya samarthanam reward tathaa true ityasya sthaanam prati parivartayat. pustakam. rabert reward, "trail aaf favours-sarching faar phillip trooho a reporters murder inn meksiko and hizz editorus sarching faar justice" iti nyoo yaark-saarwajanikakaaryakramah, 2005 iti grantham.

philip unmai pilip true (18 juun 1948-16 disambar 1998) mexikovin mexico nagaril "chaan antonio express-news" endra paththirigaiyin america velinaattu nirubar aavaar. therku siyara matrey ocidental, jaliskovil ulla huisol makkalaip pattri ariya paththu naall, 65 mile malaiyaettraththil irunththapoathu, true kollapattaar. naveena kaalangalil mexicovil kollapatta muthal america paththirigaiyaalar unmai. aarambagaala varalaaru. californiavin chaan fernandoviche saerntha pilip true, losses aenjals pallatthaakku kalluri mattrum california palkalaikkazhagam, irvin aagiya irandilum payintraar, angku avar 1970 ill pattam pettraar. kalloorikkup piragu avar oru kappalthurai thozhilaali mattrum thozhirchanga pirathinithi, athae poal oru ular suvar. thanathu naarpathukalil irunththapoathu, tru oru pathirikaiyaalaraanaar, muthalil 1990 ill "pravunsville heraalttirkaagavum, pinnar 1992 kkup piragu" chaan andanio express-news "kkaagavum." chaan andanio express-news "paththirigaiyaalaraaka, avar lauredo paniyagaththil panipurinthaar, pinnar mexikovin mexico nagaril adhan nirubaraanaar. siabas moathal pattriya avarathu seithi mattrum janavari 1998 ill poap john paal II cubavukku vijayam seithal aagiyavai avarathu migavum kurippidatthakka paththirigaip padaippugal aagum. pilip mattrum martha true aagiyoar 7 aandugalaaka tirumanam seithu kondanar, 1996 muthal mexico nagaril vasiththu vanthanar. mexico nagaraththil ilaaba noakkattra suttruchchoozhal niruvanaththin thalaivaraaga paniyaattriya mexicovaich saerntha poorveega mexican martha. huisol inthiyarkalaip pattri maelum ariya tru payanam seithapoathu, martha avarkalin muthal kuzhandhaiyudan naanku maatha karppiniyaaga irunthaar. inththa thambathiyinarukku deoo endra oru magan irunthaar. kaanaamal poavathu mattrum irappathu. pilip true mexico nagaril moontru aandugalaaka mexico nagaril "chaan antonio express-news" nirubar aavaar. siyara maatril oru kudiyaettraththil vaalnththa huisol inthiyarkalaip pattriya oru kadhaiyaith thodara anumathikkumaaru avar irandu murai thanathu aasiriyarai samaathaanappaduththa muyantraar. inththa yoasanaiyai mathippaaivu seitha piragu, fred ponadiva adhai niraagarittaar, enavae avarathu vidumurai neraththil athil vaelai seiya mudivu seithaar. paththu naall payanaththaith tittamitta unmai, adhu avarai jalisco maanilam vazhiyaaga niorit maanilaththirku alaiththuch sellum. avar thanathu payanaththai disambar 1,1998 andru jaliskovin tuxponil thodangkinaar, kadaisiyaaga disambar 4 aam thaethi jaliskovin salmoditavil kaanapattaar, disambar 10 aam thaethi avaraik kaanavillai endru avarathu manaivi therivitthaar. unmaiyana thaedal thoalviyadaintha piragu, "chaan antonio express-news" inn aasiriyar robbert reward, thaedalukku valangkalai odhukkumaaru janathipathi aluvalagaththai samaathaanappaduththinaar, pinnar kaanaamal poana nabarin arivippu paravalaaka vilambarappaduththappattathu. huisol vaettaikkaararaana marcarito dias, oru udalai kandupidiththadhaaga arivitthu, antha idaththirku katchiyai vazhinadaththinaar. mexican iraanuvam 16 disambar 1998 andru jalisco-naayarit ellaiyil sabalagana pallaththaakkil (huisol "murukkapatta paambin pallatthaakku" endru mozhipeyarkkappattullathu) 330 addii aazhamulla malai pallaththaakkukkul truvin sadalaththai kandupidiththathu. truvin sadalam dias muthanmuthalil athaik kandarindha neeraththirkum thaedal paguthiyin varugaikkum idaiyil nagarththappattathu. avarathu thoongkum paiyil oru aattrin kurukkae sadalam kandedukkappattathu, maelum avarathu kazhuththil avarathu bandannawal moodappattirunthathu. muthalil, unmai thartcheyalaaka pallaththaakkil vizhunththathaaga uudakangkal theriviththana, aanaal jaliskovin maranathandanai adhigaari televisa network seithiyidam piraethap parisoathanai unmai kolai seiyappattathaaga suttikkaattiyathu endru koorinaar. visaaranaikal. visaaranaikal 28 vayathaana yuwan shiwara dii laa cruze mattrum 24 vayathaana hiusol paarambariyaththaich saerntha irandu aangal, maiththunargalaaga irunththa mykkuval hernandez dii laa cruze aagiyoarai maiyamaagak kondirunthana. kaithu seiyappatta piragu, iruvarum oppukkondanar, aanaal pinnar, angkeekarikkappadaatha pugaippadangkalai eduththatharkaaga allathu avar huisol nilangkalil aththumeeri nuzhainththatharkaaga allathu avar thangal uravinargalukku avamariyaathai kaattiyatharkaaga avarkal kolai seithathaagak koori, aarambaththil pinvaangkinar. jaliskovil nadantha irandu piraethap parisoathanaikalil muthal piraethap parisoathanai, mexico thanathu sontha panthannaavudan kaluththai neritthu kollappattathai velippaduththiyathu. piraethap parisoathanai maelum siththiravathaiyin arikurigalai velippaduththiyathu, idhu opputhal vaakkumoolaththudan muranpattathu. piraethap parisoathanai avar oru kuchiyaal thaakkappattatharkaana arikurigalaiyum velippaduththiyathu. truvin kaikal muzhuvathum vettukkal mattrum kaayangal siththiravathai allathu oruvitha tharkaappu kaayangalaik kuritthirukkalaam. avar aalamaana pallaththaakkil irangkuvatharku munbu unmai iranththuvittathu endru arikkai mudivu seithathu. irandaavathu piraethap parisoathanai mexico nagaril seiyappattathu, angku oru eff. pii. aii thadayaviyal nipunar piraethap parisoathanaiyai kavanikka vaendiyirunththathu. nachuyiyal arikkaikal avar irakkum neraththil saathaarana iraththa alkahal alavai vida athigamaaga irunththathu enbathaik kaattiyadhu mattrum aminovalerikovin thadaya alavaik kandarindhadhu, idhu siyaeraavil oru thoonduthalaagap payanpaduththappadum ulloor thaavaraththin neradi vazhiththoantralaagum. adhiga uyaram mattrum kuraindha veppanilaiyin vilaivugalai adakka inththa marunththaip payanpaduththiyirukkalaam. muthal piraethap parisoathanai arikaiyil kandupidikkappadaadha kaayam avarathu valathu nuraiyeeralukkup pinnaal mudhugil oru addii, idhu avarathu nuraiyeeralil tiravam nirambiyirukkum poathu suyaninaivai izhakkavum, swaasippathai niruththavum kaaranamaaga irunthirukkalaam. inththa arikkaiyai oru veelchchi apattamaana athirchchiyai aerpaduththiyathu endrum vilakkalaam. moontraavathu thadayaviyal arikkai munththaiya irandu piraethap parisoathanai arikkaikalai thiruththiyathu. arikkaiyin kandupidippugal ennaventraal, thalaiyil kaayam aerpattathan vilaivaaga nuraiyeeral veekkaththai anubaviththathu, maelum avar kaluththai neriththathaaga vilakkappadavillai. aepral 1999kkul, juwan shiwara truvin munnaal seithiththaalidam kaavalthuraiyin azhuththaththin keezh arikkaikalai veliyittathaagak koorinaar. satta nadavadikkaikal. shiwara mattrum hernandes aakiyoarukku ethiraana vazhakku, oru america thozhilathibar mikuyal cathins avarkal saarbaaga thalayitta pinnar maariyathu. avarathu thanthai angku oru hootal vanigaraaga irunthathaal, kattingal atlaandaavil vasiththu vanthaar, pinnar avar gwadalajaraol vasiththu vanthaar. inththa vazhakkil aarvam kaatiya piragu, avarkalin visaaranai mattrum piraethap parisoathanaikalil ulla muranpaadugalin adippadaiyil, kolai seiyappattathu enbatharku uruthiyaana aathaaram illai endru cathins nambinaar. cathins engkalukku $30,000 selavaliththaar mattrum avarathu paroapakaara amaipaana latheen american institute off paroapakaaraththin moolam paniyaattrinaar, avarkalin saarbaaga piraeranaikalai uruvaakka pirathinithiththuvaththaip pettraar. oru samooga sevaiyin thalaivar vazhakkaith thayaaritthaar. jaliskovil ulla manitha urimaigal aanaiyaththin uruppinar oruvar huisol aangalukku aatharavaaka ezhuthinaar. 2001 aam aandil, vazhakkarinyarkal neethipathigalidam oru valakkai munvaiththanar, antha aathaaram veelchchiyadaivathai suttikkaattukirathu, maelum aathaarangkalai maruaaivu seiya oru moodiya visaaranaikkup piragu, neethipathigal iruvaraiyum viduviththanar. 2002 mae maatham inththa vazhakku maanila melmuraiyeettu neethimantraththirku sentrathu. antha neethipathigal viduvikkapatta theerppai maattri 13 aandu siraiththandanaiyai vazhangkinar, aanaal maelum maelmuraiyeedugal kaaranamaaga, ippoathu thandanai pettra aangal suthanthiramaaga irunththanar, athae neraththil avarkalin maelmuraiyeedu adhan poakkai nadaththa mudiyum. pipravari 2003 ill, koottaatchi melmuraiyeettu neethimandram keezh neethimandraththil oru neethipathiyin thavaraik kandarindhadhu, avar vilagal koorikkaikkup piragu vazhakkil irunthaar, enavae vazhakku meendum maanilaththirku anuppappattathu mattrum thandanaigalum rathu seiyappattana. 2003 novemberil, puthiya saandrugal aangalin kuttraththai nambiyullana endra adippadaiyil antha aangalai aatharippatharkaana thanathu mudivai cathins maatrinaar. 2004aam aandukkul, maanila melmuraiyeettu neethimandram thandanaiyai meendum nilainiruththiyathu, aangalukku 20 aandugal "illaamaiyil" thandanai vithiththathu, maelum sethangalukkaana thogaiyaiyum nirnayiththathu; iruppinum, avarkal 2001aam aandu viduvikkapatta piragu kaanaamal poayirunththanar. iruvaraiyum kandupidikkum varai inththa vazhakku tharpoothu theerkkappadaamal ullathu. ethirvinaikal. mexican janathipathi ernesto jadillo kaanaamal poana piragu unmaiyaik kandariya arasaangka valangkalai muthalil valangkinaar, pinnar yuu kolai kuritthu visaaranaikku uttaravittaar.ess. nirubar. jedillovukkup piragu, janathipathi vicent fax kudumbaththirku aatharavaaka thalaiyittaar. mexican neethi amaippu seyalpadugiradhaa endru mikuval caddins mattrum robbert reward kaelvi ezhuppinar. cathins muthalil irandu huisol aangalaiyum aathariththapoathu, mexican neethi avarkalai viduviththapoathu vaelai seithathu endru avar vaathittaar, athae neraththil kuttravaali tharappinar viduvikkapattaal neethi vazhangkappadaathu endru reward vazhakku thodarnthaar. moodappatta seyalmuraiyaal thaan aemaattramadainththathaakavum, 2001 veliyeettin poathu aachchariyappattathaakavum martha true koorinaar. 2003 aam aandin iruthikkul, cathins thanathu aatharavai poatti mattrum truvin nilaikku maatrinaar. puththagam. robbert reward, "trail off features cherring phaar pilip true eeyee reporters kolai inn mexico andd hij editors cherring phaar justice" newyork public abeyars, 2005.

phillip nijame phillip true (18 juun 1948-16 december 1998) mexico nagaramloni "shaan antonio express-nyuus" kosam oka american videshee vilekhari. jaliskoloni dakshina sierra madrey osidentalloni huichol prajala gurinchi telusukovadaaniki padhi rojula, 65 mailla treklo unnappudu, true hatya cheyabaddaadu. aadhunika kaalamlo mexicolo hatyaku guraina modati american paatrikeyudu nijame. prarambha charitra. phillip true californialoni shaan fernando nundi vacchaadu, athanu laas angels valley kalaasaala mariyu california vishwavidyaalayam, irvin rendintikee hajarayyadu, akkada athanu athanu pattabhadrudayyaadu. kalaasaala taruvaata athanu dock worker mariyu union pratinidhi, alaage drivaller. thana nalabhailalo unnappudu, true paatrikeyudu ayyadu, modata modata "brounsville herold" kosam, aapai 1992 taruvaata "shaan antonio express-nyuus" kosam. "shaan antonio express-nyuus" kosam reporterga, athanu lauredo beurolo panichesi, aapai mexico nagaramloni daani correspondent ayyadu. ayana chesina atyanta mukhyamaina journalism rachanalu chiapas sangharshana gurinchi ayana chesina coverage mariyu janavari janavari pope zaan paal II cuba sandarsana. phillip mariyu martha true vivaham chesukuni 7 samvatsaraalu gadichayi mariyu 1996 nundi mexico nagaramlo nivasinchaaru. mexico nagaramlo laabhaapekshaleni paryaavarana samsthaku adhipatigaa panichesina martha, matamorosku chendina sthaanika mexican. huychol bhaaratheeyula gurinchi marinta telusukovadaaniki tru prayaaninchinappudu, martha vaari modati biddatho naalugu nelala garbhavati. eee dampatulaku teo anae oka kumarudu unnadu. adrushyam mariyu maranam. phillip true mexico nagaramlo moodu samvatsaraalu "shaan antonio express-nyuus" kuu vilekarigaa unnaaru. sierra madreloni oka sthaavaramlo nivasistunna huichol bhaaratheeyula gurinchi oka kathanu konasaaginchadaaniki anumatinchamani thana sampaadakudini oppinchadaaniki athanu rendusaarlu prayatninchaadu. eee aalochananu sameekshinchina taruvaata, fred bonativa daanini tiraskarinchaadu, kabatti nijame, thana selavula samayamlo daanipai panicheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. atanni jalisco rashtram gundaa nayarit raashtraaniki teesukelle padhi rojula parytananu plaan chesaaru. athanu thana prayaanaanni 1998 december 1naa tuxpon, jaliscolo praarambhinchaadu, chivarisariga december 4naa chalmotita, jaliscolo kanipinchaadu mariyu athani bhaarya december 10naa athanu kanipinchaledani nivedinchindi. nijamaina daani kosam prarambha shodhana viphalamaina taruvaata, "shaan antonio express-nyuus" sampadakudu robbert reward, shodhanaku vanarulanu ketayinchamani rashtrapati karyalayanni oppinchaadu, aaa taruvaata tappipoyina vyakti prakatana vistrutamgaa pracharam cheyabadindi. huichol vaetagaadu margarito diaz, taanu oka mrutadehaanni kanugonnatlu prakatinchi, aaa pradaesaaniki jattuku maarganirdesam chesaadu. mexican sainyam 1998 december 16naa jalisco-nayarit sarihaddulo chapalagana loyalo (huichol nundi anuvadinchabadindih "vakreekruta paamu yokka loya") 330 adugula lothaina parvata loya lopala true shavam kanugonabadindi. nijamaina shavam diaz modata gurtinchina samayam mariyu shodhana bhaagam raaka madhya taralinchabadindi. aaa mrutadeham nadhi odduna athani sleeping byaglo dorikindi mariyu athani medanu bandannatho chutti murikigaa kappabadindi. modata, media nijamani anukokunda loyalo padipoyindani nivedinchindi, conny jalisco yokka coroner televiza network vaartalatoe shavapareeksha nijamani suuchimchimdani chepparu. parisoedhanalu. eee parisoedhanalu juvan chivara dii laa cruze, 28, mariyu maiguel hernandez dii laa cruze, 24, huichol vaarasatvaaniki chendina iddaru vyaktulu, veeru baavamaridi. arrestu taruvaata, iddaroo oppukunnaru, conny taruvaata venakki taggaaru, praarambhamlo anadhikaarika chaayaachitraalu teesinanduku ledhaa athanu huichol bhoomulapai atikramana chesaadani ledhaa athanu vaari bandhuvulanu agouravaparichaadani vaaru nijamgaane champarani chepparu. jaliscolo jarigina rendu shavapareekshalalo modatidi, mexico thana sonta bandannatho gonthu nulimi champinatlu velladinchindi. shavapareekshalo himsaku sambandhinchina sankethaalu bayatapaddayi, idhi oppukoluku viruddhamgaa undhi. shavapareekshalo atanni bahusha karratho kottinatlu sankethaalu kooda kanipinchaayi. nijamaina chetula antataa kothalu mariyu gayalu himsa ledhaa oka rakamaina rakshanaatmaka gayalanu suuchimchi undavacchu. athanu lothaina loyalo padipovadaaniki mundhe nijame chanipoyindani nivedika teelchindi. rendava shavapareeksha mexico nagaramlo jarigindi, akkada oka eff. bii. ii forensic nipunudu savapareekshanu pariseelinchaalsi undhi. toxicology nivedikalu athani maranam samayamlo saadhaarana raktamlo alkahal sthaayi kante ekkuvagaa undani choopinchaayi mariyu sierraalo uddeepanagaa upayoginche sthaanika mokka yokka pratyaksha utpannamaina aminovalerico yokka trace mottaalanu gurtinchaayi. adhika etthu mariyu takkuva ushnogratala prabhavalanu anachiveyadaaniki eee aushadhaanni upayoginchi undavacchu. modati shavapareeksha nivedikalo kanipinchani gaayam athani kudi oopiritittula venuka bhaagamlo venuka bhaagamlo debba tagilindi, idhi athani oopiritittulu dravam nindi undagaa spruha kolpovadaniki mariyu swaasanu aapadaniki kaaranamai undavacchu. eee nivedikanu padipovadam valla moddubaarina gaayam sambhavinchindani kooda ardham chesukovacchu. moodava forensic nivedika munupati rendu shavapareeksha nivedikalanu savarinchindi. nivedika yokka phalitaalu emitante, talaku gaayam kaaranamgaa pulmonary edema vachindi mariyu athanu gonthu nulimi champabadaledani ardham chesukovacchu. 1999 april natiki, juvan chiwara true yokka maajee vaartaapatrikato matladutu, pooliisula ottidi kaaranamgaa vaaru prakatanalu chesaarani chepparu. chattaparamaina charyalu. vaari tarapuna american vyaapaaravaetta ayina miguel gattins jokyam chesukunna taruvaata chiwara mariyu hernandezlapy kesu maarindi. athani tandri atlaantaalo hotel yajamaniga unnanduna gattins atlaantaalo nivasinchaaru, taruvaata athanu gwadalazaralo nivasinchaadu. eee kesulo aasakti kanabarichina taruvaata, vaari vichaaranalo mariyu shavapareekshalalo vairudhyaala aadhaaramgaa hatya jarigindani nirdhaarinche aadharalu levani gaatinlaku nammakam kaligindi. gattins maaku $30,000 kharchu chesi, vaari tarapuna teermaanaalu cheyadaaniki praatinidhyam pondadaaniki thana daatrutva samstha, latin american institute off paropakaara samstha dwara panicheesaaru. oka saamaajika seva adhipati kesunu siddham chesaaru. jaliskoloni maanava hakkula commission sabhyudu huychol purushulaku maddatugaa raasaaru. gurayyanani, nyaayavaadulu nyaayamuurtulaku oka kesunu samarpinchaaru, sakshyam padipovadaanni suuchistumdi mariyu sakshyalanu sameekshinchadaaniki closed hearing tarvaata, nyaayamuurtulu aaa iddarinee vidudala chesaaru. 2002 maeloe eee kesu rashtra appeals kortuku vellindi. aaa nyaayamuurtulu nirdoshigaa prakatinchadaanni tippikotti 13 samvatsaraala sikshanu vidhinchaaru, conny tadupari appeella kaaranamgaa, ippudu doshigaa theelina purushulu swechchagaa unnaaru, ayithe vaari appeal daani marganni konasaaginchagaladu. 2003 fibravarilo, federal appeals kortu diguva nyaayasthaanamlo oka nyaayamuurtini tappugaa gurtinchindi, athanu upasamharinchukovaalani abhyardhinchina taruvaata kesulo migilipoyadu, anduvalla kesunu tirigi raashtraaniki pampaaru mariyu neraropanalu kooda raddu cheyabaddaayi. 2003 navambarulo, kotta aadharalu purushula aparaadham gurinchi atanni oppinchaayani aadhaaramgaa purushulaku maddatu ivvaalane thana nirnayaanni gattins tippikottaadu. 2004 natiki, rashtra appeals kortu neraropananu punaruddharinchindi, purushulaku 20 samvatsaraala "gairhajaru" siksha vidhinchindi mariyu nashtapariharam kosam mottaanni kooda nirnayinchindi; ayithe, gurayyanani vidudalaina tarvaata aaa purushulu adrusyamayyaaru. iddari aachuukii labhinche varaku eee kesu prastutam parishkaram kaaledu. pratispandanalu. mexican adhyakshudu ernesto jedillo adrusyamaina tarvaata nijaanni kanugonadaaniki modata prabhutva vanarulanu andinchaadu, taruvaata hatyapai daryaaptuku aadesinchaadu.ess. vilekhari. jedillo taruvaata, adhyakshudu vicente faaks kutumbaaniki maddatugaa jokyam chesukunnadu. mexican nyaya vyavastha panicheestundaa anie maiguel gattins mariyu robbert reward adigaru. gattins modata iddaru huichol purushulaku maddatu ichinappatikii, mexican nyayam vaarini vidudala chesinappudu panichesindani vaadinchagaa, nerasthulanu vidudala chesthe nyayam jaragadani reward kesu vaesaadu. eee muusina prakriyatho taanu niraasaku gurayyanani, gurayyanani vidudalainappudu aascharyapooyaanani martha true chepparu. 2003 chivari natiki, gattins thana maddatunu pratyarthi mariyu nijamaina sthaanaaniki marchukunnadu. pustakam. robbert reward, "trial off feigures serch pharr phillip true eah reporters murder inn mexico und hiz editors serch pharr justice" newyork public affires, 2005.

flip sach hay flip trow (18 joone 1948-16 dasambar 1998) mexico kay shehar mexico mein "saan intonio express newz" kay liye eek americi ghair milki naamah nigaar thaa. jabb kahh janubi seera madray maghrabi jalisko mein huichool logon kay baaray mein jaannay kay liye duss rozah 65 meel kay track parr sachay kuu qatal kirr diyaa gayaa. sach hay wah jadeed door mein mexico mein qatal honay waala pehla americi sahafi thaa. ibtadayi tareekh. flip trow kaa taaluq saan fernando california say thaa aur iss nay laas angeles veeli college aur university aaf california aroon donon mein taleem haasil kii jehaan iss nay 1970 mein graduation kii. college kay baad wah eek ddaak warkar aur union kay numayende kay saath saath eek darayee waler bhee thaa. jabb kahh apnee chalis kii dahayi mein trow eek sahafi bunn gayaa pehley 1990 mein "brownsweel herold" kay liye aur phir 1992 kay baad "saan intonio express newz" kay liye. "saan intonio express newz" kay reporter kii haisiyat say iss nay lauredo beuro mein kaam kiyaa thaa aur phir mexico kay shehar mexico mein iss kaa naamah nigaar bunn gayaa thaa. inn kii sahafat kay sabb say qaabil zakar kaam cheepas tanazah kii inn kii courage aur januri 1998 mein pope jaan paal dom kaa cuba kaa dorah thaa. flip aur maartha trow kii shaadi kuu 7 saal how chakay thay aur wah 1996 say mexico kay shehar mein rahh rahay thay. maartha juu metmoros say taaluq rakhnay waali maxican kii eek maqami khaatun haine mexico shehar mein eek ghair munafa bakhash mahuliyati agency kii sarbarah kay toor parr kaam karti thein. jabb sach hoichool hindustaniyon kay baaray mein mazeed jaannay kay liye safar kiyaa tuu maartha apnay pehley bachay kay saath chaar maah kii haamilah thee. iss joday kaa eek betaa thaa teeyo. gumshidgi aur moth. flip trow mexico shehar mein teen saal takk mexico shehar mein "saan intonio express newz" kay liye naamah nigaar rehaa thaa. iss nay duu baar apnay editor kuu qayel karnay kii koshish kii kahh wah asay seara madray mein eek bastee mein rehney waalay huichool hindustaniyon kay baaray mein kahaani sunanay day. iss khayaal kaa jaizah leenay kay baad fried bontiva nay asay mustarid kirr diyaa aur iss liye sach hay kahh iss nay apnee chhatiyon kay doraan iss parr kaam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. sach nay eek duss rozah safar kaa mansubah banaya juu asay riyasat jalsko say lay kirr riyasat nairat takk lay jaaye gaa. iss nay apnaa safar 1 dasambar 1998 kuu tikspeen jalisko mein sharoo kiyaa aakhri baar 4 dasambar kuu chalmotita jalisko mein dekha gayaa aur iss kii bewi nay 10 dasambar kuu asay laaptah honay kii atlaa dee. sach kii ibtadayi talaash nakaam honay kay baad "saan intonio express newz" kay editor raabart reward nay sadr kay daftar kuu talaash kay liye wasail farahim karnay parr raazi kiyaa aur baad mein laaptah shaqs kay aalaan kii baday paimanay parr tashheer kii gayee. eek hoichool shikaari margareto ddiyaaz nay aalaan kiyaa kahh asay eek laash mill gayee hay aur iss nay paarti kuu iss jagah takk pahunchaya. maxican kii foj nay 16 dasambar 1998 kuu sach kii laash kuu jalisko-nyrate sarhad parr chapalagana waadi (hoichool say tarjumah: "maray hoay saanp kii waadi") mein 330 fitt gehri pahaadi gahaati kay andar paaya. trave kii laash kuu iss waqat kay darmiyan muntaqil kiyaa gayaa thaa jabb ddiyaaz nay asay pehli baar dekha thaa aur sirch paart kii aamad kay darmiyan. laash daryaa kay kinaray iss kay sleeping beeg mein milly thee aur iss kii girdan kuu bandna say lapet kirr gandgi say dahki hoyee thee. pehley tuu mediya nay khabar dee kahh sach ghalti say khayee mein girr gayaa thaa leakin jalisko kay muainey nay teeli waisa neet wark newz kuu bataya kahh post martem say patah chalta hay kahh sach kaa qatal kiyaa gayaa thaa. tehqiqat. tehqiqat 28 saalah jawaan cheorra ddee laa karoz aur 24 saalah mygoal hernands ddee laa karoz parr markoz thein juu hoichool warsay kay duu mard thay juu behnuyi thay. giraftari kay baad donon nay aiteraf kiyaa leakin baad mein yaha kehtay hoay peeche hutt gayey kahh inhon nay ghair majaz tasavir leenay parr yaa iss nay huichool kii zaminon parr darandazi kii thee yaa iss nay apnay rishtah daaron kii bay azti kii thee. jalisko mein sach parr anjaam diye gayey duu post martem mein say pehley mexico nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh iss kaa gulla iss kay apnay bandna say gulla ghont kirr maaraa gayaa thaa. post martem mein tashdad kay mazeed aasaar zahir huay juu aiteraf say mutabiqat nahein rakhtay thay. post martem mein iss baath kay nishanaat bhee saamney aayey kahh asay shayed chhadi say maaraa gayaa thaa. sachay kay bazoon parr katotiyon aur zakhmon say tashdad yaa kasee qasm kay dafayi zakhmon kii nishandahi how sakti thee. report nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh sach gehrey gahaati mein jaanay say pehley hyee marr chakaa thaa. dosra post martem mexico shehar mein kiyaa gayaa jehaan aif bee aayee kay farnks kay maahir kuu post martem kaa mashahidah karnaa thaa. toxicology kii reporton say patah chalta hay kahh iss kii moth kay waqat khoon mein alkahal kii satah mamul say ziyadah thee aur iss nay amenovalrico kii trace maqdar kaa patah lagaya juu kahh eek maqami poday kaa auvar dee counter mushtaq hay juu seerra mein moharrik kay toor parr istemaal hotaa hay. sach iss dawaa kuu oonchayi aur kumm darjah hararat kay asraat kuu dabanay kay liye istemaal kirr saktaa thaa. pehli post martem report mein juu choot nahein milly wah iss kay daayein phephde kay peeche kamar parr eek dhachka thaa jiss kii wajah say iss kay phephde seeyal say bhar jaatay hoay hosh khoo saktay thay aur saans leena bund how saktaa thaa. report kii tashrih iss tarah bhee kii jaa sakti hay kahh garnay kii wajah say dhandla sadmah hawaa hay. teesri farnks report nay pachli duu post martem reports mein tarmim kii. report kay nataij yaha thay kahh sach hay kahh asay palmonary adema hawaa juu sarr mein choot kay natijay mein hawaa aur iss kii tashrih kii jaa sakti hay kahh iss kaa gulla nahein ghonta gayaa thaa. apreel 1999 takk joaan cheorra nay trow kay saabiq akhbaar kuu bataya kahh inhon nay police kay dabao mein bayanaat diye thay. qanuni kararwai. eek americi taajir megoil gateenz kii taraf say madakhilat kay baad cheorra aur hernands kay khalaaf moqhadhima badal gayaa. gutton atlanta mein rehtay thay keunkah inn kay waalid wahaan hotal kay maalik thay aur phir wah guadaljara mein rehtay thay. iss muamile mein dilchaspi leenay kay baad guttens kuu inn kii pooch gachh aur post martem mein tazadat kii bunyaad parr yaqeen dilaya gayaa kahh iss baath kaa koyee hatmi sabut nahein hay kahh qatal kiyaa gayaa thaa. guttens nay hamein 30,000 ddaalar kharch kiye aur apnee ansaan dost tanzeem laatini american insity teut aaf ansaan dosti kay zariye kaam kiyaa taakah inn kii taraf say tehreek deenay kay liye numaindagi haasil kii jaa sakay. eek samaji khadmat kay sarbarah nay moqhadhima tayaar kiyaa. jalisko mein insani haqoq commission kay eek rakan nay huichool mardon kii himayat mein likhaa. 2001 mein waklaa nay jajon kay saamney eek moqhadhima paish kiyaa jiss mein shawahid garnay kii taraf asharah kartay haine aur shawahid kaa jaizah leenay kay liye bund samaat kay baad jajon nay donon afraad kuu rehaa kirr diyaa. mayee 2002 mein yaha moqhadhima riyasati apeel adaalat mein gayaa. inn jajon nay bury honay kay faislay kuu alt diyaa aur 13 saal kii sazaa sanayi leakin mazeed apelon kii wajah say abb sazaa yaaftah afraad aazaad rahay jabkah inn kii apeel apnaa kaam chull sakti thee. faroori 2003 mein wafaqi apeel adaalat nay nichli adaalat mein eek jajj kay saath ghalti payee juu alaihadgi kii darkhwast kay baad kees mein baaqi rehaa thaa aur iss liye kees kuu riyasat kuu waps bhej diyaa gayaa aur sazaon kuu bhee khatam kirr diyaa gayaa. nomber 2003 mein guttens nay inn mardon kii himayat karnay kay apnay faislay kuu iss bunyaad parr alt diyaa kahh nayey shawahid nay inhein mardon kay jarm parr qayel kirr diyaa thaa. 2004 takk riyasati apeel adaalat nay sazaa kuu bahaal kirr diyaa thaa inn afraad kuu "ghair haaziri mein" 20 saal kii sazaa sanayi thee aur harjanay kii raqam bhee muqarar kii thee vovo tahim yaha loag 2001 mein rehayi kay baad laaptah how gayey thay. yaha muamilah phee alhaal iss waqat takk hall nahein hawaa jabb takk kahh donon afraad kaa patah nahein chull jaataa. radamil. mexico kay sadr arnisto zedilo nay laaptah honay kay baad sabb say pehley sarkaari wasail kii paishkash kii taakah wah iss kii sachayi kaa patah lagayein aur baad mein yuu kay qatal kii tehqiqat kaa hakam diyaa.aiss. reporter. zedilo kay baad sadr vasent faaks nay khaandaan kii himayat mein madakhilat kii. megoil gattens aur raabart reward nay sawaal kiyaa kahh kiyaa maxican kaa nazaam insaaf kaam kartaa hay. jabb kahh guttens nay asl mein duu hoichool mardon kii himayat kii inhon nay istedlal kiyaa kahh maxican insaaf nay kaam kiyaa jabb iss nay inhein rehaa kiyaa jabkah reward nay moqhadhima banaya kahh agar mujaram fareeqon kuu rehaa kiyaa gayaa tuu insaaf nahein hoga. maartha trow nay kahaa kahh wah bund amal say mayus hoyee haine aur 2001 kii release parr hairan rahh gayee haine. 2003 kay aakhir takk guttens nay apnee himayat kuu reward aur trow kii position mein tabdil kirr diyaa thaa. kitaab. raabart reward "trail aaf feggers: sirching faar flip trow: aey reporters cler inn mexico aind iss editors sirch faar justice"yee neoyork: publik affairs 2005.

0004164a23f71f22f2818df0fbc7230232ee5a9cf576ffcd12bcdfe2ed79c5ef

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20888880

Mexican Council on Foreign Relations

Mexican Council on Foreign Relations Foreign relations of Mexico forum The Mexican Council on Foreign Relations (COMEXI; ) was established the November 22, 2001. So far, it is the only plural and multidisciplinary forum, focused in the debate and analysis of Mexico's role in the world and the growing influence of international events on the national agenda. The council is a civic association, nonprofit and independent of government. It is financed entirely by its members' contributions Board. The President of the board of directors is Luis Rubio. Former presidents include Fernando Solana, Andrés Rozental and Jaime Zabludovsky. Members. COMEXI has among its members more than 450 personalities from various sectors and ideologies through the Ordinary Program and its three special programs: Corporate Program, aimed to leading companies; the Institutional Program, which gathers Foreign Embassies in Mexico, international organizations with offices in our country, as well as, research and teaching centers; and the Term-Member Program, created to support the development of future leaders. Activities. COMEXI has authored unpublished materials, such as the biannual survey of opinion "Mexico and the World", prepared jointly with the Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE). Additionally, it published a collection of papers of the Mexican Council on Foreign Affairs which addressed important issues of international affairs. An additional facet of the council's objectives is to participate at conferences, study groups or workshops on topics relevant to Mexico and its international partners. It has partnerships with the Council on Foreign Relations, the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, the Council of the Americas, the Pacific Council on International Policy and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, in the United States and six Latin American Councils (Argentine Council for International Affairs, the Conselho Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais, the Chilean Council for International Affairs, the Uruguayan Council for Foreign Relations, the Paraguayan Center for International Studies and the Peruvian Center for International Relations). Additionally COMEXI signed a memorandum of understanding with the Institute Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil and the Indian Council of World Affairs. Since 2003, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and COMEXI instituted Stays Academic Program for Research in Public Policy for researchers on issues of bilateral relations Mexico-United States. Through this, each year about three specialists conducted research at the headquarters of the Wilson Center in Washington, DC. As of  20, 2013[ [update]], the council has been featured in radio programs and television analysis, in addition to more than 30 Members in the Press who publish in print media daily basis. The level of Associates and its deliberations in an informal and open, has increasingly become a forum to COMEXI meeting required for individuals who visit the country. Information Center. COMEXI's web site give to any who interested in the global agenda, the opportunity to explore special articles that are product of the research made by the Council in the most important organizations around the globe. The center is divided in two categories: regional and thematic. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

boidexik xomporkor maxican porixod boidexik xomporkor maxican porixod (commoxy;) 2001 sonor 22 novemborot protistha koraa hoisil. etiyaloike, ee ekmatro bohuboson aaru bohubixoyok moncho, ji biswot maxic 'ror bhumika aaru rastriyo karzoxusit antohrastriyo ghotonaxomuhor bordhito probhawor bitorko aaru bislexonot kendribhut. porixod hoise ek nagorik xongstha, olabhjonok aaru sorkaror poraa swadhin. iyak xompurnorupe iyar xodosyoxokolor obodanor dwara bittiyo xahajyo koraa hoy. board. porisalok porixodor xobhapoti hoise luis rubio ". prakton rastropotixokolor bhitorot aase fernandu sulana, andress rogental aaru jaime jabluduvosky. xodosyoxokol. comoxyr xodosyoxokolor maajot xadharon karzoxusi aaru iyar tinita bixex karzoxusir joriyote bibhinno khondo aaru motadorxor 450 jonoru odhik byoktitwo aaseh korpo "rett karzoxusi, aagxarir companyxomuhok lokhyo kori; protisthanik karzoxusi, ji maxicot bidexi dutabax ekotrito kore, aamar dexot karzaloy thoka antohrastriyo xongstha, logote, gowexona aaru xikhyon kendro; aaru bhobisyotor netaxokolor bikaxot xohay koriboloi sristi koraa term-member karzoxusi. karzokolap. komsiye oprokaxito xamogri likhisil, jene "maxico aaru biswo" ror motamotor dibarxik joreep, centru di investigation waai dodd 'chancia economicus (side) ror xoite jutiyabhabe prostut koraa. iyar uporiu, ee boidexik porikromar maxican porixodor gowexona potror ek xongroho prokax korisil zo 'too antohrastriyo porikromar guruttopurno bixoixomuhok xombudhon koraa hoisil. porixodor uddesyoxomuhor etaa otirikto dix hoise maxico aaru iyar antohrastriyo ongxidarxokolor xoite praxongik bixoixomuhor uporot xonmilon, odhyoyon gutt baa kormoxalat ongxogrohon koraa. iyar boidexik xomporko porixod, biswo porikroma porixod, aamerika porixod, antohrastriyo nitir pesiphik council aaru woodro 'uilson antohrastriyo pondito kendro, aamerika juktorastro aaru soita letin aamerikan porixodor (argentine council for international affires, concelhu brasiliru di relas "iss internasionais, chillian council for international affires, uruguwaiyan council for for for for for for international relacence, peraguaian center for international stodies) xoite ongxidaritwo aase. iyar uporiu kamchiye brajilor institut fernandu henorik cardosu aaru bharotiyo biswo porikroma porixodor xoite ek bujabujir suktit swakhyor kore. 2003 sonor poraa, udoru uilson international center for scholars endo commoxy-ye maxic '-united rastroxomuhor dipokhyiyo xomporkor bixoixomuhor uporot gowexokxokolor baabe rajohuwa nitir gowexonar baabe stes academic karzoxusi protistha korisil. iyar joriyote proti bosore pray tinijon bixexogyoi waswington, di. chi.-ror wilson centeror mukhyo karzaloyot gowexona korisil. doinik print miriyat prokax koraa presor 30 jonoru odhik xodosyor uporiu, porixodtu readyo 'karzoxusi aaru television bislexonot prodorxito hoise. xohojugir stor aaru iyar onanusthanik aaru mukoli alusona, kromanwoye dex bhromon koraa byoktixokolor baabe proyujoniyo aagontuk boithokor ek moncho hoi porise. tothyo kendro. comoxyr websitetuwe biswor karzoxusir proti aagrohi jikunu lukok, biswor ataitkoi guruttopurno xongsthaxomuhot porixode koraa gowexonar foll hisape bixex probondhoxomuh onwexon korar xujug diye. kendrotuk dutaa shrenit bibhokto koraa hoiseh ancholik aaru bixoygot.

boideshik somporko vishayak mexican council 22shhey navembar, 2001 saale boideshik somporko vishayak mexican council (commoxy;) protisthito hoy. ekhon porjonto, etty ekmatro bahubachan ebong bahubisayak forum, jaa bishwe mexicor bhumika ebong jatiya agenda antorjatik ghotonabolir kromobordhoman prabhab niye bitorko oo bishleshoner upor drishti niboddho korey. council ekti nagrik samiti, olabhjonok ebong sarkar theke swadhin. etty sampurnarupe err sadasyader abodan dwara arthayan koraa hoy. board. porichalona porshoder sabhapati hollen lui rubio. praktan rashtropotider modhye royechen fernando solana, andres rogental ebong jaime zabludovsky. sadasyara. commoxy-rawr sadasyader modhye sadharan karmasuchi ebong err tinti bishesh karmasuchir madhyome bivinno khettro oo motadorsher 450 jonero beshi byaktitto royeche corporate karmasuchi, jaa shirshosthaniyo sangosthagulike lakkhya korey; pratisthanik karmasuchi, jaa mexicote bideshi dutabas, amader deshe offices soho antorjatik sangosthaguli, pashapashi, gobeshona oo shikkhon kendraguli; ebong bhabishyater netader bikashke samarthan korar jonno toiri meyadi sadasya karmasuchi. karjokrom. commoxy aprokashito upadan likhechen, jemon motamoter dwibarshik jorip "mexico ebong bishwa", centro dii investigation oyai dosensia economicus (side)-err saathe jouthobhabe prostuto koraa hoyeche. uporontu, etty boideshik vishay somporkito mexican counciler gobeshonapotrer ekti sangraha prakash korey jaa antorjatik vishaygulir guruttopurno vishaygulike sambodhan korey. counciler uddeshyogulir ekti atirikto dick holl mexico ebong err antorjatik angshidarder saathe prasongik vishaygulir upor sommelon, adhyayan gosthi baa kormoshalai ongshogrohon koraa. markin juktorashtre boideshik somporko porishod, bishwa vishayak shikago council, markin juktorashtrer council, antorjatik neeti vishayak pacific council ebong udro willson international center phara scholars ebong chhoyti lattin american counciler (argentine council phara international affairs, concelho brasiliro dii relessios internacionise, chillian council phara international affairs, uruguayan council phara foren relations, paraguine center phara international studies ebong peruvian center phara international relations) sange err angshidaritto royeche. echhadao commoxy braziler institute fernando henrique cardoso ebong indian council off worled affairser saathe ekti samajhota smarok swakkhar corren. 2003 saal theke, udro willson international center phara scholars anned commoxy dwipokkhiyo somporko, mexico-united stateser bishoye gobeshokder jonno public polisite gobeshonar jonno stay academic programa chaalu koreche. err madhyome, proti bochor pray tinjan biseshoggo washington disite willson center sodor doftore gobeshona porichalona corren. protidin mudran madhyome prokashito sangbadpatrer 30 jonero beshi sadasya chharao, eyi porishodti betar anusthan ebong television bishleshone prodorshito hoyeche. sahojogider stor ebong ekti ananusthanik ebong unmuktobhabe err alochona kromobordhomanbhabe deshe assa byaktider jonno prayojaniya asonno boithoker ekti forame porinoto hoyeche. tothyo kendra. commoxyr website bishwobyapi agenda agrahi jey kauke, bishwer sabcheye guruttopurno sangosthagulite counciler dwara koraa gobeshonar falaswarup bishesh nibondhoguli anweshan korar sujog deyo. kendroti duti bibhage bivoktoh anchalik ebong visayagata.

videshi sambandho parr meksikana council videshi sambandho parnee meksikana council (komzi;) nee sthaapnaa 22 november, november roj karvaamaa aavee hatee. atyaar sudhee, teey ekmatra bahuvachan aneey bahushakhakiy munch chhe, jeey vishvamaa meksikonee bhoomika aneey raashtriy agenda parr aantarrashtriy ghatanaona vadhata prabhaavni charcha aneey vishleshanma kendrit chhe. aaa parishad aek nagrik sangathan chhe, jeey binanfakarak aneey sarkaarthi swatantra chhe. tene sampurnpane tenaa sabhyona yogdaan dwara bhandol purun padvama aave chhe. booard. niyaamak mandalnaa pramukh luis rubeo chhe. bhutpurv pramukhomaa fernando solaana, andress rosental aneey jaim zabludowskino samaavesh thaay chhe. sabhyo. comexey tenaa sabhyomaa saamanya kaarykram aneey tenaa trana vishesh kaarykramo dwara viveedh kshetro aneey vichardharaoni 450 thee vadhu hasteeo dharaave chheh agranee companyone dhyanma rakheene corporate kaarykram; sansthakeey kaarykram, jeey meksikomaa videshi dutaavaaso, aapana deshmaa kachereeo dharaavati aantarrashtriy sansthao, temaj, sanshodhan aneey shikshan kendro; aneey term-member prograam, jeey bhaavi netaona vikasne teko aapvaa maate banavvama aavyo chhe. pravruttio. komzi aprakashit saamgreeo lakhee chhe, jaim keey abhipray "meksiko aneey vishva" noon dhvivarshik sarvekshan, jeey centro dii investigation vaay dosensia economicas (see. aaee. dii.) saathe sanyukt reete taiyar karvaamaa aavyu chhe. vadhumaa, tene videshi baabto parnee meksikana councilnaa kagadono sangrah prakashit karyo hato, jemaa aantarrashtriy babtonaa mahatvapurn muddaaone sambodhvama aavyaa hataa. parishadna udeshonu aek vadharanu paasu meksiko aneey tenaa aantarrashtriy bhagidaro saathe sambandhit vishhayo parr parishado, abhyaas jutho athavaa karyshalaoma bhaag levaanu chhe. teey council ona foren relations, shikago council ona global affairs, council off america, paciphic council ona international policy aneey woodrow willson international center phora scholars, united states aneey chh lattin american council (argentine council phora international affairs, concello brasilero dii relessius internacioness, chillion council phora international affairs, uruguan council phora foren relations, paraguan center phora international studies aneey peruvian center phora international relations) saathe bhagidari dharaave chhe. vadhumaa, comexi braazilnaa institute fernando henrich cardoso aneey bhaartiy vishva baabtoni parishad saathe samajooti karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. 2003 thee, woodrow willson international center phora scholars anned comexi meksiko-united statesnaa dhvipakshi sambandhona muddaao parr sanshodhako maate jaaher niteema sanshodhan maate stays shaikshanik kaarykramni sthaapnaa curry. aaa dwara, darr varshe lagbhag trana nishnato washington, dii. see. maan willson centernaa mukhya mathakma sanshodhan karey chhe. aaa parishadne rediyo kaarykramo aneey television vishleshanma darshavvama aavee chhe, upraant presamaa 30 thee vadhu sabhyo chhe jeey dainik dhorane print midiyaamaa prakashit karey chhe. sahyogionun star aneey anaupacharik aneey khulla stare tenee charchaao, deshnee mulakat lenara vyakteeo maate jaroori aagaami bethak maatenu vadhune vadhu munch bunny gayoo chhe. maahitee kendra. comzini web site vaishvik karysuchima rus dharaavtaa koipan vyakteene, vishvbharni sauthee mahatvapurn sansthaoma parishad dwara karvaamaa aavela sanshodhannu parinam hoya tevaa vishesh lekho shodhvaani taka aape chhe. kendrane beey vargomaa vahenchvaamaa aavyu chheh praadeshik aneey vishhaygat.

videshi sambandhon parr maxican parishad videshi sambandhon parr maxican parishad (kamaksi;) kii sthaapana 22 navambar, 2001 koo kii gaee thee. abb taka, yeh ekmatra bahuvachan aur bahu-vishayak munch haye, joe duniya mein mexico kii bhoomika aur rashtriya agende parr antarrashtriya ghatnaaon key badhate prabhaav parr bahas aur vishleshan mein kendrit haye. parishad ack nagrik sangh haye, gair-laabhkaari aur sarkaar seey swatantra haye. iska vittaposhan poori tarah seey isake sadasyon key yogdan seey hotaa haye. board. nideshak mandal key adhyaksh luis rubeo hain. poorv rashtrapatiyon mein fernando solana, andress rogental aur jaime zabludowski shamil hain. sadasya. apane sadasyon mein samanya karyakram aur isake teen vishesh karyakramon key madhyam seey vibhinn kshetron aur vichardharaon key 450 seey adhik vyaktitva hainh pramukh companiyon key uddeshya seey corporate karyakram; sansthaagat karyakram, joe mexico mein videshi dutaavaason koo ikattha kartaa haye, hamaare desh mein karyalayon key saath antarrashtriya sangathan, saath hii, anusandhaan aur shikshan kendra; aur bhavishya key netaaon key vikas kaa samarthan karane key liye banaaya gayaa shabd-sadasya karyakram. gatividhiyaan. comxi ney aprakaashit samagri likhi haye, jaise kii "mexico aur duniya" key dvivaarshik sarvekshan, jise centro dee investigation vaaee dosensia econicus (side) key saath sanyukt roop seey taiyar kiya gayaa haye. isake alawa, isane videsh mamalon parr maxican parishad key patron kaa ack sangrah prakaashit kiya, jisamen antarrashtriya mamalon key mahatvapurna muddon koo sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa. parishad key uddeshyon kaa ack atirikt pahalu mexico aur usake antarrashtriya bhagidaron key liye praasangik vishayon parr sammelanon, adhyayan samoohon yaa karyashalaon mein bhaag lena haye. isaki videshi sambandhon parr parishad, vaishvik mamalon parr shikago parishad, america kii parishad, antarrashtriya neeti parr prashant parishad aur vidvaanon key liye vudro willson antarrashtriya kendra, sanyukt raajya america mein aur chhah lattin americi parishadon (antarrashtriya mamalon key liye argentine parishad, antarrashtriya mamalon key liye consultancy parishad, brasillero dee reless internasionis, antarrashtriya mamalon key liye chilly parishad, videshi sambandhon key liye uruguai parishad, antarrashtriya adhyayan key liye paraguan kendra aur antarrashtriya sambandhon key liye peruvian kendra) key saath saajhedaari haye. isake alawa, comxi ney brazil key sansthaan fernando heinrich cardoso aur bhaaratiya vishva mamalon kii parishad key saath ack samjhauta gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye. 2003 seey, vudro willson international center forr scholars aind comxi ney maxico-sanyukt raajyon key beach sambandhon key muddon parr shodhkartaon key liye saarvajanik neeti mein anusandhaan key liye shaikshanik karyakram sthaapit kiya. isake madhyam seey, pratyek varsh lagbhag teen visheshagyon ney washington, dee. see. mein willson kendra key mukhyalaya mein shodh kiya. parishad koo radio karyakramon aur television vishleshan mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, isake alawa press mein 30 seey adhik sadasya hain joe dainik aadhar parr print media mein prakaashit karate hain. anaupchaarik aur khule mein sahyogiyon kaa star aur isake vichaar-vimarsh, teji seey desh kii yatra karane vaale vyaktiyon key liye aavashyak baithak kaa ack munch bunn gayaa haye. soochana kendra. comxi kii web site vaishvik agende mein ruchi rakhane vaale kissy bhee vyakti koo, vishesh lekhon kaa pataa lagaane kaa avsar detee haye joe duniya bhar key sabse mahatvapurna sangathanon mein parishad dwara kiye gaye shodh kaa utpaad hain. kendra koo dou shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih kshetriya aur vishayagat.

videshanga sambandhagala mexican council videshi sambandhagala melina mexican council (comxi;) annu november 22,2001 randu sthaapisalaayitu. illiyavarege, idu ekaika bahuvachana mattu bahushistiya veedikeyaagiddu, jagattinalli meksikoda patrada churche mattu vishleshane mattu rashtriya kaaryasuchiyalli antararashtriya ghatanegala hechchuttiruva prabhaavavannu kendrikariside. council ondu nagarika sanghavaagiddu, laabharahita mattu sarkaaradinda svatantravagide. idakke sampoornavaagi adara sadasyara kodugegalinda hanakasu odagisalaaguttade. board. nirdesakara mandaliya adhyaksharu louis rubeo. maaji adhyaksharalli fernando solana, andress rogental mattu jaim zabludowski seriddaare. sadasyaru. kaamsi tanna sadasyaralli saamaanya karyakrama mattu adara mooru vishesha karyakramagala moolaka vividha valayagalu mattu siddhaantagala 450 kkoo hecchu vyaktigalannu hondideh pramukha kampanigalannu guriyagirisikonda corporate karyakrama; meksikodalli videshi rayabhara kacherigalannu ottugudisuva samsthika karyakrama, namma deshadalli kacherigalannu hondiruva antararashtriya samsthegalu, jotege, samshoodhane mattu bodhana kendragalu; mattu bhavishyada nayakara abhivraddhiyannu bembalisalu rachisalaada pada-sadasya karyakrama. chatuvatikegalu. kaamsi prakatisada vastugalannu barediddaare, udaaharanege centro dii investigation vaii dosensia economicas (side) nondige jantiyagi siddhapadisida "mexico mattu prapancha" dha abhiprayada dwaivaarshika samikshe. hechchuvariyagi, idu antaaraashtriya vevahaaragala pramukha samasyegalannu uddeshisi videshanga vevahaaragala kuritaada mexican councilna prabandhagala sangrahavannu prakatisitu. mexico mattu adara antaaraashtriya paludararige sambandhisida vishayagala kuritu sammelanagalu, adhyayana gumpugalu athawa karyagaragalalli bhagavahisuvudu mandaliya uddeshagala ondu hechchuvari amshavaagide. idu council aun farrin relations, chikago council aun global affairs, council off americas, peciphic council aun international palisi mattu vudro willson international center phaar scholars, united states mattu aaru lattin american kaunsilgalondige (argentine council phaar international affairs, concello brasiliro dii relasses relasses, chillion council phaar international affairs, urugvian council phaar farrin relations, paragvian center phaar international studies mattu peruvian center phaar international relations) paaludaarikeyannu hondide. hechchuvariyagi kaamsi brazilna fernando henrique cardoso samsthe mattu bhaaratiya vishwa vevahaaragala mandaliyondige tilivalike oppandakke sahi haakidaru. haakidaru, vudro willson international center phaar scholars mattu kaamsi, mexico-united statesnondigina dwipakshiya sambandhagala vishayagala kuritu samshoodhakarigaagi saarvajanika nitiyalli samshoodhanegaagi stace shaikshanika kaaryakramavannu sthaapisitu. idara moolaka, prati varsha sumaru moovaru tagnaru washington, dii. sii. yalliruva willson kendrada pradhana kacheriyalli samshoodhane nadesidaru. ee mandaliyu radeo kaaryakramagalu mattu duradarshana vishleshaneyalli kanisikondide, jotege mudrana madhyamadalli pratidina prakatisuva prakatisuva hecchu sadasyaru patrika madhyamadalliddare. anoupachaarika mattu muktavaagi adara sahayogigala matta mattu charchegalu, deshakke bheti needuva vyaktigalige agatyavaada mumbaruva sabhegala veedikeyaagi marpattive. mahiti kendra. kendra jaalataanavu jagatika kaaryasuchiyalli asakti hondiruva yaarigaadaru, vishvadaadyantada pramukha samsthegalalli council maadida samshoodhaneya utpannavaada vishesha lekhanagalannu anveshisuva avakaashavannu niiduttade. kendravannu eradu vargagalaagi vingadisalaagideh praadeshika mattu vishayaadhaarita.

videsha bandhangalekkurichulla meksikkan kaunsil 2001 november 22-nuu sthaapithamaaya meksikkan kaunsil oonn forin relations (comxi;), lokathile meksikkoyude pankinekkurichum deseeya ajandayil anthaaraashtra sambhavangalude vardhichuvarunna swaadheenathekkurichum charchakalilum vishakalanathilum shradha kendreekaricha eaka bahuvachana, multidisciplinary foramaanu. kaunsil oru poura samghadanayaanu, laabhechayillaathe sarkkaaril ninnu swathanthramaanu. poornnamaayum athinte amgangalude sambhaavanakaliloodeyaanu ithinu dhanasahayam nalkunnathu. board. director board president luis rubeoyaanu. muun prasidantumaar fernando solana, andrez rosental, jaim sabludovsky ennivaraanu. amgangal. saadhaarana paripaadiyiloodeyum athinte moonnu prathyeka paripaadikaliloodeyum vividha mekhalakalil ninnum prathyayashaasthrangalil ninnumayi 450-ladhikam vyakthithvangal comxi amgangalil undu pramukha kambanikale lakshyamitulla korpparettu prograam; meksikkoyile videsha embassykale shekharikkunna sthaapana paripadi, nammude rajyath offeesukalulla anthaaraashtra samghadanakal, athupole thanne, gaveshana, adhyapana kendrangal; bhaavi nethaakkalude vikasanathe pinthunaykkunnathinaayi srishticha tame-memper prograam. pravartthanangal. centro dii investigation vaii dosensia ekkanomikaasumaayi (side) samyukthamaayi thayyarakkiya "meksikoyum lokavum" enna abhipraayathinte dvivatsara sarway polulla prasidheekarikkappedaathu vasthukkal comxi rachichittundu. koodaathe, anthaaraashtra kaaryangalile pradhana vishayangal abhisambodhana cheiyunna videshakaaryathekkurichu meksikkan kaunsilinte prabandhangalude oru shekharavum ithu prasidheekarichu. meksikoykkum athinte anthaaraashtra pankaalikalkkum prasakthamaaya vishayangalekkurichulla konfaransukalilum patana grouppukalilum varkshoppukalilum pankedukkuka ennathaanu kaunsilinte lakshyangalude oru adhika vasham. kaunsil oonn forin relations, chikkago kaunsil oonn global afayezhs, kaunsil oof americas, pasaphik kaunsil oonn internaashanal poolisi, vudro vilson internaashanal sentar phoor scholars, yunaittad stetts, aarr laattin american kaunsilukal (arjanteen kaunsil phoor internaashanal afayezhs, conselho brasiliro dii relasses internasioneys, chilian kaunsil phoor internaashanal afayezhs, urugvaayan kaunsil phoor forin relations, paraagvaayan sentar phoor internaashanal stadees, peruvian sentar phoor internaashanal relations) ennivayumaayi ithinu pankaalithamundu. brazeelile instittyoott fernando henrique cardosoyumaayum indian kaunsil oof waled afayezhsumaayum comxi oru dhaaranaapathrathil oppuvachu. 2003 muthal, vudro vilson internaashanal sentar phoor scholars aandu comxi sthaapichathu ubhaykakshi bandhangalude vishayangalil gaveshakarkkayi meksikoo-yunaittad stetts public policyile gaveshanathinaayi stesu academic prograam aanu. ithiloode, oro varshavum moonnu vidagdhar washington dii. siyile vilson sentarinte aasthaanathu gaveshanam nadatthi. prathidinam achadi maadyamangalil prasidheekarikkunna pathrangalile 30 ladhikam amgangalkku purame radio paripaadikalilum television vishakalanathilum kaunsil avatharippichittundu. anoupachaarikavum thurannathumaaya charchakalum koottaalikalude thalavum raajyam sandarshikkunna vyakthikalkk aavashyamaaya oru idakkaala yogathinulla vediyaayi mariyirikkunnu. vivara kendram. aagola ajandayil thaalpparyamulla arcum lokamembaadumulla ettavum pradhanappetta samghadanakalil kaunsil nadatthiya gaveshanathinte ulppannamaaya prathyeka lekhanangal paryavekshanam cheyyaanulla avasaram komksiyude websait nalkunnu. kendratthe praadeshikavum prameyaparavumaaya rund vibhagangalaayi thirichirikkunnu.

paradeshi sambandhanvaril mexican parishad 22 november 2001 roji, pararashtra sambandhanvaril mexican parishadechi (comzee;) sthapana karnyat aalee. aataparyant, haah ekmev bahuvachan aanee bahushakhiy munch aahe, joou jagatil meksikochya bhoomikevar charcha aanee vishleshan aanee rashtriy ajendyavar aantarrashtriy ghatanancha vadhata prabhav yavar kendrit aahe. hii parishad eka nagri sanghatana aahe, jee naa-napha denari aanee sarkarpasoon swatantra aahe. tyala purnapane tyachya sadasyanchya yogdanadvare arthsahayya dile jaate. board. sanchalak mandalache adhyaksh louis rubio aahet. majee adhyakshanmadhye fernando solana, andres rosental aanee jaime zabludowski yancha samavesh aahe. sadasya. comzeechya sadasyanmadhye samanya karyakram aanee tyachya teen vishesh karyakramandware vividh kshetrantil aanee vichardharanmadhil 450 hoon adhik vyaktimatve aaheth corporate karyakram, agraganya companyanchya uddeshane; sansthatmak karyakram, joou meksikomadhil paradeshi dutavasanna gola karato, aaplya deshatil karyalayansah aantarrashtriy sanstha, tasech, sanshodhan aanee shikshan kendre; aanee bhavishyatil netyanchya vikasala pathimba denyasathi tayar kelela term-member program. upkram. comzeene 'mexico aanee jug' yaa matanche dvivarshik sarvekshan, centro dii investigation vaay dosensia economicas (side) saha sanyuktapane tayar kelele aprakashit sahitya lihile aahe. yavyatirikt, tyane pararashtra vyavharanvaril mexican parishadechya kagadpatrancha sangrah prakashit keela jyat aantarrashtriy vyavharanchya mahattvachya muddyanna sambodhit kele gele. mexico aanee tyachya aantarrashtriy bhagidaranshi sambandhit vishayanvaril parishada, abhyas gut kinwa karyashalanmadhye sahbhagi hone haah parishadechya uddishtancha eka atirikt pailu aahe. amerikechi pararashtra sambandh parishad, jaagtik vyavharanvaril shikago parishad, amerikechi parishad, aantarrashtriy dhoranavaril prashant parishad aanee vudro willson aantarrashtriy vidwan kendra, united states aanee sahaa lattin american parishad (aantarrashtriy vyavharansathi argentine parishad, concello brasiliro dii relesios internacioness, aantarrashtriy vyavharansathi chillion parishad, uruguan pararashtra sambandh parishad, aantarrashtriy abhyasasathi paraguan kendra aanee aantarrashtriy sambandhansathi peruvian kendra) yanchyashi tyachi bhagidari aahe. yashivay comzeene brazilchya fernando henrique cardoso sanstha aanee bharatiy jaagtik vyavhar parishadeshi samanjasya kararavar kararavar kelya. 2003 pasoon, vudro willson international center phaur scholars andd comzeene mexico-sanyukt rajyanchya dwaipakshik sambandhanchya muddyanvaril sanshodhkansathi sarvajanik dhoranatil sanshodhanasathi stage shaikshanik karyakram suru keela. yadvare, darvarshi sumare teen tadnya washington, dii. see. yetheel willson kendrachya mukhyalayat sanshodhan karatat. yaa parishadeche redio karyakram aanee durchitravani vishleshanat vaishishtyikaran karnyat aale aahe, yashivay vruttapatratil 30 hoon adhik sadasya jeey darroj mudrit madhyamanmadhye prakashit karatat. karatat star aanee anaupacharik aanee khulya paddhatine paddhatine tyanchya charchemule, deshala bhet bhet vyaktinsathi aavashyak asalelya aagami baithakisathi adhikadhik eka munch banala aahe. mahitee kendra. comzeeche sanketsthal, jyanna jaagtik karyasuchit rus aahe, tyanna jagbharatil sarvat mahattvachya sansthanmadhye parishadene kelelya sanshodhanache utpadan asalelya vishesh lekhancha shodh ghenyachi sandhee dete. kendra pradeshik aanee vishayshastriy asha done prakaranmadhye vibhagale aahe.

videshi sambandhaka lagi meksikoko parishad videshi sambandhasambandhi mexicon parishad (comxi;) november 22,2001 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo. ahilesamma, yo ek matra bahuwachan rar bahu-vishayak manch how, june vishwama meksikoko bhumika rar rashtriya agendama antarrashtriya ghatanaharuko badhdo prabhawko bahas rar vishleshanma kendrit chha. parishad ek nagarik sangha how, gaira nafamulak rar sarkarbata swatantra. yasalai purna rupma yasaka sadasyaharuko yogdandwara wittaposhit garinchha. board. nirdeshak samitika adhyaksha luis rubio hun. purva rashtrapatiharuma fernando solana, andress rogental rar jaime zabludowski samawesh chhan. sadasyaharu. kamaksika sadasyaharu madhye samanya karyakram rar yasaka tean vishesh karyakramharu marfat vibhinna khetra rar vichardharaka 450 bhanda badhi wyaktitwaharu chhanh corporate karyakram, agrani companyharulai laxit; sansthagat karyakram, jasle mexicoma videshi dutawasharu bhela gardacha, hamro deshma karyalayaharu bhaeka antarrashtriya sansthaharu, sathai, anusandhan rar shikshan kendraharu; rar bhawishyaka netaharuko vikaslai samarthan garna sirjana garieko term-member karyakram. gatiwidhiharu. comxile aprakashit samagriharu lekheka chhan, jastai "meksiko rar vishwa" ko dwiwarshik sarwekshan, centro day investigation wai dosensia econicas (side) sanga sanyukta rupma tayar garieko. thap rupma, yasale videshi mamilaharuka lagi mexicon councilko kagajatharuko sangraha prakashit garyo jasle antarrashtriya mamilaka mahatwapurna muddaharulai sambodhan sambodhan. parishadko uddeshyako ek atirikta paksha meksiko rar yasaka antarrashtriya sajhedarharusanga sandarbhik vishayaharuma sammelan, adhyayan samuha wa karyashalaharuma bhag linu how. yasako videshi sambandha parishad, shikago parishad unn global affairs, council aff da americaj, pasific parishad unn international policy rar woodro wilson international centre ferr scholars, sanyukta rajya america rar chha lattin american councilharu (antarrashtriya mamilaka lagi argentini parishad, concelho brasilero day relesius internasionis, antarrashtriya mamilaka lagi chillion parishad, videshi sambandhaka lagi uruguai parishad, antarrashtriya adhyayanka lagi paraguan kendra rar antarrashtriya sambandhaka lagi peruvian kendra) sanga sajhedari chha. kamaksile brazilko institute fernando henrique cardoso rar bharatiya vishwa mamila parishadsanga pani samajhdari patrama hastakshar gare. sann 2003 dekhi, woodro wilson international centre ferr scholars anned comxile meksiko-sanyukta rajyaka duwapakhiya sambandhaka muddaharuma anusandhankartaharuka lagi sarvajanik nitima anusandhanka lagi stage shaikshik karyakram sthapana gareko chha. yass madhyambata, pratyek warsha lagbhag tean visheshagyaharule wassington, disiko wilson kendrako mukhyalayama anusandhan gare. preska 30 bhanda badhi sadasyaharu bahek, dainik rupma print mediama prakashit garne preska 30 bhanda badhi sadasyaharu bahek, parishad radio karyakram rar television vishleshanma chitrit garieko chha. sahayogiharuko star rar anaupacharik rar khula rupma yasako chhalfal, desh bhraman garne wyaktiharuka lagi awashyak agami baithakko lagi badhdo rupma ek manch baneko chha. suchana kendra. kamaksiko websitele vishwawyapi agendama ruchi rakhne sabailai, vishesh lekhharu anweshan garne awasar dinchha june vishwabharka sabaibhanda mahatwapurna sansthaharuma parishadle gareko anusandhanko utpadan how. kendralai dui wargama vibhajan garieko chhah khetriya rar vishayagat.

baideshika samparka upare mexicore parishad baideshika samparka upare mexicore parishad (comxi;) navember 22,2001 ray sthapita hoithila. eparjyanta, ehaa ekamatra bahubachan ebong bahubishajaka forum, bisware mexicore bhumika ebong jatiah agendare antarjatija ghatnagudikara bardhita prabhaba upare bitarka ebong bishleshanare dhyana kendrit karichhi . parishad heuchhi eka nagarika sangathana, analabhakari ebong sarakaranka thaaru swadheena. ehara sampurna arthajana ehara sadasyamananka yogdan dwara karajaithae. board. nirdeshaka mandalira adhyakhya heuchhanti louis rubeo. purbatana rastrapatimananka madhyare fernando solana, andres rogental ebong zyme jabludovsky antarbhukta . sadasyamane. sadharana karjyakram ebong ehara tinoti swatantra karjyakram madhyamare bibhinna khetra ebong bicharadharara 450 ru adhika byaktitwa ehara sadasyanka madhyare achantih corporate karjyakram, agrani companymananku lakhya curry; sansthagata karjyakram, jaahaa meksikore bideshi dutabasaku ekathi kare, aama deshare karjyalaja sahita antarjatija sangathana, tatha, gabeshana ebong sikhyadana kendra; ebong bhabisyata netamananka bikashaku samarthan kariba paain srusti hoithiba term-sadasya karjyakram . karjyakalapa. commoxy aprakashita samagri rachna karichanti, jepariki 'mexico ebong biswa' rahr dwibarshika sarbhe, jaahaa centro dii investigation wai docencia economicas (side) sahita milita bhabare prastuta . ehaa byatita, ehaa baideshika byapara upare mexicon parisadara kagajpatra eka sangraha prakash karithila jaahaa antarjatija byaparara gurutwapurna prasangaku sambodhita karithila . parisadara uddeshyara eka atirikta diga heuchhi mexico ebong ehara antarjatija ansheedaramananka paain prasangika bishai upare sammilani, adhyajana gosthi kimba karmasalare anshagrahana kariba . baideshika samparka parishad, chikago parishad biswa byapara, america parishad, antarjatija neeti upare prashanta parishad ebong woodro wilson antarjatija bidwana kendra, aamerikare ebong chhaati latin americae parishad (antarjatija byapara paain argentine parishad, concelho brasiliro dii relaces internacioness, antarjatija byapara paain chillian parishad, baideshika samparka paain uruguan parishad, antarjatija adhyajana paain paraguan kendra ebong antarjatija samparka paain peruvian kendra) sahita ehara bhagidari achhi . kamasi brazilara institute fernando henrique cardoso ebong bharatiah biswa byapara parishad sahita eka bujhamana patra swakhyara karithile. 2003 masiharu, udro wilson international centre pharr scholars anded comxi dwipakhika samparka mexico-united rajya prasangare gabeshakamananka paain sarbajaneena neetire gabeshana paain stay academic programme pratistha karichhi. ehaa madhyamare, pratibarsha praiah tini john bisheshagya washington, dii. sii. ray wilson kendra mukhyalajare gabeshana karithile. ehi parishad redio karjyakram ebong television bishleshanare pradarshita hoichhi, ehaa byatita presra 30 ru adhika sadasya jeunmane dainika mudrana ganamadhyamare prakash karanti . sahajogeemananka stara ebong ehara bicharabimarsha anaupacharika ebong khola bhabare, desh paridarshan karuthiba byaktinka paain aabasyaka agami baithaka paain eka manchare parinata hoichhi . suchana kendra. kamaksinka website biswa agendare agrahi jekaunasi byaktinku, biswara sabutharu gurutwapurna sangathanagudikare parishad dwara karajaithiba gabeshanara utpada swatantra nibandha anusandhana karibara sujoga deithae. ehi kendratiku duiti bargare bibhakta karajaichihi anchalika ebong bishajabastugata.

videshi sabandhan baare mexican consul videshi sabandhan baare mexican consul (kammazi;) dee sathapana 22 navambar, 2001 noon keeti gaee see. hunn takk, ih iklauta bahuvachan atey bahu-anushasani munch haii, joe vishav witch mexico dee bhumika atey rashtari agende utte antarashtari ghatnavan dey vaddh rahey prabhav dee bahis atey vishleshan witch kendrit haii. consul ikk nagrik sangathan haii, gair-labhkari atey sarkaar toon sutantar haii. iss noon puurii tarahan iss dey memberan dey yogdan duaara vitti sahaita ditti jaandi haii. board. nirdeshak mandal dey pardhan luis rubio hunn. sabka rashtarpatiaan witch fernando solana, andress rosental atey jaime zabludovsky shamal hunn. member. kaumzi dey memberan witch aam program atey iss dey tinn vishesh programan raahin vakkh-vakkh khetran atey vichardharavan deeaan 450 toon vaddh shakhsiatan hann corporate program, jiss daa udesh pramukh companyan hunn; sansthagat program, joe mexico witch videshi dutavasan noon ikkatha karda haii, saade desh witch daftaran vaale antarashtari sangathanan dey naal-naal, khoj atey adhiaapan kendra; atey bhavikh dey netavan dey vikas daa samarthan curran laee banaiaa giaa miaadi-member program. gatividhiaan. kaumzi neey anprakashit samaggari likhi haii, jiven kii raae daa doou saala sarvekhan "mexico atey vishav", joe kii center dee investigation vaaee dosensia economics (side) naal sanjhe taur 'teey tiaar keeta giaa haii. iss toon ilava, iss neey videshi mamlian baare mexican consul dey kagazan daa sangrah prakashit keeta jiss witch antarashtari mamlian dey mahattavpuran muddiaan noon sambodhan keeta giaa. consul dey udeshan daa ikk vadhu pahilu mexico atey iss dey antarashtari bhaiwalan naal sabandhat vishiaan 'teey conferences, adhiaen samoohan jaan workshopan witch hissa laina haii. iss dee videshi sabandhan baare consul, vishwaviaapi mamlian baare shikago consul, amrica dee consul, antarashtari neeti baare parshant consul atey vidvanan laee woodro wilson international center, sanyukat raaj amrica witch atey chhe latini amriki kaunsalan (antarashtari mamlian laee organine consul, concelho brasilero dee relaces internacionice, antarashtari mamlian laee chillion consul, videshi sabandhan laee uruguai consul, antarashtari adhiaen laee paraguian center atey antarashtari sabandhan laee peruvian center) naal bhaiwali haii. iss toon ilava kamsi neey braazeel dey sanstha fernando henrique cardoso atey bharti vishav mamlian dee consul naal ikk samjhauta pattar 'teey dastkhat keete. 2003 toon, woodro wilson international center phaar scholars atey kamkasi neey duvalle sabandhan dey muddiaan 'teey khojkartavan laee jantak neeti witch khoj laee stays akadamik program dee sathapana keeti. iss raahin, harr saal lagbhag tinn mahr washington, dee. see. witch wilson center dey headquarter witch khoj karde sunn. presses dey 30 toon vaddh memberan toon ilava, consul noon radio programan atey television vishleshan witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii, joe rozana print media witch prakashit karde hunn. sahiyogiaan daa paddhar atey ikk gair rasmi atey khulleh witch iss dey vichaar-vatandre, desh dee yaatra curran vaale viaktiaan laee zaruri aaunn valiaan meetingan laee ikk munch bann gaye hunn. soochna kendra. kaumzi dee website kise vee viakati noon joe vishav agende witch dilchaspi rakkhda haii, vishesh lekhan dee padchol curran daa mauka dindi haii joe vishav bharr dey sabh toon mahattavpuran sangathanan witch consul duaara keeti gaee khoj daa utpaad hunn. kendra noon doou shreniaan witch vandiaa giaa haiyav khetri atey thematic.

videsha-sambandhavishaye meksiko-parishad videsheey-sambandhanam vishaye meksiko-parishad (comxi;) ityasya sthapana 2001 tamavarshasya november-masasya 22 dinaanke abhavat. adyaavadhi, etat ekamaatram bahuvachana-bahu-vishayaka-mancham asti, yat vishve meksiko-deshasya bhumikayaha vishaye, rashtriya-karyasuchyam antarashtriya-ghatana-kramasya vardhamaan-prabhaavasya cha vishaye, vaadavivaade, vishleshane cha kendritam asti. parishad ekaa nagarikasamstha asti, laabharahitah, sarvakaaraat swatantrah cha asti. asya vittaposhanam purnataya sadasyanam yogadanen bhavati. board. nirdeshakamandalasy adhyakshah louis rubeo asti. poorvaraashtrapateshu fernando solana, andress rogental, jaim zabludowski cha santi. sadasyaah. comxi ityasya sadasyeshu samanya-karyakramasya tathaa tasya tribhihi vishesha-karyakramanam madhyamena vividhakshetraanaam, vichaaradhaaraanaam cha 450 taha adhikaah vyaktitvaah santi-pramukha-kampanee-visheshaanaam krute nigamita-kaaryakramah, meksiko-deshe videsheey-dutavasan sangruheetum samsthaagata-kaaryakramah, asmakam deshe kaaryaalayayuktaah antarashtriya-samsthah, anusandhaana-shikshan-kendraani cha, tathaa bhavishyasya netru-vikaasasya samarthanaay nirmitah sadasya-pada-kaaryakramah cha. kriyaah. kamzi ityanena aprakashita-saamagreeh rachitaa, yathaa "meksiko tathaa vishva" iti dvivaarshika-sarvekshanam, yat centro dee investigation vai dosensia economicas (said) ityanena saha samyuktaroopena praavartate. tadatiriktam, videshakaaryavishaye meksiko-parishadasya lekhanam sangraham prakaashitam, yasmin antaaraashtriyakaary mahattvapoornaan vishayaan abhisambodhanam aasit. parishadasya uddeshyanam atiriktah bhaagah meksiko-deshasya tasya antarashtriya-sahabhaginam cha vishayeshu sammelneshu, adhyayan-samooheshu, karyashalasu vaa bhaagam graheetum bhavati. asya videsheey-sambandha-parishad, shikaago-vaishvika-vyavahaar-parishad, amerikaadeshasy parishad, antarashtriya-neeti-parishad, vudro willson-antarashtriya-vidvaamsa-parishad, samyuktarajyamerikadesha, shut lattin-american-parishad (argentain-council-faar-international-affairs, concello braasiliro-day-relessies-internasionis, chileen-council-faar-international-affairs, urugvaayan-council-faar-faar-faar-faar-faar-faar-faar-faar-faar-international-relations) ityetaih saha sahabhaagitvam asti. api cha camsey ityayam brazil-deshasya fernando henrique cardoso-samsthayaa, bhaarateey-vishva-karya-parishadena cha saha ekena samajute hastaaksharam krutavaan. 2003 tamaat varshaat, vudro willson-antarashtriya-vidvaamsa-kendram tathaa comxi-samsthaa, meksiko-samyuktaraajyebhyah dwaipaakshika-sambandhavishayeshu samshodhakebhyah saarwajanikaneeteh anusandhanartham stace-shaikshanik-karyakramam aarabhat. etasmaat madhyamena prativarsham praayah trayah visheshadnyaah washington-dee. see.-nagarasya willson-kendrasya mukhyalaye shodham kurvanti sma. radio-karyakrameshu dooradarshan-vishleshaneshu cha parishad-samsthaa pradarshita asti, api cha press-patrikaasu 30 taha adhikaah sadasyaah santi ye pratidinam mudrana-maadhyameshu prakaashayanti. anaupachaarikaroopena, muktaroopena cha sahakarminam starah, tasya vichaar-vimarshah cha, desha-bhramanartham avashyakanam vyakti-sabhanam krute adhikatayaa manchah abhavat. soochanaakendram. comxi ityasya jalaputam vaishvikakaaryasuchyaam ruchim janaan api, vishvasya mahattvapoornatama-samsthaasu parishadena krutasya shodhasya utpadanam vishesha-lekhanam anveshanasya avasaram pradadaati. kendram praadeshikam vishaya-vastu iti dwayoh vargeshu vibhaktam asti.

veliyuravu thodarpaana meksikoa council veliyuravu thodarpaana mexican council (kaamsi;) navambar 22,2001 andru niruvappattathu. idhuvarai, idhu oray panmai mattrum panmuga mandramaagum, idhu ulagil mexikovin pangku mattrum thaesiya nigazhchchi niralil sarvadesa nigazhvugalin valarnthu varum selvaakku pattriya vivaatham mattrum paguppaaivil kavanam seluththukirathu. council oru kudimai sangam, ilaaba noakkattra mattrum arasaangkaththilirunthu suyaatheenamaanathu. idhu muzhumaiyaaga adhan uruppinargalin pankalippukalaal nidhiyalikkappadugirathu. palagai. iyakkunarkal kuzhuvin thalaivar luis rubeo aavaar. munnaal janaathipathikalil fernando solana, andress rosental mattrum jaime jabludovsky aagiyoar adangkuvar. uruppinarkal. kaamsi adhan uruppinargalil palvaeru thuraikal mattrum siththaanthangkalaich saerntha 450 kkum maerpatta piramukarkalaik kondullathu, avai saathaarana thittam mattrum adhan moontru sirapputh thittangal moolam ullanah munnani niruvanangalai nokkamaagak konda peruniruvanath thittam; mexicovil ulla velinaattu thootharagangalai sekarikkum niruvanath thittam, namm naattil aluvalagangkalaik konda sarvadesa amaippugal, aaraaichi mattrum karpiththal maiyangkal; mattrum ethirkaalath thalaivarkalin valarchchiyai aatharippatharkaaka uruvaakkappatta kaala uruppinar thittam. seyalpaadugal. kaamsi veliyidappadaatha porutkalai ezhuthiyullaar, athaavathu karutthu "mexico mattrum ulagam" pattriya iru varudaanthira kanakkeduppu, centro dii investication oy tosensia economicas (side) udan inainthu thayaarikkappattathu. koodudhalaaga, idhu veliyuravu vivagaarangkal kuriththa mexican councilin aavanangkalin thoguppai veliyittathu, avai sarvadesa vivagaarangkalin mukiya pirachchanaikalai uraiyaattrina. councilin nokkangkalin oru koodudhal amsam, mexico mattrum adhan sarvadesa koottaaligalukku porutthamaana thalaippukalil maanaadugal, aaivuk kuzhukkal allathu pattaraikalil pankeerpathu aagum. idhu veliyuravu council, ulagalaaviya vivakaarangkalukkaana sikago council, america council, sarvadesa kolgaiyin pasipik council mattrum vutro willson sarvadesa arinyarkal maiyam, americavil mattrum aaru latheen america kavunchilkaludan (sarvadesa vivakaarangkalukkaana argentina council, sarvadesa vivakaarangkalukkaana concello pressiliro dii relaces internasionis, sarvadesa vivakaarangkalukkaana siilii council, uruguvaeya veliyuravu council, sarvadesa aaivugalukkaana paraaguvaeyan maiyam mattrum sarvadesa uravugalukkaana peruviyan maiyam) koottaanmaigalaik kondullathu. brazilin fernando henrique cartoso niruvanam mattrum inthiya ulaga vivagaara counciludon kaamsi oru purinthunarvu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar. 2003 muthal, vutro willson arinyarkal mattrum kaamsi sarvadesa maiyam mexico-aikkiya maanilangkalin irutharappu uravugal kuriththa pirachchanaikal kuriththa aaraaychchiyaalarkalukkaana podhuk kolgaiyil aaraaychchikkaaga kalvi thittatthai niruviyathu. idhan moolam, ovvoru aandum sumar moontru vallunargal washington dii. chii. yill ulla willson maiyaththin thalaimaiyagaththil aaraaichi nadaththinar. inththa council vanoli nigazhchchigal mattrum tholaikaatchi paguppaaivugalil idampettrullathu, maelum paththirigaigalil 30 kkum maerpatta uruppinarkal thinasari achu uudakangkalil veliyidugindranar. koottaaligalin nilai mattrum muraisaaraa mattrum thirantha muraiyil adhan vivaathangkal, naattirku varugai tharum thaninaparkalukkuth thevaiyaana varavirukkum koottaththirkaana oru mandramaaga perugiya muraiyil marivittana. thagaval maiyam. comxiyin valaiththalam ulagalaaviya nigazhchchi niralil aarvamulla evarukkum, ulagengkilum ulla miga mukkiyamaana niruvanangalil council seitha aaraaychchiyin vilaivaagum sirappu katturaigalai aarayum vaaippai valangkukirathu. inththa maiyam piraanthiya mattrum karupporul yena irandu pirivugalaaka pirikkappattullathu.

videshee sambandhaalapai mexican council videshee sambandhaalapai mexican council (comxi;) november 22,2001naa sthaapinchabadindi. ippativaraku, idhi prapanchamlo mexico paatra mariyu jaateeya agendapai antarjaateeya sanghatanala perugutunna prabhavam gurinchi charcha mariyu vislaeshanhapai drushti saarinchina ekaika bahuvachana mariyu bahula vibhagala phoram. council anedi laabhaapekshaleni mariyu prabhutvam nundi swatantramaina poura sangham. dheeniki puurtigaa daani sabhyula sahakaram dwara nidhulu samakuurustaaru. boardu. directorla boardu adhyakshudu luis rubeo. maajee adhyakshulalo fernando solana, andres rogental mariyu jaim zabludovsky unnaaru. sabhyulu. comxi daani sabhyulalo vividha rangaalu mariyu siddhaantaalaku chendina 450 mandiki paiga vyaktulanu kaligi undhi, saadhaarana karyakramam mariyu daani moodu pratyeka karyakramaluhu pramukha companylanu lakshyamgaa chesukunna corporate karyakramam; meksikoolooni videshee rayabara karyalayalanu sekarinche samsthaagata karyakramam, mana desamlo kaaryaalayaalato antarjaateeya samsthalu, alaage, parisoedhana mariyu bodhanaa kendraalu; mariyu bhavishyat nayakula abhivruddhiki maddatugaa roopondinchina turm-member programme. karyakalapalu. centro dii investigatian vai dosensia economicas (side) thoo samyuktamgaa tayaaru chesina "mexico und dhi varald" anae abhiprayam yokka dwaivaarshika survey vanti prachurinchabadani vishayalanu comxi rachinchaaru. adanamgaa, idhi antarjaateeya vyavahaaraala yokka mukhyamaina samasyalanu parishkarinche videshee vyavaharalapai mexican council yokka patraala sekarananu prachurinchindi. mexico mariyu daani antarjaateeya bhaagaswaamulaku sambandhinchina amsaalapai samavesalu, adhyayana samuuhaalu ledhaa varkshaaplalo palgonadam council lakshyaalalo adanapu amsam. dheeniki council aann farrin relations, chikago council aann global affires, council off americas, pasiphik council aann international palasi mariyu vudro willson international center pharr scholars, united states mariyu aaru latin american councils (argentine council pharr international affires, conselo brasiliro dii relesos internationis, chillion council pharr international affires, urugvian council pharr farrin relations, paragvian center pharr international studies mariyu peruvian center pharr international relations) thoo bhagaswamyalu unnaayi. adanamgaa kaamsi brazilku chendina institute fernando henrique cardoso mariyu indian council off varald affires thoo avagahana oppandampai santakam chesaaru. 2003 nundi, vudro willson international center pharr scholars und comxi dwaipaakshika sambandhaala mexico-united states samasyalapai parisoedhakula kosam praja vidhaanamlo parisoedhana kosam stays academic prograamnu erpaatu chesindi. dheeni dwara, prati samvatsaram mugguru nipunulu washington, dii. sii. looni willson center pradhana karyalayamlo parisoedhanalu nirvahinchaaru. eee council radeo karyakramalu mariyu television vislaeshanhaloo pradarsinchabadindi, alaage mudrana madhyamalalo rojuvaareegaa prachurinche patrikalalo 30 mandiki paiga sabhyulu unnaaru. sahacharula sthaayi mariyu anadhikarikamga mariyu bahirangamgaa daani charchalu, deshaanni sandarsinche vyaktulaku avasaramaina samavesaniki oka vaedikagaa marai. samachara kendram. comxi website prapancha agendapy aasakti unna evarikainaa, prapanchavyaaptamgaa atyanta mukhyamaina samsthalalo council chesina parisoedhana yokka utpatti ayina pratyeka kathanaalanu anveshinche avakaasaanni istundi. eee kendram rendu vargaluga vibhajinchabadindih praantiiya mariyu nepathya.

maxican konsal baraye khaarjah taluqat maxican konsal baraye khaarjah taluqat (kamaksi vovo) 22 nomber 2001 kuu qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. abb takk yaha waahid taksiri aur kaseer shobah jaati forum hay juu duniya mein mexico kay kirdaar aur qomi agenday parr beenn alaqwami waaqiaat kay badhtay hoay asar woo rasokh parr bahas aur tajziya parr markoz hay. konsal eek shehri anjuman hay ghair munafa bakhash aur hukumat say aazaad hay. iss kii maali aanat makmal toor parr iss kay arakeen kay taawan say hoti hay. board. board aaf directors kay sadr lois rubio haine. saabiq sadoor mein fernando solana andress rosental aur jaimi zablodowski shaamil haine. arakeen. kamaksi kay arakeen mein aam prograam aur iss kay teen khususi programon kay zariye mukhtalif shoabon aur nazaryaat say taaluq rakhnay waali 450 say ziyadah shaqsiyat haine: corporate prograam jiss kaa maqsad maruf companiyan haine vovo idaarah jaati prograam juu mexico mein ghair milki sifarat khaanon kuu jamaa kartaa hay hamaray milk mein dafatir waali beenn alaqwami tanzimein neez tehqeeq aur tadrisi marakaz vovo aur trum mumber prograam juu mustaqabil kay rehnumaon kii tarqi mein madad kay liye banaya gayaa hay. sargarmiyan. kaamsi nay ghair shaye shadah mawaad likhay haine jeesay kahh raaye kaa duu saalah sarway "mexico aur duniya"yee juu center ddee investy gation waayi docentia aconomax (syde) kay saath mushtarkah toor parr tayaar kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kay alawah iss nay maxican konsal baraye amoor khaarjah kay kaghizat kaa eek majmuah shaye kiyaa jiss mein beenn alaqwami amoor kay aham masail kuu hall kiyaa gayaa. konsal kay maqasid kaa eek izaafi pehlu mexico aur iss kay beenn alaqwami sharakat daaron say mutaliq mozuaat parr conferences mutaliati gropon yaa workshopon mein sharkat karnaa hay. iss kii konsal baraye khaarjah taluqat shikago konsal baraye aalimi amoor konsal aaf america paisifik konsal baraye beenn alaqwami palisi aur vodro walasan international center faar scholars riyasathaye muthadah mein aur chh laatini americi konsalon (argentine konsal baraye beenn alaqwami amoor konsalho barselero ddee relicies internasionais chalee konsal baraye beenn alaqwami amoor arogwai konsal baraye khaarjah taluqat piragwai markaz baraye beenn alaqwami mutaliat aur perovi markaz baraye beenn alaqwami taluqat) kay saath sharakat daari hay. iss kay elawah kaamsi nay brazeel kay insity teut fernando hanrek cardoso aur indeen konsal aaf world afiyarz kay saath eek mufahimati yaaddasht parr dastakhat kiye. 2003 say vodro walasan international center faar scholars aind kamaksi nay duu tarfah taluqat mexico-united riyasaton kay masail parr mohqaqeen kay liye publik palisi mein tehqeeq kay liye steez academic prograam qayem kiyaa. iss kay zariye harr saal taqriba teen mahireen washington ddee see mein walasan center kay sadr daftar mein tehqeeq kartay thay. konsal kuu redio programon aur teeli vision tajziya mein numayan kiyaa gayaa hay iss kay elawah prais kay 30 say ziyadah arakeen juu rozanah print mediya mein shaye kartay haine. ghair rasmi aur khalay mein saathiyon kii satah aur iss kay mubahase teezi say milk kaa dorah karnay waalay afraad kay liye zaruri aaney waali metting kaa eek forum bunn gayaa hay. information center. kamaksi kii waib saait aalimi agenday mein dilchaspi rakhnay waalay kasee bhee shaqs cow aisey khususi mazamin kuu talaash karnay kaa moqaa deeti hay juu konsal kii taraf say duniya bhar kii aham tareen tanzimon mein kii gayee tehqeeq kii paidawar haine. markaz kuu duu zamron mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay: elaqayi aur mozuati.

0004164f466c84a03b918d954b44de96f6bceb2402064442951172edac0c8e8f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20764617

C. R. Johnson

C. R. Johnson Charles Russell Johnson III ( August 10, 1983 – February 24, 2010) was a professional skier and a pioneer in the freeskiing movement. He became a top competitor and a favorite in ski films and was known for his progression, fearlessness, and passion for skiing. Johnson died in 2010 in a ski accident. Childhood. C.R. Johnson was born and raised in Truckee, Lake Tahoe California. He grew up skiing Squaw Valley Resort, a world-class ski area that is known for its extreme terrain. At Squaw Valley, Johnson spent his time lapping the terrain park and charging difficult chutes and bowls. Johnson quickly developed a large range of tricks and excellent big mountain skills. In addition to skiing, Johnson enjoyed surfing, fly-fishing, traveling, and spending time with close friends and family. Career. In 1999, Johnson emerged on the freeskiing scene when he successfully landed a 1440. The skiing community quickly recognized CR as a talented young star who could help progress free skiing. CR was a fearless skier willing to try any tricks and ski any backcountry lines. His passion for skiing and dedication to improve propelled him to become one of the best free skiers in the world. In 2001, CR placed first at the Core Games quarter pipe in Japan and podiumed at the Big Air Winter X Games in Mount Snow, Vermont. The following year at the 2002 Winter X Games, CR won silver in slopestyle. In addition to his medals, ESPN Action Sports nominated CR for Male Skier of the Year.< In 2003, Johnson won bronze at Winter X Games Superpipe. If it was not for him crashing on the lip of the pipe, CR might have gotten Gold over Candide Thovex. Regardless of the results, CR exemplified the future of half-pipe skiing by launching 20 feet above the pipe’s walls and landing technical tricks with many spins and intricate grabs. During this period, CR also spent time filming and producing ski segments with action sport producers like Matchstick Productions, Poor Boyz Productions, and Teton Gravity Research. From 1999 until 2004, CR had a significant role in many ski films. Some of his most notable segments were in films called “Front Line,” “Focused,” and “WSK 106.” Injury. On December 8, 2005, Johnson was filming his latest movie, "Show and Prove", when he suffered a life-threatening injury. He was skiing at Brighton Ski Resort in Utah on a powder day, when he and Kye Peterson, along with the snowboarders Zach Siebert & Tommi Ylianttila, launched off natural features under the Millicent chair, one after another. Johnson being the first one to descend stopped after landing an air to collect his gear, when Kye Peterson struck him right below his helmet. The impact knocked Johnson unconscious for about three minutes. When help arrived he was immediately sedated and flown to the University of Utah Hospital. There he was put into intensive care but his recovery was questionable. For 10 days, Johnson remained in a medically induced coma. However on December 18, 2005, Johnson opened his eyes halfway. Eight days later Johnson began whispering, eating, and moving both sides of his body. He was then moved out of the critical care unit to a neural rehabilitation unit, where he began speech, physical, and occupational therapy. After being hospitalized for 34 days, Johnson was finally able to return home. Comeback. Johnson was determined to start skiing again. He was not going to let his life-threatening injury prevent him from doing what he loved. In 2007, Johnson began the ski season with the attitude and mindset that he would return to his original form. That November and December he spent six weeks in Colorado training half-pipe. Unfortunately, Johnson had a hard time progressing and decided he was not strong enough to compete. He then spent time traveling to different competitions, heli-skiing in British Columbia, and filming with Matchstick Productions. At the end of the year, Johnson had overcome many mental hurdles and reestablished a new direction for his ski career. He decided to concentrate on filming and progressing his backcountry skiing. In 2008 and 2009, Johnson continued to travel and film with several ski production companies. He continued to improve and in 2010 Johnson placed third at the Red Bull Line Catcher event in France. Death. On February 24, 2010, at age 26, Johnson died skiing at Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Light Towers area. He had chosen an extreme rocky line to go down the mountain and caught an edge on an exposed rock which caused him to fall. Medical assistance arrived several minutes after the incident and was pronounced dead in the hospital . His death had significant impact throughout the freeskiing, mountain sport, and especially in the Squaw Valley community which lost several high profile athletes near the end of the decade. A funeral service was held March 5, 2010. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chi. aar. jonoson charls rasel jonoson tritiyo (10 aagosto, 1983-24 february, 2010) ejon pesadari skyer aaru fresking andulonor pothoprodorxok aasil. teu ejon xirxo protijugi aaru ski solositrot priyo hoi porisil aaru teur progoti, nirbhikota aaru skiingor proti aagrohor baabe jonajat aasil. 2010 sonot ek ski durghotonat jonosonor mrityu hoisil. xoixob. chi.aar. jonosonor jonmo aaru dangor-dighol hoisil lek taahu californier truckeet. teu sking scowa veli rejortot dangor hoisil, jitu ek biswomanor ski onchol ji iyar sorom bhukhondor baabe jonajat. scowa upotyokat jonosone nijor xomoikhini terrain parkot lape kori aaru kothin sut aaru baati charge kori otibahito korisil. jonosone drutogotit bibhinno dhoronor kouxol aaru utkristo brihot pahariya dokhyota bikoxito korisil. skiingor uporiu jonosone surfing, fly-feasing, bhromon aaru ghonistho bondhu aaru poriyalor xoite xomoy kotaboloi bhaal paisil. keriyar. 1999 sonot jonosone freesking drishyot aabirbhut hoisil jetiya teu 1440 sonot xofolotare owotoron korisil. skiing xomprodaye oti xunkale chi. aar. koo ejon protibhaxali juwo taroka hisape swikriti disil jiye binamuliya skiingor ogrogotir khetrot xohay koribo paare. chi. aar. ejon nirbhik skyer aasil ji jikunu kouxol chesta koriboloi aaru jikunu backcontry line ski koriboloi issuk aasil. skiingor proti thoka teur aagroh aaru unnotir baabe teur xomorpone teuk biswor onyotomo shrestho binamuliya skiar hoh 'boloi preron korisil. 2001 sonot, kriye japanor kuru games cowarter paipot prothom sthan laabh korisil aaru vermontor mount snut big eyar winter ex gamesot monchostho hoisil. pisor bosor 2002 sonor xitkalin ex gamesot kro "rey slopstylot rupor podok laabh korisil. teur podokor uporiu, ee. ess. pi. eno. ekshyon sportche bosoror purux skyeror baabe chi. aar. monunit korisil.< 2003 sonot jonosone winter ex games superpaipot bronjor podok laabh korisil. jodi teu paipor uthot bhangi poraa nasil, tente kriye hoyotu kendaid thovexor uporot xun laabh korisil. folafolxomuh nirbixexe, chi. aar.-e paipor dewalor poraa 20 fut uporot aarombho kori aaru bohutu spin aaru jotil grebor xoite owotoron koraa karikori kouxolore aadha-pipe skiingor bhobisyotor udahoron disil. ei xomoisuwat, chi. aar.-e mestik production, durbol boyoj production, aaru teton gravity gowexonar dore ekshyon krira projujokxokolor xoite ski khondor sitrogrohon aaru projujonatu xomoy otibahito korisil. 1999 sonor poraa 2004 sonoloike, bohutu ski sobit kro "rey ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. teur kisuman ullekhjugyo ongxo aasil "front line", "pho" koo 'sodd ", aaru" dobliuesi 106 "naamor solositrot. aaghat. 2005 sonor 8 disemborot jonosone teur xehotiya sobi "swo 'endo pru" ror sitrogrohon kori thokar xomoyot teu jiwanor baabe bipodjonok aaghat paisil. etaa powder diboxot teu utahor bryton ski rejortot skiing kori aasil, jetiya teu aaru kaai petersone snobe "rdars jaas chibert aaru tommy iyelantilar xoite millicent seyaror tolot prakritik boixistyobur etaar pisot etaa mukoli korisil. jonoson prothome naami ohaar baabe teur giyar xongroho koriboloi etaa bayu owotoron korar pisot roi goisil, jetiya kaai petersone teuk helmator thik tolot aaghat korisil. probhabtuwe jonosonok pray tini minutor baabe ocheton kori pelaisil. xohay puwar loge loge teuk niswaxito kori euta biswobidyaloyor sikitsaloyoloi loi juwa hoisil. taat teuk nibirh sikitsa protisthanot rokha hoisil jodiu teur xustho huwatu xondehjonok aasil. 10 dinn dhori jonoson sikitsar dwara probhabito kumat aasil. obosye 2005 sonor 18 disemborot jonosone aadha pothot soku khulisil. aath dinor pisot jonosone teur xoriror duyufale physphix koriboloi, khaboloi aaru ghuraboloi aarombho korisil. taar pisot teuk critical keyar unitor poraa etaa snayu punorbaxon gutoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil, zo 'too teu boktrita, xaririk aaru brittigot therapy aarombho korisil. 34 dinn sikitsaloyot bhorti huwar pisot jonosone owoxexot ghoroloi ubhoti ahibo parile. ghuri aahi. jonoson punor skiing aarombho koriboloi drirhoprotigyo hoisil. teu nijor jiwanor baabe bipodjonok aaghatok teur priyo kaam korat baadha dibo nibisarisil. 2007 sonot jonosone nijor mool rupoloi ghuri ahibo buli monubhab aaru manoxikotare ski sijon aarombho korisil. xei novembor aaru disemborot teu choy xoptah colorado proxikhyon ordho-paipot kotaisil. durbhagyojonokbhabe jonosone aagbarhi juwat oxubidha hoisil aaru xiddhanto loisil je teu protijugitat ongxogrohon koribo porakoi xoktixali nohoy. taar pisot teu bibhinno protijugitat bhromon kori, britis kolombiyat helly-skiing kori aaru mestik productionor xoite sitrogrohon kori xomoy otibahito korisil. bosoror xexot jonosone bohutu manoxik baadha otikrom korisil aaru teur ski karrier baabe ek notun dix punor protistha korisil. teu sitrogrohon aaru teur backcontry skiingor ogrogotir uporot monuniwex korar xiddhanto loisil. 2008 aaru 2009 sonot jonosone keibakhonu ski production companyr xoite bhromon aaru solositro nirman obyahot rakhisil. teu unnoti obyahot rakhisil aaru 2010 sonot franceot redd bull line kesar eventot jonosone tritiyo sthan laabh korisil. mrityu. 2010 sonor 24 februaryt 26 bosor boyoxot light tawar oncholor scowa veli ski rejortot skiing kori jonosonor mrityu hoy. teu porbotor poraa naami jaboloi etaa sorom xilor rekha baasi loisil aaru etaa mukoli xilor uporot etaa pranto dhorisil jaar folot teu pori goisil. ghotonatur keiminitmanor pisot sikitsa xohay aahisil aaru sikitsaloyot teuk mrito ghuxona koraa hoisil. teur mrityur folot xomogro fresking, porbotiyo krira, aaru bixexkoi skwa upotyoka xomprodayor uporot guruttopurno probhab porisil jiye doxoktur xexor faale keibajonu uscho profile kheluoik heruwaisil. 2010 sonor 5 march tarikhe ek ontyestikriya onusthito hoisil.

shee. arr. johnson charles russell johnson tritiya (10ee august, 1983-24shhey february, 2010) ekjon peshadar skier ebong frisking andoloner pothprodorshok chhilen. tini skii cholochchitre ekjon sheersho protijogi ebong priya hoye othen ebong taanr aggrogoti, nirbhikata ebong skiinger proti onurager jonno porichito chhilen. johnson 2010 saale ekti skii durghotonai maaraa zaan. shaishab. shee.arr. johnson californier lake tahote jonmogrohon corren ebong bede othen. tini skiing squa valley resorte borh hoyechen, ekti bishwomaner skii elaka jaa taar charam bhukhander jonno porichito. squa upottokai, johnson taar somoy katan bhu-gorv parke luff diye ebong kathin chutey ebong butty charge korey. johnson druto bivinno kaushal ebong chamatkar borh porboto dokkhota bikash korechilen. skiing chharao, johnson surfing, fly-fishing, bhromon ebong ghonistho bondhubandhob oo poribarer saathe somoy katate upobhog korten. pesha. 1999 saale, johnson friskiing drishye abirbhuto hohn jokhon tini safalbhabe ekti 1440 abataran corren. skiing sampradai druto cr keey ekjon protibhaban torun tarka hisabe swikriti deyo jini binamulye skiinger oggrogotite sahayata korte paren. shee arr ekjon nirbhik skier chhilen jini jey konao kaushal chesta korte ebong jey konao backantry line skii korte ichchuk chhilen. skiing-err proti taanr anurag ebong unnotir jonno taanr nistha taanke bishwer onnotomo sera phri skier hotey porichalito korechilo. 2001 saale, shee. arr japane koora games quarter pipe-ayee prothom sthan paay ebong mount snow, vermonte bigg aire winter eksa gamese monchostho hoy. porer bochor 2002 shitkalin eksa gamese, shee arr slopestyle roupyo jitechilo. taanr podok chharao, espn action sportasa bochorer sera purush skier jonno manoneet hoy.< 2003 saale, johnson winter eksa games superpipe bronz jitechilen. jodi taar piper thonte dhakka naa lege thakat, tahle candide thovexer upor theke soona pett. folafol nirbisheshe, cr piper deyal theke 20 foot upore chaalu korey ebong onek spina ebong jotil dokholer saathe abataran projuktigoto kaushalguli ordho-pipe skiinger bhabishyater udaharan. eyi somoye, shee. arr. matchstick prajojana, durbal boyez prajojana ebong tetton madhyakarshan gobeshonar moto action sporta projojokder saathe skii bibhaggulir chitrogrohon ebong prajojana korte somoy byoy korechilen. 1999 theke 2004 saal porjonto, onek skii chhobite shee. arr-err guruttopurno bhumika chhilo. taanr kichhu ullekhjoggo ongsho chhilo "front line", "focused" ebong "dobleeu. esha. keey 106" naame cholochchitre. aghat. 2005 saaler 8ee december johnson taanr sorboshesh cholochchitro 'shoe anned proof'-err chitrogrohon korchilen, jokhon tini pranghati aghat paan. tini ekti pouder dibose utaher bryton skii resorte skii korchilen, jokhon tini ebong kaai pieterson, snowboarder jack cibert ebong tommy ialantilar saathe millescent cheyarer niche eker porr eka prakritik baisishtaguli chaalu korechilen. johnson prothom namar somoy taar gear sangraher jonno ekti batas abataran korar porey theme yaay, jokhon kaai pieterson taake helmeter thhik neeche aghat korey. eyi aghat johnsonke pray tinn minuter jonno achetan korey deyo. sahajyo eley sange sange taanke bimohito koraa hoy ebong utah vishwavidyalaya hospitale niye yawa hoy. sekhane taanke nibid porichorjai rakha holeo taanr susthota niye proshno chhilo. 10 deane dhorey johnson chikitsagotovabe prorochito komay chhilen. kintu 2005 saaler 18ee december johnson ardhek chokh khule deena. aatt deane porr johnson physphis korey bolte, khete ebong shorirer ubhoy dick nadte shuru corren. erpor taanke critical cair unit theke ekti neural punarbasana unite sthanantorito koraa hoy, jekhane tini boktrita, sharirik ebong peshagoto chikitsa shuru corren. 34 deane hospitale thucker porr johnson abosheshe baadi firey aste sokkhom hohn. firey aase. johnson abar skiing shuru korar jonno dridhapratigya chhilen. tini taanr pranghati aghatke taanr pochonder kaaj korte badha ditey dichchilen naa. 2007 saale, johnson eyi monovab ebong mansikata niye skii morsum shuru korechilen jey tini taar asol roope firey asben. seii navembar oo decembere tini chhoy saptaha dhorey coloradote ordho-pipe proshikkhon niyechilen. durbhagyoboshoto, johnsoner egiye yawa kathin chhilo ebong siddhanta niyechilen jey tini protidwondita korar moto shaktishali nonn. erpor tini bivinno protijogitai bhromon, british columbia hellie-skiing ebong matchstick projojonar saathe chitrogrohoner somoy katiechilen. bochorer sheshe, johnson onek mansik badha atikram korechilen ebong taanr skii carrier jonno ekti notun diknirdeshna punra protistha korechilen. tini chitrogrohon ebong taar backcontry skiing-err oggrogotite mononibesh korar siddhanta nene. 2008 ebong 2009 saale, johnson besh koyekti skii prajojana sangosthar saathe bhromon ebong cholochchitro nirman chaliye zaan. tini unnoti korte thaken ebong 2010 saale france reeda bull line catcher evente johnson tritiya sthan adhikar corren. mrityu. 2010 saaler 24shhey february, 26 bochor boyse, light tower elakar squa valley skii resorte skiinge johnson maaraa zaan. tini pahad theke namar jonno ekti charam pathure rekha beche niyechilen ebong ekti unmukto pathorer upor ekti pranto dharechilen jaar foley tini porey giechilen. ghotonar koyek minit porr chikitsa sahayata eshe pouchoy ebong hospitale taake mrito ghoshana koraa hoy. taanr mrityu friskiing, porboto krida judey ebong biseshoto squa valley sampradayer modhye ullekhjoggo prabhab felechilo jaa doshoker shesher dike besh koyekjon hye prophaila kridavidke hariechilo. 2010 saaler 5ee march ekti antyeshtikriya onusthito hoy.

see. aar. johnson charles russel johnson trijo (10 august, 1983-24 februari, 2010) aek vyaavsaayik skier aneey freesking chalvalma agranee hataa. teo tochnaa harif aneey skii feelmoma preey banyaa hataa aneey temnee pragatee, nirbhayta aneey skiing pratyenaa jussa maate jaanita hataa. johnson 2010maan aek skii akasmatma avsaan thayu hatoo. baadpan. see.aar. johnsonno janm aneey uchher trucky, leeka taaho californiama thayo hato. teo skiing skvo velii resortma uchharya hataa, jeey aek vishva kakshano skii vistaar chhe jeey tenaa aatyantik bhupradesh maate jaanito chhe. skvo veleemaa, johnasne potaano samay bhupradeshnaa udhyanma lapping karvaamaa aneey mushkel chuts aneey baul charge karvaamaa pasaar karyo. johnasne zadapthi yuktioni vishaal shrenee aneey uttam motee parvateey kushalataa vikasavi. skiing upraant, johnson surfing, fly-fishing, musafari aneey najiknaa mitro aneey parivaar saathe samay pasaar karvaano aanand maantaa hataa. karkirdi. 1999maan, johnson freeskiing drashya parr ubharee aavyaa hataa jyaare temane safaltapurvak 1440maan utaraan karyoo hatoo. skiing samudaaye zadapthi krone aek pratibhashali yuvan staar tareeke maanyata aapee hatee jeey mafat skiingnii pragatimaa madad curry shake chhe. see. aar. aek nirbhik skier hato jeey koipan yukteeo ajmavva aneey koipan backentry rekhaao parr skii karvaa taiyar hato. skiing pratyenaa temnaa jussa aneey sudhaarana maatena samarpanthi teo vishvanaa shreshth mafat skiersmana aek banvaa maate prereet thayaa. 2001maan, see. aar. aee japanma qora games quarter pipema pratham sthaan melavyu hatoo aneey mount snow, vermontma bigg air winter ex gamesma munch parr sthaan melavyu hatoo. teey pachhinaa varshe 2002 winter ex gamesma, kroae slopestylema silver jeetyo hato. temnaa chandrako upraant, espn action sportsne varshnaa purush skier maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.< 2003maan, johnasne winter ex games superpipema bronz jeetyo hato. jooe teey pipena hoth parr tutee naa padyo hota, too karodne candid thovax parr sonoo malyun hota. parinaamone dhyanma leedha vinaa, see. aar. aee pipeny divalothi 20 foot upar sharoo kareene aneey ghanaa spina aneey jatil pakad saathe takneeki yukteeo utaraan kareene ardh-pipe skiingnaa bhavishyanu udaaharan aapyu. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan, cra matchstick productions, nabalaa boys productions aneey teton gravity research jevaa action sporta utpaadako saathe skii segmentsnu filmankan aneey nirmaan karvaamaa pann samay pasaar karyo hato. 1999 thee 2004 sudhee, kroae ghanee skii feelmoma nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajvi hatee. temnaa ketlaak sauthee nondhpaatra segments "front line", "focus" aneey "doubleu. aesa. keey 106" naamnee feelmoma hataa. ijaa. 8 december, 2005naa roj, johnson temnee taajetarni film, "shho anned proof" noon shooting curry rahyaa hataa, jyaare temne jeevalen ijaa thaee hatee. teey aek pouder deey parr utaahmaa bryton skii resortma skiing curry rahyo hato, jyaare tene aneey keey pietarasne, snoboarder zack seabert aneey tommy yailantila saathe maleene, aek pachhi aek millicent khurshi hethal koodarti suveedhao sharoo curry. jyaare keey pietarasne tene helmetnee neeche jaj maaryo tyaare johnson pratham neeche utarnaar hato aneey tenaa geeyarne levaa maate havaa utaarya baad tene atkavi deedho hato. aaa asarthi johnson lagbhag trana minut sudhee bebhaan thaee gayaa hataa. jyaare madad malee tyaare temne tarat jaj shaant karvaamaa aavyaa aneey university off utaah hospitalma laee javama aavyaa. tyaan temne saghan sarvarma rakhvama aavyaa hataa parantu temnee tabiyatma sudhaaro shankaspad hato. 10 divas sudhee, johnson tabibi prereet komaamaa rahyaa. jooe keey, 18 december, 2005naa roj, johnasne tenee aankho adadhi kholee. aath divas pachhi johnasne tenaa shareerni banne baajuo parr whisper, khaavanu aneey halaavvaanu sharoo karyoo. tyarbad temne critical cair unitmathi neural rehabilitation unitmaan khasedvama aavyaa hataa, jyaan temane vaanee, shaaririk aneey vyavsayik upchaar sharoo karyo hato. 34 divas sudhee hospitalma dakhal thayaa pachhi, johnson aakhare ghare parat farvaamaa saksham hataa. paachha aavo. johnson fareethi skiing sharoo karvaa maate makkam hataa. teey potaani jeevalen ijaane tene jeey game teey karvaathi rokvaa deto naa hato. 2007maan, johnasne skii seasonni sharuaat valan aneey mansikta saathe curry hatee keey teey tenaa mool swarupma paachho farshe. teey november aneey decemberma temane colorado taalimma chh athvadiya gaadyaa. kamanaseebe, johnsonne aagad vadhvaamaa mushkeli puddy hatee aneey tene nakki karyoo keey teey spardhaa karvaa maate purato majboot nathee. tyarbad temane viveedh spardhaoma musafari kareene, british kolambiyama hellie-skiing kareene aneey matchstick productions saathe filmankan kareene samay pasaar karyo. varshnaa ante, johnasne ghanaa mansik avrodhone door karyaa hataa aneey tenee skii karkirdi maate navee disha punsthapit curry hatee. temane filmankan parr dhyaan kendrit karvaanu aneey temnee backentry skiingne aagad vadhaarvaanu nakki karyoo. 2008 aneey 2009maan, johnasne ghanee skii production companyo saathe musafari karvaanu aneey film banaavvaanu chaalu raakhyu. temane sudhaaro karvaanu chaalu raakhyu aneey 2010maan johnson francemaa reeda buul line catcher eventmaa trija sthaane rahyaa. mrutyu. 24 februari, 2010naa roj, 26 varshnee ummare, johnson light towers vistaarmaa skvo velii skii resortma skiingma mrutyu pamya hataa. tene parvat parthee neeche javaa maate aek atyant khadkaal rekhaa pasand curry hatee aneey aek khulla khadak parr aek dhaar pakadi hatee jenaa kaarane teey puddy gayo hato. aaa ghatanana thodee minito pachhi tabibi sahaay pahonchi hatee aneey hospitalma tene mrut jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hato. temnaa mrutyuni samagr freeskiing, parvateey ramatmaa aneey khaas kareene skvo velii samudayma nondhpaatra assar puddy hatee, jene daykana antanee najik ghanaa uchch starnaa ramatveero gumaavyaa hataa. 5 march, 2010naa roj anteem sanskaarni sevaa yojai hatee.

see. aar. johnson charles russell johnson III (10 agast, 1983-24 farwari, 2010) ack peshevar skier aur freesky andolan key agrani they. vaha ack sheersh pratiyogi aur skii filmon mein ack pasandida bunn gaye aur apani pragati, nidarta aur skiing key prati junoon key liye jaane jaate they. johnson kii 2010 mein ack skii durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee. bachpan. see.aar. johnson kaa janm aur paalan-poshan trucky, lake taaho california mein huaa thaa. vaha skiing squa valley resort mein paley-badhe, ack vishva stariya skii kshetra joe apane charam bhoobhaag key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. squa valley mein, johnson ney apana samay ilaake key park mein ghoomate hue bitaaya aur kathin choots aur baul charge kiye. johnson ney jaldi seey chaalon kii ack badee shrinkhala aur utkrisht badey pahaadi kaushal vikasit kiye. skiing key alawa, johnson ney surfing, fly-fishing, yatra aur karibi doston aur parivaar key saath samay bitaane kaa anand liya. carrier. 1999 mein, johnson freeskying drishya parr ubhare jaba unhone safaltapurvak 1440 mein utarane mein safalata praapt kii. skiing samudaay ney jaldi seey ack pratibhashali yuva starr key roop mein see. aar. koo pahachaana joe muft skiing mein pragati karane mein madad curr sakata thaa. see. aar. ack nidder skier thaa joe kissy bhee chaal koo aajmaane aur kissy bhee backcontry line koo skii karane key liye taiyar thaa. skiing key liye unake junoon aur sudhaar key liye samarpan ney unhein duniya key sarvshreshth mukt skieron mein seey ack banane key liye prerit kiya. 2001 mein, japan mein core game quarter pipe mein pahale sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa aur mount snow, vermont mein badee havaa key sheetkaleen aiks khelon mein munch parr rakhaa gayaa. agale varsh 2002 key sheetkaleen aiks khelon mein, kra ney slopestyle mein rajat padak jeetaa. unake padak key alawa, ee. aiss. pee. aine. action sports ney varsh key purush skier key liye namankit kiya.< 2003 mein, johnson ney winter aiks games superpipe mein kansya padak jeetaa. aggar yeh pipe key honth parr crashes naheen thaa, tou hoe sakata haye kii karod koo candide thwakes parr sonaa mill gayaa hoe. parinamon kii parwah kiye binaa, see. aar. ney pipe kii divaaron seey 20 feat oopar shuru karke aur kaee spin aur jatil pakad key saath landing takniki chaalon key saath aadhe pipe skiing key bhavishya kaa udaaharan diyaa. iss avadhi key dauran, see. aar. ney matchstick production, kharaab boys production aur tetton gurutvaakarshan anusandhaan jaise action khel nirmaataon key saath skii khandon key filmancan aur nirmaan mein bhee samay bitaaya. 1999 seey 2004 taka, kaee skii filmon mein kra kii mahatvapurna bhoomika thee. unake kuchh sabse ullekhaniya khand "front line", "phocus" aur "doubleu. aiss. key 106" naamak filmon mein they. chot. 8 disambar, 2005 koo, johnson apani navintam film, "show aind proof" kaa filmancan curr rahey they, jaba unhein zaan seey maarne vaali chot luggy. vaha ack pouder day parr utaah mein bryton skii resort mein skiing curr rhaa thaa, jaba usane aur key pieterson ney snoboarders zach seabert aur tommy yailentila key saath millicent kursi key neeche ack key baad ack praakritik suvidhaon koo launch kiya. johnson sabse pahale utarane vaalaa thaa, jaba vaha apane gear koo lene key liye havaa mein utarane key baad rook gayaa, jaba key pieterson ney usey helmate key thheek neeche maaraa. prabhaav ney johnson koo lagbhag teen minut taka behosh curr diyaa. jaba madad pahunchi tou unhein turant behosh curr diyaa gayaa aur unhein vishvavidyalaya key yoota aspatal leey jaaya gayaa. vahaan unhein gahan dekhbhal mein rakhaa gayaa thaa lekin unaki swaasthya sthiti sandigdh thee. 10 dinon taka, johnson chikitsakiya roop seey prerit komaa mein rahey. haalaanki 18 disambar, 2005 koo, johnson ney apani aankhen aadhe raaste parr khol deen. aathh dinon baad johnson fusfusaya, khaana aur apane shareer key donon taraf hilna shuru curr diyaa. isake baad unhein gambhir dekhbhal ikai seey baahar ack tantrika punarvaas ikai mein leey jaaya gayaa, jahan unhone bhaashan, shaaririk aur vyaavsaayik chikitsa shuru kii. 34 dinon taka aspatal mein bharti rahane key baad, johnson aakhirkaar ghar lautane mein saksham hoe gaye. vaapsee. johnson ney phir seey skiing shuru karane kaa nishchay kiya. vaha apani zaan koo khatra dene vaali chot koo usey vaha karane seey rokane naheen dey rhaa thaa joe vaha pyaar kartaa thaa. 2007 mein, johnson ney skii season kii shuruat iss ravaiye aur mansikta key saath kii kii vaha apane mool roop mein lautenge. usa navambar aur disambar mein unhone chhah saptah colorado prashikshan mein aadhe pipe mein bitaaye. durbhagya seey, johnson koo aage badhane mein mushkil hui aur unhone faisala kiya kii vaha pratispardha karane key liye paryaapt majboot naheen they. isake baad unhone vibhinn pratiyogitaon mein yatra karane, british kolambiya mein hailey-skiing karane aur machis kii chhadi key nirmaan key saath filmane mein samay bitaaya. varsh key anta mein, johnson ney kaee mansik baadhaon koo door kiya thaa aur apane skii currier key liye ack naee disha phir seey sthaapit kii thee. unhone filmancan parr dhyaan kendrit karane aur apani backcontry skiing koo aage badhaane kaa faisala kiya. 2008 aur 2009 mein, johnson ney kaee skii production companiyon key saath yatra karna aur film banaana jaari rakhaa. unhone sudhaar karna jaari rakhaa aur 2010 mein johnson ney france mein redd bull line catcher event mein teesara sthaan hassil kiya. mrityu. 24 farwari, 2010 koo 26 saal kii umr mein, johnson kii light tower kshetra mein squa valley skii resort mein skiing karate hue mrityu hoe gaee. unhone pahaad seey neeche jaane key liye ack charam chattani rekha koo chunaa thaa aur ack khuli chattan parr ack kinare koo pakad liya thaa jisake kaaran way gir gaye they. ghatana key kuchh minut baad chikitsa sahaayata pahunchi aur aspatal mein usey mrit ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa. unaki mrityu kaa poore freeskying, pahaadi khel mein aur vishesh roop seey squa ghaati samudaay mein mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa, jisane dashak key anta mein kaee uchch profile athletes koo khou diyaa. 5 march, 2010 koo ack antim sanskar seva aayojit kii gaee thee.

sii. aarr. johnson charles russell johnson III (august 10,1983-phebravari 24,2010) obba vruttipara skier mattu freeskying chalavaliya pravartakaraagiddaru. avaru unnata spardhi mattu skee chalanachitragalalli nechchinavaradaru mattu avara pragati, nirbhitarate mattu skiing melina utsaahakke hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. johnson 2010ralli skee apaghaatadalli nidhanaraadaru. baalya. sii.aarr. johnson californiada lake tahoyne trakkiyalli janisidaru mattu beledaru. avaru skiing skwa valley resortnelli beledaru, idu vishwa darjeya skee pradeshavaagiddu, idu tanna vipareeta bhupradeshakke hesaruvaasiyaagide. skwa kaniveyalli, johnson tanna samayavannu bhoopradeshada udyaanavanadalli kaleyuttaa mattu kathinavaada chyutgalu mattu boulgalannu charge madutta kaledaru. johnson tvaritavagi dodda shreniya tantragalu mattu atyuttama dodda parvata kaushalyagalannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. skiing jotege, johnson surfing, fly-fishing, prayana mattu aapta sneehitaru mattu kutumbadondige samaya kaleyuvudannu anandisidaru. vrattijeevana. 1999ralli, johnson avaru 1440rahra vimaanavannu yashasviyagi ilisidaaga freeskying drashyadalli horahommidaru. skiing samudaayavu tvaritavagi sii. aarr. annu pratibhaavanta yuva taare endu gurutisitu, avaru uchita skiing annu munnadesalu sahaaya maadaballaru. cr yaavude tantragalannu prayatnisalu mattu yaavude hinnale pradeshagala maargagalannu skee maadalu siddhariruva nirbhitaraada skier aagiddaru. skiing bagegina avara utsaaha mattu sudharanegagi avara samarpaneyu avarannu vishvada atyuttama uchita skiyargalalli obbaragalu prerepisitu. 2001ralli, sii. aarr. japan coor games quarter paipnalli modala sthaanadallittu mattu mount snow, varmantnallina bigg air winter ex gamesnalli veedikeyaayitu. mundina varsha 2002rahra chaligaalada ex gamesnalli, cr slopestylenalli belli gedditu. avara padakagala jotege, ii. ess. pii. enn. auction sports varshada purusha skier prashastige sii. aarr. naamanirdeshanagonditu.< 2003ralli, johnson winter ex games superpipenalli kanchina padakavannu geddaru. adhu avana paipna tutige appalisadiddare, cr candide thovex mele chinnavannu padeyabahudittu. phalitaamshagala horataagiyoo, paipna godegalinda 20 addi ettarakke udaavane maaduva moolaka mattu aneka spingalu mattu sankirnavaada hiditagalondige taantrika tantragalannu ilisuva moolaka ardha-pipe skiingna bhavishyavannu cr udaharaneyagi toriside. ee avadhiyalli, sii. aarr. avaru matchstick nirmaanagalu, kalape boys nirmaanagalu mattu tetan gurutvakarshaneya samshoodhaneyantaha auction creeda nirmaapakarondige skee vibhagagala chitrikarana mattu nirmaanadalli samayavannu kaledaru. 1999rinda 2004ravarege, sii. aarr. aneka skee chalanachitragalalli mahatvada patravannu vahisittu. avara kelavu gamanarha vibhagagalu "front line", "focused" mattu "wsc 106" emba chalanachitragalallive. gaaya. december 8,2005 randu, johnson avaru tamma ittichina chalanachitra, "show und pru" annu chitrikarisuttiddaga, avarige jeevakke apayakariyada gaayavaayitu. aata ondu pudi dinadandu utahna bryton skee resortnelli skiing maduttiddaga, aata mattu kee peterson, snobordargalaada jaak seabert mattu tommy ylantila avarondige saeri, sahasramaanada kurciya adiyalli wandara nantara wandarante naisargika vaishishtyagalannu praarambhisidaru. johnson tanna sadhanagalannu sangrahisalu gaaliyannu ilisida nantara, avana shirastraanada kelabhagadalli kaii peterson hodedaaga, avanannu modalu ilidavanu. ee parinaamavu johnson avarannu sumaru mooru nimishagala kaala pragnaaheena sthitiyalli silukisitu. sahaaya bandaaga avarannu takshanave nidraajanakagolisi, vishvavidyaalaya aaspatregalige karedoyyalaayitu. allie avarannu teevra niga gatakakke serisalaayitu, aadare avara chetarike prashnaarhavaagittu. 10 dinagala kaala, johnson vaidyakeeyavaagi prerita komadalliruttiddaru. aadaagyoo, december 18,2005 randu, johnson ardhadaariyalle kannu teredaru. entu dinagala nantara johnson pisuguttalu, tinnalu mattu tanna dehada eradoo badigalannu chalisalu praarambhisidanu. nantara avarannu nirnayaka aaraike ghatakadinda naragala punarvasati gatakakke sthalaantarisalaayitu, allie avaru maatu, daihika mattu oudyogika chikitseyannu praarambhisidaru. 34 dinagala kaala aaspatrege daakhalaada nantara, johnson antimavagi manege maralalu saadhyavaayitu. marali baruttaare. johnson matte skiing prarambhisalu nirdharisidaru. aata tanna jeevakke apayakariyada gayavu taanu ishtapaduvadannu maaduvudannu tadeyalu biduttiralilla. 2007ralli, johnson avaru tamma moola roopakke maraluttaare emba manobhaava mattu manasthitiyondige skee rtuvannu praarambhisidaru. aaa november mattu decembernalli avaru aaru vaaragala kaala colorado tarabetiyalli ardha-pipe annu kaledaru. duradrushtavashat, johnson avaru pragati hondalu kashtapattiddaru mattu avaru spardhisuvashtu prabalavagilla endu nirdharisidaru. nantara avaru vividha spardhegalige prayanisi, british kolambiyaadalli helly-skiing mattu matchstick nirmaanagalondige chitrikaranadalli samayavannu kaledaru. varshada koneyalli, johnson aneka manasika adetadegalannu jayisi tamma skee vrattijeevanakke hosa dikkannu punah sthaapisidaru. avaru tamma hinnale skiing chitrikarana mattu pragatiyatta gamana harisalu nirdharisidaru. 2008 mattu 2009ralli, johnson halavaaru skee nirmaana kampanigalondige prayana mattu chalanachitravannu munduvaresidaru. avaru sudhaaraneyannu munduvaresidaru mattu 2010 ralli francinalli nadeda redd bull line catcher spardheyalli johnson moorane sthana padedaru. saavu. 2010rahra phebravari 24randu, 26neey vayassinalli, johnson light towers pradeshada skwa valley skee resortnelli skiing madutta nidhanaraadaru. avanu parvatada kelage hogalu ondu teevra kallina rekheyannu ayke maadi, tereda bandeya mele anchannu hididanu, adhu avanannu beelalu kaaranavaayitu. ghataneya kelavu nimishagala nantara vaidyakeeya neravu agamisitu mattu aaspatreyalli aata savannappiddane endu ghooshisalaayitu. avara maranavu freeskying, parvata krideyaadyanta mattu visheshavaagi skwa kanive samudaayadalli gamanarha parinaamavannu beeritu, idu dashakada antyada velege halavaaru unnata mattada kridapatugalannu kaledukonditu. 2010rahra march 5randu antyakriyeya karyakrama nadeyitu.

sii. aarr. jonson chaals russell jonson moonnaaman (august 10,1983-februvari 24,2010) oru professional skier freeskying prasthaanatthile oru payaniyarumayirunnu. addeham oru mikacha malsararthy skee sinimakalile priyappettavanumayi maarukayum purogathi, nirbhayathvam, skeeyinginodulla abhinivesham ennivaykku perukettirunnu. 2010ll oru skee apakadatthil jonson marichu. kuttikkalam. sii.aarr. kaaliforniyayile lake tahoile trekkiyilaanu jonson janichathum valarnnathum. angeyattatthe bhoopradeshathinu peruketta lokothara skee eriyayaaya skiing skvo vaali resortilaanu addeham valarnnathu. skvo thaazhvarayil, jonson terrain parkkil lapping nadathukayum budhimuttulla choottukalum boulukalum charge cheyyukayum cheythu. jonson vegathil niravadhi thanthrangalum mikacha valia parvatha naipunyangalum vikasippichu. skiing purame, surfing, fly fishing, yaatra, adutha suhruthukkalumaayum kudumbavumaayum samayam chelavazhikkal enniva jonson aasvadichu. currier. 1999ll, jonson 1440 vijayakaramaayi erangiyappol freeskying ramgathekku uyarnnu. soujanya skiing purogathikku sahayikkaan kazhiyunna kazhivulla oru yuva thaaramaayi skiing samooham udan thanne sii. aarr. yeei amgeekarichu. eathu thanthrangalum pareekshikkaanum eathu backendry lainukalum skee cheyyaanum thayyaarulla oru nirbhaya skeeyaraayirunnu sii. aarr. skeeyinginodulla abhiniveshavum mechappeduthunnathinulla arppanabodhavum addehathe lokathile ettavum mikacha free skeeyarmaaril oralaakaan prerippichu. 2001ll jappaanile coor games quarter paippil sii. aarr. onnaam sthaanathethukayum vermontile moundu snoyile bigg eyar vintar ex gamesil vediyorukkukayum cheythu. adutha varsham 2002 vintar ex gamesil slopstailil sii. aarr velli nedi. addehathinte medalukalkku purame, iii. ezz. pii. enn aakshan sports aaa varshathe purusha skeeyarinayi sii. aarr. naamanirddesham cheythu.< 2003ll vintar ex games soopparpaippil jonson venkalam nedi. paippinte chundil idichukayaraathirunnaal candide thovexil ninnu sii. aarr. kku swarnam labhikkumaayirunnu. phalangal pariganikkathe, paippinte mathilukalkk 20 adii uyarathil vikshepichukondu niravadhi spinukalum sankeernamaaya pidichedukkalukalum upayogichu saankethika thanthrangal land cheythukondu pakuthi pipe skiinginte bhaviye sii. aarr. udaharanamaakki. eee kaalayalavil, maachstikk productions, mosham boys productions, tettan gravity research thudangiya aakshan sports nirmmaathaakkalumaayi chernnu skee segmentukalude thithreekaranavum nirmmanavum sii. aarr. chelavazhichu. 1999 muthal 2004 vare niravadhi skee sinimakalil sii. aarr. kku nirnaayaka pankundaayirunnu. frond line", "focused", "dablyu. ezz. keey 106" ennee chithrangalaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum sradheyamaaya chila bhagangal. parikk. 2005 desember desember jonson thante ettavum puthiya chithramaaya 'shhow aandu pruu' chithreekarikkave jeevanu bheeshaniyaaya parukkelkkukayaayirunnu. oru podidivasatthil addeham udaayile braittan skee resortil skiing nadathumbol, adhehavum kaii peettezhsanum snobordermaaraaya saachu seabert & tommy ylaantilaykkoppam millisent chairinu keezhil prakrithidatha savisheshathakal onninupurake onnaayi aarambhichu. jonson aadyam erangiyappol, thante gear edukkaan eyar land cheytha sesham, kaii peettezhsan helmettinu thottaduthaayi idichappol jonson nirtthi. idiyude aaghaatham johnsone ekadesham moonnu minittolam abodhaavasthayil athichu. sahayam labhichappol addehathe udan thanne mayakkathil thalarthi youta sarvakalashaala aashupathriyilekku kondupoyi. avide addehathe theevraparicharana vibhaagathil praveshippichenkilum addehathinte sukham samshayaaspadamaayirunnu. 10 divasatholam jonson vaidyashaasthraparamaayi prerithamaaya komayil thudarnnu. ennirunnaalum 2005 desember desember jonson paathivazhiyil annukal thurannu. ettu divasathinu sesham jonson thante shareerathinte iruvashavum manthrichu bhakshanam kazhikkaanum chalippikkanum thudangi. thudarnnu addehathe critical cair yoonittil ninnu neural rehabilitation unitilekku maatti, avide addeham samsaram, shaareerikam, thozhil therapy enniva aarambhichu. 34 divasam ashupathriyil praveshippicha sesham oduvil jonson veettilekku madangi. thirichuvaravu. jonson veendum skiing aarambikkaan theerumaanichu. jeevanu bheeshaniyaaya parikk thanikk ishtamullathu cheiyunnathil ninnu thanne thadayaan addeham anuvadikkillaayirunnu. 2007ll jonson thante yadhaartha roopathilekku madangivarumenna manobhaavathodum maanasikaavasthayodum koodi skee season aarambhichu. aaa novemberilum desemberilum addeham aarr aazhcha collado parisheelanatthil chelavazhichu. nirbhagyavashaal, jonson purogamikkaan budhimuttukayum malsarikkaan thaan shakthanallenn theerumaanikkukayum cheythu. thudarnnu vividha malsarangalilekku yaatra cheyyukayum britiish kolambiyayil helly-skiing nadathukayum maachstikk nirmmanangalkkoppam chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. varshavasaanam, jonson niravadhi maanasika thadassangal marikadannu thante skee kariyarinu oru puthiya disha punasthaapichu. thithreekaranatthilum thante backendry skiing purogathiyilum shradha kendreekarikkaan addeham theerumaanichu. theerumaanichu 2008lum jonson niravadhi skee nirmmaana kambanikalkkoppam yaatra cheyyukayum sinima cheyyukayum cheythu. addeham mechappedunnathu thudarukayum 2010 ll fraansil nadanna redu bull line catcher evantil jonson moonnaam sthaanathethukayum cheythu. maranam. 2010 februvari februvari, laitt tower pradeshathe skvo vaali skee resortil vachu jonson skiing cheyth marichu. parvathatthil ninnu erangaan addeham oru angeyattatthe paara vara thiranjedutthu thurannukidakkunna paarayude oru attathu pidikkukayum athu addehathe veezhaan kaaranamavukayum cheythu. sambhavam nadannu eathaanum minittukalkk sesham vaidyasahaayam ethi, ashupathriyil vachu marichathaayi prakhyaapichu. addehathinte maranam freeskying, parvatha kaayika enangaliludaneelam, prathyekichu skvo vaali samoohathil ganyamaaya swaadheenam chelutthi, eee dashakathinte avasaanathode niravadhi uyarnna kaayikathaarangale nashtappettu. 2010 march march oru shavasamskara shushroosha nadannu.

see. aar. johnson charles russell johnson tisra (10 august 1983-24 februwari 2010) haah eka vyavsayik skiier aanee freesking chalvalicha praneta hota. too eka avval pratispardhi aanee skii chitrapatanmadhye aavadata banala aanee tyachya pragatisathi, nirbhayata aanee skiingchi aavad yasathi olakhala jaat asey. johnson 2010 madhye eka skii apghatat maran pavala. balpan. see.aar. johnsoncha janm aanee sangopan californiachya lake taho yethe trucky yethe jhaale. too skiing squa valley resortmadhye motha jhaala, jeey eka jaagtik darjache skii kshetra aahe jeey tyachya atyant durgam pradeshasathi olakhale jaate. squa valleymadhye, johnsonne aapala vel bhupradesh udyanat lapping karnyat aanee katheen chuts aanee baul charge karnyat ghalavala. johnsonne patkan yuktyanchi eka mothee shreni aanee utkrusht mothe parvatiy kaushalye vikasit kelee. skiing vyatirikt, johnsonla surfing, fly-fishing, pravas aanee jawalche mitra aanee kutumbasamvet vel ghalavane aavadate. karkird. 1999 madhye, jevha johnsonne 1440 madhye yashasvipane utaranyas suruvat kelee tevha too freeskying drushyavar udayas aala. skiing samudayane twarit see. aar. laa eka pratibhavan tarun taara mhanoon olakhale jeey mukt skiingchya pragatila madat karoo shakate. see. aar. haah eka nidder skiier hota joou konatyahi yuktya vaparoon pahanyas aanee konatyahi backcuntry reshanvar skii karnyas tayar hota. skiingchi tyachi aavad aanee sudharana karnyachya samarpanane tyala jagatil sarvottam mukt skierspacky eka honyasathi prerit kele. 2001 madhye, see. aar. neey japanmadhil coor games quarter pipemadhye pratham sthan midavale aanee mount snow, vermontmadhil bigg air hiwali ex gamesmadhye manchit kele. pudhchya varshi 2002chya hiwali ex gamesmadhye, see. aar. neey slopestylemadhe raupyapadak jinkale. tyachya padkanvyatirikt, eae. ess. pii. aine. action sportsney varshatil purush skiarsathi see. aar. namankit kele.< 2003 madhye, johnsonne winter ex games superpipemadhye kansyapadak jinkale. jarr too paipchya othavar kosalat nasata, tarr tyala candide thwexchya varr sone midale asate. parinamanchi parva naan karata, see. aar. neey paipchya bhintinpasun 20 phoot varr prakshepan karoon aanee anek firki aanee guntaguntichya pakdansah tantrik yuktya utaravun ardh-pipe skiingchya bhavishyache udaharan dile. yaa kalat, see. aar. neey machisanchi nirmiti, kharab boys nirmiti aanee tetton gurutvakarshan sanshodhan yasarkhya krutee creeda nirmatyansah skii vibhaganche chitrikaran aanee nirmiti karnyat dekhil vel ghalavala. 1999 teey 2004 paryant, anek skii chitrapatanmadhye see. aar. chee mahattvapoorn bhoomika hotee. tyache kahee sarvat ullekhaneey bhag 'front line', 'phocus' aanee 'doubleu. ess. keey. 106' navachya chitrapatanmadhye hote. dukhapat. 8 december 2005 roji, johnson tyachya 'shhow andd proof' yaa navintam chitrapatachya chitrikaranat asatana tyala jivgheni dukhapat jhaali. too eka powder dever utahmadhil bryton skii resortmadhye skiing karat hota, tevha tyane aanee keey pietersonne snowboarder zack seabert aanee tommy ylentila yanchyasah millicent khurchikhali ekapathopath eka naisargik vaishishtye suru kelee. utarnara pahila vyakti johnson haah tyache upkaran ghenyasathi havah utaravalyanantar thambla, jevha kaay pietersonne tyala tyachya shirastranakhalich dhadak dilee. yaa dhakkyane johnson sumare teen minite beshuddha padala. jevha madat pohochali tevha tyala tabadtob shant karnyat aale aanee tyala utah vidyapith rugnalayat nenyat aale. tithe tyanna atidakshata vibhagat thevanyat aale, parantu tyanchi prakruti sudharanebabat shanka hotee. 10 divas johnson vaidyakiyadrushtya prerit komat rahila. matra, 18 december 2005 roji johnsonne aapale dolhe ardhya margavar ughadale. aath divasannantar johnson kujbujat, khaat aanee tyachya sharirachya donhi bajunna halavoo lagla. tyanantar tyanna gambhir kalji vibhagatoon majjatantu punarvasan vibhagat halavanyat aale, jithe tyanni bhashan, sharirik aanee vyavsayik upcharpaddhati suru kelee. 34 divas rugnalayat dakhal rahilyanantar, johnson akher gharee paratoo shakala. parat yeey. johnson punha skiing suru karnyacha nirdhar karat hota. tyachya jivghenya dukhapatimule tyala jeey aavadate teey karnyapasoon too rokhanar navhata. 2007 madhye, johnsonne skii hangamachi suruvat tyachya mool swarupat parat yeil yaa manovruttine aanee mansiktesah kelee. tyaa november aanee decembermadhye tyane sahaa aathvade koloradochya ardh-pipe prashikshanat ghalavale. durdaivane, johnsonla pudhe jaane katheen jhaale aanee tyane tharavale qee too spardha karnyasathi puresa majboot nahee. tyanantar tyane vividh spardhanmadhye pravas kartana, british kolambiyamadhye hailey-skiing kartana aanee machisanchya nirmitisah chitrikaran kartana vel ghalavala. varshachya akheris, johnsonne anek mansik adthalyanvar maat kelee aanee tyachya skii karkirdisathi eka naveen disha punha sthapit kelee. tyane chitrikaranavar aanee tyachya backcuntry skiingchya pragativar laksh kendrit karnyache tharavale. 2008 aanee 2009 madhye, johnsonne anek skii nirmiti companyansobat pravas karane aanee chitrapat karane suru thewale. tyane sudharana suruch thewali aanee 2010 madhye francemadhil reed bull line catcher spardhet johnson tisya sthanavar rahila. mrutyu. 24 februwari 2010 roji, vayachya 26 vya varshi, light towers parisaratil squa valley skii resortmadhye johnsoncha skiingmadhye mrutyu jhaala. tyane dongaravarun khalee jaanyasathi eka atyant khadkal resha nivadali hotee aanee eka ughadyavar asalelya khadkavar eka dhaar pakadali hotee jyamule too padala. ghatanenantar kahee minitant vaidyakeey madat pohochali aanee rugnalayat tyala mrut ghoshit karnyat aale. tyachya mrutyucha sampoorn freeskiing, parvatiy khelavar aanee visheshtah squa valley samudayavar lakshaniy parinam jhaala, jyane dashakachya akheris anek uchch darjache kheladu gamavale. 5 march 2010 roji antyasanskar karnyat aale.

see. arr. johnson charles rasel johnson III (august 10,1983-february 24,2010) ek peshewar skier rar freeskying andolanko agragami thie. uni ek shirsha pratispardhi rar sky chalchitraharuma manaparne bane rar unko pragati, nirbhayata rar skiingka lagi joshka lagi parichit thie. jonasanko sann 2010 maa sky durghatanama mrityu bhaeko thiyo. balyakal. see.arr. jonasanko janma rar hurkai trucky, lake taho californiama bhaeko thiyo. uni skiing skwa bhyali resortma hurkeka thie, june vishwa-stariya sky khetra how june yasako charam bhubhagka lagi parichit chha. skwa upatyakama, jonasanle afno samaya bhubhag parkma lapping garna rar gahro chuts rar baulharu charge garna bitae. jonsonle chaandai chalharu rar utkrishta thula pahadi kaushalharuko ek thulo shringkhala vikas gare. skiingko atirikta, jonsonle surfing, fly-fishing, yatra, rar najikaka sathiharu rar pariwarsanga samaya bitaune ananda lie. currier. sann 1999 maa, johnson freeskiing drishyama dekha pare jab unle safalatapurwak 1440 awataran gare. skiing samudayale chaandai ek pratibhashali yuwa starko rupma siarlai manyata diyo jasle nih shulk skiing pragati garna maddat garna sakchha. siar kunai pani chalharu prayas garna rar kunai pani backcontry lineharu sky garna icchuk ek nidder skier thie. skiingko lagi unko josh rar sudharko lagi samarpanle unlai sansarko utkrishta nih shulk skiyarharu madhye ek banna prerit prerit. sann 2001 maa, kra japanko core game quarter pipema pahilo sthanma rakhieko thiyo rar mount sno, vermontma bigg air winter ex gemharuma podium garieko thiyo. arko warsha 2002 shitkalin ex khelharuma, krile slopestylema rajat jityo. unka padakharuka atirikta, espn exon sportsle warshako purush skierka lagi siar manonit garyo.< sann 2003 maa, jonasanle winter ex games superpipema kasya jiteka thie. yadi yo unko pipeko othma khasdai thiena bhane, karodle candide thobheksma suna prapta gareko huna sakchha. natijaharu jastosukai bhae pani, siarle pipeko parkhalbata 20 fitt mathi suru garera rar dherai spinharu rar jatil grabharusanga awataran prawidhik chalharu garera adha-pipe skiingko bhawishyako udaharan diyo. yass awadhima, siarle matchstick prodoxon, kharab bayaj prodoxon, rar tetton gurutwakarshan anusandhan jasta exon khel nirmataharusanga sky khandaharuko chhayangkan rar utpadan garna pani samaya kharcha garyo. sann 1999 dekhi 2004 samma, karodle dherai sky chalchitraharuma mahatwapurna bhumika kheleko thiyo. unka kehi ullekhaniya khandaharu "front line", "focused" rar "dablueske 106" bhanine chalchitraharuma thie. chot. december 8,2005 maa, jonasanle afno pachhillo chalchitra, "show anned proof" ko chhayangkan gariraheka thie, jab unlai jiwan-khatarama parney chot lageko thiyo. uni ek pouder dinma utahako bryton sky resortma skiing gariraheka thie, jab uni rar key pietersonle snowboarders jack cibert rar tomy yailantilasanga milera millicent kursimuni prakritik suwidhaharu ekpachhi arko suru gare. jonasanle afno gear sankalan garna hawa awataran garepachhi rokeka thie, jab key petersonle unlai helmetko thik muni prahar gare. prabhawale jonasanlai lagbhag tean minetsamma behos paryo. jab maddat ayo unlai turuntai behos parieko thiyo rar wishwawidyalayako yutah aspatalma lagieko thiyo. tyahan unlai saghan upchar kakshama rakhieko thiyo tara unko swasthyalabh shankaspad thiyo. 10 dinasamma johnson chikitsakiya rupma prerit komama rahe. tara december 18,2005 maa jonasanle adha batotira aankha khole. atha dinpachhi jonasanle afno sharirko duwai chheuma siskauna, khaan rar halyauna thale. tyasapachhi unlai critical care unitbata neural rehabilitation unitma sarieko thiyo, jahaan unle bhashan, sharirik rar wyawasayik therapy suru gare. 34 dinasamma aspatalma bharna bhaepachi johnson antatah ghar farkan safal bhae. farkanuhos. johnson feri skiing suru garne dridha sankalpa gareka thie. unle afno jiwanlai khatarama parney chotle unlai afule munn paraune kaam garnabata rokna dindainathe. sann 2007 maa, jonsonle afno muel ruptira farkane manovritti rar manasikta liera sky sijan suru gare. tyo november rar decemberma unle kolorado prashikshan adha pipema chha hapta bitae. durbhagyawash, jonsonlai agadi badhna gahro bhayo rar unle pratispardha garna paryapta baliyo nabhaeko nirnaya gare. tyasapachhi unle vibhinna pratiyogitaharuma yatra garna, britis columbiama hayley-skiing garna rar matchstick prodaksansanga filmangkan garna samaya bitae. warshako antyama, jonsonle dherai manasik awarodhharu parr gareka thie rar afno sky carrierka lagi nayan disha punah sthapit gareka thie. unle afno backcontry skiinglai chhayangkan rar pragatima dhyan kendrit garne nirnaya gare. sann 2008 rar 2009 maa, jonasanle dherai sky nirman companyharusanga yatra rar chalchitra banauna jaari rakhe. unle sudhar garna jaari rakhe rar sann 2010 maa johnson francema redd bull line catcher pratiyogitama tesro sthanma rahe. mrityu. february 24,2010 maa, 26 warshako umerma, jonasanko light tower kshetrako skwa bhyali sky resortma skiingma mrityu bhayo. unle pahadma tall janka lagi euta charam chattani rekha rojeka thie rar euta khula chattanko kinar samateka thie jasle garda uni khaschhan. ghatana bhaeko kehi minetpachhi chikitsa sahayata aipugeko thiyo rar aspatalma mrit ghoshit garieko thiyo. unko mrityule freesking, pahadi khelbhari, rar vishesh gari skwa bhyali samudayama mahatwapurna prabhawa pareko thiyo jasle dashakko antyama dherai uccha profile kheladiharu gumae. sann 2010 ko march 5 maa antyeshti sanskar garieko thiyo.

sii. aarr. johnson charles russel johnson truteeja (august 10,1983-februari 24,2010) jane pesadara skiara ebong freesking andolanara agradoota thile. shay jane shirsha pratidwandee ebong ski chalachitrare jane priya hoithile ebong tankara pragati, nirbheekata ebong skiing prati agraha paain janashuna thile . 2010 masihare eka ski durghatanare janasanka mrutyu hoithila. balyakala. sii.aarr. johnson californier lake tahore trukire janmagrahana karithile ebong sethare badhithile. shay skiing squa bhyali researtre badhithile, eka biswastareeja ski anchala jaahaa ehara charam bhubhaga paain janashuna . squa upatyakare, johnson nijara samai bhukhanda parkre lyap curry bitaithile ebong kathina chyut ebong baati charges karuthile. johnson shighra aneka prakarara kaushala ebong chamatkara budd pahadia kaushala bikashita karithile. skiing byatita, johnson sarfing, fly-fishing, bhraman ebong ghanistha bandhu ebong paribara sahita samai bitaibaku upavoga karuthile. kyariyara. 1999 masihare, johnson friskinga drushyare aabirbhuta hoithile jetebele shay saphalatara saha 1440 biman abataran karithile. skiing sampradai shighra sii. aara. ku jane pratibhabana juba tarka bhabare swekruti deithile jie magana skiing agragati karibare sahajya kariparibe . sii. aarr. jane nirbhika skiara thile jie kaunasi kaushala chesta karibaku ebong jekaunasi byakkantri linere ski karibaku prastuta thile. skiing prati tankara agraha ebong unnati paain utsargeekruta tanku biswara sarbottama free skiarmananka madhyaru jane hebaku prerita karithila . 2001 ray, sii. aarr. japanara core game quarter paipare pratham sthana paithila ebong mount sno, bharmontare bigg eyaara winter ex gamesray podium hoithila . taa 'para barsha 2002 shitakalina ex gamesray, sii. aarr. slopestyle ray roupya jitithile. taanka padaka byatita, ee. ess. pii. enn. axon sports barshar purush skiara paain sii. aarr. manoneet karithila.< 2003 masihare, johnson winter ex gameser superpipe pratijogitare bronz padaka jitithile. jadi ehaa taanka paain paipra othare dhakka naah deuthanta, tebe candide thovex upare koti tanka suna paithanta . phalaphal jaahaa heuna kahinki, sii. aarr. paipra kantharu 20 phuta uparaku utakhyepana curry ebong aneka spin ebong jatila grab sahita abataran baishajika kaushala sahita ardha-pipe skiingra bhabisyatara udaharana srusti karithila. ehi samajare, sii. aarr. matchstick prodoxon, kharap buys prodoxon ebong tetton grabhiti research pari axon sports prajojakanka saha ski segmenter suting ebong utpadanare madhya samai bitaithile. 1999 ru 2004 parjyanta, aneka ski chalachitrare sii. aarr. rahr gurutwapurna bhumika thila . tankara keteka ullekhaneeah bibhaga thila "front line", "focused" ebong "wask 106" namaka chalachitrare. aaghata. december 8,2005 ray, johnson tankara sadyatama chalachitra, "shoe anded pru" rahr suting karuthile, jetebele shay eka zeeban-bipadapurna aaghata paithile. shay eka pouder dinare utahara bryton ski researtre skiing karuthile, jetebele shay ebong kaai peterson, snowboarder jaak cibert ebong tummy jilantilanka saha mishi, millicent cheyara tale prakrutika baisistyaku gotie parey gotie arambha karithile. johnson prathame talaku olhaibara samai taanka upakarana sangraha kariba paain eka baaju abataran kariba parey atakigala, jetebele kii peterson tanku taanka helmate tale aaghata karithile. ehi aaghata janasananku praiah tini minute parjyanta chetashunya karideithila. jetebele sahajya pahanchila, tanku turanta niswasa praswasa diajaithila ebong tanku juta biswabidyalaja daktarakhanaku niajaithila. sethare tanku intensive keyar ray rakhajaithila kintu taanka aarogya prashnabidha thila . 10 deane parjyanta, johnson daktari prerita coma abasthare rahithile. kintu 2005 masiha december 18 tarikhare johnson adhaa baatare aakhi kholithile. aatha deane parey johnson physphis curry khaiba arambha kale, ebong taanka sharirara ubhaja parswaku bulibaku lagile. ehapare tanku critical kear junitru eka neural rehabilitation junitku sthanantara karajaithila, jeunthare shay baktruta, sharirika ebong bruttigata chikitsa arambha karithile. 34 deane dhari daktarakhanare bhartti heba parey, johnson sheshare gharaku pheribare sakhyama hoithile. pheriasiba. johnson punithare skiing arambha karibaku sthira karithile. shay taanka zeeban prati bipada srusti karuthiba aghataku tanku bhal pauthiba karjya karibare baadha hebaku debe naahin. 2007 ray, johnson ehi manobhaba ebong manasikata sahita ski sijin arambha karithile je shay taanka moola pharmaku pheribe . sehi navember ebong decemberare shay chhaa saptaha colorado talimare adhaa paipare bitaithile. durbhagyabashatah, janasananku aagaku badhiba kastakara thila ebong shay nishpatti neithile je shay pratidwandita kariba paain yathesta shaktishali nuhnti. ehapare shay bibhinna pratijogitare jatra kariba, british kalambiaare helly-skiing kariba ebong machis nirmana sahita suting karibare samai bitaithile. barsha sheshare, johnson aneka manasika badhabighnaku atikrama karithile ebong taanka ski kyariyara paain eka nutan digaku punarbara pratistha karithile. shay chalachitra nirmana ebong taanka byakkantri skiingku aagaku badhaiba upare dhyana debaku nishpatti neithile. 2008 ebong 2009 ray, johnson aneka ski prodoxon company sahita jatra ebong chalachitra jaari rakhithile . shay unnati jaari rakhithile ebong 2010 ray francere redd bull line catcher iventare johnson truteeja sthana adhikara karithile. mrutyu. februari 24,2010 ray, 26 barsha bajasare, light tawara anchalara squa bhyali ski researtre janasanka mrutyu hoithila. shay parbata talaku jiba paain eka charam pathara rekha bachithile ebong eka unmukta pathara upare eka dhaar dharithile jaahaa tanku khasibaku kaaran hoithila . ghatanara kichhi minute parey daktari sahajata pahanchithila ebong daktarakhanare tanku mruta ghoshana karajaithila. taanka mrutyu samagra friskinga, parbatyanchala krida ebong bisesh curry squa upatyaka sampradajare gurutwapurna prabhaba pakaithila jaahaa dashandhi sheshare aneka haai profile aathaletnku haraithila . 2010 masiha march 5 tarikhare eka antim sanskara karjyakram anusthita hoithila.

see. aar. johnson charles rasel johnson III (10 agast, 1983-24 farvari, 2010) ikk peshevar skier atey freeskying andolan daa mohri see. uh ikk choti daa pratiyogi atey skii filman witch ikk pasandida bann giaa atey aapni tarakki, nidarta atey skiing dey janoon laee janhiaa jaanda see. johnson dee 2010 witch ikk skii hadse witch maut hoow gaee see. bachpan. see.aar. johnson daa janam atey paalan-poshan trucky, lake tahoye california witch hoiaa see. uh skiing sakua valley resort witch vadda hoiaa, ikk vishav padhri skii khetar joe aapne atiant khetar laee janhiaa jaanda haii. sakwa valley witch, johnson neey aapna samaan landrain park witch lapping curran atey mushkil choot atey katore chaaraj curran witch bitaiaa. johnson neey turant chaalan dee ikk vaddi shreni atey shandar vadde pahadi hunar vikast keete. skiing toon ilava, johnson neey surfing, fly-fishing, yaatra atey nazdiki dostan atey parivaar naal samaan bitaun daa anand liaa. carrier. sann 1999 witch, johnson freeskying dey drish utte ubbhare jadon uh safaltapurvak 1440 witch utriaa. skiing bhaichare neey jaldi hii see. aar. noon ikk pratibhashali naujwan starr vajon maanta ditti joe mufat skiing noon agge vadhaun witch sahaita qarr sakda see. see. aar. ikk nidder skier see joe kise vee chaal noon azmaun atey kise vee backcontry lines noon skii curran laee tiaar see. skiing laee uss dey janoon atey sudhar laee samarpan neey uss noon dunia dey sarbottam mufat skiaran vicchon ikk bannan laee prerit keeta. 2001 witch, see. aar. neey japaan witch coor games quarter pipe witch pahila sathaan prapat keeta atey mount sano, vermont witch vaddi havaa winter aiks games witch podium keeta. agle saal 2002 winter aiks geman witch, see. aar. neey slopestyle witch chaandi daa tagma jittiaa. uss dey tagmiaan toon ilava, ee. aiss. pee. ainn. action sports neey saal dey purash skier laee see. aar. namzad keeta.< 2003 witch, johnson neey winter aiks games superpipe witch kaansi daa tagma jittiaa see. jey ih uss laee pipe dey bullhan 'teey takraun laee naheen see, taan hoow sakda haii kii see. aar. noon candide thovax utte soona mill giaa howay. natijiaan dee parwah keete binan, see. aar. neey pipe deeaan kandhan toon 20 futt uppar lanch karke atey bahut saare spin atey gunjhaldar griban naal takniki chaalan noon lae keey addhe-pipe skiing dey bhavikh dee udaharan ditti. iss miaad dey dauran, see. aar. neey matchstick production, kharaab boys production atey tatton gravity risarch varge action sports productoran naal skii hissiaan dee shooting atey nirman witch vee samaan bitaiaa. 1999 toon 2004 takk, see. aar. neey bahut saariaan skii filman witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai see. uss dey kujh sabh toon mahattavpuran hisse "front line", "focused" atey "w. aiss. keey. 106" namak filman witch sunn. satt laggi. 8 dasambar, 2005 noon, johnson aapni navintam film, "shoa aind proof" dee shooting qarr riha see, jadon uss noon jaan toon maaran vaali satt laggi. uh ikk paudar daye 'teey yoota dey bryton skii resort witch skiing qarr riha see, jadon uss neey atey qee pieterson neey snowboarders zack seabert atey tommy yayilentila naal mill keey ikk toon baad ikk millicent kursi heth kudrati visheshtavan dee shuruat keeti. johnson sabh toon pahilan hethan utaran vaala see, jadon uss neey aapna upkaran lainn laee havaa witch utaran toon baad roque ditta, jadon qee pieterson neey uss noon helmut dey bilkul hethan maariaa. iss prabhav neey johnson noon lagbhag tinn mint takk behosh qarr ditta. jadon madad pahunchi taan uss noon turant behoshi dee neend witch sutt ditta giaa atey university aaf utaah hospital lijaiaa giaa. utthe uss noon intensive cair witch rakkhiaa giaa parr uss dee sehatyabi shakki see. 10 dinan takk, johnson ikk medical prerit coma witch riha. parr 18 dasambar 2005 noon johnson neey aapniaan akkhan addhe raste kholhiaan. atth dinan baad johnson neey aapne sareer dey doven paase fusfusauna, khaana atey hilauna shuru qarr ditta. firr uss noon critical cair unit toon bahr ikk neural rehabilitation unit witch lijaiaa giaa, jitthe uss neey bhashan, sarirak atey kittamukhi ilaaj shuru keeta. 34 dinan takk hospital witch dakhal rahinn toon baad, johnson aakharkar gharr waps aaunn dey yog hoow giaa. vaapsee. johnson neey firr toon skiing shuru curran daa pakka irada keeta see. uh aapni jaan noon khatra denh vaali satt noon uh curran toon naheen rokann vaala see joe uh piaar karda see. 2007 witch, johnson neey skii season dee shuruat iss ravaiye atey mansikta naal keeti kii uh aapne asal roop witch waps aaa javega. uss navambar atey dasambar witch uss neey chhe hafte colorado dee sikhlai addhi pipe witch bitaae. badkismati naal, johnson noon agge vadhan witch mushkal aaee atey usne faisla keeta kii uh mukabala curran laee kaafi mazboot naheen see. firr uss neey vakkh-vakkh mukabaliaan dee yaatra curran, british columbia witch halley-skiing curran atey matchstick productionan naal filmankan witch samaan bitaiaa. saal dey ant witch, johnson neey bahut saariaan mansik rukawatan noon paar keeta see atey aapne skii carrier laee ikk naveen disha noon mudd sathapit keeta see. uss neey film banaun atey aapni backcontry skiing noon agge vadhaun 'teey dhiaan kendrat curran daa faisla keeta. 2008 atey 2009 witch, johnson neey kaee skii production companyan naal yaatra atey film banauna jaari rakkhiaa. uss neey sudhar karna jaari rakkhiaa atey 2010 witch johnson france witch redd blood line catcher event witch teeje sathaan 'teey riha. maut. 24 farvari, 2010 noon, 26 saal dee umar witch, johnson dee light tower khetar witch sakua valley skii resort witch skiing witch maut hoow gaee. uss neey pahaad toon hethan jaanh laee ikk bahut hii pathrili rekha chunhi see atey ikk khullhi chattan utte ikk kinara fadd liaa see jiss caarn uh digg giaa see. ghatna dey kaee mintan baad medical sahaita pahunchi atey hospital witch uss noon mritak ailaan ditta giaa. uss dee maut daa poore freeskying, pahadi khed atey vishesh taur 'teey sakua valley bhaichare witch mahattavpuran prabhav piaa jiss neey dahake dey ant witch kaee ucch profile athleetan noon guaa ditta. 5 march, 2010 noon antim sanskar keeta giaa see.

sii. aar. jaansan charles russell jaansan III (august 10,1983-februvari 24,2010) ekaha vyaavasaayikah skier aasit, tathaa cha freeskeeying-aandolanasy pravartakah aasit. saha sheershapratisandhih, skee-chalacchitreshu priyah cha abhavat, tasya pragatihi, nirbhayata, skee-kreedaayaah prati anuraagah cha prasidhah aasit. 2010 tame varshe skee-durghatanayam jaansan-varyaha mrutah. baalyam. sii.aar. jaansan ityayam california-deshasya leck-taaho-ityatra trucky-nagare ajayata, utthaapayat cha. saha skeeying skwaa-vyaalee-resort ityasmin, vishva-stareeyam skee-kshetram, atyantam bhoobhaagasy krute prasidhah, utthaapayat. skwaa-upatyakayam, jaansan ityeshah bhoobhaag-udyaane laap-krutvaa kathina-chuts-bauls-ityetaan chaarjim kurvan swasya samayam vyatitavaan. jaansan ityeshah sheeghramev vishaal-shrenyaah upayan, utkrushta-bruhad-parvata-kaushalaan cha vikasitavaan. skeeying-kreedaayaah atiriktam, jaansan surfing, flai-fishing, yatra, nikat-mitraihi parivaaren cha saha samayam yaapayitum cha aanandam avaapnot. vruttihi. 1999 tame varshe, jaansan ityeshah free-skeeying-kshetre udayoho yadaa saha 1440 tame varshe safalatayaa avahat. skeeying-samudayah sheeghramev sii. aar. ityenam pratibhaasampannah yuvataarakah iti ankayat yah nihshulka-skeeying-pragatim anubhaavayitum shaknoti sma. see. aar. ekaha nirbheekah skier aasit yah kasyaapi upayam pareekshayitum, kasyaapi pashchadesheey-rekhaasu skee kartum cha icchukah aasit. skeeying-kreedaayaah prati tasya utkatata, unnati-samarpanm cha tam vishvasya sarvottameshu mukta-skier-kreedakeshu anyatamah bhavitum prerayat. 2001 tame varshe, sii. aar., japaan-deshasya core-games quarter-paip-kridaayaam prathamastham praapnot, tathaa cha maunt-sno, vermant-kridaayaam bigg-err-winter-eksa-games-kreedaasu manchastham abhavat. agrime varshe 2002 tame varshe winter-eksa-games ityasmin, sii. aar. slope-stail ityasmin rajatpadakam praapnot. tasya padakebhyah atiriktam, ee. ess. pee. enn. aakshan-kreedaah varshasya purusha-skier-krute sii. aar. namakam krutavatee.< 2003 tame varshe, jaansan ityeshah winter-eksa-games-superpap ityasmin kaamsyam praapnot. yadi saha nalakoopasy othasy upari patati tarhi kre candaid-thovex ityasya upari suvarnam praptavan syaat. parinaamaani vinaa, see. aar. ityanena ardha-pipe-skeeying ityasya bhavishyat udaaharanaroopen pipe-bhitteh 20 feet-oordhvam uddeeptam, aneka-spin-yukttaih jatil-grab-yukttaih cha utarana-tantrayukta-yuktyaa cha. asmin kaale, see. aar. ityanena, myaach-stick-nirmaanaani, durlabhaah buys-nirmaanaani, tetton-gurutvaakarshana-anusandhaanah ityadinam aakshan-creedaa-nirmaatrubhihi saha skee-vibhaagaanaam chitrikaranasya nirmanasya cha krute api samayah vyatitah. 1999 taha 2004 paryantam anekeshu skee-chalacchitreshu see. aar. ityasya mahattvapoornam paatram aasit. tasya kechan ullekhaneeyaah khandaah "agrima-rekhaa", "focused", "doubleu. ess. key 106" iti chalacchitreshu aasan. kshatihi. 2005 december 8 dinaanke, jaansan swasya naveenatamasya "sho and proov" iti chalacchitrasya chitreekaranam akarot, yadaa saha pranaghatakam aghatam praapnot. saha ekam choornadinam utaah-nagarasya bratton-skee-resort-madhye skiing kurvan aasit, yadaa saha, key peterson cha, snoboarder-jaak-cebert-tomy-yilaintilaa-ityetaih saha millicent-kurchee-adhah ekena anantaram praakrutika-lakshanan prarabdhavan. jaan sunn ityeshah prathamam adhah utkriyamaanah aasit, swa-upakaranm sangruhayitum vaayupravaaham utkrutya, yadaa key peterson ityeshah tam shirastranasya adhah eva prahaarayat, tadaa saha sthagitah. asya prabhaawen jaansan ityeshah praayah nimeshatrayam yaavat achetanah abhavat. yadaa sahayyam praaptam tadaa saha tatkshanameva nidraamagnah bhutva vishvavidyaalayasya utaah-chikitsaalayam prati uddiyata. tatra saha teevraparicharane nyaveshtitah parantu tasya swaasthyalaabhah shankaaspadah aasit. 10 dinaani yaavat jaansan chikitsayaa prerite komaa-madhye aasit. parantu 2005 december 18 dinaanke jaansan ityeshah ardhadakshinm netram udghatitavan. ashtadinanantarm jaansan swashareerasya ubhayapakshaah kinkartum, khaaditum, chalayitum cha aarabdhavaan. tatah saha critical-keyar-unit-taha neural-rehabilitation-unit-madhye sthanantaritaha, yatra saha speech, physical, aakpeshanal-therapee cha aarabdhavaan. 34 dinaani yaavat chikitsaalaye chikitsaam praapya, jaansan antatah gruham pratyaagantum samarthah abhavat. punaraagamanam. jaansan punah skeeying-kreedaam aarabhayitum drudanishchayah aasit. saha swasya pranaghatakam aghatam swasya priyam karyam kartum naa vilambayati sma. 2007 tame varshe, jaansan ityayam swaprakrutim prati punaraagamanam karishyati iti manovruttyaa manovruttyaa cha skee-creedaa-kaalasy aarambham akarot. tasmin november-december-maase cha saha colorado-prashikshanasy ardha-pipe-madhye shut-saptahan vyateetavaan. durbhagyataya, jaansan ityasya pragatihi kathinah aasit, saha spardhaam kartum paryaaptah prabalah naa iti nishchitavaan. tatah saha vibhinnaspardhaasu yatram kurvan, british-columbia-deshe helly-skeeying, myaach-stick-nirmaanaih saha chalacchitranirmaanam cha krutavaan. varshasya ante, jaansan ityayam anekeshaam manasika-badhanam nivaaranam krutvaa swasya skee-vruttijeevanasya nootanam dishaam punah sthapitavan. saha chalacchitranirmaanasya vishaye dhyanam kendreekartum, swasya pashchadesheey-skeeying-kreedaayaah pragatim cha kartum nishchitavaan. 2008 tame varshe 2009 tame varshe cha, jaansan ityayam anekeshaam skee-nirmaana-samsthanam saha pravaasam chalacchitram cha nirantaram akarot. saha unnatim nirantaram krutavaan, 2010 tame varshe france-deshe redd bull lain catcher-spardhayam jaansan ityeshah truteeyam sthaanam praapnot. mrutyuhu. 2010 februvari 24 dinaanke 26 varsheeyah jaansan ityeshah lait-towers-kshetre skwaa-vailee-skee-resort ityatra skee-kridaayaam mrutah. saha parvate patayitum atyantam shilaayuktam rekhaa chitavaan, api cha anaavrutashilaayaaha upari ekam dhaaram gruheetavaan, yena saha patitah. ghatanaayaah katipayanimeshanantaram chikitsaavidhaanam aagaty chikitsaalaye mrutah iti ghoshitah. tasya mrutyoho sampoorne freeskeeying, parvatakridaayaam, visheshatah skwaa-upatyakaa-samudaye cha mahattwapoornah prabhaawah abhavat, yat dashakasy ante aneke uccha-vyaktitva-kreedakaah apashyn. 2010 maarch 5 dinaanke antimasamskaarah abhavat.

chii. aarr. johnson charles russell johnson III (august 10,1983-pipravari 24,2010) oru thozhilmurai skier mattrum freeskying iyakkaththil munnoadiyaaga irunthaar. avar oru sirantha poattiyaalaraagavum, panicharukku thiraippatankalil viruppamaanavaraagavum aanaar, maelum avarathu munnaettram, achaminmai mattrum panicharukku meethaana aarvam aagiyavattrirku peyar pettravar. johnson 2010 aam aandil oru panicharukku vibaththil iranthaar. kuzhandhaip paruvam. chii.aarr. johnson californiavin lake dahovil ulla trekkiyil piranthu valarnthaar. avar panicharukku scuva pallatthaakku resortle valarnthaar, idhu ulagath tharam vaaintha panicharukku paguthiyaagum, idhu adhan theevira nilapparapukku peyar pettrathu. skwa pallaththaakkil, johnson thanathu neraththai nilaparappu poongaavaith thatti, kadinamaana suits mattrum kinnangalai saarj seithaar. johnson viraivaaga oru periya alavilaana thanthirangalaiyum sirantha periya malaith thirankalaiyum uruvaakkinaar. panicharukku vilaiyattaith thavira, johnson ulaaval, parakkum meenpidiththal, payanam seithal mattrum nerungiya nanbarkal mattrum kudumbaththinarudan neraththai selaviduvathai rasiddar. thozhil. 1999 aam aandil, johnson 1440 aam aandil vetrtrikaramaaka tharaiyirangkiyapoathu freeskying kaatchiyil velippattaar. panicharukku samoogam viraivaaga chii. aarr. aii oru tiramaiyaana ilam natchaththiramaaga angkeekariththathu, avar ilavasa panicharukku munnaera udhava mudiyum. endhavoru thanthirangalaiyum muyarchikkavum, endhavoru pinnoakkiya koadugalaiyum panicharukku nadaththavum thayaaraaga irunththa oru achchamattra skier. panicharukku meethaana avarathu aarvam mattrum maempaduththuvatharkaana arppanippu avarai ulagin sirantha ilavasa skeeyargalil oruvaraaga maarath thoondiyathu. 2001 aam aandil, jappanil ulla coor cames kaalandu kuzhaayil chii. aarr. muthalidaththil irunththathu mattrum vermaandin mound snovil nadantha periya kaattru kulirkaala ex vilaiyaattukalil maedaiyil vaikkappattathu. aduththa aandu 2002 kulirkaala ex vilaiyaattukalil, sylopstyle poattiyil velli ventraar. avarathu pathakkangkalaith thavira, espn athiradi vilaiyaattukal aandin aann skeeyarukku chii. aarr. aii parinthuraiththana.< 2003 aam aandil, johnson kulirkaala ex cames suuppar bipil venkalaththai ventraar. kuzhaayin uthattil avar norungaamal irunthirunththaal, cantid thovex meethu thangam kidaitthirukkum. mudivugalaip porutpaduththaamal, kuzhaayin suvarkalukku 20 addii maelae thodanguvathan moolamum, pala suzhalgal mattrum sikkalaana pidippugaludan tharaiyirangkum thozhilnutpa thanthirangalin moolamum arai kuzhaai panicharukku ethirkaalaththai eduththukkaattiyathu. inthak kaalakattathil, catchstick thayaarippukal, moasamaana boys thayaarippukal mattrum tetton eerppu aaraaichi poantra athiradi vilayaattu thayaarippaalargaludan panicharukku pirivugalai padamaakkuvatharkum thayaarippatharkum chii. aarr neraththai selavittaar. 1999 muthal 2004 varai, pala panicharukku thiraippatankalil chii. aarr kurippidatthakka paaththiraththaik kondirundhadhu. avarathu migavum kurippidatthakka pirivugalil sila "munnani varisai", "kavanam seluththuthal" mattrum "doublue. ess. kae 106" endru azhaikkappadum thiraippatankalil irunththana. kaayam. disambar 8,2005 andru, johnson thanathu sameepathiya thiraippatamaana "show andd bru" padappidippil irunththapoathu, avarukku uyirukku aabaththaana kaayam aerpattathu. avar oru thool naalil udaavil ulla briton skai resortle panicharukku vilaiyaadik kondirunthapoathu, avarum kaii petersonum, snophordergal jaak seibert & domi yilaindilaavudan saernthu, millicent naarkaaliyin keezh iyarkaiyaana amsangkalai ontran pinn ontraaka arimugappaduththinar. johnson muthalil keezhae irangkiyapoathu, avarathu kier sekarikka oru kaattrai tharaiyirakkiya piragu nirutthinaar, kaii peterson avarathu thalaikkavasaththirkuk keezhae avaraith thaakkiyapoathu. inththa thaakkatthaal johnson sumar moontru nimidangal mayakkamadainthaar. udhavi vanthathum avar udanadiyaaga mayakkamadainthu youta palkalaikkazhaga maruthuvamanaikku kondu sellappattaar. angku avar theevira sigichchaiyil vaikkappattaar, aanaal avar gunamadaivathu kaelvikkuriyathaaga irunththathu. 10 naatkal, johnson maruththuva reethiyaaga thoondappatta koamaavil irunthaar. iruppinum disambar 18,2005 andru, johnson thanathu kankalai paathiyilaeyae thiranthaar. ettu naatkalukkup piragu johnson thanathu udalin irupuramum kisukisukkavum, saappidavum, nagarththavum thodangkinaar. pinnar avar mukkiyamaana paramarippu pirivilirunthu narambiyal maruvaazhvu privukku maattrappattaar, angku avar paechchu, udal mattrum thozhil sigitchaiyaith thodangkinaar. 34 naatkal maruthuvamanaiyil anumathikkappatta piragu, johnson iruthiyaaka veedu thirumba mudinthathu. thirumbip paarungkal. johnson meendum panicharukku vilaiyattaith thodanguvathil uruthiyaaka irunthaar. avar thanathu uyirukku aabaththaana kaayatthai thanakku pidiththathaich seivathaith thaduka anumathikka mattar. 2007 aam aandil, johnson thanathu asal vadivaththirkuth thirumbuvaar endra anugumurai mattrum mananilaiyudan panicharukku paruvatthaith thodangkinaar. antha navambar mattrum disambar maathangkalil avar aaru vaarangkal colorado payirchi arai kuzhaai kaliththaar. thurathirshtavasamaaga, johnson munnaeruvathil kadinamaaga irunthaar, maelum avar poattiyidum alavukku valuvaaga illai endru mudivu seithaar. pinnar avar palvaeru poattikalukku payanam seithu, british kolambiyaavil helii-skying mattrum theeppetti thayaarippukaludan padappidippu nadaththinaar. aandin iruthiyil, johnson pala manath thadaikalai kadanthu thanathu panicharukku vaalkkaikku oru puthiya thisaiyai meendum niruvinaar. avar thanathu pinnani panicharukku vilayaattai padamaakkuvathilum munnaettruvathilum kavanam seluththa mudivu seithaar. 2008 mattrum 2009 aam aandugalil, johnson pala panicharukku thayaarippu niruvanangaludan thodarnthu payanam seithu thiraippatankalai iyakkinaar. avar thodarnthu maempattu 2010 aam aandil brancil nadantha redd puul line catcher nigazhvil johnson moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar. maranam. pipravari 24,2010 andru, johnson thanathu 26 vayathil, lyde dovers paguthiyil ulla scuva pallatthaakku skai resortle panicharukku veechil iranthaar. avar malaiyilirunthu irangka oru theevira paaraik koattaith thaerntheduththu, oru thirantha paaraiyin vilimbaip pidiththaar, ithanaal avar keezhae vilunththaar. sambavam nadantha sila nimidangalukkup piragu maruththuva udhavi vandhu maruthuvamanaiyil iranththuvittathaaka arivikkappattathu. avarathu maranam freeskying, malai vilayaattu muzhuvathum kurippidatthakka thaakkatthai aerpaduththiyathu, kurippaaga scuva pallatthaakku samoogaththil, idhu dasaapthaththin iruthiyil pala uyarmatta vilayaattu veerargalai ilanththathu. maarch 5,2010 andru iruthich sadangu nadaipettrathu.

sii. aarr. johnson charless russell johnson III (aagashtu 10,1983-fibravari 24,2010) oka professional skiier mariyu freeskying udyamamlo maargadarsakudu. athanu agra potidaarugaa mariyu skii chitraalalo abhimaana vyaktigaa maaradu mariyu athani purogati, nirbhayata mariyu skiing patla abhiruchiki prasiddhi chendaadu. johnson 2010loe oka skii pramaadamloo maraninchaadu. balyam. sii.aarr. johnson california looni lake taho looni trucky loe putti perigaaru. athanu skiing squa valley resort loe perigaadu, idhi prapancha sthaayi skii praantam, idhi daani teevramaina bhuubhaagaaniki prasiddhi chendindi. squa loyalo, johnson bhuubhaagam paarkulo lapping chestu, kashtataramaina chuts mariyu bowles chaarj chestu thana samayanni gadipadu. johnson twaragaa pedda shreni upaayaalu mariyu adbhutamaina pedda parvata naipunhyaalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. skiingtoo paatu, johnson surfing, fly fishing, prayaanam mariyu sannihita snehitulu mariyu kutumba sabhyulatho samayanni gadapadam aanandinchaaru. vrutti. 1999loe, johnson 1440loe vijayavantamgaa digi vachinappudu free skiing sannivesamlo udbhavinchaadu. skiing sangham twaragaa crnu pratibhaavantulaina yuva taaragaa gurtinchindi, athanu uchita skiing purogatiki sahayapadagaladu. cr edainaa upaayaalanu prayatninchadaaniki mariyu edainaa byaak country linelanu skii cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa unna nirbheetudaina skiier. skiing patla aayanaku unna makkuva, merugudala patla ankitabhaavam aayananu prapanchamlooni atyuttama uchita skeeyarlalo okarigaa maaradaaniki prerepinchaayi. 2001loe, japaanlooni core games quarter paiplo cr modati sthaanamlo nilichindi mariyu mount snow, vermontlo bigg air winter ex games loe vedikapai nilichindi. marusati samvatsaram 2002 winter ex games loe, cr slopestyle loe rajata patakam geluchukundi. athani patakaalato paatu, espn action sports samvatsarapu purusha skierga cr nominate cheyabadindi.< 2003loe, johnson winter ex games superpipe loe kaamsya patakaanni geluchukunnadu. athanu gottam pedaala meeda padipokapothe, cr condide thovex meeda bangaaraanni sampaadinchi undavacchu. phalitaalato sambandham lekunda, paipu godalaku 20 adugula ettulo praarambhinchadam dwara mariyu aneka spinlu mariyu klishtamaina pattulatho saanketika upaayaalanu landing cheyadam dwara sagam-paipu skiing yokka bhavishyattunu cr udaharinchindi. eee kaalamlo, cr match stick productions, paelavamaina boyz productions mariyu tetton gravity research vanti action sport producerlatho kalisi skii vibhagala chitreekarana mariyu nirmaanamloo kooda samayanni vecchinchaaru. 1999 nundi 2004 varaku, aneka skii chitraalalo cr mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchindi. ayana atyanta mukhyamaina vibhagalalo konni "front line", "focused" mariyu "doublueske 106" anae chitraalalo unnaayi. gaayam. december 8,2005naa, johnson thana taja chitram "show und prove" chithreekaranalo unnappudu praanaantakamaina gaayamtho badhapaddadu. athanu oka pouder rojuna utaalooni bryton skii resortlo skiing chestunnappudu, athanu mariyu kaii peterson, snoboarderlu jaak seabert & tommi ylaantilaatoe kalisi, millicent kurchi kinda sahaja lakshanaalanu okadaani taruvaata okati praarambhinchaaru. johnson thana parikaraalanu sekarinchadaaniki gaalini dinchina tarvaata, athani helmet krinda kaii peterson kottadamtho, modata digadam aagipoyindi. eee prabhavam jaansannu daadaapu moodu nimishala paatu apasmaraka sthithiki cherchindi. sahayam vacchina ventane atanni nidramondinchi, vishwavidyaalayam yokka utah aasupatriki taralinchaaru. akkada atanni intensive cair loe unchaaru, conny athani kolukovadam prashnaarthakamgaa undhi. 10 rojula paatu, johnson vaidyaparamgaa prerepinchabadina komaalo undipoyaadu. ayithe december 18,2005naa johnson sagam varaku kallu terichaadu. enimidi rojula taruvaata johnson gusagusaladatam, tinadam mariyu thana sariiraaniki rendu vaipula kadilinchadam praarambhinchaadu. aaa taruvaata atanni klishtamaina samrakshana vibhagam nundi naadii punaravasa vibhaagaaniki taralinchaaru, akkada athanu prasangam, saareeraka mariyu vruttiparamaina chikitsanu praarambhinchaadu. 34 rojula paatu aasupatrilo cherina taruvaata, johnson chivaraku intiki tirigi ragaligadu. tirigi vastaaru. johnson mallee skiing praarambhinchaalani nischayinchukunnaadu. athanu thana praanaantakamaina gaayam tanaku nachinadi cheyakunda nirodhinchadaaniki anumatinchaledu. 2007loe, johnson thana asalu roopaaniki tirigi vastaadane vaikhari mariyu manastatvamtho skii seejannu praarambhinchaadu. aaa november mariyu decemberlalo athanu aaru vaaralu kolarado sikshanalo sagam-pipe sikshanalo gadipadu. duradrushtavasaattu, johnson purogati saadhinchadaaniki chaalaa kashtapaddadu mariyu athanu pootii cheyadaaniki taginanta balamgaa laedani nirnayinchukunnadu. aaa taruvaata athanu vividha pootiilaku prayaaninchadam, british columbialo heli-skiing cheyadam mariyu aggipette nirmaanaalatoo chitreekarana cheyadam vanti samayanni gadipadu. samvatsaram chivarilo, johnson aneka manasika addamkulanu adhigaminchi, thana skii kereerku kotta disanu tirigi sthaapinchaadu. athanu thana byaak country skiing chitreekarana mariyu purogatipai drushti pettaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. 2008 mariyu 2009loe, johnson aneka skii nirmaana samsthalatho kalisi prayaaninchadam mariyu chalanachitraalanu konasaaginchaaru. athanu merugupadatam konasaginchadu mariyu 2010loe fraanslo jarigina redd bull line catcher eeventlo johnson moodava sthaanamlo nilichaadu. maranam. fibravari 24,2010naa, 26 samvatsaraala vayassulo, johnson light towers praantamlooni squa valley skii resortlo skiing chestu maraninchaadu. athanu parvatam nundi digadaaniki oka teevramaina raathi rekhanu enchukunnadu mariyu oka bahirgatamaina raatipai oka anchunu pattukunnadu, idhi athanu padipovadaaniki kaaranamaindi. sanghatana jarigina konni nimishala tarvaata vaidya sahayam akkadiki cherukuni aasupatrilo chanipoyinatlu prakatinchaaru. athani maranam free skiing, parvata creeda antataa mariyu mukhyamgaa squa valley communitylo gananeeyamaina prabhavanni choopindi, idhi dasaabdam chivarilo aneka mandhi unnata sthaayi athletlanu kolpoyindi. marchi 5,2010naa antyakriyala karyakramam jarigindi.

see. aar. jaansan charlis rasal jaansan III (10 agast 1983-24 faroori 2010) eek paishah warr scare aur free skiing tehreek kay alambardar thay. wah eek aalee madmaqabil aur iski filmon mein pasandidah bunn gayey aur apnee tarqi bay khoof aur skiing kay jazbay kay liye jaanay jaatay thay. jaansan 2010 mein eek iski haadise mein inteqal kirr gayey. bachpan. see.aar. jaansan kii paidaish aur prorish turkey jheel taaho california mein hoyee. wah skiing schwa veeli resort mein plaa badhaa juu eek aalimi mayaar kaa iski elaqah hay juu apnay intehayi khaton kay liye jaana jaataa hay. schwa veeli mein jaansan nay apnaa waqat terrian paark kuu leep karnay aur mashkal chuts aur piyalay chaarij karnay mein guzara. jaansan nay teezi say chaalon kii eek bury renj aur behtareen bury pahaadi maharatein tayaar kein. skiing kay alawah jaansan nay surfing flayee fashing safar aur qareebi doston aur ahal khaanah kay saath waqat guzarnay kaa lataf uthaya. carrier. 1999 mein jaansan free skiing kay manzar parr ubhray jabb inhon nay 1440 mein kamiyabi say lending kii. skiing community nay fouri toor parr see aar kuu eek basalahiyat naujawan staar kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa juu mufta skiing mein tarqi mein madad kirr saktaa thaa. see aar eek bay khoof scare thaa juu kasee bhee chaal kuu aazmane aur kasee bhee beek kantri linon kuu iski karnay kay liye tayaar thaa. skiing kay liye inn kay jazbay aur behtari kay liye lagan nay inhein duniya kay behtareen mufta scares mein say eek bannay parr majbur kiyaa. 2001 mein see aar nay japaan mein coor games kwarter pipe mein pehla maqaam haasil kiyaa aur mount suno warmont mein bugg aiyar winter aiks games mein podium kiyaa. aglay saal 2002 kay sarmayi aiks games mein see aar nay slop style mein chaandi kaa tamgha jeeta. inn kay tamaghon kay alawah ayee aiss pee aine action sports nay saal kay behtareen mard scare kay liye see aar namzad kiyaa.< 2003 mein jaansan nay winter aiks games spir pipe mein kaansi kaa tamgha jeeta. agar yaha iss kay pipe kay hont parr girr kirr tabaah naha hotaa tuu how saktaa hay kahh see aar kuu candide thoviks parr sonaa mill gayaa hotaa. nataij say qataa nazar see aar nay pipe kii dewaron say 20 fitt oopar laanch karkay aur behat say gahmao aur paichidah giraft kay saath lending takniki chaalon kay zariye nasf pipe skiing kay mustaqabil kii misaal paish kii. iss arsey kay doraan see aar nay action sports prodiosaron jeesay meech stick production naqis boiz production aur teaton gravity recerch kay saath iski segment kii film bundi aur tayari mein bhee waqat guzara. 1999 say 2004 takk see aar kaa behat see iski filmon mein aham kirdaar rehaa. inn kay kachh sabb say qaabil zakar hasay "frunt line"yee "focused"yee aur "dabliyo aiss kay 106" naami filmon mein thay. choot. 8 dasambar 2005 cow jaansan apnee taazah tareen film "show aind prof" kii shoting kirr rahay thay jabb inhein jaan leeva choot lagee. wah powder day parr yutah kay bryton iski resort mein skiing kirr rahay thay jabb inhon nay aur kii patterson nay suno borders zach sebert aur tomi yelantla kay saath milsent karsi kay neechey qadarti khususiyat kaa aaghaz kiyaa. jaansan sabb say pehley neechey utarnay waala thaa jabb iss nay apnaa saamaan leenay kay liye hawaa ataari tuu asay rook diyaa jabb kii patterson nay asay iss kay helmat kay balkal neechey maaraa. iss asar nay jaansan kuu taqriba teen mint takk bay hosh kirr diyaa. jabb madad pahunchi tuu inhein fouri toor parr scone dilaya gayaa aur university aaf yutah hospital lay jayaa gayaa. wahaan inhein intehayi nigahdasht mein rakhaa gayaa leakin inn kii sehat yaabi parr shakk thaa. 10 dunn takk jaansan tabee toor parr mutasir komaa mein rahay. tahim 18 dasambar 2005 kuu jaansan nay apnee aankhein aadhi raastay parr khool dain. aath dunn baad jaansan nay srgoshi karnaa khaana aur apnay jasm kay donon taraf harkat karnaa sharoo kirr dee. iss kay baad inhein creatical kiar yount say baahir neural ree hablitation yount mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jehaan inhon nay taqrir jasmani aur paishah waranah tharaapi sharoo kii. 34 dunn takk hospital mein daakhil rehney kay baad jaansan balaakhir gahar waps aaney mein kamiyab how gayey. wapsi. jaansan nay dobarah skiing sharoo karnay kaa azam kiyaa thaa. wah apnee jaan leeva choot kuu wah kaam karnay say roknay nahein day rehaa thaa juu asay pasand thaa. 2007 mein jaansan nay iski seezan kaa aaghaz iss royay aur zahniyat kay saath kiyaa kahh wah apnee asl shakal mein waps aajayein gay. iss nomber aur dasambar mein inhon nay colorado kii nasf pipe kii tarbiyat mein chh haftay guzaray. badqismati say jaansan kuu aagay badhnay mein mashkal paish aayee aur faislah kiyaa kahh wah muqabilah karnay kay liye kaafi mazboot nahein hay. iss kay baad inhon nay mukhtalif muqabilon kaa safar kartay huay bartanvi columbia mein haili skiing kartay huay aur meech stick production kay saath film bundi kartay hoay waqat guzara. saal kay aakhir mein jaansan nay behat see zahni rukawaton parr qaabu paa liyaa thaa aur apnay iski carrier kay liye eek nayee samat dobarah qayem kii thee. iss nay film bundi aur apnay beek kantri skiing kuu aagay badhanay parr taujah markoz karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. 2008 aur 2009 mein jaansan nay kayee iski production companiyon kay saath safar aur film bundi jaari rakhee. inhon nay behtari kaa silsilah jaari rakhaa aur 2010 mein jaansan france mein reed bail line catcher avent mein teesre number parr rahay. moth. 24 faroori 2010 cow 26 saal kii amar mein jaansan light towers kay elaqay mein schwa veeli iski resort mein skiing kartay hoay inteqal kirr gayey. iss nay pahaad say neechey jaanay kay liye eek intehayi chatani lakeer kaa intekhaab kiyaa thaa aur eek khalee chataan parr eek kinaray kuu pakad liyaa thaa jiss kii wajah say wah girr gayaa thaa. waaqiye kay kayee mint baad tabee amdaad pahunchi aur hospital mein asay mardah qaraar day diyaa gayaa. iss kii moth kaa puray free skiing pahaadi khail aur khaas toor parr schwa veeli community mein numayan asar padaa jiss nay dahayi kay aakhir mein kayee hayee profile athletes kuu khoo diyaa. 5 maarch 2010 kuu eek janazay kii taqrib munaqid kii gayee.

000419a5f57e067ff8e520d1d37d917c65ffa1fb20d45245650cbae550f9e905

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1868545

Blueberry Hill (restaurant)

Blueberry Hill (restaurant) Blueberry Hill is a restaurant and music club located in the Delmar Loop neighborhood in University City, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri. Until October 2014, Chuck Berry performed there the third Wednesday of each month, in the Duck Room. The restaurant is considered a St. Louis landmark, drawing tourists and locals during the day, and then becoming a popular hangout for university students in the evening, mostly from nearby Washington University. The restaurant is famous for its decor, its cheeseburger and its darts room. It is frequently mentioned by St. Louis–based announcer Bob Costas. Joe Edwards and Linda Edwards opened Blueberry Hill on September 8, 1972. Since opening, the restaurant has expanded into the adjacent spaces on the east and the west, and it now occupies an entire block of Delmar Boulevard. Outside the restaurant is the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the work of Joe Edwards. The Walk lines the sidewalks on both sides of Delmar, and is made up of bronze stars and informative biographical plaques honoring individuals from the St. Louis area who have made major national contributions to US cultural heritage. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bluebory hill (resturent) bluebery hill hoise biswobidyaloy sohoror delmer lup suburit owosthito etaa resturent aaru xongit club, jitu saintor etaa uponogor. lui, misouri. 2014 sonor octobor maholoike, chaak beriye proityek maahor tritiyo budhbare haxor kuthat onusthan korisil. resturenttuk sto buli gonyo koraa hoy. luir jugantokari sthan, ji dinot porjotok aaru sthaniyo lukoxokolok aakorxon kore, aaru taar pisot xondhiya biswobidyaloyor saatro-satrixokolor baabe ek jonopriyo sthan hoi pore, besibhagei usoror waswington biswobidyaloyor poraa. resturenttu iyar xajxojja, iyar sizberger aaru iyar dartor kuthar baabe bikhyat. iyak xoghonai sto. luis-bhittik ghuxok bobo coustus. 1972 sonor 8 septemborot ju edwards aaru linda edwardse bluebory paahar mukoli kore. khular pisore poraa, resturenttu pubo aaru poschimor kaxor thaiburoloi xomproxarito hoise, aaru ee etiya delmer bullevardor etaa xompurno block dokhol korise. resturentor bahirot aase sto. luiz waak owo fame, ju adwardsor kaam. delmaror duyufale thoka podopothburot khujkarhi juwa rekha, aaru bronjor taara aaru tothyomulok jibonimulok folokore gothito ji stator byoktixokolok xonman kore. luis onchol jiye aamar xangoskritik oitijyoloi guruttopurno rastriyo obodan aagborhaise.

blueberry hill (restoran) blueberry hill holl ekti restoran ebong sangeet club jaa seenta peterson shohorer shahartalir vishwavidyalaya shohorer delmer luper paday abosthito. lui, misauri. octobor 2014 porjonto, chaak berry sekhane proti maaser tritiya budhbar hanser ghore poribeshito hoy. restaurantike seenta hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. lui landmark, diner belaay porjotok ebong sthanioder akarshan korey ebong tarpor sandhyay bishwobidyaloyer shikkharthider jonno ekti janapriya hangout hoye othe, beshirbhag nikatbarti washington vishwavidyalaya theke. restoranti taar sajja, chizberger ebong dart rumer jonno bikhyato. etty prayashai seenta dwara ullekh koraa hoy. lui-vittik ghoshak bobb coastus. 1972 saaler 8ee septembara jooe edwards ebong linda edwards blueberry pahad khulechilo. kholar porr theke, restoranti purbo oo poschime sanglagna jaigagulite prosarito hoyeche ebong etty ekhon delmer bullevarder ekti sampurna block dokhol korey achhe. restoran baire seenta. lui oyaka off phema, jooe edwardser kaaj. delmer ubhoy pasher futpatgulite hantar lineguli bronzer taaraa ebong seenta theke byaktider somman janiye tothyobohul jeebonimulok folock diye toiri. lui anchal jaaraa amader sangoskritik oitijhye prodhan jatiya abodan rekheche.

blueberry hill (restaurant) blueberry hill aee university shahernaa delmar loop padoshmaa stheet aek restaurant aneey music club chhe, jeey saint pietersbergna upnagarmaa stheet chhe. luis, misauri. october 2014 sudhee, chuck barry darek mahinaanaa trija budhvaare, bataknaa oradama tyaan pradarshan karatee hatee. aaa restaurantne saint ganvaamaa aave chhe. divas darmiyan pravasio aneey sthaaneek lokone aakarshta aneey pachhi sanje universityna vidhyarthio maate lokpreey hangout bunny jataa, mote bhaage najiknaa washington universitymathi. aaa restaurant tenee sajavat, chizberger aneey tenaa darts room maate prakhyaat chhe. teno vaaramvaar aesa. tii. dwara ullekh karvaamaa aave chhe. luis-aadharit udghoshak boob costas. jooe edwards aneey linda edwardse 8 september, 1972naa roj blueberry tekri kholee. kholyaa pachhi, restaurant purv aneey pashchimni adeene aaveli jagyaoma vistaree chhe, aneey havey teey delmar bullwardnaa samagr blokne aavari leey chhe. restaurantnee bahaar saint chhe. louis voqa off phema, jooe adwardsnu kaama. delmarni banne bajuae sidewalk parr chaalvaani rekhaao chhe, aneey teey kansana taarao aneey mahitiprad jivancharitratmak taktiothi banelee chhe jeey sentnaa vyaktione maana aape chhe. luis vistaar keey jemane aapana saanskrutik varsama mukhya raashtriy yogdaan aapyu chhe.

blueberry hill (restaraan) blueberry hill ack restaraan aur sangeet club haye joe vishvavidyalaya shahar key upnagar sent key delmar loop pados mein sthit haye. lui, misauri. octuber 2014 taka, chuck berry ney pratyek maheene key teesare budhwar koo batakh key kamare mein pradarshan kiya. iss restaraan koo sent maanaa jaataa haye. luis aitihaasik sthal haye, joe dinn key dauran paryatakon aur sthaaniya logon koo aakarshit kartaa haye, aur phir shaam koo vishvavidyalaya key chhatron key liye ack lokpriya hangout bunn jaataa haye, jyaadaatar paas key washington vishvavidyalaya seey. restaraan apani sajawat, apane cheezberger aur apane darts room key liye prasiddh haye. iska ullekh aksar sent dwara kiya jaataa haye. lui-adharit udghoshak bobb costas. 8 sitambar, 1972 koo joe edwards aur linda edwards ney blueberry hill kholi. khulane key baad seey, restaraan kaa vistaar poorv aur paschim mein aasann sthaanon mein huaa haye, aur abb yeh delmar bulleward key poore block parr kabja curr letaa haye. restaraan key baahar sent haye. lui walk off fame, joe edwards kaa kaam. delmar key donon taraf footpath parr chalane kii rekhaaen hain, aur yeh kansya sitaaron aur sent key vyaktiyon koo sammaanit karane vaali jaankaaripurna jeevani pattikaon seey bunny hain. lui kshetra jinhone hamari saanskritik viraasat mein pramukh rashtriya yogdan diyaa haye.

blueberry hill (restaurant) blueberry hill ondu restaurant mattu music club aagiddu, idu saint nagarada upanagaravaada university nagarada delmar loop nerehoreyallide. louis, misauri. october 2014 ravarege, chuck berry prati tingala moorane budhavaara, batukoli kooneyalli pradarshana needitu. ee restaurant annu saint endu pariganisalaagide. louis heggurutu, hagalinalli pravasigarannu mattu sthaliyarannu seleyuttade, mattu nantara sanje vishvavidyaalayada vidyaarthigalige janapriya hangout aguttade, hechchaagi hattirada washington vishvavidyaalayadinda. ee restaurant tanna alankara, cheesberger mattu adara baanada koonege hesaruvaasiyaagide. idannu aagaagge ess. tii. ullekhisiddaare. louis moolada anaunsar baab costas. zoo edward mattu linda edwardgalu 1972rahra september 8randu blueberry bettavannu teredaru. praarambhavaadaagininda, restaurant purva mattu pashchimada pakkada sthalagalige vistariside mattu eega idu delmar boulewardna sampoorna block annu aakramiside. restaurantne horage saint. louis vaak off fame, zoo edwards avara kelasa. delmarn eradoo badigalallina padachari maargagalu, mattu kanchina nakshatragalu mattu sentninda vyaktigalannu gouravisuva maahitiyukta jivanacharitreya daddugalinda madalpattive. namma saamskrutika paramparege pramukha rashtriya kodugegalannu needida louis pradesha.

blueberry hill (restorant) sent berlinte praanthapradeshamaaya yooniversitti sittiyile delmar lupe parisarathu sthithicheyyunna oru restorantum music clubb aanu blueberry hill. luis, misauri. 2014 october vare, ellah maasatheyum moonnaamathe budhanaazhchakalil chuck berry avide duck roomil pradharshippichirunnu. restorant oru sent aayi kanakkaakkappedunnu. luis landmark, pakal samayat vinodasanchaarikaleyum pradeshavaasikaleyum aakarshikkukayum pinneedu vaikunneram yooniversitti vidyaarthikalkku oru janapriya haaunttaayi maarukayum cheiyunnu, kooduthalum aduthulla washington sarvakalashaalayil ninnu. restorant athinte alankaarathinum chees burgerinum dart roomin perukettathaanu. ithu palappozhum sent paraamarsikkunnu. luis aasthaanamaayulla anaunsar bob kostaas. 1972 septambar 8 nuu joou edwards linda edwards blueberry hill thurannu. thurannathinushesham, restorant kizhakkum padinjaarum aduthulla edangalilekku vyaapichu, ippol ithu delmar boulivaardinte oru muzhuvan block ulkkollunnu. restorantinu purathu sent. luis vaakk oof faim, joou edverdsinte kruthi. delmaarinte iruvashathumulla nadappaathakalilekku nadakkunna eee nadappu, venkala nakshathrangalum sent oof dhii centilulla vyakthikale aadarikkunna vivaradaayakamaaya jeevacharitra falakangalum kondu nirmmichathaanu. nammude saamskaarika paithrukathinu valia deseeya sambhavanakal nalkia luis pradesham.

blueberry hiill (upahargruh) blueberry hiill heey seent pietersbergchya upnagaratil vidyapith shaharatil delmar loop parisarat sthit eka upahargruh aanee sangeet club aahe. lui, misauri. aktoobar 2014 paryant, chuck berry pratyek mahinyachya mahinyachya budhwari, badakanchya kholeet sadar kelee jaat asey. restaurant seent manale jaate. lui heey mahattvache thikan, jeey divasa paryatak aanee sthanikanna aakarshit karate aanee nantar sandhyakali vidyapithachya vidyarthyansathi, mukhytah jawalchya washington vidyapithatil, eka lokpriy thikan banate. heey upahargruh tyachya sajavat, chizberger aanee dartschya kholisathi prasiddha aahe. tyacha ullekh anekada seent. lui-aadharit udghoshak bobb coastas. joou edwards aanee linda edwards yanni 8 september 1972 roji blueberry hiill ughadali. ughadalyapasun, restaurantcha purv aanee paschim bajus shejarchya jaganmadhye vistar jhaala aahe aanee aata too delmar bullwardcha sampoorn block vyapato. restaurantchya baher seent aahe. lui walk auph fame, joou edwardsche kaam. delmarchya donhi bajunchya padapathanvar chalanyachya resha aahet aanee teey kansya taare aanee centmadhil vyaktincha sanman sanman mahitipurn charitratmak falakanni banalele aahet. lui kshetra jyanni aaplya sanskrutik varshasathi mothe rashtriy yogdan dile aahe.

blueberry hill (resturant) blueberry hill euta resturant rar sangit club how june centko upanagar, vishwavidyalaya saharko delmar loop chhimekma awasthit chha. luis, misauri. october 2014 samma, chak berile pratyek mahinako tesro budhbar, batakh kothama pradarshan pradarshan. resturentlai cent manincha. luis landmark, dinko samayama paryatakharu rar sthaniyaharulai akarshit gardai, rar tyasapachhi sanjhama vishwavidyalayaka vidyarthiharuka lagi lokpriya hangout banchha, prayaha najikaiko wassington vishwavidyalayabata. resturant yasako sajawat, yasako chiezberger rar yasako dart kothaka lagi prasidha chha. yo prayaha cent dwara ullekha garieko chha. luisma adharit udghoshak bub coastas. jo edwards rar linda adwardsle september 8,1972 maa blueberry hill khole. kholiepachhi, resturant purva rar paschimma chheuchhauka thaunharuma wistar bhaeko chha, rar yasale ahile delmar bullwardko sampurna block ogateko chha. resturant bahira cent chha. luis waak aff fame, jo edwardsko kaam. paidal margale delmarko duwai chheuma futapathaharu rekha banaunchha, rar centka wyaktiharulai samman garne kaansaako tara rar jankarimulak jiwani falakharu milera baneko chha. luis khetra jasle hamro sanskritik sampadama pramukh rashtriya yogdan dieko chha.

blueberry hill (resturant) blueberry hill heuchhi eka resturant ebong music club jaahaa cent pitansira eka upakanth biswabidyalaja saharar delmar lupe padoshire abasthita . lui, misauri. october 2014 parjyanta, chuck berry sethare pratyeka masser truteeja budhbar deane, dock rumare pradarshan karithila. ehi restoranku eka cent bhabe bibechana karajae. louis landmark, dinare parjyataka ebong sthaniah lokanku akarshita kare, ebong taa 'parey sandhyare biswabidyalajara chatramananka paain eka lokpriya hungout hoijae, mukhyatah nikatasta washington biswabidyalajaru . ehi restoran ehara sajja, chiz berger ebong ehara dart room paain prasidha . ehaa aneka samajare sentanka dwara ullekha karajaichi. louis-bhittika ghoshak bub coastas. joe edward ebong linda edward september 8,1972 ray blueberry hill kholithile. kholiba paratharu, resturant purba ebong paschimare sanlagna sthanaku bistara karichhi, ebong ehaa bartamana delmar bullevarder eka sampurna blakaku dakhal karichhi . restoran bahare cent. louis waak off fame, joe edawardanka karjya . ehi padacharana delmarer ubhaja parsware thiba phutapathare line kare, ebong ehaa bronz taaraa ebong suchanatmaka jeebani phalakare gathita jaahaa sentaru byaktibisheshanku sammana kare . louis anchala, jeunmane aama sanskrutika aitihya prati pramukh jatiah yogdan deichhanti.

blueberry pahadi (restaurant) blueberry hill ikk restaurant atey sangeet club haii joe university shehar dey delmar loop guaandh witch sathit haii, joe kii cent bradd dey ikk upnagar witch haii. luis, misauri. aktubar 2014 takk, chakk berry neey harr maheene dey teeje budhwar noon battakh dey kamre witch pardarshan keeta. restaurant noon ikk cent manniaa jaanda haii. luee daa meal patthar, dinn vele sailaniaan atey sathanak lokan noon aakarshit karda haii, atey firr shaam noon university dey vidiaarthiaan laee ikk prasidh hangout bann jaanda haii, ziaadaatar nedley washington university toon. ih restaurant aapni sajawat, aapne cheezberger atey aapne darts kamre laee mashur haii. iss daa aksar aiss. tii. duaara zikar keeta jaanda haii. luis-adharat ghoshnakarta baub coasts. joe edwards atey linda edwards neey 8 satambar, 1972 noon blueberry pahadi kholhi. khulhan toon baad, restaurant daa purab atey pachham witch naal laggde sathanan witch vistaar hoiaa haii, atey ih hunn delmar bulward dey poore block utte kabza qarr lainda haii. restaurant dey bahr cent haii. luis vaak aaf fame, joye edwards daa kamm. ih delmar dey doven pasiaan dey footpath noon line kardi haii, atey kaansi dey taariaan atey cent dey viaktiaan daa sanman curran valiaan jankari bharpur jeevani pattiaan naal bnee haii. luis khetar jinhan neey saadi sabheyacharak virasat witch vadda rashtari yogdan paaiaa haii.

blueberry hill (bhojanalaya) blueberry hill iti ekam bhojanalaya, sangeeta-sanghah cha asti yat vishvavidyaalaya-nagarasya delmar-loop-parisarasya, sent-nagarasya upanagarasy, asti. louis, misauree. october 2014 paryantam, chak-berry-ityeshaa tatra pratyekamaasasya truteeya-budhavaasare, baatukoshasy madhye pradarshanm karoti sma. bhojanalaya ess. tii. iti manyate. louis-nagarasya aitihaasikam sthalachihnam, dine paryatakaan sthaniyan cha aakarshayati, tatah sayankale vishvavidyaalayasya chhatranam krute lokapriyam sthalam abhavat, praayah samipasthasya washington-vishvavidyaalayasya. bhojanalaya swasya alankaranaartham, cheezberger krute, darts-kakshasya cha krute prasidhah asti. praayah sa. a. dwara asya ullekhah krutah asti. louis-deshasya udghoshakah baab coastas. jo edwards tathaa lindaa edwards ityeshaa 1972 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 8 dinaanke blueberry-parvatam udghaatayan. udghaatanaat aarabhy, poorva-pashchimayoh sameepastheshu sthaaneshu asya bhojanaalayasy vistaarah abhavat, adhunaa cha etat delmar-boulevard ityasya sampoornam khandam vyaapayati. bhojanaalayasy bahihi ess. tii. asti. louis vaak aaf fame, jo edwards ityasya krutihi. delmar-nagarasya paarshvayoho padachari-marganam padachari-rekhaasu padachari-maargah asti, tathaa cha kaamsyataarakaih, sent-nagarasya vyaktinaam sammanartham soochanaatmak-jeevanacharitra-phalakaih cha nirmitah asti. louis-pradesha yah asmakam saamskrutika-paramparayaha krute pramukham rashtriyam yogadam dattavaan.

blueberry hiill (unavagam) blueberry hiill enbathu palkalaikkazhaga nagaraththin delmar luup suttruppuraththil amainthulla oru unavagam mattrum isaik kilap aagum, idhu saint nagaraththin puranagarp paguthiyaagum. luis, mizori. october 2014 varai, sakk berry ovvoru maathamum moontraavathu puthankizhamai, vaaththu araiyil nigazhththappattathu. inththa unavagam oru punitha unavagamaaka karudhappadugiradhu. luis milecal, pakalil suttrulaap payanigalaiyum ulloor makkalaiyum eerkkirathu, pinnar maalaiyil palkalaikkazhaga maanavargalukku oru pirabalamaana haengkavuttaaga maariyathu, perumpaalum arugilulla washington palkalaikkazhagaththilirunthu. inththa unavagam adhan alangaaram, adhan seasburger mattrum adhan dards araikku pirabalamaanathu. idhu adikkadi St aall kurippidappadugiradhu. luis adippadaiyilaana arivippaalar paap gostas. joow edvardu mattrum linda edvardu septumber 8,1972 andru blueberry malaiyaith thiranthana. thirakkappattathilirunthu, unavagam kilakku mattrum maerkil arugilulla idangkalukku virivadainththullathu, ippoathu idhu delmar bulvertin muzhu thoguthiyaiyum aakiramiththullathu. unavagaththirku veliyae St ullathu. luis vaak off famil, joow edwardesine vaelai. delmarin irupuramum nadaipaathaigal ullana, maelum idhu venkala natchaththiranggal mattrum thagaval vaazhkkai varalaattru thagadugalaal aanathu, idhu stantin thaninabarkalai qalla oring ravikkirathu. namathu kalaachaara bhaarambariyaththirku mukiya thaesiya pankalippukalai valangkiya luis pakuthi.

blueberry hill (restaurant) blueberry hill anedi vishwavidyaalaya nagaramloni delmar loop parisaraallo unna oka restaurant mariyu music club, idhi seyint university shivaaru praantam. luis, misauri. october 2014 varaku, chuck berry prati nela moodava budhavaram, baatula gadilo pradarsinchabadindi. eee restaurantnu oka seintga pariganistaaru. luis mylurayi, pagatipuuta paryaatakulanu mariyu sthaanikulanu aakarshistundi, aapai saayantram vishwavidyaalaya vidyaarthulaku, ekkuvagaa sameepamloni washington vishwavidyaalayam nundi oka prasiddha hangaoutga maarindi. eee restaurant daani alankarana, cheej burger mariyu daani baanaala gadiki prasiddhi chendindi. dheenini tarachugaa St. luis aadhaarita anaunsar baab costas. jooe edwardlu mariyu linda edwardlu 1972 september 8naa blueberry kondanu terichaaru. praarambhinchinappati nundi, restaurant thoorpu mariyu paschimaana prakkane unna pradaesaalaku vistarinchindi, mariyu idhi ippudu delmar boulevard yokka mottam blacknu aakraminchindi. restaurant velupala seyint undhi. luis vaak off fame, jooe edwards yokka pani. delmar yokka rendu vaipula kaalibaatalu nadiche linelu, mariyu kaamsya nakshatraalu mariyu samachara jeevitacharitra phalakaalato tayaaru cheyabaddaayi, ivi stand nundi vyaktulanu gouravistaayi. maaku saamskrutika vaarasatvaaniki pradhana jaateeya sahakaram andinchina luis praantam.

blue barry hull (reestoran) blue barry hull eek reestoran aur music kalb hay juu sent kay mazafati elaqay university shehar mein delmar loap kay pados mein waaqa hay. lois mesori. aktobar 2014 takk chukk barry harr mahinay kay teesre badh cow dakk room mein wahaan perform karti thee. reestoran kuu sent samjha jaataa hay. lois kaa tarikhi maqaam dunn kay waqat seyahon aur maqami logon kuu apnee taraf matujah kartaa hay aur phir shaam kuu university kay talbaa kay liye eek maqbool haing aaot bunn jaataa hay ziyadah tarr qareebi washington university say. reestoran apnee sajawat apnay cheez bargar aur apnay darts room kay liye mashhur hay. iss kaa zakar aksar sent kay zariye kiyaa jaataa hay. lois mein maqeem aalaan kanandah baab coustas. juu edwards aur landaa edwards nay 8 satambar 1972 kuu blue barry hull kholi. khilnay kay baad say reestoran mashriq aur maghrab mein malhaqah jighon takk phail gayaa hay aur abb yaha delmar boliward kay puray block parr qaabiz hay. reestoran kay baahir sent hay. lois waak aaf faim juu edwards kaa kaam. yaha waak delmar kay donon itraaf kay fitt paathon kuu line karti hay aur kaansi kay sataron aur sent kay afraad kay aizaz mein malumati sawanhi takhtiyon say bunny hay. lois kaa elaqah jinhon nay hamaray saqafati warsay mein aham qomi sharakat kii hay.

00041a5154a4d8bd63f7c890af9c80d7e84fa5654857482e4b6bf04a4464d685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1036786

Hoo Fort

Hoo Fort Disused military installation in Kent, England Hoo Fort is a nineteenth-century military installation on the River Medway in Kent, England, that formed part of the defences of Chatham Naval Dockyard. Hoo Fort, like Fort Darnet downstream, was built on the recommendations of the 1859 Royal Commission. It is located on Hoo Island covering Pinup Reach, the inner navigable channel of the River Medway. Hoo Island sits to the south of the Hoo Peninsula and is within the parish of Hoo, Kent. The fort can be viewed from along the Saxon Shore Way, accessible from Vicarage Lane in Hoo. History. Originally designed for two tiers of guns mounted in a circle, with a boom strung between Hoo Fort and Fort Darnet, there were many problems with subsidence, and after extensive cost overruns the forts were completed in 1871 with a single tier of eleven 9-inch rifled muzzle-loading guns, and no boom. Each gun was mounted in an individual casemate with heavily armoured firing port. The forts were decommissioned before the First World War. In the Second World War, the fort was used as an observation post, with platforms and pillboxes built on top. The fort is still in fair condition. It is a Scheduled Monument and is owned by Medway Ports. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

hu durgo hu durgo hoise englandor kentot thoka nodee medwer uporot unobingxo xotikar ek xamorik sthapon, ji satham nevel dockyardor protirokhyar ongxo aasil. hu durgo, downstreamor dore, 1859 sonor rajokiyo aayugor poramorxo onuxori nirman koraa hoisil. ee hu dipot owosthito, ji nodir medwer bhitoror nou-solasoljugyo senel pinup riche aawori raakhe. hu dip hu upodipor dokhyine owosthito aaru hu, kentor porixor bhitorot owosthito. ei durgotu sexon paaror poraa saab paari, hur vikarez lenor poraa iyat jaabo paari. itihax. mulotoh dutaa storor bondukor baabe design koraa hoisil, zo "too hu durgo aaru durgor maajot etaa bum aasil, owonmonor xoite bohutu xomosya aasil, aaru byapok byoyor pisot 1871 sonot eghaar inchir refeld mujol-loading bondukor ekok storor xoite durgobur xompurno koraa hoisil, aaru kunu bum nasil. protitu bonduk ek byoktigoto kesemetot bhaari xakure xojjito gulisalona bondoror xoite loguwa hoisil. prothom biswojudhor purbe ei durgobur bondho koraa hoisil. dwitiyo biswojudhot, durgotu etaa porzobekhyon post hisape byobohar koraa hoisil, uporot platform aaru pillbox nirman koraa hoisil. durgotu etiyau nyajyo owosthat aase. ee ek nirdharito smritixoudho aaru medway bondoror malikanadhin.

hoo durgo hoo durgo englander kente nodee medwete unobingsho shatabdir ekti samrik sthapona, jaa chyatham nou dockyarder protirokkhar ongsho chhilo. hoo durgo, downstream durger moto, 1859 saaler rajakiya kamishaner superishe nirmito hoyechilo. etty hoo dweepe abosthito, jaa nadeer modhyopother abhyantarin nabbo channel pinup accesske achchadon korey. hoo dweepti hoo upodwiper dakkhine abosthito ebong hoo, kenter pyarisha-err modhye abosthito. durgoti saxon upokuler poth theke dekha yaay, hoo-teey vikaraj leena theke accessogyo. itihas. mulat ekti britter modhye duti storer bonduker jonno design koraa hoyechilo, hoo durgo ebong durgo darneter modhye ekti boom strong soho, abanman niye onek samasya chhilo ebong byapok kharach atikram korar porey 1871 saale egaro inchi raifelzukto mujal-loading bonduker ekok storer saathe durgaguli somponno hoyechilo ebong konao boom chhilo naa. protiti banduk bharee sanjoa firing bondorer saathe ekti prithak casemate lagano chhilo. prothom bishwojuddher agey durgaguli bilupto koraa hoyechilo. dwitiya bishwojuddhe, durgoti ekti porjobekkhon poosta hisabe byabohrito hoto, jaar upore platform ebong pillbox toiri koraa hoyechilo. durgoti ekhono nyajya abosthai royeche. etty ekti nirdharito smritistambha ebong medway bandargulir malikanadhin.

huu killo huu killo englandnaa kentamaa nadeena medway parr oganismi sadeenu lashkari sthaapan chhe, jeey chetham naukadalna godeena sanrakshano bhaag chhe. huu killo, phorta darnetnee jaim, jaim shaahee aayognee bhalamano parr bandhvama aavyo hato. teey huu taapu parr stheet chhe, jeey nadeena madhya maargnee aantarik naavy chenal chhe. huu taapu huu dweepkalpni dakshinma aavelo chhe aneey huu, kentnaa parganani andar aavelo chhe. aaa keellane sexon keenarathi joee shakaay chhe, jeey hoomaa vikarej lenthee sulabh chhe. itihas. mulroope huu killo aneey phorta darnett vachche tejee saathe vartulmaan beey starnee banduko maate rachaayel hatee, tyaan avasaadan saathe ghanee samasyao hatee, aneey vyaapak kharchamaa vadhaaro thayaa pachhi 1871 maan ageeyar 9 inchnaa aek star saathe keellaao purn thayaa hataa. darek bandook bhaare bakhtarbandh golibaar bandar saathe vyaktigat casemetma mount karvaamaa aavee hatee. pratham vishvyuddh pahelaa keellaao bundh karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. beeja vishvyudhhma, keellano upyog nirikshan chokee tareeke thato hato, jenee toach parr platform aneey goleenaa booaks bandhvama aavyaa hataa. killo haju pann yogya sthitima chhe. teey aek anusuchit smaarak chhe aneey medway bandaroni malikinu chhe.

huu kilaa huu kilaa ingland key kent mein nadee medway parr unnisvin shatabdi kii ack sainya sthaapana haye, joe chaitham nausena dockyard kii raksha kaa hissa thee. huu kilaa, neeche kii or kille kii tarah, 1859 key shaahi aayog kii sifaarishon parr banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh huu dweep parr sthit haye joe pinup pahunch koo cover kartaa haye, joe nadee key madhya maarg kaa aantarik naugamya channel haye. huu dweep huu praaydweep key dakshin mein sthit haye aur huu, kent key parrish key bheetar haye. kille koo saxon tata key raaste seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye, joe huu mein vikaarej laine seey pahuncha jaa sakata haye. itihas. mool roop seey ack vritt mein dou staron kii bandookon key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen huu kille aur kille key beach ack uchhaal thaa, avakraman key saath kaee samasyaaen theen, aur vyaapak laagat key baad 1871 mein gyaarah inch key ack star key saath kille poore kiye gaye they. pratyek bandook koo bhaari bakhtarband golibari bandargah key saath ack vyaktigat casemate mein lagaaya gayaa thaa. kilon koo pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein, kille kaa upayog ack avalokan chauki key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, jisake oopar platform aur pillbox banaae gaye they. kilaa abhee bhee uchit sthiti mein haye. yeh ack anusoochit smaarak haye aur medway bandargaahon key swaamitva mein haye.

hoo kote hoo koteyu inglendna kentnalliruva nadhi medveyalli hattombattane shatamaanada military sthaapaneyaagiddu, idu chatham nauka dock yardna raksaneya bhagavagide. hoo kooteyannu, kelamukhadalliruva kooteyaada darnetnante, 1859rahra rajamanetanada aayogada shipharasugala merege nirmisalaayitu. idu hoo dweepadallide, idu nadiya medway olagina naukaayaanada kaaluveyaada pinup reach annu olagondide. hoo dweepawu hoo paryaya dveepada dakshinadallide mattu hoo, kentna pyaarishnallide. ee kooteyannu saxon tirada maargadinda nodabahudu, hooda vikarej lenninda praveshisabahudu. itihaasa. moolatah vrattadalli alavadisalaagiruva eradu hantada bandookugaligaagi vinyaasagolisalaagittu, hoo kote mattu fort darnet naduve boom annu kattalaagittu, allie kusitadondige aneka samasyegalive, mattu vyapaka vechchada nantara kotegalu 1871 ralli hannondu 9 inchina raifal mooti-loading bandookugala onde hantadondige poornagondavu, mattu yaavude boom iralilla. prati bandookugalannu pratyekavaada kesmetnalli bhaaree shastrasajjita firing bandarinondige alavadisalaagittu. modalane mahayuddhada modalu kotegalannu seveyinda tegeduhaakalaayitu. eradane mahayuddhadalli, kooteyannu melmaiyalli vedikegalu mattu matre pettigegalannu nirmisi, vikshana kendravagi balasalaaguttittu. koteyu innoo nyaayayuta sthitiyallide. idu nigadita smaarakavaagiddu, medway bandarugala odetanadallide.

huu kotta englandile kentile medway nadiyile pathonpathaam noottaandile oru sainika sthaapanamaanu huu kotta, ithu chaatham neval doock yaardinte prathirodhatthinte bhaagamaayirunnu. 1859 leeii royal kammeeshante shupaarshakalude adisthaanathilaanu downstream fort daarnett pole huu kotta nirmmichathu. nadiyude medwayude akathe navigable chaanalaya pinup reach ulkkollunna huu dveepilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. huu dweep huu upadveepinte thekk bhagathaayi sthithicheyyunnu, ithu huu, kent edavakaykkullil sthithicheyyunnu. hoovile vikaarej pathayil ninnu axus cheyyaavunna saaksan theerathu ninnu kotta kaanaan kazhiyum. charithram. huu kottaykkum fort daarnettinum idayil oru kuthichuchaattamulla rund thalatthilulla thokkukalkkaayi roopakalppana cheythirunna eee kottayude thakarchayil niravadhi prashnangalundaayirunnu, vipulamaaya chelavu marikadannathinu sesham 1871 ll pathinonnu 9 inch rifled mookk-loading thokkukalude orotta nira upayogichu kottakal poortthiyaayi, oru kuthichuchaattavumilla. kanatha kavachitha vedivayppu thuramukhamulla oro thokkum oro kesmettilum gadippichirunnu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinu munbu kottakal nirthalaakkappettu. randaam lokamahaayudhakaalathu, plaattphomukalum pilboxukalum nirmmicha eee kotta oru nireekshana posttaayi upayogichirunnu. kotta ippozhum nalla avasthayilaanu. medway thuramukhangalude udamasthathayilulla oru shedule cheytha smaarakamaanith.

huu killa huu killa hii englandmadhil kent yetheel medway nadivaril ekonisavya shatkatil lashkari sthapana aahe, jee chatham nevel dockyardchya sanrakshanacha bhag hotee. huu killa, khalchya bajus asalelya killyapramane, 1859chya shahee aayogachya shifarshinvar bandhala gela hota. haah huu betavar sthit aahe, joou nadichya madhyamargacha aateel naukanayanyogya pravah aahe. huu bett huu dweepkalpachya dakshines aahe aanee huu, kentchya parishmadhye aahe. haah killa saxon kinanyavaril margane pahata yeto, jyala huu yetheel vikarej lenvaroon jaata yete. itihas. moolatah eka vartulat basavalelya bandukichya done staransathi, huu killa aanee killa darnett darmyan eka teji asalelya bandukichya done staransathi tayar kelelya bandukichya ghasaranimadhye anek samasya hotya aanee vyapak kharchane bharr padlyanantar, 1871 madhye 9 inchanchya eka 9-inch rayfalchya thooth-loading bandukanchya ekach starasah, aanee konatihi teji naan yeta, kille purn jhaale. pratyek bandook eka swatantra bandukgruhat, mothya pramanat bakhtarband golibar bandarashi basavali jaat asey. pahilya mahayuddhachya aadhi heey kille bund karnyat aale hote. dusya mahayuddhat, killyacha vapar nirikshan chauki mhanoon keela jaat asey, jyachya varr platform aanee pillbox bandhale jaat asat. killa ajunahi yogya sthiteet aahe. heey eka anusuchit smarak aahe aanee medway bandaranchya malakiche aahe.

hoo killa hoo fort kent, englandko nadi medwema unnaisaun shatabdiko sainya sthapana how, june chatham nebhal dockyardko surakshako hissa thiyo. fort darnett jastai hoo killa sann 1859 ko shahi ayogko sifarisma banaieko thiyo. yo hoo tapuma awasthit chha jasle pinup pahunchalai sametchha, nadi medweko bhitri naugamya channel. hoo tapu hoo prayadwipko dakshinma awasthit chha rar hoo, kentko parishabhitra chha. yass killalai saction kinarko batobata hern sakinchha, jaslai huko wickarez lenbata pugna sakinchha. itihas. muel rupma euta sarkalma mount garieka bandukaka dui starharuka lagi design garieko, hoo killa rar fort darnetko bichma boom bhaeko, tyahan awakramanka dherai samasyaharu thie, rar wyapak lagat obharran pachhi killaharu 1871 maa eghar 9-inch rifle thuthan-loading bandukharuko ekal starko sath pura gariyo, rar kunai boom thiena. pratyek banduklai bhari bakhtarbanda golibari bandargahko sath wyaktigat casmetma mount garieko thiyo. killaharu pahilo vishwayuddhaghi nai banda garieka thie. dosro vishwayuddhama, killalai awalokan chaukiko rupma prayog garieko thiyo, jasma platform rar pilbaksharu mathi banaieko thiyo. killa ajhai pani uchit awasthama chha. yo euta anusuchit smarak how rar medway portharuko swamitwama chha.

hoo durga hoo durga heuchhi englandara kentare thiba nadee medawe upare unabinsha shatabdir eka samarika pratisthana, jaahaa chatham nausena docarder pratirakhyara anshabisesha thila . hoo durga, downstream durga darnett pari, 1859 rahr rajkiah ajoganka suparishare nirmita hoithila . ehaa hoo dwepare abasthita, jaahaa nadee medawera aabhyantareen nauchalanajogya channell, pinup pahanchiba sthanaku aachadana kare . hoo dwepa hoo upadweepara dakhinare abasthita ebong hoo, kenter parish madhyare achhi . ehi durgaku saxon upakula patharu dekhajaipariba, jaahaa hure bhikaraj lenaru prabesha karajaipariba . itihas. moolatah eka bruttare duiti starar bandhuka paain design karajaithila, hoo durga ebong durga darnett madhyare eka boom bandha hoithila, abanman sahita aneka samasya thila, ebong byapaka kharcha atikrama kariba parey durgagudika 1871 ray egarati 9 inch rifle maz-loding bandhuka sahita ekaka stara sahita samapta hoithila, ebong kaunasi boom nathila . pratyeka bandhukaku eka byaktigata kesmetre bhaari sashastra phajaring bandara sahita lagajaithila . pratham biswajudha purbaru ehi durgagudiku uchheda karajaithila. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare, ehi durgaku eka parjyabekhyana post bhabare byabahara karajaithila, jaahaa upare platform ebong pillbox nirmita hoithila . durgati ebebi bhal sthitire rahichhi. ehaa eka nirdharita smaraki ebong medawe bandargudikar malikanare rahichhi.

huu kilha huu fort england dey cant witch nadee medway utte unhivin sadee dee ikk fauji sathapana haii, joe chaitham jall saina dockyard dey bachaa daa hissa see. huu kilha, kilhe darnett dee tarahan, 1859 dey shaahi commission deeaan sifarshan 'teey banaiaa giaa see. ih huu tapu utte sathit haii joe pinup pahunch noon cover karda haii, joe kii nadee dey madway daa andruni navigable channel haii. huu tapu huu praideep dey dakkhan witch sathit haii atey huu, cant dey parish dey ander haii. kilhe noon sexon kinare dey raste toon dekhiaa jaa sakda haii, joe huu witch wickrage laine toon pahunchyog haii. itihaas. mool roop witch ikk chakkar witch banduk dey doou padhran laee tiaar keeta giaa see, jiss witch huu kilhe atey fort darnett dey vichkaar ikk boom see, jiss witch girawat naal bahut saariaan samassiaavan sunn, atey viaapak laagat dey overran toon baad kilhe 1871 witch giaaran 9 inch dey ikk single tear naal mukammal hoye sunn. harek banduk noon bhaari bakhtarband firing bandargah dey naal ikk viaktigat kesmet witch lagaiaa giaa see. pahile vishav yuddh toon pahilan kilhe bnd qarr ditte gaye sunn. dooje vishav yuddh witch, kilhe noon ikk nirikhan chauki vajon vartiaa jaanda see, jiss dey sikhar utte platform atey pilbox banaae gaye sunn. kilha ajey vee sahee sathiti witch haii. ih ikk anusuchit smark haii atey medway bandargahan dee malkiat haii.

hoo-durgah hoo-durgah england-deshasya kent-nagare medway-nadyaah upari oonabimshati-shataabdyaah sainya-sthaapanam asti, yat chaatm-neval-daak-yard ityasya rakshaayaah bhaagah aasit. hoo-durgah, darnett-durgah iva, 1859 tame varshe raaj-ayogasya anushamsanusaram nirmitah aasit. ayam hoo-dweepe sthitah asti, yatra pinn-up-reech iti nadee-medway ityasya antah naukayanayogya-vaahinyaah aacchaaditam asti. hoo-dweepah hoo-dweepakalpasya dakshinadishi sthitah asti, kent-nagarasya hoo-paadari-mandale asti. saxon-tatamargat durgam drashtum shakyate, hoo-nagarasya vikaarej-margat drashtum shakyate. itihaasah. moolatah vruttasya madhye sthapitanam bandookayoh starayoho krute parikalpitam, hoo-durgasya durgasya darnett-durgasya cha madhye utkeernam, adhah patanasya vishaye bahavah samasyaah aasan, vyaapakavyayasya atikramaanantaram 1871 tame varshe ekaadasha-9-inch-raifal-maj-loading-bandukanam eka-staren durgaani poornaani abhavan, naa cha utkarshah. pratyekam topaah, bhaaree-shastrasajjita-agni-naukaashrayena saha, vyaktigata-kesmet-madhye sthaapitaani aasan. prathamavishvayuddhaat poorvam durgaani nishkaasitaah aasan. dviteeyavishvayuddhe, asya durgasya upayogam nireekshan-chaukirupena krutam, yasya upari manchaah, golica-peteeh cha nirmitaani aasan. durgah adyaapi susthitau asti. etat anusoochitam smarakam asti, tathaa cha medway-naukashrayanam svaamitvam asti.

huu koattai huu koattai enbathu englaandhin kent nagaril ulla aattrin medwayle paththonpathaam noottraandin iraanuva niruvalaagum, idhu saaththam kadarpadai kappalthurai paathukaappin oru paguthiyaagum. 1859 arasa aanaiyaththin parinthuraigalin paeril keelnoakkiya koattai darnet poala huu koattai kattappattathu. idhu huu theevil amainthullathu, idhu aattrin medwayne ull vazhiseluththakkoodiya kaalvaai aagum. huu theevu huu theepakarpaththin therkae amainthullathu mattrum huu, kent thiruchchabaiyil ullathu. koattaiyai sacson kadarkarai vazhiyaaga paarkka mudiyum, hoovil ulla vikarej paathaiyil irunthu anugalaam. varalaaru. huu koattaiyum koattai darnettum idaiyae oru aetrtraththudan oru vattaththil porutthappatta irandu adukku thuppaakkikalukkaaga muthalil vadivamaikkappattathu, adimattaththil pala pirachchanaikal irunththana, maelum virivaana selavu meeriya piragu 1871 aam aandil koattaikal pathinoru 9 angkula rifle mookku-aetrtrum thuppaakkikalin ottrai adukku kondu mudikappattana, maelum endha aetrtramum illai. ovvoru thuppaakkiyum oru thanii casemettle adhiga kavasa thuppaakkich soodu thuraimugaththudan poruththappattathu. muthal ulagap poarukku munbu koattaikal panineekkam seiyappattana. irandaam ulagap poaril, inththa koattai oru kankaanippu idamaaga payanpaduththappattathu, adhan mael thazhangal mattrum maaththirai pettikal kattappattana. koattai innum niyayamaana nilaiyil ullathu. idhu oru thittamidappatta ninaivuchchinnamaagum, maelum idhu medway thuraimugangalukku sonthamaanathu.

hoo koota hoo koota anedi inglaandlooni kent looni nadhi medwepai pantommidava sataabdapu sainika sthaavaram, idhi chatham navika dock yard rakshanalo bhaagamgaa erpadindi. diguva bhaagamlo unna koota darnet laaga, hoo kotanu 1859 raayal commission sifaarasulapai nirminchaaru. idhi hoo dveepamlo undhi, idhi nadhi medway yokka lopali navigable chaanal ayina pinup reachnu cover chestundi. hoo dveepakalpaaniki dakshinaana hoo dveepam undhi mariyu hoo, kent yokka parish lopala undhi. eee kotanu saxon teeram vembadi chudavachu, hoo looni vicarage laine nundi cherukovacchu. charitra. vaastavaaniki oka vruttamlo amarchina rendu shrenula tupaakula kosam roopondinchabadindi, hoo koota mariyu koota darnet madhya oka boom thoo, upasamanamtho aneka samasyalu unnaayi, mariyu vistrutamaina kharchu adhigaminchina taruvaata 1871loe padakondu angulaala raifield mukku-loading tupaakulato kotalu puurtayyaayi, mariyu etuvanti boom ledhu. prati tupaakeeni bhaarii saayudha kaalpula naukaasrayamthoo vyaktigata casemate loe amarcharu. modati prapancha yuddhaaniki mundu eee kotalu raddu cheyabaddaayi. rendava prapancha yuddhamlo, kotanu pariseelana postugaa upayoginchaaru, paina vedikalu mariyu maatrala pettelu nirminchabaddaayi. koota ippatikee manchi sthithilo undhi. idhi oka schedule cheyabadina smaaraka chihnam mariyu idhi medway naukaasrayaala yajamanyamlo undhi.

how qalah how fort england kay kent mein daryaae meed way parr aneeswein sadee kii eek foji tansibaat hay juu cheetham neol ddaak yaard kay dafaa kaa hasah hay. how qalah fort darnet kii tarah 1859 kay shaahi commission kii sfarshaat parr banaya gayaa thaa. yaha how jazeeray parr waaqa hay juu punn app rasayi kaa ahatah kartaa hay juu daryaa kay meed way kaa androni bahri chinal hay. how jazirah namaa kay janub mein waaqa hay aur how kent kay peerish kay andar hay. qalah kuu sexon saahil kay raastay say dekha jaa saktaa hay jiss takk how mein vacreage leane say rasayi haasil hay. tareekh. asl mein duu darjay kii bandoqon kay liye design kiyaa gayaa thaa juu eek dairay mein nasb hoti haine jiss mein how qalah aur fort darnet kay darmiyan teezi aatee hay zawal kay saath behat say masail thay aur wasee laagat kay baad qalye 1871 mein gayarah 9 inch kay eek darjay kay saath makmal hoay. harr bandoq kuu bhaari baktar bund firing port kay saath eek infiradi kees meet mein nasb kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha qalye pehli jung azeem say pehley hyee khatam kirr diye gayey thay. dosri jung azeem mein qalah kuu eek mashahidati choki kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss kay oopar plait faarm aur golee kay khaaney banaye jaatay thay. qalah abb bhee munasib haalat mein hay. yaha eek tay shadah yaadgaar hay aur meed way bandargahon kii malkiyat hay.

00042302810b273e0c51981443a3175055aaa1742d27a841faed3528f8a61d7b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3188933

Libethenite

Libethenite Libethenite is a rare copper phosphate hydroxide mineral. It forms striking, dark green orthorhombic crystals. It was discovered in 1823 in Ľubietová, Slovakia and is named after the German name of that locality ("Libethen"). Libethenite has also been found in the Miguel Vacas Mine, Conceição, Vila Viçosa, Évora District, Portugal, and in Tier des Carrières, Cahai, Vielsaim, Stavelot Massif, Luxembourg Province, Belgium. Appearance. Libethenite almost always takes the form of dark-green orthorhombic crystals. It is often found in clusters with other libethenite crystals. Formation. Libethenite is found in the oxidized zone of copper ore deposits. It is most often formed from the weathering of phosphate rocks such as apatite, monazite, and xenotime. There have been no confirmed findings of primary libethenite, although a probable case has been reported. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

libthenite libethanite hoise ek birol kopar fosfet hydroxide khonij. ee aakorxoniyo, gaarh xeujiya orthor 'mbik sfotik gothon kore. iyak 1823 sonot slovakier lubiyetubhat abiskar koraa hoisil aaru xei oncholor german naamor ("libethen") naamere iyar naamkoron koraa hoise. maiguwel vekas maain, concio ", bhila vikucha, ibhura jilaa, portugal, aaru tayar des keriyers, kaahai, vielsaim, stevelot masif, luxemberg prodex, beljiyamotu libethanite puwa goise. rup. libethenaite pray xoday gaarh-xeujiya orthorombik sfotikor rup loy. iyak praye onyanyo libethanite sfotikor xoite guschot puwa yaay. gothon. taamor aakor jomar jorajibhut oncholot libethanite puwa yaay. ee praye fosfet xil jene appetite, munajait aaru genutimer botorar poraa gothon hoy. prathomik libethanitor kunu nischito folafol puwa huwa naai, jodiu etaa xombhabyo ghotonar khobor puwa goise.

libthenite libethanite ekti biral taama phosphate hydroxide khaniz. etty akarshaniya, gaadh sobuj orthorombic sphotik gathon korey. etty 1823 saale slovakier lubietovate abishkrito hoyechilo ebong seii elakar german naam ("libethen")-err naame namkaran koraa hoyeche. libthenite pawa geche maiguel vaca mine, concio, villa vicosa, ivora zela, portugal ebong tear days carries, kahai, vielsime, stevelot massif, luxemberg pradesh, belgiume. chehara. libethanite pray sabsamoy gaadh-sobuj orthorombic sphotiker roop neyo. etty prayashai anyanno libethanite sphotiker saathe guchchogulite pawa yaay. gathon. tamar akrik amanoter jaaron anchale libethanite pawa yaay. etty prayashai apatite, monazite ebong genotimer moto phosphate shiller abhawar theke gothito hoy. prathomik libethaniter konao nischito folafol pawa yayni, jodio ekti sombhabbo ghotonar khobor pawa geche.

libethanite libethanite aek durlabh copper phosphate hydroxide khanij chhe. teey aakarshak, gheraa leela orthorombic sfatiko banaave chhe. teey 1823 maan slovakiana lubiatovama shodhaayu hatoo aneey teey vistaarnaa german naam ("libethen") parthee tenu naam rakhvama aavyu chhe. libethanite migual vekaas khaan, conciao, veela viosa, evora jeello, portugal aneey tear days kerires, kaahaai, willsaim, stevelot massif, luxemberg praant, belgium pann malee aavyu chhe. dekhaav. libethanite lagbhag hammesha gheraa-leela orthorombic sfatikonu swaroop leey chhe. teey ghanivaar anya libethanite sfatiko saathena samoohma jovaa maley chhe. rachnaa. libethanite taambaana ayasknaa oxidised zonmaa jovaa maley chhe. teey motebhage phosphate khadako jaim keey appetite, monazite aneey zenotimena havamanmathi rachaay chhe. praathmeek libethanitena koee pushti thayela taarano malyaa nathee, jooe keey sambhaveet cases nondhvaamaa aavyo chhe.

libethanite libethanite ack durlabh copper phosphat hydroxide khanij haye. yeh hadataali, gahare harey orthorombic chrystal banaata haye. isaki khoj 1823 mein slovakia key lubietova mein hui thee aur iska naam usa ilaake key german naam ("libethane") key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. libethanite myguel vaikas khadaan, conciao, vilaa viosa, avora jilaa, purtagaal aur tear days carriers, kaahaai, wheelsam, stevelot massif, luxemberg praant, belgium mein bhee paaya gayaa haye. upasthiti. libethanite lagbhag hamesha gahare-harey orthorombic chrystal kaa roop letaa haye. yeh aksar anya libethanite chrystal key saath samoohon mein paaya jaataa haye. gathan. libethanite tambe key ayask key bhandar key aukseekrit kshetra mein paaya jaataa haye. yeh aksar phosphat chattanon jaise kii appetite, monazite aur zenotime key apakshay seey banata haye. praathamik libethanite key koee pusht nishkarsh naheen mille hain, halanki ack sambhaavit mamla saamane aaya haye.

libethanite libethanite aparoopada taamrada phosphate hydroxide khanijavagide. idu aakarshakavaada, gaadha hasiru arthorambic sphatikagalannu roopisuttade. idannu 1823ralli slovakiyada lubietovadalli kanduhidiyalaayitu mattu aaa pradeshada german hesarina ("libethen") hesarannu idalaagide. libethanite saha miguel vacas gani, concio, vilaa vikosa, evora jille, portugees mattu tyre dess carriers, kahai, wheelsime, stavelot massif, luxemberg prantya, belgiumnalli kandubandide. nota. libethanite bahuteka yavagalu gaadha-hasiru orthorambic sphatikagala roopavannu tegedukolluttade. idu samanyavagi itara libethanite sphatikagalondige samuhagalalli kandubaruttade. rachane. taamrada adiru nikshepagala utkarshana valayadalli libethanite kandubaruttade. idu hechchaagi uptite, monazite mattu xenotymenantaha phosphate bandegala havaamaanadinda roopugolluttade. praathamika libethanitena yaavude drudhikruta samshoodhanegalilla, aadaagyoo sambhavaneeya prakarana varadiyagide.

libethenite libethanite oru apoorva chembu phoosphett hydroxide daathuvaanu. ithu aakarshakavum irunda pacha niratthilulla orthorhombic paralukal undaakkunnu. 1823ll slovakiayile lubiettovayil kandethiya ithinu aaa pradeshatthinte jarmman naamatthinte ("libethen") peraanu nalkiyirikkunnath. maigwal vacvas mine, kanseekko, vila visosa, evora distrikt, porchugal, tayar dess kaariyezhs, kaahay, wheelsime, staavalott massif, luxemburg pravishya, beljiyam ennividangalilum libethanite kandethiyittundu. roopam. libethanite mikkavarum ellaayppozhum irunda-pacha orthorhombic paralukal roopappedunnu. mattu libethanite paralukalkoppam koottangalaayi ithu palappozhum kaanapedunnu. roopeekaranam. chembu ayiru nikshepangalude ooksidaisd sonilaanu libethanite kaanappedunnath. ithu mikkappozhum phoosphett paarakalaya appaattait, monasite, senotime ennivayude kalavastha vyathiyaanathil ninnaan roopappedunnathu. praadhamika libethanaittinte sthireekarikkappetta kandethalukalonnum undaayittillengilum oru cases report cheyyappettittund.

libethanite libethanite heey eka durmil tambe phosphet hydroxide khanij aahe. teey lakshavedhi, gadad hiravya orthorombic chrystals tayar karate. yacha shodh 1823 madhye slovakiyatil lubietova yethe lagla aanee tyaa bhagachya german navavarun ("libethen") tyache naav padale. libethanite heey migual vacas khaan, concessio, villa vikosa, ivora jilha, portugal aanee tear days carriers, kahai, vilsem, stevelot massif, luxemberg prant, belgiummadhyehi sapadale aahe. dekhava. libethanite jawaljawal nehmich gadad-hiravya orthorombic sphatikanche roop ghete. heey bahutekda itar libethanite sphatikansah samoohanmadhye aadhalate. rachana. tambe dhatuchya sathyanchya oxidised kshetrat libethanite aadhalate. heey bahutekda appetite, monazite aanee zenotime sarkhya phosphet khadakanchya havamanamule tayar hote. jaree sambhavya prakaran nondavale gele asale taree prathamik libethanite konatehi pushti kelele nishkarsh aalele naheet.

libethanite libethanite ek durlabh tama fasfet hydroxide khanij how. yasale akarshak, gadha hariyo orthorombic crystalharu banaunchha. yo sann 1823 maa slobhakiako lubietobhama fela pareko thiyo rar tyo kshetrako german naam ("libethen") ko nambata yasako naam rakhieko how. libethanite myguel bhyakas mine, kanseisao, bhila bhikosa, ebhora zilla, portugal, rar tear days carriers, kahai, bhilsem, stavelot massif, luxemberg pranta, belgiumma pani fela pareko chha. upasthiti. libethanitele lagbhag sadhain gadha-hariyo orthorombic crystalko roop linchha. yo prayaha anya libethanite crystalharu bhaeka samuhaharuma painchha. gathan. libethanite tamako ayaska bhandarko aksikrit kshetrama painchha. yo prayaha appetite, monazite rar genotime jasta fasfet chattanharuko mausambata baneko hunchha. tyahan prathamik libethaniteko kunai pushti garieko nishkarshaharu chhainan, yadyapi sambhawit cases report garieko chha.

libthanite libethanite heuchhi eka birala tamba fosfet hydroxide khanija. ehaa aakarshaneeah, gadha sabuja arthorambika sphatika srusti kare . ehaa 1823 masihare slobhakiaara lubietovathare aabiskruta hoithila ebong sehi anchalara german naama ("libthen") nka naamare namit hoichhi. libethanite madhya myguel vacas khani, concio, bhila bhikosa, ibhora zillah, portugal ebong tayara days carriers, kahai, vilsem, stavelot massif, luxemberg pradesh, belajijamare milichi . drushyamana. libthanite praiah sarbada gadha-sabuja arthorambika sphatika aakaar dhaaran karithae. ehaa prajatah anya libthanite sphatika sahita guchhare dekhajae . gathan. libthanite tamba dhatur jalijakarana anchalare milithae. ehaa prajatah apatite, monazite ebong genotime pari fosfet pathara panipagaru gathita . prathamika libthenitra kaunasi nischita phalaphal milinahin, jadio eka sambhabya mamla report karajaichi .

libethanite libethanite ikk durlabh kaapar fasfet hydroxide khanij haii. ih prabhavshali, goodeh harey arthrombic chrystal banaunda haii. iss dee khoj 1823 witch slovakia dey lubitova witch keeti gaee see atey iss daa naam uss ilaake dey german naam ("libethan") dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. libethanite mygual vaikas mine, kansiao, vilaa viosa, ivora zilha, portugal atey tear days carrieres, kahai, wheelsheim, stavelt messif, luxemberg prant, belgium witch vee paaiaa giaa haii. dikkh. libethanite lagbhag hamesha goodeh-harey arthrombic chrystal daa roop lainda haii. ih aksar horr libethanite chrystal dey samoohan witch paaiaa jaanda haii. gathan. libethanite tambe dey dhatu dey bhandaran dey aaksikaran khetar witch paaiaa jaanda haii. ih aksar fasfet chattanan jiven kii appetite, monazite atey zenotime dey mausam toon banada haii. primary libethanite dee koee pushti naheen hoee haii, halanki ikk sambhavit case report keeta giaa haii.

libthenat libethanait iti durlabham taamra-faasfet-hadroxad-khanijam asti. etat aakarshaniyaani, krushnavarneeyaah orthorombic chrystals ityetaani nirmeeyate. 1823 tame varshe slovakia-deshasya lubitova-nagare asya aavishkaarah abhavat, tasya sthaniyasya german-naamnah ("libethen") naamnah namna asya naamakaranam abhavat. libethanait iteedam magual-vakas-khani, kanseeyo, vilaa-vikosaa, ivoraa-mandalam, portugal, tair-days-carriers, kahay, veelsaim, stevelot-massif, luxemberg-praantah, belgium ityeteshu api drushyate. drushye. libethanait praayah sarvadaa krushna-harita-arthorombic-chrystal-rupena bhavati. praayah anyeshu libethanait-chrystal-samooheshu etat drushyate. rachanaa. libethanait taamra-dhatunam nikshepanam aaksikaran-kshetre drushyate. praayah appetat, monazat, zenotaim ityadinam faasfet-shilanam vaataavaranasya parinaamen asya nirmanam bhavati. praathamik-libethanait ityasya drudeekrutaani nishkarshaani naa praaptaah, yadyapi sambhaavya-prakaranam soochitam asti.

libethanite libethanite enbathu oru ariya sembu baspate hydroxide kanimamaagum. idhu viyakka vaikkum, adder pacchai orthorhombic padigangalai uruvaakkukirathu. idhu 1823 aam aandil slovakiavin lubietovavil kandupidikkappattathu mattrum antha vattaaraththin jerman peyarin ("libethan") peyaraal peyaridappattathu. libethanite micuval vetrtrida surangaththilum, concio, vilaa vikosa, evora maavattam, poardugal mattrum adukku tess carriers, kaahaai, wheelsime, stavelot masph, luxemburg maagaanam, beljiyam aagiya idangkalilum kandariyappattullathu. thoattram. libathanite kittatthatta eppoathum irunda-pacchai orthorhombic padigangkalin vadivaththai edukkum. idhu perumpaalum pira libethanite padigangaludan koodiya clustergalil kaanappadugiradhu. uruvaakkam. tamirat thaathu vaippugalin aaksijanaettrappatta mandalaththil libethanite kaanappadugiradhu. idhu perumpaalum apadite, monasite mattrum senodime poantra baspate paaraikalin vaanilai kaaranamaaga uruvaagirathu. oru saathiyamaana vazhakku pathivaakiyirunththaalum, muthanmai libethanitine uruthippaduthappatta kandupidippugal ethuvum illai.

libethanite libethanite anedi oka arudaina raagi fasfate hydroxide khanijam. idhi adbhutamaina, muduru aakupaccha orthorombic spatikaalanu yerparustundi. idhi 1823loe slovakialoni louibiovalo kanugonabadindi mariyu aaa praantam yokka german paeru ("libethen") paeru meeda pettabadindi. libethanite miguel vacas gani, cancio, vilaa vikosa, evora jilla, portugal, mariyu tyre dess carriers, kahoy, wheelsime, stavelot massif, luxemberg provins, belgiumlo kooda kanugonabadindi. roopaanni. libethanite daadaapu ellappuduu muduru-aakupaccha orthorombic sphatikaala roopaanni teesukuntundi. idhi tarachugaa itara libethanite sphatikaalato samoohaalalo kanipistundi. nirmaanam. raagi dhaatuvu nikshepaala aakseekarana mandalamlo libethanite kanipistundi. idhi tarachugaa apatite, monazite mariyu genotime vanti fasfate silala vaataavaranamtho erpadutundi. praadhamika libethanite yokka dhruveekarinchabadina phalitaalu laevu, ayithe sambhaavya kesu nivedinchabadindi.

labithenite labithenite taanbey kaa faasfet hydro oxide kaa eek nayaab maadniyaat hay. yaha hairat angez gehrey sabz aarthorambak cristal banata hay. yaha 1823 mein salowakia kay lobetova mein driyafat hawaa thaa aur iss kaa naam iss elaqay kay german naam ("labithan") kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. labithenite mygoal veks maayin kansisao walaa vikosa avora distruct portogal aur tyre ddais carries khayee velsium stavilot maasif subah lugsemberg belgium mein bhee paaya gayaa hay. zahiri shakal. labithenite taqriba hamishah gehrey sabz aarthorambak cristal kii shakal akhtiyar kartaa hay. yaha aksar deegar labithenite cristal kay saath clusters mein paaya jaataa hay. tashkil. labithenite taanbey kay dhaat kay zakhayer kay oxidized zoon mein paaya jaataa hay. yaha aksar faasfet chatanon jeesay apatite monazite aur zenotime kii mosami tabdili say bantaa hay. primery labithenite kay koyee tasdiq shadah nataij nahein milay haine halankah eek mamkanah kees report kiyaa gayaa hay.

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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=14350

屎

屎 Chinese. Glyph origin. and : phonetic + semantic . The component was originally three (, representing , as seen in ), four (, representing ) or five dots (as seen in ) forming a ideogrammic representation of faeces in the oracle bone script, with four dots being the most common variant, thus representing a man defecating with faeces coming out of the backside. The Shang dynasty variants saw the ("body") component interchangeable with ("human"); later, by the Western Zhou dynasty, variants with four dots became the dominant and sole-surviving form, however examples from this time period also exist where the component is mistaken for ("tail"), as seen in . During the Warring States period, the component became corrupted into . "Shuowen Jiezi" does not feature the character, however it does contain and . is listed in "Shuowen" as deriving from ("grass") and ("stomach"), while is listed as the ancient form of , however in reality this is not the case; is an erroneous form of the variant containing , where the tail portion of the component is mistakenly written as . During the Zhou dynasty, was often used as a phonetic borrowing for ; moreover, during the Warring States period, the Chu script character for consisted of with an additional (modern radical form ) added to represent the meaning of walking. Following transition to the clerical script, a variety of alternative forms emerged: All of these variant forms failed to gain widespread usage, and eventually faded into obscurity while remained the dominant character variant. Etymology 1. From . Etymology 2. This is a found in . Japanese. Etymology 1. ⟨kuso1⟩ → From , from . Cognate with , . Interjection. Usage notes. This is not considered as profane as the English glosses. For instance, a child of five using the Japanese interjection "kuso" would be unremarkable, whereas it would be very socially inappropriate for a child of five to use the English interjection . Etymology 2. Appears to derive from baby talk. Compare and .

china. gliffor utpotti. aaruh dhwonyatmok + orthogoto. upadantu mulotoh tinita (, protinidhitwo koraa, jene dekha goise), sarita (, protinidhitwo koraa) baa pasta bindu (jene dekha goise) aasil jiye orakol haaror lipito molor ek aaidiyo 'gramik protinidhitwo gothon korisil, sarita bindu ataitkoi xadharon prokar aasil, enedore ejon manuhe pisfalor poraa ulai ohaa molor xoite molotyag korr pro protinidhitwo koronoyon korr xoite. swang rajbonxor prokarbure ("xorir") upadantu ("manuh") ror xoite binimoyjugyo huwa dekha goisil; pisoloi, poschim jhou rajbonxor dwara, sarita bindu thoka prokarxomuh probhawxali aaru ekmatro-jiyai thoka rup hoi porisil, obosye ei xomoyor udahoronburu aase zo 'too upadantu bhulkoi ("nez") buli bhul koraa hoise, jenekoi dekha goise. juddhorot rajyor xomoisuwat, upadantu durbol hoi porisil. "swuwen jiyeji" too soritrotur boixistyo naai, obosye iyat aaru aase. xuwen" too ("ghaah") aaru ("pett") ror poraa udbhob huwa buli talikabhukto koraa hoise, aanhate iyak prasin rup hisape talikabhukto koraa hoise, obosye bastobot eitu tene nohoy; ee hoise bibhinno rupor etaa bhul rup, zo "too upadantur nejor ongxotu bhulkoi eidore likha hoise. jhou rajbonxor xomoyot, praye dhwonyatmok rino hisape byobohar koraa hoisil; todupori, juddhorot owosthar xomoisuwat, su lipir soritrotu etaa otirikto (aadhunik moulobadi rup) ror xoite jorito hoi khuj karhiboloi ortho protinidhitwo korr baabe jug koraa hoisil. clarical lipito poribortonor pisot, bibhinno bikolpo rupor udbhob hoisiloh ei xokolu prokaror rupoi byapok byobohar laabh korat byortho hoisil, aaru owoxexot ospostot mlaan hoi porisil aaru probhawxali soritror prokar hoi aasil. byutpotti 1. poraa. byutpotti 2. eitu etaa puwa yaay. japani. byutpotti 1. hkush '1 ω → poraa, poraa. xoite gyat korok. ontorbhukto koraa. noot byobohar korok. iyak ingraji glochor dore opobitro buli gonyo koraa nohoy. udahoronsworupe, japani antohbikhyep "kuchu" byobohar koraa paas bosoriya xixu etaa ullekhjugyo noho 'bob, aanhate paas bosoriya xixu etaar baabe ingraji antohbikhyep byobohar koratu xamajikbhabe oti onupjukto hoh' bob. byutpotti 2. xixur kotha-botorar poraa udbhob huwa zen laage. tulona korok aaru.

cheena. gliffer utpotti. ebongho dhonigoto + shobdarthik. upadanti mulat tinti (, protinidhittokari, jemon dekha yaay), charti (, protinidhittokari) baa panchti bindu (jemon dekha yaay) orakal haader lipite moler ekti ideogramic uposthapona gathon korey, charti bindu sabcheye sadharan roop, eibhabe ekjon manusher poschat theke beriye assa moler saathe malatyag korar protinidhitto korey. shang rajbongsher boichitroguli ("shorir") upadantike ("manob")-err saathe binimoyogyo dekhechilo; porey, poschima jhou rajbongsher dwara, charti bindu soho boichitroguli prabhabshali ebong ekmatro benche thaka roop hoye othe, tobey eyi somoyer udahorongulio vidyaman jekhane upadantike ("leeja") hisabe bhul koraa hoyeche, jemon dekha yaay. juddhoroto rashtrer samaykale, upadanti dushito hoye yaay. "shuen jiyeji" choritroti baisistyajukta noy, tobey etey ebong royeche. shuen"-ayee ("" ghas "") ebong ("" pett "") theke udbhuto hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche, jodio etty prachin roop hisabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche, tobey bastobe etty noy; etty baikalpiker ekti bhul roop, jekhane upadantir leeja ongshoti bhulbhabe lekha hoyeche. jhou rajbongsher somoy, prayashai ekti dhonigoto dhaar hisabe byabohrito hoto; uporontu, juddhoroto rajyogulir samaykale, chu lippy choritroti ekti atirikto (adhunik radical form) soho jukto koraa hoyechilo jaa hantar orthoke uposthapon korey. dharmiya lipite rupantarer porr, bivinno bikalpa rooper udbhab ghoteh eyi samasta baikalpik rupguli byapok byabohar orjon korte byartho hoy ebong shesh porjonto osposhtotai mlan hoye yaay ebong prabhabshali choritrer baikalpik hisabe theke yaay. byutpatti 1. theke. byutpatti 2. etty ekti pawa yaay. japani. byutpatti 1. λkuso1 ω → theke, theke. sange porichito hohn. hostokkhep. note byabohar korun. etike ingrezi gloss hisabe apobitro hisabe bibechona koraa hoy naa. udahoronsorup, panch bochorer ekti shishu japani interjection "cuso" byabohar korle taa lakshaniya hobey naa, jekhane panch bochorer ekti shishur pokkhe ingrezi interjection byabohar koraa samajikbhabe khub onupojukto hobey. byutpatti 2. shishur kotha theke udbhuto boley money hoy. tulna korun ebong.

cheeni. gliff mool. aneh dhvanyatmak + cementic. ghatak mulroope trana (, darshaavtaa, jaim dekhaay chhe), chaar (, rajoo kartaa) athavaa paanch binduo (jaim dekhaay chhe) orekal asthee lipeemaa malnee ideogramic rajuaat banaave chhe, jemaa chaar binduo sauthee saamanya prakaar chhe, aama purushne soochave chhe keey jeey paachhalni bajuthi mall saathe shauch karey chhe. shang rajvanshna prakaroma ("shareer") ghatak ("manav") saathe vinimayaksham jovaa malyo; paachhalthi, pashchimi zhou rajvansh dwara, chaar binduo saathena prakaaro prabal aneey ekmatra-jeeveet swaroop bunny gayaa, jooe keey aaa samaygalana udaaharano pann astitvamaa chhe jyaan ghatakne ("punchhadi") maate bhulthi jovama aave chhe, jaim keey jovama aave chhe. ladata rajyona samaygaalaa darmiyan, ghatakma bhrasht thaee gayoo. "shuven jeezee" maan paatra darshavvama aavyu nathee, jooe keey temaa aneey chhe. shuven" maan ("" ghaas "") aneey ("" payt "") maanthi vyutpann tareeke soochibaddh chhe, jyaare keey tene praachin swaroop tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jooe keey vaastavma aaa aevu nathee; teey prakaarno khoto prakaar chhe, jemaa ghatakno punchhadino bhaag bhulthi aaa reete lakhvaamaa aavyo chhe ". zhou rajvansh darmiyan, ghanivaar dhvanyatmak udhaar tareeke upyogmaa levaato hato; vadhumaa, ladata rajyona samaygaalaa darmiyan, chuu lipina patramaa vadharana (aadhunik krantikari swaroop) noow samaavesh thaay chhe jeey chalvana arthne rajoo karey chhe. kaarkuni lipeemaa sankraman pachhi, viveedh vaikalpik swarupo ubharee aavyah aaa tamaam prakaarno vyaapak upyog karvaamaa nishfal rahyaa, aneey aakhare aspashtatama zankha puddy gayaa, jyaare keey teey prabhavshali paatra swaroop rahyu. vyutpatti 1. thee. vyutpatti 2. aaa aekmaa jovaa maley chhe. japanese. vyutpatti 1. how kuso1 ੰગોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલોઆલો saathe parichit thaao. aantarkriya. upyogni nondho. aaney angreji glosses tareeke apveetra manvama aavtu nathee. dakhala tareeke, paanch varshnaa baadak maate japanese interjection "kuso" noow upyog karvo nondhpaatra raheshe nahee, jyaare paanch varshnaa baadak maate angreji interjection upyog karvo khoob jaj saamaajik reete ayogya raheshe. vyutpatti 2. baadakni vatmathi udbhave chhe. sarkhaamani karoo aneey.

cheeni. gliff mool. aurah dhvanyaatmak + shabdarth. ghatak mool roop seey teen (, pratinidhitva, jaisa kii dekhaa gayaa haye), chaar (, pratinidhitva) yaa paanch bindu (jaisa kii dekhaa gayaa haye) orecal huddy lipi mein mull kaa ack vichaarsuchak pratinidhitva karate they, jisamen chaar bindu sabse aam prakaar hain, iss prakaar ack aadami key peechhe seey nikalane vaale mull key saath shauch karane kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. shang rajvansh key roopon mein ("shareer") ghatak koo ("maanav") key saath vinimeya dekhaa gayaa; baad mein, paschimi jhau rajvansh dwara, chaar binduon vaale roop pramukh aur ekmatra jeevit roop bunn gaye, haalaanki iss samay avadhi key udaaharan bhee maujood hain jahaan ghatak koo ("poonchh") key liye galat samajha jaataa haye, jaisa kii dekhaa gayaa haye. yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi key dauran, ghatak mein bhrasht hoe gayaa. "shuven jiezi" mein charitra naheen haye, haalaanki isamen aur shamil haye. shuven" mein ("ghaas") aur ("pett") seey vyutpann key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jabaki ise pracheen roop key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, haalaanki vaastav mein aisaa naheen haye; yeh usa prakaar kaa ack galat roop haye jisamen ghatak kaa poonchh kaa hissa galati seey likhaa gayaa haye. jhau rajvansh key dauran, aksar ack dhvanyaatmak udhaar key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa; isake alawa, yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi key dauran, chalane key arth kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye ack atirikt (aadhunik kattarpanthi roop) key saath chuu lipi charitra koo jodaa gayaa thaa. lipic lipi mein sankraman key baad, vibhinn prakaar key vaikalpik roop ubhareh yeye sabhi prakaar vyaapak upayog praapt karane mein whiffle rahey, aur antatah aspashtata mein lupt hoe gaye, jabaki pramukh charitra roop banaa rhaa. vyutpatti 1. seey. vyutpatti 2. yeh ack paaya jaataa haye. japani. vyutpatti 1. foun kuso1 nga seey, seey. key saath parichit,. antahkaran. noton kaa upayog karein. ise angreji gloss kii tarah apavitra naheen maanaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, japani antahkshep "kuso" kaa upayog karane vaalaa paanch saal kaa bachcha ullekhaniya naheen hoga, jabaki paanch saal key bachche key liye angreji antahkshep kaa upayog karna samajik roop seey bahut anuchit hoga. vyutpatti 2. shishu kii baatchit seey vyutpann prateet hoti haye. tulanaa karein aur.

cheenee. gliff moola. mattuh phonetic + shabdartha. ee ghatakavu moolatah mooru (, pratinidhisuva, nodidante), naalku (, pratinidhisuva) athawa aidu chukkegala (kandubaruvante) orakal moole lipiyalli malada ideogramic praatinidhyavannu roopisuttade, naalku chukkegalu atyanta saamaanya roopaantaravaagide, heegaagi malavu himbhagadinda horabaruva manushya malavannu pratinidhisuttade. shang rajavamshada roopaantaragalu ("deha") ghatakavannu ("manava") nondige vinimaya maadikolluvudannu kandavu; nantara, pashchimada jhou rajavamshadinda, naalku chukkegaliruva roopaantaragalu prabala mattu ekaika-badukuliyuva roopavaadavu, aadaagyoo ee avadhiya udaharanegaloo saha astitvadallive, allie ghatakavannu ("baala") endu tappagi grahisalaagide, idaralli kandubaruttade. yuddhada rajyagala avadhiyalli, ghatakavu bhrashtagonditu. "shooven jeeji" patravannu hondilla, aadaagyoo adhu mattu annu olagondiruttade. ("hullu") mattu ("hotte") ninda vyutpannavagide endu "shooven" nalli patti maadalaagiddu, idannu praachina roopavendu patti maadalaagiddaru, vaastavadalli idu hagalla; idu ghatakavannu hondiruva roopaantarada tappaada roopavaagide, allie adara baalada bhagavannu tappagi heege bareyalaagide. jhou rajavamshada avadhiyalli, idannu samanyavagi dhvanyaatmaka saalavaagi balasalaaguttittu; idallade, yuddhada rajyagala avadhiyalli, chu lipia aksharavu hechchuvari (aadhunika amulagra roopa) nondige serisalpattu walking arthavannu pratinidhisuttade. clerical lipige parivartaneyaada nantara, vividha paryaya roopagalu horahommidavuh ee ellah roopaantara roopagalu vyapaka balakeyannu galisuvalli viphalavaadavu, mattu antimavagi aspashtatege mareyagi, prabala aksara rupaantaravaagi ulidavu. vyutpatti 1. ninda. vyutpatti 2. idu kandubaruttade. japanese. vyutpatti 1. holem kuso1 ngeyinda, ninda. arivinondige,. madhyapravesha. tippanigalannu balasi. idannu inglish glassasnante apavitravendu pariganisalaaguvudilla. udaaharanege, japanese interjection "kuso" annu balasuva aidu varshada magu gamanarhawalla, aadare aidu varshada maguvu inglish interjection annu balasuvudu samajikavagi tumba suktavalla. vyutpatti 2. maguvina matininda vyutpannavagide endu toruttade. holisi mattu.

chainees. gliff uthbhavam. koodaathe phoonetik + semantic. orakkil asthi lipiyil malam oru ideogramic praathinidhyam roopappeduthunna moonnu (, prathinidheekarikkunnath, kaanunnathupole), naalu (, prathinidheekarikkunnath) allengil anchu dottukal (kaanunnathupole) gadakamaayirunnu, naalu dottukal ettavum saadhaaranamaaya vakabhedamaanu, angane purambhaagathu ninnu malam purathuvarunna oru manushyane prathinidheekarikkunnu. shang raajavamshathinte vakabhedangal ("shareeram") gadakathe ("manushyan") aayi mattimarikkaan kandu; pinneedu, padinjaaran shau rajavamshathaal, naalu kuthukalulla vakabhedangal prabalavum eaka-athijeevana roopavumaayi maari, ennirunnaalum eee kaalaghattatthile udaaharanangalil gadakathe ("wall") ennu thettidharippichathum nilavilundu. yudhathil earppettirunna samsthaanangalude kaalaghattatthil, eee ghadakam kedupaadukalkk vidheyamaayi. "shuvan jeesi" enna kathaapaathram avatharippikkunnilla, ennirunnaalum athil "aandu" adangiyirikkunnu. ("pullu"), ("wier") ennivayil ninnu uruthirinjathaayi "shuvan" ll pattikappedutthiyittundu, athesamayam purathana roopamaayi pattikappedutthiyittundu, ennirunnaalum vaasthavathil ithu anganeyalla; gadakathinte wall bhagam thettayi ezhuthiyirikkunna vakabhedathinte thettaaya roopamaanu ithu. sove raajavamshathinte kaalath, palappozhum oru shabdaparamaaya kadamedukkalayi upayogichirunnu; mathramalla, yudhaavasthakalude kaalaghattatthil, chuu lipi aksharam nadatthatthinte ardhathe prathinidheekarikkunnathin oru adhika (aadhunika samoola roopam) chertthu. clerical lipiyilekkulla parivarthanathetthudarnnu, vividatharam badal roopangal uyarnnuvannu eee vakabheda roopangalellaam vyapakamaaya upayogam nedunnathil parajayappettu, oduvil avyakthathayilekk mangi, athesamayam prabalamaaya kathapatra vakabhedamaayi thudarnnu. uthbhavam 1. muthal. vyuthpathi 2. ithu ithil kaanapedunnu. japanese. uthbhavam 1. λkuso1 ω → muthal, muthal. ariyuka,. edapedal. kurippukal upayogikkuka. ithu engleesh glosukaleppole apavarthikaramaayi kanakkakkappedunnilla. udaaharanathinu, japanese interjection "kuso" upayogikkunna anchu vayassulla oru kutty shradheyamalla, athesamayam anchu vayassulla oru kutty engleesh interjection upayogikkunnathu valare saamoohikamaayi anuchithamayirikkum. vyuthpathi 2. shishuvinte samsaarathil ninnaan uruthirinjathennu thonnunnu. thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

chiinii. gliff mool. aanih dhvanyatmak + shabdarth. haah ghatak moolatah teen (, darshavito, jase qee, madhye pahile aahe), chaar (, darshavito) kinwa paach thipke (darshavito tase) oracle hadanchya lipit vishtheche ideogramic pratinidhitva tayar karat hota, jyamadhye chaar thipke haah sarvat samanya prakar hota, asha prakare purushane shauch kele aanee mull magchya bajoone baher yet hote. shang rajvanshachya prakaranmadhye ('shareer') ghatak ('manav') saha adlabadal karnyayogya disala; nantar, paschim zouu rajvanshachya kalat, chaar thipke asalele prakar prabhavi aanee ekmev jiwant swaroop banale, tathapi yaa kalatil udaharane dekhil astitvat aahet jithe ghatak ('shepati') mhanoon chukala aahe, jase qee yethe pahile jaate. yuddharat rajyanchya kalat, ghatak dooshit jhaala. "shuven giezi' madhye heey patra nahee, matra tyat 'aanee' samavisht aahe. (gavat) aanee (pooat) pasoon vyutpann mhanoon 'shuven' madhye soochibaddha kele aahe, tarr pracheen swaroop mhanoon soochibaddha kele aahe, tathapi pratyakshat asey nahee; ghatakatil shepaticha bhag chukun asey lihilelya prakaracha eka chukicha prakar aahe. zouu rajvanshachya kalat, anekada dhvanyatmak karj mhanoon vaparale jaat asey; shivay, yuddharat rajyanchya kalat, chalanyacha arth darshavinyasathi atirikt (aadhunik moolbhut swaroop) samavisht kelele choo lipiche akshar. lipic lipit sankramananantar, vividh paryayi rupe udayala aalih yaa serve prakarancha vyapak vapar karnyat apayash aale aanee akheris varnancha pramukh prakar rahilyanantar teey aspashtatet villin jhaale. vyutpatti 1. pasoon. vyutpatti 2. heey tyat aadhalate. japani. vyutpatti 1. hoow kuso1 ngoani pasoon. olakhoon ghya. hastakshep. notes vapara. heey ingraji shabdansarkhe apavitra manale jaat nahee. udaharanarth, japani interjection 'kuso' vaparnare paach varshanche mool lakshaniy nasel, tarr paach varshanchya mulasathi ingraji interjection vaparane samajikdrushtya atishay ayogya tharel. vyutpatti 2. heey balachya bolanyavarun udbhavalyache disate. tulana qaraa aanee.

chiniyan. gliff muel. rah dhwanyatmak + shabdartha. component muel rupma tean (, pratinidhitwa garne, jastai dekhinchha), chaar (, pratinidhitwa garne) wa paanch binduharu (jastai dekhinchha) orekal haddi lipima malko ideogramic pratinidhitwa banaune, chaar binduharu sabaibhanda samanya prakar how, yasari pachhadibata bahira niskane malko sath shauch garne wyaktilai pratinidhitwa gardacha. sang rajwanshka bhinnataharule ("sharira") ghataklai ("manav") sanga adanpradanyogya dekhe; pachhi, paschimi jhou rajwanshdwara, chaar binduharu bhaeka bhinnataharu pramukh rar ekmatra-jiwit roop bane, yadyapi yass samaya awadhika udaharanharu pani awasthit chhan jahaan ghataklai ("puchchhar") ko lagi galti garieko chha, jasto kii dekhaieko chha. yuddharat rajyaharuko awadhima, ghatak bhrashta bhayo. "suoven jieji" ley charitrako visheshta dindaina, yadyapi yasale samawesh gardacha rar. ("ghaans") rar ("pett") batt wyutpanna bhaeko rupma "suoven" maa suchibadha chha, jabki yasako prachin rupko rupma suchibadha chha, yadyapi wastawma yo tyasto hoina; yo samawesh garieko sanskaranko galat roop how, jahaan ghatakko puchchhar bhaglai galtile lekhieko chha. jhou rajwanshko samayama, prayaha dhwanyatmak udharoko rupma prayog garinthyo; yasabahek, yuddharat rajyaharuko awadhima, chu lipi charitrama thap (adhunik kattarpanthi roop) samawesh garieko thiyo jasle hindne arthako pratinidhitwa gardacha. lipic lipima sankraman pachhi, vibhinna prakarka vaikalpik rupharu dekha pareh yee sabai bhinna rupharu wyapak prayog prapta garna asafal bhae, rar antatah aspashtatama harae jabki pramukh charitra sanskaran rahyo. wyutpatti 1. batt. wyutpatti 2. yo euta maa fela pareko chha. japani. wyutpatti 1. ऱ्फुkuso1 ੰग्ला → batt, batt. sanga parichit,. antarkriya. noteharu prayog garnuhos. yasalai angreji glasharu jastai apawitra manindaina. udaharanka lagi, japani antarkriya "kuso" prayog garne paanch warshaka bacchalai ullekhaniya hunechhaina, jabki paanch warshaka bachchale angreji antarkriya prayog garnu samajik rupma nikai anuchit hunechha. wyutpatti 2. shishu wartabata wyutpanna bhaeko dekhinchha. tulana garnuhos rar.

cheenara. gliff utpatti. ebangh dhwanitantrika + sabdartha. ehi upadanati moolatah tinoti (, pratinidhitwa, jepari dekhajae), chariti (, pratinidhitwa) kimba panchti bindu (jepari dekhajae) thila jaahaa orakal asthi lipire malara eka ideogrammic pratinidhitwa gathan kare, jeunthire chariti bindu sabutharu sadharana prakara, ehipari jane manishaku pratinidhitwa kare jaahaa pacha parswaru baharithiba mall sahita malatyaga kare . shanga rajabanshara bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna bhinna judharata rajya samajare, upadanati durnitigrasta hoigala . "shuwen jiji" charitratiku darshai naahin, tathapi ethire ebong rahichhi. ("ghasa") ebong ("pett") ru utpanna hoithiba bhabare "shuwen" ray talikabhukta hoichhi, jadio ehara pracheen roop bhabare talikabhukta hoichhi, kintu bastabare ehaa nuhen; dhaaran karuthiba varianter eka bhul roop, jeunthare upadanara lanz ansha bhulare ehipari lekhajaichhi . jhou rajabansha samajare, prajatah eka dhwanitanta runa bhabare byabahruta heuthila; adhikantu, judharata rajya samajare, chu script charitra paain eka atirikta (adhunika ugrabadi roop) sahita jadita jaahaa chalibara arthaku pratinidhitwa kare . lipic lipiku paribartana parey, bibhinna prakarara bikalpa roop aabirbhuta hoithilah ehi samasta prakara byapaka byabahara hassel karibare biphal hoithile, ebong sheshare aspastatare mlan hoi prabhabasali charitra prakara hoi rahithile . byutpatti 1. ru. byutpatti 2. ehaa eka sandhanare milithae. japani. byutpatti 1. hkuso1 ω → ru, ru. sahita parichita huantu. hastakhyepa. note byabahara karantu. ehaaku ingraji gloss pari apabitra bhabare bibechana karajae naahin . udaharana swaroopa, japani interjexon "cuso" byabahara karuthiba pancha barshar pila ullekhaneeah heba naahin, jetebele kii pancha barshar pila paain ingraji interjexon byabahara kariba samajika bhabare anupajukta heba . 2. sisura kathabartta thaaru byutpatti utpanna hoithiba pari manehue . tulana karantu ebong.

cheeni. glife mool. ateya phonetic + cementic. ih hissa asal witch tinn (, darsaunda haii, jiven kii vekhiaa giaa haii), chaar (, darsaunda haii) jaan panj bindu (jiven kii dekhiaa giaa haii) orekal haddi script witch mull dee ikk ideogramic numaindagi banaunde sunn, jiss witch chaar bindu sabh toon aam roop hunde hunn, iss tarahan ikk aadmi noon darsaunde hunn joe pichle paase toon bahr aaa rahey mull naal shauch karde hunn. shang rajvansh dey roopan neey ("sareer") hisse noon ("manukh") naal badlan yog vekhiaa; baad witch, pachmi jhou rajvansh duaara, chaar binduaan vaale roop pramukh atey iklauta-bache hoye roop bann gaye, halanki iss samein dey samein deeaan udaharnan vee maujood hunn jitthe hisse noon ("pooch") laee galat manniaa jaanda haii, jiven kii vekhiaa giaa haii. yudhshil raajan dey samein dauran, hissa witch kharaab hoow giaa. "shuven jeezee" witch paatar naheen haii, halanki iss witch atey shamal haii. shuven" witch ("ghaah") atey ("pett") toon prapat honn dey roop witch suchibadh keeta giaa haii, jadon kii iss noon prachin roop dey roop witch suchibadh keeta giaa haii, halanki asal witch ajiha naheen haii; ih ikk galat roop haii jiss witch shamal haii, jitthe hisse dey pooch hisse noon galti naal likhiaa giaa haii. zhou rajvansh dey dauran, aksar ikk dhuni udhaar vajon vartiaa jaanda see; iss toon ilava, yudhshil raajan dey samein dauran, chu script dey akkhar witch ikk vadhu (aadhunik kattadpanthi roop) shamal keeta giaa see joe turan dey arth noon darsaunda haii. clerk lippy witch tabdili toon baad, kaee tarahan dey vikalpik roop ubbhrea ih saare roop viaapak varton prapat curran witch asfal rahey, atey aakharkar alop hoow gaye jadon kii pramukh charittar roop baniaa riha. shabad-vigiaan 1. toon. shabad-vigiaan 2. ih ikk witch paaiaa jaanda haii. japani. vyutpatti 1. ng kuso 1 ng toon, toon. naal jaanhu hovo. interaction. notes dee varton crow. iss noon angrezi gloses wang ashudh naheen manniaa jaanda. udaharan dey laee, panj saal daa baccha japani interjection "kuso" dee varton karna mahattavpuran naheen hovega, jadon kii panj saal dey bacche laee angrezi interjection dee varton karna bahut smajik taur 'teey annuchit hovega. shabad-vigiaan 2. bacche dee gall toon prapat hunda japda haii. tulna crow atey.

cheenadeshah. gliff ityasya utpattih. tathaah dhwanyaatmakah + shabdarthatmakaha. moolatah ghatakah trayah (, yathaa darshitah), chatwaarah (, pratinidhitvam) athavaa pancha binduhu (yathaa drushtah) aasan, ye orakal asthi-lipyaam malasya aidiyograammik pratinidhitvam nirmeeyante, yatra chatwaarah binduhu sarwaadhikah samanyaha prakaarah asti, evam purushasya pashchabhagat malasya nirgamanam pratinidhayati. shaang-vamshasya bhinnaroopeshu ("shareeram") ghatakah ("maanavah") ityanena saha vinimeyah abhavat; pashchat, pashchim-zau-vamshadvaaraa, chaturnam bindunam bhinnaroopaani prabalam ekamaatra-jivita-roopam abhavat, tathaapi asya kaalasy udaaharanaani api santi yatra ghatakah ("wall") iti bhramitah asti, yathaa drushtah. yuddharat-rajyanam kaale, ghatakah bhrashta abhavat. "shooven jeezee" ityasmin paatram naa drushyate, tathaapi tatt cha dhaaranam karoti. shooven" ityasmin ("truna" tathaa ("udara") ityetayoho vyutpannah iti soochitah asti, yadyapi prachinarupam iti soochitah asti, tathaapi vaastave etat naa bhavati; bhinnaroopasy trutipoornam roopam asti, yatra ghatakasy pucchabhaagah bhulena iti likhitah asti. zau-vamshasya kaale, praayah dhwanyaatmak-runaroopena upayujyate sma; api cha, yuddharat-rajya-kaale, cha-lipi-varnaha, atiriktena (aadhunik-aamoolaagr-rupena) yuktah aasit, yat padayatrayaha artham niroopayati sma. lipikalipeem prati parivartanaanantaram, vividhaah vaikalpikaroopaah udabhavitaah-ete sarve bhinnaroopaah vyaapak-upayogam praaptum asaphalah abhavan, ante cha aprachalitaani cha abhavan, tathaapi pramukha-varna-roopam eva aasit. vyutpatti 1. taha. vyutpatti 2. etat madhye drushyate. jaapanees-bhashayam. vyutpatti 1. hkuaso1 ω → ityatah, ityatah. saha jnaataa,. antarakriya. tippanyah upayujyataam. etat anglabhashayaha varnamaalaam sadrusham apavitram naa manyate. yathaa, pancha-vayasaha baalakah japani-antara-abhikshepanam "kuso" ityasya upayogam aprabhaavyam bhavishyati, parantu pancha-vayasaha baalakah aangl-antara-abhikshepm upayoktum samajikadrushtya ateeva anuchitah bhavishyati. vyutpatti 2. shishu-bhashanena vyutpannam iti drushyate. tulanam cha.

seenargal. clife thoattram. mattrum phonetic + sorporul. kooru muthalil moontru (, kurippiduvathu, kaanappaduvathu), naanku (, kurikkirathu) allathu ainthu pulligal (kaanappaduvathu) aracle elumbu ezhuththil malaththin ideogramic pirathinithiththuvaththai uruvaakkukirathu, naanku pulligal migavum podhuvaana maarupaadu, ithanaal oru manithan malam kalikkiraar pinpuraththilirunthu veliyae varum malam. shang vamsaththin maarupaadugal ("udal") koorugalai ("manitha") udan maattrakkoodiyathaik kandana; pinnar, merkaththiya juu vamsaththaal, naanku pulligalaik konda maarupaadugal melathikkam mattrum oray uyirvaazhum vadivamaaga maariyathu, iruppinum inththa kaalakkattaththin eduththukkaattukal koorugal ("wall") endru thavaraaga karudhappadum idaththilum ullana, idhil kaanappadugiradhu. poaridum maanilangkalin kaalaththil, kooru sithainthuvittathu. "shuvan jeesi" kathaapaaththiraththaik kondirukkavillai, iruppinum adhu mattrum kondullathu. ("puul") mattrum ("vayiru") aagiyavattrilirunthu perappattathaaka "shuvan" ill pattiyalidappattullathu, athae neraththil pandaiya vadivamaaga pattiyalidappattullathu, iruppinum unmaiyil idhu appadi illai; idhu koorugalaik konda maarupaattin thavaraana vadivamaagum, angku koorugalin wall pakuthi thavaraaga ezhuthappattullathu. jove vamsaththin poathu, perumpaalum oru oliyiyal cuddon vaangkubavaraaga payanpaduththappattathu; maelum, poaridum nilaigalin kaalakattathil, chuu script ezhuththu nadaipayirchi enbathan arththatthaik kurikka koodudhal (naveena theevira vadivam) serkkappattathu. madhaguru ezhuththukkalukku maariyathaith thodarnthu, palvaeru maattru vadivangkal thoantrina inththa maarupatta vadivangkal anaiththum paravalaana payanpaattaip perath thavarivittana, iruthiyil thelivattra thanmaiyil marainththana, athae neraththil maelaathikka ezhuththu maarupaadaaga irunththana. sorpirappiyal 1. irunthu. sorpirappiyal 2. idhu idhil kaanappadugiradhu. japanian. sorpirappiyal 1. trloa kuso1 nkoo → ilirunththu, ilirunththu. therinthukollungal. idaimarippu. kurippugalaip payanpaduththunggal. idhu aangkila olirpurangkalaip poala avathooraaka karudhappadavillai. uthaaranamaaga, ainthu vayathu kuzhandhai japanian kurukkeedu "kuso" aip payanpaduththuvathu kurippidaththakkadhaaga irukkaathu, athae neraththil ainthu vayathu kuzhandhai aangkila kurukkeedu payanpaduththuvathu migavum samooga reethiyaaga poruththamattrathaaka irukkum. sorpirappiyal 2. kuzhandhai paechchilirunthu perappattathaakath therikirathu. oppidavum.

chainees. gliff muulam. mariyu phonetic + semantic. eee bhaagam modata moodu (, suuchistumdi, loe chuusinatlugaa), naalugu (, suuchistumdi) ledhaa aidu chukkalu (loe chuusinatlugaa) orakil emuka lipilo malam yokka ideogramic praatinidhyaanni yerparustaayi, naalugu chukkalu atyanta saadhaaranamaina roopaantaram, tadwara venuka vaipu nundi malam bayataku ravadam dwara oka vyakti malavisarjananu suuchistumdi. shang raajavamsam vaividhyaalu ("sareeram") bhaganni ("maanava") thoo marchukogaliginatlu chushai; taruvaata, paschima jou raajavamsam dwara, naalugu chukkalatho kuudina vaividhyaalu aadhipatyam mariyu ekaika-manugada roopamgaa marai, ayithe eee kaalaaniki chendina udaaharanalu kooda unnaayi, ikkada bhaagam ("thoka") anie porapatuga bhaavinchabadutundi, indulo chuusinatlugaa. poraadutunna raashtraala kaalamlo, eee bhaagam paadaipoyindi. "shuven gg" paatranu kaligi ledhu, ayithe idhi kaligi untundi mariyu. ("gaddi") mariyu ("kadupu") nundi udbhavinchinatlu "shuven" loe jabita cheyabadindi, ayithe puraatana roopamgaa jabita cheyabadindi, ayithe vaastavaaniki idhi alaa kaadu; idhi kaligi unna roopaantaram yokka tappu roopam, ikkada bhaagam yokka thoka bhaganni porapaatuna ilaa vraayabadindi. jou raajavamsam samayamlo, tarachugaa dhvanyaatmaka runamgaa upayoginchabadindi; antekakunda, poraadutunna raashtraala kaalamlo, chu lipi paatraku adanapu (aadhunika radikal roopam) thoo kuudinadi, idhi nadaka yokka ardhaanni suuchistumdi. mataadhikaari lipiki parivartana taruvaata, vividha rakaala pratyaamnaaya roopaalu udbhavinchaayih eee vaividhya roopaalannii vistrutamgaa upayoginchabadaledu, chivariki aspashtataloki masakabarai, ayithe aadhipatya paatra roopaantaramgaa migilipoyindi. vyutpatti 1. nundi. vyutpatti 2. idhi kanugonabadindi. japanese. vyutpatti 1. rhaakuso1 nga nundi. thoo gurtinchandi. madhyavartitvam. upayoginche gamanikalu. idhi aangla padaala vale apavitramainadigaa pariganinchabadadu. udaaharanaku, japanese interjection "kuso" nuu upayoginche aiduguru pillalaki gurtinchadaginadi kaadu, ayithe aiduguru pillalaki aangla interjection upayoginchadam chaalaa samajikamga anuchitam. vyutpatti 2. sisuvu prasangam nundi udbhavinchinatlu kanipistundi. polchi chudandi mariyu.

cheeni. gulf asl. aur: suutee + sementik. jazoo asl mein teen (yee numaindagi kartaa hay jaisa kahh dekha gayaa hay)yee chaar (yee numaindagi kartaa hay) yaa paanch naqtay (jaisa kahh dekha gayaa hay) aurikal huddy kay rasm alkhat mein pakhanah kii ideogramic numaindagi banatay haine jiss mein chaar naqtay sabb say aam qasm haine iss tarah eek aadmi kii numaindagi kartay haine juu pakhanah kay saath pakhanah kirr rehaa hay. shaang khaandaan kii mukhtalif haalaton mein ("jasm") jazoo ("ansaan") kay saath badalta hawaa dekha gayaa vovo baad mein maghrabi zoo khaandaan kay zariah chaar naqton waali mukhtalif haalatein ghalib aur waahid zindah rehney waali shakal bunn gayein tahim iss door kii misalein bhee mojud haine jehaan jazoo kuu ("dumm") kay liye ghalat samjha jaataa hay jaisa kahh dekha gayaa hay. mutharib riyasaton kay door mein jazoo kharaab how gayaa. "showan jeezi" mein kirdaar kii khususiyat nahein hay tahim iss mein aur shaamil hay. showan mein ("gahaas") aur ("pait") say akhz kardah kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay jabkah iss kii qadeem shakal kay toor parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay tahim haqeeqat mein aisa nahein hay vovo mukhtalif qasm kii eek ghalat shakal hay jehaan jazoo kay dumm kay hasay kuu ghalti say likhaa gayaa hay. zoo khaandaan kay doraan aksar suutee qarz kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa vovo iss kay alawah mutharib riyasaton kay door mein choo rasm alkhat kaa kirdaar eek izaafi (jadeed bunyaad parsat shakal) parr mushtamil hotaa hay juu chalnay kay maanee kii numaindagi kartaa hay. elmi rasm alkhat mein muntaqli kay baad mukhtalif qasm kii muthbadil shaklein ubhri: yaha tamaam mukhtalif shaklein wasee paimanay parr istemaal haasil karnay mein nakaam rahein aur balaakhir mubham how gayein jabkah kirdaar kii ghalib qasm bunny rahee. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. say. mushtaqiyat 2. yaha eek mein paaya jaataa hay. japani. mushtaqiyat 1. focoso 1 ngaa say say. kay saath pehchanein. madakhilat. nott istemaal karein. asay angrezi gloces kii tarah napak nahein samjha jaataa hay. misaal kay toor parr paanch saal kaa bachah japani interjection "koso" kaa istemaal karnaa qaabil zakar nahein hogaa jabkah paanch saal kay bachay kay liye angrezi interjection kaa istemaal karnaa samaji toor parr behat namunasib hoga. mushtaqiyat 2. bachay kii baath say akhz kiyaa gayaa malum hotaa hay. mawaznah karein aur.

0004274f777695a08bd19af391757fda36642511fab4628877d0a49c42ecc4c8

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=49311

refute

refute English. Etymology. From . Middle English. Etymology. From , from . Compare .

ingrajir protigya korok. byutpotti. poraa. modhyo ingraji. byutpotti. poraa, poraa. tulona korok.

ingrezite aswikar korun. byutpatti. theke. modhyo ingrezi. byutpatti. theke, theke. tulna korun.

angrejine nakaari kaadho. vyutpatti. maanthi. madhya angreji. vyutpatti. thee, thee. sarkhaamani karoo.

angrezi kaa khandan karein. vyutpatti. seey. madhya angreji. vyutpatti. seey, seey. tulanaa karein.

inglish annu nirakarisi. vyutpatti. ninda. madhya inglish. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda. holike maadi.

engleeshine nishedhikkuka. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. madhya engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal. thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

ingrajiche khandan qaraa. vyutpatti. pasoon. madhya ingraji. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon. tulana qaraa.

angrejilai aswikar garnuhos. wyutpatti. batt. madhya angreji. wyutpatti. batt, batt. tulana garnuhos.

ingrajiku khandan karantu. byutpatti. ru. madhya ingraji. byutpatti. ru, ru. tulana karantu.

angrezi daa khandan crow. shabdawali. toon. maddh angrezi. shabdawali. toon, toon. tulna crow.

anglabhasham niraakarotu. vyutpattih. ityatah. madhya-anglabhashayam. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah. tulanam karotu.

refute english. etymology. from . middle english. etymology. from , from . compare .

aanglaanni khandinchandi. vyutpatti. nundi. madhya aanglam. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi. polchi chudandi.

angrezi kii tardid karein. siftiyat. say. darmiyani angrezi. siftiyat. say say. mawaznah karein.

000427a23fc1aedf9d1977ae6bb02483604dd9dbd91138ab389b413339919837

https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki?curid=148292

Handball in Europe

Handball in Europe "This article is about the sport of "Team" or "Olympic" handball and not about the similarly named sport of American handball. Unqualified use of the term "handball" in this article is understood to mean the team variety as played indoors in Europe." Handball is one of the most popular team sports in much of Europe, particularly Germany, France, Spain, the Nordic countries and the countries of former Yugoslavia. Even regular league games often draw sellout crowds to the halls where it is played and the passion and dedication with which European handball connoisseurs follow their sport knows no equal. Understand. Handball is known throughout continental Europe for its fast pace and high scores. Results like 24:22 are very common and a good goalkeeper is able to block about half the shots. In addition to good hand-eye-coordination, handball requires speed and strength as rapid "counterattacks" are crucial elements in a successful offense. While several varieties of handball have been popular, the dominance of Nordic teams with their faster pace has made the indoor variety that can be played year round regardless of weather the dominant form of the game, and the only one to be played professionally since at least the 1970s. The sport has many superficial similarities to soccer but also has elements of basketball. Limiting turnovers is another crucial element in winning games as the success rate of well placed throws is rather high. Rules. Handball is played by two teams of seven players each. The goal of the game is to throw the ball, which looks a lot like a miniature soccer ball, into the opposing goal. In front of either goal a semicircle is clearly marked as off limits to all but the goalkeeper. Stepping into this circle is punished by loss of ball possession for the offense or a free throw if done by the defense to gain a defensive advantage. Jumping into the circle is allowed for a player in possession as long as (s)he shoots or passes before hitting the ground and is a crucial element in modern handball. A game takes two halves of thirty minutes each with no extra time. Time is stopped at the discretion of the referees when a long intermission in play occurs or during a team timeout. When the time for a half has elapsed, play immediately stops. Besides the goalkeeper no player may touch the ball with his feet or legs at any time. Fouls are penalized through free-throws or - in the case of more serious offenses - seven-meter throws and two-minute penalties (i.e. the offending player is sent to the bench for two minutes and may not be replaced). Seven-meter throws are similar to soccer penalties in that the goalkeeper is the only player allowed to defend the goal. They typically have a high success rate and are a crucial element of game play similar to free throws in basketball. Substitutions may be made at any time and in any number but only on the midfield line. Unlike in soccer where the only thing keeping a team from playing as defensively and passively as it pleases is the opposing team, there are rules against "passive play". Unlike in basketball this is not measured by a shot clock but rather the judgment of the referee who will raise his or her hand to warn of an impending penalty after which no more than six passes are allowed before an attempt to score has to be made. The referee will also enforce the penalty after a certain amount of time (usually five to ten seconds) has elapsed without a change to the passive play. The penalty for passive play is the loss of ball possession and a free throw for the opposing team. To encourage more offensive play, a rule change was instituted in the 2010s that the goalkeeper can be pulled and replaced by an additional field player at any time during the game. However, this further increases the risk of rapid counterattacks, especially if the goalkeeper cannot get back onto the field in time. National league competitions. France. The premier competition in France is the Ligue Nationale de Handball Spain. The premier competition in Spain is the Liga ASOBAL de Balonmano Germany. The German Handball Bundesliga leads the handball world in at game attendance and - arguably - quality of play. While first division teams exist throughout the country, the best of them tend to be from the North, where handball enthusiasm tends to be strongest. The German league has always attracted foreign talent and as Germany was the reigning European Champion of Handball in 2016, most of the big names play in Germany. International competitions. International competitions are by and large dominated by European countries, however, the ease with which even established players can change national teams has enabled the stellar rise of Qatar, a team consisting almost entirely of naturalized non-Arabs. EHF Champions League. The EHF Champion's League is the most prestigious competition for club teams in the handball world. It has been largely dominated by Spanish and German teams since the mid-1990s. European Championships. European Championships feature a very high density of talent and intense match ups between sporting rivals. The men's edition is held every two years and was last held 2018 in Croatia. The Nordic countries, Germany and France have historically dominated European Championships. In 2016, Sweden held four titles, followed by France with three, Germany and Denmark with two each and Russia with one. Spain won its first title in 2018. The women's European Championships are held in the same year but at different sites and different dates. Nordic dominance is even more pronounced on the female side. Norway has won it six times, Denmark thrice, and Hungary and Montenegro have one gold medal each. The last event was held in November/December 2018 in France. World championships. While world championships are sometimes held outside of Europe to broaden the fan base of handball outside of the countries where it has historically dominated, most world championships are held in and won by European nations. Notable exceptions are Qatar (which hosted the 2014 edition and came in second) and Brazil which won the female world cup in 2013. The 2019 edition was held in Germany and Denmark - the first time two countries have been joint hosts. Olympics. The premier tournament in international handball is the Olympics, and features teams from all over the world, through the medals are still dominated by European countries. To date, the only non-European team to have ever won an Olympic medal in men's handball is South Korea, which won the silver medal when it hosted the games in 1988. The women's tournament, however has seen South Korea enter the medal standings several times, including the winning the gold medal twice, and China also having won a medal. The Olympics are also notable in drawing media interest and coverage in countries where handball is otherwise unknown, especially when the Olympics are held in handball diaspora like England as in the 2012 Olympics.

europor handball "ei probondhotu" doll "baa" olympic "handballor khelor bixoye aaru aamerikar handballor eke naamor khelor bixoye nohoy. ei probondhotut "handball" xobdotur ojugyo byoboharor ortho hoise europot ghoror bhitorot khelaa dolor boisitryo buli buji puwa yaay."handball hoise europor besibhag onchol, bixexkoi germany, france, spain, nordic dex aaru purbor eugoslavier dexxomuhor ataitkoi jonopriyo doliyo krira. aanoki niyomiya leeg khelxomuheu praye iyak khelaa hoh 'loxomuholoi bikri koraa bhir aakorxon kore aaru europiyo handballor obhigyoxokole teulukor khel onuxoron koraa aabeg aaru xomorponor bixoye kunu xoman gyan nathake. buji puwa. handball iyar drut goti aaru uscho sko "ror baabe xomogro mohadexiyo europot jonajat. 24:22 ror dore folafol oti xadharon aaru ejon bhaal go "lorokhyokoi pray aadha swot block koriboloi xokhyom hoy. bhaal hend-aai-xomonwoyor uporiu, handballor baabe goti aaru xoktir proyujon hoy kiyonu drut "countertek" hoise xofol aakromonor guruttopurno upadan. jodiu keibatau prokaror handball jonopriyo hoi aahise, teulukor drut gotir xoite nordic dolxomuhor aadhipotyoi botor nirbixexe bosorjuri khelibo poraa inned "ror prokarok khelor probhawxali rup korr kori tulise, aaru ontotoh 1970-ror doxokor poraa pesadaribhabe khelaa ekmatro. ei khelbidhor footballor xoite bohutu uporor dixor xadrisyo aase jodiu iyat basketbolor upadanou aase. ximito porimanor poriworton khel joyor aan etaa guruttopurno upadan kiyonu bhaldore rokha thro "ror xofolotar haar jothesto besi. niyom. handball dutaa dole xatjon kheluoire khele. khelkhonor lokhyo hoise boltu, jitu dekhat etaa khyudro football bolor dore, bipokhyor go "loto pelai diya. duyuta go "lor xonmukhot etaa ordhobritto spostobhabe go" lorokhyokor baahire xokolure baabe off limit hisape sinhito koraa hoy. ei brittotut prowex korile aakromonor baabe bolor dokhol heruwar xasti diya hoy baa jodi protirokyoke protirokhyamulok xubidha laabh koriboloi kore tente free thro "ror xasti diya hoy. maatit aaghat korar aagote jetiyaloike (guli) guli kore baa paar hoy tetiyaloike dokhol koraa kheluwoi ejonor baabe brittoloi zamp korr onumoti diya hoy aaru ee aadhunik handballor ek guruttopurno upadan. etaa khelot kunu otirikto xomoy obihone protitute trix minutor dutaa ordho xomoy laage. jetiya khelot digholiya biroti ghote baa etaa dolor timeoutor xomoyot refarixokolor bibesonamote xomoy bondho koraa hoy. jetiya aadha xomoy paar hoi yaay, tetiya khel totkhyonat bondho hoi yaay. go "lorokhyokor baahire kunu kheluoiye jikunu xomoyote bhori baa bhorire boltu sporxo koribo nuware. faulok free-thro "ror joriyote xasti diya hoy baa-odhik gurutor oporadhor khetrot-xaat mitter thro" aaru dui minutor penalty (orthat.ee. oporadh koraa kheluoik dui minutor baabe bencholoi pothiuwa hoy aaru hoyotu xoloni koraa noho 'bou paare). xaat mitter thro "football penaltir dore hoy zo" too go "lorokhyok ekmatro kheluwoi jiye go" lotu rokhya koribo paare. xadharonote teulukor xofolotar haar odhik aaru basketbolot free thro "ror dore khel khelar ek guruttopurno upadan. jikunu xomoyot aaru jikunu xongkhyat bikolpoxomuh koribo paari kintu kewol midfield lineot. footballor biporite zo 'too etaa doltuk jiman issa protirokhyamulok aaru niskriyobhabe khelar poraa rokhya koraa ekmatro bostu hoh' lo bipokhyo doll, "niskriyo khel" ror biruddhe niyom aase. basketbolor biporite iyak swot ghorir dwara porimap koraa nohoy, boroncho refereer bisar ji teur haat uporoloi uthai aaxonno penaltir bixoye xotorko koron koribo jaar pisot sko "ror korr korar chesta korr aagote soikhonotkoi odhik pasor onumoti diya nohoy. referee ek nirdisto xomoy (xadharonote pasor poraa doh sekendo) paar hoi juwar pisot pesibh play 'too poriworton nokorakoi penaltiu bolowot koribo. pesibh play 'ror baabe penalty hoise boll dokhol korar khyoti aaru bipokhyo dolor baabe free thro'. odhik aakromonatmok khelor baabe utxahito koriboloi 2010-ror doxokot ek niyom poriworton protistha koraa hoisil je go "lorokhyok tunny lo" bob paari aaru khelor xomoyot jikunu xomoyote otirikto field kheluoir dwara xoloni koribo paari. obosye, ee drut protirudhor axongka aaru briddhi kore, bixexkoi jodi go "lorokhyokjone xomoymote khelpotharoloi ubhoti ahibo nuware. rastriyo leeg protijugita. france. francer prodhan protijugita hoise ligg national di handball spain. spainor prodhan protijugita hoise liga ess 'bail di belonmanu germany. german handball bandexliga-ye khelor uposthiti aaru-juktijuktobhabe-khelor mandondor khetrot handball jogotot netritwo diye. xomogro dexote prothom bibhagor dolxomuh thokar biporite, xeiburor bhitorot xorbosrestho dolbur uttoror poraa ohaar probonota thaake, zo 'too handballor utxah ataitkoi xoktixali hoy. german leege xoday bidexi protibhar proti aakorxito kori aahise aaru jihetu germany 2016 sonot handballor rajokiyo europiyo champion aasil, besibhag dangor naamoi germanyt khele. antohrastriyo protijugita. antohrastriyo protijugitaxomuhot brihot porimane europiyo dexxomuhor aadhipotyo aase, obosye, ji xohoje protisthito kheluoixokoleu rastriyo dolxomuh xoloni koribo paare, ee pray xompurnorupe prakritik oh-aarabore gothito doll kataror utkristo utthan ghotaise. ehof champions leeg. ee. eis. ef. champions leeg hoise handball biswor club dolxomuhor baabe ataitkoi xonmaniyo protijugita. 1990-ror doxokor majbhagor poraa iyat spanis aaru german dolor prodhan aadhipotyo aase. europiyo championswip. europiyo championswipot protibhar ek oti uscho ghonotwo aaru krira protidondir maajot tibro khelor aayujon koraa hoy. puruxor xongoskorontu proti dubosoror mure mure onusthito hoy aaru xexbaror baabe 2018 sonot krutiyat onusthito hoisil. nordic dex, germany aaru france oitihaxikbhabe europiyo championswipot aadhipotyo bistar korise. 2016 sonot suidene sarita khitap dokhol korisil, taar pisot france tinita, germany aaru denmarke dutaa aaru rasiyai etaa khitap dokhol korisil. spaine 2018 sonot prothomtu khitap laabh korisil. mohilar europiyo championswip eke bosorote onusthito hoy kintu bibhinno sthan aaru bhinno tarikhot onusthito hoy. mohilar faalor poraa nordic aadhipotyo aaru odhik sposto. norowe soibar, denmarke tinibar, aaru hangeri aaru montenegro "ee etakoi sworno podok laabh korise. ontim onusthantu 2018 sonor novembor/disembor maahot franceot onusthito hoisil. biswo championswip. jodiu biswo championswip ketiyaba europor bahirot onusthito koraa hoy zo 'too oitihaxikbhabe aadhipotyo bistar koraa dexxomuhor bahirot handballor onuragir aadhar bistarito koraa hoy, besibhag biswo championswip europor rastroxomuhe onusthito kore aaru joy kore. ullekhjugyo byotikrom hoh "lo kaatar (ji 2014 xongoskoronor aayujok aasil aaru dwitiyo sthanot aasil) aaru brajile ji 2013 sonot mohila biswokap joy korisil. 2019 xongoskorontu germany aaru denmarkot onusthito hoisil-prothombaror baabe duyukhon dexe jutiyabhabe aayujok hoisil. olympic. antohrastriyo handballor prodhan protijugita hoise olympic, aaru iyat xomogro biswor dolxomuh aase, podokxomuhor joriyote etiyau europor dexxomuhor aadhipotyo aase. etiyaloike puruxor handballot olympic podok laabh koraa ekmatro oh-europiyo doll hoise dokhyin kuria, jiye 1988 sonot khelxomuh aayujon korar xomoyot rupor podok laabh korisil. mohila protijugitakhonot obosye dokhyin kuriyai keibabaru podokor sthanot prowex korr dekha goise, zo "too dubarkoi sworno podok joy korr logote sineu podok laabh korr logote. bixexkoi jetiya 2012 sonor olympicor dore englandor dore handballor probrojonkari projatixokolor maajot olympic onusthito hoy, tetiya handballor bixoye onyotha ogyat dexxomuhot xongbad madhyomor aagroh aaru xongbad aakorxon korr khetrotu olympic ullekhjugyo.

europe handball "eyi nibondhoti" doll "baa" olympic "handball khela somporke ebong american handballer ekoi naamer khela somporke noy. eyi nibondhe "handball" shobdotir ajogya byaboharer ortho europe ghorer abhyantare khela doler boichitro bojhano hoyeche."handball europer beshirbhag ongshe, bishesh korey germany, france, spena, nordic desh ebong praktan eugoslavier deshgulite sabcheye janapriya daliya khela. emonki niyamita ligg gamegulio prayashai holgulite bikri haoya bhidke akarshan korey jekhane etty khela hoy ebong europea handball obhiggora jey abeg ebong utsarger saathe taader khelati anusaran korey taa soman noy. bujhun. handball taar druto goti ebong uchcho skorer jonno somogro mahadeshiya europe judey porichito. 24:22-err moto folafol khub sadharan ebong ekjon vall golrakkhak pray ardhek shhata block korte sokkhom hoy. handballer jonno vall haat-chokh-samanwaya chharao goti ebong shaktir prayojan hoy kaaron druto "palta akraman" ekti sofol akromoner guruttopurno upadan. jodio handballer bivinno prokar janapriya, nordic dalgulir druto gotite adhipatya indor boichitroke toiri koreche jaa abhawa nirbisheshe saaraa bochor khela jete paare ebong ontoto 1970-err doshok theke peshadarbhabe khela ekmatro roop. footballer sange eyi khelar onek uporibhager mill royeche tobey basketbaler upadano royeche. seemit turnover gema jetar arekti guruttopurno upadan kaaron bhalbhabe sthapon koraa throw-err safalyer haar besh beshi. niyam. handball duti doll khele, jaar prottektite satjon korey kheload thaake. khelar lakkhya holl bolti, jaa dekhte anekta ekti khudro football boler moto, protipokkher gole nikkhep koraa. ubhoy goler saamone ekti ardhobritto golrakkhak chhada onno sokoler jonno off limit hisabe sposhtobhabe chinnito koraa hoy. eyi britte paa rakhar jonno akromoner jonno boler dokhol harano baa protirokkhamulok subidha orjoner jonno jodi protirokkha dwara koraa hoy tobey phri throw dwara shasti deoa hoy. britter modhye luff deoa ekjon kheloader jonno onumodito jotokkhon naa seey matite aghat korar agey gully korey baa pusses korey ebong etty adhunik handballer ekti guruttopurno upadan. ekti khelay konao atirikto somoy chharai trish minuter duti ordho somoy laage. khelay deergho biroti baa doler somoy shesh howar somoy refereeder bibechonar vittite somoy bondho koraa hoy. jokhon ardheker somoy shesh hoye yaay, tokhon khela abilambe bondho hoye yaay. golrakkhak chhada konao kheload jey konao somoy taanr paa baa paa diye boll sporsho korte parben naa. faulke phri-throw baa arow gurutoro aporadher khettre shaat mitter throw ebong dui minuter penalti (arthat) diye shasti deoa hoy.ee. aporadhi kheloadke dui minuter jonno benche pathano hoy ebong taake protisthapon koraa naao hotey paare). shaat mitter nikkhep football penaltir anurup, jekhane golrakkhaki ekmatro kheload jini golti rakkha korte paren. egulir safalyer haar sadharonoto beshi ebong basketballe phri throw-err moto eguli khela khelar ekti guruttopurno upadan. protisthapon jey konao somoy ebong jey konao sankhyay koraa jete paare tobey cable modhyoborti liney. footballer biporite jekhane ekti dolke jotota khushi totota protirokkhamulok ebong nishkriyobhabe khela theke biroto rakhar ekmatro upay holl protipokkho doll, sekhane "passive play"-err biruddhe niyam royeche. basketbaler moto etty shhata ghadi dwara porimap koraa hoy naa, borong refereer raay jaa asonno penalti somporke sotorko korar jonno taar haat tulbe jaar porey score korar chesta korar agey chhoytir beshi paaser anumati deoa hoy naa. referee ekti nirdishto somoy (sadharonoto panch theke dosho second) pusses howar poreo penalti prayog korben. passive khelar jonno penalti holl boll dokhol harano ebong protipokkho doler jonno ekti phri throw. arow akromonattok khela utsahito korar jonno, 2010-err doshke ekti niyam poriborton chaalu koraa hoyechilo jey golrokkhokke khela chalakalin jey konao somoy atirikto field kheload dwara taanaa ebong protisthapon koraa jete paare. tobey, etty druto palta akromoner jhunki arow baadiye deyo, bishesh korey jodi golrakkhak samaymato maathe firey naa asen. jatiya leeg protijogita. france. francer prodhan protijogita holl ligg national dii handball spena. spener prodhan protijogita holl liga assobal dii balonmano germany. german handball bundesliga khelar uposthiti ebong-juktijuktobhabe-khelar maaner dick theke handball bishwe netritto deyo. prothom bibhager dalguli saaraa deshe vidyaman thakleo taader modhye sera dalguli uttor theke aase, jekhane handballer utsaho sabcheye beshi thaake. german leeg sabsamoi bideshi protibhader akrishto koreche ebong jehetu germany 2016 saale handballer bortoman europea champion chhilo, taai beshirbhag borh naam germanyte khele. antorjatik protijogita. antorjatik protijogitaguli europea deshgulir dwara probhabito hoy, tobey, jey sahojei protisthito kheloadrao jatiya dolgulike poriborton korte paare taa katarer durdanto utthanke sokkhom koreche, jaa pray sampurnarupe prakritik aaa-arab niye gothito ekti doll. ehof champions leeg. handball bishwer club dalgulir jonno sabcheye morjadapurno protijogita holl ehof champions ligg. 1990-err doshoker majhamajhi theke etty mulat spanish ebong german dalgulir dwara probhabito hoyeche. europea championship. europea championshipe protibhar khub uchcho ghonotto ebong krida protidwondider modhye teebro match up royeche. purushder sanskaran proti dui bochor ontor onusthito hoy ebong sheshbar croatia 2018 saale onusthito hoyechilo. nordic desh, germany ebong france oitihasikbhabe europea championshipe adhipatya bistar koreche. 2016 saale suiden charti shiropa jitechilo, tarpore france tinti, germany ebong denmark duti korey ebong rashiya ekti korey shiropa jitechilo. spena 2018 saale taar prothom shiropa jitechilo. mohilader europea championship ekoi bochore onusthito hoy tobey bivinno sthan ebong bivinno tarikhe onusthito hoy. naarii pokkher modhye nordic adhipatya arow beshi sposhto. norway chhoybar, denmark tinbar ebong hangeri oo montenegro ekti korey swarnapadak jiteche. sorboshesh anusthanti 2018 saaler navembar/decembere france onusthito hoyechilo. bishwa championship. jodio bishwa championship kokhono kokhono europer baire onusthito hoy jekhane oitihasikbhabe adhipatya bistar koreche emon deshgulir baire handballer phyana beske prosarito korar jonno, beshirbhag bishwa championship europea deshgulite onusthito hoy ebong jiteche. ullekhjoggo byatikram holl katar (jaa 2014 sangaskaraner ayojok ebong dwitiya sthane chhilo) ebong brazil jaa 2013 saale mohila vishwakap jitechilo. 2019 sangaskaranti germany ebong denmarke onusthito hoyechilo-prothombarer moto duti desh joutho ayojok hoyeche. olympic. antorjatik handballer prodhan turnament holl olympic, ebong etey saaraa bishwer dalguli ongsho neyo, padakgulir madhyome ekhono europea deshgulir adhipatya royeche. aaz abodhi, purushder handballe olympic podok joyee ekmatro aaa-europea doll holl dakkhin koria, jaa 1988 saale games ayojoner somoy roupyo podok jitechilo. mohilader turnamente, tobey dakkhin koriake besh koyekbar podoker talika probesh korte dekha geche, jaar modhye royeche dubar swarnapadak joy ebong cheeno ekti podok jiteche. olympicguli emon deshgulite ganomadhyomer agroho ebong coverage akarshan korar khettreo ullekhjoggo jekhane handball onnothai ajana, biseshoto jokhon olympicguli 2012 saaler olimpiker moto englander moto handball probasider modhye onusthito hoy.

europema handball "aaa lekh" team "athavaa" olympic "handballni ramat vishe chhe aneey american handballni samaan naamnee ramat vishe nathee. aaa lekhamaa "handball" shabdno ayogya upyog europema andar ramaayeli teamnee vividhtaano arth thaay chhe."handball aee motabhagna europema, khaas kareene germany, france, spain, nordic desho aneey bhutpurv yugoslaviana deshomaa sauthee lokpreey team ramatomaani aek chhe. niyameet leag ramato pann ghanivaar holamaa vechanni bheedne aakarshe chhe jyaan teey ramaay chhe aneey european handball paarkhio temnee ramatne jeey jusso aneey samarpan saathe anusare chhe teey barabar nathee. samajo. handball tenee zadpi gatee aneey uchch sqora maate samagr khandeey europema jaanitu chhe. 24:22 jevaa parinaamo khoob jaj saamanya chhe aneey aek saaro goalkeeper lagbhag adadhaa shotane avrodhit karvaamaa saksham hoya chhe. haath-aankhna saaraa sankalan upraant, handballne zadap aneey taakaatni jaroor padey chhe kaaran keey zadpi "pratiaakraman" safal humalaama nirnayak ghatako chhe. handballni ghanee jaato lokpreey rahee chhe, parantu temnee zadpi gatee saathe nordic teamona worchsway indor vividhtaane ramatnu prabal swaroop banaavi didhu chhe, jeey havaamaanne dhyanma leedha vinaa aakhu varsh ramee shakaay chhe, aneey ochhama ochhu 1970naa daaykaathi vyaavsaayik reete ramvaamaa aavtu ekmatra swaroop chhe. aaa ramatmaa sokara saathe ghanee uparchhalli saamyatao chhe parantu temaa basketbollna tatvo pann chhe. maryadit turnover aee ramato jeetva maatenu anya nirnayak tatva chhe kaaran keey saaree reete mukvaamaa aavela throney safalataano darr ghano uncho chhe. niyamo. handball saat-saat khelaadioni beey teamo dwara ramaay chhe. ramatno dhyey aee chhe keey naana sokara boola jevo dekhaato dado veerodhi golmaa fenkvo. banne goalni saame ardhvartulne goalkeeper sivaaynaa badhaa maate bundh maryada tareeke spasht reete chinhit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa vartulmaan pug mukavaa maate aakraman maate bolano kabajo gumaavvaani athavaa rakshanatmak laabh melavaa maate sanraxan dwara karvaamaa aave too free throw dwara sajaa karvaamaa aave chhe. vartulmaan koodako maarvaani manjuri kabajaama rahela khelaadi maate tyaan sudhee aapvama aave chhe jyaan sudhee teey jameen parr athadaata pahelaa (oo) shhoot karey athavaa paas karey aneey teey aadhunik handballma nirnayak tatva chhe. ramatmaa tris minutena beey ardhbhagno samay laage chhe, jemaa koee vadharano samay hoto nathee. jyaare ramatmaa laambo veeram aave chhe athavaa team timeout darmiyan refereeni vivekbuddhi parr samay bundh karvaamaa aave chhe. jyaare adadho samay veetee jaay, tyaare ramat tarat jaj bundh thaee jaay chhe. goalkeeper sivaay koee pann khelaadi koipan samaye tenaa pug athavaa pagthi bolane sparsha curry shakato nathee. faaulne free-throw dwara dund karvaamaa aave chhe athavaa-vadhu gambhir gunaaona kissaamaa-saat meater throw aneey beey minuteno dund (etale keey.ee. ullanghan karnaar khelaadeene beey minut maate bench parr mokalvaamaa aave chhe aneey tene badalee shakaato nathee). saat meternaa throw football panelty jevaa jaj hoya chhe, jemaa goalkeeper ekmatra khelaadi hoya chhe jene goalno bachaav karvaanee manjuri hoya chhe. teo saamanya reete safalataano uncho darr dharaave chhe aneey basketbolma free throney jaim ramat ramvaanu nirnayak tatva chhe. aveji koipan samaye aneey koipan sankhyama curry shakaay chhe parantu maatra midfield line parr. sokarthi vipareet jyaan teamne rakshanatmak aneey nishkreey reete ramvathi rokvani ekmatra vastu veerodhi team chhe, tyaan "nishkreey ramat" saame niyamo chhe. basketbolthi vipareet aaney shhota ghadiyaad dwara mapvama aavtu nathee, parantu refereeno chukaado jeey tolaai rahela dandnee chetvani aapvaa maate teno haath uthavshe, tyarbad sqora karvaano prayaas kartaa pahelaa chhathi vadhu paasnee manjuri aapvama aavashe nahee. referee pann nishkreey ramatmaa ferfar karyaa vinaa chokkas samay (saamanya reete paanchthi dass second) veetee gayaa pachhi dund laagu karashe. nishkreey ramat maate dund aee boola parr kabajo gumaavvo aneey veerodhi team maate free throw chhe. vadhu aakramak ramatne protsaahit karvaa maate, 2010naa daykama aek niyamma ferfar karvaamaa aavyo hato keey ramat darmiyan koipan samaye goalkeeparne khenchee shakaay aneey vadharana filled player dwara badalee shakaay. jooe keey, aanaathi zadpi valataa humalaanu jokham vadhu vadhe chhe, khaas kareene jooe goalkeeper samaysar medaan parr paachha naa aavee shake. raashtriy leag spardhao. france. francemaa mukhya spardhaa ligg national dha handball spain chhe. spainma mukhya spardhaa liga assoble dha balonmano germany chhe. german handball bandesliga ramatnee haajari aneey-dalilpurvak-ramatnee gunvattaamaa handballni duniyama aagad chhe. jyaare pratham vibhag teamo samagr deshmaa astitva dharaave chhe, tyaare temathi shreshth uttarthi hoya chhe, jyaan handballno utsaah sauthee majboot hoya chhe. german leag hammesha videshi pratibhaaone aakarshe chhe aneey germany 2016maan handballnu vartmaan european champiyan hovathi, motabhagna motaa naamo germanyma ramey chhe. aantarrashtriy spardhao. aantarrashtriy spardhaoma motaa bhaage european deshonu varchsva chhe, jooe keey, sthaapit khelaadeeo pann jeey saraltaa saathe raashtriy teamone badalee shake chhe tenaathi kataarno taaraakiy uday thayo chhe, jeey team lagbhag sampurnpane biin-araboni banelee chhe. ehf champions leag. ehf champiyan leag handballni duniyama club teamo maate sauthee pratishthit spardhaa chhe. 1990naa daykana madhyathi temaa motaabhaage spanish aneey german teamonu varchsva rahyu chhe. european championship. european champiyanshipma pratibhaaoni khoob jaj unchee ghanata aneey ramatgamatnaa harifo vachche teevra match up darshavvama aave chhe. purushoni aavrutti darr beey varshe yojaay chhe aneey chhelle croatiama 2018maan yojai hatee. nordic desho, germany aneey france aitihasik reete european champiyanshipma prabhutva jamaavyu chhe. 2016maan sweeden chaar khitaab jeetyu hatoo, tyarbad france trana, germany aneey denmark beey-beey aneey russia aek khitaab jeetyu hatoo. spayne 2018maan tenu pratham khitaab jeetyu hatoo. maheelaoni european championship aek jaj varshmaa yojaay chhe parantu alag-alag sthalo aneey alag-alag taarikho parr yojaay chhe. stree bajuae nordic prabhutva vadhu spasht chhe. norway tene chh vakhat, denmarke trana vakhat aneey hangeri aneey montenegro aek-aek suvarn chandrak jeetyo chhe. chhelli event november/december 2018maan francemaa yojai hatee. vishva championship. jyaare vishva championships ketalikvaar europeni bahaar haathbolnaa chaahakona aadhaarne vistaarvaa maate yojvama aave chhe, jyaan teey aitihasik reete prabhutva dharaave chhe, tyaare motabhagni vishva championship european rashtroma yojaay chhe aneey jeetee jaay chhe. nondhpaatra apvaadomaa kataar (jene 2014nee aavruttine hoosta curry hatee aneey beeja krame aavyu hatoo) aneey brazil chhe jene 2013maan maheela vishva cup jeetyo hato. 2019nee aavrutti germany aneey denmarkma yojai hatee-pratham vakhat beey desho sanyukt yajmaan rahyaa chhe. olympic. aantarrashtriy handballma mukhya spardhaa olympic chhe, aneey temaa samagr vishwani teamo bhaag leey chhe, jemaa haju pann european deshonu varchsva chhe. aajnee taarikhe, purushoni handballma olympic medala jitnaar ekmatra biin-european team dakshin koreeya chhe, jene 1988maan ramatonu aayojan karatee vakhate rajat chandrak jeetyo hato. joke maheelaoni tournamentma dakshin koreeyae ghanee vakhat chandrakni sthitioma pravesh karyo chhe, jemaa beey vaar suvarn chandrak jitvaano samaavesh thaay chhe, aneey cheene pann chandrak jeetyo chhe. olympics aevaa deshomaa mediano rus aneey coverage khenchvaamaa pann nondhpaatra chhe jyaan handball anyatha agnaat chhe, khaas kareene jyaare 2012 olympicsni jaim ingland jevaa handball diasporama olimpiknu aayojan karvaamaa aave chhe.

europe mein handball "yeh lekh" team "yaa" olympic "handball key khel key baare mein haye naa kii americi handball key samaan naam vaale khel key baare mein. iss lekh mein "handball" shabd key ayogya upayog kaa arth europe mein ander khele jaane vaale dall kii vividhata key roop mein samajha jaataa haye."handball europe key adhikansh hisson mein sabse lokpriya team khelon mein seey ack haye, vishesh roop seey germany, france, spen, nordic deshon aur poorv yugoslavia key deshon mein. yahaan taka kii niyamit leag khel bhee aksar una holl mein bikane vaali bheed koo aakarshit karate hain jahaan yeh khela jaataa haye aur europeeya handball parkhi apane khel kaa jiss junoon aur samarpan key saath paalan karate hain, vaha unake barabar naheen haye. samajhiye. handball koo poore mahadvipiya europe mein apani tej gati aur uchch score key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 24:22 jaise parinam bahut aam hain aur ack achchha goalkeeper lagbhag aadhe shott koo avaruddh karane mein saksham hotaa haye. achche haath-aankh-samanvaya key alawa, handball koo gati aur taakat kii aavashyakta hoti haye kyonki ack safal aakraman mein teji seey "jawabi hamale" mahatvapurna tatva hain. jabaki handball kii kaee kismein lokpriya rahee hain, apani tej gati key saath nordic teams key prabhutva ney indor vividhata koo khel kaa pramukh roop banaa diyaa haye jise mausam kii parwah kiye binaa saal bhar khela jaa sakata haye, aur cumm seey cumm 1970 key dashak seey peshevar roop seey khela jaane vaalaa ekmatra roop haye. iss khel mein football key saath kaee satahi samaantaaen hain lekin isamen basketball key tatva bhee hain. seemit karobar khel jeetane mein ack aur mahatvapurna tatva haye kyonki achchi tarah seey rakhe gaye throw kii safalata darr kaafee adhik haye. niyam. handball saat khilaadiyon kii dou teams dwara khela jaataa haye. khel kaa lakshya gend koo, joe ack laghu socker gend kii tarah dikhati haye, virodhi goal mein fenkana haye. kissy bhee goal key saamane ack ardhvritt koo goalkeeper koo chhodkar sabhi key liye off limit key roop mein spasht roop seey chihnit kiya jaataa haye. iss vritt mein kadam rakhane parr aakraman key liye gend parr kabja khone yaa rakshaatmak laabh praapt karane key liye raksha dwara kiye jaane parr free throw seey dandit kiya jaataa haye. ghere mein koodane kii anumati ack khilaadi key liye taba taka dee jaati haye jaba taka vaha jameen parr maarne seey pahale goli maartaa haye yaa paas kartaa haye aur yeh aadhunik handball mein ack mahatvapurna tatva haye. ack khel mein tees minut key dou aadhe samay lagate hain, jisamen koee atirikt samay naheen hotaa haye. khel mein ack lamba antaral honey parr yaa team key samay samaapt honey key dauran samay koo referee key vivek parr roque diyaa jaataa haye. jaba aadhe kaa samay beet jaataa haye, tou khel turant bund hoe jaataa haye. goalkeeper key alawa koee bhee khilaadi kissy bhee samay apane pairon yaa pairon seey gend koo naheen chhoo sakata haye. faul koo free-throw key madhyam seey dandit kiya jaataa haye yaa-adhik gambhir apraadhon key mamle mein-saat meater fenk aur dou minut kaa jurmana (yaani.ee. ullanghan karane vaale khilaadi koo dou minut key liye bench parr bheja jaataa haye aur hoe sakata haye kii usey badala naa jaae). saat meater kii doori parr fenkana football penalti key samaan hotaa haye jisamen goalkeeper koo goal kaa bachaav karane kii anumati hoti haye. way aam taur parr ack uchch safalata darr rakhate hain aur basketball mein free throw key samaan khel khelane kaa ack mahatvapurna tatva hain. pratisthaapan kissy bhee samay aur kissy bhee sankhya mein kiya jaa sakata haye lekin kewal madhya rekha parr. football key vipareet jahaan ack team koo rakshaatmak aur nishkriya roop seey khelane seey rokane vaali ekmatra cheej virodhi team haye, "nishkriya khel" key khilaf niyam hain. basketball key vipareet ise ack shott ghadee dwara naheen maapa jaataa haye, balki referee kaa nirnay joe aasann dund kii chetavani dene key liye apana haath uthaayega, jisake baad score karane key prayaas seey pahale chhah seey adhik paas kii anumati naheen haye. referee ack nishchit samay (aamtaur parr paanch seey duss sekand) key baad nishkriya khel mein badalaav key binaa dund bhee lagu karega. nishkriya khel key liye dund gend parr kabja khou denaa aur virodhi team key liye ack mukt fenk haye. adhik aakramak khel koo protsaahit karane key liye, 2010 key dashak mein ack niyam parivartan sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa kii goalkeeper koo kheencha jaa sakata haye aur khel key dauran kissy bhee samay ack atirikt feeled khilaadi dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh teji seey jawabi hamalon key jokhim koo aur badhaata haye, khaskar aggar goalkeeper samay parr maidan parr vaapas naheen aaa sakata haye. rashtriya leag pratiyogitaaen. france. france mein pramukh pratiyogita ligg national dee handball spen haye. spen mein pramukh pratiyogita leega assoble dee balonmano germany haye. german handball bundesliga khel kii upasthiti aur-yakinan-khel kii gunavatta mein handball kii duniya kaa netritva kartaa haye. jabaki pratham shreni kii teemen poore desh mein maujood hain, unamen seey sabse achchi uttar seey hoti hain, jahaan handball kaa utsaah sabse majboot hotaa haye. german leag ney hamesha videshi pratibhaon koo aakarshit kiya haye aur choonki germany 2016 mein handball kaa maujooda europeeya champion thaa, isaliye adhikansh badey naam germany mein khelate hain. antarrashtriya pratiyogitaaen. antarrashtriya pratiyogitaon mein badey paimaane parr europeeya deshon kaa prabhutva haye, halanki, jiss aasaani seey sthaapit khilaadi bhee rashtriya teams koo badal sakate hain, usane katar key shandar uday koo saksham kiya haye, ack team jisamen lagbhag poori tarah seey praakritik gair-araab shamil hain. ehf champions leag. ee. aich. aff. champion leag handball kii duniya mein club teams key liye sabse pratishthit pratiyogita haye. 1990 key dashak key madhya seey isamen kaafee hudd taka spanish aur german teams kaa varchasva rhaa haye. europeeya championship. europeeya championship mein pratibha kaa bahut adhik ghanatva aur khel pratidvandiyon key beach teevra match upp hotey hain. purushon kaa sanskaran harr dou saal mein aayojit kiya jaataa haye aur aakhiri baar 2018 mein croatia mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. nordic deshon, germany aur france ney aitihaasik roop seey europeeya championship parr apana varchasva banaaya haye. 2016 mein, sweeden ney chaar khitaab jeete, usake baad france ney teen, germany aur denmark ney dou-dou aur roose ney ack khitaab jeetaa. spen ney 2018 mein apana pahala khitaab jeetaa. mahila europeeya championship ack hii varsh mein aayojit kii jaati haye lekin alag-alag sthaanon aur alag-alag tithiyon parr aayojit kii jaati haye. mahila paksh mein nordic prabhutva aur bhee adhik spasht haye. norwey ney ise chhah baar, denmark ney teen baar aur hangri aur montenegro ney ack-ack swarn padak jeetaa haye. antim karyakram navambar/disambar 2018 mein france mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. vishva championship. vishva championship kabhi-kabhi europe key baahar aayojit kii jaati haye taaki una deshon key baahar handball key prashansak aadhar koo vyaapak banaaya jaa sakey jahaan iska aitihaasik roop seey prabhutva rhaa haye, adhikansh vishva championship europeeya deshon mein aayojit kii jaati hain aur jeeti jaati hain. ullekhaniya apavaad katar (jisane 2014 sanskaran kii mejbani kii aur dusare sthaan parr aaya) aur brazil haye jisane 2013 mein mahila vishva cup jeetaa. 2019 sanskaran germany aur denmark mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa-pahali baar dou desh sanyukt mezban rahey hain. olympic. antarrashtriya handball mein pramukh tournament olympic haye, aur isamen duniya bhar kii teemen shamil hain, padak key madhyam seey abhee bhee europeeya deshon kaa varchasva haye. aaj taka, purushon key handball mein olympic padak jeetane vaali ekmatra gair-europeeya team dakshin koria haye, jisane 1988 mein khelon kii mejbani karate samay rajat padak jeetaa thaa. mahila tournament, halanki dakshin koria koo kaee baar padak kii sthiti mein pravesh karate dekhaa haye, jisamen dou baar swarn padak jeetana aur chean ney bhee ack padak jeetaa haye. olympic una deshon mein media kii ruchi aur coverage aakarshit karane mein bhee ullekhaniya hain jahaan handball anyatha agyaat haye, vishesh roop seey jaba olympic 2012 olympic kii tarah ingland jaise handball diaspora mein aayojit kiye jaate hain.

europnalli handball "ee lekhanavu" tanda "athawa" olympic "handball kreedeya bagge mattu american handball emba idhe hesarina kreedeya bagge alla. ee lekhanadalli "handball" emba padada anarha balakeyu europnalli olaanganadalli aaduva tandada vaividhyateyannu arthaisalaaguttade."handball europina hecchina bhagagalalli, visheshavaagi germany, france, spain, nordic deshagalu mattu hindina yugoslaviyada desagalalli atyanta janapriya tandada kridegalalli ondaagide. niyamita leigh atagalu saha samanyavagi adannu aaduva sabhaanganagalige maaraatada janasandaniyannu seleyuttave mattu european handball parinitaru tamma krideyannu anusarisuva utsaaha mattu samarpane samanavagilla. artha madikolli. handball tanna vegada vega mattu hecchina ankagalige yuropinaadyanta hesaruvaasiyaagide. 24:22 nantaha phalitaamshagalu tumba saamaanyavaagive mattu uttama goalkeeper ardhadashtu hodetagalannu tadeyalu saadhyavaaguttade. uttama kaii-kannu-samanvayada jotege, handbalge vega mattu shaktiya agatyaviruttade, ekendare yashasvi aakramanadalli ksipra "pratidaaligalu" nirnayaka amshagalaagive. halavaaru bageya handbalgalu janapriyavagiddaroo, nordic tandagala praabalyavu avugala vegada vegadinda varshavidee aadabahudaada olaangana vaividhyavannu havaamaanavannu lekkisade aatada prabala roopavannagi maadide mattu kanishta 1970rahra dasakadindaloo vrattiparavagi aaduva ekaika aatavaagide. ee kreedeyu sakarge aneka melmai holikegalannu hondide aadare basketballn amshagalannu saha hondide. uttama sthaanadalliruva esetagala yashassina pramanavu hechchiruvudarinda pandyagalannu gelluvalli seemita vahivaatugalu mattondu nirnayaka amshavaagide. niyamagalu. handball annu talaa elu atagarara eradu tandagalu aaduttave. chikka gatrada saakar chendinante kaanuva chendannu eduraali golige eseyuvudu aatada guriyagide. eradoo golugala munde ardhavruttavannu goalkeeper horatupadisi ellarigoo off limit endu spashtavagi gurutisalaguttade. ee vrattakke kaalittare, akramanakkagi chendannu svadhinapadisikolluvikenu kaledukolluva moolaka athawa rakshanaatmaka prayojanavannu padeyalu rakshanaatmaka tandavu maadidare free throw maaduva moolaka shikshisalaaguttade. nelakke hodeyuva modalu hodeda athawa haaduhoda aatagaaranige vrattakke jigiyuvudannu anumatisalaaguttade mattu idu aadhunika handbalnalli nirnayaka amshavaagide. aatavu yaavude hechchuvari samayavillade talaa moovattu nimishagala eradu ardhagalannu tegedukolluttade. aatadalli deerghaavadhiya virama sambhavisidaaga athawa tandada samayasamaapti samayadalli referigala vivechaneyinda samayavannu nillisalaaguttade. ardhada samaya mugida takshana aata nilluttade. goalkeeper horatupadisi yaavude aatagaaranu yaavude samayadalli tanna kaalugalu athawa kaalugalinda chendannu muttuvantilla. phoulgalannu free-throgala moolaka athawa-hecchu gambhiravaada aparadhagala sandarbhadalli-elu meater esetagalu mattu eradu nimishagala dandagala moolaka dandisalaaguttade (andare.ii. ullanghisida aatagaaranannu eradu nimishagala kaala benchge kaluhisalaaguttade mattu avarannu badalayisalaguvudilla). elu meater esetagalu saakar penaltigalannu holuttave, idaralli goalkeeparge maatra golannu rakshisalu avakaashavide. avu samanyavagi hecchina yashassina pramaanavannu hondiruttave mattu basketbalnalli free throgalanteye aatada nirnayaka amshavaagide. badaligalannu yaavude samayadalli mattu yaavude sankhyeyalli maadabahudu aadare midfield lainnalli maatra maadabahudu. saakarnalli bhinnavagi, tandavu tanna ichcheyante rakshanaatmakavaagi mattu nishkriyavaagi aaduvudannu tadeyuva ekaika vishayavendare eduraali tanda, "nishkriya aata" dha viruddha niyamagalive. basketbalginta bhinnavagi idannu shaat gadiyaaradinda aleyalaaguvudilla, badalige referee tirpu, mumbaruva penaulty bagge echcharike needalu avana athawa avala kaiyannu ettuttade, nantara score maaduva prayatnavannu maaduva modalu aaru pasgaliginta hecchu anumatisalaaguvudilla. refereeu ondu nirdishta samayada nantara (samanyavagi aidarinda hattu sekendugalu) nishkriya aatakke yaavude badalaavaneyillade dandavannu vidhisuttaare. nishkriya aatakke dandavendare chendannu hondiruvudu mattu eduraali tandakke free throw nashta. hecchu akramanakari aatavannu uttejisalu, 2010rahra dasakadalli niyama badalaavaneyannu sthaapisalaayitu, aatada samayadalli yaavude samayadalli goalkeeper annu eleyabahudu mattu hechchuvari feeled aatagaaraninda badalaayisabahudu. aadaagyoo, idu ksipra pratidaaliya apaayavannu mattashtu hechchisuttade, visheshavaagi goalkeeper samayakke sariyagi maidanakke maralalu saadhyavaagadiddare. rashtriya leigh spardhegalu. france. fransna pramukha spardheyendare spaine ligg national dii handball. spaine pramukha spardheyendare liga assoble dii balonmano germany. german handball bandesliga aatada haajaraati mattu vaadayogyavaagi aatada gunamattadalli handball jagattannu munnadesuttade. modala vibhagada tandagalu deshadaadyanta astitvadalliddaroo, avugalalli atyuttamavaadavu uttaradinda bandavu, allie handball utsaahavu prabalavagiruttade. german leigh yavagalu videshi pratibhegalannu aakarshiside mattu germany 2016 ralli handball naa haali european champiyan agiruvudarinda, hecchina dodda hesarugalu germaniyalli aaduttave. antaaraashtriya spardhegalu. antaaraashtriya spardegalalli airopya rashtragala praabalyavide, aadaagyoo, sthaapita aatagaararu saha rashtriya tandagalannu badalayisabahudada sulabhateyu katarna nakshatrika eligege anuvu maadikottide, idu bahuteka sampoornavaagi naisargikavallada arabgalannu olagondiruva tandavagide. ehf champions leigh. handball jagattinalli club tandagalige aa. etch. eff. champiyan leigh atyanta pratishthita spardheyagide. 1990rahra dashakada madhyabhaagadinda spanish mattu german tandagala praabalyavu idara melide. european champiyanshipgalu. european champiyanshipgalu hecchina pratibheya saandrate mattu creeda pratispardhigala naduvina teevra pandyagalannu hondive. purushara aavruttiyannu prati eradu varshagaligomme nadesalaaguttade mattu koneyadaagi 2018ralli kroyeshiyaadalli nadesalaagittu. nordic deshagalu, germany mattu france aitihaasikavaagi european champiyanshipgalalli praabalyavannu hondive. 2016ralli sweeden naalku prashastigalannu, france mooru, germany mattu denmark talaa eradu mattu russia ondu prashastigalannu geddukondiddavu. spain tanna modala prashastiyannu 2018ralli geddukonditu. mahila european champiyanshipgalannu onde varshadalli nadesalaaguttade aadare vibhinn taanagalu mattu vibhinn dinankagalalli nadesalaaguttade. nordic praabalyavu mahileyara badiyalli innoo hecchu spashtavagide. norwey aaru baari, denmark mooru baari mattu hangeri mattu montenegro talaa ondu chinnada padakavannu geddive. koneya pandyavu 2018rahra november/decembernalli fransonalli nadeyitu. vishwa champiyanshipgalu. aitihaasikavaagi praabalya hondiruva deshagala horage handball naa abhimanigala sankhyeyannu vistarisalu vishwa champiyanshipgalannu kelavomme europina horage nadesalaaguttadeyaadaru, hecchina vishwa champiyanshipgalannu european rashtragalu nadesuttave mattu gelluttave. gamanarhavada vinayitigalendare katar (2014rahra aavruttiyannu ayojisi eradane sthaanadallittu) mattu 2013ralli mahila vishwakap gedda brazil. 2019rahra aavruttiyannu germany mattu denmarknalli nadesalaayitu-modala baarige eradu deshagalu junty aatitheyavaagive. olympics. antaaraashtriya handbalnalli pramukha pandyavaliyu olympics aagide, mattu idu vishvadaadyantada tandagalannu olagondide, padakagala moolaka innoo european rashtragala praabalyavide. illiyavarege, purushara handbalnalli olympic padakavannu gedda ekaika airopyavallada tandavendare daksina koria, idu 1988 ralli kridaakootavannu ayojisidaga belli padakavannu geddukonditu. mahila pandyavaliyu, aadaagyoo, daksina koria eradu baari chinnada padakavannu geddiruvudu mattu cheena saha padakavannu geddiruvudu seridante halavaaru baari padakada sthaanagalannu praveshiside. handball bere reetiyalli tilidillada desagalalli madhyamagala asakti mattu prasaaravannu seleyuvalli olympics gamanarhavagide, visheshavaagi 2012 rahra olimpiksnante englendnantaha handball valasigaralli olympics nadeyuvaga.

europile handball "eee lekhanam" team "allengil" olimbiku "handball kaayika inathekkurichaanu, american handball enna samanamaaya perilulla kaayika inathekkurichalla. eee lekhanathil "handball" enna padatthinte ayogyamaaya upayogam europil indor kalikkunna team vaividhyathe ardhamaakkunnuvennu manassilakkaam."europinte bhooribhaagathum, prathyekichu jarmmani, france, spain, nordic rajyangal, muun yougoslaviayile rajyangal ennividangalile ettavum janapriyamaaya team sportsukalilonnaanu handball. saadhaarana leag geyimukal polum palappozhum athu kalikkunna haalukalilekku vilppanayulla janakkoottathe aakarshikkunnu, koodaathe europian handball vidagdhar avarude kaayika inathe pinthudarunna abhiniveshavum arppanabodhavum thulyamalla. manassilakkuka. handball athinte vegathaykkum uyarnna skorukalkkum europiludaneelam ariyappedunnu. 24:22 polulla phalangal valare saadhaaranamaanu, oru nalla goalkeeparinu pakuthiyolam shottukal thadayaan kazhiyum. nalla kaii-kannu-ekopanathinu purame, handballinu vegathayum shakthiyum aavasyamaanu, kaaranam druthagathiyilulla "prathirodha akramanangal" vijayakaramaya aakramanathinte nirnaayaka gadakangalaanu. niravadhi tharam handballukal janapriyamaanengilum, nordic teamukalude aadhipathyam avarude vegathayeriya vegathayil kaalavastha pariganikkathe varsham muzhuvan kalikkaan kazhiyunna indor vaividhyathe kaliyude prabalamaaya roopamaakki maatti, kuranjathu 1970 muthal professionalaayi kalikkunna oreyoru roopamaanithu. eee kaayika inathinu sokkarumaayi niravadhi upariplavamaaya samaanathakalundengilum baaskattbolinte gadakangalum undu. nannayi sthaapicha throkalude vijaya nirakk valare uyarnnathinaal geyimukal vijayikkunnathile mattoru nirnaayaka gadakamaanu vittuvarav parimithappeduthunnathu. niyamangal. ezhu kalikkaar veethamulla rund teamukalaanu handball kalikkunnathu. oru miniyechar socker panthu pole kaanapedunna panthu ethir golilek eriyuka ennathaanu geyiminte lakshyam. rund golukalkkum munnil oru ardhavritham goalkeepparozhike ellaavarkkum oof limittayi vyakthamaayi adayaalappeduthiyiriknu. eee sarkkililekku chuvaduvekkunnathu aakramanathinu panthu kaivasham vaykkunnathu nashtappedukayo allengil prathirodha nettam nedunnathinaayi prathirodham cheythaal free throw nadathukayo cheiyunnathiloode shikshikkappedunnu. nilathu veezhunnathinu munbu shoot cheiyukayo kadannupokukayo cheiyunnidatholam kaalam oru kalikkaaran sarkkililekku chaadunnathu anuvadaneeyamaanu, ithu aadhunika handballe oru nirnaayaka gadakamaanu. oru kalikku adhika samayamillathe muppath minitt veethamulla rund pakuthikalundu. kaliyil oru neenda edavela undaakumbozho team taumt samayat rafarimaarude vivechanaadhikaarathil samayam nirtthunnu. pakuthi samayam kazhinjayudane kalii nirtthunnu. goalkeeper ozhike oru kalikkaaranum eppol venamenkilum kaalukalo kaalukalo upayogichu panthu sparsikkaan paadilla. foulukalkku free-throw vazhiyo allengil-kooduthal gurutharamaaya kuttakrithyangalude kaaryatthil-ezhu meter throy rund minitt penaalttiyum (athaayath.iii. kuttakkaranaaya kalikkaarane rund minittinaayi benchilekk ayaykkunnu, pakaram vaykkaanaavilla). ezhu meter eriyunnathu football penaalttikalkk samaanamaan, goalkeeper maathramaan goal prathirodhikkaan anuvadikkunna kalikkaaran. avaykku saadhaaranayaayi uyarnna vijaya nirakkund, baaskattbolile free throic samanamaaya geyim pleyude nirnaayaka gadakamaanu. pakaram eppol venamenkilum eathu samkhyayilum pakaram vaykkaam, pakshe midfield lainil maathram. oru teamine prathirodhaparamaayum nishkriyamaayum kalikkunnathil ninnu thadayunna oreyoru kaaryam ethir teamaaya sokkaril ninnu vyathyasthamayi, "nishkriya kalikkethire" niyamangal undu. baaskattbolil ninnu vyathyasthamayi ithu oru shoat clock upayogichalla alakkunnathu, marichu varaanirikkunna penalttiyekkurichu munnariyipp nalkaan kaii uyarthunna rafariyude vidhiyaan, athinusesham score cheyyaan sramikkunnathinu munbu aarr paasukalil kooduthal anuvadikkilla. nishkriya kaliyil maattamillathe oru nischitha samayam (saadhaaranayaayi anchu muthal patthu second vare) kazhinjathinu sesham raphari penaltti nadappaakkum. panthu kaivasham vaykkunnathu nashtappedunnathum ethir teaminu free throw nalkunnathum aanu nishkriya kaliyude penaltti. kooduthal aakramanathmakamaaya kalii prolsaahippikkunnathi, 2010-kalil oru niyama maattam earppeduthi, kaliyil eppol venamenkilum goalkeeparine valichidaanum pakaram oru adhika feeld kalikkaarane mattaanum kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, ithu drutha prathipravartthanangalude saadhyatha kooduthal vardhippikkunnu, prathyekichu goalkeeperk krithyasamayathu feeldilekku madangaan kazhiyunnillengil. deseeya leag malsarangal. france. fraansile pradhana malsaram speyinile ligue naashanal dii handball aanu. speyinile pradhana malsaram liga assobal dii baalanmaano germmaniyaan. jarmman handball bundesliga handball lokathe kaliyude hajarnilayilum-vaadayogyamaayi-kaliyude gunanilavaarathilum nayikkunnu. raajyathudaneelam phastt division teamukal nilavilundenkilum, avayil ettavum mikachathu vadakku ninnullavaraan, avide handball avesham ettavum shakthamaan. jarmman leag ellaayppozhum videsha prathibhakale aakarshichittundu, 2016 ll jarmmani handballinte nilavile europian chaambyanaayathinaal, mikka valia perukalum germmaniyil kalikkunnu. anthaaraashtra malsarangal. anthaaraashtra malsarangalil europian raajyangalude aadhipathyamund, ennirunnaalum, sthaapitha kalikkaarkku polum deseeya teamukale maattaan kazhiyunna eluppam, eathaandu poornnamaayum swaabhaavikavalkkarikkappedu araabukal allatha teamaaya khattharinte nakshatramaaya uyarchaye praapthamakki. eiii. echu. eph chaambyans leag. handball lokathile club teamukalude ettavum abhimaanakaramaaya malsaramaanu eiii. echu. eph chaambyans leag. 1990kalude pakuthi muthal spanish, jarmman teamukalaanu ivide pradhaanamaayum aadhipathyam pularthunnathu. europian chaambyanshippukal. europian chaambyanshippukalil valare uyarnna prathibhasavum kaayika athiraalikal thammilulla theevramaaya malsarangalum undu. rund varshathilorikkal nadakkunna purushanmaarude pathipp avasaanamaayi 2018 ll croatiayilaanu nadannathu. nordic rajyangal, jarmmani, france enniva charitraparamaayi europian chaambyanshippil aadhipathyam pularthiyittundu. 2016ll sweeden naalu kireedangalum france moonnu kireedangalum jarmmani rund veetham kireedangalum russia oru kireedavum nedi. 2018ll spain athinte aadya kireedam nedi. vanita europian chaambyanshippukal ore varsham vyathyastha sthalangalilum vyathyastha theeyathikalilumaanu nadakkunnathu. nordic aadhipathyam sthree vashath kooduthal prakadamaanu. norway aarr thavanayum denmark moonnu thavanayum hungery, montenegro enniva oro swarnna medel veetham nediyittundu. 2018 november/desember maasangalil fraansilaanu avasaanamaayi paripadi nadannathu. loka chaambyanshippu. charitraparamaayi aadhipathyam pularthiya raajyangalkk purathu handballinte aaraadhakavrindam vipuleekarikkunnathinaayi chilappol europinu purathu loka chaambyanshippukal nadakkumbol, mikka loka chaambyanshippukalum nadakkunnathu europian rajyangalilaanu. 2014leeii pathippin aathidheyathvam vahikkukayum randaam sthaanathethukayum cheytha khattharum 2013leeii vanita lokakapp nediya brazil sradheyamaaya apavaadangalaanu. 2019leeii pathipp germmaniyilum denmarkilum nadannu-aadyamaayi rund raajyangalum samyuktha aathidheyathvam vahichu. olimpiks. anthaaraashtra handballe pradhana toornament olimpiks aanu, lokamembaadumulla teamukal pankedukkunnu, medalukaliloode ippozhum europian raajyangalude aadhipathyamund. innuvare, purushanmaarude handball olimbiku medel nediya eaka europian ithara team 1988 ll gamesinu aathidheyathvam vahichappol vellimedal nediya dakshina koriyayaanu. vanita toornamentil, ennirunnaalum rund thavana swarnna medel nediyathulppede niravadhi thavana dakshina korea medel nilavaaratthilekku praveshichu, chinayum oru medel nediyittundu. handball ariyaatha rajyangalil, prathyekichu 2012leeii olimbiksil pole englandu polulla handball pravaasikalil olimpiks nadathumbol, maadyama thaalpparyavum coverage akarshikkunnathilum olimpiks sradheyamaanu.

europemadhil handball "haah lekh" sangh "kinwa" olympic "handballchya khelabaddal aahe aanee american handballchya samaan navachya khelabaddal nahee. yaa lekhat 'handball' yaa shabdacha ayogya vapar mhanje europemadhye gharamadhye khelalya jaananya sanghachi vividhata asey samajale jaate."handball haah europechya bahutansh bhaganmadhye, visheshtah germany, france, spain, nordic desh aanee purvichya yugoslaviatil deshanmadhye sarvat lokpriy sanghik khelanpaiki eka aahe. niyamit leag kheldekhil anekada vikrisathi gardila teey khelalya jaananya sabhagruhankade aakarshit karatat aanee european handball parangat tyanchya khelache jyaa utkatatene aanee samarpanane anusaran karatat teey samaan nahee. samajoon ghya. handball tyachya vegwan gatisathi aanee uchch gunansathi sampoorn khandiy europemadhye olakhala jaato. 24:22 sarkhe parinam khoop samanya aahet aanee eka changla golrakshak sumare ardhe shots rokhu shakato. haat-dolhe-samanvay changlya rakhanyavyatirikt, handballsathi veg aanee takad aavashyak asate kaaran vegwan "pratiaakraman" heey yashasvi aakramanasathi mahattvapoorn ghatak asatat. handballche anek prakar lokpriy asale taree, tyanchya vegwan gatisah nordic sanghanchya varchasvamule, hawaman kahihi asso, varshbhar khelata yenyajogi antargehi vividhata haah khelacha pramukh prakar banala aahe aanee kiman 1970 pasoon vyavsayikdrushtya khelala jaanara ekmev prakar aahe. yaa khelat footballshee anek varvarchya samanata aahet parantu tyat basketballche ghatak dekhil aahet. khel jinkanyasathi maryadit uladhal haah aanakhi eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe kaaran changlya sthiteet fekanyacha yash darr thoda jaast asato. niyam. handball pratyeki saat kheladunche done sangh khelatat. chhotya sockerchya chendusarkha disanara chendu virodhi goalmadhye fekane heey khelache uddisht aahe. donhi golansamor ardhvartul golrakshak vagalata sarvansathi auph limit mhanoon spashtapane chinhankit kele jaate. yaa vartulat paul takalyas, aakramak khelasathi chenducha taba gamavane kinwa bachavatmak fayda midvanyasathi bachavane free throw kelyas shiksha hote. jaminivar maranyapurvi joparyant (kheladu) too golibar karato kinwa paas karato toparyant vartulat udee maranyachi parvanagi aahe aanee aadhunik handballmadheel haah eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe. eka khelala atirikt vel naan deta pratyeki tees minitanche done ardhvel lagatat. jevha khelat lamb antar yete kinwa sanghachi vel sampate tevha panchanchya vivekbuddhine vel thambavala jaato. jevha ardhya velechi vel nighun jaate, tevha khel lagech thambato. golarakshakavyatirikt konatahi kheladu kadhihi tyachya payanni kinwa payanni chendula sparsh karoo shakat nahee. faulsathi free-throdware kinwa-adhik gambhir gunhyanchya babatit-saat meater fekoon aanee done minitancha dand (mhanje.eae. ullanghan karananya kheladula done minitansathi bakavar pathavale jaate aanee kadachit tyachi jaaga ghetali jaanar nahee). saat meater fekane heey footballchya dandansarkhech asate, jyamadhye golrakshak haah ekmev kheladu asato jyala goalcha bachav karanyachi parvanagi asate. tyancha sahasa yashacha darr jaast asato aanee basketballmadhil mukt feknyanpramanech khel khelanyacha eka mahattvacha ghatak asato. badali konatyahi velee aanee konatyahi sankhyene kelee jaau shakate parantu keval madhyareshevar. footballchya ulat, jithe sanghala jitke rakshanatmak aanee nishkriyapane khelanyapasun rokhane shakya aahe, titka virodhi sangh aahe, tethe 'nishkriy khel' viruddha niyam aahet. basketballchya vipareet heey shaut ghadyaladvare mojale jaat nahee, tarr panchancha nirnay joou yenanya dandacha ishara denyasathi haat varr karel aanee tyanantar guna midvanyacha prayatna karnyapurvi sahaa peksha jaast pasachi parvanagi dilee jaat nahee. passive khelat badal naan karata vishisht kalavadhi (sahasa paach teey daha sekand) gelyanantar punch dand dekhil lagoo karel. nishkriy khelasathi dand mhanje chenduvar taba gamavane aanee virodhi sanghasathi mukt fekane. adhik aakramak khelala protsahan denyasathi, 2010 chya dashakat niyamat badal karnyat aala qee golrakshak khelavala jaau shakato aanee khelachya darmyan konatyahi velee atirikt maidani kheladudware tyachi jaaga ghetali jaau shakate. tathapi, yamule vegwan pratiaakraman honyacha dhoka aanakhi vadhato, visheshtah jarr golrakshak velevar maidanavar parat yeu shakat nasel. rashtriy leag spardha. france. francemadhil pramukh spardha mhanje ligg national dii handball spain. spainmadhil pramukh spardha mhanje liga assoble dii balonmano germany. german handball bundesliga khelachya upasthitimadhye aanee-vadatit-khelachya gunavattet handballchya jagaat aaghadivar aahe. pratham shreniche sangh deshbharat astitvat asale taree, tyapaiki sarvottam uttarekadil asatat, jithe handballcha utsah sarvat jaast asato. german leegne nehmich paradeshi pratibhanna aakarshit kele aahe aanee germany 2016 madhye handballcha vidyaman european vijeta asalyane, bahutek mothee nave germanymadhye khelatat. aantarrashtriy spardha. aantarrashtriy spardhanmadhye mothya pramanat european deshanche varchasva aahe, tathapi, jyaa sahajatene prasthapit kheladu dekhil rashtriy sangh badaloo shakatat tyamule katarcha, jawaljawal purnapane naisargik gair-arabcha samavesh asalelya sanghacha, vilakshan uday jhaala aahe. ehf champions leag. handballchya jagatil club sanghansathi eae. etch. eff. champian leag hii sarvat pratishthit spardha aahe. 1990 chya dashakachya madhyapasoon yethe mukhytah spanish aanee german sanghanche varchasva aahe. european ajinkyapad spardha. european ajinkyapad spardhanmadhye pratibhechi khoop jaast ghanata aanee creeda pratispardhyanmadhil tivra samne asatat. purushanchi aavrutti darr done varshanni aayojit kelee jaate aanee shevatchi 2018 madhye croatia yethe aayojit kelee gelee hotee. nordic desh, germany aanee france yanni aitihasikdrushtya european ajinkyapad spardhanvar varchasva gajavale aahe. 2016 madhye sweedenne chaar, tyanantar francene teen, germany aanee denmarkne pratyeki done aanee russiane eka vijetepad patkavale. spenne 2018 madhye pahile vijetepad jinkale. mahilanchi european ajinkyapad spardha ekach varshi aayojit kelee jaate parantu vegvegalya thikani aanee vegvegalya tarkhanvar aayojit kelee jaate. strichya bajoone nordic varchasva aanakhi spasht aahe. norweyne sahaa vela, denmarkne teen vela aanee hangeri aanee montenegrone pratyeki eka suvarnapadak jinkale aahe. shevatcha karyakram november/december 2018 madhye francemadhye aayojit karnyat aala hota. jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha. aitihasik varchasva asalelya deshanchya baher handballcha chahata varg vadhavanyasathi kadhikadhi europechya baher jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha aayojit kelya jaatat, tarr bahutek jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha european rashtranmadhye aayojit kelya jaatat aanee jinkalya jaatat. apavad mhanje katar (jyane 2014 aavruttiche yajmanpad bhushavale aanee dusya kramankavar aale) aanee brazil jyane 2013 madhye mahila vishvachashak jinkla. 2019 aavrutti germany aanee denmarkmadhye aayojit karnyat aalee hotee-prathamach done desh sanyukt yazman jhaale aahet. olympic. aantarrashtriy handballmadheel pramukh spardha olympic aahe aanee tyat jagbharatil sangh asatat, padakandware ajunahi european deshanche varchasva aahe. purushanchya handballmadhe olympicmadhye padak jinkanara aataparyantcha ekmev bigger-europeey sangh mhanje dakshin koria, jyane 1988 madhye khelanche yajmanpad bhushavalyavar raupyapadak jinkale. tathapi, mahila spardhet dakshin koreane anek vela padak manankanat pravesh keela aahe, jyat donada suvarnapadak jinkane aanee chinanehi padak jinkane samavisht aahe. visheshtah 2012 chya olympickpramane englandsarkhya handball diasporamadhye olympic aayojit kele jaatat tevha, handball anyatha adnyat asalelya deshanmadhye madhyamanchi ruchi aanee coverage aakarshit karnyasathi olympic dekhil ullekhaneey aahet.

europema handball "yo lekh" tolly "wa" olympic "handbalko khelko barema how rar americi handbalko saman naam diieko khelko barema hoina. yass lekhma "handball" shabdako ayogya prayogko artha europema indorma khelieko toliko vividhata how bhanera bujhinchha."handball yuropko dherai bhagma, vishesh gari germany, france, spain, nordic deshharu rar purva yugoslaviaka deshharuma sabaibhanda lokpriya tolly khelharu madhye ek how. niyamit ligg khelharule pani prayaha halharuma bikri hune bhidlai akarshit gardacha jahaan yo khelinchha rar june josh rar samarpanle europeli handball parkhiharule uniharuko khellai pachhyaunchan tyo barabar hundaina. bujhnuhos. handball yasako druta gati rar uccha scoreka lagi mahadwipiya yuropbhari parichit chha. 24:22 jasta parinamharu dherai samanya chhan rar ek ramro golkiperle lagbhag adha satharu rokna saksham hunchha. ramro haat-aankha-samanwayako atirikta, handballai gati rar shakti chahinchha kinki druta "counteratyakharu" safal akramanma mahatwapurna tatwaharu hun. handbalka dherai prakarharu lokpriya bhae tapani, tiniharuko chhito gatisanga nordic toliharuko prabhutwale indor vividhatalai banaeko chha june mausamko parwah nagari warshabhari khelna sakinchha, rar kamtima 1970 ko dashakdekhi wyawasayik rupma kheline ek matra khel how. yass khelsanga footbalsanga dherai satahi samanataharu chhan tara yasama basketbalka tatwaharu pani chhan. simit turnoverharu khelharu jitnako lagi arko mahatwapurna tatwa how kinki ramrosanga rakhieko throharuko safalta darr dherai uccha chha. niyamharu. handball satjana kheladika dui tolile khelchhan. khelko lakshya bhaneko vipakshi golma ball fyaanknu how, june sano football ball jasto dekhinchha. duwai golko agadi ardhawrittalai golrakshakbahek sabaika lagi aff simaka rupma spashta rupma chihnit garinchha. yass sarkalma prawesh garda akramanka lagi balko kabja gumaune wa rakshatmak faida prapta garna defencele gareko free throdwara sajaya diinchha. sarkalma jampinglai kabja garieko kheladilai anumati diinchha jabasamma usale bhuinma hirkaunu aghi goli hanchha wa pass gardacha rar yo adhunik handballma ek mahatwapurna tatwa how. euta khelle kunai atirikta samaya bina pratyek tees minetko dui adha linchha. khelma lamo antaral hunda wa tolly timeautko samayama refreeharuko vivekma samaya rokinchha. jab adha samaya bityo, khel turuntai rokinchha. goalkiperbahek kunai pani kheladile kunai pani samayama afno khutta wa khuttale ball chhune chhaina. faulharulai free-throharudwara danda diinchha wa-adhik gambhir aparadhharuko mamalama-saat mitter throw rar dui minetko penalty (arthat.ei. ullanghan garne kheladilai dui minetka lagi benchma pathainchha rar pratisthapan nahun sakchha). saat mitterko throw football penalty jastai hunchha jasma golrakshaklai matra golko raksha garne anumati diinchha. tiniharusanga samanyataya uccha safalta darr hunchha rar basketbalma free throw jastai khel khelko ek mahatwapurna tatwa how. pratisthapanharu kunai pani samayama rar kunai pani sankhyama garna sakinchha tara midfield linema matra. footbalko viparit jahaan tolilai rakshatmak rar nishkriya rupma khelnabata rokne ek matra kura vipakshi tolly how, tyahan "nishkriya khel" viruddha niyamharu chhan. basketbalko viparit yo sutt ghadidwara mapan garindaina tara refreeko nirnaya jasle asanna penaltiko chetawani dina afno haat uthaunechha rar tyasapachhi score garne prayas garnu aghi chha bhanda badhi pasharu anumati diindaina. refreele nishkriya khelma pariwartan nagari nishchit samaya (samanyataya panchdekhi das second) bitisakepachi pani penalty lagu garnechha. nishkriya khelka lagi penalty bhaneko balko kabja gumaunu rar vipakshi tolika lagi free throw how. thap akramak khellai protsahit garna, 2010 ko dashakma niyam pariwartan sthapana garieko thiyo kii golkiparlai khelka kramama kunai pani samayama atirikta field playerle tanna rar pratisthapan garna sakinchha. yadyapi, yasale druta pratiakramanko jokhimlai thap badhaunchha, vishesh gari yadi goalkeeper samayamai maidanma farkin sakdaina bhane. rashtriya ligg pratiyogitaharu. france. franceko pramukh pratiyogita ligg national day handball spain how. spainko pramukh pratiyogita liga assoble day balonmano germany how. german handball bandesligale khelko upasthiti rar-yakinan-khelko gunastarma handball sansarko netritwa gardacha. jabki pratham division toliharu deshbhari awasthit chhan, tiniharu madhye sabai bhanda ramro uttarbata hune gardacha, jahaan handbalko utsaha sabaibhanda baliyo hunchha. german ligle sadhain videshi pratibhaharulai akarshit gareko chha rar germany 2016 maa handbalko wartaman europeli champion bhaeko karan, adhikansh thula namharu germanyma khelchhan. antarrashtriya pratiyogitaharu. antarrashtriya pratiyogitaharuma europeli deshharuko prabhutwa chha, yadyapi, sthapit kheladiharule pani rashtriya toliharu pariwartan garna sakne sahajtale katarko tarakiya udayalai saksham banaeko chha, lagbhag purna rupma prakritik gaira-arabharu bhaeko tolly. ehf champions ligg. ehf champion ligg handball sansarma club toliharuka lagi sabaibhanda pratishthit pratiyogita how. sann 1990 ko dashakko madhyadekhi nai yasama spanis rar german toliharuko prabhutwa raheko chha. european championship. europeli championshipma pratibhako dherai uccha ghanatwa rar khelkud pratidwandiharu bitch tiwra match apaharu chhan. purush sanskaran pratyek dui warshama ayojit hunchha rar antim patak croasiama 2018 maa ayojit garieko thiyo. uttari deshharu, germany rar francelay aitihasik rupma europeli championshipma prabhutwa jamaeka chhan. sann 2016 maa swidenle charawata upadhi jiteko thiyo bhane francelay tinn, germany rar denmarkle dui-dui rar rasiyale ek upadhi jiteko thiyo. spainle sann 2018 maa afno pahilo upadhi jityo. mahila europeli championship ekai warshama ayojit garinchha tara vibhinna siteharu rar farak mitiharuma. mahila pakshama nordic prabhutwa ajha spashta chha. nervele chha patak, denmarkle tean patak rar hangeri rar montenegrole ek-ek swarna padak jiteka chhan. antim karyakram november/december 2018 maa francema ayojit bhaeko thiyo. vishwa championship. vishwa championshipharu kahilekaahin europe bahira handbalko fyan adharlai wistar garna ayojit garinchha jahaan yasale aitihasik rupma prabhutwa jamaeko chha, adhikansh vishwa championshipharu europeli rashtraharuma ayojit hunchhan rar jitchhan. ullekhaniya apawadharu katar (jasle 2014 sanskaranko ayojana gareko thiyo rar dosro sthanma aeko thiyo) rar brazil jasle 2013 maa mahila vishwakap jiteko thiyo. 2019 sanskaran germany rar denmarkma ayojit bhaeko thiyo-pahilo patak dui deshharu sanyukta ayojak bhaeka chhan. olympic. antarrashtriya handballma pramukh pratiyogita olympic how, rar padakharu marfat vishwabharka toliharu prastut gardacha, ajhai pani europeli deshharuko prabhutwa chha. ajasamma, purush handballma olympic padak jitne ek matra gaira-europeli tolly dakshin korea how, jasle sann 1988 maa khelharu ayojana garda rajat padak jityo. mahila pratiyogita, yadyapi dakshin korealai dherai patak padakko sthitima prawesh gareko dekhaieko chha, jasma dui patak swarna padak jitnu rar chinle pani padak jiteko chha. olampikharu handball anyatha agyat deshharuma mediako chaso rar kabharej akarshit garnama pani ullekhaniya chhan, vishesh gari jab olampikharu 2012 olampikharuma jastai england jasta handball diasporama ayojit garinchha.

juropare handball "ehi lekhati" dala "kimba" alympic "handball khela bishajare ebong americae handball rahr samaana naama khela bishajare nuhen . ehi nibandhare "handball" shabdar anah-jogya byabaharara artha juropare ghara bhitare khelajaithiba dalara bibidhata bolly bujhi hue ."handball heuchhi yuropara adhikansha sthanare, bisesh curry germany, frances, spain, nordic desh ebong purbatana jugoslaviaara deshagudikare sabutharu lokpriya dalgat khela madhyaru gotie. epariki nijamita ligg khelagudika madhya prajatah bikrajakhyama bhidaku halgudiku akarshita karithae jeunthare ehaa khelajae ebong europeah handball abhigyamane jeun utsaha ebong utsargeekrutataara saha semananka khelaku anusarana karanti taaha samaana nuhen . bujhantu. handball ehara druta gati ebong uccha score paain samagra mahadeshiah juropare janashuna . 24:22 bhali phalaphal bahuta sadharana ebong jane bhal golarakhyaka praiah adhaa satku abarodh karibare sakhyama . bhal haata-aakhi-samanwaja byatita, handball bega ebong shakti aabasyaka kare kaaran druta "pratiakramana" eka saphala akramanara gurutwapurna upadan . jadio aneka prakarara handball lokpriya hoichhi, semanankara druta bega sahita nordic dalara pradhanya indor bibidhataku khelara prabhabasali roop karichhi jaahaa panipaga nirbisheshare barshasara khelajaipariba, ebong kebala eka bruttigata bhabare khelajauchhi ati kamare 1970 dashakaru . ehi khelara football sahita aneka uparibhaga samanata rahichhi kintu ethire basketabalara upadan madhya rahichhi. seemita karbar heuchhi match jitibare anya eka gurutwapurna upadan kaaran bhal sthanare nikhyepara saphalata haara apekhyakruta adhika . niam. handball duiti dala dwara khelajae jeunthire pratyeka saata john khelali achanti. khelara lakhya heuchhi balku, jaahaa eka khudra football bull pari dekhajae, birodhi goal bhitaraku phingideba . ubhaja goal sammukhare eka ardhabrutta golarakhyakanka byatita samastanka paain off seema bhabare spust bhabare chinhita . ehi bruttare paada rakhiba paain aakraman paain balra dakhal haraiba kimba jadi pratirakhya dwara eka rakhyanatmaka laabh hassel kariba paain eka free throw dwara dandita karajae . bruttare deinba jane khelalinka paain anumathi diajaichhi, je parjyanta shay bhumire aaghata kariba purbaru guli karanti kimba passes karanti ebong ehaa adhunika handball ray eka gurutwapurna upadan . gotie khelare kaunasi atirikta samai bina pratyekati tirish minitor dui ardheka samai lagithae. jetebele khelara eka dirgha birati ghate kimba eka dala samai samapta samajare refareenka bibechanara aadhaarare samai banda hoijae . adhaa samai sarijiba parey, khela turanta banda hoijae. golarakhyakanka byatita kaunasi khelali jekaunasi samajare taanka paada kimba goda dwara balku sparsha kariparibe naahin. faul gudika free-throw madhyamare dandita hue kimba-adhika gurutara aparadha khetrare-saata mitter throw ebong dui minitor penalty (arthat.ee. ullanghanakaree khelalinku dui minute paain benchaku pathajae ebong tanku badalajaipariba naahin). saata mitter throw football penalty sahita samaana, jeunthire golarakhyaka ekamatra khelali jie goal rakhya karibaku anumathi dianti . semanankara sadharanatah eka uccha saphalata haara achhi ebong basketabalare free throw pari khela khelara eka gurutwapurna upadan . jekaunasi samajare ebong jekaunasi sankhyare bikalpa karajaipariba kintu kebala midfield linere . phutabalare jeunthiki eka dalaku rakhyanatmaka ebong nishkriya bhabare khelibaru ekamatra jinish jaahaa ehaa pasanda kare taaha heuchhi birodhi dala, "nishkriya khela" biruddhare niam achhi . basketabalare ehaa eka sutt cluck dwara mapa karajae naahin barang refareenka raiah jie asanna penalty bishajare chetabani deba paain haata uthaibe jaahaa parey score karibaku chesta kariba purbaru chhaaru adhika passes anumathi naahin . eka nirdista samai (sadharanatah pancharu dasha second) atibahita heba parey, nishkriya khelare kaunasi paribartana nakari referee madhya zarimana laagu karibe. nishkriya khela paain penalty heuchhi bull dakhal haraiba ebong birodhi dala paain eka free throw . adhika aakramanatmaka khelaku prostahita kariba paain, 2010 dashakare eka niam paribartana karajaithila je goal rakhyakanku taani niajaipariba ebong khela samajare jekaunasi samajare jane atirikta khetra khelalinka dwara pratisthapita hoipariba . tebe, ehaa druta pratiaakramanara aashanka ahuri brudhi karithae, bisesh curry jadi golarakhyaka thick samajare padiaaku pheriparanti naahin. jatiah ligg pratijogita. frances. francere pramukh pratijogita heuchhi ligg national dii handball spain . spainer pramukh pratijogita heuchhi liga assoble dii balonmano germany. german handball bandesaliga khelara upasthiti ebong-juktijukta bhabare-khelara gunabattare handball biswara netrutwa neuchhi . pratham divijana dala saaraa deshare rahithiba bele, semananka madhyaru sarbottama uttararu asithanti, jeunthare handball utsaha sabutharu adhika rahithae. german ligg sarbada bideshi pratibhamananku akarshita karichhi ebong germany 2016 ray handball rahr europeah champion bhabare karjya karuthibaru, adhikansha budd naama germanyre khelanti . antarjatija pratijogita. antarjatija pratijogitagudikare europeah desagudikara pradhanya rahichhi, tathapi, jeun sahajare pratisthita khelalimane madhya jatiah dalaku badalai paribe, taaha katarara chamatkara utthanaku sakhyama karichhi, eka dala jaahaa praiah sampurna bhabare anah-aarabaku nei gathita . ehf champions ligg. handball bisware club dalagudika paain ehf champions ligg heuchhi sabutharu sammanajanaka pratijogita . 1990 dashkar madhyabhagaru ehaa mukhyatah spanian ebong german dala dwara pradhanya bistara karichhi. europeah championship. europeah championship ray pratibhara eka bahuta adhika ghanatwa ebong krida pratidwandinka madhyare tibra match up achhi . purush sanskarana prati dui barshare anusthita hue ebong shesh thara paain 2018 ray croasiare anusthita hoithila . nordic desh, germany ebong frances aitihasika bhabare europeah champianasipare pradhanya bistara karichanti. 2016ray swidena charoti title hassel karithila, taa 'parey frances tinoti, germany ebong denmark duiti lekhaen ebong rushia gotie lekhaen title hassel karithila. spain 2018 ray ehara pratham title jitithila. mahila europeah championship sehi barsha anusthita hue kintu bhinna bhinna sthana ebong bhinna bhinna tarikhare . naaree pakhyare nordic pradhanya ahuri adhika spust. narawe ehaaku chhaa thara jitichanti, denmark tinithara ebong hangeri ebong montenegro pratyeka gotie lekhaen swarna padaka jitichanti. shesh karjyakram navember/december 2018 ray francere anusthita hoithila . biswa championship. jeun deshagudikare handball aitihasika bhabe pradhanya bistara karichhi, sehi desagudika bahare ehara prashansakanka aadhaaraku byapaka kariba paain belebele europe bahare biswa championship ayojan karajaithae, adhikansha biswa championship europeah rastragudika dwara ajojita ebong jitithae. ullekhaneeah byatikramagudika heuchhi katara (jaahaa 2014 sanskaranara ayojan karithila ebong dwiteeja sthanare thila) ebong brazil jaahaa 2013 ray mahila biswakap jitithila. 2019 sanskarana germany ebong denamarkare anusthita hoithila-pratham thara paain dui desh milita aajojaka hoichhanti . olympics. antarjatija hyandabalare pramukh turnament heuchhi olympics, ebong padaka madhyamare biswara bibhinna sthanaru dalman pradarshita hue, jaahaa eparjyanta europeah deshamananka dwara pradhanya bistara kare . aaji parjyanta, purush hyandabalare alympic padaka jitithiba ekamatra anah-europeah dala heuchhi dakhina korea, jie 1988 ray khela ayojan kariba samajare roupya padaka jitithila. mahila turnament, tebe dakhina koriaaku aneka thara padaka maanare prabesha karithiba dekhibaku milichi, jeunthire duithara swarna padaka jitiba ebong chean madhya eka padaka jitichhi . jeun deshagudikare handball anyatha agyata, bisesh curry jetebele 2012 olympics bhali englanda bhali prabasi handball khelalinka madhyare olympics anusthita hoithae, sehi deshagudikare ganamadhyama agraha ebong kabharej akrusta karibare madhya alympic ullekhaneeah.

yoorap witch handball "ih lekh" team "jaan" olympic "handball dee khed baare haii naa kii amriki handball dee isey naam dee khed baare. iss lekh witch "handball" shabad dee ayog varton daa arth yoorap witch andruni taur utte khedi jaanh vaali team dee vibhinnta haii."handball yoorap dey bahut saare hissiaan, khaas karke germany, france, spain, nardic deshan atey sabka yugoslevia dey deshan witch sabh toon prasidh team khedan vicchon ikk haii. ithon takk kii niyamat leeg khedan vee aksar unhan haalan witch vikann vaali bheed noon khichdiaan hunn jitthe ih khedi jaandi haii atey european handball parkhi jiss janoon atey samarpan naal aapni khed dee palna karde hunn, uh barabar naheen haii. samajh jaao. handball aapni tez gatee atey ucch ankan laee poore mahandeepi yoorap witch janhiaa jaanda haii. 24:22 varge natije bahut aam hunn atey ikk changa goalkeeper lagbhag addhe shaat noon rokann dey yog hunda haii. change hatth-akkh-talmel toon ilava, handball noon gatee atey taakat dee zaroorat hundi haii kiunki tez "jawabi hamle" ikk safal hamle witch mahattavpuran tatt hunde hunn. jadon kii handball deeaan kaee kisman prasidh rahiaan hunn, nardic teaman dey dabdabe neey aapni tez gatee naal indor vibhinnta noon bnaa ditta haii joe mausam dee parwah keete binan saal bharr khedi jaa sakadi haii, atey ghatto ghatt 1970 dey dahake toon peshevar taur 'teey khedi jaanh vaali iklauti kisam haii. iss khed witch football naal bahut saariaan satahi samantavan hunn parr iss witch basketball dey tatt vee hunn. seemat turnover khedan jittan witch ikk horr mahattavpuran tatt haii kiunki changi tarahan rakkhe gaye suttan dee safalta darr kaafi ucchi haii. niyam. handball satt khidariaan deeaan doou teaman duaara khedi jaandi haii. khed daa teecha gend noon virodhi goal witch suttna haii, joe kii ikk chhoti jihi football gend vargi dikhai dindi haii. kise vee goal dey sahmane ikk aradh-chakkar noon goalkeeper noon chhadd keey saare laee seema toon bahr dey roop witch sapshat taur 'teey chinhit keeta jaanda haii. iss chakkar witch kadam rakkhan laee apradh laee gend dey kabze dey nuksan jaan ikk rakhiaatmak laabh prapat curran laee defence duaara keete jaanh 'teey ikk free throw duaara sazaa ditti jaandi haii. chakkar witch chhaal maaran dee aagiaa haii jadon takk ikk khidari zameen noon maaran toon pahilan goli chalaunda haii jaan paas karda haii atey ih aadhunik handball witch ikk mahattavpuran tatt haii. ikk khed witch 30 mint dey doou addh laggde hunn atey koee vadhu samaan naheen hunda. jadon khed witch lamma antral hunda haii jaan team timeout dey dauran hunda haii taan raifriaan dee marzi naal samaan roque ditta jaanda haii. jadon addha samaan beet jaanda haii, taan khed turant bnd hoow jaandi haii. goalkeeper toon ilava koee vee khidari kise vee samein aapne pair jaan lattan naal gend noon naheen chhuh sakda. faulan noon free-throa jaan-vadhere gambhir apradhan dey mamle witch-satt meeter suttan atey doou mint dey jurmane (bhaav.ee. doshi khidari noon doou mint laee bench 'teey bhejiaa jaanda haii atey hoow sakda haii kii uss noon badliaa naa jaave). satt meeter suttan vaale football panelty dey samaan hunde hunn kiunki goalkeeper noon goal daa bachaa curran dee aagiaa haii. uhanan dee aam taur utte ucch safalta darr hundi haii atey basketball witch free throw dey samaan khed khedan daa ikk mahattavpuran tatt hunda haii. badal kise vee samein atey kise vee ginti witch keete jaa sakde hunn parr siraf midfield line utte. football dey ulat jitthe ikk team noon rakhiaatmak atey gair-sargaram roop naal khedan toon rokann vaali iko cheez virodhi team haii, "paisiv play" dey virudh niyam hunn. basketball dey ulat iss noon ikk shaat ghadi duaara naheen maapiaa jaanda balki referee daa faisla joe aaunn vaale jurmane dee chetavani denh laee aapna hatth vadhayega, jiss toon baad score curran dee koshish toon pahilan chhe toon vaddh paas dee aagiaa naheen haii. referee ikk nishchit samaan (aam taur utte panj toon dass skint) beet jaanh toon baad paisiv khed witch tabdili keete binan jurmane noon lagu karega. paisiv play laee panelty gend dey kabze daa nuksan atey virodhi team laee ikk free throw haii. vadhere hamlawar khed noon utshahit curran laee, 2010 dey dahake witch ikk niyam tabdili sathapat keeti gaee see kii goalkeeper noon khichiaa jaa sakda haii atey khed dauran kise vee samein ikk vadhu feeled khidari duaara badliaa jaa sakda haii. halanki, ih tezi naal jawabi hamliaan dey jokham noon horr vadhaunda haii, khaskar jey goalkeeper samein sir maidaan 'teey waps naheen aaa sakda. rashtari leeg mukabale. france. france witch pramukh mukabala ligg national dee handball spain haii. spain witch pramukh mukabala leega assoble dee balonmano germany haii. german handball bandesliga khed dee hazri atey-yakinan-khed dee gunwatta witch handball dee dunia dee agvai karda haii. jadon kii desh bharr witch pahili division deeaan teaman maujood hunn, unhan vicchon sabh toon vadhiaa uttar toon hundiaan hunn, jitthe handball daa utshah sabh toon vaddh hunda haii. german leeg neey hamesha videshi pratibha noon aakarshit keeta haii atey jiven kii germany 2016 witch handball daa maujuda european champion see, ziaadaatar vadde naam germany witch khedade hunn. antarashtari mukabale. antarashtari mukabaliaan witch vadde paddhar utte european deshan daa dabdaba haii, halanki, jiss asani naal sathapat khidari vee rashtari teaman noon badal sakde hunn, neey qatar dey shandar ubhaar noon samrath banaiaa haii, ikk team jiss witch lagbhag puurii tarahan kudrati gair-araban shamal hunn. ee. aich. eff. champions leeg ee. aich. eff. champions leeg handball dee dunia witch club teaman laee sabh toon vakkari mukabala haii. 1990 dey dahake dey addh toon iss witch spanish atey german teaman daa vadda dabdaba riha haii. yurapi championship. european championship witch pratibha dee bahut ziaada ghanta atey khed virodhiaan darmiaan teebar match upp hunde hunn. purshan daa sanskaran harr doou saalan baad aayojit keeta jaanda haii atey aakhri vaar 2018 witch croatia witch aayojit keeta giaa see. nardic deshan, germany atey france neey itihasak taur utte european championship utte dabdaba banaiaa haii. saal 2016 witch, sweden neey chaar khitab jitte, iss toon baad france neey tinn, germany atey danmark neey doou-doou atey roos neey ikk khitab jittiaa. spain neey aapna pahila khitaab 2018 witch jittiaa see. mahila european championship use saal aayojit keeti jaandi haii parr vakkh-vakkh thaavan atey vakkh-vakkh tarikan 'teey aayojit keeti jaandi haii. nardic daa dabdaba mahila pakkh 'teey horr vee sapshat haii. narve neey chhe vaar, danmark neey tinn vaar atey hangri atey montenegro neey ikk-ikk soone tagma jittiaa haii. aakhri samagam navambar/dasambar 2018 witch france witch aayojit keeta giaa see. vishav championship. jadon kii vishav championship kaee vaar yoorap toon bahr aayojit keeti jaandi haii taan joe handball dey parshansak adhaar noon unhan deshan toon bahr vadhaiaa jaa sake jitthe iss daa itihasak dabdaba riha haii, ziaadaatar vishav championship european deshan duaara aayojit atey jittiaan jandiaan hunn. iss toon ilava qatar (jiss neey 2014 dey edition dee mezbani keeti see atey dooje sathaan 'teey aaiaa see) atey braazeel haii jiss neey 2013 witch mahila vishav kapp jittiaa see. 2019 daa edition germany atey danmark witch aayojit keeta giaa see-pahili vaar doven desh sanjhe mezban rahey hunn. olympic. antarashtari handball witch pramukh tournament olympic haii, atey iss witch dunia bharr deeaan teaman shamal hunn, tagmiaan raahin ajey vee european deshan daa dabdaba haii. hunn takk, purshan dey handball witch olympic tamga jittan vaali iklauti gair-european team dakkhni koria haii, jiss neey 1988 witch khedan dee mezbani karde samein chaandi daa tagma jittiaa see. mahila tournament, halanki dakkhni koria noon kaee vaar tamge dee sathiti witch dakhal hunde vekhiaa haii, jiss witch doou vaar soone tagma jittna atey cheen neey vee ikk tagma jittiaa haii. olympics uhanan deshan witch media dee dilchaspi atey coverage noon aakarshit curran witch vee mahattavpuran hunn jitthe handball horr anjaan haii, khaskar jadon olympic 2012 olympic witch england varge handball diaspora witch aayojit keete jaande hunn.

europe-deshe "hendball" iti lekhah "dalasya" athavaa "olympic" hendball-kreedaayaah vishaye asti, naa tu american-hendball-kreedaayaah samaan-naamayuktasya kreedaayaah vishaye. asmin lekhe "hyaand-baal" iti padasya ayogya-prayogasya arthah europe-deshe antah kridita dala-vividhataa iti iti manyate."hendball iteedam europe-deshasya adhikaamshakshetreshu, visheshatah germany, france, spen, nardic-desheshu, poorva-yugoslavia-desheshu cha lokapriyeshu dala-kreedaasu anyatam asti. niyamita-leag-kreedaasu api praayah vikraya-janasamooh tatra kridaalayaan prati aakarshyate yatra kreedyate, tathaa cha europiya-hastaka-bull-paarangataah swakreedaayaah anusaranam yat aawegen samarpanena cha kurvanti, tatt samaanam naa jaanaati. avaganotu. hastabala-creedaa sampoorne mahadvipiya-europe-deshe drutagatyaa uccha-ankaihi cha prasiddha asti. 24:22 ityadini parinaamaani atyantam samanyani santi, uttamah golrakshakah praayah ardha-praharan avarodhitum shaknoti. uttamm hasta-netra-samanvayam atirichya, hastakaushalam vegasya balasya cha aavashyakataa bhavati yatah drutagatyaa "pratisamhatih" iti safal-aakramanasy mahattvapoornaani tattvaani santi. yadyapi anekavidhaani hastaka-bull-kreedaani lokapriyaani santi, tathaapi nardic-dalanam drutagatyaa aadhipatyen, vaayugunasya avadhaanam avalambya varshaante kreeditum shakyate, tatt antahsth-kreedaayaah prabhedah abhavat, tathaa cha antatah 1970 tamaat dashakaat vyaavasaayikaroopen kreedyate. asmin kridaayaam saakar-kreedayaa saha bahavah uparisharteey-saadrushyaani santi, parantu basketball-kreedaayaah api tattvaani santi. kreedaam jitum seemita-vikrayanam anyat mahattvapoornam ghatakm bhavati yatah susthita-nikshepasya safalataayaah daraha tu adhikah bhavati. niyamaah. hendball kridaayaam sapta kreedakaah yukttau daladwayam kreedate. kreedaayaah lakshyam bhavati, laghu-saakar-kandukam iva drushyamaanam kandukam, virodha-goal madhye nikshepanam. kasyaapi golasya sammukhe ardhavruttam goalkeeper vihaay anyasya krute api apratrunasima iti spashtatayaa ankitam bhavati. asmin vruttam pravishataam akramanartham kandukasya adhipatyam nashtaat athavaa rakshatmakalabham praaptum raxanena mukta-nikshepena danditah bhavati. vruttam prati koordanam adhikaarayuktasya kridaakaarena anumatam asti yaavat saha bhoomau praharat poorvam shoot karoti athavaa paas karoti, aadhunik-hastakaushale mahattvapoornam tattvam asti. kridaayaam pratyekam trishanimeshasya ardhadwayam bhavati, atiriktah samayah naasti. yadaa kridaayaam deerghaavasaanam bhavati athavaa dalasya samayasamaapteh samaye bhavati tadaa nirnayakanam vivekaadhikaaren samayah sthagyate. yadaa ardhakaalah samaaptah bhavati tadaa tatkshanameva creedaa sthaganam. goalkeeper-varyena vihaay kasyaapi kreedakah kasyaapi samaye swapaanena paadaih vaa kandukam sprushitum naa shaknoti. faul-ityete free-thro-dwara danditaah bhavanti athavaa-adhika-gambhir-aparadhanam kshetre-saptameetar-thro, nimeshadwayam dandah (arthaat.ee. aparaadhinah kreedakaah nimeshadwayam yaavat peetham prati preshitaah bhavanti, tasya pratisthaapanam naa bhavet). saptameetar-thro-kreedaayaah dandah saakar-dandasya samaanah bhavati, yatah goalkeeper eva golasya rakshanarthm ekamaatrah kreedakah asti. teshaam safalataayaah daraha samanyataya ucchah bhavati, basketball-kridaayaam free-thro-prakaaren kreedaayaah mahattwapoornah ghatakah cha asti. pratisthapanani kasyaapi samaye, kasyaapi sankhyayam cha kartum shakyante, parantu kevalam madhyabhaage eva. saakar-kreedaayaah vipareetam yatra dalam yatat rakshanaatmakaroopen nishkriyaroopen cha kreeditum kevalam virodheedalam eva icchati, tatra "nishkriya-kreedaayaah" viruddham niyamaah santi. basketball-kreedaayaah apekshayaa etat shaat-gadiaren naa maapayate, apitu nirnayakena nirnayah bhavati yah asannasya dandasya vishaye chetayitum hastam utthaapayishyati, tadanantaram score-prayatnaat poorvam shut paas-taha adhikam naa anumanyate. nishchitakaalasy (samanyataya panchatah dash sekendaparyantam) anantaram, nishkriyakridaayaah parivartanam vinaa, nirnaayakah dandam api pravartayishyati. nishkriyakridaayaah dandah kandukasya aadhipatyasy haanih, pratidwandweedalebhyah mukta-nikshepa cha bhavati. adhika-akramanatmaka-kreedaayaah protsaahanaay 2010 tame dashake niyamaparivartanam aarabdham yat kreedaayaah samaye kasyaapi samaye goalkeeper-kreedakam taan api taan pratisthaapayitum shakyate. parantu, etena druta-prati-aakramanasy ashanka itoapi vardhate, visheshatah yadi goalkeeper samaye punah kshetram aagantum naa shaknoti. rashtriya-leag-spardhaah. fraams-deshe. france-deshasya pramukhah pratiyogitaa spen-deshasya lig-neshanel-day-hendball iti asti. spen-deshasya pramukhah pratiyogitaa ligaa-assoble-day-baalonmano-germany iti asti. german-deshasya hyaand-baal-bandesligaa-creedaa-upasthiti-vishaye tathaa-tarkayogyatayaa-kreedaayaah gunavattaayaah vishaye cha hyaand-baal-jagatam netrutvam karoti. yadaa sampoorne deshe prathamavibhaagasya dalaani santi, teshu uttamaah uttardishi santi, yatra hastaka-balasya utsahah prabalah bhavati. german-leag-leag-creedaa sarvadaa videsheey-pratibhaam aakarshayati, tathaa cha germany-deshah 2016 tame varshe hendball-kridaayaam europe-deshasya prabal-vijetuhu aasit, ataha adhikaamshaah pramukhah namaha germany-deshe kreedanti. antarashtriya-spardhaah. antarashtriya-pratiyogitaasu europe-deshasya adhipatyam vartate, tathaapi, sthapita-kreedakaah api yathaa sulabhataya rashtriya-dalaan parivartayitum shaknuvanti, tatt kataar-ityasya vilakshan-udayah samarthayat, yat praayah sampurnataya praakrutika-arab-rahita-dalam asti. e. ech. ef. champions leag. e. ech. ef. champion-leag iti spardhaa, hendball-jagate club-dalanam krute atyantam pratishtitah spardhaa asti. 1990 tamasya dashakasy madhyabhagat asya upari spen-german-dalanam adhipatyam vartate. europe-pratiyogitaah. europe-championship-kreedaasu pratibhayaha ateeva uccha-ghanatvam, creedaa-pratidwandweenaam madhye teevra-spardhaah cha bhavanti. purushaanaam samskaranam prativarsham varshadvaye aayojyate, antimavaaram 2018 tame varshe croatia-nagare aayojitam aasit. nardic-deshaah, germany, france cha aitihaasikaroopena europiya-pratiyogitaa-spardhaasu adhipatyam vahanti sma. 2016 tame varshe sweeden-deshe chatwaarah upadhayah praaptavantah, tadanantaram francey trayah, germany-denmark-deshe dwau, rashiyadeshe ekaha cha upadhayah praaptah. spen-deshah 2018 tame varshe prathamam upaadhim praapnot. mahilanam europe-pratiyogitaah tasmin eva varshe aayojyante, parantu bhinnasthaaneshu bhinna-dineshu cha aayojyante. nardic-adhipatyam mahilaa-pakshe api adhikam spashtam asti. naarve-deshah shut praavashyam, denmark-deshah trivaaram, tathaa cha hangeree-montenegro-deshayoho pratyekam swarnapadakam praaptam. antimah kaaryakramah 2018 tamavarshasya november/december-maase francey abhavat. vishva-pratiyogitaah. yadyapi vishva-pratiyogitaah kadaachit europe-deshaat bahihi aayojyante, yatra aitihaasikaroopena adhipatyam vartate, tebhyah deshanam bahihi, hendball-kreedaayaah prashamsakamoolasya vistaaraartham, adhikaamsha-vishva-pratiyogitaah europe-raashtraih aayojitaah vijetaah cha bhavanti. ullekhaneeyaani apavaadaani santi kataar (yat 2014 samskaranasya aatitheyatvam krutvaa dwiteeyasthaane aasit), tathaa cha 2013 tame varshe mahilaa-vishvakap jitaha brazil-deshah. 2019 samskaranam germany-denmark-deshayoho aayojitam aasit-prathamavaaram dwau deshau samyukta-atitheya-deshau stah. olympic-kridaayaam. antarashtriya-hastaka-bull-kridaayaam pramukha-pratiyogitaa olympic-creedaa asti, yatra vishvasya vividhabhaagaat dalaani santi, padakeshu europe-deshasya adhipatyam adyaapi vartate. adyaparyantam, purushaanaam hyaand-baal-kridaayaam olympic-padakam jitum ekaikah europe-itarah dalah dakshinakoriya asti, yah 1988 tame varshe kreedaayaah aatitheyate rajatpadakam praapnot. tathaapi mahilaa-pratiyogitaayaam dakshinakoriya-deshah anekavaaram padaka-maanake pravishat, yasmin dvivaaram swarnapadakam jitavaan, cheena-deshah api padakam jitavaan. olympic-kreedaah api, yatra hendball-creedaa anyataya adnyaatam asti, tatra desheshu madhyamanam ruchim prasaarane, prasaarane cha ullekhaneeyaani santi, visheshatah yadaa 2012 tame varshe olympic-kreedaasu england-deshe iva hendball-kreedaayaah ayojanam bhavati.

iroappaavil kaippandhu "inthak katturai" anii "allathu" olympic "kaippandhu vilaiyaattaip pattriyathu, america kaippandhu vilaiyaattaip pattriyathu alla. inthak katturaiyil "handball" endra vaarthaiyin thaguthiyattra payanpaadu iroappaavil udpuraththil vilaiyaadappadum anii vagaiyaik kurikkirathu endru purinthu kollappadugiradhu."iroappaavin perumbaguthiyil, kurippaaga jermani, brance, speyin, nortic naadugal mattrum munnaal yugoslaviavin naadugalil handball migavum pirabalamaana anii vilaiyaattukalil ontraakum. valakkamaana leak vilaiyaattukal kooda perumpaalum adhu vilaiyaadappadum arangkugalukku virpanaiyaana koottaththai eerkkirathu, maelum iroappiya kaippandhu aarvalargal thangal vilaiyaattaip pinpattrum aarvamum arppanippum samamaaga illai. purinthukollungal. handball adhan vaekamaana vaegam mattrum adhiga mathippenkalukku iropa kandam muzhuvathum ariyappadugirathu. 24:22 poantra mudivugal migavum podhuvaanavai mattrum oru nalla goalkeeper paathi shaatkalaith thaduka mudiyum. nalla kaii-kann-orunginaippukku koodudhalaaga, kaippandhu vaekaththaiyum valimaiyaiyum koorukirathu, aenenil viraivaana "ethir thaakkuthalkal" oru vetrtrikaramaana thaakkuthalil mukkiyamaana koorugalaagum. pala vagaiyaana kaippandhu pirabalamaaga irunththapoathilum, nortic anigalin adhiga vaekaththudan avattrin aathikkam, vaanilai ethuvaaka irunththaalum aandu muzhuvathum vilaiyaadakkoodiya udpura vagaiyai vilaiyaattin maelaathikka vadivamaaga maattriyullathu, maelum kurainthapatcham 1970 kazhil irunthu thozhil reethiyaaga vilaiyaadappadum oray ontraakum. inththa vilayaattu kaalpandhudan pala melottamaana ottrumaikalaik kondullathu, aanaal koodaippandhu koorugalaiyum kondullathu. nanku vaikkapatta veesudhalin vettri vigitham athigamaaga iruppathaal, aattangkalai velvathil varuvaai kattuppaadu mattroru mukkiyamaana amsamaagum. vithigal. kaippandhu vilayaattai aezhu veerargal konda irandu anigal vilaiyaadugindrana. oru miniature kaalpandhu pandhu poala thoattramalikkum pandhai ethir ilakkil veesuvathae vilaiyaattin kurikkoal. irandu koolgalukkum munnaal oru arai vattamaanathu koolkeepparaith thavira mattra anaivarukkum varampattrathaaka thelivaaga kurikkappadugiradhu. inththa vattaththirkul kaaladi vaikkumpoathu, thaakkuthal nadaththiyatharkaaga pandhu vaiththiruppathai izhappathu allathu tharkaappu nanmaiyaip pera paathukaappaal seithaal free throw moolam thandikkappadukirathu. tharaiyil adippatharku munbu sudum varai allathu kadanthu sellum varai oru veerar vattaththirkul kuthikka anumathikkappadugiraar, maelum idhu naveena kaippandhu vilaiyaattil oru mukkiyamaana amsamaagum. oru vilayaattu koodudhal neram illaamal thalaa muppathu nimidangalaik konda irandu paathikalai edukkum. vilaiyaattil oru neenda idaiveli aerpadum poathu allathu oru anii diamoutin poathu naduvargalin viruppappadi neram niruththappadukirathu. paathi neram mudinthathum, vilayaattu udanadiyaaga niruththappadum. koolkeepparaith thavira endha veerarum endha neraththilum thanathu kaalgal allathu kaalgalaal pandhaith thodakkoodaathu. fowls free-throakkal moolam thandikkappadugindrana allathu-migavum kadumaiyaana kuttrangal aerpattaal-aezhu meettar erithal mattrum irandu nimida abaraatham (athaavathu.ii. kuttram saattiya veerar irandu nimidangalukku benjukku anuppappadugiraar, maelum avar maattrappadaamal poagalaam). aezhu meettar erithal kaalpandhu abaraathangkalaip poantrathu, idhil goalkeeper mattumae koalaip paathukaakka anumathikkappadugiraar. avai podhuvaaga adhiga vettri vigithaththaik kondullana, maelum koodaippandhu vilaiyaattil free throakkalaip poalavae vilayaattu vilaiyaattin mukkiyamaana angkamaagum. idamaattrangkal endha neraththilum endha ennilum seiyappadalaam, aanaal midfield lineil mattumae. kaalpandhil oru anii virumbiyapadi thartkaappudanum seyalattra thanmaiyudanum vilaiyaaduvathaith thadukkum oray vishayam ethir aniyaagum, "seyalattra vilaiyaattukku" ethiraaga vithigal ullana. koodaippandhu poalallaamal idhu oru shhaat kadikaaratthaal alavidappaduvathillai, maaraaga naduvar thanathu kaiyai uyarththi varavirukkum abaraatham kuritthu echcharikkiraar, adhan piragu score seiya muyarchikkum muun aaru paaskalukku mael anumathikkappaduvathillai. naduvar oru kuripitta neeraththirkup piragu (vazhakkamaaga ainthu muthal paththu vinaadigal) seyalattra vilaiyaattil maattram illaamal abaraathaththai amalpaduththuvaar. seyalattra vilaiyaattukku abaraatham enbathu pandhu udaimai izhappu mattrum ethir anikku oru free throw aagum. maelum thaakkuthal vilayaattai ookkuvikka, 2010 kazhil oru vidhi maattram niruvappattathu, cole keepparai izhuththu, vilaiyaattin poathu endha neraththilum oru koodudhal kazha veeraraal maattrappadalaam. iruppinum, idhu viraivaana ethir thaakkuthalkalin abaayatthai maelum athikarikkirathu, kurippaaga goalkeeper sariyaana neraththil kazhaththirkuth thirumba mudiaavittaal. thaesiya leak poattikal. brance. brancil muthanmaiyaana poatti speyin naattin ligu national dii handball aagum. spainin muthanmaiyaana poatti liga assobal dii balanmano jermani aagum. jerman kaippandhu bandeslica vilayaattu varugai mattrum-vaathidakkoodiya-vilaiyaattin tharaththil kaippandhu ulagaththai vazhinadaththukirathu. muthal pirivu anigal naadu muzhuvathum irukkumpoathu, avattril siranthavai vadakkil irunthu varukintrana, angku kaippandhu urchaagam valuvaaga irukkum. jerman leak eppoathum velinaattu thiramaikalai eerththullathu, maelum 2016 aam aandil jermani handball poattiyil iroappiya saambiyanaaga irunthathaal, perumpaalaana periya peyarkal germanyil vilaiyaadugindrana. sarvadesa poattikal. sarvadesa poattikal perumpaalum iroappiya naadugalaal aathikkam seluththappadugindrana, iruppinum, niruvapatta veerargal kooda thaesiya anigalai maattrakkoodiya elimai, kittatthatta muttrilum iyarkaiyaana arapkal allaatha aniyaik konda kaththaarin natchatthira ezhuchchikku uthaviyathu. ehf sampions leak. handball ulagil kilap anigalukkaana migavum mathippumikka poattiyaaga ehf sampions leak ullathu. 1990kalin naduppaguthiyil irunthu spanish mattrum jerman anigal perumpaalum aathikkam seluththi varukintrana. iroappiya saambiyanship. iroappiya saambiyanship poattikalil adhiga thiramai mattrum vilayaattu poattiyaalargalidaiyae theeviramaana poatti poattikal ullana. aangal pathippu irandu aandugalukku orumurai nadaththappadukirathu, idhu kadaisiyaaga 2018 aam aandil groashiyaavil nadaipettrathu. nortic naadugal, jermani mattrum brance aagiyavai varalaattru reethiyaaga iroappiya saambiyanshippil aathikkam seluththiyullana. 2016 aam aandil, sweeden naanku pattangkalaiyum, adhaith thodarnthu brance moontru pattangkalaiyum, jermani mattrum denmark thalaa irandu pattangkalaiyum, russia oru pattaththaiyum petrtrana. speyin thanathu muthal pattatthai 2018 ill ventrathu. penkal iroappiya saambiyanship poattikal oray aandil nadaththappadugindrana, aanaal vevvaeru thazhangal mattrum vevvaeru thaethigalil nadaththappadugindrana. nortic aathikkam penn pakkaththil innum athigamaaga ullathu. norway aaru muraiyum, denmark moontru muraiyum, hangeri mattrum montenegro thalaa oru thangap pathakkaththaiyum ventrullana. kadaisiyaaga navambar/disambar 2018 ill brancil inththa nigazhvu nadaipettrathu. ulaga saambiyanship. ulaga saambiyanship poattikal sila nerangalil iroappaavukku veliyae nadaththappadugindrana, idhu varalaattru reethiyaaga aathikkam seluththiya naadugalukku veliyae kaippandhu rasigargalin thalaththai virivupaduththukirathu, perumpaalaana ulaga saambiyanship poattikal iroappiya naadugalil nadaththappattu vettri perugindrana. katthaar (2014 pathippai nadaththiyathu mattrum irandaavathu idaththil vanthathu) mattrum 2013 aam aandil penn ulagak kooppaiyai ventra brazil aagiyavai kurippidatthakka vithivilakkukal. 2019 pathippu jermani mattrum denmarkil nadaipettrathu-muthal muraiyaaga irandu naadugalum koottu hoastkalaaka irunththana. olympic. sarvadesa kaippandhu vilaiyaattil muthanmaiyaana poatti olympic aagum, maelum ulagengkilum ulla anigal idhil pankerkindrana, pathakkangkal moolam innum iroappiya naadugal aathikkam seluththugindrana. intruvarai, aangal kaippandhu poattiyil olympic pathakkam ventra oray iroappiya allaatha anii thenn koria aagum, idhu 1988 aam aandil vilaiyaattukalai nadaththiyapoathu vellip pathakkam ventrathu. penkal poatti, iruppinum thenn koria pala murai pathakka tharavarisaiyil nuzhainthathu, idhil irandu murai thangap pathakkam ventrathu, seenaavum oru pathakkam ventrullathu. kurippaaga 2012 olimpikkil irunthathaip poala englaanthu poantra kaippandhu pulampeyarnthoaril olympic poattikal nadaiperum poathu, handball ariyappadaatha naadugalil uudaga aarvaththaiyum seithigalaiyum eerppathil olympic kurippidaththakkathu.

airopalo handball "eee vyaasam" jattu "ledhaa" olympic "handball creeda gurinchi, adhe paerutoe unna american handball creeda gurinchi kaadu. eee vyaasamlo "handball" anae padaanni arhata laeni vidhamgaa upayoginchadam antey airopalo inti lopala aadee jattu vaividhyam anie ardham."airopalo chaalaa varaku, mukhyamgaa germany, france, speyin, nordic deshaalu mariyu maajee yugoslavia deshaalalo handball atyanta prajaadarana pondina jattu creedalalo okati. saadhaarana leag atalu kooda tarachugaa adhi aadee haallaku ammudupoye janaalanu aakarshistaayi mariyu european handball praaveenyulu vaari kreedanu anusarinche abhiruchi mariyu ankitabhaavaaniki samanamga teliyadu. ardham chesukondi. handball daani vegavantamaina vegam mariyu adhika skorlaku khandantara airopa antataa prasiddhi chendindi. 24:22 vanti phalitaalu chaalaa saadhaaranam mariyu oka manchi goalkeeper sagam shaatlanu nirodhinchagaladu. manchi chethi-kanti-samanvayamtho paatu, handball vegavantamaina "edurudaadi" vijayavantamaina daadiloo keelakamaina amsaalu kabatti vegam mariyu balam avasaram. handball yokka aneka rakalu prachuryam pondinappatikee, nordic jatla aadhipatyam vaati vegavantamaina vegamtho vaataavaranamtho sambandham lekunda edaadi podavunaa aadagalige indor vaividhyaanni aata yokka aadhipatya roopamgaa chesindi mariyu kaneesam 1970la nundi vruttiparamgaa aadina ekaikadi. eee creeda saakartho aneka uparitala saaruupyatalanu kaligi undhi, conny basketball yokka amsaalanu kooda kaligi undhi. baga unchina throw vijayala raetu chaalaa ekkuvagaa unnanduna atalu gelavadamlo turnoverlanu parimitam cheyadam maroka keelakamaina amsam. niyamaalu. handballnu eduguru aatagaallato kuudina rendu jatlu aadataayi. aata yokka lakshyam emitante, chinna sacker banthi laaga kanipinche bantini pratyarthi goal loki visireyadam. yea goal mundu ayina, goalkeeper tappa andarikee off limitsga semee circle spashtamgaa gurtinchabadutundi. eee vruttamloki adugu pettadam valana daadi kosam banthi swaadheenam kolpovadam ledhaa rakshanaatmaka prayojanaanni pondadaaniki rakshana dwara chesinatlayithe free throw dwara sikshinchabadataaru. neelanu kotte mundu (luu) shoot chesinanta varaku ledhaa paas chesinanta varaku sarkilloki dookadam anumatinchabadutundi mariyu idhi aadhunika handball loe keelakamaina amsam. oka aataku adanapu samayam lekunda okkokkati muppai nimishala rendu bhagalu padutundi. aatalo sudeergha viramam sambhavinchinappudu ledhaa jattu timeavoot samayamlo refereela abheeshtaanusaaram samayam nilipiveyabadutundi. sagam samayam gadichina ventane aata aagipotundi. goalkeeper kakunda yea aatagadu thana paadaalu ledhaa kaallatho bantini taakakuudadu. foullaku free-throw dwara jarimana vidhinchabadutundi ledhaa-marinta teevramaina neeraala vishayamlo-edu meterla throw mariyu rendu nimishala penaalteelu (antey.ii. ullanghinchina aatagaadini rendu nimishala paatu bench kii pamputaaru mariyu athani sthaanamlo unchabadakapovachhu). edu meterla thross sacker penaalteelanu pooli untaayi, goalkeeper matrame golnu rakshinchadaaniki anumatinchabaddaadu. avi saadhaaranamgaa adhika vijaya retunu kaligi untaayi mariyu basketball loe free throla maadirigaane aata aatalo keelakamaina amsam. pratyaamnaayaalu yea samayamloonainaa mariyu yea sankhyaloonainaa cheyavachu, conny midfield linelo matrame. saakarlo kakunda, oka jattu tanaku nacchina vidhamgaa rakshanaatmakamgaa mariyu nishkriyaatmakamgaa adakunda unche ekaika vishayam pratyarthi jattu, "nishkriyaatmaka aata" kii vyatiraekamgaa niyamaalu unnaayi. basketball maadirigaa kakunda dheenini shaat gadiyaram dwara kolustaaru, conny raboye penaulty gurinchi heccharinchadaaniki athani ledhaa aame chetini paiki lepe referee teerpu, aaa taruvaata score cheyadaaniki prayatninche mundu aaru paaslaku minchi anumatinchabadadu. nishkriyaatmaka aatalo maarpu lekunda oka nirdishta samayam (saadhaaranamgaa aidu nundi padhi sekanlu) gadichina tarvaata referee kooda penaalteeni amalu chestaaru. nishkriyaatmaka aataku penaulty antey banthi swaadheenam kolpovadam mariyu pratyarthi jattuku free throw. marinta pramaadakara aatanu prothsahinchadaaniki, 2010laloe aata samayamlo yea samayamloonainaa goalkeeparnu laagavacchu mariyu adanapu feeled player dwara bharti cheyavachu anae niyama maarpu erpaatu cheyabadindi. ayithe, idhi vegavantamaina edurudaadi pramaadaanni marinta penchutundi, mukhyamgaa goal keeper samayaniki maidaanamloki tirigi rakapothe. jaateeya leag pootiilu. france. fraanslo pradhana pootii speyinlooni ligg national dii handball. speyinlo pradhana pootii liga assobal dii balonmano germany. german handball bandesliga aata haajaru mariyu-nissandehamgaa-aata naanhyathalo handball prapanchaanni nadipistundi. modati division jatlu desavyaaptamgaa unnappatikee, vaatilo uttamamainavi uttaraadi nundi untaayi, ikkada handball utsaaham balamgaa untundi. german leag ellappuduu videshee pratibhanu aakarshinchindi mariyu germany 2016loe handball yokka prastuta european champiyanga unnanduna, chaalaa mandhi pedda paerlu germanylo aadataaru. antarjaateeya pootiilu. antarjaateeya pootiilaloo european deshaala aadhipatyam ekkuvagaa untundi, ayithe, sthirapadina aatagaallu kooda jaateeya jatlanu marchagala soulabhyam khatar yokka adbhutamaina perugudalaku veelu kalpinchindi, idhi daadaapu puurtigaa sahajamaina araabulu kaani jattutho kuudina jattu. ehf champions leag. handball prapanchamlo club jatlaku atyanta pratishtaatmakamaina pootii ehf champions leag. 1990la madhyakaalam nundi spanish mariyu german jatlu ekkuvagaa aadhipatyam chelaayistunnaayi. european champiyanshiplu. european champiyanshiplalo chaalaa ekkuva pratibha mariyu creeda pratyarthula madhya teevramaina match ups untaayi. purushula edition prati rendu samvatsaraalaku okasari nirvahinchabadutundi mariyu chivarisariga 2018loe croatialoo jarigindi. nordic deshaalu, germany mariyu france chaaritraatmakamgaa european champiyanshiplalo aadhipatyam chelayinchayi. 2016loe sweeden naalugu, france moodu, germany mariyu denmark rendu, russia oka titlenu geluchukunnayi. speyin 2018loe thana modati titlenu geluchukundi. mahilala european champiyanshiplu oke samvatsaramlo jarugutaayi, conny ververu pradaesaalu mariyu ververu teedeelaloo jarugutaayi. nordic aadhipatyam stree vaipu marinta spashtamgaa untundi. norway aarusaarlu, denmark moodusaarlu, hangari mariyu montenegro okkokkati bangaaru patakaanni geluchukunnayi. chivari eevent november/december 2018loe fraanslo jarigindi. prapancha championship. chaaritraatmakamgaa aadhipatyam chelaayinchina deshaala velupala handball abhimanula sankhyanu vistarinchadaaniki konnisaarlu airopa velupala prapancha champiyanshiplu nirvahinchabadutundagaa, chaalaa prapancha chhaampiyanshiplanu european deshaalu nirvahinchi geluchukuntaayi. gurtinchadagina minahaayimpulu khatar (idhi 2014 editionku aatidhyam icchi rendava sthaanamlo nilichindi) mariyu 2013loe mahilaa prapancha kapnu geluchukunna brazil. 2019 edition germany mariyu denmarklalo jarigindi-modatisaarigaa rendu deshaalu samyuktamgaa aatidhyam icchaayi. olympics. antarjaateeya handball loe pradhana tornament olympics, mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa unna jatlu kaligi untaayi, patakaala dwara ippatikee european deshaala aadhipatyam undhi. eee roeju varaku, purushula handball loe olympic patakaanni geluchukunna ekaika airopa yetara jattu dakshina korea, idhi 1988 loe kreedalaku aatidhyam icchinappudu rajata patakaanni geluchukundi. mahilala tornament, ayithe dakshina korea rendusaarlu bangaaru patakaanni geluchukovadamto sahaa aneka saarlu patakaala standingloki pravesinchindi, mariyu chaina kooda patakaanni geluchukundi. handball teliyani deshaalalo, mukhyamgaa 2012 olympicslo ingland vanti handball pravaasulalo olympicslu jariginappudu, media aasaktini mariyu kavarejeeni aakarshinchadamlo kooda olympics gurtinchadaginavi.

europ mein hanned baal "yaha mazmun" team "yaa" olympic "hanned baal kay kheel kay baaray mein hay naha kahh americi hanned baal kay asee naam kay kheel kay baaray mein. iss mazmun mein "hanned baal" kii astalah kay ghair ahal istemaal kaa matlab samjha jaataa hay kahh team kii qasm jaisa kahh europ mein andar kheela jaataa hay."hanned baal europ kay beshtar hasoon khaas toor parr germani france speen nardik mamalik aur saabiq yogoslavia kay mamalik mein sabb say ziyadah maqbool team kheelon mein say eek hay. yahaan takk kahh baqayedah leeg games bhee aksar farokhat honay waalay hujum kuu haalon kii taraf raghib kartay haine jehaan yaha kheela jaataa hay aur europi hanned baal kay maahir jiss jazbay aur lagan kay saath apnay kheel kii peervi kartay haine wah baraabar nahein hay. samajh lain. hanned baal apnay teez raftaar aur aalee score kay liye puray barazam europ mein jaana jaataa hay. 24:22 jeesay nataij behat aam haine aur eek achhaa goal capper taqriba aadhay shots kuu block karnay kay qaabil hotaa hay. achhay haath aur aankh kay taal meel kay alawah hanned baal kuu raftaar aur taaqat kii zarurat hoti hay keunkah teez raftaar "jawabi hamlay" eek kamiyab hamlay mein aham anaasir hotay haine. agarcha hanned baal kii kayee qasmein maqbool rahee haine leakin nardik teamon kay ghalbah nay apnee teez raftaar say indor qasm kuu juu mosam say qataa nazar saal bhar kheela jaa saktaa hay kheel kii ghalib shakal banaa diyaa hay aur kumm az kumm 1970 kii dahayi say paishah waranah toor parr kheela jaanay waala waahid kheel hay. iss kheel mein fitt baal say behat see sathi mamasilat hay leakin iss mein basket baal kay anaasir bhee haine. kheel jeetnay mein mahdud turn auvar eek aur aham ansar hay keunkah achhi tarah say rakhay hoay tharo kii kamiyabi kii sharah kaafi ziyadah hoti hay. asul. hanned baal saat khiladiyon parr mushtamil duu teamon kay zariye kheela jaataa hay. kheel kaa maqsad gaind cow juu kahh behat chhoti saakar gaind kii tarah lagti hay mukhalif goal mein phainkna hay. kasee bhee goal kay saamney eek seemi circle kuu waazah toor parr goal capper kay elawah sabb kay liye aaf limts kay toor parr nashaan zad kiyaa jaataa hay. iss dairay mein qadm rakhnay parr jarm kay liye gaind parr qabzah naha honay kii sazaa dee jaati hay yaa agar dafayi fayedah haasil karnay kay liye dafaa kay zariye free tharo kiyaa jaataa hay. dairay mein chhalang laganay kii ajazat kasee khilaadi kay liye iss waqat takk dee jaati hay jabb takk wah zameen say takranay say pehley golee chalata hay yaa guzarta hay aur yaha jadeed hanned baal mein eek aham ansar hay. eek kheel mein koyee izaafi waqat kay baghair harr eek mein tees mint kay duu nasf hasay lagtay haine. kheel mein taweel waqafah honay parr yaa team kay tyme aaot kay doraan waqat referee kii sawabdid parr rook diyaa jaataa hay. jabb aadhay kaa waqat guzar jaaye tuu kheel foraa rakk jaataa hay. goal capper kay elawah koyee bhee khilaadi kasee bhee waqat apnay peeron yaa taangon say gaind kuu nahein chhoo saktaa. faul kuu free tharo kay zariye sazaa dee jaati hay yaa-ziyadah sangeen jaraim kii soorat mein-saat metter tharo aur duu mint kii sazaa (yauni.ayee. mujaram khilaadi kuu duu mint kay liye bench parr bheja jaataa hay aur how saktaa hay asay tabdil naha kiyaa jaaye). saat metter kay tharo fitt baal kay panality say miltay jaltay haine jiss mein goal capper waahid khilaadi hotaa hay jasay goal kaa dafaa karnay kii ajazat hoti hay. inn kii kamiyabi kii sharah aam toor parr ziyadah hoti hay aur yaha basket baal mein free tharo kii tarah gaim play kaa eek aham ansar haine. muthbadil kasee bhee waqat aur kasee bhee taadad mein kiyaa jaa saktaa hay leakin sarf mudfeld line parr. fitt baal kay barakas jehaan kasee team kuu dafayi aur ghair faal toor parr khelnay say roknay kii waahid cheez mukhalif team hay "ghair faal kheel" kay khalaaf qawanin haine. basket baal kay barakas iss kii paimaish shaat klaak say nahein kii jaati balkah referee kaa faislah hotaa hay juu aaney waali sazaa kay baaray mein khabardar karnay kay liye apnaa haath uthaye gaa jiss kay baad score karnay kii koshish say pehley chh say ziyadah paas kii ajazat nahein hay. referee ghair faal kheel mein tabdili kay baghair eek makhsus waqat (aam toor parr paanch say duss second) guzarnay kay baad bhee jarmanay kuu naafiz karay gaa. ghair faal kheel kay liye jarmanah gaind parr qabzah khatam karnaa aur mukhalif team kay liye free tharo hay. mazeed jarhana kheel kii huslah afzayi kay liyay 2010 kii dahayi mein eek qayedah tabdili mutaarif karayee gayee thee kahh goal capper kuu kheencha jaa saktaa hay aur kheel kay doraan kasee bhee waqat izaafi feld player kay zariye iss kii jagah lee jaa sakti hay. tahim iss say teezi say jawabi hamlon kaa khatrah mazeed badh jaataa hay khaas toor parr agar goal capper waqat parr medaan mein waps nahein aasakta hay. qomi leeg kay muqabilay. france. france mein sabb say badaa muqabilah legio national ddee hanned baal speen hay. speen mein sabb say badaa muqabilah leega assoble ddee balonumano germani hay. german hanned baal bandiselega hanned baal kii duniya mein kheel kii haaziri aur-blashbah-kheel kay mayaar mein sarfehrist hay. jabb kahh frust devision teamein milk bhar mein mojud haine inn mein say behtareen shamaal say hoti haine jehaan hanned baal kaa josh sabb say ziyadah hotaa hay. german leeg nay hamishah ghair milki salahiyaton kuu apnee taraf matujah kiyaa hay aur chonkah germani 2016 mein hanned baal kaa maujudah europi champine thaa iss liye ziyadah tarr baday naam germani mein kheltay haine. beenn alaqwami muqabilay. beenn alaqwami muqabilon mein baday paimanay parr europi mamalik kaa ghalbah hay tahim jiss aasani say qayem khilaadi bhee qomi teamon kuu tabdil kirr saktay haine iss nay qatar kay shandar arooj kuu qaabil banaya hay eek team juu taqriba makmal toor parr qadarti ghair arbon parr mushtamil hay. ayee aich aif champines leeg. ayee aich aif champines leeg hanned baal kii duniya mein kalb teamon kay liye sabb say ziyadah bawaqar muqabilah hay. 1990 kii dahayi kay wast say iss parr bury hadd takk hispanvi aur german teamon kaa ghalbah rehaa hay. europi champine ship. europi champine ship mein salahiyaton kii behat ziyadah kasafat aur kheelon kay harifon kay darmiyan shadeed meech app hotay haine. mardon kaa edition harr duu saal baad munaqid hotaa hay aur aakhri baar 2018 mein kroshiya mein munaqid hawaa thaa. nardik mamalik germani aur france nay tarikhi toor parr europi champine ship parr ghalbah haasil kiyaa hay. 2016 mein sweaden nay chaar tytle apnay naam kiyay iss kay baad france nay theen germani aur dunmark nay duu duu aur roos nay eek tytle apnay naam kiyaa. speen nay apnaa pehla khataab 2018 mein jeeta. khwatin kii europi champine ship eek hyee saal mein munaqid hoti hay leakin mukhtalif maqamat aur mukhtalif tareekhon parr hoti hay. nardik ghalbah khwatin kii taraf say aur bhee ziyadah waazah hay. naarway nay asay chh baar dunmark nay teen baar aur hungri aur monti neegro nay eek eek talayi tamgha jeeta hay. aakhri taqrib nomber/dasambar 2018 mein france mein munaqid hoyee thee. aalimi champine ship. agarcha aalimi champine ship baaz auqaat europ say baahir munaqid kii jaati haine taakah hanned baal kay madahon kii bunyaad kuu inn mamalik say baahir wasee kiyaa jaa sakay jehaan iss kaa tarikhi ghalbah rehaa hay ziyadah tarr aalimi champine ship europi mamalik mein munaqid hoti haine aur jeetati haine. qaabil zakar mustasniyat qatar (jiss nay 2014 kay edition kii mezbani kii aur dosray number parr aayaa) aur brazeel hay jiss nay 2013 mein khwatin kaa world cup jeeta thaa. 2019 kaa edition germani aur dunmark mein munaqid hawaa thaa-pehli baar jabb donon mamalik mushtarkah mezban rahay haine. olympics. beenn alaqwami hanned baal mein premier tornament olympics hay aur iss mein duniya bhar kii teamein shaamil haine tamaghon kay zariye abb bhee europi mamalik kaa ghalbah hay. aaj takk mardon kay hanned baal mein olympic tamgha jeetnay waali waahid ghair europi team janubi koriya hay jiss nay 1988 mein kheelon kii mezbani kartay hoay chaandi kaa tamgha jeeta thaa. tahim khwatin kay tornament mein janubi koriya kuu kayee baar tamaghon kii fehrist mein daakhil hotay dekha gayaa hay jiss mein duu baar talayi tamgha jeetna bhee shaamil hay aur cheen nay bhee tamgha jeeta hay. olympics inn mamalik mein mediya kii dilchaspi aur courage kuu raghib karnay mein bhee qaabil zakar haine jehaan hanned baal dosri soorat mein namalum hay khaas toor parr jabb olympics 2012 kay olympics kii tarah england jeesay hanned baal daspora mein munaqid hotay haine.

000429bcc36a43d36e3b973dac56e839192119d1e297f2a06e6534ac6db0fefb

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=6015305

-ιον

-ιον Ancient Greek. Etymology. Perhaps neuter substantivisation of , from probably. For the development from adjective to diminutive, compare and . From the development from adjective to place, compare .

-iyun prasin greek. byutpotti. xombhobotoh iyar poraa nirpekhyo proman. bixexonor poraa khudrotomoloi bikaxor baabe, tulona korok aaru. bixexonor poraa sthanoloi huwa bikaxor poraa, tulona korok.

-eyi prachin greek. byutpatti. sombhoboto theke, err niropekkho proman. biseshon theke khudrotoro howar bikasher jonno, tulna korun ebong. biseshon theke sthaner bikash theke, tulna korun.

-teey praachin grick. vyutpatti. kadaach tatasth samarthan, kadaach. visheshanthi laghuttam vikaas maate, sarkhaamani karoo aneey. visheshanthi sthaan sudhinaa vikasthi, sarkhaamani karoo.

-yeh pracheen yunani. vyutpatti. shayed seey, shayed tatasth pramanan. visheshan seey alpakaari taka key vikas key liye, tulanaa karein aur. visheshan seey sthaan taka key vikas seey, tulanaa karein.

-neenoo praachina greek. vyutpatti. bahushah tatastha drudhikarana, bahushah. visheshanadinda alpaamshakke abhivraddhigaagi, holisi mattu. gunavachakadinda stalakke belavanigeyinda, holisi.

-oru purathana greak. padavyuthpathishaasthram. orupakshe, orupakshe, orupakshe, oru nishpakshamaaya sthireekaranam. naamavaachakatthil ninnu cheriyathilekkulla vikasanathinaayi, thaarathamyam cheyyuka. naamavaachakatthil ninnu sthalathekkulla vikasanathil ninnu, thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

-mea pracheen greek. vyutpatti. kadachit pasoon, kadachit tatasth pushtikaran. visheshanapasun laghurupaparyantchya vikasasathi, tulana qaraa aanee. visheshanapasun teey thikanaparyantchya vikasapasoon tulana qaraa.

-yo prachin grick. wyutpatti. sambhawatahbata, sambhawatah tatastha pramanikaran. visheshanbata अल्पगामीमा wikasko lagi, tulana garnuhos rar. visheshanbata sthanma bhaeko vikasbata, tulana garnuhos.

-aii... pracheen greek. byutpatti. sambhabatah, sambhabatah, ehara nirapekhya pramana. bisheshanaru khudratara parjyanta bikash paain, tulana karantu ebong. bisheshanaru sthanaku bikasharu, tulana karantu.

-ikk prachin yunani. shabdawali. shayed nirpakh pushti, shayed toon. visheshan toon chhote takk dey vikas laee, tulna crow atey. visheshan toon sathaan takk dey vikas toon, tulna crow.

-ivanam prachina-greek-bhashayam. vyutpattih. sambhawatah tatasthaprabhaawah, sambhawatah. visheshanaat alpaamshaparyantam vikasaya, tulanam cha. visheshanaat sthaanaparyantam vikaasaat, tulanam karotu.

-naan pandaiya greakkam. sorpirappiyal. anegamaaga, oruvaelai irunthu, nadunilaiyaana uruthippaduththal. peyaradai muthal kuraipaadu varai valarcchikku, oppidavum mattrum. peyaradaippilirunthu idaththirku valarchchiyilirunthu, oppidavum.

-oka puraatana greeku. vyutpatti. bahusha nundi, bahusha tatastha drudheekarana. visaeshanhamu nundi chinnadigaa abhivruddhi kosam, polchandi mariyu. visaeshanhamu nundi sthaanaaniki abhivruddhi nundi, polchandi.

-aine awo aine qadeem yunani. siftiyat. shayed say shayed ghair janibdar tasdiq. sifat say takhfif takk kii tarqi kay liyay mawaznah karein aur. sifat say jagah kii tarqi say mawaznah karein.

000429d71878b1b9e1816d6a5ab4d71ff5eb26f3a3b39fce67f06851dec443fb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54379831

Nagasandra metro station

Nagasandra metro station Namma Metro's Green Line terminal metro station Nagasandra is the elevated northern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the Green Line of Namma Metro serving the Bagalakunte area in Bangalore, India. It was opened to the public on 1 May 2015. A foot overbridge connecting Nagasandra metro station to IKEA store was inaugurated on 18 October 2023. Station layout. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> Entry/Exits. There are 3 Entry/Exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

nagaxandra metro "steson nagoxandra hoise bharotor bangaluror bagalakunte oncholot xewa aagborhuwa namma metro "ror green lineor ekhon uttor terminal metro" steson. 2015 sonor 1 mey 'too iyak jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. prowex/prosthan. iyat 3taa prowex/prosthan bindu aase-e, bi aaru chi. jatrixokole teulukor bhromonor baabe jikunu etaa point byobohar koribo paare.

nagasandra metro steshana nagasandra holl bharoter bengalurur bagalakunte elaka porisheba prodankari namma metro sobuj liner ekti uttor terminal metro steshana. 2015 saaler 1 meey etty jonosadharoner jonno unmukto koraa hoy. probesh/prosthan. 3tii probesh/prosthan bindu royeche-ayee, bii ebong shee. jatrira taader bhromoner jonno jey konao ekti point byabohar korte paren.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra aee bhaaratnaa bangalorenaa bagalkunte vistaarmaa sevaa aaptaa namma metronee green line parr aavelu uttareey terminal metro station chhe. tene 1 meey 2015naa roj jaaher janata maate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pravesh/bahaar neekalo. tyaan 3 pravesh/bahaar nikalvaanaa binduo chhe-aee, bii aneey see. musafaro temnee musafari maate koipan aek sthalno upyog curry shake chhe.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra bhaarat key bangalore key bagalkunte kshetra mein seva dene vaali namma metro kii hurry line parr ack uttari terminal metro station haye. ise 1 maee 2015 koo janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa. pravesh/nikas. 3 pravesh/nikas bindu hain-aeye, bee aur see. yatri apani yatra key liye kissy bhee sthaan kaa upayog curr sakate hain.

nagasandra metro nildaana nagasandravu bhaaratada bengalurina bagalakunte pradeshakke seve sallisuttiruva namma metroda hasiru maargadalliruva uttara terminal metro nildaanavaagide. idannu 2015rahra mayee mayee saarvajanikarige tereyalaayitu. pravesha/nirgamana. aa, bii mattu sii-3 pravesha/nirgamana sthalagalive. prayanikaru tamma prayanakkagi ee eradoo sthalagalannu balasabahudu.

nagasandra metro steshan indiayile baamgloorile bagalakunde pradeshathu sevanam nalkunna namma metroyude green lainile oru vadakkan terminal metro steshanaanu nagasandra. 2015 meyy 1nuu ithu pothujanangalkkayi thurannu. praveshanam/purathekkulla vazhi. eiii, bii, sii enningane 3 entry/eksitt poyintukalundu. yaathrakkaarkk avarude yaathraykkaayi eathenkilum pooyint upayogikkaam.

nagsandra metro sthanak nagsandra heey bharatatil bengaluruchya bagalkunte bhagat seva denare namma metrochya harit margavaril uttarekadil terminal metro sthanak aahe. 1 meey 2015 roji teey janatesathi khule karnyat aale. pravesh/nirgaman. aaa, buub aanee qa asey 3 pravesh/nirgaman bindu aahet. pravasi tyanchya pravasasathi yapaiki konatyahi eka binducha vapar karoo shakatat.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra bharatko bengaloreko bagalakunte kshetrama sewa dine namma metroko hariyo linema raheko uttari terminal metro station how. yasalai 1 mey 2015 maa janataka lagi kholieko thiyo. prawesh/nicas. tyahan 3 prawishti/nicas binduharu chhan-ae, bee rar see. yatruharule afno yatraka lagi kunai pani bindu prayog garna sakchhan.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra heuchhi bharatara bangalorara bagalakunte anchalare seba pradan karuthiba namma metror sabuja linere eka uttara terminal metro station . 2015 masiha meey 1 tarikhare ehaaku janasadharananka paain kholajaithila. prabesha/prasthana. 3tii prabesha/prasthana sthana rahichhi-aii, bii ebong sii. jatrimane semananka jatra paain jekaunasi eka point byabahara kariparibe.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra ikk uttri terminal metro station haii joe namma metro dee green line utte haii joe banglaur, bharat dey baglakunte khetar witch seva pardan karda haii. iss noon 1 maee 2015 noon janata laee kholhiaa giaa see. pravesh/nikas. itthe 3 pravesh/nikas bindu hunn-aii, bee atey see. yaatari aapni yaatra laee kise vee bindu dee varton qarr sakde hunn.

nagasandra metrosthaanakam nagasandra iti bharatasya bengalooru-nagarasya baagalakunte-kshetre sevamaanasya nammaa-metro-nagarasya harita-margasya uttar-terminal-metro-sthanakam asti. 2015 mey 1 dinaanke etat janaan uddishya udghaatitam. praveshah/nirgamanam. tatra 3 pravesha/nirgamanasthanani santi-a, bii, sii cha. yaatrikaah svayatrartham kasyaapi bindum upayoktum shaknuvanti.

nagasandra metro nilaiyam nagasandra enbathu inthiyaavin bengaloorin pagalakunde pakuthikku saevai seiyum namma metrovin pacchai paathaiyil ulla oru vadakku munaiya metro nilaiyamaagum. idhu 2015 mae 1 andru pothumakkalukkaaga thirakkappattathu. nuzhaivu/veliyaettram. 3 nuzhaivu/veliyaerum pulligal ullana-a, b mattrum c. payanigal thangal payanaththirku aethaenum oru pulliyaip payanpaduththalaam.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra anedi bharatadesamloni bengaluruloni bagalakunte praantaaniki sevalu andinche namma metro green lineloni uttara terminal metro station. dheenini 2015 mae 1naa prajala kosam terichaaru. pravesam/nishkramana. 3 pravesha/nishkramana sthaanaalu unnaayi-a, b mariyu c. prayaanikulu tama prayaanaaniki eee paayintlalo deeninainaa upayoginchavacchu.

nagasandra metro station nagasandra eek shamali terminal metro station hay juu namma metro kii grain line parr waaqa hay juu banglor hindustan kay bagalkonte elaqay mein khidmaat anjaam deeta hay. asay 1 mayee 2015 kuu awaam kay liye khool diyaa gayaa thaa. daakhlah/baahir nikalna. 3 daakhli/khaariji nikaat haine-aey bee aur see. musafir apnay safar kay liye inn mein say kasee bhee maqaam kaa istemaal kirr saktay haine.

00042a29c96d7c85c6de4b663be0055d6fb647599ce78e98f0a51dff09fb50d0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55176808

Wizard Bloody Wizard

Wizard Bloody Wizard Wizard Bloody Wizard is the ninth studio album by English stoner/doom metal band Electric Wizard, released on 17 November 2017, three years after their previous album "Time to Die". Recording took place from April 2016 to February 2017 at the Satyr IX Recording Studios with production duties on the album shared between lead singer Jus Oborn and guitarist Liz Buckingham. Though some music critics noted an overall change in the band's sound from their usual doom formula towards a slightly more hard rock approach, the album received generally favourable reviews. With a running time of 43 minutes and consisting of only six songs, "Wizard Bloody Wizard" is the band's shortest studio album to date. Album cover. Credit for the album cover photography is given to guitarist Liz Buckingham with A. Bastlanello given modelling credit. Echoing the band's fondness for the macabre, "Blabbermouth " described the cover as "A sick and twisted bad taste eye-assault that aims to titillate, excite and repulse you." While there are none of the familiar horror movie sound bites between songs as previously employed by the band on past albums, Oborn cited horror movies such as "The Last House On The Left" as inspiration for the album's cover art, stating: Recording. In a 2017 interview with "It's Psychedelic Baby! Magazine", Jus Oborn touched on the recording process, stating that some members of the band were in the process of moving home during this period and as such, different songs were recorded in various places, the bulk of which was completed at what became their personalized home studio – "Satyr IX". Describing the different tools used during recording. Oborn stated "It was all recorded with the same gear tho'... a Tascam 16-track tape machine, Mackie desk, Neve preamp, Watkins Copicat delay, Roland Space Echo, and a couple of other reverbs and compressors. It's really a very simple set-up as we wanted to keep the signal path from band to tape as short as possible... y'know to keep it as raw as possible." Production on the album was handled by Oborn and Liz Buckingham, with Oborn also taking care of the mixing. The band went to extensive lengths to achieve a raw analog sound by, as stated, keeping the signal path from band to tape as short as possible and also recording using dated equipment, most notably the 16 track recorder. Oborn noted "All the gear is old and a bit temperamental. Things tend to break unexpectedly in the middle of recording, or even just stop working for no reason and then start working again in a few days/weeks. It was really frustrating. I guess the most temperamental and delicate machine was the 16 track recorder... and the hardest to get repaired. At one point the LP had to be shelved for six months while we tried to sort out the tape machine." Composition. "Wizard Bloody Wizard" consists of only six songs, the shortest of which, "The Reaper", clocks in at 3:17. The longest song on the album, "Mourning of the Magicians", in a more traditional Electric Wizard style has a running time of 11:18 bringing the total length to 43:04. While still maintaining their trademark doom metal approach, some critics noted a distinct change in the band's sound when compared with previous efforts. The most obvious of which was their hard rock approach via their doom metal beginnings as mentioned in a "CVLT Nation" review. In a Blabbermouth.net article published prior to the album's release, the magazine stated "...the band sounds together — really together. The last three years of touring, writing and rehearsing have honed and moulded a new sound that has truly distilled the Electric Wizard brew. In forty-three brain-damaging minutes, the band delivers a varied, challenging and breath-taking LP, from crushing blues stomp through savage Detroit sleaze rock, paranoiac passages of droning drug rock and creepy funereal proto-metal/acidrock." Discussing the album's lyrical content in the October 2017 issue of "Metal Hammer", Jus Oborn remarked. "The lyrics cover the same sort of subjects as usual, it's all necrophilia, drug-abuse and satanism. I like to tick all the boxes." On their official website, the band described the album as "43 brain-damaging minutes, six savage hymns to death, drugs, sex and violence, music dragged (and drugged) back from the grave… The line is drawn. In blood." Reception. The album was released to generally favourable reviews scoring 72 on aggregate website "Metacritic", based on 11 reviews. "Team Rock" gave the album 3 out of 5 stars and reviewer Dom Lawson said of the album "if you compare this to past triumphs like "Come My Fanatics..." and "Dopethrone" – albums that pushed doom metal into heavier and more joyously drug-addled territory than ever before – "Wizard Bloody Wizard" falls a spliff or two short of the mark." Josh Gray of "Clash" noted the band's paying homage to Black Sabbath's "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" in selection of the album's title but pointed out the absurdity of the tribute; ""Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" is by far Black Sabbath's most experimental album," he said, "while this record is by far Electric Wizard's least." He further suggested that this album may be the one (as opposed to "Dopethrone") you play to demonstrate Electric Wizard's distinctive sound to an uninitiated friend. Touching on the band's less abrasive approach, Gray said "Despite ominous lyrics about black magic and copulating demons (not to mention 'The Reaper's suitably spooky organs), you can't really describe "Wizard Bloody Wizard" as doom metal. It feels like, after the heartbreak and lineup changes of 2014's gloomy "Time To Die", the band have simply had too much fun making the kind of music they love this time around to plum their grimmer side any further. Doubtless this will piss off a swathe of their fans (AKA the ones whose band t-shirts are genuinely illegible), but it might well win them a new host of fans more partial to "Era Vulgaris" than "Epicus Doomicus"." After giving the album 3.5 stars out of 5, "AllMusic" critic Mark Deming went on to say ""Wizard Bloody Wizard" doesn't break any new ground for this band, but innovation has never been what these folks are about. Instead, their albums are offerings to the gods of the blacklight poster and the bong, and on that level, Electric Wizard appear to have made their masters very happy indeed." "Slant Magazine"'s Zachary Hoskins also gave the album 3.5 out of 5 and noted the band's particular nod to Black Sabbath's "Master of Reality" on the album saying "For those headbanging purists, however, whose teeth are set on edge by the word "prog" (or "dynamics"), fear not: "Wizard Bloody Wizard" remains firmly in "Master of Reality" territory. The album does present some subtle tweaks to the doom-metal formula: The churning, throbbing "Necromania" introduces an element of punk sneer to the proceedings, channeling Ron Asheton-era Stooges, while "The Reaper" drips with psychedelic menace. But for the most part, this is monolithic riff-rock straight out of the Sabbath playbook." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

roktakto jadukor wizard bloady wizard hoise ingraji sto 'naar/doom metal bendo boidyutik wizardor nowom studio' elbam, ji teulukor purbor elbam "time tu daai" ror tini bosoror pisot 2017 sonor 17 novemborot mukoli koraa hoisil. 2016 sonor april maahor poraa 2017 sonor february maholoike seitar ikes recording studio 'too recording hoisil aaru mukhyo gayok jos oh' borno aaru guiterist liz buckinghamor maajot bhag koraa elbamtur projujonar dayitwo aasil. jodiu kisuman xongit xomalusoke bendor xobdor xamogrik poriworton teulukor swabhabik doom xutror poraa olop odhik hard rok poddhotir faale lokhyo korisil, elbame xadharonote onukul xomaluchona laabh korisil. 43 minutor soli thoka xomoyor xoite aaru maatro soita gitore gothito, "wizard bloady wizard" hoise bundtur etiyaloiker ataitkoi suti studio 'elbam. elbamor proschod. elbamtur proschod photographyr krititwo giterbadok liz buckinghamok diya hoy. bestleneluk modelingor krititwo diya hoisil. bendtur macabrer proti thoka protidhwonire "blabermouth"-e proschodok "ek oxustho aaru bikrito beyaa xuwadjukto sokur aakromon" hisape bornona korisil jaar lokhyo hoise aapunak xirusit koraa, uttejito koraa aaru proityakhyan koraa." otitor elbamxomuhot bende purbote byobohar koraa gitxomuhor maajot kunu porisito bhoutik solositror xobdor kaam naai jodiu, elbamtur proschod kolar baabe onuprerona hisape "baufalor xex ghor" ror dore bhoutik solositroburok uddhrito kori ullekh koriseh recording. 2017 sonot etaa xakhyatkarot "ee hoise monuboigyanik xixu! alusonikhone ", juch oh 'borne recording prokriyatu sporxo kori koichil je bendor kisuman xodosyoi ei xomoisuwat ghoroloi juwar prokriyat aasil aaru enedore, bibhinno thait bibhinno geet record koraa hoisil, jaar besibhagei teulukor byoktigotokrito hoom studio'-" seitar ikes "-too xompurno hoisil. recordingor xomoyot byobohrito bibhinno xojulir bornona koraa. oh 'borne koichil je "ei xokolubur eketa giyar thu' ror xoite record koraa hoisil... etaa taschem 16-trekk tape machin, meki desk, nebh preemp, watkins copycate bilombo, roland space iku, aaru aan keitaman reverbe aaru compresser. eitu xosakoiye etaa oti xorol set-aap kiyonu aami bendor poraa tepoloi xongketor poth jiman paari ximan suti rakhibo bisarisilu... aapuni iyak jiman paari ximan kesa rakhiboloi jaane." elbamtur projujona oh 'borno aaru liz buckinghame porisalona korisil, aaru oh' borneu misronor jotno loisil. bende etaa kesa analog xobdo prapto koriboloi byapok porixoroloi goisil, jenekoi kuwa hoisil, bendor poraa tepoloi xongket poth jiman paari ximan suti raakhi aaru tarupori tarikhor xojuli byobohar kori record korisil, bixexkoi 16 trekk recorder. oh 'borne ullekh korisil je "xokolu giyar puroni aaru olop mejajor. recordingor maajot bostubur oproityaxitobhabe bhangi yaay, baa aanoki kunu kaaron nuhuwakoi kaam koratu bondho kori diye aaru taar pisot keidinman/xoptahor bhitorot punor kaam koriboloi aarombho kore. eitu xosakoiye hotaxajonok aasil. moi onuman koru je ataitkoi monubhab aaru xukhmo jontrotu aasil 16 trekk recorder... aaru meramoti koratu ataitkoi kothin. etaa xomoyot aami tape jontrotu chart koriboloi chesta korar xomoyot el. pi. tu choy maahor baabe bondho koribo logaa hoisil." rosona. "wizard bloady wizard" too maatro soita gaan thaake, jaar bhitorot ataitkoi suti, "dyo ripaar", 3h17 bojat ghori. elbamtur ataitkoi dighol geet, "magicianxokolor xuk", odhik poromporagot boidyutik wizard xoilit 11:18 ror soli thoka xomoy aase ji muth doirghyo 43:04 loi korhiyai aane. tothapiu teulukor trademark doom metal poddhoti bojai raakhi, kisuman xomalusoke purbor prochestar tulnat bendor xobdot ek sposto poriworton lokhyo korisil. iyar bhitorot ataitkoi sposto aasil teulukor kothin xilor dristibhongi teulukor doom metal aarombhonir joriyote ji "cvlt neshyon" ror porzaluchonat ullekh koraa hoise. etaa blabermouth.elbamtur muktir purbe prokaxito nett probondhotu, alusonikhone koichil...bendtuwe ekeloge xobdo kore-xosakoiye ekeloge. juwa tini bosoror bhromon, likhon aaru onuxilonor folot etaa notun xobdor gothon hoise jiye xosakoiye boidyutik wizard bru paaton korise. teitallix minutet, bende ek boisitryomoy, proityahbanjonok aaru swax-proswax luwa el. pi. prodan kore, blues stomp pithito korar poraa xaririk detroit slaze rok, dro 'ningo drugg rokor peranuiak pasej aaru biroktikor funriel protu-metal/acidorok." metal hemar" ror octobor 2017 xongkhyat elbamtur gitikbitar bixoybostur bixoye alusona kori, juch uburne montobyo korisil. "gitor gitbure xadharonor dore eke dhoronor bixoixomuhok xamori loy, ee hoise xokolu nekro" filia, drugs-opobyobohar aaru xoyotanobad. moi xokolu bakoch tick koriboloi bhaal paau."teulukor official websiteot bende elbamtuk" "43taa mostisko-kyotikarok minute, mrityur baabe soita borgiyo stobo, drugs, jounota aaru hingxa, xongitok koboror poraa tunny onaa (aaru drugs diya)" "buli bornona korisil... rekhatu taana hoy. roktot." obhyorthona. 11taa porzaluchonar uporot bhitti kori elbamtu xadharonote onukul xomaluchonar baabe mukoli koraa hoisil, jiye muth website "metacritic" too 72 nombor laabh korisil. "team rok"-e elbamtuk 5-ror bhitorot 3taa staar disil aaru porzaluchonakari domm lo "sone elbamtur bixoye koichil" jodi aapuni iyak otitor bijoyor xoite tulona kore jene "mur bidwanxokol ohaa..."aaru" "dodd 'pethro' noo" "-elbambur ji doom metlok aagor tulnat odhik godhur aaru odhik anondodayok drugg-edeld onsololoi theli disil-" "wizard bloady wizard" "etaa spliff baa sinhor dutaa suti pore." clace" ror jos greiye elbamor xirunam basoni korat bende koo 'laa bisrambathor "roktakto bisrambath" koo sroddhanjoli jonuwar kotha ullekh korisil kintu sroddhanjolir ojouktikotar kotha anguliyai disil; "" roktakto bisrambath "hoise koo' laa bisrambathor ataitkoi porikhyamulok elbam", teu koichil, "jodiu ei recordtu ataitkoi komm boidyutik jadukor."teu logote poramorxo disil je ei elbamtu aapuni etaa boidyutik jadukoror bixex xobdo ejon onirdisto bondhur aagot prodorxon koriboloi khelaa (" dodd 'pethron "ror biporite) hoh' bob paare. bendor komm ghorxonmulok dristibhongir uporot sporxo kori, dhure ronge koichil "koo 'laa jaadu aaru pranikoron korar bixoye oxubh gitor sworot (' riparor upojukto bhoyonkor ongoxomuh 'ullekh nokorakoi), aapuni xosakoiye" roktakto jadukor "koo dhongxatmok dhaatu hisape bornona koribo nuware. ene laage zen, 2014 sonor bixonno "moriboloi xomoy" ror hridoyospondon aaru lineup xoloni huwar pisot, bende ei xomoyot teuluke bhaal puwa xongitor dhorontu bonai oti besi mojaa korise jaate teulukor grimor pokhyotu aaru besi plum koribo paare. nixondehe ee teulukor onuragixokolor etaa dolor (jaar bendor ti-chartbur xosakoiye oboidho) proti probhab pelabo, kintu ee teulukok "epicus du" misas "tokoi" jugor bhalgaris "ror baabe odhik aangxik onuragixokolor ek notun host laabh koribo paare." elbamtuk 5ror bhitorot 3.5 staar diyar pisot, "ol music" xomalusok mark deminge koichil je "wizard bloady wizard" ee ei bendor baabe kunu notun bhitti bhongo nokore, kintu udbhawon ketiyau ei lukoxokolor bixoye nohoy. iyar poriworte, teulukor elbambur blacklight poster aaru bongro debotaxokolok aagborhuwa upohar, aaru xei porzayot, boidyutik jadukore teulukor malikxokolok xosakoiye bohut xukhi kori tulise."" "slant alusoni" "jasari hoh 'skinse elbamtu 5ror bhitorot 3.5 disil aaru elbamot black sabbathor" "master owo reality" "loi bendtur bixex protigya ullekh kori koichil je" "xei murtur xuddhokormixokolor baabe, jaar daat" "pro' go" "(baa" "gotixilota" ") xobdotur dwara protibondhut koraa hoy, bhoy nokoriboh" "roktakto jadukor" "drirhobhabe" "bastowor master" "oncholot thaake. elbamtuwe doom-metal xutrotut kisuman xukhmo trick uposthapon koreh monthon, throbing "nekro 'menia" ye karjyokromot pank sniyaror etaa upadanor porisoy diye, ronn esweton-jugor stujexor xonsalon kore, aanhate "ripaar"-e monuboigyanik bipodaxongkar xoite tipi diye. kintu besibhag ongxor baabe, eitu sebboth playbookor poraa punpotiyakoi uluwa ekxila rif-rok."

roktakto jadukar wizard bloody wizard holl inglish stoner/doom metal banned electric wizarder nobom studio album, jaa taader ager album 'time too dye'-err tinn bochor porr 2017 saaler 17 navembar mukti paay. recording april 2016 theke february 2017 porjonto sattyr ikes recording studiote onusthito hoyechilo ebong albumer prajojana dayitto prodhan gayak joss oborn ebong guiterbadok liz buckinghamer modhye bhag koraa hoyechilo. jodio kichhu sangeet somalochok taader swabhabik doom sootro theke kichuta beshi hard rock poddhotir dike bander shobder samogrik poriborton lakkhya korechen, albumty sadharonoto anukul porjalochona peyeche. 43 minuter chalman somoy ebong matro chhoyti gaan niye gothito, "wizard bloody wizard" aaz abodhi bander sangkhiptatama studio album. album prochchod. albumer prochchod photographyr krititto guiterbadok liz buckinghamke deoa hoy. modeling krititto deoa hoyeche bastlanelloke. mcabrey proti bander onurager protidhoni korey, "blabermouth" prochchodtike "ekti oshustho ebong bikrito kharap swadjukto chakkhu-akraman hisabe bornona koreche jaar lakkhya aponake titylate koraa, uttejito koraa ebong prottakhyan koraa." jodio atito albumgulite banned dwara purbe byabohrito gaaner modhye porichito horor cholochchitrer shobdo kamader konotii nei, tobey albumer prochchod shilper anuprerana hisabe "bamdike shesh baadi" err moto horor cholochchitrogulike uddhrito korey bolla hoyeche recording. 2017 saaler ekti sakkhatkare "etty cycadelic bebby! magazine, "juice oborn recording prokriyati sporsho korey boley jey, eyi somoyer modhye bander kichhu sadasya baadi yawar prokriyay chhilen ebong jemon, bivinno jaiga bivinno gaan record koraa hoyechilo, jaar beshirbhag ongsho taader byaktigatkrito home studiote porinoto hoyechilo-" sattyr ikes ". recordinger somoy byabohrito bivinno saranjamer bornona. oborn bollen, "etty ekoi gear thoo diye record koraa hoyechilo... ekti tascum 16-track tape meshina, mackie deska, nev preamp, watkins copycat bilamba, roland space iko ebong arow koyekti reverbe ebong compressor. etty sottii ekti khub sahaj seeta-up kaaron amra banned theke tape porjonto sangket poth jotota sombhob chhoto rakhte cheyechilam... upney jaanen jotota sombhob etty kancha rakhte." albumer prajojana porichalona korechilen oborn ebong liz buckingham, oborno mishraner jotno niyechilo. bandti ekti kancha enalog shobdo orjoner jonno byapokbhabe egiye yaay, jemonti bolla hoyeche, banned theke tepe sangket pothti jotota sombhob chhoto rekhe ebong tarikher saranjam byabohar korey recording korey, biseshoto 16 track recorder. oborno ullekh korechen jey "samasta saranjam purano ebong kichuta mejazer. recordinger majhkhane jinisguli aprottashitobhabe venge yaay, baa emonki konao kaaron chharai kaaj koraa bondho korey deyo ebong tarpore koyek deane/saptaher modhye abar kaaj shuru korey. etaa sottii hotashajonok chhilo. aami anuman corry jey sabcheye mejazer ebong sukkho jontroti chhilo 16 track recorder... ebong meramat koraa sabcheye kathin. eka porjaye amra tape meshinti sajanor chesta korar somoy lptke chhoy maas dhorey bondho korey ditey hoyechilo." rachona. "wizard bloody wizard"-ayee matro chhoyti gaan royeche, jaar modhye sabcheye chhoto, "dya ripper", 3hoh17-ayee ghadi. albumer dirghotomo gaan, "soying off dya magines", arow oitijjobahi boidyutik wizard shoilite, 11:18-err ekti chalman somoy royeche jaa moat doirgho 43:04-ayee niye aase. jodio ekhono taader trademark doom metal poddhoti bojay rakhe, kichhu somalochok ager prochestar tulna bander dhonite ekti swatantra poriborton lakkhya korechen. jaar modhye sabcheye susposhto chhilo taader kathin pathorer poddhoti jaa taader dhongshattok dhatob suchonar madhyome chhilo jaa ekti "cvlt jaati" porjalochonai ullekh koraa hoyeche. ekti blabermouth.albumty prokasher agey prokashito nett nibondhoti magazinti janiyeche...bandti eksange shonache-sottii eksange. bhromon, lekha ebong mahada deoar shesh tinn bochor ekti notun shobdoke somman oo chhanchayito koreche jaa sottii boidyutik wizard brooke patito koreche. mostishkoke khotigrostho korar 43 minuter modhye, bandti ekti boichitromoy, challenging ebong shwas-proshasher elpi sarbaraha korey, jaa savage detroit slaze rock, droning drugg rock ebong bhayankar funnerial proto-metal/acidoroker paranoic passagulir madhyome blues stompke churno koraa theke shuru korey." metal hammer"-err octobor 2017 sankhyay albumer gitikbita niye alochona korey joss oborn montobbo corren. "gaaner kothagulo boraborer moto ekoi dharaner vishayake cover korey, etty samasta necrophilia, drugg-abyabohar ebong shayatanabad. aami sobb bucks tick korte pochondo corry."taader official website, bandti albumtike" "43tii mostishko-khotikarok minit, chhoyti borbor stob, madok, jounota ebong hingsa, sangeet teney (ebong madokasokto) kobor theke firiye aanaa" "hisabe bornona koreche... lineta taanaa. rokte." abhyarthana. 11tii porjalochonar upor vitti korey albumty moat website "metacritic"-ayee 72tii score korey sadharonbhabe anukul porjalochonar jonno mukti paay. "team rock" albumtike 5-err modhye 3 taaraa diyeche ebong porjalochok domm losson albumty somporke bolechen "jodi upney etike atiter bijoyer saathe tulna corren jemon" amar dharmandhara asun..."ebong" "doptherone" "-albumguli jaa ager cheye bharee ebong arow anandadayak madok-jukto anchale doom metalke thhele deyo-" "wizard bloody wizard" "ekti spliff baa chinno theke duti chhoto porey." clash"-err josha gray albumer shironamer nirbachoner somoy bandtir kaalo bishrambarer "roktakto vishrambar"-err proti shroddha jananor kotha ullekh korechilen kintu shroddha jananor ajouktikata ullekh korechilen; "roktakto vishrambar" holl kaalo bishrambarer sabcheye poriikkhamulok album, tini bolechilen, "jodio eyi recordti boidyutik jadukarder dwara sabcheye qama."tini arow poramorsho diyechilen jey eyi albumty (" "dopthrone" "-err biporite) upney ekti chaalu naa haoya bandhur kachhe boidyutik wizarder swatantra shobdo prodorshon korte khelte paren. bandtir qama gharshanshil poddhotir upor sporsho korey, dhusar bolechilo "kaalo jadu ebong danobder sangam somporke ashubh kotha bolla sotteo ('reparer upojuktobhabe bhayankar angagulir' ullekh naa korey), upney sottii" roktakto jadukar "keey dhongshattok dhatu hisabe bornona korte parben naa. money hachche, 2014 saaler bishanna 'morar somoy'-err hridayvidarak ebong lineup poribortoner porey, bandti eyi samayti taader priya sangitke arow beshi korey tulte khub moja koreche. nisshondehe etty taader bhoktoder (jaader banned tii-shirtguli sottii aboidho) ekti jhankunike birokto korbe, tobey etty taader "epicus domicus"-err cheye "juger vulgaris"-err jonno arow angshik bhoktoder ekti notun hosta jitote paare." albumtike 5-err modhye 3.5 stara deoar porr, "oll music" somalochok marqa daming bollen, "wizard bloody wizard" eyi bander jonno konao notun vitti venge deyo naa, tobey eyi lokera jaa niye udbhaban korey taa kokhono hoyney. poriborte, taader albumguli kaalo alo poster ebong bongyer debotader kachhe utsarga koraa hoy ebong seii store, boidyutik jadukar taader malikder sottii khub khushi koreche boley money hoy."slant magazine" jachari hoskins albumtike 5-err modhye 3.5 diyechen ebong albume black sabbater "" muster off reality ""-err proti bander bishesh sammati ullekh korey bolechen, "" tobey, jaader daant "" proga "" (baa "" gotishilota "") shobdo dwara dhaar deoa hoyeche, bhoy peyo naah "" roktakto jadukar "" "" muster off reality "" anchale dridhobhabe roye geche. albumty doom-metal sutrer kichhu sukkho poriborton uposthapon koreh monthon, throbbing "necromania" karjodharai punk snirer ekti upadaner porichoy deyo, roner assetton-juger stuzke channel korey, jokhon "ripper" cycadelic bipoder saathe dripa korey. kintu beshirbhag khettre, etty sabbother playbook theke sarasari ekshila riff-rock."

jadugar lohivaalu jadugar wizard bloody wizard aee angreji stoner/doom metal benned electric wizardnu navmu studiyo album chhe, jeey temnaa agaauna album 'time too dye' naa trana varsh pachhi 17 november october roj rajoo thayu hatoo. reqordina april 2016 thee februari 2017 sudhee setter ikes reqordina studiyomaa thayu hatoo, jemaa mukhya gaayak jus oborn aneey gitaarvaadak liz buckingham vachche vahenchaayela album parr production farajo hatee. ketlaak sangeet vivechakoae bendnaa avaajmaa temnaa saamanya vinaash sutrathi thodo vadhu haard roqa abhigam taraf ekandar ferfaarni nondh leedhi hovaa chhataa, aalbamne saamanya reete anookool sameekshao malee hatee. 43 minutena chaali rahela samay saathe aneey maatra chh geeto saathe, "wizard bloody wizard" aee bendnu atyaar sudhinu sauthee tunku studiyo album chhe. album cover. album cover photographyno shrey gitaarvaadak liz buckinghamne aapvama aave chhe. bastlenellone modelingano shrey aapvama aavyo hato. bhayanak maate bendnaa shokhne padgho paadtaa, "blabermouth" kavarne "aek beemar aneey valankvala kharaab swadvala aankhna humla tareeke varnavyu chhe jeno hetu tamane sheershak, uttejit aneey pratikaar karvaano chhe." jyaare keey bhutkaalnaa aalbamo parr benned dwara agau upyogmaa levaata geeto vachche koee parichit horror movie sound karadvaathi nathee, tyaare obornae aalbamni cover aart maate prernaa tareeke "daabi baajunu chhellu ghar" jevee horror movies tankya hataa, jemaa janaavyu hatoo keh reqordina. 2017 maan "teey cycadelic baadak chhe!" saatheni mulakatma magazine, "jus oborne reqordina prakriyaa parr sparsha karyo, janaavyu keey bendnaa ketlaak sabhyo aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan ghare javaani prakriyaamaa hataa aneey jaim keey, viveedh sthaloae viveedh geeto reqorda karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemathi motaa bhagno bhagno temno vyaktigat hooma studiyo-" setir ix "banyo hato. reqordina darmiyan upyogmaa levaata viveedh saadhanonu varnan karoo. oborne janaavyu hatoo keey "teey badhu aek jaj gear thoo saathe reqorda karvaamaa aavyu hatoo"... aek tascam 16-track tape machine, mekee desqa, nev primp, watkins copycate veelamb, rolland spaces iko aneey anya ketlaak reverbes aneey compressor. teey kharekhar aek khoob jaj saral vyavastha chhe kaaran keey amey bendthee tape sudhinaa signal paathne shakya tetalo tunko raakhvaa maangtaa hataa... tame tene shakya tetalu kaacha raakhvaanu jaano chho." aalbamnu nirmaan oborn aneey liz buckingham dwara sambhalvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa oborn pann mishranni sambhaal raakhto hato. bende kahyoo tema, bendthee tape sudhinaa signal paathne shakya tetalo tunko rakheene aneey taarikhnaa sadhanono upyog kareene reqordina kareene, khaas kareene 16 track reqordara dwara kaacha analogue avaajne praapt karvaa maate vyaapak lambai sudhee gayaa. oborn nondhe chhe keey "tamaam saadhno junaa chhe aneey thodaa svabhaavik chhe. recordingni vachche vastuo anadhaari reete tutee jaay chhe, athavaa too koee kaaran vagar kaama karvaanu bundh curry deey chhe aneey pachhi thodaa divaso/athvadiyama fareethi kaama karvaanu sharoo karey chhe. teey kharekhar nirashajanak hatoo. maney laage chhe keey sauthee vadhu svabhaavik aneey najuk machine 16 track reqordara hatoo... aneey samarkam karavu sauthee mushkel chhe. aek samaye aela. pii. neey chh maheena maate chhajali karvee puddy hatee jyaare amey tape machine ukelavaano prayaas karyo hato." rachnaa. "wizard bloody wizard" maan maatra chh geeto hoya chhe, jemathi sauthee naanu, "dhaa reeper", 3hah17 vaagye ghadiyaad banaave chhe. vadhu paramparagat electric wizard shailima, album parnoo sauthee laambu geet, "song off dhaa magicians", coole lambaaine 11:18 thee 43:04 sudhee laave chhe. jyaare haju pann temnaa trademark doom metal abhigamne jaalvi raakhe chhe, tyaare ketlaak vivechakoae agaauna prayatnoni tulnaamaa bendnaa avaajmaa aek alag ferfar nondhyo hato. jemathi sauthee spasht "see. vee. aela. tii. raashtra" samikshaamaa janaavya mujab temnee vinashkari dhaatuni sharuaat dwara temno sakhat roqa abhigam hato. aek blubbermouthmaa.aalbamni rajuaat pahelaa prakashit thayel chokkho lekh, saamyike janaavyu hatoo...benned eksaathe sambhalaay chhe-kharekhar eksaathe. pravaas, lekhan aneey rehearsalna chhella trana varshoae aek navaa avaajne protsaahan aapyu chhe aneey tene dhhaal aapyo chhe jene kharekhar electric wizard brune nisyandit karyo chhe. 43 magajne nuksan pahonchaadnaari minutoma, benned blues stompne krashingthi laeene savage detroit slaze roqa, droning drugg roknaa paranoic margo aneey daramana funerial proto-metal/acideroc dwara vaividhyasabhar, padkarjanak aneey shvaas lenar aela. pii. pahonchaade chhe." metal hammer" naa october october ankamaa aalbamni bhavatmak saamagrini charcha kartaa, jus oborne tippani curry hatee. "geeto hammeshnee jaim samaan prakaarnaa vishhayone aavari leey chhe, teey badhaa necrophilia, drugg-durupyog aneey shetaanvaad chhe. maney badhaa boxes parr tick lagaavvu game chhe."temnee sattavaar website parr, bende aaa aalbamnu varnan" "43 magajne nuksan pahonchaadnaari minito, chh kroor stotro, drugs, seqsa aneey hinsa, sangeetne kabarmathi paachha khenchee (aneey drugg) tareeke karyoo hatoo"... rekhaa dorvaamaa aave chhe. loheemaa." swaagat. 11 samikshaona aadhare, aaa aalbamne coole website "metacritic" parr 72 guna melavtaa saamanya reete anookool sameekshao maate rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "team roke" aalbamne 5 maanthi 3 staar aapyaa aneey samikshak dooma losane album vishe kahyoo keey "jooe tame aanee sarkhaamani bhutkaalni jeet saathe karoo jaim keey" maaraa kattarpanthio aavo "..."aneey" "doptheron" "-aevaa albums keey jeey vinaash dhaatune pahelaa karataa vadhu bhaare aneey vadhu aanandthi drugg-umeraayela pradeshmaa dhakeli deey chhe-" "wizard bloody wizard" "aek athavaa beey vaar nishanthi ochhu padey chhe"." athadaaman" naa josh greye aalbamnu sheershak pasand karvaamaa black sabbathna "lohiwala sabbath" neey benned dwara shraddhaanjali aapvani nondh leedhi hatee, parantu shraddhaanjalini vahiyata taraf dhyaan doryu hatoo; "" bloody sabbath "aee black sabbathnu sauthee prayogik album chhe", temane kahyoo hatoo keey, "jyaare aaa reqorda atyaar sudhee sauthee ochha electric wizard dwara chhe."temane vadhumaa soochavyu hatoo keey aaa album (" "dopthron" "thee vipareet) tame koee sharuaat vagarnaa meetrane vidhyut jadugarna vishisht avaajne darshaavvaa maate vagaado chho". bendnaa ochha gharshak abhigamne sparsha kartaa, greye kahyoo keey "kaalaa jaadu aneey danavona maithun ('lanani karnaarnaa yogya daramana angono ullekh naa karvo) vishe ashubh geeto hovaa chhataa, tame kharekhar" wizard bloody wizard "neey vinaash dhaatu tareeke varnavi shaktaa nathee. aevu laage chhe keey, keey nirashajanak "time too dye" naa hradaybhang aneey lineupma ferfar pachhi, bende aaa vakhate temne game teey prakaarnu sangeet banaavvaani khoob jaj majaa maanee chhe jethee temnee grimmer baajune vadhu aagad dhapavi shakaay. nihshankpane aaa temnaa chaahakona aek juthane (urf jemnaa benned tii-shirt kharekhar gerkaydesar chhe) naraj karashe, parantu teey temne "epicus dumicus" karataa "yug vulgaris" maate vadhu aansheek chaahakonu navoo yajmaan jeetee shake chhe." aalbamne 5 maanthi 3.5 staar aapyaa pachhi, "ola music" vivechak marqa daminge aagad kahyoo keey "wizard bloody wizard" aaa benned maate koee navo aadhaar nathee todato, parantu aaa loko jeey naveenta vishe chhe teey kyaarey nathee. tenaa badale, temnaa albums blacklight poster aneey bongnaa devtaaone arpan karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey teey stare, electric wizarde temnaa malikone kharekhar khoob khush karyaa hovaanu janaay chhe."" "slaint magazine" "zachari hoskinse pann aalbamne 5 maanthi 3.5 aapyu hatoo aneey album parr black sabathna" "master off reality" "maate bendnee khaas manjurini nondh letaa kahyoo hatoo keey" "teey headbanging purists maate, jemnaa daant" "proga" "(athavaa" "gatishilataa" ") shabd dwara dhaar parr seeta karvaamaa aave chhe, darasho naheeh" "wizard bloody wizard" "nishchitpane" "master off reality" "pradeshmaa rahe chhe". aaa album vinaash-dhaatu sutramaa ketlaak sookshm ferfaro rajoo karey chheh manthan, dhabkara maarnaar "nekromeniya" karyvahima punk sneernaa aek tatvano parichay aape chhe, jeey roona asheton-yugnaa stoojne chenal karey chhe, jyaare "reeper" cycadelic jokham saathe teepaa karey chhe. parantu motaa bhaagnaa bhaag maate, aaa aek akhandit riff-roqa chhe jeey seedha sabbath playbookmathi bahaar aave chhe."

jadugar khooni jadugar wizard bloody wizard angreji stoner/doom metal baind electric wizard kaa nauvaan studio album haye, joe unake pichhale album "time too dye" key teen saal baad 17 navambar 2017 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa. recording aprail 2016 seey farwari 2017 taka saitir ix recording studio mein hui, jisamen pramukh gaayak jass oborn aur gitarvadak liz buckingham key beach saajha kiye gaye album parr utpaadan kartavyon key saath. halanki kuchh sangeet alochakon ney baind kii dhwani mein unake samanya vinash sootra seey thodaa adhik kathin rock drishtikon kii or samagr parivartan koo nott kiya, album koo aam taur parr anukool sameeksha millie. 43 minut key chalane key samay key saath aur kewal chhah geeton seey yukt, "wizard bloody wizard" aaj taka baind kaa sabse chhota studio album haye. album cover. album key cover photography kaa shreya gitarvadak liz buckingham koo diyaa jaataa haye. bastlanello koo modeling kaa shreya diyaa gayaa. baind key badey shaukeen honey key pratidhvani dete hue, "blabermouth" ney aavaran koo "ack beemar aur vikrit kharaab swaad vaali aankh-hamla" key roop mein varnit kiya jiska uddeshya aapako uttejit karna, uttejit karna aur hatotsaahit karna haye." jabaki pichhale albums mein baind dwara pahale seey niyojit geeton key beach koee bhee parichit horror movie dhwani kaatane naheen haye, oborn ney album key cover art key liye prerana key roop mein "baain or antim ghar" jaisi horror filmon kaa hawala dete hue kahaah recording. 2017 key ack sakshatkar mein "yeh manodaihik bachcha haye! patrika ney recording prakriya koo chhuaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii baind key kuchh sadasya iss avadhi key dauran ghar jaane kii prakriya mein they aur iss tarah, vibhinn sthaanon parr vibhinn gaane record kiye gaye they, jiska badaa hissa unake vyaktigat home studio-"saitir ix" mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. recording key dauran upayog kiye jaane vaale vibhinn upkaranon kaa varnan karna. oborn ney kahaa kii "yeh sub ack hii gear thou key saath record kiya gayaa thaa... ack tascom 16-track tape machine, mackie desk, nev premp, watkins copicat dille, roland space iko, aur kuchh anya reverb aur compressor. yeh vaastav mein ack bahut hii saral vyavastha haye kyonki humm baind seey tape taka key sanket maarg koo yathasambhav chhota rakhna chaahte they... aap ise jitna sambhav hoe utanaa kachcha rakhna jaanate hain." album key nirmaan koo oborn aur liz buckingham dwara sambhala gayaa thaa, jisamen oborn bhee mishran kaa dhyaan rakhate they. baind ney ack kachche analogue dhwani koo praapt karane key liye vyaapak lambai taka jaanaa, jaisa kii kahaa gayaa haye, baind seey tape taka signal path koo yathasambhav chhota rakhate hue aur dinaankit upkaran kaa upayog karke recording bhee, vishesh roop seey 16 track recorder. oborn ney nott kiya "sabhi upkaran puraane hain aur thode swabhaav key hain. recording key beach mein cheejen apratyaashit roop seey toot jaati hain, yaa binaa kissy kaaran key kaam karna bund curr detee hain aur phir kuchh dinon/hafton mein phir seey kaam karna shuru curr detee hain. yeh vaastav mein nirashajanak thaa. mujhe lagata haye kii sabse swabhaavik aur najuk machine 16 track recorder thee... aur marammat karna sabse kathin haye. ack samay parr ell. pee. koo chhah maheene key liye bund karna padaa, jabaki hamane tape machine koo chhaantane kii koshish kii." rachana. "wizard bloody wizard" mein kewal chhah gaane hotey hain, jinamen seey sabse chhota, "reeper", 3hah17 parr ghadee banaata haye. album parr sabse lamba geet, "magicians kaa shoke", ack adhik paaramparik electric wizard shally mein 11:18 kaa chalane kaa samay haye joe kull lambai koo 43:04 taka laataa haye. see. vee. ell. tii. rashtra" sameeksha mein ullikhit unake vinashkari dhaatu kii shuruat key madhyam seey unakaa kathor rock drishtikon sabse spasht thaa. ack blabermouth mein.album key release seey pahale prakaashit shuddh lekh, patrika ney kahaa...baind ack saath dhwani kartaa haye-vaastav mein ack saath. pichhale teen varshon key daure, lekhan aur abhyaas ney ack naee dhwani koo sammaanit aur dhaala haye jisane vaastav mein bijli key jadugar sharaab koo aasut kiya haye. 43 mastishk-hanikarak minaton mein, baind ack vividh, chunautipurna aur saans lene vaalaa ell. pee. pradaan kartaa haye, jisamen kroor detroit slaze rock, drone drugg rock key paranoech maarg aur daravana funnerial proto-metal/acid rock key madhyam seey blues stomp koo kuchalana shamil haye." metal hammer" key octuber 2017 key ank mein album kii geetaatmak samagri parr charcha karate hue, jass oborn ney tippani kii. "geet hamesha kii tarah ack hii tarah key vishayon koo cover karate hain, yeh sub necrophilia, nashili davaaon kaa durupyog aur shaitanwad haye. mujhe sabhi dibbon parr tick lagaana pasand haye."apani aadhikarik website parr, baind ney album koo" "43 mastishk-hanikarak minut, maut key liye chhah kroor bhajan, drugs, sex aur hinsa, sangeet koo kabr seey vaapas kheench (aur nashili dawa) key roop mein varnit kiya... rekha kheenchi jaati haye. khoon mein." swaagat. 11 sameekshaon key aadhar parr, album koo aam taur parr anukool sameekshaon key liye jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kull website "metacritic" parr 72 ank praapt kiye gaye they. "team rock" ney album koo 5 mein seey 3 sitaare diye aur sameekshak domm losson ney album key baare mein kahaa "yadi aap isaki tulanaa pichhali jeet seey karate hain jaise" merey kattarpanthiyon koo aao..."aur" "dopthrone" "-album joe vinashkari dhaatu koo pahale seey kaheen adhik bhaari aur adhik anandapurna roop seey nashili davaaon seey bharey kshetra mein dhakelate hain-" "wizard bloody wizard" "ack spliff yaa nishan seey dou cumm girata haye." clash" key josh gray ney album key sheershak key chayan mein baind key kaale sabt key "sabt key khooni sabt" koo shraddhanjali dene kaa ullekh kiya, lekin shraddhanjali kii betuki baat kii or ishara kiya; "sabt key khooni sabt" abb taka key kaale sabt key sabse prayogaatmak album haye ", unhone kahaa," jabaki yeh record abb taka key bijli key jadugar kaa sabse cumm haye."unhone aage sujhaav diyaa kii yeh album vaha hoe sakata haye (" "dopthrone" "key vipareet) jise aap ack anjaan dost koo bijli key jadugar kii vishisht dhwani kaa pradarshan karane key liye khelate hain. baind key cumm apgharshak drishtikon koo chhoote hue, gray ney kahaa, "kaale jaadoo aur rakshason key sambhog key baare mein ashubh geeton key bavjood ('reeper key upayukt roop seey daraavane angon' kaa ullekh naheen karane key liye), aap vaastav mein" jadugar khooni jadugar "koo vinashkari dhaatu key roop mein varnit naheen curr sakate hain. aisaa lagata haye kii 2014 key udas "marane kaa samay" key dill tootane aur lineup mein badalaav key baad, baind koo iss baar apane grimmer side koo aur aage badhaane key liye iss tarah key sangeet koo banaane mein bahut mazaa aaya haye. nissandeh yeh unake prashansakon key ack samooh koo pareshan karega (urf jinake baind tii-shirt vaastav mein avaidh hain), lekin yeh unhein "epicus domicus" kii tulanaa mein "yug vulgaris" key liye adhik aanshik roop seey prashansakon kaa ack nayaa mezban jeet sakata haye." album koo 5 mein seey 3.5 sitaare dene key baad, "olmusic" aalochak maark dimming ney kahaa kii "wizard bloody wizard" iss baind key liye koee nayaa aadhar naheen todata haye, lekin navachar kabhi bhee aisaa naheen rhaa haye jisake baare mein yeye loga hain. isake bajaay, unake album kaali batti key poster aur bong key devtaon koo bhent hain, aur usa star parr, bijli key jadugar ney apane maalikon koo vaastav mein bahut khush curr diyaa haye."" "slent patrika" "zaachari hoskins ney bhee album koo 5 mein seey 3.5 diyaa aur album parr black sabbath key" "master off reality" "key liye baind kii vishesh sweekriti kaa ullekh karate hue kahaa kii" "una sir koo peetane vaale shuddhatavadiyon key liye, jinake daant" "prog" "(yaa" "gatishilata" ") shabd seey kinare parr hain, darne kii koee baat naheen haih" "jadugar khooni jadugar" "dridhata seey" "vaastaviktaa key master" "kshetra mein banaa huaa haye. album kayamat-dhaatu sootra mein kuchh sookshm badalaav prastut kartaa haih manthan, thrubbing "necromania" kaaryavaahi mein punk sneer key ack tatva kaa parichay detaa haye, jisamen ronn ashton-yug key stooze koo channel kiya jaataa haye, jabaki "reeper" manodaihik khatare key saath drip kartaa haye. lekin adhikansh bhaag key liye, yeh sabt playbook seey seedhe ack akhand chattan haye."

maantrika raktasikta maantrika vijhard bloody vijhard inglish stoner/doom metal byaand electric vijhardna ombattane studio album aagiddu, avara hindina album "time tuu dye" mooru varshagala nantara 2017rahra november 17randu bidugadeyaayitu. pramukha gayaka jus oborn mattu guitar vaadaka liz buckingham naduve hanchikonda albumna nirmaana kartavyagalondige satter aiks recording studiyodalli april 2016 rinda phebravari 2017 ravarege recording nadeyitu. kelavu sangeeta vimarshakaru bandna dhwaniyalli avara saamaanya doom sootradinda swalpa hecchu haard rock vidhaanada kadege ottare badalaavaneyannu gamanisidaroo, album samanyavagi anukulakara vimarshegalannu padeyitu. 43 nimishagala chaalaneyalliruva samaya mattu kevala aaru haadugalannu olagondiruva "vijhard bloody vijhard" bandna illiyavaregina atyanta chikka studio album aagide. album cover. album cover chayagrahanada shreyassannu guitar vaadaka liz buckinghamge nidalaaguttade. bastlanello avarige modelling shreyassu nidalaayitu. bhayanakavada vaadyavrundada olavannu pratidhvanisutta, "blabermouth" ee mukhaputavannu "nimmannu birusininda, prachodisuva mattu himmettisuva guriyannu hondiruva anarogyakara mattu tiruchida ketta abhiruchiya kannina daali" endu banniside." hindina aalbangalalli byaand ee hinde balasidante haadugala naduve parichita bhayanaka chalanachitrada dhwani kaditagalilladiddaroo, albumna cover artge sphoortiyaagi "edabhagadalliruva koneya maney" yantaha bhayanaka chalanachitragalannu ullekhisi, heege helideh recording. 2017rahra sandarshanavondaralli "idu cycadelic bebi! joose oborn emba niyatakaalikavu dhwanimudrana prakriyeyannu sparshisi, bandna kelavu sadasyaru ee avadhiyalli manege teraluva prakriyeyalliddaru mattu vividha stalagalalli vibhinn haadugalannu dhwanimudrana maadalaayitu, avugalalli hechchinavu avara vaiyaktika home studiyovada" "sattyr aiks" nalli poornagondavu endu helide ". recording samayadalli balasalaaguva vividha sadhanagalannu vivarisi. idellavannoo onde gair thoe moolaka daakhalisalaagide" endu oborn helidaru... ondu tuscam 16-track tape yantra, mackie meju, nev preomp, watkins kapikat delay, roland space eko mattu wanderadu itara rivarbgalu mattu sankochakagalu. byandninda tapege signal maargavannu saadhyavaadashtu chikkadaagidalu naavu bayasiddarinda idu nijavagiyoo tumba saralavaada setup aagide... neevu adannu saadhyavaadashtu kachcha idalu tilididdiri." albumna nirmaanavannu obarn mattu liz buckingham nirvahisidaru, obarn saha mishranavannu nodikolluttiddaru. byandninda tapege signal maargavannu saadhyavaadashtu chikkadaagi ittukolluva moolaka mattu dinankada sadhanagalannu balasikondu, visheshavaagi 16 track recorder annu balasikondu dhwanimudrana maaduva moolaka, heliruvante, kachcha analog dhwaniyannu sadhisalu byaand vyaapakavaada prayatnagalannu maaditu. ellah upakaranagalu haleyavu mattu swalpa swabhavatah ive" endu oborn barediddaare. recordingna madhyadalli anirikshitavagi vastugalu muriyuttave, athawa yaavude kaaranavillade kelasa maaduvudannu nillisi nantara kelavu dinagalu/vaaragalalli matte kelasa maadalu praarambhisuttave. idu nijavagiyoo niraashaadaayakavaagittu. 16 track recorder atyanta manodharmada mattu sookshmavaada yantravagide endu naanu bhavisuttene... mattu durasti maadalu kashta. ondu hantadalli naavu tape yantravannu vingadisalu prayatnisuvaga elpiyannu aaru tingala kaala muchchabekaayitu." samyojane. "vijhard bloody vijhard" kevala aaru haadugalannu olagondide, avugalalli chikkadaada "dhii reaper", 3,17kke gadiyaaragalannu hondiruttade. albumna athi uddada haadu, "mantrikara shokacharane", hecchu saampradaayika vidyut maantrika shailiyalli, ottu uddavannu 11:18 annu 43:04 ge taruttade. tamma trademark doom metal vidhaanavannu innoo kapadikolluttiruvaga, kelavu vimarshakaru hindina prayatnagalige holisidare bandna dhwaniyalli vishishta badalaavaneyannu gamanisidaru. sii. vii. ell. tii. rashtra" vimarsheyalli ullekhisiruvante, avara doom metal aarambhada moolaka avara haard rock vidhaanavu atyanta spashtavagittu. ondu blabermoutnalli.album bidugadeyaguva modalu prakatavaada nivvala lekhanavu, niyatakaalikavu helide...byaand ottige dhwanisuttade-nijavagiyoo ottige. kaleda mooru varshagala pravaasa, baravanige mattu purvaabhyaasavu hosa dhwaniyannu roopiside mattu adhu nijavagiyoo vidyut maantrika paniyavannu butty iliside. nalavattamuru medulige haaniyuntumaaduva nimishagalalli, byaand blues stamp annu kroora detroit sleeze rock, droning drugg rakna paranoac maargagalu mattu tevaluva funerial proto-metal/acidrock moolaka pudimaduvudarinda hididu vaividhyamaya, savaalina mattu usiru tegedukolluva elpi annu niiduttade." metal hammer" naa october 2017rahra sanchikeyalli albumna bhavagitatmaka vishayavannu charchisida jus oborn, "endu helidaru. "saahityavu endinante adhe reetiya vishayagalannu olagondide, ellavoo necrophilia, maadakavastu-durupayoga mattu saitaanavaada. naanu ellah pettigegalannu tick maadalu ishtapaduttene."tamma adhikruta jaalataanadalli, vaadyavrundavu ee album annu" "43 midulige haaniyuntumaaduva nimishagalu, aaru kroora stotragalu, maadaka dravyagalu, laingikate mattu himsachara, sangeetavannu samadhiyinda hintirugisalaagide (mattu maadaka dravyagalannu)" "endu vivariside"... rekheyannu eleyalaagide. raktadalli." svaagata. 11 vimarshegala aadhaarada mele ottu website "metacritic" nalli 72 ankagalannu galisida album annu samanyavagi anukulakara vimarshegalige bidugade maadalaayitu. "team rock" albange 5ralli 3 stargalannu needitu mattu vimarshaka dome lasson album bagge "neevu idannu hindina vijayagalige holisidare" nanna mataandharu bunny "endu helidaru..."mattu" "dopethrone" "-hindendigintaloo hecchu bhaaravaada mattu hecchu santoshadinda maadakavastu-serisida pradeshakke dum metal annu tallida aalbangalu-" "vijhard bloody vijhard" "ondu spliff athawa gurutiginta eradu kadime beeluttade"." clash" naa josh gray, albumna shirshikeya aaykeyalli black sabbatna "bloody sabbat" ge byaand gaurava sallisuttiruvudannu gamanisidaru, aadare gouravada asambaddhateyannu soochisidaru; "bloody sabbat sabbat" embudu black sabbatna atyanta prayogika album aagide, aadare ee daakhaleyu vidyut mantrikana atyanta kadime aagide "endu avaru helidaru."ee album annu neevu praarambhisada sneehitanige vidyut mantrikana vishishta dhwaniyannu pradarshisalu (" "dopethrone" "ge viruddhavaagi) aadabahudu endu avaru mattashtu soochisidaru". bandna kadime apagharshaka vidhaanavannu sparshisida gray, "kappu jaadoo mattu rakshasara sambhogada bagge asubha saahityada horataagiyoo ('koylugaarana sooktavaada bhayanaka angagalannu' ullekhisabaaradu), neevu nijavagiyoo" maantrika raktasikta maantrika "vannu vinaashada lohavendu vivarisalu sadhyavilla. 2014rahra "saayuva samaya" dha hridaya vidraavaka mattu shreniya badalaavanegala nantara, byaand ee baari avaru ishtapaduva reetiya sangeetavannu tayarisi tumba anandiside endu bhavisuttade. idu avara abhimanigala gumpannu (byaand tii-shartgalu nijavagiyoo asamanjasavaadavu) keralisuttade embudaralli sandehavilla, aadare idu avarige "epicus dumicus" ginta "era vulgaris" ge hecchu bhagashah hosa abhimaanigalannu gellabahudu." albange 5ralli 3.5 stargalannu needida nantara, "almusic" vimarshaka maark deming "vijhard bloody vijhard" ee bandge yaavude hosa neleyannu muriyuvudilla, aadare ee janaru yaava hosatanavannu endigoo hondilla endu helidaru. badalige, avara aalbangalu blacklite poster mattu bong devarugalige arpanegalaagive, mattu aaa mattadalli, vidyut mantrikanu tamma yajamaanarannu nijavagiyoo santoshapadisidante toruttade."" "slant magazine" "jhachaari haskins saha albumge 5ralli 3.5 niididaru mattu albumnalli black sabbatna" "master off reality" "ge bandna nirdishta wappigeyannu gamanisidaru," "tale hodeyuva shuddhataavaadigalige, aadaagyoo, avara hallugalu" "progg" "(athawa" "dynamics" ") padadinda anchinallive, hedarabedi" "maantrika raktasika maantrika" "" "master off reality" "pradeshadalli drudhavaagi ulidide". ee album dum-metal sootrakke kelavu sukshma badalaavanegalannu prastutapadisuttadeh manthana, thrubbing "necromania" punk sneerna ondu amshavannu prakriyegalige parichayisuttade, raan asheton-yugada stoojgalannu channel maaduttade, aadare "reaper" cycadelic apaayadinda hanigalannu biruttade. aadare bahupalu, idu sabbat playbukninda neravagi ekashileya riff-rock aagide."

raktharookshitha maanthrikan engleesh stonar/doom mettal baand electric visaardinte onpathaamathe studiyo aalbamaan visard bloody visard, avarude muun aalbam 'time tuu dye' puratthirangi moonnu varshathinu sesham 2017 november 17 nuu puratthirangi. 2016 epril muthal 2017 februvari vare saattir ikes recording studiyokalil pradhana gaayakan juzz obonum gitaarist liss buckingham pankitta aalbathinte nirmmaana chumathalakalode recording nadannu. chila sangeetha niroopakar baandinte shabdathil avarude saadhaarana doom formula ninnu alppam kooduthal haard roock sameepanathilekkulla mothatthilulla maattam shradhichuvenkilum aalbathin pothuve anukoolamaaya avalokanangal labhichu. 43 minitt dairkhyamullathum aarr ganangal maathram ulkkollunnathumaaya "visard bloody visard" innuvareyulla baandinte ettavum cheria studiyo aalbamaan. aalbathinte puramchatta. aalbathinte cover photography credit gitaarist liss buckinghamin nalkiyittundu. bastlanelloic modeling credit labhichu. ningale thalakkett cheiyunnathinum prachodippikkunnathinum pinthirippikkunnathinum lakshyamidunna rogiyum valachodichathumaaya mosham ruchiyulla oru kannu akramanam" ennaanu blabermouth eee kavarine visheshippichathu." muun aalbangalil baand munbu upayogichirunnathupole gaanangalkkidayil parichithamaaya horror moovi shabda kadikkalukalonnum illengilum, aalbathinte cover aarttin prachodanamaayi "idathuvashathulla avasana veedu" polulla horror sinimakale udharichu ooboon paranju recording. 2017-ll "ithu cycadelic bebi!" enna abhimukhathil juus oboon" enna maasika recording prakriya sparshichu, eee kaalayalavil baandile chila amgangal veettilekku maarunna prakriyayilaanennum vividha sthalangalil vyathyastha ganangal record cheythathaayum athil bhooribhaagavum avarude vyakthigatha hoome studiyo aaya "saattir ikes" ll poortthiyaakkiyathaayum prasthaavichu. recording samayat upayogikkunna vividha upakaranangal vivarikkuka. ellaam ore gear thoo upayogichaanu record cheythath" ennu oboon paranju... oru tascam 16-track tape mesheen, mackie desk, nevu prepamp, vaatkins koppi kaatt delay, rolland space ekko, mattu rund reverbukalum compressorukalum. bandle ninnu teppilekkulla signal paatha kazhiyunnathra hrasvamaayi nilanirthaan njangal aagrahichathinaal ithu sarikkum valare lalithamaaya oru sajjeekaranamaan... ningalkk athu kazhiyunnathra asamskrithamaayi sookshikkaan ariyaam." aalbathinte nirmmaanam oboon, liss buckingham ennivar kaikaaryam cheythu, oboon mixing kaikaaryam cheythu. bandle ninnu teppilekkulla signal paatha kazhiyunnathra hrasvamaayi nilanirthunnathiloodeyum theeyathi nischayicha upakaranangal upayogichu record cheiyunnathiloodeyum, prathyekichu 16 track recorder upayogichu, paranjathupole, oru asamskritha analog shabdam nedaan baand vipulamaaya dooram pooyi. ellah upakaranangalum pazhayathum alppam swabhaavamullathumaanu" ennu ooboon abhiprayappettu. recordinginte madhyathil karyangal apratheekshithamaayi thakarukayo oru kaaranavumillathe pravartthikkunnathu nirthukayo kurachu divasangal/aazhchakalkkullil veendum pravartthikkaan thudangukayo cheiyunnu. athu sarikkum niraashaajanakamaayirunnu. ettavum swabhaavaparavum athilolavumaaya yanthram 16 track recorderaayirunnuvennu njaan karuthunnu... koodaathe attakuttappanikal nadatthaan ettavum budhimuttullathum. tape mesheen krameekarikkaan njangal shramichappol oru ghattathil ell. pii. aarr maasathekku shelve cheyyendivannu." rachana. "visard bloody visard" enna gaanathil aarr ganangal maathrame adangiyittulloo, athil ettavum cheruth, "dhii reeper", 3,17 nuu clock cheiyunnu. aalbathile ettavum dairkhyameriya gaanamaya "soaming oof dhii magicans", kooduthal parambaraagatha electric visard shailiyil, motham dairkhyam 11:18 kondu 43:04 aayi varunnu. avarude vyaapaaramudra doom mettal sameepanam nilanirtthumbol, chila vimarshakar muun sramangalumaayi thaarathamyappeduthumbol baandinte shabdathil vyakthamaaya maattam shradhichu. sii. vii. ell. tii neshan" avalokanathil soochippichathupole avarude doom mettal thudakkangaliloodeyulla avarude haard roock sameepanamaayirunnu athil ettavum vyakthamaayath. oru blaabarmouthil.aalbam purathirangunnathinu munbu prasidheekaricha nettu lekhanam maasika prasthaavichu...baand orumichu shabdamundaakkunnu-sarikkum orumichu. kazhinja moonnu varshathe touring, ezhuthu, rihezhsal enniva electric visard bruye sarikkum vaattiyedukkunna oru puthiya shabdathe mechappeduthukayum roopappeduthukayum cheythu. naalppathimoonnu masthishkathe nasippikkunna minittukalil, blues staambu thakarkkunnath muthal sevej detroit slees roock, droning drugg rokkinte paranoic bhagangal, bhayappeduthunna phooneeriyal proto-mettal/aasidrok ennivayiloode vaividyamaarnnathum velluvili niranjathum shwaasammuttunnathumaaya elpi baand nalkunnu." 2017 oktobarile mettal hammer lakkathil aalbathinte gaanaparamaya ulladakkam charcha cheythathayi juus oboon abhiprayappettu. "varikal pathivupole ore tharatthilulla vishayangale ulkkollunnu, ellaam necrophilia, mayakkumarunnu durupayogam, saathaanvaadam ennivayaanu. ellah boxukalilum tick cheyyaan njaan eshtappedunnu."thangalude audyogika websaittil, baand albathe" "masthishkathe nasippikkunna 43 minitt, maranathinu aarr krooramaaya sthuthigeethangal, mayakkumarunnu, laingikatha, akramam, samgeetham enniva" "ennu visheshippichu"... line varachirikkunnu. rakthathil." sweekaranam. 11 avalokanangalude adisthaanathil motham websaittaaya "metaakrittikk" ll 72 score nedi pothuve anukoolamaaya avalokanangalkk aalbam puratthirangi. "team roock" aalbathin 5 ll 3 nakshathrangal nalki, niroopakanaaya dome losan albathekkurichu paranju, "ningal ithine munkaala vijayangalumayi thaarathamyam cheythaal" ente mathabhranthar varoo..."" "dopethron" "-ennathekkaalum bhaarameriyathum kooduthal santhoshakaravumaaya mayakkumarunnu-kootticherttha pradeshathekku doom mettaline thalliya aalbangal-" "maanthrikan raktasikta maanthrikan" "adayaalathil ninnu onno rando kuravaanu"." aalbathinte peru thiranjedukkunnathil black sabbaathinte "bloody sabbat" nuu baand adaranjali arppichathaayi "clash"-leeii josh gray abhiprayappettu, ennaal aadaravinte asambandham choondikkaatti; "bloody sabbat" black sabbathinte ettavum pareekshanathmaka aalbamaan, "addeham paranju," eee record vaidyutha maanthrikante ettavum kuranjathaanu."oru thudakkamillaatha suhruthinodu electric maanthrikante vyathirikthamaya shabdam pradarshippikkunnathinaayin ningal play cheiyunna (" "dopethroninu" "vipareethamaayi) eee aalbamaayirikkaamenn addeham nirddeshichu". baandinte urachilukal kurravulla sameepanathe sparshichukond gray paranju, "maanthrikavidyayekkurichum bhoothangale inacherunnathinekkurichum (koythayaalude anuyojyamaaya bhayappeduthunna avayavangalekkurichu paraamarsikkendathilla) ashubhakaramaaya varikal undaayirunnittum, ningalkk" maantrikanaaya raktharookshitha maanthrikane "vinasha lohamaayi visheshippikkaan kazhiyilla. 2014leeii vishaadakaramaaya "marikkanulla samayam" ennathinte hridayabhedakavum lineup maattangalum baand valareyadhikam aasvadichathaayi thonnunnu, ithavana avar eshtappedunna tharatthilulla samgeetham avarude grimmer side kooduthal mechappeduthunnathinna vendi undaakkunnu. ithu avarude aaraadhakarude oru koottatthe (yadhaarthathil niyamavirudhamaaya baand tii-sharttukal ullavar) aswastharaakkumennathil samshayamilla, pakshe ithu "epicus dumicus" ennathinekkaal "yuga vulgaris" ennathinekkaal kooduthal bhagikamaaya oru puthiya aaraadhakarkk athu nalkum." aalbathin 5ll 3.5 staarukal nalkia sesham, "olmyoosik" niroopakanaaya maarkk deming paranju, "maanthrikan raktharookshitha maanthrikan" eee baandinu oru puthiya aditharayum thakarkkunnilla, pakshe eee aalukal orikkalum puthumayekkurichalla. pakaram, avarude aalbangal blacklight posttarinteyum bonginteyum daivangalkkulla vazhipaadukalaanu, aaa thalatthil, electric maanthrikan avarude yajamananmare valare santhoshippichathaayi thonnunnu."" "slaant magazin" "sachari hoskins aalbathin 5 ll 3.5 nalkukayum aalbathile black sabbaathinte" "maasttar oof reality" "ykku baandinte prathyeka amgeekaaram rekhappeduthukayum cheythu," "thala kulukkunna puristukalkku, ennirunnaalum," "progru" "(allengil" "dynamics" ") enna vaakkinal pallukal valanjirikkunnavarkk, bhayappedarutha" "maanthrikan raktharookshitha maanthrikan" "" "maasttar oof reality" "pradeshathu urachunilkkunnu". aalbam doom-mettal formula chila sookshumamaaya mattangal avatharippikkunnu murning, thrubbing "necromania" nadapadikramangalil pank sneerinte oru ghadakam avatharippikkunnu, roonn aashettan kaalaghattatthile stoojukale chaanal cheiyunnu, athesamayam "reeper" cycadelic bheeshaniyumaayi thullunnu. ennaal bhooribhaagavum, ithu shabbat playbookil ninnu nerittu monolithic riff-rokkaan."

raktaranjit jadugar wizard bloody wizard haah inglish stoner/doom metal band electric wizardcha navva studio album aahe, joou tyanchya mageel album 'time too dye' chya teen varshannantar 17 november 2017 roji pradarshit jhaala. april 2016 teey februwari 2017 yaa kalavadhit sattyr ikes recording studiomadhye dhwanimudran jhaale, jyat mukhya gayak jus oborn aanee gitarvadak liz buckingham yanchyat samayik kelelya dhvanimudranachya nirmitichi jababdari hotee. jaree kahee sangeet samikshakanni tyanchya nehamichya vinash sutrapasoon thodya adhik haard rock drushtikonakade bandchya dhvanimadhye ekoon badal nondavala asala, taree yaa dhwanimudrikela samanyatah anukool punaravalokne midali. 43 minitancha dhavanyacha vel aanee keval sahaa ganyancha samavesh asalela 'wizard bloody wizard' haah bandcha aataparyantcha sarvat lahan studio album aahe. albumche mukhprushth. albumchya mukhprushth chhayachitranache shrey gitarvadak liz buckingham yanna dile jaate. bastlanellola modeling shrey dile gele. bandchya bhayanak aavadela pratidhvanit karat, 'blabbermouth' neey mukhprushthache varnan 'eka aajari aanee vikrut white chav asalela dolhyancha hallah' asey kele jyacha uddesh tumhala shirshak dene, uttejit karane aanee pratikar karane haah aahe." purvichya albammadhye bandney vaparlelya ganyanmadhye parichit bhaypat dhwani dansh nasla taree, albumchya mukhprushth kalesathi prerana mhanoon 'davikadil shevatche ghar' yasarkhya bhaypatancha ullekh keela aahe, asey namood kele aaheh dhwanimudran. 2017 madhye dilelya mulakhatit, "heey cycadelic baal aahe! masikene, "juice obornne dhwanimudran prakriyevar bhashya kele, asey namood kele qee yaa kalat bandche kahee sadasya gharee jaanyachya prakriyet hote aanee asha prakare, vividh thikani vegvegali ganee dhwanimudrit kelee gelee, jyapaiki bahutansh ganee tyancha vaiyaktikrut hoome studio-" sattyr ix "madhye purn jhaali. dhwanimudran kartana vaparlya jaanarya vividh sadhananche varnan karane. obornne mhatale qee, "heey serve ekach gearne reecord kele gele hote... eka tascam 16-track tape machine, mackie desk, nave priimp, watkins copycate dealey, roland space iko aanee itar kahee reverb aanee compressor. hii kharokharach eka atishay sopee mandani aahe kaaran aamhala bandpasoon tepparyantcha signal marg shakya titka lahan thevayacha hota... tumhala teey shakya titke kachche thevane maheet aahe." yaa dhvanimudrikevaril nirmiti oborn aanee liz buckingham yanni hatalali hotee, aanee oborn dekhil mishranakade laksh dett hote. bandney, mhatalyapramane, bandpasoon tepparyantcha signal marg shakya titka lahan thevun aanee dinankit upkaranancha vapar karoon, visheshtah 16 track recorder vaparoon dhwanimudran karoon, kachcha analogue aavaj prapt karnyasathi bandney vyapak prayatna kele. obornne namood kele qee "serve upkarane junie aanee thodi swabhavyukt aahet. dhvanimudranachya darmyan goshti anpekshitpane tutatat kinwa agadi vinakaran kaam karane bund karatat aanee nantar kahee divas/aathvadyant punha kaam karnyas suruvat karatat. teey kharokharach nirashajanak hote. mallah vatate qee 16 track recorder heey sarvat swabhavik aanee najuk yantra hote... aanee durusti karane sarvat katheen aahe. eka velee aamhi tape machinechi mandani karnyacha prayatna karat asatana ell. pii. laa sahaa mahinyansathi bund karave lagale." rachana. "wizard bloody wizard' madhye fakt sahaa ganee asatat, jyapaiki sarvat lahan, 'daad reeper' ghadyal 3h17 vajata yete. adhik paramparik vidyut wizard shailitil 'song auph daad magician' yaa dhvanimudrikatil sarvat lamb ganyacha ekoon lambi 11:18 neey 43:04 paryant aananyacha vel asato. tarihi tyancha trademark doom metal drushtikon kayam thevat asatana, kahee samikshakanni mageel prayatnanchya tulanet bandchya aavajachya vishisht badalachi nond kelee. see. vhee. ell. tii. rashtra punaravalokanat namood kelyapramane, tyanchya vinashkari dhatuchya suruvatidvare tyancha kathor khadakacha drushtikon haah sarvat spasht hota. eka blabermouthmadhye.albumchya pradarshanapurvi prakashit jhalela nivval lekh, masikane mhatale aahe...band ekatra aavaj karato-kharokharach ekatra. gelya teen varshanchya pravas, lekhan aanee saravane eka naveen aavaj tayar keela aahe jyane vijechya jadugar peyala kharokharach nisyandit kele aahe. 43 mendula haanee haanee minitant, band blues stompla crush karnyapasoon teey savage detroit slaze rock, drone drugg rockche paranoic marg aanee bhitidayak funerial proto-metal/acid rockparyant vaividhyapurn, aavhanatmak aanee shwas ghenari ell. pii. vitareet karate." metal hammer' chya aktoobar 2017 chya ankat albumchya gitatmak majkurachi charcha kartana, jasne obornne tippani kelee. "ganyanmadhye nehmipramanech samaan prakarche vishay samavisht aahet, heey serve necrophilia, ammali padarthancha durupyog aanee saitanvad aahe. mallah serve chaukati tick karayala aavadatat."tyanchya adhikrut sanketsthalavar, bandney yaa dhvanimudrikeche varnan" "mendula haanee pohochavinari 43 minite, mrutyuchi sahaa kroor stotre, amali padarth, laingik sambandh aanee hinsachar, sangeet heey kabaritoon parat odhale (aanee amali padarth dile) asey kele aahe"... resha kadhali jaate. raktane." swagat. 11 punaravalokananchya aadhare, 'metacritic' yaa ekoon sanketsthalavar 72 guna midvat, yaa dhwanimudrikela samanyatah anukool punaravalokne midali. "team rock' neey yaa dhwanimudrikela 5 paiki 3 taare dile aanee samikshak domm lausen yanni dhvanimudrikabaddal sangitale qee, 'jarr tumhi yachee tulana mageel vijayanshi kelee tarr' majhya dharmandhanna yaa..."aanee" "doptherone" "-jyaa dhvanimudrikanni vinash dhatula purvipeksha jaast judd aanee adhik anandane amali padarth jodalelya pradeshat dhakalale-'wizard bloody wizard' eka kinwa done guna qamee padato"." clash' chya josh grene albumche shirshak nivadatana bandney black sabbathchya 'sabbath bloody sabbath' laa shraddhanjali vahili, parantu shraddhanjalichi murkhapana darshavili; 'sabbath bloody sabbath' haah black sabbathcha sarvat prayogik album aahe, asey teey mhanale, 'tarr haah reecord aataparyantchya vijechya jadugaranpaiki sarvat qamee aahe."tyane pudhe suchavale qee haah album (" "dopthrone" "chya ulat) tumhi vijechya jadugarancha vishisht aavaj eka suru naan kelelya mitrala dakhavanyasathi vajavata. bandchya qamee gharshak drushtikonabaddal bolatana grey mhanala, "kalee jaadoo aanee rakshasanshi sambhog karnyabaddal (kapanichya yogya bhitidayak avayavancha ullekh naan karata) ashubh geete asoonahi, tumhi kharokharach 'jadugar raktaranjit jadugar' chey vinashkari dhatoo mhanoon varnan karoo shakat nahee. asey vatate qee, 2014 chya udas 'time too dye' chya hrudaydravak aanee kramvaritil badalannantar, bandla yaveli tyanna aavadanare sangeet tayar karnyat khoop majaa aalee aahe jenekarun tyanchi grimmer bajoo aanakhi pudhe sarkel. nihsanshaypane heey tyanchya chahatyanchya eka gatala (urf jyanche band tii-shirt kharokharach bekaydeshir aahet) tras deil, parantu yamule tyanna 'epicus dumicus' peksha 'yug vulgaris' sathee adhik aanshik chahatyanche naveen yazman miloo shakel." albamla 5 paiki 3.5 taare dilyanantar, 'almusic' samikshak marqa daming pudhe mhanale qee 'wizard bloody wizard' yaa bandsathi konatahi naveen aadhar todat nahee, parantu heey lock kaay aahet teey navinyapurn kadhich navhate. tyaeivaji, tyanche dhwanimudrit sangrah heey kalya divasachya bhittipatrakachya aanee bongchya devanna arpan kelele aahet aanee tyaa staravar, vidyut jadugarane tyanchya malakanna kharokharach khoop anandi kele aahe asey disate."tirkas masik" zachari hoskins yannihi albamla 5 paiki 3.5 dile aanee albumvaril black sabbathchya "" master auph reality "" laa bandchi vishesh sammati nondavali, jyat mhatale hote qee "" jyaa shuddhatavadiche daat 'prog' (kinwa 'dynamics') yaa shabdane tokala aahet, matra ghabaru nakah 'jadugar raktaranjit jadugar' haah 'master auph reality' chya kshetrat thampane rahato ". albammadhye vinashkari-dhatuchya sutramadhye kahee sookshm badal sadar kele gele aaheth manthan, dhaddhadanare 'necromania' prakriyet punk sneercha eka ghatak sadar karate, jyamule ronn asheton-yugatil stooj chalatat, tarr 'daad reeper' cycadelic dhokyaas themb takto. parantu bahutansh bhagasathi, haah thet shabbath plebukmadhun aalela ekashila riif-rock aahe."

wizard bloody wizard wizard bloody wizard angreji stoner/doom mettle banned electric wizardko nawaun studio album how, june uniharuko aghillo album "time too dye" ko tean warshapachhi 17 november 2017 maa jaari garieko thiyo. recording april 2016 dekhi february 2017 samma sattyr ikes recording studioma bhaeko thiyo jasma mukhya gayak jass oborna rar gitarwadak liz buckinghambich sajha garieko albumma utpadan kartawyaharu thie. yadyapi kehi sangit samikshakharule bandko dhwanilai uniharuko samanya kayamat sutrabata alik badhi hard ruck drishtikontira samagra pariwartan bhaeko ullekha gare, albumle samanyataya anukul samiksha prapta prapta. 43 minetko chaliraheko samaya rar kewal chhawata githaru samawesh bhaeko, "wizard bloody wizard" bandko ahilesammako sabaibhanda chhoto studio album how. album awaran. album kabhar photographyko shreya gitarwadak liz bakinghamlai ek sath diinchha. bastlanellolai modeling credit diieko chha. bandko bhayanakpratiko premlai pratidhwanit gardai, "blabermouth" ley awaranlai "ek birami rar ghumaeko kharab swadko aankha-akramanko rupma warnan garyo jasko uddeshya tapainlai titlet, uttejit rar pratihat garne how." jabki wigatka albumharuma bandley pahile prayog gareko githaru bitch kunai parichit harror chalchitra dhwani katt chhaina, obornle albumko kabhar artca lagi preranako rupma "bayanma antim ghar" jasta harror chalchitraharulai uddhrit gardai yaso bhaneh recording. sann 2017 maa ek antarwartama "yo cycadelic bachcha how! patrika, "jass obornle recording prakriyalai chhue, bandka kehi sadasyaharu yass awadhima ghar sarne prakriyama thie rar yasari, vibhinna sthanharuma vibhinna githaru record garieka thie, jasmadhye dheraijaso uniharuko wyaktigat home studio-" sattyr ix "maa sampanna bhaeko thiyo. recording garda prayog garieka vibhinna upkaranharuko warnan garnuhos. obornle bhane "yo sabai eutai gear thosanga record garieko thiyo"... euta tascom 16-track tape messin, mckey desk, nebh primp, watkins pratilipi wilamba, roland space iko, rar anya kehi reverb rar compressorharu. yo sanchchai ek dherai saral setup how kinki hammy bandbatt tepma signal marga sakesamma chhoto rakhna chahanthyaun... tapainlai yasalai sakesamma kachcha rakhna thaha chha." albumko utpadan oborna rar liz bakinghamdwara handle garieko thiyo, obornle pani mishranko khyal rakheko thiyo. bandley kachcha analog dhwani prapta garna wyapak lambaima gayo, jasto bhanieko chha, bandbatt tepma signal margalai sakesamma chhoto rakhera rar miti upkaranharu prayog garera recording pani, vishesh gari 16 track recorder. obornle ullekha gare "sabai gear purano rar alie swabhawik chha. recordingko bichma chijharu apratyashit rupma tutna thalchhan, wa kunai karan bina kaam garna banda garchhan rar tyasapachhi kehi dina/haptaharuma feri kaam garna thalchhan. yo sanchchai nirashajanak thiyo. malai lagchha sabaibhanda swabhawik rar nazuk messin 16 track recorder thiyo... rar marmat garna sabaibhanda kathina. ek binduma hamile tape messinlai wyawasthit garne prayas garda lp chha mahinaka lagi banda garnuparyo." rachana. "wizard bloody wizard" maa kewal chhawata githaru hunchhan, jasmadhye sabaibhanda chhoto, "da ripper", 3ah17 maa ghadiharu. albumko sabaibhanda lamo geet, "soaming aff da magines", adhik paramparagat vidyutiya wizard shailima 11:18 ko chaliraheko samaya chha jasle kull lambai 43:04 maa lyaunchha. ajhai pani uniharuko trademark dom mettle drishtikon kayam rakhdai, kehi alochakharule aghillo prayasharuko tulanama bandko dhwaniko farak pariwartanlai note gare. jasmadhye sabaibhanda spashta uniharuko doom mettleko suruwatko madhyambata uniharuko hard ruck drishtikon thiyo june "cvlt rashtra" samikshama ullekha garieko chha. euta blabermouthma.albumko releasaghi nai prakashit nett lekh, patrikale bhanyo...banned eksath lagchha-sanchchai eksath. bhraman, lekhan rar rehearsalko pachhillo tean warshaharule nayan dhwanilai samman rar dhancha dieko chha jasle sanchchai electric wizard brulai asut gareko chha. 43 mastishka-hanikarak minetma, bandley ek vividh, chunautipurna rar sas ferne lp pradan gardacha, sevez detroit slaze ruck, droning drugg rakako paranoic margharu rar darawana funerial proto-mettle/aciderock marfat blues stumplai crussing garnabata." mettle hammer" ko october 2017 ankama albumko bhawatmak samagriko barema chhalfal gardai, jass obornle tippani gare. "gitle sadhain jastai saman prakarka vishayaharu sametchha, yo sabai necrophilia, laguaushadh-durupyog rar shaitanwad how. malai sabai buxharuma tick lagauna munn parchha."afno adhikarik websitema, bandley albumlai" "43 mastishka-hanikarak minetharu, mrityuko chha wata berber bhajanharu, laguaushadh, yauna rar hinsa, sangitlai chihanbata firta tanne (rar laguaushadh)" "bhanera warnan gareko chha... rekha khichieko chha. ragatma." swagat. album 11 samikshaharuma adharit samagra website "metacritic" maa 72 anka prapta garera samanyataya anukul samikshaharuma jaari garieko thiyo. "team ruck" ley albumlai 5 madhye 3 tara diyo rar samikshak dom lasanle albumko barema bhane "yadi tapain yasalai wigatka vijayaharusanga tulana garnuhunchha bhane" mero kattarpanthiharu aunuhos..."rar" "doptheron" "-albumharu jasle vinash dhatulai pahilebhanda bhari rar adhik anandadayi rupma laguaushadh-sanlagna kshetrama dhakelyo-" "wizard bloody wizard" "chinhako ek wa dui chhoto hunchha." class" kaa jose grele albumko shirshakko chayanma bandley callo vishramko "sabbath bloody sabbath" lai shraddhanjali dindai ullekha gare tara shraddhanjaliko murkhata aunlyae; "sabbath bloody sabbath" callo vishramko sabaibhanda prayogatmak album how ", unle bhane," jabki yo record ahilesammako electric wizardko sabaibhanda cum how."unle thap sujhawa die kii yo album (" "dopthron" "ko viparit) tapainle suru nagareko sathilai vidyutiya wizardko wishishta awaz pradarshan garna bajaunuhunchha. bandko cum gharshankari drishtikonlai chhundai, grele bhane "callo jadu rar rakshasharuko maithun ('katne upayukta darawana angaharu' ullekha nagari) bare ashubh githaruka bawajud, tapainle wastawma" wizard bloody wizard "lai kayamat dhatuko rupma warnan garna saknuhaunna. yasto lagchha, sann 2014 ko udas "marne samaya" ko hridaya vidarak rar lineup pariwartan pachhi, bandley yass patak uniharule munn paraune prakarko sangit banaunama dherai ramailo gareko chha taaki uniharuko grimmer sidelai ajha agadi badhauna sakiyos. nissandeha yasale uniharuka fanharuko ek samuhalai risaunechha (urf jasko banned tea-certharu sanchchai awaidh chhan), tara yasale uniharulai "epicus dumicus" bhanda "yug walgaris" ko lagi badhi anshik prashansakharuko nayan host jitna sakchha." albumlai 5 madhye 3.5 tara diepachhi, "almusic" alochak mark demingle bhane "wizard bloody wizard" ley yass bandka lagi kunai nayan adhar toddaina, tara yee manisharu key hun bhanne kura navinta kahilyai bhaeko chhaina. yasako satta, tiniharuko albumharu black light poster rar bongka dewataharulai arpan hun, rar tyas starma, vidyutiya wizardle afna malikharulai sanchchai dherai khusi banaeko dekhinchha."" "tirachha patrika" "jacheri hoskinle pani albumlai 5 madhye 3.5 die rar albumma black sabbathko" "master aff reality" "lai bandko vishesh swikriti ullekha gardai bhane" "tee tauko prahar garne shuddhatawadiharuka lagi, jasko daant" "prog" "(wa" "gatishilta" ") shabdale kinarma sett garieko chha, nadarah" "wizard bloody wizard" "dridhatapurwak" "master aff reality" "kshetrama rahanchha. albumle kayamat-dhatu sutrama kehi sukshma pariwartanharu prastut gardachhah manthan, thrubbing "necromania" ley karyawahima punk snirko tatwa prastut gardacha, rone asheton-yugka stujharulai channel gardacha, jabki "ripper" cycadelic khatarako sath tukranchha. tara dheraijaso bhagka lagi, yo vishram dinko plebukbata sidhai ekpashan riff-ruck how."

raktakta jadukar wijarda bloody wijarda heuchhi ingraji stoner/doom metal banned electric wijardanka nabam studio album, jaahaa semanankara purba album "time tuu dye" rahr tini barsha parey 17 navember 2017 ray muktilabha karithila . recording april 2016 ru februari 2017 parjyanta satira ix recording studiore hoithila ebong mukhya gajaka jass oborn ebong guiterbadaka liz bakinghamanka madhyare bhaga karajaithiba alabamare prodoxon duty sahita . jadio kichhi sangeeta samalochaka bander dhwanire semanankara sadharana doom sutraru tike adhika hard rock abhimukhya prati samagrika paribartana lakhya karithile, album sadharanatah anukula samikhya paithila . 43 minitor running time sahita ebong kebala chhaati geetaku nei, "wijarda bloody wijarda" aaji parjyanta bander sabutharu chhot studio album . album kavara. albummer prachada photography paain shreya guiterbadaka liz bakinghamnku eka rangeena sangeeta sahita diajaichhi. bastlanellonku madeling credit diajaichhi. ehi bhajankara banned prati thiba anuragaku pratidhwanita curry, "blabermouth" ehi prachadaku "eka asustha ebong bikruta kharap swadajukta chakhyu aakraman" bhabe barnana karithila, jahara uddeshya heuchhi aapananku utsahita kariba, utsahita kariba ebong pratihata kariba." ateeta alabamare banned dwara purbaru byabahruta gitagudika madhyare kaunasi parichita harror chalachitra dhwani kamuda nathibabele, aborne albummer prachada kalaa paain prerana bhabare "baama parsware shesh ghara" pari harror chalachitraku uddhruta curry kahichantih recording. 2017 ray eka sakhyatakarare "ehaa cycadelic bebi! juice oburn" namaka eka patrika recording prakriya upare alokapata curry kahichhi je ehi samajare bander kichhi sadasya gharaku chalijibara prakriya chaluthila ebong bibhinna sthanare bibhinna geeta record karajaithila, jahara adhikansha ansha semanankara byaktigata home studio-"satira ix" ray samapta hoithila. recording samajare byabahruta bibhinna upakarana barnana karantu. oborn kahithile je "ehaa sabu samaana gear tho 'ray record karajaithila..... eka tascom 16-track tape messin, maaki desk, nebh primp, watkins kapikat dealey, roland spaces eco, ebong anya kichhi ribharba ebong compressor . ehaa bastabare eka ati sarala sett-up kaaran aame byandaru tape parjyanta signal pathaku jathasambhaba chhot rakhibaku chahunthilu ..... apana ehaaku jathasambhaba kanchamal rakhiba janichanti." ehi albummer prajojana oborn ebong liz bakinghamanka dwara parichalita hoithila, oborn madhya misranara jatna neuthile. byandaru tape parjyanta sanketa pathaku jathasambhaba chhot rakhi ebong tarikh upakarana byabahara curry recording curry, bisesh curry 16 track recorder, banned eka asanglagna analogue dhwani hassel kariba paain byapaka prayasa karithila. aborna ullekha karithile je "samasta upakarana puruna ebong tike swabhabagata. recording majhire jinish apratyashita bhabare bhangijae, kimba epariki bina kaaranare kaama kariba banda kare ebong kichhi deane/saptaha madhyare puni kaama arambha kare . ehaa bastabare hatashajanaka thila. mun anumana karuchhi je sabutharu swabhabagata ebong sukshma messin thila 16 track recorder ..... ebong maramati kariba sabutharu kastakara . gotie samajare aame tape mesinku chhatei karibaku chesta karuthibabele elpiku chhaa maasa paain banda karibaku padithila." rachna. "wijarda bloody wijarda" ray kebala chhaati geeta rahichhi, jeunthiru sabutharu chhot, "daa ripper", 3hah17 ray ghadi kare . albummer sabutharu lamba geeta, "soning off daa magiciance", adhika paramparika baidyutika wijarda saileere, mote dairghyaku 11:18 ku aani 43:04 rahr eka chaluthiba samai achhi . tathapi semanankara trademark doom metal abhimukhya bajaiah rakhi, kichhi samalochaka purba prayasa tulanare bander dhwanire eka swatantra paribartana ullekha karithile . jaahaa madhyaru sabutharu spust thila semanankara kathina pathara abhimukhya semanankara doom metal arambha madhyamare jaahaa eka "cvlt nession" samikhyare ullekha karajaichi . eka blabermouth ray.album muktilabha purbaru prakashita nett article, patrika kahichhi.....bandti ekathi shune-bastabare ekathi. gata tini barshar bhraman, lekhiba ebong rehearsal eka nutan dhwaniku unnat ebong dhancha deichi jaahaa bastabare baidyutika wijarda bruku asantabruta karichhi . | mastishka-khyatikaraka minitare, banned eka bibidha, ahwanapurna ebong nihshwasapraswasa neuthiba elpi pradan kare, blue stampaku krasing kariba thaaru arambha curry sebhej detroit slaze rock, droning drugg rock ebong bhajankara funerial proto-metal/acidrock rahr paranoac marga ." metal hammer" rahr october 2017 sanchikare albummer geetikara bishajabastu bishajare alochana curry jass oborn mantabya deichhanti. "gitagudika purbapari samaana prakarara bishajaku antarbhukta kare, ehaa samasta necrophilia, nishadrabya-apabyabahara ebong shajatanabada . mun samasta buxku tick karibaku pasanda kare ."semanankara official websaitre, banned ehi alabamku" "43 mastishka-khyatikaraka minute, mrutyu paain chhaati barbara bhajan, drugs, jouna ebong hinsa, sangeeta kabararu taani (ebong nishadrabya) bhabare barnana karichhi..... rekhati ankita hoichhi. raktare." swagata. ସ୍ୱାଗତ। samikhya aadhaarare, mote website "metacritic" ray ray score curry albumti sadharanatah anukula samikhya paain muktilabha karithila. "team rock" alabamku 5 ru 3 taaraa deithila ebong samikhyaka domm lusson album bishajare kahichanti "jadi apana ehaaku ateeta bijai sahita tulana karanti je" moe dharmandhamane aasantu....."ebong" "doptherone" "-album jaahaa doom metalaku purba apekhya adhika bhaari ebong adhika anandadajaka bhabare drugg-jukta anchalaku theli deithila-" "wijarda bloody wijarda" "chinharu eka spliff kimba duiti chhot pade ." class" rahr josh grey albummer shirshaka chajanare kalaa bishramabarara "raktakta bishramabara" ku bander shradhanjali pradan bishajare ullekha karithile kintu shradhanjalira abastabataku darshaithile; "raktakta bishramabara" heuchhi kalaa bishramabarara sabutharu parikhyamulaka album ", shay kahithile," jadio ehi record eparjyanta baidyutika wijardanka thaaru sarbanimna ."shay ahuri paramarsha deithile je ehi albumti (" "doptherone" "rahr bipareet) hoipare jaahaa apana jane anaprabartita bandhunku baidyutika wijardanka swatantra dhwani pradarshan karibaku khelanti . bander comm gharshanashila aabhimukhyaku sparsha curry grey kahichanti, "kalaa jaadu ebong danabamananka sahita jouna samparka ('amalakareenka upajukta bhajankara anga) bishajare asubha geeta satwe, apana prakrutare" wijarda raktakta wijarda "ku dhwansa dhaatu bhabare barnana kariparibe naahin. ehaa anubhaba hue, 2014 rahr bishadapurna "time tuu dye" rahr hrudai bhangiba ebong lineup paribartana parey, banned kebala bahuta majaa karichhi je ether semane pasanda karuthiba prakarara sangeeta tiari curry semanankara grimmer parswaku ahuri plum karibaku . ethire sandeha naahin je ehaa semananka prashansakanka eka samoohaku birakta kariba (jeunmananka banned tii-sart prakrutare abaidha), kintu ehaa semananku "epicus dumics" apekhya "juga bhalgaris" ku adhika aanshika bhabare prashansakanka eka nutan host jitaipare ." alabamku alabamku 3.5 starr deba parey, "almusic" samalochaka marck deming kahithile je "wijarda bloody wijarda" ehi banned paain kaunasi nooa aadhara bhangi naahin, kintu ehi lokamane jaahaa karuchanti taaha nabasrujana kebe hoinahin. ehaa paribarte, semanankara alabamgudika kalaa aloka poster ebong bangara debatamananku arpan, ebong sehi starare, baidyutika wijarda semananka malikamananku prakrutare bahuta khusi karithiba pari janapade ."" "slant magazin" "jachari hoskins madhya alabamku 5 ru 3.5 deithile ebong alabamare black sabbath rahr" "master off reality" "ku bander nirdista anumodana ullekha curry kahithile je" "sehi munda bunuthiba piuristmananka paain, jahara daanta" "proga" "(kimba" "dynamics" ") sabda dwara dhaarare sthira hoichhi, bhaja karantu naahinh" "wijarda raktakta wijarda" "drudha bhabare" "master off reality" "anchalare rahithae. ehi album doom-metal sootrare kichhi sukshma paribartana upasthapana kareh manthan, thrabing "necromania" prakrijare pank sneera eka upadan prabartana kare, runn asseton-jugara stuj channell kare, jetebele "ripper" cycadelic bipada sahita drip kare . kintu adhikansha bhaga paain, ehaa sidhasalakha bishramabara plebukaru eka prastara prastara-riff-rock ."

jadugar khooni jadugar wizard bloody wizard angrezi stoner/doom maital baind electric wizard dee nauvin studio album haii, joe uhanan dee pichli album "time too dye" dey tinn saal baad 17 navambar 2017 noon jaari keeti gaee see. recording aprail 2016 toon farvari 2017 takk styre ix recording studios witch hoee see jiss witch album utte utpadan deeaan zimmevariaan sunn joe mukkh gaeek jass oburn atey guitarist lease buckingham darmiaan sanjhiaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. halanki kujh sangeet aalochakan neey baind dee aavaaz witch uhanan dey aam tabahi farmule toon thodhi vadhere haard raak pahunch vall samucchi tabdili noon nott keeta, album noon aam taur 'teey anukool samikhiaavan miliaan. 43 mint dey challan dey samein atey siraf chhe geetan naal, "wizard bloody wizard" ajj takk dee baind dee sabh toon chhoti studio album haii. album cover. album cover photography daa credit gitarvadak lease buckingham noon ditta jaanda haii. bastlenello noon modeling daa credit ditta giaa. baind dey bhiaanak laee piaar noon duhraunde hoye, "blabermouth" neey cover noon "ikk bimar atey tuttiaa hoiaa buraa suaad vaala akkh-hamla dassiaa jisda udesh tuhanun sirlekh denna, utshahit karna atey pratibandhit karna haii." halanki pichle ailabman witch baind duaara pahilan varte gaye geetan dey vichkaar koee vee jaane-pachane drauni film dee aavaaz naheen haii, parr album dey cover aart laee prerna vajon "khabbe paase aakhri gharr" vargiaan dharauniaan filman daa havala dinde hoye kiha giaa haiyav recording. 2017 witch ikk interview witch "ih mnovigiaanak baccha haii! magazine neey recording prakiriaa noon chhuhiaa, jiss witch kiha giaa kii baind dey kujh member iss samein dauran gharr jaanh dee prakiriaa witch sunn atey iss tarahan, vakkh-vakkh thaavan 'teey vakkh-vakkh geet ricard keete gaye sunn, jinhan daa vadda hissa unhan dey viaktigat gharelu studio-"styre ix" witch poora keeta giaa see. recording dauran varte gaye vakkh-vakkh sadhanan daa varnan crow. oburn neey kiha kii "ih sabh ikko geyar thoo naal ricard keeta giaa see... ikk tascom 16-track tape masheen, mackie desk, nev preamp, watkins copycate diley, roland space eco, atey kujh horr reverb atey compressor. ih asal witch ikk bahut hii assan sett-upp haii kiunki aseen baind toon tape takk signal maarag noon jinna sambhav hoow sake chhota rakkhna chahunde see... tusin iss noon jinna sambhav hoow sake kaccha rakkhna janade hoow." album dey nirman noon oburn atey lease buckingham duaara sambhaliaa giaa see, jiss witch oburn vee mixing daa dhiaan rakkhda see. jiven kii kiha giaa haii, baind neey ikk kacchi analogue aavaaz prapat curran laee viaapak lambai takk giaa, jiven kii kiha giaa haii, baind toon tape takk signal maarag noon jinna sambhav hoow sake chhota rakkhna atey mitee vaale upkarnan dee varton karke recording vee karna, khaas karke 16 track recorder. oburn neey nott keeta "saare upkaran purane atey thode subhaa vaale hunn. recording dey vichkaar cheezan achanak tutt jandiaan hunn, jaan binan kise caarn dey kamm karna bnd qarr dindiaan hunn atey firr kujh dinan/haftiaan witch dubara kamm karna shuru qarr dindiaan hunn. ih sachmuch nirashajanak see. mainoon lagda haii kii sabh toon vaddh subhaa atey nazuk masheen 16 track recorder see... atey murammat karna sabh toon mushkal haii. ikk samein aill. pee. noon chhe mahiniaan laee chaddna piaa jadon kii aseen tape masheen noon krambadh curran dee koshish keeti." rachna. "wizard bloody wizard" witch siraf chhe geet hunde hunn, jinhan vicchon sabh toon chhota, "dha reeper" ghadiaan 3ouau17 vaje aaundiaan hunn. album daa sabh toon lamba geet, "soaming aaf dha magiance", ikk vadhere ravaiti electric wizard shaili witch, kull lambai noon 11:18 takk liaunda haii. jiss vicchon sabh toon spasht unhan dee haard chattan pahunch see joe unhan dee tabahi dhaat dee shuruat duaara see jiven kii ikk "see. vee. ail. tii. rashter" samikhiaa witch zikar keeta giaa haii. ikk balbarmouth witch.magazine neey kiha kii album dee rileez toon pahilan nett lekh prakashit keeta giaa see...baind ikkathe aavaaz karda haii-asal witch ikkathe. pichle tinn saalan dey daure, likhan atey rehearsal neey ikk naveen aavaaz noon sanmanit atey dhaliaa haii jiss neey sachmuch electric wizard bru noon distill keeta haii. 43 dimag noon nuksan pahunchaun vaale mintan witch, baind ikk vibhinn, chunotipuran atey saah lainn vaala aill. pee. pardan karda haii, jiss witch blues stomp noon kuchlan toon lae keey saivej detroit sleeze rock, droning drugg rock dey pagal paase atey draune funirial proto-maital/tezpatti shamal hunn." maital hammer" dey aktubar 2017 dey ank witch album dee geetan dee samaggari baare charcha karde hoye, jass oburn neey tippni keeti. "geet hamesha dee tarahan use tarahan dey vishiaan noon cover karde hunn, ih sabh necrophilia, nashile padarthan dee durvarton atey shaitanvad haii. mainoon saare baksiaan noon tick karna pasand haii."aapni adhikarat website utte, baind neey album noon" 43 dimag noon nuksan pahunchaun vaale mint, maut dey chhe bhiaanak bhajan, nashile padarath, ling atey hinsa, sangeet noon kabar toon waps khichiaa (atey nashile padarath) "dassiaa... line khicchi gaee haii. khoon witch." suagat. album noon 11 samikhiaavan dey adhaar utte kull website "metacritic" utte 72 ank prapat curran laee aam taur utte anukool samikhiaavan laee jaari keeta giaa see. "team rock" neey album noon 5 vicchon 3 starr ditte atey samikhiak dome lausan neey album baare kiha "jey tusin iss dee tulna pichliaan jittan naal karde hoow jiven kii" merey kattadpanthi aao..."atey" "dopathron" "-ailabman jinhan neey tabahi dhaat noon pahilan naalon bhaari atey vadhere khushi naal nashile padarthan naal jude khetar witch dhakk ditta-" "wizard bloody wizard" "ikk spliff jaan nishan toon doou ghatt dhiggda haii." klesh" dey josh grey neey album dey sirlekh dee chonh witch kaale sabat dey "sabat dey khooni sabat" noon baind duaara shardhanjali denh daa zikar keeta parr shardhanjali dee betuki gall vall ishara keeta; "sabat dey khooni sabat" hunn takk dey kaale sabat dee sabh toon prayogatmak album haii ", usne kiha," jadon kii ih ricard bijli dey jadugar daa sabh toon ghatt haii."uss neey agge sujhaa ditta kii ih album uh hoow sakadi haii (jiven kii" "dopthron" "dey ulat) joe tusin ikk anjaan dosat noon bijli dey jadugar dee vilakkhan aavaaz noon pradarshit curran laee khedade hoow. baind dee ghatt ghrinayog pahunch noon chhuhde hoye, grey neey kiha, "kaale jaadu atey bhutan dey sambhog ('kattan vaale dey dhukven draune angaan' daa zikar naa curran) baare ashudh geetan dey bavjood, tusin asal witch" jadugar khooni jadugar "noon tabahi dhaat vajon naheen biaan qarr sakde. ajiha lagda haii kii 2014 dey udas "time too dye" dey dill tuttan atey lineup witch tabdiliaan toon baad, baind neey iss vaar aapne grimmer side noon horr vadhaun laee uss kisam dey sangeet noon banaun witch bahut mazaa liaa haii joe uh pasand karde hunn. binan shakk ih unhan dey parshanskan dey ikk samooh noon naraz qarr devega (uraf uh jinhan deeaan baind tii-shirtan asal witch annuchit hunn), parr ih unhan noon "epics dumics" naalon "yugg vulgriss" laee vadhere anshak parshanskan dee ikk naveen mezban jitt sakda haii." album noon 5 vicchon 3.5 starr denh toon baad, "aal music" aalochak maarak damming neey kiha kii "wizard bloody wizard" iss baind laee koee navaan adhaar naheen todada, parr ih lock joe navinata baare hunn uh kadey naheen rahey. iss dee bajaae, uhanan deeaan ailabman blacklight poster atey bong dey devtiaan noon bhetan hunn, atey uss paddhar 'teey, electric wizard neey aapne malkan noon sachmuch bahut khush keeta japda haii."" "slent magazine" "zachari hoskins neey vee album noon 5 vicchon 3.5 ditta atey album utte black sabat dey" "maastar aaf reality" "noon baind dee vishesh pravangi daa zikar karde hoye kiha kii" "uhanan sir noon kuttan vaale shudh curran valiaan laee, halanki, jinhan dey dand" "prog" "(jaan" "gatishilta" ") shabad duaara kinare utte sett keete gaye hunn, naa drow" "wizard khooni wizard" "dridhta naal" "maastar aaf reality" "khetar witch rahinda haii. album tabahi-dhatu farmule witch kujh sookham tabdiliaan pesh kardi haiyav manthan, thrubbing "necromania" karvaiaan witch punk sneer daa ikk tatt pesh karda haii, joe kii rone ashton-yugg dey stoojan noon channel karda haii, jadon kii "reeper" mnovigiaanak khatre naal tapakda haii. parr ziaadaatar hisse laee, ih siddhe sabat playbook toon ikk-patthar dee riff-chattan haii."

raktaranjitah mantravaadinah wizard bloody wizard iti aangl-stoner/doom-metal-bend-electric-wizard ityasya navamah studio-aalbam asti, yat teshaam poorvasya aalbam "taim-too-dai" ityasya varshatrayam anantaram 2017 november 17 dinaanke pradarshitam. 2016 april-masat 2017 februvari-maasaparyantam, satter-aiks-ityasya dhvanimudrana-studios-madhye dhvanimudranam abhavat, yasya nirmanakaryam pramukhagaayakasy jus-oborn-ityasya gitaar vaadakasya cha liz-bakingham-ityasya madhye bhagikrutya krutam. yadyapi kechan sangeeta-vimarshakah vaadyavrundasya dhvanyaam samanyasya doom-sutrat alpam adhikam hardrack-drushtikonam prati samagram parivartanam avadat, tathaapi aalbam samanyataya anukoolam samiksham praapnot. 43 nimeshasya chaalan-kaalasy, kevalam shut gitanam cha yuktah, "wizard bloody wizard" iti adyaparyantam bend ityasya laghutamam studio-aalbam asti. aalbam-kavar. aalbam-kavar-photography ityasya shreyah gitaar vaadaken lease bakinghaam ityasmai deeyate. bastlanelo madeling-shreyah pradatta. blaabarbarmaut" iti gitasya aavaranam "rogagrastam, vikrutam cha durbhaavanaapoornam netra-akramanam iti varnayat, yasya uddeshyam bhavantam sheershakam, uttejitam, pratyutsargeekaranam cha iti." yadyapi gitanam madhye parichitaani bhayaanak-chalacchitra-dhwani-katanaah naa santi, yathaa poorvakaale vaadyavrundena poorva-aalbam-madhye prayuktaani aasan, tathaapi oborn-varyaha "vaamabhaage antima-gruham" ityadeen bhayaanak-chalacchitraani aalbam-ityasya aavaranakalaayaah prerane uddhrutavaan, yat kathayati - abhilekhanam. 2017 tame varshe "itts cycadelic bebby!" iti sakshatkaram. jus oborn" iti patrikaa dhvanimudranaprakriyaam sparsham krutvaa avadat yat asmin kaale vaadyavrundasya kechan sadasyaah gruham gantum udyuktaah aasan, tathaa cha vividheshu sthaaneshu vividhaah geetaani dhwanimudritaah, yeshu adhikaamshaani geetaani teshaam vyaktigata-gruha-studio-"saatir-ix" iti sthaane eva poornaani abhavan. abhilekhanakaale prayuktaanaam vibhinnanam sadhananam varnanam. oborn ityanena avadat yat "etat sarvam samaan-gerr-tho ityanena abhilekhitam" iti... tascom-16-track tape-yantram, maikee-desk, nev preemp, watkins-kapikat-delay, roland-space-iko, anye cha dwau prativartau compressor cha. etat vastutah atyantam saralam vyavasthaa asti yatah vayam bend-taha tape-paryantam sanketamaargam yathaasambhavam laghuroopen sthaapayitum icchaamah... yathaashakti tatt aparishkrutaroopena sthaapayitum bhavaan jaanaati." aalbam ityasya nirmaanam oborn tathaa liz bakinghaam ityetaih nirvahitam, oborn api mishranasya karyam nirvahati sma. yathaa kathitam, bend-taha tape-paryantam sanketamaargam yathaasambhavam laghuroopen sthapayitva, tathaa cha dinaamkita-upakarana upayujya, visheshatah 16 track-recorder ityasya upayogena dhwanimudranam krutvaa, bend-samoohah asampurna-unlog-dhwanim praaptum vistrutam yaavat gatavaan. oborn ityanena soochitam "sarvam upakaranm puratanam, alpam cha svabhaavam cha asti. dhvanimudranasya madhye vastooni apratyaashitaroopen vighatante, athavaa vinaakaaranam api karyam sthagayanti, tatah katipayeshu dineshu/saptaaheshu punah karyam aarabhante. vastutah viraktim krutavaan. aham anumanyaami yat 16 track-recorder iti atyantam svabhaavikam sukshmam cha yantram aasit... tathaa cha punahsthaapayitum katinataram. ekasmin samaye yadaa vayam tape-yantram kramabadham kartum prayatayama tadaa ell. pee. ityasya shanmaasaparyantam shelf karaneeyam aasit." rachanaa. "wizard bloody wizard" ityasmin kevalam shut geetaani santi, yeshu laghutamaah "da reeper" iti 3hah17 vaadane bhavati. adhikaparamparaatmakavidyat-wizard-shailyaa "somaing aaf da magicians" iti aalbam ityasya deerghatamasya gitasya chalitah samayah 11:18 asti, yena kulam dairghyam 43:04 yaavat aagacchati. tathaapi swasya treadmark-dum-metal-drushtikonam avalambya kechan vimarshakah poorvaprayaaseh apekshayaa bend-ityasya dhvanyaam vishishtam parivartanam avadat. see. vee. ell. tea. neshan" samikshayam yathaa ullikhitam, teshaam dum-metal-aarambhasy madhyamena teshaam haard-raak-drushtikonah, yasmaat spashtah aasit. blabermouth madhye.aalbam ityasya vimochanaat poorvam prakaashitah jaala-lekhah iti patrikaa avadat. ..bend-samoohah ekena dhvanyate-vastutah ekena. pravaasasya, lekhanasy, abhyasasya cha antimatrayam varshaani nootanam dhwanim anuraktavantah, tathaa cha tasya roopam adrushyata, yena vastutah vidyut-wizard-broo ityasya aasavanam abhavat. chaturnimshat mastishka-hanikaranimesheshu, bend, blues-stamp-ityasya krashing-taha savage detroit-slaze-raak, droning-drugg-raak ityasya vyaamoh-maargah, bhayankar-funriel-proto-metal/acid-raak ityetaih vividham, chunauteepoornam, shvaasaprashvaasam cha pradadaati." metal hammer" ityasya october 2017 sanchikaayaam aalbam ityasya gitatmakasya vishayasya vishaye charchaam kurvan, jus oborn abhimatavaan. "geetaani yathakramam samanaprakaraha vishayaah santi, ete sarve necrophilia, madakadravyanam durupayogah, shaitaanavaadah cha santi. sarvaani petikaani tick kartum rochate."swasya aadhikaarik-jaalapute, vaadyavrundah asya aalbam-ityasya varnanam" 43 mastishka-haanikaraani nimeshaani, mrutyoho shut kroor-stotraani, maadakadravyaani, linga-himsaa, sangeetam, samadhisthat punah taan taan (maadakadravyaani cha) iti akarot... rekhaa ankitaa. raktena." sweekaranam. 11 samikshanam aadhaaren "metacritic" iti samagra-jaalapute samanyataya anukool-samiksham praapya 72 ankaan praapya, aalbam iteedam pradarshitam. "team raak" iti gitasya dhwanimudrikaayaah 5 madhye 3 taarakaah dattaani, sameekshakah dome laasan ityeshah cha asya dhwanimudrikaayaah vishaye uktavaan, "yadi bhavaan poorvavijayaih saha asya tulanam karoti, yathaa" mama dharmandhaha aagacchantu. .."tathaa cha" dopthron "-ye aalbam-ye doom-metal-ityetam poorvam apekshayaa adhikam harshena cha maadakadravyaani yukttam kshetram prati praavartayanti-" wizard bloody wizard "iti geetam chihnaat ekam vaa dwau vaa nyoonam vaa bhavati." klyaash" ityasya josh grey ityayam, aalbam ityasya sheershakam chayanam kurvan, black-sabbaat ityasya "sabbaat-bloody-sabbaat" ityasya krute vaadyavrundasya shraddhaanjalim avadat, parantu shraddham dadyah asangatim avadat; "sabbaat-bloody-sabbaat" iti tu krushna-sabbaat ityasya sarvaadhikam prayogatmakam aalbam asti ", saha avadat," yadyapi etat abhilekham vidyutvidaha kanishtatamam asti."saha api soochitavaan yat etat aalbam (" dopthron "ityasya viruddham) bhavaan vidyut-wizard ityasya vishishtam dhwanim ajnaatasya mitraya pradarshayitum vaayati iti. vaadyavrundasya nyoon-apagharshak-drushtikonam sparshayan grey-varyaha avadat yat "krushna-jaadooh, asuranam sangamam cha vishaye ashubh-geetaani ('rupar ityasya upayukta-bhayankar-anganam' ullekham naasti) satsu api bhavaan" wizard bloody wizard "iteedam vinasha-dhaatuh iti varnayitum naa shaknoti. 2014 tame varshe "taim too dai" iti vishannasya hrudayaghaatasya, shrenyaah cha parivartanasya anantaram, asmin samaye teshaam priyam sangeetam nirmaati, yena teshaam grimmer said iteedam adhikam vardhate iti, bend-pakshah kevalam atyantam aanandam avaapnot. nihsandehe etat teshaam prashamsakebhyah (yathaa teshaam bend tea-shirts yathaa avaidhaani) vishannataam janayati, parantu etat "epicus doomikas" ityasya apekshayaa "eraa valgaaris" ityasya krute adhikapaksheeyam nootanam prashamsakam janayati." aalbam-krute 5 madhye 3.5 stars dattvaa "aal-music" ityasya vimarshakah maark deming ityeshah agacchat yat "wizard bloody wizard" iti asya vaadyavrundasya krute kimapi nootanam aadharam naa vighate, parantu ete janaah yat naa naveenataam iti kadaapi naa chintayanti. tasya sthaane, teshaam aalbam-visheshaah blacklat-poster tathaa bong-devataanaam krute samarpitaah santi, tathaa cha tasmin stare, vidyut-mantravaadinah swapalan vastutah ateeva prasannan krutavantah iti drushyate."slant-myagajain" zachaaree hoskins api 5 madhye 3.5 iti aalbam adadat, tathaa cha aalbam madhye blaak-sabbaat ityasya "master-aaf-reality" ityasya krute vaadyavrundasya vishesham sammatam avadat yat "tathaapi, teshaam shiraha-prahaara-shuddhikartrubhyah, yasya dantaani" prog "(athavaa" danamics ") iti shabden dhaaritaah santi, naa bhayataamh" wizard-bloody-wizard "drudatayaa" master-aaf-reality "pradeshe eva asti iti. aalbam-granthah dum-metal-sootrasya kechan sookshmaani parivartanaani prastooyati-manthanam, sprabing "necromenia" iteedam prakriyayam panka-sneer ityasya ghatakm praavartayati, rone-asheton-yugasya stooj ityetaan prakshepayati, yadaa "da reeper" iti manovikruti-apaayen saha drip-bhavati. parantu adhikaamshatah, etat shabbat-playbook-taha sakshat ekashilaa-riff-raak asti."

mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi visard pluddy visard enbathu aangkila stoner/toom metal paent electric visard ezhuthiya onbathaavathu studio aalbamaagum, idhu avarkalin munththaiya aalbamaana "time duu dye" kku moontru aandugalukkup piragu navambar 17,2017 andru veliyidappattathu. aepral 2016 muthal pipravari 2017 varai saattar ikes recording studiovil munnani paadagar juzz oborn mattrum kittar kalaignar liss buckhingham idaiyae pagirnthu kollapatta aalpaththin thayaarippu kadamaigaludan pathivu seiyappattathu. sila isai vimarsagargal thangal valakkamaana toom sooththiraththilirunthu sattru kadinamaana raak anugumuraiyai noakkiya isaikkuzhuvin oliyil ottumoththa maattraththaik kurippittaalum, aalbam podhuvaaga saathagamaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu. 43 nimidangal oodum neeraththudan, aaru paadalkalai mattumae ulladakkiya, "mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi" enbathu isaikkuzhuvin intruvarai kurugiya studio aalbamaagum. aalbam kavar. aalpaththin kavar potographicana credit kittar kalaignar liss bakhingaamukku vazhangkappadukirathu. bastlanellovukku modeling credit vazhangkappattathu. mahabre meethaana isaikkuzhuvin paasaththai ethirolikkum vagaiyil, "playbermouth" attaiyai "oru noaivaaippatta mattrum murukkapatta moasamaana suvai kann thaakkuthal endru vivariththathu, idhu ungkalai thalaippiduvathaiyum, urchaakappaduththuvathaiyum, virattuvathaiyum nokkamaagak kondullathu." kadantha aalbangkalil isaikkuzhuvaal munbu payanpaduththappatta paadalkalukku idaiyil palakkamaana thigil thiraippada olii kadiththalgal ethuvum illai entraalum, aalpaththin kavar kalaikku uthvaegamaaga "idathupuraththil ulla kadaisi veedu" poantra thigil thiraippatankalai maerkoal kaatti, pinvarumaaru koorinaar pathivu seithal. 2017 aam aandu oru nerkaanalil "idhu mananalak kuzhandhai! idhazh, "joose oborn pathivu seiyum seyalmuraiyaith thottathu, isaikkuzhuvin sila uruppinarkal inththa kaalakattathil veettirkuch sellum paniyil irunththanar endrum, palvaeru idangkalil vevvaeru paadalkal pathivu seiyappattana endrum, avattril perumbaalaanavai avarkalin thanipatta veettu studiyoavaaga maariyathu-" saattar ikes ". pathivu seiyum poathu payanpaduththappadum palvaeru karuvigalai vivarikkavum. ivai anaiththum oray kier thoa 'udan pathivu seiyappattana" endru oborn koorinaar... oru tascom 16-track tape meshin, maekki tesk, nev breamb, wadkins kaappiyadi thaamatham, roland spaces ecco mattrum irandu pira rivarpkal mattrum kambrasargal. idhu unmaiyil migavum elimaiyaana amaippaagum, aenenil paendilirunthu daeppirku samignai paathaiyai mudinthavarai kurukiyathaaga vaiththiruka virumbinoam... adhai mudinthavarai moolamaaga vaiththiruka ungkalukkuth theriyum." aalpaththin thayaarippu oborn mattrum liss buckhingham aakiyoaraal kaiyaalappattathu, oborn kalavaiyaiyum kavaniththukkondathu. isaikkuzhu oru moola analock oliyai adaiya virivaana neelangkalukkuch sentrathu, kurippittapadi, isaikkuzhuvilirunthu naadaa varai samignai paathaiyai mudinthavarai kurukiyathaaga vaiththiruppathu mattrum thethiyitta ubakaranangkalaip payanpaduththi pathivu seivathu, kurippaaga 16 track recorder. anaitthu kier pazhaiyathu mattrum oru pitt manoapaavam ullathu" endru kurippidappattathu. pathivu seiyum poathu ethirpaaraatha vithamaaga vishayangkal udaigindrana, allathu endha karanamum illaamal vaelai seivathai nirutthivittu, pinnar sila naatkal/vaarangkalil meendum vaelai seiyath thodangugindrana. adhu unmaiyil aemaattramaaka irunththathu. migavum manoapaavam mattrum menmaiyaana iyanththiram 16 track recorder endru naan ninaikkiraen... mattrum pazhuthupaarkka kadinamaaga ullathu. oru kattaththil naadaa iyanththiraththai varisaippaduththa muyarchiththapoathu elbi aaru maathangkalukku adaikkappada vaendiyirunththathu." kalavai. "mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi" aaru paadalkalai mattumae kondullathu, avattril kurugiya, "reeper", 3:17 manikku kadikaarangal. aalpaththin miga neenda paadal, "manthiravaathikalin thukkam", migavum paarambariya minsaara mandhiravaathi paaniyil, 11:18 moththa neelaththai 43:04 kku kondu varukirathu. thangal varththaga mutthirai toom metal anugumuraiyai innum paraamarikkum poathu, sila vimarsagargal munththaiya muyarchigaludan oppidumpoathu isaikkuzhuvin oliyil oru thaniththuvamaana maattraththaik kurippittanar. chii. vii. ell. dii neshan" mathippaaivil kurippidappattullapadi, avarkalin toom metal thodakkangkal moolam avarkalin kadinamaana paarai anugumurai migavum velippadaiyaanathu. oru plaeparmouththil.aalbam veliyidappaduvatharku munbu veliyidappatta valaik katturai, idhazh kooriyadhu...isaikkuzhu ontraaka olikkirathu-unmaiyil ontraaka. kadantha moontru aandukaala suttruppayanam, ezhuththu mattrum oththigai aagiyavai minsaara mandhiriyai unmaiyilaeyae vadikattiya oru puthiya oliyai kanikkavum vadivamaikkavum seithullana. naarpaththu moontru moolai-sethappaduththum nimidangalil, isaikkuzhu oru maarupatta, savaalaana mattrum moochadaikkakkoodiya elbi valangkukirathu, neela nira stambai nasukkuthal moolam kaattumiraandittanamaana troid slees raak, troning marunthu raak mattrum thendral funnerial proto-metal/amila raak aagiyavattrin paranoic paathaikal." october 2017 idhazhil "metal hummer" endra paadalin paadal ulladakkaththaip pattri vivaathiththa joose oborn, "paadal varigal vazhakkam poal athae vagaiyaana paadangkalai ulladakkiyathu, idhu anaiththum negrophilia, poathaipporul dushprayogam mattrum sathanism. naan anaitthu pettikalaiyum tick seiya virumbukiraen."thangal athikaarappoorva inaiyathalaththil, isaikkuzhu inththa aalpaththai" "43 moolai sethappaduththum nimidangal, maranaththirku aaru kaattumiraandittanamaana paadalkal, poathaipporul, paaliyal mattrum vanmurai, isai izhuththuch sellappattathu (mattrum poathaipporul) kallaraiyilirundhu thirumbiyathu" "endru vivariththathu"... varii varaiyappattullathu. iraththaththil." varavaerpu. 11 vimarsanangkalin adippadaiyil, moththa valaiththalamaana "metta critic" ill 72 mathippenkal pettru podhuvaaga saathagamaana vimarsanangkalukku inththa aalbam veliyidappattathu. "team raak" aalpaththirku 5 kku 3 natchaththiranggalaik koduththathu mattrum vimarsagar toam lasson aalpaththaip pattri koorinaar, "idhai neengkal kadantha kaala vetrtrikaludan oppittup paarthaal" enn veriththanavaathikal vaarungkal..."mattrum" "dobethrone" "-toom metalai munneppoathaiyum vida kanamaana mattrum magizhchchiyaana poathaipporul-serkkappatta pakuthikkul thalliya aalbangkal-" "mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi" "oru pilavu allathu irandu kurukkuvettu vizhugirathu"." moathal" inn josh gray, aalpaththin thalaippaith thaerntheduppathil karuppu oaivunaalin "iraththakkalari oaivunaalukku" isaikkuzhu anjali seluththuvathaik kuripittaar, aanaal anjali seluththum abaththaththai suttikkaattinaar; "" oaivunaal iraththakkalari oaivunaal "enbathu karuppu oaivunaalin migavum soathanai aalbam," endru avar koorinaar, "inththa pathivu minsaara mandhiravaathiyin migak kurainthathaagum."inththa aalbam (" "dobethrone" "kku maaraaga) neengkal oru minsaara mandhiravaathiyin thaniththuvamaana oliyai oru thodangappadaatha nanbarukku niroobikka vilaiyaadalaam endru avar maelum parinthuraiththaar". isaikkuzhuvin kuraivaana siraaippu anugumuraiyaith thotta saambal niraththil, "karuppu mandhiram mattrum paeikalai inaippathu pattriya theeya paadal varigal irunththapoathilum (aruvadai seibavarin porutthamaana payankaramaana uruppugalaik kurippida vaendaam), neengkal unmaiyil" mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi "aii azhivu uloagamaaga vivarikka mudiyaathu. 2014 aam aandin irunda "irakkum neram" inn idhayam udainththa mattrum varisai maattrangkalukkup piragu, isaikkuzhu inththa neraththil avarkal virumbum isaiyai migavum vaedikkaiyaaga vaiththiruppathu poal unarkirathu, maelum avarkalin grimmer pakkatthai maelum athikarikkirathu. idhu avarkalin rasigargalin oru paguthiyai (athaavathu avarkalin isaikkuzhu dii-sharttukal unmaiyilaeyae sattaviroathamaanavai) kasakkum enbathil santhegamillai, aanaal idhu "apicus toomicus" aii vida "sagaaptha vulgaris" kku oru puthiya rasigargalai velvathu nallathu." aalpaththirku 5 ill 3.5 natchaththiranggalaik koduttha piragu, "almusic" vimarsagar maark deming, "mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi" inththa isaikkuzhuvirku endha puthiya tharaththaiyum udaikkavillai, aanaal kandupidippu orupoathum inththa makkal pattri ennavaaga irunththathu. adharku pathilaaka, avarkalin aalbangkal karuppu vilakku suvarotti mattrum baangkin kadavulgalukku vazhangkappadugindrana, antha mattaththil, minsaara mandhiravaathi thangal ejamaanargalai migavum magizhchchiyadaiyach seithathaagath therikirathu."" "sland paththirigai" "jachari hoskins 5 ill 3.5 endra aalpaththaiyum kodutthaar, maelum aalpaththil karuppu sappaaththin" "maastar off reality" "kku isaikkuzhuvin kuripitta opputhalaik kuripittaar," "thalaikeezhaagath thongkukira thooimaiyaalargalukku, iruppinum, avarkalin parkal" "broke" "(allathu" "iyakkaviyal" ") endra vaarthaiyaal vilimbil amaikkappattullana, payappada vantam" "mandhiravaathi iraththakkalari mandhiravaathi" "" "maastar off reality" "pirathaesaththil uruthiyaaka irukkiraar". inththa aalbam toom-metal sooththiraththil sila nutpamaana maattrangkalai munvaikkirathu manthan, thudikkum "negromania" seyalpaadugalukku pank sneerin oru koorugalai arimugappaduththukirathu, raan ausheton-sagaaptha stoojkalaich seluththukirathu, athae neraththil "reeper" mananala achchuruththaludan sottuch selkirathu. aanaal perumpaalaana pakuthikku, idhu oaivunaal naadagap puththagaththilirunthu neraaga velivarum ottraik karkaala rif-raak aagum."

maantrikudu raktasikta maantrikudu visored bloody visored anedi inglish stoner/doom metal byaand electric visored yokka tommidava studio album, idhi vaari munupati album "time tuu dye" tarvaata moodu samvatsaraala taruvaata 17 november 2017naa vidudalaindi. pradhana gayakudu jus oborn mariyu guitarist liz buckingham madhya panchukunna albumlo nirmaana vidhulatho satir ikes recording studiolalo april 2016 nundi fibravari 2017 varaku recording jarigindi. kontamandi sangeeta vimarsakulu tama saadhaarana doom formula nundi konchem ekkuva haard rock vidhanam vaipu byaand yokka dhwanilo mottam maarpunu gamaninchinappatikii, album saadhaaranamgaa anukuulamaina sameekshalanu andukundi. 43 nimishala nadustunna samayamtho mariyu kevalam aaru paatalatho kuudina, "visored bloody visored" anedi ippati varaku byaand yokka atichinna studio album. album cover. album cover photographyki credit gitaaru vaadyakaarudu liz buckinghamku ivvabadindi. bastlanello modeling credit icchaaru. aaa macobray patla byaand yokka abhimananni pratidhvanistuu, "blabermouth" kavarnu "mimmalni uttejaparichenduku, uttejaparichenduku mariyu tippikottadaaniki uddesinchina anaarogyakaramaina mariyu vakreekruta chedu ruchigala kanti daadi" gaa abhivarninchindi." gatamlo gatha albumlalo byaand upayoginchina paatala madhya suparichitamaina bhayanaka chalanachitra dhwani kaatu laenappatikee, album yokka cover artku preranagaa "edama vaipuna unna chivari illu" vanti bhayanaka chitraalanu udaharinchaaru, ilaa perkonnaruhu recording. 2017loe icchina interviewlo "itts cycadelic baby! eee kaalamlo bandloni kontamandi sabhyulu intiki vellae prakriyaloo unnaarani, vividha pradaesaalaloo vividha paatalu record cheyabaddaayani, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam vaari vyaktigata home studio ayina" satir ikes "loe puurtayyaayani paerkontuu, eee recording prakriyanu chuusaaru". recording samayamlo upayoginchina vividha saadhanaalanu vivarinchandi. idantaa oke gair thoo record cheyabadindi" anie oborn perkondi... oka tuscom 16-track tape meshin, maakii desk, nev prepomp, watkins kapikat delay, roland space eko mariyu konni itara reverbes mariyu compressorlu. byaand nundi tape varaku signal marganni veelainanta chinnadigaa unchaalanukunnanduna idhi nijamgaa chaalaa sulabhamaina setup... veelainanta mudi unchadaaniki meeku telusu." albumlo utpattini oborn mariyu liz buckingham nirvahinchaaru, oborn kooda mixingnu chusukunnadu. byaand nundi tape varaku signal marganni veelainanta takkuvagaa unchadam dwara mariyu thedhee parikaraalanu upayoginchi, mukhyamgaa 16 track recordernu upayoginchi record cheyadam dwara, byaand mudi analog dhwanini saadhinchadaaniki vistrutamaina prayatnaalanu chesindi. anni parikaraalu paatavi mariyu konchem swabhaavam kaligi unnaayi" anie oborn perkondi. recording madhyalo vishayalu anukokunda vichchinnamavutaayi, ledhaa etuvanti kaaranam lekunda pani cheyadam manesi, aapai konni rojulu/varalalo mallee panicheyadam praarambhistaayi. idhi nijamgaa chiraaku teppinchindi. atyanta swabhaavam mariyu sunnitamaina yantram 16 track recorder anie neenu anukuntunnanu... mariyu marammatu cheyadam chaalaa kashtam. okanoka samayamlo memu tape yantraanni kramabaddheekarinchadaaniki prayatninchinappudu elpini aaru nelala paatu moosiveyavalasi vachindi." kuurpu. "visored bloody visored" loe kevalam aaru paatalu matrame untaayi, veetilo athi chinnadi, "dhi reaper", 3haha17 vadda gadiyaralu. aalbamloni athi podavaina paata, "mantrikudi santaapam", marinta saampradaaya electric visored shaililo, mottam podavunu 11:18 43:04 kii teesukuvastundi. ippatikee vaari trademark doom metal vidhananni konasaagistuu, kontamandi vimarsakulu munupati prayatnaalatoe poliste byaand yokka dhwanilo vilakshanhamaina maarpunu gurtinchaaru. cvlt nation" sameekshalo paerkonnatlugaa vaari doom metal praarambhaala dwara vaari haard rock vidhanam atyanta spashtamainadi. oka blabermouth loe.album vidudalaku mundu prachurinchabadina nikara vyaasam, patrika perkondi...byaand kalisi dhwanulu-nijamgaa kalisi. gatha moodu samvatsaraala paryatana, rachana mariyu rehearsal electric visored bruny nijamgaa swedanam chesina kotta dhwanini meruguparichi, achupettaayi. nalabhai moodu medadunu debbatise nimishaallo, byaand vaividhyamaina, savaluga mariyu oopiri peelchukune elpi nii andistundi, krooramaina detroit sleeze rock, droning drugg rock yokka paranoac margalu mariyu gagurpatu kaliginche funerial proto-metal/assid rock dwara blues stampnu anichiveyadam nundi." metal hammer" yokka october 2017 sanchikalo album yokka lyrical content gurinchi charchistuu, jus oborn vyakhyaaninchaaru. "saahityam eppatilaage adhe vidhamaina vishayalanu cover chestundi, idhi anthaa necrophilia, maadakadravyaala durviniyogam mariyu saataanu. neenu anni pettelanu tick cheyalanukuntunnanu."tama adhikaarika websitelo, byaand eee albumnu" "43 medaduku haani kaliginche nimishalu, maranaaniki aaru krooramaina shlokaalu, maadakadravyaalu, laingikata mariyu himsa, sangeetam samadhi nundi tirigi laagabadindi (mariyu maadakadravyaalu)" "gaa varninchindi"... rekha geeyabadindi. raktamlo." reception. 11 sameekshala aadhaaramgaa mottam website "metacritic" loe 72 skorlu saadhinchina eee album saadhaaranamgaa anukuula sameekshalaku vidudalaindi. "team rock" albumku 5 kii 3 nakshatraalanu ichindi mariyu sameekshakudu daam lasson album gurinchi ilaa annadu "meeru dheenini gatha vijayaalato polchinatlayithe" naa abhimanulaku randi..."mariyu" "dopethrone" "-doom metalnu munupennadoo lenantha baruvaina mariyu marinta aanandamgaa maadakadravyaala-jodinchina bhuubhaagamlooki nette albumlu-" "visored bloody visored" "oka spliff ledhaa rendu takkuva maarkunu padipotundi"." claz" yokka josh gray album yokka sheershika empikalo block sabbat yokka "bloody sabbat" kuu byaand nivaalularpinchadam gamaninchaaru, conny nivaali yokka asambaddhatanu etthi chuupaaru; "sabbat bloody sabbat" anedi block sabbat yokka atyanta prayogaatmaka album, "anie ayana chepparu," ayithe eee rikaardu chaalaa varaku electric visored yokka athi takkuva."eee album (" "dopethrone" "kuu viruddhamgaa) meeru electric visored yokka vilakshanhamaina dhwanini praarambhinchani snehitudiki pradarsinchadaaniki play cheyavachani ayana suuchimchaaru". byaand yokka takkuva rapidi vidhananni taakina buudida rangu "nalla magic mariyu raakshasulanu sambhogam cheyadam gurinchi asubhakaramaina saahityam unnappatikee ('kosevari tagina bhayanaka avayavalanu' prastaavinchakuudadu), meeru nijamgaa" maantrikudu raktasikta maantrikudu "nii doom metal gaa varninchaleru. 2014 yokka digulugaa unna "time tuu dye" yokka hridaya vidaarakam mariyu lineup maarpula taruvaata, byaand eee samayamlo vaaru ishtapade sangeetaanni marinta saradaagaa cheyadaaniki chaalaa saradaagaa anipistundi. idhi vaari abhimanula samuuhaanni (vaari byaand tii-shartulu nijamgaane chattaviruddhamainavi) visugu testundi anadamlo sandeham ledhu, conny idhi "epicus dumicus" kante "eraa vulgaris" kuu marinta paakshikamgaa kotta abhimanulanu geluchukovacchu." albumku 5 kii 3.5 nakshatraalanu icchina taruvaata, "almusic" vimarsakudu maark deming matladutu "visored bloody visored" eee byaandku kotta aadharaanni vichchinnam cheyadu, conny aavishkaranalu eee vyaktula gurinchi eppuduu laevu. badulugaa, vaari albumlu nallati deepam yokka posterlu mariyu baang yokka devatalaku samarpanalu, mariyu aaa sthaayilo, electric visored vaari yajamaanulanu nijamgaa chaalaa santoshaparichinatlu kanipistundi."slant magazine" jachari hoskins kooda albumku 5kii 3.5 icchaaru mariyu albumlo block sabbat yokka "" master off reality "" kii byaand yokka pratyaekamaina aamodam gurinchi ilaa paerkonnaaru, "" thala kottina svachchandavaadula kosam, ayithe, vaari dantaalu "" progg "" (ledhaa "" dynamics "") anae padaaniki anchuna untaayi, bhayapadakandi "" maantrikudu raktasikta maantrikudu "" reality yokka master bhoobhaagamlo gattiga migilipoyadu ". eee album doom-metal suutraaniki konni suukshmamaina sardubaatlanu andistundihi malli, thrubbing "necromania" charyalaku punk sneer yokka oka amsaanni parichayam chestundi, raan ashton-yugam stoojlanu chaanal chestundi, ayithe "reaper" cycadelic mupputho chukkalu kurustundi. conny chaalaa varaku, idhi sabbat playbook nundi neerugaa ekasila riff-rock."

jadogar khoon aalud jadogar wuzard buildy wuzard angrezi stoner/dome mettle bend electrik wuzard kaa nawaan studio album hay juu inn kay pachlay album "tyme tuu daayee" kay teen saal baad 17 nomber 2017 kuu release hawaa. recording apreel 2016 say faroori 2017 takk seater aayee aiks recording studios mein hoyee jiss mein album parr production deuty kay saath markazi gulukaar jose obarn aur gtarst lease bakangham kay darmiyan shayer kii gayee. agarcha kachh mausiqi kay naqdin nay bend kii aawaz mein inn kay mamul kay dome farmolay say qadray ziyadah haard raak naqtah nazar kii taraf majmuyi tabdili kuu nott kiyaa leakin album kuu aam toor parr sazgaar jaizay milay. 43 mint kay chalnay kay waqat kay saath aur sarf chh gaanon parr mushtamil "wuzard buildy wuzard" bend kaa abb takk kaa sabb say mukhtasir studio album hay. album kaa ahatah. album kay sarwaraq kii foto girafi kaa sehra gtarst lease bakangham kuu diyaa jaataa hay. baast linelo kuu modeling kaa sehra diyaa gayaa. khufnaak kay liye bend kay shoq kii bazgasht kartay huay "blabermouth" nay sarwaraq kuu "eek beemaar aur maray hoay kharaab zaiqah waalay aankh kay hamlay kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa jiss kaa maqsad aap kuu saraha parjosh aur paspa karnaa hay." agarcha maazi kay albumz parr bend kay zariah pehley say istemaal kiye jaanay waalay gaanon kay darmiyan koyee bhee waaqif haarar movi sound kaatnay waali aawaz nahein hay leakin album kay coor aart kay liye tehreek kay toor parr "bayein taraf aakhri gahar" jaisi haarar filmon kaa hawalah deetay hoay kahaa gayaa hay: recording. 2017 kay eek intervieve mein "yaha nafsiyati bachah hay! megzin "jiss nay recording kay amal kuu chhotay hoay kahaa kahh iss arsey kay doraan bend kay kachh arakeen gahar muntaqil honay kay amal mein thay aur iss tarah mukhtalif jighon parr mukhtalif gaaney record kiye gayey jinn kaa badaa hasah inn kay zaati hoam studio-" sateer ix "mein makmal hawaa. recording kay doraan istemaal honay waalay mukhtalif toles kii wazahat karein. obarn nay kahaa kahh "yaha sabb eek hyee gair thoo kay saath record kiyaa gayaa thaa... eek taschem 16 track taip masheen meeki desk neo premp watkins copicate ddिले, roland spees aiko aur kachh dosray reverb aur compressor. yaha waaqee eek behat hyee aasaan seet app hay keunkah humm bend say taip takk segnal kay raastay kuu jitna mumkin how atnaa mukhtasir rakhna chahtay thay... aap asay jitna mumkin how atnaa khaam rakhna jaantay haine." album kii tayari kuu obarn aur lease bakangham nay sanbhala aur obarn bhee ikhtelat kaa khayaal rakhtay thay. bend nay eek khaam ainalog aawaz haasil karnay kay liye wasee paimanay parr koshish kii jaisa kahh biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay bend say taip takk segnal kay raastay kuu jitna mumkin how atnaa chhota rakhaa aur tareekh kay aalaat khaas toor parr 16 track recorder kaa istemaal kartay hoay recording bhee kii. obarn nay nott kiyaa "tamaam saamaan praana aur thoda saa mazaaj hay. recording kay beach mein cheezein ghair matuqa toor parr toot jaati haine yaa yahaan takk kahh baghair kasee wajah kay kaam karnaa bund kirr deeti haine aur phir chand dunon/hafton mein dobarah kaam karnaa sharoo kirr deeti haine. yaha waaqee mayus kunn thaa. majhay lagtaa hay kahh sabb say ziyadah mazaaj aur naazik masheen 16 track recorder thee... aur marmat karnaa sabb say mashkal hay. eek moqaa parr eel pee kuu chh maah takk bund karnaa padaa jabb kahh humm nay taip masheen kuu tartib deenay kii koshish kii." saakhat. "wizard buildy wuzard" sarf chh gaanon parr mushtamil hotaa hay jinn mein say sabb say chhotaa "dee reeper"yee 3:17 parr ghadi kartaa hay. album kaa sabb say lamba gaana "soog aaf dee magitions"yee ziyadah rawayati barqi wuzard andaaz mein 11:18 kaa chull rehaa waqat hay jiss say kill lambayi 43:04 takk pahunch jaati hay. jabb kahh ubhee bhee apnay trade maark dome mettle kay naqtah nazar kuu barqarar rakhtay huay kachh naqdin nay pachli koshishon kay muqabilay mein bend kii aawaz mein eek waazah tabdili kuu nott kiyaa. jinn mein say sabb say ziyadah waazah inn kaa sakht raak naqtah nazar thaa juu inn kay dome mettle kii sharoaat kay zariye thaa jaisa kahh "see wee eel tye neeshan" kay jaizay mein zakar kiyaa gayaa hay. eek balbarmaoth mein.megzin nay kahaa kahh album kii release say pehley shaye honay waala khaalis mazmun. ..bend eek saath lagtaa hay-waaqee eek saath. pachlay teen saalon kay doray tehreer aur rehearsling nay eek nayee aawaz kuu behatar aur dahaala hay jiss nay waaqee barqi wuzard sharaab kuu aasteen kiyaa hay. tayalis dimagh kuu nqsan pahunchanay waalay mint mein bend eek matnua challenging aur saans leenay waala eel pee farahim kartaa hay jiss mein blues stamp kuu kachalnay say lay kirr wahshi detervite saleez raak droning drigg raak kay paagal raastay aur khufnaak fenerial proto mettle/assed raak shaamil haine." mettle hemmer" kay aktobar 2017 kay shumaray mein album kay geeton kay mawaad parr tabadlah khayaal kartay huay jiss obarn nay tabsarah kiyaa. "boul hamishah kii tarah eek hyee qasm kay mazamin kaa ahatah kartay haine yaha sabb necrophilia manshiyaat kay ghalat istemaal aur shaitaniyat hay. majhay tamaam bikson parr tick lagaana pasand hay."apnee official waib saait parr bend nay album kuu "dimagh kuu nqsan pahunchanay waalay 43 munt moth kay liye chh wahshiyana geeth manshiyaat jansi aur tashdad mausiqi kuu qabar say waps ghaseet kirr (aur manshiyaat) kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa... lakeer khainchi gayee hay. khoon mein." isteqbaliya. album kuu 11 jaizon kii bunyaad parr majmuyi waib saait "meeta creatic" parr 72 score karnay waalay aam toor parr sazgaar jaizon kay liye jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. "team raak" nay album kuu 5 mein say 3 sataray diye aur jaizah leenay waalay dome laasan nay album kay baaray mein kahaa "agar aap iss kaa mawaznah maazi kii fatohaat say kartay haine jeesay" miray januniyon kuu aayen..."aur" "dopitheron" "-wah albumz jinhon nay dome mettle kuu pehley say kahein ziyadah bhaari aur ziyadah khushi say manshiyaat say jaday elaqay mein dhakeel diyaa-" "wuzard buildy wuzard" "nashaan say eek yaa duu chhota tukda girr jaataa hay." tasadam" kay josh giray nay album kay anwaan kay intekhaab mein bleek sabat kay "sabat kay khooni sabat" kuu bend kii taraf say kharaaj tehseen paish karnay kaa zakar kiyaa leakin kharaaj tehseen kii bay maaniyat kii taraf asharah kiyaa vovo "sabat kay khooni sabat" bleek sabat kaa abb takk kaa sabb say tajarbati album hay "inhon nay kahaa" jabkah yaha record abb takk kaa sabb say kumm barqi jadogaron kaa hay."iss nay mazeed tajweez kiyaa kahh yaha album wah how saktaa hay (jaisa kahh" "dopitheron" "kay barakas) jasay aap kasee ghair sharoo shadah dost kuu barqi jadogaron kii makhsus aawaz kaa mazahirah karnay kay liye chalatay haine. bend kay kumm kharchanay waalay naqtah nazar kuu chhotay huay giray nay kahaa "kaalay jaado aur badruhon kay saath jansi taluqat kay baaray mein sharmanak dhanon kay bawajood (katayi karnay waalay kay munasib khufnaak aizaa kaa zakar naha karnay kay bawajood)yee aap waaqee" wuzard buildy wuzard "kuu tabahi kii dhaat kay toor parr biyaan nahein kirr saktay. aisa mahsus hotaa hay 2014 kay tareek "tyme tuu daayee" kay dall shakasta honay aur line app mein tabdiliyon kay baad bend nay iss baar apnee pasand kii mausiqi bananay mein behat ziyadah tafrih kii hay taakah wah apnay garmar side kuu mazeed aagay badhaa sakein. blashbah yaha inn kay madahon kay eek hasay kuu preshan karay gaa (araf wah jinn kii bend tye shirts waaqee ghair qanuni haine)yee leakin yaha inhein "appex domax" kay muqabilay mein "airaa walgars" kay liye ziyadah jazwi toor parr shaiqeen kaa eek neeya mezban jeeth saktaa hay." album kuu 5 mein say 3.5 sataray deenay kay baad "aal music" kay nqad maark deming nay mazeed kahaa kahh "wuzard buildy wuzard" iss bend kay liye koyee nayee bunyaad nahein todta leakin yaha loag juu kachh kirr rahay haine wah kabhi bhee akhtaraa nahein rehaa. iss kay bajaye inn kay album bleek light poster aur bong kay dewataon kuu paish kiye jaatay haine aur iss satah parr barqi jadogaron nay apnay aaqaon kuu waaqee behat khush kiyaa hay."" "jhukao megzin" "zakri hoskins nay bhee album kuu 5 mein say 3.5 diyaa aur album parr bleek sabat kay" "maaster aaf raelti" "kuu bend kii khaas manzori kaa zakar kartay hoay kahaa kahh" "inn sarr kuu maarnay waalay saaf karnay waalon kay liyay tahim jinn kay daanat lafz" "prog" "(yaa" "harkiyaat" ") say kinaray parr haine drow mutt:" "wuzard buildy wuzard" "mazbuti say" "maaster aaf raelti" "kay elaqay mein rehta hay. album dome mettle farmolay mein kachh barek tabdiliyan paish kartaa hay: charnee dhadaknay waala "necromenia" kararwai mein punk asneer kaa eek ansar mutaarif kirata hay jiss say rune ashiton door kay stoze kuu chinal kiyaa jaataa hay jabkah "reeper" nafsiyati khatray kay saath tapakta hay. leakin ziyadah tarr hasay kay liyay yaha sabat play buck say braah raast yakk sangee reef raak hay."

00042bbeae72d58500742f2d1468ee5176031f3fa47c6d021e672e3471a51c32

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57013180

Ricardo Pedro Chaves Pinto Filho

Ricardo Pedro Chaves Pinto Filho Brazilian Roman Catholic archbishop (1938–2018) Ricardo Pedro Chaves Pinto Filho (6 August 1938 – 1 April 2018) was a Roman Catholic archbishop. Chaves Pinto Filho was born in Brazil. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1967. Chaves served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leopoldina, Brazil, from 1990 to 1996. He then served as archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pouso Alegre, Brazil, from 1990 to 2014. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rikardu pedru sabhes pintu filhu rikardu pedro "sabhes pintu filhu (6 aagosto 1938-1 april 2018) ejon ruman ketholik aarsobixop aasil. sabhes pintu filhur jonmo brajilot hoisil. 1967 sonot teuk puruhito hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 1990 sonor poraa 1996 sonoloike sabhese brajilor leopoldiner ruman ketholik daaio "sisor bixop hisape karzonirbah korisil. taar pisot teu 1990 sonor poraa 2014 sonoloike brajilor pousu elegrer ruman ketholik aarsoray" sisor aarsobixop hisape karzonirbah korisil.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) ekjon roman catholic archbishop chhilen. chaves pinto filho brazile jonmogrohon corren. 1967 saale tini purohito podey nijukto hohn. 1990 theke 1996 saal porjonto braziler leopoldina roman catholic dioceser bishop hisabe dayitto palon corren. erpor 1990 theke 2014 saal porjonto tini braziler pouso alegrer roman catholic archdioceser archbishop hisabe dayitto palon corren.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaaves pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) rooman ketholik archbishop hataa. chaaves pinto filhono janm brazilma thayo hato. temne temne purohitpad maate niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. chaavese temane 1996 sudhee braazilnaa leopoldina rooman ketholik diocesena bishop tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. tyarbad temane temane 2014 sudhee braazilnaa pauso allegrena rooman ketholik aarkdeeoseesna archbishop tareeke sevaa aapee hatee.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 agast 1938-1 aprail 2018) ack roman catholic archbishop they. chaves pinto filho kaa janm brazil mein huaa thaa. unhein 1967 mein purohit key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1990 seey 1996 taka brazil key leopoldina key roman catholic diosis key bishap key roop mein seva kii. phir unhone 1990 seey 2014 taka brazil key pauso allegre key roman catholic archdiosis key archbishop key roop mein kaary kiya.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) obba roman catholic archbishop aagiddaru. chaves pinto filho brazilnalli janisidaru. avaru 1967 ralli pourohityakke deekshe padedaru. chaves 1990 rinda 1996 ravarege brazilna leopoldinada roman catholic diasisna bishop aagi seve sallisidaru. nantara avaru 1990 rinda 2014 ravarege brazilna pouso alegreya roman catholic archdiasisna archbishop aagi seve sallisidaru.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) heey roman catholic archbishop hote. chaves pinto filho yancha janm brazilmadhye jhaala. 1967 madhye tyanna paurohitya bahal karnyat aale. 1990 teey 1996 paryant brazilmadhil leopoldinachya roman catholic bishop mhanoon chaves yanni kaam kele. tyanantar tyanni 1990 teey 2014 paryant brazilmadhil pauso elegrechya roman catholic archdiosische archbishop mhanoon kaam kele.

ricardo pedro chawes pinto filho ricardo pedro chabhes pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) ek roman catholic archbishop thie. chabhes pinto filhoko janma brazilma bhaeko thiyo. uni sann 1967 maa pujarika rupma niyukta bhaeka thie. chabhesle 1990 dekhi 1996 samma brazilko leopoldinako roman catholic diosisko bishapko rupma sewa gare. tyasapachhi unle 1990 dekhi 2014 samma brazilko pauso alegreko roman catholic archadayosisko archabishapko rupma sewa gare.

ricardo pedro chabhes pinto filho ricardo pedro chabhes pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) jane roman catholic archabishap thile. chabhes pinto filho brajilare janmagrahana karithile. shay 1967 ray purohita padabeeku nijukta hoithile. chabhes 1990 ru 1996 parjyanta brazilara leopoldinara roman catholic diocesor bishop bhabare karjya karithile. shay parey 1990 ru 2014 parjyanta brazilara pouso alegrera roman catholic archdajosisara archabishap bhabare karjya karithile.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 agast 1938-1 aprail 2018) ikk roman catholic archbiship see. chaves pinto filho daa janam braazeel witch hoiaa see. uss noon 1967 witch padri vajon niyukat keeta giaa see. chavez neey 1990 toon 1996 takk braazeel dey leopoldina dey roman catholic diocese dey bishop vajon seva nibhai. firr usne 1990 toon 2014 takk braazeel dey pauso elegger dey roman catholic archidiosis dey archbiship vajon seva nibhai.

ricardo pedro chaaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaaves pinto filho (6 august 1938-1 april 2018) ekaha roman-catholic-aarch bishap aasit. chaaves pinto filho ityasya janma brazil-deshe abhavat. saha 1967 tame varshe purohitapadasya krute niyuktah abhavat. 1990 taha 1996 paryantam chaavs-varyaha brazil-deshasya leopoldina-nagarasya roman-catholic-diocese ityasya bishap-rupena karyam krutavaan. tatah saha 1990 taha 2014 paryantam brazil-deshasya pauso elegre-nagarasya roman-catholic-archadiosis ityasya aarchbishap-rupena karyam krutavaan.

ricardo petro saves pindoo filho ricardo petro savace pindoo filho (6 august 1938-1 aepral 2018) oru romanian catholica paeraayar aavaar. savace pindoo filho brazilil piranthaar. 1967 aam aandil avar aasaariya pathavikku niyamikkappattaar. 1990 muthal 1996 varai brazilil ulla leopoltinavin roaman catholica maraimaavattaththin aayaraaga saves paniyaattrinaar. pinnar 1990 muthal 2014 varai brazilil ulla pouchoa alegrin roaman catholica maraimaavattaththin paeraayaraaka paniyaattrinaar.

ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho ricardo pedro chaves pinto filho (6 augustu 1938-1 april 2018) oka roman catholic arch bishop. chaves pinto filho brazillo janminchaaru. athanu 1967loe archakatvaaniki niyaminchabaddaadu. chaves 1990 nundi 1996 varaku brazilloni leopoldina yokka roman catholic diocescu bishapga panicheesaaru. taruvaata 1990 nundi 2014 varaku brazilloni pouso alegre yokka roman catholic archdiosisku arch bishapga panicheesaaru.

recordo pedro chawees panto falho recordo pedro chawees panto falho (6 agast 1938-1 apreel 2018) eek roman catholic aarch bashp thay. chawees panto falho brazeel mein paida hoay. inhein 1967 mein paadri kay ahday parr muqarar kiyaa gayaa. chawees nay 1990 say 1996 takk brazeel kay leonpoldina kay roman catholic ddaisis kay bashp kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. iss kay baad inhon nay 1990 say 2014 takk brazeel kay poso aleegar kay roman catholic archdosis kay aarch bashp kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain.

00042de11d9f78dd9c9f13439413e4ca8a443e3a830b18fc8582ac3822b013e6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6926508

Rolando Ramos Dizon

Rolando Ramos Dizon Rolando Ramos Dizon (October 31, 1944 – April 25, 2012) is a Filipino De La Salle Brother who was the President of De La Salle University and the De La Salle University System from 1998 to 2003, Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education from March 2003 to September 2004, Director-at-Large of the Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines from 1998 to 2003, and Acting Brother Visitor of the De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines from 1976 to 1977 as well as a member of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's Consultative Commission on Charter Change from September to October 2005. He was an Associate Professorial Lecturer of the Educational Leadership and Management Department of the De La Salle University-Manila College of Education. He was assigned in Bethlehem University, a De La Salle school in Palestine from August 2008 to June 2009. Bro. Rolly was assigned to De La Salle University Manila until his death. Life. Dizon was born in Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Philippines on October 31, 1944, to Raymundo L. Dizon of Porac, Pampanga and Hermelinda V. Ramos of Negros Occidental. Dizon was the fifth of six children. When La Salle College opened in Bacolod in 1952, Rolando was enrolled as a Grade Three student. He finished grade school in 1957 as Valedictorian of his class, and high school in 1961 as Valedictorian and Student Council President. Encouraged by Br. Francis Cody and inspired by Br. Andrew Gonzalez, his former high school teacher in Bacolod, Dizon entered the La Salle Brothers' Postulancy right after high school. He made his first vows on October 11, 1962, and began his undergraduate studies at De La Salle College in Manila. After two years of studying, he was sent by the De La Salle Brothers to The Catholic University of America in 1965 where he finished his Bachelor of Arts, Major in Mathematics in 1968. Brother Dizon's first assignment after returning to the Philippines was in La Salle Green Hills, where he taught math and religion in the High School department for a year before being appointed Grade School Principal in 1969, High School Principal in 1971 and Acting President in 1973. Educational background. Dizon finished his primary and secondary education at the University of St. La Salle in Bacolod, Negros Occidental. He then studied his first two years of college at De La Salle College in Manila. He continued his undergraduate studies at The Catholic University of America U.S.A., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics. He then took up his Master of Arts degree in Education Administration at De La Salle University Manila and took up his Doctorate degree in International Development Education at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. Awards. In 2006, Dizon was given the Distinguished Lasallian Award by the De La Salle Alumni Association in De La Salle University-Manila. Also in March 2007, he was inducted in the De La Salle Sports Hall of Fame. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rolando raam 'cho daijon rolando raam 'cho daijon (31 octobor, 1944-25 april, 2012) ejon philipinu dey laa chell bhatri ji 1998 sonor poraa 2003 sonoloike dey laa chell biswobidyaloy aaru dey laa chell biswobidyaloy byowosthar xobhapoti aasil, 2003 sonor marchor poraa 2004 sonor septemboroloike uscho xikhya aayugor odhyokhyo aasil, 1998 sonor poraa 2003 sonoloike philipinesor ketholik xoikhyik xongsthar brihot xonsalok aasil, aaru 1976 sonor poraa 1977 sonoloike philipinor dey laa chell bhatrixokolor karzobahi bhatri dorxonarthi aasil, logote 2005 sonor septemboror poraa octoberoloi charter poribortonor xondorbhot rastropoti glo' riya mekapagel aar "or" or xodosyo aasil. teu dey laa chell biswobidyaloy-monila kolej owo edukesyonor xoikhyik netritwo aaru byowosthapona bibhagor xohojugi odhyapok probhaxok aasil. 2008 sonor aagosto maahor poraa 2009 sonor june maholoike pelestainor dey laa chell skool bethlehem biswobidyaloyot teuk nijukti diya hoisil. ruleek mrityur aagoloike dey laa chell biswobidyaloy monilat nijukti diya hoisil. jiwan. daijonor jonmo philipinesor nigros oh 'sidentelor bek' lo 'doto 1944 sonor 31 octoborot remund' elor ghorot hoisil. daijon owo purak, pampanga aaru hermelinda bhi. nigro 'cho oh' sidentelor raam 'cho. soijon xontanor bhitorot daijon aasil ponchomjon. 1952 sonot bek 'lodot laa chell kolej khular xomoyot rolando tritiyo shrenir saatro hisape naambhorti koraa hoisil. teu 1957 sonot teur shrenir valedictorian hisape grade skool xomapto korisil, aaru 1961 sonot valedictorian aaru saatro porixodor xobhapoti hisape haiskul xomapto korisil. bi. aar.-ror dwara utxahito. francis kudi aaru braar dwara onupranito. bek 'lodd, daijonor teur prakton haiskulor xikhyok endru gonzaleze haiskulor thik pisot laa chell bhatrixokolor bhowonot prowex korisil. 1962 sonor 11 octoborot teu prothom protisruti loisil aaru monilar dey laa chell collegeor snatok odhyoyon aarombho korisil. dubosor odhyoyon korar pisot, teuk 1965 sonot di laa chell bhatrixokole aamerikar ketholik biswobidyaloyoloi pothiyaisil zo 'too teu 1968 sonot gonitot snatok, mejor xomapto korisil. philipinesoloi ubhoti ohaar pisot bhatri daijonor prothom kaam aasil laa chell green hilchot, zo 'too teu 1969 sonot grade schoolor odhyokhyo, 1971 sonot haiskulor odhyokhyo aaru 1973 sonot karzobahi xobhapoti hisape nijukti puwar aagote ebosor dhormo aaru gonito haiskul bibhagoto xikuwa hoisil. xikhyagot potobhumi. daijone teur prathomik aaru madhyomik xikhya saint biswobidyaloyot xomapto korisil. bek 'lo' dor laa chell, nigro 'cho oh' sidentel. taar pisot teu manilar dey laa chell collegeor collegeor prothom dubosor odhyoyon korisil. teu aamerika juktorastror ketholik biswobidyaloyot snatok odhyoyon obyahot rakhisil.ess.e., gonitot kolaa snatok degree laabh kori snatok. taar pisot teu di laa chell biswobidyaloy monilat xikhya proxaxonot snatokuttor kolaa degree grohon kore aaru stanford grejuwet skool owo edukeswonot antohrastriyo unnoyon xikhyar doctorate degree grohon kore. puroskar. 2006 sonot di laa chell biswobidyaloy-monilat di laa chelor prakton saatro xongothonor dwara daijonok bixisto lasalian botaa prodan koraa hoisil. 2007 sonor march maahot teuk dey laa chell sports holl owo femot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil.

rolando ramos diazon rolando ramos diazon (31 octobor, 1944-25 april, 2012) ekjon philipino deey laa saale bhai jini 1998 theke 2003 saal porjonto deey laa saale vishwavidyalaya ebong deey laa saale vishwavidyalaya byabosthar sabhapati chhilen, 2003 saaler march theke 2004 saaler septembara porjonto uchcho shikkha kamishaner chairman chhilen, 1998 theke 2003 saal porjonto phillipiner catholic educational associationer director-ayata-large chhilen, ebong 1976 theke 1977 saal porjonto phillipiner deey laa saale bhaider bharprapto bhai atithi chhilen, pashapashi rashtrapati gloria mcapagol auroer 2005 saaler septembara theke octobor porjonto charter poribortoner poramorshomulok kamishaner sadasya chhilen. tini deey laa saale vishwavidyalaya-monila college off educationer shikkhamulak netritto oo byabosthapona bibhager sahojogi adhyapak chhilen. 2008 saaler august theke 2009 saaler june porjonto tini palestiner bethlehem bishwobidyaloye dii laa saale schoole nijukto chhilen. mrityur agey porjonto rollie deey laa saale bishwobidyaloyer manila nijukto chhilen. jeebon. diazon phillipiner negros oxidantaler bacoloade 1944 saaler 31shhey octobor remundo ell-err ghore jonmogrohon corren. diazon off porak, pampanga ebong hermelinda bonam. nigros oxidantaler ramos. chhoy santaner modhye pancham chhilen diazon. 1952 saale bacoloade jokhon laa saale college khola hoy, tokhon rolando tritiya shrenir chhatro hisabe bhorti hohn. tini 1957 saale taanr classer valedictorian hisabe grade school shesh corren ebong 1961 saale valedictorian ebong chhatro counciler sabhapati hisabe uchcho vidyalaya shesh corren. bii. arr dwara utsahito. francis cody ebong br dwara anupranito. bacoloade taanr praktan uchcho bidyalayer shikkhok andru gonzalez, diazon uchcho bidyalayer thhik porey laa saale bhaider postulensite probesh korechilen. 1962 saaler 11ee octobor tini taanr prothom shopoth nene ebong manilar deey laa saale college snatok padashona shuru corren. dui bochor padashona korar porr, 1965 saale dii laa saale bhaiyera taanke americar catholic bishwobidyaloye pathan, jekhane tini 1968 saale gonite snatok, mejor somponno corren. phillipine firey aasaar porr bhai diazoner prothom kaaj chhilo laa saale grin hillsey, jekhane tini 1969 saale grade skooler adhyakkha, 1971 saale uchcho bidyalayer adhyakkha ebong 1973 saale bharprapto sabhapati nijukto howar agey eka bochor dhorey uchcho vidyalaya bibhage gonito oo dhormo padaten. shikkhagoto patabhumi. dijon seenta universityte taanr prathomik oo madhyomik shikkha shesh corren. laa syala inn bacoload, nigros oxidantal. erpor tini colleger prothom dui bochor manilar deey laa saale college padashona corren. tini americar catholic bishwobidyaloye snatok padashona chaliye zaan.esha.ayee., gonite bachelor off artasa degree niye snatok. erpor tini dii laa saale bishwobidyaloyer manila shikkha proshashone snatakottar degree orjon corren ebong stanford graduate school off educatione antorjatik unnayan shikkhai doctorate degree orjon corren. puraskar. 2006 saale dii laa saale vishwavidyalaya-manila dii laa saale praktan chhatro sangathan dwara disonke bishishto lasalian puraskar deoa hoy. 2007 saaler march maseo tini deey laa saale sportasa holl off feme antarbhukta hohn.

rollondo ramos diazen rolendo ramos dizon (31 october, 1944-25 april, 2012) philipino deey laa saale bhaai chhe, jeo 1998 thee 2003 sudhee deey laa saale university aneey deey laa saale university systemna pramukh hataa, march 2003 thee september 2004 sudhee uchch shikshan aayogna adhyaksh hataa, 1998 thee 2003 sudhee phillipinesna ketholik shaikshanik sangathannaa director-aeta-large hataa, aneey 1976 thee 1977 sudhee phillipinesmaa deey laa saale bhaiona kaarykaari bhaai mulakati hataa temaj septemberthi october 2005 sudhee charter parivartan parr pramukh gloria mekapagal aroyona salaahkaar aayogna sabhy hataa. teo dii laa saale university-manila college off aejukeshannaa shaikshanik netrutva aneey vyavsthaapan vibhagna sahyogi prophesara hataa. temne august 2008 thee juuna 2009 sudhee palestine bethleham university, aek dii laa saale shaalaama niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. brow. roleene temnaa mrutyu sudhee dii laa saale university manilama sonpavama aavyaa hataa. jeevan. diazonno janm bacoload, nigros oxidantal, phillipinesmaa 31 october, october roj remando aela. naa ghare thayo hato. poraak, pampanga aneey hermalindana diazen vee. nigros oxidantalnaa ramos. dieson chh baadakoma paanchmaa hataa. hataa jyaare bacoloadmaa laa saale college kholvaamaa aavee tyaare rollandone trija dhoranaa vidhyarthi tareeke dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temane temane temnaa vargnaa valedictorian tareeke grade school purn curry aneey aneey valedictorian aneey vidhyarthi parishadna pramukh tareeke uchch shaala purn curry. bii. aar. dwara protsaahit. frances kodee aneey bii. aar. thee prereet. bacoloadmaa temnaa bhutpurv uchch shaalaana shikshak andrew gonzalez, diazen uchch shaala pachhi tarat jaj laa saale bhaiona postulancyma praveshyaa. temane 11 october, october roj temnee pratham pratigya leedhi hatee aneey manilani deey laa saale collegemaa snaatak abhyaas sharoo karyo hato. beey varshnaa abhyaas pachhi, temne dii laa saale bradhars dwara dwara ketholik university off americama mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyaan temane temane ganeetma snatakni padvi melvee hatee. phillipines parat faryaa pachhi bhaai diasonni pratham sopani laa saale green heelsmaan hatee, jyaan temane temane grade skoolnaa aachaary, aachaary haai skoolnaa aachaary aneey aneey kaarykaari pramukh tareeke nimanook thataa pahelaa aek varsh maate haai school vibhagma ganeet aneey dharm bhanaavyo hato. shaikshanik prushthbhumi. disone saint universityma praathmeek aneey maadhyameek shikshan purn karyoo. bacoloadmaa laa seela, nigros oxidantal. tyarbad temane temnaa collegena pratham beey varshno abhyaas manilani deey laa saale collegemaa karyo hato. temane ketholik university off americama snatakno abhyaas chaalu raakhyo.aesa.aee.ganeetma batchler off artsnee degree saathe snaatak thayaa. tyarbad temane dii laa saale university manilaamaa shikshan vaheevatma master off artsnee degree melvee aneey stanford graduate school off aejukeshanmaa aantarrashtriy vikaas shikshanma doctorateni degree melvee. puraskaaro. puraskaaro, dii laa saale university-manilama dii laa saale bhutpurv vidhyarthi sangathan dwara desonne pratishthit lacelian puraskar aapvama aavyo hato. march march pann temne deey laa saale sports holl off femamaa saamel karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

rolando ramos diason rolando ramos diason (31 octuber, 1944-25 aprail, 2012) ack philipino dee laa saile bhaai hain joe 1998 seey 2003 taka dee laa saile vishvavidyalaya aur dee laa saile vishvavidyalaya pranali key adhyaksh they, march 2003 seey sitambar 2004 taka uchch shiksha aayog key adhyaksh they, 1998 seey 2003 taka phillippeans key catholic shaikshik sangh key nideshak-aitt-large they, aur 1976 seey 1977 taka phillippeans mein dee laa saile bhaaiyon key karyavahak bhaai agantuk key saath-saath sitambar seey octuber 2005 taka charter parivartan parr rashtrapati gloria mcpaughal aroyo key salaahkaar aayog key sadasya they. way dee laa saale vishvavidyalaya-manila college off ajucation key shaikshik netritva aur prabandhan vibhaag key ack sahayogi professor they. unhein agast 2008 seey juuna 2009 taka philistine key ack dee laa saile school, bethelham vishvavidyalaya mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. rollie koo unaki mrityu taka dee laa saale vishvavidyalaya manila mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. jeevan. diason kaa janm 31 octuber, 1944 koo remando ell key ghar bacoload, nigros ausidental, phillippeans mein huaa thaa. porak, pampanga aur harmelinda key diason vee. nigros oxidantal key ramos. diason chhah bachchon mein seey paanchvaan thaa. 1952 mein jaba laa saile college bacoload mein khola gayaa, tou rolando koo grade teen key chhaatr key roop mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 1957 mein apani kaksha key valedictorian key roop mein grade school samaapt kiya, aur 1961 mein uchch vidyalaya mein valedictorian aur chhaatr parishad key adhyaksh key roop mein. bee. aar. dwara protsaahit kiya gayaa. francis kodi aur bee. aar. seey prerit. bacoload mein unake poorv hyee school shikshak andreau gonzalez, diason ney hyee school key thheek baad laa saile bhaaiyon key postulency mein pravesh kiya. unhone 11 octuber, 1962 koo apani pahali shapath lii aur manila key dee laa saale college mein apani snaatak kii padhaai shuru kii. dou saal kii padhaai key baad, unhein dee laa saile brothers dwara 1965 mein america key catholic vishvavidyalaya mein bheja gayaa, jahan unhone 1968 mein ganit mein snaatak, pramukh kii padhaai poori kii. phillippeans lautane key baad bhaai diason kaa pahala kaary laa saile green hills mein thaa, jahan unhone 1969 mein grade school key pracharya, 1971 mein hyee school key pracharya aur 1973 mein karyavahak adhyaksh niyukt honey seey pahale ack saal key liye hyee school vibhaag mein ganit aur dharm padhaaya thaa. shaikshik prishthabhoomi. disen ney apani praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha sent university mein poori kii. laa saile inn bacoload, nigros ausidental. isake baad unhone apane college key pahale dou varshon kaa adhyayan manila key dee laa saale college mein kiya. unhone america key catholic vishvavidyalaya mein apani snaatak kii padhaai jaari rakhee.aiss.aeye., ganit mein kalaa snaatak kii degree key saath snaatak. isake baad unhone dee laa saale vishvavidyalaya manila mein shiksha prashaasan mein master off arts kii degree lii aur steinford graduate school off ajucation mein antarrashtriya vikas shiksha mein doctorate kii degree lii. puraskar. 2006 mein, disone koo dee laa saale vishvavidyalaya-manila mein dee laa saale poorv chhaatr sangh dwara pratishthit lasselian puraskar diyaa gayaa thaa. march 2007 mein bhee, unhein dee laa saile sports holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.

rolando ramos dyson rolando ramos dyson (october 31,1944-april 25,2012) philipine deey laa salle sahodararaagiddu, avaru 1998 rinda 2003 ravarege deey laa salle vishvavidyaalaya mattu deey laa salle vishvavidyaalaya vevastheya adhyaksharaagiddaru, march 2003 rinda september 2004 ravarege unnata sikshana aayogada adhyaksharaagiddaru, 1998 rinda 2003 ravarege phillipinesna catholic shaikshanika sanghada dodda nirdeshaka mattu 1976 rinda 1977 ravarege phillipinesna deey laa salle sahodarara hangami sahodara bhetigaararaagiddaru mattu september 2005 rinda october 2005 ravarege charter badalaavaneya adhyaksha gloria makapagal aroyo avara salaha aayogada sadasyaragiddare. avaru dii laa saale vishvavidyaalaya-manila college off ejucation shaikshanika nayakatva mattu nirvahanaa vibhagada sahayaka pradhyapaka upanyasakaragiddaru. aata 2008rahra augustninda 2009rahra zoon varege palestine deey laa saale shaaleyaada beth lehem vishvavidyaalayadalli nemakagondiddaru. rollie avarannu deey laa saale university manilaage avara maranadavaregu niyojisalaayitu. jeevana. dyson avaru phillipinesna negros accidentalna bakolodnalli october 31,1944 randu raymondo ell. ge janisidaru. dyson off porak, pampanga mattu harmelinda vii. negros accidentalna ramos. dyson aaru makkalalli aidaneyavanaagiddanu. 1952ralli bacoladnalli laa saale kaaleju prarambhavadaga, rolando moorane taragatiya vidyarthiyagi daakhalaagiddaru. avaru 1957ralli tamma taragatiya valedictorian aagi grade shaaleyannu poornagolisidaru mattu 1961ralli valedictorian mattu vidyarthi mandaliya adhyaksharaagi proudhashaaleyannu poornagolisidaru. proothsaahisidavaru bii. aarr. francis kodi mattu bii. aarr. ninda sphurti padediddaane. dijhonna bakolodnalliruva avana maaji proudhashala shikshakanaada andrew gonzalez, proudhashaaleya nantara laa salle sahodarara maranottara siksheyannu praveshisidanu. avaru 1962rahra october 11randu tamma modala pratigneyannu maadidaru mattu manilaada deey laa saale colleginalli tamma padavipurva adhyayanavannu praarambhisidaru. eradu varshagala adhyayanada nantara, dii laa saale sahodararu avarannu 1965 ralli americada catholic vishvavidyaanilayakke kaluhisidaru, allie avaru 1968 ralli ganitadalli snatakottara padavi, majer padaviyannu poornagolisidaru. phillippeansge maralida nantara sahodara dyson avara modala niyojaneyu laa saale green hilsnalliddu, allie avaru 1969 ralli grade school principal, 1971 ralli haiskool principal mattu 1973 ralli hangami adhyaksharaagi nemakagolluva modalu haiskool vibhagadalli ondu varsha ganita mattu dharmavannu kalisidaru. shaikshanika hinnele. dyson tamma praathamika mattu madhyamika shikshanavannu saint vishvavidyaalayadalli poornagolisidaru. laa salle inn bacoload, negros accidental. nantara avaru tamma modala eradu varshagala kaaleju shikshanavannu manilaada deey laa saale colleginalli padedaru. avaru americada catholic vishvavidyaalayadalli tamma padavipurva adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru.ess.aa.ganitadalli kalaa padavi padedu padavi padediddaare. nantara avaru dii laa saale vishvavidyaalayadalli sikshana aadalitadalli snatakottara padavi padedaru mattu stanford grazuate school off ejukeshannalli antararashtriya abhivruddhi sikshanadalli doctorate padaviyannu padedaru. prashastigalu. 2006ralli, dii laa saale vishvavidyaalaya-manilaadallina dii laa saale haleya vidyarthigala sanghavu dijhonge vishishta lasalian prashastiyannu needitu. 2007rahra maarchnalliyu saha, avarannu deey laa saale sports haal off famegay serisalaayitu.

rolando ramos daisan 1998 muthal 2003 vare dii laa saale sarvakalashaalayudeyum dii laa saale sarvakalashaala samvidaanathinteyum prasidantaayirunna philipino dii laa saale sahodaranaanu rolando ramos daisan (october 31,1944-epril 25,2012), 2003 march muthal 2004 septambar vare unnatha vidyaabhyaasa kammeeshan chairman, 1998 muthal 2003 vare philippeensile catholica vidyaabhyaasa association director-attu-large, 1976 muthal 1977 vare philippeensile dii laa saale sahodaranmaarude acting sahodara sandarshakan, athupole 2005 septambar muthal october vare charter maattathekkurichulla president gloria mccapagal aroyoyude consultative kammeeshan amgamaanu. dii laa saale yooniversitti-manila koleju oof ejyukkeshante vidyaabhyaasa neethrthwathinteyum maanejment vibhaagathinteyum associate professor lakchararaayirunnu addeham. 2008 august muthal 2009 juun vare palasteen dii laa saale skoolaaya bethlahem sarvakalashaalayil addehathe niyamichu. brow. maranam vare manilayile dii laa saale sarvakalashaalayil rolly niyamichu. jeevitam. 1944 october 31 nuu philippainsile neegros osidentalile baccoloadil raymondo ell. daisan oof porak, pambanga, hermelinda vii. neegros oksidantalinte ramos. aarr makkalil anchaamatheyaalaayirunnu daisan. 1952ll baccoloadil laa saale koleju thurannappol rolando moonnaam klaas vidyaarthiyaayi chernnu. 1957ll thante classinte valedictorianaayi grade school poortthiyaakkiya addeham 1961ll valedictorian, studant kaunsil presidentaayi haiskool poortthiyaakki. bii. aarr. prothsaahippichu. francis cody, bii. aarr. yill ninnu prachodanam ulkkondathu. daisan baccoloadile addehathinte muun haiskool adthyaapakanaaya andrew gonsaalas haiskool vidyaabhyaasathinushesham laa saale sahodaranmaarude postlansiyil praveshichu. 1962 october 11nuu addeham thante aadya prathijnjayedukkukayum manilayile dii laa saale collegil birudapatanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. rund varshathe padanatthinu sesham, dii laa saale sahodaranmaar addehathe 1965 ll amerikkayile catholica sarvakalaashaalayilekk ayachu, avide addeham 1968 ll ganithashaasthrathil birudaananthara birudam poortthiyaakki. philippeensilekku madangiyethiya sesham sahodaran daisante aadya niyamanam laa saale green hilsilaayirunnu, avide addeham 1969 ll grade school principalaayum 1971 ll haiskool principalaayum 1973 ll acting presidentaayum niyamikkappedunnathinu munbu haiskool vakuppil oru varsham ganithavum mathavum padippichu. vidyaabhyaasa pashchaathalam. disson thante praadhamika, secondary vidyaabhyaasam sent yooniversittiyil poortthiyaakki. baccoloadile laa saale, neegros oksidantal. thudarnnu addeham thante kolejile aadya rund varsham manilayile dii laa saale kolejilaanu padichathu. american aikyanaadukalile catholica sarvakalashaalayil addeham birudapatanam thudarnnu.ezz.eiii.ganithathil baachilar oof arts birudam nedi. thudarnnu addeham dii laa saale yooniversitti manilayil vidyaabhyaasa bharanathil maasttar oof arts birudam nedukayum stanford graajvett school oof ejyukkeshanil ninnu anthaaraashtra vikasana vidyaabhyaasathil doktarettu birudam nedukayum cheythu. avaardukal. 2006ll dii laa saale yooniversitti-manilayile dii laa saale poorvva vidyaarthi association diasoninu vishishta lazalian award nalki. 2007 maarchilum addehathe dii laa saale sports haal oof faimil ulppeduthi.

rolando ramos diazon rollando ramos diazon (aktoobar 31,1944-april 25,2012) haah philipino deey laa salley bhau aahe, joou 1998 teey 2003 paryant deey laa salley vidyapithacha aanee deey laa salley vidyapith pranalicha adhyaksh hota, march 2003 teey september 2004 paryant uchch shikshan aayogacha adhyaksh hota, 1998 teey 2003 paryant phillipineschya catholic shaikshanik sanghatanecha sanchalak-ett-large hota aanee 1976 teey 1977 paryant philipinesmadhil deey laa salley bandhuncha karyavahak bhau, tasech september teey aktoobar 2005 paryant charter badalavar adhyaksh gloria mcapagal aroyochya sallagar aayogacha sadasya hota. teey dii laa salle vidyapith-manila shikshan mahavidhyalayachya shaikshanik netrutva aanee vyavasthapan vibhagache sahyogi pradhyapak hote. august 2008 teey juuna 2009 yaa kalavadhit tyanna palestinemadhil bethelheim vidyapith yaa dii laa salle shalet niyukt karnyat aale hote. bhau. roleela tyachya mrutyuparyant dii laa salle vidyapith manila yethe niyukt karnyat aale hote. jeevan. diazoncha janm bacoload, nigros auxidental, phillipines yethe 31 aktoobar 1944 roji remando ell. yanchya potee jhaala. porak, pampanga aanee hermelinda wii. chey diazon. nigros auxidentalche ramos. diazon haah sahaa mulanpaiki pachva hota. 1952 madhye bacoloadmadhye laa salley mahavidhyalay suru jhaale tevha rolandochi rolandochi iyattecha vidyarthi mhanoon nondani jhaali. tyanni 1957 madhye tyanchya vargache valedictorian mhanoon iyatta purn kelee aanee 1961 madhye valedictorian aanee vidyarthi parishadeche adhyaksh mhanoon uchch madhyamik shaala purn kelee. bii. aar. dware protsahit kele. francis kodee aanee bii. aar. pasoon prerit. bacoload, diazon yetheel tyache majee hyschool shikshak andreau gonzalez yanni highschoolnanter lagechach laa salley bandhunchya postulancymadhye pravesh keela. 11 aktoobar 1962 roji tyanni pahili shapath ghetali aanee manila yetheel deey laa salle mahavidhyalayat padvipurv shikshanala suruvat kelee. done varshanchya abhyasanantar, dii laa salley bandhunni tyanna 1965 madhye amerikechya catholic vidyapithat pathavale, jithe tyanni 1968 madhye ganitachya pramukh shakhetil qalaa padvi purn kelee. phillipinesla paratalyanantar bhau diazonchi pahili niyukti laa salley green hills yethe hotee, jithe tyanni 1969 madhye madhyamik shaleche pracharya, 1971 madhye madhyamik shaleche pracharya aanee 1973 madhye karyavahak adhyaksh mhanoon niyukt honyapurvi eka varsh madhyamik shalechya vibhagat ganeet aanee dharm shikavale. shaikshanik parshvabhoomi. diazonne tyache prathamik aanee madhyamik shikshan seent universitymadhun purn kele. laa salley inn bacoload, nigros auxidental. tyanantar tyanni mahavidhyalayin karkirdichi pahili done varshe manila yetheel deey laa salle mahavidhyalayat shikali. tyanni catholic university auph america yuu. ess. madhye tyanche padvipurv shikshan suru thewale.ess.aaa., ganitachi qalaa padvi gheuun padvi prapt kelee. tyanantar tyanni manila yetheel deey laa salle vidyapithat shikshan prashasanat qalaa padvyuttar padvi ghetali aanee stanford graduate school auph educationmadhye aantarrashtriy vikas shikshanat doctoratechi padvi ghetali. puraskar. 2006 saalee, dii laa salley vidyapith-manila yetheel dii laa salley majee vidyarthi sanghatnene diazonla pratishthit lasselian puraskar deela. march 2007 madhye dekhil, tyala deey laa salley sports holl auph femmadhye samavisht karnyat aale.

rolando ramos diazon rolando ramos dison (october 31,1944-april 25,2012) ek philipino day lah sale bhai hun jo 1998 dekhi 2003 samma day lah sale vishwavidyalaya rar day lah sale vishwavidyalaya pranaliko adhyaksha thie, march 2003 dekhi september 2004 samma uccha shiksha ayogka adhyaksha thie, 1998 dekhi 2003 samma filipinsko catholic shaikshik sanghaka nirdeshak-att-large thie, rar 1976 dekhi 1977 samma filipinsma day lah sale bhaiharuko karyawahak bhai agantukka sathai rashtrapati gloria mcapagal aroyoko september 2005 dekhi october 2005 samma charter pariwartanma paramarshadatri ayogka sadasya thie. uni day lah sale vishwavidyalaya-manila college aff ejukeshanko shaikshik netritwa rar wyawasthapan vibhagka associate professor lecturer thie. unlai august 2008 dekhi june 2009 samma palestineko day lah sale schol bethlehem vishwavidyalayama niyukta garieko thiyo. rolilai unko mrityusamma day lah sale vishwavidyalaya manilama niyukta garieko thiyo. jiwan. diazonko janma october 31,1944 maa remundo elko gharma backoload, negros oxidantal, filipinsma bhaeko thiyo. porak, pampanga rar hermelinda banam ko diazon. negros oxidantalko ramos. diazon chha santanmadhye panchaun thie. sann 1952 maa backoloadma lah sale college kholda, rolandolai kaksha tinko vidyarthiko rupma bharna garieko thiyo. unle sann 1957 maa afno kakshako bhyalediktoriyanko rupma grade schol rar sann 1961 maa valedictorian rar vidyarthi parishadko adhyakshako rupma hai schol pura gare. dwara protsahit bee. francis kodi rar brbata prerit. backoload, disonma unka purva hai schol shikshak andrew gonzalez hai schol pachhi lah sale bhaiharuko postulencyma prawesh gare. unle october 11,1962 maa afno pahilo wacha gare rar manilako day lah sale kalejma afno snatak adhyayan suru gare. dui warshako adhyayanpachhi, unlai day lah sale bhaiharule sann 1965 maa americako catholic vishwavidyalayama pathae jahaan unle 1968 maa ganitma snatak, mazer gare. phillipines farkepachhi bhai disonko pahilo karya lah sale green hillsma thiyo, jahaan unle 1969 maa grade schol principle, 1971 maa hai schol principle rar 1973 maa karyawahak adhyaksha niyukta hunu aghi ek warshasamma hai schol vibhagma ganit rar dharma padhae. shaikshik prishthabhumi. disonle cent universityma afno prathamik rar madhyamik shiksha pura gare. lah salle inn bakolod, negros oxidantal. tyasapachhi unle collegeko pahilo dui warsha manilako day lah sale kalejma adhyayan gare. unle americako catholic vishwavidyalayama afno snatak adhyayan jaari rakhe.ess.ae.ganitma kala snatakko degree liera snatak. tyasapachhi unle day lah sale vishwavidyalaya manilama shiksha prashasanma master aff artsko degree lie rar stanford graduate schol aff ejukeshanma antarrashtriya vikas shikshama doctorateko degree lie. puraskar. sann 2006 maa, disonlai day lah sale vishwavidyalaya-manilama day lah sale purva vidyarthi sanghadwara pratishthit lasalian puraskar pradan garieko thiyo. march 2007 maa pani unlai day lah sale sports hull aff femma samawesh garieko thiyo.

rolando ramos diazon rolando ramos diazon (october 31,1944-april 25,2012) jane philipino dee laa saale bhai jie 1998 ru 2003 parjyanta dee laa saale biswabidyalaja ebong dee laa saale biswabidyalaja byabasthara sabhapati thile, march 2003 ru september 2004 parjyanta uccha sikhya aajogara adhyakhya thile, 1998 ru 2003 parjyanta philipinesra catholic sikhya sanghara budd nirdeshaka thile, ebong 1976 ru 1977 parjyanta philipainsare dee laa saale bhaimananka karjyakaree bhai paridarshaka tatha septembararu october 2005 parjyanta charter paribartana upare rastrapati gloria makapagal arojonka paramarshadata aajogara sadasya thile. shay dii laa saale biswabidyalaja-manila college off edukesanara sikhyagata netrutwa ebong parichalana bibhagara sahajogee professor adhyapaka thile. tanku august 2008 ru june 2009 parjyanta palestiner eka dii laa saale skul bethleheim biswabidyalajare nijukta karajaithila. mrutyu parjyanta rolinku dii laa saale biswabidyalaja manilare nijukta karajaithila. zeeban. diazon philipinesra negros oxidantalera bakolodare october 31,1944 ray remundo ell nka ghare janmagrahana karithile. dijon off poraka, pampanga ebong hermelinda bhi. neegros oxidantal rahr ramos . chhaa john pilanka madhyaru dison pancham thile. 1952 masihare jetebele laa saale college bakolodare kholila, setebele rolando truteeja shreneere padhuthiba chhatra bhabe naama lekhaithile. shay 1957 ray taanka shrenira valedictorian bhabare grade skul samapta karithile, ebong 1961 ray valedictorian ebong chhatra parisadara sabhapati bhabare haiskul samapta karithile . bii. aarr. nka dwara utsahita. francis kodi ebong bii. aarr. dwara anupranita. decojonra bakolodare thiba tankara purbatana haiskul sikhyaka andru gonzalez haiskul parey laa saale bhaimananka postulanaseere prabesha karithile. shay 11 october, 1962 ray tankara pratham shapath neithile ebong manilara dee laa saale kalejare snataka adhyajana arambha karithile. dui barsha adhyajana kariba parey, tanku 1965 masihare dii laa saale bhaimane americara catholic biswabidyalajaku pathaithile, jeunthare shay 1968 masihare ganitare snataka, mejara samapta karithile. phillipines feriba parey bhai dijananka pratham karjya thila laa saale green hilsare, jeunthare shay 1969 ray grade skul principal, 1971 ray haiskul principal ebong 1973 ray karjyakaree rastrapati bhabare nijukta heba purbaru eka barsha paain haiskul bibhagare ganita ebong dharma sikhya deithile. sikhyagata prusthabhumi. dison cent biswabidyalajare prathamika ebong madhyamika sikhya samapta karithile. laa salle inn bacoload, nigros oxidantal . ehapare shay tankara pratham dui barsha kalejaku manilara dee laa saale kalejare adhyajana karithile. shay americara catholic biswabidyalajare snataka adhyajana jaari rakhithile.ess.aii.ganitare snataka degree hassel karichanti. ehapare shay dii laa saale biswabidyalaja manilare sikhya prashasanare master off art degree grahan karithile ebong stanford grazuate skul off edukesan ray antarjatija bikash sikhyare doctorate degree grahan karithile. puraskara. 2006 masihare dii laa saale biswabidyalaja-manilare dii laa saale purbatana chhatra sangha dwara dijananku bisista lasalian puraskara pradan karajaithila. march 2007 ray madhya tanku dii laa saale sports hull off phemare antarbhukta karajaithila.

rolando ramos diazen rolando ramos diagen (31 aktubar, 1944-25 aprail, 2012) ikk philipino dee laa saile bharaa haii joe 1998 toon 2003 takk dee laa saile university atey dee laa saile university pranali daa pardhan see, march 2003 toon satambar 2004 takk ucch sikkhiaa commission daa chairman see, 1998 toon 2003 takk philipines dee catholic vidiak association daa director-aett-large see, atey 1976 toon 1977 takk philipines witch dee laa saile bharavan daa karajkari bharaa atey naal hii satambar toon aktubar 2005 takk charter tabdili baare rashtarpati gloria macapagal aroyo dey salahkar commission daa member see. uh dee laa saile university-manila kaalaj aaf aijukeshan dey viddiak agvai atey parbandhan vibhag dey sehyogi professor lacturar sunn. uss noon agast 2008 toon juun 2009 takk falastin dey ikk dee laa saile school, bathelham university witch niyukat keeta giaa see. rollie noon aapni maut takk dee laa saile university manila witch niyukat keeta giaa see. jeevan. diazen daa janam 31 aktubar, 1944 noon bacoload, nigros oceantal, philipines witch remando ail dey gharr hoiaa see. porak, pampanga atey harmelinda daa diazone banaam nigros pachmi dey ramos. diazen chhe bacchiaan vicchon panjwan see. jadon 1952 witch bacoload witch laa saile kaalaj kholhiaa giaa, taan rolando noon grade tinn dey vidiaarthi vajon dakhal keeta giaa see. unhan neey 1957 witch aapni class dey valedictorian vajon grade school atey 1961 witch valedictorian atey vidiaarthi consul dey pardhan vajon hyee school dee padahi puurii keeti. bee. aar. duaara utshahit keeta giaa. francis koddi atey bee. aar. toon prerit. bacoload, diazone witch uss dey sabka hyee school adhiaapak aindrioo gonzalez neey hyee school toon turant baad laa saile bharavan dey postulancy witch pravesh keeta. unhan neey 11 aktubar, 1962 noon aapni pahili sahun chukki atey manila dey dee laa saile kaalaj witch aapni undergraduate padahi shuru keeti. doou saal dee padahi toon baad, uss noon dee laa saile bharavan duaara 1965 witch catholic university aaf amrica bhejiaa giaa jitthe usne 1968 witch ganit witch bachelor aaf arts, mejar dee padahi puurii keeti. filpins waps aaunn toon baad bharaa diazen dee pahili niyukti laa saile green pahadiaan witch see, jitthe usne 1969 witch grade school principle, 1971 witch hyee school principle atey 1973 witch karajkari pardhan niyukat keete jaanh toon pahilan ikk saal laee hyee school vibhag witch ganit atey dharam padaiaa. sikkhiaa pichokad. dzone neey aapni primary atey secondary sikkhiaa cent university toon puurii keeti. bacoload witch laa saile, nigros pachmi. firr uss neey aapne kaalaj dey pahile doou saal manila dey dee laa saile kaalaj witch padhe. unhan neey amrica dee catholic university witch aapni undergraduate padahi jaari rakkhi.aiss.aii.ganit witch bachelor aaf arts dee digri naal graduate. firr unhan neey dee laa saile university manila witch sikkhiaa parshasana witch maastar aaf arts dee digri prapat keeti atey stanford graduate school aaf aijukeshan witch antarashtari vikas sikkhiaa witch doctorate dee digri prapat keeti. puraskar. saal 2006 witch, dee laa saile university-manila witch dee laa saile alumni association duaara dzone noon vilakkhan laslian puraskar ditta giaa see. march 2007 witch vee, uss noon dee laa saile sports haal aaf fame witch shamal keeta giaa see.

rolando ramos dazon rolando ramos daizan (october 31,1944-april 25,2012) philipino dey laa saale bhrata asti yah 1998 taha 2003 paryantam dey laa saale vishvavidyaalayasya tathaa dey laa saale vishvavidyaalayavyavasthayaha adhyakshah aasit, 2003 maarch taha 2004 september paryantam ucchashikshaasanghasya adhyakshah aasit, 1998 taha 2003 paryantam philipain-catholic-shaikshik-sanghasya nirdeshaka-ett-laarjah aasit, 1976 taha 1977 paryantam philipines-deshasya dey laa saale-bhraatuh kaaryavaahak-aagantukah aasit, api cha rashtrapatihi gloria makapagal aroyo ityasya september-taha 2005 october-paryantam charter-parivartanasya paramarshatmaka-ayogasya sadasyah aasit. saha dey laa salle vishvavidyaalayasya-manilaa-shiksha-mahaavidyaalayasya shaikshik-netrutva-vyavasthaapan-vibhaagasya saha-praadhyaapak-vyakhyata aasit. 2008 august-masat 2009 joon-maasaparyantam palestain-deshasya dey laa saale-vidyaalaye bethlehem-vishvavidyaalaye saha niyuktah aasit. bro. rolly ityeshah mrutyuparyantam dee laa salle vishvavidyaalayasya manilaa-nagare niyuktah aasit. jeevati. daizan ityasya janma philipines-deshasya neegros-oxidantal-nagarasya bacoload-nagare 1944 october 31 dinaanke remundo-ell ityasya putrasya krute abhavat. dison aaf porak, pampangaa tathaa herminda vi. neegros-oxidantal ityasya ramos iti. daizan ityeshah shut balakeshu panchamah aasit. 1952 tame varshe yadaa bacoload-nagare laa-salle-mahaavidyaalayasya udghaatanam abhavat, tadaa rolando truteeyashrenee-chhaatratvena namankitaha abhavat. saha 1957 tame varshe swasya vargasya validictorian iti rupena grade-vidyaalayam, 1961 tame varshe ucchavidyaalayam cha validictorian tathaa chaatra-parishadasya adhyakshatvena samapitavan. protsaahitah bee. aar. fraamsis kodi tathaa cha bee aar ityanena preritah. daizan-nagarasya bacoload-nagare tasya poorva-ucchavidyaalaya-shikshaka endroo gonzalez, ucchavidyaalayasya anantaram eva laa-saale-bhratrunam padaavadhim pravishtavaan. saha 1962 october 11 dinaanke prathamam pratijnaam krutavaan, manilaa-nagarasya dey laa salle-mahaavidyaalaye snaatak-adhyayanm aarabdhavaan. varshadvayaanantaram, day laa saale-bhraatrubhihi 1965 tame varshe amerikaadeshasy catholic-vishvavidyaalayam prati preshitah, yatra saha 1968 tame varshe ganite snaatak-kalaa-snaatak-upaadhim poornavaan. philipines-desham pratyaagatya bhrata daizan ityasya prathamam kaaryam laa salle green hills ityatra aasit, yatra saha 1969 tame varshe grade-school-principal, 1971 tame varshe hascool-principal, 1973 tame varshe kaaryavaahak-adhyakshah cha iti niyuktah, tatah poorvam ekavarsham yaavat hascool-vibhaage ganita-dharma-vishayaan cha upadishat. shaikshanik-prushtabhoomihi. daizan ityayam sent vishvavidyaalaye prathamikam maadhyamikam cha shikshaam praptavan. laa salle ina bacoload, neegros oxidantal. tatah saha manilaa-nagarasya dey laa salle-mahaavidyaalaye mahaavidyaalayasya prathamavarshadvayam abhyanayt. saha amerikaadeshasy catholic-vishvavidyaalaye snaatak-adhyayanm anvavartayat.ess.a.ganitashaastre snaatak-kalaa-upadhya saha snaatakah. tatah saha dee laa salle vishvavidyaalaye manilaa-nagare shiksha-prashasanasya snaatakottar-kalaa-upaadhim agruhnaat, stanford-snaatak-vidyaalaye antarashtriya-vikasa-shikshaayaam doctorate-upaadhim agruhnaat. puraskaaraah. 2006 tame varshe dee laa saale vishvavidyaalayasya manilaa-nagare dee laa saale poorvavidyaarthibhih sanghena deezan-samsthaayaah vishishtah lasalian-puraskaarah pradatta. 2007 maarch-maase api saha day laa salle creedaa-haal aaf fame ityasmin samaaveshtah.

rolando ramos dyson rolando ramos dyson (october 31,1944-aepral 25,2012) oru philipino dii laa salae cakootharar aavaar, avar 1998 muthal 2003 varai dii laa salae palkalaikkazhagam mattrum dii laa salae palkalaikkazhaga amaippin thalaivaraagavum, maarch 2003 muthal septumber 2004 varai uyarkalvi aanaiyaththin thalaivaraagavum, 1998 muthal 2003 varai philippainsin catholica kalvi sangaththin iyakkunaraagavum, 1976 muthal 1977 varai philippainsil ulla dii laa salae cakoothararkalin seyal sagoathara paarvaiyaalaraagavum, septumber muthal october 2005 varai saasana maattram kuriththa janathipathi chloria mccabagal aroyovin aaloasanai aanaiyaththin uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. avar dii laa salae palkalaikkazhagaththin manila kalvik kallooriyin kalvi thalaimai mattrum nirvaagath thuraiyin inaip paeraasiriyaraaga irunthaar. august 2008 muthal juun 2009 varai baalastheenaththil ulla dii laa salae palliyaana bethlahem palkalaikkazhagaththil niyamikkappattaar. rollie thanathu irappu varai dii laa salae palkalaikkazhaga manilaavukku niyamikkappattaar. vaazhkkai. dyson october 31,1944 andru philippainsin neekros ocidentalin pagolottil raymondo ell. kku piranthaar. dyson off borac, bambanga mattrum hermelinda vii. neekros aasidendalin ramos. aaru kuzhandhaigalil dyson ainthaavathu kuzhanthaiyaagum. 1952 aam aandil pacolottil laa salae kalluri thirakkappattapoathu, rolando moontraam vaguppu maanavaraaga serkkappattaar. avar 1957 aam aandil thanathu vaguppin vaeltiktoariyanaaga tharap palliyaiyum, 1961 aam aandil uyarnilaip palliyaiyum valtictorian mattrum maanavar council thalaivaraagavum muditthaar. pii. aarr. ookkuviththaar. francis koadi mattrum pr moolam eerkkappattaar. dysone paakoaloadil ulla avarathu munnaal uyarnilaip palli aasiriyaraana andrew consulus, uyarnilaip pallikkup piragu laa salae cakoothararkalin pathaviyil nuzhainthaar. avar october 11,1962 andru thanathu muthal sabatham seithu, manilaavil ulla dii laa salae kallooriyil thanathu ilangkalai padippaith thodangkinaar. irandu aandugal padiththa piragu, 1965 aam aandil dii laa salae cakoothararkalaal americavin catholica palkalaikkazhagaththirku anuppapattaar, angku avar 1968 aam aandil kanithaththil ilangkalai kalai, mejar pattam pettraar. pilippainsukkuth thirumbiya piragu cakootharar dyson muthal panii laa salle green hills aagum, angku avar 1969 ill tharam palli muthalvaraagavum, 1971 ill uyarnilaip palli muthalvaraagavum, 1973 ill seyal thalaivaraagavum niyamikkappaduvatharku munbu oru varudam uyarnilaip palli thuraiyil kanitham mattrum mathaththai karpitthaar. kalvip pinnani. dyson thanathu aaramba mattrum idainilaik kalviyai saint palkalaikkazhagaththil muditthaar. laa salle bagolat, neekros ausidental. pinnar avar thanathu muthal irandu aandugal kalluri manilaavil ulla dii laa salae kallooriyil padiththaar. avar america catholica palkalaikkazhagaththil thanathu ilangkalai padippaith thodarnthaar.ess.auuu.kanithaththil ilangkalai kalai pattam pettraar. pinnar manilaavin dii laa salae palkalaikkazhagaththil kalvi nirvaagaththil muthukalaip pattam pettraar, maelum stanford pattathaari kalvip pallyil sarvadesa maempaattu kalviyil munaivar pattam pettraar. viruthugal. 2006 aam aandil, dii laa salae palkalaikkazhaga-manilaavil ulla dii laa salae munnaal maanavargal sangaththaal dyson pugazhpettra lazalian viruthai valangkinaar. maarch 2007 ill, avar dii laa salae sports haal off famil serkkappattaar.

rolando ramos diazone rolando ramos diazone (october 31,1944-april 25,2012) oka philipino dii laa salle sodarudu, athanu 1998 nundi 2003 varaku dii laa salle vishwavidyaalayam mariyu dii laa salle vishwavidyaalaya vyavasthaku adhyakshudiga, marchi 2003 nundi september 2004 varaku unnata vidya commission chairmanga, 1998 nundi 2003 varaku phillippeans yokka catholic educational association director-aut-large, mariyu 1976 nundi 1977 varaku philippeansloni dii laa salle sodarula taatkaalika sandarsakudu, alaage september nundi october 2005 varaku charter maarpupai president gloria makapagal aroyo salaha commission sabhyudu. ayana dii laa salle vishwavidyaalayam-manila college off education yokka vidya naayakatvam mariyu nirvahana vibhaagamlo associate professor lecturerga panicheesaaru. athanu augustu 2008 nundi juun 2009 varaku paalastiinaalooni deey laa salle paatasaala ayina bethleheim vishwavidhyaalayamlo niyaminchabaddaadu. brow. rollie thana maranam varaku dii laa salle vishwavidyaalayam manilaaku niyaminchabaddaadu. jeevitam. diazone philippeansloni negros accidental looni bakolodlo 1944 aktobaru 31naa remando ell kuu janminchaadu. dijon off porak, pampamgaa mariyu hermelinda vii. negros accidental yokka ramos. aruguru pillalalo diazone aidavavadu. 1952loe bakolodlo laa salle kalaasaala prarambhamainappudu, rolando moodava taragati vidyaarthigaa cheraadu. athanu 1957loe thana taragatiki chendina valedictorianga grade paatasaalanu, 1961loe valedictorian mariyu vidyaarthi mandali adhyakshudiga unnata paatasaalanu puurti chesaadu. prothsahinchaaru. frances kodi mariyu br nundi prerana pondaadu. dijon looni bacoload looni athani maajee unnata paatasaala upadhyayudu andrew gonzalez unnata paatasaala tarvaata laa salle sodarula postlensilo pravesinchaadu. ayana 1962 aktobaru 11naa thana modati pratigna chesi, manilaalooni dii laa salle kalasalalo thana under graduate chaduvunu praarambhinchaaru. rendu samvatsaraala adhyayanam taruvaata, dii laa salle sodarulu aayananu 1965loe catholic university off americaku pampaaru, akkada ayana 1968loe ganitamlo majer gaa bachelor off arts puurti chesaaru. philippeansku tirigi vacchina taruvaata sodarudu diazone modati niyamakam laa salle green hills loe jarigindi, akkada athanu 1969loe grade school principalga, 1971loe haiskool principalga, 1973loe taatkaalika adhyakshudiga niyaminchabadataaniki mundu haiskool vibhaagamlo oka samvatsaram paatu ganitam mariyu matam bodhinchaadu. vidya nepathyam. diazone thana praathamika mariyu madhyamika vidyanu seyint vishwavidhyaalayamlo puurti chesaadu. laa salle, negros accidental loe. aaa tarvaata ayana thana modati rendu samvatsaraala kalaasaalanu manilaalooni dii laa salle kalasalalo abhyasinchaadu. athanu catholic university off americalo thana under graduate adhyayanalanu konasaginchadu.ess.eah.ganitamlo bachelor off arts degreetho pattabhadrudayyaadu. aaa taruvaata ayana dii laa salle vishwavidyaalayam manilaalo education administrationlo master off arts degreeni pondhi, stanford graduate school off educationlo antarjaateeya abhivruddhi vidyalo doctorate degreeni pondaadu. avaardulu. 2006loe, dii laa salle vishwavidyaalayam-manilaalooni dii laa salle puurva vidyaardhula sangham desonku vishishta lasalian avaardunu pradaanam chesindi. marchi 2007loe kooda, athanu dii laa salle sports haall off famelo cherchabaddaadu.

rolando ramos diazan ralando ramos dzone (31 aktobar 1944-25 apreel 2012) eek flipno ddee laa sail bhayee haine juu 1998 say 2003 takk ddee laa sail university aur ddee laa sail university system kay sadr maarch 2003 say satambar 2004 takk commission baraye aalee taleem kay chairmen 1998 say 2003 takk filpine kii catholic taleemi aisosi aishan kay director-aett-large aur 1976 say 1977 takk filpine mein ddee laa sail baradaran kay qayem maqaam bhayee visitor kay saath saath sadr gloria mikapagal arview kay mashawarti commission kay rakan haine. satambar say aktobar 2005 takk charter kii tabdili parr. wah ddee laa seelay university maneela college aaf ajucation kay taleemi qayadat aur intezami shobay kay aisosi aett professor lecturer thay. inhein agast 2008 say joone 2009 takk falastin kay ddee laa seelay school beeth allaham university mein tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa. rolee kuu apnee moth takk ddee laa seelay university maneela mein tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa. zindagi. dzone 31 aktobar 1944 kuu becoload negros oxidantal filpine mein remando eel kay haan paida hawaa. diazan aaf poraak pampanga aur harmulanda v. negros oxidantal kay ramos. diazan chh bachon mein say panchwan thaa. jabb 1952 mein becoload mein laa seelay college khola gayaa thoo rolando kuu grade tharee kay taalib alam kay toor parr daakhlah diyaa gayaa. inhon nay 1957 mein apnee klaas kay veldectorin kay toor parr grade school makmal kiyaa aur 1961 mein veldectorin aur studant konsal kay sadr kay toor parr hayee school makmal kiyaa. bee aar kii taraf say huslah afzayi kii gayee. frances cody aur bee aar say mutasir. becold dzone mein inn kay saabiq hayee school kay astaad andrev gonzaliz hayee school kay foraa baad laa seelay baradaran kay ahday parr daakhil hoay. inhon nay 11 aktobar 1962 kuu apnee pehli qasm khayee aur maneela kay ddee laa seelay college mein apnee indergraduate taleem kaa aaghaz kiyaa. duu saal kii taleem kay baad inhein ddee laa seelay baradaran nay 1965 mein catholic university aaf america bheja jehaan inhon nay 1968 mein riyaazi mein bachelor aaf arts meejar kii taleem makmal kii. filpine waps aaney kay baad bhayee dzone kii pehli tafviz laa seelay grain hilz mein thee jehaan inhon nay 1969 mein grade school kay principle 1971 mein hayee school kay principle aur 1973 mein qayem maqaam sadr muqarar honay say pehley eek saal takk hayee school kay shobah mein riyaazi aur mazhab padhaya. taleemi piss manzar. dzone nay apnee ibtadayi aur saanvi taleem sent university say makmal kii. becoload mein laa sail negros oxidantal. iss kay baad inhon nay maneela kay ddee laa seelay college mein college kay pehley duu saal kii taleem haasil kii. inhon nay catholic university aaf america mein apnee indergraduate taleem jaari rakhee.aiss.aey.riyaazi mein bachelor aaf arts kii digri kay saath graduation. iss kay baad inhon nay ddee laa seelay university maneela mein ajucation administration mein maaster aaf arts kii digri haasil kii aur stenford graduate school aaf ajucation mein beenn alaqwami tarqiyati taleem mein doctorate kii digri haasil kii. ewards. 2006 mein ddezon kuu ddee laa sail university maneela mein ddee laa sail saabiq talbaa kii aisosi aishan kii taraf say mamtaz lasilin aiward diyaa gayaa. maarch 2007 mein bhee inhein ddee laa seelay sports haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24129913

Chvalčov

Chvalčov Chvalčov is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants. Chvalčov lies approximately north-east of Kroměříž, north of Zlín, and east of Prague. History. The first written mention of Chvalčov is from 1369. Sights. <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css"/> The Hostýn Hill, a Catholic pilgrimage site, lies in the municipal territory of Chvalčov. There is also the ruin of Obřany Castle on the eponymous hill. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sabhalsobh sabhalsobh hoise chek gonorajyor zlin oncholor kro 'maries jilaar ekhon pouroxobha aaru gaau. iyat pray 1,600 john baxinda aase. sabhalsobh kro 'mariesor pray uttor-pubo, jlinor uttore aaru pragyur pube owosthito. itihax. 1369 sonor poraa sabhalsobhor prothom likhito ullekh puwa goise. drishyoxomuh. ketholik tirthosthan hostin pahartu sabhalsobh pour oncholot owosthito. eke naamor paharot oh 'brainy durgor dhongxostupou aase.

chavalkov chavalkov holl check projatontrer zlin anchaler chromeiries jelara ekti pourosobha oo grama. ekhane pray 1,600 john basinda royeche. chavalkov chromeiries pray uttor-purbe, zliner uttore ebong prager purbe abosthito. itihas. 1369 saal theke chavalkover prothom likhito ullekh pawa yaay. darshaniya sthan. hostin pahad, ekti catholic tirthosthan, chavalkover pour anchale abosthito. ekoi naamer pahade obrani durger dhongshaboshesho royeche.

chawalkov chawalkov aee check prajasattakna zlin pradeshmaa chromeries jeellama aaveli nagarpalika aneey gaam chhe. aheen lagbhag 1,600 rahevasio rahe chhe. chawalkov chromeriesni lagbhag uttar-purvamaa, zlinni uttare aneey praagnee purvamaa aavelu chhe. itihas. chavalkovno pratham lekheet ullekh ullekh chhe. drashyo. hostin tekri, aek ketholik yatradham sthal, chawalkov municiple pradeshmaa aavelu chhe. aaa jaj naamnee tekri parr obrani keellano khander pann chhe.

chawalkov chawalkov check ganarajya key zlin kshetra mein chromies jile mein ack nagarpalika aur gaanv haye. yahaan lagbhag 1,600 nivasi rahate hain. chawalkov chromies key lagbhag uttar-poorv mein, zlin key uttar mein aur praag key poorv mein sthit haye. itihas. chawalkov kaa pahala likhit ullekh 1369 seey haye. darshaniya sthal. hostin pahaadi, ack catholic teerth sthal, chawalkov key nagarpalika kshetra mein sthit haye. isi naam kii pahaadi parr obrani mahal kaa khandahar bhee haye.

chavlkov chavlkov embudu jeck ganarajyada jhlin pradeshada chromeries jilleyalliruva ondu purasabheyagide mattu graamavaagide. idu sumaru 1,600 nivasigalannu hondide. chavlkov sumaru chromeries naa eeshaanyakke, jhlinna uttarakke mattu pragna purvakke ide. itihaasa. chwalkov bagge modala likhita ullekhavu 1369rinda bandide. drashyagalu. catholic yatra taanavaada hostin bettavu chavlkov purasabheya pradeshadallide. adhe hesarina bettada mele obrani koteya avasheshavu ide.

chalkov check republicile slin mekhalayile chromeris jillayile oru munisippaalittiyum graamavumaan chalkov. ekadesham 1,600 nivaasikalund. chromerisinu ekadesham vadakkukizhakkaayi, slinu vadakkaayi, praagyoovinu kizhakkayi chalkov sthithicheyyunnu. charithram. 1369 muthalaan chalkovinekkurichu aadyamaayi rekhaamoolam paraamarshikkappettath. kazhchakal. catholica theerthaadana kendramaaya hosttin hill, chalkov munisippal pradeshathaanu sthithi cheiyunnathu. athe perilulla kunnin mukalil obrani kottayude avashishtangalum undu.

chwalkov chwalkov hii check prajasattakachya zlin pradeshatil chromez jilhyatil eka nagarpalika aanee gaav aahe. yethe sumare 1,600 rahivasi aahet. chwalkov heey chromerieschya andaje ishanyes, zlinchya uttarela aanee pragchya purvela aahe. itihas. chwalkovcha pahila lekhee ullekh 1369 pasoon aahe. drushye. hostin tekadi, eka catholic tirthkshetra, chwalkovchya nagarpalika pradeshat aahe. tyach navachya tekadivar obrani killyache avashesh dekhil aahet.

chwalkobh chwalkobh check ganatantrako zlin kshetrako chromerge jillako nagarpalika rar gaaun how. yahan lagbhag 1,600 zana basinda chhan. chwalkobh chromergeko lagbhag uttar-purva, zlinko uttar rar pragko purvama awasthit chha. itihas. chwalkobhko pahilo likhit ullekha sann 1369 dekhi chha. drishyaharu. hostin hill, ek catholic tirthasthal, chwalkobhko nagarpalika kshetrama awasthit chha. tyahan saman namko pahadma obrani mahalko bhagnawashesh pani chha.

chavalakova chavalakov heuchhi check ganarajyara zlin anchalara chromeries jillara eka pourapalika ebong gramm . ehara janasankhya pakhapakhi 1,600. chavalakov chromeirisara praiah uttara-purbare, zlin rahr uttarare ebong pragra purbare abasthita . itihas. chavalakovnka pratham likhita ullekha 1369 ru aasichhi . drushyamana. hostin pahad, eka catholic tirthasthala, chavalakov poura anchalare abasthita . ehi namdhari pahad upare obrani durgara dhwansa madhya rahichhi.

chawalkov chawalkov check ganraj dey zlin khetar witch chromeries zilhe witch ikk nagarpalika atey pind haii. iss dey lagbhag 1,600 vasneek hunn. chawalkov chromeries dey lagbhag uttar-purab, zlin dey uttar atey praag dey purab witch sathit haii. itihaas. chawalkov daa pahila likhti zikar 1369 toon haii. drish. hostin pahadi, ikk catholic tirath sathaan, chawalkov dey mioonspal khetar witch sathit haii. isey naam dee pahadi utte oberni kilhe daa vinash vee haii.

chwaalkov chaavaalkov iteedam check-ganarajyasya zlin-pradeshasya chromeries-mandale sthitam nagarapalika, graamah cha asti. atra praayah 1,600 janaah nivasanti. chwaalkov ityeshah chromies ityasya praayah eeshanyadishi, zlin ityasya uttare, praag ityasya poorvadishi cha sthitah asti. itihaasah. chwaalkov ityasya prathamah likhita-ullekhah 1369 tame varshe abhavat. drushyaani. hostin-parwatah, catholic-teerthasthalam, chaavaalkov-nagarasya nagarapalika-kshetre asti. atra eva naamnyaah parvate obrani-durgasya bhagnaavasheshah api asti.

swalkov swalkov enbathu seck kudiyarasin chlin piraanthiyaththil ulla gromerij maavattaththil ulla oru nagaraatchi mattrum kiraamamaagum. ingku sumar 1,600 makkal vasikkintranar. swalkov thoaraayamaaga chromerisine vadakizhakkae, slinukku vadakkae mattrum brack nagarukku kizhakkae amainthullathu. varalaaru. swalkov pattriya muthal ezhuththuppoorva kurippu 1369 muthal ullathu. kaatchigal. catholica yaatthiraith thalamaana hoastin malai, swalkov nagaraatchi pirathaesaththil amainthullathu. athae peyaridappatta malaiyil obrani koattaiyin idipaadum ullathu.

chavlkov chavlkov anedi check republickloni zlin praantamlooni chromeries jillaalooni oka municipality mariyu graamam. ikkada sumaru 1,600 mandhi nivaasitulu unnaaru. chavlkov sumaru chromeries kuu eshaanyamlo, jlinku uttaraana mariyu praagku thoorpuna undhi. charitra. chwalkov gurinchi modati vraatapuurvaka prastaavana 1369 nundi undhi. drushyaalu. hostin konda, oka catholic teerthayaatra pradaesam, chavalkov purapalaka bhoobhaagamlo undhi. adhe paerutoe unna kondapai obrani koota shidhilaalu kooda unnaayi.

chawlof chawalkof jamhuria cheek kay zalan elaqay mein chromers zalaa kii eek baldiyah aur gaaon hay. iss kii aabadi taqriba 1,600 hay. chawlokof chromers kay taqriba shamaal mashriq mein zalan kay shamaal mein aur praag kay mashriq mein waaqa hay. tareekh. chawlokof kaa pehla tehriri zakar 1369 say hay. nizaron kii. hoston pahaadi eek catholic ziyarat gaah chawlokof kay municiple elaqay mein waaqa hay. asee naam kii pahaadi parr obreni qalye kaa khandar bhee hay.

000430eedaf38f1c498e0a586c46fc5324423ee173e16a96f2e8ba809d9ad1f6

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1481430

dhaibh

dhaibh Scottish Gaelic. Etymology. From . Cognates include .

dhaibh scots gallic. byutpotti. poraa. gyanot ontorbhukto aase.

dhaibh scottish gelic. byutpatti. theke. gyaniya antarbhukta.

dhaiv skotasha gallic. vyutpatti. maanthi. gnyanma samaavesh thaay chhe.

dhaiv scotish gallic. vyutpatti. seey. sangyanatmak shamil hain.

dhaib scottish gaylic. vyutpatti. ninda. kagnitgalu serive.

dhaibh scotish gaelic. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. kognettukal ulppedunnu.

dhaiv scottish gelic. vyutpatti. pasoon. sandnyanatmak samavisht aahe.

धैव scottish galic. wyutpatti. batt. sangyanatmak samawesh chhan.

dhaibh scottish gelic. byutpatti. ru. gyaana antarbhukta .

dhaiv scottish gallic. shabdawali. toon. sanket shamal hunn.

dhaiva skaatish gelic. vyutpattih. ityatah. gyaanaani antarbhavanti.

thaip scottish keylik. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. arivaattral adangkum.

dhaib scottish galic. vyutpatti. nundi. cognits unnaayi.

dhob scotsh gallic. siftiyat. say. elmi mein shaamil haine.

000436c96f4647b7b0a6937affbe7ce70e9c6d885173e795633a204e187d3f7a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3724100

Ava Gardner Museum

Ava Gardner Museum The Ava Gardner Museum is a museum dedicated to American actress Ava Gardner. Located in downtown Smithfield, North Carolina, the museum holds an extensive collection of artifacts from Gardner's career and private life. The museum usually attracts 7,000 visitors a year. History. The original collection was started in 1941 by a fan, Thomas "Tom" Banks, who at age 12 met Ava on the campus of Atlantic Christian College (now Barton College), where she was studying to become a secretary. When she did not return to school the next year, he saw a photograph of Gardner in a newspaper and learned that she had been signed to a movie contract with MGM. Banks and his wife, Lorraine, collected memorabilia and artifacts related to Gardner. In the early 1980s, Dr. Banks purchased the Brogden Teacherage building, the house where Ava lived from ages 2 to 13. Following Thomas Banks' death in 1989, Lorraine Banks donated the museum's collection to the town of Smithfield. In 1999, the museum purchased its current home, a renovated 6,400 square foot building in downtown Smithfield. In 2020, the building experienced a flood due to a broken toilet. None of the collections were damaged, but repairs required the museum to close for a few weeks. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ebha gardner xongrohaloy ebha gardner xongrohaloy hoise aamerikan obhinetri ebha gardneror baabe utxorgito ek xongrohaloy. northo kerulinar smathfield sohorot owosthito ei xongrohaloyot maligor jiwan aaru byoktigoto jiwanor xilpokolar ek bistrito xongroho aase. ei xongrohaloikhone xadharonote bosori 7,000 dorxonarthi aakorxon kore. itihax. mool xongrohotu 1941 sonot ejon onuragi thomas "tomm" banksor dwara aarombho koraa hoisil, ji 12 bosor boyoxot aatlantik khristan collegeor (bortoman barton kolej) campsot aawak log paisil, zo 'too teu xosibo hoh' boloi odhyoyon kori aasil. jetiya taai poroborti bosor skuloloi ubhoti ohaa nasil, tetiya teu ekhon baatori kakotot malisor photu ekhon dekhi janibo parile je taai em. ji. em.-ror xoite ekhon solositro sukti swakhyor koraa hoisil. benk aaru teur potni lureine maligor xoite xomporkito smritisihno aaru xilpokola xongroho korisil. 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite, dodd. bankxomuhe bro 'gden tiserez bhowontu kroy korisil, zo' too aawa 2ror poraa 13 bosor boyoxor poraa baax korisil. 1989 sonot thomas banksor mrityur pisot, lurein bankxomuhe xongrohaloyor xongrohxomuh smithfield sohoroloi daan korisil. 1999 sonot, xongrohaloikhone iyar bortomanor ghortu kroy korisil, jitu smathfield sohoror kendrot 6,400 borgofoot bhowonor nobikoron koraa hoisil. 2020 sonot, etaa bhangi juwa xousagaror baabe ottalikatuwe banpanir xonmukhin hoisil. xongrohxomuhor kunutuwei khyotigrosto huwa nasil, kintu meramotir baabe xongrohaloitu keixoptahmanor baabe bondho korar proyujon hoisil.

eva gardner museum ava gardner museum holl markin abhinetri ava gardner jonno nibedito ekti jadughar. uttor caroliner smithfielder kendrosthole abosthito eyi jadughare gardner karmajiban ebong byaktigato jeeboner nidorshongulir ekti bistrito sangraha royeche. eyi jadugharti sadharonoto bochore 7,000 dorsonarthike akarshan korey. itihas. mool sangrahati 1941 saale thomas "tomm" banks naame eka bhokter dwara shuru hoyechilo, jini 12 bochor boyse atlantik khristan colleger (bortomane barton college) campuse aver saathe dekha korechilen, jekhane tini sachib howar jonno padashona korchilen. porer bochor jokhon seey schoole firey aseni, tokhon seey ekti sangbadpatre baganer ekti chhobi dekhe jaante paare jey seey emm. zii. emm-err saathe ekti cholochchitrer chuktite swakkhorito hoyeche. bank ebong taar stree lorren, gardner somporkito smritichinho ebong nidarshan sangraha korechilen. 1980-err doshoker godar dike, daa. bankguli brogden tii-chez bilding kinechilo, jey barite ava 2 theke 13 bochor vayasi chhilen. 1989 saale thomas bankser mrityur porr, lorren bankguli jadughar sangrahati smithfield shohore daan korey. 1999 saale, jadugharti taar bortoman baditi kiney neyo, jaa shohorer kendrosthol smithfielde ekti sangoskarkrito 6,400 borgfoot bhobon. 2020 saale, ekti bhanga shouchagarer karone bhabanti bonnar sammukhin hoy. konao sangrahoi khotigrosto hoyney, tobey meramoter jonno koyek saptaher jonno jadugharti bondho korey ditey hoyechilo.

avaa gardner museum avaa gardner museum aee american abhinetri avaa gardnerne samarpeet aek museum chhe. north keroleenama aavela smithfieldnaa downtownmaan aavelu aaa sangrahalay maalnaa karkirdi aneey khangi jeevanni kalakrutiono vyaapak sangrah dharaave chhe. aaa sangrahalay saamanya reete darr varshe 7,000 mulakatione aakarshe chhe. itihas. mool sangrah 1941maan aek chaahak, thomas "tooma" banks dwara sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey 12 varshnee ummare atlantic christian college (havey barton college) naa campusemaa avaane malyaa hataa, jyaan teo secretory banvaa maate abhyaas curry rahyaa hataa. jyaare teey pachhinaa varshe shaalaama parat naa aavee tyaare tene aek akhbaarmaa maaleene photograph joyo aneey jaanyu keey teneene aema. jee. aema. saathe film karaar parr hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. benko aneey temnee patnee, lorren, yadgiri aneey maalee sambandhit kalakrutio aektrit karey chhe. 1980naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa doow. benkoae brogden ticheraj building khareedi hatee, jeey ghar jyaan avaa 2 thee 13 varshnee ummar sudhee raheta hataa. 1989maan thomas bankonaa mrutyu pachhi, lorren benkoae sangrahalayna sangrahne smithfield shaherma daanmaa aapyo hato. 1999maan, sangrahalayae tenu vartmaan ghar khareedhyu, jeey downtown smithfieldma 6,400 choras footni naveeneekrut imaarat chhe. 2020maan, shauchaalay tutvaane kaarane aaa imaaratmaa puur aavyu hatoo. sangrahmathi koine nuksan thayu naa hatoo, parantu samarkam maate sangrahaalayne thodaa athvadiya maate bundh karvaanee jaroor hatee.

awaa gardner sangrahalaya awaa gardner sangrahalaya americi abhinetri awaa gardner koo samarpit ack sangrahalaya haye. uttari carolina key smithfield shahar mein sthit, sangrahalaya mein maali key currier aur niji jeevan kii kalakritiyon kaa ack vyaapak sangrah haye. sangrahalaya aamtaur parr ack varsh mein 7,000 agantukon koo aakarshit kartaa haye. itihas. mool sangrah 1941 mein ack prashansak, thomas "tomm" banks dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe 12 saal kii umr mein atlantic christian college (abb barton college) key parisar mein awaa seey mille they, jahan vaha ack sachiv banane key liye padh rahee thee. jaba vaha agale saal school naheen lauti, tou usane ack akhbar mein maali kii ack tasveer dekhi aur pataa chalaa kii usey aim. jee. aim. key saath ack film anubandh parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. baink aur unaki patni, lorren ney maali seey sambandhit yadgar vastuon aur kalakritiyon koo ekatra kiya. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, dow. bainkon ney brogden tii-shaze imarat kharidi, vaha ghar jahan awaa 2 seey 13 saal kii umr taka rahata thaa. 1989 mein thomas banks kii mrityu key baad, lorren banks ney sangrahalaya key sangrah koo smithfield shahar koo daan curr diyaa. 1999 mein, sangrahalaya ney apana vartamaan ghar kharida, joe kii smithfield shahar mein 6,400 varg phut kii punarnirmit imarat haye. 2020 mein, imarat mein shauchalaya tootane key kaaran baadh aaa gaee. sangrah mein seey koee bhee kshatigrast naheen huaa thaa, lekin marammat key liye sangrahalaya koo kuchh hafton key liye bund karane kii aavashyakta thee.

awaa gardner vastusangrahalaya awaa gardner vastusangrahaalayavu american nutty awaa gardnerge misalaagiruva vastusangrahaalayavaagide. uttara kerolinada downtown smithfieldnalliruva ee vastusangrahaalayavu totagarara vrutti mattu khasagi jeevanada kalakrutigala vyapaka sangrahavannu hondide. ee vastusangrahaalayavu samanyavagi varshakke 7,000 sandarshakarannu aakarshisuttade. itihaasa. moola sangrahavannu 1941 ralli thamus "tomm" banks emba abhimani praarambhisidaru, avaru 12 neey vayassinalli atlantic christian collegina (eega barton kaaleju) campassionalli avaarannu bhetiyaadaru, allie avaru kaaryadarshiyaagalu adhyayana maaduttiddaru. mundina varsha aake shaalege hintirugadaaga, patrikeyalli totagaarana chayachitravannu nodida aatanige, aakege engmnondige chalanachitra oppandakke sahi haakalaagide endu tiliyitu. byaankgalu mattu avara patni, loraine, totagaranige sambandhisida smaranikegalu mattu kalakrutigalannu sangrahisidaru. 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, daa. 2rinda 13 varshadolaginavaru vasisuttidda brogden teacherage kattadavannu byankugalu khareedisidavu. 1989ralli thamus banksna maranada nantara, loraine byankugalu museumna sangrahavannu smithfield pattanakke daana maadidavu. 1999ralli, museum tanna prastuta maneyannu khareedisitu, downtown smithfieldnalli navikarisida 6,400 chadara addi kattada. 2020ralli, shauchaalayada odetadindaagi kattadavu pravaahavannu anubhavisitu. yaavude sangrahanegalu hanigolagagilla, aadare riperigaagi vastusangrahaalayavannu kelavu vaaragalavarege muchchabekaayitu.

awaa gardner museum american nadi awaa gardnerkayi samarppichirikkunna oru myusiyamaanu awaa gardner museum. vadakkan karolinayile dauntaun smithfieldil sthithi cheiyunna myoosiyathil thottakkaarante kariyaril ninnum swakaarya jeevithathil ninnumulla karakaushala vasthukkalude vipulamaaya shekharamundu. museum saadhaaranayaayi prathivarsham 7,000 sandarshakare aakarshikkunnu. charithram. 1941ll thomas "toom" banks enna oru aaraadhakan aarambhicha yadhaartha shekharam, 12-aamm vayassil atlaantik kristhyan kolejinte (ippol barton koleju) kaambasil avaye kandumutty, avide avar sekrattariyaakaan padikkukayaayirunnu. adutha varsham aval schoolil madangiyethaathappol, oru pathratthil thottakkaarante oru foto kanda addeham aval mgmumaayi oru sinima karaaril oppuvachathayi manassilakki. baankukalum bhaarya loraine thottakkaaranumaayi bandhapetta smaranakalum karakaushala vasthukkalum shekharichu. 1980kalude thudakkathil doow. 2 muthal 13 vayass vare avaa thaamasichirunna veedaaya brogdon teachage kettidam baankukal vaangi. 1989ll thomas baanksinte maranathethudarnnu loraine baankukal myoosiyathinte shekharam smithfield pattanatthinu sambhavana cheythu. 1999ll museum athinte nilavile veedaaya smithfield nagarakendratthile 6,400 chathurashra adii vistheernnamulla naveekaricha kettidam vaangi. 2020ll shouchaalayam thakarnnathine thudarnnu kettidatthil vellappokkamundayi. shekharangalonnum kedupaadukal sambhavichittillenkilum attakuttappanikalkk museum eathaanum aazhchakal adachupoottendivannu.

awah gardner sangrahalay awah gardner sangrahalay heey american abhinetri awah gardnerla samarpit eka sangrahalay aahe. north carolinachya smithfieldchya downtownmadhye sthit asalelya yaa sangrahalayat malichya karkirditil aanee khajgi jivanatil kalakrutincha vistrut sangrah aahe. heey sangrahalay samanyatah varshala 7,000 paryatakanna aakarshit karate. itihas. mool sangrah 1941 madhye thomas "tomm" banks yaa chahatyane suru keela hota, joou vayachya 12 vya varshi atlantik khrishchan collegechya (aata barton college) parisarat awashi bhetala, jithe tee sachiv honyasathi shikat hotee. pudhchya varshi tee shalet parat aalee nahee tevha tyane eka vartmanpatrat maliche chhayachitra pahile aanee teela kalale qee tine emm. jee. emm. sobat chitrapat karar keela aahe. banks aanee tyachi patni lauren yanni malishi sambandhit smaraneey vastoo aanee kalakruti gola kelya. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila dow. banka brogden teacherage imarat vikat ghet hotya, jyaa gharat awah 2 teey 13 varshe vayacha hota. 1989 madhye thomas bankschya mrutyunantar, lauren banksney sangrahalayacha sangrah smithfield shaharala daan keela. 1999 madhye, sangrahalayane tyache sadhyache ghar, downtown smithfieldmadhil nutanikaran keleli 6,400 chauras phoot imarat vikat ghetali. 2020 madhye, shauchalay tutalyamule imaratila puur aala. konatyahi sangrahala nuksan jhaale nahee, parantu durustisathi sangrahalay kahee aathvadyansathi bund karane aavashyak hote.

awa gardner sangrahalaya awa gardner sangrahalaya americi abhinetri awa gardnerlai samarpit euta sangrahalaya how. uttari carolinako downtown smithfieldma awasthit yass sangrahalayama maliko currier rar niji jiwanka kalakritiharuko wistrit sangraha chha. sangrahalayale samanyataya ek warshama 7,000 agantukharulai akarshit gardacha. itihas. muel sangraha sann 1941 maa ek fyan, thomas "tom" bankharudwara suru garieko thiyo, jasle 12 warshako umerma awalai atlantic christian college (ahile barton college) ko campusema bheteki thiin, jahaan uni sachiva banna adhyayan gariraheki thiin. jab uni arko warsha schol farkienan, unle euta akhabarma maliko foto dekhe rar thaha pae kii uni mgmsanga chalchitra samjhautama hastakshar garieko thiyo. bank rar unaki shrimati lorenle malisanga sambandhit smriti chinha rar kalakritiharu sankalan gare. sann 1980 ko dashakko prarambhama dah. bankharule 2 dekhi 13 warshako umerdekhi awa basne ghar brogden cheries bhawan kineka thie. sann 1989 maa thomas bankko mrityupachhi, loren bankharule sangrahalayako sangrahalai smithfield saharma daan gare. sann 1999 maa, sangrahalayale yasako halko ghar kineko thiyo, downtown smithfieldma jirnoddhar garieko 6,400 warga foot bhawan. sann 2020 maa shauchalaya bhaanchieko karan bhawanma badhi aeko thiyo. kunai pani sangrahama kshati bhaena, tara marmatka lagi sangrahalaya kehi haptaka lagi banda garna awashyak thiyo.

aabha gardner sangrahalaja aabha gardner sangrahalaja heuchhi eka sangrahalaja jaahaa americae abhinetri aabha gardanarnku utsargeekruta . uttara carolinara downtown smithfieldre abasthita, sangrahalajare bagichanka kyariyara ebong byaktigata jeebner kalakrutigudikara eka bistruta sangraha achhi . ehi sangrahalaja sadharanatah barshaku 7,000 parjyatakanku akarshita karithae. itihas. moola sangrahati 1941 ray jane prashansaka, thamas "tomm" byanksanka dwara arambha hoithila, jie 12 barsha bajasare aabhanku atlantic khristian college (bartamana barton college) rahr campsray bhetithile, jeunthare shay sachiba heba paain adhyajana karuthile . jetebele shay parabarti barsha bidyalajaku ferry nathile, shay eka khabarakagajare bagichanka phato dekhile ebong janibaku paile je shay mgm sahita eka chalachitra chuktinama swakhyara karichanti. byanka ebong taanka patni lauren, bagicha sambandheeah smrutichinha ebong kalakruti sangraha karithile. 1980 dashkar prarambhare, dodd. byankagudika brogden ticheraj building kinithile, jeun ghare aabha 2 ru 13 barsha bayasa parjyanta rahuthile. 1989 masihare thamas byanksanka mrutyu parey, lauren byankgudika sangrahalajara sangrahaku smithfield saharaku daana karithile. 1999 masihare, sangrahalaja ehara barttamanara ghara, downtown smithfieldre eka nabikarana hoithiba 6,400 bergfoot kotha kinithila. 2020 masihare, eka bhangijaithiba shouchalaja karanaru ehi attalikati banya paristhiti dei gati karithila. kaunasi sangraha khyatigrasta hoinathila, kintu maramati paain sangrahalajaku kichhi saptaha paain banda karibaku padithila.

avaa gardner ajaib gharr avaa garden ajaib gharr amriki abhinetri avaa garden noon samarpit ikk ajaib gharr haii. shehar smithfield, uttri carolina witch sathit, ajaib gharr witch garden dey carrier atey nijji jeevan deeaan kalakritiaan daa ikk viaapak sangrah haii. ajaib gharr aam taur utte ikk saal witch 7,000 sailaniaan noon aakarshit karda haii. itihaas. mool sangrah dee shuruat 1941 witch ikk parshansak, thamas "tomm" banks duaara keeti gaee see, joe 12 saal dee umar witch atlantic krishchian kaalaj (hunn barton kaalaj) dey camps witch avaa noon miliaa see, jitthe uh ikk sakattar bannan laee padah rahee see. jadon uh agle saal school waps naheen aaee, taan uss neey ikk akhbar witch maali dee ikk tasveer vekhi atey pataa lagga kii uss noon aimm. jee. aimm. naal ikk film dey ikrarname 'teey hastakhar keete gaye hunn. baink atey uss dee patni, lorren neey maali naal sabandhat yadgari cheezan atey kalakritiaan ikattar keetiaan. 1980 dey dahake dey shuru witch, daa. baink neey brogan tackerage dee imaarat kharidi, uh gharr jitthe avaa 2 toon 13 saal dee umar takk rahinda see. 1989 witch thoms banks dee maut toon baad, lorren banks neey ajaib gharr daa sangrah smithfield shehar noon daan qarr ditta. sann 1999 witch, ajaib gharr neey aapna maujuda gharr kharidiaa, joe kii shehar dey shehar smithfield witch ikk murammat keeti gaee 6,400 varag futt dee imaarat haii. saal 2020 witch, imaarat witch tutte pakhane caarn hadah aaa giaa see. kise vee sangrah noon nuksan naheen pahunchiaa, parr murammat laee ajaib gharr noon kujh haftiaan laee bnd curran dee zaroorat see.

avaa gardner sangrahaalayah avaa gardner sangrahaalayah amerikiya-abhinetree avaa gardner ityasyaah krute samarpitah sangrahaalayah asti. uttarakerolina-nagarasya smitfield-nagare sthite asmin sangrahaalaye udyaanasya vruttijeevanasya, vyaktigatajeevanasya cha kalaakrutayah vistrutaroopena santi. sangrahaalayah samanyataya prativarsham 7,000 agantukan aakarshayati. itihaasah. moolasangrah 1941 tame varshe thaamas "taam" byanks iti prashamsakena arabdha, yah 12 varsheeyah atlaantik-christian-mahaavidyaalayasya (adhunaa barton-mahaavidyaalayaha) parisare avaa ityanena saha militavaan, yatra saa sachivah bhavitum adhyayanam kurvatee aasit. yadaa saa agrime varshe vidyaalayam naa pratyaagatavatee, tadaa saha patrikaayaam udyanikayaha chaayaachitram drushtavaan, tathaa cha saa emm. jii. emm. ityanena saha chalacchitra-anubandhe hastaksharita iti dnyaatavaan. tataani, tasya patnee loren cha, udyaanasya vishaye smarakani, kalaakrutayah cha sangruheetavantah. 1980 tame dashakasy aarambhe daa. baink-samsthah brogdon-teachage-bhavanam kreenan, yatra avaa 2 taha 13 varshaparyantam nivasati sma. 1989 tame varshe thaamas-byaank ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, lorain-byaank ityete sangrahaalayasy sangrahanam smitfield-nagaraya daanam akurvan. 1999 tame varshe sangrahaalayah swasya vartamaanam gruham krinaat, yat smitfield-nagarasya madhyabhaage 6,400 vargaphootaparimitam naveekrutam bhavanam aasit. 2020 tame varshe bhagna-shauchaalayasya karanat bhavanam jalaplaavanam praapnot. sangrahasya kimapi kshatihi naa abhavat, parantu naveekaranaartham sangrahaalayah katipayasaptahaha yaavat bandhah bhavet iti aavashyakam aasit.

awaa cardener arungaatchiyagam awaa cardener arungaatchiyagam enbathu america nadigai awaa kaardanarukku arppanikappatta oru arungaatchiyagam aagum. vadakku carolinavin downtown smithfieldil amainthulla inththa arungaatchiyagam thoattakkaararin thozhil mattrum thanipatta vaazhkkaiyin kalaipporutkalin virivaana thoguppaik kondullathu. inththa arungaatchiyagam vazhakkamaaga aandukku 7,000 paarvaiyaalargalai eerkkirathu. varalaaru. asal thoguppu 1941 aam aandil thamas "daam" banks endra rasigaraal thodangappattathu, avar 12 vayathil adlandic christhava kallooriyin (ippoathu barden kalluri) valaagaththil avaavai sandhiththaar, angku avar oru seyalaalaraagap padikkiraar. aduththa aandu aval pallikkuth thirumpaathapoathu, avar oru seithiththaalil thoattakkaararin pugaippadaththaip paarthaar, maelum avar mgm udan oru thiraippada oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittullaar enbathai arinthu kondaar. vangkigalum avarathu manaivi loreinum thottakkaarar thodarpaana ninaivuchchinnangal mattrum kalaipporutkalai sekariththanar. 1980kalin thodakkaththil, doctor. awaa 2 muthal 13 vayathu varai vaalnththa brokton deachage kattidaththai vangkigal vaangkina. 1989 aam aandil thamas vangkigal iranththathaith thodarnthu, loraine vangkigal arungaatchiyagaththin sekarippai smithfield nagaraththirku nankodaiyaaga aliththana. 1999 aam aandil, arungaatchiyagam adhan tharpoothaiya veettai vaangkiyathu, idhu downtown smithfieldil pudhuppikkappatta 6,400 sathura addii kattidamaagum. 2020 aam aandil, oru udainththa kazhipparai kaaranamaaga kattidam vellaththai santhiththathu. sekarippukal ethuvum sethamadaiyavillai, aanaal pazhuthupaarppugalukku sila vaarangkalukku arungaatchiyagam moodappada vaendum.

avaa gardner museum avaa gardner museum american nati avaa gaardanarku ankitam cheyabadina museum. uttara karolinaloni down town smithfieldlo unna eee museum thotamaali vrutti mariyu vyaktigata jeevitam nundi kalakhandala vistrutamaina sekarananu kaligi undhi. eee museum saadhaaranamgaa samvatsaraaniki 7,000 mandhi sandarsakulanu aakarshistundi. charitra. asalu sekarananu 1941loe thamus "tomm" banks anae abhimani praarambhinchaaru, aame 12 samvatsaraala vayassulo atlantic christian kalaasaala (ippudu barton kalaasaala) praamganamloo avaanu kalusukunnaru, akkada aame karyadarshi kaavadaaniki chaduvutondi. marusati samvatsaram aame paatasaalaku tirigi rakapoyinappudu, athanu oka vaartaapatrikalo thotamaali chaayaachitraanni chushadu mariyu aame mgm thoo cinema oppandaaniki santakam chesinatlu telusukunnadu. byaankulu mariyu athani bhaarya, lorain, thotamaali sambandhinchina ghnaapakaalanu mariyu kalakhandalanu sekarinchaaru. 1980la praarambhamlo, daa. byaankulu 2 nundi 13 samvatsaraala vayassu varaku avaa nivasinchina brogden teacherage bhavananni konugolu chesaayi. 1989loe thamus banks maranam taruvaata, lorain byaankulu museum yokka sekarananu smithfield pattanaaniki viraalamgaa icchaayi. 1999loe, museum daani prastuta intini konugolu chesindi, down town smithfieldlo punaruddharinchabadina 6,400 chadarapu adugula bhavanam. 2020loe, toilet virigina kaaranamgaa bhavanam varadanu edurkondi. sekaranalu aevee debbatinaledu, conny marammatu kosam museum konni vaaraala paatu moosiveyavalasi vachindi.

aiwa gardner museum aiwa gardner museum eek museum hay juu americi adakarah aiwa gardner kay liye waqaf hay. shehar kay markaz samath feld shamali carolina mein waaqa museum mein baghban kay carrier aur najee zindagi kay namunon kaa eek wasee majmuah mojud hay. museum aam toor parr eek saal mein 7,000 zaireen kuu apnee taraf matujah kartaa hay. tareekh. asl majmuah 1941 mein eek parastaar thamas "tomm" benkon nay sharoo kiyaa thaa jiss kii mulaqat 12 saal kii amar mein atlantik krischan college (abb barton college) kay camps mein hoyee thee jehaan wah secertry bannay kay liye padh rahee thee. jabb wah aglay saal school waps nahein aayee tuu iss nay eek akhbaar mein baghban kii tasveer dekhi aur patah chalaa kahh asay ayem jee ayem kay saath film kay muahide parr dastakhat kiye gayey haine. benak aur iss kii bewi laureen nay baghban say mutaliq yaadgaari ashyaa aur namunay jamaa kiye. 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein doctor. benkon nay brogdon teacherge kii emarat khareedi wah gahar jehaan awaa 2 say 13 saal kii amar takk rehta thaa. 1989 mein thamas benkon kii moth kay baad laureen benkon nay museum kaa majmuah samath feld qasbey kuu atiyah kiyaa. 1999 mein museum nay apnaa maujudah gahar khareeda juu shehar kay markaz mein samath feld mein 6,400 marbaa fitt kii tazyeen woo aaraish shadah emarat hay. 2020 mein tutay hoay beeth alkhala kii wajah say emarat mein sailaab aayaa. kasee bhee majmuay kuu nqsan nahein pahuncha leakin marmat kay liye ajayeb gahar kuu chand hafton kay liye bund karnaa padaa.

000438ea0fcab78c76fe6dccc49bb8995a946098b247577ea8f5906dc82503a2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49723940

Thaddeus B. Hurd

Thaddeus B. Hurd American architect and historian Thaddeus Baker Hurd (October 23, 1903 – March 12, 1989) was an architect and historian who is known for his interest and extensive research in the history of the city of Clyde, Ohio, United States. Hurd had several jobs in the field of architecture until his retirement in 1967. He was the founder of the Clyde Heritage League, a historical society. His work was contributed to several museums and libraries. Background. Hurd was born on October 23, 1903, in Clyde, Ohio. He was the son of Herman and Jennie Hurd. Herman was a local grocer and was a good friend of Sherwood Anderson, who is well known especially in Clyde for his novel "Winesburg, Ohio". Hurd graduated from Clyde High School in 1920, and attended Oberlin College in Oberlin for two years after graduation. In 1922, he returned to Clyde and taught in a public school for one year. In 1923, Hurd moved to Ithaca, New York for a bachelor's degree, and later a Master of Architecture, from the Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning. From 1930 to 1933, Hurd was a professor of architecture at Cornell. Architectural career. Before attending graduate school at Cornell, Hurd moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to work at an architecture firm for one year. After achieving his Master of Architecture degree, Hurd obtained several New Deal architectural jobs, which mostly took place in Raleigh, North Carolina, until 1944. He then moved to Detroit, Michigan, for a career at the Great Lakes Steel Corporation, a major steel producer at the time. In 1949, Hurd returned to Ohio to join the Toledo architectural firm Britsch and Munger. He worked at this firm until 1955, when he worked as a self-employed architect until he retired in 1967. Historical research. Hurd moved back to Clyde during his retirement, and had a large interest in the history of the city. Earlier, in 1957, Hurd was a prominent figure in the reestablishment of the Sandusky County Historical Society. In 1975, he established the Clyde Heritage League, a historical society and the parent organization of several museums in Clyde. He was also a member of several other historical societies in the Clyde area and across the state of Ohio. Hurd is best known in the city for his collection and preservation of information and genealogical data as well as thousands of historic pictures, documents, and other items. Collections of his research are kept in several local museums and libraries. A great portion of his research focused on notable residents of Clyde, mainly Sherwood Anderson, the author of the 1919 short story cycle "Winesburg, Ohio", which was based on Clyde, and on James B. McPherson, a career United States Army officer who served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Anderson maintained a somewhat negative reputation in Clyde in the 20th century because his realistic novel "Winesburg, Ohio" was seen by many as a ridicule to the city, and residents felt that some characters and situations in the novel reflected their personal lives. Hurd is noted for helping to change their perspective of Anderson and his work in the town through his research. Memorials. On July 21, 2015, Cherry Street Park in Clyde was officially renamed to Thaddeus Hurd Park when resolution 2015-34 was passed by Clyde City Council. Scott Black, the Mayor of Clyde, said that "it might take a while for older residents to adapt to the name change, but it will eventually catch on." On December 21, 2021, Clyde City Council officially rescinded Resolution 2015-34 with the passage of Resolution 2021-62 by a unanimous vote 5-0, allowing the park to revert to its original Cherry Street Park name. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

thadius bi. baadha thadius bekaar hard (23 octobor, 1903-12 march, 1989) egoraki sthopotibid aaru itihaxbid aasil ji aamerika juktorastror uhiur clyde sohoror itihaxor proti aagroh aaru byapok gowexonar baabe jonajat. 1967 sonot owoxoror aagoloike hardor sthapotyor khetrot keibatau sakori aasil. teu ek oitihaxik xomaj clyde heritage leegor protisthapok aasil. teur kaam keibatau xongrohaloy aaru puthibhoralot orihona jugaisil. potobhumi. thadius bi. hardor jonmo 1903 sonor 23 octoborot uhiur clydot hoisil. teu harmen aaru jeni hardor putro aasil. harmen ejon sthaniyo gelamal bikri koruta aasil aaru schweroud endersonor ejon bhaal bondhu aasil, ji bixexkoi teur uponyax "weinsberg, uhiu" ror baabe clydot xuporisito. harde 1920 sonot clyde haiskulor poraa snatok degree laabh kore, aaru snatok degree laabh korar pisot dubosor oh "barlinor oh" barlin collegeot porhisil. 1922 sonot teu clydoloi ubhoti aahisil aaru ebosor dhori ekhon rajohuwa bidyaloyot xikhyokota korisil. 1923 sonot hardone snatok degreer baabe neworkor ithakaloi sthanantorito hoisil, aaru pisot cornell biswobidyaloyor kolej owo architechar, art endo porikolponar poraa sthapotyor snatokuttor degree laabh korisil. 1930 sonor poraa 1933 sonoloike hardon cornelot sthapotyor odhyapok aasil. sthapotyor jiwan. cornelot snatok bidyaloyot porhar aagote hardone etaa sthapotyo protisthanot ebosoror baabe kaam koriboloi pensylvanier pitsbergoloi guchi goisil. sthapotyor snatokuttor degree laabh korar pisot harde keibatau notun suktir sthapotyor sakori laabh korisil, jitu besibhag 1944 sonoloike uttor kerulinar releet hoisil. taar pisot teu xei xomoyot ek prodhan ispat utpadok great lakes steel korpuresonot karrier baabe mixiganor detroitoloi goisil. 1949 sonot hardone toledu sthapotyo protisthan britch endo mungarot jugdan koriboloi uhiuloi ubhoti aahisil. teu 1955 sonoloike ei protisthanot kaam korisil, jetiya teu 1967 sonot owoxor luwaloike ejon swo-niyujit sthopotibid hisape kaam korisil. oitihaxik gowexona. teur owoxoror xomoyot hard clydoloi ghuri aahisil, aaru sohorkhonor itihaxor proti teur ek brihot aagroh aasil. iyar purbe, 1957 sonot, chendasky county oitihaxik xomajor punor sthaponot baadha aasil ek bixisto byokti. 1975 sonot teu clyde heritage leeg, ek oitihaxik xomaj aaru clydot keibatau xongrohaloyor mool xongstha protistha korisil. teu clyde onchol aaru xomogro uhiu rajyor aan keibatau oitihaxik xomajor xodosyo aasil. tothyo aaru bongxoborgiyo tothyor logote haajar haajar oitihaxik sobi, nothi-potro aaru onyanyo xamogri xongroho aaru xongrokhyonor baabe hord sohorkhonot ataitkoi besi porisito. teur gowexonar xongrohxomuh keibatau sthaniyo xongrohaloy aaru puthibhoralot rokha hoise. teur gowexonar etaa dangor ongxo clydor ullekhjugyo baxindaxokolor uporot kendribhut aasil, mukhyotoh schweroud enderson, 1919 sonor suti golpo sokro "weinsberg, uhiu" ror lekhok, ji clydor uporot aadharito aasil, aaru james bi. makeferson, aamerikar ejon keriyar xena bixoya jiye aamerikar grihojudhor xomoyot union aarmit general hisape xewa aagborhaisil. 20 xotikat endersone clydot kichu porimane netibasok khyati bojai rakhisil kaaron teur bastobbadi uponyax "weinsberg, uhiu" koo bohute sohorkhonor baabe upohax hisape dekhisil, aaru baxindaxokole onubhob korisil je uponyaxkhonor kisuman soritro aaru poristhitiye teulukor byoktigoto jiwanak protipholito kore. teur gowexonar joriyote enderson aaru sohorkhonot teur kaamor bixoye teulukor dristibhongi xoloni korat xohay korar baabe baadha ullekh koraa hoy. smritixoudho. 2015 sonor 21 julyte clyde sohor porixode prostab 2015-34 grihit korar xomoyot clydor cheri street parkor anusthanikbhabe thaduce harden park buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil. clydor meyor scott blackoi koy je "boyosko baxindaxokole naam poribortonor xoite khaap khuwat kichu xomoy lagibo paare, kintu owoxexot ee dhoribo." 21 disembor, 2021-too, clyde nogor porixode anusthanikbhabe 5-0 ror xorboxomot bhutor dwara prostab 2021-62 grihit korar xoite prostab 2015-34 baatil kore, jaar folot udyankhon iyar mool cheri street parkor naamoloi ghuri jaboloi onumoti diye.

thadius bii. badha thadius becker hard (23shhey octobor, 1903-12ee march, 1989) ekjon sthopoti ebong itihasbid chhilen jini markin juktorashtrer ohior clyde shohorer itihase taanr agroho ebong byapok gobeshonar jonno porichito. 1967 saale abosar grohoner agey porjonto sthapotter khettre harder besh koyekti chakri chhilo. tini ekti oitihasik samaj, clyde heritage liger protisthata chhilen. taanr kaaj besh koyekti jadughar ebong gronthagare abodan rekheche. patabhumi. thadius bii. 1903 saaler 23shhey octobor ohaior clyde shohore harder jonmo hoy. tini chhilen herman ebong zennie harder putro. herman ekjon sthaniya mudi byabasayi chhilen ebong sheroud andersoner ekjon vall bondhu chhilen, jini bishesh korey taanr "weinsberg, ohio" uponyasher jonno clyde bhasay suporichito. hard 1920 saale clyde hye school theke snatok hohn ebong snatok howar porr dui bochor oberliner oberlyn college padashona corren. 1922 saale tini clyde-ayee firey asen ebong ekti public schoole eka bochor shikkhokota corren. 1923 saale, hard cornell university college off architecture, art anned planning theke snatok degree ebong porey sthapotter snatokottorer jonno neu iyarker ithaka choley zaan. 1930 theke 1933 saal porjonto, harder corneler sthapotter adhyapak chhilen. sthapotto karmajiban. corneler snatok bidyalaye porar agey, hardon eka bochorer jonno ekti sthapotto sangosthai kaaj korar jonno pensylvanier pitsberge choley zaan. sthapotter snatakottar degree orjoner porr, harder besh koyekti notun chukti sthapotter chakri orjon corren, jaa beshirbhag 1944 saal porjonto uttor caroliner rallete hoyechilo. tarpore tini greta lakes still corporatione kormojiboner jonno mishiganer detroite choley zaan, jaa seii somoyer ekti prodhan ispat utpadok chhilo. 1949 saale, harder oleote firey eshe toledo sthapotto sangostha britsoch ebong mungare jog deyo. tini 1955 saal porjonto eyi sangosthai kaaj corren, tarpor 1967 saale abosar neoar agey porjonto tini ekjon swa-nijukto sthopoti hisabe kaaj corren. oitihasik gobeshona. abosar grohoner somoy hard clyday firey asen ebong shohorer itihaser proti taanr byapok agroho chhilo. err agey, 1957 saale, sandasky county oitihasik samajer punoruddharer khettre badha ekti bishishto byaktitto chhilo. 1975 saale tini clyde heritage leeg protistha corren, jaa ekti oitihasik samaj ebong clyder besh koyekti jadughar mool sangathan. tini clyde anchal ebong ohio rajyo judey arow besh koyekti oitihasik samajer sadasya chhilen. tothyo ebong bongshogoto tothyer pashapashi hazar hazar oitihasik chhobi, nothi ebong anyanno jiniser sangraha oo sanrakkhaner jonno eyi shohore harder sabcheye beshi porichito. taanr gobeshonar sangrahaguli besh koyekti sthaniya jadughar ebong gronthagare rakha hoyeche. taanr gobeshonar ekti borh ongsho clyder ullekhjoggo basindader upor drishti niboddho korey, prodhanoto sheroud anderson, 1919 saaler chhotogolpo chokro "weinsberg, ohio"-err lekhok, jaa clyder upor vitti korey toiri hoyechilo ebong james bii-err upor. mcferson, ekjon karmajiban markin juktorashtrer seena kormokorta jini markin grihojuddher somoy union senabahinite general hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. anderson 20 shotoke clyder khettre kichuta netibachak khyati bojay rekhechilen kaaron taanr bastobsommoto uponyas "weinsberg, ohio" keey onekei shohorer jonno upohas hisabe dekhechilen ebong basindara money korechilen jey uponyasher kichhu choritro ebong poristhiti taader byaktigato jeebonke protifolito korey. taanr gobeshonar madhyome anderson ebong shohore taanr kaajer proti taader drishtibhongi poriborton korte sahayata korar jonno badha ullekh koraa hoy. smritisoudho. 21shhey julai, 2015-ayee, clyde city council dwara rejoliushana 2015-34 pusses howar porey clyder cherry strita parker anusthanikbhabe thadius hard parke namkaran koraa hoyechilo. clyder meyor scott black bolechen jey, "boyosko basindader naam poribortoner sange maniye nitey kichuta somoy lagte paare, tobey shesh porjonto taa dhora padave." 21shhey december, 2021-ayee, clyde city council anusthanikbhabe prostabti batil korey 2015-34 ekti sorbosommoto bhot dwara 2021-62 pusses korey 5-0 dwara, uddantike taar asol cherry strita parker naame firey yawar anumati deyo.

thedius bii. avrodh thedius backer heard (23 october, 1903-12 march, 1989) aek architect aneey itihaaskaar hataa, jeo united statesnaa oheeyona clyde shahernaa itihaasmaa temnaa rus aneey vyaapak sanshodhan maate jaanita chhe. temane temnee nivrutti sudhee heard paase sthaapatyana kshetramaa ghanee nokareeo hatee. teo aitihasik samaaj, clyde heritage leegnaa sthaapak hataa. temnaa kaaryane ghanaa sangrahalayo aneey pustakalayoma yogdaan aapvama aavyu hatoo. prushthbhumi. thedius bii. hardno janm 23 october, october roj clyde, oheeyoma thayo hato. teey herman aneey jenee hardno putra hato. herman sthaaneek kariyana banaavnaar hataa aneey sharewood endersonna saaraa mitra hataa, jeo khaas kareene temnee navalkathaa "weinsberg, oheo" maate clidemaa jaanita chhe. heard heard clyde haai schoolmathi snaatak thayaa aneey snaatak thayaa pachhi beey varsh sudhee oberlinni oberlin collegemaa abhyaas karyo. karyo teo clyde parat faryaa aneey aek varsh sudhee jaaher shaalaama bhanaavya. bhanaavya, heard cornell university college off architecture, aart anned planningmathi snatakni degree maate aneey baadmaa master off architecture maate newyorknaa ithaka gayaa. 1930 thee 1933 sudhee, heard cornell khaate sthaapatyana prophesara hataa. sthapatya karkirdi. cornell khaate graduate schoolma bhanata pahelaa, heard aek varsh maate architecture pedhhimaa kaama karvaa maate pitsberg, pensylvania gayaa hataa. sthaapatyani master degree praapt karyaa pachhi, hardare ghanee navee sthapatya nokareeo melvee, jeey motaabhaage 1944 sudhee uttar keroleena relemaa thatee hatee. tyarbad teo greta lakes steel corporationmaa karkirdi maate detroit, mishigan gayaa, jeey teey samaye aek mukhya steel utpaadak hatoo. hatoo, heard toldo architectural pedhhi britsch aneey mungerma jodava maate oheo parat faryaa. temane 1955 sudhee aaa pedhhimaa kaama karyoo, jyaare temane temane nivrutt thayaa tyaan sudhee swa-rojgaar dharaavtaa architect tareeke kaama karyoo. aitihasik sanshodhan. temnee nivrutti darmiyan avrodh clidemaa paachho faryo, aneey shahernaa itihaasmaa temne moto rus hato. agau, agau, sandsky kaauntii aitihasik samajni punsthaapanmaa avrodh aek agranee vyaktee hatee. hatee, temane clyde heritage leegnee sthaapnaa curry, jeey aek aitihasik samaaj chhe aneey clidemaa ketlaak sangrahaalayoni mool sanstha chhe. teo clyde vistaarmaa aneey samagr oheo rajyamaa anya ketlaak aitihasik samajona sabhy pann hataa. heard shaherma temnaa maahitee aneey vanshavalini maahitee temaj hajaaro aitihasik chitro, dastavejo aneey anya vastuonaa sangrah aneey jaalvani maate jaanita chhe. temnaa sanshodhannaa sangraho ketlaak sthaaneek sangrahalayo aneey pustakalayoma rakhvama aavyaa chhe. temnaa sanshodhanno moto hisso clydenaa nondhpaatra rahevasio parr kendrit hato, mukhyatve sharewood enderson, enderson tunkee vaarta chakra "weinsberg, oheo" naa lekhak, jeey clyde parr aadharit hataa, aneey james bii. mcfursion, karkirdi united states armie officer jemane american gruh yuddh darmiyan union aarmimaa general tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. andersne andersne sadimaa clidemaa kaneek anshe nakaaraatmak pratishtha jaalvi raakhi hatee kaaran keey temnee vaastavik navalkathaa 'weinsberg, oheo' neey ghanaa loko dwara shahernee majaak tareeke jovama aavee hatee aneey rahevasione laagyu hatoo keey navalkathaanaa ketlaak paatro aneey paristhitio temnaa angat jeevanne pratibimbit karey chhe. enderson aneey shaherma temnaa kaarynaa temnaa drashtikonne temnaa sanshodhan dwara badalvama madad karvaa maate avrodh nondhvaamaa aave chhe. smaarako. 21 julai, julai roj, jyaare tharaav 2015-34 clyde ciity council dwara pasaar karvaamaa aavyo tyaare clidemaa cherry street parknu sattavaar reete naam badaline thedius heard paark rakhvama aavyu hatoo. clydenaa mayer sqota blackae janaavyu hatoo keey "vruddh rahevasione naam parivartanne anuroop thavama thodo samay laagee shake chhe, parantu teey aakhare pakadashe." 21 december, december roj, clyde ciity councille sattavaar reete tharaav 2015-34 neey 5-0 sarvasanmat mutt dwara tharaav 2021-62 pasaar kareene rada karyo, jenaathi udhyanne tenaa mool cherry street parknaa naam parr paachha farvani manjuri malee.

thuddess bee. baadha thadius becker heard (23 octuber, 1903-12 march, 1989) ack vastukar aur itihaaskaar they joe sanyukt raajya america key ohiyo key clyde shahar key itihas mein apani ruchi aur vyaapak shodh key liye jaane jaate hain. 1967 mein apani sevaanivritti taka vastukala key kshetra mein baadha key kaee kaam they. way ack aitihaasik samaaj, clyde heritage leag key sansthaapak they. unake kaam ney kaee sangrahalayon aur pustakalayon mein yogdan diyaa. prishthabhoomi. thuddess bee. heard kaa janm 23 octuber, 1903 koo clyde, ohiyo mein huaa thaa. vaha herman aur jannie heard kaa betaa thaa. herman ack sthaaniya kiraane kaa saman thaa aur sherwood anderson kaa ack achchha dost thaa, joe vishesh roop seey apane upanyaas "weinsberg, ohiyo" key liye clyde mein jaanaa jaataa haye. heard ney 1920 mein clyde hyee school seey snaatak kiya, aur snaatak honey key baad dou saal taka oberlin mein oberlin college mein padhaai kii. 1922 mein, vaha clyde mein laut aae aur ack saal key liye ack saarvajanik vidyalaya mein padhaae. 1923 mein, heard koo snaatak kii degree key liye ithaka, newyork mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, aur baad mein cornell vishvavidyalaya key vastukala, kalaa aur yojana mahavidyalaya seey vastukala mein master kiya gayaa. 1930 seey 1933 taka, heard cornell mein vastukala key professor they. vastukala carrier. cornell mein snaatak vidyalaya mein bhaag lene seey pahale, heard ack varsh key liye ack vastukala firm mein kaam karane key liye pitsburg, pensylvania chaley gaye. vastukala mein master kii degree praapt karane key baad, baadha ney kaee nae saude vaali vastukala naukariyan praapt keen, joe jyaadaatar 1944 taka uttari carolina key raile mein hui theen. phir vaha mahaan jheel ispat nigam mein currier key liye detroit, mishigan chaley gaye, joe usa samay ack pramukh ispat utpaadak thaa. 1949 mein, baadha toldo vastukala firm brits aur munger mein shamil honey key liye ohiyo laut aaee. unhone 1955 taka iss firm mein kaam kiya, jaba unhone 1967 mein sevaanivritt honey taka ack swa-niyojit vastukar key roop mein kaam kiya. aitihaasik shodh. apani sevaanivritti key dauran baadha vaapas clyde mein chully gaee, aur shahar key itihas mein unaki badee ruchi thee. isase pahale, 1957 mein, sandsky county aitihaasik samaaj kii punah sthaapana mein baadha ack pramukh vyakti thee. 1975 mein, unhone clyde heritage leag, ack aitihaasik samaaj aur clyde mein kaee sangrahalayon key mool sangathan kii sthaapana kii. vaha clyde kshetra aur ohiyo raajya mein kaee anya aitihaasik samajon key sadasya bhee they. baadha koo shahar mein unake sangrah aur jaankaari aur vanshavali detta key saath-saath hajaaron aitihaasik chitron, dastavejon aur anya vastuon key sanrakshan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. unake shodh key sangrah kaee sthaaniya sangrahalayon aur pustakalayon mein rakhe gaye hain. unake shodh kaa ack badaa hissa clyde key ullekhaniya nivaasiyon parr kendrit thaa, mukhya roop seey sherwood anderson, 1919 key laghu kahani chakr "weinsberg, ohiyo" key lekhak, joe clyde parr adharit thaa, aur james bee parr. mcfursion, ack carrier sanyukt raajya senaa adhikaari jinhone americi grih yuddh key dauran sangh senaa mein ack general key roop mein kaary kiya. anderson ney 20veen shatabdi mein clyde mein kuchh nakaratmak pratishtha banaae rakhee kyonki unake yathaarthvaadi upanyaas "weinsberg, ohiyo" koo kaee logon ney shahar key liye ack upahaas key roop mein dekhaa thaa, aur nivaasiyon ney mahsoos kiya kii upanyaas mein kuchh paatr aur paristhitiyaan unake vyaktigat jeevan koo pratibimbit karati hain. baadha koo anderson key baare mein unake drishtikon aur shahar mein unake kaam koo unake shodh key madhyam seey badalane mein madad karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. smaarak. 21 julaai, 2015 koo, clyde mein cherry street park kaa aadhikarik taur parr thadius heard park mein naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa jaba sankalp 2015-34 clyde city council dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa. clyde key meyer scott black ney kahaa kii "badey nivaasiyon koo naam parivartan key anukool honey mein kuchh samay lugg sakata haye, lekin yeh antatah pakad legaa." 21 disambar, 2021 koo, clyde shahar parishad ney aadhikarik taur parr prastaav 2015-34 koo 5-0 key sarvasammat vote dwara prastaav 2021-62 key paarit honey key saath radd curr diyaa, jisase park koo apane mool cherry street park key naam parr lautane kii anumati millie.

thaddius bii. tade thaddius baker hurdon (october 23,1903-march 12,1989) obba vaastushilpi mattu itihaasakaararaagiddu, avaru united statesna ohiyoda clyde nagarada itihaasadalli tamma asakti mattu vyapaka samshoodhanege hesaruvasiyagiddare. hesaruvasiyagiddare nivruttiyaguvavaregoo hurder vastushilpa kshetradalli halavaaru udyogagalannu hondiddaru. avaru aitihaasika samaajavaada clyde heritage leagna sthaapakaraagiddaru. avara krutigalu halavaaru vastusangrahaalayagalu mattu granthaalayagalige koduge niidive. hinnele. thaddius bii. hurdon 1903rahra october october ohiyoda clydenalli janisidaru. avanu herman mattu jennie hardra maganagiddanu. herman sthaliya kirani vyaapaariyaagiddaru mattu sherwood anderson avara uttama sneehitaraagiddaru, avaru visheshavaagi clydenalli tamma kadambari "weinsburg, ohiyo" gaagi hesaruvasiyagiddare. hurder hurder clyde proudhashaaleyinda padavi padedaru mattu padavi padeda nantara eradu varshagala kaala oberlin oberlin kaalejige seridaru. seridaru avaru klaidge maralidaru mattu ondu varshada kaala saarvajanika shaleyalli bodhisidaru. bodhisidaru, hurdon avaru cornell university college off architecture, art und planningninda snatakottara padavigaagi mattu nantara vaastushilpadalli snatakottara padavigaagi newyorkna ithaachaage teralidaru. teralidaru 1930rinda, hurdon avaru cornelnalli vaastushilpada pradhyapakaragiddaru. vastushilpa vrutti. carnelnallina padavi shaalege haajaraaguva modalu, hurdon ondu varshada kaala vastushilpa samstheyalli kelasa maadalu pensilveniyaada pitsburgge teralidaru. vaastushilpadalli snatakottara padaviyannu padeda nantara, hurder halavaaru hosa oppandada vaastushilpada udyogagalannu padedaru, idu hechchaagi uttara kerolinada raaleenalli 1944 ravarege nadeyitu. nantara avaru aaa samayadalli pramukha ukku utpaadakanaagidda grate lakes steel corporationnalli vrattijeevanakkaagi detroit, michigange teralidaru. teralidaru, hurdon ohiyokke maralidaru mattu toledo vastushilpa samstheyaada britsh mattu mungarge seridaru. avaru ee samstheyalli 1955 ravarege kelasa maadidaru, nantara avaru 1967 ralli nivruttaraguvavarege swayam udyogi vaastushilpiyaagi kelasa maadidaru. aitihaasika samshoodhane. hurder avaru tamma nivruttiya samayadalli klaidge maralidaru mattu nagarada itihaasadalli hecchina aasaktiyannu hondiddaru. idakkoo modalu, modalu, sandasky kountiya aitihaasika samajada punahsthapaneyalli hurder pramukha vyaktiyagittu. vyaktiyagittu, avaru clyde heritage leigh annu sthaapisidaru, idu ondu aitihaasika samaja mattu clydenallina halavaaru vastusangrahaalayagala moola samstheyaagide. avaru clyde pradesha mattu ohiyo raajyadaadyanta halavaaru itara aitihaasika sanghagala sadasyaroo aagiddaru. mahiti mattu vamshaavaliya dattaamshada sangrahane mattu samrakshanegaagi mattu saaviraaru aitihaasika chitragalu, daakhalegalu mattu itara vastugaligaagi hurder nagaradalli hesaruvaasiyaagide. avara samshoodhaneya sangrahagalannu halavaaru sthaliya vastusangrahaalayagalu mattu granthalayagalalli idalaagide. avara samshoodhaneya hecchina bhagavu clydena gamanarha nivasigala mele kendrikrutavagittu, mukhyavaagi 1919 rahra sanna kathaa chakravaada "weinsburg, ohiyo" dha lekhaka sherwood anderson, idu clyde annu aadharisittu, mattu james bii. mcferson, americada antaryuddhada samayadalli union sainyadalli general aagi seve sallisida united states seenaa adhikariyagiddare. anderson 20neey shatamaanadalli clydenalli svalpamattige nakaaraatmaka khyatiyannu ulisikondaru ekendare avara vaastavika kadambari "weinsburg, ohiyo" annu anekaru nagarakke apahaasyavendu pariganisidaru mattu kaadambariyallina kelavu patragalu mattu sanniveshagalu tamma vaiyaktika jivanavannu pratibimbisuttave endu nivasigalu bhavisidaru. anderson avara samshoodhaneya moolaka avara drashtikonavannu mattu pattanadalli avara kelasavannu badalaayisalu sahaaya madiddakkagi hurder hesaruvaasiyaagide. smarakagalu. julai 21,2015 randu, clyde city council nirnayavannu 2015-34 angeekarisidaaga klaidnalliruva cherry streat park annu adhikrutavaagi thaddius hurdon park endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu. clydena mayer scott black, "hiriya nivasigalu hesaru badalaavanege hondikollalu swalpa samaya tegedukollabahudu, aadare adhu antimavagi hidiyuttade" endu helidaru." december 21,2021 randu, clyde city council, nirnayavannu 2015-34 annu 5-0 sarvaanumatada matadinda angeekarisuva moolaka, udyaanavanavu tanna moola cherry streat park hesarige maralalu avakasha madikottu, nirnayavannu adhikrutavaagi raddugolisitu.

thaddiyas bii. thadassam american aikyanaadukalile ohaayoyile clyde nagaratthinte charithratthil thaalpparyathinum vipulamaaya gaveshanathinum peruketta oru vaasthushilpiyum charithrakaaranumaayirunnu thaddius baker hurd (october 23,1903-march 12,1989). 1967ll viramikkunnathuvare vaasthuvidyayude mekhalayil niravadhi jolikal hardinu undaayirunnu. charitraparamaaya samoohamaaya clyde heritteju leaginte sthaapakanaayirunnu addeham. niravadhi myusiyangalkkum librarikalkkum addehathinte srishtikal sambhavana cheythittundu. pashchaathalam. thaddiyas bii. 1903 october 23nuu ohaayoyile clydilaanu hurd janichathu. hermanteyum jenni hurdinteyum makanaayirunnu addeham. herman oru praadeshika palacharakk vyaapaariyaayirunnu, prathyekichu "weinsburg, ohiyo" enna novaliloode clydil ariyappedunna sherwood aandezhsante nalla suhruthaayirunnu. 1920-ll clyde haiskoolil ninnu birudam nediya hurd birudaananthara birudatthinu sesham rund varshathekku oberlinile oberlin collegil chernnu. 1922ll addeham clydelake madangukayum oru varsham oru pothu schoolil padippikkukayum cheythu. 1923-ll, cornell yooniversitti koleju oof architecture, art, planning ennivayil ninnu baachilar birudatthinum pinneedu maasttar oof architecturinum vendi hurd newyorkkile idaakkayilekku maari. 1930 muthal 1933 vare cornelle vaasthuvidyayude professoraayirunnu hurden. vasthuvidyaa jeevitam. cornelle biruda schoolil cherunnathinu munbu, oru varsham oru vasthuvidyaa sthaapanathil jolie cheiyunnathinaayi hurden pensylvaniayile pittsburgilekku maari. aarkkitekcharil birudam nediya sesham, hardinu niravadhi puthiya karar vasthuvidyaa jolikal labhichu, avaa kooduthalum 1944 vare north karolinayile raaliyil nadannu. pinneedu addeham akkaalathe pradhana urukk uthppaadakanaaya grettu lakes steel korppareshanil oru kariyarinaayi mishiganile detroitilekku maari. 1949-ll, tolado vasthuvidyaa sthaapanamaaya brittsh aandu mungaril cherunnathinayi hurd ohaayoyilekk madangi. 1955 vare addeham eee sthaapanathil jolie cheythu, 1967 ll viramikkunnathuvare svayam thozhil cheiyunna aarkkitektaayi jolie cheythu. charitraparamaaya gaveshanam. viramikkumbol hurd clydelake madangukayum nagaratthinte charithratthil valia thaalparyam prakadippikkukayum cheythu. neratthe, 1957-ll, sandesky kaundi charitra samoohathinte punasthaapanatthil hurd oru pradhana vyakthiyaayirunnu. 1975ll addeham clyde heritteju leag sthaapichu, ithu oru charitra samoohavum clydile niravadhi myoosiyangalude maathru samghadanayumaanu. clyde pradeshathum ohiyo samsthaanathudaneelamulla mattu niravadhi charitra samoohangalilum addeham amgamaayirunnu. vivarangaludeyum vamshavali vivarangaludeyum shekharanathinum samrakshanathinum aayirakkanakkin charitraparamaaya chithrangal, rekhakal, mattu enangal ennivaykkum addeham nagaratthil ettavum kooduthal ariyappedunnu. addehathinte gaveshana shekharangal niravadhi praadeshika myoosiyangalilum librarikalilum sookshichirikkunnu. addehathinte gaveshanathinte valiyoru bhagam clydile pramukha nivaasikalil shradha kendreekarichu, pradhaanamaayum 1919 leeii cherukathaa chakramaya "weinsburg, ohiyo" yude rachayithavaaya sherwood aandezhsan, klaidine adisthaanamaakkiyulla jaims bii. american aabhyantharayudhakaalathu union aarmiyil generalayi sevanamanushticha oru american armi offeesaraanu mcferson. irupathaam noottaandil aandezhsan clydil orutharam nishedhaathmaka prashasthi nilanirtthi, kaaranam addehathinte yaadhaarthyabodhamulla novalaaya 'weinsburg, ohiyo' nagaratthe parihasikkunnathayi palarum kaanukayum novalile chila kathaapaathrangalum saahacharyangalum avarude vyakthiparamaaya jeevithathe prathifalippikkunnuvennu thaamasakkaarkk thonnukayum cheythu. aandezhsaninekkurichum nagaratthile addehathinte pravarthanangalekkurichum avarude kaazhchappaad maattaan sahayichathil addehathinte gaveshanathiloode sradheyamaanu. smarakangal. 2015 juulai 21 nuu clyde sitti kaunsil prameyam 2015-34 paasaakkiyappol clydile cherry street paarkkine audyogikamaayi thaddius hurd paarkk ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu. clyde mayer scott black paranju, "prayamaaya thaamasakkaarkk peru maattavumaayi poruthappedaan kurachu samayameduthekkaam, pakshe athu oduvil pidikkum." 2021 desember 21 nuu, clid sitti kaunsil 2015-34 prameyam 2021-62 ekakandamaayi 5-0 vottil pasaki, paarkkine athinte yadhaartha cherry street paarkk naamatthilekku madangaan anuvadichu.

thadius bii. adthala thadius bekar heard (23 aktoobar 1903-12 march 1989) heey eka vastuvisharad aanee itihaskar hote, jeey americetil ohayo yetheel clyde shaharachya itihasatil tyanchya ruchi aanee vyapak sanshodhanasathi olakhale jaatat. 1967 madhye nivrutt hoiparyant hardkade vastukala kshetrat anek sthapatyashastriy hotya. teey aitihasik sanstha asalelya clyde heritage leagueche sansthapak hote. tyanchya kamache anek sangrahalaye aanee granthalayanmadhye yogdan hote. parshvabhoomi. thadius bii. hardcha janm 23 aktoobar 1903 roji ohayochya clyde yethe jhaala. too herman aanee jeanny heard yancha mulga hota. herman haah sthanik kirana vikreta hota aanee sherwood andersoncha changla mitra hota, joou visheshtah clydemadhye tyachya 'weinsberg, ohayo' yaa kadambarisathi prasiddha aahe. hurdney 1920 madhye clyde highschoolmadhun padvi prapt kelee aanee padvi ghetalyanantar done varshe oberlinmadhil oberlin mahavidhyalayat shikshan ghetale. 1922 madhye teey clyde yethe paratale aanee eka sarvajanik shalet eka varsh shikavale. 1923 madhye, harden cornell university college auph architecture, aart andd planningmadhun padvisathi aanee nantar sthapatyashastrache padvyuttar shikshan ghenyasathi ithaka, newyork yethe gele. 1930 teey 1933 paryant, harden heey cornell yethe sthapatyashastrache pradhyapak hote. sthapatyakaletil karkird. cornell yetheel padvidhar shalet jaanyapurvi, harden eka varshasathi architecture firmmadhye kaam karnyasathi pitsberg, pensylvaniala gela. sthapatyashastrachi padvyuttar padvi prapt kelyanantar, hardenla anek naveen karar sthapatyashastriy sthapatyashastriy midalya, jyaa bahutek 1944 paryant uttar carolinatil rele yethe hott hotya. tyanantar teey tyaa kalatil pramukh polad utpadak asalelya gret lakes steel corporationmadhye karkirdisathi detroit, mishigan yethe gele. 1949 madhye, harden heey oledo architectural firm britsch aanee mungermadhye sameel honyasathi ohayola paratale. tyanni 1955 paryant yaa companyt kaam kele, tyanantar 1967 madhye nivrutt hoiparyant tyanni swayam-rojgar vastuvisharad mhanoon kaam kele. aitihasik sanshodhan. tyachya nivruttichya kalat heard clydela parat gela aanee tyala shaharachya itihasat khoop rus hota. yapurvi, 1957 madhye, sandsky county aitihasik samajachya punarsthapanemadhye adthala hii eka pramukh vyakti hotee. 1975 madhye tyanni clyde heritage leag, eka aitihasik sanstha aanee clidemadhil anek sangrahalayanchi mool sanstha sthapan kelee. teey clyde bhagatil aanee ohayo rajyatil itar anek aitihasik sansthanche sadasyahi hote. mahitee aanee vanshavalisambandhi mahitee tasech hajaro aitihasik chitre, kagadpatre aanee itar vastunche sankalan aanee jatan karnyasathi yaa shaharat heard prasiddha aahe. tyanche sanshodhanache sangrah anek sthanik sangrahalaye aanee granthalayanmadhye thevanyat aale aahet. tyanchya sanshodhanacha motha bhag clydechya ullekhaneey rahivashanvar kendrit hota, pramukhyane sherwood anderson, clidever aadharit 1919 chya 'weinsberg, ohayo' yaa laghukathechya chakrache lekhak aanee james bii. mcfursion, eka vyavsayik united states armi adhikari jyane american yadavi yuddhadarmyan union aarmimadhye general mhanoon kaam kele. andersonne 20 vya shatkat clydemadhye kahishi nakaratmak pratishtha kayam thewali kaaran tyachi vastavadi kadambari 'weinsberg, ohiyo' hii anekankadun shaharachi thatta mhanoon pahili gelee aanee rahivashanna vatale qee kadambaritil kahee patre aanee paristhiti tyanchya vaiyaktik ayushyala pratibimbit karatat. anderson aanee tyachya sanshodhanachya madhyamatoon shaharatil tyachya karyabaddalcha tyancha drushtikon badalanyat madat kelyabaddal adthala nondavala jaato. smarke. 21 julai 2015 roji, clyde ciity kaunsilane tharav 2015-34 manjur keela tevha clidemadhil cherry street parkche adhikrutpane thadius heard park asey namkaran karnyat aale. clydeche mahapour scott black mhanale qee, "vruddha rahivashanna naav badalashi julavun ghenyasathi thoda vel lagoo shakato, parantu akheris teey pudhe yeil." 21 december 2021 roji, clyde nagar parishadene tharav 2021-62 manjur karoon tharav adhikrutpane radd keela, sarvanumate 5-0 matanni, jyamule udyanala tyachya mool cherry street parkchya navakade parat jaanyachi parvanagi midali.

thadius bee. awarodh thadius becker heard (october 23,1903-march 12,1989) ek wastukar rar itihaskar thie jo sanyukta rajya americako ohayoko clyde saharko itihasma afno ruchi rar wyapak anusandhanka lagi parichit chhan. sann 1967 maa afno sewaniwritti nabhaesamma hardasanga wastuklako kshetrama dherai kamharu thie. uni ek aitihasik samaj, clyde heritage ligka sansthapak thie. unko kaam dherai sangrahalaya rar pustakalayharuma yogdan garieko thiyo. prishthabhumi. thadius bee. hardako janma october 23,1903 maa clyde, ohayoma bhaeko thiyo. uni herman rar jeny hardka chhora thie. herman ek sthaniya kirana pasalka wyapari thie rar serwod andersonka asal sathi thie, jo vishesh gari afno upanyas "weinsberg, ohiyo" kaa lagi clydema parichit chhan. hardley sann 1920 maa clyde hai schoolbata snatak gare, rar snatak garepachhi dui warshasamma oberlinko oberlin kalejma padhe. sann 1922 maa uni clyde farkie rar ek warshasamma sarvajanik vidyalayama padhae. sann 1923 maa, harden snatakko degreeka lagi ithaka, newyorkma sare, rar pachhi cornell university college aff architecture, art, rar planningbata architecturema master bhae. sann 1930 dekhi 1933 samma, harden cornelma wastuklaka pradhyapak thie. wastukla currier. cornelko snatak vidyalayama padhnuaghi, harden ek warshaka lagi wastukla farmama kaam garna pitsberg, pensylvania sareka thie. afno master aff architecture degree prapta garepachhi, hardley dherai nayan samjhauta wastukla kamharu prapta gare, june prayaha rele, uttari carolinama 1944 samma bhayo. tyasapachhi uni great lake still corporationma carrierka lagi detroit, mishiganma sare, tyo samaya ek pramukh ispat utpadak thiyo. sann 1949 maa, harde toldo architectural ferm brits rar mungarma samel huna ohayo farkie. unle sann 1955 samma yass farmama kaam gare, jab unle sann 1967 maa sewaniwritta nabhaesamma swa-rojgar wastukarko rupma kaam gare. aitihasik anusandhan. heard afno sewaniwrittiko samayama clydema farkie, rar saharko itihasma thulo chaso thiyo. yasaghi, sann 1957 maa, sandsky county aitihasik samajko punarsthapanama badha ek pramukh wyakti thiyo. sann 1975 maa, unle clyde heritage ligg, ek aitihasik samaj rar clydema dherai sangrahalayharuko muel sangathan sthapana gare. uni clyde khetra rar ohayo rajyabhari anya dherai aitihasik samajharuka sadasya pani thie. heard jankari rar vanshavali deta sathai hajaraun aitihasik chitraharu, kagajatharu rar anya wastuharuko sankalan rar sanrakshanka lagi saharma sabaibhanda dherai parichit chha. unko anusandhanko sangraha dherai sthaniya sangrahalaya rar pustakalayharuma rakhieko chha. unko anusandhanko ek thulo bhag clydeka ullekhaniya basindaharuma kendrit thiyo, mukhyataya serwod anderson, 1919 ko chhoto katha chakra "weinsberg, ohiyo" kaa lekhak, june clydema adharit thiyo, rar james bee. mcfursion, ek carrier sanyukta rajya sena adhikari jasle americi grihayudhako samayama union senama generalko rupma sewa gare. endersonle 20 aun shatabdima clydema kehi nakaratmak pratishtha kayam rakhe kinbhane unko yatharthawadi upanyas "weinsberg, ohiyo" lai dheraile saharko upahasko rupma hereka thie, rar basindaharule upanyaska kehi patraharu rar paristhitiharule uniharuko wyaktigat jiwanlai pratibimbit gareko mahasus gare. anderson rar unko anusandhanko madhyambata saharma unko kamko drishtikon pariwartan garna maddatka lagi badha ullekha garieko chha. smarakharu. july 21,2015 maa, clyde city councildwara prastawa 2015-34 parit bhaepachi clydeko chery street parklai adhikarik rupma thadius heard parkma naam pariwartan garieko thiyo. clydeka meyer scott blackle bhane, "wriddha basindaharulai naam pariwartanma anukulan garna kehi samaya lagna sakchha, tara antatah yo pakad hunechha." december 21,2021 maa, clyde city councille adhikarik rupma prastawa 2015-34 lai prastawa 2021-62 ko paritasangai sarwasammat mutt 5-0 dwara radda garyo, jasle parklai yasako muel chery street parkko namama farkan anumati diyo.

thaddias bii. pratibandhaka thadias bekara heardon (october 23,1903-march 12,1989) jane sthapati ebong aitihasika thile jie americara ohio saharar clyde saharar itihasare tankara agraha ebong byapaka gabeshana paain janashuna . 1967 masihare absar neba parjyanta heard sthapatya khetrare aneka chakiri karithile. shay eka aitihasika samaj, clyde heritage ligra pratisthata thile. tankara karjya aneka sangrahalaja ebong laibrereere yogdan karithila . prusthabhumi. thaddias bii. heard 1903 masiha october 23 tarikhare ohiora clydray janmagrahana karithile. shay herman ebong jeny hardanka pua thile. herman jane sthaniah kirana byabasajee thile ebong sheroud aandarasankara jane bhal bandhu thile, jieki taanka upenyas "weinsburg, ohio" paain clydray bisesh bhabare janashuna . heard 1920 masihare clyde haiskularu snataka hassel karithile ebong snataka parey dui barsha paain oberlinera oberlin kalejare joga deithile. 1922 masihare shay klaidaku pherithile ebong eka barsha paain eka sarkari bidyalajare sikhyadana karithile. 1923 masihare, heardon eka snataka degree paain nyujarkara ithakaku chalijaithile, ebong parey cornell biswabidyalaja college off architecture, art, ebong planingru sthapatyare master hoithile. 1930 ru 1933 parjyanta, heard karnelare sthapatyara professor thile. sthapatya brutti. karnelre grazuate schoolre padhiba purbaru, heard eka barsha paain eka sthapatya sansthare kaama kariba paain pensilbhaniaara pitsburgku jaithile. sthapatyare snatakottara degree hassel kariba parey, heard aneka nutan chuktinama sthapatya chakiri hassel karithile, jaahaa mukhyatah uttara carolinara relere 1944 parjyanta chalithila. taa 'parey shay sehi samaira eka pramukh ispat utpadaka great lakes still karporesanare kyariyara paain mishiganra detroit jaithile. 1949 masihare, heard toledo sthapatya sanstha brits ebong mungerare joga deba paain ohioku pherithile. shay ehi sansthare 1955 parjyanta karjya karithile, jetebele shay jane swa-nijukta sthapati bhabare 1967 ray absar neba parjyanta karjya karithile. aitihasika gabeshana. taanka absar grahan samajare heard klaidaku pherigale, ebong saharar itihas prati tankara eka budd agraha thila . purbaru, 1957 masihare, sandsky county aitihasika samajara punahpratishthare baadha eka pramukh byaktitwa thila . 1975 masihare shay klaidare aneka sangrahalajara moola sangathana, eka aitihasika samaj, clyde heritage ligg pratistha karithile. shay clyde anchalare ebong ohio rajyare anyanya aneka aitihasika samajara sadasya madhya thile. suchana ebong banshanukramika tathya sangraha ebong sanrakhyana tatha hazar hazar aitihasika chitra, document ebong anyanya samagri paain heard saharare sabutharu adhika janashuna . taanka gabeshanara sangraha aneka sthaniah sangrahalaja ebong laibrereere rakhajaichhi. taanka gabeshanara eka budd ansha clyder ullekhaneeah basindanka upare dhyana kendrit karithila, mukhyatah sheroud anderson, 1919 khudra kahani chakra "weinsburg, ohio" rahr lekhaka, jaahaa clyde upare aadharita thila, ebong james bii. mcforsion, jane kyariyara juktarastra americara sena adhikari jie americara gruhajudha samajare union aarmire general bhabare karjya karithile. anderson 20shaa shatabdire clydray kichhi matrare nakaratmaka pratistha bajaiah rakhithile kaaran tankara bastababadi upenyas 'winesburg, ohio' ku aneka lock sahara paain eka upahasa bhabare dekhuthile ebong basindamane anubhaba karithile je upanyasara kichhi charitra ebong paristhiti semananka byaktigata jeebanaku pratiphalita kare . taanka gabeshana madhyamare anderson ebong saharare taanka karjya bishajare semanankara drustikona badalaibare sahajya kariba paain heards janashuna . smaraki. july 21,2015 ray, klaidare thiba cherry street parkaku aanusthanika bhabare thaddias heard parkaku punahnamakarana karajaithila jetebele clyde city council dwara sankalpa 2015-34 parita hoithila . clyder meyer scott black kahichanti je "bayaska basindanka paain naama paribartana sahita khap khuaibaku kichhi samai lagipare, kintu ehaa sheshare dhariba ." 21 december, 2021 ray, clyde city council sarbasammatikrame 5-0 bhot dwara prastaba 2021-62 parita heba sahita prastaba 2015-34 ku aanusthanika bhabare radda karideithila, jaahaa parkaku ehara moola cherry street park naamaku pheribaku anumathi deithila.

thaddias bee. rukawat thadius bekar heard (23 aktubar, 1903-12 march, 1989) ikk architect atey itihaskar see joe sanyukat raaj amrica dey ohio dey shehar clide dey itihaas witch aapni dilchaspi atey viaapak khoj laee janhiaa jaanda haii. 1967 witch aapni retirement takk architecture dey khetar witch kaee naukariaan sunn. uh ikk itihasak samaaj, clide haritage leeg dey sansthapak sunn. uss dey kamm neey kaee ajaib gharan atey libraries witch yogdan paaiaa. pichokad. thaddias bee. hudd daa janam 23 aktubar 1903 noon clead, ohio witch hoiaa see. uh herman atey jeanny heard daa puttar see. herman ikk sathanak karyana curran vaala see atey sherwod anderson daa ikk changa dosat see, joe vishesh taur utte aapne nawal "weinsburg, ohio" laee clide witch janhiaa jaanda haii. hudd neey 1920 witch clide hyee school toon graduation keeti atey graduation toon baad doou saal laee oberlin dey oberlin kaalaj witch padahi keeti. sann 1922 witch uh clead waps aaa gaye atey ikk saal laee ikk public school witch padhaae. 1923 witch, heard ikk bachelor dee digri laee ithaka, newyork chaley gaye, atey baad witch carnell university kaalaj aaf architecture, aart atey planning toon architecture witch maastar hoow gaye. 1930 toon 1933 takk, heard carnell vikhe architecture daa professor see. architectural carrier. carnell vikhe graduate school witch padhan toon pahilan, heard ikk saal laee ikk architecture ferm witch kamm curran laee pitsburg, pensylvania chaley gaye. architecture dee aapni maastar dee digri prapat curran toon baad, hudd neey kaee naviaan architectural naukariaan prapat keetiaan, joe ziaadaatar 1944 takk uttri carolina dey raile witch hundiaan sunn. firr uh gret lakes steel corporation witch carrier laee detroit, mishigan chaley gaye, joe uss samein ikk pramukh steel utpadak see. 1949 witch, hinsk toledo architectural ferm britsch atey mungar witch shamal honn laee ohio waps aaa giaa. unhan neey iss ferm witch 1955 takk kamm keeta, jadon unhan neey 1967 witch sevamukt honn takk ikk sway-rozgaar architect vajon kamm keeta. itihasak khoj. aapni retirement dauran rukawat waps clide chalee gaee, atey shehar dey itihaas witch uss dee bahut dilchaspi see. iss toon pahilan, 1957 witch, sandsky kaoonti itihasak samaaj dee mudd sathapana witch rukawat ikk pramukh shakhsiat see. sann 1975 witch, uhanan neey clide haritage leeg dee sathapana keeti, ikk itihasak samaaj atey clide witch kaee ajaib gharan daa mool sangathan. uh clead khetar atey ohio raaj witch kaee horr itihasak susaitiaan daa member vee see. hudd noon shehar witch jankari atey vanshavali dey ankadiaan dey naal-naal hazaran itihasak tasviran, dastavezan atey horr cheezan dey sangrah atey sambhal laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii. uss dee khoj dey sangrah kaee sathanak ajaib gharan atey libraries witch rakkhe gaye hunn. uss dee khoj daa ikk vadda hissa clide dey prasidh vasnikan, mukkh taur 'teey sherwood anderson, 1919 dey laghu kahani chakkar "weinsburg, ohio" dey lekhak, joe clide' teey adharat see, atey james bee 'teey kendrit see. mcferson, ikk carrier sanyukat raaj dee fauj daa adhikari jiss neey amriki gharelu yuddh dauran union fauj witch ikk general vajon seva nibhai. anderson neey neey sadee witch clide witch kujh nakaratmak pratishtha banayi rakkhi kiunki uss dey yatharathvadi nawal "weinsburg, ohio" noon bahut saare lokan duaara shehar laee ikk makhaul vajon dekhiaa giaa see, atey vasnikan neey mahisus keeta kii nawal dey kujh paatar atey sathitiaan unhan dey nijji jeevan noon darsaundiyan hunn. rukawat noon aapni khoj raahin anderson atey shehar witch uss dey kamm dey drishtikon noon badlan witch madad curran laee janhiaa jaanda haii. yadgaran. 21 julai, 2015 noon, clead witch cherry street park daa adhikarat taur utte naam badal keey thadius heard park rakkhiaa giaa see jadon mataa 2015-34 noon clead city consul duaara paas keeta giaa see. clide dey mayer scott black neey kiha kii "bazurg vasnikan noon naam tabdili dey anukool honn witch kujh samaan lagg sakda haii, parr ih aakharkar fadd lavega." 21 dasambar, 2021 noon, clide city consul neey adhikarat taur 'teey matey noon 2015-34 noon sarabsanmati naal vott duaara paas curran naal 5-0 naal radd qarr ditta, jiss naal park noon aapne mool cherry street park dey naam' teey waps jaanh dee aagiaa millie.

thaddiyas bee. avarodhah. thaddiyas becker harden (october 23,1903-maarch 12,1989) ekaha vaastukaarah itihaasakaarah cha aasit yah samyuktarajyamerikadesha ohiyo-nagarasya clad-nagarasya itihaase swasya ruchihi, vistruta-shodhah cha iti namna prasidhah asti. 1967 tame varshe nivruttim yaavat sthaapatyakshetre heard ityasya anekaani karyani aasan. saha aitihaasikasamaajasy clad-heritage-leag ityasya samsthaapakah aasit. tasya kaaryam anekanam sangrahalayanam, pustakalayanam cha krute yogadanam aasit. prushtabhoomau. thaddiyas bee. hearder ityasya janma 1903 october 23 dinaanke ohiyo-nagarasya clad-nagare abhavat. saha herman tathaa jenee heard ityasya putrah aasit. herman sthaaneeyah upaskaraadidravyam pradadaati sma, sher wood enderson ityasya uttamah mitrah aasit, yah visheshatah "weinsberg, ohiyo" iti swasya upanyaasasy krute clad-madhye prasidhah asti. hardah 1920 tame varshe clad-ucchavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, snaatakapadaveem praapya varshadvayam oberlin-nagarasya oberlin-mahaavidyaalaye abhyanayt. 1922 tame varshe saha clad-nagaram pratyaagatya ekavarsham yaavat saarvajanikavidyaalaye upadishat. 1923 tame varshe, harden nyuyaark-nagarasya ithaka-nagaram prati snaatakapadaveem praaptum, anantaram carnell-vishvavidyaalayasya vastukala-kalaa-yojanaa-mahaavidyaalayaat vastukala-vishaye snaatakottarapadaveem cha praptavan. 1930 taha 1933 paryantam, hearder carnell-nagare vaastukalaayaah pradhyapakaha aasit. vastukala vruttihi. carnell-nagarasya snaatakavidyaalaye upasthitehe poorvam, harden ityeshah ekavarsham yaavat vastukala-samsthaayaam karyam kartum pensylvania-deshasya pitsburg-nagaram gatavaan. vastukala-vishaye snaatakottarapadaveem praapya, hearder ityayam aneke nootanaani vastushilpa-karyani praptavan, ye praayah 1944 paryantam uttar-carolina-nagarasya rele-nagare aasan. tatah saha gret lakes-steel-corporation ityasmin, tasmin samaye pramukhasya steel-utpaadake, vruttijeevanaartham detroit-mishigan-nagaram prati gatavaan. 1949 tame varshe, heard-varyaha ohiyo-nagaram pratyagatavan, yena toldo-vastushilpa-samsthaayaam britsh-end-mungar-samsthaayaam sammilitah. saha 1955 tamavarshaparyantam asmin samsthaayaam karyam krutavaan, yadaa saha 1967 tame varshe nivruttah yaavat swaniyojitah vaastukaarah aasit. aitihaasikam anusandhaanam. hearder ityeshah swasya nivruttehe samaye clad-nagaram prati punah gatavaan, nagarasya itihaase tasya mahatee ruchihi aasit. poorvam 1957 tame varshe, sandsky-kauntee-aitihaasika-samajasya punahsthaapane baadhaa pramukhah vyaktihi aasit. 1975 tame varshe, saha clad-heritage-leag iti aitihaasika-samaajam, clad-nagare anekanam sangrahalayanam mool-sanghatanam cha sthapitavan. saha clad-kshetre, tathaa cha ohiyo-raajye anyeshu anekeshu aitihaasika-samaajeshu api sadasyah aasit. suchana-samrakshanaartham tathaa vamshaavaliya-dattaamshasya, tathaa cha sahasrashah aitihaasika-chitraanaam, dastaavejom, anya-vastoonaam cha sangrahanartham, asmin nagare hearder iti prasidhah asti. tasya shodhasangrahah anekeshu sthaniya-sangrahaalayeshu, pustakaalayeshu cha rakshita asti. tasya shodhasya ekaha pramukhah bhaagah clad-nagarasya ullekhaneeyanivaasishu, mukhyataya 1919 tame varshe clad-aadhaaritasy "weinsberg, ohiyo" iti laghukathaayaah lekhakasy sherwood enderson-varyasya vishaye, james bee-varyasya vishaye cha kendritah aasit. makefersonah, amerikaadeshasy sainya-adhikaari, yah amerikaadeshasy gruhayuddhasya samaye union-senayam general-rupena karyam krutavaan. 20 shataabdyaam enderson-varyaha clad-bhashayam kinchitkalam nakaratmakam pratishtaam dhaarayat, yatah tasya yathaarthavaadee-upanyasam "weinsberg, ohiyo" iteedam anekebhyah nagarasya upahaasaroopen drushtam, tathaa cha nivaasinah manyante yat asya upanyaasasy kechan paatraah, paristhitayah cha teshaam vyaktigatajeevanam pratibimbayanti iti. hearder ityayam, swasya shodhasya madhyamena enderson ityasya vishaye tasya karyasya cha vishaye teshaam drushtikonasya parivartane sahayyam kartum prasidhah asti. smaarakaah. 2015 julai 21 dinaanke, clad-nagarasya cheree-street-paark ityasya aadhikaarikaroopen thadius-harden-paark iti namakaranam krutam, yadaa clad-nagar-parishadena 2015-34 iti sankalpah sweekrutah. clad-nagarasya meyar scott black ityeshah avadat yat "vruddhanivaasinaha naamaparivartanam kartum kinchitkalam yaavat samayam naa gruhyanti, parantu ante tatt anuvartate." 2021 december 21 dinaanke, clad nagaraparishada aadhikaarikaroopen prastaavam 2015-34 nirasitavaan, 2021-62 iti prastaavam sarvasammatimataya 5-0 mataihi paritavan, yena udyaanam swasya moolam cheree-street-paark-naam punah praaptum anumanyata.

thadius pii. thadai thadius backer hurton (october 23,1903-maarch 12,1989) oru kattidak kalaignar mattrum varalaattraasiriyar aavaar, avar americavin ohiyoavin clite nagaraththin varalaattril thanathu aarvam mattrum virivaana aaraaychchikku peyar pettravar. 1967 ill oaivu perum varai kattidakkalaiyil pala vaelaigal irunththana. avar oru varalaattru samoogamaana clite heridage leakin niruvanar aavaar. avarathu padaippugal pala arungaatchiyagangkal mattrum noolagangalukku pankaliththana. pinnani. thadius pii. 1903 october 23 andru ohiyoavin clytil hurton piranthaar. avar herman mattrum jennie hurdin magan aavaar. herman oru ulloor maligaik kadaiyil panipurinthavar mattrum sherwood anderson nalla nanbaraaga irunthaar, avar kurippaaga clytil thanathu navalaana "oinsburg, oohiyoa" kkaaga nanku ariyapattavar. hardu 1920 aam aandil clite uyarnilaip pallyil pattam pettraar, maelum pattam pettra piragu irandu aandugal oberlinil ulla oberlin kallooriyil payintraar. 1922 aam aandil, avar clite thirumbinaar mattrum oru aandu oru podhup pallyil karpitthaar. 1923 aam aandil, hurton ilangkalai pattaththirkaaga newyorkin idaakkaavukku kudipeyarnthaar, pinnar cornell palkalaikkazhaga kattidakkalai, kalai mattrum thittamidal kallooriyil kattidakkalaiyil muthukalaip pattam pettraar. 1930 muthal 1933 varai, hurton cornell kattidakkalai paeraasiriyaraaga irunthaar. kattidakkalai vaazhkkai. cornell pattathaari pallyil seruvatharku munbu, hurton oru kattidakkalai niruvanaththil oru varudam paniyaattra benzylvaniavin pitsparkkirku kudipeyarnthaar. kattidakkalaiyil muthukalaip pattam pettra piragu, hardu pala puthiya oppantha kattidakkalai vaelaigalaip pettraar, avai perumpaalum vadakku carolinavin relaeyil 1944 varai nadaipettrana. pinnar avar grade lakes efku niruvanaththil oru vaazhkkaikkaaga michikanil ulla tetroitukku kudipeyarnthaar, antha neraththil oru mukiya efku urpaththiyaalar. 1949 aam aandil, toledo kattidakkalai niruvanamaana britz mattrum mungaril saera hardu ohiyoavukkuth thirumbinaar. avar inththa niruvanaththil 1955 varai paniyaattrinaar, pinnar avar 1967 ill oaivu perum varai oru suyathozhil kattidak kalaignaraaga paniyaattrinaar. varalaattru aaraaichi. hardu thanathu oaivuk kaalaththil kilaidirku thirumbinaar, maelum nagaraththin varalaattril perum aarvam kondirundhaar. munnathaaka, 1957 aam aandil, sandesky kavundi varalaattru samoogaththai meendum niruvuvathil thadai oru mukiya nabaraaga irunththathu. 1975 aam aandil, avar clite paarambariya sangaththai niruvinaar, idhu oru varalaattru samoogam mattrum clytil ulla pala arungaatchiyagangkalin thaai amaippu. clite paguthiyilum, oohiyoa maanilam muzhuvathilum ulla pala varalaattruch sangangalilum uruppinaraaga irunthaar. thagaval mattrum vamsavali tharavu mattrum aayirakkanakkaana varalaattru padangkal, aavanangkal mattrum pira porutkalai sekariththu paathukaappatharkaaka inththa nagaraththil hardu migavum pirabalamaanathu. avarathu aaraaychchiyin thoguppukal pala ulloor arungaatchiyagangkal mattrum noolagangalil vaikkappattullana. avarathu aaraaychchiyin perumbaguthi clytil vasikkum kurippidaththakkavargalai maiyamaagak kondirundhadhu, mukkiyamaaga sherwood anderson, 1919 aam aandu sirukathai suzharchiyin aasiriyar "oinsburg, oohiyoa", idhu clyte adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, mattrum james pii. mcferson, america ullnaattup poarin poathu union iraanuvaththil jenaralaaka paniyaattriya oru america iraanuva adhigaari. anderson 20 aam noottraandil clytil oralavu ethirmaraiyaana narpeyaraip paraamarittaar, aenenil avarathu yathaarththamaana navalaana "oinsburg, oohiyoa" nagaraththirku oru kaelikkuriyathaaga palaraal paarkkappattathu, maelum navalil ulla sila kathaapaaththirangalum soozhnilaigalum thangal thanipatta vaazhkkaiyai pirathipalippathaaka kudiyiruppaalargal unarnththanar. anderson mattrum avarathu aaraaichi moolam nagaraththil avarathu panii pattriya avarkalin kannoattaththai maattra uthaviyatharkaaka thadai kurippidappadugiradhu. ninaivuch chinnangal. juulai 21,2015 andru, clite nagara sabaiyaal theermaanam 2015-34 niraivaettrappattapoathu clytil ulla cherri theru poongaa athikaarappoorvamaaga thadius hurton paark endru marupeyaridappattathu. clite mayer scott pilaak koorugaiyil, "vayathaana kudiyiruppaalargal peyar maattraththirku aerpa maaruvatharku sirithu neram aagalaam, aanaal adhu iruthiyil pidikkum." disambar 21,2021 andru, clite nagara sabai athikaarappoorvamaaga theermaanaththai rathu seithathu 2015-34 theermaanam niraivaettrappattathu 2021-62 orumittha vaakkeduppu moolam 5-0, poongaa adhan asal cherri theru poongaavin peyarukku thirumba anumathikkirathu.

thaddius bii. addanki thaddius baker hurdon (aktobaru 23,1903-marchi 12,1989) oka vaastusilpi mariyu charitrakaarudu, athanu united states looni ohiyo looni clyde nagaram charitralo thana aasakti mariyu vistrutamaina parisoedhanaku prasiddhi chendaadu. 1967loe padavee viramana chese varaku hardku vaastusilpa rangamlo aneka udyogaalu unnaayi. athanu chaaritraka samaajamaina clyde heritage leag vyavasthaapakudu. ayana rachanalu aneka museumlu mariyu grandhaalayaalaku dohadapaddayi. nepathyam. thaddius bii. harden 1903 aktobaru 23naa ohiyoloni clydelo janminchaadu. athanu herman mariyu gennie hardla kumarudu. herman sthaanika kirana vyapari mariyu sherwood andersonku manchi snehitudu, athanu mukhyamgaa clydelo thana navala "weinsburg, ohiyo" kosam prasiddhi chendaadu. harden 1920loe clyde unnata paatasaala nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu mariyu graduation tarvaata rendu samvatsaraalu oberlinloni oberlin kalasalalo chadivaadu. 1922loe ayana clydeku tirigi vacchi oka prabhutva paatasaalalo oka samvatsaram paatu bodhinchaaru. 1923loe, harden bachelor degree kosam newyorkloni ithaakaaku vellaaru, taruvaata carnell university college off architecture, art und planning nundi master off architecture chesaaru. 1930 nundi 1933 varaku, harden carnello architecture professorga panicheesaaru. nirmaana vrutti. carnelloni graduate paatasaalaku hajarayye mundu, harden oka samvatsaram paatu oka nirmaana samsthalo panicheyadaaniki pensylvanialoni pitsburgku vellaaru. thana master off architecture degreeni saadhinchina taruvaata, hurder aneka kotta nirmaana udyogaalanu pondaadu, ivi ekkuvagaa uttara karolinaloni raaleelo 1944 varaku jarigaayi. aaa samayamlo pradhana ukku utpattidaaru ayina grate lakes steel corporationlo vrutti jeevitam kosam athanu detroit, michigaanku vellaadu. 1949loe, harden toledo nirmaana samstha britsh mariyu mungerlo chaeradaaniki ohiyoku tirigi vacchaadu. athanu eee samsthalo 1955 varaku panicheesaadu, aaa tarvaata 1967loe padavee viramana chese varaku swayam upaadhi kaligina vaastusilpigaa panicheesaadu. chaaritraka parisoedhana. thana padavee viramana samayamlo hurder clydeku tirigi vellaadu mariyu nagara charitrapai pedda aasakti kaligi unnadu. antakumundu, 1957loe, sandasky county chaaritraka samajam punaruddharanalo hurder oka pramukha vyaktigaa undedi. 1975loe, athanu clyde heritage leagnu sthaapinchaadu, idhi oka chaaritraka samajam mariyu clydeloni aneka museumla maatru samstha. athanu clyde praantamlooni mariyu ohiyo rashtram antataa aneka itara chaaritraka sanghaalalo kooda sabhyudiga unnadu. samacharam mariyu vamsavali detatho paatu vaelaadi chaaritraka chitraalu, patraalu mariyu itara vastuvula sekarana mariyu samrakshanaku nagaramlo hurder baga prasiddhi chendaadu. ayana parisoedhana sekaranalu aneka sthaanika museumlu mariyu grandhalayalalo unchabaddaayi. athani parisoedhanaloo ekkuva bhaagam clyde yokka pramukha nivaasitulapai drushti saarinchindi, pradhanamgaa 1919 naati clyde aadhaaramgaa "weinsburg, ohiyo" anae chinna kathala chakram rachayita sherwood anderson, mariyu james bii. mcferson, american sivil waar samayamlo union armylo generalga panichesina united states armi officer. anderson 20va sataabdamloo clydelo kontha pratikuula khyaatini konasaginchadu, endukante athani vaastavika navala "weinsburg, ohiyo" nuu chaalaa mandhi nagaraniki apahasyamgaa chuusaaru, mariyu eee navalalo konni paatralu mariyu paristhitulu vaari vyaktigata jeevitaalanu pratibimbistaayani nivaasitulu bhaavinchaaru. anderson mariyu athani parisoedhana dwara pattanamlo athani pani gurinchi vaari drukpathaanni maarchadamlo sahaayapadinanduku addanki gurtinchabadindi. smaaraka chihnalu. juulai 21,2015naa, clyde city council teermaanam 2015-34 nuu aamodinchinappudu clydeloni cherry streat parkuku adhikarikamga thadius harden park gaa paeru maarchabadindi. clyde mayer ayina scott block matladutu, "vruddha nivaasitulu paeru maarpuku anugunamgaa maaradaaniki kontha samayam pattavacchu, conny adhi chivariki pattukuntundi." december 21,2021naa, clyde city council, ekagreevamgaa 5-0thoo teermaanam 2021-62 aamodinchadamto teermaanaanni adhikarikamga raddu chesindi, idhi park daani asalu cherry streat park paeruku tirigi raavadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi.

thadios bee. rukawat thadios bekar heard (23 aktobar 1903-12 maarch 1989) eek mamaar aur morakh thay juu riyasathaye muthadah kay shehar clyde auhaiyo kii tareekh mein apnee dilchaspi aur wasee tehqeeq kay liye jaanay jaatay haine. 1967 mein retirement takk heard kay paas funn tameer kay medaan mein kayee mulazimatein thein. wah eek tarikhi maashray clyde heritage leeg kay baanee thay. inn kay kaam kaa kayee ajayeb gharoon aur katab khaanon mein taawan kiyaa gayaa. piss manzar. thadios bee. heard 23 aktobar 1903 kuu clyde auhaiyo mein paida hawaa. wah harmeen aur jeanny heard kaa betaa thaa. harmeen eek maqami karyanah farosh thaa aur sheer wode anderson kaa achhaa dost thaa juu khaas toor parr apnay naawal "winesburg auhaiyo" kay liye clyde mein mashhur hay. heard nay 1920 mein clyde hayee school say graduation kii aur graduation kay baad duu saal takk oberlan kay oberlan college mein taleem haasil kii. 1922 mein wah clyde waps aayey aur eek saal takk eek publik school mein padhaya. 1923 mein heard bachelor kii digri kay liye neoyork kay aithaka muntaqil how gayee aur baad mein carneal university college aaf architecture aart aur planing say maaster aaf architecture. 1930 say 1933 takk heard carneal mein funn tameer kay professor thay. architectural carrier. carneal mein graduate school mein jaanay say pehley heard eek saal kay liye eek funn tameer kii farm mein kaam karnay kay liye putsburg pensalvania muntaqil how gayey. funn tameer mein maaster kii digri haasil karnay kay baad heard nay kayee nayee dail architectural mulazimatein haasil kein juu ziyadah tarr 1944 takk shamali carolina kay reeli mein hoti thein. iss kay baad wah great leks steel corporation mein carrier kay liye detervite mashee gunn chalay gayey juu iss waqat steel kaa eek badaa producer thaa. 1949 mein haard toledo architectural farm british aind mangar mein shaamil honay kay liye auhaiyo waps aayaa. inhon nay 1955 takk iss farm mein kaam kiyaa jabb inhon nay 1967 mein retire honay takk eek khood mulazimat karnay waalay mamaar kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. tarikhi tehqeeq. heard apnee retirement kay doraan waps clyde chalaa gayaa aur asay shehar kii tareekh mein behat dilchaspi thee. iss say pehley 1957 mein rukawat sandsky county tarikhi muashiray kay qayaam mein eek numayan shaqsiyat thee. 1975 mein inhon nay clyde heritage leeg qayem kii juu eek tarikhi society aur clyde mein kayee ajayeb gharoon kii bunyadi tanzim hay. wah clyde kay elaqay aur riyasat auhaiyo mein kayee deegar tarikhi muashiron kay rakan bhee thay. heard shehar mein malumat aur nasbiyati aidaad woo shamaar kay saath saath hazaaron tarikhi tasaveer dastawezaat aur deegar ashyaa kay jamaa aur tahfuz kay liye mashhur hay. inn kii tehqeeq kay majmuay kayee maqami ajayeb gharoon aur katab khaanon mein rakhay gayey haine. inn kii tehqeeq kaa eek badaa hasah clyde kay qaabil zakar baashindon parr markoz thaa khaas toor parr sharr wode anderson juu 1919 kay mukhtasir kahaani kay chakar "winesburg auhaiyo" kay masnaf thay juu clyde parr mubni thaa aur jaims bee parr. mcfersion eek carrier riyasathaye muthadah kii foj kaa afsar jiss nay americi khaanah jangi kay doraan union aarmi mein general kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. anderson nay 20 wein sadee mein clyde mein kasee hadd takk manfi saakh barqarar rakhee keunkah inn kay haqeeqat pasandanah naawal "winesburg auhaiyo" kuu behat say loag shehar kay liye eek mazaaq kay toor parr dekhtay thay aur rehaishiyon nay mahsus kiyaa kahh naawal kay kachh kirdaar aur halaat inn kii zaati zindagi kii akaasi kartay haine. rukawat kuu anderson kay baaray mein inn kay naqtah nazar aur shehar mein inn kay kaam kuu inn kii tehqeeq kay zariye tabdil karnay mein madad karnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay. yaadgaar. 21 jolayi 2015 cow jabb qarardad 2015-34 kuu clyde stee konsal nay manzoor kiyaa tuu clyde mein cheeri strait paark kaa bazabtah toor parr naam badal kirr thadios heard paark rakh diyaa gayaa. clyde kay mear scott bleek nay kahaa kahh "bodhay rehaishiyon kuu naam kii tabdili kay mutabiq dahaalnay mein kachh waqat lugg saktaa hay leakin yaha aakhir kaar pakday gaa." 21 dasambar 2021 cow clyde stee konsal nay qarardad 2015-34 kii manzori kay saath qarardad kuu bazabtah toor parr 5-0 kay mutafaqah woat say mansukh kirr diyaa jiss say paark kuu apnay asl cheeri strait paark kay naam parr waps jaanay kii ajazat milly.

00043aa5a8a64fe5d710372b30697647c1491ea055da4494799059232fbaf983

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63181233

Grant Snider

Grant Snider American cartoonist Grant Snider is an American cartoonist, comic strip artist, writer and orthodontist. Life and career. Snider grew up in Derby, Kansas, with his twin brother, Gavin, also an illustrator. He studied engineering at the University of Kansas, and then dentistry at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. He drew strips for both college newspapers: the University Daily Kansan and The University News; for that work he won the College Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz Award in 2008. Later that year he drew the strip "Delayed Karma" for the "Kansas City Star" and in 2009 he launched his online "Incidental Comics", featuring strips about art, literature and the creative process. His strips have been featured in magazines such as "The New York Review of Books" and "The New York Times Magazine" and compiled in two books: "The Shape of Ideas" (2018) and "I Will Judge You by Your Bookshelf" (2020), the latter a collection of comics about the love of writing and reading. Snider also is the author of children's picture books "What Color is Night" (2019) and "What Sound is Morning" (2020). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

grant snider grant snider ejon aamerikan cartoonist, komik strip xilpi, lekhok aaru orthodontisto. jiwan aaru keriyar. sneider kanchasor darbit dangor hoisil, teur jomoj bhatri gavinor xoite, ji ejon sitroxilpiu aasil. teu kanchas biswobidyaloyot obhijantrik odhyoyon korisil, aaru taar pisot misouri-kanchas sohoror biswobidyaloyot dontosikitxa odhyoyon korisil. teu collegeor baatori kakot dukhonor baabe strip aakisiloh biswobidyaloyor doinik kanxan aaru biswobidyaloyor baatori; xei kaamor baabe teu charls em laabh korisil. 2008 sonot cartoonor baabe swultz botaa. xei bosoror pisor faale teu kanchas sohoror tarkar baabe "bilombito korma" stripkhon aakisil aaru 2009 sonot teu kolaa, xahityo aaru sristixil prokriyar bixoye strip thoka teur online "aanuxongik commics" mukoli korisil. teur stripbur nework ribhiu owo bukoch aaru nework times alusonir dore alusonixomuhot prodorxito hoise aaru dutaa kitapot xongkolit hoiseh "dharonar aakriti" (2018) aaru "moi aapunak aapunar bookswelfor dwara bisar korim" (2020), pisortu hoise likha aaru porhar premor bixoye commixor xongroho. snider xixur sobir kitap "rongo ki rongor raati" (2019) aaru "ratipuwa ki xobdo" (2020) ror lekhok.

anudan snider granta snider ekjon markin cartoonist, comic stripa shilpi, lekhok ebong orthodontist. jeebon oo karmajiban. snider taar jomoj bhai gaviner saathe darby, kansase borh hoyechen, jini ekjon chitrokoro chhilen. tini cansus bishwobidyaloye engineering ebong tarpor misauri-cansus shohorer bishwobidyaloye dantachikitsa niye padashona corren. tini college sangbadpatrer jonno stripa aankenh bishwobidyaloyer daeenik kansan ebong bishwobidyaloyer sangbad; seii kaajer jonno tini charles emm jitechilen. 2008 saale cartooner jonno schultz puraskar. seii bochorer shesher dike tini cansus shohorer tarkar jonno "bilambito kormo" stripti aanken ebong 2009 saale tini taanr online "anushongik comics" chaalu corren, jekhane shilp, sahitya ebong srijanshil prokriya somporke stripguli royeche. taanr stripguli neu eork review off books ebong neu eork times magaziner moto magazine prodorshito hoyeche ebong duti boite sangkalita hoyeche "dharonar akriti" (2018) ebong "aami aponake upner bookshelf dwara bitcher korob" (2020), porerti lekha ebong porar bhalobasa somporke komikgulir ekti sangraha. snider shishuder chhobir boi "kii rongo raat" (2019) ebong "kii shobdo sokal" (2020) err lekhok.

anudaan snider grant snider aek american cartoonist, comic striip artiste, lekhak aneey orthodontist chhe. jeevan aneey karkirdi. snider tenaa jodeeya bhaai, gavin, jeey aek chitrakaar pann chhe, tenee saathe derby, kensasma uchharyo hato. temane cansas universityma angineeringno abhyaas karyo aneey pachhi misauri-cansas ciity universityma dant chikitsano abhyaas karyo. temane collegena banne akhbaaro maate strips doryaah universityna dainik kansan aneey universityna samachar; teey kaama maate temane charles aema jeetyo. jeetyo cartooning maate schultz award. teey jaj varshe pachhithi temane cansas ciity staar maate "vilambit curm" striip doree aneey 2009 maan temane qalaa, saahitya aneey sarjanatmak prakriyaa vishe strips darshaavati temnee online "aakasmik comics" sharoo curry. temnee strips pustakoni newyork samiksha aneey newyork times magazine jevee saamyikoma darshavvama aavee chhe aneey beey pustakomaa sankaleet karvaamaa aavee chheh "vichaarono aakaar" (2018) aneey "huun tamane tamara bookshelf dwara jaj kareesh" (2020), baadmaa lekhan aneey vaanchanna prem vishe comicsno sangrah. snider baadakona cheetra pustako "raat shun rung chhe" (2019) aneey "savaar shun avaaj chhe" (2020) naa lekhak pann chhe.

anudan snider grant snider ack americi cartoonist, comic strip kalakar, lekhak aur orthodontist hain. jeevan aur currier. snider apane judvaan bhaai, gavin, joe ack chitrakaar bhee they, key saath derby, kansas mein paley-badhe. unhone kansas vishvavidyalaya mein engineering kaa adhyayan kiya, aur phir misauri-kansas shahar key vishvavidyalaya mein dunt chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya. unhone donon college samachar patron key liye strips banaaeh vishvavidyalaya dainik conson aur vishvavidyalaya samachar; usa kaam key liye unhone charles aim jeetaa. 2008 mein cartooning key liye schultz puraskar. usa varsh baad mein unhone kansas shahar key sitaare key liye "vilambit karm" strip banaai aur 2009 mein unhone kalaa, saahitya aur rachanaatmak prakriya key baare mein strips kii visheshta vaale apane online "aakasmik comics" koo launch kiya. unaki strips koo patrikaon mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye jaise kii newyork sameeksha pustakon aur newyork times patrika aur dou pustakon mein sankalit kiya gayaa haih "vichaaron kaa aakar" (2018) aur "main aapako aapaki pustakon key shelf seey jaj karuungaa" (2020), baad vaalaa lekhan aur padhane key pyaar key baare mein comics kaa sangrah. snider bachchon kii chitra pustakon "raat kyaa rung haye" (2019) aur "subah kyaa dhwani haye" (2020) key lekhak bhee hain.

snider annu needi grant snider obba american vyangyachitrakaara, kaamik strip kalaavida, barahagara mattu orthodontist. jeevana mattu vrutti. snider tanna avali sahodara gavin, obba chitrakaaranondige consasna derbiyalli beledaru. avaru consas vishvavidyaalayadalli engineering adhyayana maadidaru, mattu nantara misauri-consas nagarada vishvavidyaalayadalli dantavaidyashaastravannu adhyayana maadidaru. avaru kaaleju patrikegaleradakkoo pattigalannu rachisidaruh vishvavidyaalayada dinapatrike kansan mattu vishvavidyaalayada suddi; aaa kelasakkagi avaru charles emm. 2008ralli vyangyachitrakkagi schultz prashasti. aaa varshada nantara avaru consas city stargagi "vilambita karma" emba pattiyannu rachisidaru mattu 2009 ralli avaru kale, sahitya mattu srujanasheela prakriyeya bagge pattigalannu olagonda tamma anline "praasangika comics" annu praarambhisidaru. avara pattigalannu newyork pustakagala vimarshe mattu newyork times niyatakaalikeyantaha niyatakaalikegalalli prakatisalaagide mattu eradu pustakagalalli sankalisalaagideh "kalpanegala akaara" (2018) mattu "aii will judge yuu bye yuvar bookshelf" (2020), eradaneyadu bareyuva mattu oduva preetiya bagge comics sangrahavaagide. snider makkala chitra pustakagalaada "waat colour ees nait" (2019) mattu "waat sound ees marning" (2020) gala lekhakaroo agiddare.

graant snider oru american kaarttoonist, comic strip aartist, ezhuthukaaran, orthodondist ennivayaanu graant snider. jeevithavum thozhilum. kansaasile derbyil thante eratta sahodaran gavin enna chithrakaaranodoppamaanu snider valarnnathu. kansas sarvakalashaalayil enchiniyaring thudarnnu misauri-kansas nagara sarvakalashaalayil danthachikitsa padichu. yooniversitti dinapathramaaya kansan yooniversitti nyusum enna rund koleju pathrangalkkum addeham strippukal varachu; aaa pravarthanatthinu addeham chaals emm nedi. 2008-ll cartooninu nalkia shults award. aaa varsham thanne addeham kansas sitti thaaratthinaayi "kaalathamasam varuthiya karmma" enna strip varaykkukayum 2009 ll kala, saahityam, srishtiparamaaya prakriya ennivayekkurichulla strippukal ulkkollunna thante oonlain "aakasmika comics" purathirakkukayum cheythu. newyork review oof books, newyork times magazin thudangiya maasikakalil addehathinte strippukal pradarshippikkukayum "aashayangalude aakruthi" (2018), "ningalude book shelf upayogichu njaan ningale vidikkum" (2020) ennee rund pusthakangalayi samaharikkukayum cheythittundu. kuttikalude chithrapusthakangalaaya "ratri enthaanu niram" (2019), "prabhatham enthaanu shabdam" (2020) ennivayude rachayithaavumaan snider.

sniderla anudan dya grant snider heey eka american vyangchitrakar, vinodi patti kalakar, lekhak aanee orthodontist aahet. jeevan aanee karkird. snider derby, cansas yethe tyacha julha bhau, gavin, joou eka chitrakar dekhil aahe, tyachyasobat motha jhaala. tyanni cances vidyapithat abhiyantrikiche shikshan ghetale aanee nantar misauri-cances shahar vidyapithat dantchikitseche shikshan ghetale. tyanni mahavidhyalayin vruttapatransathi patti kadhalih vidyapithache dainik 'conson' aanee vidyapithachya batamya; tyaa kamasathi tyanni charles emm. jinkale. 2008 madhye vyangchitrasathi schultz puraskar. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat tyanni cances ciity starsathi 'vilambit karm' hii patti kadhali aanee 2009 madhye tyanni qalaa, sahitya aanee sarjansheel prakriyebaddalachya pattya asalelya tyanchya online 'aanushangik comics' chee suruvat kelee. tyachya pattya newyork review auph books aanee newyork times masike yasarkhya masikanmadhye prakashit jhalya aahet aanee done pustakanmadhye sankalit kelya gelya aaheth 'kalpanancha aakar' (2018) aanee 'mea tumcha andaj tumchya pustakanchya kapatadvare ghein' (2020), nantarcha lekhan aanee vachanachya premavishayi comixcha sangrah. ratra mhanje kaay rung' (2019) aanee 'sakal mhanje kaay aavaj' (2020) yaa mulanchya chitra pustakanche lekhak dekhil snider aahet.

anudan snider grant snider ek americi cartoonist, hasya patti kalakar, lekhak rar orthodontist hun. jiwan rar currier. snider derby, kansasma hurkeka thie, unka jumlyaha bhai, gebhin, jo ek chitrakar pani thie. unle cansas vishwavidyalayama engineering rar tyasapachhi misauri-cansas saharko vishwavidyalayama danta chikitsa adhyayan gare. unle duwai kalejka samacharpatraharuka lagi stripharu banaeh wishwawidyalayako dainik kansan rar vishwavidyalaya samachar; tyas kamka lagi unle charles emm jite. sann 2008 maa cartooningka lagi schultz award. tyas warshako antyama unle cansas city starka lagi "vilambit karma" strip banae rar 2009 maa unle kala, sahitya rar rachanatmak prakriyaka barema stripharu prastut gardai afno unline "anushangik commicks" suru gare. unka stripharu newyork ribhyu aff books rar newyork times magjin jasta patrikaharuma chitrit bhaeka chhan rar dui pustakharuma sankalit garieko chhah "wicharharuko akar" (2018) rar "mahm tapainlai tapainko bookshelfdwara nyaya garnechhu" (2020), pachhillo lekhan rar padhne premko barema commixko sangraha how. snider balbalikako taswira pustakharu "raat bhaneko key rung how" (2019) rar "bihan bhaneko key how" (2020) kaa lekhak pani hun.

snider pradan karantu grant snider jane americae cartoonist, kamika strip kalakara, lekhaka ebong orthodontist . zeeban ebong brutti. snider taanka yamaja bhai, gavin, jieki jane chitrakar madhya, taanka sahita kansasara darbithare badhithile. shay cansas biswabidyalajare injinijaring adhyajana karithile, ebong parey misauri-cansas saharare daanta chikitsa adhyajana karithile. shay ubhaja college khabarkagaj paain strip ankana karithileh biswabidyalaja dainika kansan ebong biswabidyalaja khabara; sehi karjya paain shay charles emm jitithile . cartooning paain paain shultz puraskara. sehi barsha parey shay cansas city staranka paain "bilamba karma" strip ankana karithile ebong 2009 ray shay kalaa, sahitya ebong srujanashila prakriya bishajare strip pradarshita curry tankara unline "aanusangika commics" arambha karithile. taanka stripgudika nyujarka ribhiu off book ebong nyujarka times magazin pari patrikare pradarshita hoichhi ebong duiti pustakare sankalita hoichhih "bichar aakaar" (2018) ebong "mun aapananku aapananka bookself dwara bichara karibi" (2020), parabarteeti lekhiba ebong padhibara prem bishajare kamikar eka sangraha . sneeder madhya pilamananka chitra pustaka "raati qa 'naa ranga" (2019) ebong "sakaala qa' naa sabda" (2020) rahr lekhaka .

grant snider grant snider ikk amriki cartoonist, kamik strip kalakar, lekhak atey orthodontist haii. jeevan atey carrier. snider aapne judvan bharaa, gavin, joe ikk chittarkar vee haii, naal derby, kansas witch vadda hoiaa. unhan neey kansas university toon engineering dee padahi keeti atey firr misauri-kansas shehar dee university toon dandan dee padahi keeti. uss neey doven kaalaj akhbaran laee pattiaan khichiaan university rozana conson atey university khabran; uss kamm laee uss neey charles aim jittiaa. 2008 witch cartooning laee schultz puraskar. uss saal baad witch uss neey kansas city starr laee "lated karma" patti khicchi atey 2009 witch uss neey aapni online "accidental comics" dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch qalaa, saahit atey rachnatmak prakiriaa baare pattiaan shamal sunn. uss deeaan pattiaan noon kitaban dee nii New yarak samikhiaa atey nii New yarak times magazine varge rasaliaan witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii atey doou kitaban witch sanklit keeta giaa haiyav "vicharan dee shakal" (2018) atey "main tuhanun tuhadi bookshelf duaara faisla karanga" (2020), baad witch likhan atey padhan dey piaar baare comics daa sangrah. snider bacchiaan deeaan tasviran deeaan kitaban "raat daa rung qee haii" (2019) atey "sware dee aavaaz qee haii" (2020) dey lekhak vee hunn.

anudaan-sneeder grant snadder ityayam amerikaadeshasy cartoonist, kaamik-strip-kalakaraha, lekhakah, orthodantist cha asti. jeevanam tathaa vruttihi. sneeder ityeshah cansas-nagarasya derby-nagare, tasya yugmabhraatuh gavin ityanena saha, yah chitrakaarah api aasit, vardhata. saha cansas-vishvavidyaalaye abhiyantrikeem abhyanayt, tatah misauree-cansas-nagare vishvavidyaalaye dantachikitsam cha abhyanayt. saha mahaavidyaalayasya vaartaapatraanaam krute pattikaah ankitavaan-vishvavidyaalayasya dainikam kamsan tathaa vishvavidyaalayasya vaartaah-tasya karyasya krute saha charles emm. puraskaram praptavan. 2008 tame varshe cartooning krute shults-puraskaarah. tasmin eva varshe pashchat saha cansas-nagar-tarayaha krute "vilambita-karma" iti chitrakam ankitavaan, 2009 tame varshe cha kalaa-saahitya-rachanaatmak-prakriyayaha vishaye chitraani darshayan swasya antarjaaliyam "aanushamgika-kaamik" iti chitrakam prarabhata. tasya strips nyoo yaark review aaf books, nyoo yaark tams myagajain ityaadishu niyatakaalikeshu prakashitaha santi, tathaa cha "da shape aaf ideas" (2018) tathaa "aii will jaj yoo bai yuvar bookshelf" (2020) iti dwayoh pustakayoho sangruheetaah santi, uttaratah lekhan-pathana-premasya vishaye kaamik-sangrahah asti. sneeder ityeshah balanam chitrapustakanam lekhakah api asti "raatreh varnaha kim asti" (2019), "praatahkaalah dhwani kim asti" (2020) cha.

snider vazhangkavum grand snider oru america cartoonist, kaamik strip kalaignar, ezhuththaalar mattrum orthodontist aavaar. vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. snider thanathu irattai cakootharar cavin, oru illustratorudon consassin terbyil valarnthaar. avar kansas palkalaikkazhagaththil poriiyal padiththaar, pinnar mizori-kansas nagara palkalaikkazhagaththil bull maruthuvam payintraar. avar irandu kalluri seithiththaalgalukkum keettrugalai varaindar palkalaikkazhaga naalithazh conson mattrum palkalaikkazhaga seithigal; antha panikkaaga avar charles emm ventraar. 2008 aam aandil cartooningirkaana shulds viruthu. antha aandin pirpaguthiyil avar kansas nagara natchaththiraththirkaaka "thaamathamaana karma" endra thundu varainthaar, maelum 2009 aam aandil avar thanathu anline "thartseyalaana comics" aii thodangkinaar, idhil kalai, ilakkiyam mattrum padaippu seyalmurai pattriya thundugal idampettrana. avarathu keettrugal newyorg puththagangkal mattrum newyorg times paththirigai poantra paththirigaigalil idampettrullana, maelum irandu puththagangkalil thogukkappattullana "yoasanaikalin vadivam" (2018) mattrum "naan ungkal puththaga alamariyal ungkalai mathippiduvaen" (2020), pinthaiyathu ezhuthuthal mattrum vaasippu meethaana kaathal pattriya comics thoguppu. iravu endraal enna niram" (2019) mattrum "kaalai endraal enna olii" (2020) aagiya kuzhandhaigalin pada puththagangkalin aasiriyarum snider aavaar.

manjuru snidder grant snider oka american cartoonist, comic strip artiste, rachayita mariyu orthodontist. jeevitam mariyu vrutti. snidder consasloni derbylo thana kavala sodarudu gavinto kalisi perigaadu, athanu kooda oka chitrakaarudu. athanu consas vishwavidhyaalayamlo injaneering chadivaadu, aapai misauri-consas nagara vishwavidhyaalayamlo dantavaidyasaastram abhyasinchaadu. athanu rendu kalaasaala vaartaapatrikalaku strips geesadu vishwavidyaalaya dinapatrika conson mariyu vishwavidyaalaya vaartalu; aaa pani kosam athanu charless emm geluchukunnadu. 2008loe cartooningku shultz avaardu. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata athanu consas city starr kosam "aalasya karma" stripnu geesaadu mariyu 2009loe athanu kala, saahityam mariyu srujanaatmaka prakriya gurinchi stripsnu kaligi unna thana online "yaadruchchika comics" nuu praarambhinchaadu. athani strips newyork review off books mariyu newyork times magazine vanti magazinelalo pradarsinchabaddaayi mariyu rendu pustakaalalo sankalanam cheyabaddayi "dhi shape off ideas" (2018) mariyu "ii will judge yuu bye yuvar bookshelf" (2020), taruvaatidi rachana mariyu patanam yokka prema gurinchi comics sekarana. raatri antey emiti rangu" (2019) mariyu "udayam antey emiti sabdam" (2020) anae pillala chitra pustakaala rachayita kooda snidder.

grant snider grant snider eek americi cartonist kaamak strip artist masnaf aur orthodontist haine. zindagi aur carrier. snider durby kansaas mein apnay jadwaan bhayee geon kay saath plaa badhaa juu eek masoor bhee thaa. inhon nay university aaf kansaas mein engineering kii taleem haasil kii aur phir university aaf mesori-kansaas stee mein daanaton kii tabb kii taleem haasil kii. inhon nay donon college kay akhbaraat kay liye strips khainchi: university kaa roznamah kansan aur university newz vovo iss kaam kay liye inhon nay charlis ayem jeeta. 2008 mein cartoning kay liye sholtz aiward. iss saal kay aakhir mein inhon nay kansaas stee staar kay liye "takhir say karma" kii putty khainchi aur 2009 mein inhon nay apnee aann line "ittefaqi mazahiya" kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss mein aart adab aur takhliqi amal kay baaray mein strips shaamil thein. inn kii strips kuu neoyork review aaf bucks aur neoyork times megzin jeesay rasalon mein dikhaya gayaa hay aur duu kitaabon mein martab kiyaa gayaa hay: "khayalat kii shakal" (2018) aur "mein aap kuu aap kii buck sheelf say jajon gaa" (2020)yee moakhar alzikar likhnay aur padhnay kii mohabat kay baaray mein kaamaks kaa majmuah hay. snider bachon kii tasveeri kitaabon "raat kaa rung kiyaa hay" (2019) aur "sabah kii aawaz kiyaa hay" (2020) kay masnaf bhee haine.

000440fbecce2d9c8187f5e296bdf4d2c31e7f6c757787182acebbb65cdcf549

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66152804

Overpayment scam

Overpayment scam An overpayment scam, also known as a refund scam, is a type of confidence trick designed to prey upon victims' good faith. In the most basic form, an overpayment scam consists of a scammer claiming, falsely, to have sent a victim an excess amount of money. The scammer then attempts to convince the victim to return the difference between the sent amount and the intended amount. This scam can take a number of forms, including check overpayment scams and online refund scams. Variants. The scam has many variants, but all of them include some combination of a fraudulent payment from the scammer to the victim and a legitimate payment from the victim to the scammer. Check overpayment scam. In a check overpayment scam, the scammer will pay the victim for goods or services (often in response to an online or classified advertisement, though there are a number of other premises for check overpayment scams) with a fraudulent check of an amount in excess of the intended amount. In some cases, the scammer will claim that the difference between the intended amount and the amount on the check is due to customs or other import fees, or shipping fees. The fake check can present either as a personal or cashier's check. The scammer then requests that the victim pay them the excess between the intended amount and the amount on the check. After the victim does so, they discover that the scammer's check was fraudulent, losing their money. In addition, if the check was sent in response to an online or classified advertisement and the victim has already sent or delivered the item being sold to the scammer, the victim loses their item as well. The check variant of the overpayment scams, as well as other confidence tricks where scammers send the victim an illegitimate check, work in part because of the delay—sometimes days or weeks—between a customer depositing a check at a bank and the check clearing and being verified as legitimate. Online refund scam. In an online refund scam, a scammer usually finds potential victims by cold calling phone numbers until there is a responsive victim. The scammer pretends to represent either a well-known large company or a smaller company offering a service of some kind. The scammer tells the victim that the company owes the victim a refund either for a product that the victim supposedly ordered or a service that the company can no longer provide. In a similar version, a scammer impersonating an e-commerce website such as Amazon or eBay tells the victim someone fraudulently ordered an expensive item using the victim's account and offers the victim a refund for the supposed fraudulent transaction. The scammer will request to access the victim's computer using remote desktop software, and then ask the victim to log in to their online banking website. In some cases, the scammer has the victim fill out an online form with the amount that they are supposedly owed, which they later claim the victim filled out incorrectly. The scammer blanks the victim's screen using the remote access software, and uses the web development tools of the victim's browser to temporarily edit the online banking webpage to show a transfer into the victim's account. While no transfer has actually taken place, when the scammer restores the victim's ability to see the screen, the edited version of the webpage may convince them that the scammer did indeed transfer money into their account. After the victim believes that a transfer has gone through, they then discover that the amount supposedly transferred into their account is larger than expected. Using the good faith of the victim against themselves, the scammer often claims that their job is at stake if the victim doesn't return the difference between the intended amount and the supposedly paid out amount. In cases where the scammer told the victim to fill out a form, the scammer will claim the victim is responsible for the error, in order to induce guilt. The return is done by wire transfer, money order, or sometimes by store gift card, which the scammer then redeems, making it near impossible for the victim to retrieve their money after being scammed in this way. Some amount of time later, the victim then finds out (possibly by reloading their online banking website, as reloading the page removes the scammer's changes) that the scammer never transferred any money into their account at all, and that any money sent to the scammer has been lost. Online refund scams can also be considered a form of technical support scam, as they largely follow the same format of connecting to the user's computer with remote access software. In addition, some online refund scams have been targeted at users who had previously fallen victim to technical support scams, claiming that the company which originally conned the victim had gone out of business and could no longer provide the "security services" the victim paid for in the original scam. Business payment account scam. A scammer offers to buy an item on an online marketplace such as Facebook Marketplace using Venmo or Zelle. The scammer tells the seller (victim) that to complete the transaction, the seller needs to upgrade their account to a business account. The scammer sends the victim a bogus payment notice for the item's price plus what they claim is a business account upgrade fee, then asks the victim to buy the upgrade from someone impersonating the payment processor so that the victim can receive their payment. The victim does not actually receive any payment, but the scammer receives a fraudulent "upgrade" payment from the victim.

otirikto porixudhor kelenkori otirikto porixudh kelenkora, jaak refund kelengkoriu buli jonaa yaay, hoise bhuktobhugir xot biswaxor proti aakromon koriboloi design koraa ek prokaror aatmobiswax kouxol. ataitkoi moulik rupot, otirikto porixudh kelengkorat ejon kelengkoriye bhuktobhugir usoroloi otirikto dhon preron koraa buli misa daabi kore. taar pisot scamerjone bhuktobhugik preron koraa poriman aaru uddesyopurno porimanor maajor parthokyo ghurai diboloi preron koriboloi chesta kore. ei kelenkorai chek overpayment kelenkora aaru online refund kelengkorake dhori keibatau prokar lo 'bob paare. bibhinno rup. ei kelenkorar bohutu prokar aase, kintu ei xokoluburor bhitorot kelenkora korutar poraa bhuktobhugik prosar koraa jaliyatir porixudh aaru bhuktobhugir poraa kelengkorak boidho dhon porixudhor kisuman xongmisron ontorbhukto aase. otirikto porixudhor kelenkora porikhya korok. etaa chek oti porixudh kelengkorat, kelengkoriye bhuktobhugik xamogri baa xewar baabe (praye online baa shrenibodho bigyaponor protikriya hisape, jodiu chek oti porixudh kelenkorar baabe aan keibatau sthan aase) ek protaronar xoite porixudh koribo. kisuman khetrot, kelenkorai daabi koribo je lokhyo koraa poriman aaru sekor porimanor maajor parthokyo xulko baa onyanyo aamdani masul, baa swipping masulor baabe. bhuwa sektu byoktigoto baa kesiyaror chek hisape prodorxon koribo paare. taar pisot scamere bhuktobhugik onurudh kore je teuluke bisari puwa poriman aaru sekor porimanor maajot otirikto porixudh korok. bhuktobhugiye ene korar pisot, teuluke gom paay je kelenkorar sektu protarona koraa hoisil, jaar folot teulukor dhon heruwaisil. iyar uporiu, jodi sektu online baa shrenibodho bigyaponor protikriyat preron koraa hoisil aaru bhuktobhugiye itimodhye prosarkarik bikri koraa xamogritu preron baa prodan korise, tente bhuktobhugiye teulukor xamogriu heruwabo. otirikto porixudh kelenkorar chek prokar, logote onyanyo biswax kouxol zo 'too kelengkorixokole bhuktobhugik oboidho chek preron kore, angxikbhabe kaam kore kaaron ejon grahokor maajot bankot chek jomaa koraa aaru chek clearing aaru boidho buli promanito huwar maajot-ketiyaba dinn baa xoptah-polom hoy. online refund kelenkora. online refund kelengkorat, ejon kelengkoriye xadharonote ejon xohari jonuwa bhuktobhugi nuhuwaloike cold colling phone nomboror joriyote xombhabyo bhuktobhugi bisari paay. kelenkora korutai hoyotu etaa xuporisito dangor company baa kunu dhoronor xewa aagborhuwa etaa xoru companyk protinidhitwo korar bhaan kore. kelenkorai bhuktobhugik koy je companytuwe bhuktobhugir usorot bhuktobhugir order diya xamogri baa companye aaru prodan koribo nuwara xewar baabe dhon ghurai diboloi rinee. eke dhoronor xongoskoronot, emejon baa iber dore ee-commerch websitor sodmowex kori ejon kelengkoriye bhuktobhugijonok koy je kunubai bhuktobhugir account byobohar kori protaronare etaa byoybohul xamogri order disil aaru bhuktobhugik protarito protaronar lendenor baabe dhon ghurai diyar prostab disil. kelenkorai duroborti desktop softwer byobohar kori bhuktobhugir computerot prowex koriboloi onurudh koribo, aaru taar pisot bhuktobhugik teulukor online benking websiteot log inn koriboloi koo 'bob. kisuman khetrot, kelenkora korutai bhuktobhugijonok teulukor dharjyo koribologiya porimanor xoite etaa online pro-potro puron koray, jitu teuluke pisot bhuktobhugiye bhulbhabe puron koraa buli daabi kore. scamere rim "tot exes softwer byobohar kori bhuktobhugir skrinkhon khaali kore, aaru bhuktobhugir accountoloi sthanantor dekhuwaboloi online benking webpagetu osthayibhabe xompadona koriboloi bhuktobhugir braujaror web development xojuli byobohar kore. jodiu prokritote kunu sthanantor huwa naai, jetiya scamere bhuktobhugir pordatu suwar khyomota punoruddhar kore, webpageor xompadito xongoskorone teulukok biswax korabo paare je scamere prokritote teulukor accountoloi dhon sthanantor korisil. bhuktobhugiye biswax korar pisot je etaa trensfer hoise, tetiya teuluke gom paay je teulukor accountot trensfer koraa buli dharona koraa porimantu aaxa koratkoi odhik. bhuktobhugir nijor biruddhe thoka xot biswax byobohar kori, kelengkoriye praye daabi kore je jodi bhuktobhugiye uddesyopurno poriman aaru dharona koraa porixudh koraa porimanor maajor parthokyo ghurai nidiye tente teulukor sakori bipodaponno hoh 'bob. zo 'too kelengkoriye bhuktobhugik etaa pro-potro puron koriboloi koichil, xei khetrot kelengkoriye dux prokax koriboloi bhuktobhugijonok bhulor baabe dayee buli daabi koribo. ghurai diya hoy wayar trensfer, maani order, baa ketiyaba sto 'ror gift cardor dwara, jaak kelengkoriye tetiya ridim kore, jaar folot bhuktobhugir baabe enedore kelenkora huwar pisot teulukor dhon uddhar koratu pray oxombhob hoi pore. kichu xomoyor pisot bhuktobhugiye tetiya gom paay (xombhobotoh teulukor online benking website punor lo 'dodd kori, jihetu pristhatu punor lo' dodd korile kelengkorir poribortonbur aatori yaay) je kelengkoriye ketiyau teulukor accountoloi kunu dhon sthanantor koraa naai, aaru kelengkorijonok preron koraa jikunu dhon herai goise. online refund kelenkak ek prokaror karikori xomorthon kelenkorau hisape bibesona koribo paari, kiyonu xeibure bohulangxe rim "tot exes softweror xoite byowoharkarir computeror xoite xongzug korar eke formate onuxoron kore. iyar uporiu, kisuman online refund kelenkorar lokhyo hoise jixokol byowoharkari purbote karikori xomorthon kelenkorar bolly hoisil, daabi korisil je prothomote bhuktobhugik protarona koraa companytuwe byowoxayor poraa aatori goisil aaru bhuktobhugiye mool kelengkorat porixudh koraa "xurokhya xewa" aaru prodan koribo nuwarile. byowoxayik porixudh accountor kelenkora. ejon schemere venomu baa jail byobohar kori fesbukor bojaror dore online bojarot etaa xamogri kroy korar prostab diye. kelenkora korutai bikretak (bhuktobhugi) koy je lenden xompurno koriboloi bikretai teulukor accounttu byowoxayik accountoloi unnit koribo lagibo. kelenkora korutai bhuktobhugijonok xamogrir mulyor baabe etaa bhuwa porixudh janoni preron kore aaru teuluke daabi kore je ee ek byowoxayik account upgraded masul, taar pisot bhuktobhugik payment prosesoror sodmowex koraa karubar poraa upgradtu kiniboloi koy jaate bhuktobhugiye teulukor porixudh laabh koribo paare. bhuktobhugiye prokritote kunu dhon laabh nokore, kintu kelengkoriye bhuktobhugir poraa ek jaliyatimulok "upgraded" dhon laabh kore.

atirikto orthoprodan kelenkari atirikto orthoprodan kelenkari, jaa refund kelenkari nameo porichito, holl eka dharaner attobiswaser kaushal jaa bhuktobhogider sott biswaske shicker korar jonno toiri koraa hoyeche. sabcheye moulik akare, ekti atirikto orthoprodan kelenkarite ekjon protarok thaake, jey mithya daabi korey jey seey ekjon bhuktobhogike atirikto ortho pathiyeche. erpor protarok bhuktobhogike pathano poriman ebong nirdharito porimaner modhye parthokyo firiye deoar jonno bojhanor chesta korey. eyi kelenkari check overpayment kelenkari ebong online refund kelenkari soho besh koyekti form nitey paare. roop. eyi kelenkarir onek roop royeche, tobey egulir modhye royeche protarok theke bhuktobhogike jaliati ortho pradan ebong protarokke bhuktobhogir kachh theke boidho ortho pradan. atirikto orthoprodaner kelenkari porikkha korun. ekti check overpayment kelenkarite, protarok bhuktobhogike ponno baa porishebar jonno (prayashai ekti online baa shreniboddho biggaponer protikriyay, jodio check overpayment kelenkarir jonno arow besh koyekti prangan royeche) ekti jaliat check diye ortho pradan korbe. kichhu kichhu khettre, protarok daabi korbe jey, nirdharito poriman ebong cheker porimaner modhye parthokyo shulk baa anyanno amdani phii baa shipping phii-rawr karone. bhuo chekti byaktigato baa cashier check hisabe uposthapon koraa jete paare. protarok tokhon anurodh korey jey bhuktobhogi taader nirdharito poriman ebong cheker porimaner modhye atirikto ortho pradan korbe. bhuktobhogira taa korar porey, taaraa abishkar korey jey protaroker chekti protaronamulok chhilo, taader ortho hariechilo. uporontu, jodi chekti konao online baa shreniboddho biggaponer protikriyay pathano hoy ebong bhuktobhogi itimadhye protaroker kachhe bikri koraa jinisti pathiye baa bitoron korey, tobey bhuktobhogio taader jinisti haray. atirikto orthoprodan kelenkarir check roop, seisathe anyanno biswas kaushal jekhane protarokra bhuktobhogike ekti aboidho check pathay, byanke check jomaa koraa ebong check clearing ebong boidho hisabe jachai koraa grahoker modhye bilamber karone-kokhono kokhono deane baa saptaha-angshikbhabe kaaj korey. online refund kelenkari. ekti online refund kelenkarite, ekjon protarok sadharonoto konao protikriyashil shicker naa haoya porjonto colled colling phone nomborer madhyome sombhabbo shikarder khunje paay. protarok ekti suporichito borh sangostha baa konao dharaner porisheba prodankari ekti chhoto sangosthar protinidhitto korar vaan korey. protarok bhuktobhogike boley jey, bhuktobhogi jey ponnoti order koreche boley money koraa hoy taar jonno athoba company arr jey porisheba pradan korte parbe naa taar jonno company bhuktobhogir kachhe ortho ferat ditey badhyo. ekoi sangaskarane, amazon baa ibey-err moto ee-commerce websiter chhoddobesh dharankari ekjon protarok bhuktobhogike boley jey keu protaronamulokbhabe bhuktobhogir account byabohar korey ekti byabahul jinis order koreche ebong abhijuktoke anumito protaronamulok lendener jonno ferat deyo. protarok durborti desktop software byabohar korey bhuktobhogir computere probesher anurodh korbe ebong tarpore bhuktobhogike taader online banking website logg inn korte bolbe. kichhu kichhu khettre, protarok bhuktobhogike taader dharjo poriman diye ekti online form puron korte boley, jaa porey taaraa daabi korey jey bhuktobhogi bhulbhabe puron koreche. scammer remot axes software byabohar korey bhuktobhogir screen khaali korey deyo ebong bhuktobhogir accounte sthanantar dekhanor jonno online banking webpageti samoyikbhabe sampadana korte bhuktobhogir brouser web development saranjamguli byabohar korey. jodio prokritopokkhe konao sthanantar hoyney, jokhon protarok bhuktobhogike porda dekhar khomota punoruddhar korey, tokhon webpager sampadito sanskaran taader bojhate paare jey protarok prokritopokkhe taader accounte ortho sthanantar koreche. bhuktobhogi jokhon biswas korey jey ekti sthanantarer modhyo diye geche, tokhon taaraa abishkar korey jey taader accounte sthanantorito poriman prottashar cheye beshi. bhuktobhogira nijeder biruddhe sott biswas byabohar korey, protarok prayashai daabi korey jey jodi bhuktobhogi nirdharito poriman ebong onumitovabe prodotto porimaner modhye parthokyo firiye naa deyo tobey taader chakri jhunkir modhye royeche. jey khettre protarok bhuktobhogike ekti form puron korte bolechilo, seii khettre protarok abhijog korbe jey oporadhbodh prorochito korar jonno bhuktobhogi trutir jonno dayee. oyyara transfer, maani order baa kokhono kokhono store gift carder madhyome ferat deoa hoy, jaa scammer tokhon uddhar korey, jaar foley eibhabe protarito howar porey bhuktobhogir pokkhe taader ortho punoruddhar koraa pray asambhab hoye porey. kichhu somoy porey, bhuktobhogi tokhon jaante paare (sombhoboto taader online banking website punra laude korar madhyome, kaaron pejti punra laude korle protaroker poribortonguli muche yaay) jey protarok kokhono taader accounte konao ortho sthanantar koreni ebong protarokke pathano konao ortho hariye geche. online refund kelenkarigulike projuktigoto sahayata kelenkari hisabeo bibechona koraa jete paare, kaaron taaraa mulat remot axes softwear saathe byaboharkarir computer saathe sangjog sthaponer ekoi binnas anusaran korey. echhadao, kichhu online refund kelenkari emon byaboharkarider lakkhyabastu koraa hoyeche jaaraa agey projuktigoto sahayata kelenkarigulir shicker hoyechilo, daabi korey jey jey sangosthati mulat bhuktobhogike protarona korechilo seey byabosa theke beriye giechilo ebong mool kelenkaritite bhuktobhogir deoa "surakkha porisheba" arr pradan korte pareni. byabasayik payment account kelenkari. ekjon protarok venmo baa jeela byabohar korey facebook marketplacer moto online marketplace ekti jinis kenara prostab deyo. protarok bikretake (bhuktobhogi) boley jey lenden sampurna korte bikretake taader accountke ekti byabasayik accounte unnito korte hobey. protarok bhuktobhogike ponnotir daamer jonno ekti bhuo orthoprodaner notisha pathay ebong taaraa jaa daabi korey taa ekti byabasayik account upgraded phii, tarpore bhuktobhogike payment processorer chhoddobesh dharankari kaaro kachh theke upgradety kinte boley jaate bhuktobhogi taader ortho pradan petey paare. bhuktobhogi asle konao ortho pradan paay naa, tobey protarok bhuktobhogir kachh theke ekti protaronamulok "upgraded" ortho grohon korey.

vadhu padatee chukavaninu kaubhand vadhu padatee chukavaninu kaubhand, jene refund kaubhand tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey aek prakaarnee vishvasni yuktee chhe jeey piditonaa sadbhaavnaa parr shikaar karvaa maate rachaayel chhe. sauthee mulbhoot swarupma, vadhu padatee chukavaninaa kaubhandma aek chhetarpindi karnaarno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey daavo karey chhe keey tene piditne vadhaaraani rakam mokali chhe. tyarbad chhetarpindi karnaar piditne mokaleli rakam aneey ichchhit rakam vachcheno tafaavat parat karvaa maate samjaavvaano prayaas karey chhe. aaa kaubhand check overpayment kaubhando aneey online refund kaubhando saheet sankhyaabandh swarupo laee shake chhe. viveedh. aaa kaubhandna ghanaa prakaaro chhe, parantu teey badhaama chhetarpindi karnaar pasethi piditne chhetarpindini chukavani aneey bhog bananaar tarafthi chhetarpindi karnaarne kaaydesarni chukavanino samaavesh thaay chhe. overpayment kaubhand tapaso. check over payment kaubhandma, chhetarpindi karnaar piditne maal athavaa sevaao maate (ghanivaar online athavaa vargikrut jaaheratna javabma, joke check over payment kaubhando maate anya sankhyaabandh jagyaao chhe) ichchhit rakamthi vadhu rakamnee chhetarpindi saathe chukavani karashe. ketlaak kissaaomaa, chhetarpindi karnaar daavo karashe keey irado karelee rakam aneey check parnee rakam vachcheno tafaavat custom athavaa anya aayaat phii athavaa shipping feene kaarane chhe. nakali check vyaktigat athavaa keshiyarnaa check tareeke rajoo curry shakaay chhe. tyarbad chhetarpindi karnaar vinanti karey chhe keey pidit temne ichchhit rakam aneey check parnee rakam vachcheni vadhaaraani rakam chookave. pidit aavu karey teey pachhi, temne khabar padey chhe keey chhetarpindi karnaarno check chhetarpindibharyo hato, jenaathi temnaa paisa gumaavyaa hataa. vadhumaa, jooe check online athavaa vargikrut jaaheratna javabma mokalvaamaa aavyo hoya aneey pidita pahelethee jaj chhetarpindi karnaarne vechvaamaa aavtee vastu mokali hoya athavaa pahonchaadi hoya, too pidit temnee vastu pann gumaave chhe. vadhu padatee chukavaninaa kaubhandona check prakaar, temaj anya vishvasni yukteeo keey jemaa chhetarpindi karnaaraao piditne gerkaydesar check mokale chhe, teey bankma check jamaa karaavtaa graahak aneey check clearing aneey kaydesar tareeke chakasvama aavtaa veelambane kaarane-kyarek divaso keey athvadiya-kaama karey chhe. online refund kaubhand. online refund kaubhandma, chhetarpindi karnaar saamanya reete jyaan sudhee koee pratibhaavsheel bhog naa baney tyaan sudhee colled colling phone nambaro dwara sambhaveet piditone shodhe chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar koee jaaniti motee kampani athavaa koee prakaarnee sevaa pradaan karatee naanee companynu pratinidhitva karvaano dhhong karey chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar piditne kahe chhe keey kampani piditne kaan too teey utpaadan maate refund aape chhe jeno piditae katheet reete order aapyo hato athavaa aevee sevaa keey jeey kampani havey pradaan curry shaktee nathee. samaan sanskaranma, amazone athavaa ibe jevee ee-commers websiteni nakal karato chhetarpindi karnaar piditaane kahe chhe keey koiae chhetarpindithi piditana khaatano upyog kareene monghi vastuno order aapyo chhe aneey piditaane katheet chhetarpindibharya vyavhaar maate refund aape chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar durasth desktop softwareno upyog kareene piditana computerne aikses karvaanee vinanti karashe, aneey pachhi piditne temnee online banking website parr logg ina karvaa maate kaheshe. ketlaak kissaaomaa, chhetarpindi karnaar piditne temnee baakee rakam saathe online phorma bharey chhe, jeey paachhalthi teo daavo karey chhe keey pidita khotee reete bharyu chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar durasth aikses softwareno upyog kareene piditni screen khaalee karey chhe, aneey piditnaa khaataama transfer bataavvaa maate online banking webpagene asthaayi rupe sampadit karvaa maate piditnaa brousernaa web development toolsno upyog karey chhe. jyaare vaastavma koee transfer thayu nathee, jyaare chhetarpindi karnaar piditni screen jovani kshamataane punsthapit karey chhe, tyaare webpagenu sampadit sanskaran temne khaatari aapee shake chhe keey chhetarpindi karnaarae kharekhar temnaa khaataama naanaa transfer karyaa chhe. jyaare piditne laage chhe keey transfer thaee gayoo chhe, tyaare temne khabar padey chhe keey temnaa khaataama transfer karvaamaa aaveli rakam apeksha karataa vadhaare chhe. potaani viruddh piditni sadbhavnathi, chhetarpindi karnaar ghanivaar daavo karey chhe keey jooe pidit ichchhit rakam aneey katheet reete chukavvama aaveli rakam vachchena tafavatne parat naa karey too temnee nokri daav parr chhe. aevaa kissaaomaa keey jyaan chhetarpindi karnaar pidita phorma bharvaanu kahyoo hoya, chhetarpindi karnaar dosheet theravvaa maate bhool maate pidit jawabdar hovaano daavo karashe. parat farvaanu kaama wire transfer, manee order athavaa ketalikvaar store gift card dwara karvaamaa aave chhe, jene chhetarpindi karnaar pachhi paachhi melve chhe, jenaathi aaa reete chhetarpindi thayaa pachhi pidit maate temnaa paisa paachha melavvaanu lagbhag ashaky bunny jaay chhe. thodaa samay pachhi, piditne pachhi khabar padey chhe (kadaach temnee online banking websitene fareethi looad kareene, kaaran keey prushthne fareethi looad karvaathi chhetarpindi karnaarnaa ferfaro door thaay chhe) keey chhetarpindi karnaar kyaarey temnaa khaataama koee paisa transfer karato nathee, aneey chhetarpindi karnaarne mokalvaamaa aavela koipan paisa khovai gayaa chhe. online refund kaubhaandone takneeki samarthan kaubhaandnu aek swaroop pann ganee shakaay, kaaran keey teey motaabhaage durasth aikses software saathe vaprashkartana computer saathe jodavana samaan swaroopne anusare chhe. vadhumaa, ketlaak online refund kaubhando aevaa vapraashkartaaone nishan banavvama aavyaa chhe jeo agau takneeki sahaay kaubhandona bhog banyaa hataa, aneey daavo karyo hato keey jeey kampani mulroope piditaane chhetarti hatee teey vyavsaymathi bahaar thaee gaee hatee aneey havey mool kaubhandma piditne chukavvama aaveli "suraksha sevaao" pradaan curry shakee naa hatee. vyavsaay chukavani khaatanu kaubhand. chhetarpindi karnaar venmo athavaa zelno upyog kareene facebook marketplace jevaa online marketplace parr vastu khareedvani ofara karey chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar vikreta (pidit) neey kahe chhe keey vyavhaar purn karvaa maate, vikretaae temnaa khaatane vyavsayik khaataama upgraded karvaanee jaroor chhe. chhetarpindi karnaar piditne vastuni keemat maate banaavati chukavanini notice mokale chhe aneey teo jeey daavo karey chhe teey vyavsaay khaataani upgraded phii chhe, pachhi piditne chukavani processorni nakal karnaar koinee pasethi upgraded khareedava maate kahe chhe jethee pidit temnee chukavani melvee shake. piditne vaastavma koee chukavani malatee nathee, parantu chhetarpindi karnaarne pidit pasethi chhetarpindibharya "upgraded" chukavani maley chhe.

adhik bhugtan ghotala ack adhik bhugtan ghotala, jise dhanwapasi ghotale key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack prakaar kii vishvaas kii chaal haye jise peediton key sadbhavana kaa shikaar banaane key liye banaaya gayaa haye. sabse buniyaadi roop mein, ack atee bhugtan ghotale mein ack ghotalebaaj hotaa haye joe jhoothaa daavaa kartaa haye kii usane peedit koo atirikt raashi bheji haye. phir ghotalebaaj peedit koo bheji gaee raashi aur ichchit raashi key beach key antar koo vaapas karane key liye manaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. yeh ghotala kaee roop leey sakata haye, jisamen check overpayment ghotale aur online refund ghotale shamil hain. roop. ghotale key kaee roop hain, lekin una sabhi mein ghotalebaaj seey peedit koo dhokhadhadi kaa bhugtan aur peedit seey ghotalebaaj koo vaidh bhugtan shamil haye. adhik bhugtan ghotale kii jaanch karein. ack check overpayment ghotale mein, ghotalebaaj peedit koo vastuon yaa sevaaon key liye bhugtan karega (aksar ack online yaa vargeekrit vigyaapan key jawab mein, halanki check overpayment ghotalon key liye kaee anya parisar hain) ack dhokhadhadi key saath raashi kii dhokhadhadi kii jaanch key saath ichchit raashi seey adhik. kuchh mamalon mein, ghotalebaaj daavaa karega kii nirdhaarit raashi aur check parr raashi key beach kaa antar seema shulk yaa anya ayaat shulk, yaa shipping shulk key kaaran haye. nakali check yaa tou vyaktigat yaa cashier key check key roop mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haye. ghotalebaaj taba anurodh kartaa haye kii peedit unhein nirdhaarit raashi aur check parr raashi key beach atirikt bhugtan karey. peedit key aisaa karane key baad, unhein pataa chalata haye kii ghotalebaaj kaa check dhokhadhadi thaa, jisase unakaa paisa barbad hoe gayaa. isake alawa, yadi check kissy online yaa vargeekrit vigyaapan key jawab mein bheja gayaa thaa aur peedit ney pahale hii ghotalebaaj koo bechi jaa rahee vastu koo bhej diyaa haye yaa vitarit curr diyaa haye, tou peedit apani vastu bhee khou detaa haye. adhik bhugtan ghotalon key check sanskaran key saath-saath anya vishvaas yuktiyaan jahan ghotalebaaj peedit koo ack avaidh check bhejate hain, aanshik roop seey baink mein check jamaa karane vaale graahak aur check samashodhan aur vaidh key roop mein satyaapit honey key beach-kabhi-kabhi dinon yaa hafton-kii deree key kaaran kaam karate hain. online refund ghotala. online dhanwapasi ghotale mein, ack ghotalebaaj aamtaur parr sambhaavit peediton koo phone nambaron parr coll karke taba taka dhoondhata haye jaba taka kii koee uttardaayi peedit naa hoe. ghotalebaaj yaa tou ack prasiddh badee company yaa kissy prakaar kii seva pradaan karane vaali ack chhoti company kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa naatak kartaa haye. ghotalebaaj peedit koo bataata haye kii company koo peedit koo yaa tou usa utpaad key liye dhanwapasi karni haye jise peedit ney kathit roop seey order kiya thaa yaa ack aisee seva joe company abb pradaan naheen curr sakati haye. isi tarah key sanskaran mein, ack ghotalebaaj joe amazon yaa eebe jaisi ee-commers website kaa pratiroopan kartaa haye, peedit koo bataata haye kii kissy ney dhokhadhadi seey peedit key khaate kaa upayog karke ack mahangi vastu kaa order diyaa haye aur peedit koo kathit dhokhadhadi vaale lenden key liye dhanwapasi kii peshkash kartaa haye. ghotalebaaj doorasth desktop software kaa upayog karke peedit key computer taka pahunchane kaa anurodh karega, aur phir peedit koo apani online banking website parr logg inn karane key liye kahega. kuchh mamalon mein, ghotalebaaj peedit seey usa raashi key saath ack online form bharata haye joe kathit taur parr unake paas bakaaya haye, jise baad mein way daavaa karate hain kii peedit ney galat tareeke seey bharaa haye. ghotalebaaj doorasth abhigam software kaa upayog karke peedit kii screen koo khaali kartaa haye, aur peedit key khaate mein sthanantaran dikhaane key liye online banking webpage koo asthaayi roop seey sampaadit karane key liye peedit key brouser key web vikas upkaranon kaa upayog kartaa haye. jabaki vaastav mein koee sthanantaran naheen huaa haye, jaba ghotalebaaj peedit kii screen dekhane kii kshamata koo bahaal kartaa haye, tou webpage kaa sampaadit sanskaran unhein aashvast curr sakata haye kii ghotalebaaj ney vaastav mein unake khaate mein paise sthanantarit kiye they. jaba peedit koo lagata haye kii hastaantaran huaa haye, tou unhein pataa chalata haye kii unake khaate mein kathit roop seey sthanantarit raashi apeksha seey adhik haye. peedit key apane prati sadbhavana kaa upayog karate hue, ghotalebaaj aksar daavaa kartaa haye kii unaki naukari daanv parr haye yadi peedit ichchit raashi aur kathit roop seey bhugtan kii gaee raashi key beach kaa antar vaapas naheen kartaa haye. aise mamalon mein jahaan ghotalebaaj ney peedit koo ack form bharane key liye kahaa, ghotalebaaj daavaa karega kii peedit galati key liye jimmedaar haye, taaki aparaadh koo prerit kiya jaa sakey. vaapsee taar hastaantaran, munny order, yaa kabhi-kabhi store gift card dwara kii jaati haye, jise ghotalebaaj phir bhunaata haye, jisase peedit key liye iss tarah seey dhokhadhadi honey key baad apane paise koo punah praapt karna lagbhag asambhav hoe jaataa haye. kuchh samay baad, peedit koo taba pataa chalata haye (sambhavatah apani online banking website koo phir seey load karke, kyonki prishth koo phir seey load karane seey ghotalebaaj key parivartanon koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye) kii ghotalebaaj ney kabhi bhee unake khaate mein koee paisa sthanantarit naheen kiya, aur ghotalebaaj koo bheja gayaa koee bhee paisa khou gayaa haye. online dhanwapasi ghotalon koo takniki sahaayata ghotale kaa ack roop bhee maanaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki way badey paimaane parr remot axes software key saath upayogkarta key computer seey judane key samaan praarup kaa paalan karate hain. isake alawa, kuchh online dhanwapasi ghotalon koo una upayogkartaon parr lakshit kiya gayaa haye joe pahale takniki sahaayata ghotalon kaa shikaar hoe chuke they, yeh daavaa karate hue kii joe company mool roop seey peedit koo dhokha detee thee, vaha vyavasaay seey baahar hoe gaee thee aur abb mool ghotale mein peedit koo bhugtan kii gaee "suraksha sevaaon" koo pradaan naheen curr sakati thee. vyaavsaayik bhugtan khaata ghotala. ack ghotalebaaj venmo yaa zele kaa upayog karke online bazar jaise facebook bazar mein ack vastu khareedane kii peshkash kartaa haye. ghotalebaaj vikreta (peedit) seey kahata haye kii laine-daine puuraa karane key liye, vikreta koo apane khaate koo ack vyaavsaayik khaate mein upgraded karane kii aavashyakta haye. ghotalebaaj peedit koo vastu kii keemat key liye ack farjee bhugtan notice bhejata haye aur saath hii joe way daavaa karate hain vaha ack vyaavsaayik khaata unnayan shulk haye, phir peedit koo bhugtan processor kaa pratiroopan karane vaale kissy vyakti seey unnayan khareedane key liye kahata haye taaki peedit apana bhugtan praapt curr sakey. peedit koo vaastav mein koee bhugtan praapt naheen hotaa haye, lekin ghotalebaaj koo peedit seey dhokhadhadi seey "unnayan" bhugtan praapt hotaa haye.

atiyaada pavati hagaran marupavati hagaran endoo kareyalaaguva atiyaada pavati hagaranavu balipashugala sadbhavaneyannu baliyagisalu vinyasagolisalada ondu reetiya vishvaasada tantravagide. atyanta moolabhoota roopadalli, atiyaada pavati hagaranavu vanchakanu balipashuvige hechchuvari hanavannu kaluhisiddaane endu sullu helikolluvudannu olagondiruttade. nantara vanchakanu kaluhisida motta mattu uddeshita mottada naduvina vyatyaasavannu hindirugisuvante balipashuvige manavarike maadalu prayatnisuttaane. ee hagaranavu check overpayment hagaranagalu mattu anline marupavati hagaranagalu seridante halavaaru roopagalannu tegedukollabahudu. roopaantaragalu. ee hagaranavu aneka roopaantaragalannu hondide, aadare avellavoo vanchakaninda santrastege mosada pavati mattu vanchakanige balipashuvininda kanunubaddha paavatiya kelavu samyojanegalannu olagondive. atiyaada pavati hagaranavannu parisheelisi. check overpayment hagaranadalli, vanchakanu balipashuvige saraku athawa sevegalige (samanyavagi anline athawa vargeekruta jahiratige pratikriyeyagi, check overpayment hagaranagalige halavaaru itara aavaranagaliddaru) mosada check moolaka paavatisuttaane. kelavu sandarbhagalalli, uddeshita motta mattu cheknalliruva mottada naduvina vyatyaasavu customs athawa itara aamadu shulkagalu athawa rawane shulkagalindaagide endu vanchakanu helikolluttaane. nakali check annu vaiyaktika athawa cashier check aagi prastutapadisabahudu. nantara vanchakanu balipashuvu tamage uddeshita motta mattu cheknalliruva mottada naduvina hechchuvari mottavannu pavatisuvante vinantisuttaane. balipashuvu haage maadida nantara, vanchakana check mosada endu avaru kandukolluttaare, avara hanavannu kaledukolluttaare. idallade, anline athawa vargeekruta jahiratige pratikriyeyagi check annu kaluhisiddare mattu santrasteyu eegaagale marata maaduttiruva vastuvannu vanchakanige kaluhisiddare athawa talupisiddare, balipashu tanna vastuvannu saha kaledukolluttaane. atiyaada pavati hagaranagala check roopaantara, mattu vanchakaru balipashuvige kanunubahira check kaluhisuva itara vishvaasada tantragalu, bankinalli check annu thewani maaduva mattu check clearing maaduva mattu kaanunubaddhavendu parisheelisalaaguva grahakara naduvina vilambadindaagi-kelavomme dinagalu athawa vaaragala-bhagashah kelasa maaduttave. anline marupavati hagaran. anline marupavati hagaranadalli, vanchakanu samanyavagi pratikriyaatmaka balipashu iruvavarege colled colling phone sankhyegala moolaka sambhaavya balipashugalannu kandukolluttaane. vanchakanu prasiddha dodda kampaniyannu athawa kelavu reetiya seveyannu needuva sanna kampaniyannu pratinidhisuvante natisuttaane. vanchakanu balipashuvu aadeshisida utpannakkagi athawa kampaniyu innu munde odagisalu saadhyavaagada sevege kampaniyu balipashuvige marupavati maadabekaaguttade endu heluttaane. idhe reetiya aavruttiyalli, amezon athawa ibeyantaha ii-commers jaalataanada sogu haakuva vanchakanu balipashuvina khaateyannu balasikondu yaaraadaru mosadinda dubari vastuvannu adeshisiddare endu balipashuvige heluttaane mattu vanchaneya vahivaatu endu bhaavisalaada hana marupavatiyannu balipashuvige niiduttaane. vanchakanu durastha desktop software annu balasikondu balipashuvina computer annu praveshisalu vinantisuttaane mattu nantara balipashuvannu avara anline banking websitege logg inn maadalu keluttaane. kelavu sandarbhagalalli, vanchakanu balipashuvige taanu pavatisabekada mottadondige anline form annu bharti maaduvante heluttaane, nantara adannu balipashuvu tappagi bharti maadiddaane endu avaru heluttaare. vanchakanu durastha pravesha tantraamshavannu balasikondu balipashuvina paradeyannu khaali maaduttaane mattu balipashuvina khaatege vargaavaneyannu torisalu anline banking vebputavannu tatkalikavagi sampaadisalu balipashuvina brouserna web abhivruddhi sadhanagalannu balasuttaane. vaastavaagi yaavude vargaavane nadeyadiddaroo, vanchakanu balipashuvina paradeyannu noduva saamarthyavannu punahsthapisidaga, jaalaputada sampaadita aavruttiyu vanchakanu nijavagiyoo avara khaatege hanavannu vargayisiddane endu avarige manavarike maadikodabahudu. vargaavaneyaayitu endu balipashu nambida nantara, tamma khaatege vargaayisalaada mottavu niriksheginta hechchaagide endu avaru kandukolluttaare. balipashuvu tanna viruddhave olleya nambikeyannu ittukondu, vanchakanu aagaagge balipashuvu uddeshita motta mattu pavatisida mottada naduvina vyatyaasavannu hindirugisadiddare avara kelasa apaayadallide endu helikolluttaane. vanchakanu arjiyannu bharti maaduvante santrastege helida sandarbhagalalli, tappitasthanannu prachodisuva saluvaagi, vanchakanu tappina honegaaranendu helikolluttaane. tanti vargaavane, munny arder athawa kelavomme angadia gift cord moolaka hindirugisalaaguttade, idannu vanchakanu nantara redeem maaduttaane, idarindaagi vanchanegolagaada nantara balipashuvige tamma hanavannu himpadeyuvudu asaadhyavaaguttade. swalpa samayada nantara, vanchakanu tamma khaatege yaavude hanavannu endigoo vargayisalilla mattu vanchakanige kaluhisida yaavude hana kaleduhogide endu santrasteyu kandukolluttaane (bahushah avara anline banking jaalataanavannu maruload maaduva moolaka, putavannu maruload maaduvudarinda vanchakana badalaavanegalannu tegeduhaakuttade). anline marupavati hagaranagalannu taantrika bembala hagaranada ondu roopavendu pariganisabahudu, ekendare avu hechchaagi remot auxes softwernondige balakedaarara computerge samparkisuva adhe svaroopavannu anusarisuttave. idallade, kelavu anline marupavati hagaranagalannu ee hinde taantrika bembala hagaranagalige baliyaada balakedararannu guriyagirisikollalagide, moolatah balipashuvannu mosagolisida kampaniyu vyavahaaradinda horagulidide mattu moola hagaranadalli balipashuvu pavatisida "bhadrata sevegalannu" odagisalu sadhyavagalilla endu helikondide. vevahaara pavati khaate hagaran. vanchakanu venmo athawa jelleyannu balasikondu facebook maarukatteyantaha anline marukatteyalli ondu vastuvannu khareedisalu prastaapisuttaane. vahivaatu poornagolisalu, maaraatagaaranu tanna khaateyannu vevahaara khaatege upgraded maadabekaaguttade endu vanchakanu maaratagaararige (balipashu) heluttaane. vanchakanu balipashuvige vastuvina belege nakali pavati soochaneyannu kaluhisuttaane mattu avaru heluvudu vevahaara khaate navikarana shulkavaagide, nantara pavati processor endu sogu haakuva yaarigaadaru navikaranavannu khareedisalu balipashuvannu keluttaane, idarindaagi balipashuvu avara paavatiyannu padeyabahudu. balipashuvu vaastavaagi yaavude paavatiyannu svikarisuvudilla, aadare vanchakanu balipashuvininda mosada "upgraded" paavatiyannu padeyuttaane.

amithamaayi panam nalkiyathil azhimathi refund scam ennum ariyappedunna amita adavu scam erakalude nalla vishwaasathe irayaakkaan roopakalppana cheytha oru tharam aathmavishwaasa thanthramaan. ettavum adisthaanaparamaaya roopathil, oru iraykku adhika thuka ayachuvennu vyaajamaayi avakaashappedunna oru thattippukaaran ulppedunnathaanu amithamaayi panam adaykkunna azhimathi. ayacha thukayum uddeshicha thukayum thammilulla vyathyasam thirike nalkaan thattippukaaran iraye bodhyappedutthaan shramikkunnu. eee kumbhakonam check ovarpeyment thattippukalum oonlain refund thattippukalum ulppede niravadhi roopangal edukkaam. vakabhedangal. thattippin niravadhi vakabhedangalundu, ennaal avayil ellaam thattippukaaran iraykku nalkunna vanjanaaparamaaya panavum irayil ninnu thattippukaaran niyamaanusrithamaaya panavum ulppedunnu. amithamaayi panamadaykkunna thattippukal parisodhikkuka. oru check ovarpeyment thattippil, thattippukaaran iraykku charakkukalkko sevanangalkko (palappozhum oru oonlain allengil classified parasyathinu marupadiyaayi, check ovarpeyment thattippukalkk mattu niravadhi edangalundenkilum) uddeshicha thukayil kooduthal thukayude vanjanaaparamaaya check nalkum. chila sandarbhangalil, uddeshicha thukayum chekkile thukayum thammilulla vyathyasam kasttams allengil mattu irakkumathi phees allengil shipping phees moolamaanennu thattippukaaran avakashappedum. vyaja check vyakthigatha allengil cashier chekkayi avatharippikkam. thudarnnu chekkile uddeshicha thukayum thukayum thammilulla adhika thuka nalkanamennu thattippukaaran irayodu abhyarthikkunnu. ira angane cheythathinushesham, thattippukaarante check vanchanaaparamaanennu avar kandethukayum avarude panam nashtappedukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, oru oonlain allengil classified parasyathinu marupadiyaayi check ayaykkukayum ira ithinakam thanne thattippukaaran vilkkunna inam ayaykkukayo vitharanam cheiyukayo cheythittundenkil, iraykku avarude inavum nashtappedum. amithamaayi panam adaykkunna thattippukalude check vakabhedavum thattippukaaran iraykku niyamavirudhamaaya check ayaykkunna mattu vishwaasathanthrangalum, oru upabhokthaav baankil check nikshepikkunnathum check clearing niyamaanusrithamaanennu parisodhikkunnathum thammilulla kaalathamasam kaaranam-chilappol divasangalo aazhchakalo-bhaagikamaayi pravartthikkunnu. oonlain refund scam. oru oonlain refund thattippil, prathikarikkunna oru ira undaakunnathuvare oru thattippukaaran saadhaaranayaayi phoon nambarukaliloode colled colling vazhi irakale kandethunnu. ariyappedunna oru valia kambaniyeyo allengil eathenkilum tharatthilulla sevanam vaagdaanam cheiyunna oru cheria kambaniyeyo prathinidheekarikkunnuvennu thattippukaaran nadikkunnu. ira oordar cheythathayi karuthappedunna oru uthppannathino kambanikku inii nalkaan kazhiyaatha oru sevanathino kambani iraykku panam thirike nalkanamennu thattippukaaran irayodu parayunnu. samanamaaya oru pathippil, aamason allengil ibe polulla iii-komezhs websaittaayi almaratom nadathunna oru thattippukaaran irayude akkoundu upayogichu aaroo vanjanaaparamaayi vilayeriya oru inam oordar cheythathayi irayodu parayukayum vanjanaaparamaaya edapaadinu iraykku panam thirike nalkukayum cheiyunnu. vidoora desktop software upayogichu irayude computer axus cheyyaan thattippukaaran abhyarthikkukayum thudarnnu irayodu avarude oonlain banking websaittil loggin cheyyaan aavasyappedukayum cheyyum. chila sandarbhangalil, thattippukaaran irayodu avarkk kadappettirikkumenn karuthunna thuka upayogichu oru oonlain phoom poorippikkaan aavashyappedunnu, athu ira thettayi poorippichuvennu avar pinneedu avakaashappedunnu. thattippukaaran remot axus software upayogichu irayude screen shoonyamaakkukayum irayude akkoundilekku oru kaimaattam kaanikkunnathin oonlain banking vebpej thaalkkaalikamaayi edittu cheiyunnathinu irayude brouserinte web development toolukal upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. yadhaarthathil kaimaattam nadannittillengilum, thattippukaaran irayude screen kaananulla kazhivu punasthaapikkumbol, thattippukaaran yadhaarthathil avarude akkoundilekku panam kaimariyennu vebpejinte edittucheytha pathipp avare bodhyappeduthiyekkaam. oru kaimaattam nadannittundennu ira vishwasichathinushesham, avarude akkoundilekku kaimaattam cheythathayi karuthappedunna thuka pratheekshichathilum valuthaanennu avar kandethunnu. irayude nalla vishwaasam thangalkkethire upayogichu kondu, ira uddeshicha thukayum adachathaayi karuthappedunna thukayum thammilulla vyathyasam thirike nalkiyillengil avarude jolie apakadatthilaanennu thattippukaaran palappozhum avakaashappedunnu. thattippukaaran irayodu oru phoom poorippikkaan paranja kesukalil, kuttabodham janippikkunnathinaayi thattippukaaran thettinu ira utharavaadiyaanennu avakashappedum. vayar transfer, munny oordar allengil chilappol store giftt card vazhiyaan madakkinalkunnathu, ithu thattippukaaran veendedukkunnu, ithu thattippin irayaayavarkku avarude panam veendedukkunnathu asaadhyamaakkunnu. kurachu samayathinu sesham, thattippukaaran orikkalum avarude akkoundilekku panamonnum kaimaattam cheythitillennum thattippukaarkk ayacha panam nashtappettittundenum ira pinneedu kandethunnu (orupakshe avarude oonlain banking websait veendum looad cheiyunnathiloode, peju veendum looad cheiyunnathu thattippukaarude mattangal neekkam cheiyunnathinaal). oonlain refund thattippukal saankethika pinthunaa thattippinte oru roopamaayi kanakkakkaam, kaaranam avaa remot axus software upayogichu upayokthaavinte computerilekku bandhippikkunna athe formet pinthudarunnu. koodaathe, munbu saankethika pinthunaa thattippukalkk irayaaya upayokthaakkale lakshyamitulla chila oonlain refund thattippukal, iraye yadhaarthathil kabalippicha kambani bisinessil ninnu purathupoyittundennum yadhaartha thattippil iraykku nalkia "suraksha sevanangal" inii nalkaan kazhiyillennum avakaashappedunnu. bisinus payment akkoundu azhimathi. oru thattippukaaran venmo allengil sell upayogichu facebook maarkkat plays polulla oonlain maarkkat placeil oru inam vaangaan vaagdaanam cheiyunnu. edapaadu poortthiyaakkaan vilppanakkaaran avarude akkoundu oru bisinus akkoundilekku upgraded cheyyendathundennu thattippukaaran vilppanakkaaranodu (ira) parayunnu. thattippukaaran iraykku inathinte vilaykk oru vyaja payment notice bisinus akkoundu upgraded fease ayaykkunnu, thudarnnu payment prosessor almaratom cheiyunna oraalil ninnu upgraded vaangaan irayodu aavashyappedunnu, angane iraykku avarude payment labikkum. iraykku yadhaarthathil oru panavum labhikkunnilla, pakshe thattippukaaran irayil ninnu vanjanaaparamaaya "upgraded" payment labhikkunnu.

ativetan ghotalyacha atee bharana ghotala, jyala paratava ghotala asehi mhanatat, haah eka prakarcha vishvas yukti aahe joou piditanchya sadbhavanela balee padnyasathi tayar keela gela aahe. sarvat moolbhut swarupat, atee bharana ghotalyat eka fasavanuk karnara asato, joou piditela atirikt rakkam pathvanyacha khota dawa karato. tyanantar fasavanuk karnara pathavaleli rakkam aanee ichchit rakkam yateel farak parat karnyasathi piditela patvoon denyacha prayatna karato. haah ghotala check overpayment ghotale aanee online refund ghotalyansah anek form gheu shakato. prakar. yaa ghotalyache anek prakar aahet, parantu tyaa sarvanmadhye ghotalyat sahbhagi jhalelyakadun piditela fasavanuk karoon paise dene aanee piditakadun ghotalyat sahbhagi jhalelya vyaktila vaidh paise dene yancha samavesh aahe. atipadarthacha ghotala tapasa. dhanadesh atipadarthachya ghotalyat, ghotaladar piditela vastoo kinwa sevansathi (anekada online kinwa vargikrut jahiratila pratisad mhanoon, jaree dhanadesh atipadarthachya ghotalyansathi itar anek jaaga aahet) ichchit rakmepeksha jaast rakmechya fasavya dhanadeshasah paise deil. kahee prakarananmadhye, ghotaladar assa dawa karel qee ichchit rakkam aanee dhanadeshavaril rakkam yamadhil farak simashulk kinwa itar aayat shulk kinwa pathvani shulkamule aahe. banavat dhanadesh ektar vaiyaktik kinwa cashiercha dhanadesh mhanoon sadar keela jaau shakato. tyanantar fasavanuk karnara pidit vyaktila vinanti karato qee tyane tyanna ichchit rakkam aanee dhanadeshavaril rakkam yamadhil atirikt rakkam dyavi. piditane asey kelyanantar, tyanna kalate qee fasavanuk veshbhushachaaa dhanadesh fasavanukicha hota, tyamule tyanche paise gamavale. yavyatirikt, jarr online kinwa vargikrut jahiratila pratisad mhanoon dhanadesh pathavala gela aanee piditane vikali jaanari vastoo ghotalyala aadhich pathavali kinwa vitarit kelee asel tarr piditane tyanchi vastoo dekhil gamavali. atee bharana ghotalyancha dhanadesh prakar, tasech itar vishvasarh yuktya jethe fasavanuk karnare piditela bekaydeshir dhanadesh pathavtat, teey kahee pramanat vilambamule kaam karatat-kadhikadhi divas kinwa aathvade-banket dhanadesh jamaa veshbhusha grahakachya aanee dhanadesh samashodhan aanee vaidh mhanoon padtalani kelya kelya grahakachya darmyan. online paratava ghotala. online paratava ghotalyat, eka fasavanuk karnara sahasa pratisadatmak pidit hoiparyant phone nambarvar colled colling karoon sambhavya balee shodhato. fasavanuk karnara ektar ekhadya suprasiddha mothya companyche kinwa ekhadya prakarchya sevechi aupher aupher chhotya companyche pratinidhitva karnyache natak karato. fasavanuk karnara piditela sangato qee piditane magani kelelya utpadanasathi kinwa company yapudhe deu shakat nasalelya sevesathi companyla piditela paratava dyava lagato. ashach prakarchya aavruttit, amazon kinwa eebe sarkhya eae-commers sanketsthalachi veshbhusha karnara eka ghotalkhor piditela sangato qee konitari pidit vyaktichya khatyacha vapar karoon fasavya paddhatine mahagadi vastoo magavali aahe aanee kathit fasavya vyavharasathi piditela paratava deto. fasavanuk karnara durastha desktop software vaparoon piditechya sangankavar pravesh karanyachi vinanti karel aanee nantar piditela tyanchya online banking sanketsthalavar logg inn karnyas sangel. kahee prakarananmadhye, fasavanuk karnara piditela tyanchya dey rakmesah eka online arj bharnyas sangato, joou nantar piditane chukichya paddhatine bharalela asalyacha tyancha dawa aahe. fasavanuk karnara remot access softwarecha vapar karoon piditechi screen rikami karato aanee piditechya khatyat hastantaran darshavinyasathi online banking vebprushth tatpurte sampadit karnyasathi piditechya brouserchi web vikas sadhane vaparato. pratyakshat konatehi hastantaran jhaale nasale taree, jevha fasavanuk karnara piditanchi screen pahanyachi kshamata punarsthapit karato, tevha vebprushthachi sampadit aavrutti tyanna patvoon deu shakate qee fasavanuk veshbhusha vyaktine kharokharach tyanchya khatyat paise hastantarit kele aahet. hastantaran jhaale aahe asey piditala vatale qee, nantar tyanna aadhalale qee tyanchya khatyat hastantarit keleli rakkam apekshepeksha jaast aahe. pidit vyakticha swataviruddhacha sadbhavna vaparoon, fasavanuk karnara anekada assa dawa karato qee jarr pidit vyaktine ichchit rakkam aanee kathitpane bharalelya rakmemadhil farak parat keela nahee tarr tyanchi nokri dhokyat aahe. jyaa prakarananmadhye fasavanuk veshbhusha vyaktine piditela arj bharnyas sangitale, tyaa prakarananmadhye fasavanuk karnara doshi tharvanyasathi, chukela pidit jababdar asalyacha dawa karel. paratava wire transfer, munny aurder kinwa kadhikadhi dukanatil gift kardware keela jaato, joou fasavanuk karnara nantar parat karato, jyamule asha prakare fasavanuk jhalyanantar pidit vyaktila tyanche paise parat midvane jawaljawal ashakya hote. kahee kalanantar, piditela nantar kalate (bahudha tyanche online banking sanketsthal punha loaded karoon, prushth punha loaded kelyane ghotalyache badal door hotat) qee ghotaladarane tyanchya khatyat kadhihi konatehi paise hastantarit kele naheet aanee ghotalyala pathavalele konatehi paise haravale aahet. online paratava ghotalyanna tantrik samarthan ghotalyacha eka prakar dekhil manale jaau shakate, kaaran teey mothya pramanat durastha pravesh softwares vaparkartyachya sangankashi jodanyachya samaan swarupache anusaran karatat. yavyatirikt, kahee online paratava ghotalyanmadhye, jyaa vaparkartyanna purvi tantrik sahayya ghotalyancha balee padave lagale hote, asha vaparkartyanna lakshya karnyat aale aahe, jyat assa dawa karnyat aala aahe qee jyaa companyne moolatah piditela fasavale hote tee company vyavasayatun baher gelee hotee aanee mool ghotalyat piditane dilelya "suraksha seva" yapudhe deu shakat navhati. vyavasay bharana khatyatil ghotala. eka ghotaladar venmo kinwa zell vaparoon facebook marketplacemadhil online bajarpethet ekhadi vastoo kharedi karanyachi aupher deto. fasavanuk karnara vikretyala (pidit) sangato qee vyavhar purn karnyasathi vikretyala tyanche khaate vyavsayik khatyat upgraded karane aavashyak aahe. fasavanuk karnara piditela vastoochya kimmatisathi banavat deyakachi notice pathavato aanee jeey teey vyavasay khaate sudharana shulk asalyacha dawa karatat, tyanantar piditela bharana prakriyechi veshbhusha veshbhusha konakadun taree sudharana kharedi karnyas sangato jenekarun piditela tyanche paise miloo shaktil. piditela pratyakshat konatehi paise milat naheet, parantu fasavanuk veshbhushalaaa piditakadun fasavya "sudharana" chee rakkam milate.

atyadhika deiah thakei eka atyadhika deiah scam, jaahaa eka refund scam bhabare madhya janashuna, eka prakarara aatmabiswasa kaushala jaahaa peeditanka sadbhabanaku shikara kariba paain design karajaichi . sabutharu moulika roopare, eka atyadhika deiah skamare jane scammer achanti jie jane peeditanku atirikta parimanara tanka pathaithiba mithya daabi karanti . ehapare thakeikaree peeditanku pathajaithiba parimana ebong uddista parimana madhyare thiba parthakya ferasta karibaku bujhaibaku chesta kare . ehi thakei aneka form neipare, jeunthire check overpayment scam ebong unline refund scam antarbhukta . bhinnavinna prakara. ehi durneetire aneka prakara rahichhi, kintu segudika madhyaru keteka heuchhi thakeikareenka thaaru peeditanku jaliati deiah ebong durneetigrastanka thaaru thakeikareenku baidha deiah. atyadhika deiah thakei jancha karantu. eka check overpayment scamrey, scammer peeditanku jinish kimba seba paain (prajatah eka unline kimba bargeekruta bigyapana pratikrijare, jadio check overpayment scam paain anyanya parisara achhi) eka jaliati check sahita artha pradan kariba. keteka khetrare, thakeikaree daabi karibe je check upare thiba artharashi ebong uddista artharashi madhyare parthakya seema shulka kimba anya amdani shulka kimba paribahana shulka karanaru rahichhi. nakali check byaktigata kimba kyasijaranka check bhabare upasthapita hoipare . ehapare thakeikaree anurodha karanti je peedita semananku check upare thiba artha ebong nirdharita parimana madhyare atirikta artha pradan karantu. peedita epari kariba parey, semane janibaku paanti je thakeikareenka check thakei thila, ebong semanankara tanka haraithila . ehaa byatita, jadi check eka unline kimba bargeekruta bigyapanara pratikrijare pathajaithila ebong peedita purbaru bikri karajauthiba jinishaku thakeikareenku pathaideichhanti kimba bitarana karisarichhanti, tebe peedita madhya semanankara jinish haranti . adhika deiah thakeira check bhariant, ebong anya aatmabiswasara kaushala jeunthare skamaramane peeditanku eka beaina check pathanti, byank ray check jamaa karuthiba grahaka ebong check klijaring ebong baidha bhabare jancha karajauthiba grahakanka madhyare bilamba-belebele deane kimba saptaha-hetu aanshika bhabare karjya karanti . unline refund thakei. eka unline refund skamare, jane scammer sadharanatah jane pratikrijasheela shikara naheba parjyanta colled kaling phone nambara dwara sambhabya shikaranku khojanti . scammer eka janashuna budd company kimba eka chhot companyku pratinidhitwa karibara abhinai kare jaahaa kaunasi prakarara seba pradan kare . thakeikaree peeditanku kuhanti je company peeditanku eka utpada paain ferasta debaku runee jaahaa peedita order karithiba anumana karajae kimba eka seba jaahaa company aau pradan karipariba naahin . anuroopa sanskaranare, jane scammer aamajan kimba ibe pari eka ee-commerce website chadmabeshare peeditanku kuhanti je kehi pratarana curry peeditanka account byabahara curry eka mahanga jinish order karichanti ebong kathita thakei karbar paain peeditanku ferasta pradan karanti . scammer remot desktop saphtawer byabahara curry peeditanka kampyutaraku prabesha karibaku anurodha kariba, ebong taa 'parey peeditanku semananka unline byanking webasaitare logg inn karibaku kahiba . keteka khetrare, thakeikaree peeditanku eka unline form purana karaithanti, jeunthire semane jeun parimana runa debaku chahunchhanti, taaha semane parey daabi karithanti je peedita janaka bhul bhabe purana karichanti. scammer remot axus saphtawer byabahara curry peeditanka screenku khaali karithae, ebong peeditanka aakauntaku sthanantara dekhaiba paain unline byanking webprusthaku asthajee bhabare sampadana karibaku peeditanka brouser web development upakarana byabahara kare . jadio prakrutare kaunasi sthanantara hoinahin, jetebele scammer peeditanka screenku dekhibara khyamataku punaruddhara kare, web prusthara sampadita sanskarana semananku biswasa karaipare je scammer prakrutare semananka aakauntaku tanka sthanantara karichhi. jetebele peedita biswasa kare je eka sthanantara hoichhi, semane janibaku paanti je semananka aakauntare sthanantarita hoithiba artha ashatharu adhika. niz birodhare peeditanka uttam biswasaku byabahara curry, thakeikaree prajatah daabi karanti je jadi peedita uddeshyita parimana ebong kathita parisodha karajaithiba parimana madhyare parthakya ferasta naah karanti tebe semanankara chakiri bipadare achhi . jeun khetrare thakeikaree peeditanku eka form purana karibaku kahithile, sehi mamalare thakeikaree dosharopa kariba paain truti paain peedita daie bolly daabi karibe. ferasta wajara transfer, money order, kimba belebele store gift card dwara karajae, jaahaaku scammer parey redeam kare, jaahaa ehi bhabare scam heba parey peeditanka paain semananka tanka punaruddhara kariba asambhaba kare . kichhi samai parey, peedita taa 'parey janibaku paanti (sambhabatah semanankara unline byanking websiteku punarbara loaded curry, jehetu prusthaku punarbara loaded kariba dwara skamarnka paribartanagudika hatai diajae) je scammer kebe bii semananka aakauntare kaunasi tanka sthanantara karinathile, ebong skamarnku pathajaithiba kaunasi tanka nust hoijaichhi . unline refund skamaku madhya eka prakara baishajika sahajata scam bhabe bibechana karajaipare, kaaran segudika mukhyatah remot axus saphtawer sahita byabaharakareenka computer sahita sanjoga karibara samaana pharmataku anusarana karanti. ehaa byatita, keteka unline refund scam byabaharakareenku target karajaichi jeunmane purbaru baishajika sahajata scamer shikara hoithile, daabi karichanti je jeun company moolatah peeditanku pratarana karithila, shay byabasajaru bahara hoijaithila ebong peeditanku moola skamare diajaithiba "surakhya seba" aau pradan kariparinathila. byabasajika deiah account thakei. jane scammer venmo kimba jail byabahara curry facebook marketplaces pari eka unline marketplaces ray eka jinish kinibaku prastaba dianti . thakeikaree bikreta (peedita) nku kuhanti je karbar sampurna kariba paain bikretanku semananka aakauntaku eka byabasajika aakauntaku upgraded karibaku padiba. scammer peeditanku jinishar mulya paain eka nakali deiah bigyapti pathanti ebong jaahaa semane daabi karanti taaha eka byabasai account upgraded phi, taa 'parey peeditanku payment prasesarara chadmabeshare byaktinka thaaru upgraded kinibaku kuhanti jaahaa dwara peedita semanankara deiah grahan kariparibe . peedita prakrutare kaunasi deiah grahan kare naahin, kintu scammer peeditankatharu eka jaliati "upgraded" deiah grahan kare .

ziaada bhugtan ghutala ikk ziaada bhugtan ghutala, jiss noon refund ghutala vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk kisam dee aatamvishwas chaal haii joe peedtan dey neek iraade daa shikar curran laee tiaar keeti gaee haii. sabh toon buniaadi roop witch, ikk ziaada bhugtan ghutale witch ikk ghutala curran vaala shamal hunda haii joe peedat noon vadhu rakam bhejan daa jhootha daava karda haii. firr ghutala curran vaala peedat noon bheji gaee rakam atey lodindi rakam dey vichkaar daa antar waps curran laee manaun dee koshish karda haii. ih ghutala kaee roop lae sakda haii, jiss witch check overpayment ghutale atey online refund ghutale shamal hunn. roop. ghutale dey bahut saare roop hunn, parr inhan witch ghutalebaaz vallon peedat noon dhokhadhadi bhugtan atey peedat vallon ghutalebaaz noon jaaiz bhugtan shamal hunn. overpayment ghutale dee jaanch crow. ikk check overpayment ghutale witch, ghutala curran vaala peedat noon maal jaan sevavan (aksar ikk online jaan vargikrit vigiaapan dey jawab witch, halanki check overpayment ghutaliaan laee kaee horr sathaan hunn) laee ikk dhokhadhadi naal bhugtan karega. kujh mamlian witch, ghutala curran vaala daava karega kii lodindi rakam atey check utte rakam dey vichkaar antar custom jaan horr daramad feesan, jaan shipping feesan dey caarn haii. jaali check jaan taan nijji jaan cashier dey check vajon pesh keeta jaa sakda haii. ghutala curran vaala firr benati karda haii kii peedat unhan noon lodindi rakam atey check utte rakam dey vichkaar vadhu bhugtan qarey. peedat dey ajiha curran toon baad, unhan noon pataa laggda haii kii ghutalebaaz daa check dhokhadhadi vaala see, jiss naal unhan daa paisa khatam hoow jaanda haii. iss toon ilava, jey check kise online jaan vargikrit ishtihaar dey jawab witch bhejiaa giaa see atey peedat neey pahilan hii ghutalebaaz noon vechi jaa rahee cheez noon bhej ditta haii jaan pahuncha ditta haii, taan peedat aapni cheez vee guaa lainda haii. ziaada bhugtan ghutaliaan daa check roop, atey naal hii horr bharose deeaan chaalan jitthe ghutale curran vaale peedat noon ikk gairkanunni check bhejde hunn, ikk gaahak duaara baink witch check jamhan curran atey check clearing atey jaaiz vajon tasdeek keete jaanh dey vichkaar-kaee vaar dinn jaan hafte-deree dey caarn kamm karde hunn. online refund ghutala. ikk online refund ghutale witch, ikk ghutala curran vaala aam taur utte colled calling phone nambran duaara sambhavit peedtan noon udon takk labhda haii jadon takk koee jawabdeh peedat naheen hunda. ghutala curran vaala jaan taan ikk prasidh vaddi company jaan kise kisam dee seva dee peshkash curran vaali ikk chhoti company dee numaindagi curran daa natak karda haii. ghutala curran vaala peedat noon dassda haii kii company peedat noon uss utpaad laee refund denh dee zimmevari laindi haii jiss daa peedat neey manniaa jaanda haii kii uss neey arder ditta haii jaan ajihi seva joe company hunn pardan naheen qarr sakadi. isey tarahan dey sanskaran witch, ikk ghutala curran vaala ikk ee-commerce website jiven kii aimazan jaan eebe daa roop badal keey peedat noon dassda haii kii kise neey dhokhadhadi naal peedat dey khaate dee varton karke ikk mahingi cheez daa arder ditta haii atey peedat noon kathit dhokhadhadi vaale lainn-denh laee refund dee peshkash karda haii. ghutala curran vaala remot desktop software dee varton karke peedat dey computer takk pahunch curran dee benati karega, atey firr peedat noon aapni online banking website 'teey laug inn curran laee kahega. kujh mamlian witch, ghutalebaaz peedat noon uss rakam naal ikk online farm bharan laee kahinda haii joe uss noon manniaa jaanda haii kii uss neey galat tarike naal bharee haii, jiss daa uh baad witch daava karde hunn. ghutala curran vaala remot access software dee varton karke peedat dee screen noon khaali karda haii, atey peedat dey khaate witch transfer noon darsaun laee online banking webpage noon asthai taur 'teey sampadit curran laee peedat dey brouser dey web vikas sadhanan dee varton karda haii. halanki asal witch koee tabadala naheen hoiaa haii, jadon ghutala curran vaala peedat dee screen noon vekhan dee yogta noon bahaal karda haii, taan webpage daa sampadit sanskaran unhan noon yakeen diwa sakda haii kii ghutala curran vaale neey asal witch unhan dey khaate witch paise transfer keete sunn. jadon peedat noon vishwas hunda haii kii ikk transfer hoow giaa haii, taan uhanan noon pataa laggda haii kii uhanan dey khaate witch kathit taur utte transfer keeti gaee rakam umeed toon vaddh haii. aapne virudh peedat dey change vishwas dee varton karde hoye, ghutalebaaz aksar daava karda haii kii jacker peedat lodindi rakam atey manni jaandi bhugtan keeti rakam dey vichkaar daa antar waps naheen karda taan unhan dee naukari daa 'teey laggi hoee haii. ajihe mamlian witch jitthe ghutalebaaz neey peedat noon ikk farm bharan laee kiha, ghutalebaaz daava karega kii doshi thehraun laee peedat galti laee zimmevar haii. vaapsee vaair transfer, munny arder, jaan kaee vaar store gift card duaara keeti jaandi haii, jiss noon ghutalebaaz firr chhuda lainda haii, jiss naal peedat laee iss tarike naal ghutale toon baad aapne paise waps laina lagbhag asambhav hoow jaanda haii. kujh samein baad, peedat noon firr pataa laggda haii (sambhav haii kii aapni online banking website noon dubara loaded karke, kiunki pej noon dubara loaded curran naal ghutalebaaz deeaan tabdiliaan noon hataa ditta jaanda haii) kii ghutalebaaz neey kadey vee unhan dey khaate witch koee paisa transfer naheen keeta, atey ghutalebaaz noon bhejiaa giaa koee vee paisa gumm hoow giaa haii. online refund ghutaliaan noon takniki sahaita ghutale daa ikk roop vee manniaa jaa sakda haii, kiunki uh remot access software naal upbhogta dey computer naal juden dey use format dee palna karde hunn. iss toon ilava, kujh online refund ghutaliaan noon uhanan upbhogtavan noon nishana banaiaa giaa haii joe pahilan takniki sahaita ghutaliaan daa shikar hoow chukke sunn, ih daava karde hoye kii jiss company neey asal witch peedat noon dhokha ditta see, uh carobar toon bahr hoow gaee see atey hunn peedat noon "surakhiaa sevavan" pardan naheen qarr sakadi see. vaparak bhugtan khaate ghutala. ikk ghutala curran vaala vanmo jaan zell dee varton karde hoye ikk online marketplace jiven kii facebook marketplace utte ikk vastu kharidan dee peshkash karda haii. ghutala curran vaala vikreta (peedat) noon dassda haii kii lainn-denh noon poora curran laee, vikreta noon aapne khaate noon vaparak khaate witch upgraded curran dee zaroorat haii. ghutala curran vaala peedat noon vastu dee keemat laee ikk jaali bhugtan notice bhejda haii atey joe uh daava karde hunn uh ikk vaparak khaata upgraded fees haii, firr peedat noon bhugtan processor dee nakal curran vaale kise viakati toon upgraded kharidan laee kahinda haii taan joe peedat aapna bhugtan prapat qarr sake. peedat noon asal witch koee bhugtan prapat naheen hunda, parr ghutalebaaz noon peedat toon dhokhadhadi vaala "upgraded" bhugtan prapat hunda haii.

ati-bhugataan-ghotala adhika-deya-skyaam, yat pratidaay-skyaam iti api dnyaayate, eshah ekaha prakaarah vishvaasa-yukttih asti yah piditanam sadbhaavanaayaah shikarartham parikalpitah asti. atyantam moolabhootaroopen, ati-deya-skyaam ityasmin ekaha scamer bhavati yah peeditaay atiriktam dhanam preshitavaan iti mithyaa-dava karoti. tatah scamer, preshite dhanarashyaha apekshitasya dhanarashyaha cha madhye antaram pratyarpayitum peeditam sammohitum prayatate. etat skyaam anekaan rupan sweekartum shaknoti, yathaa check-over-payment-skyaam, anlain-refund-skyaam cha. bhinnaroopaani. skyaam ityasya anekaani prakarani santi, parantu teshu sarveshu skyaam-kartuhu peediteh krute kapata-deyasya, peediteh skyaam-kartuhu krute vaidha-deyasya cha samyojanam antarbhavati. ati-deya-skyaam pashyatu. check-adhika-deya-shodhane, scamer-vyaktihi peeditaay vastoonaam athavaa sevaam krute (praayah anlain athavaa vargeekruta-vidnyaapanasya pratikriyaaroopen, yadyapi check-adhika-deya-shodhan-ghotalanam krute anyaani anekaani parisarani santi) apekshita-parimanat adhikasya dhanaraashim kapatapoorn-parikshanena pradadaati. keshuchit sandarbheshu, scamer-vyaktihi, apekshitasya rashihi, check-madhye sthitasya rashihi cha madhye antaram seemaashulkasy athavaa anyasya ayatashulkasya, athavaa preshanashulkasya cha karanena asti iti pratipaadayishyati. jaala-check vyaktigataroopen vaa dhanagraahakaroopen vaa prastutiyate. tatah scamer-varyaha, peeditah taan apekshitasya rashihi, check-madhye sthitasya rashihi cha madhye atiriktam daatum praarthayati. peeditah tatah param, te dnyaatavantah yat scamer ityasya check kapatapoornam aasit, teshaam dhanam nashtam abhavat iti. tadatiriktam, yadi check iti anlain athavaa vargeekruta-vidnyaapanasya pratikriyaaroopen preshitam aasit, tathaa cha peeditah poorvamev vikreeta-vastum scamer-ityasmai preshayati athavaa pradadaati, tarhi peeditah svavastum api haarayati. adhika-deya-dhana-shodhan-skyaam ityasya check-prakaarah, tathaa cha anyaani vishvaasa-yuktayah yatra scamer-janaah peeditaay avaidha-check-patram preshayanti, tatt amshatah karyam kurvanti, yatah grahakasya byaank-madhye check-nikshepanam, check-samashodhanasya cha madhye vilambah bhavati-kadaachit dinaani vaa saptaahaani vaa-tathaa cha vaidharoopen satyaapitam bhavati. anlain-pratidaana-ghotala. anlain-pratidaana-skyaam ityasmin, ekaha scamer samanyataya colled-kaaling-doorabhaash-sankhyaih sambhavyan piditan anvishyati yaavat pratikriyaasheelah peeditah naa bhavati. scamer, prasiddhasy bruhad-kampenee ityasya vaa, athavaa laghu-kampanee ityasya vaa pratinidhitvam karoti, yat kasyaapi prakarasya sevaam pradaasyati iti natati. scamer peeditam vadati yat peeditah yat utpaadam adeshitavan iti manyate tasya krute athavaa sevaa yat kampanee naa daatum shaknoti tasya krute kampanee peeditasya pratidanartham runee asti iti. tathaiva samskarane, amazon athavaa eebe ityadinam ee-vaanijya-jaalaputasy pratiroopanam akarot ekaha scamer peeditam vadati yat kashchid peeditasya lekhayaha upayogena vilyam vastu vanchanaapoornaroopen aadesham dattavaan, tathaa cha peeditam kathitasya kapata-vyavahaarasya pratidaanam api pradadaati. scamer durastha-desktaap-tantraamshasya upayogena peeditasya sanganakasya pravesham kartum praarthayishyati, tatah peeditam swasya anlain-byaanking-jaalapute pravesham kartum prucchati. keshuchit sandarbheshu, scamer peeditam anlain-prapatram poorayati, yatra teshaam deya-rashihi iti manyate, yaa pashchat peeditah galatarupena pooritam iti te pratipaadayanti. scamer durastha-abhigama-tantraamshasya upayogena peeditasya patalam rikttam karoti, peeditasya lekhayam sthanantaranam darshayitum anlain-byaanking-jalaputam asthaayeeroopen sampaadayitum peeditasya brouser ityasya jaala-vikasa-sadhanan cha upayujyate. yadyapi vastutah naa sthaanaantarah abhavat, yadaa scamer peeditasya patalam drashtum kshamatam punah sthaapayati, tadaa jaalaputasy sampaaditasamskaranam taan pratyabhidnyaatum shaknoti yat scamer vastutah teshaam lekhayam dhanam preshitavaan iti. yadaa peeditah pratyarpanam abhavat iti manayati, tadaa te jaananti yat teshaam lekhayam sanchitam rashihi apekshitat adhikam asti iti. peeditasya swaprati sadbhavanaya saha, yadi peeditah apekshitasya deyasya cha parimanasya madhye antaram naa pratyarpayati tarhi swakaaryam badhayam bhavati iti praayah scamer-vyaktihi pratipaadayati. yatra scamer peeditaay prapatram poorayitum uktavaan, tatra scamer, aparaadham prerayitum, trutyaah krute peeditah eva uttaradaayi iti ghoshayishyati. tam tam sthanantaram, manee-arder, athavaa kadaachit store-gift-card-dwara pratigamanam bhavati, yat tatah scamer-dwara vimochyate, yena etaadrushe skyaam-ityasya anantaram peeditasya krute swadhanasya punahpraaptih praayah asambhawah bhavati. kinchitkalanantaram, peeditah tadaa dnyaatavaan (sambhawatah swasya antarjaaleey-byaanking-jalaputam punah lodu krutvaa, prushtam punah lodu krutvaa scamer ityasya parivartanaani naa neetaah) yat scamer kadaapi teshaam account madhye kimapi dhanam naa sthanantarayat, tathaa cha scamer-prati preshitam kimapi dhanam nashtam abhavat iti. antarjaaleey-pratidaana-skyaam iteedam api takaniki-samarthan-skyaam iti ganyate, yatah te durastha-abhigama-tantraamshena saha upayoktuh sanganaken saha sambaddhasy samaan-swaroopam bahudhaa anusaranti. etadatirichya, kechan antarjaaleey-pratidaana-skyaam ityete poorvamev prayuktivyavasthaayaah samarthan-skyaam-dwara piditanam upayoktrubhyah lakshyeekrutaani santi, yathaa, moolatah piditam vanchayan samsthaa vyavasaayaat bahihi gataa aasit, tathaa cha peeditasya mool-skyaam-dwara pradattaani "surakshaa-sewaah" naa daatum shaktavatee iti. vyaapaar-deya-lekhayaha skaam. ekaha scamer venmo athavaa zell ityasya upayogena facebook-markett-places ityadini anlain-markett-places ityatra kimapi vastu kretum prastaavayati. scamer vikretaayai (peeditam) vadati yat vyavahaaram poornam kartum vikretaayai swalekhaayaah vyaparalekhayam unnateekaranam aavashyakam. scamer peeditaay vastunah mulyasya krute kapata-deya-suchana preshayati, api cha te yat vyaapaar-lekhayaha unnatikaranashulkam iti vadanti, tatah peeditam, deya-prakriyayaha pratirupanat kasyaapi upgrade-kretum prucchati, yena peeditah swasya deya-dhanam praaptum shaknoti. peeditah vastutah kimapi dhanam naa praapsyati, parantu scamer piditaat kapatapoornam "upgrade" dhanam praapsyati.

athigappadiyaana panam seluththuthal moasadi panatthaith thirumbap peruthal moasadi endrum azhaikkappadum athigappadiyaana panam seluththuthal moasadi, paathikkappattavarkalin nalla nambikkaiyai iraiyadikka vadivamaikappatta oru vagaiyaana nambikkaik thanthiramaagum. miga adippadaiyaana vadivaththil, oru athigappadiyaana panam seluththum moasadi enbathu oru moasadi seibavar, paathikkappattavarukku athigappadiyaana panaththai anuppiyathaaga poiyaagak kooruvathaik kondullathu. moasadi seibavar pinnar anuppapatta thogaikkum virumbiya thogaikkum idaiyilaana vaerupaattaith tiruppith tharumaaru paathikkappattavarai namba vaika muyarchikkiraar. inththa moasadi kasolai athigappadiyaana panam seluththuthal moasadigal mattrum anline panatthaith thirumbap peruthal moasadigal udpada pala padivangalai edukkalaam. maarupaadugal. inththa moasadiyil pala vagaikal ullana, aanaal avai anaiththum moasadi seibavaridamirunthu paathikkappattavarukku moasadi panam seluththuthal mattrum paathikkappattavaridamirunthu moasadi seibavarukku muraiyaana panam seluththuthal aagiyavattrin kalavaiyaagum. athigappadiyaana panam seluththum moasadiyai saripaarkkavum. kasolai athigappadiyaana panam seluththum moasadiyil, moasadi seibavar paathikkappattavarukku porutkal allathu sevaikalukku (perumpaalum anline allathu vagaippaduththappatta vilambaraththirku pathilalikkum vagaiyil, kasolai athigappadiyaana panam seluththum moachadigalukku pala idangkal irunththaalum) oru moasadi kaasoalaiyudan panam seluththuvaar. sila santharppangalil, tittamitta thogaikkum kaasolaiyil ulla thogaikkum ulla vaerupaadu sunga allathu pira irakkumathi kattanangal allathu kappal kattanangal kaaranamaagum endru moasadi seibavar kooruvaar. poali kasolai thanipatta allathu panakkaararin kaasoalaiyaaga valangkappadalaam. moasadi seibavar pinnar paathikkappattavar virumbiya thogaikkum kaasolaiyil ulla thogaikkum idaiyil athigappadiyaana thogaiyai seluththa vaendum endru koorugiraar. paathikkappattavar avvaaru seitha piragu, moasadi seibavarin kasolai moasadiyaaga iruppathai avarkal kandupiditthu, thangal panaththai izhakkiraargal. koodudhalaaga, anline allathu vagaippaduththappatta vilambaraththirku pathilalikkum vagaiyil kasolai anuppapattu, paathikkappattavar aerkanavae moasadi seibavarukku virkappadum porulai anuppiyirunthaal allathu valangkiyirunththaal, paathikkappattavarum thangal porulai izhakkiraar. athigappadiyaana panam seluththum moachadigalin kasolai maarupaadu, athae poal moasadigal paathikkappattavarukku sattaviroatha kaasolaiyai anuppum pira nambikkaith thanthirangal, oru vaadikkaiyaalar oru vangkiyil kaasolaiyai deposit seivatharkum kasolai agattruvatharkum idaiyae sila nerangalil naatkal allathu vaarangkal thaamatham aerpaduvathaal oralavu vaelai seigindrana. anline panatthaith thirumbap peruthal moasadi. oru anline panatthaith thirumbap perum moasadiyil, oru moasadi seibavar podhuvaaga pathilalikkakkoodiya paathikkappattavar irukkum varai kulir alaippu tholaipaesi enngal moolam paathikkappattavargalaik kandupidippaar. moasadiyaalar nanku ariyapatta periya niruvanatthaiyoa allathu oruvitha sevaiyai vazhangkum oru siriya niruvanatthaiyoa pirathinithiththuvappaduththu paasaangku seikiraar. paathikkappattavar arder seithathaagak koorappadum oru tayaripuko allathu niruvanam inii vazhangka mudiyaatha oru sevaiko niruvanam paathikkappattavarukku panatthaith tiruppith thara vaendum endru moasadi seibavar paathikkappattavaridam koorukiraar. idhaepoandra pathippil, amesan allathu eepae poantra ii-commers valaiththalamaaga aalmaaraattam seiyum oru moasadi seibavar, paathikkappattavarin kanakkaip payanpaduththi yarro oruvar moasadiyaaga oru vilaiyuyarnththa porulai arder seithathaagavum, moasadi parivarthanai endru koorappaduvadharku paathikkappattavarukku panatthaith tiruppith tharuvathaagavum paathikkappattavaridam koorukiraar. moasadi seibavar tholainilai desktop menporulaip payanpaduththi paathikkappattavarin kaneneyai anugak gadebar, pinnar paathikkappattavarai avarkalin anline vangki valaiththalaththil ullnuzhaiyach solwar. sila santharppangalil, moasadi seibavar paathikkappattavar avarkal seluththa vaendiyathaagak koorappadum thogaiyudan oru anline padivaththai nirappach solkiraar, pinnar paathikkappattavar thavaraaga nirappappattathaagak koorukiraargal. moasadi seibavar tholainilai anugal menporulaip payanpaduththi paathikkappattavarin thiraiyai kaalii seikiraar, maelum paathikkappattavarin ulaaviyin valai maempaattu karuvigalaip payanpaduththi anline vangki valaipakkaththai thartkaaligamaaga thirutthukiraar, paathikkappattavarin kanakkil oru parimaattraththaik kaattukiraar. unmaiyil endha parimaattramum nadakkavillai entraalum, moasadiyaalar paathikkappattavarin thiraiyaip paarkkum thiranai meettedukkumpoathu, valaippakkaththin thirutthappatta pathippu moasadiyaalar unmaiyil avarkalin kanakkil panaththai maatrinaar enbathai avarkalukku namba vaikkalaam. paathikkappattavar oru parimaattram nadanthathaaga nambiya piragu, thangal kanakkil maattrappattathaakak koorappadum thogai ethirpaarththathai vida athigamaaga iruppathai avarkal kandupidippaargal. paathikkappattavarin nalla nambikkaiyai thangalukku ethiraagap payanpaduththi, paathikkappattavar virumbiya thogaikkum seluththappattathaagak koorappadum thogaikkum idaiyilaana vaerupaattaith tiruppith taraavittaal, avarkalin vaelai aapaththil iruppathaaka moasadi seibavar adikkadi koorukiraar. moasadi seibavar paathikkappattavaridam oru padivaththai nirappach sonna santharppangalil, kuttraththaith thoonduvatharkaaga, paathikkappattavar pilaikku poruppu endru moasadi seibavar kooruvaar. kambip parimaattram, pana arder allathu sila nerangalil kadai parisu attai moolam thirumbap perappadukirathu, adhai moasadi seibavar pinnar meettedukkiraar, ithanaal paathikkappattavar inththa vazhiyil moasadi seiyappatta piragu thangal panaththai meetteduppathu saaththiyamattrathu. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu, paathikkappattavar (thangal anline vangki valaithalaththai meendum aetrtruvathan moolam, pakkatthai meendum aetrtruvathu moasadi seibavarin maattrangkalai neekkukirathu) moasadi seibavar thangal kanakkil endhap panaththaiyum maattravillai enbathaiyum, moasadi seibavarukku anuppapatta endhap panamum izhakkappattathaiyum kandupiditthaar. anline panatthaith thirumbap peruthal moasadigal thozhilnutpa aatharavu moasadiyin oru vadivamaagavum karudhappadalaam, aenenil avai perumpaalum remot akses soptware moolam payanarin kaneneyudan inaikkum athae vadivamaippaip pinpattrukintrana. koodudhalaaga, sila anline panatthaith thirumbap perum moasadigal munbu thozhilnutpa aatharavu moachadigalaal paathikkappatta payanarkalai ilakkaakak kondullana, paathikkappattavarai muthalil aemaattriya niruvanam vanigaththilirunthu veliyaerivittathu endrum, paathikkappattavar seluththiya "paathukaappu sevaigalai" inii vazhangka mudiyaathu endrum koorukirathu asal moasadi. vanigak kanakkuk kanakku muraikaedu. oru moasadi seibavar venmo allathu jellaip payanpaduththi facebook santhai poantra anline santhaiyil oru porulai vaangka munvaikkiraar. parivarththanaiyai mudikka, virpanaiyaalar thangal kanakkai vanigak kanakkirku maempaduththa vaendum endru moasadi seibavar virpanaiyaalaridam (paathikkappattavar) koorukiraar. moasadiyaalar paathikkappattavarukku porulin vilaikku oru poaliyaana kattana arivippai anuppukiraar, maelum avarkal vanigak kanakku maempaduththal kattanam endru koorukiraargal, pinnar paathikkappattavar panam seluththum seyaliyaaga aalmaaraattam seiyum oruvaridamirunthu maempaduththalai vaangkumpadi ketkiraar, ithanaal paathikkappattavar thangal kattanatthaip pera mudiyum. paathikkappattavar unmaiyil endha koduppanavaiyum peravillai, aanaal moasadi seibavar paathikkappattavaridamirunthu moasadi "maempaduththal" kattanatthaip perukiraar.

ovar payment scom refunded scom anie kooda piluvabade overpayment scom anedi baadhitula manchi vishwaasaanni dochukovadaniki roopondinchina oka rakamaina vishwaasa upaayam. atyanta praathamika roopamlo, overpayment scom loe oka scommer, baadhitudiki adanapu mottaanni pampinatlu abaddhamgaa paerkontuu untundi. appudu scommer pampina mottaaniki mariyu uddesinchina mottaaniki madhya vyatyaasaanni tirigi ivvamani baadhitudini oppinchadaaniki prayatnistaadu. eee kumbhakonam check overpayment skaamlu mariyu online refunded skaamlatoe sahaa aneka roopaalanu teesukovachhu. vaividhyaalu. eee kumbhakonamlo aneka rakalu unnaayi, conny avanni kumbhakonam chesina vyakti nundi baadhituniki mosapurita chellimpu mariyu baadhituraalu nundi kumbhakonam chesina vyaktiki chattabaddhamaina chellimpu vanti konni kalayikanu kaligi untaayi. ovar payment skaamnu tanikhi cheyandi. chekkupai athi chellimpu kumbhakonamlo, scommer baadhithuraaliki vastuvulu ledhaa sevalaku (tarachugaa online ledhaa vargeekruta prakatanalaku pratispandanagaa, chekkupai athi chellimpu kumbhakonalaku aneka itara praamganaalu unnappatikee) mosapurita chekkutho chellistaadu. konni sandarbhaallo, scommer uddesinchina mottaaniki, chekkupai unna mottaaniki madhya vyatyaasam customs ledhaa itara digumati rusumulu ledhaa shipping rusumula valla anie paerkontaadu. nakilee chekkunu vyaktigata ledhaa cashier chekkugaa samarpinchavachhu. scommer appudu baadhituraalu chekku meeda uddesinchina mottaaniki madhya adanapu mottaanni chellinchamani abhyardhistaadu. baadhituraalu alaa chesina tarvaata, scommer yokka check mosapuritamainadani, vaari dabbunu kolpoyindani vaaru telusukuntaaru. adanamgaa, online ledhaa vargeekruta prakatanaku pratispandanagaa chekkunu pampinatlayithe mariyu baadhituraalu ippatike vikrayistunna vastuvunu skaamarku pampinatlayithe ledhaa pampinhee chesinatlayithe, baadhitudu vaari vastuvunu kooda kolpotadu. overpayment scamla yokka check roopaantaram, alaage scommerlu baadhithuraaliki chattaviruddhamaina chekkunu pampe itara vishwaasa upaayaalu, kontavaraku alasyam kaaranamgaa panicheestaayi-konnisaarlu rojulu ledhaa vaaralu-byaankulo chekkunu jama chese customer mariyu check clearing mariyu chattabaddhamainaviga dhruvikarinchabadatam madhya. online refunded kumbhakonam. online refunded kumbhakonamlo, oka scommer saadhaaranamgaa pratispandinche baadhitudu vachhe varaku colled calling phone numberla dwara sambhaavya baadhitulanu kanugontaadu. scommer oka prasiddha pedda companyki ledhaa oka rakamaina sevanu andinche chinna companyki praatinidhyam vahistunnatlu natistaadu. baadhituraalu arder chesina utpatti ledhaa company ikapai andinchaleni seva kosam company baadhituniki tirigi chellinchaalsi undani scommer baadhituniki chebutaadu. idhe vidhamaina samskaranalo, amazon ledhaa eebe vanti ii-commers websitega natinche oka scommer baadhithuraaliki evarainaa mosapuuritamgaa baadhitula khaataanu upayoginchi khareedaina vastuvunu arder chesaarani chebutaaru mariyu mosapurita lavadevi anie bhaavinchinanduku baadhithuraaliki tirigi chellimpunu andistaaru. scommer remot desktop softwarenu upayoginchi badhitudi computernu access cheyamani abhyardhistaadu, aapai baadhitudini vaari online banking websiteku lagin avvamani adugutaadu. konni sandarbhaallo, scommer baadhithuraalini vaaru chellinchaalsina mottamto online faaraanni poorinchamani chebutaadu, taruvaata baadhituraalu tappugaa nimpinatlu vaaru paerkonnaaru. scommer remot access softwarenu upayoginchi badhitudi screennu khaalii chestaadu mariyu badhitudi khaataaloki badileeni choopinchadaaniki online banking webpageni tatkalikamga savarinchadaaniki badhitudi brouser yokka web development toolsnu upayogistaadu. vaastavaaniki etuvanti badilee jaragakapoyina, scommer badhiturali teranu chuse saamarthyaanni punaruddharinchinappudu, webpage yokka savarinchina samskarana scommer nijamgaa vaari khaataaloki dabbunu badilee chesaadani vaarini oppinchavachhu. badilee jarigindani baadhitudu viswasinchina taruvaata, vaari khaataaloki badilee cheyabadina mottam oohinchina daanikante ekkuvagaa undani vaaru kanugontaaru. baadhitula manchi vishwaasaanni tamapai taamu upayoginchukoni, baadhitulu uddesinchina mottaaniki, chellinchinatlu bhaavinche mottaaniki madhya vyatyaasaanni tirigi ivvakapothe tama udyogam pramaadamloo undani scommer tarachugaa paerkontaadu. scommer baadhithuraaliki oka phaaram poorinchamani cheppina sandarbhaallo, aparadhanni prerepinchadaaniki, scommer aaa lopaniki badhitude baadhyata vahistaadani paerkontaadu. wire badilee, manee arder ledhaa konnisaarlu store gift card dwara tirigi ivvabadutundi, dheenini scommer tirigi pondutaadu, tadwara eee vidhamgaa scom cheyabadina tarvaata baadhitulaku vaari dabbunu tirigi pondadam daadaapu asadhyam avutundi. kontha samayam taruvaata, scommer vaari khaataaloki etuvanti dabbunu badilee cheyaledani, skaamarku pampina dabbu kolpoyindani baadhitudu telusukuntaadu (bahusha vaari online banking websitenu reload cheyadam dwara, paejeeni reload cheyadam valla scommer yokka maarpulu tolaginchabadataayi). online refunded skaamlanu kooda saanketika maddatu kumbhakonam yokka oka roopamgaa pariganinchavacchu, endukante avi ekkuvagaa remot access softwaretho viniyogadaaru computerku connect chese adhe aakrutini anusaristaayi. adanamgaa, gatamlo saanketika maddatu moesaalaku guraina viniyogadaarulanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni konni online refunded skaamlu jarigaayi, modata baadhithuraalini mosam chesina company vyaparam nundi bayatapadindani, asalu kumbhakonamlo baadhituraalu chellinchina "bhadrata sevalanu" ikapai andinchalekapoyindani perkondi. vyapara chellimpu khaataa kumbhakonam. oka scommer venmo ledhaa jelle upayoginchi facebook market vanti online marketlo oka vastuvunu konugolu cheyadaaniki offer chestaadu. lavadevini puurti cheyadaaniki, vikreta thana khaataanu vyapara khaataaku upgraded cheyalsina avasaram undani mosagadu vikreta (baadhitudu) kii chebutaadu. scommer baadhithuraaliki vastuvu dharaku nakilee chellimpu noteesunu pamputundi, alaage vaaru vyapara khaataa upgraded rusumu anie paerkontaaru, aapai baadhithuraaliki chellimpu processor laaga natinche vaari nundi upgradenu konugolu cheyamani adugutaadu, tadwara baadhitudu vaari chellimpunu pondavacchu. baadhitudu vaastavaaniki etuvanti chellimpunu andukodu, conny scommer badhitudi nundi mosapurita "upgraded" chellimpunu andukuntaadu.

ziyadah adayegi kaa ghotalah ziyadah adayegi kaa scandle jasay raqam kii wapsi kaa scandle bhee kahaa jaataa hay eek qasm kii aetemad kii chaal hay juu mutasireen kay neek neeti kaa shikaar honay kay liye banayi gayee hay. sabb say bunyadi shakal mein eek ziyadah adayegi kaa ghotalah eek ghotalah baaz parr mushtamil hotaa hay juu jhuta daawi kartaa hay kahh iss nay mutasirah kuu izaafi raqam bheji hay. iss kay baad ghotalah baaz mutasirah kuu bheji gayee raqam aur matlubah raqam kay darmiyan farq waps karnay kay liye raazi karnay kii koshish kartaa hay. yaha scandle kayee faarm lay saktaa hay bashmol cheek auvar payment scand aur aann line refend scand. mukhtalif aqsaam. iss ghotalay kii behat see qasmein haine leakin inn sabb mein ghotalah baaz kii taraf say mutasirah kuu dhokah dahee kii adayegi aur mutasirah kii taraf say ghotalah baaz kuu jayez adayegi kaa kachh majmuah shaamil hay. auvar payment scandle cheek karein. cheek auvar payment scandle mein scandler mutasirah shaqs kuu saamaan yaa khidmaat kay liye (aksar aann line yaa classified ishtehaar kay jawaab mein halankah cheek auvar payment scandles kay liye kayee deegar ahaatay haine) matlubah raqam say ziyadah raqam kii dhokah dahee say cheek kay saath adayegi karay gaa. kachh muamilat mein ghotalah baaz daawi karay gaa kahh matlubah raqam aur cheek parr mojud raqam kay darmiyan farq custom yaa deegar daraamadi fees yaa shipping fees kii wajah say hay. jaali cheek yaa tuu zaati yaa cashier kay cheek kay toor parr paish kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss kay baad ghotalah baaz darkhwast kartaa hay kahh mutasirah inhein matlubah raqam aur cheek parr mojud raqam kay darmiyan izaafi raqam adaa karay. mutasirah kay aisa karnay kay baad inhein patah chalta hay kahh scanmer kaa cheek dhokah dahee kaa thaa jiss say inn kaa paisah zaaye how gayaa. iss kay alawah agar cheek kasee aann line yaa classified ishtehaar kay jawaab mein bheja gayaa thaa aur mutasirah shaqs nay pehley hyee iss cheez kuu bhej diyaa hay yaa asay scanmer kuu farokhat kirr diyaa hay tuu mutasirah shaqs apnee cheez bhee khoo deeta hay. ziyadah adayegi kay ghotalon kaa cheek version neez deegar aetemad kii harkaat jehaan schemer mutasirah kuu najaiz cheek bhejte haine jazwi toor parr iss wajah say kaam kartay haine kahh-kabhi kabhi dunn yaa haftay-benak mein cheek jamaa karnay waalay gahik aur cheek clearing aur jayez honay kii tasdiq kay darmiyan takhir hoti hay. aann line raqam wapsi kaa ghotalah. aann line raqam kii wapsi kay ghotalay mein eek ghotalah baaz aam toor parr mamkanah mutasireen kuu couled calling phone nambaron kay zariye iss waqat takk dhond leeta hay jabb takk kahh koyee zamah daar shikaar naha how. ghotalah baaz yaa tuu kasee maruf bury company yaa kasee chhoti company kii numaindagi karnay kaa bahanah kartaa hay juu kasee qasm kii khadmat paish karti hay. ghotalah baaz mutasirah kuu batata hay kahh company mutasirah kuu yaa tuu iss product kay liye raqam kii wapsi kaa maqrooz hay jiss kaa mubinah toor parr mutasirah nay arder diyaa thaa yaa aisi khadmat juu company abb farahim nahein kirr sakti. asee tarah kay warzan mein emizon yaa ayee bay jaisi ayee commers waib saait kaa ruup badalnay waala eek ghotalah baaz mutasirah shaqs kuu batata hay kahh kasee nay mutasirah kay akaunt kaa istemaal kartay hoay dhokah dahee say eek mahungi cheez kaa arder diyaa hay aur mutasirah kuu mubinah dhokah dahee kay leane deen kay liye raqam kii wapsi kii paishkash kartaa hay. ghotalah baaz remot desk topp saaft wayer kaa istemaal kartay hoay mutasirah kay computer takk rasayi kii darkhwast karay gaa aur phir mutasirah say apnee aann line banking waib saait parr laag inn karnay kuu kahay gaa. kachh muamilat mein ghotalah baaz mutasirah shaqs say iss raqam kay saath eek aann line faarm parr kartaa hay juu inn parr waajib alaada hay jasay baad mein wah daawi kartay haine kahh mutasirah nay ghalat tareeqe say bharaa hay. ghotalah baaz remot rasayi saaft wayer kaa istemaal kartay hoay mutasirah kii screen kuu khaali kartaa hay aur mutasirah kay akaunt mein muntaqli kuu zahir karnay kay liye aann line banking waib paij mein aarizi toor parr tarmim karnay kay liye mutasirah kay browser kay waib dwelopment toles kaa istemaal kartaa hay. agarcha asl mein koyee muntaqli nahein hoyee hay jabb scanmer mutasirah kii screen dekhnay kii salahiyat kuu bahaal kartaa hay tuu waib paij kaa tarmim shadah warzan inhein qayel kirr saktaa hay kahh scanmer nay waaqee inn kay khaatay mein raqam muntaqil kii thee. jabb mutasirah shaqs kuu yaqeen how jaataa hay kahh muntaqli how chaki hay tuu wah driyafat kartay haine kahh inn kay khaatay mein mubinah toor parr muntaqil kii gayee raqam toqaa say ziyadah hay. apnay khalaaf mutasirah kay neek neeti kaa istemaal kartay huay ghotalah baaz aksar daawi kartaa hay kahh agar mutasirah matlubah raqam aur mubinah toor parr adaa kii gayee raqam kay darmiyan farq waps nahein kartaa hay tuu inn kii nokari khatray mein hay. aisey muamilat mein jehaan ghotalah baaz nay mutasirah kuu faarm parr karnay kuu kahaa how ghotalah baaz jarm kuu janam deenay kay liye daawi karay gaa kahh mutasirah ghalti kaa zamah daar hay. wapsi taar kii muntaqli manee arder yaa baaz auqaat store guft card kay zariye kii jaati hay jasay scanmer phir chhadata hay jiss say mutasirah kay liye iss tarah say dhokah dahee kay baad apnay paisay waps leena taqriba namumkin how jaataa hay. kachh waqat baad mutasirah shaqs kuu phir patah chalta hay (mamkanah toor parr apnee aann line banking waib saait kuu dobarah load karnay say keunkah safha kuu dobarah load karnay say scanmer kii tabdiliyan khatam how jaati haine) kahh scanmer nay kabhi bhee inn kay khaatay mein koyee raqam muntaqil nahein kii aur yaha kahh scanmer kuu bheji gayee koyee bhee raqam zaaye how gayee hay. aann line raqam wapsi kay ghotalon kuu takniki sport ghotalay kii eek shakal bhee samjha jaa saktaa hay keunkah wah bury hadd takk remot rasayi saaft wayer kay saath saarif kay computer say jadnay kay asee formate kii peervi kartay haine. iss kay alawah kachh aann line raqam wapsi kay ghotalon kuu inn saarfin kuu nishanah banaya gayaa hay juu pehley takniki sport ghotalon kaa shikaar how chakay thay yaha daawi kartay hoay kahh jiss company nay asl mein mutasirah kuu dhokah diyaa thaa wah karobar say baahir how gayee thee aur wah mutasirah kuu "hifazati khidmaat" farahim nahein kirr sakti thee. asl ghotalah. karobari adayegi akaunt kaa ghotalah. eek ghotalah baaz venmo yaa zeel kaa istemaal kartay hoay aann line market plais jeesay fees buck market plais parr koyee aaitam khareedne kii paishkash kartaa hay. ghotalah baaz baichnay waalay (shikaar) kuu batata hay kahh leane deen makmal karnay kay liye baichnay waalay kuu apnay khaatay kuu karobari khaatay mein app grade karnay kii zarurat hay. ghotalah baaz mutasirah shaqs kuu shay kii qeemat kay liye jaali adayegi kaa notes bhejta hay aur iss kay elawah wah juu daawi kartay haine wah buznis akaunt app grade fees hay phir mutasirah say adayegi kay processor kaa ruup badalnay waalay kasee shaqs say app grade khareedne kuu kehta hay taakah mutasirah apnee adayegi haasil kirr sakay. mutasirah kuu asl mein koyee adayegi nahein milti hay leakin scanmer kuu mutasirah say dhokah dahee say "app grade" kii adayegi milti hay.

00044701e89818df9ce1a9ece5d4a6665c09985189b1d7d8d4d789a8b48d81ca

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10812218

Reşid Mehmed Pasha

Reşid Mehmed Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1829 to 1833 Reşid Mehmed Pasha, also known as Kütahı (, 1780–1836), was an Ottoman statesman and general who reached the post of Grand Vizier in the first half of the 19th century, playing an important role in the Greek War of Independence. Early life. Reşid Mehmed was born in Georgia, the son of a Greek Orthodox priest. As a child, he was captured as a slave by the Ottomans, and brought to the service of the then Kapudan Pasha Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha. His intelligence and ability impressed his master and secured his rapid rise. He was stationed in Karađorđe's Serbia for a short time. At only 29 years, he was appointed governor of Kütahya, from where he acquired his sobriquet. In 1820, he was sent by Sultan Mahmud II, along with many other pashas, to quell the rebellion of Ali Pasha of Yannina against the Porte. At the same time, the Greeks were preparing their own uprising, which broke out in March 1821. Thus, after the defeat and death of Ali Pasha in 1822, he was at hand to campaign against the Greek rebels. Operations in Epirus – First Siege of Missolonghi. Having been appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman forces in Epirus, he marched south, to meet the Greek forces under Alexandros Mavrokordatos, which were campaigning towards Arta. He inflicted a crushing defeat upon them in the Battle of Peta, on 4 July 1822, and proceeded southwards, to the strategically important town of Missolonghi. There he was met by Omer Vrioni, and their joint force of 8,000 besieged the city for two months, from 25 October to 31 December 1822. Omer Vrioni, contrary to Reşid Mehmed's view, initially tried to take the town by negotiations, which the besieged Greeks took advantage of, dragging them out until November 8, when they were reinforced by sea, at which point they refused to negotiate further. The siege began in earnest, and the two pashas scheduled their main assault for Christmas night, December 24, calculating that the Greeks would be caught by surprise. The plan was leaked to the defenders, and the attack failed. Six days later, the siege was lifted. Campaign in Thessaly. After the failure at Missolonghi, Reşid Mehmed moved against the mountainous region of Pelion, which he managed to subdue. For his success, he was appointed governor of the sanjak of Trikala, and was finally appointed commander-in-chief of all Ottoman forces in Rumelia. Third Siege of Missolonghi. From this position he was tasked by the Porte with taking Missolonghi and thus securing western Greece. Reşid Mehmed assembled an army of more than 35,000 and in February 1825 he set out for Missolonghi. On arriving there on April 20, he immediately invested the town with earthworks and subjected it to heavy bombardment. However, despite his efforts, the Greek garrison, aided by raids from the Greek bands behind his lines and resupplied by the Greek fleet despite the Ottoman naval blockade, resisted effectively. In the end, he was forced to call upon the assistance of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, whose army had been victorious against Greek forces in the Morea. The Egyptian forces arrived in early November, but a split occurred between the presumptuous Ibrahim and Reşid Mehmed, who withdrew his forces. After the Egyptians failed too in their assaults, Ibrahim acknowledged his error. The two pashas now cooperated, and the siege was intensified. The seaward supply route was cut, forcing threatening the defenders with starvation. Finally, they attempted a desperate escape, breaking out through the besieging forces, on the night of 10 April 1826. The sortie resulted in a massacre of the defenders, and Missolonghi fell to the Ottoman forces. Campaign in Attica. After this success, Reşid Mehmed turned towards Attica and Athens, where he arrived in July. He besieged the Greek garrison on the Acropolis of Athens unsuccessfully for ten months, until his unexpected victory over a Greek relief force at the Battle of Phaleron on 24 April 1827 forced the Greeks to surrender the fort. Campaign against Bosnia Eyalet. The Ottoman Bosnian leadership led by Husein Gradaščević were outraged when Sultan Mahmud II granted Serbia autonomy and subsequently six districts from the Bosnia Eyalet with the Treaty of Adrianople. Husein Gradaščević had already begun to support the cause of the fallen Janissary after the Auspicious Incident and would not allow Mahmud II to further disintegrate Bosnian society. Instead of negotiating with Husein Gradaščević, the Grand Vizier Reşid Mehmed Pasha (already engaged in an aggressive campaign against Albanian pashas and beys) mobilized his Ottoman army towards Travnik. Disappointed by Reşid Pasha's move, Gradaščević marched forward with an army of 52,000 into Priština, and later fought and defeated Reşid Pasha at Shtime. A Bosnian delegation reached the Grand Vizier's camp in Skopje in November of that year. The Grand Vizier promised this delegation that he would insist to the Sultan that he accept the Bosniak demands. His true intentions, however, were manifested by early December when his cannons attacked Bosnian units stationed on the outskirts of Novi Pazar. Reşid Mehmed Pasha later began an aggressive campaign into Bosnia with the assistance of the renegade kapetan Ali-paša Rizvanbegović and defeated the entire army of Bosnia Eyalet led by Husein Gradaščević outside the town of Stup. After the Greek Revolution. A very distinguished general, Reşid Mehmed fought in the Russo-Turkish War, where he was defeated by General Diebitsch at the Battle of Kulevicha. Subsequently, he was appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, a post he held from January 1829 to 17 February 1833. From that position, he orchestrated the Monastir massacre of 1830 of the Albanian beys killing hundreds. He led the Ottoman armies in Anatolia in the Egyptian-Ottoman War. He was captured by the forces of his old antagonist, Ibrahim Pasha, at the war's decisive Battle of Konya in 1832. Campaign in the Diyarbakir Eyalet. He was appointed the Wāli of Diyarbakir Eyalet and Raqqa Eyalet in 1834 and onwards led military campaigns against the local Kurdish tribes Garzan, Bedir Khan and Milli and the Yazidi in Sincar. In 1835 he subdued the Milli tribe in Mardin. In 1836, he defeated, Mire Kor, the ruler from the Emirate of Soran. He died in 1836. Notes and sources. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

reisid mehmed paxa reisid mehmed paxa, jaak kutahi (, 1780-1836) buliu jonaa yaay, ejon automan rastroneta aaru general aasil ji 19 xotikar prothom ordhot grand bhijair podot uponeet hoisil, jiye greek swadhinota juddhot ek guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil. prarombhik jiwan. reisid mehmedor jonmo hoisil jorjiyat, ejon greek orthodox puruhitor putro. xixu hisape teuk automanxokole daax hisape bondi korisil aaru tetiyar kapudan paxa kuka husrev mehmed paxar xewaloi onaa hoisil. teur buddhimotta aaru xamorthyoi teur probhur uporot probhab pelaisil aaru teur drut utthan nischito korisil. teu olop xomoyor baabe caradorder cherbiyat owosthito aasil. maatro 29 bosor boyoxot teuk kutahiyar rajyopal nijukto koraa hoisil, zo 'ror poraa teu teur upadhi laabh korisil. 1820 sonot sultan dwitiyo mahmude aan bohutu paxor xoite teuk porter biruddhe yaninar aali paxar bidruh domon koriboloi pothiyaisil. eke xomoyote, greekxokole teulukor nijor bidruhor prostuti solai aasil, jitu 1821 sonor march maahot aarombho hoisil. enedore, 1822 sonot aali paxar porajoy aaru mrityur pisot, teu greek bidruhixokolor biruddhe obhijan soluwar baabe haatot aasil. ipairasor uporot koraa obhijan-miss 'longhir prothom oworudh. epirasor automan bahinir xenapoti-inn-sif hisape nijukto huwar pisot, teu alekjendros mabhro "cordatusor odhinot greek bahinir xoite log paboloi dokhyinoloi jatra korisil, ji arter dixot prosar solai aasil. 1822 sonor 4 julyte petar juddhot teu teulukok xusoniyobhabe porasto korisil aaru kouxolgotovabe guruttopurno miss 'longhi sohoroloi dokhyin dixoloi aagbarhisil. taat teuk umor bhriunir xoite xakhyat hoisil, aaru teulukor 8,000ror jutiya bahiniye 25 octoboror poraa 31 disembor 1822 loike dumah dhori sohorkhon gherau korisil. umor bhriuni, raid mehmedor dristibhongir biporite, prothomote alusonar dwara sohorkhon dokhol koriboloi chesta korisil, jaar xubidha grohon kori oworudh koraa greekxokole 8 novemboroloike teulukok tunny uliyaisil, jetiya teulukok xagoror dwara xoktixali koraa hoisil, xei xomoyot teuluke aaru odhik alusona koriboloi oswikar korisil. oworudhtu antorikotare aarombho hoisil, aaru duyujon paxai 24 disemboror khristomasor nixa teulukor mool aakromonor xomoy nirdharon korisil, gonona korisil je greekxokol aasorit hoi poribo. porikolponatu defenderxokolor usorot lick koraa hoisil, aaru aakromontu bifol hoisil. choy dinor pisot, oworudhtu uthai luwa hoisil. thesalit obhijan. miss 'langhit bifol huwar pisot, reisid mehmede peliyonor pahariya oncholor biruddhe aagbarhi goisil, jaak teu domon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. teur xofolotar baabe teuk trikalar xonjokor rajyopal nijukto koraa hoisil, aaru owoxexot rumeliat thoka xokolu automan bahinir xenapoti-inn-sif hisape nijukto koraa hoisil. miss 'longhir tritiyo oworudh. ei podor poraa teuk bondortuwe misulonghi luwar dayitwo disil aaru enedore poschim greech xurokhito korisil. reisid mehmede 35,000tokoiu odhik xoinyor ekhon xoinyo ekotrito korisil aaru 1825 sonor februaryt teu miss 'longhir baabe ulai goisil. 20 aprilot taat uposthito huwar loge loge teu sohorkhonot maatir kaam korisil aaru taat tibro bumaborxon korisil. obosye, teur prochestar swotweu, greek gerisone, teur lineor pisfalor greek byandor obhijanor xohayot aaru automan nou oworudhor swotweu greek nouborgor dwara punor jugan dhori, pholoproxubhabe protirudh korisil. xexot, teu ijiptor ibrahim paxar xohay bisariboloi badhyo hoisil, jaar xenabahini murut greek bahinir biruddhe bijoyi hoisil. novemboror aarombhonite ijiptor bahini uposthito hoisil, kintu ohongkari ibrahim aaru reisid mehmedor maajot bibhajon ghotisil, ji teur bahini proityahar korisil. ijiptor lukoxokleu teulukor aakromonot bifol huwar pisot, ibrahime teur bhul swikar korisil. duyu paswai etiya xohojugita korisil, aaru oworudh tibro hoisil. xagoror juganor pothtu kaati diya hoisil, jaar folot defenderxokolok onaharere bhabuki diboloi badhyo koraa hoisil. owoxexot, teuluke 1826 sonor 10 aprilor nixa obodhoxotro bahinir maajere ulai ohaar baabe ek hotax polayonor chesta korisil. ei juddhor folot rokhyokxokolor gonohoitya hoisil, aaru misulonghi automan bahinir haatot porisil. etikat prosar. ei xofolotar pisot, reisid mahmade etika aaru athensor faale ghuri aahisil, zo 'too teu july maahot uposthito hoisil. 1827 sonor 24 aprilot faleronor juddhot greek xahajyo bahinir uporot teur oproityaxito bijoyloike teu doh maahor baabe athensor ekrup 'lisot greek gerisonok bifolbhabe gherau korisil, jaar folot greekxokole durgotu aatmoxomorpon koriboloi badhyo hoisil. bob 'sniya ilator biruddhe obhijan. sultan mahmood dwitiyoi charbiya swayotoxaxon aaru poroborti xomoyot adrianop 'lor suktir xoite bob' sniya ilator poraa soikhon jilaa prodan korar xomoyot husin gradasevisor netritwot automan bob 'soniyo netritwo khyubdho hoisil. hiusin gradasevise itimodhye xubho ghotonar pisot potito janisarir karonok xomorthon koriboloi aarombho korisil aaru mahmood dwitiyok bob 'soniyo xomajok aaru odhik bischinno koriboloi onumoti nidiye. husin gradasevisor xoite alusona korar poriworte, grand bhijiyer reisid mehmed paswai (itimodhye albanian paswa aaru beisor biruddhe ek aakromonatmok obhijanot niyujit) travonikor faale teur automan xoinyobahini ekotrito korisil. reisid paxar podokhyepot hotax hoi gradasevise 52,000 xoinyor xoite pristinaloi aagbarhi goisil, aaru pisot swotaimot reisid paxak juj disil aaru porasto korisil. xei bosoror novembor maahot bob 'soniyo protinidhi doltuwe scopiate thoka grand bhijiyeror xibirot uposthito hoisil. mohaa-ujiyere ei protinidhi dolok protisruti disil je teu sultanok bob 'sniyakor daabi grohon koriboloi jure dibo. obosye, teur prokrito uddesyo disemboror aarombhonite prokax paisil jetiya teur kamane novie pajaror upokonthot owosthito bob 'soniyo unitxomuhok aakromon korisil. reisid mehmed paswai pisot regegade kapetan aali-paasa rijbhanbegubhisor xohayot bob 'sniyat ek aakromonatmok obhijan aarombho korisil aaru stup sohoror bahirot husin gradasevisor netritwot bob' sniya ilator xomogro xoinyok porasto korisil. greek biplowor pisot. ejon oti bixisto xenapoti, reisid mehmede rusu-turkey juddhot juj disil, zo 'too teu kulebhisar juddhot general diabeatsor haatot porasto hoisil. poroborti xomoyot, teuk automan xamrajyor grand bhijiyar hisape nijukto koraa hoisil, jitu podobi teu 1829 sonor januaryr poraa 1833 sonor 17 februaryloike rakhisil. xei podor poraa, teu 1830 sonor munastir gonohoityar porikolpona korisil zo "too xo xo albanian beise hotya korisil. teu ijipto-automan juddhot anatoliat automan xoinyobahinik netritwo disil. 1832 sonot kuniyar juddhor nirnayok juddhot teur puroni xotru, ibrahim paxar bahiniye teuk bondi korisil. diyarbakiror sokur paatot obhijan. 1834 sonot teuk diyarbakir ilet aaru raaka ilator waali hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru iyar pisot sthaniyo kurdis jonojati garjan, bedir khaan aaru millie aaru sinkaror yajidir biruddhe xamorik obhijanor netritwo disil. 1835 sonot teu mardinor millie jonojatik domon korisil. 1836 sonot teu xuranor emirator xaxok maair kurok porasto korisil. 1836 sonot teur mrityu hoy.

racid mehmed pasha racid mehmed pasha, jini qutahi (, 1780-1836) nameo porichito, ekjon automan rashtranayak ebong general chhilen jini 19 shotoker prothomardhe granned ujir podey pouchechilen, greek swadhinota juddhe guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilen. prathomik jeebon. racid mehmed georgia jonmogrohon korechilen, ekjon greek gonda purohiter putro. shishu hisabe, tini automander dwara kritodas hisabe bondee hohn ebong tatkalin kapudan pasha coca hasrev mehmed pashar sebay niye asen. taanr buddhimatta oo khomota taanr guruke mugdho korechilo ebong taanr druto utthan nischito korechilo. tini alpo somoyer jonno carador serbia abosthan korchilen. matro 29 bochor boyse, tini qutahiyar rajyapal nijukto hohn, jekhan theke tini taanr upadhi orjon corren. 1820 khristabde sultan dwitiya mahmoud anyanno onek pashader sange taanke ianina-rawr ally pashake bondorer biruddhe bidroh domon korte pathan. ekoi somoye, greekra taader nijaswa bidroher prostuti nichchilo, jaa 1821 saaler march maase shuru hoyechilo. eibhabe, 1822 saale ally pashar porajoy oo mrityur porey, tini greek bidrohider biruddhe abhijaner jonno haate chhilen. apyruser apareshana-misolonghir prothom aborodh. apyrus-ayee automan bahinir prodhan senapati nijukto howar porr, tini alekjandros mavrocordatoser adhine greek bahinir saathe dekha korar jonno dakkhine agrasar hohn, jaaraa arter dike prochar korchilo. 1822 khristabder 4thhaa julai petter juddhe tini taader shochaniyabhabe porajito corren ebong kousholgotobhabe guruttopurno misolonghi shohore dakkhin dike agrasar hohn. sekhane tini omor vrionir saathe dekha corren ebong taader 8,000-err joutho bahini 25 octobor theke 31 december 1822 porjonto dui maas dhorey shaharti aborodh korey. omor vrioni, rayed mehmeder drishtibhongir biporite, prathomikbhabe alochonar madhyome shaharti dokhol korar chesta korechilo, jaar sujog niye aboruddho greekra 8 navembar porjonto taader teney niye yaay, jokhon taaraa samudra dwara shaktishali hoy, jey somoye taaraa arow alochona korte aswikar korey. aborodh antorikbhabe shuru hoy ebong dui pashai 24shhey december chrismuser raate taader prodhan akromoner somoy nirdharan korey, ganana korey jey greekra abak hoye jaabe. porikolponati defenderder kachhe faans hoye yaay ebong akramanti byartho hoy. chhoy deane porr aborodh tuley neoa hoy. thislite procharona. misolonghi-teey byarthotar porr, racid mehmed pellioner parbotto anchaler biruddhe choley zaan, jaa tini domon korte sokkhom hohn. taanr safalyer jonno, tini trikalar sanjaker rajyapal nijukto hohn ebong abosheshe rumelia samasta automan bahinir prodhan senapati nijukto hohn. misolonghi-rawr tritiya aborodh. eyi abosthan theke taanke misolonghi neoar ebong eibhabe poschim griske surokkhito korar dayitto deoa hoyechilo. reisid mehmed 35,000-ero beshi sainyer ekti senabahinike ekotrito corren ebong 1825 saaler februaryte tini misolonghi-rawr uddeshye raona hohn. 20shhey april sekhane pouchonor porr, tini totkkhonat shahortike maatir kaaj diye biniyog corren ebong sekhane bharee bomabarshan corren. zaihok, taanr prochesta sotteo, greek garrison, taanr liner pichhone greek bandgulir abhijaner dwara sahayata korey ebong automan nou aborodh sotteo greek naubahar dwara punra sarbaraha korey, karjokorbhabe protirodh korey. shesh porjonto, tini mishorer ibrahim pashar sahajyo nitey badhyo hohn, jaar senabahini moray greek bahinir biruddhe vijayi hoyechilo. mishariya bahini novemborer godar dike eshe pouchoy, kintu ahongkari ibrahim ebong rayed mehmeder modhye ekti bibhajan ghote, jaaraa taar bahinike prottahar korey neyo. mishariyarao taader akromone byartho howar porr ibrahim taar bhul sweekar corren. dui pashara ekhon sahojogita korey ebong aborodh arow zordar koraa hoy. samudrer sorboraher pothti ketey deoa hoyechilo, jaa defenderder anahare humki ditey badhyo korechilo. abosheshe, 1826 saaler 10ee april raate taaraa aboruddho bahinike venge diye moriabhabe palanor chesta korey. eyi abhijaner foley rakkhakra ganahatyar shicker hoy ebong misolonghi automan bahinir kachhe porajito hoy. attica procharona. eyi safalyer porr, racid mehmed attica ebong athenser dike firey zaan, jekhane tini julai maase eshe pouchon. 1827 saaler 24shhey april faleroner juddhe greek trano bahinir biruddhe taanr aprotyashito bijoy greekder durgoti atmosomorpon korte badhyo naa koraa porjonto tini dosho maas dhorey ethenser acropoliser greek garrisonke byarthobhabe aborodh korechilen. bosnia ileter biruddhe procharona. sultan dwitiya mahmoud jokhon sarbia swayattashasana ebong porobortikale adrianopol chuktir saathe bosnia ilet theke chhoyti zela manjur corren tokhon hussen gradeshevicher netritte automan bosnian netritto khubdho hoy. hussen gradeshevich itimodhyei shubh ghotonar porr potito janisarir karonke samarthan korte shuru korechilen ebong dwitiya mahmudke bosnian samajke arow bichchinno korte diten naa. hussen gradeshevicher saathe alochonar poriborte, granned ujir racid mehmed pasha (itimadhye albanian pasha ebong beiser biruddhe ekti akromonattok abhijane nijukto) taar automan senabahinike traveniker dike sangathito korey. racid pashar podokkhepe hotash hoye, gradashevich 52,000 sainya niye prestinate agrasar hohn ebong porey stime racid pashar saathe ladai korey porajito corren. seii bochorer novembore ekti bosnian protinidhi doll scopiete granned vigier shibire pouchechilo. granned ujir eyi protinidhidoler kachhe protishruti diyechilen jey tini sultaner kachhe jore deben jey tini bosoniaker dabiguli grohon korben. tobey, december godar dike taanr asol uddeshya prakash paay jokhon taanr kamanguli novie pazarer upokonthe abosthanroto bosnian unitgulite akraman korey. racid mehmed pasha porey bidrohi kapetan ally-pasha rizvanbegovicher sahayatai bosnia ekti akromonattok abhijan shuru korey ebong stupo shohorer baire hussen gradashevicher netritte bosnia ileter puro senabahinike porajito korey. greek biplober porr. ekjon atyanta bishishto senapati, racid mehmed rusho-turkey juddhe ladai korechilen, jekhane tini kulevichar juddhe general diabeatsher kachhe porajito hoyechilen. porobortikale, tini automan samrajyer granned ujir nijukto hohn, ekti podo tini 1829 saaler januari theke 1833 saaler 17 february porjonto adhisthito chhilen. seii abosthan theke, tini 1830 saaler monastyr ganahatyar parikalpana korechilen, jekhane albanian beey shoto shoto manushke hotya korechilo. tini mishariya-automan juddhe anatolia automan senabahinike netritto diyechilen. 1832 saale juddher siddhantamulak conier juddhe tini taanr purno protipokkho ibrahim pashar bahini dwara bondee hohn. diarbakir chokher patay procharona. 1834 saale tini diarbakir ilet ebong rakka ileter oyali nijukto hohn ebong tarpor sthaniya kurdi upojati garzan, bedir khaan oo millie ebong sinkare iazidider biruddhe samrik abhijaner netritto deena. 1835 saale tini mordine millie upojatike domon corren. 1836 saale tini soran amirater shasok maire korke porajito corren. 1836 saale tini maaraa zaan.

racid mohammed paasha racid mohammed paasha, jene qutahi (Кута и, 1780-1836) tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey aek ottoman rajkarani aneey general hataa, jeo jeo sadeena purvaardhmaa grand vaziyarnaa pada parr pahonchya hataa, jemane grick svatantrataa yuddhmaa mahatvapurn bhoomika bhajvi hatee. praarambhik jeevan. racid mahmadno janm georgiama thayo hato, jeey aek grick rudhichust paadarina putra hataa. baadpanma, temne ottoman dwara gulam tareeke pakadi levaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey teey samaynaa kapudan paasha kokaa hasrev mehmed paasha nee sevama lavvama aavyaa hataa. temnee buddhi aneey kshamtaae temnaa gurune prabhaavit karyaa aneey temno zadpi vikaas sunishchit karyo. teo thodaa samay maate caradordena serbiama tainaat hataa. maatra 29 varshnee ummare, temne katahiyana rajyapal tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jyanthi temane temnu upnaam melavyu hatoo. hatoo, tene sultan mahmood dhviteey dwara anya ghanaa paashaani saathe, yannina allie pashana porta saamena badvaane kaabuma levaa maate mokalvaamaa aavyo hato. teey jaj samaye, grick loko temnaa potaana badvani taiyari curry rahyaa hataa, jeey march march faatee nikalyo hato. aama, aama allie paashaani haar aneey mrutyu pachhi, teey grick badvakhoro saame abhiyaan chalaavvaa maate haathmaa hato. epirasma kamgiri-misolongini pratham gherabandhi. epirasma ottoman dalonaa commander-ina-chief tareeke niyukt thayaa baad, temane alexandros maverocordtos hethal grick dalone malvaa maate dakshin taraf cooch curry, jeo arta taraf zumbesh chalaavi rahyaa hataa. temane 4 julai julai roj petaani ladaima temne karchalithi haraavya aneey dakshin taraf vyuhaatmak reete mahatvapurn misolongi nagar taraf aagad vadhyaa. tyaan temne omer vrionee malyaa hataa aneey temnaa temnaa sanyukt dadey 25 octoberthi 31 december 1822 sudhee beey maheena sudhee shaherne gheree leedhu hatoo. racid mahemadnaa drashtikonthi vipareet, omer vrioneeae sharuaatmaa vataghato dwara shaherne kabaje karvaano prayaas karyo hato, jeno gheraayela greekoae laabh uthaavyo hato, temne 8 november sudhee khenchee leedha hataa, jyaare temne samudra dwara majboot karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, teey samaye teoae vadhu vataghato karvaano incar karyo hato. gherabandhi utsaahpurvak sharoo thaee, aneey banne paashoae 24 decemberni natalni raat maate temno mukhya humalo nirdharit karyo, ganatari curry keey grick loko aashcharyachakit thaee jashe. aaa yojnaa bachavkartaone leak karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey humalo nishfal gayo hato. chh divas pachhi gherabandhi hataavi levaamaa aavee hatee. thesalimaa zumbesh. misolongi khaateni nishfalta pachhi, racid mehmed peliyannaa parvateey pradesh saame aagad vadhyo, jene teey vash karvaamaa safal rahyo. temnee safalataa maate, temne trikalana sanjaknaa governor tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey chhevate temne rumeliyama tamaam ottoman dalonaa commander-ina-chief tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. misolongini triji gherabandhi. aaa pada parthee temne porta dwara misolongi levaanu aneey aaa reete pashchimi greesne suraksheet karvaanu kaama sonpavama aavyu hatoo. racid mahmade mahmade vadhuni senaa aekthee curry aneey februari februari teey misolongi maate ravaana thayo. 20 aprilnaa roj tyaan pahonchya pachhi, temane tarat jaj nagarne matikam saathe rokaan karyoo aneey tenaa parr bhaare topmaaro karyo. jooe keey, temnaa prayaaso chhataa, grick lashkare, temnee rekhaao paachhal grick bendnaa daroda dwara sahaay curry aneey ottoman naukadalni nakabandhi chhataa grick kaafla dwara fareethi purvatho puuro paadyo, asarkarak reete pratikaar karyo. ante, temne egyptna ibrahim paashaani madad maangvaani faraj puddy, jaimnee senaa moreeyama grick dado saame vijayi thaee hatee. egyptni senaa novemberni sharuaatmaa aavee pahonchi hatee, parantu ahankari ibrahim aneey racid mahmad vachche vibhajan thayu hatoo, jemane temnaa dalone paachha khenchee leedha hataa. egyptvasio pann temnaa humalaama nishfal gayaa pachhi, ibrahime potaani bhool sweekari. banne paashoae havey sahkaar aapyo aneey gherabandhi vadhu teevra bunny hatee. dariyai purvathaano maarg kaapee nakhvama aavyo hato, jenaa kaarane bachavkartaone bhukhmarani dhamki aapvani faraj puddy hatee. chhevate, teoae 10 april april raatre gheraayela dalomathi bahaar nikaline aek hataash bhaagi javaano prayaas karyo. aaa udaannaa parinaame bachavkartaono narsamhar thayo aneey misolongi ottoman dado saame puddy gayo. etikama zumbesh. aaa safalataa pachhi, racid mahmad etic aneey athens taraf valyaa, jyaan teo julyma pahonchya. temane ethansnaa acropolis parr grick chhavanine dass maheena sudhee nishfal reete gheree leedhi, jyaan sudhee 24 april april roj felleronni ladaima grick raahat dada parr temnee anadhaari jeetthi greekone keellane sharanagati sweekarvani faraj puddy. bosnia ilet saame zumbesh. jyaare sultan mahmood bijaae adrianopalni sandhee saathe serbiane svaayattaa aapee aneey tyarbad bosnia iletnaa chh jeellaaone manjuri aapee tyaare hyusena gradesevichni aagevani hethalnaa ottoman bosnian netrutva gusse thayu hatoo. hussen gradeseviche aaa shubh ghatnaa pachhi pateet janisarina kaaranne samarthan aapvaanu sharoo curry didhu hatoo aneey mahmood beejaane bosnian samajne vadhu vikhervaa deshe nahee. hussen gradesevich saathe vataghato karvaane badale, grand vaziyar racid mohammed paasha (pahelethee jaj albanian paasha aneey baise saame aakramak abhiyaanmaa rokaayela) aee tenee ottoman senaane travanic taraf gatisheel curry. racid pashana pagalaathi nirash thaine, gradescheviche gradescheviche senaa saathe prestinama cooch curry, aneey baadmaa stime khaate racid paashaane ladyaa aneey haraavya. teey varshnaa novemberma bosnian pratinidhimandal skopjemaa grand visierni chhavanima pahonchyu hatoo. mahaan vaziyare aaa pratinidhimandalne vachan aapyu hatoo keey teey sultanne aagrah karashe keey teey bosniyakni maanganeeo sweekaare. joke, temnaa saacha irada decemberni sharuaatmaa pragat thayaa hataa jyaare temnee topoae novie pazaarnee bahaarnaa vistaarmaa tainaat bosnian aekamo parr humalo karyo hato. racid mohammed paashae paachhalthi vidrohi capetan allie-paasa rizvanbegovikni madadthi bosniyama aakramak abhiyaan sharoo karyoo aneey stoopni bahaar hyusena gradesevichni aagevani hethalnee bosnia iletnee samagr senaane haraavi. grick kraanti pachhi. aek khoob jaj pratishthit senapati, racid mahmad ruso-turkey yuddhmaa ladyaa hataa, jyaan temne kulevichaanaa yuddhmaa general diabetshe haraavya hataa. tyarbad, temne ottoman samrajyna mahaan vaziyar tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey pada temane january 1829 thee 17 februari 1833 sudhee sambhaalyu hatoo. teey pada parthee, temane temane monastir hatyakandnu aayojan karyoo hatoo, jemaa albanian baise senkado lokonee hatyaa curry hatee. temane egypt-ottoman yuddhmaa anatoliama ottoman sainyanu netrutva karyoo hatoo. hatoo yuddhnaa nirnayak konya yuddhmaa temnaa junaa veerodhi ibrahim pashana daloae temne pakadi leedha hataa. diyarbakir aankhna patmaa zumbesh. temne temne diyarbakir ilet aneey rakka iletnaa vaalee tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey tyarbad temane sthaaneek kurdish janjaatio gerzen, bedir khaan aneey millie aneey sinkarma yazidi saame lashkari abhiyaanonu netrutva karyoo hatoo. hatoo temane mardinma millie janjatine vash curry leedhi. teo, temane sorannaa ameeratna shaasak, myre korne haraavyo. teo teo mrutyu pamya hataa.

racid mehmed paasha racid mehmed paasha, jise kutahi (, 1780-1836) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack ottoman rajneta aur general they, joe 19 veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein grand vajir key pada parr pahunche, jinhone swatantrata key yunani yuddh mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. praarambhik jeevan. racid mehmed kaa janm georgia mein huaa thaa, joe ack yunani roodhivaadi pujari kaa betaa thaa. ack bachche key roop mein, unhein ottomans dwara ack gulam key roop mein pakad liya gayaa thaa, aur tatkalin kapudan paasha coca hasrev mehmed paasha kii seva mein laaya gayaa thaa. unaki buddhimatta aur kshamata ney unake guru koo prabhaavit kiya aur unakaa teji seey uday sunishchit kiya. vaha thode samay key liye caradorde key serbia mein tainaat thaa. kewal 29 varshon mein, unhein kutahya kaa rajyapal niyukt kiya gayaa, jahan seey unhone apana upnaam praapt kiya. 1820 mein, unhein sultan mahmoud dwiteeya dwara kaee anya paashon key saath, port key khilaf yannina key allie paasha key vidroh koo dabaane key liye bheja gayaa thaa. usee samay, yunani apane swayam key vidroh kii taiyari curr rahey they, joe march 1821 mein shuru huaa. iss prakaar, 1822 mein allie paasha kii haar aur mrityu key baad, vaha yunani vidrohiyon key khilaf abhiyaan key liye haath mein thaa. epirus mein operation-misolongi kii pahali gherabandi. epirus mein ottoman balon key commander-inn-cheef niyukt honey key baad, unhone alexandros mavrocordtos key tahat yunani balon seey milane key liye dakshin kii or cooch kiya, joe art kii or abhiyaan chalaa rahey they. unhone 4 julaai 1822 koo petaa kii ladaai mein unhein karari haar dee aur dakshin kii or badhate hue ranneetik roop seey mahatvapurna misolongi shahar kii or badhe. vahaan unaki mulakat umar vrioni seey hui, aur unake 8,000 key sanyukt bull ney 25 octuber seey 31 disambar 1822 taka dou maheene taka shahar koo gher liya. umar vrioni, reced mehmed key drishtikon key vipareet, shuru mein baatchit dwara shahar koo lene kii koshish kii, jiska gherabandi kiye gaye yoonaniyon ney laabh uthaaya, unhein 8 navambar taka baahar kheench liya, jaba way samudra dwara prabalit kiye gaye, jiss bindu parr unhone aage baatchit karane seey incar curr diyaa. gherabandi gambhirta seey shuru hui, aur donon paashon ney chrismus kii raat, 24 disambar key liye apana mukhya hamla nirdhaarit kiya, yeh ganana karate hue kii yunani aashcharyachakit hoe jaayenge. yojana rakshakon koo leak hoe gaee thee, aur hamla whiffle hoe gayaa. chhah dinn baad gherabandi hataa lii gaee. theesali mein abhiyaan. misolongi mein viphalata key baad, racid mehmed ney pellion key pahaadi kshetra key khilaf kadam rakhaa, jise vaha vash mein karane mein kamyab rhaa. apani safalata key liye, unhein trikal key sanjak kaa rajyapal niyukt kiya gayaa, aur anta mein unhein rumelia mein sabhi ottoman balon kaa commander-inn-cheef niyukt kiya gayaa. misolongi kii teesari gherabandi. iss pada seey unhein bandargah dwara misolongi lene aur iss prakaar paschimi grees koo surakshit karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. racid mehmed ney 35,000 seey adhik kii senaa koo ikattha kiya aur farwari 1825 mein vaha misolongi key liye ravaana huaa. 20 aprail koo vahaan pahunchane parr, unhone turant shahar mein mitty key kaam kiye aur bhaari bambari kii. haalaanki, unake prayason key bavjood, yunani senaa ney, apani lines key peechhe yunani baindon key chhaapon kii sahaayata seey aur ottoman nausena kii nakabandi key bavjood yunani bede dwara punah aapoorti karke, prabhaavi dhang seey virodh kiya. anta mein, unhein misra key ibrahim paasha kii sahaayata lene key liye majboor honah padaa, jinaki senaa morr mein yunani senaaon key khilaf vijayi rahee thee. misra kii senaa navambar kii shuruat mein pahunchi, lekin ahankari ibrahim aur racid mehmed key beach vibhajan huaa, jinhone apani senaa koo vaapas leey liya. misra key loga bhee apane hamalon mein whiffle honey key baad, ibrahim ney apani galati sweekaar kii. donon paashon ney abb sahyog kiya aur gherabandi tej curr dee gaee. samudri aapoorti maarg koo kaat diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase rakshakon koo bhookh seey pareshan honah padaa. anta mein, unhone 10 aprail 1826 kii raat koo gherabandi curr rahey balon key beach seey bhaagne kaa prayaas kiya. iss hamale key parinamswarup rakshakon kaa narsamhar huaa, aur misolongi ottoman balon key haathon gir gayaa. attari mein abhiyaan. iss safalata key baad, racid mehmed atika aur athens kii or muda gaye, jahan way julaai mein pahunche. unhone athens key acropolis parr yunani senaa koo duss maheene taka asafal roop seey gher liya, jaba taka kii 24 aprail 1827 koo faleron kii ladaai mein ack yunani raahat bull parr unaki apratyaashit jeet ney yoonaniyon koo kille koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor naheen kiya. bosnia ilet key khilaf abhiyaan. hussen gradesevic key netritva mein ottoman bosnian netritva taba naraj hoe gayaa jaba sultan mahmoud dwiteeya ney serbia koo swaayatta pradaan kii aur baad mein adrianople kii sandhi key saath bosnia ilet seey chhah jilon koo. hussen gradesevic ney pahale seey hii shubh ghatana key baad patit janisari key kaaran kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa thaa aur mahmoud dwiteeya koo bosnian samaaj koo aur vighatit karane kii anumati naheen denge. hussen gradesevic key saath baatchit karane key bajaay, grand vajir racid mehmed paasha (pahale seey hii albanian paasha aur beya key khilaf ack aakramak abhiyaan mein lagey hue) ney apani ottoman senaa koo travenic kii or jutaaya. racid paasha key kadam seey nirash, gradeschavic ney 52,000 kii senaa key saath pristina mein aage badh gaye, aur baad mein stime mein racid paasha seey ladey aur unhein haraaya. ack bosnian pratinidhimandal usa varsh navambar mein scopje mein grand visier key shivir mein pahuncha. grand vajir ney iss pratinidhimandal seey vaadaa kiya kii vaha sultan seey bosniac kii maangon koo sweekaar karane kaa aagrah karega. haalaanki, unake sachche iraade disambar kii shuruat mein prakat hue jaba unaki topon ney novi bazar key baahari ilaake mein tainaat bosnian ikaaiyon parr hamla kiya. racid mehmed paasha ney baad mein vidrohi kapetan allie-passa rizwanbegovic kii sahaayata seey bosnia mein ack aakramak abhiyaan shuru kiya aur stoop key shahar key baahar hussen gradesevic key netritva mein bosnia ilet kii poori senaa koo haraaya. yunani kranti key baad. ack bahut hii pratishthit general, racid mehmed ney russo-turkey yuddh mein ladaai ladee, jahan unhein kulevicha kii ladaai mein general diabets dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. baad mein, unhein ottoman samrajya kaa grand vajir niyukt kiya gayaa, ack pada joe unhone janwari 1829 seey 17 farwari 1833 taka sambhala. usa pada seey, unhone 1830 key monastir narsamhar kaa ayojan kiya jisamen saikadon logon kii hatyaa kii gaee. unhone misra-ottoman yuddh mein anatolia mein ottoman senaaon kaa netritva kiya. 1832 mein yuddh kii nirnaayak ladaai mein unhein unake puraane virodhi ibrahim paasha kii senaa ney pakad liya thaa. diyarbakir ilet mein abhiyaan. unhein 1834 mein diyarbakir ilet aur rakka ilet kaa vallie niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur isake baad unhone sthaaniya kurdish janjaatiyon, garzan, bedir khaan aur millie aur sinker mein yazidi key khilaf sainya abhiyaanon kaa netritva kiya. 1835 mein unhone mardin mein millie janjaati koo paraast curr diyaa. 1836 mein, unhone soran key amirat key shaasak, meer core koo haraaya. 1836 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.

reseed mehmed pasha kotahi (Кутаи, 1780-1836) endoo kareyalpaduva resid mehmed pasha, ottoman rajakarani mattu general aagiddu, 19neey shatamaanada poorvaardhadalli grand vajeerra huddeyannu talupidaru, greek swatantrya sangraamadalli pramukha patra vahisidaru. arambhika jeevana. reeseed mehmed georgiyaadalli greek sampradaayavaadi padriyobbara maganagi janisidanu. baalyadalli, avanannu ottomannaru gulaamanaagi serehididu, aagina kapudan pasha coca husrev mehmed pasha avara sevege karetandaru. avana buddhivantike mattu saamarthyavu avana yajamananannu aakarshisitu mattu avana tvarita eligege kaaranavaayitu. aatanu swalpa samayadavarege karadordena serbiyaadalli nelesiddanu. kevala 29 varshagala vayassinalli, aatanu katahyada rajyapalanagi nemakagondanu, allinda aata tanna birudannu padedanu. 1820ralli, port viruddha yaanninaada allie paashaada dangeyannu hattikkalu sultan eradane mahmoud itara aneka pashagalondige avanannu kaluhisidanu. adhe samayadalli, greekaru tammade aada dangeyannu siddhapadisuttiddaru, adhu march 1821 ralli bhugiledditu. heegaagi, 1822 ralli allie pasha avara solu mattu maranada nantara, avaru greek bandukorara viruddha dandayaatre maadalu siddharaagiddaru. epirasnalli karyacharanegalu-misolongiya modala muttige. epirasnalli ottoman padegala commander-inn-cheef aagi nemakagonda nantara, aata dakshinakke prayana belesidaru, alexandros mavrocordatos avara netrutvadalli greek padegalannu edurisalu, avaru aartaada kadege prachara maaduttiddaru. 1822rahra julai 4randu petaada kadanadalli aata avara mele ghora solannu untumaadidanu mattu dakshinakke, vyoohatmakavaagi pramukhavaada misolongiya pattanakke saagidanu. allie aata omer vriyoniyannu bhetiyaadanu mattu avara 8,000 janara junty padegalu 25 october ninda 31 december 1822 ravarege eradu tingalugala kaala nagaravannu muttige haakidavu. omer vrioniyu, reseed mehmed avara drashtikonakke viruddhavaagi, aarambhadalli matukateya moolaka pattanavannu vashapadisikollalu prayatnisidanu, idara laabhavannu muttige haakida greekaru padedaru, november 8 ravarege avarannu eledaru, aaga avaru samudradinda balapadisalpattaru, aaa samayadalli avaru mattashtu matukate nadesalu nirakarisidaru. muttigeyu shraddheyinda praarambhavaayitu, mattu ibbaru pashagalu tamma mukhya daaliyannu chrismus ratri, december 24kke nigadipadisidaru, greekaru aashcharyadinda sikkibeeluttaare endu lekka haakidaru. ee yojaneyannu rakshakarige sorike maadalaayitu mattu daali viphalavaayitu. aaru dinagala nantara, muttigeyannu himpadeyalaayitu. thessaly abhiyana. misolongiyalli viphalavaada nantara, reseed mehmed pellion parvata pradeshada viruddha chalisidanu, adannu avanu nigrahisuvalli yashasviyaadanu. avana yashassigagi, avanu trikaalada sanjakna rajyapalanagi nemakagondanu mattu antimavagi rumeliyaadallina ellah ottoman padegala mukhyasthanaagi nemakagondanu. misolongiya moorane muttige. ee sthaanadinda aatanige misolongiyannu vashapadisikolluva mattu paschima greesna bhadrateya javaabdaariyannu porte vahisikottanu. reseed mehmed 35,000kkoo hecchu sainikarannu ottugudisidanu mattu 1825rahra phebravariyalli avanu misolongige horatanu. april 20randu allige agamisida aata takshanave pattanavannu mannina kelasagalinda tumbisi bhaaree bomb daalige olapadisidanu. aadaagyoo, avana prayatnagala horataagiyoo, greek padegalu, avana saalugala hinde greek tandagala daaligalinda sahaaya padediddavu mattu ottoman nauka digbandhanada horataagiyoo greek naukaapadeyinda marupooraikeyannu padediddavu, parinamakariyagi pratirodhisidavu. koneyalli, eejiptina ibrahim pashana sahayavannu korabekayitu, avara sainyavu moriyaadalli greek padegala viruddha vijayashaaliyaagittu. eejiptina padegalu november aarambhadalli agamisidavu, aadare ahankaarada ibrahim mattu reseed mehmed naduve vibhajane sambhavisitu, avaru tamma padegalannu hintegedukondaru. egyptinavaru tamma daaliyalli viphalaraada nantara, ibrahim tanna tappannu wappikondanu. eega ibbaru pashagalu sahakarisidaru mattu muttigeyannu tivragolisalaayitu. samudrada puraike maargavannu kaditagolisalaayitu, idu rakshakarige hasivininda bedarike haakitu. antimavagi, avaru hataasheyinda tappisikollalu prayatnisidaru, muttige haakida padegala moolaka 1826rahra april 10rahra ratri horabandaru. ee haaraatavu raksakara hatyakandakke kaaranavaayitu, mattu misolongiyu ottoman padegalige biddanu. atikaadalli prachara. ee yashassina nantara, reseed mehmed atika mattu athens kadege tirugi, allie julai tingalalli agamisidaru. aata hattu tingala kaala athensna acropolisna greek garrison annu muttige hakidanu, 1827rahra april 24randu nadeda faleron kadanadalli greek parihara padeya mele tanna anireekshita vijayavu greekarannu kooteyannu sharanaguvante maaditu. bosnia ailet viruddha abhiyana. sultan eradane mahmoud cerbiacke svaayattateyannu niididaaga mattu taruvaaya adrianopal oppandadondige bosnia ailetna aaru jillegalige niididaaga hussin gradasevic netrutvada ottoman bosnian naayakatvavu akroshagonditu. hussin gradasevic eegaagale subha ghataneya nantara bidda janissari kaaranavannu bembalisalu praarambhisiddaru mattu eradane mahmoud bosnian samajavannu mattashtu vighatisalu avakasha niidalilla. husain gradasevic avarondige matukate nadesuva badalu, grand vajeer resid mehmed pasha (eegaagale albanian pasha mattu bees viruddha akramanakari karyacharaneyalli todagiddaane) tanna ottoman sainyavannu travanic kadege sajjugolisidanu. resid pasha avara kramadinda nirashegonda gradassevic 52,000 sainikarondige pristinakke munnadedaru, mattu nantara stimenalli resid pasha viruddha horadidaru mattu solisidaru. aaa varshada novembernalli bosniyaada niyogavu skopjeyallina grand vajeerra shibiravannu talupitu. bosniac bedikegalannu svikarisuvante sultange ottaayisuvudaagi mahaa vajeeranu ee niyogakke bharavase niididanu. aadaagyoo, avana nijavaada uddeshagalu december aarambhadalli novi pazarna horavalayadalli nelesiruva bosnian ghatakagala mele avana phirangigalu daali madidaga prakatavaadavu. reseed mehmed pasha nantara bandayagara copeton allie-pasha rizvanbegovic avara sahayadinda bosniyaadalli akramanakari karyacharaneyannu praarambhisidaru mattu stoop pattanada horage husain gradasevic netrutvada bosnia ailetna idee sainyavannu solisidaru. greek kraantiya nantara. atyanta pratishthita senaadhipatiyaagidda reseed mehmed, russo-turkish yuddhadalli horadidanu, allie avanu kulevicha kadanadalli senaadhipatiyu avanannu solisidanu. taruvaaya, aata ottoman saamraajyada mahaa vajeeranaagi nemakagondanu, ee huddeyannu aata 1829rahra janavariyinda 1833rahra phebravari 17ravarege nirvahisidanu. aaa sthaanadinda aata 1830rahra albanian bees hatyakandada nooraru janarannu kolluva monasteer hatyaakaandavannu ayojisidanu. eejiptina-ottoman yuddhadalli aata anatoliyadalli ottoman sainyavannu munnadesidanu. 1832ralli nadeda yuddhada nirnayaka konya kadanadalli avana haleya eduraali ibrahim pashana padegalu avanannu serehididavu. diyarbakir kannina reppeyalli abhiyana. aata 1834ralli diyarbakir ailet mattu rakka ailetna wallie aagi nemakagondaru mattu nantara sthaliya kurdish budakattu janaangagalaada garjan, bedir khaan mattu milli mattu sinkarnalliruva yajidigala viruddha military karyacharanegalannu munnadesidaru. 1835ralli aata mardinnalliruva milli budakattu janangavannu nigrahisidanu. 1836ralli, aata soran emiraten dore mair kornannu solisidanu. avaru 1836ralli nidhanaraadaru.

raizd mehmed pasha pathonpathaam noottaandinte aadya pakuthiyil grand visiyar sthaanathethiya oru automan raashtrathanthranjanum janaralumaayirunnu kuthaa (Кута и, 1780-1836) ennum ariyappedunna resid mehmed paasha, greak swaathanthryasamarathil oru pradhana punk vahichu. aadyakaala jeevitam. oru greak yaadhaasthithika purohithante makanayi jorjiyayilaanu raizd mehmed janichathu. kuttikkaalathu, automanmaar addehathe adimayaayi pidikoodukayum annathe kapudan pasha kokka husrev mehemed paashayude sevanathilekku konduvarikayum cheythu. addehathinte budhiyum kazhivum addehathinte yajamanane aakarshikkukayum addehathinte druthagathiyilulla uyarcha urappakkukayum cheythu. addeham kurachukaalam caradordeyude serbiyayil nilayurappichirunnu. verum 29-aamm vayassil addeham kudahyayude govarnoraayi niyamikkappedukayum avide ninnu addehathinu thante padavi labikkukayum cheythu. 1820-ll sultan mahmoud randaman mattu pala paashakalum chernnu porttinethire yaanninayile alii paashayude kalapam adichamarthaan addehathe ayachu. athe samayam, 1821 maarchil pottippurapetta greekkukal avarude swantham kalaapathin thayyaaredukkukayaayirunnu. athinaal, 1822-ll alii paashayude paraajayathinum maranathinum sesham, addeham greak vimatharkkethire pracharanam nadathaanorungukayaayirunnu. epirusile pravartthanangal-misolongiyude aadya uparodham. epirusil ottomaan senayude commander-inn-cheefaayi niyamithanaaya addeham, artayilekku pracharanam nadatthiya alexandros maavrokordaattosinte keezhilulla greak senaye neridaan thekkott march cheythu. 1822 juulai 4 nuu petta yudhathil addeham avare thakartha paraajayappeduthi, thekkott thanthrapradhaanamaaya misolongiyilekku neengi. avide addehathe omar vrony kandumuttukayum avarude 8,000 anga samyuktha seena 1822 october 25 muthal desember 31 vare rund maasathekku nagaram uparodhikkukayum cheythu. raizd mehmedinte kaazhchappaadin virudhamaayi omar vrony thudakkathil charchakaliloode nagaram pidichedukkaan shramichu, uparodhikkapetta greekkukaar athu muthaleduthu november 8 vare avare valichizhachu, appol avar kooduthal charchakal nadatthaan visammathichu. uparodham aathmaarthamaayi aarambhichu, rund paashakalum desember 24-leeii chrismus raathriyil greekkukaare athbhuthappeduthumennu kanakkakki avarude pradhana akramanam aasoothranam cheythu. padhathi prathirodhakkaarkk chornnukodukkukayum akramanam paraajayappedukayum cheythu. aarr divasathinu sesham uparodham pinvalichu. tessaliyil pracharanam. misolongiyile paraajayathinu sesham, resid mehemed peliyoninte parvathapradeshathinethire neengi, athu keezhadakkaan addehathinu kazhinju. addehathinte vijayathin, addeham trikaalayile sanjakkinte govarnoraayi niyamikkappedukayum oduvil rumeliayile ellah automan senakaludeyum commander-inn-cheefaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. misolongiyude moonnaamathe uparodham. eee sthaanathu ninnu misolongi pidichedukkaanum angane padinjaaran grease surakshithamakkaanum portt addehathe chumathalappedutthi. raizid mehmed 35,000-thiladhikam aalukalude oru sainyathe kootticherkkukayum 1825 februvariyil addeham misolongiyilekku purappedukayum cheythu. epril epril avide ethiya addeham udan thanne nagarathinu mannumoodikal nikshepichu kanatha bombaakramanathinu vidheyanaakki. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte shramangalkkidayilum, greak gaarisan, addehathinte nirakalkk pinnilulla greak baandukalil ninnulla reydukalkku sahayikkukayum automan naavika uparodham undaayirunnittum greak kappalppada veendum vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu, phalapradamaayi prathirodhichu. oduvil, moreyil greak sainyathinethire vijayicha eejipthile ibrahim paashayude sahayam thedaan addeham nirbandhithanaayi. november aadyam eejipshyan sainyam athiyengilum ahankaariyaaya ibrahim raizd mehmed thammil oru pilarpp sambhavichu, avar thante sainyathe pinvalichu. eejipthukar avarude akramanangalilum paraajayappettathinetthudar ibrahim thante thettu sammathichu. rund paashakalum ippol sahakarikkukayum uparodham shakthamaakkukayum cheythu. kadaltheera vitharana paatha vettikkurachu, ithu prathirodhakkaare pattinik bheeshanippeduthaan nirbandhitharaakki. oduvil, 1826 epril 10 nuu ratri uparodha senayiloode avar oru nirashaajanakamaaya rakshappedaan shramichu. eee parakkal prathirodhakkaarude koottakkolaykk kaaranamaayi, misolonghi automan senayude kayyil veenu. attakkayil pracharanam. eee vijayathin sesham, raizd mehemed attikkayilekkum ethansilekkum thirinju, avide joolaiyil ethi. 1827 epril 24 nuu nadanna faleron yudhathil oru greak durithaashwaasa senaykkethiraaya apratheekshitha vijayam kotta keezhadakkaan greekkukaare nirbandhitharaakkunnathuvar addeham ethans acropolisil greak gaarisan patthu maasathekku parajayappettu. bosnia ailettinethiraaya pracharanam. sultan mahmoud randaaman serbiac svayambharanaavakaashavum thudarnnu bosnia ailettil ninnulla aarr jillakalum adrianople udambadiyiloode anuvadichappol hussain graadaasevichinte neethrthwathilulla ottomaan bosnian neethrthwam roshakularaayi. shubhakaramaaya sambhavathin sesham marichupoya janissariyude kaaranatthe hyusin gradasevic ithinakam pinthunaykkaan thudangiyirunnu, bosnian samoohathe kooduthal vighadippikkaan mahmoud randaamane anuvadikkilla. hussain graadaasevichumaayi charcha cheiyunnathinupakaram, grand visiyar raizid mehmed paasha (ithinakam thanne albanian pashakalkkum beysinum ethire aakramanathmaka prachaaranatthil earppettirikkunnu) thante automan sainyathe travnikkilekku aninirathi. resid paashayude neekkathil niraasanaaya gradassevic 52,000 peradangunna sainyavumayi pristinayilekku munnerukayum pinneedu shtaimil resid pashaye paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. aaa varsham novemberil oru bosnian prathinidhi samgham skopjiyile grand visiyar campil ethi. bosniyaakkinte aavasyangal amgeekarikkanamennu sultanode nirbandhikkumennu grand visiyar eee prathinidhi samghathinu vaagdaanam nalki. ennirunnaalum, desember aadyam novi paasarinte praanthapradeshangalil nilayurappichirunna bosnian unitukale addehathinte peerankikal aakramichappol addehathinte yadhaartha uddeshyangal prakadamaayi. raizid mehmed paasha pinneedu renegade kaapettan alii-paasa riswanbegovichinte sahaayathode bosniayilekku oru aakramanathmaka akramanam aarambikkukayum stoop pattanatthinu purathu hussain graadaasevichinte neethrthwathilulla bosnia ailettinte muzhuvan sainyatheyum paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. greak viplavathinushesham. valare vishishtanaaya generalaya raizd mehmed russian-turkish yudhathil poraadi, avide addeham kulevicha yudhathil general daibitshinodu parajayappettu. thudarnnu, 1829 januvari muthal 1833 februvari 17 vare addeham vahicha ottoman saamraajyathinte grand visiyaraayi addeham niyamithanaayi. aaa sthaanathu ninnu, 1830 leeii albanian beysile noorukanakkinu aalukale konna monastir koottakkolaykk addeham neethrthwam nalki. eejipt-automan yudhathil addeham ottoman sainyathe anattoliyayil nayichu. 1832-leeii yudhathile nirnnayakamaaya konya yudhathil addehathinte pazhaya ethiraaliyaaya ibrahim paashayude sainyam addehathe pidikoodi. diarbakir kannadayil pracharanam. 1834ll diarbakir ailettinteyum raakha ailettinteyum vaaliyayi niyamithanaaya addeham athinusesham praadeshika kurdish gothrangalaaya garzan, bedir khaan, millie, sinkaarile yasidi ennivarkkethire sainika prachaaranangalkk neethrthwam nalki. 1835-ll addeham mardinile millie gothrathe keezhadakki. 1836-ll addeham sorren emirettil ninnulla bharanadhikaariyaaya myre korine paraajayappeduthi. 1836ll addeham marichu.

racid mohammed pasha racid mehmed pasha, jyala katahi (Кута и, 1780-1836) asehi mhanatat, haah eka ottoman rajkarani aanee senapati hota, joou 19 vya shatkachya purvardhat grand vaziyarchya padavar pohochala aanee greek swatantryaladhyat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali. prarambhik jeevan. racid mehmedcha janm georgia yethe jhaala, too eka greek orthodox pujaricha mulga hota. lahanpani tyala ottoman lokanni gulam mhanoon pakadale aanee tatkalin kapudan pasha koka husrev mehmed pashachya sevet aanale. tyachi buddhimatta aanee kshamata yanni tyachya malkala prabhavit kele aanee tyacha vegwan uday surakshit keela. too thodya kalasathi karadordechya sarbiyamadhye tainat hota. keval 29 varshanchya vayat, tyanchi katahyacha rajyapal mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee, jithun tyanna tyancha sanman midala. 1820 madhye sultan mahmood dusra yane itar anek pashansah yanninachya allie pashane portviruddha kelele bund dadapanyasathi tyala pathavale. tyach velee, greek lock tyanchya swatachya uthavasathi tayari karat hote, joou march 1821 madhye usalala. asha prakare, 1822 madhye allie pashachya parabhavanantar aanee mrutyunantar, too greek bandkhoranviruddha moheem karnyasathi jawal hota. epirasmadhil operation-misolongicha pahila vedha. epirasmadhye ottoman sainyacha pramukh senapati mhanoon niyukt jhalyanantar, tyane dakshinekade kooch kele, alexandros mavrocordatos yanchya netrutvakhali greek sainyachi bhet ghenyasathi, jeey artakade moheem rabavat hote. 4 julai 1822 roji petachya ladhait tyane tyancha darun parabhav keela aanee dakshinekade, samarikdrushtya mahattvachya misolongi shaharakade nighala. tethe tyala omer vrionine bhet dilee aanee tyanchya 8,000 chya sanyukt sainyane 25 aktoobar teey 31 december 1822 yaa kalavadhit done mahine shaharala vedha ghatala. racid mehammadchya drushtikonachya ulat, omer vrionine suruvatila vataghatidvare shahar tabyat ghenyacha prayatna keela, jyacha vedha ghatalelya greekanni fayda ghetala, 8 novembarparyant tyanna baher khechale, jevha tyanna samudrane balkat kele gele, tyaa velee tyanni pudhe vataghati karnyas nakar deela. vedha utsahane suru jhaala aanee greek aashcharyachakit hotil assa andaj lavoon donhi pashanni 24 decemberchya khrisamasachya ratri tyancha mukhya hallah niyojit keela. hii yojana bachavpatunna kalavanyat aalee aanee hallah ayashasvi jhaala. sahaa divasannantar, vedha uthavanyat aala. thessalymadhye moheem. misolongi yetheel apayshanantar, racid mehmed peliyanchya dongral pradeshachya virodhat gela, joou too parabhoot karnyat yashasvi jhaala. tyachya yashasathi, tyala trikalchya sanjakcha rajyapal mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee shevati rumeliyamadhil serve ottoman sainyacha pramukh senapati mhanoon niyukt karnyat aala. misolongicha tisra vedha. yaa padavarun tyala misolongi ghenyache aanee asha prakare paschim greece surakshit karnyache kaam portney dile hote. racid mehmedne 35,000 hoon adhik lokanche sainya ekatra kele aanee februwari 1825 madhye too misolongisathi nighala. 20 april roji tithe pohochalyanantar tyane tabadtob shaharavar matichi kaame kelee aanee tyavar jordar bombfake kelee. tathapi, tyachya prayatnannantarhi, greek chhavanine, tyachya reshemagil greek bandchya chhapyandware madat kelee aanee ottoman naudalachi nakabandi asoonahi greek tafyane punha puravatha keela, prabhavipane pratikar keela. akheris, tyala egyptchya ibrahim pashachya madatichi magani karnyas bhag padale gele, jyache sainya moremadhye greek sainyaviruddha vijayi jhaale hote. egyptche sainya novemberchya suruvatila aale, parantu abhimani ibrahim aanee racid mehmed yanchyat phoot padali, jyanni aapale sainya mage ghetale. egyptche lokahi tyanchya hallyanmadhye ayashasvi jhalyanantar ibrahimne aapali chook manya kelee. aata donhi pashanni sahkarya kele aanee vedha tivra karnyat aala. bachavpatunna upasamarichi dhamki dett, samudrapudhil puravatha marg bund karnyat aala. akheris, tyanni 10 april 1826 chya ratri vedha ghatalelya sainyatoon nisatanyacha prayatna keela. yaa hallyacha parinam bachavkartyanchi kattal jhaali aanee misolongi ottoman sainyachya tabyat gela. atket moheem. yaa yashanantar, racid mehmedne atika aanee ethenskade valale, jithe too julaimadhye pohochala. 24 april 1827 roji feleronchya ladhait greek madat dalavar anpekshit vijay midvat greekanna killa sharan yenyas bhag padale jaiparyant tyane ethanschya acropolisvaril greek chhavanila daha mahine ayashasvipane vedha ghatala. bosnia eyelet viruddha moheem. sultan mahmood dusra yane serbia svayatta dilee aanee tyanantar adrianopalachya tahasah bosnia aayletchya sahaa jilhyanna manyata dilee tevha hussen gradasevic yanchya netrutvakhalil ottoman bosnian netrutva santapt jhaale. shubh ghatanenantar hussen gradasevichne aadhich padalelya janisarichya karyache samarthan karnyas suruvat kelee hotee aanee mahmood dusra yala bosnian samajache aanakhi vighatan houu dile nahee. hussen gradasevichshi vataghati karnyaivaji, grand wazier racid mohammed pasha (aadhich albanian pasha aanee beis yanchyaviruddha aakramak mohimet guntalela) yane aapale ottoman sainya travenickchya dishene jamvale. racid pashachya halchalimule nirash houn, gradeschevikne 52,000 chya sainyasah prestinamadhye kooch kele aanee nantar stime yethe racid pashashi ladhale aanee tyancha parabhav keela. tyaa varshi novembermadhye bosnian shishtmandal scopeje yetheel grand vaziyarchya chhavanit pohochale. mahan vazirne yaa shishtamandalala vachan dile qee too sultanala bosniyakchya maganya manya karnyacha aagrah dharel. matra, decemberchya suruvatiparyant tyacha kharaa hetu prakat jhaala jevha tyachya tofanni novi pazarchya bahereel bhagat tainat asalelya bosnian tukadyanvar hallah keela. racid mohammed pasha yane nantar bandkhor kapetan allie-pasha rizvanbegovichya madatine bosniyamadhye aakramak moheem suru kelee aanee stoop shaharabaher hussen gradasevic yanchya netrutvakhalil bosnia aayletchya sampoorn sainyacha parabhav keela. greek krantinantar. eka atishay pratishthit senapati, racid mohammed ruso-turkey yuddhat ladhala, jithe kulevichya ladhait general diabetione tyacha parabhav keela. tyanantar, janewari 1829 teey 17 februwari 1833 yaa kalavadhit tyanni bhushavalele heey padd, tyanna ottoman samrajyache grand wazier mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. tyaa padavarun tyanni tyanni albanian bechya shekado lokanchya hatya hatya monasteer hatyakandala sutrasanchalan kele. tyane egypt-ottoman yuddhat anatoliamadhye ottoman sainyache netrutva kele. 1832 madhye jhalelya konya yaa yuddhatil nirnayak ladhait tyacha juna shatru ibrahim pashachya sainyane tyala pakadale. diyarbakirchya dolhyanchya pattyat moheem. 1834 madhye tyala diyarbakir eyelet aanee rakka iletcha valee mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee tyanantar tyane sthanik kurdish jamatinviruddha garzan, bedir khaan aanee miilii aanee sinkarmadhil yazidi yanchyaviruddha lashkari mohimanche netrutva kele. 1835 madhye tyane mardinmadhil miilii jamatila parabhoot kele. 1836 madhye tyane soranchya amiratitil shasak myre korcha parabhav keela. 1836 madhye tyanche nidhan jhaale.

resid mohammad passa resid mehmed passa, jaslai kutahi (, 1780-1836) pani bhaninchha, ek ottoman rajnitigya rar general thie jo 19 aun shatabdiko purwardhama grand wajirko padama puge, jasle grick swatantrata yudhama mahatwapurna bhumika khele. prarambhik jiwan. resid mehmedko janma georgiama bhaeko thiyo, jo ek grick rudhiwadi pujarika chhora thie. bachchako rupma, unlai otomanharule dasko rupma samateka thie, rar tatkalin kapudan passa koka hasrebh mehmed pasako sewama lyae. unko buddhi rar kshamatale unko maliklai prabhawit akraman rar unko druta wriddhi sunishchit akraman. uni chhoto samayaka lagi caradordko serbiama tainath thie. kewal 29 warshako umerma, uni kutahyako governer niyukta bhae, jahanbata unle afno upadhi prapta gare. sann 1820 maa, unlai sultan mahmood dwitiyale anya dherai pashaharusangai, yanninaka alie pasako vidrohalai port viruddha daman garna pathaeka thie. tyasai samayama, grikharule afnai vidrohako tayari gariraheka thie, june march 1821 maa suru bhayo. yasari, 1822 maa alie pasako parajaya rar mrityupachhi, uni grick vidrohiharu viruddha abhiyan chalaunaka lagi najik thie. epirasma aparesanharu-misolongiko pahilo gherabandi. epirasma ottoman senako commander-inn-chief niyukta bhaepachi, unle arta tira abhiyan chalairaheka alekjandros mabharokordatosko netritwama grick senaharulai bhetna dakshinma yatra gare. unle 4 july 1822 maa petako yudhama uniharulai karara parajaya die rar dakshintarfa rannitik rupma mahatwapurna misolongi sahartira aghi badhe. tyahan unlai omer bhrionile bhete, rar tiniharuko 8,000 ko sanyukta senale 25 octoberdekhi 31 december 1822 samma dui mahinasamma saharlai ghera halyo. resid mehmedko drishtikonko viparit, omer bhrionile suruma wartadwara sahar kabja garne prayas gare, jasko faida ogateka grikharule november 8 samma tandai, jab tiniharu samudrale baliyo banae, tyas binduma uniharule thap warta garna aswikar gare. gherabandi gambhirtaka sath suru bhayo, rar dui pashaharule december 24 ko christmas ratka lagi afno mukhya akramanko yojana banae, greekharu ashcharyachakit hunechhan bhanera ganana gare. yojana rakshakharulai chuhawata gariyo, rar akraman asafal bhayo. chha dinpachhi gherabandi hataieko thiyo. thesalima abhiyan. misolongima asafalata pachhi, resid mehmed peliyanko pahadi khetra viruddha sare, jaslai unle vashama garna safal bhae. unko safaltaka lagi, uni trikalako sanjakko governer niyukta bhae, rar antatah rumeliama sabai ottoman senaharuko commander-inn-chief niyukta bhae. misolongiko tesro gherabandi. yass padabata unlai portle misolongi line rar yasari paschimi grislai surakshit garne kaam dieko thiyo. resid mehmedle 35,000 bhanda badhiko sena bhela gare rar february 1825 maa uni misolongika lagi prasthan gare. april 20 maa tyahan aipugepachhi, unle turuntai saharma matoka kamharu lagae rar yasalai bhari bambariko adhinma rakhe. yadyapi, unko prayasko bawajud, grick gyarisanle, unko lineharu pachhadi grick bandharuko chhapaharudwara sahayog garyo rar ottoman nausena nakabandiko bawajud grick fleetdwara punah apurti gariyo, prabhawkari rupma pratirodh garyo. antyama, uni egyptka ibrahim pasako sahayog lyne badhya bhae, jasko senale moreama grick senaharu viruddha vijayi bhaeko thiyo. egyptka senaharu novemberko suruma aipuge, tara ahankari ibrahim rar resid mehmedbich vibhajan bhayo, jasle afno sena firta lie. egyptka manisharu pani afno akramanma asafal bhaepachi ibrahimle afno galti swikar gare. dui pashaharule ab sahayog gare, rar gherabandi tiwra bhayo. samudri apurti marga katieko thiyo, jasle rakshakharulai bhokamariko dhamki dina badhya tulyayo. antatah, uniharule 10 april 1826 ko raat gherabandi garne senaharu marfat bahira niskane prayas gare. udanko parinamswarup rakshakharuko narasanhar bhayo, rar misolongi ottoman senaharuma pasyo. atikama abhiyan. yass safalta pachhi, resid mehmed atika rar ethenstira farke, jahaan uni julyma aipuge. unle ethensko acropolisma grick gyarisanlai das mahinasamma asafal rupma ghera hale, jabasamma kii 24 april 1827 maa feleronko yudhama grick rahat balmathi unko apratyashit vijayale grikharulai killa atmasamarpan garna badhya tulayo. bosnia ilette viruddha abhiyan. sultan mahmood dwitiyale serbia swayattata rar tyasapachhi adrianopalko sandhima bosnia ailetka chhawata jillaharulai pradan garda hussin gradesevichko netritwama ottoman bosnian netritwa akroshit bhayo. hussin gradesevichle shubh ghatanapachi patit janisariko karanlai samarthan garna thaleka thie rar mahmoud dwitiyalai bosnian samajlai thap wighatan garna dienan. hussen gradesebhichsanga warta garnuko satta, grand wazir resid mohammad passa (pahile nai albanian passa rar beis viruddha akramak abhiyanma sanlagna) ley afno ottoman senalai trabhaniktira parichalan gare. resid pasako chalbata nirash, gradessevichle 52,000 ko sena liera prestinama agadi badhe, rar pachhi stimema resid pasalai lade rar parajit gare. bosniako euta pratinidhimandal tyas warshako novemberma scopgema raheko grand wijiyarko shivirma pugyo. grand wajirle yo pratinidhimandallai afule sultanlai bosniakko mag swikar garna jode dine wacha gare. yadyapi, unko saancho uddeshya decemberko suruma prakat bhayo jab unko topharule nobhi pajarko bahiri bhagma tainath bosnian ekaiharuma akraman akraman. resid mohammad pasale pachhi vidrohi coppetton alie-passa rijbhanbegobhikko sahayogma bosniama akramak abhiyan suru gare rar stop sahar bahira hussen gradesevichko netritwama bosnia ailetko sampurna senalai parajit gare. grick krantipachhi. ek dherai pratishthit general, resid mohammadle ruso-turkey yudhama lade, jahaan uni kulebhichako yudhama general diabetesdwara parajit bhae. pachhi, uni ottoman samrajyako grand wazir niyukta bhae, june pada unle janawari 1829 dekhi 17 february 1833 samma samhaleka thie. tyas padabata, unle 1830 ko monastira narasanharko yojana banae jasma albanian beisle sayaunlai marey. unle egyptian-ottoman yudhama anatoliama ottoman senako netritwa gare. uni 1832 maa konyako yuddhako nirnayak yudhama unka purana virodhi ibrahim pasako senadwara pakrau pareka thie. diyarbakir aankhaako palakma abhiyan. uni sann 1834 maa diyarbakir ilette rar rakka ailetko walli niyukta bhae rar tyasapachhi sthaniya kurdish janajatiharu garjan, bedira khaan rar millie rar sinkarma yazidi viruddha sainya abhiyanharuko netritwa gare. sann 1835 maa unle mardinko millie janajatilai vashama parey. sann 1836 maa unle soranko imiretka shasak myre korlai parajit gare. sann 1836 maa unko mrityu bhayo.

resid mehmed pasha resid mehmed pasha, jaahaa katahi (Кутаи, 1780-1836) bhabare madhya janashuna, jane automan rajneta ebong general thile jieki unabinsha shatabdir prathamardhare grand bhajiar padabeere pahanchithile, greek swadheenata juddhare eka gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile. prarambhika zeeban. resid mehmed georgiare janmagrahana karithile, jane greek orthodox purohitanka pua. piladine, shay atomanamananka dwara jane daasa bhabare bandi hoithile, ebong tatkaleena kapudan pasha coca hasrebha mehmed pashanka sebaku anajaithila . tankara buddhi ebong dakhyata taanka gurunku prabhabita karithila ebong tankara druta utthanaku surakhita karithila. shay alpa samai paain caradordenka sarbiaare abasthapita hoithile. maatra 29 barsha bajasare, shay katahiara rajyapala bhabe nijukta hoithile, jeuntharu shay tankara upadhi hassel karithile. 1820 masihare, tanku sultan mahmoud dwiteeja, anya aneka pashamananka sahita, porte biruddhare janinanka aali pashar bidrohaku daman karibaku pathaithile. sehi samajare, greekmane semanankara nijaswa bidroha prastuta karuthile, jaahaa march 1821 ray arambha hoithila. ehipari, 1822 ray aali pashar parajaya ebong mrutyu parey, shay greek bidroheenka biruddhare abhijana karibaku haatare thile . epirasare operation-misolongira pratham abarodh. epirasare automan bahineera commander-inn-chief nijukta heba parey, shay arta aadaku abhijana karuthiba alekjandros mavrocordatosnka adheenare greek bahineeku bhetiba paain dakhinaku jatra karithile. shay 1822 masiha july 4 tarikhare peta juddhare semananku shochaniah parajaya deithile ebong dakhina digaku agrasara hoi rananaitika drustiru gurutwapurna misolongi saharaku jaithile. sethare shay omer bhrioninka saha sakhyata karithile, ebong semanankara 8,000 rahr milita bahini 25 octoberaru 31 december 1822 parjyanta dui maasa paain saharaku abarodh karithile. omer bhrioni, resid mehamednka drustikonara bipareet, prathame alochana dwara saharaku nebaku chesta karithile, jahara faida uthai abarudha greekmane navember 8 parjyanta semananku taani neithile, jetebele semane samudra dwara shaktishali hoithile, sehi samajare semane adhika bujhamana karibaku manah karideithile. abarodh antarikatara saha arambha hoithila, ebong dui pashamane december 24, christmas raatire semanankara mukhya aakramanaku nirdharita karithile, ganana karithile je greekmane ashcharjya hebe . ehi yojanati rakhyakamananku lick karajaithila, ebong aakraman biphal hoithila. chhaa deane parey, abarodh uthai niajaithila. thesalire abhijana. misolongire biphalata parey, resid mehmed peliyanara parbatya anchala biruddhare agrasara hoithile, jaahaaku shay parasta karibare saphala hoithile. tankara saphalata paain, shay trikalara sanjkar rajyapala nijukta hoithile, ebong sheshare rumeliaare thiba samasta automan bahineera commander-inn-chief bhabare nijukta hoithile. misolongira truteeja abarodh. ehi padabeeru tanku misolongi neba ebong ehipari paschima greesku surakhita karibara dajitwa port dwara diajaithila. resid mehmed 35,000ru adhika sainyanku ekathi karithile ebong februari 1825ray shay misolongi abhimukhe jatra karithile. april 20 ray sethare pahanchiba parey, shay turanta saharaku maati kaama sahita binijoga karithile ebong ehaaku prabala bomabarshana karithile . tebe, taanka prayasa satwe, greek garrison, taanka line pachara greek bander aakraman dwara sahajya karithila ebong automan nausena abarodh satwe greek naubahini dwara punah jogaana karajaithila, phalaprad bhabare pratirodha karithila . sheshare, shay egyptra ebrahim pashanka sahajata nebaku badhya hoithile, jahanka sena morere greek bahini biruddhare bijai hoithila . navember prarambhare egyptiah sena pahanchithila, kintu ahankaree ebrahim ebong resid mehamedanka madhyare bibhajan ghatithila, jieki taanka sainya pratyahara karithile. mishareejamane madhya semananka aakramanare biphal heba parey, ebrahim taanka bhul sweekara karithile. dui paasha ebe sahjog karithile, ebong abarodh tibra hoithila. samudra koola jogaana margaku kaati diajaithila, jaahaa rakhyakamananku anaharare dhamaka debaku badhya karithila. sheshare, semane eka hatash palajana udyama karithile, abarodhakaree bahini madhyare prabesha curry, 10 april 1826 raatire. ehi udanara phalaswaroopa rakhyakamananka ganahatya hoithila, ebong misolongi automan bahini upare padithila. aatikaare abhijana. ehi saphalata parey, resid mehmed attica ebong ethens aadaku pherithile, jeunthare shay julyre pahanchithile. shay ethens aakropolisare greek gyarisanku dasha maasa parjyanta biphal bhabare abarodh karithile, jeparjyanta 24 april 1827 ray faleron juddhare eka greek releaf force upare tankara apratyashita bijai greekmananku durgaku atmasamarpana karibaku badhya karinathila . bosnia ilet biruddhare abhijana. sultan mahmoud dwiteeja sarbiaaku swajattata pradan kariba parey, ebong parabarti samajare adrianople chukti sahita bosnia aailetaru chhaati zillah manjur kariba parey, hussin gradaseviknka netrutware automan bosnia netrutwa krodhita hoithile. hussin gradasevic ehi subha ghatana parey patita janisarinka karanaku samarthan kariba arambha karisarithile ebong mahmoud dwiteejanku bosnian samajaku ahuri bhangibaku debe naahin. hussin gradaseviknka saha alochana kariba paribarte, grand bhajiar resid mehmed pasha (purbaru albanian pasha ebong bases biruddhare eka aakramanatmaka abhijanare nijojita) taanka automan senaku travanik aadaku nijojita karithile. resid pashanka padakhyepare nirash hoi, gradasevic 52,000 sena sahita pristinaku agrasara hoithile, ebong parey stymray resid pashanku ladhi parasta karithile. sehi barsha nabhembarare eka bosniah pratinidhi dala skopjere grand bhijijarnka shibirare pahanchithile. grand ujira ehi pratinidhi dalaku pratishruti deithile je shay sultananku bosnijakanka daabi grahan karibaku zid karibe. tebe, december prarambhare tankara prakruta uddeshya prakash paithila jetebele taanka tope nobhi pazarara upakanthare abasthapita bosnia unit upare aakraman karithila. parey resid mehmed pasha bidrohi kapetan aali-pasha rijabhanabegoviknka sahajatare bosniaare eka aakramanatmaka abhijana arambha karithile ebong stoop sahara bahare hussen gradeseviknka netrutware bosnia ilatre samagra senaku parasta karithile. greek biplaba parey. jane atyanta bisista senapati, resid mehmed russo-turkey juddhare ladhithile, jeunthare shay kulebhicha juddhare general daibitschanka dwara parasta hoithile. parabarti samajare, tanku automan samrajyara grand wajijara nijukta karajaithila, ehi padabeere shay januari 1829 ru 17 februari 1833 parjyanta rahithile. sehi padabeeru, shay 1830 ray monastyra ganahatyara yojana karithile, jeunthire albanian bay shaha shaha lokanku hatya karithile. shay egypt-automan juddhare anatoliare automan senara netrutwa neithile. 1832 masihare konia juddhara nirnajaka juddhare shay taanka puruna pratidwandee ebrahim pashanka bahini dwara bandi hoithile. dijarabakira chakhyumalare abhijana. shay 1834 masihare dijarabakira ilet ebong rakka ilatre waali nijukta hoithile ebong ehaa parey sthaniah kurdi janajati garjan, bedira khaan ebong millie ebong sinkarare jajidinka birodhare samarika abhijanara netrutwa neithile. 1835 masihare shay mardinara millie janajatiku parasta karithile. 1836 masihare shay soran emirator shasaka maire koranku parasta karithile. 1836 masihare tankara dehant hoithila.

raced mehmed paasha raced mehmed paasha, jiss noon kutahi (Кута и, 1780-1836) vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk ottoman rajneta atey general see joe 19 veen sadee dey pahile addh witch grand visier dey ahude 'teey pahunchiaa, jiss neey yunani aazadi dee ladai witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai. mudhla jeevan. raced mehmed daa janam georgia witch hoiaa see, joe ikk yunani orthodox padri daa puttar see. ikk bacche dey roop witch, uss noon ottoman duaara ikk gulam dey roop witch fadd liaa giaa see, atey uss samein dey kapudan paasha coca hasrev mahmad paasha dee seva witch lianda giaa see. uss dee buddhi atey yogta neey uss dey maalak noon prabhavit keeta atey uss dey tezi naal unnati noon surakhiat keeta. uh thode samein laee cradorde dey sarbia witch tayinat see. siraf 29 saalan dee umar witch, uss noon katahia daa governor niyukat keeta giaa, jithon uss neey aapna upnam prapat keeta. 1820 witch, uss noon sultan mehmood dooje neey kaee horr pasiaan naal port dey virudh yanina dey allie paasha dey vidroh noon dabaun laee bhejiaa see. use samein, yunani aapne vidroh dee tiaari qarr rahey sunn, joe march 1821 witch shuru hoiaa see. iss tarahan, 1822 witch allie paasha dee haar atey maut toon baad, uh yunani vidrohiaan virudh muhim chalaun laee see. epiras witch appression-misolongi dee pahili gherabandi. epiras witch ottoman faujan daa commander-inn-cheef niyukat keete jaanh toon baad, usne dakkhan vall march keeta, alegzandros mavrocordatos dey adheen yunani faujan naal milann laee, joe arta vall muhim chalaa rahey sunn. uss neey 4 julai 1822 noon petta dee ladai witch unhan noon karari haar ditti atey dakkhan vall rannitak taur utte mahattavpuran shehar misolongi vall vadhiaa. utthe uh umar vrioni naal miliaa atey unhan dee 8,000 dee sanjhi fauj neey 25 aktubar toon 31 dasambar 1822 takk doou mahiniaan laee shehar noon gher liaa. umar vrioni neey, raced mehmed dey drishtikon dey ulat, shuru witch gallbat duaara shehar noon lainn dee koshish keeti, jiss daa gherabandi keete gaye yoonaniaan neey faida uthaiaa, unhan noon 8 navambar takk bahr khichiaa, jadon unhan noon samunder duaara mazboot keeta giaa, jiss samein unhan neey horr gallbat curran toon inkaar qarr ditta. gherabandi neey dilon shuruat keeti, atey dovan pasiaan neey 24 dasambar dee raat noon christmas dee raat laee aapna mukkh hamla nirdharat keeta, ih andaza lagaunde hoye kii yunani hairan hoow jaange. yojna rakkhiakan noon leak qarr ditti gaee see, atey hamla asfal hoow giaa. chhe dinan baad gherabandi hataa laee gaee. theesli witch muhim. misolongi vikhe asafalta toon baad, raced mehmed pallion dey pahadi khetar dey virudh chaley gaye, jiss noon uh aapne adheen curran witch kamyab rahey. aapni safalta laee, uss noon trikal dey sanjak daa governor niyukat keeta giaa see, atey ant witch uss noon rumilia witch saariaan ottoman faujan daa commander-inn-cheef niyukat keeta giaa see. misolongi dee tiji gherabandi. iss ahude toon uss noon port duaara misolongi lainn atey iss tarahan pachmi yunan noon surakhiat curran daa kamm saunpiaa giaa see. raced mehmed neey 35,000 toon vaddh dee fauj ikkathi keeti atey farvari 1825 witch uh misolongi laee ravana hoiaa. 20 aprail noon utthe pahunchan 'teey, uss neey turant shehar witch mitty dey kamm keete atey iss utte bhaari bambari keeti. halanki, uss deeaan koshishan dey bavjood, yunani garrison neey, uss deeaan lines dey pichhe yunani baindan dey hamliaan dee sahaita naal atey ottoman jall saina dee nakabandi dey bavjood yunani bede duaara dubara saplai keeta, prabhavshali dhang naal virodh keeta. ant witch, uh misser dey ibrahim paasha dee sahaita mangan laee majbur hoow giaa, jiss dee fauj moray witch yunani faujan dey virudh jitt gaee see. misari faujan navambar dey shuru witch pahunchiaan, parr hankari ibrahim atey raced mehmed vichkaar ikk vandd hoee, jinhan neey aapniaan faujan waps lae laeeaan. jadon misari vee aapne hamliaan witch asfal rahey, taan ibrahim neey aapni galti savikar keeti. hunn dovan pasiaan neey sahiyog keeta atey gherabandi tez qarr ditti gaee. samundari saplai maarag noon katt ditta giaa see, jiss naal bachaa curran valiaan noon bhukhmari dee dhamki denh laee majbur honaa piaa see. ant witch, unhan neey 10 aprail 1826 dee raat noon gherabandi curran valiaan faujan vicchon bhajjan dee koshish keeti. iss udaann dey natije vajon bachaa curran valiaan daa katal hoow giaa, atey misolongi ottoman faujan dey hatth aaa gaee. attari witch muhim. iss safalta toon baad, raced mehmed attica atey athens vall mudiaa, jitthe uh julai witch pahunchiaa. uss neey ethans dey acropolis utte yunani saina noon dass mahiniaan takk asfal gher liaa, jadon takk kii 24 aprail 1827 noon feleron dee ladai witch ikk yunani raahat bull utte uss dee achanak jitt neey yoonaniaan noon kilhe noon samarpan curran laee majbur naheen keeta. bosnia eyelet dey virudh muhim. jadon sultan mehmood dooje neey sarbia noon khudmukhtiaari ditti atey baad witch bosnia eyelet dey chhe zilhiaan noon adrianpole dee sandhi naal mill keey uss dee agvai witch ottoman bosnia dee agvai naraz hoow gaee. hussain gradeschevic neey shubh ghatna toon baad hii maare gaye janisari dey caarn daa samarthan karna shuru qarr ditta see atey mehmood dooje noon bosnia dey samaaj noon horr vigadan dee aagiaa naheen ditti see. hussain gradeschevic naal gallbat curran dee bajaae, grand visier raced mehmed paasha (pahilan hii albanian paasa atey bays dey virudh ikk hamlawar muhim witch lagge hoye) neey aapni ottoman fauj noon travenic vall lamband qarr ditta. raced paasha dey kadam toon nirash, gradeschevic neey 52,000 dee fauj naal pristina witch agge vadhiaa, atey baad witch stime witch raced paasha naal ladiaa atey haraiaa. ikk bosnia daa vafad use saal navambar witch scopeje witch grand visier dey camp witch pahunchiaa. mahaan visier neey iss vafad naal vaada keeta kii uh sultan noon zor dey keey kahega kii uh bosniaak deeaan mangan noon savikar qarey. halanki, uss dey sacche iraade dasambar dey shuru witch pragat hoye jadon uss deeaan topan neey novi pazaar dey baahari ilaake witch tayinat bosnia deeaan ikaiaan utte hamla keeta. raced mehmed paasha neey baad witch vidrohi kapetan allie-paasa rizvanbegovic dee sahaita naal bosnia witch ikk hamlawar muhim shuru keeti atey stoop shehar dey bahr hussain gradeschevic dee agvai witch bosnia eyelet dee puurii fauj noon haraiaa. yunani inqalaab toon baad. ikk bahut hii vilakkhan general, raced mehmed neey roos-turki yuddh witch ladai luddy, jitthe uh kulevicha dee ladai witch general diabetish duaara haar giaa see. baad witch, uss noon ottoman samraj daa grand visier niyukat keeta giaa, ikk ahuda jiss utte uh janwari 1829 toon 17 farvari 1833 takk riha. uss ahude toon, usne 1830 dey albanian beez dey sainkade lokan dey mastir narsanhar daa architect keeta. uss neey misari-ottoman yuddh witch anatolia witch ottoman faujan dee agvai keeti. uss noon 1832 witch koniaa dee yuddh dee nirnayak ladai witch uss dey purane virodhi, ibrahim paasha deeaan faujan neey fadd liaa see. dyarbakir eyelet witch muhim. uss noon 1834 witch dyarbakir eyelet atey rakka eyelet daa vaali niyukat keeta giaa see atey iss toon baad uss neey sathanak kurad kabiliaan gerzen, bedir khaan atey millie atey sinker witch yazidi virudh fauji muhimman dee agvai keeti. sann 1835 witch uss neey mardin witch millie kabile noon aapne adheen qarr liaa. sann 1836 witch, uss neey soran dey amirat dey shask, myre coor noon haraiaa. sann 1836 witch uhanan dee maut hoow gaee.

resid mehmad pasha reseed-mehammad-pasha, yah kutahi (, 1780-1836) iti namna api prasidhah aasit, ekaha ottoman-raajaneetidnyah, senaapatih cha aasit, yah 19 shataabdyaah poorvaardhe grand-vazeer-padam avaapnot, greek-swaatantryayuddhe mahattvapoornam paatram niravahat. praarambhikajeevanam. reseed mehmed ityeshah georgia-deshe greek-roodhi-purohitasya putrah ajayata. balake saha ottoman-janaihi dasarupena gruheetah, tathaa tatkaaleenasy kapudaan-pasha-kokaa-hasrev-mehmed-pasha ityasya sevaayaam aanayat. tasya buddhihi kshamata cha tasya gurum prabhaawitawantah, tasya drutagatihi cha sunishchitam cha. saha cordorde ityasya serbia-nagare alpakalam yaavat sthaayitah aasit. kevalam 29 varsheshu saha kutahyasy rajyapalatvena niyuktah, tatah saha swasya upaadhim avaapnot. 1820 tame varshe, port-viruddham yannina-nagarasya allie-pashasya vidroham damanam kartum, sultan mahamood-dwiteeyah anyaih anekaih paashaih saha preshitah. tasmin eva kaale, greek-janaah swakeeyam vidrohasya tayarim akurvan, yat 1821 maarch-maase praarabdham. evam, 1822 tame varshe allie-pasha ityasya parajayanantaram mrutyoho cha anantaram, saha greek-vidrohinaam viruddham akramanam kartum sameepasthah aasit. epirus-roge shalyakriyaah-misolongi-rogasya prathamam pariveshtanam. epirus-roge ottoman-sainyasya senaadhyakshah niyuktah, alexandros mavrocordatos ityasya adheene greek-sainyaan militum dakshinadishi prasthitavaan, ye arta-pakshm uddishya pracharam akurvan. saha 1822 julai 4 dinaanke petaa-yuddhe teshaam paraajayam krutvaa dakshinadisham prati, tantrapradhanam misolongi-nagaram prati agacchat. tatra saha omer vrionee ityanena militavaan, teshaam 8,000 jananam samyuktasenaa 25 october taha 31 december 1822 paryantam maasadwayam yaavat nagaram pariveshtayat. omer vrionee, reseed-mahammad ityasya drushtikonasya viruddham, praarambhe vaartaalaapen nagaram graheetum prayatataam, yasya laabham grick-janaah gruheetavantah, taam 8 november-paryantam taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan taan, yadaa te samudrena prabaleekrutavantah, tadaa te agre vaartaalaapam kartum niraakarot. pariveshtanam utsaahen aarabdham, tathaa cha dwau paashau chrismus-raatrau, december 24 dinaanke, greek-janaah aashcharyyitaah bhavishyanti iti ankya, mukhya-akramanam ayojayan. yojanaa rakshakaih prati prasaritaa, akramanam asaphalam. shanmasanantaram, pariveshtanam samaaptam. theesali-nagare abhiyanam. misolongi-nagare viphalataayaah anantaram reseed-mehmed ityeshah peliyan-parvatapradeshasya viruddham gatavaan, yat saha vasheekartum samarthah abhavat. tasya safalataayaah karanat saha trikaalasya sanjak ityasya rajyapalatvena niyuktah, ante cha rumelia-nagare sarvanam ottoman-senayaha senaapatih niyuktah. misolongi ityasya truteeyah pariveshtanam. asmin padaat saha port ityanena misolongi-grahanasya, evam pashchim-grees-deshasya surakshayaha cha karyam pradattavaan. reseed-mahammad ityeshah 35,000 taha adhikanam senaam sangruheet, 1825 februvari-maase saha misolongi-nagaram prati prasthanam krutavaan. april 20 dinaanke tatra aagaty saha tatkshanameva bhoo-nirmaana-kaaryaih nagaram nikshiptavaan, tasya upari prachand-visphotanam cha krutavaan. parantu, tasya prayatneshu api, greek-sainya-dalaah, swa-vamshasya prushtatah greek-sainyadalanam aakramanaih sahayyam praapya, ottoman-nausainika-avarodhasya baabatyapi greek-nausainya-dalaihi punah pooritaah, prabhaawen pratirodham akurvan. ante saha easypt-deshasya ibraahim-pashayaha sahayyam praarthayitum baadhyah abhavat, yasya senaa more-nagare greek-sainyasya viruddham vijayee aasit. eejipteeyasainikaah navambaramaasasy aarambhe aagataah, parantu ahankaaree ibraahim-reseed-mehmed-madhye vibhaajanam jaatam, yah swasainyam apasarayat. egyptiyanam api aakramaneshu viphalam jatasya anantaram, ibraahim swasya dosham sveekrutavaan. adhunaa paarshvadvayam sahakaranm krutavaan, api cha pariveshtanam teevrataram jaatam. samudra-margasya aapoorti-maargah nirastah, yena rakshakan anaharena bhayaat. ante, te 10 april 1826 raatrau, pariveshtita-senayaha madhyamena, hatashaya palaayanam kartum prayatanta. uddayanen rakshakaah narasamhaaram krutavantah, misolongi iti ottoman-senayaha adheenam abhavat. atikaayaam prachaarah. asya safalataayaah anantaram reseed-mehammad atikaa-athens-ityetayoho prati nivartyata, yatra saha julai-maase aagatah. saha ethens-nagarasya acropolis-nagare greek-sainya-dalam dashamaasaparyantam asafalaroopena pariveshtitavaan, yaavat 1827 april 24 dinaanke feleron-yuddhe greek-raahat-balasya upari tasya apratyaashitavijayah greek-janaan durgam samarpayitum baadhyam akarot. bosnia-ailet ityasya viruddham abhiyanam. yadaa sultan mahmud dwiteeyah serbia-svayattatam, tadanantaram bosnia-ailet-ityasya shut mandalaani cha adrianopal-sandhyaa saha pradadat tadaa hussen-gradeschevic ityasya netrutve ottoman-bosnian-netrutvam krodhitam abhavat. shubhasya ghatanaayaah anantaram, hussen gradeschevic ityeshah mrutasya janisari ityasya karyasya samarthanam kartum aarabdhavaan, mahmud-dwiteeyah bosnian-samajasya vighatanam naa kartum anumanyata. hussen gradeschevic ityanena saha vaartaalaapasy sthaane, mahaan vazeer reseed mehammad pasha (poorvamev albanian pasha tathaa bess ityetayoho viruddham akramaka-abhiyaane samlagnah) swasya ottoman-senaam travnic-prati samakramayt. reseed-pasha ityasya chaalan-kriyaya niraashah, gradeschevic 52,000 sainyaih saha pristina-nagaram prati agre gatavaan, anantaram shtam-nagare reseed-pasha-ityanena saha yuddham krutvaa parajayata cha. tasmin varshe november-maase bosnian-deshasya ekaha pratinidhimandalam scopje-nagare grand wazier-shibiram praapnot. mahavijiyar ityeshah asmin pratinidhimandalam pratijnaam krutavaan yat saha sultaanam prati bosniac-agrahan sweekarotu iti aagraham karishyati iti. parantu tasya yathaarth-uddesha december-masasya aarambhe eva prakatitah, yadaa tasya topaha novie-pajaar ityasya bahihi sthite bosnian-unit-ityetaan aakramayan. reseed-mahammad-pasha ityeshah pashchat vidrohee-kapetan-allie-pasha-rijwanbegovik ityasya saahaayyen bosnia-deshe akramakam akramanam prarabdhavan, tathaa cha stoop-nagarasya bahihi hussen-gradeschevic ityasya netrutve bosnia-ailet ityasya sampoornam senaam parajayata. greek-krantyaha anantaram. atyanta-vishishtah senaapatih reseed-mahammad ityeshah ruso-turkee-yuddhe yuyudhyata, yatra saha kulevichaa-yuddhe senapatina dabitsh ityanena parajitah abhavat. tadanantaram, saha ottoman-samrajyasya mahaavijeyarah iti niyuktah, yah padam saha 1829 janavareetah 1833 februvari-masasya 17 paryantam dharanam akarot. tatah saha 1830 tame varshe albanian-bess-ityasya shatashah janaah maaritum monasteer-narasamhaarasya ayojanam krutavaan. easypt-ottoman-yuddhe saha anatolia-pradeshe ottoman-senayaha netrutvam krutavaan. 1832 tame varshe konyaa-yuddhasya nirnayakayuddhe saha tasya puratanena pratidwandwee ibraahim-pashayaha sainakaih gruheetah. diyarbakir-netrapatale abhiyanam. saha 1834 tame varshe diyarbaakeer-ailet tathaa rakkaa-ailet ityetayoho valee iti niyuktah, tatah param sthaniya-kurdish-janajaatayah garzaan, bedir-khaan, millie, sinkaar-madhye yazidi ityetayoho viruddham sainya-abhiyananam netrutvam krutavaan. 1835 tame varshe saha mardin-nagare millie-janajatiyam vasheekrutavaan. 1836 tame varshe saha soran-deshasya shasakam maire core ityenam parajayata. saha 1836 tame varshe mrutah.

reesid mehmat basha godahi (, 1780-1836) endrum azhaikkappadum resit mehmat basha, 19 aam noottraandin muthal paathiyil kiraekka suthanthirap poaril mukiya pangku vagiththu, maaperum vaseer padhaviyai adaintha oru oottoamaan arasiyalvaathi mattrum general aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. recete mehmat oru kiraekka marabuvazhi poosaari maganaana georgiavil piranthaar. oru kuzhandhaiyaaga, avar ottoamangalaal adimaiyaaga pidikkapattu, appoathaiya kabudhan basha kookaa hazrev mehmat bashavin sevaikku kondu varappattaar. avarathu puddhisaaliththanam thiramaiyum avarathu ejamaanarai eerththathu mattrum avarathu viraivaana ezhuchchiyaip paathukaaththathu. avar oru kurugiya kaalaththirku caradordain serbiyaavil nirutthappattaar. 29 vayathil, avar kudaahiyaavin aalunaraaka niyamikkappattaar, angkirunthu avar thanathu sogusu pattaththaip pettraar. 1820 aam aandil, thuraimugaththirku ethiraana yaninaavin alii basha kilarcchiyai adakkuvatharkaaga, sultan irandaam mahmoot, pala paashaakkaludan anuppapattaar. athae neraththil, greakergal thangal sontha kilarchchiyaith thayaariththuk kondirunthanar, idhu maarch 1821 ill vediththathu. ithanaal, 1822 ill alii basha thoalviyadaintha piragu, avar kiraekka kilarchiyaalargalukku ethiraana prachchaaraththil irunthaar. epirasil seyalpaadugal-misolongiyin muthal muttrukai. epirasil oottoamaan padaikalin thalaimaith thalapathiyaaga niyamikkapatta avar, alexandros mavrocardatosin keezh kiraekkap padaikalaich santhikka therkae anivaguththuch sentraar, avai artavai noakki prachaaram seithana. 1822 juulai 4 andru paedaavil nadantha poaril avar avarkalaith thoarkadiththu, therku noakki, mooloabaaya mukkiyathuvam vaaintha nagaramaana misolongikkuch sentraar. angku avar oomar vrioniyaal sandhikkappattaar, maelum avarkalin 8,000 koottuk padai october 25 muthal disambar 31,1822 varai irandu maathangkalukku nagaraththai muttrukaiyittathu. oomar vrioni, recete mehmattin paarvaikku maaraaga, aarambaththil paechchuvaarththaikal moolam nagaraththai kaippattra muyantraar, muttrukaiyidappatta greakergal idhai saathagamaagap payanpaduththinar, navambar 8 varai avarkalai veliyae izhuththuch sendranar, appoathu avarkal kadal moolam valuppaduthappattanar, antha neraththil avarkal maelum pechchuvaarththai nadaththa maruththanar. muttrukai theeviramaaga thodangiyathu, maelum irandu paashaakkalum disambar 24 aam thaethi christhumas iravukkaaka thangal mukiya thaakkuthalai thittamittanar, greakergal aachariyaththil sikkuvaarkal endru kanakkidugiraargal. inthath thittam paathukaavalarkalukku kasindhadhu, thaakkuthal thoalviyadainthathu. aaru naatkalukkup piragu, muttrukai neekkappattathu. thisaliyil prachaaram. misolongiyil thoalviyadaintha piragu, recete mehmet bellion malaippaangkaana pakuthikku ethiraaga nagarnthaar, adhai avar adakka mudinthathu. avarathu vetrtrikkaaka, avar thirikaalaavin sanjakkin aalunaraaka niyamikkappattaar, iruthiyaaka rumeliyaavil ulla anaitthu oottoamaan padaikalin thalapathiyaaga niyamikkappattaar. misolongiyin moontraavathu muttrukai. inththa pathaviyil irunthu avar misolongi eduththu merkaththiya kiraekkaththaip paathukaakkum paniyai thuraimugaththaal maerkondaar. reesid mehmat 35,000 kkum maerpatta iraanuvaththai ondru thirattinaar, pipravari 1825 ill avar misolongicu purapattaar. aepral 20 andru angku vanththavudan, avar udanadiyaaga nagaraththai manvetti vaelaigaludan muthaleedu seithu, adhai palaththa kunduveechukku utpaduththinaar. iruppinum, avarathu muyarchigal irunththapoathilum, kiraekka kaavalpadai, avarathu varisaikkup pinnaal ulla greakkak kuzhukkalin soathanaigalin uthaviyudan, oottoamaan kadarpadai muttrukai irunththapoathilum kiraekka kadarpadaiyaal meendum valangkappattu, thirampada ethirththathu. iruthiyil, egypthin ibrahim bashavin udhaviyai avar koara vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, avarathu iraanuvam moaraavil kiraekka padaikalukku ethiraaga vettri pettrathu. egypthiya padaikal navambar thodakkaththil vanthana, aanaal aanavam konda ibrahim mattrum reesid mehmat idaiyae oru pilavu aerpattathu, avar thanathu padaikalai thirumbap pettraar. egipthiyarkal thangal thaakkuthalkalil thoalviyadaintha piragu, ibrahim thanathu thavarai oppuk kondaar. irandu paasharkalum ippoathu oththuzhaiththanar, muttrukai theevirappaduththappattathu. kadaloara viniyoaga paathai thundikkappattathu, ithanaal paathukaavalarkal pattiniyaal achchurutthappattanar. iruthiyaaka, avarkal oru avanambikkaiyaana thappikka muyantranar, muttrukaiyidum padaikalai udaiththu, aepral 10,1826 iravu. inththa savaariyin vilaivaaga paathukaavalarkal padukolai seiyappattanar, maelum mizolongi oottoamaan padaikalidam vilunththaar. adigaavil prachaaram. inththa vetrtrikkup piragu, recete mehmat adiga mattrum athens noakki thirumbinaar, angku avar juulai maatham vanthaar. aepral 24,1827 andru faleron poaril kiraekka nivaaranap padaiyai ethirpaaraatha vithamaaga ventrathan moolam greakergal koattaiyai saranadaiya vaendiya kattaayam aerpadum varai, kiraekka kaavarpadaiyai authensin acropolysil paththu maathangkalukku avar muttrukaiyittaar. bosnia kann imaikalukku ethiraana prachaaram. sultan irandaam mahmut serbia suyaatchiyaiyum, pinnar bosnia ailettil irunthu aaru maavattangkalaiyum adrianople oppanththaththudan vazhangkiyapoathu huusain gradassevic thalaimaiyilaana oottoamaan bosniyat thalaimai koopamadaindhadhu. inththa mangalagaramaana sambavaththirkup piragu veezhnththa jaanisaariyin kaaranatthai aatharikka hoosin gradasevic aerkanavae thodangiyirunthaar, maelum irandaam mahmut poasniya samoogaththai maelum sithaikka anumathikkavillai. huusain gradassevic udan pechchuvaarththai nadaththuvatharkup pathilaaka, piramaanda vaseer resit mehmat basha (aerkanavae albanian paashaakkal mattrum peisukku ethiraana oru aakiramippu prachchaaraththil eedupattirunthaar) thanathu oottoamaan iraanuvaththai travinicai noakki anithirattinaar. recete bashavin nadavadikkaiyaal aemaattramadainththa gradassevic, 52,000 paeraik konda iraanuvaththudan pristinaavukkul munnaerich sentraar, pinnar stime ill recete paashaavai ethirththup poaraadi thoarkadiththaar. oru poasniya thoothukkuzhu antha aandu novemberil scopejavil ulla grand visir mugaamukku vanthathu. bosniac koorikkaikalai aetrtrukkolvathaaka sulthaanai valiyuruththuvathaaka inththa kuluvukku maaperum vaseer uruthiyaliththaar. iruppinum, avarathu unmaiyana nokkangkal disambar thodakkaththil avarathu peerangkikal noavi bajaarin puranagaril nirutthappatta poasniya alagugalaith thaakkiyapoathu velippattana. resit mehmat basha pinnar renecate kabedan alii-basha riswanpekovichin uthaviyudan bosniavil oru aakiramippu prachchaaraththaith thodangkinaar, maelum hoosin gradasevic thalaimaiyilaana bosnia ailettin muzhu iraanuvaththaiyum stoop nagaraththirku veliyae thoarkadiththaar. kiraekkap puratchikkup piragu. migavum pugazhpettra general, recete mehmat ruzzo-turkiya poaril poaraadinaar, angku avar kulevicha poaril general diabetzol thoarkadikkappattaar. pinnar, avar oottoamaan paerarasin maaperum manthiriyaaga niyamikkappattaar, avar janavari 1829 muthal pipravari 17,1833 varai pathaviyil irunthaar. antha pathaviyil irunthu, 1830 aam aandin monaster padukolaiyai avar thittamittaar, idhil noottrukkanakkaanavargalai albanian bease kondrathu. egypthiya-oottoamaan poaril anatoliavil oottoamaan padaikalai avar vazhinadaththinaar. 1832 aam aandil nadantha gonya poaril avarathu pazhaiya ethiriyaana ibrahim bashavin padaikalaal avar kaippatrappattaar. thiyarbaagar kann imaiyil prachaaram. 1834 aam aandil thiyarbaagar kann paarvai mattrum rakka kann paarvai aagiyavattrin vaali aaga niyamikkapatta avar, ulloor kurdish pazhangkudiyinaraana carson, pedir qaan mattrum millie mattrum chinkaril ulla yasidi aakiyoarukku ethiraana iraanuvap prachchaarangkalukku thalaimai thaangkinaar. thaangkinaar avar mardinil ulla millie palangkudiyinarai adakkinaar. 1836 aam aandil, avar zoran emiratich saerntha aatchiyaalaraana myre coor enbavarai thoarkadiththaar. avar 1836 ill iranthaar.

reeseed mehmed pasha kotahi (, 1780-1836) anie kooda piluvabade reesid mehmed pasha, 19va sataabdam modati bhaagamlo grand wazir padavini cherukunna ottoman raajaneetignudu mariyu general, greeku swaatantrya yuddhamlo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchaaru. prarambha jeevitam. reesid mehmed georgialo janminchaadu, athanu oka greeku sanaatana poojaari kumarudu. chinnatanamlo, athanu ottomanlache banisaga bandhinchabaddaadu, mariyu appati kapudan pasha coca husrev mehmed pasha sevaku teesukuvacchaadu. athani telivitaetalu mariyu saamarthyam athani yajamanini aakattukoni athani vegavantamaina perugudalanu bhadraparichaayi. athanu kontakaalam paatu caradorde cerbialo unnadu. kevalam 29 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu kutahya governorga niyaminchabaddaadu, akkada nundi athanu thana birudunu pondaadu. pondaadu, portuku vyatiraekamgaa yannina yokka allie pasha tirugubaatunu anachiveyadaaniki sultan mahmud II, aneka itara paashaalato paatu atanni pampaadu. adhe samayamlo, greekulu tama sonta tirugubaatunu siddham chesukuntunnaru, idhi marchi marchi chelaregindi. anduvalla, anduvalla allie pasha otami mariyu maranam taruvaata, athanu greeku tirugubaatudaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa pracharam cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa unnadu. epirus loe operations-misolongi yokka modati muttadi. epiraslo ottoman dalaala commander-inn-cheefga niyaminchabadina taruvaata, athanu alegzandros mavrocordatos aadhvaryamlo greeku dalaalanu edurkovadaniki dakshinaana kavaatu chesaadu, ivi artaku pracharam chestunnayi. 1822 juulai 4naa paeta yuddhamlo ayana vaarini ghoramgaa oodinchi, dakshina disagaa vyuuhaatmakamgaa mukhyamaina misolongi pattanaaniki vellaadu. akkada athanu omer vriyonitho kalusukunnadu, mariyu vaari 8,000 mandhi samyukta dalam 25 october nundi 31 december 1822 varaku rendu nelala paatu nagaranni muttadinchindi. omer vriyonai, receed mehmed abhipraayaaniki viruddhamgaa, praarambhamlo charchala dwara pattanaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaadu, dheenini muttadinchina greekulu sadviniyogam chesukunnaru, november 8 varaku vaarini bayataku lagaru, appudu vaaru samudram dwara balopetam cheyabaddaaru, aaa samayamlo vaaru marinta charchalu jarapadaniki niraakarinchaaru. muttadi utsaahamgaa praarambhamaindi, mariyu rendu paasaalu tama pradhana daadini chrismus raatri, december 24 kosam schedule chesaaru, greekulu aascharyapotaarani lekkinchaaru. pranaalika rakshakulaku leak cheyabadindi, mariyu daadi viphalamaindi. aaru rojula taruvaata, muttadi ettiveyabadindi. thessaly pracharam. misolonghi vadda vaiphalyam taruvaata, reesid mehmed pellion parvata praantaaniki vyatiraekamgaa vellaadu, daanini athanu longadeesukogaligaadu. thana vijayam kosam, athanu trikaala sanjak governorga niyaminchabaddaadu, chivaraku rumeliyaaloni anni ottoman dalaalaku commander-inn-cheefga niyaminchabaddaadu. misolongi yokka moodava muttadi. eee sthaanam nundi athanu misolongini teesukoni tadwara paschima greesnu bhadrapariche panini port chetha appaginchabaddaadu. reeseed mehmed 35,000 kante ekkuva mandhi sainyanni sameekarinchaadu mariyu fibravari fibravari athanu misolongi kosam bayaludaeraadu. april 20naa akkadiki cherukunna ventane, athanu ventane aaa pattanaanni matti panulatho pettubadi petti, daanipai bhaarii bambu daadulaku palpaddadu. ayithe, athani prayatnaalu unnappatikee, greeku dalam, athani shrenula venuka unna greeku dalaala daadula dwara sahaayapadindi mariyu ottoman naavikaadala digbandham unnappatikee greeku naukaadalam tirigi sarafara chesindi, samarthavantamgaa pratighatinchindi. chivariki, athanu eejiptuku chendina ibraheem pasha sahayanni koravalasi vachindi, athani sainyam morelo greeku dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa vijayam saadhinchindi. eejiptu dalaalu november praarambhamlo cherukunnayi, conny ahankaaram gala ibraheem mariyu reeseed mehmed madhya cheelika sambhavinchindi, athanu thana dalaalanu upasamharinchukunnaadu. egyptianlu kooda vaari daadulaloo viphalamaina taruvaata, ibraheem thana tappunu angeekarinchaadu. rendu paasaalu ippudu sahakarinchaayi, muttadi teevrataram cheyabadindi. samudrapu sarafara maargam kattirinchabadindi, rakshakulanu aakalitho bedirinchavalasi vachindi. chivaraku, vaaru 1826 april 10 raatri muttadi dalaala gundaa bayataku velli, niraasatoe tappinchukovadaaniki prayatninchaaru. eee kaalpula phalitamgaa rakshakulu oochakotaku gurayyaru, misolongi ottoman dalaala chetilo padipoyindi. atikaalo pracharam. eee vijayam taruvaata, reesid mehmed atika mariyu athens vaipu tirigaadu, akkada athanu joolailo vacchaadu. 1827 april 24naa faleron yuddhamlo greeku sahaya dalampai oohinchani vijayam saadhinchi greekulanu kotanu longadeesukomani balavantam chese varaku athanu athens acropolispy padhi nelala paatu greeku rakshana dalaanni muttadinchaadu. bosnia iletku vyatiraekamgaa pracharam. sultan mahmud II serbia svayampratipattini manjuru chesinappudu hussin gradasevic netrutvamloni ottoman bosnian naayakatvam aagrahaaniki guraindi, taruvaata bosnia ilet nundi aaru jillaalu adrianple oppandamtho manjuru cheyabaddaayi. hyusin gradasevic appatike subha sanghatana tarvaata padipoyina janisari kaaranaaniki maddatu ivvadam praarambhinchaadu mariyu bosnian samajanni marinta vichchinnam cheyadaaniki mahmud II nii anumatinchaledu. hussin gradasevic thoo charchalu jarapadaniki badulugaa, grand wazir receed mehmed pasha (appatike albanian pashalu mariyu beeslaku vyatiraekamgaa dookudugaa pracharam chesaadu) thana ottoman sainyanni travanic vaipu sameekarinchaadu. receed pasha yokka charyatho niraasa chendina gradasevic 52,000 mandhi sainyamtho pristinaaloki munduku sagadu, taruvaata shtimelo receed pashanu oodinchi poraadaadu. aaa samvatsaram navambarulo oka bosnian pratinidhi brundam skopjeloni grand visier shibiraniki cherukundi. bosniac demandlanu angeekarinchaalani sultaannu pattubattutaanani grand wazir eee pratinidhi brundaaniki vaagdaanam chesaadu. ayithe, athani nijamaina uddeshaalu december praarambhamlo novi pazar shivaarlalo unna bosnian unitlapy athani firangulu daadi chesinappudu vyaktamayyaayi. reeseed mehmed pasha taruvaata renegade kapetan ally-pasha rizvanbegovic sahayamtho bosnialo dookudugaa pracharam praarambhinchi, hussin gradasevic netrutvamloni bosnia ilet mottam sainyanni stup pattanam velupala oodinchaadu. greeku viplavam taruvaata. chaalaa vishishtamaina general, reeseed mehmed ruso-turkish yuddhamlo poraadaadu, akkada athanu kulevicha yuddhamlo general diabetsh chetilo odipoyaadu. taruvaata, athanu ottoman saamraajyaaniki grand vajiirgaa niyaminchabaddaadu, athanu janavari 1829 nundi fibravari 17,1833 varaku aaa padavini nirvahinchaadu. aaa sthaanam nundi, athanu 1830 loe albanian bees vandalaadi mandini champina monasteer oochakotaku palpaddadu. eejiptu-ottoman yuddhamlo anatolialo ottoman sainyalaku ayana naayakatvam vahinchaadu. vahinchaadu jarigina yuddhamlo nirnayaatmakamaina konya yuddhamlo athani paatha virodhi ibraheem pasha dalaalu atanni bandhinchaayi. diyarbakir kanureppalalo pracharam. athanu athanu diyarbakir ilet mariyu rakka ilet yokka valiga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu sthaanika kurdish tegalaina garjan, bedir khaan mariyu millie mariyu sinkarloni yaajidiki vyatiraekamgaa sainika prachaaraalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. vahinchaadu athanu mardinlooni millie teganu longadeesukunnaaru. ayana, athanu soran emirate paalakudaina mair kornu oodinchaadu. ayana ayana maraninchaaru.

rayed mohammad paasha reshad mohammad paasha jasay katahi (yee 1780-1836) kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa hay eek usmani seyasat daan aur general thaa juu 19 wein sadee kay pehley nasf mein azeem wazeer kay ahday parr pahuncha jiss nay yunani jung aazadi mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa. ibtadayi zindagi. rayed mohammad jarjiya mein paida huay juu eek yunani orthodocs paadri kay betay thay. bachpan mein asay usmaniyon nay ghalaam kay toor parr pakad liyaa aur iss waqat kay kapudan paasha kokaa hasrio mohammad paasha kii khadmat mein laaya. iss kii zahanat aur salahiyat nay iss kay maalik kuu mutasir kiyaa aur iss kii teezi say tarqi kuu yaqeeni banaya. wah qaleel arsey kay liye karadwarde kay sarbiya mein tayinaat thaa. sarf 29 saal kii amar mein inhein kathiya kaa governor muqarar kiyaa gayaa jehaan say inhon nay apnaa laqab haasil kiyaa. 1820 mein asay sultan mahmud saani nay behat say dosray pashon kay saath portay kay khalaaf yanina kay alee paasha kii baghawat kuu roknay kay liye bheja thaa. asee waqat yunani apnee baghawat kii tayari kirr rahay thay juu maarch 1821 mein sharoo hoyee. iss tarah 1822 mein alee paasha kii shakast aur moth kay baad wah yunani baghiyon kay khalaaf muham chalanay kay liye mojud thaa. appires mein operation-masolongi kaa pehla muhasirah. appairs mein usmani afwaj kaa commander inn cheef muqarar honay kay baad iss nay alegzendros mawrocordatos kay tahat yunani afwaj say milnay kay liye janub kii taraf maarch kiyaa juu arta kii taraf muham chalaa rahay thay. iss nay 4 jolayi 1822 kuu peeta kii jung mein inhein shakast dee aur janub kii taraf hakmat emli kay lahaaz say aham shehar masolongi kii taraf badhaa. wahaan inn kii mulaqat amar wariyoni say hoyee aur inn kii 8,000 kii mushtarkah foj nay 25 aktobar say 31 dasambar 1822 takk duu maah takk shehar kaa muhasirah kiyaa. amar wariyoni ney rayed mohammad kay naqtah nazar kay barakas ibtadayi toor parr mazakirat kay zariye shehar parr qabzah karnay kii koshish kii jiss kaa mahsur yunaniyon nay fayedah uthaya inhein 8 nomber takk baahir khainch liyaa jabb inhein samandar say taqwiyat millie jiss waqat inhon nay mazeed baath cheet karnay say ankaar kirr diyaa. muhasire kaa aaghaz dall say hawaa aur donon pashaon nay 24 dasambar kii karsams kii raat kuu apnaa bunyadi hamlah tay kiyaa yaha hasaab lagatay hoay kahh yunani hairan rahh jayein gay. mansubah muhafizon kuu leek kirr diyaa gayaa aur hamlah nakaam how gayaa. chh dunn baad muhasirah uthaa liyaa gayaa. thaslay mein muham. masolongi mein nakami kay baad rayed mohammad pelion kay pahaadi elaqay kay khalaaf chalay gayey jasay wah zeer karnay mein kamiyab rahay. iss kii kamiyabi kay liyay asay trikla kay sanjak kaa governor muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur aakhir kaar romilia mein tamaam usmani afwaj kaa commander inn cheef muqarar kiyaa gayaa. masolongi kaa teesra muhasirah. iss ahday say asay portay nay masolongi leenay aur iss tarah maghrabi yunaan kuu mahfuz bananay kaa kaam sonpa thaa. rayed mohammad nay 35,000 say ziyadah kii foj jamaa kii aur faroori 1825 mein wah masolongi kay liye rawanah hawaa. 20 apreel kuu wahaan pahunchnay parr iss nay fouri toor parr shehar mein mutty kay kaam kiye aur iss parr bhaari bambari kii. tahim iss kii koshishon kay bawajood yunani garrison ney iss kii linon kay peeche yunani bendon kay chhaapon kii madad say aur usmani bahri naakah bundi kay bawajood yunani beday kay zariah dobarah supplie kii moasir tareeqe say mazahimat kii. aakhir mein wah misar kay ibraheem paasha kii madad talab karnay parr majbur how gayaa jiss kii foj mory mein yunani afwaj kay khalaaf fatah yaab how chaki thee. masri afwaj nomber kay awail mein pahunchein leakin haasiq ibraheem aur rayed mohammad kay darmiyan taqsim how gayee jinhon nay apnee afwaj kuu waps lay liyaa. jabb masri bhee apnay hamlon mein nakaam how gayey tuu ibraheem nay apnee ghalti tasleem kirr lee. donon pashaon nay abb taawan kiyaa aur muhasirah teez kirr diyaa gayaa. samandari supplie kaa raastah cott diyaa gayaa jiss say muhafizon kuu bhok kii dhamki deenay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. aakhir kaar inhon nay 10 apreel 1826 kii raat muhasire mein mojud afwaj kay zariye bhagnay kii koshish kii. iss adaan kay natijay mein muhafizon kaa qatal aam hawaa aur masolongi usmani afwaj kay haathon girr gayaa. attika mein muham. iss kamiyabi kay baad rayed mohammad nay attika aur aithanz kii taraf rakh kiyaa jehaan wah jolayi mein pahunche. iss nay aithanz kay acropolis parr yunani garrison kaa duss maah takk nakaam muhasirah kiyaa yahaan takk kahh 24 apreel 1827 kuu feleron kii jung mein yunani amdadi dastay parr iss kii ghair matuqa fatah nay yunaniyon kuu qalah kuu hathiyar daalnay parr majbur kirr diyaa. bosnia eyelet kay khalaaf muham. haseen gardashivich kii qayadat mein usmani bosniyayi qayadat iss waqat naraaz hogayi jabb sultan mahmud saani nay sarbiya kuu khood mukhtari dee aur iss kay baad bosniah eyelet kay chh azlaa kuu adrenople kay muahide kay saath ataa kiyaa. haseen gardashivich nay iss mubarik waaqiye kay baad pehley hyee giray hoay genesary kay maqsad kii himayat karnaa sharoo kirr dee thee aur mahmud dom kuu bosnia kay muashiray kuu mazeed bikharnay kii ajazat nahein dee thee. haseen gardashivich kay saath baath cheet karnay kay bajaye azeem wazeer rayed mohammad paasha (juu pehley hyee albaniah kay pashaon aur bees kay khalaaf jarhana muham mein masruf thay) nay apnee usmani foj kuu traunik kii taraf mutharik kiyaa. reshad paasha kay aqdaam say mayus how kirr gardashivich nay 52,000 kii foj kay saath prestina mein maarch kiyaa aur baad mein shatayam mein reshad paasha say larh kirr shakast dee. bosnia kaa eek wafad asee saal nomber mein scopjay mein grend wazeer kay camp mein pahuncha. azeem wazeer nay iss wafad say waadah kiyaa kahh wah sultan say asraar karay gaa kahh wah bosniak kay mutalibat kuu qabool karay. tahim iss kay haqeeqi aradon kaa izhaar dasambar kay awail takk hawaa jabb iss kii topon nay novi bazaar kay mazafat mein tayinaat bosnia kay younton parr hamlah kiyaa. baad mein rayed mohammad paasha nay baaghi captin alee-paasha resoanbegovich kii madad say bosnia mein eek jarhana muham sharoo kii aur stope kay qasbey kay baahir haseen gardashivich kii qayadat mein bosnia eyelet kii poori foj kuu shakast dee. yunani inqilaab kay baad. eek behat hyee mamtaz general rayed mohammad nay roos-tarki jung mein hasah liyaa jehaan asay clevicha kii jung mein general diabetish nay shakast dee. baad mein inhein sultanat usmaniah kaa azeem wazeer muqarar kiyaa gayaa yaha ahdah inhon nay januri 1829 say 17 faroori 1833 takk sanbhala. iss ahday say inhon nay 1830 kay monaster qatal aam kaa mansubah banaya jiss mein sainkadon afraad halaak hoay. iss nay masri-usmani jung mein anatoliya mein usmani faujon kii qayadat kii. asay 1832 mein jung kii faislah kunn jung koniya mein iss kay paraaney mukhalif ibraheem paasha kii afwaj nay pakad liyaa thaa. diyaar bakar pluck mein muham. inhein 1834 mein diyaar bakar eyelet aur raqah eyelet kaa walee muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur iss kay baad inhon nay maqami kardon kay qabail garzan bedar khaan aur milly aur sankar mein yazidi kay khalaaf foji mahmaat kii qayadat kii. 1835 mein iss nay mardan mein milly qabeelay kuu zeer kiyaa. 1836 mein iss nay soraan kii amaraat kay hukmaran meeri coor kuu shakast dee. 1836 mein inn kaa inteqal hawaa.

00044cc50ad302b494d2f3bf7b865964e486a5bf935b672f7bc78d463242d7a5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12836430

Nunn–McCurdy Amendment

Nunn–McCurdy Amendment US federal law against defense contract budget overruns The Nunn–McCurdy Amendment or Nunn–McCurdy Provision, introduced by Senator Sam Nunn and Congressman Dave McCurdy in the United States 1982 Defense Authorization Act and made permanent in 1983, is designed to curtail cost growth in American weapons procurement programs. It requires notification to the United States Congress if the cost per unit goes more than 25% beyond what was originally estimated and calls for the termination of programs with total cost growth greater than 50%, unless the Secretary of Defense submits a detailed explanation certifying: Congress normally regards the explanations from the Secretary of Defense as acceptable. It is unusual for a program to be cancelled as a result of notification, but it has led to many changes to project management. In 2006, the House of Representatives proposed amending the provision to require a detailed explanation, including information about possible alternatives, at the 15%-cost-growth mark. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xonnyaxini-mccardy xongxudhoni aamerika juktorastror 1982 sonor protirokya onumudon aainot xenetar chem nen aaru congressmen debh mccardyr dwara proborton koraa aaru 1983 sonot sthayi koraa nono-mccardy xongxudhoni baa nono-mccardy byowostha, aamerikar ostro kroy karzoxusir byoy briddhi hraax koriboloi design koraa hoise. jodi protitu unitor byoy prothomote onuman korar tulnat 25 xotangxotkoi odhik hoy aaru muth byoy briddhi 50 xotangxotkoi odhik huwa karzoxusixomuh xomapto korar aahban kore, jodihe protirokya xosiboi promanpotro prodan koraa ek bixod byakhya daakhil nokore tente iyak aamerika juktorastror congressoloi janonir proyujonoh congresse xadharonote protirokya xosibor byakhyabur grohonjugyo buli gonyo kore. janonir pholsworupe etaa karzoxusi baatil huwatu oswabhabik, kintu iyar folot prokolpo byowosthaponat bohutu poriworton ghotise. 2006 sonot protinidhi xobhat 15 xotangxo-byoy-briddhir storot xombhabyo bikolpor tothyoke dhori ek bixod byakhyar proyujon hoh "boloi ei byowostha xongxudhonor prostab diya hoisil.

sannasini-mccardy sangshodhani markin juktorashtrer 1982 saaler protirokkha anumodan aaine sinetara syama noon ebong congressman debha mccurdy dwara probortito ebong 1983 saale sthayi koraa naan-mccurdy sangshodhani baa naan-mccurdy bidhanti american ostro sangraha kormosuchite byoy briddhi hrass korar jonno design koraa hoyeche. proti uniter kharach jodi prathomikbhabe onumaner cheye 25 shotangsho beshi hoy ebong 50 shotangsher beshi moat kharach briddhir sange karmasuchiguli batil korar ahoban janano hoy, jodi naa protirokkha sachib pratyayita korey ekti bistarito byakhya jomaa denoh congress sadharonoto protirokkha sachiber byakhyake grohonjoggo boley money korey. proggaponer foley konao programa batil haoya aswabhabik, tobey err foley prokolpo porichalonai onek poriborton eseche. 2006 saale protinidhi porishod 15 shotangsho-byoy-briddhir chinne sombhabbo bikalpa somporke tothyo soho ekti bistarito byakhyar prayojan hisabe bidhanti sangshodhaner prostab deyo.

nana-mccuddy sudhaaro nayne-mccurry sudhara athavaa nayne-mccurry jogvai, senator same nana aneey congressmen dave mccurry dwara united states 1982 sanraxan adhikrutataa adhiniyamma rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aneey kaayamee banavvama aavee hatee, jeey american shastroni khareedina karykramoma kharchamaa vrudhdhine ghatadva maate rachvaamaa aavee chhe. jooe aekam deeth kharch mool andaaj karataa 25 takaathi vadhu jaay aneey coole kharch vrudhdhi 50 takaathi vadhu saathe kaarykramone samaapt karvaanee maang karey, too tene united states congressne soochit karvaanee jaroor chhe, sivaay keey sanraxan sacheev vigatvaar samajooti pramanit kareh congress saamanya reete sanraxan sacheevni samjootine sveekarya maane chhe. suchanaona parinaame kaarykram rada thavo asamanya chhe, parantu tenaathi project managementmaa ghanaa ferfaro thayaa chhe. chhe pratinidhi sabhaae 15 takaa-kharch-vruddhinaa nishan parr sambhaveet vikalpo visheni maahitee saheet vigatvaar samjootini jaroor padey teey maate jogvaaimaa sudhaaro karvaanee darkhaast curry hatee.

nana-mcurd sanshodhan nana-makurdi sanshodhan yaa nana-makurdi praavdhaan, jise sanyukt raajya america 1982 key raksha pradhikaran adhiniyam mein senator saim nana aur congressman dave makurdi dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur 1983 mein sthaayi banaaya gayaa thaa, americi hathiyar khareed karyakramon mein laagat vriddhi koo cumm karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. yadi prati ikai laagat mool roop seey anumaanit laagat seey 25 pratishat seey adhik hoe jaati haye aur kull laagat vriddhi 50 pratishat seey adhik key saath karyakramon koo samaapt karane kii maang karati haye, tou ise sanyukt raajya congress koo adhisuchana kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaba taka kii raksha sachiv ack vistrit spashteekaran pramaanit naheen kartaa haih congress aam taur parr raksha sachiv key spashteekaran koo sweekarya maanati haye. adhisuchana key parinamswarup kissy karyakram koo radd karna asamanya haye, lekin isase pariyojana prabandhan mein kaee badalaav hue hain. 2006 mein, pratinidhiyon key sadan ney 15 pratishat-laagat-vriddhi key nishan parr sambhaavit vikalpon key baare mein jaankaari sahit ack vistrit spashteekaran kii aavashyakta key liye praavdhaan mein sanshodhan karane kaa prastaav rakhaa.

sanyasini-mccurdy tiddupadi 1982rahra samyukta samsthaanagala raxana adhikara kaydeyalli senator samm nun mattu congressina dave mccurdy parichayisida mattu 1983ralli shaashvatagolisalaada nun-mccurdy tiddupadi athawa nun-mccurdy nibandhaneyannu, americada shastraastragala khareedi karyakramagalallina vechchada belavanigeyannu motakugolisalu vinyaasagolisalaagide. prati ghatakada vechchavu moolatah andaajisiddakkinta shekada 25kkinta hechchiddare mattu raxana karyadarshiyu pramanikarisuva vivaravaada vivaraneyannu sallisada horatu, ottu vechchada belavanigeyu shekada 50kkinta hechchiddare, kaaryakramagalannu konegolisabekendu karey niididare united states kangresge adhisuchane agatyaviruttadeh congress samanyavagi raxana karyadarshiya vivaranegalannu sweekaaraarhavendu pariganisuttade. adhisoochaneya parinaamavaagi programme annu raddugolisuvudu asaamaanyavaagide, aadare idu yojana nirvahaneyalli aneka badalaavanegalige kaaranavaagide. 2006ralli, pratinidhigala sadanavu, sambhaavya paryayagala bagegina mahiti seridante vivaravaada vivaraneya agatyaviddante, shekada 15rashtu-vechcha-belavanigeya mattakke ee nibandhaneyannu tiddupadi maadalu prastapisitu.

kanyastree-mccurdy bhedagathi 1982 leeii yunaittad stetts defense ootharaiseshan aaktil senattar saam nunum kongrasmaan dave mccurdy avatharippikkukayum 1983 ll sthiramaakkukayum cheytha nann-mccurdy bhedagathi allengil nann-mccurdy provision, american aayudha sambharana paripaadikalile chelavu vardhanavu kuraykkunnathinaanu roopakalppana cheythirikkunnathu. prathirodha sekrattari saakshyappeduthunna vishadamaaya vishadeekaranam samarppichillenkil, oru yoonittinte chelavu yadhaarthathil kanakkakkiyathinekkaal 25 sathamaanathiladhikam pookukayum motham chelavu valarcha 50 sathamaanathil kooduthalulla paripaadikal avasaanippikkanamenn aavasyappedukayum cheythaal yunaittad stetts kongrasine ariyikkendathundu prathirodha sekrattariyude vishadeekaranangal sveekaaryamaanennu kongras saadhaaranayaayi kanakkakkunnu. vijnjaapanathinte falamaayi oru prograam raddaakkunnathu asaadhaaranamaanu, pakshe ithu project maanejmentil niravadhi maattangalkk kaaranamaayi. 2006ll, saadhyamaaya badalukalekkurichulla vivarangal ulppede vishadamaaya vishadeekaranam aavashyamaayi varunnathinu 15 sathamaanam-chelavu-valarcha markkil vyavastha bhedagathi cheyyaan prathinidhi sabha nirddeshichu.

nun-mccurry durusti 1982 chya united states sanrakshn pradhikaran kayadyat sinetara samm nun aanee congressman dave mccardyne sadar keleli aanee 1983 madhye kayamswarupi keleli nun-mccardy durusti kinwa nun-mccardy tartud, american shastrastra kharedi karyakramanmadhil kharch vaadh qamee karnyasathi tayar kelee gelee aahe. jarr prati unit kharch mool andajapeksha 25 takkyanhun adhik gela aanee ekoon kharch vadhisah 50 takkyanpeksha jaast asalele karyakram sampushtat aananyachi magani kelee, tarr sanrakshn sachiv pramanit karnare tapshilvar spashtikaran sadar karat naslyas, united states congressla soochit karane aavashyak aaheh congress samanyatah sanrakshn sachivankadun midaleli spashtikarane swikararh manate. adhisuchanechya parinami ekhada karyakram radd hone asamanya aahe, parantu tyamule prakalp vyavasthapanat anek badal jhaale aahet. 2006 saalee, pratinidhi sabhagruhane 15 takke-kharch-vadhichya chinhavar sambhavya paryayanvishayichya mahitisah tapshilvar spashtikaran aavashyak vhave yasathi tartudit sudharana karnyacha prastav mandala.

nun-makkardi sanshodhan sann 1982 ko sanyukta rajya raksha pradhikaran ainama cineter saam nun rar congressman debh mccardylay prastut gareko rar sann 1983 maa sthayi banaeko nun-mccardy sanshodhan wa nun-mccardy prawadhan, americi hatiyar kharid karyakramharuma lagat wriddhi ghatauna design garieko how. yadi prati ekai lagat muel anumanbhanda 25 pratishatbhanda badhi janchha rar kull lagat wriddhi 50 pratishatbhanda badhi bhaeka karyakramharu samapta garna awhan gardacha bhane yasalai sanyukta rajya kangreslai adhisuchana awashyak chha, jabasamma raksha sachible pramanit garne wistrit wyakhya pesh gardainah congressle samanyataya raksha sachibko spashtikaranlai swikarya mandachha. adhisuchanako parinam swarup karyakram radda hunu asamanya how, tara yasale pariyojana prabandhanma dherai pariwartanharu lyaeko chha. sann 2006 maa pratinidhi sabhale 15 pratishat lagat wridhiko ankama sambhawit wikalpaharuko barema jankarisahit wistrit spashtikaran awashyak parne prawadhan sanshodhan garne prastawa gareko thiyo.

none-mccurdy sanshodhana 1982 masihare juktarastra americara pratirakhya pradhikarana adhiniam anujai sinetara saam none ebong congress myan debh myakurdinka dwara prabartita ebong 1983 masihare sthajee karajaithiba none-mccurdy sanshodhana baa none-mccurdy byabastha, americae astrashastra kraiah karjyakramare byaja brudhiku hrass kariba paain parikalpana karajaichi. jadi prati unit mulya moola akalana thaaru 25 pratishataru adhika hue ebong mote mulya brudhi 50 pratishataru adhika thiba karjyakramara samapti paain aahwana kare, jadi pratirakhya sachiba eka bistruta byakhya dakhal nakari pramana karanti tebe ehaa juktarastra america kangresaku bigyapti aabasyaka kare . congress sadharanatah pratirakhya sachibanka byakhya grahaniah bolly bibechana kare . bigyapti karanaru kaunasi karjyakram batil heba aswabhabika, kintu ehaa prakalpa parichalanare aneka paribartana aanichi. 2006 masihare pratinidhi sabha 15 pratishata-byaja-abhibruddhi markre sambhabya bikalpa bishajare suchana sameth eka bistruta byakhya aabasyaka karibaku byabasthare sanshodhana karibaku prastaba deithila.

nann-mackerdy sodh sanyukat raaj amrica 1982 dey rakkhiaa adhikar aikat witch senator saim nann atey congressman dave mccurdy duaara pesh keeti gaee atey 1983 witch sathayi banayi gaee nann-mccurdy sodh jaan nann-mccurdy parbandh, amriki hathiaaran dee khareed programan witch laagat dey vaadhe noon ghataun laee tiaar keeti gaee haii. iss laee sanyukat raaj dee congress noon notification dee zaroorat haii jey pratee unit laagat asal anuman toon 25 pratishat toon vaddh jaandi haii atey kull laagat vaadhe dey naal programan noon khatam curran dee mung kardi haii 50 pratishat toon vaddh, jadon takk rakkhiaa sakattar pramanit curran laee ikk vistrit spashtikaran pesh naheen kardaau congress aam taur utte rakkhiaa sakattar dey sapattran noon swikaryog mannadi haii. notification dey natije vajon kise program noon radd karna asdharan haii, parr iss naal project parbandhan witch bahut saariaan tabdiliaan aaiaan hunn. sann 2006 witch pratinidhi sabha neey 15 feesdi laagat-vaadhe dey ank utte sambhavit vikalpan baare jankari samet vistrit spashtikaran dee zaroorat laee parbandh witch sodh curran daa prastav ditta see.

nun-muck-curdy samshodhanam 1982 tame varshe amerikaadeshasy senator syaam nun tathaa kaangres-myaan dave meck kurdie ityetabhyam samyuktarajyamerikadesha raksha-praadhikaran-adhiniyamasya pravartitam tathaa 1983 tame varshe sthayim cha, nun-meck kurdie-samshodhanam athavaa nun-meck kurdie-praavadhaanah, amerikaadeshasy shastra-krayan-karyakrameshu vyayavruddhim nyooneekartum parikalpitam asti. yadi prati-ekakam vyayam mool-anumanat 25 pratishatam adhikam bhavati tathaa cha 50 pratishatam yaavat samagra-vyaya-vruddhi-yuktaanaam karyakramanam samaaptim aahuyate tarhi samyuktarajyamerika-kaangres-pakshaya tadanudeshah aavashyakah, yaavat rakshaasachivah pramaaneekaroopen vistrutam vivaranam naa samarpayati. kaangres-pakshah praayah rakshaasachivasya spashteekaranaani svikaryani iti manyante. adhisuchana-parinaamen karyakramasya raddah asaamaanyah asti, parantu anena pariyojanaaprabandhanasy vishaye anekaani parivartanaani abhavan. 2006 tame varshe pratinidhi-sabhayaa 15 pratishatam vyaya-vruddhi-laxanena sambhaavya-vikalpaanaam vishaye suchanasahitam vistruta-vivaranasya aavashyakataam praaptum upabandhasya samshodhanasya prastaawah krutah.

kanniyastri-mccurdy thiruththam america aikkiya maakaanangkalil 1982 paathukaappu angkeekaarach sattaththil senattar saam nann mattrum kangreskarar dave mccurdy aakiyoaraal arimugappaduthappattu 1983 aam aandil nirantharamaakkappatta kanniyastri-mccurdy thiruththam allathu kanniyastri-mccurdy vidhi, america aayutha kolmudhal thittangalil selavu valarcchiyaik kuraikkum vagaiyil vadivamaikkappattullathu. oru unitine selavu muthalil mathippidappattathai vida 25 sathaveethaththirkum athigamaaga irunthaal, paathukaappuch seyalaalar saantralikkum virivaana vilakkatthai samarpikkavittaal, moththa selavu valarchchiyai 50 sathaveethaththirkum athigamaagak konda thittangalai niruththa vaendum endru alaippu viduththaal, adhu america congressukku arivippu thevaippadukirathu congress podhuvaaga paathukaappuch seyalaalarin vilakkangkalai aetrtrukkollaththakkathaaka karudhugiradhu. arivippin vilaivaaga oru thittam rathu seiyappaduvathu vazhakkaththirku maaraanathu, aanaal idhu thitta nirvaagaththil pala maattrangkalukku vazhivaguththullathu. 2006 aam aandil, pirathinithikal sabai 15 sathaveetha selavu-valarchi kuriyeettil saathiyamaana maattru vazhigal pattriya thagavalkal udpada virivaana vilakkam thaevaippadum vagaiyil inththa vithiyai thiruththa munmozhinthathu.

sanyaasini-mccuddy savarana united states 1982 rakshana adhikara chattamlo senator saam nun mariyu congress maan dave makkardi pravesapettina mariyu 1983loe saasvatamgaa chesina nun-makkardi savarana ledhaa nun-makkardi nibandhana, american aayudhaala sekarana karyakramalalo vyaya perugudalanu tagginchadaaniki roopondinchabadindi. rakshana karyadarshi dhruveekarinche vivaranaatmaka vivarananu samarpinchakapothe, prati unitku kharchu modata anchanaa vesina daanikante 25 saatam kante ekkuvagaa unte mariyu mottam vyaya vruddhi 50 saatam kante ekkuvagaa unna kaaryakramaalanu raddu cheyaalani korithe united states congressku notification avasaramh congress saadhaaranamgaa rakshana karyadarshi nundi vachhe vivaranalanu aamodayogyamainavigaa bhaavistundi. notification phalitamgaa programme raddu kavadam asaadhaaranam, conny idhi project nirvahanalo aneka maarpulaku daariteesindi. 2006loe, pratinidhula sabha 15 saatam-vyaya-vruddhi maarkutho saadhyamayye pratyaamnaayaala gurinchi samaachaaramtho sahaa vivaranaatmaka vivarana avasaramayye vidhamgaa nibandhananu savarinchaalani pratipaadinchindi.

ninn-mecuredy tarmim ninn-macordy tarmim yaa noon-macordy kii shaq jasay senitor seem noon aur congress meen ddio macordy nay riyasathaye muthadah 1982 kay dafayi ajazat aikat mein mutaarif karaya thaa aur 1983 mein mustaqil banaya gayaa thaa americi hathiyaron kii kharidari kay programon mein laagat mein izaafe kuu kumm karnay kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay. agar phee yount laagat asl andazay say 25 faisad say ziyadah how aur 50 faisad say ziyadah kill laagat mein izaafe waalay programon kuu khatam karnay kaa mutalibah kiyaa jaaye tuu iss kay liye americi congress kuu matlaa karnay kii zarurat hay jabb takk kahh secertry dafaa tasdiq karnay waali tafsili wazahat paish naha karay: congress aam toor parr secertry dafaa kii wazahaton kuu qaabil qabool samajhti hay. notification kay natijay mein kasee prograam kaa mansukh honaa ghair mamuli hay leakin iss kii wajah say project mangement mein behat see tabdiliyan aayee haine. 2006 mein aiwan numaindagaan nay 15 faisad laagat mein izaafe kay nashaan parr mamkanah muthbadil kay baaray mein malumat sameet tafsili wazahat kii zarurat kay liye shaq mein tarmim kii tajweez paish kii.

000452411d97e293510aeedf4ccf0ce66c74c3e25efd8998fe0b5d269adf8047

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27098100

Chicoreus aculeatus

Chicoreus aculeatus Species of gastropod Chicoreus aculeatus, common name the pendant murex, is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description. The size of an adult shell varies between 38 mm and 65 mm. Distribution. This species occurs along the coast of South Africa and in the Pacific Ocean along the coasts of Japan, the Philippines and the Moluccas. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chik 'riyas acculats chik "riyas acculats, xadharon naam pendent mirex, hoise ek projatir sikari xagoriyo xamuk, mirisiday poriyalor ek xamudrik gerasto" projatir mulasko, mirex xamuk baa xilor xamuk. bornona. etaa praptoboyosko khuwar aakar 38 millimeter aaru 65 millimeteror maajot hoy. bitoron. ei projatitu dokhyin africar upokulot aaru proxanto mohaxagorot jaapan, philipine aaru moo 'lukasor upokulot dekha yaay.

chicorius aculatus chicorius aculatus, sadharan naam pendant murex, holl shikari samudrik shamuker ekti prajati, jaa muricidae poribarer ekti samudrik gastropoid molask, murex shamuk baa sheela shamuk. bornona. ekti praptoboyosko kholer akaar 38 mimmy theke 65 mimmy err modhye poribortito hoy. bitoron. eyi projatiti dakkhin africar upokul borabor ebong japan, phillipine ebong molucus upokul borabor proshanto mahasagare dekha yaay.

chicorius acculates chicorius acculates, saamanya naam pendant murax, aee hinsak dariyai gokalgaayni aek prajaati chhe, jeey muricidae kutumbamaa dariyai gastropod mollsk, murax gokalgaay athavaa roqa gokalgaay chhe. varnan. pukht shelanu qada 38 meemee aneey 65 meemee vachche badalaay chhe. vitaran. aaa prajaati dakshin africana dariyakanthe aneey japan, phillipines aneey molukasna dariyakanthe prashant mahasagarma jovaa maley chhe.

chicorius acculates chicorius acculates, aam naam latkan murex, shikari samudri ghonghe kii ack prajaati haye, joe muridae parivaar mein ack samudri gastropod molsk, murex ghonghe yaa rock ghonghe haye. varnan. ack vayask khol kaa aakar 38 mimi aur 65 mimi key beach hotaa haye. vitaran. yeh prajaati dakshin africa key tata key saath aur japan, phillippeans aur moluka key taton key saath prashant mahasagar mein paaee jaati haye.

chicorius acculatus chicorius acculatus, pendent murex emba saamaanya hesaru, muricidae kutumbadalli samudrada gastropod mrudvangi, murex basavanahulugalu athawa rock basavanahulugala ondu prabhedavagide. vivarane. vayaska chippina gatravu 38 mii. mea. mattu 65 mii. mea. naduve badalaaguttade. vitarane. ee prabhedavu daksina aafrikaada karaavaliyalli mattu peciphic mahasagaradalli japan, phillipines mattu molukaagala karaavaliyalli kandubaruttade.

chicorius acculiatus muricidae kudumbatthile oru maraine gastropod molesk, murex ochukal allengil roock ochukal, kollayadikkunna kadal ochukal, pendant murex enna saadhaarana naamamaya chicorius acculiatus, oru inamaanu. vivaranam. muthirnna shellinte valippam 38 millimeter muthal 65 millimeter vare vyathyaasappedunnu. vitharanam. dakshinaafrikkayude theerathum jappan, phillippines, molucas theerangalilum eee inam kaanapedunnu.

chicorius acculates chicorius acculates, samanya naav latkan moorex, hii shikari sagari gogalgayinchi eka prajati aahe, murichidae kutumbatil sagari gastropod molsk, moorex gogalgay kinwa rock gogalgay. varnan. praudh kavach aakar 38 miimii teey 65 miimii darmyan badalato. vitaran. hii prajati dakshin aafrikechya aafrikechya aanee prashant mahasagarat japan, phillipines aanee molukasachya molukasachya aadhalate.

chikorius acculates chikorius acculates, samanya naam pendant murex, shikari samudri ghongha, murichidae pariwarma ek samudri gastrapod molsk, murex ghongha wa chattanko ghongha how. warnan. wayaska kholko akar 38 mimmy rar 65 mimiko bichma bhinna hunchha. witaran. yo prajati dakshin africako tatama rar prashanta mahasagarma japan, phillipines rar molukasko tatama painchha.

chicorious acculiates chicorious acculiates, sadharana naama pendant murex, heuchhi shikari samudrika shamukar eka prajati, jaahaa muracidae paribarara eka samudrika gastropod molsk, murex shamuk kimba pathara shamuk . barnana. eka bayaska kholara aakaar 38 mea. mea. ru 65 mea. mea. madhyare bhinna hoithae. bunton. ehi prajati dakhina africa upakoolare ebong prashanta mahasagarare japan, phillipines ebong molucas upakoolare dekhajae .

chicorius acculits chicorius aculates, aam naam pandent murex, shikari samundari ghuggi dee ikk prajati haii, joe kii parivaar muricidae witch ikk samundari gastropod molsk, murex ghuggi jaan chattan ghuggi haii. varnan. ikk baalag shell daa aakaar 38 millimeter atey 65 millimeter dey vichkaar hunda haii. vandd. ih prajati dakkhni africa dey tatt dey naal-naal parshant mahansagar witch japaan, philipines atey molucas dey tattan dey naal paaee jaandi haii.

chicorius acculates chicorius acculates, samanyam naam pendant murex, iti mrugaya-samudriya-shamukasya prajaatih asti, muricidae-kulasya samudriya-gastropod-molask, murex-shaamukah athavaa shilaa-shaamukah asti. varnanam. vayaskasya koshasya aakaarah 38 mii. mee. taha 65 mii. mee. paryantam bhavati. vitaranam. eshaa prajaatih dakshina-africa-deshasya tate, prashantamahasagare cha japaan-deshasya, philipines-deshasya, molukkas-deshasya cha tateshu drushyate.

secorious aculetus secorious aculetus, podhup peyar pathakkam murex, idhu oru kollaiyadikkum kadal natthai inamaagum, idhu muricidae kudumbaththaich saerntha oru kadal iraippaip paambu, murex naththaigal allathu paarai naththaigal aagum. vilakkam. oru vayathu vanthoarukkaana shellin alavu 38 mimee muthal 65 mimee varai maarupadum. viniyoagam. inththa inam thennaapirikkaavin kadarkaraiyilum, pasipik perungkadalilum jappan, philippines mattrum molookkaakkalin kadarkaraigalilum kaanappadugiradhu.

chicorius acculatus chicorius acculatus, saadhaarana paeru lockettu murex, idhi dopidi samudra natta yokka jaathi, idhi muricidae kutumbamlo oka samudra gastropod molask, murex nattalu ledhaa raathi nattalu. vivarana. vayojana shell parimaanam 38 mimi mariyu 65 mimi madhya untundi. pampinhee. eee jaathi dakshinaafrikaa teeram vembadi mariyu japan, phillippeans mariyu molucas tiiraala vembadi pasiphik mahasamudramlo kanipistundi.

Chicoreus Aculetus chakorees accolates aam naam locket murax shikaari samandari ghonga kii eek nooa hay juu muricidy khaandaan mein eek samandari gastropod molisk murax ghonga yaa raak ghonga hay. wazahat. baaligh khool kaa size 38 milly metter aur 65 milly metter kay darmiyan hotaa hay. taqsim. yaha nooa janubi afriqah kay saahil kay saath aur bahar alkahil mein japaan filpine aur moluka kay sahilon kay saath payee jaati hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29175476

John Tennent (courtier)

John Tennent (courtier) John Tennent or Tennand of Listonshiels (died c. 1549) was a servant and companion of King James V of Scotland. He kept an account of the king's daily expenses which is an important source document for the Scottish royal court. Life at court. Tennent's court positions were pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe. He was given livery clothes as a servant in the king's chamber in 1529. As pursemaster he daily accompanied the king, paying his small debts and handing over the sums the king gave in alms or as tips to workmen and beggars. He and the other pursemasters were given money for the king's purse by the Treasurer of Scotland. Tennent's other main rôle was yeoman and master of the wardrobe. The wardrobe was a large establishment which employed almost 40 individuals over the personal reign. There were embroiderers, tailors, a laundry, tapestry men, and carts to transport the clothes, tapestries, and cloths-of-estate between the palaces. Tennent took delivery of linen for bed sheets, the king's shirts, and night caps. He bought canvas to hang around the king's gowns in the wardrobe. Tennent was in charge of the Honours of Scotland and ordered a new case to be made for a sword in March 1539. This may have been the sword sent by Pope Paul III in 1537, which is now lost. James V and Mary of Guise went hunting in Glenartney and Glen Finglas in September 1539. Tennent hired men and horses from Dunblane to bring their bedding from Stirling. At St Andrews, on 19 May 1540, James V gave 44 shillings to two Dutchmen who played and danced for him on the shore. James twice paid out for farm animals killed by accident with a culverin, a new portable gun. Tennent was also yeoman of the crossbow. He was appointed keeper of the palace and park of Holyroodhouse in November 1540. France. When James V went to France in 1536, he first met a prospective bride, Marie de Vendôme, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme, at St. Quentin in Picardy. It is said that at their meeting James instructed Tennent to pretend to be him and they exchanged clothes. This story appears in four sixteenth century chronicles. Adam Abell and George Buchanan mention the disguise; only John Lesley names Tennent; Lindsay of Pitscottie's version is the most elaborate but does not identify the servant. As Lesley's translator put it;"he takis on the habit of his servand and cumis to the place quhair sche was, for he finyet himselfe Johne Tennantis servand, quhom in this iornay the king with him had his servand." Tennent was on the French trip, and his one diplomatic errand was not a success. James sent him from Compiegne with letters and a verbal messages for Henry VIII of England and Cromwell on 24 February 1537. Margaret Tudor complained that he was not well received. She wrote to her brother, Henry VIII;"plesit Zoure Grace to wit, thare is in this realme ane grete wourde that thare wes ane servand of the King my sonnis come to Zoure Grace, quhome thai call Johnne Tennand, quha wes not wele tane with, as thai say." James came back from France with Madeleine of Valois as his queen: Tennent brought their trunks from Leith to Holyroodhouse. Death of James V. When James V went to hunt at Cramalt Tower in Meggetland in September 1538 Tennent brought bedding from Linlithgow Palace and the wardrobe servant Malcolm Gourlay brought tents stored at Holyrood Palace for his company. Tennent was a signatory to the instrument made at Falkland Palace at the king's deathbed which David Beaton used to attempt to claim the regency. After the death of James V, John Tennent carried out the instructions of Regent Arran and Cardinal Beaton, and dispersed numerous items from the king's wardrobe and armoury to their favourites. A record of these gifts survives in the British Library. The king's former lawyer, Adam Otterburn received a gift of armour on 22 December by the order of Cardinal Beaton, including a "secret courage", a helmet covered with corduroy, a "Jack of plate", two rapiers and other items. Marriage and family. John Tennent married Mause Atkinson (Mavis or Marion Acheson) who had been the king's laundress since 1516. The household books record barrels of soap delivered to her for washing table linen. She also made linen items, like nightcaps, for the king. His property, Listonshiels was in the parish of Kirkliston. It belonged to Torphichen Preceptory and as a reward for his services, John paid a reduced feudal rent; "listonschelis, set to iohne tennent be the kingis command in feu for £6 of maile allanerlie", £6 rent only. Another servant, Robert Hamilton, enjoyed a similar privilege at Briggis. John and Mause had no surviving children, and Listonshiels passed to John's brother Patrick Tennent by 1549. Patrick Tennent was married to Elizabeth Hoppar, whose sister Katrine Hoppar was married to the Edinburgh merchant Andrew Moubray (III) who built Moubray House in Edinburgh. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

john tenent (aadalotor xodosyo) john tenent baa tenend owo listonswiels (mrityu chi. 1549) scotlandor roja ponchom jamesor ejon daax aaru xongi aasil. teu rojar doinondin byoyor hisap rakhisil jitu scotlandor rajxobhar baabe ek guruttopurno utxo nothi. aadalotot jiwan. tenentor dorbaror sthanbur aasil porsemastar aaru almarduror iyuman. 1529 sonot teuk rojar kuthat ejon sakori hisape libhari kapur diya hoisil. onuragi hisape teu protidine rojar xoite goisil, teur xoru rino porixudh korisil aaru rojai bhikhya hisape baa sromik aaru bhikhyukxokolok poramorxo hisape diya dhonkhini hostantor korisil. teuk aaru aan porsemastarxokolok scotlandor khojanosiye rojar parchor baabe dhon disil. tenentor aan etaa mukhyo bhumika aasil iyuman aaru almardor 'bor master. almard "bob" lo etaa dangor protisthan aasil zo "too byoktigoto xaxonkalot pray 40 john byoktik nijukti diya hoisil. rajpraxadxomuhor maajot kapur, kapur aaru rajgrihor kapur poribohonor baabe embroider, dorji, kapur dhuwa, tapestryr manuh aaru gaari aasil. tenonte bisonar sador, rojar chart aaru raatir tupir baabe linenor delivery loisil. teu almardot rojar gaunburor sariufale uliyaboloi kenbhas kinisil. tenent scotlandor xonmanor dayitwot aasil aaru 1539 sonor march maahot toruwalor baabe etaa notun gusor nirmanor nirdex disil. eitu hoyotu 1537 sonot pup poll tritiyoi preron koraa toruwal aasil, jitu etiya herai goise. 1539 sonor septembor maahot james bhi aaru meree owo jij glenertony aaru glain finglasot sikar koriboloi goisil. tennente tunblainor poraa manuh aaru ghura bhara kori teulukor bisonatu aluronor poraa aaniboloi loisil. 1540 sonor 19 mey 'too saint andrusot james bhi-ye dujon duschmanok 44taa swilling disil, jixokole teur baabe paarot khelisil aaru nrityo korisil. jeme durghotonar folot etaa notun bohonjugyo bonduk culverinor dwara nihot huwa krixi jibo-jontur baabe dubarkoi dhon disil. tenent krochburu iyumen aasil. 1540 sonor novembor maahot teuk hoh 'lorudhousor praxad aaru udyanor rokhyok hisape nijukto koraa hoisil. france. 1536 sonot jetiya james bhi franceloi goisil, tetiya teu prothombaror baabe charlochor konya meree di vendom, diuk owo vendom, saintot egoraki xombhabyo koinar xoite xakhyat korisil. picardit coventin. kuwa hoy je teulukor boithokot jamese tenentok teur dore obhinoy koriboloi nirdex disil aaru teuluke kapur binimoy korisil. ei kahinitu xurox xotikar soturdox bornalit puwa yaay. edaam ebel aaru jorjo busanane sodmowextur kotha ullekh korise; kewol john lesoliye tenentor naam dise; pitscotir xongoskoronor lindsei ataitkoi bistrito kintu sakorik sinakto nokore. lesolir onubadokjone kuwar dore; "teu nijor charvend aaru cumisor obhyaxot kuher ski thoka thailoi loi yaay, kiyonu teu nije juhon tennantix charvendok xex korisil, ei irnet teur xoite rojar teur charvend aasil."tenent forasi bhromonot aasil, aaru teur etaa kutnoitik kaam xofol huwa nasil. 1537 sonor 24 februaryt jamese teuk england aaru kromowelor henori VIII-ror baabe sithi aaru moukhik bartar xoite compigoner poraa pothiyaisil. margaret tiudare obhijug korisil je teuk bhaldore aadoroni jonuwa huwa nasil. taai taair bhayek heni VIII-koo likhisil; "pliz jo 'rey go' rcho tu uit, thore ei realme ene great wardet aase je mur cho 'nixokole rojar ene xewar baabe jo' rey go 'rcholoi aahe, koo' wohem thaiye jonone tenand buli koy, koo 'haa wey' lo tenor xoite nohoy, thaiye kuwar dore."james francer poraa teur rani hisape bhaluisor medelin loi ubhoti aahisiloh tenente teulukor trankxomuh leithor poraa hoh 'lo' roodhouseloi loi aahisil. james bhi-ror mrityu. 1538 sonor septembor maahot jetiya james bhi megetlandor cremult tawarot sikar koriboloi goisil, tetiya tennente linlithogu praxador poraa bisona aanisil aaru almarir sakorir maalik malcom gourleye teur companyr baabe hoh 'lorud praxadot xongrokhito taabu loi aahisil. rojar mrityuxjyat thoka falkland praxadot toiyar koraa badyojontrotut tenent ejon swakhyorkari aasil, jitu david bitonoi regency daabi koriboloi chesta korisil. ponchom jamesor mrityur pisot john tenente regent erenj aaru cardinal bitonor nirdexona paalon korisil aaru rojar almari aaru ostro-xostror poraa oxongkhyo xamogri teulukor priyoloi bitoron korisil. ei upoharxomuhor etaa obhilekh britis puthibhoralot aase. rojar prakton odhibokta edaam otterburne 22 disemborot cardinal bitonor aadexe etaa ostro-xostro upohar laabh korisil, jaar bhitorot aasil "gupon xahox", cordurere abrito helmate, "plattor jek", dutaa rapier aaru onyanyo xamogri. bibah aaru poriyal. john tenente 1516 sonor poraa rojar kapur dhuwar byowostha kori thoka moo 'jo atkinsonok (mavies baa marione asison) biyaa koraisil. ghoruwa kitapxomuhot tebulor linen dhuwar baabe teuk diya sabunor berelor kotha lipibodho koraa hoise. taai rojar baabe nightcapor dore linenor xamogriu toiyar korisil. teur xompoti, listonswiels kirkolistonor porixot aasil. ee torphicen prodhan upodexor aasil aaru teur xewar baabe puroskar hisape, jone xamontotontror bhara hraax korisil; "listonselis, iyune tenentor baabe mail elenerlir 6 poundot fiut kingis command hoh 'bob", kewol 6 pound bhara. aan ejon sakori koruta robert hamiltone brigisot ekedhoronor bixex xubidha laabh korisil. john aaru moo 'sor kunu jiwito xontan nasil, aaru 1549 sonor bhitorot listonswils jonor bhatri petorik tenentor usoroloi goisil. petorik tenent elijebtho hoh' paaror xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil, jaar bhogni ketrin hoh 'paare edinbergot moubre ghor nirman koraa edinberg byowoxayi endru maubrer xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil.

john tennent (courteer) john tennent baa listonsialser tenand (mrityu shee. 1549) chhilen scotlander raja pancham jameser ekjon sebok ebong sangi. tini rajar daeenandin byer hisab rakhen jaa scottish rajsabhar jonno ekti guruttopurno utso nothi. adalte jeebon. tenenter adaloter abosthanguli chhilo persmaster ebong poshaker eoman. 1529 khristabde rajar kokkhe taanke ekjon chakor hisebe poshak deoa hoy. tini protidin rajar sange kaaj korten, taanr chhotokhato rino porishodh korten ebong raja daan korten baa shromik oo bhikkhukder kachhe upohar hisabe jey poriman ortho diten taa hastantar korten. scotlander treasurer taanke ebong anyanno persmasterder rajar percer jonno ortho diyechilen. tenenter onno prodhan bhumika chhilo eoman ebong poshaker muster. poshak ekti borh protisthan chhilo jaa byaktigato rajottokale pray 40 jonke niyog koroto. rajprasader modhye kapad, kapad ebong estater kapad poribohoner jonno suchikarmakari, dorji, kapad dhoar looka, kapader mistri ebong gaadi chhilo. tennont bichhanar chaador, rajar shirt ebong raater tupigulir jonno linen sarbaraha korechilen. tini almarite rajar gaunguli jhuliye rakhar jonno canvas kinechilen. tennent scotlander sommaner dayitte chhilen ebong 1539 saaler march maase toloarer jonno ekti notun mamla korar nirdesh diyechilen. etty sombhoboto 1537 saale pope tritiya poler pathano toloar chhilo, jaa ekhon hariye geche. james vee ebong merry off gaiz 1539 saaler septembore glennertney ebong glena finglasse shicker korte zaan. tenant dunblane theke purush ebong ghodader bhada korey taader bichhana nadte aante. 1540 khristabder 19shhey meey seenta andrute james vee dui dachke 44tii shilling deena, jaaraa teere taanr hoye khelten ebong nachten. ekti notun bohonjoggo banduk kalverin diye durghotonai maaraa yawa khamarer pranider jonno james dubar ortho pradan korechilen. tenento crossbo-err eoman chhilen. 1540 khristabder novembore tini pobitro mondirer prasad oo uddaner rakkhak nijukto hohn. france. 1536 khristabde pancham james jokhon france zaan, tokhon tini prothom ekjon sombhabbo koney, merry dii vendomer saathe dekha corren, jini charleser konna, diuka off vendome, seenta seenta peterson-ayee. picardite quentin. bolla hoy jey, taader boithoke james tenentke taar moto howar vaan korar nirdesh diyechilen ebong taaraa kapad binimoy korechilen. eyi golpoti chaturdash shatabdir itihase pawa yaay. adam abell ebong george buchanan chhoddobesher ullekh korechen; shudhumatra john lesley tenenter naam diyechen; pitsktir sangaskaraner lindsey sabcheye bistrito kintu chakorke sonakto korey naa. leslir onubadok jemon bolechen; "tini taanr survent ebong cumiser abhyashe seii jaiga choley zaan jekhane kohair skii chhilo, kaaron tini nijei shesh corren johon tenantis survent, eyi bochor taanr saathe rajar survent chhilo."tennent farasi sofore chhilen ebong taanr ekti kutnaitik kaaj sofol hoyney. 1537 khristabder 24shhey february james taake ingland oo chromeweller henry VIII-err jonno chitthi ebong moukhik barta diye pathiyechilen. margareta tudor abhijog korechilen jey tini bhalbhabe grohon koraa hoyney. seey taar bhai, henry VIII keey likhechilo; "dayaa korey upner onugroher saathe, eyi realme ayee grete oyarde jey rajar ekti porisheba amar sonira jorey gracer kachhe aase, taai taai jonone tenandke daake, koha oyela teena noy, jemon thaai boley."james france theke valoiser medelinke runny hisabe niye firey esechilenah tenant taader trankguli leith theke holyroodhouse niye esechilen. james vee-err mrityu. 1538 khristabder septembore pancham james jokhon megetlander crammlet taware shicker korte zaan, tokhon tenant linlithgo prasad theke bichhana niye asen ebong poshaker karmachari malcom gurle taanr companyr jonno hollywood prasade sanrakkhito tanbu niye asen. rajar mrityushayyay fockland prasade toiri jontrer swakkhorkari chhilen tennent, jaa david bitton rajprotinidhitto daabi korar chesta korten. pancham jameser mrityur porr, john tennent rajprotinidhi byabostha ebong cardinal bitton-err nirdesh palon corren ebong rajar poshak ebong astragar theke asankhya jinispatra taader pochonder jaiga chhoriye deena. eyi upohargulir ekti nothi british gronthagare royeche. rajar praktan aainjibi adam otterburn 22shhey december cardinal bittoner adeshe ekti bormo upohar peyechilen, jaar modhye ekti "gopon sahos", corduroy diye abrito ekti helmet, ekti "jack off plate", duti rapier ebong anyanno jinispatra chhilo. biye ebong poribar. john tennent 1516 saal theke rajar kapad dhoar poricharika maum 'shha atkinsonke (mavis baa merrion achession) biye korechilen. grihosthalir boigulite tabiler linen dhoar jonno taake sarbaraha koraa barrell sabaner record royeche. tini rajar jonno nightcaper moto linen itemo toiri korten. taanr sampatti, listonsials chhilo kirklistoner pyarishe. etty torfichen upodesher ontorgoto chhilo ebong taar porishebar jonno puraskar hisabe, john ekti hraskrito samanta bhada pradan korechilen; "listonshellis, eoine tenentke maile alanarlyr 6 pounder jonno fiute kings command hotey seeta koraa hoyeche", shudhumatra 6 pound bhada. arekjon chakor, robbert hamilton, brigise ekoi dharaner sujog upobhog korechilen. john ebong moser konao benche thaka santan chhilo naa ebong 1549 saaler modhye listonsials joner bhai patrick tenenter kachhe choley zaan. patrick tennent elizabeth hopper saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn, jaar boone catrin hopper edinberg bonik andru mobre (iii) err saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn jini edinberger mobre baadi nirman korechilen.

john tenant (darbari) listonshielsnaa john tenant athavaa tenand (mrutyu see. 1549) skotlendnaa raajaa james veenaa sevak aneey saathee hataa. temane raajaana dainik kharchano hisab raakhyo hato, jeey skotisha shaahee darbaar maate aek mahatvapurn srot dastavej chhe. courtma jeevan. tenantnee darbari sthitee purse master aneey kapadana umadaa hataa. hataa tene raajaana khandma noqara tareeke vastro aapvama aavyaa hataa. anuchar tareeke teey darroj raajaani saathe jataa hataa, temnaa naana devaa chukavta hataa aneey raajaae daanmaa athavaa kaamdaaro aneey bhikharione tips tareeke aapeli rakam sonpati hatee. tene aneey anya persmastersne skotlendnaa khajanchi dwara raajaana purse maate paisa aapvama aavyaa hataa. tenantnee anya mukhya bhoomika yoman aneey kapadaano master hato. aaa kapada aek motee sanstha hatee, jemaa vyaktigat shaasan darmiyan lagbhag 40 vyaktione rojgaari aapvama aavtee hatee. mahelo vachche kapadaa, kaapad aneey estetnaa kapadaanna parivahan maate bharatkaam karnaaraao, darjeeo, laundry, tapestry purusho aneey gaadeeo hatee. tenante chaadar, raajaana shirt aneey raatri topee maate linannee delivery leedhi. tene kapadama raajaana zabbhani aaspaas latkavva maate kenvaas khareedhyo. tenant skotlendnaa sanmaannaa prabhaari hataa aneey march september talvaar maate navo cases banaavvaano aadesh aapyo hato. aaa kadaach pope poola trija dwara dwara mokalvaamaa aaveli talvaar hoi shake chhe, jeey havey khovai gaee chhe. james vee aneey meerii off guise september september glenartnee aneey glain fingerlessmaa shikaar karvaa gayaa hataa. tenante dunblanemathi maanso aneey ghodaaone temnaa pathaarine halaavaathi laavvaa maate bhaade rakhyaa hataa. saint andrew khaate, 19 meey meey roj, james veeae beey duchmanne 44 shillings aapyaa hataa, jeo keenare temnaa maate ramtaa aneey nrutya kartaa hataa. james beey vaar khetarnaa praaneeo maate chukavani karey chhe jeey navee portable bandook culverine saathe akasmathi mrutyu pamya hataa. tenant pann crossbona yoman hataa. november november temne pavitra rudhousena mahel aneey udhyanna rakshak tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. france. jyaare james vee vee france gayo, tyaare teey prathamvaar sambhaveet kanyaa, meerii dii vendome, charlesnee putri, duke off vendome, sentamaa malyo hato. picardyma quintin. aevu kahevaay chhe keey temnee bethakma jamese tenantane tenaa hovaano dhhong karvaanee soochnaa aapee hatee aneey teoae kapadaanni aap-leey curry hatee. aaa vaarta solmee sadeena itihaasmaa jovaa maley chhe. edam ebel aneey george buchanan veshano ullekh karey chhe; maatra john leslie tenantanu naam aape chhe; pitskotina sanskarannu lindsay sauthee vistrut chhe parantu teey nokarne odakhatu nathee. leslina anuvaadake kahyoo hatoo tema; "teey potaani sevaa aneey cumissni aadatne teey jagyae laee jaay chhe jyaan quare yojnaa hatee, kaaran keey teey pote jaj john tenantis sevaa karato hato, aaa divase tenee saathe raajaani sevaa hatee."tenant french suffer parr hataa, aneey temnu aek rajdwari kaary safal rahyu naa hatoo. jamese 24 februari februari roj ingland aneey kromvelnaa henry VIII maate patro aneey maukheek sandeshao saathe temne compigan pasethi mokalya hataa. margareta tuderay fariyad curry hatee keey temne saaro pratisaad malyo naa hato. teneeae tenaa bhaai, henry VIII neey lakhyu; "pleasit zore grays too viitii, thair aaa realme aneey grete wordma chhe keey raajaani sevaa maate maaraa sonniz zore grays parr aave chhe, kevo thaai coll john tenand, kevaa veena saathe nathee, jaim thaai kahe chhe."james tenee raanee tareeke valoisnaa madelyn saathe francethi paachha faryaa hataah tenant temnee thadne leeththee holyroodhousema laavya hataa. james vee. noon mrutyu jyaare james vee september september megetlandnaa craymult tower parr shikaar karvaa gayo tyaare tenant linlithgo mahelmathi pathaari laavyo aneey kapada noqara malcum gorale tenee kampani maate hollyrud mahelmaan sangraheet tambu laavya. tenant raajaana mrutyushayyaa parr fockland mahelmaan banaavela sadhanna hastaksharkarta hataa, jeno upyog david beaton rajpratinidhitvano daavo karvaano prayaas karato hato. james veenaa mrutyu pachhi, john tenante kaarbhaari vyavastha aneey cardinal beetannee suchanaaonu paalan karyoo aneey raajaana kapada aneey shastragarmathi asankhya vastuone temnaa manpasandma vikheree deedhi. aaa bhetoni nondh british pustakalayma chhe. raajaana bhutpurv vakeel, edam auterburnne 22 decembernaa roj cardinal beetannaa aadesh dwara bakhtarni bhet malee, jemaa "goopt himmat", corduroythi dhankayel helmet, "plateno jeeka", beey rapiers aneey anya vastuono samaavesh thaay chhe. lagna aneey parivaar. john tenante mose atkinson (mavis athavaa marrian atcheson) saathe lagna karyaa hataa, jeey jeey raajaani laundress hatee. gharnaa pustakomaa table linnon dhovaa maate tene aapvama aavela saabuna beralno reqorda chhe. teneeae raajaa maate raatri caps jevee linannee vastuo pann banaavi hatee. temnee meelkat, listonshiels kirklistonni parganama hatee. teey torfichen updeshno hato aneey tenee sevaao maate puraskar tareeke, johne saamantnu bhaadu ghataadyu hatoo; "listonshelis, jeey ione tenant tareeke seeta karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, teey fiumaa kingis command tareeke mile eleneralinaa £6 maan", maatra £6 bhaadu. anya aek noqara, roobert hamiltonne brigisma samaan visheshaadhikaar malyo hato. john aneey mosene koee hayaat baadako nahota, aneey 1549 sudhimaa listonshiels johnna bhaai patrick tenantne sonpavama aavyaa hataa. patrick tenant elizabeth hopper saathe paranyo hato, jenee bahen catrin hoparnaa lagna edinbergna vepaari andrew maubre (III) saathe thayaa hataa, jemane edinberghma maubre ghar banaavyu hatoo.

johnn tenant (darbari) johnn tenant yaa tenand off listonshiels (see. 1549) scotland key raajaa james banaam key ack sevak aur saathi they. unhone raajaa key dainik kharchon kaa lekha rakhaa joe scotish shaahi darbar key liye ack mahatvapurna srot dastavej haye. adalat mein jeevan. tenant key darbar key pada sanrakshak aur almari key mahaan they. 1529 mein unhein raajaa key kaksh mein ack sevak key roop mein vardi key kapade diye gaye they. anuchar key roop mein way pratidin raajaa key saath jaate they, apane chhote rinon kaa bhugtan karate they aur raajaa dwara daan mein dee gaee raashi yaa shramikon aur bhikhaariyon koo sujhaav key roop mein saunpate they. unhein aur anya anucharon koo scotland key khajaane dwara raajaa key purse key liye paise diye gaye they. tenant kii anya mukhya bhoomika yoman aur almari kaa master thaa. almari ack badaa pratishthaan thaa jisamen vyaktigat shasankal mein lagbhag 40 vyaktiyon koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. mahalon key beach kapade, vastra aur vastron key parivahan key liye kadhaai karane vaale, darji, kapade dhone vaale, kapade dhone vaale aur gaadiyan theen. tenant ney chaadar, raajaa kii shirt aur raat kii topi key liye linnon kii delivery lii. usane almari mein raajaa key gaaun key chaaron or latkaane key liye canvas kharida. tenant scotland key sammaan key prabhaari they aur unhone march 1539 mein talwar key liye ack nayaa mamla banaane kaa adesh diyaa. yeh 1537 mein pope paul III dwara bheji gaee talwar hoe sakati haye, joe abb khou gaee haye. james vee aur mairi off guys sitambar 1539 mein glenartney aur glain finglass mein shikaar karane gaye. tenant ney dunblane seey purushon aur ghodon koo kaam parr rakhaa taaki way halchal seey apana bistar laa sakein. sent andru mein, 19 maee 1540 koo, james vee ney dou dutch logon koo 44 shilling dee, joe tata parr unake liye khelate aur naachate they. james ney dou baar ack naee portable bandook, ack culverine key saath durghatana mein maare gaye khet key jaanvaron key liye bhugtan kiya. tenant bhee crossbo kaa ack mahaan vyakti thaa. unhein navambar 1540 mein pavitra mandir key mahal aur udyaan kaa rakhwala niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. france. jaba james vee 1536 mein france gaye, tou way pahali baar sent mein ack bhaavi dulhan, mairi dee vendome, charles kii betty, duke off vendome seey mille. piccardy mein quentin. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii unaki baithak mein james ney tenant koo usake honey kaa naatak karane kaa nirdesh diyaa aur unhone kapadon kaa adaan-pradaan kiya. yeh kahani chaudahavin shatabdi key itihas mein dikhaai detee haye. addam ebel aur george buchnan ney bhesh kaa ullekh kiya haye; kewal johnn leslie ney tenant kaa naam diyaa haye; pitskoti key sanskaran kaa lindsey sabse vistrit haye lekin naukar kii pehchaan naheen kartaa haye. jaisa kii leslie key anuvaadak ney kahaa; "vaha apani seva kii aadat koo apanaata haye aur usa sthaan parr kaam kartaa haye jahan vaha khud koo john tenantis seva key liye maanata thaa, kyonki iss varsh mein raajaa key saath usaki seva thee."tenant francisi yatra parr thaa, aur uska ack rajanyik kaam safal naheen huaa. james ney unhein 24 farwari 1537 koo ingland aur cromwell key heinry VIII key liye patron aur ack maukhik sandesh key saath compigan seey bheja. margaret tudor ney shikayat kii kii unhein achchi tarah seey praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa. usane apane bhaai, heinry VIII koo likhaa; "kripaya zaur anugrah seey, thaare iss vaastavik aur grete verde mein haye kii merey bete zaur anugrah key liye aatey hain, johann tenand koo coll karate hain, johann tenand koo coll karate hain, jaisa kii thaai kahate hain, way naheen karate hain."james apani raani key roop mein valois key medleen key saath france seey vaapas aaeh tenant leath seey holyroodhouse mein apani chaddi laaya. james vee kii mrityu. jaba james vee sitambar 1538 mein megateland mein cramult tower parr shikaar karane gayaa tou tenant linlithgo mahal seey bistar laaya aur almari key naukar malcum gorle apani company key liye holirud palace mein sangraheet tambu laae. tenant raajaa key mrityushayya parr falkland mahal mein banaae gaye upkaran kaa hastaksharkarta thaa, jise david beaton rajpratinidhi kaa daavaa karane kaa prayaas kartaa thaa. james vee kii mrityu key baad, johnn tenant ney rajpratinidhi key nirdeshon koo puuraa kiya aur cardinal beaton kii vyavastha kii, aur raajaa key almari aur shastragar seey kaee vastuon koo unake pasandida mein faila diyaa. inn uphaaron kaa ack record british pustakalaya mein maujood haye. raajaa key poorv vakeel, addam otterburn koo 22 disambar koo cardinal beaton key adesh seey kavach kaa upahaar milaa, jisamen ack "gupt saahas", ack helmate jisamen cordroy, ack "jack off plate", dou rapier aur anya vastuen shamil theen. shaadi aur parivaar. johnn tenant ney 1516 seey raajaa kii kapade dhone vaali patni, maus atkinson (mavis yaa marrian ekison) seey shaadi kii. ghar kii kitaabon mein usey kapade dhone key liye sabun key bairal diye jaane kaa record haye. usane raajaa key liye raat key dibbe jaisi linnon kii vastuein bhee banaain. unaki sampatti, listonshiels kirkliston key parrish mein thee. yeh torfichen upadesh kaa thaa aur apani sevaaon key liye ack puraskar key roop mein, johnn ney ack cumm samanti kiraya diyaa; "listonshelis, joe kii fiu mein kingis kamaand key roop mein 6 pound mylay alanarli key liye sett kiya gayaa thaa", kewal 6 pound kaa kiraya. ack anya naukar, robert hamilton, koo briggis mein isi tarah kaa visheshaadhikaar praapt thaa. johnn aur moss key koee jeevit bachche naheen they, aur 1549 taka listonshiels johnn key bhaai patrick tenant key paas chaley gaye. patrick tenant kii shaadi elizabeth hopper seey hui thee, jinaki bahan catrin hopper kii shaadi edinberg vyaapaari aur true maubre (iii) seey hui thee, jinhone edinberg mein maubre house banaaya thaa.

zaan tennent (aasthanika) zaan tennent athawa listenshielsna tennand (marana sii. 1549) scotlendna raaja james vii. naa sevaka mattu odanaadiyaagiddaru. avanu rajana dainandina vecchagala lekkavannu ittukondiddanu, idu scottish rajamanetanada aasthaanada pramukha moola daakhaleyaagide. nyaayaalayadalli jeevana. tennentna aasthaanada sthanagalu persmaster mattu wardroben yoman aagiddavu. 1529ralli rajana kooneyalli sevakanagi aatanige vastragalannu nidalaayitu. aata pratidina rajanondige hoguttiddanu, tanna sanna saalagalannu tirisuttiddanu mattu rajanu daanavaagi athawa kelasagaararige mattu bhikshukarige salaheyagi needida mottavannu hastaantarisuttiddanu. aata mattu itara persmastergalige scotlendna khajanchi rajana parsgagi hanavannu niididaru. tennentna mattondu mukhya patravendare yoman mattu wardroben master. aaa wardrobe ondu dodda samstheyaagittu, idu vaiyaktika aalvikeyalli sumaru 40 vyaktigalannu nemisikondittu. aramanegala naduve batte, vastragalu mattu rajyada battegalannu sagisalu kasootigaararu, darjigalu, batte ogeyuvavaru, vastra tayaarisuvavaru mattu bandigalu iddavu. bedsheet, rajana shartgalu mattu nait capgaligaagi tennent linin annu tegedukondu hodanu. avanu kapaatinalli rajana niluvangigalannu suttaloo netuhakalu canvas annu khareedisidanu. tennent scotlendna gouravagala ustuvaariyaagiddanu mattu 1539rahra marchnalli khadgakkagi hosa prakaranavannu rachisalu aadeshisidanu. idu 1537ralli pope paul III kaluhisida kattiyagirabahudu, adhu eega kaleduhogide. james vii mattu merrie off guys 1539rahra septembernalli glenartney mattu glen finglassonalli beteyaadalu hodaru. tennent dunblaninda tamma haasigegalannu alugaadisuvudarinda taralu purusharu mattu kuduregalannu nemisikondaru. saint andrusnalli, 1540rahra mayee 19randu, james vii, tiradalli aatanigaagi aaduttidda mattu nrutya maaduttidda ibbaru dutch janarige 44 shillinggalannu niididaru. hosa oyyabahudaada bandookinaada kalverinninda apaghaatadalli saavannappida krishi pranigalige james eradu baari hana pavatisidaru. tenant kooda addabillina yoman aagittu. 1540rahra novembernalli aatanu aramane mattu pavitra rudd housena udyaanavanada keeper aagi nemakagondanu. france. 1536ralli james vii francege hodaaga, aata modala baarige, saint sentnalli, duke off vendome charlesna magalu, merrie dii vendome emba bhaavi vadhuvannu bhetiyaadanu. picardiyalli quentin. avara sabheyalli james avaru tennentge tannante natisuvante suchane niididaru mattu avaru battegalannu vinimaya maadikondaru endu helalaaguttade. ee katheyu hadinaarane shatamaanada itihaasagalalli kandubaruttade. aadam abel mattu georg buchanan avaru veshavannu ullekhisuttaare; zaan lessley maatra tennent hesarannu iduttaare; pitskoti aavruttiya lindsay atyanta vistaaravaagide aadare sevakanannu gurutisuvudilla. leslia bhaashaantarakaaranu helidante; "avanu tanna sevaka mattu cumisna abhyasavannu quair skee iruva stalakke tegedukolluttaane, ekendare avanu swatah johne tennantis sevakanagiddane, ee varshadalli avanondige rajanu tanna sevakanannu hondiddanu."tennent french pravasadalliddaru, mattu avara ondu rajatantrika kelasavu yashasviyagalilla. james avaru compigne avarinda 24 phebravari 1537 randu inglend mattu chromewelln henry VIII ge patragalu mattu moukhika sandeshagalondige kaluhisidaru. margarate tudor avaru uttama svagatavannu padeyalilla endu dooridaru. avalu tanna sahodara henry VIII ge barediddaale; "pleasit jhour grays tuu whit, thaare ee realme mattu grete wordnalli rajara ondu serve nanna sonnigalu jhour graysgay baruttaare, thaay heluvante, thaay jaanne tennand endu kareyuttaare, kwa wess well tenned."james tanna raniyagi valoisna medaleennondige fransninda hintirugidanuh tennent tamma kandagalannu leetninda holiroodhousege tandanu. james vii. 1538rahra septembernalli james vii, meggetlandna cramault gopuradalli beteyaadalu hodaaga, tennent linlitgo aramaneyinda haasigeyannu tandanu mattu wardrobe sevaka malcum gaurley tanna kampanigaagi holirud aramaneyalli sangrahisida deregalannu tandanu. rajana maranada haasigeyalliruva fockland aramaneyalli tayaarisida vaadyakke tennent sahi haakidaru, idannu david beaton rajapratinidhitvavannu padeyalu prayatnisuttiddaru. james vii. avara maranada nantara, zaan tennent rajapratinidhi vyavasthe mattu cardinal beaton soochanegalannu anusarisidaru mattu rajana batte mattu shastrastragalinda halavaaru vastugalannu avara nechchinavugalige chadurisidaru. ee udugoregala daakhaleyu british granthaalayadalli ulidide. rajana maaji vakeela aadam otterburn december 22randu cardinal beaton aadeshada merege "rahasya dhairya", kardurayninda muchchida shirastraana, "jack off plate", eradu rapiers mattu itara vastugalannu olagondante rakshaakavachada udugoreyannu padedaru. maduve mattu kutumba. zaan tennent 1516rinda rajana batte ogeyuvavalaagidda maas atkinson (mavis athawa mariane acheson)lannu vivaahavaadaru. maneya pustakagalu table linin toleyalu avalige sarabaraju maadida sopugalannu daakhalisuttave. avalu rajanigagi nait kyapgalantaha linin vastugalannu saha tayaarisidalu. avana aastiyaada listonsheels kirkliston pyaarishnallittu. idu torfichen upadeshakke seriddu mattu avana sevegalige pratiphalavagi, zaan kadime uligamaanya baadigeyannu pavatisidanu; "listonshelis, ayone tennentge hondisalaada mail alanerly £6 ge funalli kingis command agiri", kevala £6 baadige. mattobba sevaka robbert hamilton brigisnalli idhe reetiya savalattannu hondiddanu. zaan mattu masge ulida makkaliralilla, mattu 1549rahra hottige listonsheels jaanna sahodara patrick tennentge vargaavaneyaadaru. patrick tennent elizabeth haaparnannu vivaahavaadaru, avara sahodari catrin hopper avaru edinburghnalli moubray maneyannu nirmisida edinberg vyapari andrew moubray (III) avarannu vivaahavaadaru.

joonn tennant (courteer) joonn tennant allengil listtanshiyelsinte tennant (sii. 1549) skotlandile jaims anchaaman raajaavinte oru sevakanum koottaaliyumaayirunnu. scotish raajasabhayude oru pradhana uravida rekhayaaya raajaavinte dainamdina chelavukalude oru kanakk addeham sookshichu. kodathiyil jeevitam. tennantinte kodathi sthaanangal pezhsmaastarum alamarayile yomaanumaayirunnu. 1529ll raajaavinte arayil oru sevakanaayi addehathinu vasthrangal nalkappettu. oru paricharakanaayi addeham raajaavine anugamikkukayum, thante cheria kadangal adaykkukayum, rajaavu daanamaayi nalkia thukakal allengil thozhilaalikalkkum yachakarkkum nurungukalaayi kaimarukayum cheythu. adhehathinum mattu pezhsmastarmaarkkum skotlandile treasurer raajaavinte pezhsinayi panam nalki. tennantinte mattoru pradhana punk yoman alamaarayude yajamananumaayirunnu. vyakthiparamaaya bharanakaalathu ekadesham 40 pere niyamichirunna oru valia sthaapanamaayirunnu alamara. kottarangalkkidayil vasthrangal, vasthrangal, vasthrangal enniva kondupokunnathinaayi enbroidermaar, thayyalkkaar, oru alakkushala, vasthrangal dharikkan upayogikkunnavar, vandikal ennivayundaayirunnu. bedd sheettukal, raajaavinte sharttukal, ratri thoppikal ennivaykkaayi linan tenant athichu. alamarayil raajaavinte gaunukalkku chuttum thookkaan addeham kyanwas vaangi. skotlandile bahumathikalude chumatala vahichirunna tennant 1539 maarchil vaalkkayi oru puthiya cases undakkaan utharavittu. ithu 1537 ll pooll moonnaaman marpappa ayacha vaal aayirikkam, athu ippol nashtappettu. 1539 septambaril jaims anchaman maariyum glenartneyilum glen finglassilum vettayaadi. tennant danbleynil ninnu aalukaleyum kuthirakaleyum avarude kidakkakal elakkimaattunnathil ninnu konduvaraan vaadakaykku eduthu. 1540 meyy 19nuu sent andruzil, jaims vii, theerathu thanikkuvendi kalikkukayum nritham cheyyukayum cheytha rund duchmanmark 44 shillingukal nalki. oru puthiya portable thokkaaya kaluvarin upayogichu apakadakaramaayi kollapetta kaarshika mrugangalkku jaims randuthavana panam nalki. tenant crossboyude yoman koodiyaayirunnu. 1540 novemberil holirud housinte kottaarathinteyum parkinteyum sookshippukaaranaayi addeham niyamithanaayi. france. 1536-ll jaims vii francilake poyappol, varaanirikkunna vadhuvaya maari dii vendomine addeham aadyamaayi kandumutty, chaalsinte makal, duke oof vendoma, sent. picardiyile kventin. avarude koodikkazhchayil jaims tennantinode thantethaayi nadikkaan nirddeshikkukayum avar vasthrangal kaimarukayum cheythathayi parayappedunnu. pathinaram noottaandile charitrangalil eee katha kaanapedunnu. aadam abel jorjju buchanan veshammari paraamarsikkunnu; joonn lessie maathram tennantinte perukal nalkunnu; pitskottiyude pathippinte lindsey ettavum vipulamaanu, pakshe sevakane thirichariyunnilla. lesliyude vivarthakan paranjathupole; "addeham thante sevakanteyum kuminteyum seelam anusarichukondu quare skee ayirunna sthalathekku pookunnu, kaaranam addeham joonn tennantis sevakan enna nilayil thanne avasaanippichu, eee varsham rajaavinoppam addehathinte dassen undaayirunnu."tennant franch yaathrayilaayirunnu, addehathinte oru nayatantra jolie vijayichilla. 1537 februvari 24nuu englandileyum cromvellileyum henry VIII-nuu vendi jaims addehathinu kathukalum vaakkalulla sandeshangalum ayachu. maargarat tudor thanikk nalla sveekaaryatha labhichillennu parathippettu. aval thante sahodaranaaya henry VIII-nuu ezhuthi; "pleast suur grays tuu vitt, eee realmeyil ente soony raajaavinte oru sevanamaanu suur graysilake varunnath, joonn tennend ennu vilikkunna thaay, thaan parayunnathupole, well taine allah."jaims fraansil ninnu thante raajnjiyaayi valoyisinte medaleynumaayi madangiyethi tennant avarude thumbikkai leethil ninnu holirud housilekku konduvannu. jaims vii. yude maranam. 1538 septambaril jaims anchaaman megatlaandile cramalt gopuratthil vettayaadaan poyappol tennant linlitgo kottaaratthil ninnu kidakkakal konduvarikayum alamarakkaaranaaya malcom gaurle thante kambanikkaayi holirud kottaaratthil sookshichirikkunna koodaarangal konduvarikayum cheythu. raajaavinte maranasayyayile fackland kottaaratthil nirmmicha upakaranathil david beettan rajaprathinidhi avakashappedaan shramicha tenant oppittirunnu. jaims anchaamante maranashesham, joonn tennant reejant aarentinteyum kardinal beettaninteyum nirddeshangal palikkukayum raajaavinte alamarayil ninnum aayudhashaalayil ninnum niravadhi vasthukkal avarude priyappettavayilekk chitharikkukayum cheythu. eee sammaanangalude oru rekha britiish libraryil nilanilkkunnu. raajaavinte muun abhibhashakanaaya aadam oottarbeninu desember 22 nuu cardinal beettaninte utharavanusarichu oru "rahasya dhairyam", corduroy kondu pothinja oru helmet, oru "jacq oof plate", rund rapierukal, mattu vasthukkal enniva ulppede oru kavacham labhichu. vivaahavum kudumbavum. 1516 muthal raajaavinte alakkal jeevanakkaariyaayirunna moss atkinsane (mavis allengil marian achisan) joonn tennant vivaham kazhichu. mesha alakkaan avalkk barrell sopp vitharanam cheythathayi veettu pusthakangal rekhappeduthunnu. rajaavinaayi naitt cappukal polulla linan enangalum avar nirmmichu. addehathinte swathaaya listtansheelukal kirklisttan edavakayilaayirunnu. athu torfichen upadeshathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, thante sevanangalkulla prathifalamaayi joonn oru kuranja fudal vaadaka nalki; "listonshelis, ayoon tennent aayi sajjeekarichirikkunnu, mile alanerly 6 poundinu fuvil kingis command aakuka", 6 poundu vaadaka maathram. mattoru sevakanaaya roobert haamilttan briggisilum samanamaaya padavi aasvadichu. joninum mosinum athijeevicha kuttikalilla, 1549 aayappozhekkum listtansheelukal joninte sahodaran patrick tennantilekku pooyi. patrick tennant elisabath hopparine vivaham kazhichu, addehathinte sahodari kathrin hopper edinbergil moubre house nirmmicha eddinberg vyaapaari andrew moubreye (III) vivaham kazhichu.

johnn tenant (darbari) johnn tenant kinwa tenand auph listonshiels (mrutyu see. 1549) haah scotlandcha raja james pachva yacha sevak aanee sathidar hota. tyane rajachya dainandin kharchacha hishob thewala joou scottish rajdarbarasathi eka mahattvacha srot dastaivaj aahe. nyayalayatil jeevan. tenantchi darbari padey hii snrakshak aanee kapadyanchya pramukh jaaga hotee. 1529 madhye tyala rajachya kholeet sevak mhanoon kapade denyat aale. pathlag karnara mhanoon too darroj rajasobat jaat asey, tyache chhote karj fedat asey aanee rajane daan mhanoon kinwa kamgar aanee aanee soochana mhanoon dilelya rakmechi supurd karat asey. tyala aanee itar persmasterna rajachya parsasathi scotlandchya khajindarane paise dile. tenantchi dusari mukhya bhoomika yoman aanee kapadyancha malak hotee. kapat hii eka mothee aasthapana hotee, jyat vaiyaktik karkirdit sumare 40 lokanna kaam denyat aale hote. rajvadyanmadhye kapade, vastra aanee rajvadyache kapade vahoon nenyasathi bharatkam karnare, darji, kapade dhunyache yantra, vastrarachana karnare lock aanee gadya hotya. tenantne chadar, rajache shirt aanee ratrichi topisathi tagachi delivery ghetali. tyane rajachya gaunbhovati kapadyanmadhye tangnyasathi canvas vikat ghetala. tenant scotlandchya sanmanancha prabhari hota aanee tyane march 1539 madhye talvarisathi eka naveen khatala dakhal karnyache aadesh dile. hii kadachit pope paul tisra yane 1537 madhye pathavaleli talwar asavi, jee aata haravali aahe. james pachva aanee merrie auph guise september 1539 madhye glenartney aanee glain fingerlassmadhye shikar karnyasathi gele. tenantne dunblainmadhun tyanche bichhana halavanyapasun aananyasathi purush aanee ghode bhadyane ghetale. seent andreau yethe, 19 meey 1540 roji, james wii neey done dutch lokanna 44 shillings dile jeey tyachyasathi tyachyasathi khelat aanee nachat hote. jamesney donada eka naveen portable bandook asalelya culverine apghatane marlya gelelya shetatil pranyansathi paise dile. tenant dekhil crossbocha yoman hota. november 1540 madhye tyala pavitra nivassthanachya rajvadyacha aanee udyanacha snrakshak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. france. 1536 madhye jevha james pachva francela gela, tevha too pratham seent yethe, charleschi mulgi, duke auph vendom, merrie dii vendom yaa bhavee vadhula bhetala. picardymadhye quentin. asey mhatale jaate qee tyanchya baithakit james yanni tenantala tyache asalyache bhasavun ghenyas sangitale aanee tyanni kapadyanchi devanghevan kelee. hii katha solavya shatkatil chaudavya itihasamadhye aadhalate. edam ebel aanee george buchanan yanni veshbhushecha ullekh keela aahe; fakt johnn lesline tenantchi nave dilee aahet; pitskotichya aavruttichi lindsay sarvat vistrut aahe parantu sevkala olakhat nahee. leslichya anuvadakane mhatalyapramane; "too tyachya sevak aanee kuntichi savay lavoon, jithe too hota tyaa thikani jaato, kaaran tyane swatah johnn tenantis sevak mhanoon kaam kele, yaa varshi tyachyabarobar asalelya rajala tyachi sevak hotee."tenant french french hota aanee tyache eka rajnaitik kaam yashasvi jhaale nahee. jamesney tyala 24 februwari 1537 roji englandchya heinry VIII aanee kromvelsathi patransah aanee shabdik sandeshansah compigankadun pathavale. margaret tudorne takrar kelee qee tyala changla pratisad midala nahee. tine tichya bhava, heinry VIII laa lihile; "kripaya shahanpanasathi krupa qaraa, tharey yaa realme aanee grete wordmadhye aahe qee rajachya sevesathi majhya sonni zaur gracela yetat, kaay thoy coll johnny tenand, kaay nahee, thaee mhanato tyapramane."james francemadhun tyachi ranee mhanoon madeline auph valois gheuun parat aalah tenantne tyanche sute leath yethoon holirudhausmadhye aanale. jamescha mrutyu wii. september 1538 madhye jevha james pachva megetlandmadhil cramult towerwar shikar karnyasathi gela tevha tenantne linlithgo palacemadhun bichhana aanala aanee kapadyancha sevak malkam goralene tyachya companysathi holirud palacemadhye sathavalele tamboo aanale. rajachya mrutyushayyevaril fockland rajvadyat banavalelya vadyavar tenantne swakshari kelee hotee, jyacha vapar david beaton rajpratinidhitvavar dawa karnyacha prayatna karat asey. james pachvyachya mrutyunantar, johnn tenantane rajpratinidhi vyavastha aanee cardinal beaton yanchya soochananchi amalbajavani kelee aanee rajachya kapatatil aanee shastragaratil asankhya vastoo tyanchya aavadatya vastunmadhye vikhurlya. yaa bhetvastunchi nond british granthalayat aahe. rajache majee vakeel, addam auterburn yanna 22 december roji cardinal beatonchya aadeshanusar kavach bhet denyat aale, jyat "gupt dhairya", cordroyne jhakalele shirastran, "platecha jacq", done rapier aanee itar vastooncha samavesh hota. lagn aanee kutumb. johnn tenantne 1516 pasoon rajachi kapade dhunari maas etkinson (mavis kinwa marrian achesan) hichyashi vivah keela. gharguti pustakanmadhye teela table tagache kapade dhunyasathi sopyachya barrelchi nond aahe. tine rajasathi nitekepsasarkhya tagachya vastuhi banavalya. tyachi malmatta, listonshiels, kirklistonchya parishmadhye hotee. too torfichen upadeshacha hota aanee tyachya sevesathi bakshis mhanoon, johnne qamee saranjamdar bhade dile; "listonshelis, joou ione tenantla malley alanarlichya £6 madhye kingis kamand inn fue mhanoon seet keela gela", fakt £6 bhade. robbert hamilton yaa aanakhi eka sevkala briggis yethe ashach prakarcha visheshadhikar labhala. johnn aanee mosla konatihi jiwant mule navhati aanee 1549 paryant listonshiels johncha bhau patrick tenant yachyakade gela. patrick tenantcha vivah elizabeth hoppershee jhaala, jichi baheen catrin hopper hiche lagn edinberg vyapari andreau maubre (3) hichyashi jhaale hote, jyane edinbergmadhye maubre ghar bandhale hote.

john tenant (courteer) john tenant wa listonshilsko tenand (mrityu c. 1549) scotlandka raja james panchaunka sewak rar sathi thie. unle rajako dainik kharchako lekha rakhthe june scottish shahi darbarka lagi euta mahatwapurna srota dastawej how. adalatma jiwan. tenentko darbarko sthiti persey master rar wardrobeko yoman thiyo. sann 1529 maa rajako kothama sewakko rupma unlai wardiko luga diieko thiyo. persemasterko rupma uni dainik rajasanga afna sanah rinharu tirne rar rajale danma wa majdurharu rar bhikhariharulai tipka rupma dine rakam hastantaran garne garthe. unlai rar anya persmasterharulai scotlandka khajanedwara rajako perska lagi paisa diieko thiyo. tenentko arko mukhya bhumika yoman rar wardrobeko master thiyo. kapada euta thulo pratishthan thiyo jasle wyaktigat shasankalma lagbhag 40 janalai rojgari diyo. tyahan kambadi, darjee, luga dhune, tapestry garne manisharu rar darbarharu bitch kapada, tapestry rar astateka kapada dhuwani garna cartharu thie. tenantle ochhyanko chader, rajako cert rar ratko topika lagi linanko delivery lie. unle rajako gaunalai wardrobma jhundyauna canbhas kine. tenant scotlandko sammanko prabhari thie rar march 1539 maa tarawarka lagi nayan mudda banauna adesh die. yo 1537 maa pope pall tritiyale pathaeko tarwar huna sakchha, june ahile haraeko chha. james panchaun rar merry aff guise september 1539 maa glenartney rar glen finglasma sikar garna gae. tenantle dunblainbata manis rar ghodaharulai bhadama lie taaki tiniharuko ochhyanlai halchalbata lyauna sakiyos. cent andreuma, 19 mey 1540 maa, james wee ley dui duchmanlai 44 silling die jasle unko lagi kinarma khele rar nritya gare. jamesle dui patak nayan portable banduk kalbherinle durghatanabata marieka khetka janawarharuka lagi bhuktan gare. tenant pani krasaboko yoman thiyo. unlai november 1540 maa holirudhausko darbar rar parkko rakshak niyukta garieko thiyo. france. jab james panchaun sann 1536 maa france gae, unle pahilo patak sambhawit dulahi, merry day bhendome, charlesky chhori, duke aff bhendome, centma bhete. picardima quentin. bhaninchha kii tiniharuko baithakma jamesle tenentlai afu bhaeko natak garna nirdeshan die rar uniharule luga satasata gare. yo katha chaudhaun sohraun shatabdika itihasharuma painchha. adom ebel rar george buchananle chhadma namko ullekha garchhan; john leslile matra tenentko naam rakhchhan; pitaskotiko sanskaranko lindsey sabaibhanda wistrit chha tara sewaklai chindaina. lesliko anuwadakle bhanejhain; "usale afno sewak rar cumisko banilai jahaan kwaira yojana thiyo tyahan linchha, kinki usale afailai johna tenantis sewakko rupma samapta garyo, yass warsha yass dina rajasanga usako sewak thiyo."tenant francelli yatrama thie, rar unko euta kutnitik kaam safal bhaena. jamesle unlai 24 february 1537 maa england rar kromwelka heinry VIII kaa lagi patra rar maukhik sandeshaharu compygenbata pathae. margaret tudorle unlai ramrosanga swagat nagareko gunaso gare. unle afno bhai heinry VIII lai lekhe; "kripaya yo gyanko lagi anugraha garnuhos, yo yass realme ae grete wardma chha kii mera soniharu rajako kunai sewa garna jour anugrahama aunchhan, johann tenandlai johann tenand bhaninchha, johann tensanga aundainan, thai bhanchhan."james francebata bhaloisako medelinlai afno raniko rupma liera farkeh tenentle tiniharuko trunk lithbata holirudhausma lyae. jamesko mrityu v. september 1538 maa james panchaun megetlandko crammlet towerma sikar garna jaanda tenantle linlithgo darbarbata ochhyan lyae rar wardrobe sewak malkam gurlele afno companyka lagi holirud darbarma bhandar garieko tambuharu lyae. rajako mrityuko ochhyanma raheko fuckland darbarma banaieko upkaranma tenant hastaksharkarta thie jaslai devid bittonle rajpratinidhitwa dabi garne prayas garthe. james paanchaunko mrityupachhi, john tenentle rajpratinidhi wyawastha rar cardinal bitanko nirdeshanharu palan gare, rar rajako kapada rar hatiyarharubata dherai wastuharu uniharuko manaparneharuma failae. yee upaharharuko abhilekh britis pustakalayama chha. rajaka purva wakil, adom otterburnle 22 decemberma cardinal bitanko adeshdwara kawachko upahar prapta gare, jasma "gopya sahas", cordurole dhakieko helmate, "jack aff plate", dui rapier rar anya wastuharu samawesh thie. vivaha rar pariwar. john tenentle 1516 dekhi rajako luga dhune shikshika raheka musses atkinson (mebhis wa mariane achation) sanga vivaha gare. gharayasi pustakharule unlai table linnon dhuneka lagi apurti garieko sabunko barrelharu record gardacha. unle rajaka lagi nightcapjusta linanka wastuharu pani banaeki thiin. unko sampatti, listonshiels kirklistonko parisma thiyo. yo torfichen upadeshko thiyo rar unko sewaharuko puraskarko rupma, jonele cum samanti bhada tirne gare; "listoncellis, iohane tennentma sett garieko thiyo june maile alanerlyko aaa 6 maa fuma kings command huna sakchha", aaa 6 bhada matra. arka sewak robert hamiltonle brigisma yastai wisheshadhikarko ananda uthae. john rar masak kunai jiwit santanharu thienan, rar listonshiels 1549 samma joneka bhai patrick tenentma bitera gae. patrick tenentko vivaha elizabeth haparsanga bhaeko thiyo, jasko bahini catrine haparko vivaha edinberg wyapari andrew mobre (iii) sanga bhaeko thiyo jasle edinbergma maubre ghar banae.

zohn tenant (courteer) zohn tenant kimba tenand off listoncials (mrutyu c. 1549) scotlander raja james panchamanka jane sebaka ebong saathee thile. shay rajanka dainandina kharchara hisab rakhithile, jaahaa scottish rajdarbar paain eka gurutwapurna utsa dastabija. adalatare zeeban. tenentanka darbarar sthiti persemaster ebong wardrober yoman thila . 1529 masihare tanku rajanka kothareere jane sebaka bhabe poshaka diajaithila. shay pratidina rajanka saha thile, taanka chhot chhot runa parisodha karuthile ebong raja daanare kimba sramika ebong bhikhyukamananku paramarsha bhabare deithiba arthaku hastantara karuthile. shay ebong anya persemastermananku scotlander khajanadhikari rajanka pers paain tanka deithile. tenentanka anya mukhya bhumika thila yoman ebong wardrober master . wardrobe eka budd pratisthana thila jaahaa byaktigata shasson kaalare praiah 40 john byaktinku nijukti deithila. rajprasadagudika madhyare poshaka, bastra ebong rajarajya bastra paribahana paain suchikarmakari, darji, luga dhoiba, bastra prastuta karuthiba lock ebong gadiman thila. tenent bichana chadara, rajanka sart ebong night cap paain linen delivari neithile. shay almari bhitare rajanka poshaka charipate jhulaiba paain canvas kinithile. tenant scotlander sammanara dajitware thile ebong 1539 masiha march maasare eka khanda paain eka nutan mamla prastuta karibaku nirdesh deithile. ehaa sambhabatah 1537 masihare pope pope dwara pathajaithiba khanda hoithaipare, jaahaa bartamana hajijaichhi. september 1539 ray james pancham ebong merry off gaj glenartney ebong glen phinglasare shikara karibaku jaithile. tenent dunblane ru purush ebong ghodanku semananka bichana chalachanchalaru aaniba paain nijukti deithile . 1540 masiha meey 19 tarikhare, cent andryuthare, james bhi. dui john douch nagarikanku nagarikanku silinga deithile, jeunmane taanka paain koolare khelithile ebong nachithile. eka nutan portable bandhuka culverin sahita durghatana dwara mrutyubarana karithiba farm pasumananka paain james duithara artha pradan karithile . tenant madhya crusbo rahr yoman thile . navember 1540 ray shay holly rudhouser prasad ebong parker rakhyak bhabare nijukta hoithile. frances. 1536 masihare jetebele james bhi frances jaithile, setebele shay prathame jane sambhabya kanya, maari dii vendomanku bhetithile, charlasnka jhia, dick off vendom, sentare. picardire quentin. kuhajae je semananka sakhyatare james tenentanku taanka bhali abhinai karibaku nirdesh deithile ebong semane poshaka binimai karithile. ehi kahani chaturdasha shatabdir itihasare dekhajae . adam abelle ebong george buchanan chadmabesha bishajare ullekha karichanti; kebala zohn leslie tenant naama deichhanti; pitaskotinka sanskaranara lindsay sabutharu bistruta kintu sebakanku chinhat kare naahin . jepari lesleenka anubadaka kahichanti; "shay taanka seba ebong kumis abhyasaku sehi sthanaku nei jaanti jeunthare kahera ski thila, kaaran shay nije john tenantis seba karithile, ehi barsha ray taanka sahita raja tankara seba karithile."tenant frances gastare thile, ebong tankara gotie kootanaitika karjya saphala hoinathila. 1537 masiha februari 24 tarikhare james tanku compiagn thaaru englanda ebong kramwelara kramwelara paain chithi ebong moukhika barta pathaithile. margaret tudor abhijoga karithile je tanku bhal bhabe grahan karajainahni. shay taanka bhai heinry VIII ku lekhithile; "dajakari, ehi grahaneejatara prati anugraha karantu, there ehi rajatware achhi je rajankara seba more sonimane jore grescu aasanti, qa 'naa thai zohn tenandanku dakanti, qa' naa wele tenne sahita nuhen, jepari thai kuhanti ."james franceru pherithile ebong tankara raanee bhabe bhaloisanka medelin thileh tenant semananka kandaku lith ru holly rudhausku aanithile. jemsanka mrutyu bhi. september 1538 ray jetebele james pancham megetlander cramalt tawarare shikara karibaku jaithile, setebele tenent linlithgo prasadaru bichana aanithile ebong wardrobe sebaka malcome gurale taanka company paain holly rudd prasadare gachhita tambu aanithile. rajanka mrutyu shajya sthita fockland prasadare tiari hoithiba upakaranare tenant jane swakhyarakaree thile, jaahaa devida beaton rajapratinidhi daabi karibaku chesta karuthile. james panchamanka mrutyu parey, zohn tenant regent arran ebong cardinal bitannka nirdesh palana karithile, ebong rajanka almari ebong astragararu aneka jinishaku semananka prijaku bitaraithile . ehi upaharagudikara eka record british laibrereere rahichhi. rajanka purbatana okil adam otarbarnanku december 22 tarikhare cardinal bitannka aadeshare eka bakhtara upahara milithila, jeunthire eka "gupta sahasa", karduroire aachadita eka helmate, eka "jack off plate", duiti rapier ebong anyanya samagri antarbhukta thila. bibaha ebong paribara. zohn tenant mus atkinson (mabhis kimba marian acheson) nku bibaha karithile, jieki 1516 masiharu rajanka luga dhoiba kaama karuthile. gharoi pustakare tebul linen dhoiba paain tanku pradan karajaithiba barrel sabunara record rahichhi. shay rajanka paain nitecap bhali linen samagri madhya tiari karuthile. taanka sampatti, listonshill kirkliston parishare thila . ehaa turfichen upadeshar thila ebong taanka seba paain puraskara bhabare, zohn eka hrass samanta bhada pradan karithile; "listoncellis, aajone tennentanku phiure kingis command hebaku sthira karithile mile alanarlinka £ 6 ray", kebala £ 6 bhada . anya jane sebaka, robert hamilton, briggis thaare samaana subidha upavoga karithile. zohn ebong masnkara kaunasi jeebita santan nathile, ebong 1549 masiha suddha listonshills jannka bhai patrick tenentnka nikataku chalijaithile. patrick tenant elizabeth happarnku bibaha karithile, jahanka bhaunee catrin hupper edinberg byabasajee andryu moubre (iii) nku bibaha karithile, jie edinbargare moubre ghara nirmana karithile.

john tenant (darbari) jauhan tenant jaan tanand aaf listentials (see. 1549) scotland dey raaja james panjven daa ikk sevak atey saathi see. uss neey raaje dey rozana dey kharchiaan daa lekha rakkhiaa joe kii scottish shaahi darbar laee ikk mahattavpuran sarot dastavez haii. adalat witch jeevan tenant dey adalati ahude persemaster atey almari dey yoman sunn. uss noon 1529 witch raaje dey kamre witch ikk naukar dey roop witch livri dey kappde ditte gaye sunn. uh rozana raaje dey naal jaanda see, aapne chhote karziaan daa bhugtan karda see atey raaje duaara daan witch jaan mazdooran atey bhikhariaan noon sujhaa vajon dittiaan gaeeaan rakman noon saunpada see. uss noon atey horr persmasteran noon scotland dey khazanchi duaara raaje dey perce laee paise ditte gaye sunn. tenant dee ikk horr mukkh bhumika yoman atey almari daa maastar see. almari ikk vaddi sanstha see jiss neey nijji shasan dauran lagbhag 40 viaktiaan noon naukari ditti. mahilan dey vichkaar kappde, kappde atey astet dey kappde lijaan laee kadhayi curran vaale, darji, ikk kappde dhonn vaale, tapestry aadmi atey gaddiaan sunn. tenant neey bistre deeaan chadran, raaje deeaan kameezan atey raat deeaan topiaan laee linnon dee sapurdagi keeti. uss neey almari witch raaje dey gaaoon dey duaale latkan laee canvas kharidiaa. tenant scotland dey sanmanan daa incharge see atey usne march 1539 witch talwar laee ikk navaan case banaun daa adesh ditta see. ih shayed pope paul III duaara 1537 witch bheji gaee talwar see, joe hunn gumm hoow gaee haii. james vee atey mairi aaf bhes satambar 1539 witch glenartney atey glain fingles witch shikar curran gaye sunn. tenant neey dumbley toon aadmiaan atey ghodiaan noon kiraae 'teey liaa taan joe uh aapne bistre noon hilaun toon liaa sakann. cent andrews vikhe, 19 maee 1540 noon, james vee neey doou dutch lokan noon 44 shilling dittiaan joe uss laee kandhe 'teey khedade atey nacchde sunn. james neey doou vaar ikk naveen portable banduk, ikk culverin naal hadse witch maare gaye farm janwaran laee bhugtan keeta. tenant vee crossbo daa yoman see. uss noon navambar 1540 witch holyroodhouse dey mahil atey park daa rakhwala niyukat keeta giaa see. france. jadon james panjwan 1536 witch france giaa, taan uh pahili vaar ikk sambhavit laadi, mairi dee vendom, charles dee dhee, dook aaf vendom, noon cent vikhe miliaa. piccardy witch kwantin. ih kiha jaanda haii kii unhan dee mulakat witch james neey tenant noon uss daa dikhawa curran dee hidait ditti atey unhan neey kappde badle. ih kahani chaudanvin sadee dey itahaas witch mildi haii. aidam abell atey jaaraj buchnan bhes daa zikar karde hunn; siraf john leslie neey tenant daa naam ditta haii; pitskoti dey sanskaran daa lindsey sabh toon vistrit haii parr naukar dee pachanh naheen karda haii. jiven kii leslie dey anuvadak neey kiha; "uh aapni seva atey commiz dee aadat noon uss jagha teey lae jaanda haii jitthe uh kaahir yojna see, kiunki usne aapne aap noon johann tenantis seva noon khatam qarr ditta see, iss dinn witch raaja neey uss dey naal aapni seva keeti see."tenant francisi yaatra utte see, atey uss daa ikk kootnitak kamm safal naheen hoiaa. james neey uss noon 24 farvari 1537 noon england atey cromwell dey hannery VIII laee chitthiaan atey zubani sandeshan naal compigan toon bhejiaa. margaret tieordarr neey shikait keeti kii uss noon changi tarahan prapat naheen keeta giaa see. uss neey aapne bharaa, hannery VIII noon likhiaa; "kirpa karke zaur dee kirpa crow, thair iss realme atey grete verd witch haii kii merey sonies raaje dee seva karde hunn, kion thaai jauhan tenand noon qaal karde hunn, kion uh vaile taine naal naheen aaunde, jiven kii thaai kahinda haii."james france toon aapni raanee vajon valois dee medleen naal waps aaiaar tenant aapne taney leath toon holyroodhouse lae keey aaiaa. james dee maut v. jadon james panjwan satambar 1538 witch magtelland dey cramelt tower vikhe shikar curran giaa taan tenant linlithgo mahil toon bistra lae keey aaiaa atey almari daa sevak malkam gorle aapni company laee holyrud mahil witch store keete tambu lae keey aaiaa. tenant raaje dee maut dey bistre 'teey falkland mahil witch baney saaz daa hastakharkarta see jiss utte david beaton regency daa daava curran dee koshish karda see. james panjvin dee maut toon baad, john tenant neey regent aarenj atey cardinal beaton dey nirdeshan noon poora keeta, atey raaje dee almari atey shastar-bhandar toon bahut saariaan cheezan noon unhan dey manpasand witch khinda ditta. inhan tohfiaan daa ikk ricard british library witch maujood haii. raaja dey sabka vakeel, aidam otterburn noon 22 dasambar noon cardinal beaton dey adesh duaara ikk kavach daa tohfa miliaa, jiss witch ikk "gupat himmat", ikk helmut jiss witch cordroy, ikk "jaik aaf plate", doou rappier atey horr cheezan shamal sunn. viaah atey parivaar. john tenant neey maus atkinson (mavis jaan marian acheson) naal viaah karvaiaa joe 1516 toon raaje dee kappde dhonn vaali see. gharelu kitaban witch uss noon dhonn laee table linnon laee saaban dey bairal ditte gaye sunn. uss neey raaje laee raat dey topan vargiaan linnon deeaan cheezan vee banaiaan. uss dee jaidad, listentials, kirkliston dey parish witch see. ih torfichen dey updesh naal sabandhat see atey aapniaan sevavan dey inam vajon, john neey ikk ghatt samanti kiraiaa adaa keeta; "listenshellis, joe kii iohan tenanent noon maile alnerli dey £6 laee fioo witch kingis command vajon sett keeta giaa see", siraf £6 kiraiaa. ikk horr naukar, robbert hamilton noon briggis witch vee isey tarahan daa vishesh adhikar prapat see. john atey mauz dey koee bache hoye bacche naheen sunn, atey listentials 1549 takk john dey bharaa patrick tenant cole chaley gaye. patrick tenant daa viaah elizabeth hopper naal hoiaa see, jiss dee bhainn catarine hopper daa viaah edinberg vapari aindrioo maubre (III) naal hoiaa see, jiss neey edinberg witch maubre haaoos banaiaa see.

jaan tenant (courteer) jaan tennent athavaa tennand aaf listonsheels (mrutyuhu c. 1549) scatland-deshasya raajnah james-5 ityasya sewakah sahcharah cha aasit. saha raajnah dainikavyayasya vivaranam rakshitavaan, yat skaatish-rajasabhayaha mahattvapoornam srotapatram vartate. nyayalaye jeevanam. tenant ityasya nyayalayasya sthanani parse master tathaa cha wardrobe-ityasya yoman iti aasan. 1529 tame varshe raajnah prakoshte dasarupena saha vastravastram dattavaan. pratipaalakaroopen saha pratidinam raajnah saha aasit, swasya laghu-runaani parishodhayan, raja danarupena athavaa karmachaaribhyah bhikshukaan cha upaadaay dhanaan samarpayt. saha, anye cha persesmaster ityete scatland-deshasya khajaanaadaarah raajnah purse krute dhanam dattavantah. tennent ityasya anyah mukhyah paatrah yoman, vastrasya guruhu cha aasit. wardrobe ekaha vishaalah pratishtaanah aasit, yasmin vyaktigata-shasanakale praayah 40 janaah karyam kurvanti sma. rajaprasadayoho madhye vastraani, vastraani, vastropakaranaani cha parivahanaartham suchikakaraha, darjinah, vastra-prasaadhan-yantraani, vastra-prasaadhan-yantraani, vaahanaah cha aasan. tenant-varyaha shayanapatranam, raajnah shirt-ityetaanaam, ratripatranam cha linin-ityasya vitaranam akarot. saha raajavastraani alamaryam paritah sthaapayitum canvas-chitram krinaat. tenant scatland-deshasya sammananam prabhaari aasit, 1539 maarch-maase khadgasya krute nootanam prakaranam nirmaatum aadesham dattavaan. 1537 tame varshe pope paal-truteeyena preshitam khadgam aasit, yat adhunaa nashtam asti. 1539 september-maase james-5 tathaa merry-aaf-gis cha glenartney tathaa glen-finglas ityeteshu shikaaram kartum agacchan. tenant-varyaha dunblane-nagaraat purushaan ashwan cha niyuktavaan yena teshaam shayan-saadhanam chalanaat aanayan. sent androos-nagare, 1540 mey 19 dinaanke, james-vi ityayam, samudratate tasya krute kreeditum nrutyam cha kurwantah dutch-jananam dwau krute 44 shiling-geetaani pradadat. james-varyaha, nutanena portable-gun ityanena, durghatanena mrutaanaam krushi-pashunam krute dvivaaram dhanam dattavaan. tenant api kraasbau ityasya yoman aasit. 1540 tame varshe november-maase saha holirood-house ityasya prasadasya udyaanasya cha rakshaka niyuktah. fraams-deshe. 1536 tame varshe yadaa james-5 fraams-desham gatavaan, tadaa saha prathamavaaram, dendom ityasya duke, charles ityasya putree, maaree dendom iti bhaavee-vadhum sent-nagare militavaan. picardi madhye quentin. teshaam samaagame james-varyaha tenant-ityasmai tam iva natayitum nirdeshm dattavaan, te cha vastraani adala-badalim akurvan iti kathyate. eshaa kathaa chaturdashashataabdyaah vruttaanteshu drushyate. aadam ebel, jaarj buchanan cha chhadmaveshah ullikhanti; kevalam jaan lesale tenant iti namakaranam karoti; pitskoti ityasya samskaranasya lindsey iti sarvaadhikam vistrutam asti parantu sevakam naa chinvati. lesale ityasya anuvaadakah yathaa uktavaan, "saha swasya sewaayaah tathaa cumis ityasya abhyaasam yatra kwair skee aasit tatra prati sweekaroti, yatah saha swayam johna tenantis servand iti nishchinoti, asmin ayorne raajnah saha tasya sewakaah aasan."tenant ityayam french-deshe yatrayam aasit, tasya ekaha kootaneetikah karyam saphalah naa abhavat. james ityayam 24 februvari 1537 tame dine england-deshasya tathaa cromwell-deshasya heinry VIII krute patraani maukhika-sandeshaani cha sangraheetah preshitavaan. margaret tudor ityeshah tam samyak naa sveekrutavaan iti akshepam akarot. saa swabhraataram heinry VIII ityasmai likhat; "plees zaur grays too witt iti, thaare iti asmin raajye asti yat raajnah sevaa asti, mama sonnees zaur grays ityatra aagacchanti, kim thaay jaanni tenand iti aahvayanti, kim well tenne iti naa vadanti, yathaa thaay vadati."james ityayam france-deshaat, veloyis-ityasya medleen-raajneeroopena, pratyagatavan, tenant ityayam leth-nagaraat holirood-house-nagaram prati teshaam chandaah aanayat. james vi ityasya mrutyuhu. 1538 september-maase yadaa james-5 megetland-nagarasya cramault-gopuram prati shikaaram kartum gatah tadaa tenant-varyaha linlithgo-prasadat shayyam aaneetavaan, tathaa cha wardrobe-sewakah maalkam-gaurle ityeshah swasya kampenee-krute holirood-prasade sanchitam tambuhu aaneetavaan. rajasya mrutyupatre sthitasya facland-prasade nirmitasya vaadyasya hastaksharakarta tenant aasit, yat david beaton raajapratinidhitvam praaptum prayatamanah aasit. james-5 ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, jaan-tennent ityeshah rajapratinidhi-arain tathaa cardinal-beaton ityetayoho nirdeshaan avalambya, raajnah vastraagaaraat shastragarat cha anekaani vastooni swasyaah ishtaani prati vitreekrutavaan. etaan upaharan british-pustakaalaye abhilekhitam asti. raajnah poorva-adhivaktaa, aadam otterburn, december 22 dinaanke cardinal beaton ityasya adeshena kavachasya upahaaram praptavan, yasmin "gupta-saahasam", carduroy ityanena aacchaaditam shirastranam, "jyaak aaf plate", dwe rapier, anye vastooni cha aasan. vivaahah tathaa parivaarah. jaan tennent 1516 tamaat varshaat raajnah vastra-prasaadhan-paricharika maas etkinson (maavis athavaa marian achison) ityenam parineetavaan. gruhapustakeshu table-linen-ityasya dhautkaranartham tasyaah krute pradatta saaboonasy peetalaani abhilekhitaani santi. saa raajnah krute raatripataani ityadini linin-vastooni api niramaat. tasya sampattih listonsheels iti kirkliston-nagarasya paadre aasit. ayam torfichan-upadeshasya aasit, tasya sewaayaah puraskaararoopen jaan ityeshah saamanta-bhaatakam nyunikrutavan; "listonshelis, eoin tennent iti namna sthaapitah, fue-deshe kingis-adeshah, mail-alanerly ityasya £6 krute", kevalam £6 bhaatakam cha. anyah sewakah rabert hamilton ityeshah briggis-nagare api tathaiva visheshaadhikaaram praapnot. jaan tathaa mose ityetayoho naa jivita-santatihi aasan, tathaa cha listonsheels 1549 tame varshe jaan ityasya bhrata petrick tennent ityasmai gatavaan. petrick tennent ityasya vivaahah elizaabet hopper ityanaya abhavat, yabhyam bhaginyaah ketrain hopper ityasyaah vivaahah edinberg-vyaparina endroo maubre ityanena (iii) abhavat, yaa edinberg-nagare maubre-gruham niramaat.

john dennent (neethimandra uruppinar) john dennent allathu listentialine dennand (irappu kii. 1549) scatlandin mannar james V inn oozhiyaraagavum thoazharaagavum irunthaar. skaatlaanthu arasavaiyin mukkiyamaana aathaara aavanamaana mannarin andraada selavugal kuriththa kanakkai avar vaiththirunthaar. neethimandraththil vaazhkkai. dennentin neethimandra nilaigal pinthodarpavargalaagavum, alamaarigalin yoamanaagavum irunththana. irunththana arasarin araiyil oru uuzhiyaraaka avarukku aadaikal vazhangkappattana. avar thinanthoarum arasarudan sendru, thanathu siriya kadangalai seluththi, rajaa thantha panatthaith thaanam seivatharkoa allathu thozhilaazhargalukkum pichaikkaararkalukkum uthavikkurippugalukkaavo oppadaiththaar. avarum mattra panappaiyai vaiththiruppavargalum scatlandin porulaalaraal mannarin panappaiyai vaangka panam vazhangkappattathu. dennendin mattroru mukiya paaththiram yoman mattrum alamaariyin maastar. alamaarigal oru periya niruvanamaaga irunththana, idhu thanipatta aatchiyin poathu kittatthatta 40 nabarkalai paniyamarththiyathu. aranmanaigalukku idaiyil thunigal, thunigal mattrum thoattaththin thunigalai kondu selvatharkaaga embroidergal, thaiyalkaararkal, oru salavai, maesaikkaarargal mattrum vanddigal irunththana. padukkaith thaazhgal, rajaavin sattaigal mattrum iravu thoppikalukkaana linanai dennent eduththuch sentraar. avar arasarin aadaikalai alamariyil thongavida kenvasai vaankinaar. dennent scatlandin gowravangalukku poruppaalaraaga irunthaar, maelum maarch 1539 ill oru vaal vazhakkuth thodara uttaravittaar. idhu 1537 ill poap paal III anuppiya vaal, ippoathu ilanththuvittathu. james vii mattrum maeri off sease aagiyoar septumber 1539 ill clenardney mattrum clen finglassil vaettaiyaadinar. dunblanil irunthu aangal mattrum kudhiraigalai vaadagaikku eduththanar. saint andruz nagaril, 1540 mae 19 andru, james vii, irandu dutchukkaararkalukku 44 shillingugalai valangkinaar, avarkal karaiyil avarukkaaga vilayaadi nadanamaadinar. oru puthiya kaiyadakka thuppaakkiyaal vibaththaal kollapatta pannai vilangkugalukku james irandu murai panam seluththinaar. dennent kurukku villin yoamanaaga irunthaar. navambar 1540 ill avar punitha roodhowsin aranmanai mattrum poongaavin paathukaavalaraaka niyamikkappattaar. brance. 1536 aam aandil james vii piraansukkuch sendrapoathu, avar muthanmuthalil oru varungkaala manamagal, maeri dii vendom, chaarlasin magal, ventomin tuke, saint. pikaardiyil gwentin. avarkalin koottaththil james dennentukku thannaip poala paasaangku seiyumaaru arivurutthinaar endrum avarkal aadaikalaip parimaarik kondanar endrum koorappadugiradhu. inthak kadhai pathinaaraam noottraandin varalaattrukalil kaanappadugiradhu. aadam aepel mattrum jaarj puchanan aagiyoar maaruvaedaththaik kurippidugiraargal; john lesley mattumae dennent endru peyarittaar; pitkoattiyin pathippin lindsay migavum virivaanathu, aanaal oozhiyarai adaiyaalam kaanavillai. lesliyin mozhipeyarppaalar kooriyadhu poal; "avar thanathu survent mattrum kumis palakkaththai kuver scay irunththa idaththirku eduththukkolkiraar, aenentraal avar john dennandes survent endru muditthaar, inththa aandil avarudan irunththa mannaruku avarathu survent irunththathu."dennent pirenchu payanaththil irunthaar, avarathu oru raajathanthira panii vettri peravillai. 1537 pipravari 24 andru englaanthu mattrum gromwellin hendri VIII kku james avarai kambeeknidamirunthu kadidhangal mattrum vaaimozhi seithigaludan anupinaar. margared dudor avar nanku varavaerkappadavillai endru bugar aliththaar. aval thann cakoothararukku ezhuthinaal, hendri VIII; "puththisaaliththanaththirku nandri, inththa realmay aee grade vardil ullathu, rajaavin oru saevai enn soannigal juur cresku varukiraargal, thaai jaanne dennent endru alaikkiraar, thaai solvathu poal kuha well dane udan illai."james brancil irunthu thanathu raaniyaaga valois maadalainudan thirumbinaar dennent avarkalin dirangkukalai leethilirunthu holiroodhavusukku kondu vanthaar. james vii. inn maranam. 1538 septambaril james vii megat landle ulla grammalt koopuraththil vaettaiyaadach sendrapoathu, dennent linlithco aranmanaiyilirunthu padukkaikalaik kondu vanthaar, maelum alamaarip paniyaalar maalgam corley thanathu niruvanaththirkaaga holirood aranmanayil semikkappatta koodaarangalaik kondu vanthaar. mannarin marana padukkaiyil ulla facland aranmanayil thayaarikkappatta karuviyil dennent kaiyeluththittaar, idhu davit peettan aatchik kaalatthaik koara muyarchitthaar. james vii. iranththa piragu, john dennent, rajathandra aerpaattu mattrum cardinal peaton arivuruththalkalai niraivaettrinaar, maelum rajaavin alamaarigal mattrum aayuthak kazhanjiyaththilirunthu aeraalamaana porutkalai avarkalukku pidiththamaanavatrukku sitharadiththaar. inththa parisugalin pathivu british noolagaththil ullathu. mannarin munnaal vazhakkarinyar aadam otterburn disambar 22 andru cardinal peaton uththaravin paeril oru kavasa parisaip pettraar, idhil oru "ragasiya thyrium", cardroy moodappatta oru thalaikkavasam, oru "jaak off plate", irandu rabiers mattrum pira porutkal adangkum. tirumanam mattrum kudumbam. john dennent 1516 muthal mannarin salavaip paniyaalaraaga irunththa maas adkinsonai (mavis allathu mariane aachasan) mananthaar. veettu puththagangkal mejai thuni thuvaippatharkaaga avalukku valangkappatta soappu peeppaaikalai pathivu seigindrana. aval raajaavukkaaga iravu thoppikal poantra thuni porutkalaiyum thayaariththaal. avarathu sothaagiya listentials kirkliston thiruchchabaiyil irunththathu. idhu darbichen poathanaikku sonthamaanathu mattrum avarathu sevaikalukkaana vegumathiyaaga, john oru kuraindha nilappirapuththuva vaadagaiyai seluththinaar; "listenselis, ayon dennentukku amaikkappattathu, fubiewill kings kattalaiyaaga mile alanerly £ 6 kku", £ 6 vaadagai mattumae. mattroru uuzhiyaraana robbert haamiltan, brigisil idhaepoandra salugaiyai anubavithaar. john mattrum maas aakiyoarukku uyir pizhaiththa kuzhandhaigal illai, maelum 1549 aam aandil listensheelgal jaanin cakootharar paetrik dennentidam sentraar. paetrik dennent elisabeth haapparai mananthaar, avarathu chakoothari cadrin hopper edinburgh vanikar andrew mouprae (III) enbavarai mananthaar, avar edinbarkkil mouprae veettaik kattinaar.

zaan tennent (courteer) listontials yokka zaan tennent ledhaa tennand (maraninchinadi c. 1549) scatland raaju james V yokka sevakudu mariyu sahacharudu. athanu raaju rojuvaaree kharchula khaataanu unchaadu, idhi scottish rajasabhaku mukhyamaina muula patram. kortulo jeevitam. tennent yokka aasthaana sthaanaalu persmaster mariyu wardrobe yokka yoman. yoman raaju gadilo sevakudigaa ataniki vastraalu ivvabaddaayi. athanu pratiroojuu rajutho kalisi thana chinna runaalanu chellistuu, raaju daanamgaa ledhaa panivaariki, bicchagaallaku chitkaluga icchina mottaalanu appaginchevaadu. ataniki mariyu itara persmasterlaku scatland koshadhikari raaju purse kosam dabbu icchaadu. tennent yokka itara pradhana paatra yoman mariyu wardrobe yokka master. aaa wardrobe oka pedda samstha, idhi vyaktigata paalanalo daadaapu 40 mandhi vyaktulanu niyaminchindi. rajabhavanala madhya battalu, vastraalu mariyu estate vastraalanu ravana cheyadaaniki embroiderlu, tailarlu, laundry, vastraalu, mariyu bandlu undevi. bedd sheetlu, raaju chokkalu mariyu raatri topeela kosam tennent linen pampinhee chesadu. athanu raajula dustulanu alamarallo velaadadeeyadaaniki convas konnadu. tennent scatland gowravaalaku baadhyata vahinchi, marchi marchi katthi kosam kotta kesu veyaalani aadesinchaadu. idhi idhi pope paal III pampina katthi ayi undavacchu, idhi ippudu poyindi. james vii mariyu maerii off guise 1539 septembarulo glenartney mariyu glen finglasslalo vetaku vellaaru. tennent vaari parupulanu kadilinchakundaa teesukuraavadaaniki dunblane nundi purushulu mariyu gurralanu niyaminchukunnaaru. seyint andrus vadda, 19 mae 1540naa, james vii iddaru dutchmenlaku 44 shillinglu icchaadu, vaaru teeramlo athani kosam aadaru mariyu nrutyam chesaaru. kotta portable tupaki ayina culverine thoo pramaadavasaattu maraninchina vyavasaya jantuvulaku james rendusaarlu chellinchaadu. tenant kooda cross boow yokka yoman. athanu 1540 navambarulo pavitra nivaasam yokka rajabhavanam mariyu udyaanavanaaniki samrakshakudigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. france. france james V fraansku vellinappudu, athanu modatisaarigaa kaboye vaduvu, maerii dii vendome, charless kumarte, duke off vendome, seyint loe kalusukunnadu. picardylo quentin. vaari samavesamlo james tennentnu tanalaa natinchamani aadesinchaadani, vaaru battalu marpidi chesukunnarani chebutaaru. eee katha padahaarava sataabdapu charitralalo kanipistundi. aadam abel mariyu georg buchanan maaruveshamlo prastaavinchaaru; zaan lessie matrame tennent paerlanu pettadu; pitskoti yokka samskarana yokka lindsay atyanta vistrutamainadi conny sevakudini gurtinchaledu. lessie anuvaadakudu cheppinatlugaa; "athanu thana sevakudu mariyu kumis yokka alavaatunu quair skii unna pradaesaaniki teesukuntaadu, endukante athanu swayamgaa jonne tennantis sevakudu, eee samvatsaramlo athanitho paatu rajuku thana sevakudu unnadu."tennent french paryatanalo unnadu, athani oka dautya pani vijayavantam kaaledu. 1537 fibravari 24naa ingland mariyu chromewelku chendina henry VIII kosam james ataniki lekhalu mariyu moukhika sandeshaalatho compign nundi pampaadu. margaret tudor ataniki manchi aadarana labhinchaledani firyadu chesaadu. aame thana sodarudu, henry VIII kii vraasindi; "pleasit jaur grays tuu whit, there eee realme anae grate vard loe undhi, naa sonneelu jaur graysku vastaaru, quehome thaay coll johnny tennand, kwa well taane thoo, thaay cheppinatlugaa."james thana raanigaa valois yokka medaleentho france nundi tirigi vacchaaduh tennent vaari trunklanu leath nundi holirud houseku teesukuvacchaadu. james vii. maranam 1538 septembarulo james V meget landloni cramault tower vadda vetaku vellinappudu tennent linlitgo pales nundi parupulanu teesukuvacchaadu mariyu wardrobe sevakudu malcum gowrley thana company kosam holirud paleslo nilva chesina gudaaraalanu teesukuvacchaadu. raaju maranasaiah vadda unna facland paleslo tayaaru chesina parikaraniki tennent santakam chesaadu, idhi david beaton regencyni claim cheyadaaniki prayatninchevaadu. james V maranam taruvaata, zaan tennent regent arrange mariyu cardinal beaton suuchanalanu amalu chesi, raaju yokka wardrobe mariyu aayudhasaala nundi aneka vastuvulanu vaariki ishtamaina vatiki chedaragottaadu. eee bahumatula rikaardu british librarylo undhi. raaju maajee nyaayavaadi aadam otterburn december 22naa cardinal beaton arder dwara kavachanni bahumatigaa andukunnaru, indulo "rahasya dhairyam", kaarduroytho kappabadina sirastraanam, "jaak off plate", rendu rapiers mariyu itara vastuvulu unnaayi. vivaham mariyu kutumbam. zaan tennent 1516 nundi raaju dustulanu utike dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dustula dusta aame raaju kosam nait caps vanti naara vastuvulanu kooda tayaaru chesindi. athani aasti, listontials kirkliston paarishlo undedi. idhi torfichen upadaesaaniki chendinadi mariyu athani sevalaku bahumatigaa, zaan takkuva bhuswamya adde chellinchaadu; "listoneschelis, ione tennent kuu sett cheyabadindi, mail allanerly yokka £6 kuu fuelo kingis command gaa undandi", £6 adde matrame. maroe sevakudu robbert hamilton briggis vadda idhe vidhamaina hakkunu pondaadu. zaan mariyu maaslaku batiki unna pillalu laeru, mariyu listonshills 1549 natiki zaan sodarudu patrick tennentku vellaadu. patrick tennent elizabeth haaparnu vivaham chesukunnadu, athani sodari cottrin hopper edinberg vyapari andrew moubrey (III) thoo vivaham chesukunnadu, athanu edinberglo moubrey intini nirminchaadu.

jaan tenant (courtair) jaan tenant yaa tenand aaf listonashelz (wafaat c. 1549) scott lend kay baadshah jaims panjam kaa nokar aur saathi thaa. iss nay baadshah kay rozmarah kay ikhrajat kaa hasaab rakhaa juu scotsh shaahi darbaar kay liye eek aham maakhiz dastaviz hay. adaalat mein zindagi. tenant kay adalati ahday purse maaster aur almaari kay azeem thay. asay 1529 mein baadshah kay kamray mein nokar kay toor parr labaas pehnaya gayaa. batoor pyaam kaar wah rozanah baadshah kay saath jaataa thaa apnay chhotay qarzon kii adayegi kartaa thaa aur baadshah kii taraf say khairaat mein yaa mazdooron aur bhakariyon kuu tajaweez kay toor parr dee jaanay waali raqam hawalay kartaa thaa. asay aur dosray purse maaster kuu scott lend kay khazanchi nay baadshah kay purse kay liye raqam dee thee. tenant kaa dosra aham kirdaar yuman aur almaari kaa maahir thaa. almaari eek badaa idaarah thaa jiss nay zaati door hukumat mein taqriba 40 afraad kuu mulazimat dee. mahlaat kay darmiyan kapday tepstry aur steat kay kapday lay jaanay kay liye kadhayi karnay waalay darzi kapday dhonay waalay tepstry waalay aadmi aur gaadiyan thein. tenant nay bastar kii chaadron baadshah kii qamizon aur raat kii tupiyon kay liye kitaani saamaan kii delivery lee. iss nay almaari mein baadshah kay gaaon kay gird latkaone kay liye canos kharida. tenant scott lend kay aizazat kaa incharge thaa aur iss nay maarch 1539 mein talwaar kay liye eek neeya moqhadhima bananay kaa hakam diyaa. yaha shayed 1537 mein pope paal soam kii taraf say bheji gayee talwaar thee juu abb gumm how gayee hay. jaims panjam aur meeri aaf geez satambar 1539 mein glenartni aur gleen funglass mein shikaar karnay gayey. tenant nay dumblin say mardon aur ghodon kuu karaye parr liyaa taakah wah apnay bastar kuu halanay say laa sakein. sent andrews mein 19 mayee 1540 cow jaims wee nay duu dich meenon kuu 44 shilling dee juu saahil parr inn kay liye kheltay aur naachtay thay. jaims nay duu baar kheet kay janwaron kay liye adayegi kii juu eek nayee portable bandoq kloran say haadise mein maaray gayey. tenant bhee crossbo kaa yuman thaa. asay nomber 1540 mein holee road house kay mahal aur paark kaa muhafiz muqarar kiyaa gayaa. france. jabb jaims panjam 1536 mein france gayaa tuu iss kii pehli mulaqat eek mamkanah dulhan meeri ddee vendom say hoyee juu charlis kii betty ddiok aaf vendom sent mein thee. pecardy mein koventan. kahaa jaataa hay kahh inn kii mulaqat mein jaims nay tenant kuu hidayat kii kahh wah iss kaa dikhawa karay aur inhon nay kapadon kaa tabadlah kiyaa. yaha kahaani solahvein sadee kay tawarikh mein milti hay. addam aibal aur jaarj bochanan nay bhees kaa zakar kiyaa hay vovo sarf jaan lesli nay tenant kaa naam liyaa hay vovo patskoti kay warzan kaa lundsey sabb say ziyadah tafsili hay leakin nokar kii shanakhat nahein kartaa hay. jaisa kahh lesli kay mutarjim nay kahaa vovo "wah apnee khadmat aur coms kii aadat kuu iss jagah parr lay jaataa hay jehaan kohar iski thee keunkah iss nay khood kuu khatam kirr diyaa thaa johan tenants khadmat iss dunn mein baadshah kay saath iss kii khadmat thee."tenant francisi doray parr thaa aur iss kaa eek sfarti kaam kamiyab nahein hawaa. jaims nay asay 24 faroori 1537 kuu england aur crome weel kii hunry VIII kay liye khatut aur zabani paighamat kay saath compain say bheja. margaret teuder nay shikayat kii kahh asay achhi tarah say qabool nahein kiyaa gayaa. iss nay apnay bhayee hunry VIII kuu likhaa vovo "plays zoor grais tuu weat theer iss railmi aine great word mein hay kahh baadshah kii khadmat say meeri suneez zoor grais parr aatee haine coone thee thayee jaanni tenand kuu kaal karti haine coone thaa weel teen kay saath nahein jaisa kahh thayee kehti haine."jaims france say waps aayaa aur iss kii malkah kay toor parr melois kii medlin thee: tenant inn kii tanon kuu leeth say holee road house lay aayaa. jaims wee kii moth. jabb jaims panjam satambar 1538 mein megat lend kay crommlet tower parr shikaar kay liye gayaa tuu tenant lanlthago mahal say bastar laaya aur almaari kaa nokar melcom gorlay apnee company kay liye holee road mahal mein rakhay khaimay laaya. tenant baadshah kay moth kay maqaam parr faalik lend mahal mein banaye gayey aalay kaa dastakhat kanandah thaa jasay dude beaton regency kaa daawi karnay kii koshish kartaa thaa. jaims panjam kii moth kay baad jaan tenant nay regent aarenj aur cardinal beaton kii hidayaat parr amal kiyaa aur baadshah kii almaari aur aslaha khaaney say mutadid ashyaa kuu inn kay pasandidah mein muntashir kirr diyaa. inn tahaif kaa eek record bartanvi library mein mojud hay. baadshah kay saabiq wakeel addam otarbarn kuu 22 dasambar kuu cardinal beaton kay hakam say baktar kaa tahfah milaa jiss mein "khafiya hamat"yee cardroi say dahkaa helmat "jeek aaf plait"yee duu repair aur deegar ashyaa shaamil haine. shaadi aur khaandaan. jaan tenant nay mous atkansan (maawas yaa maariyan achsan) say shaadi kii juu 1516 say baadshah kii kapday dhonay waali khaatun thein. gharilo kitaabon mein asay dhonay kay liye meez kay kapday kay liye farahim kiye gayey saabin kay biral record kiye gayey haine. iss nay baadshah kay liye kitaani ashyaa jeesay night cape bhee banayein. iss kii jayedad listonashelz crickliston kay peerish mein thee. yaha torfatchen kay asul say taaluq rakhta thaa aur iss kii khidmaat kay anaam kay toor parr jaan nay eek kumm jagirdarana karayah adaa kiyaa. "lastonashelis juu aaiyoon tenant kay liye muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa mewal elaneerli kay 6 pound mein fiyo mein kings command how" sarf 6 pound karayah. eek aur nokar raabart hammelton kuu bhee bergs mein asee tarah kaa aizaz haasil thaa. jaan aur mous kay koyee bachay baaqi nahein rahay aur 1549 takk listonashelz jaan kay bhayee patrick tenant kay paas muntaqil how gayey. patrick tenant kii shaadi alzabth hopar say hoyee jiss kii behan catarine hopar kii shaadi edinberg kay taajir andrev mobri (III) say hoyee thee jiss nay edinberg mein mobri house banaya thaa.

0004536000ef0844634796fb3025a8cd14682aa01ab67902ed7e5a11516c0d08

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3998353

USS Aspen

USS Aspen

eu. esha. esha. aspen

yuu. aesa. aesa. espen

yu. ess. ess. espen

yuu. aiss. aiss. espen

0004549de0195eb4299da66ba96845a735b42385fe7d92c36253f0e26431c432

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32791826

Lidia Charskaya

Lidia Charskaya Lidia Alekseyevna Charskaya (; January 31, 1875 – March 18, 1938), was a Russian writer and actress. Charskaya was her pseudonym; her real last name was Churilova. Biography. Charskaya worked as an actress at the Alexandrinsky Theatre from 1898 to 1924. From 1901 to 1916 she published about eighty books, several of which became bestsellers. Novels. Charskaya's most popular work was the novel "Princess Dzhavakha" (1903). In the 1940s, when Boris Pasternak was writing his novel "Doctor Zhivago", he said that he was "writing almost like Charskaya", because he wanted to be accessible and dreamed that his prose would be gulped down "even by a seamstress, even by a dishwasher." Her novels fall into four general categories: stories that take place in boarding schools for elite girls; historical novels about women; autobiographical novels that follow the heroine from boarding school to a career; and detective and adventure stories. The main theme of most of her works is friendship among girls. The protagonists are usually independent girls and women who look for adventure or some kind of diversion from the everyday routine. Critics have commented that these characteristics account in large part for the wide popularity of Charskaya's works among young girls in early 20th century Russia. Retirement and post-Soviet reputation. Charskaya's reputation began to fade in 1912 after the critic Korney Chukovsky published an article in which he wrote that her books were formulaic, repetitious, and excessive with respect to female emotions. She stopped publishing in 1916, and in 1920 her works were banned. From 1924 until her death in 1938 she lived in poverty, supported mostly by friends. Throughout the Soviet period her work was lowly regarded, although there is plenty of evidence that young girls continued secretly to read her works, at least through the 1930s. In the late 1980s and 1990s Charskaya's works were revived in Russia, as several of her works appeared in new editions. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lydia charoskaya lydia alexeivona charskaya (; 31 january, 1875-18 march, 1938) egoraki rasian lekhika aaru obhinetri aasil. charoskaya aasil teur sodmonam; teur prokrito xex naamtu aasil surilubha. jiwani. charskaye 1898 sonor poraa 1924 sonoloike alekjendrinsky theaterot obhinetri hisape kaam korisil. 1901 sonor poraa 1916 sonoloike teu pray axikhon kitap prokax korisil, jaare keibakhonu besto chelar hoisil. uponyax. charoskayar ataitkoi jonopriyo grontho aasil "rajkumari jhabokha" (1903) uponyaxkhon. 1940-ror doxokot, jetiya boris pasternake teur uponyax "doctor jhibhagu" likhisil, teu koichil je teu "pray charskayar dore likhi aasil", kiyonu teu xohojxadhyo hoh 'bob bisarisil aaru xopun dekhisil je teur godyotu "aanoki egoraki seimerse, aanoki etaa dixwasworeu" gorom koribo." teur uponyaxbur sarita xadharon shrenit bibhoktoh obhijat suwalir baabe bob "rding bidyaloyot huwa kahini; mohilar bixoye oitihaxik uponyax; bob" rding schoolor poraa keriyaroloi nayikar onuxoron koraa atmojibonimulok uponyax; aaru surangsuwa aaru duxahxik kahini. teur besibhag kaamor mool bixoybostu hoise suwalir maajot bondhutwo. mukhyo soritrobur xadharonote swadhin suwali aaru mohila jiye duxahxik obhijan baa doinondin rutinor poraa kunu dhoronor bisyuti bisare. xomalusokxokole montobyo korise je ei boixistyobure bingxo xotikar aarombhonite rasiyat juboti suwalixokolor maajot charoskayar kamxomuhor byapok jonopriyotar baabe brihot ongxor baabe dayee. owoxor aaru sobhiyet-poroborti khyati. 1912 sonot xomalusok kornee sukuvoskiye etaa probondho prokax korar pisot charoskayar khyati mlaan hoh 'boloi aarombho korisil zo' too teu likhisil je teur kitapbur mohila aawegor xondorbhot xutrojukto, punorabritti koraa aaru otyadhik aasil. 1916 sonot teur prokax bondho kori diya hoisil aaru 1920 sonot teur kamxomuh nixidho koraa hoisil. 1924 sonor poraa 1938 sonot mrityu porjonto teu doridrotar maajot baax korisil, jaak besibhag bondhuborgoi xomorthon korisil. sobhiyet jugor gutei xomoisuwat teur kaamok nimnobhabe gonyo koraa hoisil, jodiu jothesto proman aase je xoru suwalixokole ontotoh 1930 sonoloike gupone teur kambur porhi aasil. 1980-ror doxokor xexor faale aaru 1990-ror doxokot charoskayar kambur rasiyat punorujjibito koraa hoisil, kiyonu teur keibakhonu kaam notun xongoskoronot prokax paisil.

lydia charskaya lydia alexeyevna charskaya (; 31shhey januari, 1875-18ee march, 1938) chhilen ekjon rush lekhika oo abhinetri. charskaya chhilo taar chhaddanam; taar asol shesh naam chhilo churilova. jeeboni. charskaya 1898 theke 1924 saal porjonto alekjandrinsky theatrey abhinetri hisabe kaaj korechilen. 1901 theke 1916 saal porjonto tini pray ashiti boi prakash korechilen, jaar modhye besh koyekti bestseller hoye othe. uponyas. charskyre sabcheye janapriya kaaj chhilo "princess jhavkha" (1903) uponyas. 1940-err doshke, boris pasternack jokhon taanr uponyas 'doctor jhivago' likhchilen, tokhon tini bolechilen jey tini 'pray charskyre moto likhchen', kaaron tini sahajalabhya hotey cheyechilen ebong swapno dekhechilen jey taanr goddoti emonki ekjon selaiyer dwara, emonki ekti dishwasher dwarao guchiye fela hobey." taanr uponyasguli charti sadharan bibhage bivoktoh abhijato meyeder jonno boarding schoole ghote yawa golpo; mohilader somporke oitihasik uponyas; boarding school theke carrier porjonto nayikake anusaran korey emon attojibonimulok uponyas; ebong goenda ebong dushahosik golpo. taanr beshirbhag kaajer mool visayavastu holl meyeder modhye bondhutto. prodhan charitraguli sadharonoto swadhin meye ebong mahilara jaaraa adventure baa daeenandin rutein theke konao dhoroner bichyutir sandhan korey. samalochakra montobbo korechen jey eyi baisishtaguli bingsho shatabdir godar dike russia alpavayasi meyeder modhye charskyre kaajer byapok janapriyatar jonno dayee. abosar grohon ebong soviet-poroborti khyati. 1912 saale somalochok corney chukovsky ekti nibondho prakash korar porey charskyre khyati mlan hotey shuru korey jekhane tini likhechilen jey taar boiguli mohila abeger khettre sutrojukto, punorabrittimulok ebong atyadhik chhilo. 1916 saale tini prokashona bondho korey deena ebong 1920 saale taanr kaaj nishiddho koraa hoy. 1924 saal theke 1938 saale taanr mrityur agey porjonto tini daridrer modhye bosobas corren, beshirbhag bondhuder dwara somorthito. soviet jug judey taanr kaajke nimnomaner somman deoa hoto, jodio prachur proman royeche jey alpavayasi meyera ontoto 1930-err doshok porjonto gopone taanr kajguli padte thaake. 1980 ebong 1990-err doshoker shesher dike russia charskyre kajguli punorujjibito hoy, kaaron taanr besh koyekti kaaj notun sangaskarane prokashito hoy.

lydia charaskaya lydia alexevna charaskaya (; 31 january, 1875-18 march, 1938), aek russian lekhak aneey abhinetri hatee. charaskaya tenu upnaam hatoo; tenu saachu chhellu naam churilova hatoo. jivancharitra. charaskaya 1898 thee 1924 sudhee alexandrinsky theatrema abhinetri tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. 1901 thee 1916 sudhee temane lagbhag 80 pustako prakashit karyaa hataa, jemathi ketlaak bastseller banyaa hataa. navalkathaao. charskayanu sauthee lokpreey kaary navalkathaa "princess zavkha" (1903) hatoo. hatoo daykama, jyaare boris pasternak temnee navalkathaa "doctor zivago" lakhee rahyaa hataa, tyaare temane kahyoo hatoo keey teo "lagbhag charaskaya jevaa lakhee rahyaa hataa", kaaran keey teo sulabh thavaa maangtaa hataa aneey sapnu jotaa hataa keey temnaa gadhyane aek seamer dwara pann, aek dishwasher dwara pann neeche dhakeli devaamaa aavashe." teneeni navalkathaao chaar saamanya vargomaa aave chheh utkrusht chhokario maate boarding shaalaoma thatee vaartao; maheelao visheni aitihasik navalkathaao; boarding schoolthi karkirdi sudhee nayikane anusaratee aatmakathaatmak navalkathaao; aneey jasusi aneey saahseek vaartao. teneeni motabhagni kruteeono mukhya vishhay chhokario vachcheni mitrataa chhe. mukhya paatro saamanya reete swatantra chhokario aneey maheelao hoya chhe jeey saahas athavaa rojinda dincharyamathi koee prakaarnu parivartan juae chhe. tikakaroae tippani curry chhe keey keey sadeeni sharuaatmaa russiama yuvan chhokarioma charskayani kruteeoni vyaapak lokpriyataa maate aaa lakshaniktao motaa bhagma jawabdar chhe. nivrutti aneey soviyet pachhini pratishtha. vivechak corney chukovsky aek lekh prakashit karyaa pachhi pachhi charskayani pratishtha ochhi thavaa laagee hatee, jemaa temane lakhyu hatoo keey teneena pustako stree laganiona sandarbhma sutraatmak, punraavartit aneey ateeshay hataa. temane temane prakaashan bundh curry didhu hatoo aneey aneey temnee kruteeo parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. hato 1924thee temnaa mrutyu sudhee teo gareebeema jeevya, jene motaabhaage mitro dwara teko aapvama aavyo. samagr soviyet samaygaalaa darmiyan temnaa kaaryane ochhu manvama aavtu hatoo, jooe keey aevaa ghanaa puraava chhe keey yuvan chhokarioae ochhama ochha 1930 naa daaykaa sudhee goopt reete temnee kruteeo vaanchvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo. 1980 aneey aneey daykana antamaa russiama charskayani kruteeone punarjivit karvaamaa aavee hatee, kaaran keey temnee ghanee kruteeo navee aavruttioma dekhai hatee.

lydia charaskaya lydia alexevna charaskaya (; 31 janwari, 1875-18 march, 1938), ack russie lekhika aur abhinetri theen. charaskaya unakaa chhadm naam thaa; unakaa asli antim naam churilova thaa. jeevani. charaskaya ney 1898 seey 1924 taka alekjendrinsky theatre mein ack abhinetri key roop mein kaam kiya. 1901 seey 1916 taka unhone lagbhag assie pustaken prakaashit keen, jinamen seey kaee bestseller bunn gaeen. upanyaas. charaskaya kii sabse lokpriya kriti upanyaas "rajkumari jhawakha" (1903) thee. 1940 key dashak mein, jaba boris pasternak apana upanyaas "doctor jhivaago" likh rahey they, tou unhone kahaa kii way "lagbhag charaskaya kii tarah likh rahey they", kyonki way sulabh honah chaahte they aur sapana dekhate they kii unake gadya koo ack silai dwara, yahaan taka kii ack dishwasher dwara bhee neeche giraaya jaayega." unake upanyaas chaar samanya shreniyon mein aatey hainh kuleen ladkiyon key liye boarding schools mein honey vaali kahaaniyan; mahilaaon key baare mein aitihaasik upanyaas; aatmakathaatmak upanyaas joe boarding school seey laker currier taka nayika kaa anusaran karate hain; aur jasusi aur saahasik kahaaniyan. unaki adhikansh kritiyon kaa mukhya vishay ladkiyon key beach dosti haye. naayak aamtaur parr swatantra ladakiyan aur mahilaaen hoti hain joe romanch yaa rosemarra kii dincharya seey kissy prakaar kaa bhatkaav dhoondhati hain. alochakon ney tippani kii haye kii yeye visheshtaen 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein roose mein yuva ladkiyon key beach charaskaya key karyon kii vyaapak lokpriyata key liye badey hisse mein jimmedaar hain. sevaanivritti aur soviyat sangh key baad kii pratishtha. aalochak corney chukovsky dwara ack lekh prakaashit karane key baad 1912 mein charaskaya kii pratishtha cumm honey luggy, jisamen unhone likhaa thaa kii unaki pustaken mahila bhaavanaon key sambandh mein sootra, doharaae jaane vaale aur atyadhik theen. unhone 1916 mein prakaashan bund curr diyaa, aur 1920 mein unaki kritiyon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa. 1924 seey 1938 mein apani mrityu taka vaha garibi mein rahati thee, jise jyaadaatar doston kaa samarthan praapt thaa. soviyat kaal key dauran unake kaam koo cumm maanaa jaataa thaa, halanki iss baat key bahut saare pramaan hain kii yuva ladkiyon ney cumm seey cumm 1930 key dashak taka gupt roop seey unake kaam padhana jaari rakhaa. 1980 aur 1990 key dashak key anta mein roose mein charaskaya key karyon koo punarjeevit kiya gayaa, kyonki unake kaee kaam nae sanskaranon mein dikhaai diye.

lydia charskaya lydia alexavena charskaya (janavari 31,1875-march 18,1938), obba rashyaada barahagaarti mattu nutty. charaskaya embudu aakeya guptanaamavaagittu; aakeya nijavaada koneya hesaru churilova aagittu. jivanacharitre. jivanacharitre 1898rinda alexandrinsky rangabhoomiyalli natiyagi kelasa maadida charskaya, charskaya 1901rinda sumaru embhattu pustakagalannu prakatisidaru, avugalalli halavu pustakagalu atyuttama maaraatavaadavu. kaadambarigalu. charaskaya avara atyanta janapriya krutiyendare "princess jhavakha" (1903). 1940rahra dasakadalli, boris pasternack avaru tamma kadambari "doctor jhivago" annu bareyuttiddaaga, avaru "bahuteka charaskayadante bareyuttiddaare" endu helidaru, ekendare avaru sulabhavaagi praveshisalu bayasiddaru mattu avara gadyavannu simesunneyobbalu saha, patre toleyuvavalu saha kelagilisuttaare endu kanasu kandiddaru." aakeya kaadambarigalu naalku saamaanya vibhagagalalli seriveh ganya hudugiara vasati shalegalalli nadeyuva kathegalu; mahileyara bagge aitihaasika kaadambarigalu; vasati shaaleyinda vrattijeevanadavarege nayakiyannu anusarisuva aatmacharitreya kaadambarigalu; mattu pattedaari mattu sahasa kathegalu. aakeya bahuteka krutigala mukhya vishayavendare hudugiara naduvina sneha. mukhyapaatragalu samanyavagi swatantra hudugiyaru mattu mahileyaru, avaru sahasa athawa dainandina dinachariyinda kelavu reetiya tiruvannu hudukuttaare. 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli rashyaadalli chikka hudugiyaralli charaskaya avara krutigala vyapaka janapriyatege ee gunalakshanagalu hecchina bhagavannu niiduttave endu vimarshakaru abhiprayapattiddare. nivrutti mattu soviyat nantarada khyaati. vimarshaka corney chukovsky avaru aakeya pustakagalu stree bhavanegalige sambandhisidante sutrabaddha, punaraavartita mattu atiyaadavu endu bareda lekhanavannu prakatisida nantara 1912 ralli charskaya avara khyaati ksheenisalu praarambhisitu. avaru avaru prakataneyannu nillisidaru mattu mattu avara krutigalannu nisheedhisalaayitu. nisheedhisalaayitu 1924rinda aakeya maranadavaregu aake badatanadalli badukiddaru, hechchaagi sneehitara bembaladondige. soviyat avadhiya uddakkoo aakeya kelasavannu kadime pariganisalaagittu, aadaagyoo chikka hudugiyaru tamma krutigalannu rahasyavaagi oduvudannu munduvaresidaru embudakke saakashtu puraavegalive, kanishta 1930 rahra dashakadavarege. 1980rahra dashakada koneyalli mattu 1990rahra dasakadalli, charaskaya avara halavaaru krutigalu hosa aavruttigalalli prakatavaada kaarana, avara krutigalannu rashyaadalli punarujjeevanagolisalaayitu.

lydia chaarskaya oru russian ezhuthukaariyum nadiyumaayirunnu lydia aleksiyevna chaarskaya (; januvari 31,1875-march 18,1938). avarude thoolikaanaamam charskaya aayirunnu; avarude yadhaartha peru churilova ennaayirunnu. jeevacharitram. 1898 muthal 1924 vare alexandrinsky thiyettaril oru nadiyaayi pravarthicha chaarskaya 1901 muthal 1916 vare enpatholam pusthakangal prasidheekarichu, avayil palathum bestt cellarukalaayi. novalukal. princes shavakha" (1903) enna novalaanu chaarskaayayude ettavum janapriyamaaya kruthi. kruthi, boris paastarnaakk thante novalaaya "doctor sivago" ezhuthumbol, thaan "eathaandu chaarskaayayeppoleyaanu ezhuthunnathu" ennu addeham paranju, kaaranam thanikk axus cheyyappedanamennu aagrahamundaayirunnu, thante gadyam oru thunnalkkaaran polum, oru paathrakkaashakan polum thaazhthumennu swapnam kandu." avarude novalukal naalu pothuvaaya vibhagangalaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu boarding skoolukalil varenya penkuttikalkkayi nadakkunna kathakal; sthreekalekkurichulla charitra novalukal; boarding school muthal currier vare naayikaye pinthudarunna aathmakathaaparamaaya novalukal; detective, saahasika kathakal. penkuttikal thammilulla sauhrudamaanu avarude mikka kruthikaludeyum pradhana vishayam. saahasikathayo dainamdina dinacharyayil ninnu eathenkilum tharatthilulla vyathichalanamo thedunna swatantra penkuttikalum sthreekalumaanu pradhana kathaapaathrangal. irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathil russiayile penkuttikalkkidayil chaarskaayayude kruthikalkku vyapakamaaya janapreeti labhichathinu eee savisheshathakal valia punk vahikkunnuvennu vimarshakar abhipraayappettittund. viramikalum soviyatt-anamthara prasasthiyum. 1912ll niroopakanaaya corney chukovsky avarude pusthakangal sthree vikaarangalumayi bandhappett soothravaakyaparavum aavarthichullathum amithavumaanennu ezhuthiya oru lekhanam prasidheekarichathinethu chaarskaayayude prashasthi mangaan thudangi. 1916ll avar prasidheekaranam nirthukayum 1920ll avarude kruthikal nirodhikkukayum cheythu. 1924 muthal 1938ll marikkunnathuvare avar daaridryathilaanu jeevichathu, kooduthalum suhruthukkal pinthunachu. soviyatt kaalaghattatthiludaneelam avarude kruthikal thaazhnna nilavaaratthil pariganikkappettirunnu, ennirunnaalum penkuttikal avarude kruthikal rahasyamaayi vaayikkunnath thudarnnuvennathinu dhaaraalam thelivukalundu, kuranjathu kuranjathu. 1980 kalude avasaanathilum 1990 kalilum chaarskaayayude niravadhi kruthikal puthiya pathippukalil prathyakshappettathinaal russiayil avarude kruthikal punarujjeevippikkappedu.

lydia charaskaya lydia aleksevna charaskaya (; 31 janewari 1875-18 march 1938), hii eka russian lekhika aanee abhinetri hotee. charaskaya heey tiche topananav hote; tiche kharey aadnav churilova hote. charitra. charskayane 1898 teey 1924 yaa kalat alekzandrinsky natyagruhat abhinetri mhanoon kaam kele. 1901 teey 1916 yaa kalat tine sumare ainshi pustake prakashit kelee, jyapaiki anek bestseller tharali. kadambya. princess zawakha' (1903) hii kadambari charaskayachi sarvat lokpriy krutee hotee. 1940 chya dashakat, jevha boris pasternak tyanchi kadambari 'doctor zivago' lihit hota, tevha teey mhanale qee teey 'jawaljawal charaskayasarkhe lihit hote', kaaran tyanna sahajpane upalabdh vhayache hote aanee tyanni swapna pahile hote qee tyanche gadya 'agadi shivankamagarane, agadi dishwasherne' dekhil khalee takale jaeel." tichya kadambya chaar samanya shreninmadhye vibhagalya jaatatah abhijat mulinsathi boarding shalanmadhye ghadananya katha; mahilambaddalachya aitihasik kadambya; boarding shalepasoon karkirdiparyant nayikeche anusaran karananya aatmacharitratmak kadambya; aanee guptaher aanee sahsi katha. mulinmadhil maitri haah tichya bahutek kamancha mukhya vishay aahe. nayak sahasa swatantra mulee aanee striya asatat jyaa sahsi kinwa dainandin dincharyepasun kahee prakarche vegalepana shodhatat. 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila rashiyatil tarun mulinmadhye charaskayachya kamanchya vyapak lokpriyatesathi hii vaishishtye mothya pramanat karanibhoot aahet, asey tikakaranni mhatale aahe. nivrutti aanee soviet nantarchi pratishtha. samikshak corney chukovskyne eka lekh prakashit kelyanantar 1912 madhye charaskayachi pratishtha qamee houu lagali, jyamadhye tyane lihile qee tichi pustake stree bhavananchya sandarbhat sutratmak, punaravrutti aanee atireki hotee. 1916 madhye tine prakashan bund kele aanee 1920 madhye tichya kamanvar bandee ghalanyat aalee. 1924 pasoon 1938 madhye tichya mrutyuparyant tee garibeet jagat hotee, jyala bahutek mitrancha pathimba hota. soviet kalat tichya kamacha qamee aadar keela jaat asey, jaree tarun mulee kiman 1930 chya dashkaparyant tichi kaame guptapane vachat rahilya yache bharpur purave aahet. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat aanee 1990 chya dashakat charaskayachya kamanche russiamadhye punarujjivan jhaale, kaaran tichya anek kamanchya naveen aavrutya prakashit jhalya.

lydia charaskaya lydia aleksevna charaskaya (; janawari 31,1875-march 18,1938), ek rusi lekhika rar abhinetri thiin. charaskaya unko chhadma naam thiyo; unko wastawik antim naam churilobha thiyo. jiwani. charaskayale 1898 dekhi 1924 samma alekjandrinsky thieterma abhinetriko rupma kaam garin. 1901 dekhi 1916 samma unle lagbhag assie pustakharu prakashit garin, jasmadhye dherai bestseller bhae. upanyas. charaskayako sabaibhanda lokpriya kriti upanyas "rajkumari jhawakha" (1903) thiyo. sann 1940 ko dashakma, jab boris pasternakle afno upanyas "doctor jhiwago" lekhdai thie, unle bhane kii uni "lagbhag charaskaya jastai lekhiraheka thie", kinbhane uni pahunchayogya huna chahanthe rar sapana dekhthe kii unko gadyalai "silaidwara pani, dishwaserdwara pani" tall jharnechha." unka upanyasharu chaar samanya kotiharuma parchhanh kuleen ketiharuka lagi boarding schoolharuma hune kathaharu; mahilaharuka barema aitihasik upanyasharu; boarding skuldekhi kariyarsamma nayikalai pachhyaune atmakathatmak upanyasharu; rar jasusi rar sahasik kathaharu. unka adhikansh kritiharuko mukhya vishaya ketiharu bichko mitrata how. nayakharu samanyataya swatantra ketiharu rar mahilaharu hun jasle sahasik wa dainik dincharyabata kunai prakarko pariwartan khojchhan. alochakharule tippani gareka chhan kii yee wisheshtaharu 20 aun shatabdiko suruma rasiyama yuwa ketiharu bitch charaskayako kamharuko wyapak lokapriyataka lagi thulo matrama jimmewar chhan. sewaniwritti rar sobhiyat-pachhiko pratishtha. alochak corney chukowskile euta lekh prakashit garepachhi sann 1912 maa charaskayako pratishtha misine suru bhayo jasma unle lekheka thie kii unka pustakharu mahila bhawanaharuko sandarbhama sutrawadi, dohorine rar atyadhik thie. unle sann 1916 maa prakashan garna chhodin, rar sann 1920 maa unka kritiharu pratibandhit gariyo. sann 1924 dekhi sann 1938 maa unko mrityu nabhaesamma uni garibima basin, jaslai prayaha sathiharule samarthan gare. sobhiyat kalbhari unko kamlai cum samman garieko thiyo, yadyapi tyahan dherai pramanharu chhan kii yuwa ketiharule kamtima 1930 ko dashaksamma gopya rupma unka kamharu padhnu jaari rakhe. sann 1980 rar 1990 ko dashakko uttarardhama charaskayaka kritiharu rasiyama punarjiwit bhae, kinki unka dherai kritiharu nayan sanskaranharuma dekha pare.

lydia charaskaya lydia alekseivana charaskaya (; januari 31,1875-march 18,1938) jane rushiah lekhika ebong abhinetri thile. charaskaya thila tankara chadmanam; tankara prakruta shesh naama thila churilobha. jeebani. charaskaya 1898 ru 1924 parjyanta alekjandrinsky thietarare jane abhinetri bhabare karjya karithile. 1901 ru 1916 parjyanta shay praiah 80 tii pustaka prakash karithile, jeunthiru aneka sarbadhika bikri hoithila . upenyas. charaskajanka sabutharu lokpriya rachna thila upenyas "rajkumari jhabakha" (1903). 1940 dashakare, boris pasternack jetebele taanka upenyas 'doctor jhibhago' lekhuthile, setebele shay kahithile je shay "praiah charaskaya bhali lekhuchhanti", kaaran shay sulabh hebaku chahunthile ebong swapna dekhuthile je taanka gadyaku "epariki jane selainee, epariki eka basson sapha karuthiba dwara madhya" luchai diajiba." taanka upanyasagudika charoti sadharana bargare bibhaktah abhijata jhiamananka paain boarding schoolre ghatuthiba kahani; mahilanka bishajare aitihasika upenyas; boarding schooleru kyariyara parjyanta najikanku anusarana karuthiba atmajibanimulaka upenyas; ebong guptachar ebong duhsahasika kahani . tankara adhikansha rachnagudikar mukhya bishajabastu heuchhi jhiamananka madhyare bandhuta. mukhya charitramane sadharanatah swadheena jhia ebong mahila jeunmane duhsahasika karjya kimba dainandina rutin ru kaunasi prakarara paribartana khojanti . samalochakamane mantabya deichhanti je ehi baisistyagudika binsha shatabdir prarambhare rushiaara jubatee jhiamananka madhyare charaskajanka karjyara byapaka lokaprijata paain daie . absar grahan ebong sobhieta parabarti pratistha. 1912 masihare samalochaka karni chukovsky eka nibandha prakash kariba parey charaskajanka sunam hrass paiba arambha hoithila jeunthire shay lekhithile je taanka pustakagudika mahila abeg sambandhare sutratmaka, punarabruttimoolaka ebong atyadhika thila . 1916 masihare shay prakashan banda karideithile ebong 1920 masihare taanka rachna upare pratibandhaka lagajaithila. 1924 masiharu 1938 masihare taanka mrutyu parjyanta shay daridrya madhyare rahuthile, jaahaa adhikansha samajare bandhunka dwara samarthita thila. sobhieta kaala madhyare taanka karjyaku nimnamanara bibechana karajauthila, jadio aneka pramana achhi je jubateemane antatah 1930 dashaka parjyanta taanka rachanaku gupta bhabare padhiba jaari rakhithile. 1980 ebong 1990 dashkar shesh bhagare, charaskajanka rachanagudika rushiaare punarjeebita hoithila, kaaran tankara aneka rachna nutan sanskaranare prakashita hoithila.

lydia charskaya lydia alekesivna charskaya (; 31 janwari, 1875-18 march, 1938), ikk russie lekhak atey abhinetri see. charskaya uss daa upnam see; uss daa asal aakhri naam churilova see. jeevani. charskaya neey 1898 toon 1924 takk alegzendrinsky theatre witch ikk abhinetri vajon kamm keeta. 1901 toon 1916 takk usne lagbhag assi kitaban prakashit keetiaan, jinhan vicchon kaee sabh toon vaddh vikann valiaan bann gaeeaan. nawal. charskaya dee sabh toon prasidh rachna nawal "princess jhawkha" (1903) see. 1940 dey dahake witch, jadon boris pasternock aapna nawal "doctor chivago" likh riha see, taan uss neey kiha kii uh "lagbhag charskaya wang likh riha see", kiunki uh pahunchyog honaa chahunda see atey supna dekhiaa see kii uss dee vaartak noon ikk silai duaara, ithon takk kii ikk dishwasar duaara vee ghasitiaa javega." uss dey nawal chaar aam shreniaan witch aaunde hann uh kahaniaan joe boarding schoolan witch kuleen ladkiaan laee hundiaan hunn; aurtan baare itihasak nawal; swaijivani nawal joe boarding school toon lae keey carrier takk naika dee palna karde hunn; atey jasus atey saahas kahaniaan. uss deeaan ziaadaatar rachnavan daa mukkh visha ladkiaan darmiaan dosti haii. mukkh paatar aam taur utte sutantar ladkiaan atey aurtan hundiaan hunn joe saahas jaan rozana rutein toon kise kisam dee bhatkan dee bhaal kardiaan hunn. aalochakan neey tippni keeti haii kii ih visheshtavan 20 veen sadee dey arambh witch roos witch naujwan ladkiaan witch charskaya deeaan rachnavan dee viaapak prasidhi laee vadde hisse witch hunn. retirement atey soviat sangh toon baad dee pratishtha. aalochak corney chukovsky duaara ikk lekh prakashit curran toon baad 1912 witch charskaya dee pratishtha ghatt honee shuru hoow gaee jiss witch usne likhiaa see kii uss deeaan kitaban mahila bhavnavan dey sambandh witch farmule, duhraun atey bahut ziaada sunn. uss neey 1916 witch prakashit karna bnd qarr ditta atey 1920 witch uss deeaan rachnavan utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee. 1924 toon 1938 witch aapni maut takk uh garibi witch rahee, jiss witch ziaadaatar dostan daa samarthan prapat see. soviat qaal dauran uss dey kamm noon ghatt manniaa jaanda see, halanki iss gall dey bahut saare saboot hunn kii naujwan ladkiaan neey ghatto ghatt 1930 dey dahake takk uss deeaan rachnavan noon gupat roop witch padhna jaari rakkhiaa. 1980 atey 1990 dey dahake dey akheer witch charskaya deeaan rachnavan noon roos witch mudd surjit keeta giaa see, kiunki uss deeaan kaee rachnavan navein sanskarnan witch pragat hoiaan sunn.

lydia charskaya lydia aleksevnaa charskaya (; janavaree 31,1875-maarch 18,1938), ekaa russian lekhikaa abhinetree cha aasit. charskaya iti tasyaah chadmanaama aasit; tasyaah vaastavikam antimam naam churilovaa iti aasit. jeevanacharitram. charskaya ityeshaa 1898 taha 1924 paryantam alexandrinsky-natyashalayam abhinetreeroopen karyam krutavatee. 1901 taha 1916 paryantam saa praayah 80 pustakaani prakaashitavatee, yeshu bahavah sarwaadhikawikrayitaah abhavan. upanyaasah. charskaya ityasya sarvaadhikam lokapriyam krutihi "princess zavakhaa" (1903) iti upanyasam aasit. 1940 tame dashake, yadaa boris pasternac ityayam swasya "doctor zivaago" iti upanyasam likhati sma, tadaa saha avadat yat saha "praayah charaskaya-sadrusham eva likhati" iti, yatah saha sulabhah bhavitum icchati sma, tasya gadyam "tu ekaa seemaatre, api tu paatra-dhodakadwara api" nikshaptam bhavishyati iti swapnam avadat." tasyaah upanyasani chaturnam saamaanyavargeshu vibhaktaani santi-abhijatabalikanam boarding-vidyaalayeshu ghatitaani kathaah; mahilanam vishaye aitihaasikaani upanyasani; boarding-vidyaalayaat aarabhy vruttijeevanaparyantam nayikayaha anusaranaani atmakathatmakani upanyasani; tathaa cha gupta-saahasik-kathaah. tasyaah adhikamshanam rachananam mukhyavishayah balika-maitree asti. mukhyapaatraani praayah swatantra-baalikaah, mahilaah cha bhavanti, ye saahasikam vaa nityakarmaat kasminshchit anyam vaa anveshayanti. 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe rashiyadeshe yuvikaasu charskaya ityasya krutayah vyaapakaroopen lokapriyaani abhavan iti tikakaraha abhipraayayanti. sewaaniwruttih tathaa soviyat-uttar-pratishtaa. 1912 tame varshe, alochakah corney chukovsky ityanena lekham prakashitva, tasyaah pustakaani stree-bhaavaanaam vishaye sutratmakani, punaraavartitaani, atyadhikaani cha iti likhitvaa, charskaya ityasya pratishtaa mlanatam praapnot. 1916 tame varshe saa prakaashanam nirasitavatee, 1920 tame varshe tasyaah rachanaah nishedhitaah. 1924 tamaat varshaat 1938 tame varshe mrutyum yaavat saa daaridrye jeevanam yaapayat, praayah mitraihi samarthitaa. sampoorne soviyat-kaale tasyaah krutihi nyunataya pariganitaa aasit, yadyapi yuvikaah baalikaah guptarupena tasyaah krutim pathanti sma iti, nyunatinyoonam 1930 tame dashake yaavat, paryaaptam pramanam vartate. 1980 tamasya dashakasy ante 1990 tame dashake cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha cha chaskaya ityasya rachanaah rashyaa-deshe punarutthitaah, yatah tasyaah anekaani rachanaah nootanasamskaraneshu prakashitaha.

lydia charchkaya lydia alexavena sarskaya (janavari 31,1875-maarch 18,1938), oru russia ezhuththaalar mattrum nadigai aavaar. charchkaya enbathu avarathu punaippeyar; avarathu unmaiyana kadaisi peyar surilova. suyasaridhai. 1898 muthal 1924 varai alexandrinsky thiraiyarangkil oru nadigaiyaaga paniyaattrinaar. 1901 muthal 1916 varai avar sumar enbathu puththagangkalai veliyittaar, avattril pala sirantha virpanaiyaana puththagangkalaaka maariyathu. naavalkal. saarchkaayaavin migavum pirabalamaana padaippu "ilavarasi tsawaka" (1903) naaval aagum. 1940kazhil, poaris basternack thanathu navalaana "doctor jivago"-vaii ezhuthum poathu, avar "kittatthatta charchkaya poala ezhuthukiraar", aenentraal avar anugakkoodiyavaraaga irukka virumbinaar, maelum avarathu urainadai oru thaiyalkararaal kooda, oru paaththirak kazhuvubavaraal kooda keezhae izhukkappadum endru kanavu kandaar." avarathu naavalkal naanku podhuvaana pirivugalaaka ullanah uyaradukku sirumigalukkaana uraividap palligalil nadaiperum kadhaigal; penkalaip pattriya varalaattru naavalkal; uraividap palli muthal vaazhkkai varai kathaanaayagiyaip pinthodarum suyasaridhai naavalkal; mattrum thuppariyum mattrum saagasak kadhaigal. avarathu perumpaalaana padaippugalin mukiya karupporul sirumigalidaiye natpu. kathaanaayagargal podhuvaaga suthanthiramaana penkal mattrum penkal aavar, avarkal saagasaththai allathu andraada vazhakkaththilirunthu oruvitha thisaithiruppalaith thaedugiraargal. 20 aam noottraandin thodakkaththil russiavil ilam penkal matthiyil saarchkaayaavin padaippugalin parantha pirabalaththirku inththa panbugal perum pangku vagikkintrana endru vimarsagargal karutthu theriviththullanar. oaivu mattrum soviyath-pinththaiya narpeyar. 1912 aam aandil vimarsagar corney sugovsky oru katturaiyai veliyitta piragu saarchkaayaavin narpeyar mangath thodangiyathu, athil avar thanathu puththagangkal sooththirangkal, meendum meendum mattrum penn unarchchigalaip porutthavarai athigappadiyaanavai endru ezhuthinaar. 1916ill avar veliyeettai nirutthinaar, 1920ill avarathu padaippugal thadai seiyappattana. 1924 muthal 1938 ill avar irakkum varai avar varumaiyil vaalnththaar, perumpaalum nanbarkalaal aatharikkappattaar. soviyath kaalam muzhuvathum avarathu padaippugal kuraivaagavae mathikkappattana, iruppinum ilam penkal avarathu padaippugalai ragasiyamaaga thodarnthu padiththanar enbatharku aeraalamaana saandrugal ullana, kurainthapatcham 1930 kazhil. 1980kalin pirpaguthiyilum 1990kazhil russiavil saarskaayaavin padaippugal puthuppikkappattana, aenenil avarathu pala padaippugal puthiya pathippukalil thoantrina.

lydia charskaya lydia aleksevna charskaya (janavari 31,1875-marchi 18,1938), oka russian rachayitri mariyu nati. aame maaruperu charaskaya; aame asalu chivari paeru churilova. jeevita charitra. 1898 nundi 1924 varaku alegzandrinsky theatres natigaa panichesina charskaya 1901 nundi 1916 varaku enabhai pustakaalanu prachurinchindi, veetilo chaalaa varaku best sellarlugaa marai. navalalu. charaskaya yokka atyanta prajaadarana pondina rachana "princess jhavakha" (1903) navala. 1940laloe, boris pasternack thana navala "doctor jivago" vraastunnappudu, athanu "daadaapu charaskaya laaga raastunnaanu", endukante athanu andubaatulo undaalani korukunnadu mariyu thana gadyaanni oka kuttevaadu kooda, oka dishwasher kooda tagginchaalani kalalu kannanani cheppadu." aame navalalu naalugu saadhaarana vargaluga vibhajinchabaddaayih unnata paatasaalallo unnata paatasaalallo jarige kathalu; mahilala gurinchi chaaritraka navalalu; boarding paatasaala nundi kereer varaku kathaanaayikanu anusarinche aatmakathaatmaka navalalu; mariyu detective mariyu sahasa kathalu. aame rachanalalo chaalaa varaku pradhana amsam baalikala madhya sneham. pradhana paatralu saadhaaranamgaa saahasalu ledhaa rojuvaaree dinacharya nundi oka rakamaina mallimpu kosam chuse swatantra ammayilu mariyu mahilalu. 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo russialo yuvatulalo charaskaya rachanala vistruta prajaadaranaku eee lakshanaalu chaalaa varaku kaaranamani vimarsakulu vyakhyaaninchaaru. padavee viramana mariyu soviet anantara keerti. vimarsakudu corney chukovsky oka kathanaanni prachurinchina taruvaata 1912loe charaskaya yokka keerti ksheeninchadam praarambhamaindi, indulo aame pustakaalu suutrapraayamainavi, punaraavrutamayyevi mariyu stree bhavodvegalaku sambandhinchi mitimeerinavi anie raasaaru. aame 1916loe prachurananu nilipivesindi, 1920loe aame rachanalu nishedhinchabaddaayi. 1924 nundi 1938loe aame maraninche varaku aame pedarikamlo jeevinchindi, dheeniki ekkuvagaa snehitula maddatu labhinchindi. soviet kaalam antataa aame panini takkuvagaa pariganinchaaru, ayinappatikee chinna ammayilu kaneesam 1930la varaku aame rachanalanu rahasyamgaa chadavadam konasaaginchaarani chaalaa aadharalu unnaayi. 1980la chivaralo mariyu 1990laloe charaskaya rachanalu russialo punaruddharinchabaddayi, endukante aame rachanalu aneka kotta sanchikalalo kanipinchaayi.

leadiya charskaya leadiya alexina charskia (vovo 31 januri 1875-18 maarch 1938)yee eek rosee masnafah aur adakarah thein. charskaya iss kaa farzi naam thaa vovo iss kaa asl aakhri naam chorilova thaa. sawanah umri. charskaya nay 1898 say 1924 takk alegzendransky theater mein batoor adakarah kaam kiyaa. 1901 say 1916 takk inhon nay taqriba 80 kitabein shaye kein jinn mein say kayee sabb say ziyadah farokhat honay waali bunn gayein. naawal. charskaya kaa sabb say maqbool kaam naawal "prences zawakha" (1903) thaa. 1940 kii dahayi mein jabb bors pastrink apnaa naawal "doctor zowago" likh rahay thay tuu inhon nay kahaa kahh wah "taqriba charskaya kii tarah likh rahay thay"yee keunkah wah qaabil rasayi honaa chahtay thay aur khwaab mein dekha kahh inn kii nasoos kuu "yahaan takk kahh eek salayi karnay waali yahaan takk kahh dish waashir kay zariye bhee" ghasita jaaye gaa." inn kay naawal chaar amumi zamron mein aatay haine: aisi kahaniyan juu bording schoolon mein ashrafiya kii ladkiyon kay liye hoti haine vovo khwatin kay baaray mein tarikhi naawal vovo khood naushtiyati naawal juu bording school say lay kirr carrier takk heroin kii peervi kartay haine vovo aur jasus aur adventure kahaniyan. inn kay ziyadah tarr kaamon kaa markazi mozua ladkiyon kay darmiyan dosti hay. markazi kirdaar aam toor parr aazaad ladkiyan aur khwatin hoti haine juu adventure yaa rozmarah kay mamul say kasee qasm kii tabdili kii talaash mein hoti haine. naqdin nay tabsarah kiyaa hay kahh yaha khususiyat 20 wein sadee kay awail mein roos mein naujawan ladkiyon mein charskaya kay kaamon kii wasee maqboliyat kay liye baday hasay mein zamah daar haine. retirement aur soweet kay baad kii saakh. 1912 mein charsakia kii saakh iss waqat khatam honay lagee jabb nqad korni chokuwaski nay eek mazmun shaye kiyaa jiss mein inhon nay likhaa kahh inn kii kitabein khwatin kay jazbaat kay hawalay say farmola takraar aur hadd say ziyadah thein. inhon nay 1916 mein ashaat bund kirr dee aur 1920 mein inn kay kaamon parr pabandi lagaa dee gayee. 1924 say 1938 mein apnee moth takk wah gharbat mein rahein jinn kii ziyadah tarr himayat doston nay kii. soweet door mein inn kay kaam kuu kumm samjha jaataa thaa halankah iss baath kay kaafi shawahid mojud haine kahh naujawan ladkiyan kumm az kumm 1930 kii dahayi takk khafiya toor parr inn kay kaam padhti rahein. 1980 aur 1990 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein charskaya kay kaamon kuu roos mein bahaal kiyaa gayaa keunkah inn kay kayee kaam nayey edition mein shaye hoay.

0004557b61bdc0c85d8708c35046d45ba8081376b691ee5fb9d9d9a43939355b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4225515

Louise Lawler

Louise Lawler American artist and photographer Louise Lawler (born 1947) is a U.S. artist and photographer living in Brooklyn, New York. From the late 1970s onwards, Lawler’s work has focused on photographing portraits of other artists’ work, giving special attention to the spaces in which they are placed and methods used to make them. Examples of Lawler's photographs include images of paintings hanging on the walls of a museum, paintings on the walls of an art collector's opulent home, artwork in the process of being installed in a gallery, and sculptures in a gallery being viewed by spectators. Along with artists like Cindy Sherman, Laurie Simmons and Barbara Kruger, Lawler is considered to be part of the Pictures Generation. Early life and career. Lawler was born in 1947 in Bronxville, New York. She earned a B.F.A. at Cornell University, and moved to Manhattan in 1969, where she soon took a job at the Castelli Gallery. There, she met Janelle Reiring, who would go on to co-found Metro Pictures with Helene Winer in 1980. Work. Lawler has photographed pictures and objects in collectors’ homes, in galleries, on the walls of auction houses, and off the walls, in museum storage. Along with photography, she has created conceptual and installation art. Some of her works, such as the "Book of Matches", are ephemeral and explore the passing of time, while others, such as "Helms Amendment (963)" (1989), are expressly political. Lawler's work, in its diverse manifestations (installations, events, publications, souvenirs...) addresses or confronts prevailing systems of establishing art, taste and style. She is, however, less interested in the original process of creating a work of art than in the context lying beyond the artist's sphere of influence and in which the work is subsequently situated. Often framed as “appropriation art” or “institutional critique”, Lawler’s photographic work lays bare the day-to-day operations of the art world and its circulation and presentation of art works. Her work is interested in the intersection of art and commerce. Early work. "Birdcalls" (1972/2008) is an audio artwork that transforms the names of famous male artists into a bird song, parroting names such as Artschwager, Beuys, Ruscha and Warhol, a mockery of conditions of privilege and recognition given to male artists at that time. The piece has been nicknamed “Patriarchal Roll Call.” During her time working at Castelli Gallery, Lawler was making paintings, artist’s books, prints, and photographs of her own. However, when she landed her first official gallery exhibition, in 1978 at Artists Space, she did not exhibit any of that work. Instead, she borrowed a small 1883 portrait of a horse from Aqueduct Racetrack — it had been hanging over a Xerox machine in the offices — and mounted it on an empty wall at the gallery. To highlight her appropriation, she installed two spotlights: one above the picture and another pointed out the window, at the building next door, hinting to sidewalk passersby that there was something of note going on upstairs. This particular building was moreover a citybank. It therefore added an economical meaning to the concept. In 1979, Lawler presented "A Movie Will Be Shown Without the Picture" at the Aero Theater in Santa Monica. As the full-length soundtrack of "The Misfits" played, the silver screen remained unremittingly blank. A black card announcing the event stated the (self-explanatory) title of the work, and the venue and date of its screening. The artist has reprised the piece on a handful of occasions, including in 1983 at the Bleecker Street Cinema in New York City (using the 1961 film "The Hustler" and the 1957 Bugs Bunny cartoon "What’s Opera, Doc?") as part of a show organized by Robert Barry at the downtown alternative space Franklin Furnace called “In Other Words: Artists Use of Language” and, in 1987, in the C.W. Post College in a show organized by Bob Nickas called “Perverted in Language.” The piece was also performed as part of West of Rome’s “Women in the City” series curated by Emi Fontana at the Aero Theater in 2008, and in Amsterdam in 2012 at The Movies theater with "Saturday Night Fever" (1977). In 1994, Lawler created "Foreground," and presented it in Tate Gallery in 2009. Later work. Lawler developed her individual style during the early 1980s, a time of intense growth in the overall economy and in the art market. In 1981 Lawler had her first West Coast gallery solo exhibition at Jancar Kuhlenschmidt Gallery in Los Angeles. In 1982, for her first solo exhibition at Metro Pictures, Lawler showed a small suite of artworks pulled from the gallery’s stockroom. The pieces were to be sold together, as a single work called "Arranged by Louise Lawler", and it was priced at the literal sum of its parts, plus an extra 10 percent commission for Lawler; the piece did not sell. Lawler's greatest coup came in 1984, when she was granted full access to the New York City and Connecticut residences of twentieth-century collectors Burton and Emily Hall Tremaine. This opportunity occurred on the occasion of the 1984 Tremaine Collection exhibition, and Lawler was again invited to take photos of some artworks in that context. Further, this occurred just a few years before a significant part of their collection was auctioned at Christie's in 1988, and Lawler was permitted to take photos of some of the Tremaine works at auction. In this series of work, Lawler photographed Jackson Pollock's "Frieze" (1953–55) and the filigree of a Limoges soup bowl in the Tremaines' New York dining room. In "Living Room Corner, Arranged by Mr. & Mrs. Burton Tremaine, New York City" (1984), Robert Delaunay's "Premier disque" (1912) hangs above a television and a Roy Lichtenstein bust, "Ceramic head with blue shadow" (1966), which has been turned into a lamp, and seems to stare up and outward. The location was the Tremaines' New York living room. Another work in this series is "Monogram" (1984), taken in a bedroom in the Tremaines' New York apartment, the monogram "ETH" being Emily Hall Tremaine, with Jasper Johns "White flag" (1955–58) photographed over the bed. The pieces place valuable works among household objects, exploring how environments shape our "reading" of art. Regarding other works, "Fragment/Frame/Text (#163)" (1984), Lawler photographed a museum wall label next to a landscape painting by Claude Lorrain; only a fragment of the landscape appears in the photo. In "Foreground" (1994), a gelatin silver print showing an open-plan living area in the Chicago apartment of art collector Stefan Edlis, Jeff Koons' "Rabbit" (1986) can be seen next to a refrigerator. By manipulating the focus and the view-finder of the camera, Lawler demonstrated how an artwork is determined by the paradigms of the art world: A label on the wall of an auction house would become the focus of an image, with only a small fraction of the work itself visible, and the idea of the artwork as a commercial entity would be brought to mind. Photographing at Art Basel and Art Basel Miami Beach fairs, the Museum of Modern Art, Christie's and various galleries, Lawler later presented a behind-the-scenes view of art: the hoisting of a Richard Serra sculpture attended by uniformed handlers; white-gloved hands carefully transporting a Gerhard Richter painting; Maurizio Cattelan's giant Picasso head swathed in plastic sitting on the floor behind its disconnected body; another Richter painting lying on its side propped against the wall, its public exposure at MoMA at an end; a Damien Hirst spin-painting glimpsed through a closet door. Lawler titled her 2004 survey show at Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Basel "Louise Lawler and Others" in acknowledgement of the artists whose artworks she photographs. Lawler created "Not the way you remembered (Venice)" for the exhibition "Sequence One: Painting and Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection (2006–07)"; rather than contributing discrete artworks, these photographs were taken of the exhibition’s early installation process in Venice, depicting works of art in their shipping crates, besides pieces of foam or bubble wrap. Recent projects. For a site-specific collaboration with fellow artist Liam Gillick at Casey Kaplan Gallery in 2013, Lawler contributed a long vinyl wall sticker that linked the three rooms of the gallery. The image printed on it was a stretched-out version of some of her earlier photographs of artworks in bland white-box settings; here, pieces by Edgar Degas, Richard Serra and Gerhard Richter, among others, were distorted beyond recognition into unrecognisable streaks of colour. For the 15th installation in a series of artist-designed 25-by-75-foot billboards at the High Line, Lawler created "Triangle (adjusted to fit)" (2008/2009/2011), an image photographed in a room at Sotheby's auction house in New York, and itself featuring works by artists Donald Judd, Frank Stella and Sol LeWitt. Exhibitions. Lawler has had one-person exhibitions at the Museum of Modern Art, New York (2017); Museum Ludwig, Cologne (2013); Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, Ohio (2006); , Beacon, New York (2005); the Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Basel (2004); Portikus, Frankfurt (2003); the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C. (1997); and The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York (1987). Her work has recently been featured in exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, the Museum of Fine Arts in Ghent, Belgium, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, which included her in its 1991, 2000, and 2008 biennials. Lawler's work was included in documenta 12, Kassel, Germany. Lawler has regularly presented her work in non-art contexts that employ "ordinary" means of presentation, distribution and interpretation. Lawler has been represented by Metro Pictures, New York, since 1982. She is also represented by Yvon Lambert Gallery, Paris, and by Sprüth Magers, Berlin. Collections. Pieces by the artist are in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Guggenheim Museum, LACMA; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; Art Institute of Chicago; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Tate Britain, London; Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris; Israel Museum, Tel Aviv; Kunsthalle Hamburg; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Museet for Samtidskunst, Oslo; Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam; and Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. Art market. Estimated at $40,000 to $60,000, Lawler's photograph "Monogram Arranged by Mr. and Mrs. Burton Tremaine, New York City 1984," a photograph of a perfectly made bed with Jasper Johns's famous "White Flag" (1955–1958) hanging above it, sold for $125,600, a record for the artist, in 2004. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

luiz lolar luiz lolar (jonmo 1947) hoise egoraki eu.ess. neworkor brooklinot baax koraa xilpi aaru photographer. 1970-ror doxokor xexor poraa, lolaror kamtuwe aan xilpir kaamor sitrogrohonor uporot gurutwo aarup korise, jibur thait xeibur sthapon koraa hoy aaru xeibur toiyar koriboloi byobohar koraa poddhotir uporot bixex gurutwo dise. lolaror photographor udahoronxomuhor bhitorot aase xongrohaloyor dewalot ulomi thoka chitro, ejon kolaa xonggrahokor xomridho ghoror dewalot chitro, etaa galleryt sthapon korar prokriyar xilpokola, aaru ekhon galleryt thoka bhaskorjobur dorxokxokole saai aase. chindy swermen, lo 'ree simons aaru barbara krugaror dore xilpixokolor logote lolarok sobi projonmor ongxo hisape gonyo koraa hoy. prarombhik jiwan aaru keriyar. 1947 sonot neworkor bronxobhilot lolaror jonmo hoisil. teu e bi laabh korisil.ef.e. cornell biswobidyaloyot, aaru 1969 sonot menhatonoloi guchi yaay, zo 'too teu oti xunkalei kesteli galleryt sakori loy. taat teu jenele reiringor xoite xakhyat korisil, jiye 1980 sonot helen winer xoite metro "sobir xoho-xondhan korisil. kaam kore. lolare xonggrahokor ghorot, galleryt, nilam ghoror dewalot, aaru dewalor bahirot, xongrohaloyor xongrokhyonot sobi aaru bostur photu tulisil. photographyr logote teu dharonagot aaru sthapon kolar sristi korise. teur kisuman grontho, jene "book owo mesos", khyonosthayi aaru xomoy otibahito huwar onwexon kore, aanhate aanbur, jene "helms amendment (963)" (1989), spostobhabe rajnoitik. lolaror kaam, iyar boisitryomoy prokax (sthapon, onusthan, prokax, smarok)...) kolaa, xuwad aaru xoili protisthar prosolito pronalixomuhok xombudhon kore baa mukabila kore. obosye, xilpir probhawor khyetror bahirot thoka aaru poroborti xomoyot kaamtu owosthito huwa xondorbhotkoi teu etaa xilpokormo sristi korar mool prokriyar proti komm aagrohi. praye "opropriyeshyon art" baa "protisthanik xomaluchona" hisape prostut koraa lolaror photographic kormoi kolaa jogotor doinondin karjyokolap aaru iyar prosar aaru xilpokormor uposthaponok mukoli kore. teur kaam kolaa aaru banijyor xongzugor proti aagrohi. prarombhik kaam. "bardok 'lo" (1972/2008) hoise ek audio' xilpokola jiye bikhyat purux xilpixokolor naambur ekhon pokhyi gitoloi rupantorit kore, kolaa-sorsa, bewis, rucha aaru warholor dore paroating naam, xei xomoyot purux xilpixokolok diya bixexadhikar aaru swikritir sortor upohax. ei tukuratur daknam diya hoise "pitriprobhu rul koll"." kesteli galleryt kaam korar xomoyot lolare nijor chitro, xilpir kitap, print aaru photograph nirman kori aasil. obosye, 1978 sonot jetiya teu xilpir sthanot teur prothom sorkari gallery prodorxonit owotoron korisil, tetiya teu xei kamburor kunutu prodorxon koraa nasil. iyar poriworte, teu jolopoth resetrekor poraa 1883 sonor etaa xoru ghurar chitro dhaar loisil-ee karzaloixomuhot etaa jerox jontror uporot ulomi aasil-aaru iyak galleryt etaa khaali dewalot sthapon korisil. nijor dokholor uporot alukpat koriboloi, teu dutaa spotlight sthapon korisiloh ekhon sobikhonor uporot aaru untowe pisfalor ottalikat windur faale anguliyai, futpator pothosarixokolok ingito kori je uporor moholat kiba lokhyoniyo soli aase. ei nirdisto bhowontu iyar uporiu ekhon sohoror paar aasil. xeyehe ee dharonatut ek orthonoitik ortho jug korisil. 1979 sonot lolare xanta monikar eru theaterot "sobi obihone ekhon solositro dekhuuwa hoh 'bob" uposthapon korisil. dyo mixfits" ror xompurno doirghyor soundtrack bojuwar loge loge rupali pordatu nirontor khaali hoi thakil. onusthantu ghuxona koraa etaa koo 'laa cardot kaamtur (swo-byakhyamulok) xirunam, aaru iyar prodorxonor sthan aaru tarikh ullekh koraa hoisil. xilpigorakiye ei kolak keitaman onusthanot punor prodorxon korise, jaar bhitorot aase 1983 sonot nework sohoror blicker street chinemat (1961 sonor solositro "dyo hustler" aaru 1957 sonor bagoch bonni cartoon "waatch opera, dock?") downtownor bikolpo sthan franklin furnaceot robert beriye aayujon koraa ek onusthanor ongxo hisape" "onyo xobdotoh xilpixokole bhaxar byobohar" "aaru, 1987 sonot, chi.dobliu. bobo nikasor dwara ayujit "bhaxat bikrito" naamor ekhon onusthanot collegeor poroborti porikhya.ei khondotu 2008 sonot eru theaterot emi fontaner dwara nirmito rumor" "uimen inn dyo chiti" "sringkholar poschimor ongxo hisape aaru 2012 sonot amsterdamot" "xonibare nixa jwor" "(1977) ror xoite chinema theaterot poriwexon koraa hoisil. 1994 sonot lolare "forground" sristi korisil aaru 2009 sonot iyak tey 'tot galleryt uposthapon korisil. pisot kaam korok. 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite lolare teur byoktigoto xoilir bikax ghotaisil, ji aasil xamogrik orthoniti aaru kolaa bojarot tibro bikaxor xomoy. 1981 sonot lolare los angelesor jenkar kuhlensomit galleryt teur prothom west coust gallery ekok prodorxoni onusthito korisil. 1982 sonot metro 'pikcharchot teur prothom ekok prodorxonir baabe lolare galleryr stokrumor poraa uliuwa xilpokolar etaa xoru gutt dekhuwaisil. ei tukurabur ekeloge bikri koribo lagisil, "luiz lolaror dwara xajibo poraa" naamor etaa ekok kaam hisape, aaru iyar mulyo iyar ongxoburor aakhyorik jugfolor logote lolaror baabe otirikto 10 xotangxo commissionot aasil; tukuratu bikri huwa nasil. 1984 sonot lolaror ataitkoi dangor obhyuthan xonghotit hoisil, jetiya teuk bingxo xotikar xonggrahok barton aaru emili holl tremainor nework sohor aaru connecticotor baxosthanxomuhot xompurno prowexor onumoti diya hoisil. ei xujugtu 1984 sonor tremain xongroho prodorxoni upoloxe ghotisil, aaru xei xondorbhot lolarok punor kisuman xilpokolar photu tuliboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. todupori, 1988 sonot christit teulukor xongrohor etaa guruttopurno ongxo nilam huwar maatro keibosorman aagote eitu ghotisil, aaru lolarok nilamot kisuman tremainor kaamor photu tuliboloi onumoti diya hoisil. ei kaamor sringkholat, lolare jackchon poo 'lokor "friz" (1953-55) aaru tremainsor nework dining rumot etaa limujos sup baatir philigrir photu tulisil. boron kuthar kunot, mii. ror dwara xajibo poraa. & srimoti. barton tremain, nework chiti "(1984), robert delauner" primiyar disk "(1912) etaa television aaru roy lichtenstein bastor uporot ulomi aase," neela sayar xoite cheramik head "(1966), jaak etaa dipat poribortito koraa hoise, aaru uporoloi aaru bahiroloi saai thoka zen laage. xei sthantu aasil tremainsor neworkor bordinor kutha. ei sringkholar aan etaa kaam hoise "monugram" (1984), jitu tremainsor niu eork apartmentor etaa xuwoni kuthat luwa hoisil, monugram "eth" hoise emili holl tremain, zo "too jesper jonosor" huwait flag "(1955-58) bisonar uporot photu tulaa hoisil. ei tukurabure ghoruwa bostur maajot mulyowan kambur raakhe, poriwexe aamar kolar "porha" kenedore aakriti diye taak onwexon kore. onyanyo kaamor xondorbhot, "fragment/frame/text (#163)" (1984), lolare klo 'dodd loreinor dwara etaa landscape paintingor kaxot thoka xongrohaloyor dewalor labelor photu tulisil; photukhonot kewol landscaper etaa ongxohe dekha yaay. forground" (1994) too, sikagur kolaa xonggrahok stephen adlixor apartmentot etaa mukoli-porikolpona thoka thaai dekhuuwa etaa jiletin rupali print, jeff kunchor "khorgux" (1986) ekhon refrigeteror kaxot dekha puwa yaay. kemerar fukax aaru bhiu-finderok niyontron kori, lolare prodorxon korisil je kolaa jogotor dristantor dwara etaa xilpokola kenedore nirdharon koraa hoyoh nilam grihor dewalot thoka etaa label ekhon sobir kendrobindu hoi poribo, zo "too kewol etaa xoru ongxohe drishyoman hoh" bob aaru xilpokolatur ek banijyik xotta hisape dharonatu monot onaa hoh "bob. art besel aaru art besel mayami bischo melaa, aadhunik kolar xongrohaloy, christies aaru bibhinno galleryt photu tular pisot lolare pordar pisfalor ek drishyo uposthapon korisiloh uniformojukto handlerxokolor dwara uposthito rechard cheraa bhaskorjyor uttulon; bogaa-hatmujare xojuwa haatbure xabodhane gerhard rikhatar painting loi goisil; moo 'rijiyu ketelonor bixal pikasur murtu iyar bischinno xoriror pisfale mojiyat bohi plastikot bhorai aasil; iyar kaxot pori thoka aan etaa rikhatar painting dewalor faale aguwai aasil, xexot mumat iyar rajohuwa exp "reson; etaa almarir duwaror maajere etaa damien hirsto spin-paintingor jholok dekha goisil. lolare 2004 sonot beselor museum faar gagenwartscanstot teur joreep swo 'ror naam disil "luiz lolar aaru onyanyo" jaar xilpokolar teu photograph kore xei xilpixokolor swikriti hisape. lolare prodorxonir baabe "aapunar monot thoka dhorone nohoy (venise)" sristi korisil "krom etah frankua pinolt xongrohor poraa chitro aaru bhaskorzo (2006-07)"; prithok xilpokormor orihona juguwar poriworte, ei photographbur venisot prodorxonir prarombhik sthapon prokriyar poraa luwa hoisil, zo 'too fenaa baa budwud repor tukurar uporiu teulukor swipping crateot xilpokormo dekhuuwa hoisil. xehotiya prokolpoxomuh. 2013 sonot kesi caplan galleryt xotirtho xilpi liam gilikor xoite ek sthan-nirdisto xohojugitar baabe, lolare etaa dighol vinail waal sticker orihona disil ji galleryr tinita kuthak xongzug korisil. iyat sopa huwa sobikhon aasil teur aagor kisuman bogaa-bokhyor settingsor xilpokolar photur ek proxarito xongskoron; iyat, edgar digus, rechard cheraa aaru gerhard rikhataror tukurabur, aanburor bhitorot, sinakto koribo nuwara rongor rongor rekhar poraa bikrito koraa hoisil. uscho xarit xilpir dwara design koraa 25-baai-75 fut bilobo "rdor etaa sringkholat 15 xongkhyok sthaponor baabe, lolare" tribhuj (fitt koriboloi adjusted) "(2008/2009/2011) sristi korisil, neworkor suthobir nilam ghoror etaa kuthat photu tulaa ekhon sobi, aaru nijei xilpi donald jude, frank stella aaru cho 'lo levitor kaamor boixistyo dekhuwaisil. prodorxoni. neworkor museum owo modern art (2017); kolunor museum ludwig (2013); kolar baabe wexoner center, kolombas, uhiu (2006);, beekon, nework (2005); museum faar gagenwartscanst, bezel (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirosworno museum aaru bhaskorzo udyan, waswington, di. too lolaror ek byoktir prodorxoni onusthito hoise.chi. (1997); aaru museum owo modern art, nework, nework (1987). teur kaam xehotiyakoi sikagur kolaa protisthan, amsterdamor stadelic xongrohaloy, beljiyamor gentor sarita kolaa xongrohaloy aaru neworkor huitoni museum owo aamerikan artot prodorxonixomuhot prodorxito hoise, zo 'too teuk 1991,2000 aaru 2008 bayeniyalot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. lolaror kaamtu germanyr 12 nong nothi, kaselot ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. lolare niyomitbhabe teur kambur oh-kolaa proxongot uposthapon korise zo 'too uposthapon, bitoron aaru byakhyar "xadharon" madhyom byobohar koraa hoy. 1982 sonor poraa neworkor metro "pickcharsor dwara lolarok protinidhitwo koraa hoise. perisor eve 'noo lambert gallery aaru barlinor spruth majersor dwarau teuk protinidhitwo koraa hoise. xongroho. xilpigorakir xilpokolar xamogrixomuh museum owo modern art, huitoni museum owo aamerikan art, guggenheim museum, lakma; museum owo contemporary art, los angeles; art institut owo sikagu; museum owo fine arts, boston; waakaar art center, minnepolix; tet britain, london; center jorjos poo 'mpido, peris; ijorail museum, tail aabhiv; kunthale hemberg; moderna musit, stockholm; museum bob' momenos-bhen byuningen, rotterdam; aaru iyel biswobidyaloyor art gallery, niu hebhen, connecticotor xongrohor bhitorot aase. kolar bojar. anumanik 40,000 dollar poraa 60,000 dollar, lolaror photographtu "monugram" mii. aaru srimoti. barton tremain, nework sohor 1984, "iyar uporot jesper jonosor bikhyat" bogaa potaka "(1955-1958) ulomi thoka etaa nikhutbhabe nirmito bisonar photu, 2004 sonot xilpigorakir baabe 125,600 dolarot bikri hoisil, jitu ek obhilekh.

lui lollar lui lollar (jonmo 1947) ekjon eu.esha. neu iyarker brookline bosobaskari shilpi oo photographer. 1970-err doshoker shesher dick theke, lolarer kaaj anyanno shilpider kaajer protikriti tolar dike mononibesh koreche, jekhane seguli sthapon koraa hoy ebong seguli toiri korar jonno byabohrito poddhotigulir proti bishesh monojog diyeche. lolarer photographer udahorongulir modhye royeche ekti jadughar deyale jhulonto chitrokormer chhobi, ekjon shilp sangrahak-err samriddha baadir deyale chitrokormo, ekti galleryte sthapon korar prokriyadhin shilpokormo ebong ekti galleryte bhaskorjo jaa dorshokder dwara dekha hachche. cindy sherman, laurie seamons ebong barbara krugger moto shilpider pashapashi lollarke chhobi projonmer ongsho hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. prathomik jeebon ebong karmajiban. lollar 1947 saale neu iyarker bronksville jonmogrohon corren. tini ekti bii orjon korechen.eff.ayee. cornell bishwobidyaloye padashona corren ebong 1969 saale manhatone choley zaan, jekhane tini shighroi castelli galleryte chakri nene. sekhane, tini jannel rearing-err saathe dekha corren, jini 1980 saale helen winer saathe metro chhobi soho-abishkar korechilen. kaaj korey. lollar sangrahokarider barite, galleryte, nilam baadir deyale ebong deyaler baire, jadughar sanrakkhanagare chhobi ebong bostur chhobi tulechen. photographyr pashapashi tini dharonagoto ebong inastaleshana shilp toiri korechen. taanr kichhu kaaj, jemon "book off matchs", khanasthayi ebong somoyer saathe saathe anweshan korey, onnora, jemon "helms amendment (963)" (1989), sposhtobhabe rajnaitik. lolarer kaaj, taar boichitromoy prokashona (inastaleshana, event, prokashona, smritichinho)...) shilp, swad ebong shaili protisthar procholito byabosthake sambodhan korey baa mokabila korey. tobey, shilpir probhaber khettrer baire ebong porobortikale jey prekkhapote shilpoti abosthito taar tulna tini ekti shilpokormo toirir mool prokriyar proti qama agrahi. prayashai "baradda shilp" baa "pratisthanik samalochana" hisabe toiri koraa hoy, lolarer photographic kaaj shilp jogoter protidiner criacollup ebong shilpokormer procholon ebong uposthaponake prakash korey. taanr kaaj shilp oo banijyer sangjogsthale agrahi. prathomik kaaj. "birdcoll" (1972/2008) ekti audio artwork jaa bikhyato purush shilpider namke pakhir gaane rupantarita korey, artshowager, beauis, rusha ebong warholer moto totapakhi naam, seii somoye purush shilpider deoa biseshadhikar ebong swikritir shorter upohas. eyi ongshotir ducknum deoa hoyeche "pitritantrik roll qala"." castelli galleryte kaaj korar somoy, lollar nijer aanka chhobi, shilpir boi, print ebong chhobi toiri korten. zaihok, 1978 saale jokhon tini shilpider jaiga taanr prothom official gallery prodorshonite abataran corren, tokhon tini seii kaajer konotii prodorshon korenni. poriborte, tini 1883 saale aquaduct restrack theke ekti ghodar ekti chhoto protikriti dhaar korechilen-etty office ekti jerox meshiner upor jhulchilo-ebong gallery ekti khaali deyale sthapon korechilen. taar boraddoke tuley dhorar jonno, tini duti spotlight sthapon korechilenoh ekti chhobir upore ebong onnoti pasher buildinger janalati nirdesh korey, futpater pothcharider ingito korey jey upore kichhu lakshaniya cholche. eyi bishesh bhabanti shohorer teero chhilo. taai etty eyi dharonar ekti orthonoitik ortho jog koreche. 1979 saale, lollar santa monikar aaroo theatrey "chhobi chhada ekti cholochchitro dekhano hobey" uposthapon corren. dya misfits"-err purno doirghyer soundtrack bazar saathe saathe rupali pordati abiram fanka theke yaay. anusthanti ghoshana koraa ekti kaalo carde kaajer (swa-byakhyamulak) shironam ebong err prodorshonir sthan oo tarikh ullekh koraa hoyeche. shilpi mushtimeya koyekti anusthane eyi ongshoti punorabritti korechen, jaar modhye royeche 1983 saale neu eork shohorer blicker strita cinema (1961 saaler cholochchitro "dya husler" ebong 1957 saaler bugs bonni cartoon "apera qee, dock?") shohorer kendrosthole bikalpa sthan franklin furnace robbert barry ayojit ekti anusthaner ongsho hisabe" "onno kathayah shilpira bhasar byabohar" "ebong, 1987 saale, shee-teey.dobleeu. bobb nicus dwara ayojit ekti shote poosta college jaake "bhasay bikrito" bolla hoy.2008 saale ero theatrey emmy fontana dwara porichalito romer" "uimen inn dya city" "sirijer poschim ongsho hisabe ebong 2012 saale amsterdame" "sattereday night fiver" "(1977) soho cholochchitro theatrey eyi ongshoti poribeshito hoyechilo. 1994 saale, lollar "foreground" toiri corren ebong 2009 saale etty tete galleryte uposthapon corren. porey kaaj. 1980-err doshoker godar dike lollar taanr byaktigato shailir bikash ghotan, jaa samogrik arthaniti ebong shilp bajare teebro briddhir somoy chhilo. 1981 saale loss angeleser junker coolensmid galleryte lollar taar prothom oyesta coast gallery ekok prodorshoni corren. 1982 saale, metro pictures-ayee taar prothom ekok prodorshonir jonno, lollar gallery stockroom theke taanaa shilpokormer ekti chhoto suite dekhiyechilen. lui lollar dwara sajano" naame ekti ekok kaaj hisabe eyi tukroguli eksathe bikri korar kotha chhilo ebong err daam chhilo err ongshogulir akkhorik yogfal, ebong lolarer jonno atirikto 10 shotangsho kamishana; eyi tukroti bikri hoyney. lolarer sabcheye borh abhyutthan 1984 saale ghote, jokhon taake bingsho shatabdir sangrahak barton ebong emily holl tremainer neu eork shohor ebong kanektikat basbhobone purno probeshadhikar deoa hoy. eyi sujogti 1984 saaler tremine sangraha prodorshoni upolokkhe ghotechilo ebong lollarke abar seii prosonge kichhu shilpokormer chhobi tolar jonno amantran janano hoyechilo. echhadao, 1988 saale christite taader sangraher ekti ullekhjoggo ongsho nilame tolar matro koyek bochor agey etty ghotechilo ebong lollarke nilame tremainer kichhu kaajer chhobi tolar anumati deoa hoyechilo. kaajer eyi sirije, lollar jackson poloker "freeze" (1953-55) ebong tremainer neu eork dining rume ekti limoges supe butty-rawr filgrir chhobi tolen. bosar ghorer koney, mih dwara sajano. & misses. barton tremine, neu eork city "(1984), robbert delauner" premiere disk "(1912) ekti television ebong ekti roy lichtensteiner abokkho abokkho murti," neel chhayar saathe syramic heeda "(1966) err upore jhulche, jaa ekti prodiper modhye porinoto hoyeche ebong money hachche upore ebong baire takiye achhe. abosthanti chhilo tremainser neu eork bosar ghor. eyi sirijer arekti kaaj holl "monogram" (1984), jaa tremainer neu eork apartmenter ekti shayankakkhe neoa hoyeche, monogram "eth" emily holl tremain, jekhane jasper johns "hoait flagg" (1955-58) bichhanar upor chhobi tola hoyeche. poribesh kibhabe amader shilper "paatth" keey roop deyo taa anweshan korey, eyi tukroguli grihosthalir jinisgulir modhye mulyaban kajguli sthapon korey. anyanno kaaj, "khondo/frame/patthyo (#163)" (1984) somporke, lollar clode laurener ekti landscape paintinger paashe ekti jadughar prachir lebeler chhobi tulechilen; chhobite landscaper ekti ongshoi dekha yaay. foreground" (1994)-ayee, ekti geltin sylver print jaa shilp sangrahak stephan edliser shikago apartmente ekti unmukto porikolpito basosthan dekhay, jeff kunoser "khargosh" (1986) ekti refrigerator paashe dekha yaay. camera focus ebong view-finderke porichalona korey, lollar prodorshon korechilen jey kibhabe ekti shilpokormo shilp jogoter dristanto dwara nirdharito hayah ekti nilam baadir deyale ekti lebel ekti chitrer kendrobindute porinoto hobey, kaajer ekti chhoto ongsho nijei drishyoman hobey ebong shilpokormotike ekti banijyik sotta hisabe dharonati money aanaa hobey. art bezel ebong art bezel miami saikat mella, adhunik shilper jadughar, christy ebong bivinno galleryte chhobi tola, lollar porey shilper ekti pordar pichoner drishya uposthapon korechilenoh uniformozukto handlerder uposthitite ekti richarda sera bhaskorjo uttolan; saadaa-glavesjukto haat sabdhane ekti gerhard rikhtar painting bohon korey; morizio catellaner bishal picaso mathati taar bichchinno deher pichoner mejhete plasticker modhye jhule royeche; err paashe arekti rikhtar painting deyaler dike jhule royeche, momar sorbojonin exposure sheshe; ekti almarir darja diye ekti demien herst spina-painting jholok. bezeler museum phara gegenwortscanste 2004 saale taanr jorip anusthaner shironam deena lollar, "lui lollar ebong annannora", seisob shilpider swikriti hisebe, jaander shilpokormer tini chhobi tolen. lollar prodorshonir jonno "upner money achhe (venis) naa"-err prothom krom toiri korechilenoh francoa pinault sangraha theke chitrakala ebong bhaskorjo (2006-07); bichchinno shilpokormer abodaner poriborte, eyi photographguli venis-ayee prodorshonir prathomik inastaleshana prokriya theke neoa hoyechilo, fena baa budwud modaker tukro chharao taader shipping krete shilpokormo chitrito korey. samprotik prokolpo. 2013 saale kessy cuplan galleryte sahakarmi shilpi liam giliker saathe ekti saita-nirdishto sahojogitar jonno, lollar ekti deergho vinail oyala sticker abodan rekhechilen jaa gallery tinti kokkhoke sangjukto korechilo. etey mudrito chhobiti chhilo norom saadaa-buxer settingse taanr shilpokormer kichhu purboborti photographer prosarito sanskaran; ekhane, annannoder modhye edger degas, richarda sera ebong gerhard rikhtarer tukroguli swikritir baire ronger oporichito streke bikrito koraa hoyechilo. uchcho liney shilpi-porikolpito 25-baai-75-foot billboarder ekti sirije 15tomo installationer jonno, lollar "trivuz (phita korar jonno samanjasyapurna)" (2008/2009/2011) toiri korechilen, newyorker sothbir nilam baadir ekti ghore ekti chhobi tola chhobi, ebong nijei shilpi donald jude, franc stella ebong soll leuiter kajguli baisistyajukta. prodorshoni. lolarer museum off modern art, neu eork (2017); museum ludouig, colone (2013); wexner center phara dya artasa, columbus, ohio (2006);, beekon, neu eork (2005); museum phara gegenwortscanst, bezel (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshohorn museum anned sculpture garden, washington, dii.shee. (1997); ebong museum off modern art, neu eork, neu eork (1987). taanr kaaj samprati shikago art institute, amsterdamer stadelizoc museum, belgiumer genter charukala jadughar ebong newyorker hoaitni museum off american arter prodorshonite prodorshito hoyeche, jaar modhye tini 1991,2000 ebong 2008 saaler dwibarshik prodorshonite antarbhukta chhilen. lolarer kaajti germanyr casseler 12 nong nothite antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. lollar niyomitovabe taanr kaajke aaa-shilp prosonge uposthapon korechen jaa uposthapona, bitoron ebong byakhyar "sadharan" madhyomke nijukto korey. 1982 saal theke lollar metro pictures, neu eork dwara protinidhitto koraa hoyeche. tini pyariser evone lambert gallery ebong barliner sprooth majers dwarao protinidhitto koraa hoy. sangraha. shilpir shilpokormoguli museum off modern art, hoaitni museum off american art, guggenheim museum, laca; museum off contemporary art, loss angeles; art institute off shikago; museum off fine artasa, boston; waker art center, minnepolis; tett britten, london; center georges pompedo, parris; israel museum, teela avive; kunsthale hamburg; moderna musit, stockholm; museum phara sumtidscanst, oslo; museum boymans-vyana beuningen, rotterdam; ebong iyela university art gallery, neu haven, connecticot-err sangrahe royeche. shilper bazar. anumanik 40,000 theke 60,000 markin dollar, lolarer chhobi "monogram" mih dwara sajano. ebong misses. barton tremain, neu eork city 1984, "jasper johns-err bikhyato" saadaa potaka "(1955-1958) jhulonto ekti nikhunt bichhanar chhobi, jaa 2004 saale 125,600 dollare bikri hoyechilo, jaa shilpir jonno ekti record.

luis lollar luis lollar (janm 1947) aek yuu chhe.aesa. brooklin, newyorkma raheta kalakar aneey photographer. 1970naa daykana antathi, lollarnaa kaaryamaa anya kalakarona chitro levaa parr dhyaan kendrit karvaamaa aavyu chhe, jemaa temne mukvaamaa aave chhe teey jagyaao aneey temne banaavvaa maate upyogmaa levaati paddhateeo parr vishesh dhyaan aapvama aavyu chhe. lollarnaa photographsna udaharanoma sangrahaalayni diwalo parr lataktaa chitroni chhabio, qalaa sangrahakna bhavya gharnee diwalo parr chitro, galleryma sthaapit thavaani prakriyaamaa artwork aneey galleryma shilpo darshako dwara jovama aave chhe. cindy shareman, lorii seamons aneey barbara krugger jevaa kalakaro saathe, lollarne chitroni pedhhino bhaag manvama aave chhe. praarambhik jeevan aneey karkirdi. lollarno janm 1947maan newyorknaa bronxvillema thayo hato. teneeae bii.aef.aee. cornell universityma, aneey 1969maan mainhatanma rahevaa gayaa, jyaan temane toonk samayma castelli galleryma nokri leedhi. tyaan, teo genel reeringne malyaa, jemane 1980maan hellen winer saathe metro chitroni saha-sthaapnaa curry hatee. kaama karoo. lollar sangrahkartaona gharomaa, galleryoma, haraji gruhonee diwalo parr aneey diwalo parthee sangrahalayna sangrahma chitro aneey vastuonaa photograph leey chhe. photographyni saathe, temane vaichaarik aneey sthaapan kalaanu sarjan karyoo chhe. temnee ketalik kruteeo, jaim keey "book off mecho", alpakaalik chhe aneey samay pasaar thavaani shodh karey chhe, jyaare anya, jaim keey "helmus amendment (963)" (1989), spashtpane raajkeey chhe. lollarnu kaary, tenaa viveedh abhivyaktio (sthaapno, ghatanao, prakashno, tathaa tenaa jevee vastuo) maan...) qalaa, swaad aneey shailee sthaapit karvaanee pravartmaan pranalione sambodhit karey chhe athavaa teno saamno karey chhe. joke, kalakarna prabhaavnaa kshetrani bahaarnaa sandarbhma aneey pachhithi jeey kaary stheet chhe tenaa karataa temne kalaani rachnani mool prakriyaamaa ochho rus chhe. ghanivaar "viniyog qalaa" athavaa "sansthakeey teeka" tareeke ghadvama aave chhe, lollarnu photographic kaary qalaa jagatni rojindi kamgiri aneey tenaa prasaar aneey kalakrutioni rajuaatne ujagar karey chhe. teneena kaaryane qalaa aneey vanijyana aantarchhedma rus chhe. praarambhik kaama. "birdcolls" (1972/2008) aee aek odeeyo artwork chhe jeey prakhyaat purush kalakarona naamone pakshee gitamaa parivartit karey chhe, jemaa artschwager, beauis, rusha aneey warhole jevaa popatnaa naamono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey teey samaye purush kalakarone aapvama aavtaa visheshaadhikaar aneey manyatani sharatoni majaak chhe. aaa tukadaane "pitrusattaak roll coll" upnaam aapvama aavyu chhe." castelli galleryma kaama kartaa temnaa samay darmiyan, lollar potaana chitro, kalakarona pustako, print aneey photographs banaavati hatee. jooe keey, jyaare teneeae 1978 maan kalaakaaroni jagya parr teneenu pratham sattavaar gallery pradarshan karyoo, tyaare teneeae temathi koee pann kaaryanu pradarshan karyoo naa hatoo. tenaa badale, temane jalmaarg reesa trekmaanthi 1883noon aek naanu ghodaanu cheetra udhaar leedhu hatoo-teey officema zerox machine parr lataktu hatoo-aneey tene galleryma khaalee diwal parr gothavyu hatoo. teneena vineeyogne prakashit karvaa maate, teneeae beey spotlight sthaapit kareeh aek chitrani upar aneey beejee baaree taraf, bajunaa makaan taraf, sidewalk raahdaarione sanket aaptaa keey uparnaa maale kaneek nondhvu chaali rahyu chhe. aaa khaas imaarat vadhumaa citybank hatee. tethee tene aaa khyalma aarthik arth umeryo. 1979maan, lollare santa monicana ero theatrema "cheetra vinaa aek film batavvama aavashe" rajoo curry hatee. dhaa misfits" noon sampoorn lambaainu soundtrack vagadvama aavyu hovathi, silver screen aveerat khaalee rahee hatee. kaarykramni jaaherat kartaa black cardmaan kaaryanu (swa-vyakhyatmak) sheershak aneey tenaa pradarshannu sthal aneey taarikh darshavvama aavee hatee. kalakare aaa tukadaane thodaa prasangoae punraavartit karyo chhe, jemaa 1983maan newyork shahernaa bleaker street cinemama (1961nee film "dhaa hustler" aneey 1957naa bugs bunny cartoon "opera shun chhe, doqa?") roobert barry dwara downtown vaikalpik jagya franklin bhaththi khaate aayojit aek shonaa bhaag rupe jene" "beeja shabdoma kaheeae toh kalakaro bhashano upyog karey chhe" "aneey, 1987 maan, see. maan".doubleu. boob nikas dwara aayojit aek karykrama poosta collegene "bhashama vikrut" kahevama aave chhe.aaa bhaag 2008maan ero theatrema aemee fontana dwara curate karaayelee romnee" "wooman ina dhaa ciity" "shreneena pashchimna bhaag rupe aneey 2012maan amsterdam" "setarade night feaver" "(1977) saathe movie theatrema pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato". 1994maan, lollare "foreground" banaavyu aneey 2009maan tene tett galleryma rajoo karyoo. pachhithi kaama karoo. lollarae 1980naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa potaani vyaktigat shailee vikasavi hatee, jeey ekandar arthtantra aneey qalaa bajaarmaa teevra vruddhino samay hato. 1981maan lollare losa angelsmaa jenkar kuhlensmid galleryma potaanu pratham vesta coast gallery solo pradarshan karyoo hatoo. 1982maan, metro pictures khaatena temnaa pratham solo pradarshan maate, lollare galleryna stockroomanthi khenchaayeli kalakrutiono aek naano samooh darshaavyo hato. aaa tukadao eksaathe vechvaanaa hataa, "luis lollar dwara gothvaayelaa" naamnaa aek jaj kaary tareeke, aneey tenee keemat tenaa bhagona shaabdik sarwala upraant lollar maate vadharana 10 takaa commission parr hatee; aaa tukado vechaayo naa hato. lollarno sauthee moto badvo 1984maan thayo hato, jyaare temne visamee sadeena sangraahako burton aneey emili holl tremainnaa newyork shaher aneey connecticut nivassthanoma sampoorn pravesh aapvama aavyo hato. aaa taka 1984naa tremen sangrah pradarshanna prasange malee hatee aneey lollarne fareethi teey sandarbhma ketalik kalakrutiona fotaa levaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. vadhumaa, 1988maan christy khaate temnaa sangrahnaa nondhpaatra bhagni harajina thodaa varsho pahelaa jaj aaa banyu hatoo, aneey lollarne harajima ketlaak tremain kaaryona fotaa levani manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. kaamnee aaa shreneema, lollare jaikson poloknaa "freeze" (1953-55) aneey tramainsnaa newyork dining roomma limojs soop baulnee filgreenu photograph leedhu hatoo. vasvaat karoo chho khandnaa khunaamaa, shree dwara gothvaayel. & shrimati. burton tremen, nyu york ciity "(1984), roobert deloneni" premiere disk "(1912) television aneey roya lichtenstein bustney upar latkelee chhe," siramik heeyd with blue shhedo "(1966), jene divama feravaamaa aavee chhe, aneey upar aneey bahaarnee taraf jovaanu laage chhe. teey sthal tramainsno newyork leaving room hato. aaa shreneenu beeju kaama "monogram" (1984) chhe, jeey tramainsnaa newyork apartmentma aek bedroom levaamaa aavyu chhe, monogram "aeth" emili holl tremain chhe, jemaa jasper johns "white flagg" (1955-58) pathaari parr photograph karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aaa tukadao ghargaththu vastuo vachche mulyavaan kruteeo mooke chhe, paryaavaran aapani kalaana "vaanchan" neey kevee reete aakaar aape chhe tenu anveshan karey chhe. anya kruteeo, "fragment/frame/taxt (#163)" (1984) neey lagatee, lollarae claude lorren dwara landscape paintingni bajuma museumni divaalnaa lablenu photograph leedhu; fotomaa landscapno maatra aek tukado dekhaay chhe. foreground" (1994) maan, qalaa sangraahak stephen adlisna shikago apartmentma khulla-yojnaa vasvaat karoo chho vistaar darshaavati gelatin silver print, jeff coons 'sasla (1986) refrigeratorni bajuma joee shakaay chhe. camerana focus aneey vyoo-findermaan hairfare kareene, lollarae darshaavyu keey artwork kevee reete qalaa jagatni pratimaan dwara nakki thaay chheh haraji gruhnee diwal parnoo label chhabinu kendra bunny jashe, jemaa maatra aek naano bhaag kaama pote drashyamaan thashe, aneey aek vyaapaari aekam tareeke artworkno vichaar dhyanma lavvama aavashe. aart bezel aneey aart bezel miyami beach melaao, aadhunik kalaanu sangrahalay, christies aneey viveedh galleryoma photograph letaa, lollar pachhithi kalaanu padada paachhalnu drashya rajoo karey chheh ganveshdhari handler dwara haajari aaptaa richard seraana shilpnu anaavaran; safed-gloved haath kaljipurvak gerhard richter paintingnu parivahan karey chhe; maurizio ketelannu vishaal picaso heeyd tenaa disconnect bodeeni paachhal flore parr plasticthi bharelu chhe; tenee bajuma padelu anya aek richter painting diwalni saame padelu chhe, antamaa momaa khaate tenu jaaher pradarshan; aek damian hurst spina-painting jeey kabaatnaa darvajamathi zalkave chhe. lollare temnee 2004naa sarvekshan pradarshannu sheershak baselnaa museum phara gagainwortsconst khaate "luis lollar anned unners" aee kalaakaaroni sveekrutima aapyu hatoo jaimnee kalakrutio temane photograph curry hatee. lollare pradarshan maate "tamane jeey reete yaad chhe (venis) teey reete nahee" banaavyu "krama aekah french pinolt sangrahmathi chitrakaam aneey shilp (2006-07)"; alag kalakrutioma yogdaan aapvaane badale, aaa photographs venismaan pradarshanni praarambhik sthaapan prakriyaanee levaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa feen athavaa bubble repnaa tukadao upraant temnaa shipping cratesmaa kalaani kruteeonun chitran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. taajetarnaa projects. 2013maan kesee caplan galleryma saathee kalakar liyem gillic saathe site-vishisht sahyog maate, lollare aek laambaa vinaila diwal steakernu yogdaan aapyu hatoo jeey galleryna trana oradaaone jode chhe. tenaa parr chhapeli chhabi naram safed-boxes settingsma temnee agaauni kalakrutiona ketlaak photographsnee khenchaayeli aavrutti hatee; aheen, edger digas, richard seraa aneey gerhard richternaa tukadao, anya loko vachche, rangnee ajanya streaksma odakhavaani bahaar vikrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. uchch rekhaa parr kalakar dwara design karvaamaa aavela 25-baay-75-footnaa bilboardnee shreneema 15maa sthaapan maate, lollare "trikon (fita karvaa maate adjust)" (2008/2009/2011) banaavyu, jeey newyorkma sothabinaa haraji gruhamaa aek roomma photograph karvaamaa aaveli chhabi chhe, aneey pote kalakaro donald jude, frank stella aneey soola levit dwara kaama karey chhe. pradarshno. lollar museum off modern aart, newyork (2017); museum loodwig, collon (2013); waxner center phora dhaa arts, columbus, oheo (2006);, beacan, newyork (2005); museum phara gagainwortsconst, basel (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshorn museum anned sculpture garden, washington, dii.see. (1997); aneey museum off modern aart, newyork, newyork (1987). temnu kaary taajetarma aart institute off shikago, amsterdam stadeligic museum, gaint, belgium museum off fine arts aneey newyorkma whiteney museum off american aart khaate pradarshanomaa darshavvama aavyu chhe, jemaa temno samaavesh thaay chhe. lollarnu kaary germanyna 12, keselmaan dastaveji dastavejma saamel karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. lollar niyamitpane temnaa kaaryane biin-qalaa sandarbhomaa rajoo karey chhe jeey prastuti, vitaran aneey arthghatannaa "saamanya" maadhyamono upyog karey chhe. 1982thee lollarnu pratinidhitva metro pictures, newyork dwara karvaamaa aave chhe. teneenu pratinidhitva yavon lambert gallery, paris aneey sprooth majers, berlin dwara pann karvaamaa aave chhe. sangrah. kalakarna tukadao museum off modern aart, dhaa whiteney museum off american aart, guggenheim museum, lakma; museum off contemperary aart, losa angels; aart institute off shikago; museum off fine arts, boostana; walker aart center, minnepolis; tett britton, london; center georges pompedo, paris; israel museum, teela avive; kunsthel hamberg; moderna musit, stockholm; musit phora semitidsconst, oslo; museum boyman-vaan bueningen, rotterdam; aneey yell university aart gallery, nyu haven, kanektikatnaa sangrahma chhe. qalaa bajaar. andaje $40,000 thee $60,000, lollarno photograph "monogram" shree dwara gothavvama aavyo hato. aneey shrimati. burton tremen, nyu york ciity 1984, "jasper jonsnaa prakhyaat" safed dhvaj "(1955-1958) saathe sampoorn reete banaavel pathaarino photo, jeey tenee upar latkavvama aavyo hato, jeey 2004maan 125,600 dollarmaa vechaayo hato, jeey kalakar maate aek vikram hato.

luis loller luiz loller (janm 1947) ack yuu hain.aiss. brooklin, newyork mein rahane vaale kalakar aur photographer. 1970 key dashak key anta seey, loller key kaam ney anya kalakaron key kaam key chitron kii tasveer lene parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye, una sthaanon parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa haye jinamen unhein rakhaa jaataa haye aur unhein banaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tarikon parr. loller kii tasveeron key udaharanon mein ack sangrahalaya kii divaaron parr latakate chitron kii chhaviyaan, ack kalaa sangraahak key bhavya ghar kii divaaron parr chitra, ack gallery mein sthaapit honey kii prakriya mein kalaakriti, aur ack gallery mein moortiyaan jinhen darshakon dwara dekhaa jaa rhaa haye, shamil hain. sindi sherman, laurie simmons aur barbara crugger jaise kalakaron key saath, loller koo chitra peedhi kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye. praarambhik jeevan aur currier. loller kaa janm 1947 mein bronxville, newyork mein huaa thaa. usane bee arjit kiya.aff.aeye. cornell vishvavidyalaya mein, aur 1969 mein mainhattan chully gaeen, jahan unhone jald hii castelli gallery mein naukari curr lii. vahaan, vaha genel reering seey millie, joe 1980 mein helen winer key saath metro chitron kii saha-sthaapana karane key liye aage badhegi. kaam karate hain. loller ney sangrahakartaon key gharon mein, deerghaon mein, nilami gharon kii divaaron parr aur divaaron seey baahar, sangrahalaya bhandaran mein chitra aur vastuon kii tasveeren lii hain. photography key saath-saath unhone vaichaarik aur sthaapana kalaa kaa nirmaan kiya haye. unaki kuchh kritiyaan, jaise "maichon kii pustak", alpakaalik hain aur samay key gujarane kaa pataa lagaati hain, jabaki anya, jaise "helmus sanshodhan (963)" (1989), spasht roop seey raajneetik hain. loller kaa kaam, isaki vividh abhivyaktiyon (pratishthanon, ghatnaaon, prakashanon, smriti chinhon) mein...) kalaa, swaad aur shally kii sthaapana kii prachalit pranaliyon koo sambodhit kartaa haye yaa unakaa saamana kartaa haye. haalaanki, vaha kalakar key prabhaav key kshetra seey parey aur baad mein jiss sandarbh mein kaam sthit haye, usaki tulanaa mein kalaa key kaam koo banaane kii mool prakriya mein cumm ruchi rakhti haye. aksar "viniyog kalaa" yaa "sansthaagat aalochana" key roop mein taiyar kiya jaataa haye, loller kaa photographic kaam kalaa jagat key dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan aur isake prasaar aur kalaa karyon kii prastuti koo ujagar kartaa haye. unake kaam mein kalaa aur vanijya key pratichhedan mein ruchi haye. praarambhik kaary. "birdcall" (1972/2008) ack audio kalaakriti haye joe prasiddh purush kalakaron key naamon koo ack pakshi geet mein badal detee haye, jisamen artswegger, beaus, rusha aur warhole jaise tote key naam shamil hain, joe usa samay purush kalakaron koo diye gaye visheshaadhikaar aur maanyata kii sharton kaa majaak haye. iss tukade koo "pitrisattaatmak roll coll" upnaam diyaa gayaa haye." castelli gallery mein kaam karane key dauran, loller chitra, kalakar kii kitaaben, print aur apani khud kii tasveeren banaa rahee theen. haalaanki, jaba vaha 1978 mein kalakaron key sthaan parr apani pahali aadhikarik gallery pradarshani mein utari, tou unhone usa kaam mein seey kissy koo bhee pradarshit naheen kiya. isake bajaay, unhone jalmarg restrack seey 1883 mein ack ghode kaa ack chhota saa chitra udhaar liya-yeh karyalayon mein ack zerox machine parr latka huaa thaa-aur ise gallery mein ack khaali deewaar parr lagaa diyaa. apane viniyog koo ujagar karane key liye, unhone dou spotlight lagaaeh ack tasveer key oopar aur doosara khidki kii or ishara karate hue, buggle kii imarat mein, footpath raahgiron koo ishara karate hue kii oopar kuchh dhyaan dene yogya chala rhaa thaa. yeh vishesh imarat ack shahar kaa baink bhee thee. isaliye isane avadharana mein ack kifayati arth jodaa. 1979 mein, loller ney saanta monika mein airo theatre mein "ack film binaa tasveer key dikhaai jaayegi" prastut kii. jaise hii "misfits" kaa poorna-lambai kaa soundtrack bajaaya gayaa, silver screen lagaatar khaali rahee. karyakram kii ghoshana karane vaale ack kaale card mein kaam kaa sheershak (swa-vyakhyatmak) aur isaki screening kaa sthaan aur tarikh bataai gaee thee. kalakar ney kuchh hii maukon parr iss tukade koo dohraya haye, jisamen 1983 mein newyork shahar key bleaker street cinema mein (1961 kii film "dha hussler" aur 1957 key bugs bunny cartoon "aupera kyaa haye, dock?") robbert bairi dwara shahar key vaikalpik sthaan parr aayojit ack show key hisse key roop mein franklin furness jise" dusare shabdon mein kahaa jaataa haih kalakar bhasha kaa upayog karate hain "aur, 1987 mein, see mein.doubleu. bobb nikas dwara aayojit ack show mein post college jise "bhasha mein vikrit" kahaa jaataa haye.iss tukade koo 2008 mein airo theatre mein ammy fontana dwara curate kii gaee rome kii" "shahar mein mahilaaen" "shrinkhala key paschim key hisse key roop mein bhee prastut kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2012 mein amsterdam mein" "shaniwar raat bukhaar" "(1977) key saath movie theatre mein. 1994 mein, loller ney "agrabhumi" banaaya, aur 2009 mein ise tett gallery mein prastut kiya. baad mein kaam karein. loller ney 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein apani vyaktigat shally vikasit kii, joe samagr arthavyavastha aur kalaa bajar mein teevra vikas kaa samay thaa. 1981 mein loller ney loss angils mein janker kuhlenschmidt gallery mein apani pahali paschimi tata gallery ekal pradarshani kii thee. 1982 mein, metro chitron mein apani pahali ekal pradarshani key liye, loller ney gallery key bhandar kaksh seey kheenchi gaee kalakritiyon kaa ack chhota saa soot dikhaaya. inn tukadon koo ack saath becha jaanaa thaa, jise "luis loller dwara vyavasthit" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur isaki keemat isake bhaagon key shaabdik yog parr thee, saath hii loller key liye ack atirikt 10 pratishat commission; yeh tukada naheen becha gayaa. loller kaa sabse badaa takhtapalat 1984 mein huaa, jaba unhein newyork shahar aur beesavin shatabdi key collectors berton aur emily holl tremen key connecticut aavason taka poori pahunch dee gaee. yeh avsar 1984 key tremen sangrah pradarshani key avsar parr aaya, aur loller koo usa sandarbh mein kuchh kalakritiyon kii tasveeren lene key liye phir seey aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, yeh kuchh saal pahale huaa thaa jaba 1988 mein christies mein unake sangrah key ack mahatvapurna hisse kii nilami kii gaee thee, aur loller koo nilami mein kuchh tremen karyon kii tasveeren lene kii anumati dee gaee thee. iss kaam kii shrinkhala mein, loller ney jackson pollock key "freeze" (1953-55) aur tremens key newyork dining room mein ack limoses soop key katori kii filigri kii tasveer kheenchi. baithak kaksh key koney mein, shree dwara vyavasthit. & shrimati. berton tremen, newyork shahar (1984), robbert delone kii "premiere disk" (1912) ack television aur ack roy lichtenstein bust key oopar latakati haye, "neeli chhaaya key saath syremic sir" (1966), jise ack deepak mein badal diyaa gayaa haye, aur oopar aur baahar kii or ghoorati hui prateet hoti haye. yeh sthaan bhookamp key dauran newyork mein rahane kaa kamra thaa. iss shrinkhala mein ack aur kaam "monogram" (1984) haye, joe tremens key newyork apartment mein ack shayankaksh mein liya gayaa haye, monogram "aith" emily holl tremen haye, jisamen jesper johns "white flagg" (1955-58) bistar key oopar seey kheencha gayaa haye. yeye tukade gharelu vastuon key beach moolyavaan karyon koo rakhate hain, yeh pataa lagaate hue kii vatavaran kalaa key hamaare "padhane" koo kaise aakar detaa haye. anya karyon key sambandh mein, "tukada/frame/paath (#163)" (1984), loller ney clod lauren dwara ack paridrishya painting key buggle mein ack sangrahalaya deewaar label kii tasveer kheenchi; tasveer mein paridrishya kaa kewal ack tukada dikhaai detaa haye. agrabhumi" (1994) mein, ack geltin silver print, jisamen kalaa sangraahak stephen adlis key shikago apartment mein ack khule-yojana vaale rahane vaale kshetra koo dikhaaya gayaa haye, jeff coons 'khargosh' (1986) koo ack refrigerator key buggle mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. cameray key phocus aur vyu-finder mein herfer karke, loller ney pradarshit kiya kii kaise ack kalaakriti kalaa duniya key pratimanon dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haih ack nilami ghar kii deewaar parr ack label ack chhavi kaa kendra bunn jaayega, jisamen kewal ack chhota saa ansh kaam swayam dikhaai dega, aur ack vaanijyik ikai key roop mein kalaakriti key vichaar koo dimag mein laaya jaayega. art besal aur art besal miyami beach melon, aadhunik kalaa key sangrahalaya, christy aur vibhinn deerghaon mein tasveeren lete hue, loller ney baad mein kalaa kaa ack parde key peechhe kaa drishya prastut kiyaah ack samriddh seraa murtikala kaa fahrana jisamen vardidhari handler shamil they; safed-dastaane vaale haath saavdhaanipoorvak ack jerhard richter painting koo leey jaa rahey they; maurizio catalan kaa vishal picaso sir apane disconnect kiye gaye shareer key peechhe farsh parr plastic mein jhool rhaa thaa; ack aur samriddh painting joe deewaar key khilaf padee hui thee, ack taraf maan mein iska saarvajanik pradarshan; ack bund kamare key darwaaje key madhyam seey ack kathor poorv spin-painting. loller ney besal mein sangrahalaya phur gegenwortsconst mein apane 2004 key sarvekshan show kaa sheershak diyaa, "luis loller aur anya" una kalakaron kii sweekriti mein jinaki kalakritiyon kii vaha tasveeren letee hain. loller ney pradarshani key liye "usa tarah seey naheen banaaya jiss tarah seey aapako yaad (venis)" "anukram ekah francois pinault sangrah (2006-07) seey painting aur murtikala"; asatat kalaa kritiyon mein yogdan dene key bajaay, yeye tasveeren venis mein pradarshani kii praarambhik sthaapana prakriya kii gaee theen, joe phome yaa bulbule key lapet key tukadon key alawa unake shipping crates mein kalaa key karyon koo darshaati hain. haal kii pariyojanaaen. 2013 mein cassie kaplan gallery mein saathi kalakar liam gillick key saath ack site-vishisht sahyog key liye, loller ney ack lambe vinail wall sticker kaa yogdan diyaa joe gallery key teen kamaron koo jodata haye. usa parr mudrit chhavi naram safed-boxes settings mein unaki kalaa kritiyon kii kuchh pichhali tasveeron kaa ack faila huaa sanskaran thaa; yahaan, edger digas, richard seraa aur gerhard richter key tukade, anya key beach, rung kii aparichit dhaariyon mein pehchaan seey parey vikrit they. uchch rekha parr kalakar dwara design kiye gaye 25-baay-75-phut billboard kii ack shrinkhala mein 15veen sthaapana key liye, loller ney "trikon (fitt honey key liye samaayojit)" (2008/2009/2011) banaaya, newyork mein sothbi key nilami ghar mein ack kamare mein ack chhavi, aur swayam kalakaron donald jude, frank stella aur soul levit dwara kiye gaye karyon kii visheshta haye. pradarshani. loller ney aadhunik kalaa sangrahalaya, newyork (2017) mein ack vyakti kii pradarshaniyan dee hain; sangrahalaya ludwig, collon (2013); kalaa key liye wexner kendra, columbus, ohiyo (2006);, beekan, newyork (2005); sangrahalaya furgenwortsconst, besal (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirschorn sangrahalaya aur murtikala udyaan, washington, dee.see. (1997); aur aadhunik kalaa sangrahalaya, newyork, newyork (1987). unakaa kaam haal hii mein shikago key kalaa sansthaan, amsterdam mein stadeligic sangrahalaya, ghent, belgium mein lalit kalaa sangrahalaya aur newyork mein americi kalaa key whiteney sangrahalaya mein pradarshaniyon mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen unhein 1991,2000 aur 2008 key dvivaarshik mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. loller kaa kaam dastaavez 12, casal, germany mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. loller ney niyamit roop seey apane kaam koo gair-kalaa sandarbhon mein prastut kiya haye joe prastuti, vitaran aur vyakhya key "sadharan" sadhanon koo niyojit karate hain. loller kaa pratinidhitva 1982 seey metro pictures, newyork dwara kiya gayaa haye. unakaa pratinidhitva yavon lambert gallery, peris aur sprath maggers, berlin dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye. sangrah. kalakar key tukade aadhunik kalaa sangrahalaya, americi kalaa key whiteney sangrahalaya, guggenheim sangrahalaya, laikma; samkaaleen kalaa sangrahalaya, loss angils; shikago key kalaa sansthaan; lalit kalaa sangrahalaya, boston; walker art center, minnepolis; tett brittain, landan; center georges pompido, peris; israel sangrahalaya, televe; kunstell hamberg; moderna musit, stockholm; musit forr samidscunst, oslo; museum boyman-vaine beuningen, rotterdam; aur yell vishvavidyalaya kalaa gallery, nyu haven, connect. kalaa bajar. anumaanit $40,000 seey $60,000, loller kii tasveer "monogram" shree dwara vyavasthit kii gaee. aur shrimati. berton tremen, newyork shahar 1984, "jasper johns key prasiddh" safed jhanda "(1955-1958) key saath ack poori tarah seey baney bistar kii ack tasveer, joe isake oopar latakati haye, 2004 mein $125,600 mein bechi gaee, joe kalakar key liye ack record haye.

louis laller louis laller (janana 1947) yuu.ess. newyorkna brooklinnalli vasisuva kalaavida mattu chayagrahaka. 1970rahra dashakada antyadinda, laller avara krutiyu itara kalaavidara kalakrutigala bhaavachitragalannu tegeyuvudara mele kendrikariside, avugalannu irisalaagiruva sthalagalu mattu avugalannu tayaarisalu balasuva vidhaanagalige vishesha gamanavannu niidide. laller avara chayachitragala udaaharanegalalli vastusangrahaalayada godegala mele netuhaakiruva varnachitragala chitragalu, kalaa sangrahakaarara srimanta maneya godegala mele varnachitragalu, galleryalli alavadisuva prakriyeyalliruva kalakrutigalu mattu galleryallina shilpagalannu prekshakaru noduttaare. sindi sherman, lori simmons mattu barbara krugger avarantaha kalavidarondige, laller avarannu chitragala piligeya bhagavendu pariganisalaagide. arambhika jeevana mattu vrattijeevana. laller 1947ralli newyorkna branksvilleyalli janisidaru. aake bii. aa. galisidaru.eff.aa. cornell vishvavidyaalayadalli vyasanga maadida avaru 1969ralli manhattenge teralidaru, allie avaru shighradalle castelli galleryalli udyogavannu padedaru. allie, avaru janel rearing avarannu bhetiyaadaru, avaru 1980 ralli heleen winer jote metro chitragalannu saha-sthaapisidaru. kelasa. laller avaru sangrahakaarara manegalalli, gallerigalalli, haraju manegala godegala mele mattu godegala mele, vastusangrahaalayada sangrahaneyalli chitragalu mattu vastugalannu chayachitra maadiddaare. chayagrahanada jotege, avaru parikalpana mattu anusthapana kaleyannu rachisiddaare. book off match" nantaha avara kelavu krutigalu kshanikavagiddu, kaala kaledante anveshisuttave, aadare "hells amendment (963)" (1989) nantaha itara krutigalu spashtavagi raajakeeyavaagive. adara vaividhyamaya abhivyaktigalalli (sthaapanegalu, ghatanegalu, prakatanegalu, smarakagalu) laller avara kelasa...) kale, abhiruchi mattu sailiyannu sthaapisuva chaaltiyalliruva vyavasthegalannu uddeshisi athawa edurisuttade. aadaagyoo, kalaavidana prabhaavada valayavannu meerida mattu taruvaaya aaa krutiyu nelegondiruva sandarbhakkinta kalakruti rachisuva moola prakriyeyalli aakege kadime aasaktiyide. samanyavagi "viniyoga kale" athawa "samsthika vimarshe" endu roopisalaada laller avara chayagrahanavu kalaa prapanchada dainandina karyacharanegalu mattu adara chalavaneya mattu kalakrutigala prastutiyannu bahirangapadisuttade. aakeya kruti kale mattu vanijyada paraspara sandhisuvikeyalli aasaktiyannu hondide. arambhika kelasa. "burd colls" (1972/2008) embudu prasiddha purusha kalaavidara hesarugalannu pakshi geeteyaagi parivartisuva ondu dhwani kalakrutiyagiddu, aaa samayadalli purusha kalaavidarige niidalaada savalattu mattu maanyateya sharattugala apahasyavada artswager, beaus, rusha mattu vaarholgalantaha gili hesarugalannu hondide. ee tunukannu "pitruprabhutvada roll coll" endu addahesaridalaagide." castelli galleryalli kelasa maaduttidda samayadalli, laller avaru varnachitragalu, kalaavidara pustakagalu, mudranagalu mattu chayachitragalannu tammade aada reetiyalli tayaarisuttiddaru. aadaagyoo, 1978ralli kalaavidara sthaladalli avaru tamma modala adhikruta gallery pradarshanavannu niididaaga, avaru aaa yaavude krutiyannu pradarsisalilla. badalige, avaru 1883 ralli aquaduct rays trackninda kudureya sanna bhavachitravannu eravalu padedaru-adhu kacherigalalli gerox yantrada mele netuhaakittu-mattu adannu gallery khaali godeya mele alavadisidaru. tanna viniyogavannu etti torisalu, avalu eradu spotlightgalannu alavadisidaluh ondu chitrada mele mattu innondu pakkada kattadada kitakiyannu torisi, padacharigalige meelbhaagadalli eno gamanisabekada sangati nadeyuttide endu sulivu needitu. ee nirdishta kattadavu nagarada dadavoo aagittu. aaddarinda idu parikalpanege arthika arthavannu serisitu. 1979ralli, laller avaru saantaa monikaada airo theaternalli "chitravillada chalanachitravannu pradarshisalaaguttade" emba prastutiyannu niididaru. dhii misfits" naa purna-uddada dhwanipathawu nudisidante, belli paradeyu nirantaravagi khaaliyaagiye uliyitu. ee kaaryakramavannu ghooshisuva kappu cardinalli kelasada (swayam-vivaranaatmaka) shirshike mattu adara pradarshanada sthala mattu dinankavannu tilisalaagide. 1983ralli newyork nagarada bleaker streat cinemaadalli (1961rahra chalanachitra "dhii hustler" mattu 1957rahra bugs bunny cartoon "waat ees opera, dock?") robbert byaari avaru downtown paryaya bahyakasha franklin furnacenalli ayojisida pradarshanada bhagavagi" "bere reetiyalli heluvudaadareh kalaavidaru bhasheya balake" "mattu, 1987 ralli, sii.doubleu. baab nicas avaru "bhasheyalli vikruta" endu kareyalaaguva pradarshanadalli post college.2008ralli airo theaternalli emi fantana avaru samyojisida romna" "women inn dhii city" "saraniya paschima bhagavagi mattu 2012ralli amsterdamnalli" "satterday nait feavour" "(1977) nondige chalanachitra theaternalli ee tunukannu pradarshisalaayitu". 1994ralli, laller "mumbhaga" vannu rachisidaru mattu 2009ralli adannu tate galleryalli prastutapadisidaru. nantara kelasa. 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, ottare aarthikate mattu kalaa marukatteyalli teevra belavanigeya samayavaada laller tanna vaiyaktika sailiyannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. 1981ralli laller laas angeliesna jankar kuhlenshmidt galleryalli tanna modala paschima karavali gallery ekavyakti pradarshanavannu nadesidaru. 1982ralli, metro picturesnalli tanna modala ekavyakti pradarshanakkagi, laller gallery sangraha kotadiyinda eleyalaada sanna kalakrutigalannu torisidaru. ee tunukugalannu "louis laller avaru vyavasthegolisida" onde krutiyagi ottige marata maadabekaagittu mattu adara bhagagala aksarashah mottakke bele nigadipadisalaagittu, jotege laalarge hechchuvari 10 pratishatadashtu commission nidalaayitu; aaa tunuku maratavagalilla. 1984ralli, ippattane shatamaanada sangrahakarugalaada burton mattu emily haal tremine avara newyork nagara mattu connecticut nivaasagalige sampoorna praveshavannu niididaaga laller avara dodda dangeyu banditu. 1984rahra tremine sangraha pradarshanada sandarbhadalli ee avakaashavu sambhavisitu, mattu aaa sandarbhadalli kelavu kalakrutigala chayachitragalannu tegedukollalu laller avarannu matte aahvaanisalaayitu. idallade, idu avara sangrahada gamanarha bhagavannu 1988 ralli christisonalli haraju haakuva kelave varshagala modalu sambhavisitu, mattu haraajinalli kelavu tremine krutigala chayachitragalannu tegedukollalu laalarge anumati nidalaayitu. ee kelasada saranialli, laller avaru jackson polakna "fraze" (1953-55) mattu treminesna newyork uutada kooneyalli limoges suup baulna philagree annu chayachitra maadidaru. shree avaru vyavasthegolisida leaving room cornernalli. & srimati. burt tremine, newyork city "(1984), robbert delouneyavara" premiere disk "(1912) dooradarshanada mele mattu raay lichtenstein bust," neeli neralinondige ceramic head "(1966), deepawaagi maarpattide mattu melakke mattu horakke noduvante toruttade. aaa sthalavu treminesna newyork leaving room aagittu. ee saraniya mattondu krutiyendare "monogram" (1984), idannu treminesna newyork apartmentna malaguva kooneyalli tegedukollalagide, monogram "eth" emily haal tremine aagiddu, haasigeya mele jasper johns "white flag" (1955-58) annu chitrikarisalagide. ee kalakrutigalu namma "oduva" kaleyannu parisaravu hege roopisuttade embudannu anveshisuva moolaka maneya vastugala naduve amoolyavaada krutigalannu irisuttave. itara krutigalige sambandhisidante, "fragment/frame/text (#163)" (1984), laller cloude loraine avara bhoodrushyada varnachitrada pakkadalli vastusangrahaalayada godeya label annu chayachitra maadidaru; photodalli bhoodrushyada ondu tunuku maatra kaanisikolluttade. mumbhaga" (1994) dalli, chikagoda kalaa sangrahaka stephan edlisna apartmentnalli tereda-yojane vaasada pradeshavannu torisuva gelatin belliya mudranavannu refrigeratorn pakkadalli kaanabahudu, jeff coonsna "molah" (1986). camerada gamana mattu vikshane-shodhakavannu kushalateyinda nirvahisuva moolaka, kalaa prapanchada maadarigalinda ondu kalakrutiyannu hege nirdharisalaaguttade embudannu laller pradarsisidaruh haraju maneya godeya melina label chitrada kendrabinduvagiruttade, kelasada ondu sanna bhaaga maatra gocharisuttade, mattu kalakrutiyannu vanijya ghatakavagi kalpaneya manassige taralaaguttade. art basel mattu art basel miami beach melagalu, aadhunika kaleya vastusangrahalaya, christies mattu vividha gallerigalalli chayachitragalannu tegeda laller nantara kaleya drashyagala hindina notavannu prastutapadisidaruh samavastradhaari nirvaahakaru hajaridda richard sera shilpavannu haarisuvudu; bili-kaigavasugala kaigalu echcharikeyinda gerhard richter varnachitravannu saagisuttave; maurigio catalan daitya picaso taleyu adara samparka kaditagonda dehada himbhagadalli nelada mele kulita plaastikninda suttuvariyalpattide; adara badiyalli biddiruva mattondu richter varnachitravu godege viruddhavaagi, koneyalli momaadalli adara saarvajanika odduvike; ondu damian harst spin-painting annu kapatina bagilina moolaka torisalaagide. laller avaru tamma 2004 rahra samiksheya pradarshanakke beselna museum farr gegenwartsconstnell "louis laller mattu itararu" endu shirshike niididaru, avara kalakrutigalannu avaru chayachitra maaduttaare. pradarshanakkagi laller "nimage nenapiruva reetiyalli (venis) alla" emba modala anukramavannu rachisidaruh francois pinault sangrahadinda (2006-07) chitrakale mattu shilpakale; pratyeka kalakrutigalannu needuva badalu, ee chayachitragalannu venisnalli pradarshanada arambhika anusthapana prakriyeya bagge tegedukollalagide, avugala shipping pettigegalalli kalakrutigalannu chithrisalaagide, jotege phome athawa bubble raap tunukugalannu chithrisalaagide. ittichina yojanegalu. 2013ralli kesi cuplan galleryalli saha kalaavida liam gillick avarondige sait-nirdishta sahayogakkagi, laller gallery mooru kotadigalannu samparkisuva uddavaada vinail wall sticker annu niididaru. adara mele mudrisalaada chitravu mruduvaada bili-pettigeya settinggalallina kalakrutigala kelavu hindina chayachitragala vistaaravaada aavruttiyaagittu; illi, edger degas, richard sera mattu gerhard richarna tunukugalu, itaravugalalli, gurutisalagada bannada geregalaagi gurutisalaagadashtu viroopagondive. ettarada saalinalli kalaavidarinda vinyasagolisalada 25-bye-75-addi jaahiraatu phalakagala saranialli 15 neey sthaapanegaagi, laller "trikona (hondaanikege sarihondisalaagide)" (2008/2009/2011) annu rachisidaru, idu newyorkna sothebia haraju maneya kooneyalli chayachitra tegeda chitravagide, mattu swatah kalaavidaraada donald jude, fraank stella mattu soal levit avara krutigalannu olagondide. pradarshanagalu. laller avaru museum off modern art, newyork (2017); museum ludwig, colone (2013); wexner center phaar dhii arts, columbus, ohiyo (2006);, beekan, newyork (2005); museum farr gegenwortsconst, bassel (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshahorn museum mattu shilpa udyana, washington, dii.sii. (1997); mattu museum off modern art, newyork, newyork (1987). aakeya kalakrutigalannu ittichege chikagoda art institute, amsterdamna stedelizk museum, belgiumna ghentnalliruva museum off fine arts mattu newyoarknalliruwa whiteney museum off american artnalli pradarshanagalalli pradarshisalaagide, idaralli avalannu 1991,2000 mattu 2008 rahra dwaiwaarshikagalalli serisalaagide. laller avara krutiyannu germany casselna documenta 12ralli serisalaagide. laller avaru tamma krutiyannu niyamitavagi "saamaanya" vidhaanagalaada prastuti, vitarane mattu vyakhyanagalannu balasuva kaleyetara sandarbhagalalli prastutapadisiddaare. 1982rinda newyorkna metro picturesninda laller pratinidhisalpaduttiddaar. parisna yowan lambert gallery mattu barlin sproth myagarsnindaloo avaru pratinidhisalpaduttiddaar. sangrahanegalu. kalaavidara kalakrutigalu museum off modern art, whiteney museum off american art, guggenheim museum, lacma; museum off contemperary art, laas angelies; art institute off chikago; museum off fine arts, boston; walker art center, minnepolis; tate britton, london; center georges pompidou, paris; isrel museum, tell aviv; kunsthalle hamberg; maderna museat, stockholm; museat phaar santids kunst, oslo; museum boymans-wyaan buningen, rotordam; mattu yail university art gallery, nyoo havn, connecticut. kalaa marukatte. $40,000 rinda $60,000 endu andaajisalaagide, laller avara chayachitra "monogram" annu shree. mattu srimati. burton tremine, newyork nagara 1984, "jasper johnsna prasiddha" bili dhwaja "(1955-1958) adara mele netuhaakiruva paripurna haasigeya chayachitra, 2004 ralli $125,600 kke maaraatavaayitu, idu kalavidanige daakhaleyaagide.

lui laular lui laular (janm 1947) hii eka yuu.ess. brooklin, newyork yethe rahnara kalakar aanee chhayachitrakar. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun, lollarchya karyane itar kalakaranchya kalakrutinche chhayachitran karnyavar laksh kendrit kele aahe, jyaa jaaget tyaa thevalya jaatat aanee tyaa banavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya paddhatinvar vishesh laksh dile aahe. lollarchya chhayachitranchya udaharananmadhye sangrahalayachya bhintinvar latakalelya chitranchya pratima, qalaa sangrahakanchya bhavya gharachya bhintinvar chitre, chitragruhat basavanyachya prakriyetil kalakruti aanee prekshakankadun pahilya jaananya chitragruhatil shilpancha samavesh hoto. cindy sherman, laurie simmons aanee barbara krugger yansarkhya kalakaransah, laular haah chitranchya pidhicha bhag manla jaato. prarambhik jeevan aanee karkird. laulercha janm 1947 madhye newyorkmadheel bronxville yethe jhaala. tine bii.eff.aaa. cornell vidyapithat, aanee 1969 madhye manhattenla rahayala gelee, jithe tine lavkarach castelli gallerymadhye nokri ghetali. tithe tee genel rairingla bhetali, jine pudhe jaaun 1980 madhye helen winersobat metrochi chhayachitre shodhali. kaam. lollarne sangrahakanchya gharanmadhye, dalnanmadhye, lilav gharanchya bhintinvar aanee bhintinvar, sangrahalayachya sathavanukit chitre aanee vastoo kadhalya aahet. chhayachitranabarobarach tine sankalpanatmak aanee pratishthapan qalaa tayar kelee aahe. book auph match' sarkhya tichya kahee kalakruti tatpuratya aahet aanee kalantarane shodhatat, tarr 'helmus durusti' (963) (1989) sarkhya itar goshti spashtapane rajkiy aahet. laulerche karya, tyachya vividh abhivyaktinmadhye (pratishthapan, karyakram, prakashne, smrutichinh)...) qalaa, chav aanee shaili sthapit karnyachya prachalit pranalinna sambodhit karate kinwa tyancha samna karate. tathapi, kalakarachya prabhavachya kshetrachya palikade asalelya aanee tyanantar jyaa sandarbhat teey kaam sthit aahe, tyaa sandarbhapeksha teela kalakruti tayar karnyachya mool prakriyet qamee rus aahe. anekada 'viniyog qalaa' kinwa 'sansthatmak teeka' mhanoon tayar kelele laulerche chhayachitran karya qalaa jagachya dainandin karye aanee tyachya prasar aanee kalakrutinche sadarikaran ughad karate. tichya kamala qalaa aanee vanijya yanchya parasparsanvadat rus aahe. suruvatiche kaam. "birdcall' (1972/2008) hii eka audio artwork aahe jee prasiddha purush kalakaranchi nave pakshyanchya ganyat rupantarit karate, jyat artswegger, beauis, rusha aanee warhole yasarkhi popatanchi nave aahet, jee tyaa kalatil purush kalakaranna dilelya visheshadhikar aanee manyatechya atinchi khilli udavate. yaa tukadyala 'pitrusattak roll coll' asey topananav denyat aale aahe." castelli gallerymadhye kaam karat asatana, laular swatachi chitre, kalakaranchi pustake, chhapil chitre aanee chhayachitre banavat hotee. tathapi, 1978 madhye jevha tine tiche pahile adhikrut gallery pradarshan, kalakaranchya jaaget utaravale, tevha tine tyapaiki konatehi kaam pradarshit kele nahee. tyaeivaji, tine 1883 saalee equaduct restrackmadhun ghodyache eka lahanse chitra udhar ghetale-teey karyalayatil zerox mashinavar latkavale hote-aanee teey gallerymadheel rikamya bhintivar basavale. tichya kharchavar prakash taknyasathi tine done spotlight basavaleh eka chitravaril aanee dusare khidakichya dishene, shejarchya imaratikade, footpathvarun jaananya lokanna varr kahitari lakshaniy chaloo asalyache soochit karat. hii vishisht imarat shahar kinadhyavyatirikt hotee. tyamule yaa sankalpanela aarthik arth midala. 1979 madhye, lollarne santa monica yetheel ero theatermadhe 'chitravina eka chitrapat dakhavala jaeel' heey sadarikaran kele. daad misfits' chey purn lambiche dhwanimudran vajale jaat asatana, ruperi padada akhand rikama rahila. karyakramachi ghoshana karananya kalya kardat kamache (swayam-spashtikaranatmak) shirshak aanee tyache pradarshan sthal aanee tarikh namood kelee aahe. kalakarane haah tukada mojkya prasangi punha sadar keela aahe, jyat 1983 madhye newyork shaharatil bleaker street cinemamadhye (1961 chaa chitrapat 'daad hussler' aanee 1957 chaa bugs bunny cartoon 'aupera kaay aahe, dock?") robbert barryne shaharachya madhyavarti paryayi jaaga franklin furness yethe aayojit kelelya karyakramacha eka bhag mhanoon jyala" "dusya shabdantah kalakar bhashecha vapar karatat" "aanee, 1987 madhye, see. madhye".doubleu. bobb nikas yanni aayojit kelelya 'bhashetil vikrut' yaa karyakramat mahavidhyalayin shikshan.2008 madhye ero theatermadhe emee fontana tayar kelelya romchya" "women inn daad ciity" "malikechya pashchimekadil bhag mhanoon aanee 2012 madhye emsterdammadhe" "satterday nite feaver" "(1977) saha chitrapatgruhat haah bhag sadar karnyat aala hota". 1994 madhye lollarne 'agrabhag' tayar keela aanee 2009 madhye too 'tett gallery' madhye sadar keela. nantar kaam. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila, ekoon arthvyavasthet aanee qalaa bajarat tivra vadhicha kaal, lollarne tichi vaiyaktik shaili vikasit kelee. 1981 madhye lollarne losses angelisemadhil janker coohlenschmid gallerymadhye tiche pahile west coast gallery ekal pradarshan aayojit kele hote. 1982 madhye, metro chitranmadhil tichya pahilya ekal pradarshanasathi, lollarne gallerychya sathyachya kholitoon kadhalelya kalakrutincha eka lahan sanch dakhavala. louis lollarne vyavastha keleli' asey ekach kalakrutiche naav asalelya yaa tukadyanchi ektrit vikri kelee jaanar hotee aanee tyachi kimmat tyachya bhaganchya aksharshah berries aanee laulersathi atirikt 10 takke commissionvar hotee; too tukada vikala gela nahee. lollarchi sarvat mothee satta ulthapalath 1984 madhye jhaali, jevha teela visavya shatkatil jilhadhikari berton aanee emily holl tremen yanchya newyork shahar aanee connecticut nivassthananmadhye purn pravesh denyat aala. hii sandhee 1984chya tremine sangrah pradarshanachya nimittane midali aanee tyaa sandarbhat kahee kalakrutinche photo kadhanyasathi laulerla punha aamantrit karnyat aale. pudhe, 1988 madhye christies yethe tyanchya sankalanacha eka mahattvacha bhag lilav honyachya kahee varshanpurvi heey ghadale aanee lilavat laulerla tremenchya kahee kamanche photo ghenyachi parvanagi denyat aalee. kamachya yaa maliket, lollarne jackson pollockchya 'freeze' (1953-55) aanee newyorkchya tremenschya jevanachya kholeet limoses soopchya vadgyache chhayachitra kadhale. shree. yanni vyavastha kelelya 'leaving room corner' madhye. & shrimati. berton tremen, newyork shahar (1984), robbert delaunechi 'premiere disk' (1912) eka durchitravanichya varr aanee roy lichtensteenchya bustwar, 'syremic haid with blue shaddo' (1966), jyane diwa banavala aahe aanee varr aanee baher baghat asalyache disate. teey thikan tremenschee newyorkchi baithak kholee hotee. yaa maliketil aanakhi eka kaam mhanje 'monogram' (1984), jeey tremenschya newyork apartmentmadhil eka shayankakshat ghetale gele aahe, monogram 'eth' haah emily holl tremen aahe, jasper johns 'white flagg' (1955-58) chaa bedvar photo aahe. heey tukade gharguti vastunmadhye maulyavan kaame thevatat, vatavaran aaplya kalechya "vachan" laa kase aakar dete yacha shodh ghetat. itar kamanchya sandarbhat, "tukada/frame/majkoor (#163)" (1984), lollarne claude laurenne kelelya landscape pentingchya shejari asalelya sangrahalayachya bhintivaril labelche chhayachitra kadhale; photomadhye landskepcha fakt eka tukada disato. agrabhag' (1994) madhye, qalaa sangrahak stephen edlisachya shikagochya apartmentmadhye eka khulya-yojana nivasache kshetra darshavinari gelatinechi chandichi chhap, jeff coonscha 'sassa' (1986) refrigeratorchya bajula disu shakate. cameiache laksh aanee drushya-shodhak hataloon, lollarne qalaa jagachya pratimandware kalakruti kashee nirdharit kelee jaate heey dakhavun dileh lilav gharachya bhintivaril label pratimeche kendrabindu banel, kamacha keval eka lahansa bhag disel aanee vyavsayik ghatak mhanoon kalakrutichi kalpana lakshat yeil. aart besal aanee aart besal miyami samudrakinara jatre, aadhunik kaleche sangrahalay, christies aanee vividh dalane yethe chhayachitran kartana, lollarne nantar padadyamagil kaleche drushya sadar keleh ganveshdhari hatalananni upasthit asalelya richard sera shilpache phadakavane; pandhya hatmojanni kaljipurvak eka gerhard richter chitrakala vahoon nene; maurizio katelanche vishal pikasoche doke tyachya tutalelya sharirachya mageel majalyavar plasticne jhakalele; tyachya bajula padalele aanakhi eka richter chitra bhintila tond dett, shevati momamadhye tyache sarvajanik pradarshan; kapat darvajatoon eka damian pise firki-chitrakala. lollarne jyaa kalakaranchya kalakrutinche chhayachitran kele aahe tyanchya sweekruti mhanoon besalmadhil sangrahalay phara gegenwortsconst yetheel tichya 2004 chya sarvekshan pradarshanache shirshak 'louis laular andd adars' asey thewale. lollarne pradarshanasathi 'tumhala jyaa prakare (venis) aathavate tase nahee' haah pahila kram tayar kelah francois pinault sangrahatil (2006-07) chitrakala aanee shilpakala; swatantra kalakrutinmadhye yogdan denyaeivaji, hii chhayachitre venismadhye pradarshanachya prarambhik pratishthapan prakriyechi ghetali gelee hotee, jyat phoom kinwa bubble rapchya tukdyanvyatirikt tyanchya shipping cratemadhil kalakrutinche chitran kele gele hote. alikadil prakalp. 2013 madhye kesee caplan gallerymadhye sahkari kalakar liam gileak yanchyabarobar site-vishisht sahkaryasathi, lollarne gallerychya teen kholyanna jodana lamb vinail wall stickerche yogdan dile. tyavar chhapaleli pratima hii tichya purvichya kahee pandhya chaukatitil saumya chitrakalechya chhayachitranchi eka vistarit aavrutti hotee; yethe, edger degass, richard sera aanee gerhard richter yanchya tukdyansah itar, olakhalya naan jaau shakananya ranganchya pattyanmadhye vikrut karnyat aale hote. unch reshevar kalakaranni tayar kelelya 25-buy-75-phoot jahirat falakanchya maliketil 15vya sthapanesathi, lollarne 'trikon (fitt honyasathi samayojit)' (2008/2009/2011) tayar keela, newyorkmadheel sothabichya lilavgruhatil eka kholeet chhayachitrit keleli pratima aanee swatah kalakar donald jude, phrank stella aanee soul levit yanchya kamanche vaishishtya. pradarshan. lollarne newyorkmadheel aadhunik qalaa sangrahalayat (2017); sangrahalay ludwig, collon (2013); wexner center phaur daad arts, columbus, ohiyo (2006);, beacan, newyork (2005); sangrahalay phara gegenwortsconst, besal (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshorn sangrahalay aanee shilp udyan, washington, dii. yethe eka vyakti pradarshan aayojit kele aahe.see. (1997); aanee aadhunik qalaa sangrahalay, newyork, newyork (1987). tiche kaam alikadech shikagochya qalaa sanstha, amsterdammadhil stedelijak sangrahalay, belgiumchya ghentmadhil lalit qalaa sangrahalay aanee newyorkmadheel whiteney museum auph american aart yetheel pradarshananmadhye pradarshit karnyat aale aahe, jyat ticha 1991,2000 aanee 2008 chya dvivarshikanmadhye samavesh hota. laulerche kaam germanytil cassell yetheel 12 vya dastaivajat samavisht karnyat aale hote. lollarne tiche kaam niyamitpane gair-qalaa sandarbhat sadar kele aahe jyat sadarikaran, vitaran aanee arth lavnyachya "samanya" sadhanancha vapar keela jaato. 1982 pasoon laulerche pratinidhitva newyorkmadheel metro picturesdware kele jaat aahe. tiche pratinidhitva yvon lambert gallery, parris aanee sprooth magers, barlindware dekhil kele jaate. sangrah. kalakaranchya kalakruti aadhunik qalaa sangrahalay, whitney museum auph american aart, guggenheim sangrahalay, lacma; samkalin qalaa sangrahalay, losses angelis; shikagochi qalaa sanstha; lalit qalaa sangrahalay, boston; walker aart center, minnepolis; tett britton, london; center georges pompedo, parris; israyal sangrahalay, tail avive; kunsthale hamberg; moderna musit, stockholm; sumtidsconstsathi musit, oslo; museum boymans-vanne bueningen, rotterdam; aanee yell university aart gallery, nyu haven, kanektikatchya sangrahanmadhye aahet. qalaa bajarpeth. andaje $40,000 teey $60,000, laulerche chhayachitra 'monogram' shree. yanni mandale aahe. aanee shrimati. berton tremen, newyork shahar 1984, "jasper johnscha prasiddha" pandhara dhwaj "(1955-1958) tyachya varr latkavalelya eka paripoornapane banavalelya antharunache chhayachitra, 2004 madhye $125,600 madhye vikale gele, jeey kalakarasathi eka vikram aahe.

luis laller luis laller (janma 1947) ek yu hun.ess. brooklin, nyu yorkama basne kalakar rar photographer. sann 1970 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi, lalarko kamle anya kalakarharuko kamko chitra khichnama kendrit chha, tiniharulai rakhieko thaaun rar tiniharulai banauna prayog garne vidhiharuma vishesh dhyan dieko chha. lalarka photoharuka udaharanharuma sangrahalayako bhittama jhundyaieko chitraharu, kala sankalankartako bhawya gharko bhittama chitraharu, galleryma sthapana hune prakriyama kalakritiharu, rar galleryma murtiharu darshakharule hereka chhan. cindy serman, lori simmons rar barbara krugger jasta kalakarharusangai lalarlai chitra pustako hissa manincha. prarambhik jiwan rar currier. lalarko janma sann 1947 maa bronxbhil, newyorkma bhaeko thiyo. unle bee kamaeki thiin.ef.ae. cornell vishwavidyalayama, rar 1969 maa manhattanma sare, jahaan unle chaandai castelli galleryma kaam lie. tyahan, unle genel reiringlai bhete, jasle sann 1980 maa heylen winersanga metro taswirharu saha-fela parey. kaam. lalarle sangrahalaya bhandaranma sankalankartaharuko gharma, galleryharuma, lilami gharharuko parkhalharuma rar parkhalharubata chitra rar wastuharuko foto khicheka chhan. photographysangai unle awadharanatmak rar sthapana kala pani sirjana gareki chhin. unka kehi kritiharu, jastai "matchharuko pustak", alpakalik chhan rar samaya bitdai gaeko anweshan garchhan, jabki anya, jastai "helmus sanshodhan (963)" (1989), spashta rupma rajnitik chhan. lalarko kaam, yasako vividh abhiwyaktiharuma (sthapanaharu, ghatanaharu, prakashanharu, smriti chinhaharu...) kala, swad rar shaili sthapana garne prachalit pranaliharulai sambodhan wa samana gardacha. yadyapi, uni kalakarko prabhawko kshetrabhanda bahira raheko rar tyas pachhi kaam awasthit bhaeko sandarbhama bhanda kalako kaam sirjana garne muel prakriyama cum ruchi rakhchhin. prayaha "winiyog kala" wa "sansthagat alochana" ko rupma frame garieko, lalarko photographic karyale kala sansarko dainik sanchalan rar yasako prachalan rar kalakritiharuko prastutikaranlai ujagar gardacha. unko kaam kala rar wanijyako antarkriyama ruchi rakhchha. prarambhik kaam. "birdcal" (1972/2008) euta adio kalakriti how jasle prasidha purush kalakarharuko namalai pakshi gitma rupantaran gardacha, artsweger, beaus, rusa rar warhole jasta toteka namharu, wisheshadhikarko sartaharuko upahas rar tyas samayama purush kalakarharulai diieko manyata. yass tukralai "pitrisattatmak roll cull" upanam diieko chha." castelli galleryma kaam garne samayama, lalarle afnai chitraharu, kalakarka pustakharu, printharu rar photoharu banairaheki thiin. yadyapi, jab unle afno pahilo adhikarik gallery pradarshani awataran garin, sann 1978 maa kalakarharuko sthanma, unle tee kunai pani kaam pradarshan garenan. yasako satta, unle aquaduct restrackbata ghodako sano 1883 ko chitra udharo lieki thiin-yo karyalayaharuma gerox messinma jhundyaieko thiyo-rar yasalai galleryko khali parkhalma mount gare. afno viniyoglai highlite garna, unle duiwata spatalaitharu sthapana garinh euta taswirko mathi rar arkole jhyalatira, chheuko bhawanma, footpathbata hindneharulai mathiko talama kehi ullekhaniya bhairaheko sanket gardai. yo vishesh bhawan saharko kinar pani thiyo. tyasaile yasale awadharanama arthik artha thapyo. sann 1979 maa, lalarle santa monicako eyaro thieterma "chitra bina euta chalchitra dekhainechha" prastut gare. misfit" ko purna-lambaiko soundtrack bajaunda, chaandiko parda nirantar khali rahyo. ghatanako ghoshana garne callo cardle kamko (swa-wyakhyatmak) shirshak, rar yasako screeningko sthan rar miti ullekha gareko chha. kalakarle mutthibhar awasarharuma tukralai tukralai chhan, jasma sann 1983 maa newyork saharko blicker street cinemama (sann 1961 ko film "da hussler" rar 1957 ko bagas banni cartoon "opera key how, dock?") robert byaridwara downtown vaikalpik space franklin fernacema ayojit karyakramko bhagko rupma" "arko shabdamah kalakarharule bhashako prayog" "rar, 1987 maa, see maa.w. bub nikasdwara ayojit karyakramma post kalejlai "bhashama wikrit" bhaninchha.yo tukra romko" "women inn da city" "shringkhalako pashchimko bhagko rupma pani pradarshan garieko thiyo june 2008 maa ero thieterma ammy fontanadwara curate garieko thiyo, rar 2012 maa amsterdamma" "shanibar raat jwaro" "(1977) sanga chalchitra thieterma. sann 1994 maa, lalarle "agrabhumi" sirjana gare, rar yasalai sann 2009 maa tete galleryma prastut gare. pachhi kaam. lalarle sann 1980 ko dashakko prarambhama afno wyaktigat shailiko vikas garin, samagra arthawyawastha rar kala bajarma tiwra wridhiko samaya. sann 1981 maa lalarle lus angelsko janker kuhlenschmid galleryma afno pahilo west coast gallery ekal pradarshani gareki thiin. sann 1982 maa, metro picturesma unko pahilo ekal pradarshanika lagi, lalarle galleryko stakarumbata tanieka kalakritiharuko sano suite dekhae. tukraharu sangai bechnuparne thiyo, "luis lalardwara wyawasthit" bhanine ekal kamko rupma, rar yasako mulya yasako bhagharuko shabdik yogma thiyo, sathai lalarka lagi atirikta 10 pratishat commission; tukrale bikri garena. lalarko sabaibhanda thulo vidroha sann 1984 maa bhayo, jab unlai newyork sahar rar bisaun shatabdika collectorharu berton rar emily hull tremenko connecticut niwasharuma purna pahunch pradan garieko thiyo. yo awasar sann 1984 ko tremen sangraha pradarshaniko awasarma ayo, rar lalarlai feri tyas sandarbhama kehi kalakritiharuko foto lyne amantrit garieko thiyo. yasabahek, yo sann 1988 maa christiesma uniharuko sangrahako mahatwapurna bhag lilami hunubhanda kehi warsha aghi bhaeko thiyo, rar lalarlai lilamima kehi tremen karyaharuko foto khichna anumati diieko thiyo. kamko yass shrinkhalama, lalarle jackson polakko "friz" (1953-55) rar tremensko newyork dining rumma limojs supko katoriko foto khiche. baithak kothako kunama, shridwara wyawasthit. & shrimati. berton tremen, nyu york city "(1984), robert delaneko" premiere disk "(1912) television rar roya lichtenstein bustko mathi jhundyairaheko chha," nilo chhaya bhaeko cyremic head "(1966), june battima parinat bhaeko chha, rar mathi rar bahira heriraheko dekhinchha. tyo sthan tremensko newyork baithak kotha thiyo. yass shringkhalako arko kaam "monogram" (1984) how, june tremensko newyork apartmentko shayankakshama liieko thiyo, monogram "eth" emily hull tremen thiyo, jasper johns "white flag" (1955-58) ochhyanma khichieko thiyo. watawarnle hamro kalako "pathan" lai kasari akar dinchha bhanera anweshan gardai tukraharule gharayasi wastuharu bitch bahumulya kamharu rakhchhan. anya karyaharu, "khanda/frame/path (#163)" (1984) ko sandarbhama, lalarle claude larendwara paridrishya chitrako chheuma raheko sangrahalayako bhitta lebelko foto khiche; photoma paridrishyako euta tukra matra dekha pardachha. agrabhumi" (1994) maa, kala sankalankarta stefan adlisko sikago apartmentma khula yojana basne khetra dekhaune gelatin silver print, jeff kunsako "khargosh" (1986) refrigeratorko chheuma dekhna sakinchha. cameraco focus rar bhiu-finderlai herfer garera, lalarle kala sansarko pratimanharudwara kalakriti kasari nirdharan garinchha bhanera pradarshan gareh lilami gharko bhittama euta lebel chhawiko kendrabindu bannechha, kamko sano ansh matra dekhine chha, rar wyawasayik astitwako rupma kalako vichar dimagma aunechha. art besal rar art besal miyami samudra tata melaharu, adhunik kalako sangrahalaya, christy rar vibhinna galleryharuma foto khichdai, lalarle pachhi kalako parda pachhadiko drishya prastut gareh wardidhari handlerharule upasthit raheko richard serako murtiko faharaune; seto-panjako hatle sawadhanipurwak gerhard richter pentinglai dhuwani gardacha; maurizio catalanko vishal picaso tauko yasako disconnect garieko sharirko pachhadi bhuinma baseko plasticma jhundiyo; yasako chheuma pareko arko richter penting parkhalko agadi jhareko thiyo, yasako antama momama sarvajanik exposure; ek damien hurst spin-penting ek almari dhokabata jhalkieko thiyo. lalarle beselko museum ferr gegenwartsconstma unko 2004 sarwekshan shoko shirshak die "luis laller rar anya" kalakarharuko swikritima jasko kalakritiharu unle foto khicheki chhin. lalarle pradarshanika lagi "tapainle samjhanubhaeko tarika hoina (bhenis)" sirjana gare "anukram ekah francelli pinalt sangrahabata chitrakla rar murtikla (2006-07)"; asatat kalakritiharu yogdan dinuko satta, yee photoharu venisma pradarshaniko prarambhik sthapana prakriyako khichieka thie, uniharuko dhuwani cretharuma kalako kamharu chitran gardai, foam wa bubble rapka tukraharu bahek. halaika pariyojanaharu. sann 2013 maa kessy kaplan galleryma sathi kalakar liam giliksanga site-wishishta sahakaryaka lagi, lalarle galleryka tinn kothaharulai jodne lamo vinail wall sticker yogdan die. yasama chhapieko chhawi naram seto-bucks settingharuma unko pahileka kehi kalakritiharuko photoharuko wistarit sanskaran thiyo; yahan, edger digas, richard sera rar gerhard richterka tukraharu, aruharu madhye, pahichan garna nasakne rangka rekhaharuma wikrit thie. uccha rekhama kalakar-design garieko 25-baya-75-fitt billboardharuko shringkhalama 15 aun sthapanaka lagi, lalarle "trikon (fitt garna samayojit)" (2008/2009/2011) sirjana gare, newyorkma sothabiko lilami hausako kothama khichieko chhawi, rar afai kalakar donald jude, frank stella rar sole levitdwara kamharu prastut gardai. pradarshaniharu. lalarle adhunik kala sangrahalaya, newyork (2017); sangrahalaya loodwig, colone (2013); wakesner centre ferr da arts, columbus, ohiyo (2006);, bikan, newyork (2005); sangrahalaya ferr gegenwortsconst, besal (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshhorn sangrahalaya rar murtikla bagaincha, wassington, dee.see. (1997); rar adhunik kalako sangrahalaya, newyork, newyork (1987). unko kaam halai sikagoko kala sansthan, amsterdamko stadelizek sangrahalaya, belgiumko gentko lalit kala sangrahalaya rar newyorkko whiteney sangrahalaya aff american artma pradarshaniharuma chitrit garieko chha, jasma unlai yasako 1991,2000 rar 2008 dwiwarshikharuma samawesh garieko thiyo. lalarko kaam germanyko caselko 12 aun dastawejma samawesh garieko thiyo. lalarle niyamit rupma afno kamlai gaira-kala sandarbhaharuma prastut gareki chhin jasle prastuti, witaran rar wyakhyako "sadharan" madhyamharu prayog gardacha. lalarlai 1982 dekhi metro pictures, newyorkdwara pratinidhitwa garieko chha. unlai yabhan lambert gallery, peris rar spruth maggers, berlindwara pani pratinidhitwa garieko chha. sangraha. kalakarka tukraharu adhunik kalako sangrahalaya, whiteney museum aff american art, guggenheim museum, lakma; samakalin kalako sangrahalaya, lus angels; art institute aff shikago; museum aff fine arts, boston; waker art centre, minnepolis; tett britten, london; centre george pompedo, peris; israel museum, tail ebhibh; kunsthale hamberg; moderna musit, stockholm; musit ferr samtidsconst, oslo; museum bwymons-bhyan bueningen, rotterdam; rar yell university art gallery, nyu hebhan, connecticutko sangrahama chhan. kala bazar. anumanit $40,000 dekhi $60,000, lalarko foto "monogram" shridwara wyawasthit garieko chha. rar shrimati. berton tremen, nyu york city 1984, "jasper jonsko prasidha" seto jhanda "(1955-1958) yasako mathi jhundyaieko purna rupma banaieko ochhyanko foto, 2004 maa $125,600 maa bechieko thiyo, kalakarko lagi ek record.

luiz laller luiz laller (janma 1947) jane jayu.ess. nyujarkara brooklin thaare rahuthiba kalakara ebong photographer. 1970 dashkar shesh bhagaru, lalaranka karjya anya kalakaranka karjyara pratikruti photograph kariba upare dhyana deichi, jeun sthanare segudika rakhajaichhi ebong segudika tiari karibaku byabahruta paddhati upare swatantra dhyana deichi . lalaranka photographer udaharana madhyare eka sangrahalajara kanthare jhulanta chitrara chitra, jane kalaa sangrahakanka samruddha gharara kanthare chitrakala, eka gyalereere sthapana prakriya samajare kalakruti, ebong darshakanka dwara dekhajauthiba eka gyalereere murti antarbhukta . sindi sherman, lori simmons ebong barbara krugarnka bhali kalakaranka sahita lalaranku chitra pidhira ansha bhabare bibechana karajae . prarambhika zeeban ebong kyariyara. laller 1947 masihare nyujarkara bronkasabhilre janmagrahana karithile. shay bii. aii. hassel karithile.aif.aii. cornell biswabidyalajare, ebong 1969 ray manahatanaku chalijaithile, jeunthare shay shighra castelli gyalereere chakiri nele . sethare shay genel rijaringnku bhetithile, jie 1980 ray hellin wainaranka saha metro phato saha-abishkara karithile. kaama karantu. laller sangrahakanka ghare, gyalereere, nilam ghargudikar kanthare ebong kantharu, sangrahalaja bhandarare phato ebong jinishar phato uthaichhanti. photography sahita shay dharanagata ebong sthapana kalaa srusti karichanti. tankara keteka rachna, jepariki "match pustaka", khyanasthajee ebong samai atibahita heuthiba anweshana karuthibabele anyagudika, jepariki "helms sanshodhana (963)" (1989), spust bhabare rajanaitika . lalaranka karjya, ehara bibidha abhibyakti (sthapana, karjyakram, prakashan, smaraki) ray .....) kalaa, swada ebong sailee pratistha karibara prachlita pranaliku sambodhita kare kimba ehara sammukheen hue . tebe, shay kalakaranka prabhaba khetra bahare thiba prasanga apekhya ebong jaahaa parey karjyati abasthita, eka kalakruti srusti karibara moola prakriya prati comm agrahi . aneka samajare "binijoga kalaa" kimba "sansthagata samalochana" bhabare prastuta, lalaranka photographic karjya kalaa jagatara dainandina karjyakalapa ebong ehara kalaa karjyara prasarana ebong upasthapanaku prakash kare . taanka karjya kalaa ebong banijyara aantahsanjogare agrahi . prarambhika karjya. "bardcal" (1972/2008) heuchhi eka audio artwark jaahaa prasidha purush kalakaranka naamaku eka pakhi geetare parinata kare, artsweger, beaus, rusha ebong warhole pari naamaku parat kare, sehi samajare purush kalakaramananku diajaithiba bisheshadhikara ebong swekruti sarttara eka upahasa . ehi khandatiku "pitrupurusha roll cull" daknam diajaichhi." castelli gyalereere kaama karuthiba samajare, laller nijara chitrakala, kalakaranka pustaka, print ebong photograph tiari karuthile. tebe, 1978 masihare jetebele shay nijara pratham official gallery pradarshaneere abataran karithile, setebele shay sehi karjyagudika madhyaru kounasitiku pradarshan karinathile. ehaa paribarte, shay jalpath resatrakaru eka chhot 1883 ghoda chitra dhaar karithile-ehaa officere eka gerox messin upare jhulai thila-ebong ehaaku gyalereere eka khaali kanthare sthapita karithila . taanka byajaku gurutwa deba paain, shay duiti spotlight lagaithileh gotie chitra upare ebong anyati jharaka baharaku, parswastha bildingre, padachala pathare jauthiba lokanku ingita curry je upara mahalare kichhi ullekhaneeah chalichi . ehi nirdista kothati eka city byanka madhya thila. tenu ehaa ehi dharanare eka arthika artha joga kallah . 1979 masihare, laller santa monikara ero thietarare "eka chalachitra bina chitrare pradarshita heba" upasthapana karithile. dee misfit" rahr purna-dairghyara soundtrack bajiba sahita, rupali paradaku nirabachhinna bhabare khaali rakhajaithila . karjyakram ghoshana karuthiba eka kalaa cardre karjyara (swajang-byakhya) shirshaka, ebong ehara screeningra sthana ebong tarikh ullekha karajaithila. ehi kalakara ehi chitraku alpa kichhi absarare doharaichhanti, jeunthire 1983 masihare nyujarka saharar blicker street cinemare (1961 chalachitra 'daa hussler' ebong 1957 bugs banni cartoon 'hutt' saas apera, dock 'byabahara curry) antarbhukta.") robart byareenka dwara saharar kendrasthalare ajojita eka shoe 'rahr ansha bhabare bikalpa spaces phrankalin pharnesare" "anya shabdareh kalakaramane bhasara byabahara" "ebong, 1987 ray, sii ray .wa. bhasare bikruta' bolly bub nikasnka dwara ajojita eka shoe 'ray post college.2008 ray ero thietarare emi phantananka dwara curet hoithiba romer" "wimena inn dee city" "sirijara paschima ansha bhabare ebong 2012 ray amsterdamre" "shanibara raati jwara" "(1977) sahita chalachitra thietarare ehi ansha pradarshan karajaithila. 1994 masihare, laller "agrabhaga" srusti karithile ebong 2009 masihare ehaaku tett gyalereere upasthapana karithile. parey kaama. 1980 dashkar prarambhare laller nijara byaktigata saileera bikash karithile, jaahaa samagrika arthabyabastha ebong kalaa bajaarare tibra abhibrudhira samai thila. 1981 masihare lalaranka pratham westa coast gallery ekaka pradarshani lus angelsra jankara kuhlensmid gyalereere anusthita hoithila. 1982 masihare, metro chitragudikare tankara pratham ekaka pradarshani paain, laller gallery stock rumaru taani niajaithiba kalakrutigudikara eka chhot suite dekhaithile. ehi khandagudiku ekathi bikri karajibara thila, "luiz lalaranka dwara ajojita" namaka eka ekaka karjya bhabare, ebong ehara mulya ehara anshagudikara aakhyarika jogaphalare, ebong lalaranka paain atirikta 10 pratishata commissionre thila; khandati bikri hoinathila . lalaranka sarbabruhata abhyutthana 1984 ray asithila, jetebele tanku binsha shatabdir collector berton ebong emily hull tremenka nyujarka sahara ebong connecticut basabhabanaku sampurna prabesha anumathi diajaithila . ehi sujoga 1984 tremen sangraha pradarshani absarare ghatithila, ebong sehi pariprekheere kichhi kalakruti phato neba paain lalaranku punarbara nimantran karajaithila. ahuri madhya, 1988 ray kristinkathare semananka sangrahara eka gurutwapurna ansha nilam hebara kichhi barsha purbaru ehaa ghatithila, ebong lilarnku nilaamare kichhi tremen karjyara phato nebaku anumathi diajaithila . ehi karjyara shrunkhalare, laller jackson polaknka "friz" (1953-55) ebong tremains nyujarka daining rumare eka limos sapp baulra philigree phato uthaithile. libhing room karnarare, mea. nka dwara byabastha karajaichi. & mea. berton tremen, nyujarka city "(1984), robert delaunenka" premiyara disk "(1912) eka television ebong eka raiya lichtenstein bust upare jhulirahichhi," neela chhaja sahita syramic munda "(1966), jaahaa eka deepare parinata hoichhi, ebong uparaku ebong baharaku chahinthiba pari manehue . sehi sthanati thila 'tremens' rahr nyujarka libhing room. ehi shrunkhalara anya eka karjya heuchhi "monogram" (1984), jaahaa tremains nyujarka apartmenter eka shajanakhyare niajaithila, monogram "eth" emily hull tremen thila, jasper jannka "white flag" (1955-58) shajya upare phato uthaithila . ehi khandagudika gharoi samagri madhyare mulyabana karjyaku rakhithae, paribesha kipari ammer kalaara "pathana" ku aakaar die taaha anusandhana kare . anya karjyagudika sambandhare, "khanda/frame/text (#163)" (1984), laller claude larennka dwara landscape penting nikatare eka sangrahalaja kanth lebel phato uthaithile; phatore landscapre kebala eka khanda dekhajae . agrabhaga" (1994) ray, kalaa sangrahaka stephan edlisnka chikago apartmentre eka khola yojana thiba rahiba anchalaku darshai eka gelatin rupa print, jeff coons '"khargosh" (1986) eka refrigerator pakhare dekhajaipare . camera focus ebong bhiu-phaindarku herfer curry, laller pradarshan karithile je kipari eka kalakruti kalaa jagatara drustanta dwara nirdharita hueh eka nilam gharara kanthare eka lebel eka pratichabi kendrabindure parinata heba, kebala eka chhot ansha karjya nije drushyamana heba, ebong eka banijyika sanstha bhabare kalakruti dharana manaku anajiba . art besel ebong art besel miami belabhumi melaa, adhunika kalaara sangrahalaja, christy ebong bibhinna gyalereere phato uthaiba parey laller parey parda pachara eka drushya upasthapana karithileh yunipharmadharee hyandalaranka dwara upasthita eka richard sera vaskarjyara uttolana; dhalaa-globhda haata jatnara saha eka gerhard richter penting paribahana kare; murizio katelananka bishala picaso munda ehara bichhinna sharira pachapate chatanare bussy plastic ray aabruta; ehara parsware padithiba anya eka richter penting kanthare, moma thaare ehara sarbasadharana exposure sheshare; eka alankara dwara madhyamare eka dmn harst spin-penting jhalaka . laller taanka 2004 sarbhe shoe 'rahr shirshaka besalra museum pharr gegenwartsconstre "luiz laller ebong anyanya" kalakaranka swekruti bhabare jahara kalakruti shay phato uthaichhanti . laller pradarshani paain "aapananka maneh thiba upaajare nuhen (bhenis)" "eka krama srusti karithileh phrankois pinalt sangraharu chitrakala ebong bhaskarjya (2006-07); bichhinna kalakruti yogdan kariba paribarte, ehi phatogudika bhenisare pradarshanira prarambhika sthapana prakriya bishajare niajaithila, jaahaa fena kimba budwuda raap khanda byatita semanankara siping crate ray kalakruti chitrana kare . sampratika prakalpa. 2013 ray kesi couplan gyalereere sahakarmee kalakara liam giliknka saha eka site-nirdista sahjog paain, laller eka lamba vinaila waal sticker yogdan karithile jaahaa gallery tinoti kothareeku sanjoga karithila . ethire mudrita chitrati tankara purba samaira kichhi kalakrutigudikara eka prasarita sanskarana thila, jaahaa naram dhalaa-backs setingre thila; ethaare, edgara degas, richard sera ebong gerhard riktaranka dwara tiari hoithiba chitragudika, anyamananka madhyare, chinhi naah paari, rangare bikruta hoithila. uccha dhadire kalakaranka dwara design karajaithiba 25-baai-75-phuta billboarder eka shrunkhalare 15 tama sthapana paain, laller "tribhuja (fitt karibaku adjust)" (2008/2009/2011) srusti karithile, nyujarkare sothabinka nilam ghare eka kothareere phato uthaithiba eka chitra, ebong nije kalakara donald jude, phranka stella ebong soal lebhitnka karjya pradarshita karithile . pradarshani. lalaranka nyujarka (2017) rahr museum off modern artre jane byaktinka pradarshani rahichhi; museum ludwig, colone (2013); wakesnera centre pharr dee arts, columbus, ohio (2006);, beekan, nyujarka (2005); museum pharr gegenwartsconst, besel (2004); portics, frankfurt (2003); hirshaharn museum ebong bhaskarjya udyan, washington, dii.sii. (1997); ebong museum off modern art, nyujarka, nyujarka (1987). nikatare chikago art institute, amsterdamra stadelic museum, belgiumer gentra museum off fine arts ebong nyujarkara whiteny museum off americae artre taanka karjya pradarshita hoichhi, jeunthire shay ehara 1991,2000 ebong 2008 dwibarshikare antarbhukta hoithile. lalaranka karjya germanyra kaselra documenta documenta antarbhukta hoithila. laller nijamita bhabe tankara karjyaku anah-kalaa sandarbhare upasthapana karichanti jaahaa upasthapana, bitarana ebong byakhya paain "sadharana" madhyama byabahara kare . 1982 masiharu lalaranku metro picture, nyujarka dwara pratinidhitwa karajaichi. tanku jabhan lambert gallery, paris ebong sproth majers, berlin dwara madhya pratinidhitwa karajae . sangraha. kalakaranka dwara tiari samagreegudika museum off modern art, whiteny museum off americae art, guggenheim museum, lakma; museum off contemporary art, lus angeles; art institute off chikago; museum off fine arts, boston; wakara art centre, minnepolis; tett britten, london; centre georges pompedo, paris; israela museum, tail aabhibh; kunsthale hamberg; maderna musit, stockholm; musit pharr samtidsconst, oslo; museum bummans-bhaan beuningan, rotterdam; ebong yail junivarasiti art gallery, nyu hebh, connecticut rahr sangrahare rahichhi. kalaa bajaara. aanumanika $40,000 ru $60,000, lalaranka photograph "monogram" mea. ebong srimati. berton tremen, nyujarka city 1984, "jasper jannka prasidha" dhalaa pataka "(1955-1958) sahita eka sampurna bhabare nirmita shajyara eka phato, jaahaa 2004 ray $125,600 ray bikri hoithila, jaahaa kalakaranka paain eka record .

luis laller luis laller (janam 1947) ikk yuu haii.aiss. brooklin, newyork witch rahinn vaale kalakar atey photographer. 1970 dey dahake dey akheer toon, laller dey kamm neey horr kalakaran dey kamm deeaan tasviran khicchan 'teey dhiaan kendrat keeta haii, jiss witch uhanan noon rakkhan deeaan thaavan atey uhanan noon banaun laee varte jaanh vaale tarikiaan' teey vishesh dhiaan ditta giaa haii. laller deeaan tasviran deeaan udaharnan witch ikk ajaib gharr deeaan kandhan utte latakdiaan pentingan deeaan tasviran, ikk qalaa colector dey shandar gharr deeaan kandhan utte pentingan, ikk gallery witch sathapit keete jaanh dee prakiriaa witch kalakari atey ikk gallery witch murtiaan shamal hunn joe darshakan duaara vekhiaan jaa rahiaan hunn. sindi sherman, lauri simmons atey barbara karugar varge kalakaran dey naal, laller noon chittran dee peedhi daa hissa manniaa jaanda haii. shuruati jeevan atey carrier. laller daa janam 1947 witch bronxville, newyork witch hoiaa see. uss neey bee. aii. prapat keeta.eff.aii. carnell university witch, atey 1969 witch manhattan chalee gaee, jitthe uss neey jaldi hii castelli gallery witch naukari qarr laee. utthe, uh jainel reering noon millie, jiss neey 1980 witch hallen wine naal metro tasviran daa sahi-sangrah keeta. kamm crow. laller neey ajaib gharr dey bhandaran witch, collectoran dey gharan witch, galleries witch, nilami gharan deeaan kandhan utte atey kandhan toon bahr tasviran atey vastuaan deeaan fotoan khicchiaan hunn. photography dey naal-naal, uss neey sankalpik atey sathapana qalaa dee sirjana keeti haii. uss deeaan kujh rachnavan, jiven kii "book aaf matches", asthai hunn atey samaan beetan dee padchol kardiaan hunn, jadon kii horr, jiven kii "helms sodh (963)" (1989), spasht taur 'teey rajneetik hunn. iss dey vibhinn pragtaviaan (sthapnavan, ghatnavan, parkashanan, chinnh) witch laller daa kamm...) qalaa, suaad atey shaili noon sathapit curran deeaan prachlit pranaliaan noon sambodhan karda haii jaan uhanan daa sahmana karda haii. halanki, uh kalakar dey prabhav dey khetar toon bahr dey sandrabh dee tulna witch qalaa dey kamm noon banaun dee asal prakiriaa witch ghatt dilchaspi rakkhdi haii atey jiss witch kamm baad witch sathit haii. aksar "appropriation aart" jaan "sansthagat alochna" dey roop witch tiaar keeta jaanda haii, laller daa photographic kamm qalaa jagat dey rozana kaarjan atey iss dey sanchar atey qalaa rachnavan dee peshkari noon ujagar karda haii. uss daa kamm qalaa atey vanaj dey takraa witch dilchaspi rakkhda haii. shuruati kamm. "burd calls" (1972/2008) ikk audio kalakari haii joe prasidh purash kalakaran dey naavan noon ikk panchhi geet witch badaldi haii, jiss witch tote dey naam jiven kii artschwager, biooz, rusha atey warhole, uss samein dey purash kalakaran noon ditte gaye vishesh adhikar atey maanta deeaan sathitiaan daa mazak udaiaa jaanda haii. iss tukde noon "pitri roll qaal" daa upnam ditta giaa haii." castelli gallery witch kamm curran dey samein, laller aapniaan pentingan, kalakar deeaan kitaban, prints atey fotoan bnaa rahee see. halanki, jadon uh 1978 witch kalakaran dey sathaan utte aapni pahili adhikarat gallery pardarshani witch pahunchi, taan uss neey uss vicchon koee vee kamm pradarshit naheen keeta. iss dee bajaae, uss neey jall-maarag restrack toon ikk ghode dee 1883 dee ikk chhoti jihi tasveer udhaar laee-ih daftaran witch ikk zerox masheen utte latak rahee see-atey iss noon gallery witch ikk khaali kandh utte lagaiaa. aapni vandd noon ujagar curran laee, usne doou spot lightan lagaiaan ikk tasveer dey uppar atey duji khidki vall ishara kardi haii, agle darwaze dee imaarat witch, footpath rahgiran noon sanket dindi haii kii uppar kujh dhiaan denh yog chall riha haii. ih vishesh imaarat iss toon ilava ikk city baink see. iss laee iss neey sankalap witch ikk aarthik arth jodiaa. sann 1979 witch, laller neey saanta monica dey airo theatre witch "ikk film binan tasveer dey dikhai javegi" pesh keeti. jiven kii "misfits" daa puurii lambai daa soundtrack khediaa giaa, silver screen nirantar khaali rahee. iss program dee ghoshna curran vaale ikk kaale card witch kamm daa (sway-viaakhiaatmak) sirlekh, atey iss dee screening daa sathaan atey mitee dassi gaee see. kalakar neey iss tukde noon mutthi bharr maukiaan 'teey duhraiaa haii, jiss witch 1983 witch newyork shehar dey blaker street cinema witch (1961 dee film "dii hussler" atey 1957 dey bugs bunny cartoon "opera qee haii, doctor?") ikk shoa dey hisse vajon joe kii robert bairi duaara downtown vikalpik space franklin bhathi witch aayojit keeta giaa see jiss noon" dooje shabdan witch kalakar bhasha dee varton "atey, 1987 witch, see witch kiha giaa see.w. baub nikas duaara aayojit ikk shoa witch post kaalaj noon "bhasha witch vigaad" kiha jaanda haii.ih tukda rome dee" "shehar witch aurtan" "luddy dey pachham dey hisse vajon vee pesh keeta giaa see joe 2008 witch airo theatre witch emmy fontana duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, atey 2012 witch amsterdam witch" "shanivar raat bukhar" "(1977) naal film theatre witch keeta giaa see. sann 1994 witch, laller neey "forground" banaiaa atey iss noon sann 2009 witch tett gallery witch pesh keeta. baad witch kamm crow. laller neey 1980 dey dahake dey arambh witch aapni viaktigat shaili daa vikas keeta, joe samucchi arthvivastha atey qalaa baazaar witch teebar vikas daa samaan see. sann 1981 witch laular neey laas angels witch janker cohlenschmitt gallery witch aapni pahili pachmi tatt gallery dee ikalli pardarshani lagaai see. 1982 witch, metro tasviran witch aapni pahili ikalli pardarshani laee, laller neey gallery dey stock room toon khicchiaan gaeeaan kalakritiaan daa ikk chhota jiha soot dikhaiaa. inhan tukdiaan noon ikkathe vechiaa jaanha see, ikk single kamm dey roop witch jiss noon "luis laller duaara parbandhit keeta giaa see" kiha jaanda see, atey iss dee keemat iss dey hissiaan dey shabdik jode dey naal-naal laller laee ikk vadhu 10 pratishat commission see; ih tukda naheen vikiaa. laller daa sabh toon vadda takhtapalt 1984 witch hoiaa see, jadon uss noon veehvin sadee dey colector berton atey emily haal tremen dey newyork shehar atey connect rihaishan takk puurii pahunch ditti gaee see. ih mauka 1984 dee tremen sangrah pardarshani dey mauke 'teey aaiaa see, atey laller noon uss sandrabh witch kujh kalakritiaan deeaan fotoan lainn laee dubara sadda ditta giaa see. iss toon ilava, ih kujh saal pahilan hoiaa see jadon unhan dey sangrah daa ikk mahattavpuran hissa 1988 witch christy vikhe nilami keeta giaa see, atey laller noon nilami witch kujh tremen dey kamman deeaan fotoan lainn dee aagiaa ditti gaee see. kamm dee iss luddy witch, laller neey jackson polak dey "freeze" (1953-55) atey tremens dey newyork dianing room witch ikk limojas soop dey katore dee filgari dee foto khicchi. living room coney witch, shriman duaara parbandh keeta giaa. & shrimati. berton treman, newyork city "(1984), robbert delaune dee" premiere disk "(1912) ikk television atey ikk raail lichtenstein bust," neele rung dey shaddo naal vasravik sir "(1966) dey uppar latkadi haii, jiss noon ikk deeve witch badal ditta giaa haii, atey uppar atey bahr vall vekhda japda haii. ih sathaan termines daa newyork living room see. iss luddy daa ikk horr kamm "monogram" (1984) haii, joe kii tremens dey newyork apartment witch ikk bedroom witch liaa giaa haii, monogram "aith" emily haal tremen haii, jiss witch jaispar jaanas "white flagg" (1955-58) bistre utte foto khicchi gaee haii. ih tukde gharelu vastuaan dey vichkaar keemati kamman noon rakkhde hunn, ih pataa lagaunde hoye kii vatavaran saadi qalaa dey "padhan" noon kiven aakaar dinda haii. horr kamman dey sambandh witch, "tukda/frame/text (#163)" (1984), laller neey cloud lorren duaara ikk landscape painting dey naal ikk ajaib gharr dee kandh dey label dee foto khicchi; foto witch landscape daa siraf ikk tukda dikhai dinda haii. forground" (1994) witch, ikk gelatin silver print jiss witch qalaa colector stephen adlis dey shikago apartment witch ikk khulleh yojna vaale rahinn vaale khetar noon dikhaiaa giaa haii, jeff coons daa "khargosh" (1986) ikk frijj dey naal dekhiaa jaa sakda haii. cameray dey focus atey vioo-finder witch heraferi karke, laller neey pradarshit keeta kii kiven ikk kalakari qalaa sansar dey pratiman duaara nirdharat keeti jaandi haiyav ikk nilami gharr dee kandh utte ikk label ikk chittar daa kendra bann javega, jiss witch kamm daa siraf ikk chhota jiha hissa dikhai devega, atey ikk vaparak ikai dey roop witch kalakari dey vichaar noon dimag witch lianda javega. aart besal atey aart besal miaami beach meliaan, aadhunik qalaa dey ajaib gharr, christy atey vakkh-vakkh galleries witch foto khichde hoye, laller neey baad witch qalaa daa ikk parade dey pichhe daa drish pesh keetaau ikk richard sera murti daa uddna jiss witch vardidhari handler shamal sunn; chitte dastane vaale hatth dhiaan naal ikk gerhard rikkatar painting noon lijaan; maurizio catalan daa vishal picaso sir aapne tutte hoye sareer dey pichhe farsh utte baitha hoiaa haii; iss dey paase ikk horr rikkatar painting kandh dey virudh paee haii, ant witch moma vikhe isda jantak exposure; ikk almari dey darwaze raahin ikk damien harst spin-painting dee jhalak. laller neey besal witch ajaib gharr farr gagonwartsconst witch aapne 2004 dey sarvekhan shoa daa sirlekh uhanan kalakaran dee maanta witch "luis laller atey horr" rakkhiaa jinhan deeaan kalakritiaan uh fotoan khichdi haii. laller neey pardarshani laee "uss tarike naal naheen jiss tarahan tuhanun yaad haii (venis)" kram ikkaa francois pinault sangrah (2006-07) toon painting atey murti "; vakkhariaan kalakritiaan witch yogdan paunh dee bajaae, ih fotoan venis witch pardarshani dee shuruati sathapana prakiriaa deeaan khicchiaan gaeeaan sunn, jinhan witch jhagg jaan bulbula lapetan dey tukdiaan toon ilava uhanan dey shipping dabbiaan witch qalaa dey kamman noon darsaiaa giaa see. haal hii dey project 2013 witch cassie cuplan gallery witch saathi kalakar liam gilikk naal ikk site-vishesh sahiyog laee, laller neey ikk lamma vinayil vaal sticker ditta joe gallery dey tinn kamriaan noon jodada haii. iss utte chhapi gaee tasveer naram chitte-boxes settingan witch uss deeaan kalavan deeaan kujh pichliaan tasviran daa ikk khichiaa hoiaa sanskaran see; itthe, adder digas, richard sera atey gerhard rikkatar dey tukde, horaan dey naal, pachanh toon parey rung deeaan anjaan dharavan witch vigaad ditte gaye sunn. ucchi line utte kalakar duaara design keete 25-gunna-75-futt bilboardan dee ikk luddy witch 15veen sathapana laee, laller neey "tikonh (fitt curran laee adjust keeta giaa)" (2008/2009/2011) banaiaa, joe kii sothbi dey nilami gharr witch ikk kamre witch foto khicchi gaee ikk tasveer haii. pradarshaniaan. laular neey aadhunik qalaa dey ajaib gharr, newyork (2017) witch ikk viakati deeaan pradarshaniaan lagaiaan hunn; ajaib gharr ludwig, colone (2013); qalaa laee waxner center, columbs, ohio (2006);, beekan, newyork (2005); ajaib gharr farr gagonwartsconst, besal (2004); portics, frankfurt (2003); hirshohren ajaib gharr atey murti baagh, washington, dee.see. (1997); atey aadhunik qalaa daa ajaib gharr, newyork, newyork (1987). uss daa kamm haal hii witch shikago dey aart institute, amsterdam witch stadelijk ajaib gharr, ghaint, belgium witch fine arts ajaib gharr atey newyork witch whiteney ajaib gharr witch pradarshaniaan witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii, jiss witch uss noon 1991,2000 atey 2008 dey doou saala witch shamal keeta giaa see. laller daa kamm dastavez 12, casal, germany witch shamal keeta giaa see. laller neey aapne kamm noon niyamit taur utte gair-qalaa prasangan witch pesh keeta haii joe peshkari, vandd atey viaakhiaa dey "aam" sadhanan noon varatade hunn. 1982 toon leller noon metro pictures, newyork duaara darsaiaa giaa haii. uss noon yavon lambert gallery, paris atey sproth measures, barlin duaara vee darsaiaa giaa haii. sangrah. kalakar dey tukde aadhunik qalaa dey ajaib gharr, whiteney ajaib gharr, amriki qalaa daa guggenheim ajaib gharr, lakma; samkali qalaa daa ajaib gharr, laas angels; shikago daa qalaa sansthan; fine arts daa ajaib gharr, boston; vaakar aart center, minnipolis; tett britten, london; center georges pompedo, paris; israeel ajaib gharr, tail avv; kunsthal hamberg; moderna musit, stockholm; smittedsconst, oslo laee musit; ajaib gharr munde-vain blueningen, rotterdam; atey yell university aart gallery, nioo haven, connect dey sangrah witch hunn. qalaa baazaar. laller dee foto "monogram" daa parbandh sriman duaara keeta giaa haii, jiss dee anumanit keemat 40,000 toon 60,000 dallar haii. atey shriman jee. berton treman, newyork city 1984, "jaispar johns dey prasidh" chitte jhande "(1955-1958) dey naal ikk puurii tarahan baney bistre dee ikk tasveer, joe iss dey uppar latkadi haii, 2004 witch $125,600 witch wick gaee, joe kalakar laee ikk ricard haii.

louis lallar louis laalar (janma 1947) ekaa yoo.ess. nyuyaark-nagarasya brooklin-nagare nivasantah kalakaraha chaayaachitrakaarashch. 1970 tamadashakasy antebhyah, laalar ityasya kaaryam anyakalakaranam krutaanaam chitraanaam chaayaachitranasya vishaye kendreekrutam asti, yatra te sthaapitaah santi, teshaam nirmanartham prayuktaanaam paddhatyah cha vishaye vishesham avadhaanam dattam. laalar ityasya chhayachitranam udaaharaneshu sangrahaalayasy bhittau zulantaanaam chitraanaam chitraani, kalaa-sangraahakasya samruddha-gruhasya bhittau chitraani, chitrashalayam sthapanayaha prakriyayam kalaakrutayah, chitrashalayam shilpaani cha darshakaih darshitaah santi. cindy sherman, lauree simmons, barbera krooger ityaadayah kalakaraha, laalar ityayam chitra-utpadanasya bhaagah iti manyate. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa vruttijeevanam cha. laalar ityasya janma 1947 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagarasya bronksville-nagare abhavat. saa bee-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a -cha.a. carnell-vishvavidyaalaye, 1969 tame varshe manhatton-nagaram gatavatee, yatra saa sheeghramev castelli-gallery-madhye karyam sveekrutavatee. tatra saa genley reyaring ityanaya saha militavatee, yaa 1980 tame varshe helin-vainar ityanena saha metro-chitraani saha-sthaapayat. karyam karotu. laalar ityeshah sangrahakanam gruheshu, pradarshaneshu, lilaavagruhaanaam bhitteshu, bhitteh bahihi cha sangrahaalayasy sanchaye chitraani, vastooni cha chitritavaan asti. chaayaachitranena saha saa parikalpanatmakam sthapanakalam cha nirmitavatee. tasyaah kaanichan rachanaah, yathaa "book aaf matchs", alpakaalikaani santi, kaalaantaranam anveshayanti, anye cha, yathaa "hems-amendment (963)" (1989), spashtatayaa rajanaitikani santi. lallar ityasya kaaryam, tasya vividhapraroopeshu (sthaapanaah, ghatanaah, prakashanaha, smaarikaah)...) kalaa, ruchihi, shailee cha sthaapayitum prachalitavyavastham sambodhayati athavaa pratyakshamati. tathaapi, kalaakrutyaah nirmanasya mulaprakriyayam saa kalakarasya prabhaavakshetraat bahihi sthitasya, tadanantaram yat krutihi sthitaa asti tasya cha apekshayaa nyoonam rochate. praayah "viniyogakalaa" athavaa "samsthaagata-vimarshah" iti rupena nirmitah, laalar ityasya chaayaachitra-krutihi kalaa-jagatasy dainandina-karyani, tasya prasaram, kalaakrutayah cha prastuteekaranam cha prakaashayati. tasyaah krutihi kalayaha vaanijyasya cha samyoge ruchihi asti. prarambhikam karyam karotu. "birdcalls" (1972/2008) iti ekaha shravya-kalaakrutayah asti yah prasiddhanaam purushakalakaranam naman pakshidoote parivartayati, yathaa artsweger, beaus, rushaa, vaarhol ityadinam totapadanam naamaani, tatt samaye purushakalakaranam krute pradattanam visheshaadhikaarasy manyatayaha cha sthitim upahaasayati. asya khandasya upanaama "pitrusattaatmak-roll-kaal" iti asti.iti. castelli-gallery ityasmin karyakale, laalar ityeshaa swakeeyaa chitraani, kalakaranam pustakaani, mudranam, chaayaachitraani cha nirmaati sma. parantu, yadaa saa 1978 tame varshe kalaavidaanaam kshetre swasya prathamam adhikarikam chitrashalapradarshanam pravishtavatee, tadaa saa tasmin kimapi krutim naa pradarshayat. tasya sthaane saa 1883 tame varshe aquaduct-res-track ityatah ashvasya laghuchitram dharya, yat karyalayeshu zerox-yantrasya upari zulitam aasit, gallery-madhye rikta-bhittim prati sthaapitavatee. swa-viniyogasya vishaye prakaashayitum saa spotlet-dwau sthaapayat-ekaha chitrasya upari, anyah, paarshve bhavanasya kinchan kinchan kinchan lakshaneeyam ghatitam iti padachari-maarga-yatrikan suchayan, kinchan chitram upari asti iti. etat vishishtam bhavanam api nagarakote aasit. ataha saa avadhaaranaayaam arthikam artham api yojayat. 1979 tame varshe, laalar-varyaha santa monica-nagarasya ero-theatre-madhye "chitrarahitam chalacchitram pradarshitam bhavishyati" iti prastutee. da misfits" ityasya poorna-dirghatayaha dhwanimudranam yathaa pradarshitam, rajatpatah nirantaram riktah eva aasit. karyakramasya ghoshanaam kurvataam krushnapatrake karyasya (svavyaakhyaayuktam) sheershakam, tasya pradarshanasy sthaanam, dinaankam cha ullikhitam. 1983 tame varshe nyuyaark-nagarasya bleaker-street-chalacchitrakshetre (1961 tame varshe "da hustler" iti chalacchitrasya, 1957 tame varshe bugs-banni cartoon ityasya "vaat ees operaa, daak?" ityetayoho upayogena) kalaavidah katipayaasu avasareshu etat krutim punaraavartayat.") rabert bairee ityanena downtown-madhye vaikalpika-sthanasya franklin-furness ityatra aayojite pradarshanasy bhagarupena" anyeshu shabdeshuh kalaakaaraih bhashayaha upayogah "iti namna, 1987 tame varshe see.doubleu. baab nikaas ityanena aayojite "bhashayam vikrutah" iti kaaryakrame mahaavidyaalayasya snaatakottarah.2008 tame varshe ero-theatre-madhye emee fontaanaa ityanena nirmitasya rome-nagarasya" women inn da city "iti shrunkhalaayaah pashchimabhaage api, 2012 tame varshe amsterdam-nagare cha" saturday-nait-feavour "(1977) ityanena chalacchitra-theatre-madhye api etat pradarshanm krutam. 1994 tame varshe, laalar ityanena "agrabhoomih" iti nirmitah, 2009 tame varshe tett-gallery ityasmin upasthaapitah. pashchat karyam karotu. 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, samagra-arthavyavasthaayaam kalaa-vipanyaam cha teevravruddhehe samaye, laalar-varyaha swakeeya-shaileem vikasitavatee. 1981 tame varshe laalar ityeshaa laas-angelies-nagarasya janker-kuhlen-schmid-gallery ityatra prathamam pashchim-tata-gallery-ekala-pradarshanm krutavatee. 1982 tame varshe metro-chitreshu swasyaah prathamasya ekala-pradarshane, laalar ityeshaa gallery-ityasya stack-room-taha utkirnaanaam kalaakrutinaam laghu-samucchayam darshayat. louis-laalar ityanena vyavasthaam krutam" iti ekasyaah krutyaa iva, te cha ekatra vikreeyante sma, tasya bhaganam shaabdik-yogasya moolyam aasit, tathaa cha laalar ityasya krute 10 pratishatam atirikta-ayogah aasit; tatt khandah naa vikreetavaan. 1984 tame varshe laalar ityasya bruhattamah vidrohah abhavat, yadaa saa nyuyaark-nagare, connecticut-nagare cha, vimshati-shataabdyaah sangrahakanam berton-emili-haal-tremain-nivaaseshu poornapraveshah prapta. 1984 tame varshe tremain-sangraha-pradarshanasy avasare ayam avasarah praaptah, tathaa cha tasmin sandarbhe keshaanchan kalaakrutinaam chaayaachitraani sweekartum laalar punah aamantritah. api cha, 1988 tame varshe christies-nagare teshaam sangrahasya mahattvapoornabhaagasya lilaavebhyah katipayebhyah varshaanaam poorvam eva etat abhavat, lilyaam ityasmin keshaanchan tremain-krutyaah chaayaachitraani sweekartum laalar-ityasmai anumatihi dattaa. asmin karyashrunkhalayam, laalar ityayam jeckson pollack ityasya "fraze" (1953-55) ityasya, tathaa tremans-nyuyaark-bhojanagruhe limojs-soop-baul ityasya filgree ityasya cha chaayaachitram krutavaan. living room carner" madhye, shridwara vyavasthaapitam. cha shrimati. berton tremain, nyuyaark-nagaram "(1984), rabert delaune ityasya" premiyar disk "(1912) iti dooradarshanasy upari, raay-lichten-stein-bust ityasya upari," neelacchayaa saha syramic-head "(1966) iti diparupena parivartitam asti, yat oordhvatah baahyatah cha drushtah iva drushyate. idam sthaanam tremans-nagarasya nyuyaark-nagarasya vaasagruham aasit. asya shrunkhalaayaah anyam krutihi "monograam" (1984) asti, yat tremans-nyuyaark-nagarasya apartment-nagarasya shayanakakshe gruheetam, monograam "eeth" iteedam emily haal tremain iti asti, yatra jesper johns "vait-flag" (1955-58) iti hasyankasya upari chitritam asti. kalaakruteehi gruhasaamagreeshu bahumoolyaani krutayah sthaapayanti, paryaavaranam asmakam kalayaha "pathanam" katham aakaarayati iti anveshayanti. khandah/frame/paathah (#163)" (1984) ityakhyasya anyakarmanam vishaye, lallar ityeshah claude lorain ityanena drushyachitrasya paarshve sangrahaalayasy bhittipatasy chaayaachitram krutavaan; chaayaachitre drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam drushyamaanam agrabhoomih" (1994) ityasmin, kalaa-sangraahakasya stephen adlis ityasya chikaago-apartment-madhye mukta-yojanaa-nivaasakshetram darshayatah gelatin-rajatamudrah, jeff-coons-ityasya "rebit" (1986), refrigerator-ityasya paarshve drushyate. drushya-shodhakam tathaa chaayaachitrasya kendrakam cha samyojanaam, laalar-varyaha pradarshayat yat kalaa-jagatasy pratimaanaih kalaakrutyaah nirdhaaranam katham bhavati iti-lilaava-gruhasya bhittyam ekam mudraamkam chitrasya kendrabindu bhavishyati, yatra kevalam krutyaah alpaamshah eva drushyate, vaanijya-samsthaaroopen kalaakrutyaah vichaarah cha manasi aanyate. art besal tathaa art besal miyami samudratata-melaasu, aadhunikakalaayah sangrahaalaye, christies tathaa vividha-gyalarishu chaayaachitram sveekrutya, laalar ityeshah pashchat kalaakrutyaah drushyasya prushtabhaagam upasthaapayat-ganaveshayuktaih hastachaalakaih upasthitasya richard-seraa-shilpasya uttolanam; shveta-hastavastrayuktaah hastaah saavadhaaneepoorvakam gerard-richter-chitrakam parivahanam kurvanti; maurizio-ketlan ityasya vishaalah pikaaso-shiraha, tasya vicchinna-sharirasya prushthe bhoomau upavishtah asti; tasya paarshve aparah richter-chitram prachirasya viruddham nikshiptam, tasya antye mama ityatra saarwajanik-pradarshanam, alamaryaha dwaarasya madhyamena demian-harst-spin-penting iti chitram. laalar ityeshaa 2004 tame varshe besal-nagarasya myusiyam farr gegenwortsconst ityatra swasya sarvekshana-pradarshanasy sheershakam "louis laalar tathaa anye" iti, teshaam kalakrutinam chaayaachitranaartham, kalaavidaanaam angeekaaraartham, dattavatee. lallar ityanena "naa tu bhavantah smaryamaanaah (venis)" iti pradarshanasy krute "anukramah ekaha" nirmitah, francois pinalt-sangrahaat chitrakarmehe shilpakala cha (2006-07); viviktakalaasu yogadam daatum naa, ete chaayaachitraani venis-nagare pradarshanasy praarambhik-sthaapan-prakriyayaha chitritaah, teshaam preshana-crate-madhye kalaakrutayah chitritaah, fenasya vaa bubble-raip-ityasya cha khandaan atirichya. sadyah prakalpaah. 2013 tame varshe kesee kaplaan-gallery ityasmin sahakalakarena liam gillic ityanena saha sthala-vishishta-sahayogartham, laalar ityayam dirgha vinail-wall-sticker iteedam dattavaan, yat gallery-ityasya tribhihi prakoshtaan sambaddhavaan. atra mudritam chitram, tasyaah poorvakaalasy shveta-petty-vinyaaseshu krutaanaam chitraanaam keshaanchan vistruta-samskaranam aasit; atra, edger-degas, richard-seraa, gerhard-richter ityetaih krutaani khandaani, anyeshu, aparichitaani varna-rekhaah iti vikruteekrutaani aasan. uccharekhe 25-gunaa-75-paada-nirmitanam kalakara-vidnyaapanaphalakaanaam shrunkhalaayaah 15 tama-sthapanartham, laalar ityeshah "tribhujam (yojayitum samaayojitam)" (2008/2009/2011) iti chitram nirmitavaan, nyuyaark-nagarasya sothbee-ityasya lilaavagruhasya ekasmin prakoshte chaayaachitram krutam, tathaa cha swayam kalaakaaraih donald-jood, fraank-stella, sole-levit ityetaih krutayah cha chitritah. pradarshane. nyoo yaark-nagarasya adhunikakala-sangrahaalaye (2017); myusiyam ludwig, collon (2013); wexner-center-faar-da-arts, columbus, ohiyo (2006); beekan, nyoo yaark (2005); myusiyam farr-genvertsconst, besal (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshhaarn-myusiyam tathaa sculpture-garden, washington, dee. ityatra laalar-varyaha ekavyakti-pradarshanani akarot.sii. (1997); tathaa aadhunikakalaayah sangrahaalayah, nyuyaark, nyuyaark (1987). tasyaah krutihi sadyah chikaago-nagarasya kalaa-samsthaanasya, amsterdam-nagarasya stadelisk-sangrahaalayasy, belgium-nagarasya gent-nagarasya lalitakalaanaam sangrahaalayasy, nyuyaark-nagarasya whitney-american-kalaa-sangrahaalayasy cha pradarshaneshu pradarshita asti, yasmin saa 1991,2000,2008 dvivaarshikeshu cha sammilitaa aasit. lallar ityasya krutihi jarmaneedeshasy cassel-nagarasya dastaaveju-12 ityasmin antarbhavati sma. laalar ityeshaa swasya krutim niyamitaroopen kalaa-rahita-sandarbheshu prastutee asti, yatra "samanya" prastuti-vitarana-vyaakhyaayaah sadhanani prayuktaani santi. 1982 tamaat varshaat nyuyaark-nagarasya metro-picture-dwara laalar-ityasyaah pratinidhitvam krutam asti. tasyaah pratinidhitvam yavon-lembert-gallery, pyaris, sprooth-majers, berlin ityetabhyam api krutam asti. sangrahah. kalakarasya kalaakrutayah aadhunikakalaayah sangrahaalayasy, whitney-american-kalayaha sangrahaalayasy, guggenham-sangrahaalayasy, lakma-ityasya, samakalinakalayaha sangrahaalayasy, laas-angelies-nagarasya, chikaago-nagarasya kalaa-samsthaanasya, boston-nagarasya lalitakalaayaah sangrahaalayasy, minnepolis-nagarasya vaakar-art-kendrasya, tett-britton-nagarasya, perisa-nagarasya, georges-nagarasya, isrel-sangrahaalayasy, tail-eviv-nagarasya, kunsthalle-humberg-nagarasya, morderna-museat-nagarasya, stockholm-nagarasya, samtidsconst-nagarasya museat-nagarasya, oslo-nagarasya, myusiyam-bymans-vaan-byuningen, rotardam-nagarasya, yel-vishvavidyaalayasya kalaa-gallery-nagarasya, nyoo hein-connecticut-nagarasya sangrahasthale santi. kalaa-vipanah. $40,000 taha $60,000 paryantam anumaanitam, laalar ityasya chaayaachitram "monograam" shridwara vyavasthitam asti. tathaa cha shrimati. berton tremain, nyuyaark-nagaram 1984, "jasper-jaan-ityasya prasidham" shvetadhvajam "(1955-1958) upari zulitam purnataya nirmitasya shayyaanaam chaayaachitram, 2004 tame varshe $125,600 krute vikreeyat, yat kalakarasya abhilekhah aasit.

luis laalar luis laalar (pirappu 1947) oru yuu.ess. newyorkin brooklinil vasikkum kalaignar mattrum pugaippadak kalaignar. 1970 kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu, laalarin padaippugal mattra kalaignargalin padaippugalin uruvappadangkalai pugaippadam eduppathil kavanam seluththiyullana, avai vaikkappadum idangkal mattrum avattrai uruvaakkap payanpaduththappadum muraigalil sirappu kavanam seluththugindrana. oru arungaatchiyagaththin suvarkalil thongkum ooviyangkal, oru kalai sekarippaalarin sezhippaana veettin suvarkalil ooviyangkal, oru caloryil niruvappadum seyalpaattil ulla kalaippadaippugal mattrum paarvaiyaalargalaal paarkkappadum oru caloryil ulla sirpangal aagiyavai laalarin pugaippadangkalin eduththukkaattukalaakum. chindi sherman, loari simmons mattrum barbara crooker poantra kalaignargaludan, laalar padath thalaimuraiyin oru paguthiyaagak karudhappadugiraar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum thozhil. laalar 1947 aam aandil newyorkin bronxville piranthaar. aval oru pii.eff.auuu. cornell palkalaikkazhagaththil saernthu, 1969 aam aandil manhattanukku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar viraivil castelli caloryil vaelai pettraar. angku, avar jaanel reyaringai sandhiththaar, avar 1980 aam aandil heleen oyin udan metro padangkalai inaithaar. vaelai. sekarippaalarkalin veedugalil, kaatchiyagangalil, aela veedugalin suvarkalil, suvarkalil, arungaatchiyaga saemippil ulla padangkal mattrum porutkalai laalar pugaippadam eduththullaar. pugaippadaththudan, avar karutthiyal mattrum niruval kalaiyaiyum uruvaakkiyullaar. poattikalin puththagam" poantra avarathu padaippugalil sila thartkaaligamaanavai mattrum kaalappoakkai aaraaikintrana, athae neraththil "hells thiruththam (963)" (1989) poantra pira padaippugal velippadaiyaaga arasiyal saarnthavai. laalarin panii, adhan maarupatta velippaadugalil (niruvalkal, nigazhvugal, veliyeedugal, ninaivuchchinnangal...) kalai, suvai mattrum paaniyai niruvuvatharkaana nadaimuraiyil ulla amaippugalai uraiyaattrukirathu allathu ethirkolkirathu. iruppinum, kalaignarin selvaakku mandalaththirku apparpatta soozhalilum, pinnar padaippu amainthulla soozhalilum iruppathai vida oru kalaip padaippai uruvaakkum asal seyalmuraiyil avar kuraivaagavae aarvam kaattukiraar. perumpaalum "kaiyagappaduththum kalai" allathu "niruvana vimarsanam" endru vadivamaikappatta laalarin pugaippadap padaippu, kalai ulagin andraada seyalpaadugal mattrum adhan kalaip padaippugalin puzhakkam mattrum vilakkakkaatchiyai ambalappaduththukirathu. avarathu padaippugal kalai mattrum varththagaththin kurukkuvettil aarvamaaga ullana. aarambagaala vaelai. "paravai azhaippugal" (1972/2008) enbathu pugazhpettra aann kalaignargalin peyarkalai oru paravaip paadalaaga maattrum oru audio kalaippadaippaagum, idhu kalaich sawari, beaus, rusha mattrum warhole poantra kiligal poantra peyarkalai kurikkirathu, idhu antha neraththil aann kalaignarkalukku valangkappatta salugai mattrum angkeekaaraththin nibanthanaigalai kaelii seikirathu. inththa thundu "aanathikka roll alaippu" endru chellappeyar soottappattullathu.entraar. castelli caloryil panipurintha kaalaththil, laalar thanathu sontha ooviyangkal, kalaignarin puththagangkal, achchugal mattrum pugaippadangkalai uruvaakkik kondirundhaar. iruppinum, 1978 aam aandil kalaignargal idaththil thanathu muthal athikaarappoorva calory kankaatchiyai avar tharaiyirakkiyapoathu, avar antha padaippugal ethaiyum kaatchippaduththavillai. adharku pathilaaka, 1883 aam aandu neerppaathai raesatraakkilirunthu oru kuthiraiyin siriya uruvappadaththai avar cuddon vaankinaar-adhu aluvalagangkalil oru jerox iyanththiraththin meethu thongkikkondirunthathu-adhai caloryil vetrtru suvaril aetrtriyathu. thanathu odhukkeettai munnilaippaduththa, avar irandu spotlitegalai niruvinaar ondru padaththirku maelae, mattrondru jannalai chuttikatti, pakkaththu kattidaththil, nadaipaathai vazhippoakkarkalukku maelae aethoa kavanikkatthakka vishayam nadanthu kondiruppathai suttikkaattinaar. inththa kuripitta kattidam oru nagarak karaiyaagavum irunththathu. enavae idhu karutthukku oru porulaathaara arththatthai saerththathu. 1979 aam aandil, sanda moanikaavil ulla aeroa theateril "padam illaamal oru padam kaanbikkappadum" endru laalar valangkinaar. thii misfits" inn muzhu neela olippathivu isaikkappattathaal, vellith thirai idaividaamal kaaliyaaga irunththathu. nigazhvai arivikkum oru karuppu attai, paniyin (suya vilakkamalikkum) thalaippu mattrum adhan thiraiyidal idam mattrum thaethiyaik kooriyadhu. 1983 aam aandil newyorg nagaril ulla bleaker street chinimaavil (1961 aam aandu veliyaana "thii hustler" mattrum 1957 aam aandu veliyaana bucks panni cartoon "obera endraal enna, tock?") robbert paari nagara maattru idaththil aerpaadu seitha oru nigazhchchiyin oru paguthiyaaga franklin ulai" "vaeru vaarththaigalil kooruvathaanaal kalaignargal mozhiyaip payanpaduththukiraarkal" "mattrum, 1987 ill, chii.doublue. paap nikkaakkal aerpaadu seitha oru nigazhchchiyil tabal kalluri "mozhiyil thisaithiruppappattathu".2008 aam aandil aeroa theateril emii fondanawal thogukkappatta roamin" "nagaraththil penkal" "thodarin maerkin oru paguthiyaagavum, 2012 aam aandil amsterdamil" "sanikkizhamai iravu kaaichchal" "(1977) udan thiraippada theateril inththa thundu nigazhththappattathu". 1994 aam aandil, laalar "munnaniyai" uruvaakki, 2009 aam aandil dade caloryil valangkinaar. piragu vaelai. ottumoththa porulaathaaraththilum kalaich santhaiyilum theevira valarchchiyadaintha kaalamana kaalamana murpaguthiyil laalar thanathu thanipatta paaniyai uruvaakkinaar. 1981 aam aandil laalar thanathu muthal maerku kadarkarai calory thanii kankaatchiyai losses aenchalsil ulla jankar gullensmit caloryil nadaththinaar. 1982 aam aandil, metro padangkalil thanathu muthal thanii kankaatchikkaaga, laalar caloryin pangku araiyilirunthu ilukkappatta oru siriya kalaippadaippugalaik kaattinaar. luis laalar aerpaadu seitha" endra ottrai padaippaaga thundugal ontraaka virkappadavirunththana, maelum adhan bhaagangkalin neradi koottuththogaiyil vilai nirnayikkappattathu, maelum lalarukku koodudhalaaga 10 sathaveetha kamishan vazhangkappattathu; antha thundu virkappadavillai. 1984 aam aandil, newyorg nagaram mattrum irupathaam noottraandin sekarippaalarkal burton mattrum emily haal tremine aagiyoarin connecticut illangkalukku muzhu anugal vazhangkappattapoathu laalarin migapperiya aatchi kavilppu aerpattathu. 1984 traimine sekarippu kankaatchiyin poathu inththa vaaippu aerpattathu, maelum antha soozhalil sila kalaippadaippugalin pugaippadangkalai edukka laalar meendum alaikkappattaar. maelum, 1988 aam aandil christicil avarkalin sekarippin kurippidatthakka pakuthi aelam vidappaduvatharku sila aandugalukku munbu idhu nadanthathu, maelum aelaththil sila traimine padaippugalin pugaippadangkalai edukka laalar anumathikkappattaar. inthath thodarin vaelaiyil, laalar jackson polaakkin "fries" (1953-55) mattrum traiminesine newyorg saappaattu araiyil oru limojas suup kinnaththin filigree aagiyavattrai pugaippadam eduththaar. vaazhkkai arai moolaiyil, thiru aerpaadu. & thirumathi. burton tremine, newyorg chitty "(1984), robbert delaneyin" premiier disk "(1912) oru tholaikaatchi mattrum oru raai lichenstein maarpalavu," neela nizhaludan beengaon thalai "(1966) kku maelae thongkukirathu, idhu oru vilakkaaka maattrappattullathu, maelum maelaeyum veliyaeyum paarppathaagath therikirathu. antha idam traiminesine newyorg vaazhkkai arai. inthath thodarin mattroru padaippu monogram (1984) aagum, idhu traiminesine newyorg abartmentil oru padukkaiyaraiyil edukkappattathu, monogram "eth" emily haal traimine aagum, jaspar johns "vellai kodi" (1955-58) padukkaiyin meethu pugaippadam edukkappattathu. inththa thundugal veettup porutkalukku idaiyil mathippumikka padaippugalai vaikkirathu, soozhalgal namathu kalaiyin "vaasippai" evvaaru vadivamaikkintrana enbathai aaraaikintrana. thundu/sattagam/urai (#163)" (1984) poantra pira padaippugalaip porutthavarai, lallar oru arungaatchiyaga suvar labley cload loraine oru nilaparappu ooviyaththirku arugil pugaippadam eduththaar; nilapparappin oru thundu mattumae pugaippadaththil thoandrugirathu. furround" (1994) ill, sikakovil ulla ard collector stefan edlis, jeff coons 'muyal (1986) kudiyiruppil thirantha-thitta vaazhkkaip pakuthiyaik kaattum jelatin velli achidappatta oru kulirsaathana pettikku arugil kanalaam. cameravin kavanam mattrum paarvaik kandupidippaalaraik kaiyaalvathan moolam, oru kalaippadaippu kalai ulagin munnuthaaranangkalaal evvaaru theermaanikkappadukirathu enbathai laalar nirupitar oru aela veettin suvaril oru lable oru padaththin maiyamaaga maarum, oru siriya paguthiyudan vaelai thannaik kaattukirathu, maelum kalaippadaippu oru vaniga niruvanamaaga ninaivukkuk konduvarappadum. kalai adiththalam mattrum kalai adiththalam miami kadarkarai kankaatchigal, naveena kalai arungaatchiyagam, christiyin mattrum palvaeru kaatchiyagangalil pugaippadam eduththa laalar pinnar thiraikkup pinnaal ulla kalaiyin kaatchiyai vazhangkinaar seerudai anintha kaiyaalubavargal kalandhu konda oru richard sera sirpaththai aetrtruthal; vellai kaiyuraigal kavanamaaga oru kerhard richter ooviyaththai eduththuch selkindrana; mourisio kattelan maaperum picaso thalai adhan thundikappatta udalukkup pinnaal tharaiyil amarnthirukkum blasticle ottappattullathu; mattroru richar ooviyam adhan pakkaththil suvaril ullathu, adhan podhu velippaadu moamaavil iruthiyil; oru demian burson spinn-bainding oru alamari kadhavin vazhiyaaga oru alamariyil. paalil ulla arungaatchiyagaththil ulla thanathu 2004 kanakkeduppu nigazhchchikku luis laalar mattrum pirar endru peyarittaar, avar pugaippadam edukkum kalaignargalin kalaippadaippugalai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil. kankaatchikkaaga laalar "neengkal ninaivil vaiththirukkum vithaththil (venis) alla" endra varisai ontrai uruvakkinaar franswa binault sekarippilirunthu ooviyam mattrum sirpam (2006-07) "; thaniththuvamaana kalaippadaippugalai pankalippathai vida, inththa pugaippadangkal venesil kankaatchiyin aarambagaala niruval seyalmuraiyaip pattri edukkappattana, avattrin kappal pettikalil kalaip padaippugalai siththarikkindrana, maelum nurai allathu kumizhi madakkai thundugal. sameepathiya thittangal. 2013 aam aandil casey kablan caloryil saga kalaignar liam killikkudan oru thazha-kuripitta oththuzhaippirkaaga, laalar caloryin moontru araikalai inaikkum neenda vinail suvar stickerai valangkinaar. athil achidappatta padam menmaiyaana vellai-petti amaippugalil avarathu munththaiya kalaippadaippugalin sila pugaippadangkalin neettikappatta pathippaakum; ingkae, edger digas, richard sera mattrum kerhard richter aagiyavattrin thundugal, mattravattrudan, adaiyaalam kaana mudiyaatha vannak koadugalaaga sithaikkappattana. sithaikkappattana niruvalukkaaga, uyaramaana varisaiyil kalaignaraal vadivamaikappatta 25-paii-75-addii vilambara palagaikalin thodaril, laalar "mukkoanam (porunthuvatharku sariseiyappattathu)" (2008/2009/2011) endra padaththai uruvaakkinaar, idhu newyoarkil ulla sodebiyin aela illaththil oru araiyil pugaippadam edukkappattathu, maelum kalaignargal donault judd, frank stella mattrum soal levit aagiyoarin padaippugalaik kondirundhadhu. kankaatchigal. newyorg (2017) naveena kalai arungaatchiyagaththil laalar oru nabar kankaatchigalai nadaththiyullaar; arungaatchiyagam ludwick, colone (2013); kalaikalukkaana wexner maiyam, columbus, oohiyoa (2006);, beaken, newyorg (2005); arungaatchiyagam farr jegenwardskunst, paesal (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshorn arungaatchiyagam mattrum sirpath thoattam, washington, dii.chii. (1997); mattrum naveena kalai arungaatchiyagam, newyorg, newyorg (1987). avarathu padaippugal sameepaththil sikakovin kalai niruvanam, amsterdamil ulla stetelijk arungaatchiyagam, beljiathin kentle ulla nunkalai arungaatchiyagam mattrum newyoarkil ulla america kalaikaana widney arungaatchiyagam aagiyavattril kankaatchigalil idampettrullana, idhil avar 1991,2000 mattrum 2008 aam aandugalukkaana iru varudangkalil idampettraar. laalarin padaippugal germanyin cassell, aavanappadam 12 ill serkkappattana. saathaarana" vilakkakkaatchi, viniyoagam mattrum vilakkam aagiyavattraip payanpaduththum kalai allaatha soozhalgalil laalar thanathu padaippugalai thavaraamal munvaitthullaar. 1982 muthal newyoarkil ulla metro bixers moolam laalar pirathinithiththuvappadraththu. avar ywan lambert calory, baris mattrum sprooth majers, berlin aagiyavattraal pirathinithiththuvappadraththu. sekarippukal. naveena kalai arungaatchiyagam, america kalaikaana widney arungaatchiyagam, gookenheim arungaatchiyagam, lagma; samagaala kalai arungaatchiyagam, losses aenjals; sikago kalai niruvanam; nunkalai arungaatchiyagam, baston; wacker kalai maiyam, minneabolis; dade brittan, lundon; center georges poampidoo, baris; israel arungaatchiyagam, dell aviv; kunsthalle haambark; maderna museet, stockholm; samitsconstucana museet, oosloo; arungaatchiyagam siruvarkal-vaan buningen, rotterdam; mattrum yael palkalaikkazhaga kalaikkoodam, neu haevan, connecticut. kalaich santhai. $40,000 muthal $60,000 varai mathippidappattullathu, laalarin pugaippadam "monogram" thiru. mattrum thirumathi. burton tremine, newyorg nagaram 1984, "jaspar johnsin pugazhpettra" vellai kodi "(1955-1958) adhan mael thongkikkondirukkum oru sariyaana padukkaiyin pugaippadam, 2004 aam aandil kalaignarukku oru saathanaiyaaga $125,600 kku virkappattathu.

luis laller luis laller (jananam 1947) oka yuu.ess. newyorkloni brooklinlo nivasistunna kalakarudu mariyu photographer. 1970la chivari nundi, laller yokka pani itara kalaakaarula pani yokka chitraalanu chithreekarinchadampai drushti saarinchindi, vaatini unche pradaesaalu mariyu vaatini tayaaru cheyadaaniki upayoginche paddhatulapai pratyeka shraddha choopindi. laller chaayaachitraalaku udaaharanalalo museum godalapai velaadutunna chitraala chitraalu, art collector yokka sampannamaina inti godalapai chitraalu, gallerylo erpaatu cheyabadina kalaakrutulu mariyu gallerylo silpaalu prekshakulu chuustunnaaru. sindii sherman, laurie simmons mariyu barbara krugger vanti kalaakaarulato paatu, laller chitraala taramlo bhaagamgaa pariganinchabadataadu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vrutti. laller 1947loe newyorkloni branksville janminchaaru. aame bii sampaadinchindi.eff.eah. carnell vishwavidhyaalayamlo, mariyu 1969loe manhatanku vellaaru, akkada aame tvaralo castelli gallerylo udyogam chesindi. akkada, aame janelle reeringnu kalusukunnaru, athanu 1980loe heleen vainartho kalisi metro chitraalanu kanugonnadu. pani. laller collectorla illalo, gallerylalo, vaelam illa godalapai mariyu godala nundi, museum nilvalo chitraalu mariyu vastuvulanu chitreekarinchaaru. photographytho paatu, aame sambhaavita mariyu samsthaapana kalanu srushtinchindi. book off matchlu" vanti aame rachanalalo konni taatkaalikamainavi mariyu kalakramena anveshistaayi, ayithe "hells savarana (963)" (1989) vanti marikonni spashtamgaa raajakeeyamainavi. laller yokka pani, daani vibhina vyakteekaranalalo (samsthaapanalu, sanghatanalu, prachuranalu, smaaraka chihnalu...) kala, abhiruchi mariyu sailini sthaapinche prastuta vyavasthalanu parishkaristundi ledhaa edurkontundi. ayithe, kalakarudi prabhaavaaniki minchina sandarbham mariyu aaa pani taruvaata unna sandarbham kante kalaakrutulanu srushtinche asalu prakriyapai aameku takkuva aasakti undhi. tarachugaa "ketayimpu kala" ledhaa "samsthaagata vimarsha" gaa roopondinchabadina laller yokka photographic pani kalaa prapancham yokka rojuvaaree karyakalapalanu mariyu daani kalaakrutula prasarana mariyu pradarsananu bahirgatam chestundi. aame rachanalu kala mariyu vaanijyam yokka vibhajanapai aasakti kaligi unnaayi. prarambha pani. "burd calls" (1972/2008) anedi oka audeo kalakhandam, idhi prasiddha maga kalaakaarula paerlanu pakshi pataga maarustundi, artswager, beaus, rusha mariyu warhole vanti chiluka paerlanu maarustundi, idhi aaa samayamlo maga kalaakaarulaku icchina hakku mariyu gurtimpu yokka paristhitulanu egataali chestundi. eee mukkaku "pitruswamya roll coll" anae maaruperu pettaru.anie. castelli gallerylo panichestunna samayamlo, laller thana sonta paintings, kalakarudi pustakaalu, printlu mariyu chaayaachitraalanu tayaaru chestu undedi. ayithe, 1978loe aame thana modati adhikaarika gallery exhibitionnu artistes space loe pradarsinchinappudu, aame aaa panini pradarsinchaledu. badulugaa, aame 1883loe oka chinna gurram chitraanni aquaduct restrack nundi teesukuvellindi-adhi karyalayalalo gerax yantrampai vaelaadutuu undhi-mariyu daanini galleryloni khaalii godapai amarcharu. thana ketaayimpunu highlight cheyadaaniki, aame rendu spotlightlanu erpaatu chesindi okati chitram paina mariyu marokati kitikeeni choopinchindi, pakkane unna bhavanam vadda, kalibatalo vellevaariki metlapai edho gamaninchadagga vishayam jarugutondani suuchimchimdi. eee pratyeka bhavanam citybank kooda. anduvalla idhi eee bhavanaku aardhika ardhaanni jodinchindi. 1979loe, laller shanta monikaaloni ero theatres "chitram lekunda oka chitram pradarsinchabadutundi" anae chitraanni pradarsinchaaru. dhi misfits" yokka puurti-nidivi soundtrack play cheyabadinappudu, vendi tera nirantaram khaliga undipoyindi. eee karyakramanni prakatinchina block kaardulo pani yokka (sweeya-vivaranaatmaka) sheershika, mariyu daani pradarsana sthalam mariyu teedeeni paerkonnaaru. kalakarudu 1983loe newyork nagaramloni bleaker streat cinemalo (1961 chitram "dhi hustler" mariyu 1957 bugs bunny cartoon "vaat eej opera, dock?") down town pratyaamnaaya space franklin furnace vadda robbert baarii nirvahinchina pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa" "maroe maatalo cheppalante kalaakaarulu bhashanu upayogistaaru" "mariyu, 1987loe, sii loe".doubleu. baab nicas nirvahinchina "bhaashalo vikrutamaina" pradarsanalo post college.2008loe ero theatres emi fontana roopondinchina rome yokka" "umen inn dhi city" "siriisloo bhaagamgaa, mariyu 2012loe amsterdamlo" "shaniyatra raatri jwaram" "(1977) thoo cinema theatres kooda eee paata pradarsinchabadindi". 1994loe, laller "mundubhagam" nuu srushtinchi, 2009loe tate gallerylo samarpinchaaru. taruvaata pani. mottam aardhika vyavasthalo mariyu kalaa marketlo teevramaina vruddhi chendina samayamlo, 1980la praarambhamlo laller thana vyaktigata sailini abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1981loe laller laas angelsloni jankar kuhlensmid gallerylo thana modati west coast gallery solo exhibitionnu nirvahinchindi. 1982loe, metro pictureslo thana modati solo exhibition kosam, laller gallery yokka stock room nundi teesina kalaakrutula chinna suutnu choopinchindi. aaa mukkalanu "luis laller erpaatu chesina" anae oke panigaa kalisi vikrayinchaalsi undhi, mariyu daani bhagala aksharaasyata mottamto paatu laalarku adanamgaa 10 saatam commission dharatho, aaa mukka ammudupoledu. 1984loe newyork nagaram mariyu connecticut nivaasaalaku iravayyava sataabdapu collectorlu burton mariyu emily haall tremainla puurti pravesam manjuru cheyabadinappudu laller yokka goppa tirugubaatu jarigindi. 1984 tremine sekarana pradarsana sandarbhamgaa eee avakaasam vachindi, aaa sandarbhamlo konni kalaakrutula photolu teeyadaaniki laalarnu mallee aahvaninchaaru. inca, vaari sekaranalo gananeeyamaina bhaagam 1988loe christies vadda vaelam vaeyadaaniki konni samvatsaraala mundu idhi jarigindi, vaelamloe konni tremine panula photolu teeyadaaniki laalarku anumati labhinchindi. eee varusa paniloo, laller jackson polak yokka "fraze" (1953-55) mariyu tremines newyork bhojana gadilo limoges suup baul yokka philigreeni chithreekarinchaadu. living room corner" loe, mister erpaatu chesaaru. & srimati. burton tremine, newyork city "(1984), robbert delane yokka" premiere disk "(1912) oka television mariyu raay lichtenstein bust," neelam needatho syramic head "(1966) paina velaadutundi, idhi deepamgaa maarchabadindi mariyu paiki mariyu bayatiki chustunnatlu kanipistundi. aaa pradaesam tremines newyork living room. eee shrenilo maroka rachana "monogram" (1984), idhi tremines newyork apaartmentlooni oka padakagadilo teeyabadindi, monogram "eth" emily haall tremine, jasper johns "white flag" (1955-58) mancham meeda chithreekarinchabadindi. eee mukkalu gruha vastuvula madhya viluvaina rachanalanu unchutaayi, paryaavaranaalu mana kala yokka "patanam" nuu elaa roopondistaayo anveshistaayi. itara rachanalaku sambandhinchi, "fragment/frame/text (#163)" (1984), laller cloude lorain dwara landscape painting pakkana museum wall lebulnu chitreekarinchaaru; photolo landscape yokka oka bhaagam matrame kanipistundi. mundubhagam" (1994) loe, art collector stephan edlis yokka chikago apartmentlo open-plaan living arianu choopinche gelatine sylver print, jeff coons "kundelu" (1986) nuu refrigerator pakkana chudavachu. camera yokka drushtini mariyu view-findernu taarumaaru cheyadam dwara, oka kalaakrutini kalaa prapancham yokka namuunaala dwara elaa nirnayinchabadutundo laller pradarsinchaaduh vaelam house godapai unna label oka chitram yokka kendramgaa maarutundi, paniloo oka chinna bhaagam matrame kanipistundi, mariyu kalaakrutini vaanijya samsthagaa aalochana gurthuku testundi. art basel mariyu art basel mayami beach fairlu, museum off moderan art, christies mariyu vividha gallerylalo chaayaachitraalu teestuu, laller taruvaata teravenuka kala yokka drushyaanni pradarsinchaaruh unifam dharinchina handlerlaku haajaraina richard sera silpaanni eguraveyadam; tellati chethi todugulu gala chetulu jagrattagaa gerhard richter paintingnu ravana chestaayi; marizio catellan yokka bhaarii picaso thala daani disconnect cheyabadina sareeram venuka neelapai kuurchuni plaastik thoo kappabadi undhi; daani vaipu padi unna maroka richter painting godaku vyatiraekamgaa undhi, chivariki momaalo daani bahiranga bahirgatam; oka damin pirudulu tippadam-painting oka almaralo talupu dwara oka sangrahamgaa undhi. bassel looni museum pharr gegenwartsconst loe thana 2004 survey shoku, aame chaayaachitraalu teese kalaakrutulanu gurtinchina kalaakaarula gurtimpugaa, luis laller mariyu itarulu anie paeru pettaru. pradarsana kosam laller "meeku gurtunna vidhamgaa kaadu (venis)" anae kramaanni srushtinchaaduh francois pinault sekarana (2006-07) nundi painting mariyu shilpam "; vivikta kalaakrutulanu andinchadaaniki badulugaa, eee chaayaachitraalu venis loe pradarsana yokka prarambha samsthaapana prakriya nundi teesukobaddaayi, vaati shipping dabbaalalo kalaakrutulanu varnistuu, nurugu ledhaa budaga chutta mukkalatho paatu. iteevali prajectulu. 2013loe casey cuplan gallerylo thoti kalakarudu liam gilliktho sait-nirdishta sahakaram kosam, laller galleryloni moodu gadulatho anusandhaaninchabadina podavaina vinail wall stickernu andinchaaru. daanipai mudrinchina chitram mruduvaina white-baaks settingulalo aame munupati kalaakrutula yokka konni chaayaachitraala yokka vistarinchina version; ikkada, edger digas, richard sera mariyu gerhard richter mukkalu, itarulatoe paatu, gurtinchaleni rangu geetalugaa gurtinchaleni vidhamgaa vakreekarinchabaddaayi. ettaina line vadda kalakarudu roopondinchina 25-bye-75-adugula bilboardula shrenilo 15va samsthaapana kosam, laller "tribhujaanni (saripoyela sardubaatu cheyabadindi)" (2008/2009/2011) srushtinchaadu, newyorkloni sotheby vaelam house vadda oka gadilo teesina chitram, mariyu kalaakaarulu donald jude, fraank stella mariyu soal levit rachanalanu kaligi undhi. pradarsanalu. newyorkloni museum off moderan art (2017); museum ludwig, colone (2013); wexner center pharr dhi arts, columbus, ohiyo (2006);, beacon, newyork (2005); museum pharr gegenwartsconst, bassel (2004); porticus, frankfurt (2003); hirshahrn museum und sculpture garden, washington, dii.sii. (1997); mariyu museum off moderan art, newyork, newyork (1987). aame pani iteevala chikago art institute, amsterdamloni stedelizk museum, belgiumloni ghent looni museum off fine arts mariyu newyorkloni whiteney museum off american art loe pradarsanalalo pradarsinchabadindi, indulo aame 1991,2000 mariyu 2008 dwaivarshikalalo kanipinchindi. laller yokka rachanalu germanyloni cassel looni documenta 12loe cherchabaddaayi. laller thana rachanalanu kramam tappakunda "saadhaarana" vidhaanaalaina pradarsana, pampinhee mariyu vivarananu upayoginche kalaatmaka sandarbhaalalo pradarsinchaaru. 1982 nundi newyork looni metro pictures dwara laller praatinidhyam vahistunnaaru. aameku yawan lambert gallery, paris mariyu sproth maggers, berlin kooda praatinidhyam vahistunnaaru. sekaranalu. kalakarudi kalakhandalu museum off moderan art, whiteney museum off american art, guggenheim museum, lakma; museum off contemporary art, laas angels; art institute off chikago; museum off fine arts, boston; walker art center, minnepolis; tate britton, london; center georges pompidou, paris; izrael museum, tell aviv; kunsthalle hamberg; moderana museat, stockholm; museat pharr samteds kunst, oslo; museum boymans-vaan bueningen, rotordam; mariyu yael university art gallery, nyuu haven, connecticut sekaranalalo unnaayi. kalala market. $40,000 nundi $60,000 varaku anchanaa veyabadina laller yokka chaayaachitram "monogram" nuu shree erpaatu chesaaru. mariyu srimati. burton tremine, newyork city 1984, "jasper johns yokka prasiddha" white genda "(1955-1958) thoo velaadutunna paripuurnamgaa tayaaru chesina mancham yokka chaayaachitram, 2004loe $125,600kuu ammudaindi, idhi kalaakaarudiki oka rikaardu.

lois laalar lois laalar (paidaish 1947) eek yuu hay.aiss. brokleen neoyork mein rehney waalay fankaar aur photographer. 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir say laalar kay kaam nay dosray funkaron kay kaam kii tasveer kashee parr taujah markoz kii hay jiss mein inn jighon parr khususi taujah dee gayee hay jiss mein inhein rakhaa gayaa hay aur inhein bananay kay liye istemaal honay waalay tareeqe. laalar kii tasavir kii misalon mein museum kii dewaron parr latakti hoyee pentings kii tasaveer aart clector kay shandar gahar kii dewaron parr pentings gallery mein nasb honay kay amal mein aart wark aur gallery mein mujasme juu tamashaiyon kay zariye dekhay jaa rahay haine shaamil haine. sindy shermeen lauri cymens aur barbra karogar jeesay funkaron kay saath laalar kuu tasveeri nasal kaa hasah samjha jaataa hay. ibtadayi zindagi aur carrier. laalar 1947 mein bronx wail neoyork mein paida hoay. iss nay bee kamayi.aif.aey. carneal university mein aur 1969 mein meen heaton chalee gayein jehaan inhon nay jald hyee castily gallery mein nokari kirr lee. wahaan iss kii mulaqat genial rearing say hoyee jiss nay 1980 mein healen winer kay saath mill kirr metro kii tasavir haasil kein. kaam karein. laalar nay jamaa karnay waalon kay gharoon mein gallerion mein nilami gharoon kii dewaron parr aur dewaron say baahar museum storage mein tasavir aur ashyaa kii tasavir lee haine. foto girafi kay saath saath iss nay tasvarati aur instalation aart bhee takhliq kiyaa hay. inn kay kachh kaam jeesay "buck aaf matches"yee aarizi haine aur waqat guzarnay kii talaash kartay haine jabkah deegar jeesay "helms amendment (963)" (1989)yee waazah toor parr seyasi haine. laalar kaa kaam iss kay matnua mazharon (tansibaat waaqiaat ashaatein tahaif) mein...) funn zaiqah aur andaaz kuu qayem karnay kay maujudah nizamon kuu khataab kartaa hay yaa inn kaa saamna kartaa hay. tahim wah fankaar kay asar woo rasokh kay dairay say baahir kay seyaq woo sabaaq kay muqabilay mein aart wark bananay kay asl amal mein kumm dilchaspi rakhti hay aur jiss mein kaam baad mein waaqa hotaa hay. aksar "takhsis aart" yaa "idaarah jaati tanqeed" kay toor parr tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay laalar kaa foto girafi kaa kaam aart kii duniya kay rozmarah kay kaamon aur iss kii gardash aur aart wark kii paishkash kuu zahir kartaa hay. iss kaa kaam aart aur commers kay bahami taamil mein dilchaspi rakhta hay. ibtadayi kaam. "bird kaalz" (1972/2008) eek audio aart wark hay juu mashhur mard funkaron kay naamon kuu parindon kay gaaney mein tabdil kartaa hay tootay kay naam jeesay arts shojar bewz roscha aur waarhool iss waqat kay mard funkaron kuu diye jaanay waalay istehqaq aur pehchaan kay halaat kaa mazaaq adaata hay. iss takday kuu "padranah roll kaal" kaa arfiyat diyaa gayaa hay.” castily gallery mein kaam karnay kay doraan laalar apnee pentings fankaar kii kitabein prents aur tasavir khood banaa rahee thein. tahim jabb wah 1978 mein funkaron kay maqaam parr apnee pehli sarkaari gallery numaish mein pahunchi tuu iss nay inn mein say kasee bhee kaam kii numaish nahein kii. iss kay bajaye iss nay 1883 mein acvidict rees track say ghoday kii eek chhoti see tasveer adhaar lee-juu dafatir mein eek zerox masheen parr latki hoyee thee-aur asay gallery mein eek khaali dewaar parr nasb kiyaa. apnee takhsis kuu ajagar karnay kay liyay iss nay duu spot lights nasb kein: eek tasveer kay oopar aur dosri nay khidki kii taraf asharah kiyaa aglay darwazay kii emarat mein fitt paath say guzarnay waalon kuu asharah kartay hoay kahh oopar kachh qaabil zakar chull rehaa hay. yaha khaas emarat iss kay elawah eek stee benak thee. iss liye iss nay iss tasavur mein eek iqtesadi maanee shaamil kiyaa. 1979 mein laalar nay saanta monika kay airo theater mein "eek film baghair tasveer kay dikhayi jaaye gee" paish kii. jeesay jeesay "dee musfits" kaa makmal sound track chalaya gayaa salor screen muslisil khaali rahee. taqrib kaa aalaan karnay waalay bleek card mein kaam kaa (khood wazahati) anwaan aur iss kii screening kaa maqaam aur tareekh biyaan kii gayee thee. fankaar nay mithee bhar mawaqa parr iss takday kuu dohraya hay bashmol 1983 mein neoyork shehar kay blekar strait cinema mein (1961 kii film "dee haslar" aur 1957 kay bugs bunny carton "opera kiyaa hay doctor?") shehar kay markaz mein muthbadil jagah franklin bhatee mein raabart barry kay zeer ahtamam eek show kay hasay kay toor parr jasay" "dosray lafzon mein: fankaar zabaan kaa istemaal" "aur 1987 mein see mein kahaa jaataa hay.dabliyo. baab nikaas kay zeer ahtamam eek show mein post college jasay "zabaan mein maskh shadah" kahaa jaataa hay.yaha tukda room kii" "shehar mein khwatin" "seerez kay maghrab kay hasay kay toor parr bhee paish kiyaa gayaa thaa jasay aimi fontana nay 2008 mein airo theater mein aur 2012 mein amsterdam mein sneacher day night fever (1977) kay saath movi theater mein paish kiyaa thaa. 1994 mein laalar nay "four ground" banaya aur asay 2009 mein teat gallery mein paish kiyaa. baad mein kaam karein. laalar nay 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein apnaa infiradi andaaz tayaar kiyaa juu majmuyi maeshat aur aart market mein shadeed tarqi kaa waqat thaa. 1981 mein laalar nay laas angeles kii jankar colinschmedt gallery mein apnee pehli vest coast gallery solo numaish kii. 1982 mein metro pakcharz mein apnee pehli solo numaish kay liyay laalar nay gallery kay stock room say kheenche gayey funn paaron kaa eek chhota saa majmuah dikhaya. inn takadon kuu eek saath farokhat kiyaa jaana thaa jasay "lois laalar kay zariah tartib diyaa gayaa" kahaa jaataa thaa aur iss kii qeemat iss kay hasoon kay lafzi majmuay kay saath saath laalar kay liye izaafi 10 faisad commission thee vovo yaha tukda farokhat nahein hawaa. laalar kii sabb say bury baghawat 1984 mein hoyee jabb asay beswein sadee kay clickter berton aur emili haal termin kii neoyork shehar aur conecticate rehaish gaahon takk makmal rasayi dee gayee. yaha moqaa 1984 kii treamin clection numaish kay moqaa parr paish aayaa aur laalar kuu iss tanazar mein kachh funn paaron kii tasavir leenay kay liye dobarah madau kiyaa gayaa. mazeed baraan yaha 1988 mein christies mein inn kay majmuay kay eek aham hasay kii nilami say chand saal pehley hawaa aur laalar kuu nilami mein termin kay kachh kaamon kii tasavir leenay kii ajazat dee gayee. kaam kay iss silsilay mein laalar nay jackson polaak kay "freez" (1953-55) aur trimens kay neoyork kay khaaney kay kamray mein lemojaz soop kay piyalay kii tasveer kashee kii. rehney kay kamray kay konay mein mister kay zariah tartib diyaa gayaa. & mohtarmah. berton treamin neo yark stee "(1984)yee raabart deloni kii" premier disk "(1912) eek teeli vision aur eek raail lictinistine kay mujasme kay oopar latakti hay" seramic head wad blue sheedo "(1966)yee jasay eek lamp mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa hay aur aisa lagtaa hay kahh oopar aur baahir kii taraf ghoor rehaa hay. yaha maqaam treamines kaa neoyork kaa rehney kaa kamrah thaa. iss seerez kaa eek aur kaam "monogram" (1984) hay juu treamens kay neoyork apartment kay eek beedd room mein liyaa gayaa hay monogram "aith" emili haal treamin hay jiss mein jaispar jaanz "waait fleeg" (1955-58) bastar kay oopar tasveer kashee kii gayee hay. yaha takday gharilo ashyaa kay darmiyan qeemati kaam rakhtay haine yaha driyafat kartay hoay kahh maahul hamaray funn kay "padhnay" kii shakal kisay banata hay. deegar kaamon kay hawalay say "tukda/freem/mutan (#163)" (1984)yee laalar nay claud lauran kii taraf say zameen kii tazyeen kii penting kay saath museum waal leebal kii tasveer kashee kii. tasveer mein zameen kii tazyeen kaa sarf eek tukda zahir hotaa hay. four ground" (1994) mein eek jaletan salor print jiss mein aart clector stephan addles kay shikago apartment mein eek open plaan rehney kaa elaqah dikhaya gayaa hay jaif konz kaa "khargosh" (1986) eek refrigerator kay saath dekha jaa saktaa hay. focus aur kimray kay view finder mein heera phairi karkay laalar nay mazahirah kiyaa kahh aart wark kaa tayeen aart kii duniya kay namunon say kisay hotaa hay: nilami house kii dewaar parr eek leebal eek tasveer kaa markaz bunn jaaye gaa jiss mein kaam kaa sarf eek chhota saa hasah nazar aayey gaa aur aart wark kay khayaal kuu eek tajarti idaarey kay toor parr zahan mein laaya jaaye gaa. aart besal aur aart besal miyami beach mailon museum aaf modern aart christy aur mukhtalif gallerion mein foto girafi kartay huay laalar nay baad mein funn kaa parday kay peeche kaa manzar paish kiyaa: eek richard seera mujasmah lehrana jiss mein wardi pehney handlers nay sharkat kii. safed dastanay waalay haath ahtiyaat say eek gairhard rector penting lay jaa rahay haine. morizio ketlan kaa devhikal pakaso sarr plastik mein dahkaa hawaa hay juu iss kay manqata jasm kay peeche farsh parr betha hay. iss kii taraf eek aur rector penting dewaar kay saath padee hoyee hay aakhir mein moma mein iss kii awami numaish vovo eek almaari kay darwazay say eek demain harsat spin penting kii jhalak. laalar nay besil mein museum farr geegan wartsconst mein apnay 2004 kay sarway show kaa anwaan inn funkaron kay aiteraf mein "lois laalar aur deegar" rakhaa jinn kay funn paaron kii wah tasavir khainchti haine. laalar nay numaish kay liye "iss tarah say nahein jasay aap nay yaad kiyaa (wens)" tartib eek: francois panalt clection (2006-07) say penting aur mujasmah saazi vovo mujarid aart works mein hasah daalnay kay bajaye yaha tasavir wens mein numaish kay ibtadayi instalation kay amal kii thein jinn mein jhaag yaa balbalay kay lapet kay takadon kay elawah apnay shipping creats mein aart kay kaamon kii akaasi kii gayee thee. haaliyah mansubay. 2013 mein kisay kaplaan gallery mein saathi fankaar liam gulk kay saath saait kay lahaaz say makhsus taawan kay liyay laalar nay eek lamba wanael waal steaker diyaa juu gallery kay teen kamaron kuu jodta thaa. iss parr chhapi hoyee tasveer iss kii kachh sabqah aart works kii tasavir kaa eek phaila hawaa warzan thaa juu safed baaks kii naram tartibaat mein thee. yahaan edger ddigas richard seera aur gairhard rector kay takday dosron kay darmiyan rung kii naqabil shanakhat dhaariyon mein shanakhat say baahir maskh kiye gayey thay. hayee line parr fankaar kay design kardah 25-bayee-75 fitt bull boards kii eek seerez mein 15 wein instalation kay liyay laalar nay "maslas (fitt honay kay liye adjust)" (2008/2009/2011) banaya juu neoyork mein sothbi kay nilami gahar kay eek kamray mein lee gayee tasveer hay aur khood funkaron donald judd frank steela aur soul leut kay kaamon kii khususiyat rakhti hay. numaishein. laalar nay museum aaf modern aart neoyork (2017) vovo museum ladweg coloon (2013) vovo wexner center faar dee arts columbs auhaiyo (2006) vivoo baikan neoyork (2005) vovo museum farr jeegan wartsconst besal (2004) vovo portex frankfurt (2003) vovo harsh haarn museum aur mujasmah saazi kaa baagh washington ddee.see. (1997) vovo aur museum aaf modern aart neoyork neoyork (1987). inn kaa kaam haal hyee mein shikago kay aart insity teute amsterdam mein steadelegic museum gaint belgium mein museum aaf fayen arts aur neoyork mein whiteny museum aaf american aart kii numaishon mein numayan kiyaa gayaa hay jiss mein wah 1991yee 2000yee aur 2008 kay duu saalah mein shaamil haine. laalar kaa kaam dastaviz 12yee kiseel germani mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. laalar nay baqayedgi say apnay kaam kuu ghair aart seyaq woo sabaaq mein paish kiyaa hay juu paishkash taqsim aur tashrih kay "aam" zaraye kuu istemaal kartay haine. laalar kii numaindagi 1982 say metro pakcharz neoyork nay kii hay. iss kii numaindagi peers kii yuwan lambert gallery aur barlan kay asprat meggers nay bhee kii hay. majmuah. fankaar kay takday museum aaf modern aart whiteny museum aaf american aart gaganheem museum lekma vovo museum aaf contiprentary aart laas angeles vovo aart insity teut aaf shikago vovo museum aaf fayen arts bostan vovo waakar aart center menipolis vovo teat bartaniah landan vovo center jarjaz pompedo peers vovo israel museum tail aviev vovo kansthele hamberg vovo moderna muset stock hoam vovo muset faar symtedsconst oslo vovo museum bomenz-waan beuningan rotardium vovo aur yail university aart gallery neo heone kanektikt kay majmuon mein haine. aart market. takhmina $40,000 say $60,000yee laalar kii tasveer "monogram" mister kay zariah tartib dee gayee hay. aur mohtarmah. berton treamin neo yark stee 1984yee "jaispar jaanz kay mashhur" safed parcham "(1955-1958) kay saath balkal banaye gayey bastar kii tasveer juu iss kay oopar latakti hay 2004 mein 125,600 ddaalar mein farokhat hoyee juu fankaar kay liye eek record hay.

000457a4f3425f9b493b13631ffa0884298efe902762a5bd453aaa8f40bc491a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41122754

Richard Chiverton

Richard Chiverton Sir Richard Chiverton (died 1679) of the Worshipful Company of Skinners was Lord Mayor of London in 1658. Biography. Chiverton was the eldest(?) son of Richard Chiverton (died 1621), of Trehunsey in Quethiock, Cornwall and Isabella (died 1631), daughter of —— Polwhele. Chiverton of the Worshipful Company of Skinners was Lord Mayor of London in 1658. He was knighted on 22 March 1658 by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell at Whitehall. Chiverton officiated as mayor in proclaiming Richard Cromwell Lord Protector in September 1658. According to a long report in the "Mercurius Politicus", (a newspaper which was sympathetic to the Commonwealth) the proclamation "was followed by loud shouts and acclamations of the people "God Save the Lord Protector"", but this was not the universal support implied, and when three days later the proclamation was read in Oxford the Oxford dignitaries and troopers "were pelted with carrot and turnip-tops, by young scholars and others, who stood at a distance". He was the first Cornish Lord Mayor of London and did not fall out of favour at the Restoration as he was considered for membership of the Knights of the Royal Oak. and was knighted by Charles II on 12 October 1663. Family. Richard Chiverton was married and had a daughter called Elizabeth who married Sir John Coryton, bart. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rechard chiverton saalor upaxok companyr chaar rechard chiverton (mrityu 1679) 1658 sonot londonor lord meyor aasil. jiwani. chiverton aasil ataitkoi jyestho (?) rechard chivertonor putro (mrityu 1621), kuithiyokot trehansir putro, kornowal aaru isabela (mrityu 1631),-- polhuilor konya. 1658 sonot chiverton off chinars londonor lord meyor aasil. 1658 sonor 22 marchot teuk huwaitholot lord protector olibhar kromwele night upadhi prodan korisil. 1658 sonor septembor maahot chivertone rechard kromwel lord xurokhyokari ghuxona korar khetrot meyor hisape dayitwo paalon korisil. "marcurius politicus" (commonwealthor proti xohanubhutixil ekhon baatori kakot) ror ek digholiya protibedon onuxori ghuxonatur pisot "jonoxadharonor jurere siyori proxongxa koraa hoisil" "bhogowan xurokhyokarok rokhya korok", kintu eitu xarbojonin xomorthon nasil, aaru jetiya tini dinn pisot oxfordot ghuxonatu porha hoisil tetiya oxfordor gonyomanyo byokti aaru xoinyoxokolok "kichu durot thiyo hoi thoka juwo pondito aaru onyanyoxokole gaajor aaru xalgomor uporot nikhyep korisil. teu londonor prothom cornis lord meyor aasil aaru punoruddharot teur proxongxa heruwai juwa nasil kiyonu teuk royel ukor nightsor xodosyopodor baabe bibesona koraa hoisil. aaru 1663 sonor 12 octoborot dwitiyo charlse teuk night upadhi prodan korisil. poriyal. rechard chiverton bibahito aasil aaru elizabeth naamor egoraki konya aasil jiye bart chaar john corritonok biyaa koraisil.

richarda chiverton 1658 khristabde londoner lord meyor chhilen chorchar upasokder doler syara richarda chiverton (mrityu 1679). jeeboni. chiverton chhilen sabcheye borh (?) richarda chivertoner putro (mrityu 1621), quithioker trehansir putro, cornwall ebong isabella (mrityu 1631),-- polhuiler konna. 1658 khristabde londoner lord meyor chhilen skinnerser upasok sangosthar chiverton. 1658 khristabder 22shhey march hoaitahale lord protector oliver chromewell taanke night upadhi pradan corren. 1658 khristabder septembore richarda chromewelke lord protector ghoshana korar jonno chiverton meyor hisebe dayitto palon corren. "marcurius politicus" (ekti sangbadpatra jaa commonwealther proti sahanubhutishil chhilo)-err ekti deergho protibedon onusare, eyi ghoshanar porey "jonogoner uchchasware chitkar oo proshongsha koraa hoy" "isshor lord protectorke banchan", kintu etty sorbojonin samarthan chhilo naa, ebong jokhon tinn deane porey ghoshanati oxforde padaa hoy, tokhon oxforder gonnomanno byakti ebong sainyader "doore dandiye thaka torun pondito ebong annannora gajor ebong shalgomer upore nikkhep korechilen. tini londoner prothom cornish lord meyor chhilen ebong punoruddharer somoy taanr onugroho haranni kaaron taanke rayyal oker nightder sadasya hisabe bibechona koraa hoyechilo. ebong 1663 saaler 12ee octobor dwitiya charles taanke night upadhi pradan corren. poribar. richarda chiverton bibahito chhilen ebong taanr elizabeth naame ekti konna chhilo, jini syara john corritton, bartke biye korechilen.

ritchard chiverton skinnersnee pujneey pedhhinaa surr richard chiverton (mrutyu 1679) 1658maan londonna looard mayer hataa. jivancharitra. chiverton sauthee motaa hataa (?) richard chiverton (mrutyu 1621), kyutheeok, cornwall aneey isabelama trahancyna putra (mrutyu 1631), polvhilni putri. skinnersnee pujneey pedhhinaa chiverton 1658maan londonna looard mayer hataa. temne 22 march 1658naa roj whitehall khaate looard protector olivara cromwell dwara nightni padvi aapvama aavee hatee. september 1658maan, chivartane richard cromwellne looard protector jaaher karvaamaa mayer tareeke faraj bajaavi hatee. "mercurious politics" (aek akhbaar jeey commonwealth pratye sahanubhuti dharaavtu hatoo) naa aek laambaa ahewal anusaar, aaa ghoshana "lokonaa motaa avaajo aneey prashansao dwara anusarvaamaa aavee hatee" bhagvaan bhagvanne bachaavo rakshak ", parantu aaa saarvtrik samarthan naa hatoo, aneey jyaare trana divas pachhi oxfordmaan ghoshana vanchvama aavee tyaare oxfordnaa mahanubhavo aneey sainiko parr" gaajar aneey salgam-tochthee humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey yuvan vidhyano aneey anya loko dwara door ubhaa hataa ". teo londonna pratham cornish looard mayer hataa aneey punsthaapanmaa temnee tarfenma nahota aavyaa kaaran keey temne royal oknaa nitesna sabhyapad maate ganvaamaa aavtaa hataa. aneey 12 october 1663naa roj charles dhviteey dwara tene nightni padvi aapvama aavee hatee. parivaar. richard chivertonna lagna thayaa hataa aneey temne elizabeth naamnee aek putri hatee, jemane bart surr john corritan saathe lagna karyaa hataa.

richard chiverton surr richard chiverton (mrityu 1679) 1658 mein landan key lord meyer they. jeevani. chiverton sabse badey they (?) richard chiverton (mrityu 1621) kaa putra, quethiock mein trehancy, cornwall aur isabella (mrityu 1631), polwheel kii betty. 1658 mein skiiners kii poojaniya company key chiverton landan key lord meyer they. unhein 22 march 1658 koo whitehall mein lord protector oliver cromwell dwara night kii upaadhi dee gaee thee. mertuarius politicus" (ack samachar patra joe rashtramandal key prati sahaanubhooti rakhta thaa) mein ack lambi report key anusaar ghoshana key baad "" bhagwan bhagwan koo bachaaen "" logon key jore seey chillaane aur prashansa karane kaa arth thaa, lekin yeh saarvbhaumik samarthan naheen thaa, aur jaba teen dinn baad ghoshana koo oxford mein padhaa gayaa tou oxford key ganmaanya vyaktiyon aur sainikon "" koo yuva vidvaanon aur anya logon dwara gaajar aur turnip-topp seey fenka gayaa, joe door khade they. vaha landan key pahale cornish lord meyer they aur bahaali mein unake paksh mein naheen aae kyonki unhein shaahi oak key shurveeron kii sadasyata key liye maanaa jaataa thaa. aur 12 octuber 1663 koo charles dwiteeya dwara night kii upaadhi dee gaee thee. parivaar. richard chiverton vivaahit they aur unaki ack betty thee jiska naam elizabeth thaa, jinhone surr johnn corritton, bart seey shaadi kii.

richard chiverton churr richard chiverton (marana 1679) avaru 1658ralli london lard mayer aagiddaru. jivanacharitre. chiverton hiriyanaagiddanu (?) richard chiverton (marana 1621), trehancy quethiac, cornwall mattu isabella (marana 1631), avara maga, polweel avara magalu. 1658ralli lard mayer aagidda charmadavara aaraadhanaashila kampaniyaada chiverton avarige 1658rahra march 22randu white haalnalli lard protector oliver cromwell avaru nait emba birudannu niididaru. 1658rahra septembernalli richard cromwell avarannu lard protector endu ghoshisuvalli chiverton mayer aagi adhikara vahisidaru. "mercurious politicus" (kaamanveltge sahaanubhootiyiruva ondu patrike) nallina sudirgha varadiya prakara, ee ghoshaneya nantara "devarannu rakshisu lard protector" emba janara dodda koogugalu mattu hogalikegalu bandavu, aadare idu saarvatrika bembalavalla, mattu mooru dinagala nantara oxfordnalli ghoshaneyannu odidaaga oxford ganyaru mattu sainikarige "carrett mattu turnip-taapgalannu, yuva vidvaamsaru mattu itararu, dooradalli nintukondu esedaru". avaru london modala cornish lard mayer aagiddaru mattu raayal okna nitesna sadasyatvakkagi pariganisalpatta kaarana punahsthapaneyalli avara olavu kadimeyagalilla. 1663rahra october 12randu charles II aatanige nait emba birudannu niididaru. kutumba. richard chiverton vivaahavaadaru mattu elizabeth emba magalannu hondiddaru, avaru surr zaan couritan, bart avarannu vivaahavaadaru.

richard chiverttan 1658ll landanile loard meyaraayirunnu skinnarmaarude aaraadhanaathmaka kambaniyile sarr richard chivarttan (maranam 1679). jeevacharitram. chiverttan aayirunnu moothathu (?) richard chivarttante makan (maranam 1621), kvethiyokkile trehansiyude makan, konvaal, isabella (maranam 1631), polveelinte makal. 1658ll landanile loard meyaraayirunnu skinnarmaarude aaraadhanaathmaka kambaniyile chiverttan. 1658 march march vaitthaalil loard protector olivar cromwell addehathe naitt padavi nalki aadarichu. 1658 septambaril richard cromwell loard protectore prakhyapikkunnathil meyaraayi chumathalayetta chiverttan. mercurious polittikkasile (komanveltthinodu anubhaavamulla oru pathram) oru neenda report anusarichu, prakhyaapanatthe "" thudarnnu "" daivathe samrakshikkuka "enna janangalude uchathilulla nilavilikalum abhinandanangalum undaayirunnu, ennaal ithu saarvathrika pinthunayaayirunnilla, moonnu divasathinu sesham ooksfoordil prakhyapanam vaayichappol ooksfoord vishishtaathidhikaleyum sinikareyum" kaarattum turnip upayogichu erinju, cheruppakkaaraaya pandithanmaarum mattullavarum akale nilkkukayum cheythu ". landanile aadyathe cornish loard meyaraayirunna addeham royal ookku naitsinte amgathvathinaayi pariganichathinaal punasthaapanatthil anukoolatha nashtamaayilla. 1663 october october chaals randaaman addehathe naitt padavi nalki aadarichu. kudumbam. richard chivarttan vivaahitanum elisabath enna makalum bart sarr joonn korittane vivaham kazhichayalumaayirunnu.

richard chiverton surr richard chiverton (mrutyu 1679) heey 1658 madhye londonmadhil laurd meyer hote. charitra. chiverton sarvat motha hota (?) richard chivertoncha mulga (mrutyu 1621), quithiockmadhil trehancycha mulga, cornwall aanee isabela (mrutyu 1631), polvhilchi mulgi. 1658 madhye, skinnerschya upasak companyche chiverton heey londonche laurd mahapour hote. 22 march 1658 roji whitehall yethe laurd protector oliver cromwell yanni tyanna nitechi padvi dilee. september 1658 madhye richard cromwell laurd protector ghoshit karnyasathi chiverton yanni mahapour mhanoon kaam kele. 'mercurious politics' (rashtrakulabaddal sahanubhooti asalele eka vruttpatra) madheel eka pradirgh ahavalanusar, yaa ghoshanenantar 'laurd protectorla vachva' yaa lokanchya mothaya aardaordya aanee stutee jhalya, parantu heey sarvatrik samarthan navhate aanee jevha teen divasannantar oxfordmadhye ghoshana vachali gelee tevha oxfordchya manyavaranvar aanee sainikanvar 'gajar aanee salgam-tops fekale gele, jeey door ubhe hote'. too londoncha pahila cornish laurd mahapour hota aanee royal okchya shoorviranchya sadasyatvasathi vichar keela jaat asalyane too jirnoddharat napsant jhaala nahee. aanee 12 aktoobar 1663 roji charles dusra yane tyala nitechi padvi dilee. kutumb. richard chiverton vivahit hota aanee teela elizabeth navachi eka mulgi hotee jine bart surr johnn corritainshee lagn kele.

richard chiverton skinnersko pujaniya companyka sear richard chiverton (mrityu 1679) sann 1658 maa londonka leard meyer thie. jiwani. chiverton sabaibhanda jetho thie (?) richard chiverton (mrityu 1621), quithiac, karnawal rar isabelako trehansika chhora (mrityu 1631), polhilki chhori. skinnersko pujaniya companyka chiverton sann 1658 maa londonka leard meyer thie. unlai 22 march 1658 maa whitehalma leard protector oliver kromaweldwara nightko upadhi diieko thiyo. september 1658 maa chivertonle richard cromwell leard protectorko ghoshana garna meyarko rupma karya gare. "mercurious politiscus" (rashtramandalprati sahanubhuti rakhne ek akhbar) ko lamo reportanusar yo ghoshanalai "manisharuko charko halla rar prashansa" pachhi aeko thiyo "bhagawanle bhagawanko sanrakshaklai bachaunuhos", tara yo vishwawyapi samarthan nihit thiena, rar jab tinn dina pachhi oxfordma ghoshana padhiyo bhane oxfordka mahanubhawharu rar sainikharulai "tadha ubhieka yuwa vidwanharu rar anyaharule gajar rar salgam-tapharu prahar gare. uni londonka pahilo carnis leard meyer thie rar unlai royal okaka nightharuko sadasyataka lagi vichar garieko karan punarsthapanama samarthanbata bahira bhaenan. rar 12 october 1663 maa charles dwitiyadwara nightko upadhi pradan garieko thiyo. pariwar. richard chiverton vivahit thie rar unaki elizabeth namak chhori thiin jasle sear john coriton, bartsanga vivaha gare.

richard chiverton charmasaramanankara poojaneeah sangara saar richard chiverton (mrutyu 1679) 1658 masihare londner lord meyer thile. jeebani. chivertone sabutharu bayaska thile (?) richard chivartananka putra (mrutyu 1621), cuthioc, karnawal ebong isabella (mrutyu 1631) ray trehansinka putra,-polawilanka jhia. 1658 masihare, charmasaramananka poojaneeah sangathanara chiverton londner lord meyer thile. 1658 masiha march 22 tarikhare whitehalre lord protector alivara kramwelanka dwara tanku night upadhi pradan karajaithila. september 1658 ray richard kromwelanku lord protector ghoshana karibare chiverton meyer bhabare karjya karithile. "mercurious politics" (eka sambadapatra jaahaa rajyagosthi prati sahanubhutishila thila) ray eka dirgha report anujai ehi ghoshana "lokanka uccha sabda ebong prashansa dwara anusarana karajaithila" bhagaban prabhu rakhyakanku banchantu ", kintu ehaa sarbajaneena samarthan suchita nathila, ebong jetebele tini deane parey ghoshana oxfordre padhajaithila, oxford manyaganya byakti ebong sainikamananku" gajara ebong salgam-top dwara phingi diajaithila, jeunmane doorare thia hoithile . shay londner pratham karnish lord meyer thile ebong punaruddhara samajare shay sapakhyare padinathile kaaran tanku rayal okra nights sadasyata paain bibechana karajaithila . ebong 12 october 1663 ray charles dwiteejanka dwara night upadhi paithile. paribara. richard chiverton bibahita thile ebong tankara elizabeth namaka eka jhia thile jie saar zohn coriton, bartanku bibaha karithile.

richard chiverton sarr richard chiverton (maut 1679) 1658 witch london dey lard mayer sunn. jeevani. chieverton sabh toon vadda see (?)-polwheel dee dhee, richard chiverton (maut 1621), kithiok, karanwal atey isabella (maut 1631) witch trehansi daa puttar. chamdi dee pooja curran vaali company dey chiverton 1658 witch london dey lard mayer sunn. unhan noon 22 march 1658 noon whitehall vikhe lard protector olivar cromwell duaara night dee padvi ditti gaee see. chiverton neey satambar 1658 witch "mercurious politicals" (ikk akhbar joe rashtarmandal pratee hamdardi rakkhda see) witch ikk lambi report dey anusar ghoshna dey baad "lokan dey ucche raula atey parshansa" "prabhu prabhu rakkhiak noon bachao" "daa sanket see, parr ih sarabviaapi samarthan naheen see, atey jadon tinn dinan baad oxford witch ghoshna padhi gaee taan oxford dey patwantiaan atey sainikan" teey naujwan vidvanan atey horaan duaara gaajar atey salgam dey sikhran naal hamla keeta giaa, joe door khadeh sunn. uh london daa pahila karnish lard mayer see atey bahali witch pasand toon bahr naheen hoiaa kiunki uss noon shaahi oak dey nights dee membership laee manniaa jaanda see. atey 12 aktubar 1663 noon charles II duaara night dee upadhi ditti gaee see. parivaar. richard chiverton viaahiaa hoiaa see atey uss dee ikk dhee see jiss daa naam elizabeth see jiss neey baart sarr jauhan coritan naal viaah karvaiaa see.

richard chiverton charr richard chiverton (mrutyuhu 1679) naamakah, charma-bhaktaanaam samoohah, 1658 tame varshe landan-nagarasya lard meyar aasit. jeevanacharitram. chiverton jyeshtah aasit (?) richard chiverton ityasya putrah (mrutyuhu 1621), kwethik-nagarasya trehancy ityasya, carnwall-ityasya, isabella-ityasya (mrutyuhu 1631), polveel ityasya putree. 1658 tame varshe lard meyar iti namna lard-protector olivar-cromwell ityanena vait-haal ityatra, 1658 maarch 22 dinaanke, chiverton iti bhaktisambandhih skin-samsthaayaah, nait iti upadhi dattah. 1658 september-maase richard cromwell-lard-protector iti ghoshane chiverton-varyaha meyar-rupena kaaryam akarot. "mercurious politicus" (kaamanvelt-prati sahaanubhootih yuktah vruttapatrah) ityasmin deergha-prativedanasya anusaaram, "janaanaam ucchaihi ghoshaih, prashamsaih cha" ghoshanaa krutaa, parantu etat saarvatrikam samarthanam naa aasit, yadaa oxford-nagare ghoshanaayaah paathah abhavat, tadaa oxford-deshasya ganyaan sainikaan cha "doore sthitaah yuvaihi vidvaamsaihi, anyebhyah cha, gaajar-shalagama-sheershaih praharitaha. saha landan-nagarasya prathamah carnish-lard-meyar aasit, punahsthaapane tasya anukulata naa abhavat, yatah saha rayal-ok-ityasya nats ityasya sadasyatvena pariganitah aasit. 1663 october 12 dinaanke charles-dwiteeyena nait iti upaadhim praptavan. parivaarah. richard chiverton ityeshah vivaahitah aasit, tasya elizaabet iti putree aasit, yaa surr jaan coritan, bart ityetam parineetavatee.

richard sivardan charr richard sivardan (irappu 1679) 1658 aam aandil landanin lard maeyaraaga irunthaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. sivardan mooththavar (?) richard sivardanin magan (irappu 1621), kuvethiyaag, cornwall mattrum isabella (irappu 1631) ill ulla trehansiyin magan, polveelin magal. 1658 aam aandil landanin lard maeyaraaga irunththa thoal thoalargalin valipaattu niruvanaththin sivardan, 1658 maarch 22 andru vellai maaligaiyil lard protector aalivar gromwellal nite pattam pettraar. 1658 septambaril richard gromwell lard paathukaappaalarai arivippathil sivardan maeyaraaga paniyaattrinaar. mercurious polyticus (commonwealth meethu anuthaapam konda oru seithiththaal) endra neenda arikkaiyinpadi, inththa pirakadanaththai "makkal uraththa kookkuralgalum pugazhchchigalum" pinpattrinar, aanaal idhu ulagalaaviya aatharavu alla, moontru naatkalukkup piragu oxfordil pirakadanam vaachikkappattapoathu, oxfordu piramugargal mattrum thuruppukkal "carett mattrum turnip-tops moolam veesappattanar, avarkal tholaivil nindra ilam arinyarkal mattrum piraraal". avar landanin muthal cornish lard mayer aavaar, maelum avar raayal oak nites uruppinaraaga karudhappattathaal maruseeramaippil aatharavai izhakkavillai. 1663 october 12 andru irandaam charles enbavaraal nite pattam pettraar. kudumbam. richard sivardan tirumanam seithu kondaar, avarukku elisabeth endra magal irunthaar, avar charr john koorittan, bartai mananthaar.

richard chiverton charr richard chiverton (maranam 1679) 1658loe lard mayer off landangaa unnaaru. jeevita charitra. chiverton peddavaadu (?) richard chiverton kumarudu (maranam 1621), quethiac, cornwall mariyu isabella (maranam 1631) looni trehancy kumarudu, polvil kumarte. 1658loe lard mayer ayina charchigala charmakaarula samuuhaaniki chendina chiverton, 1658 marchi 22naa white haall vadda lard protector oliver cromwell chetha nait padavini pondaadu. 1658 septembarulo richard cromwell lard protectornu prakatinchadamlo chiverton meyargaa panicheesaaru. mercurious politicus (commonwealth patla saanubhootigala oka vaartaapatrika) loe oka sudeergha nivedika prakaram, eee prakatana "prajala pedda arupulu mariyu prasamsalu" "devudu rakshinchu prabhuvu raksakudu" "anie soochinchabadindi, conny idhi saarvatrika maddatu kaadu, mariyu moodu rojula taruvaata oxfordlo prakatana chadivinappudu oxford pramukhulu mariyu sainikulanu" carrot mariyu turnip-topsto kottaru, yuva panditulu mariyu itarulu, vaaru dhooramgaa nilabadi unnaaru ". athanu london yokka modati cornish lard mayer mariyu raayal ook nites sabhyatvam kosam pariganinchabaddaadu kabatti punaruddharanalo anukuulamgaa padaledu. 1663 aktobaru 12naa charless II chetha nait birudunu pondaadu. kutumbam. richard chiverton vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu elizabeth anae kumartenu kaligi unnadu, aame surr zaan caritan, bartnu vivaham chesukundi.

richard sheverton sikners kii ibadat gaah kay sarr richard sheverton (wafaat 1679) 1658 mein landan kay laard mear thay. sawanah umri. sheverton sabb say badaa thaa (?) richard sheverton kaa betaa (moth 1621)yee koyatheek kaaran waal aur asabila mein trehansi kaa betaa (moth 1631)yee poul weel kii betty. sikners kii ibadat gaah company kay sheverton 1658 mein landan kay laard mear thay. inhein 22 maarch 1658 kuu waait haal mein laard protector auliver crome weel nay night kaa khataab diyaa. chewarton nay satambar 1658 mein richard crome weel laard protector kaa aalaan karnay mein mear kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. "mercurace politicals" (eek akhbaar juu dolat mushtarkah say humdardi rakhta thaa) kii eek taweel report kay mutabiq iss aalaan kay baad "logon kii buland aawaz mein cheekhein aur sarahne lagay" "khadaa rabb kay muhafiz kuu bachaye"yee leakin yaha aalamgir himayat nahein thee aur jabb teen dunn baad aalaan oxford mein padhaa gayaa tuu oxford kay muazzin aur fojiyon parr "naujawan scholars aur deegar afraad ney juu door khaday thay" girat aur trunp topp say chharao kiyaa. wah landan kay pehley carnish laard mear thay aur bahaali mein inn kay haqh mein nahein aayey keunkah inhein raail baloot kay shorveeron kii rakniyat kay liye samjha jaataa thaa. aur 12 aktobar 1663 kuu charlis dom nay asay night kaa khataab diyaa. khaandaan. richard sheverton shaadi shadah thay aur inn kii eek betty alzabth thee jiss nay sarr jaan coretan baart say shaadi kii.

0004581e7dda449f6769fdfe926b3aafdeec09a78e6479731790f636ed235ebb

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=6457553

रंभा

रंभा Hindi. Etymology 1. Inherited from (compare , , ). Cognate with , . Marathi. Etymology 1. Inherited from (compare , , ). Cognate with , / . Etymology 2. . First attested as .

ronobha hindi. byutpotti 1. poraa uttoradhikari hisape puwa (tulona korok,). xoite gyat korok. marathi. byutpotti 1. poraa uttoradhikari hisape puwa (tulona korok,). / ror xoite gyat korok. byutpotti 2. . prothome promanito koraa hoisil.

rangbha hindi. byutpatti 1. theke uttoradhikar sutre pawa (tulna,,). sange porichito hohn. marathi. byutpatti 1. theke uttoradhikar sutre pawa (tulna,,). sange porichito,/. byutpatti 2. . prothom hisabe pratyayita.

rambhaa hindi. vyutpatti 1. pasethi varsama malyun (sarkhaamani karoo,). saathe parichit thaao. maraathi. vyutpatti 1. pasethi varsama malyun (sarkhaamani karoo,). saathe odakhaan karoo,/. vyutpatti 2. . pratham pramanit.

rambha hindi. vyutpatti 1. seey viraasat mein milaa (tulanaa,,). key saath parichit,. marathi. vyutpatti 1. seey viraasat mein milaa (tulanaa,,). key saath sangyanatmak,/. vyutpatti 2. . pahale key roop mein pramaanit kiya gayaa.

rambha hindi. vyutpatti 1. avarinda aanuvamshikavaagi padedaddu (holisi,). arivinondige,. marathi. vyutpatti 1. avarinda aanuvamshikavaagi padedaddu (holisi,). / nondige gurutisi. vyutpatti 2. . endu modalu drudhikarisalaagide.

ranvaa hindi. vyuthpathi 1. (thaarathamyam cheyyuka,) ll ninnu paarambaryamaayi. ariyuka,. marathi. vyuthpathi 1. (thaarathamyam cheyyuka,) ll ninnu paarambaryamaayi. / ennathumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. padavyuthpatthi 2. . aadyam saakshyappeduthi.

rambha hindi. vyutpatti 1. pasoon varshane midalele (tulana qaraa,). olakhoon ghya. marathi. vyutpatti 1. pasoon varshane midalele (tulana qaraa,). / saha olakhane. vyutpatti 2. . pratham pramanit kele.

ranga hindi. wyutpatti 1. batt virasatma prapta (tulana,,). sanga parichit,. marathi. wyutpatti 1. batt virasatma prapta (tulana,,). sanga sangyanatmak,/. wyutpatti 2. . pahile pramanit gariyo.

rangbha hindi. byutpatti 1. thaaru uttaradhikarare (tulana,,). sahita parichita huantu. marathi. byutpatti 1. thaaru uttaradhikarare (tulana,,). sahita parichita huantu,/. byutpatti 2. .. prathame pramanita helah.

rambha hindi. 1. shabad-vigiaan toon virasat witch miliaa (tulna crow,). naal jaanhu hovo. marathi. 1. shabad-vigiaan toon virasat witch miliaa (tulna crow,). naal sanket crow,/. 2. shabad-vigiaan . pahilan pramanit keeta giaa.

ranbhaa hindibhashayam. vyutpatti 1. uttaradhikarat praaptam (tulanam,). saha jnaataa,. marathi. vyutpatti 1. uttaradhikarat praaptam (tulanam,). saha abhidnyaanam,/. vyutpatti 2. . prathamam yathaa pramanikrutam.

ranba hinthi. sorpirappiyal 1. irunthu perappattathu (oppiduga,). therinthukollungal. marathi. sorpirappiyal 1. irunthu perappattathu (oppiduga,). udan ariyavum,/. sorpirappiyal 2. . muthalil saantralikkappatta.

rambha hindhi. vyutpatti 1. nundi vaarasatvamgaa vachindi (polchandi,). thoo gurtinchandi. maraathee. vyutpatti 1. nundi vaarasatvamgaa vachindi (polchandi,). thoo gurtinchandi,/. vyutpatti 2. . modata dhruvikarinchabadindi.

rabhaa hindy. mushtaqiyat 1. say warasat mein milaa (mawaznah karein). kay saath pehchanein. marathi. mushtaqiyat 1. say warasat mein milaa (mawaznah karein). kay saath pehchanein /. mushtaqiyat 2. . pehley tasdiq shadah.

000458fa437ca49ae9418470b44c5bbfda83b393eb549fa97ad23e6da7b38f6f

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=229022

Gu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi Gu Kaizhi (simplified Chinese: 顾恺之; traditional Chinese: 顧愷之; pinyin: Gù Kǎizhī; Wade–Giles: Ku K'ai-chih; c. 344–406), courtesy name Changkang (長康), was a Chinese painter and politician. He was a celebrated painter of ancient China.[1] He was born in Wuxi and first painted at Nanjing in 364. In 366, he became an officer (Da Sima Canjun, 大司馬參軍). Later he was promoted to royal officer (Sanji Changshi, 散騎常侍). He was also a talented poet and calligrapher. He wrote three books about painting theory: On Painting (畫論), Introduction of Famous Paintings of Wei and Jin Dynasties (魏晉勝流畫贊) and Painting Yuntai Mountain (畫雲台山記). He wrote: "In figure paintings the clothes and the appearances were not very important. The eyes were the spirit and the decisive factor." External links. Wikipedia has an article about:

gu kaijhi gu kaijhi (xorol sinah <unk>; poromporagot sinah <unk>; pinoyinoh gü kʼizhī; wead-gilesoh ku kaai-sih; chi. 344-406), xoujonye naam sangkang (<unk>), ejon china sitroxilpi aaru rajneetibid aasil. teu prasin seenor ejon bikhyat sitroxilpi aasil.[1] teur jonmo hoisil wusit aaru 364 sonot nanjingto prothombaror baabe chitro koraa hoisil. 366 sonot teu ejon bixoya (daa chima kanjun, δινενιν χιν) hoisil. pisoloi teuk rajokiyo bixoya (xanji sangxi, xadharonote) hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. teu ejon protibhaxali kobi aaru xurar alekhoku aasil. teu sitrokola totwor bixoye tinikhon grontho likhisiloh sitrokolar uporot (<unk>), wei aaru jinn rajbonxor bikhyat sitrokolar porisoy (<unk>) aaru yuntai porbot chitro (<unk>). teu likhisiloh "chitro sitrot kapur aaru rup oti guruttopurno nasil. soku aasil aatma aaru nirnayok kaarok."bahyik xongzug. wikipediat iyar bixoye etaa probondho aaseh

goo kaijhi goo kaijhi (saralikrito cheenah <unk>; oitijjobahi cheenah <unk>; pinayinah gü kʼizhī; oyade-gailsoh koo kaai-chih; shee. 344-406), soujanye naam changkang (<unk>), ekjon cheena chitroshilpi ebong rajnitibid chhilen. tini prachin cheener ekjon bikhyato chitroshilpi chhilen.[1] tini uksite jonmogrohon corren ebong 364 khristabde nunging-ayee prothom aanken. 366 khristabde tini ekjon kormokorta hohn. porey tini rajakiya kormokorta (sanji changshi, sadharonbhabe) podey unnito hohn. tini ekjon protibhaban cobby ebong sulekhiko chhilen. tini chitrakala totto somporke tinti boi likhechenoh chitrakala (<unk>), oyei ebong zina rajbongsher bikhyato chitrokormer proborton (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>) ebong euntai porboto (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>). tini likhechenoh "chitrokormer khettre poshak ebong chehara khub beshi guruttopurno chhilo naa. chokh chhilo atma ebong nirnayak kaaron."bahyik link. wikipedia ekti nibondho royeche

goo kaizi goo kaizi (saralikrut chaineezah; paramparagat chaineezah; pinayinah gü kʼizhī; vaade-gills kuu kaai-cheeh; c. 344-406), saujanya naam changkang (<unk>), aek cheeni chitrakaar aneey rajkarani hataa. teo praachin cheennaa prakhyaat chitrakaar hataa.[1] temno janm vuksimaa thayo hato aneey 364maan nanjing khaate pratham vakhat rangkaam karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 366maan, teo aek adheekari banyaa hataa. baadmaa temne shaahee adheekari (sanji changshi, saamanya reete) tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. teo aek pratibhashali kavee aneey sulekhankaar pann hataa. temane painting theory vishe trana pustako lakhyah painting (painting), wei aneey jiina rajvanshona prakhyaat paintingsnee rajuaat (painting yunaay mountain). temane lakhyu "aakruti chitroma kapadaa aneey dekhaav khoob mahatvapurn naa hataa. aankho aee aatma aneey nirnayak pareebal hataa."baahy kadeeo. wikipedia parr aek lekh chheh

goo kaijhi goo kaizee (saralikrit cheenih <unk>; paaramparik cheenih <unk>; pinayinah gü kʼizhī; vaade-gilsah koo kaaee-chih; see. 344-406), saujanya naam changkang (<unk>), ack cheeni chitrakaar aur rajneta they. way pracheen chean key ack prasiddh chitrakaar they.[1] unakaa janm wuxi mein huaa thaa aur pahali baar 364 mein nanjing mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. 366 mein, way ack adhikaari bunn gaye (daa simaa kainjun, δινινεν χιν). baad mein unhein shaahi adhikaari (sanji changshi, samanya roop seey) key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. way ack pratibhashali kavi aur sulekhika bhee they. unhone chitrakala siddhant key baare mein teen pustaken likheenh chitrakala parr (<unk>), wei aur jinn rajvanshon key prasiddh chitron kii shuruat (<unk> Â) aur yuntai parvat kii chitrakala (Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â). unhone likhaah "chitrakaari mein kapade aur roop bahut mahatvapurna naheen they. aankhen aatma aur nirnaayak kaarak theen."baahari link. wikipedia mein ack lekh haih

gu kaijhi gu kaijhi (saralikruta chineeh <unk>; saampradaayika chineeh <unk>; pinyin gü kʼizhi; vaade-gails kuu kaii-chih; sii. 344-406), saujanya hesaru changkang (<unk>), obba cheenee varnachitrakaara mattu rajakarani. aata praachina cheenaada prasiddha varnachitrakaararaagiddaru.[1] avaru vuksiyalli janisidaru mattu 364ralli nanajingnalli modala baarige chithrisidaru. 366ralli, avaru adhikaariyaadaru (daa sima canzune, δινεν χιν). nantara aatanu rajamanetanada adhikariyagi badti padedanu (sanji changashi, saamaanya). avaru pratibhaavanta kavi mattu sulekhanakaararoo aagiddaru. avaru chitrakale siddhaantada bagge mooru pustakagalannu barediddaareh chitrakale (<unk>), vaii mattu zin rajavamshagala prasiddha varnachitragala parichaya (<unk> Â) mattu yuntay parvatada chitrakale (Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â). avaru barediddaareh "chitra varnachitragalalli batte mattu notavu ashtenu mukhyavaagiralilla. kannugalu aatma mattu nirnayaka amshavaagiddavu."baahya samparkagalu. wikipeediyaadalli ee kelagina vishayagala bagge ondu lekhanavide

guu kaisi guu kaisi (lalithavalkkaricha chinesa <unk>; parambaraagatha chinesa <unk>; pinyin gü kʼizhī; wade-gails kuu kaii-chih; sii. 344-406), chankang (<unk>) enna soujanyam, oru chainees chitrakaaranum raashtreeyakkaaranumaayirunu. purathana chainayile prashastha chithrakaaranaayirunnu addeham.[1] vuksiyil janicha addeham 364-ll nanjingilaanu aadyamaayi peyint cheythath. 366-ll addeham oru offeesaraayi (daa sima kanjun, δινενιν χιν). pinneedu addehathinu rajakeeya udyogasthanaayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu (sanchi changshi, saadhaarana). kazhivulla kaviyum sulekhanakaaranumaayirunnu addeham. painting sidhaanthathekkurichu addeham moonnu pusthakangal ezhuthi painting (<unk>), veyu, jiinn raajavamshangalude prashasthamaaya paintingukalude aamukham (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>), yundaay parvatham (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>). addeham ezhuthi "chithrarachanakalil vasthrangalum roopavum athra pradhaanamaayirunnilla. annukal athmaavum nirnnayaka gadakavumaayirunnu."baahya linkukal. wikipediyayil ithinekkurichu oru lekhanamunda

gu kaizi gu kaizi (saralikrut chinih; paramparik chinih; pinayinh gyu kazee; vade-gills kuu qa 'aaee-chih; see. 344-406), saujanya naav changkang (<unk>), eka chiinii chitrakar aanee rajkarani hota. too pracheen cheencha eka prasiddha chitrakar hota.[1] tyacha janm wuxi yethe jhaala aanee 364 madhye nanjing yethe pahilyanda rangavanyat aala. 366 madhye too eka adhikari banala (daa sima canjune, δινεν χ). nantar tyala shahee adhikari (sanji changshi, samanyapane) mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. teey eka pratibhavan kavee aanee sulekhankar dekhil hote. tyanni chitrakala siddhantavar teen pustake lihilih chitrakala (chitra), wei aanee jiin rajvanshachya prasiddha chitrancha parichay (chitra) aanee yutai parvat (chitra). tyanni lihileh "aakrutichitranmadhye kapade aanee swaroop farse mahattvache navhate. dolhe haah aatma aanee nirnayak ghatak hota."bahya duve. wikipediamadhye hyabaddal eka lekh aaheh

gu kaijhi gu kaijhi (sarlikrit chiniyanh; paramparagat chiniyanh; pinayinah gü k mutt; wade-gilsah ku kai-chiha; see. 344-406), shishtachar naam chankang (<unk>), ek chiniyan chitrakar rar rajnitigya thie. uni prachin chinka prasidha chitrakar thie.[1] uni wooksyma janmeka thie rar pahilo patak 364 maa nanjingma chitrit bhaeka thie. 366 maa, uni ek adhikari bane (daa sima canjun, azahν χ). pachhi unlai shahi adhikari (sanji changsi, samanya rupma) maa padonnati gariyo. uni ekjana pratibhashali kawi rar sulekhika pani thie. unle chitrakla siddhantako barema tinawata pustakharu lekheh chitrakla (<unk>), wei rar zin rajwanshka prasidha chitraharuko parichaya (<unk> â) rar yuntai parwat (<unk> â â â â â â â â). unle lekheka chhanh "chitra chitraharuma luga rar roop dherai mahatwapurna thiena. aankha atma rar nirnayak karak thie."bahya linkharu. wikipedia yass vishayama euta lekh chha -

gu kaijhi gu kaijhi (saralikruta chainijh <unk>; paramparika chainijh <unk>; pinajinh gü kʼizhī; waade-gilsah ku kaai-chih; sii. 344-406), saujanya naama chankanga (<unk>), jane chean chitrakar ebong rajneta thile. shay pracheen cheenara jane prasidha chitrakar thile.[1] shay wuksire janmagrahana karithile ebong 364 masihare nanjingare pratham chitra ankana karithile. 366 masihare, shay jane adhikari hoithile (daa sima kanjun, δινεν χιν). parey tanku rajkiah adhikari (sanji changsi, sadharana bhabe) bhabe padonnati diajaithila. shay jane pratibhabana kabi ebong sulekhika madhya thile. shay chitrakala siddhanta bishajare tinoti pustaka lekhithileh chitrakala upare (<unk>), we ebong zin rajabanshara prasidha chitrakalara prabartana (<unk> Â) ebong juntai parbata chitrakala (<unk> Â Â Â Â Â Â Â). shay lekhichhantih "chitrakala chitrare poshaka ebong roop bisesh gurutwapurna nathila. aakhi thila atma ebong nirnajaka karaka ."bahya linka. wikipidiaare eka nibandha rahichhih

gu kaizi gu kaizi (sadharan chinia <unk>; ravaiti chinia <unk>; pinyion gú kʼizhī; vaade-gillsou kuu kaaee-cheeh; c. 344-406), shishtachar naam changkang (<unk>), ikk cheeni chittarkar atey siasatdan see. uh prachin cheen daa ikk prasidh chittarkar see.[uh wussi witch paida hoiaa see atey 364 witch nanjing vikhe pahili vaar pent keeta giaa see. 366 witch, uh ikk adhikari bann giaa (daa sima kainjun, δινεν χ). baad witch uss noon shaahi adhikari (sanji changshi, aam taur utte) vajon tarakki ditti gaee. uh ikk pratibhashali kavee atey sundari lekhak vee sunn. uss neey painting thioori baare tinn kitaban likhiaan painting (<unk>), wei atey jinn rajvanshan deeaan prasidh pentingan dee shuruat (<unk> Â) atey yantai pahaad (Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â). unhan neey likhiaao "chittarkari witch kappde atey dikkh bahut mahattavpuran naheen sunn. akkhan aatma atey nirnayak kaarak sunn."baahari link. wikipedia witch iss baare ikk lekh haiyav

gu kaizee gu kaizee (saraleekruta-cheeneeh; paaramparika-cheeneeh; pinyinh gyoo kazi; vaade-gailsh ku qa 'aii-chih; c. 344-406), saujanyanaama chankang (<unk>), ekaha cheenaa-chitrakaarah raajaneetidnyah cha aasit. saha praacheenacheenasy prasidhah chitrakaarah aasit.[1] saha wooksey-nagare ajayata, 364 tame varshe naanajing-nagare prathamavaaram chitritah cha aasit. 366 tame varshe saha adhikaarinah abhavat (daa simaa kaanjun, δινεν χ). pashchat saha raaj-adhikarina (sanji-changshi, samanyaha) padonnatim avaapnot. saha pratibhavan kavihi sulekhanakaarah cha aasit. saha chitrakalaavidnyaanasya vishaye treeni pustakaani alikhat-chitrakarme (chitrakarme), vey-jinn-raajavamshayoho prasiddhanaam chitraanaam parichayah (chitrakarme), yuntaay-parwatah (chitrakarme) cha. saha likhati yat "chitrakarmeshu vastraani, roopaani cha adhikam mahattvam naa aasan. netraani aatmaani nirnayakani cha aasan."baahya-samparkah. wikipedia ityatra ekaha lekhah asti.

kuuu kaisi kuuu kaisi (elimaippaduththappatta seena mozhif kuuu kaisi; paarambariya seena mozhif kuyy; pinyin mozhif kuyy kaisi; vaed-kyles mozhif kuuu kaii-sih; chii. 344-406), sangaong (<unk>) endra mariyaathaikkuriya peyar, oru seena ooviyar mattrum arasiyalvaathi aavaar. avar pandaiya chinaavin pugazhpettra ooviyar aavaar.[1] avar vuksiyil piranthaar, 364 aam aandil naanjingkil muthanmuthalil ooviyam varainthaar. 366 aam aandil, avar oru adhigaari aanaar (daa sima kanjun, δινεν χ). pinnar avar arasa athikaariyaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar (saanji sangshi, podhuvaaga). avar oru tiramaiyaana kavignaraagavum, kaiyezhuththup poriyaalaraagavum irunthaar. ooviyam varaithal koatpaadu kuritthu moontru puththagangkalai avar ezhuthinaar ooviyam varaithal (ooviyam), vey mattrum jinn vamsangkalin pugazhpettra ooviyangkalin arimugamum (ooviyam), untoy malai (ooviyam). avar ezhuthinaar "uruva ooviyangkalil aadaikal mattrum thoattram migavum mukiyamalla. kankal aaviyaagavum theerkkamaana kaaraniyaagavum irunththana."veli inaippugal. vikkippeediyaavil idhu pattri oru katturai ullathu

gu kaiji gu kaiji (saralikruta chainees <unk>; saampradaaya chainees <unk>; pinyin gü kʼizhī; vaade-gails kuu kaii-chih; c. 344-406), maryaadapuurvaka paeru changkang (<unk>), oka chainees chitrakaarudu mariyu raajakeeyavetta. ayana puraatana chainaku chendina pramukha chitrakaarudu.[1] athanu vukseelo janminchaadu mariyu 364loe nonginglo modatisaari chitrinchaadu. 366loe, athanu adhikari ayyadu (daa sima kanjun, διν χ). taruvaata athanu raaja adhikariga padoonnati pondaadu (sanjee changshi, saadhaaranamgaa). ayana pratibhaavantulaina kavi, sulekhana rachayita kooda. athanu painting siddhaantam gurinchi moodu pustakaalu rasadu painting (<unk>), vii mariyu zin raajavamsaala prasiddha chitraala parichayam (<unk> Â) mariyu yuntay parvata chitralekhanam (<unk> Â Â Â Â Â). ayana ilaa vraasaaru "chitralekhanaalalo dustulu mariyu roopaalu antha mukhyamainavi kaavu. kallu aatma mariyu nirnayaatmaka karakalu."bahya linkulu. wikipedialo eee krindi vishayaala gurinchi oka vyaasam undih

gow kaazi gow kaazi (aasaan cheeni: <unk> vovo rawayati cheeni: <unk> vovo paneen: gú kʼizhī vovo waday-gails: kuu kayee-cheeh vovo c. 344-406)yee bashkaria naam chaang kaang (<unk>)yee eek cheeni masoor aur seyasat daan thaa. wah qadeem cheen kay eek mashhur masoor thay.[1] wah woshi mein paida hawaa aur 364 mein nanjing mein pehli baar paint kiyaa gayaa. 366 mein wah eek afsar bunn gayaa (daa seema kenjan δινεν χ). baad mein inhein shaahi afsar (saanji changshi aam toor parr) kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. wah eek basalahiyat shayer aur nqsha nigaar bhee thay. inhon nay penting theori kay baaray mein teen kitabein likhein: penting (penting)yee waayi aur jinn khandanon kii mashhur pentings kaa taaruf (penting yuntayi mountain). inhon nay likhaa: "figure pentings mein kapday aur zahiri shakal ziyadah aham nahein thay. aankhein rooh aur faislah kunn ansar thein."beruni rawabit. vacapedia mein iss baaray mein eek mazmun hay:

00045abd92fda73a7eb1301bb334abdca735862f9cc0fb860fb30d5a373a34f0

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=342270

tejer

tejer Spanish. Etymology. . Compare . Compare also , .

tejar spanis. byutpotti. . tulona korok. tulona korok.

tazer spanish. byutpatti. . tulna korun. tulnao korun.

tejar spanish. vyutpatti. . sarkhaamani karoo. sarkhaamani pann karoo.

tazer spanish. vyutpatti. . tulanaa karein. tulanaa bhee karein.

tejar spanish. vyutpatti. . holike maadi. holike maadi, saha.

tejar spanish. padavyuthpathishaasthram. . thaarathamyam cheyyuka. thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

tager spanish. vyutpatti. . tulana qaraa. tulana dekhil qaraa.

tazer spanis. wyutpatti. . tulana garnuhos. tulana pani garnuhos.

tejara spanis. byutpatti. .. tulana karantu. tulana madhya karantu.

spainy bhasha witch. shabdawali. . tulna crow. tulna vee crow.

tejar spanish. vyutpattih. . tulanam karotu. api tu tulanam karotu.

spanish mozhi. sorpirappiyal. . oppidungkal. oppidavum.

tejar spanish. vyutpatti. . polchi chudandi. kooda polchandi.

teejar hispanvi. siftiyat. . mawaznah karein. mawaznah bhee karein.

00045e152ea14ca8483369c1228043049392afd30e0cbecaaa944e6fa9978dd0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18265715

Pakuonis

Pakuonis Pakuonis is a small town in Prienai district municipality, Lithuania. It is located near the Neman River. According to 2011 census, it has population of 608. The village was first mentioned in 1744. The first church was built in 1792 or 1794 and the town began to grow around it. On April 23, 2004 town coat of arms, depicting a blooming apple tree, was approved by a presidential decree. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

pakunis pakunis hoise lithuaniyar priyenai jilaa pouroxobhar ekhon xoru sohor. ee neman nodir usorot owosthito. 2011 sonor lukpiyol onuxori iyar jonoxongkhya 608 john. 1744 sonot ei gaukhonor kotha prothombaror baabe ullekh koraa hoisil. 1792 baa 1794 sonot prothom girjatu nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyar sariufale sohorkhon briddhi paboloi aarombho korisil. 2004 sonor 23 aprilot rastropotir ek aadexot ekhon fulaa aapel gosok sitrito koraa taaun kutt owo aarmos onumudon koraa hoisil.

pakunis pakuonis holl lithuanier priyenai zela pourosobhar ekti chhoto shohor. etty neman nadeer kachhe abosthito. 2011 saaler jonogonona anujayi, err jonosongkha 608 john. 1744 saale gramtir prothom ullekh koraa hoy. 1792 baa 1794 saale prothom girjati nirmito hoy ebong shaharti err charpashe briddhi petey shuru korey. 2004 saaler 23shhey april ekti fulano apel gachke chitrito korey shohorer coat off arms rashtropotir ekti decree dwara onumodito hoyechilo.

pakunis pakunis aee lithuania priyenai jilla nagarpalikanu aek naanu shaher chhe. teey neman nadeeni najik stheet chhe. chhe vastee ganatari anusaar, tenee vastee 608 chhe. aaa gaamno pratham ullekh ullekh karvaamaa aavyo hato. pratham church 1792 athavaa athavaa bandhvama aavyu hatoo aneey tenee aaspaas shaher vadhvaa laagyu hatoo. 23 april, april roj, aek kheelata safarjanna vrukshne darshaavto taaun qota off armsne rashtrapatina hukamnaamaa dwara manjuri aapvama aavee hatee.

pakunis pakunis lithuania key priyenai jilaa nagarpalika kaa ack chhota saa shahar haye. yeh neman nadee key paas sthit haye. 2011 kii janganana key anusaar, isaki jansankhya 608 haye. gaanv kaa pahali baar 1744 mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. pahala church 1792 yaa 1794 mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur shahar isake chaaron or badhane lagaa thaa. 23 aprail, 2004 koo ack khilate hue seb key pedh koo darshaate hue shahar key coat off arms koo rashtrapati key adesh dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa.

pakunis pakunis embudu lithuveniyaada priyenai jilleya purasabheya ondu sanna pattanavagide. idu neman nadiya sameepadallide. 2011rahra janaganatiya prakara, idu 608 janasankhyeyannu hondide. ee graamavannu modala baarige 1744ralli ullekhisalaayitu. modala church annu 1792 athawa 1794ralli nirmisalaayitu mattu adara sutta pattanavu beleyalu praarambhisitu. 2004rahra april 23randu, araluttiruva sebu maravannu chithrisuva town coat off armsannu adhyakshiya aadeshadinda anumodisalaayitu.

pakkoonis lithwaniayile priyanai jilla munisippalittiyile oru cheria pattanamaan pakkoonis. neman nadikku sameepamaan ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. 2011leeii sensus prakaram ividuthe janasamkhya 608 aanu. 1744-laanu eee graamathekkurichu aadyamaayi paraamarshikkappettath. 1792-leyo 1794-leyo aadya palli nirmmikkappedukayum pattanatthinu chuttum valaraan thudangukayum cheythu. 2004 epril 23 nuu pookkunna apple maratthe chithreekarikkunna taunn kottu oof amsinu presidentinte utharavu amgeekarichu.

pakunis pakunis heey lithuania priyenai jilha nagarpaliketil eka chhote shahar aahe. heey neman nadijaval aahe. 2011 chya jangananenusar, tyachi loksankhya 608 aahe. yaa gavacha ullekh pahilyanda 1744 madhye karnyat aala hota. pahile church 1792 kinwa 1794 madhye bandhanyat aale hote aanee tyachya bhovati shahar vadhu lagale. 23 april 2004 roji, roji safarchandanchya zadache chitran chitran shaharachya coat auph armsla rashtrapatinchya aadeshadvare manyata denyat aalee.

pakunis pakunis lithuaniako prinai zilla nagarpalikako euta sano sahar how. yo nemon nadi najikai awasthit chha. sann 2011 ko janaganaanusar yasako janasankhya 608 chha. gaaunko pahilo ullekha sann 1744 maa garieko thiyo. pahilo church sann 1792 wa 1794 maa nirman garieko thiyo rar yasako waripari sahar badhna thalyo. april 23,2004 maa, euta fuliraheko seuko rookh chitran garne saharko kote aff armslai rashtrapatiko adeshdwara anumodan garieko thiyo.

pakunis pakunis heuchhi lithuaniar priny zillah pourapalikara eka chhot sahara . ehaa neman nadee nikatare abasthita. 2011 janganana anujai, ehara janasankhya 608. ehi gaanra pratham ullekha 1744 masihare hoithila. pratham church 1792 kimba 1794 masihare nirmita hoithila ebong ehara charipakhare saharati brudhi paiba arambha karithila. 2004 masiha april 23 tarikhare, eka phuluthiba seo gachaku chitrita karuthiba saharar coat off armasku rastrapatinka eka decree dwara anumodana karajaithila.

pakunis pakunis, lithuania dey priney zilha municipality daa ikk chhota jiha shehar haii. ih neman nadee dey nede sathit haii. 2011 dee mardamshumari anusar, iss dee aabadi 608 haii. pind daa zikar pahili vaar 1744 witch keeta giaa see. pahila church 1792 jaan 1794 witch banaiaa giaa see atey shehar iss dey aale duaale vadhan lagga see. 23 aprail, 2004 noon ikk khidade seb dey rukkh noon darsaunde hoye, rashtarpati dey ferman duaara shehar dey coat aaf arms noon manzuri ditti gaee see.

paakunis paakunis iteedam lithuvenia-rajyasya priyenai-mandalasya nagarapalika-mandalasya laghunagaram asti. idam neman-nadyaah sameepe sthitam asti. 2011 janaganananusaram asya janasankhyaa 608 asti. asya gramasya prathamavaaram ullekhah 1744 tame varshe abhavat. prathamam charch 1792 tame varshe athavaa 1794 tame varshe nirmitam, tasya paritah nagaram vardhayitum aarabdham. 2004 april 23 dinaanke, pushpitasya aapal-vrukshasya chitranam kurvan, nagarasya coat-aaf-arms ityasya anumodanam raashtrapateh adeshena krutam.

bagunis bagunis enbathu lithuvaniavin brainai mavatta nagaraatchiyil ulla oru siriya nagaram aagum. idhu nemon nadhikku arugil amainthullathu. 2011 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi, idhan makkal thogai 608 aagum. inththa gramam muthanmuthalil 1744 ill kurippidappattathu. muthal devalayam 1792 allathu 1794 ill kattappattathu mattrum nagaram athaich suttri valarath thodangiyathu. aepral 23,2004 andru, oru pookkum apple maratthai siththarikkum nagara code off arms, oru janathipathi aanaiyal angkeekarikkappattathu.

pakunis pakunis anedi lithuveniyaaloni priyenai jilla munisipaalitiilooni oka chinna pattanam. idhi neman nadiki sameepamlo undhi. 2011 janabha lekkala prakaram, dheeni janabha 608. eee graamam gurinchi modata 1744loe prastaavinchabadindi. modati charchi 1792 ledhaa 1794loe nirminchabadindi mariyu daani chuttoo pattanam peragadam praarambhinchindi. 2004 april 23naa, vikasinche aapil chettunu varninche town coat off aarmsnu rashtrapati decree aamodinchindi.

pakovans pakovans lathwania kay prenayi zalaa baldiyah kaa eek chhota saa qasbah hay. yaha daryaae neeman kay qareeb waaqa hay. 2011 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq iss kii aabadi 608 hay. gaaon kaa zakar pehli baar 1744 mein kiyaa gayaa thaa. pehla charch 1792 yaa 1794 mein banaya gayaa thaa aur iss kay ard gird shehar badhnay lagaa. 23 apreel 2004 kuu eek khaltay hoay seeb kay darkhat kii tasveer kashee karnay waalay town coat aaf aarmz kuu sadarati farmaan kay zariye manzoor kiyaa gayaa.

00045f4c0d4e26ed10ffa4295862738ef74a8a2315bff37a14888d16992a8692

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38239079

The Drowning (video game)

The Drowning (video game) The Drowning is a 2013 first-person shooter video game developed by Swedish studio Scattered Entertainment and published by DeNA/Mobage for iOS. Version 1.0 of the game soft launched in the Australasia region on April 11, 2013. A more complete version of the game (Version 1.11) was released internationally on August 3. The game is available under the freemium business model. An Android release was released in 2014. The game's main selling points are its uniquely adapted touchscreen-specific control scheme and "console quality" graphics. Although the graphics were generally praised by critics, the game received mixed to negative reviews, with much criticism aimed at the in-app purchase system and repetitive gameplay. Gameplay. The game offers two methods of control. The first, and the one upon which the game was primarily marketed, is a system developed specifically for the game and uniquely adapted for touchscreen devices. To shoot, the player taps the screen with two fingers and the player character fires at the middle point between the two taps. To zoom, the player pinches and expands their fingers on the screen. To move, the player taps on the screen where they want to go and the character automatically moves around obstacles until he reaches the designated spot. To strafe, the player swipes left or right on the screen using two fingers. To look around, the player swipes in any direction with one finger, although there is also a shortcut button for instant 180 degree turns. To switch weapons, the player taps on the character's weapon. A more traditional touchscreen first-person shooter setup is also available, with two virtual joysticks, one for moving, one for shooting. Each level in the game features two types of play mode; attack and defend. Game progression is based upon a crafting system, which also offers upgrades for the character's weapons. As the game advances, certain levels can only be played if the player has crafted the correct item. For example, to craft the car, which is necessary to get to the third section of the game, the player needs a lug nut, which is only found in "The Shore" level. However, "The Shore" can only be played after the player has crafted a weapon capable of zooming. Such a weapon can only be crafted after the player has collected necessary components, which are randomly awarded on various other levels. The items necessary to upgrade and craft new items are randomly awarded to the player at the end of each level, based upon the number of stars they have achieved. Operating on a five star scale, scoring one to three stars results in "common" items, while scoring four or five stars results in a "rare or better" item. The game uses multiple currencies. Energy (in the form of "Gas cans") is necessary to play the game. Each time the player plays a level, their gas total drops by one. When there is no gas left, the player can no longer play, and can either buy more gas using Gold or must wait until their supply has automatically replenished. "Black" is necessary for crafting new items and upgrading weapons, and is awarded at the end of each level. If the player does not have enough Black to craft an item necessary for advancing the story, they must play previous levels, or purchase Black using Gold. "Flares" can be used at the end of each level to raise the player's score by one star. Flares can be randomly awarded during the game or purchased using Gold. "Silver" is necessary to activate "Charlotte's Bounty", which randomly awards a single prize in the form of an item, a weapon, a gas can, a flare or more silver. Silver is awarded randomly at the end of a level. "Gold" can be used to purchase any of the other currencies, and is only available using real-world money. Plot. The game is set in 2021. Ten years prior to the opening of the game, 3,000 blackbirds fell out of the sky in Beebe, Arkansas. As scientists proved at a loss to explain how or why the birds had died, similar phenomenon began to occur all over the world. People began to panic, fearing Armageddon was at hand. Several months later the "Black" came. A thick black oil washed in to coastlines, turning anyone who came into contact with it into zombie-like creatures whose goal is to drag the living down into the Black. The game begins with the unnamed protagonist on a boat, which is subsequently attacked by several oil creatures. He makes it ashore and is about to be overwhelmed by creatures, when he is saved by a woman named Charlotte. Together, they head to a nearby house where they find a note from the presumed-dead owner explaining how to turn the Black into fuel for vehicles. They follow the instructions and get an old car working. Inside the car, they find another note from the man explaining he has left an old boat in a nearby fishing village. They head there, and find another note in the boat. The man speculates that the origin of the Black may be an oil rig off the coast and they should get to his old speedboat on the next island. In the speedboat, another note explains that the Black may be stopped if explosives are dropped down the borehole of the rig. To do so, however, they will need a helicopter, which they can find on the roof of a nearby hospital. They get to the helicopter and head out towards the rig, spotting another helicopter flying away from the island. They tune in to its radio frequency and learn it is on a rescue mission but has reported no signs of life on the islands. As they land on the rig, Charlotte reveals that the old man was her father. They fling the explosives into the borehole, but rather than sealing the spillage of Black, it opens the leak even more, and hundreds of oil creatures begin to scale the rig as an unmoving Charlotte watches them approach her. Later that day, the narrator has returned to the old man's house. He sees a helicopter flying overhead, which drops a package containing a note. The note commends him on his attempt to seal the borehole, and promises to return and evacuate him once it has refueled. Development. <templatestyles src="Template:Quote_box/styles.css" /> "We believe that the touch system we've created is the future of controlling FPSes on smart devices." —Ben Cousins The game was developed by Scattered Entertainment, led by "Battlefield" producer Ben Cousins. With the aim of appealing to "hardcore players," the developers designed the control scheme specifically for use on touch-sensitive devices. According to Cousins, "We were unsatisfied with the FPSes on mobile devices, and I think from our research, I think a lot of the potential audience who are really interested in the genre have a phone or a tablet, and they're not satisfied with what they've got out there. [We've developed] a control system which is designed for touchscreens that you can play with just one hand, with just two fingers in fact on one hand, and one that really fluidly fits in with the way that we hold these devices and the usage patterns of these devices. So we're really proud that we've created a control system which kind of unlocks the potential of this genre on the platform." In January 2013, "Game Informer"'s Matt Miller said the game was "one of the more ambitious mobile titles we've seen. I'm excited to see if the team can match its impressive visuals and narrative depth with equally enthralling gameplay." Some of the story elements in the game's prologue were based on a real incident which occurred in Arkansas in 2011, "when thousands of black birds fell from the sky." Reception. "The Drowning" received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. "Gamezebo"'s Joe Jasko was one of the few critics to give the game a positive review, praising the arena-based nature of the gameplay and the control scheme. Although he was critical of the energy system, writing, "the whole inclusion of this energy system just seems a bit archaic to the game's otherwise pretty fair and generous freemium model," he concluded positively with: "While other mobile FPS games might still be drowning in a sea of shoddy touchscreen controls, "The Drowning" offers just enough moments of ingenuity and potential insights to these traditional issues that gamers will always be able to keep coming up for refreshing breaths of air." "148Apps"' Carter Dotson's criticisms pertained to the integration of the IAP system into the gameplay, saying: "the actual game at the heart of "The Drowning" is largely a shallow free-to-play machine. The missions, involving both arena-based attack segments and defence missions "a la" "", are all about two minutes in length. They're friendly for pick-up-and-play gameplay, but are mostly just empty calories. The game is also always concerned with pressuring the player into obtaining more randomly-obtained items for crafting, trying to sell more MobaCoins to spend on gas cans to keep playing, and flares to get rarer items from levels where the maximum reward level is usually incredibly difficult to obtain. It's not really possible to actually enjoy "The Drowning" for what it is." "Slide to Play"'s Tyler Feasel criticized the arena-based gameplay, and argued that a standard campaign mode would have been preferable. He was especially critical of the energy system, saying: "To wait 30 minutes to "earn" a few minutes of gameplay is deflating and leaves the experience with a sour taste." He concluded that ""The Drowning" doesn't feature a solid story or nuanced gameplay, but its solid arcade-shooting mixed with a nice amount of unlocks helps deliver a positive gameplay experience. Unfortunately this fun is crippled by an unbalanced timer system that limits game time in favor of an in-app purchase." "MacLife"'s Chris Pereira said: "While certainly enjoyable at times, "The Drowning"'s free-to-play implementation hampers the game to an inexcusable degree." Chris Carter of "Destructoid" was critical of the control system, writing, "the overly-simplistic layout does not work." However, his strongest criticisms were in relation to the IAP system, writing, "in the hands of another developer, "The Drowning" would have been something special. Without the energy mechanic and constant drip-fed weapon and item parts, I could easily see myself destroying an entire afternoon blasting apart zombies." "Eurogamer"'s Dan Whitehead was even more critical. He called the control system "a clumsy and unnatural way to play an FPS." He was also heavily critical of the IAP system's integration into the core gameplay, saying: "This is a game that cannot wait to start asking you to pay, and has at least four interlocked currencies designed to make you feel like you should. To assume that sort of aggressive monetisation isn't a factor in the game's obstructive, uphill design, which ekes out progress to non-paying players painfully slowly, is to be willfully blind to how this sort of thing works." He concluded that "The Drowning" "is a transaction machine first, a headline-grabbing control scheme second and an actual game a distant third." "Pocket Gamer"'s Peter Willington was equally critical, writing, "First-person shooters today are far more complex than "The Drowning" ever attempts to be. [...] Playing "The Drowning" is like travelling back in time to the "Quake" era - walk about a level and shoot everything until you win." He called the game "a failed experiment," writing: "The game ultimately fails at reinventing first-person shooter controls [...] fails at opening up the first-person shooter to the freemium model [...] fails at being a decent first-person shooter [...] It suffers from a paucity of enemy types, locations that barely change the way you play, minimal peripheral awareness, and some of the most rote shooting available on a touchscreen device." Film adaptation. On September 23, 2014 "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Radar Pictures had hired "Olympus Has Fallen" writers Creighton Rothenberger and Katrin Benedikt to adapt the game into a movie. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dubai juwa (video 'game) dubai juwatu hoise 2013 sonor prothom byokti swutar video 'game jitu suidix studio "too bikhyipto monuronjonor dwara bikoxito koraa hoisil aaru aaio" esor baabe denaa/mabeze prokax korisil. 2013 sonor 11 aprilot australia oncholot mukoli koraa ei khelor xoftor xongskoron 1. 3 aagostot antohrastriyo porzayot mukoli koraa hoisil ei khelor ek xompurno xongskoron (xongskoron 1.11). ei khelkhon freemium byowoxayik modelor odhinot upolobdho. 2014 sonot android rilij mukoli koraa hoisil. khelkhonor mukhyo bikri bindu hoise iyar ononyobhabe obhijujit touscreen-nirdisto niyontron aasoni aaru "konos 'lor gunogoto maan" graphics. jodiu graphiksbur xadharonote xomalusokxokolor dwara proxongxa koraa hoisil, tothapiu ei khelkhone misritor poraa netibasok xomaluchona laabh korisil, zo "too inn-ep kroy byowostha aaru punorabritti koraa gameplayer lokhyot jothesto xomaluchona koraa hoisil. khelor khel. ei khelkhone niyontronor dutaa poddhoti prodan kore. prothomtu, aaru jitur uporot khelkhon prathomikbhabe bojar koraa hoisil, xeitu hoise khelor baabe bixexbhabe bikoxito ek byowostha aaru touscreen deviceor baabe ononyobhabe obhijujit. swut koriboloi kheluoijone dutaa angulire pordatu tape kore aaru kheluoir soritrotuwe dutaa tepor maajor bindut jui jwolai diye. jume koriboloi, kheluoijone skrinot nijor aanguli pinch kore aaru xomproxaron kore. sthanantor koriboloi, kheluoijone pordat tape kore zo 'too teuluke jaabo bisare aaru soritrotu swoyongkriyobhabe badhar sariufale ghuri yaay jetiyaloike teu nirdharito sthanot uponeet nohoy. streph koriboloi, kheluoijone dutaa aanguli byobohar kori pordat baau baa xufale swaip kore. sariufale saboloi, kheluoijone etaa angulire jikunu dixot xuwaip kore, jodiu tatkhyonik 180 degree ghurar baabe etaa chortcut butamou aase. ostro xoloni koriboloi kheluoijone soritror ostrotu tipi loy. dutaa bharsuwel joyostikor xoite, etaa sthanantoronor baabe, etaa swutingor baabe, odhik poromporagot touscreen prothom-byokti swutar setupou upolobdho. khelor protitu storot dui dhoronor play mode aase; aakromon aaru protirokya. khelor progoti etaa karuxilpo pronalir uporot aadharito, ji soritror ostror baabe upgradou prodan kore. khelkhon aagbarhi juwar loge loge, kisuman stor kewol tetiyahe khelibo paari jodihe kheluoijone xothik xamogritu toiyar korise. udahoronsworupe, khelor tritiyo ongxoloi jaboloi proyujoniyo garikhon nirman koriboloi kheluoigorakik etaa log notor proyujon, jitu kewol "upokul" storot puwa yaay. obosye, kheluoijone jume koriboloi xokhyom ostro toiyar korar pisothe "upokul" khelibo paari. ene ostro kewol kheluoiye proyujoniyo upadan xongroho korar pisothe toiyar koribo paari, jibur aan bibhinno storot jadrisikbhabe prodan koraa hoy. notun xamogrixomuh unnit aaru karzokori koriboloi proyujoniyo xamogrixomuh kromanwoye kheluoijonok protitu storor xexot prodan koraa hoy, teuluke laabh koraa taarar xongkhyar uporot bhitti kori. paas taroka scalot kaam kori, ekor poraa tinita taroka sko "ror kori" xadharon "bostuburot folafol diye, aanhate chaari baa paas taroka sko" ror kori "birol baa bhaal" bostu etaa hoy. ei khelot ekadhik mudra byobohar koraa hoy. ei khelkhon kheliboloi xokti ("ges kenn" ror rupot) proyujoniyo. protibar kheluoiye etaa storot khelile, teulukor muth ges etaa hraax paay. jetiya ges baaki nathake, tetiya kheluoijone aaru khelibo nuware, aaru hoy xun byobohar kori odhik ges kinibo paare baa teulukor jugan swoyongkriyobhabe punor bhorti nuhuwaloike opekhya koribo lagibo. "notun xamogri toiyar koraa aaru ostro-xostro unnot korar baabe "koo 'laa" proyujoniyo, aaru protitu storor xexot iyak prodan koraa hoy. jodi kheluoigorakir kahinitu aguwai niyar baabe proyujoniyo bostu ekhon toiyar koriboloi jothesto koo 'laa naai, tente teuluke purbor storot khelibo lagibo, baa xun byobohar kori koo' laa kroy koribo lagibo. "protitu storor xexot "flair" byobohar kori kheluoir sko "ror etaa staare briddhi koribo paari. khelor xomoyot flairbur jadrisikbhabe prodan koribo paari baa xun byobohar kori kroy koribo paari. "charlotor bounty" xokriyo koriboloi "rupali" proyujoniyo, jiye jadrisikbhabe etaa bostu, etaa ostro, etaa ges kenn, etaa flair baa odhik rupali rupot etaa puroskar prodan kore. etaa storor xexot rupali jadrisikbhabe prodan koraa hoy. "xun" onyo jikunu mudra kroy koriboloi byobohar koribo paari, aaru kewol bastob-jogotor dhon byobohar kori upolobdho. plot. ei khelkhon 2021 sonot onusthito hoy. khelkhon aarombho huwar doh bosor purbe 3,000 blackbird aakaxor poraa bibe, aarkansasot porisil. bigyanixokole kenekoi baa kiyo soraiburor mrityu hoisil xei bixoye byakhya koriboloi heruwai porisil, xomogro biswote eke dhoronor porighotona xonghotit hoh "boloi aarombho korisil. armagedon haatot aase buli bhoy khaai manuhe aatongkit hoh "boloi aarombho korisil. keimahmanor pasot "koo 'laa"tu aahil. etaa daath koo 'laa tel upokulrekhar usoroloi dhouto hoi yaay, jaar folot iyar xongosporxoloi ohaa jikunu byokti jombi xodrix praniloi porinot hoy jaar lokhyo hoise jiwito lukoxokolok koo' laa rongoloi tunny onaa. ei khelkhon naambihin nayokor xoite ekhon naawot aarombho hoy, jaak poroborti xomoyot keibatau tel praniye aakromon kore. teu iyak paar hoi pore aaru pranir dwara obhibhut hoh 'boloi goi thaake, jetiya teuk charlot naamor egoraki mohilai rokhya kore. ekeloge, teuluke usoror etaa ghoroloi yaay zo 'too teuluke onuman koraa mrito malikor poraa etaa tuka bisari paay zo' too teuluke koo 'laa rongtuk baahonor baabe indhonoloi kenedore xoloni koribo laage xei bixoye byakhya kore. teuluke nirdexona onuxoron kore aaru etaa puroni gaari kaam koruwai diye. garir bhitorot teuluke manuhjonor poraa aan etaa tuka bisari paay zo 'too teu usoror maach dhora gaont etaa puroni naau eri thoi goise buli byakhya koraa hoise. teuluke taat goi naawot aan etaa tuka bisari paay. manuhjone onuman kore je koo 'laa rongor utpotti upokulor poraa etaa telor rigg hoh' bob paare aaru teuluke poroborti dipot thoka teur puroni speedboatloi jaabo laage. speedbutot, aan etaa tupe byakhya kore je jodi bisfurokbur rigor burhulor poraa pelai diya hoy tente koo 'laatu bondho koraa hoh' bob paare. obosye, ene koriboloi teulukok ekhon helicopteror proyujon hoh 'bob, jitu teuluke usoror sikitsaloyor sadot bisari paab paare. teuluke helicopteroloi yaay aaru dipor poraa aatori thoka aan ekhon helicopter dekhi rigor faale ulai yaay. teuluke iyar readyo 'freekyuwencyr xoite taal miliye aaru janibo paare je ee uddhar obhijanot aase kintu dipxomuhot jiwanor kunu lokhyonor khobor diya naai. jetiya teuluke rigtut owotoron kore, charlote prokax kore je briddhojon teur pitri aasil. teuluke bisfurokbur burhulot pelai diye, kintu koo 'laa rongor spillage bondho korar xoloni, ee liktu aaru odhik mukoli kore, aaru xo xo tel praniye rigtu scale koriboloi aarombho kore jihetu etaa osorpora charlote teulukok teur usoroloi ohaa dekhisil. xei dintur pisot, bornonakarijone bridhojonor ghoroloi ubhoti aahe. teu etaa helicopter uporoloi uri thoka dekhe, ji ekhon tuka thoka etaa package pelai diye. nuttuwe teur burhultu bondho korar prochestar baabe teuk proxongxa kore, aaru ee punor indhon jugan dhorar pisot teuk ghurai onaar protisruti diye. unnoyon. ei khelkhon "juddhokhetror" projujok benn khurak-bhonir netritwot bikhyipto monuronjonor dwara bikoxito koraa hoisil. kothin kheluoixokolok" aakorxito korar lokhyore, bikaxkarixokole bixexkoi sporxo-xongbedonxil deviceot byoboharor baabe niyontron aasonikhon design korisil. khurak-bhonixokolor mote, "aami mubail deviceot thoka fpsor xoite oxontusto aasilu, aaru moi aamar gowexonar poraa bhabu, moi bhabu je ei dharat xosakoiye aagrohi bohu xombhabyo dorxokor phone baa tablet aase, aaru teuluke ji paise taat xontusto nohoy. [aami etaa niyontron byowostha bikoxito korisu] jitu tasscreenor baabe design koraa hoise jitu aapuni maatro etaa haatere khelibo paare, prokritote etaa haatot maatro dutaa angulire, aaru jitu aami ei xojulibur dhori rokhar poddhoti aaru byoboharor aarhir xoite xosakoiye drutobhabe khaap khaay. gotike aami xosakoiye gourowanwito je aami etaa niyontron byowostha sristi korisu ji ei dhoronor dharar xombhawonatu platformot mukoli kore."2013 sonor januaryt" "game informers mett milaar" "-e koichil je ei khelkhon" "aami dekha odhik ussabhilaxi mubail xirxokxomuhor bhitorot etaa. doltuwe iyar aakorxoniyo drishyo aaru aakhyanor gobhirotar xoite xomanbhabe monumuha ge 'mopler xoite milabo paare neki saboloi moi utfullito." khelkhonor prostabor kisuman kahinir upadan 2011 sonot aarkansasot xonghotit huwa ek bastob ghotonar uporot aadharito aasil, "jetiya aakaxor poraa haajar haajar koo 'laa sorai porisil." obhyorthona. "dubai juwatuwe" "misrito" "xomaluchona laabh korisil porzaluchona ekotrikoron website metacritikor mote. "gaimjebu" ror ju jasku kheltuk itibasok porzaluchona diya keikhonman xomalusokor bhitorot ejon aasil, jiye gameplayer khyetro-bhittik prokriti aaru niyontron aasonir proxongxa korisil. jodiu teu xokti byowosthar xomaluchona korisil, teu likhisil, "ei xokti byowosthar xomogro ontorbhukti khelkhonor onyotha xundor nyajyo aaru udaar freemium modelor baabe olop puroni zen laage", teu itibasokbhabe upoxongharere xomapto korisiloh "jodiu onyanyo mubail fps gamebur etiyau durbol touscreen niyontronor xagorot dubo thakibo paare," dubai juwatuwe "ei poromporagot bixoiburor baabe jothesto porimanor saturzo aaru xombhabyo ontordristi prodan kore ji gamerxokole xoday bayur xotej swaxor baabe aahi thakibo paare." paare।" carter dotsonor xomaluchonabur iap pronalik ge 'mopler xoite ekotrito korar xoite xomporkito, eidore koyoh "" dubai juwar "" kendrot thoka prokrito kheltu mulotoh etaa ogobhir mukto-khelor jontro. orina-aadharito aakromon khondo aaru protirokya obhijan "e laa" "duyuta jorito obhijanxomuh pray dui minute doirghyor. xeibur pick-aap aaru play gameplayer baabe bondhutwopurno, kintu besibhagei kewol khaali kell 'ri. khelkhon xoday kheluoijonok craftingor baabe odhik jadrisikbhabe laabh koraa xamogri prapto koriboloi saap diya, kheliboloi ges kenot byoy koriboloi odhik moo 'bakoin bikri koriboloi chesta koraa, aaru xorbadhik puroskaror stor xadharonote obiswasyobhabe kothin huwa storor poraa birol xamogri paboloi flair korar xoiteu jorito. dubo juwa" ror aanondo luwatu xosakoiye xombhob nohoy." "slide tu play" ror tailar fizel-erina-aadharito ge 'mopler xomaluchona korisil aaru jukti disil je etaa maanok prosar mode posondor hoh' bob. teu bixexkoi xokti byowosthar xomaluchona kori koichiloh "" "uparjon koriboloi 30 minute opekhya koratu" "keiminitor ge 'mopler owonoti aaru ek tenga xuwador xoite obhigyota eri yaay."teu ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je" "dubai juwa" "too kunu kothin kahini baa xukhmo gameplayer boixistyo naai, kintu iyar kothin arcade-swutingye bhaal porimanor onol 'korr xoite misrito hoi ek itibasok gameplayer obhigyota prodan korat xohay kore. durbhagyojonokbhabe ei mojatu etaa oxontulito timor pronalir dwara porischonno hoi pore ji inn-ep kroyor pokhyot khelor xomoy ximito kore."mclife" ror crich pereirai koichiloh "" ketiyaba nischitbhabe anondodayok jodiu "," dubai juwar mukto-khelor rupayonoi kheltuk ek oporiharzo porzayoloi baadha diye. "" destracot "" ror crich cartere niyontron byowosthar xomaluchona korisil, likhi, "oti-xorol binyaxe kaam nokore."obosye, teur ataitkoi xoktixali xomaluchona aasil aai. e. pi. byowosthar xomporkot, likhi," "aan ejon bikaxkarir haatot," "dubo juwatu" "kiba bixex hoh 'loheten. xokti mekanik aaru nirontor drip-feed ostro aaru xamogrir ongxo obihone, moi nijoke xohoje gutei duporiyar bisfuronor xoite dhongxo kori thoka dekhibo parilu."eurogamer" ror dane howitehead aaru odhik guruttopurno aasil. teu niyontron byowosthatuk "ef. pi. ess. kheliboloi ek bisitro aaru oprakritik upay" buli obhihito korisil."teu aai. e. pi. pronalir mool ge 'mopler xoite ekotrikoronor babeu tibro xomaluchona korisil, teu koichiloh" eitu ene etaa khel ji aapunak dhon diboloi kuwa aarombho koriboloi opekhya koribo nuware, aaru iyat komeu sarita antoxongzugito mudra aase ji aapunak onubhob koriboloi design koraa hoise. khelor badhakoronmulok, uporoloi juwa designot ene dhoronor aakromonatmok nogodikoron kunu kaarok nohoy buli dhori luwatu, ji laahe laahe beton nupuwa kheluoixokolor progotir baabe kostodayok, ei dhoronor bostubure kenedore kaam kore taar proti issakritobhabe ondho huwatu."teu ei xiddhantot uponeet hoisil je" "dubai juwa" "hoise prothome etaa lenden jontro, dwitiyot etaa headline-grabing niyontron aasoni aaru etaa prokrito khel ek dur tritiyotu."pocket gamer" ror pitter willingtonou xomanei xomaluchonamulok aasil, likhisil, "prothom byoktir swuterxokol aaji" dubo juwa "ror prosestatkoi bohu besi jotil. [...]..] dubai juwa" khelatu "bhumikompo" jugoloi ghuri juwar dore-etaa storor uporot khuj karhok aaru aapuni joyee nuhuwaloike xokolute gulee soluwa."teu khelkhonok" "ek bifol porikhya" "buli obhihito kori likhisiloh" "khelkhon owoxexot prothom byoktir swutar niyontron punor udbhawonot bifol hoy...] freemium modelor baabe prothom byoktir swutertu mukoli korat byortho hoy...] ejon bhaal prothom byoktir swutar huwat bifol hoy [...] ee xotrur prokaror obhab, aapunar khelor poddhoti kromanwoye xoloni koraa sthan, nyuntomo poridhiyo xojagota, aaru touscreen deviceot upolobdho ataitkoi rut swutingor dwara akranto hoy." solositro obhijujon. 23 septembor, 2014 tarikhe "deadline hollywod"-e prokax korisil je raadar pikchare khelkhonok solositro hisape obhijujit koriboloi "olympus hez pho" lo "lekhok crayton rothenberger aaru ketrin benediktok nijukti disil.

dube yawa (vdo gema) dubo ekti 2013 saaler prothom byakti shyutara vdo gema jaa suidish studio chhoriye chhitiye binodan dwara toiri koraa hoyeche ebong ios-err jonno denna/mobage dwara prokashito hoyeche. 2013 saaler 11ee april australia anchale soft gametir sanskaran 1 chaalu koraa hoy. gametir arow sampurna sanskaran (sanskaran 1.11) 3raa august antorjatikbhabe mukti paay. gamety freemium byabasayik modeler adhine upolobdho. 2014 saale ekti android rilija mukti paay. gametir prodhan bikroy pointguli holl err ananyabhabe abhijojito touchscreen-nirdishto niyantran skim ebong "console gunoman" graphics. jodio graphixguli sadharonoto somalochokder dwara proshongshito hoyechilo, gamety mishra theke netibachak porjalochona peyechilo, ayapa-err modhye croy byabostha ebong punorabrittimulok gameplake lakkhya korey onek samalochana koraa hoyechilo. gameplay. eyi khelati niyantraner duti poddhoti pradan korey. prothomti, ebong jetir upor khelati prathomikbhabe bajarjat koraa hoyechilo, etty ekti system jaa biseshbhabe khelar jonno toiri koraa hoyeche ebong touchscreen devicer jonno ananyabhabe abhijojito. shyuta korar jonno, kheload duti angul diye pordai tyapa korey ebong kheloader choritroti duti tyaper majhkhane agun dhoriye deyo. joom korar jonno, kheloadti pinch korey ebong screene taader angulguli prosarito korey. saranor jonno, kheloadti pordai tyapa korey jekhane taaraa jete chaay ebong choritroti swayangkriyabhabe badhagulir charpashe choley yaay jotokkhon naa seey nirdharito sthane pouchai. struffe korar jonno, kheload duti angul byabohar korey screene baam baa dunn dike swaipa korey. charpashe takanor jonno, kheload ekti angul diye jey konao dike swaipa korey, jodio tatkhonik 180 degree ghorar jonno ekti shortcut botamo royeche. ostro poriborton korte, kheload choritrer ostroti tyapa korey. arow oitijjobahi touchscreen first-person shyutara setupo pawa yaay, duti virtual joystick soho, ekti cholar jonno, ekti shyutingyer jonno. khelar protiti store dui dharaner khelar mode royeche; akraman ebong protirokkha. khelar aggrogoti ekti crafting systemer upor vitti korey, jaa choritrer ostrer jonnou upgraded pradan korey. khelati egiye yawar saathe saathe nirdishto storguli cable tokhonyi khela jete paare jodi kheload sothik itemti toiri korey. udahoronsorup, gaadir jonno, jaa khelar tritiya ongshe pouchanor jonno prayojaniya, kheloader ekti laag nott prayojan, jaa shudhumatra "teer" store pawa yaay. tobey, kheload joom korte sokkhom ekti ostro toiri korar porei "teer" khela jete paare. kheload prayojaniya upadan sangraha korar porei eyi dharaner ostro toiri koraa jete paare, jaa elomelovabe anyanno bivinno store pradan koraa hoy. notun jinisguli upgraded ebong craft korar jonno prayojaniya itemguli elomelovabe protiti storer sheshe kheloadke deoa hoy, taaraa jey sankhyak taaraa orjon koreche taar upor vitti korey. panch taaraa scaley kaaj korey, eka theke tinn taaraa score korey "sadharan" aitemgulite folafol deyo, jokhon chaar baa panch taaraa score korey ekti "biral baa vall" item folafol deyo. eyi khelay ekadhik mudra byabohar koraa hoy. khelati khelar jonno shaktir ("gyasa kyana" akare) prayojan. protibar kheload jokhon ekti storer khela khele, tokhon taader gasser poriman ektir dwara komey yaay. jokhon konao gyasa aboshishto thaake naa, tokhon kheload arr khelte paare naa, ebong hoy soona byabohar korey arow gyasa kinte paare baa taader sarbaraha swayangkriyabhabe punra puron naa haoya porjonto apekkha korte hobey. "notun jinispatra toiri ebong ostrer unnotir jonno "kaalo" prayojaniya, ebong protiti storer sheshe puroskrito hoy. jodi kheloader kachhe golpoti egiye niye yawar jonno prayojaniya konao jinis toiri korar jonno jotheshto kaalo naa thaake, tobey taader aboshyoi purboborti storer khela khelte hobey, baa soona byabohar korey kaalo kinte hobey. "kheloader score eka tarka baadiye deoar jonno protiti storer sheshe "flair" byabohar koraa jete paare. khelar somoy flairguli elomelovabe deoa jete paare baa soona byabohar korey kenaa jete paare. "roupyo" "charloter puraskar" sakriya korar jonno prayojaniya, jaa elomelovabe ekti jinis, ekti ostro, ekti gyasa kyana, ekti flair baa arow beshi roupyer akare ekti ekok puraskar pradan korey. ekti storer sheshe roupyo elomelovabe pradan koraa hoy. "soona" onno jey konao mudra kenara jonno byabohar koraa jete paare ebong shudhumatra bastob-bishwer ortho byabohar korey pawa yaay. plot. khelati 2021 saale seeta koraa hoyeche. khelati kholar dosho bochor agey, 3,000 blackbirds akash theke beriye esechilo, arcansuser bib-ayee. bigyanira kibhabe baa keena pakhira maaraa giechilo taa byakhya korte byartho howar saathe saathe saaraa bishwe anurup ghotona ghotote shuru korey. lokera atongkito hotey shuru korey, armageddon haate aasaar bhoye. koyek maas porey "kaalo" aase. ekti puru kaalo teela upokulrekhai dhue fela hoy, jaar saathe jogajog koraa jey kauke jomby-sadrish pranite porinoto korey jaar lakkhya holl jeebitder kaalo ronge teney aanaa. khelati ekti nauka namheen nayaker saathe shuru hoy, jaa porobortikale besh koyekti teela prani dwara akranto hoy. seey etike teere niye yaay ebong charlot naame eka mohilar dwara rakkha peye pranider dwara abhibhuto hotey choleche. eksange, taaraa kachakachi ekti barite yaay jekhane taaraa anuman koraa-mrito maliker kachh theke ekti note paay jaa byakhya korey jey kibhabe kaalo rongke janbahoner jalanite porinoto koraa yaay. taaraa nirdeshaboli anusaran korey ebong ekti purano gaadi chaalu korey. gaadir vitore, taaraa loktir kachh theke arekti note paay jey seey ekti purano nauka kachakachi ekti machh dhorar grame rekhe geche. taaraa sekhane yaay ebong nauka arekti note khunje paay. lokti anuman korey jey kaalo ronger utpotti upokuler ekti teela rigg hotey paare ebong taader poroborti dweepe taar purano speedboate yawa uchito. speedboate, arekti note byakhya korey jey, riger borholer niche bisforok feley diley kaloti bondho koraa jete paare. tobey, etty korar jonno taader ekti helicopter prayojan hobey, jaa taaraa kachakachi ekti hospitaler chhade khunje paabe. taaraa helicoptere uthhe riger dike yaay, dweep theke doore udanta arekti helicopterke dekhte paay. taaraa err redio frequencity soor korey ebong jaante paare jey etty ekti uddhar missione royeche tobey dweepgulite jeeboner konao lakkhan nei. taaraa jokhon rige abataran korey, charlot prakash korey jey briddho lokti taar baba chhilo. taaraa borhole bisforokguli nikkhep korey, kintu kaalo chhidroti seal korar poriborte, etty phutotike arow beshi korey khole ebong shoto shoto teela prani rigti scale korte shuru korey jokhon ekti ochol charlot taader kachhe aase. seii deane porey, bornonakari briddher barite firey aase. seey ekti helicopterke upore udte dekhe, jaa ekti note sombolito ekti package feley deyo. notti borholti seal korar prochestar jonno taake proshongsha korey ebong ekbar jalani bharat hoye gele taake firiye niye yawar protishruti deyo. unnayan. khelati chhoriye chhitiye thaka binodan dwara bikoshito hoyechilo, jaar netritte chhilen "juddhokkhetro" projojok beena chachat bhai. hardcore kheloader" kachhe abedon korar lakkhye, developarra sporsho-sangbedanshil divaisgulite byaboharer jonno biseshbhabe niyantran prokolpoti design korechen. chachat bhaider motey, "amra mobail devicer eff. pii. esha niye asantushta chhilam, ebong aami money corry amader gobeshona theke, aami money corry jey onek sombhabbo dorshok jaaraa eyi gharanar proti sottii agrahi taader kachhe ekti phone baa ekti tablet royeche, ebong taaraa jaa peyeche taate santushta noy. [amra toiri korechi] ekti niyantran byabostha jaa touchscreengulir jonno design koraa hoyeche jaa upney cable ekti haat diye khelte paren, asle eka haate matro duti angul diye, ebong ekti jaa sottii eyi divaisguli dhorey rakhar upayer saathe ebong eyi divaisgulir byaboharer nidorshongulir saathe mosrinbhabe khaap khaay. taai amra sottii gorbito jey amra ekti niyantran byabostha toiri korechi jaa platforme eyi gharanar sombhabonake unmukto korey."2013 saaler januaryte," "gema informer" "-err myata miller bolechilo jey gamety" "amader dekha arow uchchabhilashi mobail shironamgulir modhye ekti. aami etaa dekhte agrahi jey dolti taar chittakarshak drishya ebong bornonar govirotar sange somanbhabe chittakarshak gameplay-rawr mill korte paare kina." khelar prostabonar kichhu golper upadan 2011 saale arcansuse ghote yawa ekti bastob ghotonar upor vitti korey toiri koraa hoyechilo, "jokhon hazar hazar kaalo pakhi akash theke porey yaay." abhyarthana. "review aggregation website metacritic onusare dube yawa" "mishra" "porjalochona peyeche. "gamezebo 'rawr jooe jasco gametike itibachak porjalochona deoar jonno koyekjon somalochoker modhye ekjon chhilen, gameplay ebong niyantran porikolponar khettro-vittik prokritir proshongsha korechilen. jodio tini shakti byabosthar samalochana korechilen, tini likhechen, "eyi shakti byabosthar puro antarbhukti khelar onnothai besh nyajya ebong udar freemium modeler kachhe kichuta prachin boley money hoy", tini itibachakbhabe uposonghare pouchechenoh "anyanno mobail eff. pii. esha gameguli ekhono kharap touchscreen niyantraner samudre dube jete paare," dube yawa "eyi oitijjobahi samasyagulir jonno jotheshto dokkhota ebong sombhabbo antardrishti sarbaraha korey jaa gamerra sarbada bataser sotej shwas-proshasher jonno aste sokkhom hobey." "148apps" "carter dotsoner samalochana gameplayte iap systemer sanhatkaraner saathe somporkito, boleh" "duboar" "kendre asol khelati mulat ekti agabhir phri-too-play meshina. eyi missionguli, jeguli ubhoy khettro-vittik akraman bibhag ebong protirokkha mission "aaa laa"-err saathe jorito, pray dui minuter doirghyer. eguli pick-up-anned-play gameplay-err jonno bondhuttopurno, tobey beshirbhagi khaali calori. khelati sarbada kheloadke arow elomelovabe prapto ponnoguli toirir jonno chup deoar saathe somporkito, khela chaliye yawar jonno gyasa cangulite byoy korar jonno arow beshi mobacoin bikri korar chesta korey ebong emon stor theke biral jinisguli pawar jonno flair korey jekhane sorbadhik puraskar storti sadharonoto abiswasyabhabe kathin. asle "dube yawa" upobhog koraa asle sombhob noy." "slide too play"-err tiler sombhabyota khettro-vittik gameplay-err samalochana korey ebong jukti deyo jey ekti adarsha procharer mode pochondosoi hoto. tini bishesh korey shakti byabosthar samalochana korey bolechilenoh "koyek minuter gameplay" uparjan korte 30 minit apekkha koraa hotashajonok ebong ekti tock swad soho obhiggota chhede deyo."tini uposonghare pouchechilen jey" "dube yawa" "ekti kathin golpo baa sukkho gameplay baisistyajukta korey naa, tobey err kathin arcade-shooting ekti vall porimane unlocker saathe mishrito ekti itibachak gameplay obhiggota pradan korte sahayata korey. durbhagyoboshoto eyi mojati ekti bharsamyohin timer system dwara pangu hoye yaay jaa ekti ayapa-err kroyer pokkhe khelar samayke seemaboddho korey."mclifer criss pereira bolenoh" "jodio kokhono kokhono aboshyoi upobhoggo", "dubote thaka"-err binamulye khelar bastobayon khelatike ekti anaswikarjo matra badha deyo. "dhongshattok"-err criss cartor niyantran byabosthar samalochana korechilen, likhechen, "atirikto-sorol binnas kaaj korey naa."tobey, taanr sabcheye shaktishali samalochana chhilo aaee. ayee. pii byabosthar saathe somporkito, lekha," "onno bikashkarir haate, dube yawa" "bishesh kichhu hoto. shakti jantrik ebong dhrubak dripa-phida ostro ebong item partasa chhada, aami sahojei nijeke puro bikele dhongso korte dekhte pachchilam jaa jombiske alada korey."" "eurogamer" "-err dyana whitehead arow beshi samalochanamulak chhilo. tini niyantran byabosthake "eff. pii. esha khelar ekti abanchito ebong aprakritik upay" boley abhihito korechilen."tini aaee. ayee. pii. byabosthar mool gameplayte ekikaraner teebro samalochana korechilen, bolechilenoh" "etty emon ekti khela jaa aponake ortho pradan korte bolar jonno apekkha korte paare naa, ebong kompokkhe charti antoshongjog mudra royeche jaa aponake upner uchito boley money koranor jonno design koraa hoyeche. eyi dharaner akromonattok nagadikaran khelar badhakar, unchu nakshar konao kaaron noy, jaa dheere dheere ortho pradan naa koraa kheloader kachhe aggrogoti ghotay, taa dhorey neoa holl eyi dharaner jinisti kibhabe kaaj korey seey somporke ichchakritobhabe ondho haoya."tini uposonghare pouchechilen jey" "dube yawa" "holl prothome ekti lenden meshina, dwitiyata ekti shironam-dokhol niyantran skim ebong ekti prokrito khela ekti durborti tritiya."pockett gamer"-err pitter willingtono somanbhabe samalochanamulak chhilen, likhechen, "prothom-byakti shyutarra aaz" dube yawar "cheye onek beshi jotil. [.]..] dube yawa" khelati "bhumikampa" juge firey yawar moto-ekti store hantun ebong jotokkhon naa upney jitoben totokkhon porjonto sabkichu gully korun."tini eyi khelake" "ekti byartho porikkha" "boley abhihito korechen, likhechenoh" "khelati shesh porjonto prothom-byakti shyutara niyantranguli punra udbhabone byartho hoy...] prothom-byakti shyutarke freemium modeler kachhe unmukto korte byartho hoy...] ekjon shaleen prothom-byakti shyutara hotey byartho hoy [...] etty shatrur dharaner abhab, emon abosthan jaa upner khelar poddhoti khub komoi poriborton korey, nyuntama peripherala sachetanata ebong ekti touchscreen device upolobdho kichhu rott shooting theke bhugche." cholochchitro abhijojon. 23shhey septembara, 2014 tarikhe "holywooder samayseema" jaanaay jey rudder chhabiguli "olympus porey geche" lekhok creiton rothenberger ebong catrin benediktoke ekti cholochchitre rupantarita korar jonno bhada korechilo.

doobavu (videeyo game) dooby javu aee 2013nee pratham vyaktee shooter videeyo game chhe jeey swedish studiyo skatered entertainment dwara vikasavvama aavee chhe aneey aaee. oo. aesa. maate denaa/mobage dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavee chhe. ramat softnu sanskaran 1 april 11,2013naa roj austreliya pradeshmaa sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ramatnu vadhu sampoorn sanskaran (sanskaran 1.11) 3 augustna roj aantarrashtriy stare rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa ramat freemiyam business model hethal uplabdh chhe. android prakaashan 2014 maan rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. ramatnaa mukhya vechaan binduo tenee ananya reete anookoolit touchscreen-vishisht niyantran yojnaa aneey "console gunvattaa" graphics chhe. graphiksani saamanya reete vivechako dwara prashansa karvaamaa aavee hovaa chhataa, ramatne mishrathi nakaaraatmak sameekshao malee hatee, jemaa ina-application khareedi pranali aneey punraavartit gameplayne dhyanma rakheene ghanee teeka karvaamaa aavee hatee. ramat. aaa ramat niyantranni beey paddhateeo pradaan karey chhe. pratham, aneey jenaa parr ramatnu mukhyatve marqetina karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, teey aek aevee pranali chhe jeey khaas kareene ramat maate vikasavvama aavee chhe aneey touchscreen upkarano maate ananya reete anookool chhe. shhoot karvaa maate, khelaadi beey aangaliothi screenne tape karey chhe aneey khelaadinu paatra beey tape vachchena madhya bindu parr fayara karey chhe. zoom karvaa maate, khelaadi screen parr temnee aangadio pakade chhe aneey vistare chhe. khasedva maate, khelaadi jyaan javaa maange chhe teey screen parr tape karey chhe aneey jyaan sudhee teey niyukt sthal parr naa pahonche tyaan sudhee paatra aapmele avrodhoni aaspaas farey chhe. taana laavvaa maate, khelaadi beey aangaliono upyog kareene screen parr daabi keey jamani bajuae swipe karey chhe. aaspaas jovaa maate, khelaadi aek aangalithi koipan dishaamaa swipe karey chhe, jooe keey taatkaalik 180 degree valaank maate shortcut button pann hoya chhe. shastro badalvaa maate, khelaadi paatrana hathiyar parr tape karey chhe. vadhu paramparagat touchscreen first-person shooter setup pann uplabdh chhe, jemaa beey virtual joystick chhe, aek khasedva maate, aek shooting maate. ramatnaa darek starmaa beey prakaarnaa play mooad hoya chhe; humalo aneey bachaav. ramatnee pragatee aek crafting system parr aadharit chhe, jeey paatrana shastro maate sudhara pann pradaan karey chhe. jaim jaim ramat aagad vadhe chhe tema tema, chokkas staro tyaare jaj ramee shakaay chhe jyaare khelaadiae yogya vastu taiyar curry hoya. udaaharan tareeke, ramatnaa trija vibhagma javaa maate jaroori kaar banaavvaa maate, khelaadeene lug nutney jaroor padey chhe, jeey fakt "kinara" starmaa jovaa maley chhe. jooe keey, khelaadiae zoom karvaa maate saksham hathiyar taiyar karyaa pachhi jaj "kinara" ramee shakaay chhe. aavaa hatheeyarni rachnaa tyaare jaj thaee shake chhe jyaare khelaadiae jaroori ghatako aektrit karyaa hoya, jeey anya viveedh staro parr avyavasthit reete aapvama aave chhe. navee vastuone upgraded karvaa aneey taiyar karvaa maate jaroori vastuo khelaadeene darek starnaa ante, tene haansal karelaa taaraaoni sankhyana aadhare, avyavasthit reete aapvama aave chhe. paanch taaraa scale parr kaama kartaa, aekthee trana taaraa sqora karvaathi "saamanya" vastuo maley chhe, jyaare chaar keey paanch taaraa sqora karvaathi "durlabh athavaa vadhu saaree" vastu maley chhe. aaa ramat bahuveedh chalano upyog karey chhe. aaa ramat ramvaa maate urjaa ("gases qena" naa rupmaan) jaroori chhe. darr vakhate jyaare khelaadi aek star ramey chhe, tyaare temno coole gases aek ghatato jaay chhe. jyaare koee gases baakee naa hoya, tyaare khelaadi havey ramee shakato nathee, aneey kaan too sonaano upyog kareene vadhu gases khareedi shake chhe athavaa temno purvatho aapmele pharii bharai jaay tyaan sudhee raah jovi padey chhe. "navee vastuoni rachnaa karvaa aneey shastrone upgraded karvaa maate "kaado" jaroori chhe, aneey darek starnaa ante enayat karvaamaa aave chhe. jooe khelaadi paase vaartane aagad vadhaarvaa maate jaroori vastu taiyar karvaa maate purato kaado rung naa hoya, too tene agaauna stare ramvu padashe, athavaa sonaano upyog kareene kaado rung khareedavo padashe. "khelaadinaa skorne aek starthi vadhaarvaa maate darek starnaa ante "flairs" noow upyog curry shakaay chhe. ramat darmiyan jwaalaaone avyavasthit reete enayat curry shakaay chhe athavaa sonaano upyog kareene khareedi shakaay chhe. "charlotna bakshis" neey sakreey karvaa maate "chaandi" jaroori chhe, jeey avyavasthit reete vastu, hathiyar, gases qena, jwala athavaa vadhu chaandinaa rupmaan aek jaj inam aape chhe. starnaa ante chaandine avyavasthit reete enayat karvaamaa aave chhe. "sonoo" noow upyog anya koipan chalano khareedava maate thaee shake chhe, aneey teey maatra vaastavik duniyana nananno upyog kareene jaj uplabdh chhe. plooat. aaa ramat 2021 maan seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe. ramatnaa praarambhnaa dass varsh pahelaa, 3,000 blackbird beebe, arkansasma aakashmathi padyaa hataa. paksheeo kevee reete athavaa shaa maate mrutyu pamya hataa teey samjavvama vaignaniko nishfal rahyaa hovathi, samagr vishvamaa aavee jaj ghatnaa banvaanu sharoo thayu. loko aramagedan najik chhe teey darthi gabharai javaa laagya. ketlaak maheenao pachhi "black" aavyu. aek jaadu kaalun teela dariyakinare dhovai jaay chhe, jeey tenaa samparkma aavela koipanne zombi jevaa pranioma ferave chhe, jeno dhyey jivant lokone kaalaa rangmaa khenchavaano chhe. aaa ramatnee sharuaat hoady parnaa anaami naayak saathe thaay chhe, jenaa parr pachhithi ghanaa telnaa jeevo dwara humalo karvaamaa aave chhe. teey tene keenare banaave chhe aneey praniothi abhibhut thavaano chhe, jyaare tene charlotte naamnee stree dwara bachaavi levaamaa aave chhe. eksaathe, teo najiknaa aek gharmaa jaay chhe jyaan temne mrut manvama aavtaa malikni aek nondh maley chhe jemaa kaalaa rangne vaahano maate baltanma kevee reete feravvo teey samjavvama aave chhe. teo suchanaaonu paalan karey chhe aneey juunii kaar kaama karaave chhe. kaarnee andar, temne teey maanasnee beejee nondh maley chhe jemaa tene samjaavyu chhe keey tene najiknaa machhimari gaammaan juunii hoady chhodi chhe. teo tyaan jaay chhe aneey hodeemaa beejee nondh shodhe chhe. teey maanas anumaan karey chhe keey kaalaa rangnu mool dariyakanthe aek oil rigg hoi shake chhe aneey teoae aagaami taapu parr tenee juunii speedboat parr javu joiae. speedboatma, beejee nondh samjaave chhe keey jooe visfotako rigna borholma neeche fenkvaamaa aave too kaalaa rangne roqee shakaay chhe. aama karvaa maate, joke, temne helikoptarnee jaroor padashe, jeey teo najiknaa hospitalni chhat parr shodhee shake chhe. teo helikoptara sudhee pahonche chhe aneey rigg taraf aagad vadhe chhe, aneey taaputhi door udatu beeju helikoptara juae chhe. teo tenee rediyo aavruttine tune karey chhe aneey jaane chhe keey teey bachaav abhiyaan parr chhe parantu taapuo parr jeevannaa koee sanketo nondhaya nathee. jyaare teo riig parr utaree aave chhe, tyaare charlot janaave chhe keey vruddh maanas tenaa pitaa hataa. teo visfotakone borholma fenki deey chhe, parantu kaalaa rangnaa felaavaane seal karvaane badale, teey leekne vadhu khole chhe, aneey senkado telnaa jeevo rigne maapvaanu sharoo karey chhe kaaran keey aek achakaato charlot temne tenee paase aavto juae chhe. teey divase pachhi, vartakar vruddhnaa ghare paachho faryo chhe. teey aek helikoptarne upar udatu juae chhe, jeey aek nooat dharaavtu package chhode chhe. nooat borholene seal karvaanaa temnaa prayaasnee prashansa karey chhe, aneey aekvaar teey refuel thaee jaay pachhi tene paachha farvaanu aneey khaalee karvaanu vachan aape chhe. vikaas. aaa ramat "yuddhbhumi" naa nirmata bayne pitarai bhaioni aagevanima vikheraayelaa manoranjan dwara vikasavvama aavee hatee. kattar khelaadeeo" neey apil karvaanaa hetuthi, vikaskartaoae khaas kareene sparsha-samvedansheel upkarano parr upyog maate niyantran yojnaa taiyar curry hatee. pitarai bhaiona janaavya anusaar, "amey mobile upkarano parnaa fpsthi asantusht hataa, aneey maney laage chhe keey amara sanshodhan parthee, maney laage chhe keey ghanaa sambhaveet prexako keey jeo kharekhar aaa shailima rus dharaave chhe temnee paase phone athavaa tablet chhe, aneey teo tenaathi santusht nathee. [amey vikasaavyu chhe] aek niyantran pranali jeey touchscreen maate rachaayel chhe keey jene tame maatra aek haaththee ramee shako chho, hakeekatma aek haathmaa maatra beey aangadio saathe, aneey jeey kharekhar aaa upkaranone aapane jeey reete pakadiae chhiae aneey aaa upkaranonaa upyogni pattern saathe pravaahi reete bandhbese chhe. tethee amane kharekhar garv chhe keey amey aek niyantran pranali banaavi chhe jeey platform parr aaa shaileeni kshamataane khole chhe."january 2013maan," "game informersnaa meeyt milare kahyoo hatoo keey aaa ramat" "aapane joyela vadhu mahatvakankshi mobile shirshakomaanu aek hatoo". huun aee jovaa maate utsaahit chhu keey shun team tenaa prabhavshali drashyo aneey varnaatmak undanne samaan reete romaanchak ramat saathe jodee shake chhe." ramatnaa prastavnama ketlaak vaartaana ghatako 2011 maan arkansasma banelee aek vaastavik ghatnaa parr aadharit hataa, "jyaare hajaaro kaalaa paksheeo aakashmathi padyaa hataa." swaagat. "samiksha ektrikaran website metacritic anusaar dooby javaane" "mishra" "sameekshao malee hatee". "gamezebona jooe jasco ramatne hakaaraatmak samiksha aapnara thodaa vivechakomaanaa aek hataa, jemane ramatnaa kshetra-aadharit swaroop aneey niyantran yojnani prashansa curry hatee. jooe keey teo urjaa pranalini teeka kartaa hataa, temane lakhyu hatoo keey, "aaa urjaa pranaalino sampoorn samaavesh ramatnaa anyatha khoob jaj vaajbi aneey udaar freemiyam model maate thodo praachin laage chhe", temane hakaaraatmak nishkarsh kaadhyo hatoh "jyaare anya mobile fps ramato haju pann nabalaa touchscreen niyantranonaa samudramaa dooby rahee hashe, tyaare" doobavu "aaa paramparagat muddaao maate maatra puratee kshanoni chaaturya aneey sambhaveet aantardrushti pradaan karey chhe jeey ramnarao hammesha havaana tajgibharya shvaas maate aagad aavtaa raheshe." "148apps" "carter dotsonni tikaao gameplayma iap systemna ekikaran saathe sambandhit hatee, jemaa kahevama aavyu hatoo keh" "dooby javaani" "hraday parnee vaastavik ramat mote bhaage chhichhari free-too-play machine chhe". kshetra aadharit humla vibhago aneey sanraxan mission "aaa laa" "bannene samaavtaa mission lagbhag beey minutena hoya chhe. teo pick-up-anned-play gameplay maate anookool chhe, parantu mote bhaage maatra khaalee kelarii chhe. aaa ramat hammesha khelaadi parr hastkala maate vadhu avyavasthit reete melveli vastuo melavaa maate dabaan karvaa, ramvaanu chaalu raakhvaa maate gases qena parr kharch karvaa maate vadhu mobacoin vechvaano prayaas karvaa aneey jyaan mahattam puraskar star saamanya reete melavvu atee mushkel hoya tevaa staromathi durlabh vastuo melavaa maate bhadkaao saathe pann sambandhit chhe. dooby javaane" kharekhar teey shun chhe tenaa maate aanand maanvo kharekhar shakya nathee." "slide too playna tylor physelle erena-aadharit gameplany teeka curry hatee aneey daleel curry hatee keey pramanbhut zumbesh mooad vadhu saaru hota. teo khaas kareene urjaa pranalini teeka kartaa kaheta keh "thodee minitoni ramat" kamavva "maate 30 minut raah jovi aee nirashajanak chhe aneey anoobhavne khaata swaad saathe chhodi deey chhe."temane taaran kaadhyu hatoo keey" "doobavu" "aek nakkar vaarta athavaa sookshm gameplay darshaavtu nathee, parantu tenee nakkar arcade-shooting saaree matrama unlock saathe mishreet ramatno sakaratmak anoobhav pradaan karvaamaa madad karey chhe". kamanaseebe aaa aanand asantulit timer system dwara apang chhe jeey ina-application khareedini tarfenma ramatnaa samayne maryadit karey chhe."mclifena criss pareira kahyunh" "amuk samaye chokkaspane aananddayak hovaa chhataa", "dubavaani mukt ramatnaa amalikaranthi ramatne akshamy hudd sudhee avrodhe chhe"."distructoid" naa criss carter niyantran pranalini teeka kartaa lakhe chhe keey, "vadhu padata saral leout kaama karatu nathee."jooe keey, temnee sauthee majboot tikaao aaee. aee. pii. pranaalinaa sambandhma hatee, jemaa lakhyu hatoo keey," "anya vikaskartana haathmaa, doobavu" "kaneek khaas hota". urjaa mechanic aneey satat tapak-khavdavama aavtaa hathiyar aneey vastunaa bhaago vinaa, huun saraltathi maaree jaatne zombione alag kareene samagr baporno naash karatee joee shakato hato."eurogamer" noon dayne whitehead vadhu nirnayak hatoo. temane niyantran pranaaline "aef. pii. aesa. ramvani anghad aneey akudarati reet" ganaavi hatee."temane aaee. aee. pii. pranaalinaa mukhya gameplayma ekikaranni pann bhaare teeka curry hatee, aema kaheeneh" aaa aek aevee ramat chhe jeey tamane chukavani karvaanu sharoo karvaa maate raah joee shaktee nathee, aneey ochhama ochhi chaar interlock chalano chhe jeey tamane laage chhe keey tamaare joiae. aakramak mudrikaran ramatnee avrodhak, chadhaav parnee rachnaamaa aek pareebal nathee, jeey chukavani naa karnara khelaadeeo maate pidadayak reete dheeme dheeme pragatee karey chhe, aevu maanvu aee aaa prakaarnee vastu kevee reete kaary karey chhe tenaa maate janijoine aandhalu hovu joiae."temane taaran kaadhyu keey" "doobavu" "aee pahelaa vyavhaarnu machine chhe, headline-pakadvani niyantran yojnaa beeja aneey vaastavik ramat durnaa trija chhe"."poqeta gamer" naa pieter willington pann etalaa jaj tikaatmak hataa, temane lakhyu hatoo keey, "pratham vyaktee shooters aaje" dooby javaana "prayaaso karataa ghanaa vadhu jatil chhe. [...] dooby javu" ramvu aee "bhookamp" yugmaa paachha javaa jevu chhe-aek star parr chaalo aneey jyaan sudhee tame jeetee naa jaao tyaan sudhee badhu jaj shhoot karoo."temane ramatne" "aek nishfal prayog" "ganaavyo hato, aneey lakhyu hatoo keh" "ramat aakhare pratham-vyaktee shooter niyantranoni punshodh karvaamaa nishfal jaay chhe"...] freemiyam model maate pratham-vyaktee shootarne kholvaamaa nishfal jaay chhe...] aek yogya pratham vyaktee shooter banvaamaa nishfal [...] teey dushmanna prakaaroni achhat, aevaa sthalo keey jeey tamaari ramvani reetne bhagye jaj badale chhe, nyuntam peripheral jagruti aneey touchscreen upkaran parr uplabdh ketlaak sauthee vadhu rutton shootingthi pidaay chhe." film rupaantaran. 23 september, 2014naa roj "deadline hollywood" aee ahewal aapyo hato keey radaar chitroae ramatne filmmaan rupantarit karvaa maate "olympic haze phola" lekhako crayton rothenberger aneey catarine benediktane bhaade rakhyaa hataa.

dubna (video game) duba huaa ack 2013 kaa pratham-vyakti shooter video game haye jise swedish studio bikhare hue manoranjan dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye aur aaee. oh. aiss. key liye denna/mobage dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa haye. 11 aprail, 2013 koo australia kshetra mein khel soft kaa sanskaran 1. khel kaa ack adhik poorna sanskaran (sanskaran 1.11) 3 agast koo antarrashtriya star parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa. khel freemium vyavasaay model key tahat upalabdh haye. ack android release 2014 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. khel key mukhya bikri bindu isaki vishisht roop seey anukoolit touchscreen-vishisht niyantran yojana aur "kansol gunavatta" graphics hain. haalaanki graphics kii aam taur parr alochakon dwara prashansa kii gaee thee, khel koo mishrit seey nakaratmak sameekshaaen mileen, jisamen inn-aip khareed pranali aur doharaae jaane vaale gameplay key uddeshya seey bahut aalochana kii gaee. khel. khel niyantran key dou tareeke pradaan kartaa haye. pahala, aur jiss parr khel kaa mukhya roop seey vipanan kiya gayaa thaa, vaha vishesh roop seey khel key liye vikasit ack pranali haye aur touchscreen upkaranon key liye vishisht roop seey anukoolit haye. shoot karane key liye, khilaadi dou ungaliyon seey screen koo tapp kartaa haye aur khilaadi kaa charitra dou nalon key beach key bindu parr fayer kartaa haye. zoom karane key liye, khilaadi apani ungaliyon koo screen parr pinn kartaa haye aur failata haye. sthanantarit karane key liye, khilaadi usa screen parr tapp kartaa haye jahan way jaanaa chaahte hain aur charitra swachaalit roop seey baadhaon key aspas ghoomata haye jaba taka kii vaha nirdisht sthaan parr naheen pahunch jaataa. strafe karane key liye, khilaadi dou ungaliyon kaa upayog karke screen parr baaen yaa daaen swipe kartaa haye. chaaron or dekhane key liye, khilaadi ack ungli seey kissy bhee disha mein swipe kartaa haye, halanki turant 180 degree modd key liye ack shortcut button bhee hotaa haye. hathiyar badalane key liye, khilaadi charitra key hathiyar parr tapp kartaa haye. ack aur paaramparik touchscreen first-person shooter setup bhee upalabdh haye, jisamen dou aabhaasi joystick hain, ack chalane key liye, ack shooting key liye. khel mein pratyek star parr dou prakaar key khel mode hotey hain-hamla aur bachaav. khel kii pragati ack shilp pranali parr adharit haye, joe charitra key hathiyaron key liye unnayan bhee pradaan karati haye. jaise-jaise khel aage badhata haye, kuchh star kewal tabhi khele jaa sakate hain jaba khilaadi ney sahee vastu taiyar kii hoe. udaaharan key liye, kaar koo banaane key liye, joe khel key teesare khand taka pahunchane key liye aavashyak haye, khilaadi koo ack lugg nutt kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe kewal "tata" star mein paaya jaataa haye. haalaanki, "tata" kewal tabhi khela jaa sakata haye jaba khilaadi ney zoom karane mein saksham ack hathiyar taiyar kiya hoe. iss tarah key hathiyar koo kewal khilaadi dwara aavashyak ghatakon koo ekatra karane key baad taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye, jinhen vibhinn anya staron parr yaadrichhik roop seey pradaan kiya jaataa haye. nae utpaadon koo unnat karane aur banaane key liye aavashyak vastuon koo yaadrichhik roop seey pratyek star key anta mein khilaadi koo pradaan kiya jaataa haye, joe unake dwara hassil kiye gaye sitaaron kii sankhya key aadhar parr hotaa haye. paanch sitara paimaane parr kaam karate hue, ack seey teen sitaare praapt karane seey "samanya" itum milate hain, jabaki chaar yaa paanch sitaare praapt karane seey "durlabh yaa behtar" itum milata haye. khel kaee mudraon kaa upayog kartaa haye. khel khelane key liye oorjaa ("gais dibbe" key roop mein) aavashyak haye. pratyek baar jaba khilaadi ack star parr khelata haye, tou unaki gais kull ack seey gir jaati haye. jaba koee gais naheen bachee hoti haye, tou khilaadi abb naheen khel sakata haye, aur yaa tou soney kaa upayog karke adhik gais khareed sakata haye yaa taba taka intezar karna hoga jaba taka kii unaki aapoorti swachaalit roop seey phir seey naheen hoe jaati haye. "kaalaa" naee vastuon key nirmaan aur hathiyaron key unnayan key liye aavashyak haye, aur pratyek star key anta mein sammaanit kiya jaataa haye. yadi khilaadi key paas kahani koo aage badhaane key liye aavashyak vastu banaane key liye paryaapt kaalaa naheen haye, tou unhein pichhale staron parr khelna hoga, yaa soney kaa upayog karke kaalaa kharidana hoga. "flairs" kaa upayog pratyek star key anta mein khilaadi key score koo ack starr seey badhaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. khel key dauran flairs koo yaadrichhik roop seey diyaa jaa sakata haye yaa soney kaa upayog karke kharida jaa sakata haye. "charlots bounty" koo sakriya karane key liye "silver" aavashyak haye, joe yaadrichhik roop seey ack vastu, ack hathiyar, ack gais caine, ack flair yaa adhik chaandi key roop mein ack puraskar pradaan kartaa haye. ack star key anta mein yaadrichhik roop seey rajat pradaan kiya jaataa haye. "sonaa" kaa upayog kissy bhee anya mudra koo khareedane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, aur yeh kewal vaastavik duniya key paise kaa upayog karke upalabdh haye. plot. khel 2021 mein sett kiya gayaa haye. khel key udghaatan seey duss saal pahale, 3,000 blackbird beebe, arconsus mein aasmaan seey gir gaye. jaise-jaise vaigyaanik yeh samajhaane mein asafal rahey kii pakshiyon kii mrityu kaise yaa kyon hui thee, isi tarah kii ghatana poori duniya mein honey luggy. loga darne lagey kii armagedden aaa gayaa haye. kaee maheenon baad "kaalaa" aaya. ack motaa kaalaa tail tatrekha mein beh jaataa haye, joe kissy key bhee sampark mein aaya usey zombi jaise jeevon mein badal detaa haye jiska lakshya jeevit logon koo kaale rung mein kheenchana haye. khel ack naav parr anaam naayak key saath shuru hotaa haye, jiss parr baad mein kaee tail jeevon dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye. vaha ise tata parr banaa detaa haye aur praniyon seey abhibhoot honey vaalaa hotaa haye, jaba usey charlotte naam kii ack mahila dwara bachaaya jaataa haye. ack saath, way paas key ack ghar mein jaate hain jahan unhein mrit-anumaanit malik seey ack nott milata haye jisamen bataaya gayaa haye kii kaale rung koo vaahanon key liye eendhan mein kaise badala jaae. way nirdeshon kaa paalan karate hain aur ack purani kaar koo kaam karane key liye taiyar karate hain. kaar key ander, unhein usa vyakti kaa ack aur nott milata haye jisamen bataaya gayaa haye kii usane paas key ack machhali pakadane vaale gaanv mein ack purani naav chhodi haye. way vahaan jaate hain, aur naav mein ack aur nott paate hain. aadami kaa anuman haye kii kaale rung kii utpatti tata seey ack tail rigg hoe sakati haye aur unhein agale dweep parr apani purani speedboat taka pahunchana chaahiye. speedboat mein, ack anya nott bataata haye kii aggar visfotakon koo rigg key borhole seey neeche giraaya jaataa haye tou kaale rung koo rokaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, aisaa karane key liye unhein ack helicopter kii aavashyakta hogi, jise way paas key aspatal kii chhat parr paa sakate hain. way helicopter taka pahunchate hain aur rigg kii or nikalate hain, dweep seey door udate hue ack aur helicopter koo dekhate hain. way isaki radio aavritti koo sunate hain aur jaanate hain kii yeh ack bachaav mission parr haye lekin dweepon parr jeevan key koee sanket naheen hain. jaise hii way rigg parr utarate hain, charlotte bataata haye kii boodhaa aadami uska pitaa thaa. way visfotakon koo borhole mein fenk dete hain, lekin kaale rung key risaav koo seal karane key bajaay, yeh risaav koo aur bhee adhik khol detaa haye, aur saikadon tail jeev rigg koo maapana shuru curr dete hain kyonki ack unmoving charlot unhein usake paas aatey hue dekhta haye. usa dinn baad mein, kathakar boodhe aadami key ghar laut aaya. vaha ack helicopter koo oopar seey udate hue dekhta haye, joe ack nott vaalaa ack package chhod detaa haye. nott borhole koo seal karane key unake prayaas kii sarahana kartaa haye, aur eendhan bharane key baad usey vaapas laane aur khaali karane kaa vaadaa kartaa haye. vikas. khel koo "yuddh key maidan" key nirmaata bayne chachere bhaaiyon key netritva mein bikhare hue manoranjan dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. kattar khilaadiyon" koo aakarshit karane key uddeshya seey, developers ney vishesh roop seey sparsh-samvedansheel upkaranon parr upayog key liye niyantran yojana taiyar kii. chachere bhaaiyon key anusaar, "humm mobile upkaranon parr fps seey asantusht they, aur mujhe lagata haye kii hamaare shodh seey, mujhe lagata haye kii bahut saare sambhaavit darshakon key paas phone yaa tablet haye joe vaastav mein iss shally mein ruchi rakhate hain, aur way santusht naheen hain joe unhein vahaan milaa haye. [hamane vikasit kiya haye] ack niyantran pranali jise touchscreen key liye design kiya gayaa haye jise aap kewal ack haath seey khel sakate hain, vaastav mein ack haath mein sirf dou ungaliyon key saath, aur ack joe vaastav mein inn upkaranon koo pakadane key tareeke aur inn upkaranon key upayog key pattern key saath fitt baithata haye. isaliye hamein vaastav mein garv haye kii hamane ack niyantran pranali banaai haye joe munch parr iss shally kii kshamata koo kholati haye."janwari 2013 mein, game informer key mait miller ney kahaa kii yeh khel" "hamaare dwara dekhe gaye adhik mahatvakankshi mobile khitabon mein seey ack thaa. main yeh dekhane key liye utsaahit huun kii kyaa team apane prabhaavshaali drishyon aur kathaa kii gaharaai koo samaan roop seey romanchak gameplay key saath mill sakati haye." khel key prastaavana mein kuchh kahani tatva ack vaastavik ghatana parr adharit they joe 2011 mein arconsus mein hui thee, "jaba hajaaron kaale pakshi akash seey gir gaye they." swaagat. "sameeksha ektrikaran website metacritic key anusaar doobane koo" "mishrit" "sameeksha millie. "gamezebo key joye jasco gameplay kii kshetra-adharit prakriti aur niyantran yojana kii prashansa karate hue khel koo sakaratmak sameeksha dene vaale kuchh alochakon mein seey ack they. halanki vaha oorjaa pranali key aalochak they, likhate hue, "iss oorjaa pranali kaa puuraa samavesh khel key anyatha bahut nishpaksh aur udaar freemium model key liye thodaa purana lagata haye", unhone sakaratmak nishkarsh nikaalah "jabaki anya mobile fps game abhee bhee kharaab touchscreen niyantranon key samudra mein doob sakate hain," dubna "inn paaramparik muddon key liye saralata aur sambhaavit antardrishti key paryaapt kshan pradaan kartaa haye joe gamers hamesha havaa kii taaza saanson key liye aaney mein saksham honge." "148aips" carter dotson kii aalochanaaen gameplay mein aaee. aeye. pee. pranali key ekikaran seey sambandhit theen, yeh kahate hue kii "" doobane "" key kendra mein vaastavik khel kaafee hudd taka ack uthali free-too-play machine haye. donon kshetra-adharit aakraman khandon aur raksha mission "aeye laa" seey judey missions kii lambai lagbhag dou minut haye. way pick-upp-aind-play gameplay key liye anukool hain, lekin jyaadaatar kewal khaali calori hain. khel hamesha khilaadi parr shilp key liye adhik yaadrichhik roop seey praapt vastuon koo praapt karane key liye dabaav daalane, khelane key liye gais key dibbe parr kharch karane key liye adhik mobacoin bechane kii koshish karane aur una staron seey durlabh vastuon koo praapt karane key liye bhadkane seey bhee sambandhit haye jahaan adhikatam puraskar star aamtaur parr avishvasaniya roop seey kathin hotaa haye. vaastav mein "doobane" kaa anand lena vaastav mein sambhav naheen haye kyonki yeh kyaa haye." "slide too play" key tylor ney kshetra-adharit gameplay kii aalochana kii, aur tark diyaa kii ack maanak abhiyaan mode behtar hoga. vaha vishesh roop seey oorjaa pranali key aalochak they, unhone kahaah "kuchh minut key khel koo" arjit karane "key liye 30 minut intezar karna nirashajanak haye aur anubhav koo khatta swaad key saath chhod detaa haye."unhone nishkarsh nikala kii" "doobane" "mein ack thhos kahani yaa bareek gameplay naheen haye, lekin isaki thhos arcade-shooting achchi matra mein unlock key saath mishrit honey seey ack sakaratmak gameplay anubhav dene mein madad milati haye. durbhagya seey yeh mazaa ack asantulit timer pranali dwara pangu hoe jaataa haye joe aip mein kharidari key paksh mein khel key samay koo seemit kartaa haye."mcclife key criss perera ney kahaah" "nishchit roop seey kabhi-kabhi anandadayak honey key bavjood, doobane key liye swatantra roop seey khelane kaa karyanvayan khel koo akshamya star taka baadhit kartaa haye."vinashkari" kaa criss carter niyantran pranali key liye mahatvapurna thaa, likhate hue, "atyadhik-saral leout kaam naheen kartaa haye."haalaanki, unaki sabse majboot aalochanaaen aaee. aeye. pee. pranali key sambandh mein theen, likhate hue," "ack anya developer key haathon mein, dubna" kuchh khaas hotaa. oorjaa yantragya aur nirantar drip-feed hathiyar aur itum bhaagon key binaa, main aasaani seey khud koo dopahar bhar key visfot koo alag karate hue nasht karate hue dekh sakata thaa."eurogamer" kaa danne whitehead aur bhee adhik mahatvapurna thaa. unhone niyantran pranali koo "fps khelane kaa ack vikrit aur apraakritik tarika" kahaa."vaha aaee. aeye. pee. pranali key mukhya gameplay mein ekikaran kii bhee bahut aalochana karate hue kahate hainh" yeh ack aisaa khel haye joe aapako bhugtan karane key liye kahane key liye intezar naheen curr sakata haye, aur cumm seey cumm chaar interlock mudraaen hain joe aapako aisaa mahsoos karaane key liye design kii gaee hain kii aapako karna chaahiye. yeh maan lena kii aakramak mudrikaran khel key avarodhak, oopar kii or design mein ack kaarak naheen haye, joe bhugtan naa karane vaale khilaadiyon koo dheere-dheere pragati detaa haye, iss tarah kii cheez kaise kaam karati haye, isake liye jaanboojhkar andhaa honah haye."unhone nishkarsh nikala kii" dubna "pahale ack lenden machine haye, ack sheershak-pakadane vaali niyantran yojana doosari aur ack vaastavik khel ack door kaa teesara."pockett gamer" key peater willington ney likhaa, "aaj pahale vyakti nishaanebaaj" doobane "key kabhi bhee prayaas kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik jatil hain. [.]..] dubna" khelna "bhookamp" yug mein vaapas jaane key samaan haye-ack star key baare mein chalein aur jaba taka aap jeet naheen jaate, taba taka sub kuchh shoot karein."unhone khel koo" ack asafal prayog "kahaa, likhate hueh" khel antatah pratham-vyakti shooter niyantranon koo phir seey sthaapit karane mein whiffle rahata haye...] freemium model key liye pratham-vyakti shooter koo kholane mein whiffle rahata haye...] ack achchha pratham-vyakti nishaanebaaj honey mein whiffle rahata haye...] yeh dushman key prakaron kii kamee, aise sthaan joe aapke khelane key tareeke koo mushkil seey badalate hain, nyuntam paridhiya jagrukta, aur touchscreen upkaran parr upalabdh kuchh sabse rutt shooting seey peedit haye." film roopaantaran. 23 sitambar, 2014 koo "samay seema hollywood" ney bataaya kii radar chitron ney khel koo ack film mein badalane key liye "olympus gir gayaa haye" lekhakon crayton rothenberger aur catrin benedict koo kaam parr rakhaa thaa.

muluguvike (video game) dhii dovinging embudu 2013rahra prathama-vyakti shooter video game aagiddu, idannu sweedish studio scatterdarent entertainment abhivraddhipadiside mattu iosgagi dena/mobage prakatiside. 2013rahra april 11randu australia pradeshadalli praarambhisalaada ee aatada soft aavruttiyu (aavrutti 1.11) august 3randu antaaraashtriya mattadalli bidugadeyaayitu. ee aatavu freemium vevahaara maadariya adiyalli labhyavide. android bidugadeyu 2014ralli bidugadeyaayitu. aatada mukhya maaraatada amshagalendare adara ananyavaagi alavadisikonda touchscreen-nirdishta niyantrana yojane mattu "console gunamatta" graphics. graphics annu samanyavagi vimarshakaru prashamsisiddaroo, aatavu mishradinda nakaaraatmaka vimarshegalannu padeyitu, applicationallina khareedi vyavasthe mattu punaraavartita aatada mele hecchina tikegalannu padeyitu. aatavaaduva. aatavu eradu niyantrana vidhaanagalannu odagisuttade. modalaneyadu, mattu aatavannu prathamikavagi marata maadalaadaddu, atakkagi nirdishtavagi abhivraddhipadisalaada mattu touchscreen saadhanagalige ananyavaagi alavadisikonda vyavastheyagide. shoot maadalu, aatagaaranu eradu beralugalinda paradeyannu sparshisuttaane mattu atagarana patravu eradu tyapgala naduvina madhyada binduvinalli gundu haarisuttade. joom maadalu, aatagaaranu tamma beralugalannu paradeya mele chuchchuttaane mattu vistarisuttaane. chalisalu, aatagaaranu avaru hogalu bayasuva paradeya mele tapp maaduttaane mattu patravu nigadita sthalavannu talupuvavarege svayamchaalitavaagi adetadegala suttaloo chalisuttade. straff maadalu, aatagaaranu eradu beralugalannu balasikondu paradeya mele eda athawa balakke swipe maaduttaane. suttaloo nodalu, aatagaaranu ondu beralininda yaavude dikkinalli swipe maaduttaane, aadaagyoo takshanada 180 degree tiruvugalige shortcut button saha iruttade. shastrastragalannu badalaayisalu, aatagaaranu patrada shastrastravannu sparshisuttaane. hecchu sampradayikavada touchscreen fust-person shooter setup saha labhyavide, eradu virtual jaaystikgalondige, ondu chalisalu, ondu shootingge. aatada pratiyondu hantavu eradu reetiya aatada vidhaanavannu hondide; daali mattu raksane. aatada pragatiyu karkushala vyavastheyannu aadhariside, idu patrada shastrastragalige navikaranagalannu saha niiduttade. aatavu munduvaredante, aatagaaranu sariyaada vastuvannu rachisidare maatra kelavu hantagalannu aadabahudu. udaaharanege, aatada moorane vibhagakke hogalu agatyavaada kaarannu tayaarisalu, aatagaaranige "teera" mattadalli maatra kandubaruva lugnut agatyavide. aadaagyoo, aatagaaranu jhoom maaduva saamarthyavannu hondiruva shastrastravannu rachisida nantarave "teera" vannu aadabahudu. aatagaaranu agatya ghatakagalannu sangrahisida nantarave antaha shastrastravannu rachisabahudu, ivugalannu yaadruchchikavaagi itara vividha hantagalalli nidalaaguttade. hosa vastugalannu navikarisalu mattu rachisalu agatyavaada vastugalannu avaru saadhisida nakshatragala sankhyeya aadhaarada mele prati hantada koneyalli yaadruchchikavaagi aatagaararige nidalaaguttade. aidu nakshatragala pramaanadalli kaaryanirvahisuva moolaka, wandarinda mooru nakshatragalannu galisuvudarinda "saamaanya" vastugalige kaaranavaaguttade, aadare naalku athawa aidu nakshatragalannu galisuvudarinda "aparoopada athawa uttama" vastugalige kaaranavaaguttade. ee aatavu aneka karensigalannu balasuttade. aatavannu aadalu shaktiyu ("anila dabbigala" roopadalli) agatyavagiruttade. prati baari aatagaaranu ondu mattavannu aaduvaga, avara ottu anilavu wandarinda kadimeyaguttade. anilavu ulidilladiddaaga, aatagaaranu innu munde aadalu sadhyavilla, mattu chinnavannu balasikondu hecchina anilavannu khareedisabahudu athawa avugala puraikeyu svayamchaalitavaagi marupuranavaguvarege kayabekaguttade. "hosa vastugalannu tayaarisalu mattu shastrastragalannu meldarjegerisalu "kappu" agatyavagide mattu prati hantada koneyalli idannu nidalaaguttade. katheyannu munnadesalu agatyavaada vastuvannu rachisalu atagarana bully saakashtu kappu illadiddare, avaru hindina hantagalannu aadabeku athawa chinnavannu balasikondu kappu kharidisabeku. "atagarana ankavannu ondu starninda hechhisalu prati hantada koneyalli "flairs" annu balasabahudu. aatada samayadalli jwaalegalannu yaadruchchikavaagi niidabahudu athawa chinnavannu balasi khareedisabahudu. "charlotte 's bounty" annu sakriyagolisalu "belli" agatyavagide, idu yaadruchchikavaagi ondu vastu, ondu shastra, anila kyaan, jwaaleya athawa hecchina belliya roopadalli onde bahumaanavannu niiduttade. ondu hantada koneyalli yaadruchchikavaagi belli nidalaaguttade. "chinna" vannu itara yaavude karensigalannu khareedisalu balasabahudu, mattu idu naija-prapanchada hanavannu balasikondu maatra labhyavide. plat. aatavannu 2021 ralli hondisalaagide. aatavu praarambhavaaguva hattu varshagala modalu, 3,000 kappu hakkigalu arkansasna beebnalli aakaashadinda biddavu. pakshigalu hege athawa eke sattavu embudannu vivarisalu vignaanigalu viphalaraadante, idhe reetiya vidyamaanavu prapanchadaadyanta sambhavisalu praarambhisitu. armageddone hattiradallide emba bhayadinda janaru gabarigollalu praarambhisidaru. kelavu tingalugala nantara "kappu" banditu. ondu dappa kappu tailavu karaavaliyalli kochchikondu, adara samparkakke banda yaarannaadaru zombi tarahada jeevigalaagi parivartisuttade, avara guriyu jivantarannu kappu bannakke eleyuvudu. dooniyalli hesarisada naayakanondige aatavu praarambhavaaguttade, nantara halavaaru taila jivigalu adara mele daali maaduttave. avanu adannu tirakke taruttaane mattu charlotte emba hengasininda rakshisalpattaga, jivigalinda muluguttaane. ottige, avaru hattirada manege hoguttaare, allie avaru kappu bannavannu vaahanagalige indhanavaagi hege parivartisabeku embudannu vivarisuva mruta malikara tippani kandukolluttaare. avaru soochanegalannu anusarisuttaare mattu haleya kaarannu kaaryagatagolisuttaare. kaarinolage, avaru hattirada meenugaarike halliyalli haleya dooniyannu bittu hogiddaare endu vivarisuva vyaktiyinda mattondu tippani kandubaruttade. avaru allige hoguttaare mattu dooniyalli mattondu tippani kaanuttaare. kappu bannada moolavu karaavaliyalliruva taila rigg agirabahudu mattu avaru mundina dweepadalliruwa tanna haleya speed botge hogabeku endu aaa vyakti uhisuttaane. speed botnalli, mattondu tippani, rigna boar holnalli spotakagalannu biddare kappu bannavannu nillisabahudu endu vivarisuttade. aadaagyoo, haage maadalu, avarige helicopter agatyaviruttade, adannu avaru hattirada aaspatreya chaavaniya mele kaanabahudu. avaru helicopterge bandu rigg kadege horatu, dweepadinda doora haarihoguva mattondu helicopter annu noduttaare. avaru adara radeo aavartanakke tune maaduttaare mattu adhu raxana karyacharaneyallide endu tiliyuttaare aadare dweepagalalli jeevada yaavude chihnegalannu varadi madilla. avaru rignalli iliyuvaaga, aaa vruddhanu tanna tande endu charlotte bahirangapadisuttaane. avaru spotakagalannu randhradolage eseyuttaare, aadare kappu bannada sorikeyannu muchchuva badalu, adhu sorikeyannu innashtu tereyuttade, mattu nooraru taila jivigalu chalisada charlotte tannannu sameepisuttiruvaaga rigg annu aleyalu praarambhisuttave. aaa dinada nantara, niroopakanu aaa vruddhana manege maralidanu. avanu helicopter ondu meelbhaagadalli haaruttiruvudannu noduttaane, adhu tippani hondiruva pottanavannu beelisuttade. aaa tippani, randhravannu muchchuva aatana prayatnavannu shlaaghisuttade mattu adhu indhana tumbida nantara aatanannu marali karetandu sthalaantarisuva bharavase niiduttade. abhivruddhi. yuddhabhoomi" yaya nirmaapaka benn sodarasambandhigala netrutvadalli chadurida manaranjaneyinda ee aatavannu abhivraddhipadisalaagide. hardcore aatagararannu" aakarshisuva uddeshadinda, abhivardhakaru sparsha-sukshma sadhanagalalli balasalu nirdishtavagi niyantrana yojaneyannu vinyaasagolisidaru. sodarasambandhigala prakara, "mobile sadhanagalallina eff. pii. ess. gala bagge namage atruptiyittu, mattu namma samshoodhaneyinda, ee prakaaradalli nijavagiyoo asakti hondiruva bahalashtu sambhaavya prekshakaru phone athawa tablet hondiddaarendu naanu bhavisuttene, mattu avaru allie padediruvudara bagge avarige triptiyilla. [naavu abhivraddhipadisidevu] ondu kaiyalli kevala eradu beralugalannu hondiruva, mattu ee sadhanagalannu naavu hididittukolluva vidhana mattu ee sadhanagala balakeya maadarigalondige nijavagiyoo hondikolluvantaha, neevu kevala ondu kaiyinda aadabahudaada touchscreengaligaagi vinyasagolisalada niyantrana vyavasthe. aaddarinda naavu niyantrana vyavastheyannu rachisiruvudakke naavu nijavagiyoo hemmepadutteve, idu vedikeyalli ee prakaarada saamarthyavannu tereyuttade."2013rahra janavariyalli," "game informers myaat miller" "ee aatavu" "naavu nodida hecchu mahatvakanksheya mobile shirshikegalalli ondaagide" "endu helidaru". tandavu tanna prabhavashali drashyagalu mattu niroopaneya aalavannu samanavagi akarshaka aatada shailiyondige hondisabahude endu nodalu naanu utsukanagiddene." aatada munnudiyallina kelavu katheya amshagalu 2011 ralli arkansasnalli sambhavisida naija ghataneyannu aadharisive, "saaviraaru kappu pakshigalu aakaashadinda biddavu." svaagata. "vimarshe ottugudisuvikeya jaalataanavaada metacritic prakara muluguvikeyu" "mishra" "vimarshegalannu padeyitu". "game zebona zoo jasco avaru aatada kshetra-aadhaarita svaroopa mattu niyantrana yojaneyannu shlaghisutta, aatakke sakaaraatmaka vimarsheyannu needida kelave vimarshakaralli obbaraagiddaru. avaru indhana vyavastheyannu tikisiddaroo, "ee indhana vevastheya sampoorna serpadeyu aatada saakashtu nyaayayuta mattu udaaravaada freemium maadarige swalpa puraatanavendu toruttade" endu baredaru, avaru sakaaraatmakavaagi muktayagolisidaruhu "itara mobile fps atagalu innoo kalape touchscreen niyantranagala samudradalli muluguttirabahudu," muluguvudu "ee saampradaayika samasyegalige saakashtu kshanagala jaanme mattu sambhaavya olanotagalannu niiduttade, adhu gemarugaligaagi yavagalu taja gaaliya usirugaligaagi baralu saadhyavaaguttade." "148ops" "carter dotson avara tikegalu aii. aa. pii. vyavastheyannu aatadolage samyojisuvudakke sambandhisive, heege heluttaveh" "muluguvikeya hrudayabhaagadalliruva nijavaada aatavu hechchaagi aalavillada mukta-aatada yantravagide". arena-aadhaarita daali vibhagagalu mattu raxana karyacharanegalada "aa laa" "eradannoo olagondiruva karyacharanegalu sumaru eradu nimishagalashtu uddavaagive. avu pick-up-und-play aatakke snehiyagiruttave, aadare hechchaagi kevala khaali calorigalagive. aatavu yavagalu atagarana mele karakushalakkagi hecchu yaadruchchikavaagi padeda vastugalannu padeyalu ottada heruvudu, aatavannu munduvarisalu anila dabbigala mele kharchu maadalu hecchu mobakayingalannu marata maadalu prayatnisuvudu mattu garishta bahumaanada mattavannu samanyavagi padeyuvudu nambalaagadashtu kashtakaravaada mattagalinda aparoopada vastugalannu padeyalu jwaalegalu. muluguvike" endare enu embudannu nijavagiyoo anandisalu sadhyavilla." "slide tuu plays tailor fassel kridaangana-aadhaarita aatada sailiyannu tikisitu mattu pramanita prachara vidhaanavu aadyateyaagiruttittu endu vaadisitu. avaru visheshavaagi shakti vyavastheyannu tikisutta, "kelavu nimishagala aatada samayavannu" galisalu "30 nimisha kayuvudu kshinisuttade mattu anubhavavannu huli ruchiyondige biduttade endu helidaru."" "muluguvikeyu" "ondu ghanavaada kathe athawa sookshmavaada aatada sailiyannu hondilla, aadare adara ghana arcade-chitrikaranavu uttama pramanada anlaakgalondige beretu sakaaraatmaka aatada anubhavavannu needalu sahaaya maaduttade endu avaru tirmaanisidaru". duradrushtavashat ee vinodavu asamatolita timer vyavastheyinda durbalagondide, idu applicationallina kharidiya paravagi aatada samayavannu simitagolisuttade."mcclifen criss pereera helidaru" "kelavomme khanditavaagiyoo anandadayakavagiddaru", "muluguvikeya mukta-aatada anushthaanavu aatavannu kshamisalaagada mattakke addipadisuttade"."distructoid" naa criss carter niyantrana vyavastheyannu tikisidaru, "atiyaada sarala vinyaasavu kelasa maduvudilla."aadaagyoo, avara prabala tikegalu iap vyavasthege sambandhisidante," "innobba abhivardhakara kaiyalli, muluguvudu" "visheshavaagiruttittu endu barediddaare". energy mechanic mattu nirantara honey-bharita shastrastra mattu aitam bhagagalillade, somarigalannu spotisutta idee madhyaahnavannu naashapadisuvudannu naanu sulabhavaagi nodabahudagittu."eurogamer" naa daan white head innoo hecchu nirnaayakavaagittu. avaru niyantrana vyavastheyannu "eff. pii. ess aadalu ondu vikaara mattu asvaabhaavika maarga" endu karedaru."avaru aii. aa. pii. vevastheya pramukha aatada vyavastheyalli ekikaranavannu tivravagi tikisidaru, heege helidaru" "idu nimmannu pavatisalu kelalu kayalu saadhyavillada aatavaagide, mattu kanishta naalku interlack maadalaada karensigalannu neevu maadabekendu bhavisuvante vinyaasagolisalaagide". aatadalli akramanakari hangalikeyu addipadisuva, airugatiya vinyaasadalli ondu amshavalla endu bhavisuvudu, idu pavatisada aatagaararige nidhaanavaagi pragatiyannu untumaaduttade, ee reetiya vishayavu hege kaaryanirvahisuttade embudara bagge uddeshapoorvakavaagi kurudaagiruvudu."muluguvudu" "modalu vahivaatina yantra, eradaneyadaagi shirshike-hidiyuva niyantrana yojane mattu mooraneyadaagi nijavaada aata endu avaru tirmaanisidaru"."pockett gamern peater willington kooda ashte vimarshaatmakavaagi," "indu modala-vyakti shootargalu muluguva" "prayatnagaliginta hecchu sankirnaraagiddaare". [...] muluguvike" aatavannu aaduvudu "bhookampa" yugada kaalakke hindirugidante-ondu mattakke nadedu neevu gelluvavarege ellavannoo shoot maadi."avaru ee aatavannu" "viphala prayoga" "endu karedaru, heege baredaruh" "aatavu antimavagi prathama-vyakti shooter niyantranagalannu marushodhisuvalli viphalagolluttade"...] freemium maadarige prathama-vyakti shooter annu tereyuvalli viphalavagide...] yogya prathama-vyakti shooter aagalu viphalaraaguttaane...] idu shatrugala bagegala korate, neevu aaduva vidhaanavannu ashtenu badalaayisada sthalagalu, kanishta baahya arivu mattu touchscreen saadhanadalli labhyaviruva kelavu atyanta rote chitrikaranagalinda balaluttide." chalanachitra roopaantara. september 23,2014 randu "deadline hollywood" varadiya prakara, radar chitragalu aatavannu chalanachitravagi alavadisikollalu "olympic hyaav phaal" barahagararada cryton rothenberger mattu catrin benedict avarannu nemisikondive.

daad doobing (video game) daad dubbing haah 2013 chaa first-person shooter video game aahe joou swedish studio scatter entertainmentne vikasit keela aahe aanee aay. oo. ess. sathee dena/mobejne prakashit keela aahe. 11 april 2013 roji austreliya pradeshat soft gemchi aavrutti 1. khelachi adhik sampoorn aavrutti (aavrutti 1.11) 3 august roji aantarrashtriy staravar prasiddha karnyat aalee. haah khel freemiyam vyavasay model antargat upalabdh aahe. 2014 madhye android aavrutti prakashit karnyat aalee. yaa khelache mukhya vikriche bindu mhanje tyachi advitiyapane anukool touchscreen-vishisht niyantran yojana aanee "console gunavatta" graphics. jaree graphixchi samanyatah samikshakankadun prashansa jhaali asali taree, yaa khelala sammishra teey nakaratmak punaravalokne midali, jyat appmadhil kharedi pranali aanee punaravrutti gameplaver laksh kendrit karoon barich teeka jhaali. khel. yaa khelat niyantranachya done paddhati aahet. pahila aanee jyachyavar yaa khelache pramukhyane vipanan kele gele, tee visheshtah khelasathi vikasit keleli aanee touchscreen upkaranansathi advitiyapane anukool keleli pranali aahe. shhoot karnyasathi, kheladu done botanni screenver tapp karato aanee kheladuche patra done tapschya madhomadhalya binduvar phayar karate. zoom karnyasathi, kheladu screenver tyanchi bote thothavato aanee vistarato. halanyasathi, kheladu jithe jayache aahe tyaa padadyavar tapp karato aanee patra nirdharit thikani pohocheparyant aapoaap adthalyambhovati firate. tananyasathi, kheladu done botancha vapar karoon padadyavar davikade kinwa ujavikade swipe karato. aajubajoola pahanyasathi, kheladu eka botane konatyahi dishene swipe karato, jaree twarit 180 ansh valanyasathi eka shortcut button dekhil asate. shastre badalanyasathi, kheladu patrachya shastravar tapp karato. eka halavanyasathi aanee eka chitrikaranasathi asha done aabhasi joysticks, adhik paramparik touchscreen first-person shooter setup dekhil upalabdh aahe. khelatil pratyek staravar done prakarche play mode asatat; aakraman aanee bachav. khelachi pragati hii hastakala pranalivar aadharit asate, jee patranchya shastransathi sudharana dekhil dete. khel jasjasa pudhe sarkat jaato, tasatase kheladune yogya vastoo tayar kelee asel tarach kahee star khelale jaau shakatat. udaharanarth, khelachya tisya vibhagat jaanyasathi aavashyak asaleli qaar tayar karnyasathi, kheladula eka lug nutt aavashyak asato, joou fakt "kinanyavaril" staravar aadhalato. tathapi, kheladune zoom karnyas saksham asalele shastra tayar kelyanantarach "kinara" khelala jaau shakato. kheladune aavashyak ghatak gola kelyanantarach asey shastra tayar kele jaau shakate, jeey itar vividh staranvar yadruchchikpane dile jaatat. naveen vastoo adyayavat karnyasathi aanee tayar karnyasathi aavashyak asalelya vastoo, tyanni sadhya kelelya tanyanchya sankhyechya aadhare, pratyek patalichya shevati yadruchchikpane kheladula dilya jaatat. paach tarankit staravar kaam kartana, eka teey teen taare midavalyane "samanya" vastoo tayar hotat, tarr chaar kinwa paach taare midavalyane "durmil kinwa changli" vastoo tayar hote. haah khel anek chalanancha vapar karato. khel khelanyasathi urja (gass dabyachya swarupat) aavashyak aahe. pratyek velee jevha kheladu eka patali khelato, tevha tyancha ekoon vayoo ekane qamee hoto. jevha gass shillak nasato, tevha kheladu yapudhe kheloo shakat nahee aanee ektar sonyacha vapar karoon adhik gass kharedi karoo shakato kinwa tyancha puravatha aapoaap bharoon yeiparyant pratiksha karavi lagate. "naveen vastoo tayar karnyasathi aanee shastrastranchya unnatisathi 'kaala' aavashyak aahe aanee pratyek patalichya shevati too deela jaato. jarr kheladukade katha pudhe nenyasathi aavashyak vastoo tayar karnyasathi puresa kaala rung nasel, tarr tyanni mageel staranvar khelane aavashyak aahe kinwa sonyacha vapar karoon kaala kharedi karane aavashyak aahe. "kheladucha gunank eka taanyane vadhavanyasathi pratyek patalichya shevati 'flairs' chaa vapar keela jaau shakato. kheladarmyan flairs yadruchchikpane dile jaau shakatat kinwa sonyacha vapar karoon kharedi kele jaau shakatat. "charlots bakshis' sakriy karnyasathi 'chandi' aavashyak aahe, jeey yadruchchikpane ekhadi vastoo, eka shastra, eka gass cann, eka jwala kinwa adhik chandichya swarupat ekach bakshis dete. patalichya shevati yadruchchikpane raupya pradan kele jaate. "sone" haah itar konatyahi chalananchi kharedi karnyasathi vaparla jaau shakato aanee too keval vastavik jagachya paishacha vapar karoon upalabdh aahe. plot. haah khel 2021 madhye seet keela gela aahe. khel suru honyachya daha varshanpurvi, 3,000 blackbirds beebe, arkansas yethe aakashatun padale. pakshi kase kinwa qaa maran pavale heey spasht karnyat shastradnya apayashi tharale, tashach prakarchi ghatana jagbharat ghadu lagali. armagedden jawal aale aahe yaa bhitine lock ghabarayala lagale. kahee mahinyanantar 'kaala' aala. eka jaad kaale teel kinarpattivar vahoon gele, jyamule tyachya samparkat aalelya konalahi zombisarkhya pranyanmadhye rupantarit kele jaate, jyache dhyey jivantanna kalya rangat khechane heey aahe. yaa khelachi suruvat navavaril adnyat nayakane hote, jyavar nantar anek teljivanni hallah keela. too tyala kinanyavar pohochavato aanee jevha charlote navachya strine tyache rakshan kele tevha too pranyanni bharavun jaanar aahe. teey ekatra jawalchya gharat jaatat, jithe tyanna mrut manalya jaananya malakachi eka suicide note sapadate, jyat kalya rangache vahanansathi indhan kase banvayche teey spasht kele aahe. teey soochananche palan karatat aanee junie gaadee chalavatat. karchya aat, tyanna tyaa manasakadun aanakhi eka suicide note sapadate jyat tyane jawalchya masemari gavat eka junie boat sodali aahe asey spasht kele aahe. teey tithe jaatat aanee botimadhye aanakhi eka note sapadate. tyaa manasacha andaj aahe qee kalya rangache mool kinanyavaril teel rigg asoo shakate aanee tyanni pudhchya betavaril tyachya junya speedboatwer jaave. speedboatmadhye, aanakhi eka nond spasht karate qee jarr sphotake rigchya borholmadhye takali gelee tarr kalee bund kelee jaau shakate. matra, asey karnyasathi tyanna eka helicopterchi garaj bhasel, jeey tyanna jawalchya rugnalayachya chhatavar sapadel. teey helicoptermadhye jaatat aanee rigchya dishene jaatat, betavarun door udanare dusare helicopter tyanna disate. teey tyachya redio frequencila tune karatat aanee teey bachav mohimevar asalyache kalate parantu betanvar jivanachi konatihi chinhe aadhalaleli naheet. teey rigvar utaratach, charlote ughad karato qee mhatara manus ticha pita hota. teey sphotake boarholemadhye fektat, parantu kalya rangachi galatee bund karnyaivaji, tee galatee aanakhi ughadate aanee shekado teel prani rigvar sarsavu lagatat kaaran eka naan halnara charlote tyanna tichyakade yetana pahato. tyaa divashi nantar, kathakar tyaa mhatanyachya gharee paratala aahe. tyala eka helicopter varchya bajula udatana disate, jeey eka suicide note asalele package khalee padate. boarhole seal karnyachya tyachya prayatnabaddal notmadhye tyachi prashansa kelee aahe aanee indhan bharalyavar parat yeuun tyala baher kadhanyache vachan dile aahe. vikas. haah khel "yuddhabhoomi" chey nirmate baine chulat bhavandanchya netrutvakhali vikhuralelya manoranjanadware vikasit karnyat aala hota. kattar kheladunna" aakarshit karnyachya uddeshane, vikaskanni visheshtah sparsh-sanvedanshil upkarnanvar vaparnyasathi niyantran yojana tayar kelee. chulat bhavandanchya matey, "aamhi mobile upkarnanvaril eff. pii. ess. varr asamadhani hoto aanee mallah vatate qee aamchya sanshodhanatun, mallah vatate qee yaa prakarat kharokhar rus asalelya anek sambhavya prekshakankade phone kinwa tablet aahe aanee tyanna jeey midale aahe tyavar teey samadhani naheet. [aamhi vikasit kele aahe] eka niyantran pranali jee touchscreensathi tayar kelee gelee aahe jee tumhi fakt eka hatane kheloo shakata, pratyakshat eka hatat fakt done bote aahet aanee jee kharokharach yaa upkarananna aapan jyaa prakare dharato aanee tyaa paddhatishi aanee yaa upkarananchya vaparachya namunyanshi susangat aahe. tyamule aamhala kharokhar abhiman aahe qee aamhi eka niyantran pranali tayar kelee aahe jee yaa prakarchya shailichi kshamata manchavar ughadate."janewari 2013 madhye, game informerchya matt millerne sangitale qee haah khel" "aamhi pahilelya adhik mahatvakankshi mobile shirshakanpaiki eka aahe". sangh tyachya prabhavi drushyanchi aanee kathatmak sakholatechi barobari titkach chittavedhak khelasah karoo shakato qaa heey pahanyasathi mea utsuk aahe." khelachya prastavanetil kahee katha ghatak 2011 madhye arkansasmadhye ghadalelya eka vastavik ghatanevar aadharit hote, jevha hajaro kaale pakshi aakashatun padale hote." swagat. "metacritic yaa samikshan ektrikaran sanketsthalanusar budun jaanyala" "sammishra" "punaravalokne midali". "gemplechya kshetra-aadharit swarupachi aanee niyantran yojanechi prashansa karat, gemche sakaratmak punaravalokan karananya mojkya samikshakanpaiki gamezeboche joou jasco heey eka hote. jaree teey urja pranalivar teeka karat asale, taree lihitat, "yaa urja pranalicha sampoorn samavesh khelachya anyatha atishay nyayya aanee udar freemiyam modelsathi thoda puratan vatato", tyanni sakaratmak nishkarsh kadhalah "itar mobile eff. pii. ess. khel ajunahi kharab touchscreen niyantranachya samudrat budale jaat asale taree, budane" yaa paramparik samasyansathi keval purese kshane chaturya aanee sambhavya antardrushti pradan karate jee kheladu nehmi havechya taje shwas ghenyasathi pudhe yeu shaktil." "148eps" carter dotsonchya teeka iap pranalichya gameplaymadhye ektrikaranashi sambandhit hotya, asey mhantah "" budun jaanyachya kendrasthani asalela vastavik khel haah mukhyatve eka uthal mukt-khelanyache yantra aahe ". kshetra-aadharit aakraman vibhag aanee sanrakshn mohima 'aaa laa' yaa donhicha samavesh asalelya mohimanchi lambi sumare done minite aahe. teey pick-up aanee play gameplaysathi anukool aahet, parantu bahutek fakt rikamya calories aahet. khel nehmi kheladuvar hastakala karnyasathi adhik yadruchchikpane midavalelya vastoo midvinyasathi dabav aanane, khel chaloo thevanyasathi gass dabyavar kharch karnyasathi adhik mobacoin vikanyacha prayatna karane aanee jyaa staranvar jastit jaast bakshis patali midvane sahasa avishvasaniyapane katheen asate tyaa staravarun durmil vastoo midvinyasathi bhadka udavane yasarkhya goshtinshi sambandhit asato. budun jaanyachya' goshticha anand ghene kharokharach shakya nahee." "slide too plechya tylor facialne kshetra-aadharit khelavar teeka kelee aanee assa yuktivad keela qee eka manak moheem mode adhik yogya tharel. too visheshtah urja pranalivar teeka karat asey, qee kahee minitancha khel 'kamavanyasathi' 30 minite vaat pahane heey nirashajanak aahe aanee anubhavala aambat chav dete."tyane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee" "daad doobing" "madhye thos katha kinwa sookshm khel nahee, parantu tyache ghan arcade-shooting aanee chhan pramanat ughade khel misaloon khelanyacha sakaratmak anubhav denyat madat hote". durdaivane hii majaa eka asantulit timer pranalimule apangatvat jaate jee appmadhil kharedichya bajoone khelacha vel maryadit karate."mclifecha criss pereira mhanalah" "kahee vela nakkich aanandadayak asale taree, budun jaanyachya muktapane khelanyachi amalbajavani khelala akshamya pramanat adthala aanate"."distructoid" chya criss carterne niyantran pranalivar teeka kelee, asey lihile, "atee-sadhe mandani karya karat nahee."tathapi, aay. aii. pii. pranalichya sandarbhat tyanchi sarvat tivra teeka hotee, asey lihile hote qee," "dusarya vikasakanchya hatat, budane" kahitari vishesh asate ". urja yantradnya aanee satat thibak-poshit shastra aanee vastoo bhaganshivay, mea sahajpane swatahla sampoorn duparcha zombingcha sphot nasht kartana pahoo shakat hoto."eurogammer" chey danne whitehead aanakhi gambhir hote. tyanni niyantran pranalila "eff. pii. ess. khelanyacha eka anakalaneey aanee anaisargik marg" mhatale."aay. aii. pii. pranalichya mukhya khelamadhye ekikaranavar dekhil tyanni jordar teeka kelee, asey mhantah" haah eka assa khel aahe joou tumhala paise denyas sanganyas suruvat karnyasathi pratiksha karoo shakat nahee aanee tyat kiman chaar paraspar bund kelelya chalananchi rachana aahe jyamule tumhala vatale pahije. asha prakarche aakramak mudrikaran haah khelachya adthala aanananya, chadhatya rachneteel ghatak nahee, jeey paise naan denanya kheladunna vedanadayakpane haloohaloo pragati midvoon dete, asey gruheet dharane mhanje asha prakarchi gosht kashee karya karate yabaddal jaanunbujun aandhale asane hoy."tyane assa nishkarsh kadhala qee" "budun jaane" "heey pratham vyavhar yantra aahe, headline-pakadanyachi niyantran yojana dusari aanee pratyaksh khel durcha tisra aahe"."pockett gamer" chey pieter willington titkech tikatmak hote, asey lihitat qee, "aaj pratham-vyakti nembaaz heey budnyachya prayatnanpeksha barech klisht aahet. [...] budane' khelane heey 'bhookamp' yugat parat janyasarkhe aahe-eka patalivar chaalat jaa aanee tumhi jinkeparyant serve kahee shhoot qaraa."tyanni yaa khelala" eka ayashasvi prayog "asey sambodhale, asey lihitatah" pratham-vyakti nembaaz niyantranancha punarshodh karnyat haah khel akheris ayashasvi hoto...] pratham-vyakti nembajala freemiyam modelsathi ughadanyat apayashi tharato...] eka sabhya pratham-vyakti nembaaz bananyat apayashi [...] yaat shatrunchya prakaranchi kamatarata, tumchya khelanyachya paddhatit kvachitach badal karnari thikane, kiman paridhiy jagrukta aanee touchscreen upkarnavar upalabdh asalelya kahee sarvat ratte chitrikaran yancha samavesh aahe." chitrapat rupantaran. 23 september 2014 roji 'deadline hollywood' neey nondavale qee radar chitranni yaa khelala chitrapatat rupantarit karnyasathi 'olympic hadge phaul' lekhak crayton rothenberger aanee catrin benedict yanna kamavar ghetale hote.

dubaune (bhidiyo game) dubaune ek 2013 pahilo-wyakti suiter bhidiyo game how june swidis studio chharieko manoranjandwara wiksit garieko how rar ioska lagi dena/mobezdwara prakashit garieko how. khel saftako sanskaran 1 april 11,2013 maa australia kshetrama suru bhayo. khelko thap purna sanskaran (sanskaran 1.11) august 3 maa antarrashtriya rupma jaari garieko thiyo. khel freemium wyapar model antargat upalabdha chha. android rilij 2014 maa jaari garieko thiyo. khelko mukhya bikri binduharu yasako adwitiya rupma anukulit touchscreen-wishishta niyantran yojana rar "console gunastar" graphics hun. yadyapi graphics samanyataya alochakharudwara prashansa garieko thiyo, khelle mishrit dekhi nakaratmak samikshaharu prapta garyo, dherai alochanako sath inn-app kharid pranali rar dohorine gameplay laxit gardai. khel khel. khelle niyantranka dui vidhiharu pradan gardacha. pahilo, rar jasma khel mukhyataya bazar garieko thiyo, vishesh gari khelka lagi wiksit garieko pranali how rar touchscreen upkaranharuka lagi adwitiya rupma anukulit garieko chha. suiting garna, kheladile dui aunlaale screen tapp garchha rar kheladiko charitrale dui tapko bichko binduma fire garchha. jum garna, kheladile screenma afno aunlaa chunchha rar wistar gardacha. sarna, kheladile screenma tapp gardacha jahaan tiniharu zahn chahanchhan rar patra swachalit rupma awarodhharu waripari sarchha jabasamma uu tokieko sthanma pugdaina. streff garna, kheladile dui aunlaa prayog garera screenma bayan wa dayan schweip gardacha. waripari hernka lagi, kheladile euta aunlama kunai pani dishama schweip gardacha, yadyapi tyahan tatkal 180 degree ghumaunaka lagi certcut button pani chha. hatiyar badalna, kheladile charitrako hatiyarma tapp gardacha. thap paramparagat touchscreen pratham-wyakti suiter setup pani upalabdha chha, dui bharchual joyastikharu, euta sarnaka lagi, euta sutingka lagi. khelko pratyek starma dui prakarka play modharu chhan; akraman rar raksha. khelko pragati crafting pranalima adharit chha, jasle charitrako hatiyarka lagi upgradeharu pani pradan gardacha. khel agadi badhdai jaanda, kheladile sahi wastu tayar pareko chha bhane matra nishchit starharu khelna sakinchha. udaharanka lagi, khelko tesro khandama pugna awashyak carr banauna, kheladilai lug nutt chahinchha, june kewal "kinar" starma painchha. yadyapi, kheladile jum garna saksham hatiyar tayar garepachhi matra "da shore" khelna sakinchha. yasto hatiyar kheladile awashyak componentharu sankalan garepachhi matra banauna sakinchha, june aniyamit rupma vibhinna anya starharuma pradan garinchha. nayan wastuharu upgraded garna rar craft garna awashyak wastuharu aniyamit rupma kheladilai pratyek starko antyama uniharule prapta gareka taraharuko sankhyako adharma pradan garinchha. paanch tara mapanma sanchalan garda, ekdekhi tean tara ankit garda "samanya" wastuharu prapta hunchhan, jabki chaar wa paanch tara ankit garda "durlabh wa ramro" wastu prapta hunchha. khelle dheraiwata mudraharu prayog gardacha. khel khelnaka lagi urja ("gyas kyan" ko rupma) awashyak chha. pratyek patak kheladile ek star khelda, tiniharuko gyas kull ekle ghatcha. jab tyahan kunai gyas baanki hundaina, kheladile ab khelna sakdaina, rar yaa tata suna prayog garera thap gyas kinna sakchha wa tiniharuko apurti swachalit rupma punah bharna nabhaesamma parkhanu parchha. "nayan wastuharu nirman garna rar hatiyarharu upgraded garna "callo" awashyak chha, rar pratyek starko antyama puraskrit garinchha. yadi kheladisanga kathalai agadi badhaunaka lagi awashyak wastu banauna paryapta callo chhaina bhane, tiniharule aghillo starharu khelnuparchha, wa suna prayog garera callo kharid garnuparchha. "flairs" pratyek starko antyama kheladiko score ek tarale badhauna prayog garna sakinchha. flairharu khelka kramama aniyamit rupma pradan garna sakinchha wa suna prayog garera kinna sakinchha. "charlots baunti" sakriya garna "chaandi" awashyak chha, jasle aniyamit rupma wastu, hatiyar, gyas kyan, flair wa badhi chaandiko rupma ekal puraskar pradan gardacha. starko antyama aniyamit rupma rajat pradan garinchha. "suna" kunai pani anya mudra kinna prayog garna sakinchha, rar wastawik-sansarko paisa prayog garera matra upalabdha chha. plut. yo khel 2021 maa sett garieko chha. khel suru hunubhanda das warsha pahile, 3,000 blackbirdharu bibe, arkansasma akashbata khaseka thie. vaigyanikharule charaharuko mrityu kasari wa kinn bhaeko thiyo bhanera wyakhya garna asafal bhae, yastai ghatana sansarbhari huna thalyo. armageddon najikai chha bhanne darle manisharu darauna thale. kehi mahinapachhi "callo" ayo. euta baklo callo tel tatarekhama dhunubhayo, yasako samparkama aeka jo kohilai jombijasta praniharuma parinat gariyo jasko lakshya jiwitharulai kaloma tannu how. yo khel dungama agyat nayakbata suru hunchha, jaslai pachhi dherai tel jiwaharule akraman garchhan. usale yasalai kinarma banaunchha rar jiwaharudwara abhibhut huna lageko chha, jab usalai charlote namki mahilale bachaunchha. sangai, tiniharu najikaiko gharma janchhan jahaan uniharule anumanit mrit malikbata kalolai sawari sadhanka lagi indhanma kasari badalne bhanera wyakhya garne euta note fela parchhan. tiniharule nirdeshanharu palana garchhan rar purano karlai kaam garaunchhan. karbhitra, uniharule najikaiko machha marney gaunma purano dunga chhodeko wyakhya garne wyaktiko arko note fela parchhan. tiniharu tyahan janchhan, rar dungama arko note fela parchhan. kaloko utpatti tatabata aeko tel rigg huna sakchha rar tiniharu arko tapuma raheko unko purano speedboatma pugnu parchha bhanne manis anuman gardacha. speedboatma, arko notele bataunchha kii yadi rigko borholma wisfotakharu khasaliema callo rokna sakinchha. tyaso garna, tathapi, uniharulai helicopter chahinchha, june uniharule najikaiko aspatalko chhatma fela parne sakchhan. tiniharu helicopterma pugchhan rar rigtira bahira niskanchhan, tapubata tadha udeko arko helicopter dekhchan. tiniharule yasako radio frequencyma tune garchhan rar yo uddhar abhiyanma chha bhanera thaha paunchhan tara tapuharuma jiwanko kunai sanketharu report gareka chhainan. jab tiniharu rigma awataran garchhan, charlotle wriddha manis unka buba thie bhanera khulasa garchhan. tiniharule wisfotakharu borholma fyankchhan, tara kaloko risawalai banda garnuko satta, yasale chuhawatlai ajha kholchha, rar sayaun tel jiwaharule riglai mapan garna thalchhan jab ek anmobhing charlotle uniharulai unko najik pugda herchha. tyas dina pachhi, kathakar wridhako gharma farke. usale euta helicopter mathiko chheuma udeko dekhcha, jasle euta note bhaeko package chhodchha. notele borhollai sill garne unko prayasko prashansa gardacha, rar feri indhan bhariepachhi usalai khali garne wacha gardacha. vikas. yo khel "yuddhabhumi" kaa nirmata bayne chachere bhaiharuko netritwama chharieka manoranjandwara wiksit garieko thiyo. kattar kheladiharu" lai appeal garne uddeshyaka sath, wikaskartaharule vishesh gari sparsha-sanvedanshil upkaranharuma prayogka lagi niyantran yojana design gare. chachera bhaiharuka anusar, "hammy mobile upkaranharuma efpiesharusanga asantushta thiyaun, rar malai lagchha hamro anusandhanbata, malai lagchha kii dherai sambhawit darshakharu jo yass vidhama sanchchai ruchi rakhchhan tiniharusanga fone wa tablett chha, rar tiniharu santushta chhainan uniharule tyahan jey paeka chhan. [hamile vikas gareka chhaun] ek niyantran pranali june touchscreenharuka lagi design garieko how june tapainle kewal ek hatle khelna saknuhunchha, wastawma ek hatma kewal dui aunlaa, rar ek june wastawma yee upkaranharu rar yee upkaranharuko prayog dhanchaharu samatne tarikasanga sajilaisanga fitt hunchha. tyasaile hammy sanchchai garva garchhaun kii hamile euta niyantran pranali sirjana gareka chhaun jasle platformma yass widhako sambhawyatalai unlock gardacha."janawari 2013 maa," "game informerko matt millerle khel" "hamile dekheka adhik mahatwakankshi mobile shirshakharu madhye ek thiyo. tolile yasako prabhawashali drishya rar kathatmak gahirailai saman rupma manmohak gameplesanga mail garna sakchha kii bhanera hern mahm utsahit chhu." khelko prastawanama kehi kathaka tatwaharu 2011 maa arkansasma bhaeko wastawik ghatanama adharit thie, "jab hajaraun callo charaharu akashbata khaseka thie." swagat. "dubdai" "mishrit" "samiksha ektrikaran website metacritic anusar samiksha prapta bhayo. "gemjeboko jo jasco gameplayko khetra-adharit prakriti rar niyantran yojanako prashansa gardai khellai sakaratmak samiksha dine kehi alochakharu madhye ek thie. yadyapi uni urja pranaliko alochana gardai lekheka thie, "yass urja pranaliko sampurna samawesh khelko anyatha dherai nishpaksha rar udar freemium modelma alie purano dekhinchha", unle sakaratmak nishkarsh nikaleh "jabki anya mobile fps khelharu ajhai pani kharab touchscreen niyantranharuko samudrama dubdai huna sakchha, dubdai" yee paramparagat muddaharuma saralta rar sambhawit antardrishtiharuko paryapta kshanharu pradan gardacha june kheladiharule sadhain hawako taja saska lagi auna saksham hunechhan." "148ups" "carter dutsonko alochanaharu gameplema iap pranaliko ekikaransanga sambandhit chhan, yaso bhandaih" "dubne" "ko mutuma wastawik khel dherai hadasamma ek uthalo free-too-play messin how. khetra-adharit akraman khandaharu rar raksha mission "ae lah" "duwai samawesh bhaeka missionharu lagbhag dui minet lamo hunchhan. tiniharu pick-up-anned-play gamepleca lagi anukul chhan, tara prayaha khali caloriharu matra hun. khel sadhain kheladilai craftingka lagi adhik aniyamit rupma prapta wastuharu prapta garna dabab dina, khel jaari rakhna gyas canharuma kharcha garna thap mobacoins bechna prayas garna, rar adhikatam puraskar star samanyataya awishwasaniya rupma prapta garna gahro hune starharubata durlabh wastuharu prapta garna flersharusanga pani sambandhit chha. wastawma "dubne" ko ananda linu wastawma sambhawa chhaina." "slide too pleko tiller sambhawyatale erena-adharit gameplayko alochana garyo, rar tarka garyo kii manak abhiyan mode ramro hune thiyo. uni vishesh gari urja pranaliko alochana gardai yaso bhanchhanh "kehi minetko gameplay" kamauna "30 minet parkhanu nirashajanak chha rar anubhawlai khatta swadko sath chhodchha."unle nishkarsh nikale kii" "dubne" "maa thosa katha wa sukshma gameplay suwidha chhaina, tara yasako thosa arcade-sutingle ramro matrama analakharusanga misaera sakaratmak gameplay anubhav pradan garna maddat gardacha. durbhagyawash yo ramailo ek asantulit timer pranalidwara ashakta chha jasle inn-app kharidko pakshama khel samaya simit gardacha."" "mclife" "kaa criss pererale bhaneh" "kahilekaahin nishchit rupma ramailo bhae tapani", dubaune "" ko swatantra-khel karyanwayanle khellai akshamya starma badha puryaunchha. "distructoid" ko criss carter niyantran pranaliko alochanatmak thiyo, lekhdai, "atyadhik-saral leautle kaam gardaina."yadyapi, unko sabaibhanda kada alochanaharu iap pranaliko sambandhama thie, lekhdai," "arko wikaskartako hatma, dubnu" "kehi vishesh hune thiyo. urja mechanic rar nirantar drip-feded hatiyar rar wastu bhagharu bina, mahm sajilaisanga afailai sampurna diunsoko wisfotlai nashta gardai dekhnechhu."eurogamer" ko danne whitehead ajha badhi alochanatmak thiyo. unle niyantran pranalilai "fps khelne anadi rar aprakritik tarika" bhaneka chhan."uni core gameplema iap pranaliko ekikaranko pani kada alochana gardai yaso bhanchhanh" yo euta yasto khel how june tapainlai bhuktan garna sodhna suru garna parkhanu pardaina, rar kamtima chaar interlock garieka mudraharu chhan june tapainlai mahasus garauna design garieko chha. akramak mudrikaran khelko awarodhkari, chadhai designma ek karak hoina bhanera mannu, jasle bhuktani nagarne kheladiharulai pidadayi rupma bistarai pragati garaunchha, yass prakarko kurale kasari kaam garchha bhanera janajani andha hunu how."unle nishkarsh nikale kii" dubaune "pahile lenden messin how, dosro headline-grabbing niyantran yojana rar wastawik khel tadhako tesro how."paket gamer" kaa pieter willington pani saman rupma alochanatmak thie, lekhdai, "az pahilo-wyakti suterharu" dubne "bhanda dherai jatil chhan. [...]..] dubnu bhaneko "bhukampa" yugma samaya firta yatra garnu jastai how-ek starko waripari hindnuhos rar tapain jitdasamma sabai kura goli chalaunuhos."unle khellai" "ek asafal prayog" "bhaneka chhan, lekhdaih" "khel antatah pahilo-wyakti suiter niyantranharu punah awishkar garna asafal hunchha...] freemium modelma pahilo-wyakti suiter kholna asafal hunchha [...] ek sabhya pratham-wyakti suiter huna asafal [...] yo shatru prakarharuko kami, sthanharu jasle tapainko khelne tarika pariwartan gardaina, nyunatam paridhiya jagarukta, rar touchscreen upkaranma upalabdha kehi sabaibhanda roat sutingbata grasta chha." chalchitra rupantaran. september 23,2014 maa "deadline holywood" ley report garyo kii radar picturesle "olympic khasyo" lekhakharu crayton rothenberger rar catrine benediktalai khelma rupantaran garna bhadama lieko thiyo.

dububa (bhidio game) dububa heuchhi eka 2013 pratham-byakti bandhukachalaka bhidio game jaahaa swidish studio chitita manoranjan dwara bikashita ebong ios paain dena/mobage dwara prakashita . 2013 masiha april 11 tarikhare astrelia anchalare soft game rahr sanskarana 1 arambha hoithila. ehi khelara eka sampurna sanskarana (sanskarana 1.11) august 3 tarikhare antarjatija starare muktilabha karithila. ehi khelati freemium byabasai model adheenare upalabdha. 2014 ray eka android releases muktilabha karithila. khelara mukhya bikrai point heuchhi ehara ananya bhabare anukoolita touchscreen-nirdista nijantrana skim ebong "console gunabatta" graphic . jadio graphiksaku sadharanatah samalochakamane prashansa karithile, tathapi ehi khelaku mishritaru nakaratmaka samikhya milithila, jeunthire inn-app kraiah pranali ebong punarabrutta gameplayku lakhya curry aneka samalochana karajaithila. khela. ehi khela nijantranara duiti paddhati pradan kare . pratham, ebong jeun upare khelati mukhyatah bajaraku asithila, taaha heuchhi eka system jaahaa khela paain swatantra bhabare bikashita hoichhi ebong touchscreen device paain swatantra bhabare khap khuaichi . suting kariba paain, khelali duiti aanguthire screenku tapp karanti ebong khelali charitra duiti tapp madhyare madhya bindure fire karanti . joom kariba paain, khelali screen upare aanguthi gudiku pinch ebong bistara karanti . gati kariba paain, khelali screen upare tapp karanti jeunthare semane jibaku chahanti ebong charitrati swajangkrija bhabare pratibandhaka charipakhare gati kare jeparjyanta shay nirdharita sthanare pahanchi nahanti . straph karibaku, khelali duiti aanguthi byabahara curry screenre baama kimba dahana swipe karanti . charipate dekhiba paain, khelali gotie aanguthire jekaunasi digare swipe karanti, jadio turanta 180 degree mode paain eka certcut button madhya achhi . astra badalaiba paain, khelali charitrara astraku tapp karanti . eka adhika paramparika touchscreen pratham-byakti suiter setup madhya upalabdha, duiti virtual joystick sahita, gotie chalaiba paain, gotie suting paain . khelara pratyeka starare dui prakarara play mode achhi; aakraman ebong pratirakhya . khelara agragati eka crafting system upare aadharita, jaahaa charitrara astrashastra paain upgraded madhya pradan kare . khela aagaku badhiba sahita, nirdista stara kebala setebele khelajaipariba jetebele khelali sathik jinish prastuta karichanti. udaharana swaroopa, karku tiari kariba paain, jaahaa khelara truteeja bhagaku jiba paain aabasyaka, khelalinku eka logg nutt aabasyaka, jaahaa kebala "upakula" starare milithae . tebe, khelali joom karibare sakhyama eka astra prastuta kariba parey hinn "teera" khelajaipariba. khelali aabasyaka upadan sangraha kariba parey hinn epari eka astra prastuta karajaipariba, jaahaa anya bibhinna starare jadruchhika bhabare pradan karajae . nutan samagreegudikara unnatikarana ebong nirmana paain aabasyaka samagreegudika khelalimane hassel karithiba taaraa sankhya aadhaarare pratyeka starar sheshare jadruchhika bhabare pradan karajaithae. pancha tarka skelare karjya kariba, gotieru tinoti taaraa score kariba phalare "sadharana" itom milithae, jetebele kii chaari kimba pancha taaraa score kariba dwara eka "birala kimba bhal" itom milithae. ehi khelare ekadhika mudra byabahara karajaithae. ehi khela kheliba paain shakti ("gas cann" aakarare) aabasyaka. pratyeka thara khelali eka stara kheliba samajare, semanankara mote gas gotie hrass paithae. jetebele kaunasi gas abasista nathaae, khelali aau kheliparibe naahin, ebong suna byabahara curry adhika gas kiniparibe kimba semanankara jogaana swajanchalita bhabare purana naheba parjyanta apekhya karibaku padiba . "nutan samagri prastuta kariba ebong astrasastrara unnatikarana paain "kalaa" aabasyaka, ebong pratyeka starar sheshare ehaa pradan karajaithae. jadi khelalinka pakhare kahaniku aagaku badhaiba paain aabasyaka eka jinish tiari kariba paain parjyapta kalaa naahin, tebe semananku purba stara khelibaku padiba, kimba suna byabahara curry kalaa kinibaku padiba . "pratyeka starar sheshare "flairs" byabahara karajai khelalinka skoraku gotie taaraa brudhi karajaipariba. khela samajare phlejargudiku jadruchhika bhabare pradan karajaipariba kimba suna byabahara curry kinajaipariba . "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" eka starar sheshare roupya elomelo bhabare pradan karajae . "suna" anya kaunasi mudra kiniba paain byabahara karajaipariba, ebong ehaa kebala bastaba-biswara artha byabahara curry upalabdha . plut. ehi khela 2021 ray sett hoichhi. khela kholibara dasha barsha purbaru, 3,000 blackbird archansasara beebre aakasharu khasi padithila . pakhimane kipari kimba kahinki mrutyubarana kale taaha barnana karibare baigyanikamane biphal hoithile, saaraa bisware samaana ghatana ghatibaku lagila . lokamane bhajabhita hebaku lagile, bhaja kale je armageddon pakhei aasuchhi. kichhi maasa parey "kalaa" asila. eka mota kalaa tell upakula ray dhoi diajae, jaahaa sahita sansparshare asithiba jekaunasi byaktinku zombi pari pranire parinata kare jahara lakhya heuchhi jibanta lokanku kalaa bhitaraku taani neba . ehi khela eka dangare thiba agyata najakanka saha arambha hue, jaahaa parey aneka taila praneenka dwara aakraman karajae . shay ehaaku koolare pahancheithae ebong pranimananka dwara abhibhuta hebaku jauchhi, jetebele shay charlot namaka jane mahilanka dwara rakhya paithae . semane ekathi nikatasta eka gharaku jaanti jeunthare semane mruta-anumana karajaithiba malikanka thaaru eka note paanti jaahaa kipari kalaa rangaku yaana paain indhanare parinata karibe taaha barnana kare . semane nirdeshabali anusarana karanti ebong eka puruna kaaraku kaama karaithanti. carr bhitare, semane sehi byaktinkatharu aau eka note paanti jeunthire shay nikatasta eka matsyajibi graamare eka puruna danga chhadichhanti bolly barnana karichanti. semane sethaku jaanti, ebong dangare aau eka note paanti . lokati anumana kare je ehi kalaa rangara utpatti upakulara eka taila rigg hoipare ebong semane parabarti dwepare thiba taanka puruna speed boat parjyanta pahanchiba uchit. speed boat ray, anya eka note barnana kare je jadi bisphoraka rigara borehole talaku khasijae tebe kalaa banda hoipare . tebe, epari kariba paain semananku eka helicopter aabasyaka heba, jaahaa semane nikatasta daktarakhanara chhatare paiparibe. semane helicopter pakhaku jaanti ebong rigg aadaku jaanti, dweparu anya eka helicopter uduthiba dekhanti . semane ehara redio frequency tune karanti ebong jananti je ehaa eka uddhara karjyare achhi kintu dwepapunjare jeebner kaunasi chinha report curry naahin . semane rigg upare abataran kariba samajare, charlot prakash karanti je brudha byakti janaka taanka pita thile. semane bisphorakagudiku borehole bhitaraku phingi dianti, kintu kalaa rangara spilajaku banda kariba paribarte, ehaa likku ahuri kholijae, ebong shaha shaha taila prani rigg scale karibaku arambha karanti jetebele eka achala charlot semananku taanka nikataku asuthiba dekhuchhi . sehi deane parey, barnanakari brudhanka gharaku pherichanti. shay eka helikaptaraku uparaku uduthiba dekhanti, jaahaa eka note thiba eka package talaku khasijae . ehi notare boraholku sil kariba paain tankara prajasaku prashansa karajaichi ebong ehaa indhan bhariba parey tanku ferai aanibaku pratishruti diajaichhi. bikash. judhakhetra" rahr nirmata bayne samparkeejanka netrutware bikhipta manoranjan dwara ehi khela bikashita hoithila. hardcore khelalimananku" akrusta kariba uddeshyare, bikashakareemane bisesh bhabare sparsha-sambedanashila upakaranare byabahara paain nijantrana yojana design karithile. samparkeeah bhaimananka kahiba anujai, "aame mobile divaisare fps sahita asantusta thilu, ebong mun bhabuchhi ammer anusandhanaru, mun bhabuchhi aneka sambhabya darshaka jeunmane ehi sailee prati prakrutare agrahi, semananka pakhare eka phone kimba tablet achhi, ebong semane santusta nuhnti jaahaa semane sethare paichanti . [aame bikashita karichhu] eka nijantrana byabastha jaahaa touchscreen paain design karajaichi jaahaaku apana kebala gotie haatare kheliparibe, bastabare gotie haatare kebala duiti anguli sahita, ebong jaahaa bastabare ehi upakaranagudiku dhari rakhibara upaiah ebong byabahara dhancha sahita tarala bhabare fitt kare . tenu aame prakrutare garbita je aame eka nijantrana byabastha srusti karichhu jaahaa platformre ehi saileera sambhabanaku unmukta kare ."januari 2013 ray," "game informer 'rahr matt miller kahichanti je ehi khela" "aame dekhithiba adhika uchchabhilashee mobile title madhyaru gotie . mun ehaa dekhi utsahita je dala ehara chittakarshaka drushya ebong barnanatmaka gabhirataku samaana bhabare chittakarshaka khela sahita mela karipariba kii naahin ." khelara prastabanara kichhi kahani upadan 2011 ray aarkanasasare ghatithiba eka bastaba ghatana upare aadharita thila, jetebele hazar hazar kalaa pakhi aakasharu khasithile ." swagata. "samikhya ekatrikarana website metacritic anujai budijiba" "mishrit samikhya grahan karithila. "gemajebonka joe jasco sehi alpa keteka samalochakanka madhyaru jane thile jie khelaku eka sakaratmaka samikhya deithile, khelara khetra-aadharita prakruti ebong nijantrana jojanaku prashansa karithile. jadio shay shakti pranalira samalochana karithile, lekhile, "ehi shakti byabasthara sampurna antarbhuktata khelara anyatha sunder ebong udaara freemiam model paain tike puruna pari manehue", shay sakaratmaka bhabare samapta karithileh "anya mobile aif. pii. ess. khelagudika tathapi kharap touchscreen nijantranara samudrare budijaipare," dububa "ehi paramparika prasanga paain yathesta muhurtara chaturya ebong sambhabya antardrusti pradan kare jaahaa gamermane sarbada sateja baaju nihshwasa paain asibaku sakhyama hebe ." |" "carter dutsonanka samalochanagudika aai. aii. pii. sistamaku gameplayre ekeekruta kariba saha jadita, ehaa kahih" "dubiba" "rahr kendrare thiba prakruta khelati mukhyatah eka agabhira free-tuu-play messin . ubhaja khetra-aadharita aakraman bibhaga ebong pratirakhya mission "aaa laa" sahita jadita missiongudika praiah dui minitor dairghya . segudika pick-up-anded-play gameplay paain anukula, kintu mukhyatah kebala khaali calorie . ehi khela sarbada khelalinku adhika jadruchhika bhabare prapta samagri hassel karibaku chaap deba, kheliba paain gas cann upare kharcha karibaku adhika mobacain bikrai karibaku chesta kariba ebong sarbadhika puraskara stara sadharanatah abiswasaneeja bhabare paiba kastakara stararu birala samagri paiba paain jwalanta heba sahita jadita . prakrutare "budijiba" rahr upavoga kariba sambhaba nuhen kaaran ehaa qa "naa." "slide tuu play 'rahr tiler facil erina-aadharita gameplayku samalochana karithila ebong jukti karithila je eka manaka abhijana mode pasandajogya hoithanta . shay shakti pranalira bisesh samalochana curry kahithileh "kichhi minitor khela" rojgar kariba paain 30 minute apekhya kariba eka apritikara ebong eka tikta swada sahita abhigyata chadithae ."shay ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je" "dububa" "ray eka drudha kahani kimba sukshma khelara baisistya naahin, kintu ehara kathina arcade-suting bhal parimanara unlock sahita mishrit hoi eka sakaratmaka khela abhigyata pradan karibare sahajya kare . durbhagyabashatah ehi majaa eka asantulita timer system dwara akhyama hoichhi jaahaa eka app kraiah sapakhyare khela samajaku seemita kare ."" "mclife" "rahr criss pereira kahichantih" "belebele nischita bhabare anandadajaka", "dubiba 'rahr mukta-khela karjyakarita khelaku eka akhyamya staraku baadha deithae ."" distructoid "rahr criss carter nijantrana pranalira samalochana karithile, lekhile," atyadhika-sarala binyas kaama kare naahin ."tebe, tankara sabutharu kathore samalochana aai. aii. pii. byabastha sambandhare thila, lekhile," "anya jane bikashakarinka haatare," "budijiba" "kichhi swatantra hoithanta. shakti jantrika ebong nirantara drip-feed astra ebong itom parts bina, mun sahajare nijaku eka sampurna madhyahna bisphorana curry jambis nust karuthibara dekhiparili ."eurogammer" rahr daan whitehead ahuri adhika samalochanamoolaka thila . shay nijantrana byabasthaku "aif. pii. ess. khelibara eka anabashyaka ebong aprakrutika upaiah" bolly kahithile."shay madhya aai. aii. pii. systemer mukhya gameplayre ekeekaranaku tibra samalochana karithile, kahichantih" "ehaa eka khela jaahaa aapananku deiah debaku kahiba arambha karibaku apekhya karipariba naahin, ebong ati kamare chariti interlock hoithiba mudra achhi jaahaa aapananku anubhaba karaiba paain design karajaichi je apana uchita . khelara badhakar, uchchastha design ray aakramanatmaka mudrikarana eka karaka nuhen bolly anumana kariba, jaahaa dheere dheere kastadajaka bhabare anah-betana khelalinka paain agragati kare, ehi prakarara jinish kipari karjya kare shay bishajare janishuni andha heba ."shay ehi siddhantare upneet hoithile je" "dububa" "heuchhi prathame eka karbar messin, dwiteejare eka headline-grabing controll skim ebong eka prakruta khela eka doora truteeja."pocket gemaranka pieter wilingatan samaana bhabare samalochana karithile, lekhichhanti," pratham-byakti bandhukachalakamane aaji "budijiba" apekhya adhika jatila . [...]....] dububa" kheliba heuchhi "bhukampa" jugaku samajaku jatra kariba bhali-eka staraku jaantu ebong apana jitiba parjyanta sabukichhi guli karantu ."shay ehi khelaku" "eka biphal parikhyana" "bolly kahichanti, lekhileh" "khela sheshare pratham-byakti bandhukachalaka nijantranaku punah udbhabana karibare biphal hue.....] pratham-byakti bandhukachalakaku freemiam model paain kholibare biphal hue [...]....] jane bhal pratham-byakti bandhukachalaka hebare biphal huanti [...]....] ehaa shatru prakarara abhaba, sthana jaahaa apanankara khelibara saileere kwachit paribartana kare, sarbanimna peripheral sachetanata, ebong eka touchscreen divaisare upalabdha kichhi rutt sutingre peedita ." chalachitra rupantarana. september 23,2014 ray "deadline hollywood" report karithila je radara phatogudika khelaku eka chalachitrare rupantarita kariba paain "olympses haz fall" lekhaka critton rothenberger ebong catrin benediktanku nijukti deichhanti.

dubban (vdo game) dubban dee khed ikk 2013 dee pahili-viakati nishanebaaz vdo game haii joe swedish studio khinde hoye manoranjan duaara vikast keeti gaee haii atey aaee. ou. aiss. laee deena/mobage duaara prakashit keeti gaee haii. khed saaft daa sanskaran 1 11 aprail, 2013 noon australia khetar witch lanch keeta giaa see. khed daa ikk vadhere sampuran sanskaran (sanskaran 1.11) 3 agast noon antarashtari paddhar 'teey jaari keeta giaa see. khed freemiam busions maadal dey tehat upalbadh haii. ikk android rileez 2014 witch jaari keeti gaee see. khed dey mukkh vikri bindu iss dee vilakkhan taur 'teey anukool touchscreen-vishesh niyantaran yojna atey "console gunwatta" graphics hunn. halanki aam taur utte aalochakan duaara graphics dee parshansa keeti gaee see, khed noon mishrat toon nakaratmak samikhiaavan miliaan, jiss witch app witch khareed pranali atey duhraun vaale gameplay dey udesh naal bahut alochna keeti gaee. khed. khed niyantaran dey doou tarike pesh kardi haii. pahila, atey jiss utte khed noon mukkh taur utte markeet keeta giaa see, ikk pranali haii joe vishesh taur utte khed laee vikast keeti gaee haii atey touchscreen upkarnan laee vilakkhan taur utte anukool haii. shhoot curran laee, khidari doou unglan naal screen noon tapp karda haii atey khidari daa charittar doou tapp dey vichkarle bindu 'teey firing karda haii. zoom curran laee, khidari screen utte aapniaan unglan noon pinch karda haii atey vadhaunda haii. agge vadhan laee, khidari uss screen utte tapp karda haii jitthe uh jaanha chahunda haii atey paatar aapne aap rukawatan dey duaale ghumda haii jadon takk uh nirdharat sathaan utte naheen pahunch jaanda. khich curran laee, khidari doou unglan dee varton karke screen utte khabbe jaan sajje paase swipe karda haii. aale-duaale vekhan laee, khidari ikk ungli naal kise vee disha witch swipe karda haii, halanki turant 180 digri modd laee ikk shortcut button vee hunda haii. hathiaar badlan laee, khidari paatar dey hathiaar noon dabaunda haii. ikk vadhere ravaiti touchscreen pahila-viakati nishanebaaz setup vee upalbadh haii, jiss witch doou virtual joistics hunn, ikk gatee laee, ikk shooting laee. khed dey harek paddhar witch doou tarahan dey play mode hunde hunn-hamla atey bachaa. khed dee pragati ikk craft system utte adharat haii, joe charittar dey hathiaaran laee upgraded vee pesh kardi haii. jiven-jiven khed agge vadhadi haii, kujh paddhar taan hii khede jaa sakde hunn jey khidari neey sahee vastu tiaar keeti howay. udaharan dey laee, qaar noon tiaar curran laee, joe kii khed dey teeje bhaag witch pahunchan laee zaruri haii, khidari noon ikk laga nutt dee zaroorat hundi haii, joe siraf "kinare" dey paddhar witch paaiaa jaanda haii. halanki, "kinare" noon udon hii khediaa jaa sakda haii jadon khidari neey zoom curran dey samrath hathiaar tiaar keeta howay. ajihe hathiaar noon khidari duaara zaruri hisse ikkathe curran toon baad hii tiaar keeta jaa sakda haii, joe kii vakkh-vakkh horr padhran 'teey betartibe taur' teey ditte jaande hunn. naviaan cheezan noon upgraded curran atey banaun laee zaruri cheezan noon khidari noon harek paddhar dey ant witch betartibe taur 'teey ditta jaanda haii, joe uhanan duaara prapat keete gaye sitariaan dee ginti dey adhaar' teey hunda haii. panj taara paimane utte kamm karde hoye, ikk toon tinn taare prapat curran naal "aam" iteman aaundiaan hunn, jadon kii chaar jaan panj taare prapat curran naal ikk "durlabh jaan bihtar" itum hundi haii. khed kaee mudravan dee varton kardi haii. khed khedan laee ("gais dabbiaan" dey roop witch) shakti zaruri haii. harr vaar jadon khidari ikk paddhar khedada haii, taan uhanan dee kull gais ikk ghatt jaandi haii. jadon koee gais naheen bachi hundi, taan khidari hunn naheen khed sakda, atey jaan taan sone dee varton karke vadhere gais khareed sakda haii jaan udon takk intezar karna chahida haii jadon takk unhan dee saplai aapne aap bharr naheen jaandi. "naviaan vastan banaun atey hathiaaran noon upgraded curran laee "qaala" zaruri haii, atey harek paddhar dey ant witch ditta jaanda haii. jey khidari cole kahani noon agge vadhaun laee zaruri cheez tiaar curran laee kaafi qaala naheen haii, taan uss noon pichle padhran noon khedna chahida haii, jaan sone dee varton karke qaala kharidna chahida haii. "khidari dey ank noon ikk starr naal vadhaun laee harek paddhar dey ant witch "flairs" dee varton keeti jaa sakadi haii. khed dauran bhadkan vaale baddlan noon betartibe taur 'teey ditta jaa sakda haii jaan sone dee varton karke kharidiaa jaa sakda haii. "charlot dey inam" noon sargaram curran laee "chaandi" zaruri haii, joe betartibe taur 'teey ikk vastu, ikk hathiaar, ikk gais caine, ikk bhadak jaan vadhere chaandi dey roop witch ikk single inam dinda haii. chaandi noon ikk paddhar dey ant witch betartibe naal ditta jaanda haii. "soona" dee varton kise vee horr mudra noon kharidan laee keeti jaa sakadi haii, atey ih siraf asal-sansar dey paise dee varton karke upalbadh haii. plaat. ih khed 2021 witch sathapat keeti gaee haii. khed dey udghatan toon dass saal pahilan, 3,000 blackbirds beebe, arconsas witch asman toon digg gaye sunn. jiven kii vigiaaniaan neey ih samjhaun witch asfal rahey kii panchhiaan dee maut kiven jaan kiun hoee see, isey tarahan daa vartara puurii dunia witch vaparna shuru hoow giaa. lock dern lagge kii armagedden nede haii. kaee mahiniaan baad "qaala" aaiaa. ikk sanghna qaala tail samundari kandhiaan witch vahi jaanda haii, jiss naal koee vee viakati joe iss dey samparak witch aaiaa see, uh zombi varge jeevan witch badal jaanda haii jisda udesh jeevat noon kaale witch khichna haii. khed ikk kishti utte benam naaik naal shuru hundi haii, jiss utte baad witch kaee tail jeev hamla karde hunn. uh iss noon kinare bnaa dinda haii atey jeevan naal abhibhut honn vaala hunda haii, jadon uh charlot naam dee ikk aurat duaara bachaiaa jaanda haii. uh ikkathe nede dey gharr jaande hunn jitthe unhan noon manne-pramanne mritak maalak daa ikk nott milda haii jiss witch dassiaa jaanda haii kii kaale rung noon vaahanan laee baalan witch kiven badliaa jaave. uh nirdeshan dee palna karde hunn atey ikk purani qaar noon kamm curran laee kahinde hunn. qaar dey ander, unhan noon uss viakati daa ikk horr nott milda haii jiss witch dassiaa giaa haii kii uss neey nedley machhi fadan vaale pind witch ikk purani kishti chaddi haii. uh utthe jaande hunn, atey kishti witch ikk horr nott labhde hunn. aadmi andaza lagaunda haii kii kaale daa mool tatt toon door ikk tail rigg hoow sakda haii atey uhanan noon agle tapu utte aapni purani speedboat takk pahunchana chahida haii. speedboat witch, ikk horr nott dassda haii kii jacker visfotak rigg dey borhole witch sutte jaande hunn taan kaale noon rokiaa jaa sakda haii. halanki, ajiha curran laee, unhan noon ikk helicopter dee zaroorat pavegi, joe uh nedley hospital dee chhatt utte labbh sakde hunn. uh helicopter takk pahunchade hunn atey rigg vall nikalde hunn, ikk horr helicopter noon tapu toon door uddade hoye dekhde hunn. uh iss dee radio frequency noon tune karde hunn atey pataa laggda haii kii ih ikk bachaa mission 'teey haii parr tapuan' teey jeevan dey koee sanket naheen mille hunn. jiven hii uh rigg utte utarde hunn, charlot neey khulasa keeta kii buddha aadmi uss daa pitaa see. uh visfotkan noon borhole witch sutt dinde hunn, parr kaale rung dey risaa noon seel curran dee bajaae, ih risaa noon horr vee kholhda haii, atey sainkade tail jeev rigg noon scale karna shuru qarr dinde hunn kiunki ikk unmoving charlot uhanan noon uss dey nede aaunde vekhda haii. uss dinn baad witch, birtantkar buddhe aadmi dey gharr waps aaa giaa haii. uh ikk helicopter noon uppar uddade hoye vekhda haii, joe ikk nott vaala package suttda haii. nott witch borhole noon seel curran dee koshish laee uss dee shalagha keeti gaee haii, atey vaada keeta giaa haii kii uh waps aaa javega atey ikk vaar jadon ih eendhan bharr javega taan uss noon bahr kaddh devega. vikas. iss khed noon "jung dey maidaan" dey nirmata baine chachere bharavan dee agvai witch khinde hoye manoranjan duaara vikast keeta giaa see. hardcore khidariaan" noon apeel curran dey udesh naal, developeran neey vishesh taur 'teey touch-sanvedansheel upkarnan' teey varton laee controll skeem tiaar keeti. chachere bharavan dey anusar, "aseen mobile upkarnan utte eff. pee. aiss. toon asantusht see, atey mainoon lagda haii kii saadi khoj toon, mainoon lagda haii kii bahut saare sambhavit darshak joe iss shaili witch sachmuch dilchaspi rakkhde hunn, cole ikk phone jaan ikk tablet haii, atey uh santusht naheen hunn joe unhan noon miliaa haii. [aseen viksit keeta haii] ikk controll system joe touchscreen laee tiaar keeta giaa haii jiss noon tusin siraf ikk hatth naal khed sakde hoow, asal witch ikk hatth witch siraf doou unglan naal, atey ikk joe asal witch saade duaara inhan upkarnan noon rakkhan dey tarike atey varton dey pattern naal fitt baithda haii. iss laee saanoon sachmuch maann haii kii aseen ikk controll system banaiaa haii joe platform utte iss shaili dee samratha noon kholda haii."janwari 2013 witch, game informer dey mait miller neey kiha kii ih game" saade duaara vekhe gaye vadhere abhilashi mobile sirlekhan vicchon ikk see. main ih dekhan laee utshahit haan kii qee team aapne prabhavshali drishan atey birtant dee dunghai noon barabar manmohak gameplay naal milaa sakadi haii." khed dey prastav witch kahani dey kujh tatt ikk asal ghatna 'teey adharat sunn joe 2011 witch arconsas witch vapri see, "jadon hazaran kaale panchhi asman toon digg gaye sunn." suagat. "doomban noon samikhiaa ikattar curran vaali website metacritic dey anusar" "mishrat" "samikhiaavan miliaan. "gamezibo dey joye jasco neey gameplay atey controll skeem dey akhade-adharat subhaa dee parshansa karde hoye khed noon skaratmak samikhiaa denh vaale kujh aalochakan vicchon ikk see. halanki uh oorja pranali dee alochna qarr rahey sunn, likhade hoye, "iss oorja pranali dee puurii shamuliat khed dey horr bahut hii nirpakh atey khulleh dill naal freemiam maadal laee thodhi purani jaapadi haii", usne skaratmak sitta kaddhiaao "jadon kii horr mobile eff. pee. aiss. games ajey vee ghatiaa touchscreen niyantaran dey samunder witch dubb rahiaan hoow sakdiaan hunn," dubban "inhan ravaiti muddiaan laee kaafi palaan dee chaturai atey sambhavit samajh dee peshkash karda haii joe gamers hamesha havaa dey tazgi bharey saah lainn dey yog honge." ਹੋਣਗੇ।" carter dotson deeaan aalochnavan aaee. aii. pee. system noon gameplay witch ekikrit curran naal sabandhat hunn, ih kahinde hoei" "dubban dey kendra witch asal khed vadde paddhar 'teey ikk ghatt free-too-play masheen haii. ih mission, jiss witch akhada-adharat hamla hisse atey rakkhiaa mission "aii laa" shamal hunn, lagbhag doou mint dey lambe hunn. uh pick-upp-aind-play gameplay laee dostana hunn, parr ziaadaatar siraf khaali calori hunn. khed hamesha khidari utte nirman laee vadhere betartibe taur utte prapat keetiaan cheezan prapat curran laee dabaa paunh, khedade rahinn laee gais dabbiaan utte kharach curran laee vadhere mobakoinan vechan dee koshish curran atey uhanan padhran toon durlabh cheezan prapat curran laee bhadkan naal vee sabandhat hundi haii jitthe vaddh toon vaddh inam daa paddhar aam taur utte prapat karna avishvashyog taur utte mushkal hunda haii. dubban" daa asal witch anand laina sachmuch sambhav naheen haii kiunki ih qee haii." "slide too play dey tiler physil neey akhade-adharat gameplay dee alochna keeti, atey daleel ditti kii ikk standard muhim mode bihtar hunda. uh vishesh taur utte oorja pranali dee alochna karde hoye kahinde sanauu "kujh mint dee khed noon" kamaun "laee 30 mint intezar karna ghatiaa haii atey tajrabe noon ikk khatta suaad dey naal chhadd dinda haii."uss neey sitta kaddhiaa kii" "dubban" "witch ikk thos kahani jaan sookham gameplay dee visheshta naheen haii, parr iss dee thos arcade-shooting changi matra witch unlock dey naal milaiaa giaa haii joe ikk skaratmak gameplay daa tajraba pardan curran witch sahaita karda haii. badkismati naal ih mazedar ikk asantulit timer system duaara apahaj hoow jaanda haii joe ikk inn-app khareed dey huck witch game dey samein noon seemat karda haii."mclife dey criss pereira neey kihaau" halanki kaee vaar nishchat taur 'teey mazedar hunda haii, dubban dee mufat-toon-khedan dee prakiriaa khed noon ikk akmay hadd takk rokadi haii."" distructide "daa criss carter controll system dee alochna karda see, likhda haii," bahut ziaada-saral layout kamm naheen karda."halanki, uss deeaan sabh toon vaddiaan aalochnavan aaee. aii. pee. pranali dey sabndh witch sunn, likhade hoye," "ikk horr developer dey hatthan witch, dubbna" kujh khaas hunda. energy mechanic atey nirantar tupka-poshit hathiaar atey itum parts toon binan, main aasani naal aapne aap noon saaree duphir noon visfotak zombies noon nasht karde hoye vekh sakda see."eurogamer daa daena whitehead horr vee nazuk see. unhan neey controll system noon "eff. pee. aiss. khedan daa ikk annuchit atey gair kudrati tarika" kiha."uh aaee. aii. pee. system dey coor gameplay witch ekikaran dee vee bahut alochna qarr riha see, ih kahinde hoei" ih ikk ajihi khed haii joe tuhanun bhugtan curran laee kahina shuru curran laee intezar naheen qarr sakadi, atey ghatto ghatt chaar interlocked mudravan hunn joe tuhanun mahisus karvaun laee tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan hunn kii tuhanun karna chahida haii. ih mannana kii hamlawar mudrikaran khed dey rukavatkari, uppar vall dey design witch ikk kaarak naheen haii, joe kii bhugtan naa curran vaale khidariaan noon hauli-hauli tarakki dinda haii, janbujh keey annha honaa chahida haii kii iss kisam dee cheez kiven kamm kardi haii."uss neey sitta kaddhiaa kii" dubban "pahilan ikk lainn-denh masheen haii, ikk sirlekh-fadann vaali niyantaran yojna dooja atey ikk asal khed ikk door daa teeja haii."" paket gamer "dey pieter willington neey vee isey tarahan dee alochna keeti, likhade hoye," ajj pahile viakati dey nishanebaaz "dubban" dee koshish naalon kitey vaddh gunjhaldar hunn. [...] dubban" noon khedna "bhuchal" dey yugg witch waps jaanh dey samaan haii-ikk paddhar dey baare witch challo atey harr cheez noon goli maaro jadon takk tusin jitt naheen jaande."uss neey khed noon" ikk asfal prayog "kiha, likhade hoei" khed aakharkar pahile viakati dey nishanebaaz niyantaran noon mudd sathapat curran witch asfal rahindi haii...] freemium maadal laee pahile viakati dey nishanebaaz noon kholhan witch asfal rahinda haii...] ikk change pahile viakati nishanebaaz honn witch asfal rahinda haii [...] ih dushman deeaan kisman dee ghaat, uh sathaan joe tuhade khedan dey tarike noon mushkil naal badalde hunn, ghatto ghatt peripheral jagrukta, atey ikk touchscreen upkaran utte upalbadh sabh toon vaddh ratt-rapp shooting toon peedat haii." film rupantar. 23 satambar, 2014 noon "deadline hollywod" neey dassiaa kii radar tasviran neey khed noon ikk film witch badlan laee "olymps neey digg ditta haii" lekhakan, crayton rothenberger atey catarine benedict noon niyukat keeta see.

da doobing (veediyo gem) da dabing iti 2013 tamavarshasya prathama-vyakti-shooter-veediyo-gem asti, yat swedish-studio-skatered-manoranjana-samsthayaa vikasitam, aii. o. ess. krute deena/mobage ityanena prakaashitam. 2013 april 11 dinaanke australia-pradeshe aarambhite, suft-kreedaayaah samskaranam 1. kreedaayaah poornam samskaranam (samskaranam 1.11) august 3 dinaanke antarashtriyarupena pradarshitam aasit. eshaa creedaa freemiyam-vyaapaar-pratiroope upalabhyte. 2014 tame varshe android-dwara ekam prakaashanam prakaashitam. asya kreedaayaah mukhyavikraya-binduhu tasya vishishtatayaa anukoolitah touchscreen-vishishta-niyantrana-yojanaa, "console-gunavattaa" graphic cha santi. yadyapi chitrakrutikaanaam samanyataya vimarshakaih prashamsaam krutam tathaapi creedaa mishra-nakaratmaka-samiksham praapnot, api cha anuprayoga-madhye krayan-pranaali, punaraawartit-khela-paddhatihi cha lakshye bahu vimarshah krutah. kreedaam. kridaayaam niyantranasya dwau vidhaanau stah. prathamam, yasya upari kreedaayaah mukhyataya vipananam krutam aasit, eshaa visheshatayaa kreedaayaah krute vikasitam, sparshapatapatasy upakaranaam krute cha vishishtatayaa anukooleekrutam cha pranaali asti. shoot kartum, kreedakah anguladvayena patalam sparshayati, tathaa cha kreedaapatavah paatram dwayoh tyap-ityetayoho madhye madhyabinduh aagacchati. joom kartum, kreedakah patalasy upari angulihi pinch krutvaa vistaarayati. kreedakaah yatra gantum icchanti tatra paradayam tyap karoti, tathaa cha paatram svayameva badhanam paritah yaavat saha nirdishtasthanam naa prapnuyat taavat gatim karoti. straff kartum, kreedakah anguladwayam upayujya patalasy upari vaamam vaa dakshinam vaa swap karoti. paritah drashtum kreedakah ekavintrena kasyaapi dishayam swap karoti, yadyapi tatkshanaat 180 degree-vruttaanaam krute laghuvaahanam api asti. shastranam parivartanaay, kreedakah paatrasya shastram nudati. adhikaparamparaagatam touchscreen-prathama-vyakti-shooter-vinyaasah api upalabhyte, yatra dwau aabhaasi-jaay-stick ityetau stah, ekaha chalanaay, ekaha shooting krute. kreedaayaah pratyekastare kreedaaprakaaradwayam asti-akramanam, rakshanm cha. kreedaayaah pragatihi shilpavyavasthaayaam aadhrutya bhavati, yaa paatrasya shastranam krute api unnateekaranam pradadaati. yathaa creedaa pragatim karoti, katipayaani staraani tadaa eva kreeditum shakyante yadaa kreedakah samyak vastum nirmitavaan. yathaa, kreedaayaah truteeyabhaagam aagantum aavashyakam kaar-yanasya nirmanartham kreedaalekhyaay lug-nutt ityasya aavashyakataa bhavati, yat kevalam "tate" stare eva drushyate. parantu, "da-shore" iti kreedaayaah kevalam tadaa eva kreedyate yadaa kreedakah zoom-kartum samartham shastram nirmitavaan. kreedakaah aavashyakaani ghatakm sangruheetum shaknuvanti, ye anyaabhih vividhastareshu yaadrucchikaroopena puraskrutaani bhavanti, tadaa eva etaadrusham shastram nirmaatum shakyate. nutaniyam vastum unnateekartum tathaa cha nirmaatum aavashyakaani vastooni kreedakaah praptanam taranam sankhyayaha aadhaaren pratyekam starasya ante yaadrucchikaroopena pradanam kurvanti. panchatarakaha scale-madhye karyam kurvan, ekatah tribhyah taarakaah ankitaanaam parinaamen "samanyam" vastuhu bhavati, yadaa cha chaturshu vaa panchatarakaha ankitaanaam parinaamen "durlabham vaa uttamm vaa" vastu bhavati. creedaa bahunam mudranam upayogam karoti. kreedaayaah krute oorjaa ("gyaas-kens" rupena) aavashyakam asti. yadaa yadaa kreedakah ekam staram kreeditavaan tadaa teshaam vaayuh ekena nyooneebhavati. yadaa vaayavah naa avashishtah bhavati tadaa kreedakah kreeditum naa shaknoti, suvarnasya upayogena adhikavaayum kretum shaknoti athavaa teshaam aapoortih svayameva punah poorayitum yaavat naa prateekshate taavat prateekshate. "nutananam vastoonaam nirmanartham shastranam unnatikaranartham cha "krushnavarnah" aavashyakah asti, pratyekasya starasya ante cha puraskaarah deeyate. yadi kreedake kathayaha pragatihi kartum aavashyakam vastum nirmaatum paryaaptam krushnavarnam naasti, tarhi te poorvatarastareshu kreeditum arhanti, athavaa suvarnasya upayogena krushnavarnam kreenanti. "kridukasya ankam ekatarakena vardhayitum pratyekastare ante "flers" ityasya upayogah kartum shakyate. kreedaayaah samaye yaadrucchikaroopena flers ityetaani puraskaararoopen daatum shakyate athavaa suvarnasya upayogena kreenitum shakyate. "charlots bounty" ityasya sakriyatayaha krute "rajatam" aavashyakam asti, yat yaadrucchikatayaa ekam vastu, shastram, vaayupakaranam, jwaalah athavaa adhika-rajatasya rupena puraskaram pradadaati. starasya ante rajat-puraskaarah yaadrucchikaroopena deeyate. "swarnam" anyeshu kasyaapi mudraayaah krayanartham upayujyate, tathaa cha kevalam vaastavika-vishva-dhanasya upayogena eva upalabhyte. plut. 2021 tame varshe eshaa creedaa sthaapitam asti. kreedaayaah udghaatanaat dashavarshapoorvam archansas-nagarasya beebe-nagare 3,000 krushnavarneeyaah akashat patitaah. yadaa vidnyaataah pakshihi katham vaa kimartham vaa mrutaah iti niroopayitum asaphalavantah, tadaa sampoorne vishve api etaadrushee ghatana bhavitum aarabdham. aramaagidon sameepam asti iti bhitena janaah bheetaah bhavitum aarabhant. katipayamasanantaram "krushnavarnee" abhavat. ekaha ghanah krushnatailam samudratateshu dhautam, yena yah kashchit tasya samparke aagatah saha zombie-sadrusha-jeevah bhavati, yasya lakshyam jivaan krushnavarne taan taan taan taan taan. naukaayaanasy anamakena nayaken saha creedaa arabhyate, yasya upari anantaram aneke tailajeewaih akramanam bhavati. saha tatt tatam sthaapayati, tathaa cha jeevaih abhibhootah bhavitum arhati, yadaa saha charlot namakena striyaa rakshita bhavati. te militvaa sameepastham gruham gacchanti, yatra te mrutah iti anumitasya swaameeh, krushnavarnam vaahanaanaam indhanaroopen katham parivartayet iti vivaranam dattavantah. te nirdeshaan anusrutya puratanam vaahanam karyam kartum aarabhante. kaar-yanasya antah, te tasya vyaktyaah anyam tippaneem anvishyanti yat saha samipasthasya matsya-graame puratanam naukam avashishtavaan iti. te tatra gacchanti, naukayam anyam nott anvishyanti. saha purushah kalpayati yat krushnavarneeyasya utpattih samudratataat doore taila-rigg iti syaat, te agrima-dweepe tasya puratanam speed-boat-nagaram prati gantum shaknuvanti iti. speed-boat madhye anyah tippanee vivaroti yat yadi visphotakaah rigg-ityasya borhole-madhye patitaah tarhi krushnavarneeyaah sthagitaah bhaveyuhu iti. tathaapi, tadartham teshaam helicopter aavashyakam bhavishyati, yat te samipasthasya chikitsaalayasy uparishthe praaptum shaknuvanti. te helicopter-nagaram praapya rigg-nagaram prati gacchanti, dweepaat doore uddiyamaanam anyam helicopter pashyanti. te tasya radio-aavruttim anusrutya dnyaatavantah yat tatt uddharakaryakramam kurvan asti, parantu dweepeshu jeevasya lakshanani naa soochayanti. yadaa te rigg-madhye aagacchanti, tadaa charlot prakaashayati yat vruddhah tasyaah pitaa aasit iti. te visphotakaah borehole madhye praavartayanti, parantu krushnavarneeyasya sraavasya mudranam kartum naa, tatt sraavam itoapi adhikam udghaatayati, tathaa cha shatashah tailajeewah rigg-ityasya parimanam kartum aarabhante, yadaa ekaha achirah charlot tam sameepam aagacchati. tasmin dine pashchat, kathaavastu vruddhasya gruham pratyagatavan. saha uparibhaage uddiyamanam helicopter pashyati, yat nott yukttam pyaakej patayati. suchitre borhole ityasya mudranam kartum tasya prayatnasya prashamsaam bhavati, tathaa cha punah indhanam purayitva tam nishkaasayitum cha pratijnaam karoti. vikaasah. yuddhabhoomih" ityasya nirmaatrubhihi benn-bhraatrubhihi netrutve, vikshipta-manoranjanena eshaa creedaa vikasitaa. hardcore-kreedakaah" ityetaan aakarshayitum, vikaasakaah visheshatah sparsha-samvedanasheela-upakarneshu upayogartham niyantrana-yojanaa parikalpayan. bhraatrubhihi matena, "vayam charadooravaanee-upakaranaam ef. pi. ess.-dwara asantushtau smau, tathaa cha mama vichaarah asti yat asmakam shodhasya aadhaaren, mama vichaarah asti yat yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa yathaa ruchihi, bahubhyah sambhaavya-prekshakanam sameepe doorabhaashah tablet vaa asti, tathaa cha te tatra praaptaih vastoonaam vishaye api naa santushtaah santi. [vayam vikasitavantah] ekam niyantrana-pranaali, yat sparsha-patalanam krute nirmitam asti yat bhavaan kevalam ekena haste kreeditum shaknoti, vastutah ekasyaam haste kevalam dwau angulau, tathaa cha yat asmakam etaan upakarana dhaarayitum yathaa vidhena tathaa etaan upakaranaam upayog-vinyaasaih cha vastutah dravarupena yojayati. ataha vayam vastutah garvam anubhavaamah yat vayam ekam niyantrana-vyavasthaam nirmitavantah yat vedikaayaam asya prakarasya sambhaavyataam udghaatayati."janavaree 2013 tame varshe", gem informers myaat miller ityanena ukttam yat eshaa creedaa "vayam drushtaasu adhika-mahattvaakaanksheeshu mobail-sheershakeshu anyatama aasit. aham drashtum utsukah asmi yat dalah swasya prabhaavashaali-drushyaan, varnanaatmak-gahanatam cha samanataya chittaakarshak-kreedayaa saha yojayitum shaknoti vaa iti." kreedaayaah prastaavane kechan kathaa-tattvaani 2011 tame varshe arkansas-nagare ghatitayaha vaastavika-ghatanaayaah aadhaaren aasan, "yadaa sahasrashah krushnapaksheeh akashat patitaah." sweekaranam. "samiksha-ekatreekarana-jaalaputasy metacritic ityasya anusaaram "da doobing" "mishra-samiksham praapnot. "gamezibo" ityasya jo jaasko ityayam, kreedaayaah kshetra-aadhaarit-swaroopasya niyantrana-yojanaa cha prashamsaam krutvaa, kreedaayaah sakaratmaka-samiksham daatum katipayeshu vimarshakeshu anyatamah aasit. yadyapi saha oorjaa-vyavasthaayaah vimarshakah aasit, tathaapi saha likhati, "asya oorjaa-vyavasthaayaah sampoornah samaaveshanah kreedaayaah anyathaa ati-nyaayayutam udaram cha freemiyam-pratiroopam swalpam puraatanam eva drushyate" iti, saha sakaratmakarupena upasamhaaram krutavaanh "yadyapi anyaani mobail-ef. pi. ess-kreedaani adyaapi durlakshit-touchscreen-niyantrananam samudre nimajjante," da dabing "iteedam paaramparika-samasyanam krute kevalam paryaaptam kshanam chaaturyam tathaa sambhaavyam antardrushtim pradadaati yat kreedakaah sarvadaa vaayuprashvaasasya punashcharya kartum samarthah bhavishyanti." भविष्यन्ति।" carter datson ityasya alochanaha aii. e. pi. ityasya tantrasya gameplay-madhye ekeekaranam prati sambadhaah aasan, evam kathayanti yat "" da dabing "ityasya kendrasthaane vastavikakrida praayah alpatayaa mukta-kridaaya-yantram asti. kshetra-aadhaarit-aakraman-vibhaagaah, raksha-abhiyanani "a laa" cha cha sambadhaah abhiyanaha praayah nimeshadwayam deerghah asti. te pick-up-and-play-gameplay krute anukoolaah santi, parantu adhikatayaa kevalam rikta-calories-yukttaah santi. kreedaayaah vishaye api kridakarasya upari adhikatayaa yaadrucchikaroopena praaptaani vastooni praaptum peedanam bhavet, kreedaam kartum vaatak-paatreshu vyayam kartum adhikaani mobakayin-yantraani vikreeyitum prayatatam, tathaa cha yatra adhikatam-puraskaar-starah praayah avishvasaneeyatayaa kathinah bhavati, tatrabhyah durlabh-padarthan praaptum jwaalaani cha prayatante. jalamagnataa" ityasya aanandam vastutah naa shakyate, yatah tatt kim bhavati iti." "slad too play" ityasya tailar-facifel iti kreedaayaah kshetra-aadhaaritasy kreedaayaah vimarsham krutavaan, tathaa cha ekam maanak-prachaar-paddhatihi uttamah syaat iti tarkam krutavaan. saha visheshatah oorjaa-vyavasthaayaah vimarshakah aasit, saha avadat yat "" "arjayitum" "30 nimeshaan yaavat pratikshamanam katipayanimeshaan yaavat kreedaayaah gatihi kshinita bhavati, anubhavam kshipta-swaadena cha nishkasyate."da dabing" ityasmin naa drudakathaa vaa sukshma-khelah vaa drushyate, parantu tasya ghana-arcade-shooting, uttama-matra-unlock-ityanena saha mishritam bhavati, tatt sakaratmaka-khelaanubhavam pradadayitum sahayyam karoti iti saha upasamhaaram akarot. durbhagyataya eshaa vinodam asantulita-samay-pranalidwara durbalam asti, yaa inn-aap-krayanasya krute kreedaayaah samayam seemitam karoti."maclaif" ityasya criss pereraa ityeshah avadat yat "yadaa kadaachit nishchayen anandadayakaha bhavati", tadaa api dubnuhu mukta-kreedaayaah kaaryaanvayanam kreedaam akshamya-matrayam baadhayati."distructoid" ityasya criss carter ityeshah niyantranawyawasthaayaah vimarshakah aasit, likhati, "ati-saral-vinyaasah karyam naa karoti."tathaapi, tasya prabalaani teekani aii. e. pi.-vyavasthaayaah vishaye aasan," anyasya vikaasakartuh haste "jalamagna" iti kimapi vishesham aasit iti likhati sma. oorjaa-yantrikasya, nirantaram drip-feed-shastrasya, vastoonaam cha bhaganam vinaa, aham swasyaah sampoornam madhyaahnam, zombi-ityetaan videernam vinaasham vinaashayitum sahajataya shaknomi."eurogamer" ityasya daan vait head iti api adhikam vimarshaatmakam aasit. saha niyantranavyavastham "ef. pi. ess. kreedaayaah anacharaha apraakrutikah cha upaayah" iti uktavaan."saha aii. e. pee. ityasya mool-kridaayaam vyavasthaayaah ekikaranasya api atyantam vimarshakah aasit, saha avadath" eshaa creedaa bhavatah krute dhanam daatum apekshamaanah naa bhavati, tathaa cha bhavatah krute uchitam bhavet iti bhaavayitum nyunatinyoonam chatwaarah antara-bandhita-mudraah cha nirmitaani santi. kreedaayaah avarodhaatmakasya, oordhvagaamee-vinyaasasya, yat kashtena, mandagatyaa, vetanam naa dadyamananam kridakanam krute pragatim uddeepnot, tatt akramaka-mudreekaranam iti naa kaarakam iti anumanyatam, etat katham karyam karoti iti vishaye icchayaa andhah bhavet."saha nishkarsham krutavaan yat" da dabing "iti prathamam vyavahaarayantram, dwiteeyam sheershakam graahi-niyantrana-yojanaa, tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt tatt"paaket-gamer" ityasya peater-willington api tathaiva vimarshaatmakah aasit, likhati, "adyatve prathama-vyakti-nishaanebaajaah" da-doobing "iti yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat yat tasya apekshayaa ateeva jatilah asti. [.]..] da doobing" iti kreedanam "bhukampasya" yugam prati punah yatram kartum sadrusham bhavati-praayah samatulyam gatvaa yaavat bhavaan naa jitum shaknoti taavat sarvam shoot karotu."saha kreedaam" asafal-prayogah "iti uktavaan, likhati," kridaayaam antatah prathama-vyakti-nishanebaja-niyantrananam punah aavishkaarah asaphalah bhavati...] prathama-vyakti-shooter-ityetam freemiyam-maadel-krute udghaatayitum asaphalah bhavati...] uttamah prathama-vyakti-nishaanebaajah iti bhavitum asaphalah bhavati [...] shatru-prakaranam abhaawah, bhavatah kreedaayaah paddhatya viralatayaa parivartanam kurwantah sthanani, nyoonatamaparidheey-jagrukata, touchscreen-upakaranasy krute upalabhyamanani kaanichan rutt-shooting ityetaani cha asya krute baadhitaah santi." chalacchitrasya roopaantaranam. 2014 september 23 dinaanke "deadlan hollywood" iti patrikaayaam soochitam yat radar-chitraani "olympus-hyaas-faal" iti kreedaayaah chalacchitraroopena parivartayitum lekhakan crayton rothenberger tathaa ketrin benedikt ityetaan niyuktavantah iti.

neeril moozhkuthal (veediyoa vilayaattu) neeril moozhkuvathu enbathu sweedish studio sithariya pozhuthupoakkaal uruvaakkappatta 2013 muthal nabar thuppakki sudum veediyoa came mattrum ios-kkaana dena/mobej moolam veliyidappattathu. vilayaattu menmaiyaana pathippu 1 aepral 11,2013 andru australia piraanthiyaththil thodangappattathu. vilaiyaattin muzhumaiyaana pathippu (pathippu 1.11) august 3 andru sarvadesa alavil veliyidappattathu. vilayaattu freemium vaniga maathiriyin keezh kidaikkirathu. android veliyeedu 2014 ill veliyidappattathu. vilaiyaattin mukiya virpanai pulligal adhan thaniththuvamaana thaluviya thoduthirai-kuripitta kattupaattu thittam mattrum "console tharam" graphics aagum. graphics podhuvaaga vimarsagargalaal paaraattappattaalum, inththa vilayaattu kalavaiyana ethirmaraiyaana vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu, payanpaattil kolmudhal amaippu mattrum meendum meendum vilayaattai nokkamaagak kondadhu. vilayaattu. inththa vilayaattu irandu kattupaattu muraigalai valangkukirathu. muthal, mattrum vilayaattai muthanmaiyaaga santhaippaduththiya ondru, vilaiyaattirkaaga kurippaaga uruvaakkappatta oru amaippu mattrum thoduthirai saathanangalukku thaniththuvamaaga thazhuvappattathu. suda, veerar irandu viralgalaal thiraiyai thattukiraar, maelum veerar kathaapaaththiram irandu kuzhaaigalukku idaiyilaana naduvil sudugirathu. perithaakka, veerar thangal viralgalaith thiraiyil munumunukkiraar mattrum virivupaduthukiraar. nagarththa, veerar avarkal sella virumbum thiraiyil thattukiraar, maelum avar niyamikkapatta idaththai adaiyum varai paaththiram thaanaagavae thadaikalaich suttri nagarkirathu. stroff seiya, veerar irandu viralgalaip payanpaduththi thiraiyil idathu allathu valathupuram swipe seikiraar. udanadiyaaga 180 digiri thiruppankalukku oru kurukkuvazhi poththaanum irunththaalum, suttrip paarkka, veerar oru viralal endha thisaiyilum swipe seikiraar. aayuthangkalai maattra, veerar kathaapaaththiraththin aayuthaththai thattukiraar. irandu meinigar joysticugaludan, oru nagarvukku, oru padappidipukku, migavum paarambariya thoduthirai muthal nabar thuppakki sudum amaippum kidaikkirathu. vilaiyaattil ovvoru mattaththilum irandu vagaiyaana vilayaattu murai ullathu; thaakkuthal mattrum tharkaappu. vilayaattu munnaettram oru kaivinai amaippai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu, idhu kathaapaaththiraththin aayuthangkalukkaana maempaduththalgalaiyum valangkukirathu. vilayaattu munnaerumpoathu, veerar sariyaana uruppadiyai uruvaakkiyirunthaal mattumae sila nilaigalai vilaiyaada mudiyum. eduththukkaattaaga, vilaiyaattin moontraavathu pakuthikku sella thevaiyaana kaarai uruvaakka, veerarukku oru luck nutt thaevai, idhu "kadarkarai" mattaththil mattumae kaanappadugiradhu. iruppinum, veerar perithaakkum thiran konda aayuthaththai uruvaakkiya pinnarae "kadarkarai" vilaiyaada mudiyum. aththagaiya aayuthaththai veerar thevaiyaana koorugalai sekariththa pinnarae vadivamaikka mudiyum, avai palvaeru nilaigalil seerattra muraiyil vazhangkappadugindrana. puthiya uruppadigalai maempaduththuvatharkum vadivamaippatharkum thevaiyaana porutkal ovvoru mattaththin mudivilum veerarukku seerattra muraiyil vazhangkappadugindrana, avai adaintha natchaththiranggalin ennikkaiyin adippadaiyil. ainthu natchatthira alavil seyalpaduvathan moolam, ondru muthal moontru natchaththiranggalai peruvathan moolam "podhuvaana" uruppadigal kidaikkum, athae neraththil naanku allathu ainthu natchaththiranggalai peruvathan moolam "ariya allathu sirantha" uruppadi kidaikkum. inththa vilayaattu pala naanayangkalaip payanpaduththukirathu. inththa vilayaattai vilaiyaaduvatharku aattral ("erivaayu kaengal" vadivil) avasiyam. ovvoru muraiyum veerar oru mattaththil vilaiyaadumpoathu, avarkalin erivaayu moththa alavu ondru kuraikirathu. erivaayu illaathapoathu, veerar inii vilaiyaada mudiyaathu, maelum thangaththaip payanpaduththi adhiga erivaayuvai vaangkalaam allathu avattrin vazhangkal thaanaagavae nirapappadum varai kaatthirukka vaendum. "puthiya porutkalai uruvaakkuvatharkum aayuthangkalai maempaduththuvatharkum "karuppu" avasiyam, maelum ovvoru mattaththin mudivilum vazhangkappadukirathu. kadhaiyai munnaettruvatharkuth thevaiyaana oru porulai uruvaakka poathumaana karuppu veerar illaiyendraal, avarkal munththaiya nilaigalil vilaiyaada vaendum, allathu thangaththaip payanpaduththi karuppu vaangka vaendum. "ovvoru mattaththin mudivilum veerarin mathippennai oru natchaththiratthaal uyarththa "flairs" payanpaduththappadalaam. vilaiyaattin poathu flairgalai seerattra muraiyil valangkalaam allathu thangaththaip payanpaduththi vaangkalaam. "velli" enbathu "charlottin poundary" aii seyalpaduththuvatharku avasiyam, idhu oru porul, oru aayutham, oru erivaayu caine, oru flair allathu adharku maerpatta velli vadivil oray parisai seerattra muraiyil valangkukirathu. oru mattaththin mudivil vellikku seerattra muraiyil vazhangkappadukirathu. "thangam" enbathu vaeru endha naanayaththaiyum vaangka payanpaduththappadalaam, maelum idhu nija ulaga panaththaip payanpaduththi mattumae kidaikkirathu. sathi. vilayaattu 2021 ill amaikkappattullathu. vilayaattu thodanguvatharku paththu aandugalukku munbu, 3,000 karuppu paravaikal peep, argansasil vaanaththilirunthu vizhunththana. paravaikal eppadi allathu aen iranththana enbathai vilakka vinjnaanigal thoalviyadainthathaal, idhaepoandra nigazhvu ulagam muzhuvathum nadakkath thodangiyathu. armageddon kaiyil iruppathaaka anji makkal peethiyadaiyath thodangkinar. pala maathangkalukkup piragu "karuppu" vanthathu. oru adarththiyaana karuppu ennei kadarkaraiyil kaluvappattu, athanudan thodarbu konda evaraiyum jombi poantra uyirinangkalaaka maattrukirathu, adhan kurikkoal uyirullavargalai karuppu niraththil izhukka vaendum. peyar kurippidappadaadha kathaanaayagan oru padagil selvathan moolam vilayaattu thodangukirathu, pinnar adhu pala ennei uyirinangkalaal thaakkappadukirathu. avar adhai karaikku kondu vandhu, charlot endra pennaal kaappaattrappadumpoathu, uyirinangkalaal moozhkadikkappaduvaar. ontraaka, avarkal arugilulla veettirkuch selkiraargal, angku iranththuvittathaaka karudhappadum urimaiyaalaridamirunthu karuppu niratthai vaaganangkalukku eriporulaaka maattruvathu eppadi enbathai vilakkum oru kurippaik kaankiraargal. avarkal arivuruththalkalaip pinpattri, oru pazhaiya kaarai vaelai seiya vaikkiraargal. kaarukkul, arugilulla meenpidi kiraamaththil oru pazhaiya padagai vittuch sentrathaaga vilakkum manitharidamirunthu mattroru kurippai avarkal kaankiraargal. avarkal angku sendru, padagil mattroru kurippaik kandupidikkindranar. karuppu niratthin thoattram kadarkaraiyil ulla oru ennei rick aaga irukkalaam endrum avarkal aduththa theevil ulla avarathu pazhaiya vaekap padagukkuch sella vaendum endrum antha nabar uukikkiraar. vaekap padagil, mattroru kurippu, vediporutkal rick aazhthulaikkul vilunththaal karuppu niram nirutthappadalaam endru vilakkukirathu. iruppinum, avvaaru seiya, avarkalukku oru helikaaptar thaevaippadum, adhai avarkal arugilulla maruthuvamanaiyin kooraiyil kanalaam. avarkal helikaaptarukkuch sendru, rick noakkich selkiraargal, theevilirunthu parakkum mattroru helikaaptaraik kaankiraargal. avarkal adhan radio athirvennai isaikkiraargal, adhu oru meetpu paniyil ullathu enbathaik katrukkolkiraargal, aanaal theevugalil uyirvaazhum arikurigal ethuvum illai. avarkal rick meethu irangkumpoathu, antha muthiyavar thanathu thanthai enbathai charlot velippaduthukiraar. avarkal vediporutkalai aazhthulaikkul veesukiraargal, aanaal karuppu kasivai mooduvathai vida, adhu kasivai innum thirakkirathu, maelum noottrukkanakkaana ennei uyirinangkal rikkai alavidath thodangugindrana, aenenil oru asaiyaatha charlot avalai anuguvathaik kankaanikkirathu. andru pirpaguthiyil, kadhai solbavar antha muthiyavarin veettirkuth thirumbinaar. avar oru helikaaptar melnoakki parappathaik kaankiraar, adhu oru kurippaik konda oru thoguppaik kuraikkirathu. anthak kurippu, aazhthulaikku mutthirai kuththa muyarchiththatharkaaka avaraip paraattukirathu, maelum adhu eriporul nirapappattavudan avaraith tiruppi veliyaettrividuvathaaka uruthiyalikkirathu. valarchi. poarkkala" thayaarippaalar penn uravinargalin thalaimaiyil sithariya pozhuthupoakkaal inththa vilayaattu uruvaakkappattathu. hardcore veerargalai" eerkkum nokkaththudan, developergal kurippaaga thoduthal-unarthiran saathanangalil payanpaduththa kattupaattu thittatthai vadivamaiththanar. uravinargalin koottruppadi, "mobile saathanangalil ulla eff. pii. essil naangkal thirupthiyadaiyavillai, maelum engkal aaraaychchiyil irunthu, inththa vagaiyil unmaiyil aarvamulla saathiyamaana paarvaiyaalargalil niraiya paer tholaipaesi allathu dablettaik kondullanar endru naan ninaikkiraen, maelum avarkal angku petrtrathil tirupthi adaiyavillai. [naangkal uruvaakkiyulloam] oru kattupaattu amaippu, idhu thoduthiraigalukkaaga vadivamaikkappattullathu, neengkal oru kaiyal vilaiyaada mudiyum, unmaiyil oru kaiyil irandu viralgal mattumae ullana, maelum inththa saathanangalai naam vaiththirukkum vithaththudanum inththa saathanangalin payanpaattu vadivangkaludanum unmaiyil porunthukirathu. enavae, inththa vagaiyin thiranai maedaiyil thirakkum oru kattupaattu amaippai naangkal uruvaakkiyathil naangkal migavum perumaippadugiroam."janavari 2013 ill, came informerin maed miller inththa vilayaattu" "naam paarththa migavum latchiya mobile thalaippukalil ontraakum". anii adhan eerkkakkoodiya kaatchigal mattrum kadhai aalaththai samamaaga kavarnthizhukkum vilaiyaattudan poruththa mudiyumaa enbathaip paarkka naan urchaakamaaka irukkiraen." vilaiyaattin munnuraiyil ulla sila kadhai koorugal 2011 aam aandil argansasil nadantha oru unmaiyana sambavaththai adippadaiyaagak kondavai, "aayirakkanakkaana karuppu paravaikal vaanaththilirunthu vilunththapoathu." varavaerpu. "neeril moozhkuvathu" "vimarsana thirattal valaiththalamaana metta critic puddy" "kalavaiyana" "vimarsanangkalaip pettrathu". "kemjebovin joow jasco vilaiyaattin saathagamaana mathippaaivai valangkiya sila vimarsagargalil oruvaraaga irunthaar, vilayaattu mattrum kattupaattu thittaththin arangka adippadaiyilaana thanmaiyaip paaraattinaar. avar aattral amaippai vimarsiththa poathilum, "inththa aattral amaippin muzhu ulladakkamum vilaiyaattin niyayamaana mattrum thaaraalamaana freemium maathirikku sattru pazhamaiyaanathaagath therikirathu" endru ezhuthinaar, avar saathagamaaga muditar "mattra mobile eff. pii. ess vilaiyaattukal innum moasamaana thoduthirai kattuppaadugalin kadalil moozhkakkoodum," moozhkuthal "inththa paarambariya sikkalkalukku puththisaalithanamaana tharunangalaiyum saathiyamaana nunnarivugalaiyum valangkukirathu, idhu vilaiyaattaalargal eppoathum puththunarchiyoottum kaatrin suvaasaththirku vara mudiyum." "148ops" "carder tatson vimarsanangkal aiaepi amaippai vilaiyaattil orunginaippathu thodarpaanavai" "neeril moozhgum" "maiyaththil ulla unmaiyana vilayaattu perumpaalum oru aazhamattra ilavasamaaka vilaiyaadakkoodiya iyanththiramaagum". arangka adippadaiyilaana thaakkuthal pirivugal mattrum paathukaappu payanangkal "auuu laa" aagiya irandaiyum ulladakkiya panikal, sumar irandu nimidangal neelamullavai. avai bick-app-andd-pilae vilaiyaattukku natpaaga irukkintrana, aanaal perumpaalum verum vetrtru kaloarigal mattumae. vilayaattu eppoathum kaivinaip porutkalukkaaga maelum seerattra muraiyil perappatta porutkalaip peruvatharku veerarukku azhuththam koduppadhu, thodarnthu vilaiyaaduvatharku erivaayu kaengalil selavazhikka adhiga mobaagaayin virka muyarchippathu mattrum adhigapatcha vegumathi nilai podhuvaaga pera nambamudiyaatha alavirku kadinamaaga irukkum nilaigalil irunthu arithaana porutkalaip pera flairgal aagiyavattril akkarai kondullathu. unmaiyil "neeril moozhkuvathai" anubavippathu unmaiyil saathiyamillai." "slide duu pilae" inn dialer facial arangka adippadaiyilaana vilayaattai vimarsiththathu, maelum oru nilaiyaana prachchaara murai virumbaththakkathaaga irunththirukkum endru vaathittathu. avar kurippaaga aattral amaippai vimarsiththaar, avar koorinaar "oru sila nimida vilayaattu" sambaathikka "30 nimidangal kaaththiruppathu oru pulippu suvai konda anubavaththai vittuch selkirathu."" "neeril moozhkuvathu" "oru thidamaana kadhai allathu nunukkamaana vilayaattaik kondirukkavillai endru avar mudivu seithaar, aanaal adhan thidamaana arcate-shooting nalla alavu thirappukaludan kalakkappadugiradhu, idhu oru nermaraiyaana vilayaattu anubavaththai vazhangka uthavukirathu". thurathirshtavasamaaga inththa vaedikkai oru samanilaiyatra diamer amaippaal mudakkappattullathu, idhu payanpaattil vaangkuvatharku aatharavaaka vilayaattu neraththai kattuppaduththukirathu."" "maclife" "inn chriss pereira koorinaar" "sila nerangalil nichchayamaaga rasikkakkoodiyathaaga irukkumpoathu, neeril moozhgum" "inn ilavasamaaka vilaiyaaduvathu vilayaattai mannikka mudiyaatha alavirkuth thadukkirathu"."azhivugaramaana" griss carder kattupaattu amaippai vimarsiththaar, ezhuthukiraar, "" migaippaduththappatta elimaippaduththappatta thalavamaippu vaelai seiyaathu "."iruppinum, avarathu valuvaana vimarsanangkal aiaepi amaippu thodarbaaga irunththana," "mattroru developerin kaikalil, neeril moozhkuvathu" "sirappu vaainththathaaga irunththirukkum". aattral mechanic mattrum nilaiyaana sottu-uutta aayutham mattrum uruppadi bhaagangkal illaamal, naan oru muzhu pirpakal kunduveechchu joambigalai alikka mudiyum."euro camerine" dawn oidhead innum mukkiyamaanathaaka irunththathu. avar kattupaattu amaippai "oru eff. pii. ess vilaiyaada oru murattutthanamaana mattrum iyarkaikku maraana vazhi" endru alaiththaar."avar aiaepi amaippin orunginaippai maiya vilaiyaattil kadumaiyaaga vimarsiththaar, avar koorinaar" "idhu oru vilayaattu, idhu ungkalidam panam seluththumpadi kaetkath thodanga kaatthirukka mudiyaathu, maelum kurainthathu naanku interlock seiyappatta naanayangkal ullana, idhu neengkal seiya vaendum endru unara vadivamaikkappattullathu". aakroashamaana panamakkal enbathu vilaiyaattin thadaiyaaga, maelnoakkiya vadivamaippil oru kaarani alla endru karudhuvathu, idhu panam seluththaatha veerargalukku methuvaaka munnaettraththai aerpaduththukirathu, idhu poantra vishayam evvaaru seyalpadugirathu enbathai vaendumentrae kanmoodiththanamaaga irukka vaendum."neeril moozhkuvathu" enbathu muthalil oru parivarthanai iyanththiram, irandaavathu thalaippu-pidippu kattupaattu thittam mattrum oru unmaiyana vilayaattu tholaithoora moontraavathu endru avar mudivu seithaar."backett cameril" piittar willington samamaaga vimarsana reethiyaaga irunthaar, ezhuthukiraar, "" muthal nabar thuppakki sudubavargal intru "" moozhgum "muyarchigalai vida migavum sikkalaanavargal". [...] neeril moozhkuvathu" vilaiyaaduvathu enbathu "poogambam" sagaapthaththirkuch selvathu poantrathu-oru mattaththil nadanthu neengkal vettri perum varai ellaavattraiyum sudungal."avar vilayaattai" "oru thoalviyuttra soathanai" "endru alaiththaar, ezhuthinaar" "vilayaattu iruthiyil muthal nabar thuppakki sudum kattuppaadugalai maruu kandupidippadhil thoalviyadaigirathu"...] freemium maadalukku muthal nabar thuppakki sudum thirappathil thoalviyadaigirathu [...] oru nalla muthal nabar thuppakki sudum veeraraaga irukkath thavarividugiraar...] idhu ethiri vagaikalin pattraakkurai, neengkal vilaiyaadum muraiyai maattraatha idangkal, kurainthapatcha pura vizhippunarvu mattrum thoduthirai saathanaththil kidaikkum migavum road padappidippu aagiyavattraal paathikkappadukirathu." thiraippada thazhuval. septumber 23,2014 andru "kaalakkedu hollywood" radar padangkal vilayaattai oru thiraippatamaaga maattriyamaikka "olympus veelnththathu" ezhuththaalargal criton rodenberger mattrum cottrin penedictai paniyamarththiyathaaga ariviththathu.

munigipovadam (veediyo game) dhi doubing anedi 2013loe swedish studio scottered entertainment abhivruddhi chesina mariyu ios kosam dena/mobage prachurinchina fust-purson shooter veediyo game. 2013 april 11naa australia praantamloo praarambhinchina eee game saft yokka version 1. aata yokka marinta puurti version (version 1.11) augustu 3naa antarjaateeyamgaa vidudala cheyabadindi. eee game freemium business modal kinda andubaatulo undhi. 2014loe android vidudala vidudala cheyabadindi. aata yokka pradhana vikraya paayintlu daani pratyaekamaina anukuula touchscreen-nirdishta niyantrana pathakam mariyu "console naanhyata" graphics. graphicsnu saadhaaranamgaa vimarsakulu prasamsimchinappatikii, aata mishrama nundi pratikuula sameekshalanu andukundi, anuvartanamlo konugolu vyavastha mariyu punaraavruta gameplaynu lakshyamgaa chesukuni chaalaa vimarsalu vachayi. aatatiiru. aata rendu niyantrana paddhatulanu andistundi. modatidi, mariyu aata pradhanamgaa vikrayinchabadinadi, aata kosam pratyaekamgaa abhivruddhi cheyabadina vyavastha mariyu touchscreen parikaraala kosam pratyaekamgaa sweekarinchabadindi. shoot cheyadaaniki, aatagadu rendu vellatho teranu nokkataadu mariyu aatagadi paatra rendu nalla madhya madhyalo kaalpulu jaruputundi. joom cheyadaaniki, aatagadu terapai vaari vellanu pinch chesi vistaristaadu. taralinchadaaniki, aatagadu vaaru vellaalanukune terapai tapp chestaadu mariyu athanu niyaminchabadina pradaesaaniki cherukune varaku paatra svayamchaalakamgaa addankula chuttoo kadulutundi. strap cheyadaaniki, aatagadu rendu vellanu upayoginchi terapai edama ledhaa kudi vaipuku swipe chestaadu. chuttoo chuudataaniki, aatagadu oka vaelitoe yea disaloonainaa swipe chestaadu, ayithe takshana 180 degreela malupulaku satvaramaargam button kooda untundi. aayudhalanu maarchadaaniki, aatagadu paatra yokka aayudhanni nokkataadu. rendu virtual joy sticklatho, okati kadilinchadaaniki, okati shooting kosam, marinta saampradaaya touchscreen fust-purson shooter setup kooda andubaatulo undhi. aataloni prati sthaayi rendu rakaala play modnu kaligi untundi; daadi mariyu rakshana. aata purogati anedi oka crafting vyavasthapai aadharapadi untundi, idhi paatra yokka aayudhaalaku merugudalalanu kooda andistundi. aata munduku saagutunna koddi, aatagadu saraina vastuvunu roopondinchinatlayithe matrame konni sthaayilanu aadavacchu. udaaharanaku, aata yokka moodava vibhaagaaniki cherukovadaniki avasaramaina kaarunu tayaaru cheyadaaniki, aatagaadiki oka logg nutt avasaram, idhi "teeram" sthaayilo matrame kanipistundi. ayithe, aatagadu joom cheyagala aayudhanni roopondinchina tarvaata matrame "teeram" aadavacchu. aatagadu avasaramaina bhaagaalanu sekarinchina tarvaata matrame atuvanti aayudhanni roopondinchavacchu, ivi vividha itara sthaayilalo yaadrucchikamgaa pradaanam cheyabadataayi. kotta vastuvulanu upgraded cheyadaaniki mariyu craft cheyadaaniki avasaramaina vastuvulu yaadrucchikamgaa prati sthaayi chivarilo aatagaadiki ivvabadataayi, vaaru saadhinchina nakshatraala sankhya aadhaaramgaa. aidu nakshatraala sthaayilo panicheyadam, okati nundi moodu nakshatraalanu score cheyadam "saadhaarana" amsaalalo phalitaalanu istundi, naalugu ledhaa aidu nakshatraalanu score cheyadam "arudaina ledhaa merugaina" amsamlo phalitaalanu istundi. eee aata bahula currencylanu upayogistundi. aata aadataaniki shakti ("gyaas dabbaalu" roopamlo) avasaram. aatagadu oka sthaayini aadina pratisaaree, vaari mottam gyaas okati padipotundi. gyaas migili lenappudu, aatagadu ikapai aadaledu, mariyu bangaaraanni upayoginchi ekkuva gyaas konugolu cheyavachu ledhaa vaari sarafara svayamchaalakamgaa bharti ayye varaku vechi undaali. "kotta vastuvulanu tayaaru cheyadaaniki mariyu aayudhalanu meruguparachadaaniki "nalupu" avasaram, mariyu prati sthaayi chivarilo pradaanam cheyabadutundi. kathanu munduku teesukelladaaniki avasaramaina vastuvunu roopondinchadaaniki aatagaadiki taginanta nalla rangu lekapothe, vaaru munupati sthaayilanu aadali ledhaa bangaaraanni upayoginchi nallani rangunu konugolu cheyali. "aatagadi skorunu oka nakshatram penchadaaniki prati sthaayi chivarilo "flairs" nuu upayoginchavacchu. aata samayamlo poralu yaadrucchikamgaa ivvabadavachhu ledhaa bangaaraanni upayoginchi konugolu cheyavachu. "charlotte yokka bahumati" nii sakriyam cheyadaaniki "vendi" avasaram, idhi yaadrucchikamgaa oka vastuvu, oka ayudham, oka gyaas kyaan, oka manta ledhaa anthakante ekkuva vendi roopamlo oke bahumatini istundi. oka sthaayi chivarilo yaadrucchikamgaa vendi pradaanam cheyabadutundi. "bangaaram" nuu itara currencylalo deeninainaa konugolu cheyadaaniki upayoginchavacchu, mariyu idhi vaastava prapancha dabbunu upayoginchi matrame andubaatulo untundi. plaatlu. aata praarambhaaniki padhi samvatsaraala mundu, 3,000 block birds arkaansaasloni beeblo aakaasam nundi padipoyayi. pakshulu elaa ledhaa enduku chanipoyayo vivarinchadamlo saastravettalu viphalamainanduna, prapanchavyaaptamgaa ilanti drugvishayam jaragadam praarambhamaindi. armagedon chetilo undani bhayapadi prajalu bhayandolanaku gurikavadam praarambhinchaaru. konni nelala taruvaata "nalla" vachindi. oka mandapati nalla noone teerapraantaalaku kottukupoyi, daanitoe sambandham unna evarinainaa jombi lanty jeevulugaa maarustundi, dheeni lakshyam jeevulanu nallati loki lagadam. eee aata paerulaeni kathaanaayakuditho padavalo praarambhamavutundi, taruvaata aneka chamuru jeevulu daadi chestaayi. athanu daanini odduku cherustaadu mariyu charlotte anae mahila chetha rakshinchabadinappudu, jeevulache munigipotadu. kalisi, vaaru sameepamloni intiki velataaru, akkada vaaru chanipoyinatlu bhaavinchina yajamani nundi nallani rangunu vaahanaalaku indhanamgaa elaa marchalo vivarinche notnu kanugontaaru. vaaru suuchanalanu anusarinchi paatha kaarunu pani cheyistaaru. kaaru lopala, athanu sameepamloni matsyakaara graamamlo paatha padavanu vadilipettinatlu vivarinche vyakti nundi maroka notnu vaaru kanugontaaru. vaaru akkadiki velli, padavalo maroka notnu kanugontaaru. nallati rangu yokka muulam teeramlo unna ayil rigg kaavacchu mariyu vaaru tadupari dveepamlo thana paatha speed boat cherukovalani aaa vyakti oohistaadu. speed boat loe, rigg yokka boru hole loe paeludu padaarthaalanu padesthe nallani rangunu aapavacchani maroka note vivaristundi. ayithe, alaa cheyadaaniki, vaariki helicopter avasaram, idhi vaaru sameepamloni aasupatri paikappupai kanugonavacchu. vaaru helicopter vaddaku velli, rigg vaipu velataaru, dveepam nundi dhooramgaa egurutunna maroka helicopternu chuustaaru. vaaru daani radeo frequencini tune chesi, adhi resque missionloo undani telusukuntaaru, conny dveepaalalo praanaala jaada kanipinchaledu. vaaru rigpai digetappudu, aaa vruddhudu thana tandri anie charlotte velladistaadu. vaaru paeludu padaarthaalanu boru randhramloki visurutaaru, conny nallati chindatam moosivese badulu, adhi leekejeeni marinta terustundi, mariyu vandalaadi chamuru jeevulu rignu scale cheyadam praarambhistaayi, endukante kadalakunda unna charlot vaatini sameepistundi. aaa roeju taruvaata, kathakudu aaa vruddhudi intiki tirigi vacchaadu. athanu oka helicopter paina egurutuu chustadu, adhi oka note unna pyaakaejeeni padestundi. aaa notlo borholnu moosivese prayatnaanni prasamsistuu, adhi indhanam nimpina tarvaata tirigi vacchi atanni khaalii chestaanani vaagdaanam chesaaru. abhivruddhi. yuddhabhumi" nirmaata benn daayaadula netrutvamlo chellacheduruga unna vinodam dwara eee aata abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. hardcore players" kuu vignapti chese lakshyamtho, developerlu touch-sensitive parikaraalapai upayogam kosam pratyaekamgaa niyantrana pathakaanni roopondinchaaru. daayaadula prakaram, "mobile parikaraalloni eff. pii. essto memu asantruptigaa unnaamu, mariyu maa parisoedhana nundi, eee sailipai nijamgaa aasakti unna sambhaavya prekshakulaku chaalaa mandhi phone ledhaa tablet undani neenu bhaavistunnaanu, mariyu vaaru akkada pondina daanitoe santrupti chendaledu. [memu abhivruddhi chesaamu] oka niyantrana vyavastha, idhi meeru kevalam oka chethitho adagala touchscreenla kosam roopondinchabadindi, vaastavaaniki oka chetilo kevalam rendu vellatho, mariyu eee parikaraalanu mariyu eee parikaraala viniyoga namuunaalanu pattukune vidhaanamtho nijamgaa dravaroopamlo saripotundi. kabatti memu oka niyantrana vyavasthanu srushtinchaamani memu nijamgaa garvistunnamu, idhi vedikapai eee kalaa prakriya yokka saamarthyaanni terustundi."janavari 2013loe," "game informers myaat miller" "eee aata" "memu chusina marinta pratishtaatmaka mobile sheershikalalo okati" "anie annaru". jattu thana aakattukune visuals mariyu kathana lothunu samanamga aakarshanheeyamaina gamepletho saripolchagalada anie chuudataaniki neenu santoshistunnanu." aata yokka prastaavanalooni konni katha amsaalu 2011loe arkansaslo jarigina nijamaina sanghatana aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabaddaayi, "aakaasam nundi vaelaadi nalla pakshulu padipoyinappudu." reception. "sameeksha aggregation website metacritic prakaram munigipovadam" "mishrama" "sameekshalanu andukundi". "gameplay yokka arena-aadhaarita swabhaavam mariyu niyantrana pathakaanni prasamsistuu, aataku saanukuula sameeksha icchina koddimandi vimarsakulalo gamezebo yokka jooe jasco okaru. athanu shakti vyavasthanu vimarsinchinappatikii, "eee shakti vyavastha yokka mottam cherika aata yokka chaalaa sarasamaina mariyu udaaramaina freemium namuunaaku konchem puraatanamainadigaa anipistundi" anie vraastuu, athanu sanukoolamgaa muginchaaduh "itara mobile eff. pii. ess games ippatikee paelavamaina touchscreen niyantranala samudramlo munigipovacchu," munigipovadam "eee saampradaaya samasyalaku taginanta kshanaalu mariyu sambhaavya antardrushtulanu andistundi, gamerlu ellappuduu gaali yokka refreshes swaasala kosam munduku vastaaru." "148ops" "carter datson yokka vimarsalu gameplay iap vyavasthanu ekikrutam cheyadaaniki sambandhinchinavi, ilaa chebutunnaih" "munigipovadam" "yokka gunde vadda unna vaastava aata ekkuvagaa nissaaramaina free-tuu-play yantram". arena aadhaarita daadi vibhagalu mariyu rakshana missionlu "eah laa" "rendintinee kaligi unna missionlu, daadaapu rendu nimishala podavu untaayi. avi pickup-und-play gameplay kosam snehapuurvakamgaa untaayi, conny ekkuvagaa kevalam khaalii kelareelu matrame untaayi. aata ellappuduu aatagaadini crafting kosam marinta yaadrucchikamgaa pondina vastuvulanu pondadaaniki ottidi cheyadam, aadataaniki gyaas dabbalapai kharchu cheyadaaniki ekkuva mobakayinlanu vikrayinchadaaniki prayatninchadam mariyu garishta bahumati sthaayini pondadam chaalaa kashtamgaa unde sthaayila nundi arudaina vastuvulanu pondadaaniki mantalu vantivi kooda untaayi. munigipovadam" antey emito nijamgaa aasvaadinchadam nijamgaa saadhyam kaadu." "slide tuu play" yokka tailor faisel arena-aadhaarita gameplaynu vimarsinchindi, mariyu praamaanika prachara mode praadhaanyatanistundani vaadinchindi. athanu mukhyamgaa shakti vyavasthanu vimarsistuu, ilaa annadu "konni nimishala gameplaynu sampaadinchadaaniki 30 nimishalu vechi undatam anedi nirutsaahaparustundi mariyu anubhavanni pullani ruchitho vadilivestundi."" "dhi doubing" "loe ghanamaina katha ledhaa suukshmamaina gameplay ledani, conny daani ghana arcade-shooting manchi mottamlo anlaaklatho kalipi saanukuula gameplay anubhavanni andinchadaaniki sahaayapadutundani ayana muginchaaru". duradrushtavasaattu eee vinodam oka asamatulya timer vyavastha dwara angavaikalyam chendindi, idhi anuvartanamlo konugoluku anukuulamgaa aata samayanni parimitam chestundi."maclife yokka criss pereira ilaa annadu" "konnisaarlu khachitamgaa aanandinchadaginadi ayinappatikee, munigipovadam yokka uchita-nundi-adatam amalu aatanu kshaminchaleni sthaayiki addukuntundi"."distructoid" yokka criss carter niyantrana vyavasthanu vimarsinchindi, "athi-saralamaina layowoot panicheyadu."ayithe, athani balamaina vimarsalu iap vyavasthaku sambandhinchi unnaayi," "maroka developer chetilo, munigipovadam" "pratyaekamainadigaa undedi". energy mechanic mariyu nirantaram chukkalu pose ayudham mariyu vastuvula bhagalu lekunda, neenu madhyahnam mottam pelchivesi jaambeesnu naasanam cheyadaanni sulabhamgaa chudagaliganu."eurogammer" yokka daan white head marinta klishtamainadi. athanu niyantrana vyavasthanu "eff. pii. ess aadataaniki vikrutamaina mariyu asahaja maargam" anie pilichadu."pradhana gameplay iap vyavastha ekikarananu kooda ayana teevramgaa vimarsinchaaru, ilaa annaru" "idhi mimmalni chellinchamani adagadam praarambhinchadaaniki vechi undaleni aata, mariyu meeku anipinchela kaneesam naalugu interlocking currencylu unnaayi". aata yokka aata yokka aatamkamaina, paiki ekke roopakalpanalo dookudugaa dabbu aarjinchadam anedi oka amsam kaadani bhaavinchadam, idhi nemmadigaa chellinchani aatagallaku purogatini istundi, eee vidhamaina vishayam elaa panichestundo uddeshapoorvakamgaa andhamgaa undatam."munigipovadam" anedi modata lavadevi yantram, rendavadi sheershika-pattukune niyantrana pathakam mariyu moodavadi vaastava aata anie ayana muginchaaru."paaket gamer" yokka peater willington kooda anthe vimarsanaatmakamgaa, "" modati-vyakti shootarlu eee roeju "" munigipovadam "kante chaalaa klishtamgaa unnaaru". [...] munigipovadam" adatam anedi "bhookampam" sakaaniki tirigi prayaaninchadam laantidi-oka sthaayi gurinchi nadavandi mariyu meeru geluchukune varaku pratidee shoot cheyandi."athanu aatanu" "viphalamaina prayogam" "anie pilichadu, ilaa vraasaadu" "aata chivariki modati-vyakti shooter niyantranalanu tirigi kanugonadamlo viphalamavutundi"...] freemium namuunaaku modati-vyakti shootarnu teravadamlo viphalamavutundi...] manchi fust-purson shooterga undatamlo viphalamavutundi [...] idhi satruvula rakaala korata, meeru aadee vidhananni maarchaleni pradaesaalu, kaneesa paridheeya avagahana mariyu touchscreen parikaramlo andubaatulo unna konni atyanta rotu shooting thoo baadhapadutundi." cinema anusarana. september 23,2014naa "deadline hollywood" radar pictures "olympuses padipoyindi" rachayitalu cryton rothenberger mariyu cottrin benediktnu aatanu chalanachitramgaa maarchadaaniki niyaminchukunnatlu nivedinchindi.

doubning (video gaim) doubning 2013 kaa frust person shotar video gaim hay jasay sweadish studio bikhray hoay tafrih nay tayaar kiyaa hay aur asay aayee awo aiss kay liye ddina/mobage nay shaye kiyaa hay. gaim saaft kaa warzan 1 11 apreel 2013 kuu australia kay elaqay mein laanch kiyaa gayaa. gaim kaa eek mazeed makmal warzan (warzan 1.1) 3 agast kuu beenn alaqwami satah parr jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha gaim freemium buznis maadal kay tahat dastiyaab hay. android release 2014 mein jaari kii gayee thee. gaim kay aham farokhat kay nikaat iss kii manfard toor parr dahaalnay waali touch screen makhsus control schem aur "kansol kawalti" graphiks haine. agarcha graphiks kuu aam toor parr naqdin nay saraha thaa leakin gaim kuu makhlut say manfi jaizay milay jiss mein aip mein kharidari kay nazaam aur baar baar gaim play parr behat ziyadah tanqeed kii gayee. gaim play. kheel control kay duu tareeqe paish kartaa hay. pehla aur jiss parr kheel kuu bunyadi toor parr farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa eek aisa nazaam hay juu khaas toor parr kheel kay liye tayaar kiyaa gayaa hay aur touch screen devices kay liye manfard toor parr dahaal liyaa gayaa hay. shoat karnay kay liyay khilaadi duu angliyon say screen kuu taip kartaa hay aur khilaadi kaa kirdaar duu nill kay darmiyan kay darmiyani maqaam parr fayer kartaa hay. zoom karnay kay liyay khilaadi screen parr apnee angliyan chheedta aur badhata hay. harkat karnay kay liyay khilaadi screen parr taip kartaa hay jehaan wah jaana chahta hay aur kirdaar khood bakhud rukawaton kay gird ghomta hay jabb takk kahh wah muqarrah jagah takk naha pahunch jaaye. stref karnay kay liyay khilaadi duu angliyon kaa istemaal kartay hoay screen parr bayein yaa daayein swipe kartaa hay. ard gird dekhnay kay liyay khilaadi eek angli say kasee bhee samat mein swipe kartaa hay halankah fouri 180 digri moad kay liye shaart cutt button bhee hotaa hay. hathiyar tabdil karnay kay liye khilaadi kirdaar kay hathiyar kuu taip kartaa hay. eek ziyadah rawayati touch screen frust person shotar seet app bhee dastiyaab hay jiss mein duu virtual joaistik haine eek harkat kay liyay eek shoting kay liye. kheel mein harr satah parr duu qasm kay play moad hotay haine. hamlah aur dafaa. gaim kii tarqi eek dastkari kay nazaam parr mubni hay juu kirdaar kay hathiyaron kay liye app grade bhee paish kartaa hay. jeesay jeesay kheel aagay badhta hay kachh sathon kuu sarf iss soorat mein kheela jaa saktaa hay jabb khilaadi nay saheeh aaitam tayaar kiyaa how. misaal kay toor parr kaar bananay kay liyay juu kheel kay teesre hasay takk pahunchnay kay liye zaruri hay khilaadi kuu eek lugg nutt kii zarurat hoti hay juu sarf "saahil" kii satah parr paaya jaataa hay. tahim "saahil" sarf iss waqat kheela jaa saktaa hay jabb khilaadi zoom karnay kay qaabil hathiyar tayaar kirr lay. iss tarah kay hathiyar kuu sarf iss waqat tayaar kiyaa jaa saktaa hay jabb khilaadi zaruri ajzaa jamaa kirr lay juu bay tartib toor parr mukhtalif deegar sathon parr diye jaatay haine. nayee ashyaa kuu app grade karnay aur bananay kay liye zaruri ashyaa khilaadi kuu harr satah kay aakhir mein bay tartib toor parr inn kay haasil kardah sataron kii taadad kii bunyaad parr dee jaati haine. paanch sataron kay paimanay parr kaam kartay huay eek say teen sataron kuu score karnay kay natijay mein "mushtarkah" aaitam hotay haine jabkah chaar yaa paanch sataron kuu score karnay say "nayaab yaa behatar" aaitam hotaa hay. yaha kheel mutadid currenciyon kaa istemaal kartaa hay. kheel khelnay kay liye tawanayi ("gees dabon" kii shakal mein) zaruri hay. harr baar jabb khilaadi eek satah parr kheelta hay tuu inn kii gees kii kill maqdar eek say kumm how jaati hay. jabb gees baaqi nahein rehti hay tuu khilaadi abb nahein kheel saktaa aur yaa tuu sonay kaa istemaal kartay hoay mazeed gees khareed saktaa hay yaa iss waqat takk intezar karnaa padta hay jabb takk kahh inn kii farahami khood bakhud dobarah naha bhar jaaye. "bleek" nayee ashyaa tayaar karnay aur hathiyaron kuu app grade karnay kay liye zaruri hay aur harr satah kay aakhir mein diyaa jaataa hay. agar khilaadi kay paas atnaa kaala nahein hay kahh wah kahaani kuu aagay badhanay kay liye zaruri cheez tayaar kirr sakay tuu inhein pachli sathon parr khelna hogaa yaa sonay kaa istemaal kartay hoay kaala kharidna hoga. "khilaadi kay score kuu eek staar say badhanay kay liye harr satah kay aakhir mein "flairs" kaa istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. kheel kay doraan sholon kuu bay tartib toor parr diyaa jaa saktaa hay yaa sonay kaa istemaal kartay hoay kharida jaa saktaa hay. "charlot kay anaam" kuu faal karnay kay liye "chaandi" zaruri hay juu tasadafi toor parr kasee shay hathiyar gees kay dabay sholah yaa chaandi say ziyadah kii shakal mein eek hyee anaam deeta hay. chaandi kuu kasee satah kay aakhir mein bay tartib toor parr diyaa jaataa hay. "sonaa" kuu kasee bhee dosri karansi kuu khareedne kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay aur yaha sarf haqeeqi duniya kii raqam kaa istemaal kartay hoay dastiyaab hay. plaat. yaha kheel 2021 mein tartib diyaa gayaa hay. kheel kay aaghaz say duss saal pehley 3,000 bleek birds baib aarkansas mein aasman say giray. jeesay jeesay science daanon nay yaha batanay mein nakami kaa mazahirah kiyaa kahh parinday kisay yaa kiyon marr gayey asee tarah kaa rajhaan poori duniya mein honay lagaa. loag khufzadah honay lagay iss khoof say kahh armagedan qareeb hay. kayee maheenon baad "seeyah" aayaa. eek motaa kaala teel saahili putty mein behah jaataa hay jiss say juu bhee iss kay raabtay mein aayaa asay zombi jaisi makhluq mein tabdil kirr diyaa jaataa hay jiss kaa maqsad zindah logon kuu kaala karnaa hay. kheel kaa aaghaz kashti parr mojud namalum markazi kirdaar say hotaa hay jiss parr baad mein teel kii kayee makhluq hamlah karti haine. wah asay saahil parr pahunchata hay aur makhluq say maghlub honay waala hotaa hay jabb asay charlot naami aurat bachati hay. eek saath wah qareebi gahar kii taraf jaatay haine jehaan inhein eek nott milta hay jiss mein wah mushtabah mardah maalik say kehta hay kahh kaalay rung kuu gaadiyon kay liye aindhan mein kisay tabdil kiyaa jaaye. wah hidayaat parr amal kartay haine aur eek praani gaadi kuu kaam parr laatay haine. kaar kay andar inhein iss shaqs kaa eek aur nott milta hay jiss mein bataya gayaa hay kahh iss nay qareebi maahi geeri kay gaaon mein eek praani kashti chhodi hay. wah wahaan jaatay haine aur kashti mein eek aur nott dhondtay haine. aadmi qayaas kartaa hay kahh seeyah rung kii asl saahil say door teel kii rugg how sakti hay aur inhein aglay jazeeray parr iss kii praani speed boat takk pahunchna chahiye. speed boat mein eek aur nott mein wazahat kii gayee hay kahh agar dhamakah khaiz mawaad rugg kay bour houl say neechey giraya jaaye tuu seeyah kuu rooka jaa saktaa hay. tahim aisa karnay kay liye inhein eek haili copter kii zarurat hogi juu inhein qareebi hospital kii chhat parr mill saktaa hay. wah haili copter takk pahunchtay haine aur rugg kii taraf nikaltay haine aur jazeeray say door udtay hoay eek aur haili copter kuu dekhtay haine. wah iss kii redio freekwensi kuu tewan kartay haine aur jaantay haine kahh yaha rescue mission parr hay leakin jazair parr zindagi kay koyee aasaar nahein milay haine. jabb wah rugg parr utartay haine charlot nay inkshaf kiyaa kahh bodha aadmi iss kaa baap thaa. wah dhamakah khaiz mawaad kuu surakh mein phaink deetay haine leakin kaalay rung kay rasaaw kuu sail karnay kay bajaye iss say rasaaw aur bhee ziyadah khill jaataa hay aur sainkadon teel kii makhluq rugg kuu sarr karnay lagti haine jabb eek ghair mutharik sharlot inhein iss kay qareeb aatay hoay dekhta hay. iss dunn baad mein rawi bodhay kay gahar waps aagiya hay. wah eek haili copter kuu oopar udtay hoay dekhta hay juu eek nott parr mushtamil eek package chhodta hay. nott mein iss kii surakh kuu sail karnay kii koshish kii tareef kii gayee hay aur waadah kiyaa gayaa hay kahh wah waps aayey gaa aur aindhan bharnay kay baad asay nikaal lay gaa. tarqi. iss kheel kuu bikhray hoay tafrih kay zariye tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kii qayadat "medaan jung" kay producer beenn kazanz nay kii thee. cutter khiladiyon" kuu apeel karnay kay maqsad say dwelpers nay khaas toor parr touch hasaas aalat parr istemaal kay liye control schem design kii. kazanz kay mutabiq "humm mobile devices parr aif pee aiss say mutmain nahein thay aur majhay lagtaa hay kahh hamaari tehqeeq say majhay lagtaa hay kahh behat say mamkanah saamayin juu waaqee iss sanaf mein dilchaspi rakhtay haine inn kay paas phone yaa tablet hay aur wah mutmain nahein haine juu inhein wahaan say milaa hay. [humm nay tayaar kiyaa hay] eek control system juu touch screen kay liye design kiyaa gayaa hay jasay aap sarf eek haath say kheel saktay haine darhaqiqat eek haath mein sarf duu angliyan haine aur eek aisa juu waaqee inn aalat kuu pakadnay kay tareeqe aur inn aalat kay istemaal kay namunon kay saath aasani say fitt bethta hay. lehza hamein waaqee fakhar hay kahh humm nay eek control system banaya hay juu plait faarm parr iss sanaf kii salahiyat kuu kholta hay."januri 2013 mein gaim informer kay meet miller nay kahaa kahh yaha gaim" "hamaray dekhay gayey ziyadah parjosh mobile enwanat mein say eek hay. mein yaha dekhnay kay liye parjosh hoan kahh aayaa team apnay mutasir kunn basri aur bayaniye kii gahrayi kuu yaksaan toor parr dilkash gaim play kay saath milaa sakti hay." kheel kay taaruf mein kahaani kay kachh anaasir eek haqeeqi waaqiye parr mubni thay juu 2011 mein aarkansas mein paish aayaa thaa "jabb hazaaron seeyah parinday aasman say giray thay." isteqbaliya. "jaizah jamaa karnay waali waib saait meeta creatic kay mutabiq dobnay kuu" "makhlut" "jaizay milay. "gaim zeebo kay joye jasco inn chand naqdin mein say eek thay jinhon nay gaim play kii medaan parr mubni noiyat aur control schem kii tareef kartay hoay kheel kuu masbat jaizah diyaa. agarcha wah tawanayi kay nazaam parr tanqeed kartay thay inhon nay likhaa "iss tawanayi kay nazaam kii poori shamoliyat kheel kay basurat deegar behat munsifana aur farakhadli say freemium maadal kay liye thodi praani lagti hay" inhon nay masbat natijah akhz kiyaa: "jabb kahh dosray mobile aif pee aiss games abb bhee kharaab touch screen control kay samandar mein dobay hoay haine" doubning "inn rawayati masail kay liye sarf kaafi lamhaat kii zahanat aur mamkanah basirat paish kartaa hay juu gamers hamishah hawaa kii taazgi saanson kay liye aatay rahein gay." "148 apps carter dotson kii tanqeed gaim play mein aayee aey pee system kay inzamam say mutaliq hay yaha kehtay hoay kahh:" "doubning" kay markaz mein asl kheel bury hadd takk eek atlee free tuu play masheen hay. medaan parr mubni hamlay kay hasoon aur dafayi mission "aey laa" donon parr mushtamil mission taqriba duu mint kay lambay haine. wah pukk app aur play gaim play kay liye dostana haine leakin ziyadah tarr sarf khaali calori haine. kheel kaa taaluq hamishah khilaadi parr dastkari kay liye ziyadah bay tartib toor parr haasil kardah ashyaa haasil karnay kay liye dabao daalnay kheltay rehney kay liye gees kay dabon parr kharch karnay kay liye mazeed mobakuin farokhat karnay kii koshish karnay aur inn sathon say nayaab ashyaa haasil karnay kay liye sholon say bhee hay jehaan ziyadah say ziyadah anaami satah haasil karnaa aam toor parr naqabil yaqeen hadd takk mashkal hotaa hay. dobnay" say lataf andoz honaa waaqee mumkin nahein hay keunkah yaha kiyaa hay." "slide tuu play" kay tylor faizal nay medaan parr mubni gaim play parr tanqeed kii aur istedlal kiyaa kahh eek mayari muham kaa tariqah behatar hotaa. wah tawanayi kay nazaam parr khaas toor parr tanqeed kartay hoay kehtay thay: "gaim play kay chand mint" kamanay "kay liye 30 mint intezar karnaa bay asar hay aur tajarbay kuu khataa zaiqah deeta hay."inhon nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh" "dubbing" "mein thoos kahaani yaa barek gaim play kii khususiyat nahein hay leakin iss kii thoos arcade shoting achhi maqdar mein inn laak kay saath mill kirr gaim play kaa masbat tajarbah farahim karnay mein madad karti hay. badqismati say yaha tafrih eek ghair matwazan timer system kii wajah say maazur how jaati hay juu aip mein kharidari kay haqh mein gaim kay waqat kuu mahdud kartaa hay."meek life kay curse perera nay kahaa:" "agarcha baaz auqaat yaqeeni toor parr khushgawar hotaa hay leakin donking kaa free tuu play nafaz kheel kuu naqabil maafi hadd takk rokta hay."" distractide "kaa curse carter control system parr tanqeed kartaa thaa likhta hay" hadd say ziyadah saadah tartib kaam nahein karti hay."tahim inn kii sakht tareen tanqeed aayee aey pee system kay silsilay mein thee yaha likhtay hoay kahh" "kasee aur dwelper kay haathon mein" "dobna" "kachh khaas hotaa. tawanayi mechanic aur muslisil drop say khilaya jaanay waalay hathiyar aur aaitam parts kay baghair mein aasani say apnay aap kuu dopahar bhar kay dhamaakon mein tabaah hotay hoay deekh saktaa thaa."eurogamer" kaa deane waait head aur bhee ziyadah tanqidi thaa. inhon nay control system kuu "aif pee aiss khelnay kaa eek bay misaal aur ghair fitri tariqah qaraar diyaa."inhon nay aayee aey pee system kay bunyadi gaim play mein inzamam parr bhee sakht tanqeed kii yaha kehtay hoay kahh:" "yaha eek aisa kheel hay juu aap say adayegi karnay kay liye kehna sharoo karnay kaa intezar nahein kirr saktaa aur iss mein kumm az kumm chaar interlocked currenciyan haine juu aap kuu aisa mahsus karnay kay liye design kii gayee haine kahh aap kuu karnaa chahiye. yaha farz karnaa kahh iss tarah kii jarhana minitisation kheel kay rukawat oopar kii taraf design mein koyee ansar nahein hay juu adayegi naha karnay waalay khiladiyon kuu aahista aahista paish raft kartaa hay jaan bojh kirr andhaa honaa hay kahh iss qasm kii cheez kisay kaam karti hay."inhon nay yaha natijah akhz kiyaa kahh" "dubbing" "pehley eek transaction masheen hay dosra eek headline pakadnay waali control schem aur teesra eek haqeeqi kheel hay."" paakat gammer "kay petter wlington nay bhee atnee hyee tanqeed kii likhaa" "aaj kill frust person shotar" "dobnay" kii koshishon say kahein ziyadah paichidah haine. [.]..] doubning" khelna "zalzalay" kay door mein waps jaanay kay mutradif hay-eek satah kay ard gird chalna aur harr cheez kuu golee maarna jabb takk kahh aap jeeth naha jayein."inhon nay iss kheel kuu" "eek nakaam tajarbah" "qaraar deetay hoay likhaa:" "yaha kheel balaakhir frust person shotar control kuu dobarah aijaad karnay mein nakaam how jaataa hay. [..] frust person shotar kuu freemium maadal kay liye khoolnay mein nakaam [...] eek mahzab frust person shotar honay mein nakaam [...] yaha dashman kii aqsaam kii kamee aisey maqamat juu aap kay khelnay kay andaaz kuu bamashkal badaltay haine kumm say kumm pardi aagahi aur touch screen device parr dastiyaab kachh sabb say ziyadah rotay shoting kaa shikaar hay." film mawafiqat. 23 satambar 2014 kuu "deed line haali wode" nay atlaa dee kahh redar pakcharz nay kheel kuu film mein dahaalnay kay liye "olymps girr gayaa hay" masnafeen creaton rothan bargar aur cattern benedect kii khidmaat haasil kii haine.

00046161457836d7cfd07f412674b221816a0a73c71834b5fdcd4c9fc0fa324a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22411991

Tommy Donbavand

Tommy Donbavand British writer Tommy Donbavand (28 November 1967 – 14 May 2019) was an English actor, teacher and writer from Liverpool, best known for his books and comics for children, such as "Scream Street". He often wrote under pseudonyms. Background. Donbavand had a varied career which saw him working as a clown, a holiday camp entertainer and a performer in "Buddy - The Buddy Holly Story" in London's West End. He also ran acting and writing classes, wrote, produced and directed a number of theatre productions, and wrote a series of non-fiction books in his "Quick Fixes for Bored Kids" series. Career. In 2006, Donbavand began writing as B. Strange for the "Too Ghoul For School" book series, published by Egmont. This led to his own series – "Scream Street" – being picked up by Walker Books. The first in this series of thirteen novels – "Scream Street: Fang of the Vampire" – was published in October 2008. In 2015, it was adapted into an animated television series, produced by Coolabi Productions, which began airing on CBBC. Donbavand wrote a number of episodes. A second series was confirmed in 2020. In April 2013, his "Doctor Who" novel "Shroud of Sorrow" featuring the Eleventh Doctor and Clara Oswald was published by BBC Books. He also co-wrote the "Shadow Vanguard" series of science fiction books under the pseudonym of Tom Dublin. Donbavand wrote for "The Beano" comic, initially starting with strips for Calamity James, Gnasher and Gnipper and The Bash Street Kids. Six months later, he was made the main writer for The Bash Street Kids. He also worked on the "Badger Graphic Novels" range, aimed at struggling readers. He wrote another children's series, "Fangs, Vampire Spy", as well as the writing handbooks "13 Steps to Beating Writer's Block" in 2015, "101 Stunning Story Starters" in 2017, and "101 Quick and Quirky Questions" in 2018. Cancer and death. In March 2016, Donbavand was diagnosed with inoperable, stage four throat cancer. He died from the illness in May 2019. In July 2020, his "Doctor Who" short audio play, "What Lurks Down Under" was released posthumously by Big Finish Productions as part of "Time Apart", starring Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

tommy donbavando tommy donbavando (28 novembor 1967-14 mey '2019) aasil libharpulor ejon ingraji obhineta, xikhyok aaru lekhok, ji "scream street" ror dore xixur baabe teur kitap aaru commixor baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. teu praye sodmonamot likhisil. potobhumi. donbabhandor ek boisitryomoy keriyar aasil zo 'too teu londonor poschim prantot "bondhu-bondhu hoh' li kahini" too ejon claune, bondhor xibiror monuronjonkari aaru prodorxok hisape kaam korisil. teu obhinoy aaru likhonor shreniu solaisil, keibakhonu theater projujona likhisil, projujona korisil aaru porisalona korisil, aaru teur "klanto xixur baabe drut xongxudhon" dharabahikot oh-kolpokahinimulok kitapor etaa sringkhola likhisil. keriyar. 2006 sonot donbabhande bi hisape likhiboloi aarombho korisil. egmontor dwara prokaxito "schoolor baabe oti ghuul" kitap sringkholar baabe odbhut. iyar folot teur nijor sringkhola-"scream street"-waakaar kitapor dwara luwa hoisil. terkhon uponyaxor ei sringkholar prothomtu-"scream streetoh faang owo dyo vempayar"-2008 sonor octoborot prokaxito hoisil. 2015 sonot, iyak kulabi productionor dwara projujit ek animated television dharabahikoloi obhijujit koraa hoisil, ji chi. bi. bi. chi. too xomprosarito hoh 'boloi aarombho korisil. donbabhande keibatau khondo likhisil. 2020 sonot dwitiyo sringkholatu nischito koraa hoisil. 2013 sonor aprilot ekadoxjon sikitsok aaru clara oh 'sowaldor xoite teur "doctor hu" uponyax "swrud owo dog" bibisi bukche prokax korisil. teu tomm doublin sodmonamere "sayud venaguard" dharabahikor bigyan kolpokahinimulok kitapxomuhor xoho-rosona korisil. donbabhande "dyo beenu" komikor baabe likhisil, prothomote digelamity james, gnaswer aaru jinipar aaru baach street kidsor stripor poraa aarombho korisil. choy maahor pisot teuk baach street kidsor mool lekhok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. teu xonggram kori thoka pathokxokolok lokhyo kori "bezar graphik uponyax" ror porixorotu kaam korisil. teu aan etaa xixur dharabahik, "faang, vempayar spai", logote 2015 sonot "lekhokor blocock porasto korar 13 taa podokhyep", 2017 sonot "101 taa aakorxoniyo kahini aarombhoni", aaru 2018 sonot "101 taa drut aaru odbhut prosno" likhisil. korkot rug aaru mrityu. 2016 sonor march maahot donbabhandok ostrupsar koribo nuwara, soturtho porzayor dingir korkot rugot akranto huwa buli dhora porisil. 2019 sonor mey "maahot ei rugot akranto hoi teur mrityu hoisil. 2020 sonor july maahot, teur "doctor hu" "suti audio" play ", jitu tolot lukai aase", "time epaar" ror ongxo hisape dangor xomapti projujonar dwara moronuttor mukti diya hoisil, zo 'too pitter debhisone ponchom sikitsok hisape obhinoy korisil.

tommy donbavand tommy donbavand (28 navembar 1967-14 meey 2019) liverpuler ekjon ingrez abhineta, shikkhok ebong lekhok chhilen, jini taanr boi ebong shishuder jonno comic, jemon "scream strita"-err jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. tini prayashai chhoddonamer adhine lekhen. patabhumi. donbavander ekti boichitromoy karmajiban chhilo jekhane tini ekjon klauna, holiday camp binodankari ebong londoner oyesta ende "bondhu-bondhu holly golpo"-ayee ekjon abhineta hisabe kaaj korechilen. tini abhinoy oo lekhar classes porichalona korechilen, besh koyekti theater prajojana likhechilen, prajojana korechilen ebong porichalona korechilen ebong taanr "birokto shishuder jonno druto sangshodhan" sirije aaa-kalpakahini boigulir ekti sirij likhechilen. pesha. 2006 saale donbavando 'bii' hisebe lekha shuru corren. egmont dwara prokashito "skooler jonno khub ghoul" boi sirijer jonno adbhuto. err foley taanr nijer sirij-"scream strita"-waker boigulir dwara tuley neoa hoyechilo. teroti uponyasher eyi sirijer prothomti-"scream street fyang off dya vampire"-2008 saaler octobore prokashito hoyechilo. 2015 saale, etty ekti animated television sirije rupantarita hoyechilo, jaa kulabi pradakashana dwara projojito hoyechilo, jaa cbbc-teey somprocharito hotey shuru korey. donbavando besh koyekti porbo likhechen. 2020 saale dwitiya sirij nischito koraa hoy. 2013 saaler aprile, ekadosh daktar ebong clara oswalder samanwaye taanr "doctor hoo" uponyas "shrud off dogg" bbc books dwara prokashito hoyechilo. tini tomm doublin chhoddoname bigyan kalpakahini boiyer "chhaya agraduta" sirijer soho-rachona korechilen. donbavand "dya bino" komiker jonno likhechilen, prathomikbhabe calamity james, gnasher ebong nipper ebong byasha strita kids-err stripa diye shuru korechilen. chhoy maas porr, taanke 'byasha strita kids'-err prodhan lekhok koraa hoy. tini "byajar graphika uponyas" porisoreo kaaj korechilen, jaa sangramrata pathokder lakkhya korey. tini arekti shishuder sirij likhechen, "fangs, vampire spie", pashapashi 2015 saale "raitarsa blocke porajito korar 13 tii podokkhep", 2017 saale "101 tii atyashcharya golper suchonakari" ebong 2018 saale "101 tii druto ebong adbhuto proshno". cancer ebong mrityu. 2016 saaler march maase, donbavander ostropocharjoggo noy, choturtho porjayer golar cancer dhora porey. 2019 saaler meey maase tini eyi rogey maaraa zaan. 2020 saaler julai maase, taanr "doctor hoo short audio play", jaa lukiye achhe taa "time appaoyar"-err ongsho hisabe borh samapti projojonar dwara maranottar mukti paay, pitter davison pancham daktar hisabe abhinoy korechilen.

tommy donbavand tommy donbavand (28 november 1967-14 meey 2019) livarpulnaa aek angreji abhineta, shikshak aneey lekhak hataa, jeo temnaa pustako aneey baadako maatena comics maate jaanita hataa, jaim keey "scream street". teo ghanivaar upnaam hethal lakhata hataa. prushthbhumi. donbavandni karkirdi vaividhyasabhar hatee, jemaa temane londonna vesta andma aek jokaro, holiday camp entertainer aneey 'buddy-dhaa buddy hollie storry' maan kalakar tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. temane abhinay aneey lekhannaa vargo pann chalaavya, sankhyaabandh naaty nirmaanonu lekhan, nirmaan aneey nirdeshan karyoo aneey temnee "kantaali gayelaa baadako maate zadpi sudhaarao" shreneema biin-kaalpaneek pustakoni shrenee lakhee. karkirdi. 2006maan donbavande 'bii' tareeke lakhvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. agmont dwara prakashit "shaala maate khoob bhoot" pustak shrenee maate vichitra. aaa temnee potaani shrenee taraf doree gayoo-"scream street"-jeey walker pustako dwara levaamaa aavee hatee. tera navalkathaaoni aaa shreneema pratham-"scream streeth feng off dhaa vampire"-october 2008maan prakashit thaee hatee. 2015maan, tene animated television shreneema rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey kulabi productions dwara nirmeet hatee, jenu prasaaran cbbc parr sharoo thayu hatoo. donbavande sankhyaabandh episode lakhyaa hataa. 2020maan beejee shreneeni pushti thaee hatee. april 2013maan, ageeyarma doctor aneey clara oswaldne darshaavtaa temnaa "doctor jeey" navalkathaa "shokno cuffon" bbc books dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato. temane tooma doublinna upnaam hethal vigyaan saahitya pustakoni "shhedo vanguard" shreneenu saha-lekhan pann karyoo hatoo. donbavande "dhaa beeno" comic maate lakhyu hatoo, jenee sharuaat sharuaatmaa diselicity james, gnacer aneey ganipar aneey beysh street kids maate stripsthee thaee hatee. chh maheena pachhi, temne party street kids maate mukhya lekhak banavvama aavyaa hataa. temane sangharshasheel vaachakone dhyanma rakheene "bejar graphika navalkathaao" shrenee parr pann kaama karyoo hatoo. temane anya baadakoni shrenee, "fengs, vampire spaay", temaj 2015maan "13 stepa too beating raitara bloqa", 2017maan "101 adbhoot vaarta sharuaat" aneey 2018maan "101 zadpi aneey vichitra prashno" lakhee hatee. kensar aneey mrutyu. march 2016maan, donbavandne operation naa curry shakaay tevaa, chothaa tabakkana galaanaa kensarnu nidan thayu hatoo. meey 2019maan aaa bimarithi temnu avsaan thayu hatoo. julai 2020maan, temnaa "doctor jeey" tunkee odeeyo play ", jeey neeche chhupayelu chhe", tene "time apper" naa bhaag rupe motaa purnahuti nirmaan dwara maranoparant rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa pieter davison paanchmaa doctor tareeke hataa.

tommy donbawand tommy donbawand (28 navambar 1967-14 maee 2019) liverpool key ack angreji abhineta, shikshak aur lekhak they, joe apani pustakon aur bachchon key liye comics key liye jaane jaate they, jaise kii "scream street". way aksar chhadm naamon key tahat likhate they. prishthabhoomi. donbawand kaa ack vividh currier thaa jisamen unhone landan key paschim chhor mein ack joker, ack avkash shivir manoranjankarta aur "dost-dost holly kahani" mein ack kalakar key roop mein kaam kiya. unhone abhinay aur lekhan kii kakshaaen bhee chalaain, kaee theatre prastutiyon kaa lekhan, nirmaan aur nirdeshan kiya, aur apani "oob gaye bachchon key liye twarit sudhaar" shrinkhala mein gair-kaalpanik pustakon kii ack shrinkhala likhi. carrier. 2006 mein, donbawand ney bee key roop mein likhana shuru kiya. agmont dwara prakaashit "school key liye bahut bhayaanak" pustak shrinkhala key liye ajib. isake kaaran unaki apani shrinkhala-"scream street"-walker kitaabon dwara lii jaa rahee thee. terah upanyason kii iss shrinkhala mein pahala-"scream streetah feng off dha vampire"-octuber 2008 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. 2015 mein, ise ack animated television shrinkhala mein rupaantarit kiya gayaa thaa, jise koolabi productions dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa, joe see. bee. bee. see. parr prasaarit honah shuru huaa thaa. donbawand ney kaee episode likhe. 2020 mein doosari shrinkhala kii pushti hui. aprail 2013 mein, unake "doctor joe" upanyaas "shoke kaa cuffon" jisamen gyaarahaven doctor aur clara oswald kii visheshta thee, koo bee. bee. see. pustakon dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone tomm doublin key chhadm naam key tahat vigyaan kathaa pustakon kii "chhaaya agradoot" shrinkhala kaa saha-lekhan bhee kiya. donbawand ney "dha beeno" comic key liye likhaa, shuru mein aapada james, gnasher aur nipper aur baish street kids key liye strips key saath shuru kiya. chhah maheene baad, unhein baish street kids key liye mukhya lekhak banaaya gayaa. unhone "baijar graphic upanyaas" shreni parr bhee kaam kiya, jiska uddeshya sangharsharat pathakon koo aakarshit karna thaa. unhone ack aur bachchon kii shrinkhala, "fongs, vampire spie" key saath-saath 2015 mein "13 step too beating raitar block", 2017 mein "101 aashcharyajanak kahani shuru karane vaale" aur 2018 mein "101 twarit aur vichitra prashn" likhe. cancer aur mrityu. march 2016 mein, donbawand koo operation key ayogya, charan chaar galey key cancer kaa pataa chalaa thaa. maee 2019 mein bimari seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee. julaai 2020 mein, unake "doctor joe" laghu audio play ", joe neeche chhipa huaa haye" koo "samay key alawa" key hisse key roop mein badey finish prastutiyon dwara maranoparant jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen peater davison ney paanchven doctor key roop mein abhinay kiya thaa.

tommy donbawand tommy donbawand (28 november 1967-14 mayee 2019) liverpooln inglish nata, sikshaka mattu barahagararagiddaru, avaru "scream streat" nantaha makkaligaagi avara pustakagalu mattu kaamiksgalige hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. aata aagaagge guptanamagalalli bareyuttiddaru. hinnele. donbawand avaru vaividhyamaya vrattijeevanavannu hondiddaru, idu avaru london paschima tudiyalli vidooshaka, holiday camp manaranjakaragi mattu "sneehita-sneehita haali kathe" yalli pradarshanakararagi kelasa maaduvudannu kanditu. avaru natane mattu baravanigeya taragatigalannu saha nadesidaru, halavaaru rangabhoomi nirmaanagalannu baredaru, nirmisidaru mattu nirdeshisidaru, mattu tamma "besaragonda makkala tvarita parihaaragalu" saranialli kaalpanikavallada pustakagala saraniyannu baredaru. vrattijeevana. 2006ralli, donabawand avaru bii endu bareyalu praarambhisidaru. egmont prakatisida "shaalege tumba ghora" pustaka saranige vichitravaagide. idu avara swanta sarani-"scream streat"-walker pustakagalinda ettikolluvudakke kaaranavaayitu. hadimuru kaadambarigala ee saranialli modalaneyadu-"scream streat fang off dhii vampire"-october 2008 ralli prakatavaayitu. 2015 ralli, idannu animated duradarshana saraniyagi alavadisalaayitu, idannu koolabi productions nirmisitu, idu cbbcyalli prasaravagalu praarambhisitu. donabawand halavaaru kantugalannu barediddaare. 2020ralli eradane saraniyannu drudhikarisalaayitu. 2013rahra aprilnalli, hannondane doctor mattu clara oswald avarannu olagonda avara "doctor hoo" "nowell" "shroud off saag" annu bbc books prakatisitu. aata tomm doublin emba guptanamadalli vaignaanika kaalpanika pustakagala "neralu munchuniya" saraniya saha-lekhakaroo aagiddaru. donbawand avaru "dhii beeno" kamikgagi baredaru, aarambhadalli disolomity james, gnasher mattu nipper mattu byash streat kidsgagi pattigalinda praarambhisidaru. aaru tingala nantara, avarannu baash streat kidsge mukhya barahagararagi nemisalaayitu. avaru kashtapaduttiruva odugarannu guriyagisikondu "badger graphic kaadambarigala" shreniyalloo kelasa maadidaru. avaru 2015ralli "fangs, vampire spie" emba mattondu makkala saraniyannu baredaru, jotege 2015ralli "13 steps tuu beating raitars block", 2017ralli "101 stumping story starters" mattu 2018ralli "101 tvarita mattu chamatkari prashnegalu" emba baravanigeya kaipidigalannu baredaru. cancer mattu saavu. 2016rahra marchnalli, donbawand avarige shastrachikitsege olapadada, nalkane hantada gantalu cancer iruvudu patteyaayitu. avaru 2019rahra mayee tingalalli anarogyadinda nidhanaraadaru. julai 2020 ralli, peater davisonravaru aidane vaidyaraagi natisida "time epair" naa bhagavagi dodda finish nirmaanagalinda maranottaravagi bidugadeyaada avara "doctor hoo" kiru audeo play, enu kelage adagikondide ".

tommy donbavand liverpoolil ninnulla oru engleesh nadanum adhyapikayum ezhuthukaaranumaayirunnu tommy donbovend (november 28,1967-meyy 14,2019), kuttikalkkayulla pusthakangalkkum "scream street" polulla comixukalkkum perukettayaalaan. addeham palappozhum thoolikanaamangalil ezhuthumaayirunnu. pashchaathalam. donbaavandinu vaividhyamaarnna oru currier undaayirunnu, athu oru komaliyaayum holiday camp entertaineraayum landanile vestt endle "buddy-dhii buddy hollie stori" yill oru kalakaaranaayum pravarthichu. addeham abhinaya, ezhuthu klaasukal nadathukayum niravadhi naadaka nirmmanangal ezhuthukayum nirmmikkukayum samvidaanam cheyyukayum cheythu, koodaathe "virasamaya kuttikalkkayulla drutha pariharangal" enna parambarayil noonn-fiction pusthakangalude oru parambarayum ezhuthi. currier. 2006ll donbavand bii enna peril ezhuthaan thudangi. egmond prasidheekaricha "school pusthaka parambaraykku valare vichithram". ithu addehathinte swantham parambarayaaya 'scream street'-wacker bukkukal edukkunnathilekku nayichu. scream streetta fang oof dhaa vampire" enna pathimoonnu novalukalude eee parambarayile aadyathethu 2008 octoberil prasidheekarichu. 2015 ll, ithu coolaby productions nirmmicha oru animated television parambarayaayi sweekarichu, athu cbbcyil sampreshanam cheyyaan thudangi. donbavand niravadhi episodukal rachichittundu. 2020ll randaamathe parambara sthireekarichu. 2013 eprilil pathinonnaamatthe doctor clara ooswaaldum ulppedunna addehathinte "doctor huu noval" shrowd oof sog "bbc books prasidheekarichu. toom doublin enna thoolikaanaamathil "shado wangard" enna shaasthrakadhayukalude parambarayum addeham rachichu. thudakkathil disality jaims, gnasher, nipper, baash street kids ennivaykkulla strippukalil ninnu aarambhich donbavand "dhii beeno" komikkinu vendi ezhuthi. aarumaasathinusesham, baash street kidssinte pradhana ezhuthukaaranaayi addehathe niyamichu. budhimuttunna vaayanakkaare lakshyamit "badger graphik novalukal" shreniyilum addeham pravarthichu. fangs, vampire spaay" enna kuttikalude mattoru parambarayum 2015ll "raittezhs blockine tholppikkunnathinulla 13 gattangal", 2017ll "101 athisayakaramaaya kathaasaahithyangal", 2018ll "101 vegameriyathum vichitravumaaya chodyangal" ennee kaippusthakangalum addeham ezhuthi. cancer maranavum. 2016 maarchil donbaavandinu shasthrakriyaykk vidheyamallaatha, naalam ghatta thonda arbudam kandethi. 2019 meyy maasathil addeham rogam baadhichu marichu. 2020 joolaiyil, peettar davison anchaamathe doktaraayi abhinayicha "time expare" enna chithratthinte bhaagamaayi addehathinte "doctor huu short audiyo play" maranananthara chithramaayi puratthirangi.

tomy donbawand tomy donbabhand (28 november 1967-14 maee 2019) liverpulka ekjana angreji abhineta, shikshak rar lekhak thie, jo afna pustakharu rar bachchaharuka lagi commixka lagi parichit thie, jastai "scrum street". unle prayaha chhadmanamma lekhthe. prishthabhumi. donbabhandako vividh currier thiyo jasle unlai londonko west andma joker, chhutti shivir manoranjankarta rar "buddy-da buddy holly story" maa kalakarko rupma kaam gareko dekhyo. unle abhinaya rar lekhan kakshaharu pani chalae, dherai theater utpadanharu lekhe, nirman rar nirdeshan gare, rar afno "bore bhaeka bachchaharuka lagi druta fixes" shrinkhalama gaira-kalpanik pustakharuko shringkhala lekhe. currier. sann 2006 maa donbabhandle bee-ko rupma lekhna thale. agmontdwara prakashit "schoolka lagi dherai bhut" pustak shringkhalaka lagi anautho. yasale unko afnai shringkhala-"scraim street"-lai waker pustakharudwara uthaieko thiyo. tehrawata upanyasharuko yass shringkhalama pahilo-"scream stritah fang aff da vampire"-october 2008 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo. 2015 maa, yasalai kulabi prodaksanharudwara nirmit animated television shringkhalama rupantaran garieko thiyo, june sibibisima prasaran huna thalyo. donbabhandle dherai episodharu lekhe. sann 2020 maa dosro shringkhala pushti bhaeko thiyo. april 2013 maa, unko "doctor jo" upanyas "shokako kafan" egharaun doctor rar clara oswaldko visheshta bbc booksdwara prakashit garieko thiyo. unle tom dablinko chhadmanamma vigyan katha pustakharuko "chhaya bhyangard" shringkhalako saha-lekhan pani gare. donbabhandle "da bino" hasyaka lagi lekhe, suruma desampty james, gnasher rar jiniper rar bass street kidska lagi stripsbata suru bhayo. chha mahinapachhi, unlai bass street kidska lagi mukhya lekhak banaiyo. unle sangharsharat pathakharulai laxit gardai "byajar graphic upanyas" dayarama pani kaam gare. unle arko ball shringkhala, "fang, vampire spye", sathai 2015 maa "lekhakko blaklai harauna 13 kadamharu", 2017 maa "101 ashcharyajanak katha suru garneharu", rar 2018 maa "101 druta rar vichitra prashnaharu" lekhe. cancer rar mrityu. march 2016 maa, donbabhandlai operation yogya, charan chaar ghaantiko cancer bhaeko patta lageko thiyo. mey 2019 maa rogbata unko mrityu bhayo. july 2020 maa, unko "doctor jo" chhoto adio play ", june tall chharieko chha" lai "time epar" ko bhagko rupma thula finish prodaksanharudwara maranoparanta jaari garieko thiyo, jasma pieter devisionle panchaun daktarko rupma abhinaya gareka thie.

tommy donbavanda tommy donbavanda (28 navember 1967-14 meey 2019) libharpulara jane ingraji abhineta, sikhyaka ebong lekhaka thile, jie pilamananka paain taanka pustaka ebong commics paain janashuna, jepariki "scream street" . shay aneka samajare chadmanamare lekhuthile. prusthabhumi. danabavandankara eka bibidha carrier thila jeunthire shay londner paschima prantare jane joker, holiday camp manoranjanakari ebong "buddy-daa buddy holly story" ray jane kalakara bhabare karjya karithile. shay abhinai ebong lekhiba shreni madhya parichalana karithile, aneka theatre prodoxon lekhithile, nirmana karithile ebong nirdeshana deithile, ebong taanka "birakta pilamananka paain druta samadhan" sirijare anah-kalpanika pustakgudikara eka sirij lekhithile . kyariyara. 2006 masihare, donbavanda 'bii' bhabare lekhiba arambha karithile. egmantanka dwara prakashita "bidyalaja paain ati ghora" pustaka shrunkhala paain adbhuta . ehaa taanka nijaswa sirij-"scream street" ku neijaithila-jaahaa wakara pustaka dwara uthajaithila . terati upanyasara ehi shrunkhalara pratham-"scream strith phang off dee bhyampajara"-october 2008 ray prakashita hoithila. 2015 ray, ehaaku eka animated television sirijare rupantarita karajaithila, kulabi prodoxon dwara nirmita, jaahaa sibibisire prasarana arambha hoithila . donbavanda aneka episode lekhithile . 2020 ray dwiteeja sirij nischita hoithila . 2013 masiha april maasare, tankara "doctor hoo" "novel" "shroff off dogg" "ray ekadash daktara ebong clara oswaldnku darshajaithila, jaahaa bibisi books dwara prakashita hoithila. shay tomm doublin chadmanamare bigyana kalpanika pustakara "chhaja agradoota" shrunkhalara saha-rachna madhya karithile. dunbavand "daa bino" kamika paain lekhithile, jaahaa prathame caslity james, gnasher ebong jinipara ebong baash street kidru strip sahita arambha hoithila . chhaa maasa parey, tanku baash street kidra mukhya lekhaka karajaithila. shay "byajara graphic upenyas" parisara upare madhya kaama karithile, jahara uddeshya thila sangharsarata pathakamananku akrusta kariba. shay aau eka shishu dharabahika, "phangas, bhampajara spye", ebong 2015 ray "raitarsa blakaku parasta kariba paain 13 padakhyepa", 2017 ray "101 chamatkara kahani aarambhakaree", ebong 2018 ray "101 druta ebong chamatkara prashna" lekhile. karkata ebong mrutyu. march 2016 ray, donbavanda astropacharajogya, chaturtha parjyaja galaara karkatare chinhat hoithile. 2019 masiha meey maasare shay ehi rogare mrutyubarana karithile. july 2020 ray, tankara "doctor jie" khudra audio play ", jaahaa tale luchi rahichhi" "samai alga" rahr ansha bhabare budd finis prodoxon dwara maranottar muktilabha karithila, pancham daktara bhabare pieter devision abhinai karithile .

tommy donbawend tommy donbavand (28 navambar 1967-14 maee 2019) liverpool toon ikk angrezi adakar, adhiaapak atey lekhak see, joe bacchiaan laee aapniaan kitaban atey comics, jiven kii "scream street" laee janhiaa jaanda haii. uh aksar upnaman heth likhda see. pichokad. donbavand daa ikk vakkhra carrier see jiss witch uh ikk joker, ikk chhuttiaan dey camp manoranjak atey london dey pachmi sire witch "baddi-dha baddi hollie story" witch ikk kalakar vajon kamm karde vekhe gaye. unhan neey adakari atey likhan deeaan classes vee chalaiaan, kaee theatre productionan noon likhiaa, tiaar keeta atey nirdeshit keeta, atey aapni "booar hoye bacchiaan laee turant fixes" luddy witch gair-glup kitaban dee ikk luddy likhi. carrier. sann 2006 witch, donbavand neey bee dey roop witch likhna shuru keeta. agmont duaara prakashit "school laee bahut bhaida" pustak luddy laee ajib. iss caarn uss dee aapni luddy-"scream street"-noon vaakar kitaban duaara chukkiaa jaa riha haii. teran navlan dee iss luddy witch pahila-"scream streeat faing aaf dha vampire"-aktubar 2008 witch prakashit hoiaa see. 2015 witch, iss noon ikk animated television luddy witch dhaliaa giaa see, jiss noon kulabi productions duaara tiaar keeta giaa see, jiss neey see. bee. bee. see. utte prasarit honaa shuru keeta see. donbavand neey kaee episode likhe. 2020 witch duji luddy dee pushti keeti gaee see. aprail 2013 witch, uss daa "doctor joe" "dukkh daa kappda" giaarven doctor atey kalara oswald dee visheshta vaala bee. bee. see. books duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. unhan neey tomm doublin dey upnam heth vigiaan glup kitaban dee "shaddo wengard" luddy daa sahi-lekhak vee riha. donbavand neey "dha bino" kamik laee likhiaa, shuru witch aafat james, gnasher atey gnipper atey baish street kids laee strips naal shuru keeta. chhe mahiniaan baad, uss noon baish street kidders laee mukkh lekhak banaiaa giaa. unhan neey sangharshashil pathkan dey udesh naal "baijar graphik nawal" rainz utte vee kamm keeta. unhan neey bacchiaan dee ikk horr luddy, "fungs, vampire spie" dey naal-naal 2015 witch "lekhak dey block noon haraun laee 13 kadam", 2017 witch "101 shandar kahani shuruat curran vaale" atey 2018 witch "101 tez atey vilakkhan parshan" likhiaan. cancer atey maut. march 2016 witch, donbavand noon appressionyog, padaa chaar galey dey cancer daa pataa lagga see. maee 2019 witch iss bimari naal unhan dee maut hoow gaee. julai 2020 witch, uss daa "doctor joe" chhota audio play ", joe hethan lukiaa hoiaa haii" noon vadde mukammal productionan duaara "time alagg" dey hisse vajon meron uprant jaari keeta giaa see, jiss witch pieter davison neey panjven doctor vajon abhinai keeta see.

tomy donbawand tomy donbawand (28 november 1967-14 mey 2019) ekaha aangl-abhinetaa, shikshaka, lekhakah cha aasit, yah liverpool-nagarasya aasit, yah "scream street" ityadinam balanam krute pustakanam, kaamik-pustakanam cha krute prasidhah aasit. saha praayah chhadmanaamaih likhati sma. prushtabhoomau. donbawand ityasya vruttijeevanam vaividhyapoornam aasit, yasmin saha landan-nagarasya pashchim-praante vidooshakah, virama-shibir-manoranjanah, "buddy-da buddy hollie-story" ityasmin pradarshakaroopen cha karyam krutavaan. saha abhinaya-lekhan-kakshaah api sanchalayat, anekeshu natya-nirmananam lekhanam, nirmaanam, nirdeshanm cha krutavaan, tathaa cha swasya "virakta-balanam krute tvarita-parishkaar-shrunkhalaasu" akalpita-pustakanam shrunkhalaam cha alikhat. vruttihi. 2006 tame varshe donbawand-varyaha 'bii' iti namna lekhitum aarabdhavaan. agmont ityanena prakashitasya "too ghoul faar school" iti pustakashrunkhalaayaah krute vichitram. anena tasya swakeeyaa shrunkhalaa-"scream street"-vaakar-pustakaih ahruta abhavat. asmin trayodasha-upanyaas-shrunkhalaayaah prathamah-"scream streeth faang aaf da vempayar"-october 2008 tame varshe prakaashitah aasit. 2015 tame varshe, etat kulebi-productions ityanena nirmitaam animated-dooradarshan-shrunkhalaam roopam anvavartitam, yat see. bee. bee. see. ityatra prasaaranam aarabdham. donbawand ityayam aneke prakaranaani alikhat. 2020 tame varshe dwiteeyashrunkhalaa nishchita. 2013 april-maase, tasya "doctor-hoo" iti "navalakathaa" shroud-aaf-daag "iti, yatra ekaadasha-doctor tathaa clara oswald cha aasan, bee. bee. see. books ityanena prakaashitam. saha taam doublin iti chadmanaamakena "chaayaa-agragaami" iti vaidnyaanik-kaalpanik-pustakanam shrunkhalaam api saha-likhitavaan. donbawand "da beeno" kaamik krute alikhat, praarambhe dsam-james, gnacer, nipper tathaa baash-street-kids ityetayoho krute strips ityanena aarabhat. shanmasanantaram, saha baash-street-kids ityasya mukhyalekhakaroopen niyuktah. saha "badger graphic-navals" iti shrenyaa api karyam krutavaan, yasya lakshyam kashtaan pathantah aasan. saha 2015 tame varshe "faangs, vempayar spai" iti balanam shrunkhalaam, tathaiva "13 steps too beat ratters blaak" iti lekhanapustakaani, 2017 tame varshe "101 stranting story starters", 2018 tame varshe "101 twaritam vichitram cha prashnaani" cha alikhat. karkarogah mrutyuhu cha. 2016 maarch-maase, donbawand ityasya shalyakriyaay ayogyah, chaturtha-charanasya kanta-karkarogah iti nidaanam abhavat. 2019 mey-maase saha rogena mrutah. 2020 julai-maase, tasya "doctor-hoo" laghu-shravya-naatakam ", yat adhah lukete" iti "taim-eper" ityasya bhagarupena bruhad-finish-nirmaanaih maranottarm pradarshitam, yasmin peater devison ityeshah panchamam vaidyaroopen abhinayam akarot.

daami donbawant daami donbowend (28 navambar 1967-14 mae 2019) oru aangkila nadigar, aasiriyar mattrum ezhuththaalar aavaar, avar "scream street" poantra kuzhandhaigalukkaana puththagangkal mattrum comics aagiyavattrirku migavum pirabalamaanavar. avar adikkadi punaippeyarkalil ezhuthinaar. pinnani. danbound oru maarupatta vaazhkkaiyaik kondirundhaar, idhu avar oru koomaali, vidumurai mugaamil pozhuthupoakku mattrum landanin maerku munaiyil "pandi-thii pandi haalii story" padaththil oru kalaignaraaga panipurinthathaik kandadhu. avar nadippu mattrum ezhuthum vaguppugalaiyum nadaththinaar, pala naadagath thayaarippukalai ezhuthi, thayaariththu, iyakkinaar, maelum thanathu "salipaana kuzhandhaigalukkaana viraivaana thiruththangkal" thodaril punaikathai allaatha puththagangkalin thodaraiyum ezhuthinaar. thozhil. 2006 aam aandil, donbawant pii. aaga ezhuthath thodangkinaar. ecmand veliyitta "pallikku migavum kodooramaana" puththagath thodarukku visiththiramaanathu. idhu avarathu sontha thodaraana "scream street"-vaagar puththagangkalaal edukkappaduvatharku vazhivaguththathu. pathinmoondru naavalkalin inthath thodaril muthal-"scream street fang off thii vambire"-october 2008 ill veliyidappattathu. 2015 aam aandil, idhu oru animation tholaikaatchi thodaraaga thazhuvi, koolabi protections thayaariththathu, idhu sibibisiyil oliparappath thodangiyathu. donbawant pala aththiyaayangkalai ezhuthinaar. irandaavathu thodar 2020 ill urudhippaduththappattathu. aepral 2013 ill, pathinoaraavathu maruthuvar mattrum clara ooswald aakiyoaraik konda avarathu "doctor huu naaval" shrowd off thukkam "ppc books moolam veliyidappattathu. daam dublin endra punaippeyarin keezh ariviyal punaikathai puththagangkalin "nizhal munnani" thodaraiyum avar ezhuthinaar. danbound "thii beeno" kaamikkirkaaga ezhuthinaar, aarambaththil paerazhivu james, knashar mattrum nipper mattrum baash street kitts aagiyavattrirkaana keettrugaludan thodangkinaar. aaru maathangkalukkup piragu, avar baash street kitts-inn mukiya ezhuththaalaraaga niyamikkappattaar. poaraadum vaasagargalai nokkamaagak konda "badger graphic naavalkal" varambilum avar paniyaattrinaar. avar mattroru kuzhandhaigal thodar, "fongs, vambire spie", athae poal 2015 ill "raitars blackai adippatharkaana 13 padigal", 2017 ill "101 athirchchiyoottum kadhai thodakkakkaarargal" mattrum 2018 ill "101 viraivaana mattrum vinoathamaana kaelvigal" aagiyavattrai ezhuthinaar. puttrunoai mattrum maranam. maarch 2016 ill, donbawant aruvaisigichchai seiya mudiyaatha, nilai naanku thondai puttrunoayaal kandariyapattaar. avar 2019 mae maatham noayaal iranthaar. juulai 2020 ill, avarathu "doctor huu shord audio pilae", keezhae marainthiruppathu ", piittar davison ainthaavathu maruththuvaraaga nadiththa" time aeppaer "inn oru paguthiyaaga periya poochchu thayaarippukalaal maranaththirkup piragu veliyidappattathu.

tommy donabawand tommy donabawand (28 november 1967-14 mae 2019) liverpool kuu chendina aangla natudu, upadhyayudu mariyu rachayita, "scream streat" vanti pillala kosam thana pustakaalu mariyu comixcu prasiddhi chendaaru. ayana tarachugaa maaruperuto vraasevaaru. nepathyam. donabawand vaividhyamaina vruttini kaligi unnadu, dheenilo athanu london yokka west endlo viduushakudigaa, holiday camp entertainergaa mariyu "buddy-dhi buddy holey story" loe pradarsanakaarudigaa panicheesaadu. athanu natana mariyu rachana taragatulanu kooda nirvahinchaadu, aneka naataka nirmaanaalanu rachinchaadu, nirminchaadu mariyu darsakatvam vahinchaadu mariyu thana "visugu chendina pillala kosam sheeghra parishkaralu" siriisloo naan-fiction pustakaala shrenini rachinchaadu. vrutti. vrutti, donabawand bii gaa rayadam praarambhinchaadu. egmont prachurinchina "paatasaalaku chaalaa ghoram" pustaka shreniki vintagaa undhi. idhi athani sonta syries-"scream streat"-walker pustakaala dwara teesukoobadataaniki daariteesindi. padamudu navalala eee shrenilo modatidi-"scream streat fong off dhi vampire"-october vampire"-october prachurinchabadindi. athanu, dheenini animated television syrisga sweekarinchaaru, dheenini kuulaabi productions nirminchindi, idhi cbbclo prasaram cheyadam praarambhinchindi. donabawand aneka episodlanu raasaaru. juulai rendava syries nirdhaarinchabadindi. 2013 eprillo, padakondava doctor mariyu clara oswald natinchina athani "doctor hoo" navala "shrud off saggu" nuu bbc books prachurinchindi. athanu tomm doublin anae maaruperuto sains fiction pustakaala "shahdo wangard" sireesnu kooda saha-rachinchaadu. danbawand "dhi beeno" comic kosam raasaaru, praarambhamlo disolicity james, gnasher mariyu nipper mariyu baash streat kids kosam strips thoo praarambhinchaaru. aaru nelala taruvaata, athanu baash streat kids kuu pradhana rachayitagaa niyaminchabaddaadu. kashtapadutunna paatakulanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni "badger graphic navalalu" shrenilo kooda ayana panicheesaaru. athanu athanu "fongs, vampire spie" anae maroe pillala syries, alaage "raitars blacknu oodinchadaaniki 13 dasalu", dasalu" "101 adbhutamaina kathaarambhakulu" mariyu mariyu "101 sheeghra mariyu chamatkaaramaina prasnalu" anae chethi pustakaalanu rachinchaadu. cancer mariyu maranam. marchi marchi, donabavandku operation cheyaleni, dasha naalugu gonthu cancer unnatlu nirdhaarana ayindi. ayana 2019 maeloe anaarogyamtho maraninchaaru. juulai juulai, peater davison aidava vaidyudigaa natinchina "time vaerugaa" bhaagamgaa pedda mugimpu nirmaanaala dwara athani "doctor hoo short audeo play", kinda daagi undhi ", maranaanantaram vidudala cheyabadindi.

tommy donbawand tommy donbawand (28 nomber 1967-14 mayee 2019) leuropol say taaluq rakhnay waalay eek angrezi adaakaar astaad aur masnaf thay juu apnee kitaabon aur bachon kay liye kaamaks jeesay "scream strait" kay liye mashhur thay. wah aksar farzi naamon say likhtay thay. piss manzar. danbawand kaa eek matnua carrier thaa jiss mein wah landan kay vest aind mein eek maskhara eek chhatiyon kay camp mein tafrih kaar aur "buddy-dee buddy haali story" mein eek adakaar kay toor parr kaam kartay hoay nazar aayey. inhon nay adakari aur tehreer kii classen bhee chalayi mutadid theater productions likhein prodios karein aur hidayat kaaree karein aur apnee "board kadz kay liye fouri aslahaat" seerez mein ghair afsanvi kitaabon kaa eek silsilah likhaa. carrier. 2006 mein danbawand nay batoor bee likhna sharoo kiyaa. agmont kay zariah shaye kardah "school kay liye behat ghol" kitaabi seerez kay liye ajeeb. iss kii wajah say inn kii apnee seerez-"scrime strait"-waakar kii kitaabon kay zariye uthayi gayee. teerah naawalon kii iss seerez mein pehla-"scream strait: feng aaf dee vempire"-aktobar 2008 mein shaye hawaa thaa. 2015 mein asay eek animated teeli vision seerez mein dahaala gayaa jasay kolaabi productions nay tayaar kiyaa jiss nay see bee bee see parr nashar honaa sharoo kiyaa. danbawand nay kayee aqsaat likhein. 2020 mein dosri seerez kii tasdiq hoyee. apreel 2013 mein inn kaa "doctor juu" naawal "ghum kaa kafan" jiss mein gayarahwein doctor aur klara oswald shaamil thay bee bee see bucks nay shaye kiyaa. inhon nay tomm doublin kay farzi naam say science fakshan kitaabon kii "sheedo wengard" seerez bhee likhee. danbawand nay "dee beno" mazahiya kay liye likhaa jiss kaa aaghaz ibtadayi toor parr decolmaty jaimz ganeepar aur ganeepar aur baish strait kay bachon kay liye strips say hawaa. chh maah baad inhein paarti strait kay bachon kaa markazi masnaf banaya gayaa. inhon nay "bejar graphik naawalon" kii renj parr bhee kaam kiyaa jiss kaa maqsad jadujahad karnay waalay qaareen kuu shaamil karnaa thaa. inhon nay bachon kii eek aur seerez "fengs vempire ispayi" kay saath saath 2015 mein "ryters block kuu shakast deenay kay 13 iqdamat"yee 2017 mein "101 shandar kahaani sharoo karnay waalay"yee aur 2018 mein "101 fouri aur ajeeb woo gharib sawalat" likhee. cancer aur moth. maarch 2016 mein donbawand kuu naqabil amal marhalay chaar kay gulay kay cancer kii tashkhis hoyee. mayee 2019 mein iss bemari say inn kaa inteqal how gayaa. jolayi 2020 mein inn kaa "doctor juu" mukhtasir audio play "yee juu neechey chhapa hawaa hay"yee "tyme appair" kay hasay kay toor parr bury ikhtatami productions kay zariye baad az merg jaari kiyaa gayaa jiss mein petter devision nay panchwen doctor kay toor parr adakari kii.

000462fb5e81f820d8b181ac2ddefea892e2fd890f709b0ddcabdc7299ac92e1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39524126

Miika Koivisto

Miika Koivisto Finnish ice hockey player Miika Koivisto (born 20 July 1990) is a Finnish professional ice hockey defenceman who is currently playing for the Växjö Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League SHL), where he has won 2 SHL championships in 2021 and 2023. Playing career. Koivisto made his professional debut in the Finnish SM-liiga, playing with KalPa during the 2012–13 SM-liiga season. After six seasons in the Liiga, Koivisto attracted interest abroad and agreed to a one-year contract as a free agent with Russian outfit, HC Dynamo Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), on May 4, 2018. Koivisto played a lone season with Dynamo before moving to the Swiss National League (NL), agreeing to a one-year contract SC Bern on 11 June 2019. On November 3, 2019, SC Bern released Koivisto who put up only 2 assists and struggled defensively in 15 games with the team. He was signed the following day to commence a two-year deal with Swedish outfit, Växjö Lakers of the SHL. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

maika quivistu mika kuivistu (jonmo 20 july 1990) hoise ejon finlandor pesadari aais hockey defencemen ji bortoman suidenor hockey leeg swilor bhyakxoju lakersor hoi khelise). khelor jiwan. coivist "ee finlandor ess. em.-ligat pesadari aatmoprokax korisil, 2012-13 ess. em.-liga sijonor xomoyot kolpar xoite khelisil. ligat soikhon sijonor pisot, coivist "ee bidexot aagroh aakorxon korisil aaru 4 mey ', 2018-too rasian doll, mohadexiyo hockey leeg (key. eis. el.) ror eis. chi. dainamu mosko" ror xoite binamuliya agent hisape ebosoror suktit xonmoti jonaisil. coivist "ee suis nesnel leeg (eno. el.) loi juwar aagote dynum" ror xoite etaa ekok sijon khelisil, 11 june 2019-too ebosoror suktir baabe ess. chi. barnor xoite xonmot hoisil. 3 novembor, 2019-too ess. chi. barne coivist "koo mukoli korisil jiye maatro 2taa xohay korisil aaru doltur xoite xoite khelot rokhyamulokbhabe xonggram korisil. pisdina teuk suidix xongothon, shree lakers owo dyo swilor xoite dubosoror sukti aarombho koriboloi swakhyor koraa hoisil.

maika koivisto mika koivisto (jonmo 20 julai 1990) ekjon finish peshadar aise hockey defaceman jini bortomane suidish hockey leeg esha. ell-err vaxzo lakerser hoye khelchen). carrier khelun. koivisto finlander esha. emm-liga taar peshadar atmoprokash corren, 2012-13 esha. emm-liga morshume kalpar saathe khelen. liga-teey chhoy morshumer porr, koivisto bideshe agroho akarshan korey ebong 4 meey, 2018-ayee mahadeshiya hockey liger (keey. eich. ell) russian doll eich. shee dynamo moscore saathe phri agent hisabe eka bochorer chuktite sommoto hoy. suizerland jatiya leagay (nl) yawar agey koivisto dynamo-rawr saathe ekti ekok morshum khelechilo, 11 june 2019-ayee eka bochorer chuktite sommoto hoyechilo. 3 navembar, 2019-ayee, koivisto mukti paay jini matro 2 tii sahayata korechilen ebong doler saathe 15 tii khelay protirokkhamulokbhabe ladai korechilen. porer deane tini suidish sangathan, esha. ell-err lackerder saathe dui bochorer chukti shuru korar jonno swakkhorito hohn.

meeka coivisto meeka coivisto (janm 20 julai 1990) aek finnish vyaavsaayik aais hockey sanraxan khelaadi chhe jeey haalmaa swedish hockey leegnaa vaccejo lakers maate ramee rahee chhe. karkirdi ramvu. coivisto finlandnee aesa. aema.-leega saathe tenee vyaavsaayik sharuaat curry hatee, jeey 2012-13 aesa. aema.-leega season darmiyan kalpa saathe ramee hatee. ligaamaa chh season pachhi, coivisto videshma rus khenchyo aneey 4 meey, 2018naa roj continental hockey leag (keey. aech. aela.) naa russian sangathan, aech. see. dynamo mosko saathe free agent tareeke aek varshnaa karaar maate sammat thayaa. coivisto swis national leag (aena. aela.) maan jataa pahelaa dynamo saathe aekalee season ramyo hato, 11 juuna 2019naa roj aek varshnaa karaar maate sammat thayo hato. 3 november, 2019naa roj, koivistone aesa. see. burney release karyo hato jene maatra 2 sahaay curry hatee aneey team saathe 15 ramatomaa rakshanatmak sangharsh karyo hato. beeja divase temane swedish sangathan, jeey aesa. aela. naa laker hataa, temnee saathe beey varshno karaar sharoo karvaa maate hastakshar karyaa hataa.

meeka coivisto meeka coivisto (janm 20 julaai 1990) ack finish peshevar aais hockey defenceman hain joe vartamaan mein swedish hockey leag aiss. ell. key vexjo lakers key liye khel rahee hain. khel currier. coivisto ney finish aiss. aim.-leega mein apani peshevar shuruat kii, 2012-13 aiss. aim.-leega satra key dauran kalpa key saath khelate hue. leega mein chhah satron key baad, coivisto ney videshon mein ruchi aakarshit kii aur 4 maee, 2018 koo continental hockey leag (key. aich. ell.) key russie sangathan, aich. see. dynamo mosco key saath ack mukt agent key roop mein ack saal key anubandh parr sahmat hoe gayaa. coivisto ney swiss national leag (aine. ell.) mein jaane seey pahale dynamo key saath ack akela season khela, 11 juuna 2019 koo ack saal key anubandh parr sahmat hue. 3 navambar, 2019 koo, coivisto koo jaari kiya, jisane kewal 2 sahaayata kii aur team key saath 15 khelon mein rakshaatmak roop seey sangharsh kiya. agale dinn unhein swedish sangathan, aiss. aich. ell. key anya logon key saath dou saal kaa sauda shuru karane key liye hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa.

maika coivisto mika coivisto (janana 20 julai 1990) finnish vruttipara ais hockey defenceman aagiddu, prastuta sweedish hockey leigh shlna vaxzo lakersgaagi aduttiddare. vrattijeevanada aata. coivisto finnish sm-ligaadalli tamma vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, 2012-13 sm-liga rtuvinalli kalpa jote aadidaru. ligaadalli aaru rtugala nantara, coivisto videshadalli aasaktiyannu aakarshisitu mattu mayee 4,2018 randu continental hockey leigh (keey. etch. ell) naa rashyaada tandavaada etch. sii. dynamo maskodondige uchita agent aagi ondu varshada oppandakke oppikonditu. covisto swiss national leigh (nl) ge teraluva modalu dynamo jote ekaangi rtuvannu aadidaru, 11 zoon 2019 randu ondu varshada oppandakke wappikondaru. november 3,2019 randu, skivisto avarannu bidugade maadidaru, avaru kevala 2 asistgalannu niididaru mattu tandadondige 15 atagalalli rakshanaatmakavaagi henagaadidaru. marudina sweedish sanghataneyaada ess. etch. ell. naa vaszo lakersonondige eradu varshagala oppandavannu prarambhisalu aatanige sahi haakalaayitu.

meeka coivisto mika koivisto (janm 20 julai 1990) haah eka finish vyavsayik aais hockey bachavpatu aahe joou sadhya swedish hockey leag ess. ell. chya vaxjo lakerskadoon khelat aahe. khelanyachi karkird. koivistone finish ess. emm.-ligamadhye, 2012-13 ess. emm.-liga hangamat kalpasobat kheloon, vyavsayik padarpan kele. leega madheel sahaa hangamannantar, koivistone paradeshat rus aakarshit keela aanee 4 meey 2018 roji, khandiy hockey leegchya (keey. etch. ell.) russian sangh, etch. see. dynamo moscos mukt pratinidhi mhanoon eka varshacha karar karnyas sahmati darshavali. koivisto swees national leegmadhye (aine. ell.) jaanyapurvi dynamosobat ekeri hangam khelala, 11 juuna 2019 roji eka varshacha karar swikarla. 3 november 2019 roji, ess. see. burnay koivistola sodale jyane keval 2 sahayya kele aanee sanghasobat 15 samnyanmadhye bachavatmak sangharsh keela. keela divashi tyala swedish sanghataneshi done varshancha karar suru karnyasathi swakshari karnyat aalee, jeey ess. ell. chey lock aahet.

mika koibhisto mika koibhisto (janma 20 july 1990) ek finis peshewar ais hakki defaceman hun jo hall swidis hakki ligg eselko bhaksajo lakerska lagi kheliraheki chhin. currier khelnuhos. koibhistole finlandko sm-ligama afno wyawasayik padarpan gare, 2012-13 sm-ligako sijanma kalpasanga kheldai. ligama chha sijanpachhi, koibhistole videshma chaso akarshit gyoa rar mey 4,2018 maa continental hakki ligg (khl) ko rusi sangathan, hc dynamo maskosanga ek warshako samjhautama sahamat bhayo. koibhistole swis national ligg (nl) maa sarnuaghi dayanemosanga eklai sijan khele, 11 june 2019 maa ek warshako anubandhama sahamat bhae. november 3,2019 maa, sc bernley koibhistolai jaari gare jasle kewal 2 sahayata die rar tolisanga 15 khelharuma rakshatmak rupma sangharsh gare. uni arko dina swidis sangathansanga dui warshako samjhauta suru garna hastakshar garieko thiyo, wa slka lekarharu.

maika koivisto mika koivisto (janma 20 july 1990) jane finnish pesadara ices hockey defenceman jie bartamana swidish hockey ligg ess. ell. rahr vaccejo lakers paain kheluchanti). kyariyara kheliba. koivisto finlander ess. emm.-ligaare nijara pesadara padarpana karithile, ebong <aai. dii. 1> ess. emm.-liga ruture kalpanka saha khelithile. ligaare chhaati rutu parey, koivisto bideshare agraha akarshita karithila ebong meey 4,2018 ray continental hockey ligg (khl) rahr rushiah sangathana, echsi dynamo musco sahita eka barshiaa chuktinama swakhyara karithila. covisto swis national ligg (enn. ell.) ku jiba purbaru dynamo sahita eka ekaki rutu khelithile, 11 june 2019 ray eka barshar chukti swij barnare raaji hoithile. navember 3,2019 ray, swij burn kovistonku mukta karithile jie dala sahita maatra 2 tii sahajata karithile ebong 15 tii myachare rakhyanatmaka bhabare sangharsha karithile. pardin swidenara swiden sangathana, waxjo lakers off daa ess. ell. sahita dui barshar chukti arambha kariba paain shay swakhyarita hoithile.

meeka coivisto meeka coivisto (janam 20 julai 1990) ikk finny peshevar aaees hockey defenceman haii joe iss vele swedish hockey leeg shl dey vacso lakers laee khed rahee haii. carrier khedna. coivisto neey finland dey sm-leega witch aapni peshevar shuruat keeti, 2012-13 sm-leega season dauran kalap naal khedade hoye. leega witch chhe seezanan toon baad, coivisto neey videshan witch dilchaspi khicchi atey 4 maee, 2018 noon mahandeep hockey leeg (keey. aich. aill.) dey russie sangathan, aich. see. dynamo masco naal ikk mufat agent vajon ikk saal dey ikrarname laee sehmat hoow giaa. coivisto neey swis national leeg (ainn. aill.) witch jaanh toon pahilan dynamo naal ikk iklauta season khediaa, 11 juun 2019 noon ikk saal dey ikrarname laee saikk burn laee sehmat hoye. 3 navambar, 2019 noon, saikk burn neey coivisto noon jaari keeta jiss neey siraf 2 sahaita ditti atey team naal 15 geman witch rakhiaatmak taur 'teey sanghrash keeta. uss noon agle dinn swedish sangathan, shail dey vacso lakers naal doou saal daa samjhauta shuru curran laee hastakhar keete gaye sunn.

mikaa koivisto mikaa koivisto (janma 20 julai 1990) ekaa finnish-deshasya vyaavasaayikah ais-haakee-rakshaka asti, yah samprati swedish-haakee-leag-ess. ell. ityasya veksjo-lakers-pakshaat kreeditavaan asti. kridamikhitam vruttihi. koivisto finnish ess. emm.-liga-kridaayaam vyaavasaayikaroopen padaarpanam krutavaan, 2012-13 ess. emm.-liga-creedaa-rutau kalpena saha kreeditavaan. liga-kridaayaam shut rutuhu anantaram, koivisto-creedaa videsheshu ruchim aakarshy, 2018 mey 4 dinaanke, continental-haakee-leag (key. ech. ell.) ityasya, russian-samsthayaa, ech. see. dainamo-maasko ityanena saha, mukta-pratinidhi-rupena ekavarshasya anubandhaya sammatam dattavaan. koivisto-pakshah swis-rashtriya-leag (enn. ell.) prati gantum poorvam dainaamo-pakshena saha ekaakinam creedaa-kaalam akreedat, 2019 joon 11 dinaanke ekavarshasya ess. see. burn-pakshasya krute sammatam praapnot. 2019 november 3 dinaanke ess. see. burn-pakshena koivisto-pakshasya vimochanam jaatam, yah kevalam 2 sahayakan krutvaa dalena saha 15 kreedaasu rakshaatmakaroopen sangharsham krutavaan. swedish-deshasya ess. ell. ityasya laker-ityeteshaam saha dvivarsheeya-karaaram aarabhayitum saha agrime dine hastaaksharitah.

miah koivisto miah koivisto (pirappu 20 juulai 1990) oru finnish thozhilmurai aiz haakki tharkaappu veerar aavaar, avar tharpoothu sweedish haakki leak shell inn vaxjo lakers anikkaaga vilayaadi varukiraar. thozhil vaazhkkai vilaiyaadungkal. koivisto finnish sm-likaavil thanathu thozhilmurai arimugamaanaar, 2012-13 sm-liga paruvaththil kalpaavudan vilaiyaadinaar. likaavil aaru paruvangkalukkup piragu, koivisto velinaadugalil aarvatthai eerththathu mattrum mae 4,2018 andru kandam haakki leakin (kae. ech. ell) russia aniyaana ech. chii dynamo maskovudan oru ilavasa mugavaraaga oru aandu oppanththaththirku oppukkondathu. koivisto suvis thaesiya leekkirku (enl) selvatharku munbu dynamovudan oru thanii seasonil vilaiyaadinaar, 11 juun 2019 andru oru varuda oppanththaththirku oppukkondaar. navambar 3,2019 andru, ske bern koivistovai veliyittaar, avar 2 uthavigalai mattumae seithaar mattrum aniyudan 15 poattikalil tharkaappu reethiyaaga poaraadinaar. aduththa naall avar sweedish amaippudan irandu aandu oppanthaththaith thodanga kaiyeluththittaar, shlin lakergal.

mika coivisto mika coivisto (jananam 20 juulai 1990) finnish professional ice hockey defence maan, prastutam swedish hockey leag shell yokka vaxzo lakers tarapuna aadutondi). kereer adatam. coivisto finnish sm-leegaalo thana vruttiparamaina arangetram chesaadu, 2012-13 sm-liga seasonlo kalpaatho aadadu. ligaalo aaru seasonla taruvaata, coivisto videshaalalo aasaktini aakarshinchindi mariyu mae 4,2018naa khandantara hockey leag (khcl) yokka russian dustulaina hechsi dynamo mascotho uchita agentga oka samvatsaram oppandaaniki angeekarinchindi. covisto swiss national leag (nl) kuu vellae mundu dynamotho ontari season aadadu, 11 juun 2019naa oka samvatsaram oppandaaniki angeekarinchaadu. november 3,2019naa, skivistone vidudala chesaadu, athanu kevalam 2 assistlu matrame icchaadu mariyu jattutho 15 aatalalo rakshanaatmakamgaa poraadaadu. athanu swedish dustulato rendu samvatsaraala oppandaanni praarambhinchadaaniki marusati roeju santakam cheyabaddaadu, shell yokka lakers.

meeka covesto meeka covisto (paidaish 20 jolayi 1990) eek funn lend kii paishah warr aais haaki defense meen hay juu iss waqat sweadish haaki leeg aiss aich eel kay wexjo lekarz kay liye kheel rahee hay. carrier khelna. coyosto nay funnish aiss ayem leega mein apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz kiyaa 2012-13 aiss ayem leega seezan kay doraan kalpa kay saath kheltay hoay. leega mein chh seezan kay baad coyosto nay berun milk dilchaspi mabzool karayee aur 4 mayee 2018 cow continental haaki leeg (kay aich eel) kay rosee tanzeem aich see dynamo maasko kay saath batoor free agent eek saal kay muahide parr ittefaq kiyaa. coyosto nay sois national leeg (aine eel) mein jaanay say pehley dynamo kay saath tanha seezan khaila 11 joone 2019 kuu eek saal kay muahide parr ittefaq kiyaa. 3 nomber 2019 cow aiss see burn nay coyosto kuu jaari kiyaa jiss nay team kay saath 15 kheelon mein sarf 2 assistz kein aur dafayi toor parr jadujahad kii. aglay dunn iss parr dastakhat kiye gayey taakah sweadish tanzeem aiss aich eel kay lekarz kay saath duu saalah muahidah sharoo kiyaa jaa sakay.

0004648f4933fbd39b43c715710ebea274924e50e3bcd6e74bd437081f396c51

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67841359

Jambaldoo Lhagva

Jambaldoo Lhagva Mongolian chess player Jambaldoo Lhagva (; born 10 September 1944) is a Mongolian chess player who holds the FIDE titles of FIDE Master (FM) and International Arbiter (IA). He is a six-time Mongolian Chess Championship winner (1974, 1976, 1977, 1990, 1992, 1997). Biography. From the 1960s to the 1990s, Lhagva was one of leading Mongolian chess players. He won the Mongolian Chess Championship six times: 1974, 1976, 1977, 1990, 1992, and 1997. He participated in a number of international chess tournaments. He played for Mongolia in the Chess Olympiads: Lhagva is a graduate of the chess department at the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism where he was coached under Mark Dvoretsky. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jambaldu logobha jambaldu lagbha (jonmo 10 septembor 1944) ejon monguliyo dobaa kheluwoi jiye fide master (ef. em.) aaru antohrastriyo modhyosthotakari (aai. aai. e.) ror upadhi laabh korise. teu soibar mongulian dobaa championswip bijoyi (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jiwani. 1960 sonor poraa 1990 sonoloike lagbha aasil monguliyar aagxarir dobaa kheluoixokolor bhitorot ejon. teu soibar mongulian dobaa championswip joy korisiloh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 aaru 1997. teu keibatau antohrastriyo dobaa protijugitat ongxogrohon korisil. teu dobaa olympiadsot monguliyar hoi khelisiloh lagbha rasiyar rajyik xaririk xikhya, krira, juwo aaru porjoton biswobidyaloyor dobaa bibhagor snatok, zo 'too teuk mark dovoretskir odhinot proxikhyon diya hoisil.

jambaldu lagva jambaldu lagva (; jonmo 10 septembara 1944) ekjon mangoliya daba kheload jini fidey muster (fm) ebong antorjatik salishkari (ia) khetaber adhikari. tini chhoybar mongolian daba championship vijayi (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jeeboni. 1960 theke 1990-err doshok porjonto, lagva chhilen mongolier onnotomo shirshosthaniyo daba kheload. tini chhoybar mongolian daba championship jitechenoh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 ebong 1997. tini besh koyekti antorjatik daba turnamente ongsho niyechilen. tini daba olympiade mongolier hoye khelechenoh lagva russian steta university off physical edukeshana, sporta, euth anned tourismer daba bibhager snatok jekhane tini marqa doveretskyr adhine proshikkhon peyechilen.

jambaldu lagvaa jambaldu lagvaa (; janm 10 september 1944) aek mongolian chases khelaadi chhe, jeey fide master (aef. aema.) aneey aantarrashtriy madhyasthi (aaee. aee.) naa pratishthit khitaab dharaave chhe. teo chh vakhat mongolian chases championship vijeta chhe (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jivancharitra. 1960 thee 1990 naa daaykaa sudhee, lagvaa agranee mongolian chases khelaadiomaano aek hato. temane chh vakhat mongolian chases championship jeetee hateeh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 aneey 1997. temane sankhyaabandh aantarrashtriy chases spardhaoma bhaag leedho hato. teo chases olympiadma mangolia maate ramyaa hataah lhagwa russian state university off physical aejucation, sporta, youth anned tourism khaate chases vibhagna snaatak chhe, jyaan temne marqa dworetsky hethal taaleem aapvama aavee hatee.

jambaldu lagwa jambaldu lagwa (janm 10 sitambar 1944) ack mangolian shatranj khilaadi hain joe fide master (fm) aur antarrashtriya madhyasth (aaee. aeye.) key khitaab rakhate hain. vaha chhah baar mangolian shatranj championship vijeta (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997) hain. jeevani. 1960 key dashak seey 1990 key dashak taka, lhagwa mangolian shatranj key pramukh khilaadiyon mein seey ack they. unhone chhah baar mangolian shatranj championship jeeteeh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 aur 1997. unhone kaee antarrashtriya shatranj tournaments mein bhaag liya. unhone shatranj olympiad mein mangolia key liye khelaah lhagwa russie raajya vishvavidyalaya mein shaaririk shiksha, khel, yuva aur paryatan key shatranj vibhaag key snaatak hain, jahan unhein maark dworetsky key tahat prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa.

jambaldoo lagwa jambaldoo lagwa (janana 10 september 1944) mangoliyaada chess aatagararagiddu, avaru fide master (efm) mattu antararashtriya madhyasthagara (aie) emba birudugalannu hondiddaare. avaru aaru baari mangolian chess championship vijetaraagiddaare (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jivanacharitre. 1960rinda 1990rahra dashakadavarege, lagwa mangoliyaada pramukha chess aatagaararalli obbaraagiddaru. avaru aaru baari mangolian chess championship geddiddaareh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 mattu 1997. avaru halavaaru antararashtriya chess pandyavaligalalli bhagavahisiddare. avaru chess olimpiyaadgalalli mangolia para aadidaruh lagwa avaru rashyaada raajya daihika sikshana, creede, yuvajanate mattu pravasodyamada vishvavidyaalayadalli chess vibhagada padavidhararagiddare, allie avarige maark dworetsky adiyalli tarabeti nidalaayitu.

jambaldu lagwa phidu maasttar (efm), anthaaraashtra madhyasthan (iaa) ennee kireedangal nediya oru mangolian chess kalikkaranaanu jambaldu lagwa (jananam 1944 septambar 10). aarr thavana mangolian chess chaambyanshippu jethaavaan (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jeevacharitram. 1960 muthal 1990 vare mangolian chess kalikkaaril pramukhanaayirunnu lagwa. 1974, 1976, 1977, 1990, 1992, 1997 ennee aarr thavana mangolian chess chaambyanshippu nediya addeham niravadhi anthaaraashtra chess toornamentukalil pankedutthu. chess olimpyaadukalil addeham mangoliyakku vendiyaanu kalichathu russian stettu yooniversitti oof physical ejyukkeshan, sports, yoothu, tourism ennivayile chess vibhaagathil ninnu birudam nediya lagwa maarkk dworetskyude keezhil parisheelippikkappettu.

jambaladu lagva jambaladu lagva (; janm 10 september 1944) haah eka mangolian buddhibal kheladu aahe, jyachyakade fide master (eff. emm.) aanee aantarrashtriy lavad (aay. aii.) hii pratishthit padvi aahe. too sahaa vela mangolian buddhibal ajinkyapad vijeta aahe (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). charitra. 1960 teey 1990 chya dashkaparyant, lagva haah mangoliyachya aaghadichya buddhibal kheladunpaiki eka hota. tyanni sahaa vela mangolian buddhibal ajinkyapad jinkleh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 aanee 1997. tyanni anek aantarrashtriy buddhibal spardhanmadhye bhag ghetala. buddhibal olympiadmadhye too mangoliyasathi khelalah lagva heey russian rajya sharirik shikshan, creeda, yuva aanee paryatan vidyapithatil buddhibal vibhagache padvidhar aahet, jithe tyanna marqa dworetsky yanchya margdarshanakhali prashikshan denyat aale hote.

jambaladu lagwa jambaladu lagwa (janma 10 september 1944) ek mangolian chases kheladi hun jasle fide master (fm) rar antarrashtriya madhyastha (aie) ko upadhi ogateka chhan. uni chha patak mangolian chases championship vijeta (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997) hun. jiwani. sann 1960 dekhi 1990 ko dashaksamma, lagwa mangoliaka pramukh chases kheladiharu madhye ek thie. unle chha patak mangolian chases championship jiteh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992, rar 1997. unle dherai antarrashtriya chases pratiyogitaharuma bhag lie. unle chases olympicma mangoliaka lagi kheleh lagwa rasian state university aff physical ejukeshan, sport, youth anned turizamma chases vibhagko snatak hun jahaan unlai mark dobhoratskiko netritwama prashikshan diieko thiyo.

jambaldu lagabha jambaldu lagabha (; janma 10 september 1944) jane mangoleeja chases khelali jie phide master (aif. emm.) ebong antarjatija madhyasthi (aai. aii.) rahr phide title dhaaran karichanti. shay chhaa thara mangolian chases championship bijeta (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jeebani. 1960 dashakaru 1990 dashaka parjyanta, lagabha mangoliaara anyatama pramukh chases khelali thile. shay chhaa thara mangolia chases championship jitithileh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 ebong 1997. shay aneka antarjatija chases turnamentare anshagrahana karithile. shay chases alimpiadare mangolia paain khelithileh lagabha rusher rajya sharirika sikhya, krida, juba ebong parjyatan biswabidyalajara chases bibhagara snataka jeunthare shay marck dovortskinka adheenare talim neithile.

jambaldu lagwa jambaldu lagwa (janam 10 satambar 1944) ikk mangolian shatranj khidari haii jiss cole fide maastar (eff. aimm.) atey antarashtari salls (aaee. aii.) dey khitab hunn. uh chhe vaar mangolian shatranj championship jetu (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997) haii. jeevani. 1960 toon 1990 dey dahake takk, lagwa pramukh mangolian shatranj khidariaan vicchon ikk see. unhan neey chhe vaar mangolian shatranj championship jittiah 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 atey 1997. unhan neey kaee antarashtari shatranj tournamentan witch hissa liaa. uh shatranj olympic witch mangolia laee khediaao lagwa neey roos dee state university aaf physical aijukeshan, sports, youth atey tourism witch shatranj vibhag toon graduation keeti haii jitthe uss noon maarak dworetsky dey adheen sikhlai ditti gaee see.

jambaladoo-lagwaa jambaladoo lagwaa (janma 10 september 1944) ekaha mangoliyan-chaturanga-kreedakah asti yah fide master (ef. emm.) tathaa antarashtriya-madhyasthah (aii. e.) iti upaadhim dhaarayati. saha shut-praavashyam mangoliyan-chess-chaampiyanship-vijetah asti (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jeevanacharitram. 1960 tamaat 1990 tamaat dashakaparyantam, lagwaa mangoliyan-kridaayaam pramukhah chaturanga-kreedakah aasit. saha shut praavashyam mangoliyan-chaturanga-pratiyogitaa jitavaan-1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997 cha. saha anekeshu antarashtriya-chaturanga-pratiyogitaasu bhaagam agruhnaat. saha chess-olympiad-kreedaasu mangolia-deshasya krute kreeditavaan. lhagva ityeshah russian-rajya-shaareerik-shiksha-kreedaavishvavidyaalaye, kreedaavishvavidyaalaye, yuva-paryatan-kshetre cha chaturangavibhaagasya snaatakah asti, yatra saha maark dworetsky ityasya adheenam prashikshita aasit.

jambaldu lakhwa jambaldu lagwa (prappu septumber 10,1944) oru mangoaliya sathuranga veerar aavaar, avar fite maastar (efm) mattrum sarvadesa naduvar (aiae) aagiya pattangalai pettrullaar. avar aaru murai mangoaliya sathuranga saambiyanship vetrtriyaalar (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997) aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. varalaaru muthal muthal varai, mangoaliya sathuranga veerargalil munnani veerargalil oruvaraaga lagwa irunthaar. avar aaru murai mangoaliya sathuranga saambiyanshippai ventraar 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 mattrum 1997. avar pala sarvadesa sathuranga poattikalil pankettraar. avar sathuranga olympiatsil mangkoaliyaavukkaaga vlyadinar lagwa russia maanila udal kalvi, vilayaattu, ilaignar mattrum suttrulaa palkalaikkazhagaththil sathurangath thuraiyil pattam pettrullaar, angku avar maark tworetskyin keezh payittruvikkappattaar.

jumbledoo lagwa jumbledoo lagwa (jananam 1944 septembaru 10) oka mangolian chess aatagadu, athanu fidey master (efm) mariyu antarjaateeya madhyavarti (iaa) birudulanu kaligi unnadu. athanu aarusaarlu mangolian chess championship vijaeta (1974,1976,1977,1990,1992,1997). jeevita charitra. 1960la nundi 1990la varaku, lagwa pramukha mangolian chess aatagaallalo okaru. athanu aarusaarlu mangolian chess champiyanshipnu geluchukunnaduh 1974,1976,1977,1990,1992 mariyu 1997. athanu aneka antarjaateeya chess tornamentlalo palgonnadu. athanu chess olympicslo mangolia tarafuna aadaadu lagwa russian state university off physical education, sport, yooth und tourism loe chess vibhaagamlo graduate, akkada athanu maark dworetsky aadhvaryamlo sikshana pondaadu.

jumbledo lehgawa jumbledo lehgawa (paidaish 10 satambar 1944) eek mangol shatranj kaa khilaadi hay jiss kay paas fayed maaster (aif ayem) aur beenn alaqwami saalis (aayee aey) kay aizazat haine. wah chh baar mangol shatranj champine ship jeeth chakay haine (1974yee 1976yee 1977yee 1990yee 1992yee 1997). sawanah umri. 1960 kii dahayi say 1990 kii dahayi takk lehgawa mangol shatranj kay sarkardah khiladiyon mein say eek thay. inhon nay chh baar mangol shatranj champine ship jeeti: 1974yee 1976yee 1977yee 1990yee 1992yee aur 1997. inhon nay shatranj kay mutadid beenn alaqwami tornaments mein hasah liyaa. wah shatranj olympiadz mein mangoliya kay liye kheela: lehgawa rosee steat university aaf physical ajucation sports youth aind torazam mein shatranj kay shobah say graduate haine jehaan inhein maark dovertsky kay tahat tarbiyat dee gayee thee.

0004672f33d2163c59ee923f95594c43f2825a71a10d91bd36452b28db8a33dc

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki?curid=247306

Digital Learning Environment

Digital Learning Environment The goal of this learning unit is to develop a generic IT infrastructure for digital learning environments relevant to your discipline or content area: Learner Data. Explore the following aspects for learner data: identify requirements and constraints for the application on learning environments in the COVID-19 epidemics. How can Moodle, Olat, ... and co. be used in conjunction with the 3 applications above. What others alternative do you have, if you want to apply the Open Community Approach and Open Educational Resources for your learning scenarios. Digital contextualization of extracurricular learning places. Digital Contextualization can be viewed in extracurricular learning settings (e.g., VR, , AR.js, ...) Basically Mixare (https://www.mixare.org) with Learning elements in the camera image. Mixare, however, is no longer maintained and refactoring in HTML5 application in a corresponding Framework would be useful. Extracurricular learning sites: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Real_World_Lab * 3D Mountain View in Browser * 3D Museum Tour with Audio Background Noise Libraries like TrackingJS https://trackingjs.com/ - would be for me too from the side of the informatical implementation of particle tracking as also interesting from the spatial geometry. But here is yes Once generic elements of learning environments are involved, such would be Subject-specific not so relevant. Rather, it would be about it to interact with gestures with digital learning environments non-digital and digital elements relate to a learning environment geoJSON is also suitable for spatial contexts as format. Adaptive help systems and individualized task generation. Learner Profiles. In order for digital learning environments to adapt to learners' individual learning needs, a learning profile is needed on the basis of which individual tasks and resources can be offered. . Privacy. Hoel, T., Griffiths, D., & Chen, W. (2017, March). The influence of privacy protection and privacy frameworks on the design of learning analytics systems. In Proceedings of the seventh international learning analytics & knowledge conference (pp. 243-252). ACM. </ref> Transfer data from the learner's device to a server and analyze it and, if necessary, log on the basis of a larger data set Analysis of error patterns, selection of tasks and help. In the sense of the data protection of the learner data this is not absolutely necessary. Ideally, learner data remains on the user's device by default. Only the explicit sending of tasks to the school server or to servers in a research project, this client-server communication can be explicitly approved for a fixed period by the owner. Otherwise, help systems are only parameterized on the client side or on the end device (laptop, tablet, PC, smartphone) help systems. Adaptive help systems e.g. Using weak-AI methods, learner data analysis is used to tailor the digital learning environment to users' needs and learning requirements. So, in a generic approach, consider the components of a digital learning environment that require adaptive feedback, help, and task selection. Aspects from the Known Areas of the Intelligent Tutorial Systems (ITS) are implemented on the server in a kind of plugin concept (e.g., R-statistic software). The statistical software R serves in this context to use existing methods for the control of the digital learning environment. Through such an approach, large parts of the implementation (eg of clustering, associative networks, ...) by the use of existing statistical analysis of the save aggregated and anonymous learner data. Dynamic Document Generation. Used tools will be the following application: Crowd Sourcing and Citizen Sciences. Data Collection Using the Open Data Kit allows collaborative data collection in a learning group that provides insights into a student's research question in an aggregated state. Crowd Sourcing will be such a component of training and learning of data and methods that can be solved as collaboratively by data collection and evaluation problem : Overall, digital learning environments are integrated into the spatial context, and personalized data analysis, along with the client-side learning profile, provides bidirectional data transport. In the Citizen Science concept, data is collected from the learners and at the same time they gain insights into the aggregated data of all users and thus also see the state of the current collaborative data collection. Furthermore, one can also identify missing areas that had not been edited by a user before. Client-side / server-side learner profiles:. In the course of the data protection discussion, client-side storage of learner profiles should also be considered, whereby the client-side learner profile adapts to the learning prerequisites of the learners, but no user data is collected, aggregated and evaluated on the servers. In the case of research projects with a digital learning environment, of course, then the learner data must be encrypted and only then transferred to a RestfulAPI as backend. In essence, this point is about deciding on the client-side or server-side storage of learner data and an abstraction on generic software components for digital learning environments, which may be made available with virtualization as a backend for schools.

digital xikhyon poriwex ei xikhyon gutor lokhyo hoise aapunar onuxaxon baa bixoybostur khyetror xoite praxongik digital xikhyon poriwexor baabe ek xadharon aaiti antohgathoni bikoxito korah xikar tothyo. xikhyarthir tothyor baabe nimnolikhito dixbur onwexon korokoh koo "vid-19 mohamarir xomoyot xikhyon poriwexor proyugor baabe proyujoniyota aaru ximabodhota sinakto korkorok. kenekoi mejajtu hoh "bob paare, oh" lett... aaru ku. uporor 3taa applicationor xoite ekeloge byobohar koribo. jodi aapuni aapunar xikhyonor poristhitir baabe mukto xomprodayor dristibhongi proyug koribo bisare aaru mukoli xoikhyik xompod bisare tente aapunar haatot aan ki bikolpo aase. pathyokromor baahire xikhyonor sthanxomuhor digital proxongomulokkoron. digital proxongikoron pathyokromor bahira xikhyonor poriwexot saab paari (udahji., bhi. aar., aar.je. ess.,...) mulotoh mixair (HTTTPS:// WW.mix korok.org) kemerar sobit thoka xikhyon upadanxomuhor xoite. obosye mixair aaru rokhyonabekhyon koraa nohoy aaru eis. ti. em. el. 5 applicationot ek xongslisto frameworkot refectoring upojugi hoh 'bob. pathyokromor baahire xikhyonor saitoh HTTTPS:// en.wikipedier boisitryo.orgo/wiki/real _ world _ leb * braujarot 3di porbot drishyo * 3di xongrohaloy bhromonor xoite audio 'background noyez library jene trekkingjes (trekkingjes)-ror xoite.komm/- mur babeu konaa trekkingor tothyogoto rupayonor faalor poraa aaru sthanik jyamitir porau aakorxoniyo hoh 'bob. kintu iyat hoy, ebaar xikhyon poriwexor xadharon upadanbur jorito hoh 'ley, ene bixoy-nirdisto hoh' bob, imaan praxongik nohoy. iyar poriworte, digital xikhyon poriwexor xoite ongobhongir xoite parosporik xomporko sthapon koratu hoh 'bob oh-digital aaru digital upadanbur ek xikhyon poriwexor xoite xomporkito, bhougulik poriwextu binyax hisape sthanik proxongor babeu upojukto. obhijujit xohay pronali aaru byoktigotokrito kaam sristi. xikhyarthir profile. digital xikhyon poriwexor baabe xikhyarthixokolor byoktigoto xikhyonor proyujoniyotar xoite khaap khuwar baabe, etaa xikhyon profailor proyujon jaar bhittit byoktigoto kaam aaru xompod aagborhuwa hoh 'bob paare. . guponiyota. huyel, ti., griffiths, di., & chenn, dobliu. (2017, march). xikhya bislexon pronalir designot guponiyota xurokhya aaru guponiyota porikathamut probhab peluwa. xoptom antohrastriyo xikhyon bislexon aaru gyan xonmilonor karzokromot (pipi). 243-252). e. chi. em.. xikhyarthir deviceor poraa etaa sarbharoloi tothyo sthanantor korok aaru iyak bislexon korok aaru proyujon hoh 'ley trutir aarhi, kaamor basoni aaru xohayor brihot tothyo xonghoti bislexonor bhittit log korok. xikhyarthir tothyor tothyo xurokhyar orthot eitu ekebare proyujoniyo nohoy. aadorxogotobhabe, xikhyarthir tothyo byowoharkarir deviceot defaultbhawe thaake. kewol bidyaloyor charbhar baa gowexona prokolpor sarbharoloi spostobhabe kaam preron korilehe ei client-charbhar jugajugtur malikor dwara ek nirdisto xomoyor baabe spostobhabe onumudon koribo paari. onyotha, help sistembur kewol clientor faale baa endo deviceot (laptop, tablet, computer, smartphon) help sistemburot parameterize koraa hoy. obhijujit xohay pronalixomuh udaa.ji. durbol-e. aai poddhoti byobohar kori, xikhyarthir tothyo bislexon byowoharkarixokolor proyujoniyota aaru xikhyonor proyujoniyota onuxori digital xikhyon poriwexor upojugi koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. gotike, ek xadharon poddhotit, ek digital xikhyon poriwexor upadanbur bibesona korok jiburor baabe obhijujit motamot, xohay aaru kaam basonir proyujon hoy. buddhiman tutorial pronali (iyar) ror gyat khyetror dixbur charbharot ek prokaror plugin dharona (udah.ji., aar-porixongkhyagot softwer). porixongkhyagot softwer aar-e ei xondorbhot digital xikhyon poriwex niyontronor baabe bidyoman poddhoti byobohar koriboloi xewa aagborhai. ene ek poddhotir joriyote, rupayonor brihot ongxo (jene clustering, xohojugi network,)...) xongrokhyon koraa xamogrik aaru benami xikhyarthir tothyor bortomanor porixongkhyagot bislexonor byoboharor dwara. gotixil nothipotro prostutkoron. byobohrito xojulibur hoh 'bob tolot diya proyugoh croud chursing aaru nagorik bigyan. mukto tothyo kitt byobohar kori tothyo xongrohe etaa xikhyon gutot xohojugitamulok tothyo xongrohor onumoti diye jiye ek xomostigot owosthat ejon xikhyarthir gowexona prosnor ontordristi pro jugan dhore. croud chursing hoh "bob tothyo aaru poddhotir proxikhyon aaru xikhyonor ene ek upadan jaak tothyo xongroho aaru mulyayon xomosyar dwara xohojugitamulokbhabe xomadhan koribo paarih xamogrikbhabe, digital xikhyon poriwex sthanik proxongor xoite ekotrito korito koraa hoy, aaru byoktigotokrito tothyo bislexon, client-xide loring profailor logote, dwimukhi tothyo poribohon prodan korr xubidha prodan korr logote. nagorik bigyanor dharonat, xikhyarthixokolor poraa tothyo xongroho koraa hoy aaru eke xomoyote teuluke xokolu byowoharkarir xamogrik tothyor ontordristi laabh kore aaru enedore bortomanor xohojugitamulok tothyo xongrohor owosthau dekhe. iyar uporiu, kunu byowoharkariye aagote xompadona nokora nuhuwa oncholburu sinakto koribo paari. client-side/charbhar-side lorner profailoh tothyo xurokhya alusonar xomoyot, xikhyarthir profailor client-xide xongrokhyonor kothau bibesona koribo laage, zo "too client-xide lorner profiletuwe xikhyarthixokolor xikhyonor purbo-proyujoniyotar xoite khaap khuwai loy, kintu kunu byowoharkaririr tothyo xongroho, ekotrito aaru mulyayon korr koron korr byowostha kore nohoy. digital xikhyon poriwex thoka gowexona prokolpor khetrot, nischitbhabe, tetiya xikhyarthir tothyobur encrypt koribo lagibo aaru kewol taar pisothe backend hisape restfulapiloi sthanantor korr koribo lagibo. xongkhyepe, ei bindutu hoise xikhyarthir tothyor client-xide baa charbhar-xide xongrokhyon aaru digital xikhyon poriwexor baabe jenerik softwer upadanxomuhor uporot ek bimurtotar bixoye xiddhanto luwa, jaak bidyaloixomuhor baabe backend hisape versualizationor xoite upolobdho kore kore upolobdho koribo paari diya hoh 'bob paare.

digital larnim environment eyi larnim uniter lakkhya holl upner srinkhala baa visayavastu khettrer saathe prasongik digital larnim poribesher jonno ekti sadharan aiti porikatthamo bikash korah learner detta. shikkharthider tothyer jonno nimnolikhito dikguli anweshan korunoh covid-19 mohamarite shekhar poribesher proyoger jonno prayojaniyata ebong simabaddhataguli chinnito korun. kemon korey mejaz bodolate paare, olat... ebong koo. uporer 3tii applicationer saathe ekotre byabohar koraa hobey. upney jodi upner shekhar poristhitir jonno unmukto sampradayer drishtibhongi prayog korte ebong unmukto shikkhamulak sangosthanguli prayog korte chaan tobey upner kachhe onno qee bikalpa royeche. pathkram bohirbhuto shikkhar sthangulir digital prasangikkaran. digital prosongogotokoronke pathkram bohirbhuto shikkhar settingse dekha jete paare (jemon.zii., vr, arr.jeey. esha.,..) mulat mixerey (HTTTPS:// WW.mixing.orgo) camera image shekhar upadangulir saathe. tobey mixair arr rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy naa ebong aechtml5 applicationtite sangshlishto kathamote refactoring karjokor hobey. pathkram bohirbhuto shikkhar saitah HTTTPS:// en.uikibishwa.orgo/uiki/real _ worled _ lyaba * brouserey 3dii porboto drishya * 3dii jadughar trackingjs-err moto audio background shobdo library soho bhromon.qama/- amar jonnou konaa trackingyer tothyogoto bastobayoner pashapashi sthanik jyamiti thekeo akarshaniya hobey. kintu ekhane hyaan, ekbar shekhar poribesher sadharan upadanguli jorito holey, eyi dharaner vishay-nirdishto hobey jaa totota prasongik noy. borong, etty digital shikkhar poribesher saathe angabhangir saathe jogajog koraa hobey aaa-digital ebong digital upadanguli ekti shekhar poribesher saathe somporkito jaa binnas hisabe sthanik prosonger jonnou upojukto. abhijojito sahayata byabostha ebong swatantra kaaj toiri. shikkharthider prophaila. digital shikkhar poribesh jaate shikkharthider byaktigato shikkhar proyojoner saathe khaap khaiye nitey paare, taar jonno ekti shekhar prophaila prayojan jaar vittite prithak kaaj ebong sangosthanguli deoa jete paare. . gopaniyata. hole, tii., griffiths, dii., & cheena, dobleeu. (2017, march). larnim analytics systemer naksha gopaniyata surakkha ebong gopaniyata kathamor prabhab. saptam antorjatik larnim analytics anned nolez conferencer karjodharai (pipi. 243-252). acm. shikkharthider jontro theke surveray tothyo sthanantar korun ebong etty bishleshan korun ebong proyojone, trutir nidarshan, kaaj nirbachan ebong sahajyer brihottor detta seeta bishleshoner vittite logg korun. shikkharthider tothyo surakkhar orthe etty ekebarei prayojaniya noy. adorshobhabe, shikkharthider tothyo defaultroope byaboharkarir device thaake. shudhumatra school server baa konao gobeshona prokolper sarbhargulite kajguli sposhtobhabe pathanor madhyome, eyi client-server jogajogti malik dwara ekti nirdishto somoyer jonno sposhtobhabe onumodito hotey paare. onnothai, sahayata byabostha shudhumatra clienter dike baa shesh device (laptop, tablet, pissy, smartphone) sahayata byabosthar paramiti koraa hoy. abhijojito sahayata byabostha ee.zii. durbal-ayee. aaee poddhoti byabohar korey, byaboharkarider chahida ebong shekhar prayojaniyatar saathe digital shekhar poribeshke khaap khaiye nitey learner detta bishleshan byabohar koraa hoy. sutrang, ekti sadharan poddhotite, ekti digital shikkhar poribesher upadanguli bibechona korun jaar jonno abhijojito protikriya, sahayata ebong kaaj nirbachoner prayojan. intelligent tutorial systemer (err) porichito khetrogulir dikguli surveray eka dharaner plugin dharonar (jemon.zii., arr-porisongkhangoto software). porisongkhangoto software arr eyi prosonge digital shikkhar poribesh niyantraner jonno vidyaman poddhotiguli byabohar korey. eyi dharaner poddhotir madhyome, bastobayoner borh ongsho (jemon clustering, sahojogi network, ityadi)...) sanchito somostigoto ebong benami shikkharthi tothyer vidyaman porisongkhangoto bishleshoner byabohar. gotishil nothi utpadon. byabohrito saranjamguli nimnolikhito prayog hobeh croud sourcing ebong nagrik bigyan. unmukto tothyo kitt byabohar korey tothyo sangraha ekti larnim groupe sahojogitamulak tothyo sangraher anumati deyo jaa ekti samogrik abosthai ekjon chhatrer gobeshona proshner antardrishti pradan korey. croud sourcing tothyo ebong poddhotigulir proshikkhon ebong shekhar ekti upadan hobey jaa tothyo sangraha ebong mulyayan samasyar madhyome sahojogitamulakbhabe samadhan koraa jete paareh samogrikbhabe, digital shikkhar poribesh sthanik prekkhapote sanghato koraa hoy ebong byaktigatkrito tothyo bishleshan, client-side larnim profiler saathe, dwimukhi tothyo poribohon pradan korey. nagrik bigyaner dharonar khettre, shikkharthider kachh theke tothyo sangraha koraa hoy ebong ekoi saathe taaraa samasta byaboharkarir sangrihito tothyer antardrishti orjon korey ebong eibhabe bortoman sahojogitamulak tothyo sangraher abosthao dekhte paay. echhadao, emon kichhu elakao chinnito koraa jete paare jegulo agey konao byaboharkari sampadana korenni. client-side/server-side learner profile tothyo surakkha alochonar somoy, shikkharthi profiler client-side storage bibechona koraa uchito, jaar madhyome client-side learner prophaila shikkharthider shekhar purboshorter saathe khaap khaiye neyo, tobey konao byaboharkarir detta sangraha, ekotrito ebong mulyayan koraa hoy naa surveray. digital shikkhar poribesh soho gobeshona prokolpogulir khettre, aboshyoi, tokhon shikkharthider tothyo aboshyoi encrypt koraa uchito ebong tarporei backend hisabe ekti restfulapite sthanantorito korte hobey. mulat, eyi vishayti holl client-side baa server-side learner detta sanrakkhan ebong digital larnim poribesher jonno generic software upadangulir ekti bimurtata somporke siddhanta neoa, jaa schoolgulir jonno backend hisabe virtualizationer saathe upolobdho koraa jete paare.

digital shikshannu vatavaran aaa shikshan aekamnu lakshya tamaari sheest athavaa vishhayvastu kshetra saathe sambandhit digital shikshan vatavaran maate saamanya it maalakhu vikasaavvaanu chheh shikhanaar detaa. shikhanaarni maahitee maate neechena pasaonu anveshan karoo-covid-19 rogchalama shikhvaanaa vatavaran parr laagu karvaa maateni jaruriyaato aneey avrodhone odakho. kevee reete moodle curry shake chhe, olat... aneey qoo. uparnee 3 applicationo saathe sanyojanmaa upyog karvo. jooe tame khulla samudaaynaa abhigamne laagu karvaa maangtaa hoow aneey tamara shikhvani paristhitio maate khulla shaikshanik sansadhno ichchhata hoow, too tamaari paase anya kayaa vikalpo chhe? abhyasetar shikshan sthalonu digital sandarbhikaran. digital sandarbhikaranne abhyasetar shikshan settingsma joee shakaay chhe (daa. taa.jee., vee. aar., aar.jeey. aesa...) mulbhoot reete mixer (HTTTPS:// WW.mishran karoo.org) camera chhabima shikhvaanaa ghatako saathe. joke, mixer havey jalavama aavtu nathee aneey anuroop malkhama aech. tii. aema. aela. 5 applicationma refectoring upyogi thashe. abhyasetar shikshan sites HTTTPS:// en.wikiversity.org/vikee/real _ worled _ leba * brousermaa 3D parvat drashya * 3D museum tour trekkingjs jevee odeeyo background avaaj libraryo saathe.qoma/- maaraa maate pann kana trekkingna mahitiprad amalikaranni bajuthi temaj avkashi bhoomitithi pann rasprad raheshe. parantu aheen haa chhe aekvaar shikhvaanaa vatavaranna saamanya ghatako saamel thaee jaay, tyaare teey vishhay-vishisht hashe jeey etalaa susangat nahee hoya. tenaa badale, teey digital shikshan vatavaran saathe haavbhaav saathe kriyapratikriya karvaa vishe hashe, biin-digital aneey digital tatvo shikshan vatavaran saathe sambandhit chhe, jeey formate tareeke avkashi sandarbho maate pann yogya chhe. anukulansheel sahaay pranaalio aneey vyaktigat kaary nirmaan. shikhanaar ruprekhaao. digital shikshan vatavaranne shikhanaraoni vyaktigat shikshan jaruriyaatone anuroop banaavvaa maate, aek shikshan ruprekha jaroori chhe jenaa aadhare vyaktigat kaaryo aneey sansadhno pradaan curry shakaay chhe. . gopaniyataa. holl, tii., griffiths, dii., & cheena, doubleu. (2017, march). learning analytics systemsnee rachnaa parr gopaniyataa sanraxan aneey gopaniyataa maalkhaano prabhaav. saatmee aantarrashtriy shikshan vishleshan aneey gyaan parishad (pipi. 243-252). acm. shikhanaarnaa upkaranmathi server parr maahitee sthaanaantarit karoo aneey tenu vishleshan karoo aneey jooe jaroori hoya too bhoolni pattern, kaaryoni pasandagi aneey madadnaa motaa detaa seeta vishleshanna aadhare looga karoo. shikhanaarnaa detaanaa detaa sanrakshanna arthamaa aaa ekdam jaroori nathee. aadarsh reete, shikhanaarno detaa mulbhoot reete vaprashkartana upkaran parr rahe chhe. maatra shaala server athavaa sanshodhan projectmaa sarvarne kaaryonu spasht preshan, aaa client-server sanchaarne maaleek dwara chokkas samaygaalaa maate spashtpane manjuri aapee shakaay chhe. anyatha, sahaay pranaalio maatra graahak baaju athavaa anteem upkaran (laptop, tablet, pisi, smartphone) sahaay pranaalio parr parimanit karvaamaa aave chhe. anukulansheel sahaay pranaalio ee.jee. nabalee-aee. aaee. paddhationo upyog kareene, shikhanaar detaa vishleshanno upyog vaprashkartaoni jaruriyaato aneey shikhvani jaruriyaatone anuroop digital shikshan vatavaranne anuroop banaavvaa maate thaay chhe. tethee, saamanya abhigamma, digital shikshan vatavaranna ghatakone dhyanma loow jemaa anukulansheel pratisaad, madad aneey kaary pasandagini jaroor hoya. intelligent tutorial systems (tenaa) naa jaanita kshetrona paasao server parr aek prakaarnee plugin vibhavnama laagu karvaamaa aave chhe (daa. taa.jee., aar-statistic software). aankadaakiy software aar aaa sandarbhma digital shikshan vatavaranna niyantran maate haalnee paddhationo upyog karvaa maate kaama karey chhe. aavaa abhigam dwara, amalikaranna motaa bhaago (daa. taa. clustering, sahyogi network,..) aektrit aneey anaami shikhanaar detaane saachveene vartmaan aankadaakiy vishleshanno upyog kareene. gatisheel dastavej nirmaan. vaparaayel saadhno neecheni application hasheh bheed sourcing aneey nagrik vigyaan. open detaa keetno upyog kareene detaa sangrah shikhvaanaa juthamaa sahyogi detaa sangrahne manjuri aape chhe jeey vidhyaarthinaa sanshodhan prashnama sankaleet sthitima aantardrushti pradaan karey chhe. croud sourcing aee maahitee aneey paddhationi taaleem aneey shikhvaano aek aevo ghatak hashe jene maahitee sangrah aneey mulyankan samasya dwara sahyogaatmak reete ukelee shakaay chheh ekandare, digital shikshan vatavaran avkashi sandarbhma sankaleet chhe, aneey vyaktigat maahitee vishleshan, client-side learning prophile saathe, dhvidishaatmak maahitee parivahan pradaan karey chhe. nagrik vignanna khyalma, detaa shikhanarao pasethi aektrit karvaamaa aave chhe aneey teey jaj samaye teo tamaam vaprashkartaona sankaleet detaamaa aantardrushti melve chhe aneey aama vartmaan sahyogi detaa sangrahni sthitee pann juae chhe. vadhumaa, goom thayel vistaarone pann odakhee shakaay chhe keey jeey vapraashkartaa dwara pahelaa sampadit karvaamaa aavyaa naa hataa. client-side/server-side learner profiles detaa sanraxan charcha darmiyan, shikhanaar profilenaa client-side storagene pann dhyanma levu joiae, jemaa client-side learner prophile shikhanaraoni shikhvani purvajaruriyaatone anuroop baney chhe, parantu server parr koee vapraashkartaa detaa aektrit, aektrit aneey mulyankan karvaamaa aavto nathee. digital shikshan vatavaran saathe sanshodhan projectnaa kissaamaa, albatt, pachhi shikhanaarno detaa encrypt thavo joiae aneey pachhi jaj backend tareeke restfulopyma sthaanaantarit thavo joiae. saarmaa, aaa muddo shikhanaar detaanaa client-side athavaa server-side sangrah aneey digital shikshan vatavaran maate saamanya software ghatako parr amurtataa nakki karvaa vishe chhe, jeey shaalao maate backend tareeke virtualization saathe uplabdh karavvama aavee shake chhe.

digital learning environment iss learning unit kaa lakshya aapke anushasana yaa vishay-vastu kshetra seey sambandhit digital learning environment key liye ack samanya aaee. tii. infrastructure vikasit karna haih shikshaarthi detta. shikshaarthi detta key liye nimnalikhit pahaluon kaa pataa lagaayenh covid-19 mahamari mein seekhane key vatavaran parr anuprayog key liye aavashyaktaon aur baadhaon kii pehchaan karein. kaise moodle hoe sakata haye, olat... aur koo. uparokt 3 anuprayogon key saath sanyojan mein upayog kiya jaae. yadi aap khule samudayik drishtikon koo lagu karna chaahte hain aur apane seekhane key paridrishyon key liye shaikshik sansadhanon koo kholna chaahte hain tou aapke paas anya kyaa vikalp hain. paathyetar shikshan sthalon kaa digital sandarbhikaran. digital sandarbhikaran koo paathyetar shikshan settings (jaise.jee., vee. aar., aar.jey. aiss.,..) mool roop seey mixair (HTTTPS:// WW.mishran karein.org) camera chhavi mein seekhane key tatvon key saath. halanki, mixair koo abb banaae naheen rakhaa gayaa haye aur aich. tii. aim. ell. 5 anuprayog mein ack sambandhit dhaanche mein refectoring upayogi hogi. paathyetar shikshan sthalah HTTTPS:// en.wikiwersity.org/viki/real _ worled _ laib * brouser mein 3dee parvat drishya * 3dee sangrahalaya daura audio prishthabhoomi shore pustakalayon key saath jaise trackingjsah// trackingjs.comm/- merey liye bhee kann tracking key soochanaatmak karyanvayan key saath-saath sthaanik jyaamiti seey bhee dilchasp hoga. lekin yahaan haan haye ack baar seekhane key vatavaran key samanya tatva shamil hoe jaate hain, iss tarah key vishay-vishisht honge joe itane praasangik naheen hain. balki, yeh digital shikshan vatavaran key saath ishare key saath baatchit karane key baare mein hoga joe gair-digital aur digital tatva ack shikshan vatavaran seey sambandhit hain, joe praarup key roop mein sthaanik sandarbhon key liye bhee upayukt haye. anukuli sahaayata pranali aur vyaktigat kaary srijan. shikshaarthi profile. digital shikshan vatavaran key liye shiksharthiyon kii vyaktigat seekhane kii jarooraton key anukool honey key liye, ack shikshan profile kii aavashyakta hoti haye jisake aadhar parr vyaktigat karyon aur sansadhanon kii peshkash kii jaa sakati haye. . gopaniyata. hoel, tii., griffith, dee., & chain, doubleu. (2017, march). seekhane kii vishleshan pranaliyon key design parr gopaniyata suraksha aur gopaniyata dhaanche kaa prabhaav. saatven antarrashtriya shikshan vishleshan aur gyaan sammelan (pp) kii kaaryavaahi mein. 243-252). aeye. see. aim. shikshaarthi key upkaran seey server mein detta sthanantarit karein aur iska vishleshan karein aur yadi aavashyak hoe tou truti pattern, karyon key chayan aur sahaayata key ack badey detta sett vishleshan key aadhar parr logg inn karein. shikshaarthi key detta kii suraksha key arth mein yeh bilkul aavashyak naheen haye. aadarsh roop seey, shikshaarthi kaa detta default roop seey upayogkarta key upkaran parr rahata haye. kewal school server yaa kissy shodh pariyojana mein server koo karyon kaa spasht preshan, iss client-server sanchaar koo malik dwara ack nishchit avadhi key liye spasht roop seey anumodit kiya jaa sakata haye. anyatha, sahaayata pranali kewal graahak paksh yaa antim upkaran (laptop, tablet, computer, smartphone) sahaayata pranali parr hii maankeekrit hoti haye. anukuli sahaayata pranaaliyan ee.jee. kamjor-aaee vidhiyon kaa upayog karate hue, shikshaarthi detta vishleshan kaa upayog upayogkartaon kii aavashyaktaon aur seekhane kii aavashyaktaon key anuroop digital seekhane key vatavaran koo taiyar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isaliye, ack samanya drishtikon mein, ack digital shikshan vatavaran key ghatakon parr vichaar karein jinake liye anukuli pratikriya, sahaayata aur kaary chayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. buddhiman shikshan pranaliyon (isake) key gyaat kshetron key pahaluon koo server parr ack prakaar kii plugin avadharana (jaise.jee., aar-saankhyikiya software). saankhyikiya software aar iss sandarbh mein digital shikshan vatavaran key niyantran key liye maujooda tarikon kaa upayog karane key liye kaary kartaa haye. iss tarah key drishtikon key madhyam seey, karyanvayan key badey hisse (jaise clustering, sahayogi network,)...) ekatrit aur anaam shikshaarthi detta koo sahejane key liye maujooda saankhyikiya vishleshan kaa upayog karke. gatishil dastaavez utpaadan. upayog kiye gaye upkaran nimnalikhit anuprayog hongeh croud sourcing aur nagrik vigyaan. open detta kitt kaa upayog karke detta sangrah ack shikshan samooh mein sahayogi detta sangrah kii anumati detaa haye joe ack samagr raajya mein ack chhaatr key shodh prashn mein antardrishti pradaan kartaa haye. croud sourcing detta aur vidhiyon key prashikshan aur seekhane kaa ack aisaa ghatak hoga jise detta sangrah aur mulyankan samasya dwara sahyogaatmak roop seey hull kiya jaa sakata haih kull milakar, digital seekhane kaa vatavaran sthaanik sandarbh mein ekikrit haye, aur vyaktigat detta vishleshan, client-side learning profile key saath, dwidish detta parivahan pradaan kartaa haye. nagrik vigyaan avadharana mein, shiksharthiyon seey detta ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur saath hii way sabhi upayogkartaon key samagr detta mein antardrishti praapt karate hain aur iss prakaar vartamaan sahayogi detta sangrah kii sthiti koo bhee dekhate hain. isake alawa, koee bhee aise laapata kshetron kii pehchaan curr sakata haye jinhen pahale kissy upayogkarta dwara sampaadit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. client-side/server-side learner profileh detta suraksha charcha key dauran, shikshaarthi profile key graahak-paksh bhandaran parr bhee vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisake tahat graahak-paksh shikshaarthi profile shiksharthiyon kii seekhane kii poorv aavashyaktaon key anukool hoe jaati haye, lekin server parr koee bhee upayogkarta detta ekatra, ekatrit aur mulyankan naheen kiya jaataa haye. digital shikshan vatavaran vaali anusandhaan pariyojanaon key mamle mein, nishchit roop seey, taba shikshaarthi detta koo encrypt kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur usake baad hii backend key roop mein restfulapy mein sthanantarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. sankshep mein, yeh bindu shikshaarthi detta key client-side yaa server-side bhandaran aur digital shikshan vatavaran key liye samanya software ghatakon parr ack amurtata parr nirnay lene key baare mein haye, jise schools key liye ack backend key roop mein virtualisation key saath upalabdh karaaya jaa sakata haye.

nimma shistu athawa vishaya pradeshakke sambandhisida digital kalikeya parisarakkagi saamaanya aiti moolasoukaryavannu abhivraddhipadisuvudu ee kalika ghatakada guriyagideh kaliyuvavara dattaamsha. kaliyuvavara dattaamshakkaagi ee kelagina amshagalannu anveshisih covid-19 saankraamika rogagalalli kalikeya parisaradalli anvayisuva avashyakategalu mattu nirbandhagalannu gurutisi. hege mood maadabahudu, olat,.. mattu koo. melina 3 anvayagalondige samyojaneyagi balasabeku. neevu mukta samudaayada vidhaanavannu anvayisalu mattu nimma kalikeya sanniveshagalige mukta shaikshanika sampanmoolagalannu balasalu bayasidare, nimma bully bere yaava paryayagalive? pathyetara kalika sthalagala digital sandarbhochitikarana. digital sandarbhochitateyannu pathyetara kalikeya settinggalalli nodabahudu (udaa.zii., vr, aarr.zhe. ess...) moolatah mixer (HTTTPS:// WW.mishrana.aarr. zii.) camera chitradallina kalikeya amshagalondige. aadaagyoo, mixer annu innu munde nirvahisalaaguvudilla mattu anugunavaada chaukattinalli etch. tii. emm. ell5 applicationalli refactoring maaduvudu upayuktavaagiruttade. pathyetara kalika taanagaluh HTTTPS:// en.wikiwarsity.org/viki/real _ worled _ lyab * brousernalli 3dii parvata vikshane * 3dii museum pravaasavu tracking jsnantaha audeo hinnele shabda granthaalayagalondige.kaam/- kana trackingna maahitiyukta anushthaanada kadeyindaloo nanage aasaktidaayakavaagide mattu praadeshika jyaamitiyindaloo aasaktidaayakavaagide. aadare illi houdu, kalikeya parisarada saamaanya amshagalu omme olagondiddare, antaha vishaya-nirdishtavagiruttave, ashtenu prastutavagiruvudilla. badalige, digital kalikeya parisaradondige sannegalondige samvahana nadesuvudu digital allada mattu digital amshagalu kalikeya vatavaranakke sambandhisive, geoson praadeshika sandarbhagalige saha svaroopavaagi sooktavaagide. hondaanikeya sahaaya vyavasthegalu mattu vaiyaktika kaarya utpaadane. kaliyuvavara profilegalu. digital kalikeya parisaravu kaliyuvavara vaiyaktika kalikeya agatyagalige hondikollalu, vaiyaktika kaaryagalu mattu sampanmoolagalannu yaava aadhaarada mele niidabahudu embudara aadhaarada mele kalikeya profile agatyavide. . goupyate. hole, tii., griffiths, dii., & chenn, doubleu. (2017, march). kalikeya vishleshanaatmaka vyavasthegala vinyaasada mele goupyate raksane mattu goupyate chaukattugala prabhaava. elane antaaraashtriya kalika vishleshane mattu gnaana sammelanada (pipi. 243-252). aa. sii. emm. kaliyuvavara saadhanadinda sarvarge datawannu vargayisi mattu adannu vishleshisi mattu agatyaviddare, dosha maadarigala dodda dayta sett vishleshane, karyagala ayke mattu sahayavannu aadharisi logg maadi. kaliyuvavara dattaamshada dattaamsha raksaneya arthadalli idu sampoornavaagi agatyavilla. aadarshaprayavagi, kaliyuvavara dattaamshavu purvaniyojitavagi balakedaarara saadhanadalli uliyuttade. shaleya sarvarge athawa samshodhanaa yojaneya sarvargalige kaaryagalannu spashtavagi kaluhisidare maatra, ee client-server samvahanavannu malikaru ondu nirdishta avadhige spashtavagi anumodisabahudu. illadiddare, sahaaya vyavasthegalannu client badiyalli athawa antima saadhanadalli (laptop, tablet, pisi, smartphone) sahaaya vevasthegalalli maatra niyataankagolisalaaguttade. hondaanikeya sahaaya vyavasthegalu ii.zii. durbala-aii vidhaanagalannu balasikondu, kaliyuvavara dattaamsha vishleshaneyannu balakedaarara agatyategalu mattu kalikeya avashyakategalige anugunavagi digital kalikeya vatavaranavannu sarihondisalu balasalaaguttade. aaddarinda, saamaanya vidhaanadalli, hondaanikeya pratikriye, sahaaya mattu kaarya aykeya agatyaviruva digital kalikeya vatavaranada amshagalannu pariganisi. buddhivanta tutorial vyavasthegala (adara) tilidiruva pradeshagala amshagalannu sarvarnalli ondu reetiya plugin parikalpaneyalli (udaa.zii., aarr-statistic software). ankiamshagala tantraamshavu ee sandarbhadalli digital kalikeya parisarada niyantranakkagi astitvadalliruva vidhaanagalannu balasalu sahaaya maaduttade. antaha vidhaanada moolaka, anushthaanada dodda bhagagalu (udaaharanege clustering, associative netvarkgalu, ityaadi)...) ottugudida mattu anaamadheya kaliyuvavara dattaamshavannu ulisi astitvadalliruva sankhyaashaastriya vishleshaneya balakeya moolaka. dynamic document generation. balasida upakaranagalu ee kelagina anvayavagiruttaveh croud sourcing mattu nagarika vignaanagalu. mukta dattaamsha kitt annu balasikondu dattaamsha sangrahavu kalika gumpinalli sahayogada dattaamsha sangrahakke avakasha niiduttade, idu samagra sthitiyalli vidyaarthiya samshodhanaa prashneya olanotagalannu odagisuttade. gumpu sourcing dattaamsha sangrahane mattu moulyamaapana samasyeya moolaka sahayogadinda pariharisabahudaada dattaamsha mattu vidhaanagala tarabeti mattu kalikeya ondu amshavaagideh ottaareyaagi, digital kalikeya parisaravannu praadeshika sanniveshadalli samyojisalaagide, mattu vaiyaktikagolisida dattaamsha vishleshane, client-side kalikeya profilenondige, dvidisha dattaamsha saganeyannu odagisuttade. nagarika vignaanada parikalpaneyalli, dattaamshavannu kaliyuvavarinda sangrahisalaaguttade mattu adhe samayadalli avaru ellah balakedaarara ottu dattaamshada olanotavannu padeyuttaare mattu heegaagi prastuta sahakari dattaamsha sangrahaneya sthitiyannu saha noduttaare. idallade, balakedaararu ee hinde sampaadisada kaaneyaada pradeshagalannu saha gurutisabahudu. client-side/server-side kaliyuvavara profilegaluh dattaamsha samrakshana charcheya samayadalli, kaliyuvavara profilegala client-side sangrahaneyannu saha pariganisabeku, idarindaagi client-side kaliyuvavara profile kaliyuvavara kalikeya purvapeksha agatyagalige hondikolluttade, aadare yaavude balakedaarara datawannu sarvargalalli sangrahisalaaguvudilla, ottugudisalaaguvudilla mattu moulyamaapana madalaguvudilla. digital kalikeya vatavaranavannu hondiruva samshodhanaa yojanegala sandarbhadalli, kaliyuvavara dattaamshavannu encrypt maadabeku mattu nantarave restfulapige backend aagi vargaayisabeku. moolabhootavaagi, ee amshavu kaliyuvavara dattaamshada client-side athawa server-side sangrahaneyannu nirdharisuvudu mattu digital kalikeya parisarakkagi saamaanya software ghatakagala mele amoortateyannu nirdharisuvudu, idannu varchuvalaiseshannondige shaalegalige backend aagi labhyavaguvante maadabahudu.

ningalude achadakkathino ulladakka mekhalaykko prasakthamaaya digital patana parithasthithikalkkaayi oru pothuvaaya aidi infrastructure vikasippikkuka ennathaanu eee patana yoonittinte lakshyam padithaavinte daatta. padithaavinte vivarathinayi thaazhepparayunna vashangal paryavekshanam cheyyuka covid-19 pakarchavyaadhiyile padanaanthareeksham prayogikkunnathinulla aavashyakathakalum parimithikalum thirichariyuka. engane moodle, olaatt, kazhiyum... oppam qoo. mukalil paranja 3 aaplikkeshanukalumaayi samyojippichu upayogikkuka. ningalude patana saahacharyangalkkayi thuranna community sameepanam prayogikkaanum thuranna vidyaabhyaasa vibhavangal upayogikkaanum ningalkk mattu badal maargangal enthokkeyaanu. paatyethara patana sthalangalude digital sandarbhavalkkaranam. paatyethara patana krameekaranangalil digital sandarbhavalkkaranam kaanaan kazhiyum (udha.jii., vii. aarr, aarr.jeey. ezz...) adisthaanaparamaayi mixair (HTTTPS:// WW.mixer.oorgu) camera imejil patana gadakangal. ennirunnaalum, mixair inii paripaalikkappedunnilla, echu. tii. emm. ell 5 aaplikkeshanil anubandha chattakkoodile refactoring upayogapradamaakum. paatyethara patana saittukal HTTTPS:// en.vaividhyam.oorgu/vikki/riyal _ waled _ laab * brouserile 3dii parvatha kazhcha * trackingjs polulla audiyo pashchaathala shabda librarikalulla 3dii museum touur.kanika trackinginte vivaradaayakamaaya nadappaakkalinte vashath ninnu enikkum coom/- aayirikkum, koodaathe speshyal jyamithiyil ninnum rasakaramaan. ennaal ivide athe, patana parithasthithikalude pothuvaaya gadakangal ulppettukazhinjaal, avaa vishaya-nirddishtamaayirikkukayum athra prasakthamallaathavayaayirik cheyyum. pakaram, digital patana parithasthithikalumaayi aamgyangalumaayi samvadikkunnathu digital allaathathum digital gadakangalum oru patana anthareekshavumaayi bandhappettathum jiosan formaattaayi speshyal sandarbhangalkkum anuyojyavumaanu. adaptive help sisttangalum vyakthigatha task generation. padithaavinte profileukal. digital patana parithasthithikalkku padithaakkalude vyakthigatha patana aavasyangalkku anusrithamaayi maarunnathin, vyakthigatha jolikalum vibhavangalum vaagdaanam cheyyaan kazhiyunna oru patana profile aavasyamaanu. . svakaaryatha. hole, tii., griffiths, dii., & chenn, dablyu. (2017, march). patana vishakalana samvidaanangalude roopakalppanayil svakaaryatha samrakshanathinteyum svakaaryatha chattakkoodukaludeyum swaadheenam. ezhaamathe anthaaraashtra patana vishakalana, vijnjaana konfaransinte (pipi. 243-252). eiii. sii. emm. padithaavinte upakaranathil ninnu oru serverilekku daatta kaimarukayum athu vishakalanam cheyyukayum aavashyamenkil pishak paattenukalude valia daatta settu vishakalanam, jolikalude thiranjeduppu, sahayam ennivayude adisthaanathil logue cheyyuka. padithaavinte daattayude samrakshanathinte ardhathil ithu theerthum aavasyamilla. saadhaaranayaayi, padithaavinte daatta sthirasthithiyaayi upayokthaavinte upakaranathil nilanilkkunnu. school serverilekko oru gaveshana padhathiyile servarukalilekko jolikal vyakthamaayi ayachaal maathrame eee klayant-server ashayavinimayam oru nischitha kaalayalavilekku udamaykku vyakthamaayi amgeekarikkaan kazhiyoo. allaathapaksham, help sisttangal klayant vashatho end deviceil (laptop, taablett, pisi, smartphone) help sisttangalil maathrame paaraameettar cheyyappedunnulloo. adaptive help sisttangal iii.jii. durbalamaaya-aii reethikal upayogichu, upayokthaakkalude aavasyangalkkum patana aavasyangalkkum anusrithamaayi digital patana anthareeksham krameekarikkaan laner daatta analysis upayogikkunnu. athinaal, oru pothuvaaya sameepanathil, adaptive feedback, sahayam, task selection enniva aavasyamulla oru digital patana anthareekshathinte gadakangal pariganikkuka. intalijant tutorial sisttangalude (athinte) ariyappedunna mekhalakalil ninnulla vashangal orutharam pluggin aashayathil (udha.jii., aarr-staattistik software). digital patana anthareekshathinte niyanthranathinaayi nilavilulla reethikal upayogikkunnathinu stattistikkal software aarr eee pashchaathalatthil pravartthikkunnu. atharamoru sameepanathiloode, nadappaakkalinte valia bhagangal (udaaharanathinu clustering, associative netvarkkukal,..) shekharicha samyojithavum anjjaathavumaaya padithru daattayude nilavilulla sthithivivarakkanakku vishakalanam upayogikkunnathiloode. chalanathmakamaaya rekhakalude uthpaadanam. upayogicha upakaranangal inipparayunna aaplikkeshanaayirikkum crowd sourcing, sittisan sayans. ooppan dattaa kitt upayogichu daatta shekharanam oru patana groupil sahakarana daatta shekharanam anuvadikkunnu, athu oru vidyaarthiyude gaveshana chodyathekkurichu samagramaya avasthayil ulkkaazhcha nalkunnu. daatta shekharanathiloodeyum moolyanirnnaya prashnathiloodeyum sahakaranathode pariharikkan kazhiyunna daattayudeyum reethikaludeyum parisheelanathinteyum padanathinteyum oru gadakamaayirikkum crowd sozhsingha mothatthil, digital patana parithasthithikal speshyal sandarbhathil samyojippichirikkunnu, koodaathe vyakthigatha daatta vishakalanam, klayant-side laining prophyllinoppam, dvidishaya daatta transport nall nalkunnu. pourashaasthra aashayathil, padithaakkalil ninnu daatta shekharikkukayum athe samayam avar ellah upayokthaakkaludeyum samyojitha dattayekkurichu ulkkaazhcha nedukayum angane nilavile sahakarana daatta shekharanathinte avasthayum kaanukayum cheiyunnu. koodaathe, oru upayokthaav munbu edittu cheyyaatha nashtappetta pradeshangalum thirichariyaan kazhiyum. klayant-side/server-side laner profileukal dattaa samrakshana charchaykkide, padithaavinte profileukalude klayant-side storejum pariganikkanam, athuvazhi klayant-side laner profile padithaakkalude patana munvyavasthakalumaayi poruthappedunnu, ennaal servarukalil oru upayokthru daattayum shekharikkukayo samaaharikkukayo vilayiruthukayo cheiyunnilla. digital patana anthareekshamulla gaveshana padhathikalude kaaryatthil, theerchayaayum, padithaavinte daatta encrypt cheyyukayum athinusesham maathrame backendaayi restfulaapiyilekku maattukayulloo. churukkatthil, eee pooyint padithru daattayude klayant-side allengil server-side sambharanathekkurichum digital patana parithasthithikalkaayulla pothuvaaya software gadakangalekkurichulla amoortheekaranathekkurichum theerumaanikkunnathinekku, ithu skoolukalude backendaayi vertualisation upayogichu labhyamakkaam.

digital shikshan vatavaran yaa shikshan unitche uddisht tumchya shist kinwa aashay kshetrashi sambandhit digital shikshan vatavaranasathi eka samanya aay. tii. payabhoot suvidha vikasit karane aaheh shikananyacha deta. vidyarthyanchya mahitisathi khaleel pailuncha shodh ghyah covid-19 mahamarichya kalat shikanyachya vatavaranavaril anuprayogasathichya aavashyakta aanee maryada olakha. kase moodle houu shakate, olat... aanee qoo. vareel 3 anuprayoganchya sanyogane vaparale jaave. jarr tumhala tumchya shikanyachya paristhitisathi khulya samudayacha drushtikon aanee khulya shaikshanik sansadhanancha vapar karayacha asel tarr tumchyakade itar paryay kaay aahet? abhyaskramabaheril shikshan sthalanche digital sandarbhikaran. digital sandarbhatmakata abhyaskramabahya shikshan vyavasthanmadhye pahili jaau shakate (udaa.jee., vhee. aar., aar.jeey. ess.,..) mulat mixair (HTTPS:// Ww.mishran.oo. aar. jee.) camera pratimetil shikanyachya ghatkansah. tathapi, mixair yapudhe rakhale jaat nahee aanee etch. tii. emm. ell. 5 anuprayogamadhye sambandhit chaukatit refactoring upayukt tharel. abhyaskramabaheril shikshan sthaleh HTTPS:// en.wikiversity.org/viki/real _ world _ labb * brousermadhil 3dii parvat drushya * trackingjs sarkhya audio parshvabhoomi aavaj granthalayansah 3dii sangrahalay daura.com/- heey kananchya magova ghenyachya mahitipurn amalbajavanichya bajoone tasech avkashiy bhoomitivarun dekhil manoranjak asel. parantu ithe hoy aahe qee ekada shikanyachya vatavaranache samanya ghatak samavisht jhaale qee, teey vishay-vishisht asateel, itake prasangik nastil. tyaeivaji, digital shikshan vatavaranasah havbhavanshi sanvad sadhane heey digital aanee digital ghatak naan shikanyachya vatavaranashi sambandhit asel, geozone heey swaroop mhanoon avkashiy sandarbhansathi dekhil yogya aahe. anukool madat pranali aanee vaiyaktik karya nirmiti. vidyarthyanche profile. digital shikshan vatavaranasathi vidyarthyanchya vaiyaktik shikanyachya garjanshi julavun ghenyasathi, eka shikanyachi ruparesha aavashyak aahe jyachya aadhare vaiyaktik karye aanee sansadhane deu kelee jaau shakatat. . gopaniyata. hoel, tii., griffiths, dii., & cheen, doubleu. (2017, march). shikshan vishleshan pranalinchya rachnevar gopaniyata sanrakshn aanee gopaniyata chaukaticha prabhav. satvya aantarrashtriy shikshan vishleshan aanee dnyan parishadechya (peepi. 243-252). aii. see. emm. vidyarthyachya upkaranatun serverver deta hastantarit qaraa aanee tyache vishleshan qaraa aanee aavashyak asalyas, truti namunyanche, karyanchi nivad aanee madatiche mothya deta sanch vishleshanachya aadhare logg inn qaraa. vidyarthyanchya mahitichya mahitichya sanrakshanachya drushtine heey purnapane aavashyak nahee. aadarshpane, shikananyacha deta purvanirdharitapane vaparkartyachya upkarnavar rahato. keval shalechya serverla kinwa sanshodhan prakalpatil serverla karye spashtapane pathavalyas, haah client-server sanvad malkadware nishchit kalavadhisathi spashtapane manjur keela jaau shakato. anyatha, madat pranali keval grahak bajula kinwa antim upkarnavar (laptop, tablet, sanganak, smartphone) madat pranalivar mapdandit kelya jaatat. anukool madat pranali eae.jee. kamkuvat-aii. aay. paddhatincha vapar karoon, vaparkartyanchya garja aanee shikanyachya aavashyaktannusar digital shikshan vatavaran tayar karnyasathi shikananya deta vishleshanacha vapar keela jaato. mhanoon, samanya drushtikonatun, digital shikshan vatavaranachya ghatakancha vichar qaraa jyasathi anukool abhipray, madat aanee karya nivad aavashyak aahe. buddhiman prashikshan pranalichya (tyachya) dnyat kshetrantil pailu eka prakarchya plugin sankalpanet serverver lagoo kele jaatat (udaa.jee., aar-sankhyiki software). sankhyikeey software aar yaa sandarbhat digital shikshan vatavaranachya niyantranasathi vidyaman paddhatincha vapar karate. asha drushtikonatun, amalbajavaniche mothe bhag (udaharanarth samooh, sahyogi jaale,..) ektrit aanee anamik shikanayachya mahitichya jatan kelelya vidyaman sankhyikeey vishleshanacha vapar karoon. gatishil dastaivaj nirmiti. vaparleli sadhane khalilpramane asatilah croud sourcing aanee nagrik vidnyan. khulya mahitee sanchadvare mahitee sankalan kelyane, ektrit sthiteet vidyarthyachya sanshodhan prashnachi antardrushti pradan karananya shikshan gatamadhye sahyogi mahitee sankalan shakya hote. croud sourcing haah deta aanee paddhatinche prashikshan aanee shikanyacha eka ghatak asel, jeey deta sankalan aanee mulyankanachya samasyedvare sahyogatmakpane sodavale jaau shakateh ekunach, digital shikshan vatavaran sthanik sandarbhat ektrit kele jaate aanee vaiyaktikrut deta vishleshan, client-side learning profiles, dvidishatmak deta vahtook pradan karate. nagrik vidnyan sankalpanet, vidyarthyankadun mahitee gola kelee jaate aanee tyach velee teey serve vaparkartyanchya ektrit mahitichi antardrushti midavatat aanee asha prakare sadhyachya sahyogi mahitee sankalanachi sthitee dekhil pahatat. yavyatirikt, vaparkartyane yapurvi sampadit naan keleli gahal kshetre dekhil olakhata yetat. client-side/server-side learner profileh deta sanrakshn charchedarmyan, client-side storage auph learner profilechahi vichar keela pahije, jyamadhye client-side learner profile vidyarthyanchya shikanyachya purvatinshi julavun ghete, parantu serverver konatyahi vaparkartyacha deta gola, ektrit aanee moolyankan kele jaat nahee. digital shikshan vatavaran asalelya sanshodhan prakalpanchya babatit, arthat, nantar shikananyanchi mahitee encrypt keleli asane aavashyak aahe aanee tyanantarach backend mhanoon restfulapimadhye hastantarit kelee pahije. thodakyat, haah muddah vidyarthyanchya mahitichya client-side kinwa server-side storagecha nirnay ghenyabaddal aanee digital shikshan vatavaranasathi samanya software ghatkanvar amurtata, jee shalansathi backend mhanoon aabhasikaranasaha upalabdh karoon dilee jaau shakate.

digital sikai watawaran yass sikai ekaiko lakshya bhaneko tapainko anushasana wa samagri kshetrasang sandarbhik digital sikai watawaranka lagi samanya it purwadhar vikas garnu hoh sikne deta. sikne detaka lagi nimna pakshaharu anweshan garnuhosh covid-19 mahamariharuma sikne watawaranma prayogka lagi awashyaktaharu rar badhaharu pahichan garnuhos. kasari moodle garna sakchha, olat... rar ko. mathika 3 wata anuprayogharusanga sanyojanma prayog garnuhos. yadi tapain khula samudayik drishtikon lagu garna rar tapainko sikne paridrishyaharuka lagi khula shaikshik srotharu prayog garna chahanuhunchha bhane tapainsanga aru key wikalpaharu chhan. pathyetar sikne sthanharuko digital sandarbhikaran. digital sandarbhikaranlai pathyetar sikne settingharuma hern sakinchha (uda.zee., bhiar, arr.js,..) mulatah मिक्सaeयrar (HTTPS:// Www.mishran.org) camera chhawima sikne tatwaharusanga. yadyapi, मिक्सaeयrar ab kayam chhaina rar sambandhit dhanchama html5 anuprayogma refactoring upayogi hunechha. pathyetar sikai siteharuh HTTPS:// en.wikiwarsity.org/wiki/real _ world _ lyab * brauserma 3dee parwat drishya * 3dee sangrahalaya bhraman adio prishthabhumi awaz pustakalayharu jastai ट्rar्याकिङजेहrarू jastaih// ट्rar्याकिङजेहrarू.cum/- kana trackingko anaupacharik karyanwayanko pakshbata rar sthanik jyamitibata pani rochak hunechha. tara yahan how ek patak sikne watawaranka samanya tatwaharu sanlagna bhaepachi, tyasta vishaya-wishishta hunchhan june tyati sandarbhik hundaina. baru, yo digital sikai watawaransanga इशाrarेहrarूसँग antarkriya garne barema hunechha gaira-digital rar digital tatwaharu sikai watawaransanga sambandhit chha geoson dhanchako rupma sthanik sandarbhaharuka lagi pani upayukta chha. anukulan sahayata pranali rar wyaktigat karya utpadan. sikne profileharu. digital sikai watawarnle sikneharuko wyaktigat sikaiko awashyaktaharu anukul banaunaka lagi, wyaktigat karyaharu rar srotharu prastawa garna sakine adharma sikai profile awashyak chha. . gopaniyata. hole, tea.griffith, dee., & chenn, w. (2017, march). sikai vishleshan pranaliko designma gopaniyata suraksha rar gopaniyata dhanchako prabhawa. sataun antarrashtriya sikai vishleshan rar gyan sammelan (pri. 243-252). ae. sii. emm. sikneko upakaranbata sarbharma deta sthanantaran garnuhos rar yasalai vishleshan garnuhos rar, yadi awashyak bhaema, truti dhanchako thulo deta sett vishleshan, karyaharuko chayan rar maddatko adharma lug garnuhos. sikne detako deta surakshako arthama yo bilkul awashyak chhaina. adarsha rupma, sikne deta purwanirdharit rupma prayogkartako upkaranma rahanchha. kewal vidyalaya sarbhar wa anusandhan pariyojanama sarbharharuma karyaharuko spashta pathaune, yo grahak-sarbhar sanchar malikdwara nishchit awadhika lagi spashta rupma swikrit garna sakinchha. anyatha, sahayata pranaliharu grahak pakshama wa antim upkaran (laptop, tablett, computer, smartphone) sahayata pranaliharuma matra mapdanda garinchha. anukulan sahayata pranaliharu eae.zee. kamjor-ai vidhiharu prayog garera, sikne deta vishleshan prayogkartaharuko awashyakta rar sikne awashyaktaharu anusar digital sikne watawarnlai anukulit garna prayog garinchha. tyasaile, samanya drishtikonma, digital sikai watawaranka ghatakharu vichar garnuhos jaslai anukuli pratikriya, sahayog, rar karya chayan awashyak pardachha. intelligent tutorial system (yasako) kaa gyat kshetraharuka pakshaharu sarbharma ek prakarko plugin awadharanama (uda.zee., arr-sankhyikiya suftware). sankhyikiya suftware arle digital sikai watawaranko niyantranka lagi awasthit vidhiharu prayog garna yass sandarbhama sewa gardacha. yasto drishtikonko madhyambata, karyanwayanko thulo bhagharu (udaharanka lagi clustering, associative networkharu,...) sanchit rar agyat shiksharthi detako awasthit sankhyikiya wishleshanko prayogdwara. gatishil kagjat utpadan. prayog garieka upkaranharu nimna anuprayogharu hunechhanh croud sourcing rar nagarik vigyan. khula deta kitt prayog garera deta sankalanle sikai samuhama sahayogi deta sankalanlai anumati dinchha jasle samagra rajyama vidyarthiko anusandhan prashnama antardrishti pradan gardacha. croud sourcing deta rar widhiharuko prashikshan rar sikne yasto ghatak hunechha june deta sankalan rar mulyankan samasyadwara sahayogi rupma samadhan garna sakinchhah samagrama, digital sikne watawaran sthanik sandarbhama ekikrit chha, rar wyaktigat deta vishleshan, grahak-side sikne profileko sath, dwidishatmak deta yatayat pradan gardacha. nagarik vigyan awadharanama, deta sikariharubata sankalan garinchha rar ekai samayama tiniharule sabai prayogkartaharuko samagra detama antardrishti prapta garchhan rar yasari halko sahayogi deta sankalanko awastha pani dekhchan. yasabahek, kasaile haraeko kshetraharu pani pahichan garna sakchha june pahile prayogkartadwara sampadan garieko thiena. grahak-paksha/sarbhar-paksha shiksharthi profileharuh deta suraksha chhalfalko kramama, sikne profileharuko grahak-paksha bhandaranlai pani vichar garnuparchha, jasdwara grahak-paksha sikne profile sikneharuko sikne purva awashyaktaharu anukul banaunchha, tara kunai pani prayogkarta deta sankalan, ektrit rar mulyankan garindaina. digital sikai watawaran bhaeka anusandhan pariyojanaharuko mamalama, nissandeha, tyasapachhi sikne deta incrypt hunuparchha rar tyasapachhi matra backendko rupma rarेस्टफुलापीमा sthanantaran garnuparchha. sankshepma, yo bindu vidyarthi detako grahak-paksha wa sarbhar-paksha bhandaran rar digital sikai watawaranka lagi generich suftware componentharuma amurtata nirnaya garne barema how, june vidyalayaharuka lagi backendko rupma bharchualaijesanko sath upalabdha garauna sakinchha.

digital sikhyana paribesha ehi sikhyana unitor lakhya heuchhi aapananka anushasana kimba bishajabastu khetra sahita prasangika digital sikhyana paribesha paain eka sadharana it bhittibhumi bikashita karibah sikhyarthee tathya. sikhyarthee tathya paain nimnalikhita digagudiku anweshana karantuhu kovida-19 mahamari samajare sikhyana paribeshare prajoga paain abashyakata ebong pratibandhakagudiku chinhat karantu. kemiti moodle heba, olat..... ebong coe. uparokta 3tii prajoga sahita milita bhabe byabahara karantu. jadi apana niz sikhya paristhiti paain mukta gosthi abhimukhya ebong unmukta sikhyagata sambalaku prajoga karibaku chahunchhanti, tebe aapananka pakhare anya bikalpa qa "naa rahichhi. pathyakrama bahare sikhya pradan karuthiba stanagudikara digital prasangagatakarana. digital prasangaku pathyakrama bahare sikhya byabasthare (jathahji., bhiaara, aara.jay. ess.....) moolatah mixeair (HTTPS:// WW.mishran karantu.org) camera pratichabi ray sikhyana upadan sahita . tebe mixeair aau rakhyanabekhyana karajainahni ebong echa. tii. emm. ell. 5 applicationre eka anuroopa dhanchare refactoring upajogee heba. pathyakrama bahare sikhya saith HTTTPS:// en.wikibarsiti.org/biki/Real _ World _ lyaba * braujarare 3dii parbata drushya * 3dii sangrahalaja gasta sahita audio prusthabhumi sabda library jepariki trackinges .comm/- kanika trankingra suchanatmaka karjyakaritara parswaru moe paain madhya sthanagata jyamitiru madhya aakarshaneeah heba . kintu ethaare hohn, thare sikhyana paribeshara sadharana upadanagudika jadita hoigale, segudika bishai-nirdista heba, sete prasangika nuhen. barang, ehaa digital sikhyana paribesha sahita angabhangi sahita kathabartta kariba bishajare heba, eka sikhyana paribesha sahita jadita anah-digital ebong digital upadan, geoson madhya formatt bhabare sthanika prasanga paain upajukta . anukula sahajata byabastha ebong byaktigata karjya srusti. shikhyartheenka profile. digital sikhyana paribesha shikhyartheenka byaktigata sikhyana abashyakata sahita khap khuaiba paain, eka sikhyana profile aabasyaka jaahaa aadhaarare byaktigata karjya ebong sambala pradan karajaipariba . .. gopaneejata. hole, tii., griffiths, dii., & chenn, wa. (2017, march). larning analytics systemer design upare gopaneejata surakhya ebong gopaneejata dhanchara prabhaba. saptama antarjatija sikhyana bisleshana ebong gyaana sammilani (pipi. 243-252). acm. shikhyartheenka upakaranaru eka sarbharaku tathya sthanantara karantu ebong ehaaku bisleshana karantu ebong aabasyaka padile truti dhanchara eka bruhata tathya sett bisleshana, karjyara chayan ebong sahajata aadhaarare logg karantu. shikhyartheenka tathyara tathya surakhya drustiru ehaa sampurna aabasyaka nuhen. adarsha bhabare, shikhyartheenka tathya purbanirdharita bhabare byabaharakareenka upakaranare rahithae . kebala skula sarbharaku kimba eka gabeshana prakalpare sarbharaku karjyara spust pathaiba, ehi client-sarbhara jogajoga malikanka dwara eka nirdista abadhi paain spust bhabare anumodita hoipariba . anyatha, sahajata pranaleegudika kebala grahaka parsware kimba shesh upakarana (laptop, tablet, pisi, smartphone) sahajata pranalire parameterized hoithae. anukula sahajata byabastha ee.jii. durbala-aai paddhati byabahara curry, sikhyarthee tathya bisleshana byabaharakareenka abashyakata ebong sikhyana abashyakata anujai digital sikhyana paribeshaku upajukta kariba paain byabahruta hue . tenu, eka sadharana aabhimukhyare, eka digital sikhyana paribeshara upadanagudiku bichara karantu jaahaa anukula pratikrija, sahajata ebong karjya chayan aabasyaka kare . intelligent tutorial system (ehara) rahr janashuna khetraru digagudika eka prakarara plugin dharana (udaa.jii., aarr-parisankhyana saphtawer). parisankhyana saphtawer r ehi pariprekheere digital sikhyana paribeshara nijantrana paain bidyamana paddhati byabahara karibaku karjya kare . ebhali eka abhimukhya madhyamare, karjyakaritara bruhata ansha (udaharana swaroopa clustering, associative netawarka,....) sanchita samagrika ebong agyata sikhyarthee tathyara bidyamana parisankhyana bisleshanara byabahara dwara. gatishila dastabija srusti. byabahruta upakaranagudika nimnalikhita prajoga hebah croud sourcing ebong nagarika bigyana. mukta tathya kitt byabahara curry tathya sangraha eka sikhyana gostheere sahajogee tathya sangrahaku anumathi deithae jaahaa eka samagrika rajyare jane chhatranka gabeshana prashna bishajare antardrusti pradan kare . croud sourcing heuchhi tathya ebong paddhatira prasikhyana ebong sikhyanara eka upadan jaahaa tathya sangraha ebong mulyankana samasya dwara sahajogatmaka bhabare samadhan karajaiparibaha samagrika bhabare, digital sikhyana paribesha sthanika sandarbhare ekeekruta hoichhi, ebong byaktigata tathya bisleshana, claint-side larning profile sahita, dwi-diggata tathya paribahana pradan kare . nagarika bigyana dharanare, shikhyartheemananka thaaru tathya sangraha karajae ebong ehaa sahita semane samasta byabaharakareenka samudai tathya bishajare antardrusti hassel karanti ebong ehipari barttamanara sahajogee tathya sangrahara sthiti madhya dekhanti . ehaa byatita, jane nikhoja khetragudiku madhya chinhat kariparibe jaahaa purbaru jane byabaharakareenka dwara sampadita hoinathila. client-side/sarbhara-side learner profailh tathya surakhya alochana samajare, sikhyarthee profilera grahaka-parswa sanrakhyana upare madhya bichara karajiba uchita, jeunthire grahaka-parswa sikhyarthee profile shikhyartheenka sikhyana purba abashyakata sahita khap khuaithae, kintu sarbharare kaunasi byabaharakaree tathya sangraha, ekatra ebong mulyankana karajae naahin. eka digital sikhyana paribesha sahita gabeshana prakalpa khetrare, abashya, setebele sikhyarthee tathya encrypted heba aabasyaka ebong kebala taa 'parey backend bhabare eka restfulapy ku sthanantara karajiba uchit . sankhyepare, ehi bindu sikhyarthee tathyara client-parswa kimba sarbhara-parswa sanrakhyana ebong digital sikhyana paribesha paain generic saphtawer upadan upare eka bimurtata upare nishpatti neba bishajare, jaahaa bidyalaja paain eka backend bhabare virtualisation sahita upalabdha hoipariba .

digital sikhlai vatavaran iss sikhlai ikai daa teecha tuhade anushasana jaan samaggari khetar naal sabandhat digital sikhlai vatavaran laee ikk aam aaee. tii. buniaadi dhancha vikast karna haiyav sikkhan vaale detta. sikkhan vaale detta laee heth likhe pahiluaan dee padchol crow-covid-19 mahamariaan witch sikkhan dey vatavaran utte arzi laee zaruratan atey rukawatan dee pachanh crow. kiven moodle hoow sakda haii, olat,.. atey qa. uppar ditte 3 applicationan dey naal varton keeti jaave. jey tusin khullhi community pahunch noon lagu karna chahunde hoow atey aapne sikkhan dey drishan laee khulleh vidiak sarot chahunde hoow taan tuhade cole horr qee wicklup hunn. pathkram toon bahr sikkhan vaale sathanan daa digital prasangikta. digital prasangikta noon pathkram toon bahr sikkhan deeaan settingan witch dekhiaa jaa sakda haii (jiven kii.jee., vee. aar., aar.jey. aiss...) mool roop witch mixair (HTTPS:// WW.micks crow.org) camera chittar witch sikkhan dey tattan dey naal. halanki, mixear noon hunn kaaim naheen rakkhiaa jaanda haii atey ikk anusari dhanche witch aich. tii. aim. ail. 5 application witch refectoring labhdaik hovegi. pathkram toon bahr sikkhan valiaan saitaon HTTPS:// en.vikivivasta.org/viki/Real _ World _ لیب * brouser witch 3D pahaad drish * 3D ajaib gharr daa daura audio pichokad shore libraries jiven kii trekkingjez jiven kii trekkingjez.com/- merey laee vee kann tracking dey soochnatmak lagu curran dey naal-naal sathanik geometry toon vee dilchsap hovega. parr itthe haan haii ikk vaar jadon sikkhan dey vatavaran dey aam tatt shamal hoow jaande hunn, taan ih vishe-vishesh honge joe inne prasangik naheen honge. iss dee bajaae, ih digital sikhlai vatavaran naal sanket naal gallbat curran baare hovega joe ikk sikkhan dey vatavaran naal sabandhat gair-digital atey digital tatt hunn. anukool sahaita pranaliaan atey viaktigat kaaraj sirjan. sikkhan vaale profilan. digital sikkhan dey vatavaran laee sikkhan valiaan deeaan viaktigat sikkhan deeaan zaruratan dey anukool honn laee, ikk sikkhan dee profile dee zaroorat haii jiss dey adhaar 'teey viaktigat kaarjan atey sarotan dee peshkash keeti jaa sakadi haii. . nijjata. hole, tii., griffith, dee., & chenn, w. (2017, march). sikkhan vishleshan pranaliaan dey design utte gopniyata surakhiaa atey gopniyata dhanche daa prabhav. sattvin antarashtari sikkhan vishleshan atey giaan conferences (peepi. 243-252). aii. see. aimm. sikkhan vaale dee device toon ikk sarvar witch detta transfer crow atey iss daa vishleshan crow atey, jey zaruri howay, taan galti dey patternan, kaarjan dee chonh atey sahaita dey vadde detta sett vishleshan dey adhaar 'teey laug inn crow. sikkhan vaale detta dee detta surakhiaa dey arth witch ih bilkul zaruri naheen haii. aadrash roop witch, sikkhan vaale daa detta default roop witch upbhogta dey upkaran utte rahinda haii. siraf school sarvar jaan khoj project witch sarvaran noon kamman noon spasht taur 'teey bhejan naal, iss client-sarvar sanchar noon maalak duaara ikk nishchit miaad laee spasht taur' teey manzuri ditti jaa sakadi haii. naheen taan, sahaita pranaliaan noon siraf client paase jaan antam upkaran (laptop, tablet, peesi, smartphone) sahaita pranaliaan utte mapdandit keeta jaanda haii. anukool sahaita pranaliaan ee.jee. kamzor-aii. aaee. tarikiaan dee varton karde hoye, sikkhan vaale detta vishleshan dee varton upbhogtavan deeaan zaruratan atey sikkhan deeaan zaruratan dey anusar digital sikkhan dey vatavaran noon tiaar curran laee keeti jaandi haii. iss laee, ikk aam pahunch witch, ikk digital sikkhan dey vatavaran dey uhanan hissiaan utte vichaar crow jinhan laee anukool feedback, sahaita atey kaaraj dee chonh dee zaroorat hundi haii. budhiman tutorial pranaliaan (iss dey) dey jaane-pachane khetran dey pahiluaan noon sarvar utte ikk kisam dey plugin sankalap (ee.jee., aar-ankada software). ankada software r iss sandrabh witch digital sikkhan dey vatavaran dey niyantaran laee maujuda tarikiaan dee varton curran laee kamm karda haii. ajihi pahunch raahin, lagu curran dey vadde hisse (jiven kii clustering, sehyogi network,..) samuche atey agiaat sikkhan vaale detta noon surakhiat curran dey maujuda ankada vishleshan dee varton duaara. gatishil dastavez sirjan. varte gaye saadhan heth likhiaan applicationan hongiaan croud sourcing atey nagrik vigiaan. open daata kitt dee varton naal daata sangrah ikk sikhlai samooh witch sehyogi daata sangrah dee aagiaa dinda haii joe ikk samucchi sathiti witch ikk vidiaarthi dey khoj parshan witch samajh pardan karda haii. croud sourcing detta atey tarikiaan dee sikhlai atey sikkhan daa ikk ajiha hissa hovega jiss noon detta sangrah atey mulankan samassiaa duaara sehyogi taur 'teey hall keeta jaa sakda haiyav samuche taur' teey, digital sikhlai vatavaran noon sathanik parsang witch ekikrit keeta jaanda haii, atey viaktigat detta vishleshan, client-side learning profile dey naal, doou-dishawi detta transport pardan karda haii. nagrik vigiaan sankalap witch, ankade sikkhan valiaan toon ikkathe keete jaande hunn atey naal hii uh saare upbhogtavan dey samuche ankadiaan witch samajh prapat karde hunn atey iss tarahan maujuda sehyogi ankade sangrah dee sathiti noon vee dekhde hunn. iss toon ilava, koee vee gumm hoye khetran dee pachanh vee qarr sakda haii jinhan noon pahilan kise upbhogta duaara sampadit naheen keeta giaa see. client-side/sarvar-side learning profile daata surakhiaa charcha dey dauran, sikkhan vaale profilan dey client-side storage 'teey vee vichaar keeta jaanha chahida haii, jiss naal client-side learning profile sikkhan valiaan deeaan sikkhan deeaan purav-zaruratan dey anukool hoow jaandi haii, parr sarvaran' teey koee vee upbhogta detta ikattar, ikkatha atey mulankan naheen keeta jaanda haii. digital sikhlai vatavaran vaale khoj projectan dey mamle witch, beshak, firr sikkhan vaale detta noon encrypt keeta jaanha chahida haii atey firr hii backend dey roop witch ikk restfulapy witch tabdil keeta jaanha chahida haii. sankhep witch, ih bindu sikkhan vaale detta dey client-side jaan sarvar-side storage atey digital sikhlai vatavaran laee aam software hissiaan baare ikk abstraction baare faisla curran baare haii, joe schoolan laee ikk backend vajon virtualization dey naal upalbadh karvaiaa jaa sakda haii.

digital-shikshan-vaataavaranam iti asya shikshan-ekakam lakshyam bhavatah vishaya-vishaya-kshetrasya vaa anuroopasy digital-shikshan-vaataavaranasya krute samanya-aii. tii.-aadhaarasamrachanaah vikasitam karaneeyah asti-shikshaarthi-dattaamshah. shikshaarthi-dattaamshasya krute nimnalikhitaan pakshan anveshayatu-covid-19 mahamarishu shikshan-vaataavaranasya krute aavedanasya aavashyakataam badhan cha chinvantu. katham mood-leey, olaat, iti... tathaa cha ko. upari ullikhitaih 3 anuprayogaih saha samyuktaroopena upayujyate. yadi bhavaan mukta-samudaay-drushtikonam upayoktum icchati tathaa cha swasya shikshan-paridrushyasya krute mukta-shaikshanik-samsaadhanaani sthaapayitum icchati tarhi bhavatah sameepe anyaani vikalpaani kaani santi? paathyetar-shikshanasthananam digital-sandarbheekaranam. paathyakramen pathitavyaani (udaa.jii., var, aar.jey. ess.,..) moolatah mixer (HTTPS:// WW.mishranm karotu.org) chitrakarme vidyamaanaih tattwaih saha. parantu, mixer ityasya rakshanm naa bhavati, tathaa cha echa. tea. emm. ell. 5 ityasya upayoge tatsambaddh-samrachanaayaam punah kaarakam kartum upayogee bhavishyati. paathyetar-shikshan-sthalaani------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -wikiwarsitee.org/vikee/Real _ World _ lyaab * brouser madhye 3D parvatadrushyam * 3D sangrahalayaparyatanam, shravya-paarshva-shabda-pustakaalayaih saha, yathaa tracking-jey. ess.-ityaadibhih.kaam/- iti kana-nirikshanasya soochanaatmak-kaaryaanvayanasya pakshatah api cha sthanika-jyaamitih api cha mama krute rochaka bhavishyati. parantu atra, ekadaa shikshan-vaataavaranasya samanya-tattvaani samlagnaah bhavanti chet, taani vishaya-vishishtaani bhavanti, atra prasangikani naa bhavanti. apitu, tasya vishaye digital-shikshan-vatavaranena saha anga-bhaawaih saha samvaadaha bhavet, a-digital-tathaa cha digital-tattvaani shikshan-vatavaranena saha sambadhaah santi, geojson iti bhasha sthanika-sandarbhanam krute api praarooparoopen upayuktam asti. anukoolan-sahayata-pranalayah tathaa vyaktigata-karya-utpaadanam. shikshaarthi-vivaranaani. digital-shikshan-vaataavaranasya krute, chhatranam vyaktigata-shikshan-aavashyakataanaam anuroopam bhavitum, ekam shikshan-vivaranam aavashyakam asti, yasya aadhaaren vyaktigata-karyani samsaadhanaani cha prastooyante. . nijata. hole, tea.griffiths, dee., & chenn, doubleu. (2017, maarch). shikshan-vishleshana-pranalinam vinyaase gopaniyata-samrakshanasya tathaa gopaniyata-samrachanaanaam prabhaawah. saptamah antarashtriya-shikshan-vishleshana-gyaana-sammelanah (pee. pee.). 243-252). e. sii. emm. shikshaarthi-yantraat dattaamsham server-prati sthanantaram krutvaa tasya vishleshanam karotu, tathaa cha yadi aavashyakam bhavati tarhi truti-prakaranam, karyanam chayanasy, sahayyasya cha bruhattar-dattaamsha-samucchaya-vishleshanasya aadhaaren laag-inn karotu. shikshaarthi-dattaamshasya dattaamsha-samrakshanaartham etat sarvathaa aavashyakam naasti. aadarsharoopen, shikshaarthi-dattaamshah poorvanirdhaaritaroopen upayoktuh upakaranm eva bhavati. kevalam vidyaalayasya server-prati athavaa shodhaprakalpasy server-prati karyanam spashtapreranaya eva, ayam clant-server-sampreshanam swamidwara nishchitakaalaparyantam spashtatayaa anumodayitum shakyate. anyathaa, sahaya-pranalayah kevalam graahak-pakshatah athavaa antima-upakaranasy (laptop, tablet, peesi, smartphone) sahaya-pranalyam eva niyataamkitaah bhavanti. anukoolan-sahayata-pranalayah ee.jii. durbal-e. aii. paddhatyam upayujya, shikshaarthi-dattaamsha-vishleshanasya upayogah upayoktru-aavashyakataah, shikshan-aavashyakataah cha anuroopam digital-shikshan-vaataavaranam upayoktum bhavati. ataha, samanya-drushtikone, digital-shikshan-vaataavaranasya ghatakam vishaye vichaarayatu, yeshu anukoolan-pratikriyaa, sahayyam, karya-chayanam cha aavashyakam bhavati. buddhipoorwak-shikshan-pranaalyaah (itts) jnaatakshetraanaam pakshaah server-madhye ekaprakaaren plugin-avadhaaranaayaam (udaa.jii., aar-saankhyikeey-tantraamshah). saankhyikeey-tantraamshah aar iti asmin sandarbhe, digital-shikshan-vaataavaranasya niyantrane vidyamaan-paddhatyam upayoktum karyam karoti. etaadrushe sameekarane, kaaryaanvayanasya bruhadbhaagaah (yathaa samooh-vyavasthaa, sahayogee-jaalah, ityaadi)...) sanchita-samagra-anaama-shikshaarthi-dattaamshasya vidyamaan-saankhyikeey-vishleshanasya upayogena. gatisheel-dastaawej-utpaadanam. prayukta-upakaranani nimnalikhitaani upayoktavyaani bhavantihi croud-sourcing tathaa nagarika-vidnyaanam cha. mukta-dattaamsha-sanchasya upayogena dattaamshasangrahah shikshan-samoohe sahayogaatmak-dattaamshasangraham anumanyate, yat samagra-raajye chaatrasya shodha-prashnasya antardrushtih pradadaati. croud-sourcing iti dattaamshasya tathaa paddhatyoho prashikshanasy tathaa shikshanasy ekaha ghatakah bhavishyati yah dattaamshasangrahana-mulyamkan-samasyaya sahayogena samaadhaanaay shakyateh samagratayaa, digital-shikshan-vaataavaranam sthanika-sandarbhe ekeekrutam bhavati, vyaktigatam dattaamsha-vishleshanam cha graahak-paksha-shikshan-vivaranena saha dwidishaatmak-dattaamsha-parivahanam pradadaati. naagarikawidnyaan-avadhaaranaayaam, shikshakaih dattaamshah sangruhyate, tathaiva te sarwebhyah upayoktrubhyah samagra-dattaamshasya antardrushtim api praapayanti, evam vartamaanasya sahayogaatmak-dattaamshasangrahasya sthitihi api pashyanti. api cha, ye kshetraani poorvam upayoktrudwara naa sampaaditaah aasan, te kshetraani api dnyaatum shakyate. clant-said/server-said learner profailh. dattaamsha-samrakshana-charchayaha samaye, shikshaarthi-profailaanaam graahak-paksha-bhandaaranam api vichaaraneeyam bhavet, yena graahak-paksha-shikshaarthi-profaailah shikshaarthinaam shikshan-purvashartan anukaroti, parantu server-madhye naa upayoktru-deta-sangrahitah, samaakalitah, moolyaamkitah cha bhavati. digital-shikshan-vatavaranayuktanam anusandhaana-pariyojananam vishaye, avashyameva, tadaa shikshaarthi-dattaamshah encrypt bhavet, tatah eva restfulaapee ityatra prushtabhaagaroopena sthanantaram bhavet. saaraamshatah, eshah binduhu shikshaarthi-dattaamshasya graahak-pakshasya athavaa server-pakshasya sanchayasya vishaye nirnayah, tathaa cha digital-shikshan-vaataavaranasya krute samanya-tantraamsha-ghatakam vishaye amurtata, yat vidyaalayaanaam krute prushtabhaagaroopena varchuvalaiseshan ityanena saha upalabhyante.

digital karral soozhal inththa karral pirivin kurikkoal ungkal ozhukkam allathu ulladakka pakuthikku porutthamaana digital karral soozhalgalukkaana podhuvaana aidi ulkattamaippai uruvaakkuvathaakum kattravar tharavu. kattravar tharavukalukkaana pinvarum amsangkalai aaraayungal koovit-19 thottrunoaikalil karral soozhalgalil payanpaattirkaana thaevaigal mattrum kattuppaadugalai adaiyaalam kaanavum. eppadi moodule seiya mudiyum, oolaat,.. mattrum coow. maelae ulla 3 payanpaadugaludan inainthu payanpaduththappada vaendum. thirantha samooga anugumuraiyaip payanpaduththavum, ungkal karral soozhnilaigalukku thirantha kalvi valangkalaip payanpaduththavum virumbinaal, ungkalidam vaeru enna maattru ullathu? paadaththittaththirku purampaana karral idangkalin digital soozhalmayamaakkal. digital soolalmayamaakkalai paadaththittaththirku purampaana karral amaippugalil kanalaam (eeyee.jii., vr, aarr.js,...) adippadaiyil mikser (HTTTPS:// WW.kalavai.org) camera padaththil ulla karral koorugaludan. iruppinum, mikser inii paraamarikkappaduvathillai mattrum athanudan thodarpudaiya kattamaippil ech. dii. emm. ell 5 payanpaattil refactoring payanullathaaka irukkum. paadaththittaththirku purampaana karral thalangal HTTTPS:// en.vikki panmugaththanmai.org/vikee/riyal _ world _ lape * ulaaviyil 3dii malaik kaatchi * 3dii arungaatchiyaga suttruppayanam trackingjs poantra audio pinnani saththam noolagangaludan.com/- thugal kankaanippin thagaval amalaakkaththin pakkaththilirunthu enakkum irukkum, maelum idanjchaarntha vadivaviyalilirunthu suvaarasyamaagavum irukkum. aanaal ingkae aam, karral soozhalgalin podhuvaana koorugal sambanthappattavudan, avai porul-kurippittathaaga irukkum, avvalavu poruththamaanathaaka irukkaathu. maaraaga, digital karral soozhalgaludan saigaigaludan thodarbukolvathu digital allaatha mattrum digital koorugal karral soozhaludan thodarpudaiyathu, jiosan idanjchaarntha soozhalgalukku vadivamaippaagavum poruththamaanathu. thagavamaippu udhavi amaippugal mattrum thanipatta panii uruvaakkam. kattravar suyavivarangkal. digital karral soozhalgal karpavargalin thanipatta karral thevaikalukku aerpa maattriyamaikka, thanipatta panikal mattrum valangkalai vazhangkakkoodiya oru karral suyavivaram thaevaippadukirathu. . thaniyurimai. hooll, dii., cryphitus, dii., & chenn, doublue. (2017, maarch). karral pakuppaaivu amaippugalin vadivamaippil thaniyurimai paathukaappu mattrum thaniyurimai kattamaippugalin thaakkam. aezhaavathu sarvadesa karral pakuppaaivu mattrum arivu maanattin (pipi. 243-252). acm. kattravarin saathanaththilirunthu tharavai oru sevaiyagaththirku maattri adhai pakuppaaivu seiyungal, thevaippattaal, pizhai vadivangkal, panikalin thaervu mattrum udhavi aagiyavattrin periya tharavu thoguppu pakuppaaivu adippadaiyil ullnuzhaiyavum. kattravar tharavin tharavu paathukaappu endra arththaththil idhu muttrilum avasiyamillai. karpavarin tharavu iyalpaagavae payanarin saathanaththil irukkum. palli sevaiyagaththirku allathu oru aaraaichi thittaththil ulla sevaiyagangalukku panikalai velippadaiyaaga anuppuvathu mattumae, inththa client-sarvar thagavalthodarpugalai urimaiyalaraal oru kuripitta kaalaththirku velippadaiyaaga angkeekarikka mudiyum. illaiyenil, udhavi amaippugal vaadikkaiyaalar pakkaththil allathu iruthi saathanaththil (madikkanini, dablet, pisi, smartphone) udhavi amaippugalil mattumae alavurukkal seiyappadugindrana. thagavamaippu udhavi amaippugal e.jii. palaveenamaana-aee. aii muraigalaip payanpaduththi, payanar thaevaigal mattrum karral thevaikalukku aerpa digital karral soozhalai vadivamaikka kattravar tharavu pakuppaaivu payanpaduththappadukirathu. enavae, oru podhuvaana anugumuraiyil, thagavamaippu pinnoottam, udhavi mattrum panii thaervu thaevaippadum digital karral soozhalin koorugalaik kavaniyungal. arivaarntha payirchi muraigalin (adhan) ariyapatta paguthikalilirunthu amsangkal oru vagaiyaana sorugi karuththil sevaiyagaththil seyalpaduththappadugindrana (eeyee.jii., aarr-pullivivara menporul). digital karral soozhalaik kattuppaduttha tharpoothulla muraigalaip payanpaduththa pulliyial menporul r inththa soozhalil seyalpadugirathu. aththagaiya anugumuraiyin moolam, seyalpaduththalin periya pakuthikal (eeyee. qaa. clustering, associative netvorkkugal,..) saemikkappadum orunginaintha mattrum anaamathaeya kattravar tharavin tharpoothaiya pullivivara paguppaaivaip payanpaduththuvathan moolam. maarum aavana uruvaakkam. payanpaduththappadum karuvigal pinvarum payanpaadugalaaga irukkum kootta aathaaram mattrum kudimakkal ariviyal. thirantha tharavuk karuviyaip payanpaduththi tharavu sekarippu oru karral kuzhuvil koottu tharavu sekarippai anumathikkirathu, idhu oru orunginaintha nilaiyil oru maanavarin aaraaichi kaelviyaip pattriya nunnarivugalai valangkukirathu. tharavu sekarippu mattrum mathippeettu sikkal moolam oththuzhaippudan theerkakkoodiya tharavu mattrum muraigalin payirchi mattrum kattralin oru angkamaaga crowd sourcing irukkum ottumoththamaaga, digital karral soozhalgal idanjchaarntha soozhalil orunginaikkappadugindrana, maelum thanippayanakkappatta tharavu pakuppaaivu, vaadikkaiyaalar pakka karral suyavivaraththudan, irutharappu tharavu poakkuvaraththai valangkukirathu. kudimakkal ariviyal karutthiyalil, tharavu karpavarkalidamirunthu sekarikkappadukirathu, athae neraththil avarkal anaitthu payanarkalin orunginaintha tharavugalin nunnarivugalaip perukiraarkal, ithanaal tharpoothaiya koottu tharavu sekarippin nilaiyaiyum paarkkiraarkal. maelum, idharku munbu oru payanaraal thirutthappadaatha kaanaamal poana paguthigalaiyum oruvar adaiyaalam kanalaam. client-side/sarvar-side kattravar suyavivarangalh tharavu paathukaappu vivaathaththin poathu, kattravar suyavivarangalin client-side storage karuththil kollappada vaendum, idhan moolam client-side learner suyavivaram kattravarkalin karral munnipanthanaigalukku aerpa maattriyamaikkappadukirathu, aanaal endha payanar tharavum sekarikkappaduvathillai, orunginaikkappaduvathilla mattrum mathippeedu seiyappadavillai. digital karral soozhaludan koodiya aaraaichi thittangalaip porutthavarai, nichchayamaaga, kattravar tharavu kuriyaakkam seiyappattu, pinnar mattumae restfulapicu pinnoakki maattrappada vaendum. saaraamchaththil, inththa pulli kattravar tharavin client-side allathu sarvar-side storage mattrum digital karral soozhalgalukkaana podhuvaana menporul koorugal pattriya surukkaththai theermaanippathu pattriyathu, idhu palligalukku oru pinnadaivaaga meinigaraakkaththudan kidaikkach seiyalaam.

digital learning environment eee learning unit yokka lakshyam mea kramasikshana ledhaa content praantaaniki sambandhinchina digital learning environments kosam saadhaarana it moulika sadupaayaalanu abhivruddhi cheyadamh lenner dayta. abhyaasakula dayta kosam eee krindi amsaalanu anveshinchandih covid-19 antuvyaadhulalo abhyasa vaataavaranaalapai anuvartanam kosam avasaralu mariyu parimitulanu gurtinchandi. elaa mood cheyavachu, olat,... mariyu koo. paina perkonna 3 anuvartanaalato kalipi upayoginchandi. meeru mea abhyasa paristhitula kosam bahiranga samaja vidhananni mariyu bahiranga vidya vanarulanu vartimpajeyaalanukunte, meeku itara pratyaamnaayaalu emiti? paatyetara abhyasa sthalaala digital sandarbhochiteekarana. digital sandarbhochitatanu paatyetara abhyasa amarikalalo chudavachu (udhaa.zii., vr, aarr.js,...) praathamikamgaa mixer (HTTTPS:// WW.misramam.org) camera chitramlo abhyasa amsaalatoe. ayithe, mixer ikapai nirvahinchabadadu mariyu sambandhita frameworklo hetch. tii. emm. ell5 applicationlo refactoring upayogakaramgaa untundi. paatyetara abhyasa saitlu HTTTPS:// en.vikeevaividhyam.org/vikee/real _ varald _ lyab * brouserlo 3dii parvata veekshanha * 3dii museum paryatana tracking js vanti audeo nepathya sabdam librarylatho.kaam/- naaku kooda partical tracking yokka informational amalu vaipu nundi alaage praadaesika jyaamiti nundi kooda aasaktikaramgaa untundi. conny ikkada avunu, okasari abhyasa vaataavaranamlooni saadhaarana amsaalu palgonte, avi subject-nirdishtamgaa untaayi, antagaa sambandhitamgaa undavu. badulugaa, digital abhyasa vaataavaranaalatoe sangnalatho sankarshana chendadam gurinchi untundi, idhi abhyasa vaataavaranaaniki sambandhinchina digital kaani mariyu digital amsaalu, bhougolikamgaa praadaesika sandarbhaalaku kooda anukuulamgaa untundi. anukuula sahaya vyavasthalu mariyu vyaktigata pani utpatti. abhyaasakula profiles. digital abhyasa vaataavaranaalu abhyaasakula vyaktigata abhyasa avasaralaku anugunamgaa maaradaaniki, vyaktigata panulu mariyu vanarulanu andinche abhyasa profile avasaram. . gopyata. hole, tii., griffiths, dii., & chenn, doubleu. (2017, marchi). abhyasa vislaeshanha vyavasthala roopakalpanapai gopyata rakshana mariyu gopyata chatraala prabhavam. edava antarjaateeya abhyasa vislaeshanhalu & ghnaana samavesam (pp. 243-252). eah. sii. emm. abhyasakudi parikaram nundi daetaanu sarvarku badilee chesi, daanini vislaeshimchamdi mariyu avasaramaite, dosha namuunaala yokka pedda dayta sett vislaeshanha, panula empika mariyu sahayam aadhaaramgaa lagin avvandi. abhyaasakula dayta yokka dayta rakshana anae ardhamlo idhi khachitamgaa avasaram ledhu. aadarsavantamgaa, abhyasakudi dayta aprameyamgaa viniyogadaaru parikaramlo untundi. paatasaala sarvarku ledhaa parisoedhanaa prajectloni sarvarlaku panulanu spashtamgaa pampadam dwara matrame, eee client-sarvar communicationnu yajamani nirneeta kaalaaniki spashtamgaa aamodinchavachhu. lekapothe, sahaya vyavasthalu client vaipu ledhaa tudi parikaramlo (laptop, tablet, pisi, smartphone) sahaya vyavasthalalo matrame paramiti cheyabadataayi. anukuula sahaya vyavasthalu ii.zii. balaheenamaina-ii paddhatulanu upayoginchi, viniyogadaarula avasaralu mariyu abhyasa avasaralaku anugunamgaa digital abhyasa vaataavaranaanni roopondinchadaaniki abhyaasakula dayta vislaeshanha upayoginchabadutundi. kabatti, saadhaarana vidhaanamlo, anukuula pratispandana, sahayam mariyu pani empika avasaramayye digital abhyasa vaataavaranamlooni bhaagaalanu pariganinchandi. telivaina tutorial vyavasthala (daani) telisina praantaala nundi amsaalu oka rakamaina plugin bhaavanalo sarvarlo amalu cheyabadataayi (udhaa.zii., aarr-statistic software). ganaanka software r eee sandarbhamlo digital abhyasa vaataavaranaanni niyantrinchadaaniki ippatike unna paddhatulanu upayoginchadaaniki upayogapadutundi. atuvanti vidhanam dwara, amalulo pedda bhagalu (clustering, anubandha netvarklu vantivi)...) save aggregated mariyu anamaka abhyasaka dayta yokka ippatike unna ganaanka vislaeshanhanu upayoginchadam dwara. dynamic document generation. upayoginchina sadhanalu eee krindi anuvartanamgaa untayih croud sourcing mariyu poura saastraalu. open dayta kitnu upayoginchi dayta sekarana anedi oka samagra sthithilo vidyaarthi yokka parisoedhanaa prasnapai antardrushtulanu andinche abhyasa samuuhamloo sahakaara dayta sekarananu anumatistundi. dayta sekarana mariyu moolyaankanam samasya dwara sahakaaramtho parishkarinchagala dayta mariyu paddhatula sikshana mariyu abhyaasamlo croud sourcing oka bhaagam avtundi mottam meeda, digital learning environments praadaesika sandarbhamlo vileenam cheyabadataayi mariyu vyaktigateekarinchina dayta vislaeshanha, client-side learning profiletho paatu, dvimukha dayta ravaanaanu andistundi. poura shaastra bhaavanalo, dayta abhyaasakula nundi sekarinchabadutundi mariyu adhe samayamlo vaaru viniyogadaarulandari samagra detapai antardrushtulanu pondutaaru mariyu tadwara prastuta sahakaara dayta sekarana sthithini kooda chuustaaru. antekakunda, intaku mundu viniyogadaaru savarinchani tappipoyina praantaalanu kooda gurtinchavacchu. client-side/sarvar-side lenner profiles dayta rakshana charcha samayamlo, client-side learner profiles yokka client-side storagenu kooda parigananaloki teesukoovaali, dheeni dwara client-side learner profile abhyaasakula abhyasa mundastu avasaralaku anugunamgaa untundi, conny sarvarlalo viniyogadaaru dayta sekarinchabadadu, samagraparachabadadu mariyu moolyaankanam cheyabadadu. digital learning environment unna research prajectula vishayamlo, appudu abhyasakudi dayta encrypt cheyabadi, aapai matrame restfulaapiki backendga badilee cheyabadaali. saaraamsamlo, eee amsam abhyaasakula dayta yokka client-side ledhaa sarvar-side nilva mariyu digital learning environments kosam generic software bhagalapai sangrahaanni nirnayinchadam gurinchi, idhi paatasaalalaku backendga virtualisationtho andubaatulo unchavacchu.

degital learning invirment iss learning yount kaa maqsad aap kay nazam woo zabt yaa mawaad kay shobay say mutaliq degital learning invirment kay liye eek aam aayee tye infrastructure tayaar karnaa hay: seekhnay waalay kaa ddita. seekhnay waalay kay aidaad woo shamaar kay liye darj zeel pahluwon kuu talaash karein: coved-19 kii wabaon mein seekhnay kay maahul parr itlaaq kay liye zaruriyat aur rukawaton kii nishandahi karein. kisay mazaaj how saktaa hay olt... aur kuu. oopar dee gayee 3 apply cashions kay saath mill kirr istemaal kiyaa jaaye. agar aap khalay community kay naqtah nazar kuu laago karnaa chahtay haine aur apnay seekhnay kay manzarnamon kay liye taleemi wasail kholna chahtay haine tuu aap kay paas aur kiyaa muthbadil haine. ghair nisaabi seekhnay kay maqamat kii degital seyaq woo sabaaq. degital seyaq woo sabaaq kuu maawaraae nisaabi seekhnay kii tartibaat mein dekha jaa saktaa hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee wee aarr aar.jay aiss...) bunyadi toor parr makseer (HTTPS:// Ww.makseer.org) kimray kii tasveer mein seekhnay kay anaasir kay saath. tahim maksiar kuu abb barqarar nahein rakhaa jaataa hay aur aich tye ayem eel 5 apply cashion mein mutaliqah freem wark mein ree factoring mufeed hogi. maawaraae nisaabi seekhnay kii saaitein: HTTPS:// en.veeki tanoo.aarg/veeki/riyal _ world _ leeb * browser mein 3 ddee pahaadi manzar * 3 ddee museum torr audio beek ground shoar librariyon jeesay trekking jay aiss kay saath.kaam/- miray liye bhee zarah trekking kay malumati nafaz kay saath saath maqami geometry say bhee dilchasp hoga. leakin yahaan haan hay eek baar jabb seekhnay kay maahul kay aam anaasir shaamil how jayein tuu iss tarah kay mazamin makhsus hoan gay juu atnay mutaliqah nahein hoan gay. balkah yaha iss kay baaray mein hoga kahh degital seekhnay kay maahul kay saath ashaaron kay saath baath cheet kii jaaye juu ghair degital aur degital anaasir haine juu seekhnay kay maahul say mutaliq haine. jeozon bhee maqami seyaq woo sabaaq kay liye formate kay toor parr mozon hay. mawafiqat pazeer madad kay nazaam aur infiradi taask generation. seekhnay waalay profiles. degital learning kay maahul kay liye seekhnay waalon kii infiradi seekhnay kii zaruriyat kay mutabiq dahaalnay kay liyay eek learning profile kii zarurat hay jiss kii bunyaad parr infiradi kaamon aur wasail kii paishkash kii jaa sakti hay. . privaisi. hoyal tye.yee grifthas ddee.yee & chunn dabliyo. (2017yee maarch). seekhnay kay tajziyati nazaam kay design parr privaisi protection aur privaisi freem wark kaa asar. saatwein beenn alaqwami learning analytics aind naalij conference (pee pee) kii kararwai mein. 243-252). aey see ayem. seekhnay waalay kay aalay say ddita kuu sarwar mein muntaqil karein aur iss kaa tajziya karein aur agar zaruri how tuu ghalti kay namunon kay baday ddita seet tajziya kaamon kay intekhaab aur madad kii bunyaad parr laag inn karein. seekhnay waalay kay ddita kay ddita kay tahfuz kay lahaaz say yaha balkal zaruri nahein hay. misali toor parr seekhnay waalay kaa ddita default toor parr saarif kay aalay parr rehta hay. sarf school kay sarwar yaa tehqiqi mansubay mein sarwarz kuu kaamon kii waazah tarseel iss client-sarwar mawasilat kuu maalik kay zariah eek muqarrah madat kay liye waazah toor parr manzoor kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. basurat deegar help system sarf client kii taraf yaa aind device (leep topp tablet pee see smart phone) help system parr parametrise kiye jaatay haine. mawafiqat pazeer madad kay nazaam e.jee. kamzor-aey aayee tareeqon kaa istemaal kartay huay seekhnay waalay kay ddita kaa tajziya saarfin kii zaruriyat aur seekhnay kii zaruriyat kay mutabiq degital seekhnay kay maahul kuu tayaar karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay. lehza eek aam naqtah nazar mein degital seekhnay kay maahul kay inn ajzaa parr ghoor karein jinn kay liye ankoli raaye madad aur kaam kay intekhaab kii zarurat hoti hay. zaheen teutorial system (iss) kay maruf elaqon kay pahluwon kuu sarwar parr eek qasm kay plug inn tasavur mein naafiz kiyaa jaataa hay (misaal kay toor parr.jee.yee aar-shumariyati saaft wayer). shumariyati saaft wayer r iss tanazar mein degital seekhnay kay maahul kay control kay liye maujudah tareeqon kuu istemaal karnay kay liye kaam kartaa hay. iss tarah kay naqtah nazar kay zariye nafaz kay baday hasay (misaal kay toor parr clustering aisosi atio neet wark..) mahfuz kardah majmuyi aur gumnam seekhnay waalay kay ddita kay maujudah shumariyati tajziye kay istemaal say. mutharik dastaviz kii takhliq. istemaal shadah toles mandarjah zeel apply cashion hoan gay: crowd sourcing aur steezan sciences. open ddita cutt kaa istemaal kartay hoay ddita aktha karnay say seekhnay waalay grop mein bahami taawan say ddita aktha karnay kii ajazat milti hay juu eek majmuyi riyasat mein taalib alam kay tehqiqi sawaal kii basirat farahim kartaa hay. hujum sourcing ddita aur tareeqon kii tarbiyat aur seekhnay kaa eek aisa jazoo hoga jasay ddita aktha karnay aur tashkhis kay masilay kay zariye bahami taawan say hall kiyaa jaa saktaa hay: majmuyi toor parr degital learning kay maahul kuu maqami tanazar mein zam kiyaa jaataa hay aur zaati ddita tajziya client side learning profile kay saath duu tarfah ddita transport farahim kartaa hay. shehri science kay tasavur mein aidaad woo shamaar seekhnay waalon say aktha kiye jaatay haine aur saath hyee wah tamaam saarfin kay majmuyi aidaad woo shamaar mein basirat haasil kartay haine aur iss tarah maujudah bahami taawan say ddita aktha karnay kii haalat bhee dekhtay haine. mazeed baraan koyee bhee laaptah elaqon kii shanakhat bhee kirr saktaa hay jinn mein pehley kasee saarif nay tarmim nahein kii thee. client side/sarwar side learner profiles: ddita protection discussion kay doraan seekhnay waalay profiles kay client side storage parr bhee ghoor kiyaa jaana chahiye jiss kay tahat client side learner profile seekhnay waalon kii seekhnay kii zaruriyat kay mutabiq dahaal leeta hay leakin sarwarz parr saarif kaa ddita akthaa jamaa aur tashkhis nahein kiyaa jaataa hay. degital learning kay maahul waalay tehqiqi mansubon kay muamile mein yaqeena tubb seekhnay waalay kay ddita kuu khafiya kiyaa jaana chahiye aur iss kay baad hyee beek aind kay toor parr restflopy mein muntaqil kiyaa jaana chahiye. mukhtasra yaha naqtah seekhnay waalay kay ddita kay client side yaa sarwar side storage aur degital learning kay maahul kay liye aam saaft wayer ajzaa parr tajridi faislah karnay kay baaray mein hay jasay schoolon kay liye beek aind kay toor parr virtualisation kay saath dastiyaab karaya jaa saktaa hay.

000468734feeca444d29a8800568e91a4bf6ca5b30546c5c860940f1004dd331

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26289076

Baylor-Meadows, Dallas

Baylor-Meadows, Dallas Baylor-Meadows is a neighborhood in east Dallas, Texas (USA). The neighborhood is anchored by the Baylor Medical Center, The Wilson Historic District, and the Dallas Latino Cultural Center. Wilson Historic District. The Wilson Historic District is owned and maintained by the Meadows Foundation, and comprises a number of restored Victorian homes. It was established in 1981 to provide rent-free office space for non-profit organizations. Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas. Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas is a not-for-profit hospital. It has 914 licensed beds and is one of the major centers for patient care, medical training and research North Texas. In 2017, it was named by the U.S. News & World Report in its list of "America's Best Hospitals" for the twenty-fifth consecutive year. Latino Cultural Center. The Latino Cultural Center in Dallas serves as a regional center for the preservation, development, and promotion of Latino and Hispanic arts and culture. The 27,000 square-foot facility, known for its vivid colors and solid exteriors, was designed by architect Ricardo Legorreta and opened in 2003. It contains a 300-seat theater, a multi-purpose room, an art gallery and sculpture courtyards that are widely used by local, regional, and international artists. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

belor-medus, dallas belor-medus hoise texus (aamerika juktorastro) ror pubo dalasor etaa suburiya onchol. suburiyatu belor sikitsa kendro, uilson oitihaxik jilaa aaru dalas letin 'xangoskritik kendror dwara longor koraa hoise. uilson oitihaxik jilaa. wilson oitihaxik jilatu trinobhumi foundationor malikanadhin aaru rokhyonabekhyon koraa hoy, aaru iyat keibatau punorudharito victorian ghor aase. 1981 sonot olabhjonok xongothonxomuhor baabe bhaara-mukto karzaloyor sthan prodan koriboloi iyak sthapon koraa hoisil. dollasot thoka belor biswobidyaloyor sikitsa kendro. dollasor belor biswobidyaloy sikitsa kendro hoise ek olabhjonok sikitsaloy. iyat 914taa onugyapotroprapto xojya aase aaru ee rugir jotno, sikitsa proxikhyon aaru gowexonar baabe uttor texaxor onyotomo prodhan kendro. 2017 sonot eu. e.-ror dwara iyar naam rokha hoisil.ess. khobor aaru biswoi ekerahe posixotom bosorot iyar "aamerikar shrestho sikitsaloy" ror talikat protibedon prodan korise. letin xangoskritik kendro. dallasor letin 'xangoskritik kendrotuwe letin' aaru hispanik kolaa aaru xongoskritir xongrokhyon, bikax aaru prosaror baabe ek ancholik kendro hisape kaam kore. 27, 000 borgo futor ei xubidhatu iyar ujjwol rong aaru kothin bahyik ongxor baabe jonajat, sthopoti rikardu leguretai design korisil aaru 2003 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil. iyat 300 aaxonor theater, ek bohumukhi kutha, etaa art gallery aaru bhaskorjyor sutal aase jibur sthaniyo, ancholik aaru antohrastriyo xilpixokole byapokbhabe byobohar kore.

belor-madoz, dalla bailor-midoz holl texuser (markin juktorashtro) purbo dallaser ekti elaka. eyi elakati belor chikitsa kendra, willson oitihasik zela ebong dallas latino sangoskritik kendra dwara nongar koraa hoyeche. willson oitihasik zela. willson oitihasik jelati trinovumi foundationer malikanadhin ebong rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoy ebong besh koyekti punoruddharkrito victorian baadi niye gothito. olabhjonok sangosthagulir jonno bhada-mukto officer jaiga prodaner jonno etty 1981 saale protisthito hoyechilo. dallase belor vishwavidyalaya chikitsa kendra. dallaser belor vishwavidyalaya medicale center ekti olabhjonok hospital. ekhane 914tii licensprapt shajya royeche ebong etty uttor texuser rogider jotno, chikitsa proshikkhon ebong gobeshonar onnotomo prodhan kendra. 2017 saale, eu dwara err namkaran koraa hoyechilo.esha. khobor oo bishwa dharabahikbhabe ponchishtomo bochor dhorey "americar sera hospital"-err talika royeche. latino sangoskritik kendra. dallaser latino sangoskritik kendroti latino ebong hyspanic shilp oo sangaskritir sanrakkhan, unnayan ebong procharer jonno ekti anchalik kendra hisabe kaaj korey. 27, 000 borgfoot elaka, jaa taar pranobonto rongo ebong shokto bairer jonno porichito, sthopoti ricardo legoretta dwara design koraa hoyechilo ebong 2003 saale khola hoyechilo. etey ekti 300 asoner theater, ekti bahumukhi kokkho, ekti art gallery ebong bhaskorjer angina royeche jaa sthaniya, anchalik ebong antorjatik shilpider dwara byapokbhabe byabohrito hoy.

baylor-medaano, dalla baylor-medos aee purv dallas, taxas (usa) maan aavelo aek vistaar chhe. aaa padosh baylor tabibi kendra, willson aitihasik jeello aneey dallas lattin saanskrutik kendra dwara lunger karvaamaa aave chhe. willson aitihasik jeello. willson aitihasik jeello ghaasnaa medanona foundation maliki aneey jaalvani dharaave chhe, aneey temaa sankhyaabandh punsthapit viktoriyana gharono samaavesh thaay chhe. tenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa biin-nafakarak sansthao maate bhaadu-mukt offices jagya pradaan karvaa maate karvaamaa aavee hatee. dallas khaate baylor university medical center. dallas khaate baylor university medical center biin-nafakarak hospital chhe. temaa 914 licenses dharaavati pathaari chhe aneey teey dardee sambhaal, tabibi taaleem aneey sanshodhan uttar taxas maatena mukhya kendromaanu aek chhe. chhe, tenu naam yuu. aesa. dwara rakhvama aavyu hatoo.aesa. samachar aneey vishva satat pachisma varshe "americani shreshth hospitalo" nee yaadimaa ahewal aape chhe. lattin saanskrutik kendra. dallasma aavelu latinonu saanskrutik kendra lattin aneey hyspanic kalaao aneey sanskrutinaa sanraxan, vikaas aneey protsaahan maate praadeshik kendra tareeke kaama karey chhe. 27, 000 choras footni suveedha, jeey tenaa aabehub rango aneey nakkar baahy maate jaaniti chhe, tenee rachnaa architect ricardo legoreta dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aneey kholvaamaa aavee hatee. temaa 300 bethakoni theatre, aek bahuhetuk orado, aek aart gallery aneey sheelpna aanganano samaavesh thaay chhe jeno vyaapakpane sthaaneek, praadeshik aneey aantarrashtriy kalakaro dwara upyog thaay chhe.

beller-mados, dalla bailer-mados purvi dallas, texas (america) mein ack pados haye. pados beller chikitsa kendra, willson aitihaasik jile aur dallas latino saanskritik kendra dwara lunger daala gayaa haye. willson aitihaasik jilaa. willson aitihaasik jile kaa swaamitva aur rakharkhaav ghaas key maidanon kii neenv dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur isamen kaee punarsthaapit victorian ghar shamil hain. isaki sthaapana 1981 mein gair-laabhkaari sangathanon key liye kiraaye-mukt karyalaya sthaan pradaan karane key liye kii gaee thee. dallas mein beller vishvavidyalaya chikitsa kendra. dallas mein beller vishvavidyalaya chikitsa kendra ack gair-laabhkaari aspatal haye. isamen 914 licenses praapt bistar hain aur yeh rogi dekhbhal, chikitsa prashikshan aur anusandhaan uttar texas key pramukh kendron mein seey ack haye. 2017 mein, iska naam yuu dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa.aiss. lagaatar 25vein varsh "america key sarvshreshth aspatalon" kii soochi mein samachar aur vishva report. lattin saanskritik kendra. dallas mein lattin saanskritik kendra lattin aur hyspanic kalaa aur sanskriti key sanrakshan, vikas aur prachaar key liye ack kshetriya kendra key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. 27, 000 varg phut kii suvidha, joe apane jeevant rangon aur thhos baahari key liye jaani jaati haye, koo vastukar ricardo legoretta dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur 2003 mein khola gayaa thaa. isamen 300 seeton vaalaa theatre, ack bahuuddeshiya kamra, ack kalaa deergha aur murtikala key aangan hain jinka vyaapak roop seey sthaaniya, kshetriya aur antarrashtriya kalakaron dwara upayog kiya jaataa haye.

baylor-medos, dallas baylor-medos texas (yuu. ess. aa) naa purva dallasnalliruva ondu nerehoreyagide. ee nerehoreyu baylor vaidyakeeya kendra, willson aitihaasika jille mattu dallas latino saamskrutika kendradinda langaru haakalpattide. willson aitihaasika jille. willson aitihaasika jilleyu medos foundation odetanadallide mattu nirvahisuttade mattu halavaaru punarsthaapisalaada victorian manegalannu olagondide. laabharahita samsthegalige baadige rahita kacheri sthalavannu odagisalu idannu 1981 ralli sthaapisalaayitu. dallasnalliruva baylor vishvavidyaalayada vaidyakeeya kendra. dallasnalliruva baylor vishvavidyaalayada vaidyakeeya kendravu laabharahita aaspatreyaagide. idu 914 paravaanagi padeda haasigegalannu hondide mattu idu uttara texasna rogigala aaraike, vaidyakeeya tarabeti mattu samshoodhaneya pramukha kendragalalli ondaagide. 2017ralli, idakke yuu. ess. yuu. endu hesarisitu.ess. suddi mattu vishvavu satata ippattaidane varshavoo tanna "americada atyuttama aaspatregala" pattiyalli varadi maadide. latino saamskrutika kendra. dallasnalliruva latino saamskrutika kendravu latino mattu hysponic kalegalu mattu samskrutiya samrakshane, abhivruddhi mattu prachaarakkaagi praadeshika kendravagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. eddukaanuva bannagalu mattu ghanavaada horaanganagalige hesaruvasiyada 27,000 chadara addi soulabhyavannu vaastushilpi ricardo legoreta vinyaasagolisidaru mattu 2003 ralli tereyalaayitu. idu 300 asanagala rangamandira, bahu-uddeshada kothadi, kalaa gallery mattu shilpada angalagalannu hondide, idannu sthaliya, praadeshika mattu antararashtriya kalaavidaru vyaapakavaagi balasuttaare.

bailer-medos, dallas texasile (yuu. ezz. eiii) eest dallasile oru ayalpakkamaan bailer-medos. bailer medical sentar, vilson historikkal distrikt, dallas laattino kalcharal sentar ennivayaanu ayalpakkathe nankooramidunnathu. vilson charitraparamaaya jilla. vilson charitraparamaaya jilla medos foundeshante udamasthathayilullathum paripalikkunnathum koodaathe niravadhi punasthaapicha victorian veedukal ulkkollunnu. laabhechayillaatha samghadanakalkku vaadakayillaatha oafees sthalam nalkunnathinaayi 1981laanu ithu sthaapithamaayathu. dallasile baylore yooniversitti medical sentar. dallasile baylore yooniversitti medical sentar laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru aashupathriyaanu. 914 licensulla kidakkakalulla ithu north texasile rogikale paricharikkunnathinum medical pariseelanam nalkunnathinum gaveshanathinumulla pradhana kendrangalilonnaanu. 2017ll yuu. ezz. aanu ithinu peru nalkiyathu.ezz. thudarchayaaya irupathiyanchaam varshavum vaarthakalum loka reportukalum "amerikkayile mikacha aashupathrikalude" pattikayil idam nedi. laattino saamskaarika kendram. laattino, hyspanic kalakaludeyum samskaarathinteyum samrakshanam, vikasanam, prothsaahanam ennivaykkulla oru praadeshika kendramaayi dallasile laattino saamskaarika kendram pravartthikkunnu. aarkkitekt ricardo legoretta roopakalppana cheytha 27,000 chathurashra adii vistheernnamulla eee soukaryam 2003ll thurannu. 300 seettukalulla thiyettar, oru multy purposes room, oru art gallery, shilpa muttangal enniva ulkkollunnu.

beller-medo, dalla beller-medos haah texas (america) madheel purv dallasmadhil eka parisar aahe. shejarche beller vaidyakeey kendra, willson aitihasik jilha aanee dallas latino sanskrutik kendra yanni lunger takale aahe. willson aitihasik jilha. willson aitihasik jilhyachi malki aanee dekhbhal medo foundationkade aahe aanee tyat punarsthapit keleli anek victorian ghare aahet. naa-napha sansthanna bhadyapasun mukt karyalayin jaaga upalabdh karoon denyasathi 1981 madhye yachee sthapana karnyat aalee. dallas yetheel beller vidyapith vaidyakeey kendra. dallas yetheel beller vidyapith vaidyakeey kendra heey eka naa-napha denare rugnalay aahe. yethe 914 parvanadharak khaata aahet aanee uttar texasmadhil rugna seva, vaidyakeey prashikshan aanee sanshodhanasathichya pramukh kendranpaiki eka aahe. 2017 madhye, yala yuu. aii. neey naav dile hote.ess. batamya aanee jaagtik ahwal salag panchvisavya varshi tyachya 'americetil sarvottam rugnalayanchya' yadeet aahe. lattin sanskrutik kendra. dallasmadhil latino sanskrutik kendra latino aanee hyspanic qalaa aanee sanskratichya sanwardhan, vikas aanee pracharasathi pradeshik kendra mhanoon kaam karate. 27, 000 chauras phoot jaaga, jee tyachya spasht rangansathi aanee ghan bahya bhagasathi olakhali jaate, tee vastuvisharad ricardo legoretta yanni tayar kelee hotee aanee 2003 madhye ughadali gelee. tyat 300 aasananche natyagruh, bahuuddeshiy kholee, eka qalaa dalan aanee shilp angan aahe jeey sthanik, pradeshik aanee aantarrashtriy kalakar mothya pramanat vapartat.

beller-medoz, dallas beller-madoz purvi dallas, texas (sanyukta rajya america) ko euta chhimek how. beller medical centre, wilson aitihasik zilla rar dallas latino sanskritik kendradwara chhimekma langar garieko chha. wilson aitihasik zilla. wilson aitihasik zilla medo foundationko swamitwa rar marmat how, rar yasama dherai punarsthapit victorian gharharu samawesh chhan. gaira-labhkari sansthaharuka lagi bhadamukta karyalaya sthan pradan garna yasako sthapana sann 1981 maa bhaeko thiyo. beller vishwavidyalaya medical centre, dallas. dallasko beller vishwavidyalaya medical centre ek gaira-nafamulak aspatal how. yasama 914 ijajatpatra prapta ochhyanharu chhan rar yo uttar texasma birami herchah, chikitsa prashikshan rar anusandhanka lagi pramukh kendraharu madhye ek how. sann 2017 maa, yasalai yu dwara naam diieko thiyo.ess. samachar rar vishwale lagatar panchishaun warsha "americaka utkrishta aspatalharu" ko suchima report gareko chha. lattin sanskritik kendra. dallasko latino sanskritik kendrale latino rar hispainik kala rar sanskritiko sanrakshan, vikas rar prawardhanka lagi khetriya kendrako rupma kaam gardacha. 27, 000 warga futko suwidha, yasako jiwanta rung rar thosa bahiri bhagka lagi parichit, wastukar ricardo legoretadwara design garieko thiyo rar 2003 maa kholieko thiyo. yasama 300 sitko theater, bahuuddeshiya kotha, art gallery rar murtikla anganharu chhan june sthaniya, khetriya rar antarrashtriya kalakarharudwara wyapak rupma prayog garinchha.

beller-trinabhumi, dalla beller-medos heuchhi texas (america) rahr purba dalasare eka padoshi. ehi padoshi beller medical centre, wilson aitihasika zillah ebong dalas latinore sanskrutika kendra dwara nongara karajaichi. wilson aitihasika zillah. wilson aitihasika zillah ghasa foundationera malikanare ebong rakhyanabekhyana kare, ebong aneka punaruddhara hoithiba victorian gharaku antarbhukta kare . analabhakari sangathanagudika paain bhada-mukta karjyalaja sthana pradan kariba paain 1981 ray ehaa sthapita hoithila . dalasare beller biswabidyalajara daktari kendra. dallasthita beller biswabidyalaja medical centre eka analabhakari daktarakhana. ethire 914tii licensprapta shajya rahichhi ebong ehaa roggy jatna, chikitsa talim ebong gabeshana uttara texacer pramukh kendragudika madhyaru anyatama. 2017ray jayu. aii. dwara ehara namakarana karajaithila.ess. kramagata 25tama barsha paain 'americara shrestha daktarakhana' talikare khabara ebong biswa report. latinore sanskrutika kendra. dalasare thiba latino sanskrutika kendra latino ebong hyspanic kalaa ebong sanskrutira sanrakhyana, bikash ebong prachara paain eka anchalika kendra bhabare karjya kare . 27, 000 bergfoot bisista ehi subidha, jahara ujjwala ranga ebong kathina bahya bhaga paain janashuna, sthapati ricardo legoretanka dwara parikalpana karajaithila ebong 2003 masihare ehara udghatan karajaithila. ethire 300 aasana bisista theatre, eka bahumukhi kothari, eka art gallery ebong bhaskarjya prangana rahichhi jaahaa sthaniah, anchalika ebong antarjatija kalakaramananka dwara byapaka bhabare byabahruta hue.

beller-mados, dallas beller-mados purbi dallas, taxas (amrica) witch ikk guaandh haii. guaandh beller medical center, wilson itihasak zilha atey dallas latino sabheyacharak kendra duaara langar keeta giaa haii. wilson itihasak zilha. wilson itihasak zilhe dee malkiat atey rakkh-rakhaa ghaas dee neenh duaara keeta jaanda haii, atey iss witch kaee bahaal keete gaye victorian gharr shamal hunn. iss dee sathapana 1981 witch gair-labhkari sangathanan laee kiraae toon mukat daftar dee jagha pardan curran laee keeti gaee see. dallas vikhe beller university medical center. dallas vikhe beller university medical center ikk gair-labhkari hospital haii. iss witch 914 laisanshuda bistre hunn atey ih mareez dee dekhbhal, medical sikhlai atey khoj uttri taxas laee pramukh kendran vicchon ikk haii. saal 2017 witch iss daa naam yuu. aiss. duaara rakkhiaa giaa see.aiss. khabran atey vishav lagatar 25ven saal "amrica dey sarbottam hospitals" dee suchi witch report karde hunn. latini sabheyacharak kendra dallas witch latini sabheyacharak kendra latini atey hyspanic kalavan atey sabheyachar dee sambhal, vikas atey prachar laee ikk khetri kendra vajon kamm karda haii. 27, 000 varag futt dee sahulat, joe aapne jeevant rangan atey thos baahari hissiaan laee jaanhi jaandi haii, architect ricardo legoretta duaara design keeti gaee see atey 2003 witch kholhi gaee see. iss witch 300 seetan vaala theatre, ikk bahu-mantavi kamra, ikk aart gallery atey murti dey vihade shamal hunn joe sathanak, khetri atey antarashtari kalakaran duaara viaapak taur 'teey varte jaande hunn.

beller-medos, dallas beller-medos iti texas-deshasya (america) poorva-dallas-nagarasya sameepasthah pradesha asti. asya sameepasthah beller-chikitsaa-kendrena, willson-aitihaasika-mandalen, dallas-latino-saamskrutika-kendrena cha nankuritah asti. willson aitihaasikam mandalam. willson-aitihaasika-mandalasya svaamitvam, paripaalanam cha medos-foundation ityanena bhavati, api cha anekaani punarsthapitaha victorian-gruhaani cha santi. laabharahit-samsthanam krute bhaatakamukt-karyalaya-sthaanam pradadat iti 1981 tame varshe asya sthapana abhavat. beller-vishvavidyaalayasya chikitsaa-kendram dallas-nagare asti. dallas-nagarasya beller-vishvavidyaalaya-chikitsaa-kendram ekaha laabharahitah chikitsaalayah asti. asmin 914 anudnyaapatrayuktaani shayyaah santi, tathaa cha uttar-texas-deshasya roginaam paricharyayaha, chikitsaa-prashikshanasy, samshodhanasya cha pramukheshu kendreshu anyatam asti. 2017 tame varshe asya naam yoo. e. ityanena krutam.ess. vaartaasu vishveshu cha "amerikaadeshasy sarvottama-chikitsaalayeshu" kramashah panchavimshat varshaani yaavat prativedanam asti. latino-saamskrutikakendram. dallas-nagarasya latino-saamskrutika-kendram latino-hispaanik-kalanam samskrutehe cha samrakshanaartham, vikasaya, prachaaraay cha kshetreeyakendraroopen karyam karoti. 27, 000 wargafoot-parimitam, swasya spashtavarnanam, drudha-bahyabhaganam cha krute prasidham, vaastukaarah ricardo legoretta ityanena parikalpitam, 2003 tame varshe udghaatitam. asmin 300 aasanayuktah rangamanchah, bahuuddeshyeeyah kakshah, kalaa-pradarshanashaalah, shilpa-pranganah cha santi, ye sthaniyaihi, praadeshikaih, antaaraashtriyaih cha kalaakaaraih vyaapakaroopen upayujyante.

baylor-medos, dallaakkal baylor-medos enbathu texassin (america) kilakku dallassil ulla oru suttruppuramaagum. inththa suttruppuram baylor maruththuva maiyam, willson varalaattru maavattam mattrum dalas latheen kalaachaara maiyam aagiyavattraal nangkooramidappattullathu. willson varalaattru maavattam. willson varalaattru maavattam pulveligal arakattalaikku sonthamaanathu mattrum paraamarikkappadukirathu, maelum pala meettedukkappatta victorian veedugalaik kondullathu. ilaaba noakkattra niruvanangalukku vaadagai illaatha aluvalaga idaththai vazhangkuvatharkaaga idhu 1981 ill niruvappattathu. dallassil ulla baylor palkalaikkazhaga maruththuva maiyam. dolosil ulla baylor palkalaikkazhaga maruththuva maiyam ilaaba noakkattra maruththuvamanaiyaagum. idhu 914 urimam pettra padukkaikalaik kondullathu mattrum noyaali paramarippu, maruththuva payirchi mattrum aaraaichi vadakku texassin mukiya maiyangkalil ontraakum. 2017 aam aandil, idhu yuu. ess. aall peyaridappattathu.ess. seithi mattrum ulaga arikkai thodarnthu irupaththainththaavathu aandaaga "americavin sirantha maruththuvamanaigal" pattiyalil ullathu. latheen kalaachaara maiyam. dallassil ulla latheen kalaachaara maiyam latheen mattrum hispanian kalaigal mattrum kalaachchaaraththaip paathukaappatharkum, maempaduththuvatharkum, maempaduththuvatharkum oru piraanthiya maiyamaaga seyalpadugirathu. 27, 000 sathura addii parappalavu konda inththa amaippu, adhan thelivaana nirangkal mattrum thidamaana velippurangkalukku peyar pettrathu, kattidak kalaignar ricardo legoretawal vadivamaikappattu 2003 aam aandil thirakkappattathu. idhil 300 irukkaikal konda thiraiyarangam, palnoakku arai, oru kalaikkoodam mattrum sirpa muttrangkal ullana, avai ulloor, piraanthiya mattrum sarvadesa kalaignargalaal paravalaagap payanpaduththappadugindrana.

baylor-medos, dallas baylor-medos anedi texas (america) looni thoorpu dallaslo unna oka porugu praantam. eee parisara praantaanni baylor vaidya kendram, willson chaaritraka jilla mariyu dallas latino saamskrutika kendram langaru vestaayi. willson chaaritraka jilla. willson chaaritraka jilla pacchika bayalla foundation yajamanyamlo mariyu nirvahinchabadutundi, mariyu aneka punaruddharinchabadina victorian gruhalanu kaligi undhi. laabhaapekshaleni samsthalaku adde rahita karyalaya sthalaanni andinchadaaniki idhi idhi sthaapinchabadindi. dallas looni baylor vishwavidyaalaya vaidya kendram. dallasloni baylor vishwavidyaalaya vaidya kendram labhapeksha laeni aasupatri. idhi 914 licenses pondina padakalanu kaligi undhi mariyu roogi samrakshana, vaidya sikshana mariyu parisoedhana uttara texasku pradhana kendraalalo okati. okati dheeniki yuu. ess. paeru pettindi.ess. nyuus & varald varusaga iravai aidava samvatsaram "america yokka uttama aasupatrula" jaabitaalo nivedinchindi. latino saamskrutika kendram. dallasloni latino saamskrutika kendram latino mariyu hysponic kalalu mariyu samskruti samrakshana, abhivruddhi mariyu prothsaahaaniki praantiiya kendramgaa panichestundi. spashtamaina rangulu mariyu ghanamaina bahya bhagalaku prasiddhi chendina 27,000 chadarapu adugula soukaryam, vaastusilpi ricardo legoreta roopondinchi, roopondinchi praarambhinchabadindi. indulo 300 seetla theatre, bahulardhasadhaka gadhi, art gallery mariyu shilpa praamganaalu unnaayi, veetini sthaanika, praantiiya mariyu antarjaateeya kalaakaarulu vistrutamgaa upayogistunnaru.

beller medoz dlaas beller medoz mashriqi dalaas taxas (america) kaa eek pados hay. pados beller medical center walasan tarikhi zalaa aur dlaas latino saqafati markaz kay zariah langar andaaz hay. walasan tarikhi zalaa. walasan tarikhi zalaa kii malkiyat aur deekh bhaal medoz foundation kay paas hay aur yaha victoriah kay mutadid bahaal shadah gharoon parr mushtamil hay. yaha 1981 mein ghair munafa bakhash tanzimon kay liye karaye say paak daftar kii jagah farahim karnay kay liye qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa. beller university medical center dlaas. dlaas mein beller university medical center eek ghair munafa bakhash hospital hay. iss mein 914 license yaaftah bastar haine aur yaha mareezon kii deekh bhaal tabee tarbiyat aur tehqeeq kay liye shamali taxas kay baday marakaz mein say eek hay. 2017 mein iss kaa naam yuu nay rakhaa thaa.aiss. khabrein aur aalimi report muslisil pachiswen saal "america kay behtareen hospitalon" kii fehrist mein shaamil haine. laatini saqafati markaz. dlaas mein waaqa laatini saqafati markaz laatini aur hispanvi fanoon aur saqafat kay tahfuz tarqi aur farogh kay liye eek elaqayi markaz kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. 27, 000 marbaa fitt kii sahulat juu apnay roshan rangon aur thoos beruni hasoon kay liye mashhur hay kuu mamaar recordo legoretta nay design kiyaa thaa aur 2003 mein khola gayaa thaa. iss mein 300 nashaston waala theater eek kaseer maqsadi kamrah eek aart gallery aur mujasmah saazi kay sahan haine juu maqaami elaqayi aur beenn alaqwami funkaron kay zariah baday paimanay parr istemaal hotay haine.

00046d5db82dc61a430c6f582feda70d5606e8702a4928b7e48831bb2f1209a3

https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki?curid=139845

Computer Networks/Nslookup/Type

Computer Networks/Nslookup/Type <templatestyles src="Template:TOC_right/styles.css" /> Nslookup is a command-line tool used to query a Domain Name System (DNS) server to obtain an IP address mapping or other DNS records. These activities will show you how to use the nslookup command to display other record types. Preparation. To prepare for this activity: Activity 1 - Display Host Addresses. To display host addresses: Activity 2 - Display Other Record Types. To display other record types:

computer network/eno. ess. lookup/dhoron eno. ess. lookup hoise etaa command-line xojuli jitu etaa domain nem sistem (di. eno. ess.) charbharok aai. pi. thikona mapping baa onyanyo di. eno. ess. record laabh koriboloi onuxondhan koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. ei karzokolapxomuhe aapunak aan recordor prokarxomuh prodorxon koriboloi eno. ess. lookup command kenekoi byobohar koribo laage dekhuwabo. prostuti. ei karjyokolapor baabe prostuti koriboloih karjyokolap 1-host thikonaxomuh prodorxon korok. host thikonaxomuh prodorxon koriboloih karjyokolap 2-onyanyo recordor prokar prodorxon korok. onyanyo recordor dhoron prodorxon koriboloih

computer network/ns-lookup/prokar enn. esha. lookup holl ekti command-line tool jaa ekti ip address mapping baa anyanno dii. enn. esha record petey ekti domen neema system (dii. enn. esha) surverke proshno korte byabohrito hoy. eyi kriyakalapguli aponake dekhabe jey kibhabe anyanno recorder dharan prodorshon korte nslukup command byabohar korte hoy. prostuti. eyi kaajer jonno prostuto hoteh criacollup 1-hosta thhikana prodorshon korun. hoster thhikana prodorshon korteh criacollup 2-anyanno recorder prokar prodorshon korun. anyanno recorder prokar prodorshon korteh

computer network/enslookup/prakaar aena. aesa. lookup aee aek aadesh-vaakya saadhan chhe jeno upyog domen neema system (dii. aena. aesa.) sarvarne aaee. pii. sarnaamaa mapping athavaa anya dii. aena. aesa. records melavaa maate kweri karvaa maate thaay chhe. aaa pravruttio tamane bataavshe keey anya reqorda prakaaro pradarshit karvaa maate enslookup aadeshno upyog kevee reete karvo. taiyari. aaa pravrutee maate taiyarih pravrutee 1-yajmaan sarnaamaao pradarshit karoo. yajmaan sarnaamaao darshaavvaa maateh pravrutee 2-anya reqorda prakaaro pradarshit karoo. anya reqorda prakaaro darshaavvaa maateh

computer network/nslookup/prakaar aine. aiss. lookup ack kamaand-line tool haye jiska upayog aaee. pee. address mapping yaa anya dee. aine. aiss. record praapt karane key liye domen name system (dee. aine. aiss.) server seey poochtaachh karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeye gatividhiyaan aapako dikhaayengi kii anya record prakaron koo pradarshit karane key liye nslookup kamaand kaa upayog kaise kiya jaae. taiyari. iss gatividhi key liye taiyaarih gatividhi 1-mezban patey pradarshit karein. mezban patey pradarshit karane key liyeh gatividhi 2-anya record prakaar pradarshit karein. anya abhilekh prakaron koo pradarshit karane key liyeh

computer jaalagalu/enn. ess. lookup/prakara ens lookup embudu aipi vilaasada nakshe athawa itara dns daakhalegalannu padeyalu domain name system (dns) server annu prashnisalu balasuva command-line saadhanavaagide. itara daakhalegala prakaaragalannu pradarshisalu ens lookup aagneyannu hege balasuvudu embudannu ee chatuvatikegalu nimage torisuttave. siddhate. ee chatuvatikege siddaragalu chatuvatike 1-host vilaasagalannu pradarshisi. aatitheya vilaasagalannu pradarsisaluh chatuvatike 2-itara daakhalegala prakaaragalannu pradarshisi. itara daakhalegala prakaaragalannu pradarsisaluh

computer netvarkkukal/enn. ezz. lookup/tharam aipi adrus mapping allengil mattu dns recordukal labhikkunnathin oru domaine neyim sisttam (dns) serverine chodyam cheyyaan upayogikkunna oru command-line upakaranamaan enslucup. mattu record tharangal pradarshippikkunnathin enn. ezz. lookup command engane upayogikkaamenn eee pravartthanangal ningale kanikkum. thayyaareduppu. eee pravarthanatthinu thayyaaredukkunnathinu pravartthanam 1-hoost vilaasangal pradarshippikkuka. aathidheya vilaasangal pradarshippikkaan pravartthanam 2-mattu record tharangal pradarshippikkuka. mattu record tharangal pradarshippikkaan

sanganakeey jaale/aine. ess. lookup/prakar aine. ess. lookup heey eka aadesh-ola sadhan aahe jeey aay. pii. pattyache mapping kinwa itar dii. aine. ess. nondi midvinyasathi domain neem system (dii. aine. ess.) serverchi chaukashi karnyasathi vaparale jaate. itar nondiche prakar dakhavanyasathi aine. ess. lookup kamand kashee vaparayachi heey heey upkram tumhala dakhavatil. tayari. yaa upkramachi tayari karnyasathih kriyakalap 1-yazman patta pradarshit qaraa. yazman patta darshavinyasathih kriyakalap 2-itar nond prakar pradarshit qaraa. itar nondiche prakar darshavinyasathih

computer sanjalharu/nslukup/prakar nslukup euta command-line upkaran how june ip thegana mapping wa anya dns recordharu prapta garna domain naam pranali (dns) sarbharlai sodhpuchha garna prayog garinchha. yee gatiwidhiharule tapainlai anya record prakarharu pradarshan garna nslukup command kasari prayog garne bhanera dekhaunechhan. tayari. yass gatiwidhika lagi tayari garnah gatiwidhi 1-host theganaharu pradarshan garnuhos. host theganaharu pradarshan garnah gatiwidhi 2-anya record prakarharu pradarshan garnuhos. anya record prakarharu pradarshan garnah

computer netawarka/nslukup/prakara nslukup heuchhi eka nirdesh-dhadi upakarana jaahaa eka ip thikana myaping kimba anyanya dns record paiba paain eka domain nem system (dns) sarbharaku prashna karibaku byabahruta hue . ehi karjyakalapagudika aapananku dekhaiba je anya record prakaragudiku pradarshan kariba paain nslukup nirdeshaku kipari byabahara karajiba. prastuti. ehi karjyakalapa paain prastuta hebah karjyakalapa 1-host thikana pradarshan karantu. atitheah thikana pradarshan kariba painh karjyakalapa 2-anya record prakaragudiku pradarshan karantu. anya record prakaragudiku pradarshan kariba painh

computer network/nslukup/kisam nslukup ikk command-line tool haii joe ikk domain naam system (dns) sarvar noon puchgich curran laee vartiaa jaanda haii taan joe ikk ip address mapping jaan horr dns ricard prapat keete jaa sakann. ih gatividhiaan tuhanun horr ricard kisman noon pradarshit curran laee nslukup command dee varton kiven curney haii, ih dikhaungiaan. tiaari. iss gatividhi laee tiaar curran laee gatividhi 1-host patey pradarshit crow. mezban patey pradarshit curran laee gatividhi 2-horr ricard kisman pradarshit crow. horr ricard kisman noon pradarshit curran laee

sanganakiyajalani/ns-look-up/prakaarah enn. ess. look-up iti ekam aadesh-pankti-saadhanam asti yat aii. pi. sanketa-manachitranam athavaa anyaan dii. enn. ess. abhilekhanaani praaptum domain-naam-pranaali (dii. enn. ess.) server ityasya anveshanaartham upayujyate. etaani kriyaah anyaan abhilekhaprakaran pradarshayitum enn. ess. look-up ityasya aadnyaayaah upayogam katham karaneeyam iti darshayanti. tayaaree. asya karyasya krute sajjataam kartumh kriyaakalaapah 1-atitheya-sanketaan darshayatu. atitheya-sanketaan pradarshayitumh kriyaakalaapah 2-anyaani abhilekhaprakarani darshayatu. anyaani abhilekhaprakarani darshayitumh

kanini netvorkkugal/enn. ess. lookub/vagai enslukkap enbathu aipi mugavari varaipadam allathu pira dns pathivukalaip pera oru domine peyar amaippu (dns) sevaiyagaththai visaarikkap payanpaduththappadum oru kattalai varii karuviyaagum. mattra pathivu vagaikalaik kaattuvatharku NSluckup kattalaiyai evvaaru payanpaduththuvathu enbathai inththa seyalpaadugal ungkalukkuk kaanbikkum. thayaarpaduththuthal. inththa nadavadikkaikkuth thayaaraagungal seyalpaadu 1-puravalan mugavarigalaik kaattu. puravalan mugavarigalaik kaatta seyalpaadu 2-pira pathivu vagaikalaik kaattu. pira pathivu vagaikalaik kaatta

computer netvarklu/ns lookup/rakam ns lookup anedi aipi adrus mapping ledhaa itara dns recordulanu pondadaaniki domine name system (dns) sarvarnu prashninchadaaniki upayoginche command-line sadhanam. itara record rakalanu pradarsinchadaaniki ns lookup aadesaanni elaa upayoginchaalo eee karyakalapalu meeku chuuputaayi. tayari. eee kaaryaacharanaku siddham kaavadaaniki kaaryaacharana 1-host chirunaamaalanu pradarsinchandi. atidheya chirunaamaalanu pradarsinchadaanikih kaaryaacharana 2-itara recordula rakalanu pradarsinchandi. itara recordula rakalanu pradarsinchadaanikih

computer neet wark/aine aiss lick app/type aine aiss lick app eek command line toal hay juu domain neem system (ddee aine aiss) sarwar say aayee pee adress mapping yaa deegar ddee aine aiss record haasil karnay kay liye istefsaar karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. yaha sargarmiyan aap kuu dikhayein gee kahh record kii deegar aqsaam kuu zahir karnay kay liye aine aiss lick app command kuu kisay istemaal kiyaa jaaye. tayari. iss srgarmi kay liye tayari karnaa: srgarmi 1-mezban kay patay dikhayein. mezban kay patay dikhanay kay liye: srgarmi 2-record kii deegar aqsaam dikhayein. record kii deegar aqsaam kuu zahir karnay kay liye:

00046ee36db869ffde5e823e5e114ea4292fed8a03e6d2a0d04be2f641fe16e7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47268744

Phatthalung railway station

Phatthalung railway station Railway station in Thailand Phatthalung railway station is a railway station located in Khuha Sawan Subdistrict, Phatthalung City, Phatthalung. it is a class 1 railway station, located from Thon Buri railway station. Phatthalung station opened in January 1913, as part of the Phatthalung-U Taphao Junction (Hat Yai) section of the Southern Line. 2011 Phatthalung rail accident. On 15 January 2011, freight train No. 722 Bang Sue Junction-Hat Yai Junction, collided with international express No. 36 Butterworth-Bangkok around the Phatthalung station area. Some bogies derailed and collided with local train No. 457 Nakhon Si Thammarat-Phatthalung, which was parked in the sidings. 4 people were injured from this incident, two passengers, one rail conductor and one railway policeman. The cause was that the locomotive for freight train No. 722 broke down between Phatthalung Station and Pak Khlong Station, so the locomotive for international express No. 35 uncoupled with its carriages (on platform 1) and went to couple with the freight cars of No. 722, to be pulled back to Phatthalung Station. However, as the train approached (to enter platform 2), the rail switch failed and No. 722 collided with the carriages of No. 35 on platform 1. The carriages of No. 35 derailed and collided with carriages of No. 457.

fathalung rail steson fathalung rey "lowe steson hoise fathalung sohoror fuha sawan mohkumat owosthito etaa rey" lowe steson. eitu tho 'noo buri rail stationor poraa owosthito etaa shreni 1 rail steson. fathalung steson 1913 sonor januaryt dokhyin rekhar fathalung-u tafau jongson (haat yaai) ongxor ongxo hisape mukoli koraa hoisil. 2011 fathalung rey "lo durghotona. 2011 sonor 15 januaryt malbahi rey "lo nong. 722 byang su jongson-haat yaai jongson, antohrastriyo express nongro xoite xonghorxo hoisil. fathalung steson oncholor sariufale 36taa butterworth-benkok. kisuman bog linesyut hoy aaru sthaniyo train nong-ror xoite xonghorxo hoy. 457 nakhun chi thammarat-fathalung, jitu kaxor bhitorot rokha hoisil. ei ghotonat 4 john luk aahot hoy, dujon jatri, ejon rey "lo kondakotar aaru ejon rey" lowe aarokhyi. iyar kaaron aasil malbahi rey "lor injin nong. 722 fathalung steson aaru paak kholong stationor maajot bhangi porisil, xeyehe antohrastriyo expressor baabe lukumutiv nong. 35khon garir xoite (platform 1too) xongzughin hoi juwar pisot, nu-ror malbahi gariburor xoite dompotihalor usoroloi goisil. 722, fathalung stationoloi ghurai onaa hoh 'bob. obosye, rey 'lokhon (platform 2-too prowex koriboloi) usoroloi ohaar loge loge rey' lo xuistu bifol hoisil aaru naai. 722 nongro gariburor xoite xonghorxo hoisil. platform 1-too 35. nong-ror garibur. 35 khon pothosyut hoy aaru nong-ror garir xoite xonghorxo hoy. 457.

fathalung railway steshana fathalung railway steshana holl fathalung shohorer khuha sawan mohokumai abosthito ekti railway steshana. etty thaan bury railway steshana theke abosthito ekti 1maum shrenir railway steshana. fathalung steshana 1913 saaler januaryte dakkhin liner fathalung-oo tapao jongshon (hyata iyai) bibhager ongsho hisabe khola hoyechilo. 2011 fathalung rail durghotona. 15 januari 2011, malbahi train nong. 722 byang shoo jongshon-hutt iyai jongshon, antorjatik eksapresa nong-err saathe sangharsha hoy. fathalung steshana elakar charpashe 36 butterworth-bankock. kichhu boggy linechuto hoye sthaniya train nong-err sange sangharsha hoy. 457 nakhon shee thammarat-fathalung, jaa parshwe park koraa chhilo. eyi ghotonai 4 john ahoto hoyechen, dujon jatri, ekjon rail conductor ebong ekjon rail pulish. kaaron chhilo malbahi trainer locomotive nong. 722 fathalung steshana ebong puck khalang stationer modhye venge porey, taai antorjatik expresser jonno locomotive nong. 35tii taar gadigulir saathe sangjukto chhilo naa (platform 1-ayee) ebong malbahi gadigulir saathe dampatir kachhe giechilo. 722, fathalung statione firiye aanaa hobey. tobey, trenti (platform 2-ayee probesh korte) egiye aasaar saathe saathe rail suichti byartho hoy ebong naa hoy. 722 nong-err gaadir sange sangharsha hoy. platform 1-ayee 35. nong-err gaadi. 35tii linechuto hoye nong-err gaadir sange sangharsha hoy. 457.

fatlung railway station fathalung railway station aee khaa sowan petaa jilla, fathalung shaher, fathalungma aavelu aek railway station chhe. teey aek varg 1 railway station chhe, jeey thon burii railway stationthi aavelu chhe. fathalung station january 1913maan dakshin rekhaana fathalung-oo taapaao junction (hett yaai) vibhagna bhaag rupe kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2011 fathalung rail akasmaat. 15 january 2011naa roj, malvahak train nann. 722 benga syu junction-haat yaai junction, aantarrashtriy express number saathe athadaayu. fathalung station vistaarni aaspaas 36 butterworth-bangcock. ketlaak dabba paata parthee utaree gayaa aneey local train nann. 457 nakhon see thammarat-fatlung, jeey bajuoma paark karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa ghatanama 4 loko ghaayal thayaa hataa, jemaa beey musafaro, aek rail vaahak aneey aek railway policekarmi saamel hataa. tenu kaaran aee hatoo keey malvahak train maate locomotive nann. 722 fatthlung station aneey paak khalong station vachche tutee gayoo, tethee aantarrashtriy express maate locomotive nann. 35 tenee gaadeeo saathe jodai naa hatee (platform 1 parr) aneey numberni malvahak kaar saathe dampati paase gaee. 722, fathalung station parr paachha khenchvaamaa aavashe. joke, jaim jaim train (platform 2 maan praveshvaa maate) najik aavee, tema tema rail sweach nishfal gaee aneey naa. 722 nann. nee gaadeeo saathe athadai hatee. platform 1 parr 35. numberni gaadeeo. 35 paata parthee utaree gayaa aneey nann. nee gaadeeo saathe athadaaya. 457.

fathalung railway station fathalung railway station ack railway station haye joe fuha saavan upa-jile, fathalung shahar, fathalung mein sthit haye. yeh ack varg 1 railway station haye, joe thon buri railway station seey sthit haye. dakshini line key fathalung-oo tapao junction (hait yaaee) khand key hisse key roop mein janwari 1913 mein fathalung station khola gayaa. 2011 fathalung rail durghatana. 15 janwari 2011 koo malgadi sankhya. 722 baing suu junction-haat yaaee junction, antarrashtriya express number seey takra gayaa. 36 butterworth-bancock fathalung station kshetra key aspas. kuchh dibbe patari seey utar gaye aur sthaaniya train sankhya seey takra gaye. 457 nakhon see thammarat-fathalung, joe kinare mein khadaa thaa. iss ghatana mein 4 loga ghayal hoe gaye, dou yatri, ack rail conductor aur ack railway puliskarmi ghayal hoe gayaa. iska kaaran yeh thaa kii malgadi key liye injan nam. 722 fathalung station aur paak khalong station key beach toot gayaa, isaliye antarrashtriya express key liye locomotive nam. 35 apani gaadiyon key saath binaa jode (platform 1 parr) aur number kii maal gaadiyon key saath jode key paas gayaa. 722, koo fatlung station parr vaapas kheencha jaayega. haalaanki, jaise hii train (platform 2 mein pravesh karane key liye) key paas aaee, rail switch whiffle hoe gayaa aur naheen. 722 nam. kii gaadiyon seey takra gaee. platform 1 parr 35. number kii gaadiyan. 35 patari seey utar gaye aur number kii gaadiyon seey takra gaye. 457.

fattalang railu nildaana fattalang railway nildaanavu fattalang nagarada khuha saavan upavibhaagadalliruva ondu railway nildaanavaagide. idu thone buri railu nildaanadinda baruva 1neey darjeya railu nildaanavaagide. daksina maargada fatlung-yuu tapavo junction (hyaat yaay) vibhagada bhagavagi 1913rahra janavariyalli fatlung nildaanavannu tereyalaayitu. 2011rahra fatlung railu apaghaata. 2011rahra janavari 15randu, saraku railu sankhye. 722 byang suu junction-hott yaay junction, antararashtriya express namm. 36 butterworth-bangcock fathalung nildaana pradeshada suttaloo. kelavu bogigalu hali tappidavu mattu sthaliya railu sankhye. 457 nakhon sii tammarat-fathalung, idannu badigalli nillisalaagittu. ee ghataneyalli 4 janaru gaayagondiddu, ibbaru prayanikaru, obba railu conductor mattu obba railway police gayagondiddare. saraku sagane railina locomotive namm. 722 fattalang nildaana mattu pock khlang nildaanada naduve muridubidditu, aaddarinda antararashtriya express sankhye. 35 adara gaadigalondige (platform 1 ralli) jodisalagilla mattu saraku kaarugalondige dampatigalige hodaru. 722, fattalang nildaanakke hintirugisalaaguvudu. aadaagyoo, railu sameepisuttiddante (platform 2 annu praveshisalu), railu switch viphalavaayitu mattu illa. 722 kaarugalu namm. platform 1rahra mele 35. namm. 35 hali tappidavu mattu namm. 457.

fattalung railway steshan fathlung nagaratthile khuhaa saavan upajilla sthithi cheiyunna oru railway steshanaanu fathlung railway steshan. thoon buri railway steshanil ninnu sthithi cheiyunna oru klaas 1 railway steshanaanithu. thekkan paathayile fathlung-yuu taapaavo junction (haatt yaay) vibhaagathinte bhaagamaayi 1913 januvariyil fathlung steshan thurannu. 2011 fathlung reyil apakadam. 2011 januvari 15nuu charakk train nambar. 722 baang syoo junction-haatt yaay junction, anthaaraashtra express nambarumaayi koottiyidichu. 36 butterworth-bancock fathlung steshan pradeshathinu chuttum. chila bogikal paalam thettukayum local train nambarumaayi koottiyidikkukayum cheythu. 457 nakhon sii tammarat-fattalung, sidingukalil paarkk cheythirikkunnu. sambhavathil rund yaathrakkaar, oru railway conductor, oru railway poleesukaaran thudangi 4 perkku parikkettu. charakk train nambar. 722 fathlung steshanum paaku khlong steshanum idayil thakarnnu, athinaal anthaaraashtra express nambarinulla locomotive. 35 ennam vandikalumaayi (plaattphom 1-ll) bandhippikkappedaathe nambar nambar charakk kaarukalumayi dambathikalude aduthekku pooyi. 722, fathlung steshanilekku thirike kondupokum. ennirunnaalum, train aduthethiyappol (plaattphom 2-ll praveshikkaan), reyil switch parajayappettu, illa. 722 ennam vandikalumaayi koottiyidichu. plaattphom 1-ll 35. nambar nambarinte vandikal. 35 ennam paalam thettukayum nambar nambar vandikalumaayi koottiyidikkukayum cheythu. 457.

fathalung railway sthanak fatthalung railway sthanak heey fatthalung shaharatil khuha sawan upajilha yethe sthit eka railway sthanak aahe. heey eka varg 1 railway sthanak aahe, jeey thomburi railway sthanakapasun aahe. fathalung sthanak janewari 1913 madhye dakshin reshechya fathalung-uu tafao junction (haat yaee) vibhagacha bhag mhanoon ughadale gele. 2011 fathalung railway apghat. 15 janewari 2011 roji malgadi kra. 722 bang suu junction-haat yaee junction, aantarrashtriy express kra. fatalung sthanak kshetrachya bhovati 36 butterworth-bancock. kahee dabe rulavarun ghasarale aanee lokal train kra. 457 nakhon see thammarat-fathalung, jeey bajula ubhe hote. yaa ghatanet 4 jann jakhami jhaale, jyat done pravasi, eka railway vahak aanee eka railway police karmchari aahe. yache kaaran mhanje malgadi kra. fathalung sthanak aanee paak khlong sthankadarmyan 722 kharab jhaale, tyamule aantarrashtriy expressathiche locomotive kra. 35 tyachya dabyansah (platform 1 varr) jodale gele naheet aanee nambarchya malvahatuk gadyansah jodpyakade gele. 722, fathalung sthankavar parat khechale jaanar aahe. matra, jasjashi gaadee jawal aalee (platform 2 madhye pravesh karnyasathi), tastashi railwaychi suvyavastha ayashasvi jhaali aanee nahee. 722 chee kra. chya gadyanshi takkar jhaali. platform 1 varr 35. kra. 35 rulavarun ghasarale aanee kra. 457.

fathlung railway station fathalung railway station euta railway station how june fuha sawan upa-zilla, fathalung sahar, fathalungma awasthit chha. yo thon buri railway stationbata awasthit kaksha 1 railway station how. dakshini lineko fattalung-u tapao junkson (hutt yai) khandako bhagko rupma janawari 1913 maa fattalung station kholieko thiyo. 2011 fathlung rail durghatana. 15 janawari 2011 maa, malwahak rail nan. 722 byang su junkson-haat yai junkson, antarrashtriya express nambarsanga thokkieko thiyo. 36 butterworth-bankok fathalung station kshetrako waripari. kehi bogiharu pataribata khase rar sthaniya rail nambarsanga thokkie. 457 nakhon see thammarat-fathlung, june sidingma park garieko thiyo. yass ghatanama 4 zana ghaite bhaeka chhan bhane dui zana yatru, ek rail conductor rar ek rail prahari ghaite bhaeka chhan. yasako karan malwahak railko lokomotiv nan. 722 fathalung station rar paak khlong stationko bichma khaskiyo, tyasaile antarrashtriya expresska lagi lokomotiv nan. 35 yasako gadiharu (platform 1 maa) sanga uncoupled rar nambarko malwahak karharu liera jodima gae. 722, fathalung stationma firta tanne. yadyapi, rail najik jaanda (platform 2 maa prawesh garna), rail switch asafal bhayo rar hoina. 722 nambarko gadisanga thokkieko thiyo. 35 platform 1 maa. nambarko gadiharu. 35 wata pataribata khase rar nambarko gadisanga thokkie. 457.

phathalunga rela station phattalunga rela station heuchhi eka rela station jaahaa phattalunga saharar khuha sawan upajillare abasthita. ehaa eka pratham shreni rela station, jaahaa thone buri rela stationru abasthita. dakhina liner phatalanga-u tapao jankasana (haat jaai) bibhagara anshabisesha bhabe 1913 masiha januari maasare phatalanga station kholajaithila. 2011 phathalunga rela durghatana. 2011 masiha januari 15 tarikhare, malbahi train nong. 722 byanga suu jankasana-haata jaai jankasana, antarjatija express nong. phatalunga station anchala charipakhare 36tii butterworth-byankak. keteka bagi lainachyuta hoi sthaniah train nong. 457 nakhon sii tamrat-phatalang, jaahaa parsware parking karajaithila . ehi ghatanare 4 john ahata hoithile, dui john jatri, jane rela conductor ebong jane rela police karmachari ahata hoithile. ehara kaaran thila malbahi train paain lokomotiva nong. phattalunga station ebong paak khlonga station madhyare 722tii bhangipadithila, tenu antarjatija express paain lokomotiva nong. 35tii bagi sahita (platform 1ray) sanjogaheena thila ebong numberer malbahi kaara sahita dampatinka pakhaku jaithila. 722, phathalunga stationku ferai anajiba. tebe, train pahanchiba parey (platform 2 ray prabesha karibaku), rela suich biphal hoithila ebong naahin . 722 nambara gaadi sahita dhakka hoithila. 35tii platform 1ray. numberer gaadi. 35tii rela lainachyuta hoi nong. rahr gaadi sahita dhakka hoithila. 457.

fathlang railway station fathlang railway station ikk railway station haii joe kii khuha saavan upp-zilhe, fathlang shehar, fatlang witch sathit haii. ih ikk class 1 railway station haii, joe thon buurii railway station toon sathit haii. dakkhni line dey fathlang-yuu tapao junction (hett yaaee) section dey hisse vajon janwari 1913 witch fathlang station kholhiaa giaa see. 2011 daa fathlang rail hadsa. 15 janwari 2011 noon maal gaddi nann. 722 baing suu junction-hett yaaee junction, antarashtari express nann. 36 butterworth-bancock faithlung station khetar dey aale-duaale. kujh dabbe patadi toon utar gaye atey local rail nann. 457 nakhon see thamrat-fathlang, joe kii side witch khadah see. iss ghatna witch 4 lock zakhmi hoow gaye, doou yaatari, ikk rail conductor atey ikk railway pulis vaala. iss daa caarn ih see kii maal gaddi laee locomotive nann. 722 fathlang station atey paak khalong station dey vichkaar tutt giaa, iss laee antarashtari express laee locomotive nann. 35 aapniaan gaddiaan (platform 1 utte) naal binan jode atey number deeaan maal gaddiaan naal jode cole gaye. 722, noon fathlang station 'teey waps khichiaa javega. halanki, jiven hii railgaddi (platform 2 witch dakhal honn laee) nede aaee, rail switch asfal hoow gaee atey naheen. 722 number dey dabbiaan naal takra giaa. platform 1 utte 35. nann. dey dabbe. 35 patadi toon utar gaye atey nann. 457.

fattalunga-relasthanakam fattalung-relasthanakam khuhasavan-upamandle, fattalung-nagare, fattalung-nagare sthitah relasthaanakah asti. thone-buree-relasthanakat sthitah ayam prathamavargasya relasthaanakah asti. dakshinarekhaarah faattalung-u-taapaavo-jankshan (haat-yaay) ityasya bhagarupena 1913 janavaree-maase faattalung-sthanakam udghaatitam. 2011 tame varshe faatalang-rail-durghatanaa abhavat. 15 janavaree 2011 dinaanke, maalavaahinyaah rail nam. 722 byaang-soo-jankshan-haat-yaay-jankshan, antarashtriya-express-nam ityanena saha takaraati. 36 butterwort-byaankok iti fathalung-sthaanake paritah asti. kechan bogyah pattyaabhotaah, sthaniya-relayan-nam. ityanena saha aapatitavantah. 457 nakhon see tammarat-fattalung iti, yat paarshveshu sthitaa aasit. asmin ghatanayam 4 janaah vranitaah, dwau yaatrikaah, ekaha rail-chaalakah, ekaha rail-arakshakah cha. kaaranam aasit, maalavaahinyaah locomotive nam. 722 iti fathalung-sthaanake paak-khlong-sthaanake cha madhye vicchinnam abhavat, ataha antarashtriya-express-krute locomotive nam. 35 svavaahinyaa saha (platform 1 ityatra) naa yojayitvaa, nam-charavaahanaih saha dampatyaam agacchat. 722, fathalung-sthaanake punah taan aagacchatu. parantu, yathaa relayaanam sameepam aagacchat (platform 2 madhye praveshtum), rail-swich asaphalam abhavat, naa cha. 722 nam-ityasya vahanena saha aapatitam. 35 platform 1 madhye. nam. ityasya vaahanaah. 35 padadalitaani, nam-ityasya vahanena saha militaani cha. 457.

bathalung rayil nilaiyam bathalung rayil nilaiyam enbathu bathalung, bathalung nagaraththin kuha sawan thunai maavattaththil amainthulla oru rayil nilaiyamaagum. idhu thoan puuri rayil nilaiyaththilirunthu amainthulla oru vaguppu 1 rayil nilaiyam aagum. therku vazhiththadaththin bathalung-uuu tabao sandhippin (hott yaai) oru paguthiyaaga 1913 janavariyil bathalung nilaiyam thirakkappattathu. 2011 fatalung rayil vibaththu. janavari 15,2011 andru, sarakku rayil enn. 722 baeng suu santhippu-hott yaai santhippu, sarvadesa express enn. 36 butterworth-baangaak bathalang nilayap paguthiyaich suttri. sila pettikal thadam purandu ulloor rayil enn. 457 nagon chii tammarat-bathalung, idhu pakkavaattil niruththappattathu. inththa sambavaththil 4 paer kaayamadainthanar, irandu payanigal, oru rayil nadaththunar mattrum oru rayilway boliskarar kaayamadainthanar. sarakku rayilukkaana enjin enn. 722 bathalung nilaiyaththirkum paak clang nilaiyaththirkum idaiyil udainththathu, enavae sarvadesa express enn. 35 adhan vanddigaludan inaikkappadaamal (platform 1 ill) mattrum sarakku kaarkaludan joadikkuch sentrathu. 722, meendum bathalung nilaiyaththirku izhukkappada ullathu. iruppinum, rayil (iyangkuthalam 2 kkul nuzhiya) nerungiyapoathu, rayil switch thoalviyadainthathu mattrum illai. 722 endra enn konda vanddigal moathina. 35 iyangkuthalam 1. enn vanddigal. 35 vanddigal thadam purandu norungiya vanddigaludan moathiyathu. 457.

fattalang railway station fattalang railway station anedi fattalang nagaramloni khuha saavan upa jillaalo unna railway station. idhi thone buri railway station nundi unna 1va taragati railway station. dakshina rekhaloni fattalang-yuu taapaavo junction (hott yaay) vibhaagamlo bhaagamgaa 1913 janavarilo fattalang station praarambhinchabadindi. 2011 fattalang railu pramaadam. 2011 janavari 15naa, saruku ravana railu nem. 722 byaang suu junction-hott yaay junction, antarjaateeya express nem. 36 butterworth-bangcock fattalang station praantam chuttoo. konni bogeelanu pattalu tappinchi, sthaanika railu nem. 457 nakhon sii tammarat-fattalang, idhi pakkala nilabadi undhi. eee ghatanalo naluguru, iddaru prayaanikulu, oka railu conductor, oka railway pooliisu gayapaddaru. dheeniki kaaranam saruku ravana railu kosam locomotive nem. 722 fattalang station mariyu paak khlang station madhya virigindi, kabatti antarjaateeya express kosam locomotive namm. 35 daani carriagelatho (platfam 1 loe) jatacheyabadaledu mariyu sankhya saruku ravana kaarlatho jantaku vellindi. 722, tirigi fattalang stationku lagabadali. ayithe, railu (platfam 2 loki pravesinchadaaniki) sameepistunnappudu, railu switch viphalamaindi mariyu ledhu. 722 kaarlu namm. platfam 1paie 35. nem. 35 pattalu tappai mariyu nem. 457.

phatheling railway station phatheling railway station eek railway station hay juu khoha swaan zeeli zalaa phatheling shehar phatheling mein waaqa hay. yaha thoon bory railway station say waaqa eek klaas 1 railway station hay. phatheling station januri 1913 mein janubi line kay phatheling-awo taapao junction (hutt yaayi) section kay hasay kay toor parr khola gayaa. 2011 kaa faithaling rail haadsah. 15 januri 2011 cow maal bardaar train number. 722 bung swee junction-hutt yaayi junction beenn alaqwami express number say takra gayaa. faithaling station kay elaqay kay ard gird 36 butter warth-bancock. kachh dabay patri say utar gayey aur local train number say takra gayey. 457 nikhon see thamraat-phatheling juu siding mein khadee thee. iss waaqiye mein 4 afraad zakhmi huay duu musafir eek rail conductor aur eek railway police waala. wajah yaha thee kahh maal bardaar train kay liye anjan number. 722 phutthaling station aur paak khalong station kay darmiyan toot gayaa iss liye beenn alaqwami express kay liye anjan number. 35 apnee gaadiyon kay saath ghair jadee hoyee (plait faarm 1 parr) aur number kii maal bardaar kaaron kay saath joday kay paas gayee. 722yee kuu faithaling station parr waps laaya jaaye gaa. tahim jeesay hyee train (plait faarm 2 mein daakhil honay kay liye) qareeb pahunchi rail kaa rakh nakaam how gayaa aur nahein. 722 number kii gaadiyon say takra gayee. plait faarm 1 parr 35. number kii gaadiyan. 35 patri say utar gayey aur number kii gaadiyon say takra gayey. 457.

000475953b8024bb580ebd0d6495f2ffc22031b67a956a94acd2413a3a4c98de

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10664228

Adelaide C. Eckardt

Adelaide C. Eckardt American politician (born 1943) Adelaide C. Eckardt (born September 8, 1943) is an American politician who was a member of the Maryland Senate, representing District 37. Background. Adelaide C. Eckardt was first elected in 1994 to represent the new District 37B. District 37B covers parts of Caroline, Dorchester, Talbot, & Wicomico counties. She defeated Democratic incumbent Robert Alan Thornton Jr. and served with fellow Republican Kenneth D. Schisler. She ran in 1990, but was defeated by Kenneth D. Schisler, Robert Alan Thornton Jr., and Democrat Samuel Q. Johnson III. In 1998, Eckardt was reelected along with Schisler. Again in 2002, Eckardt and Schisler won with little competition. Finally, in 2006, Eckardt won reelection, this time with fellow Republican, Jeannie Haddaway. Schisler was appointed to the chair of the Maryland Public Service Commission by Governor Bob Ehrlich in May 2003. Education. Like fellow House Republican Mary Roe Walkup, Eckardt got her career start in nursing. Eckardt attended Bryn Mawr Hospital School of Nursing and received her R.N. degree. She later attended the University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Nursing attaining her B.S. in 1978, and later her M.S. in 1981. She practiced as a Registered Nurse-Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist. Career. A few years later, Eckardt became an adjunct member of the faculty at Salisbury State University. Later that same year, she became a Psychiatric Nurse Clinical Specialist at Eastern Shore Hospital Center and worked there until 2003. During that same time, she also served as an adjunct member of the faculty at the University of Maryland School of Nursing. She remained on the faculty from 1991 to 1999. Eckardt's remained active in her field, but shifted to a more administrative and legislative role. She joined the Executive Committee of the Maryland Hospital Association in 1993 and has served on the Board of Directors for Leadership Maryland, Inc., a non-profit organization committed to the betterment of Maryland, since 2001. Currently, Eckardt is a board member of the Chesapeake Health Planning Systems, a member of the Maryland Nurses Association, the American Nurses Association, the American Ortho-Psychiatric Association, and Sigma Theta Tau, the honor society of nursing. She is a past recipient of the Psychiatric Nursing Award from the University of Maryland Graduate School of Nursing in 1981. In 1986 and again in 1991, Eckard was named Nurse of the Year, District 4, by the Maryland Nurses Association. In 1988, she won the Rosalie S. Abrams Legislative Award from the Maryland Nurses Association. She received the Outstanding Board Member Award from the Maryland Nurses Association in 1992. Later she received the Outstanding Rural Legislator Award from the Rural Maryland Council in 2003. Additionally in 2003, she received recognition for her efforts from Local Management Board. Finally, she was listed as a member of Maryland's Top 100 Women by the "Daily Record", a local newspaper, in 2003, 2005, and 2007. In July 2022, Eckardt was defeated in the Republican primary by state delegate Johnny Mautz. Following her defeat, she announced on July 25, 2022, that she would run in the Cambridge mayoral special election on August 23, 2022. No candidate received the majority of the vote, forcing a runoff between Eckardt and former Cambridge commissioner Steve Rideout on September 20, 2022. She was defeated by Rideout 55%-45%. In November 2022, Governor-elect Wes Moore announced that Eckardt would serve on the steering committee of his transition team. Voters to choose two: Voters to choose two: Voters to choose two: Voters to choose two: Voters to choose three: References and notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

adelide chi. accord adelide chi. accard (jonmo 8 septembor, 1943) egoraki aamerikan rajneetibid ji maryland sinetor xodosyo aasil, ji jilaa 37koo protinidhitwo korisil. potobhumi. adelide chi. 1994 sonot notun jilaa 37bi-koo protinidhitwo koriboloi accardt prothombaror baabe nirbasito hoisil. jilaa 37bi-e kerulin, dorsestar, telbot aaru wick 'mick' countyr kichu ongxo xamori loiche. teu gonotantrik podor prarthi robert elen thorton juniyorok porasto korisil. aaru teur xoite republican kenneth di.-ror xoite xewa aagborhaisil. sisolar. 1990 sonot teu protidondita korisil, kintu keneth di-ror haatot porasto hoisil. sisolar, robert elen thorton juniyor., aaru gonotantrik semuwel kiu. jonoson tritiyo. 1998 sonot sijolaror xoite accordt punor nirbasito hoisil. 2002 sonot aakou accordt aaru swisolare komm protijugitare joyee hoisil. owoxexot, 2006 sonot, accarde punor nirbasonot joylabh kore, eibar xotirtho republican, jenee headware xoite. 2003 sonor mey "maahot rajyopal bobo erolise swisolarok maryland rajohuwa xewa aayugor odhyokhyo hisape nijukti disil. xikhya. republican meree ror "wakaapor dore ecorde nursingor khetrot nijor keriyar aarombho korisil. accardte brin mawar sikitsaloyor nursing bidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil aaru teuk aar laabh korisil.eno. degree. pisoloi teu maryland biswobidyaloy, bultimur skool owo nursingto odhyoyon kori bi. e. degree laabh kore.ess. 1978 sonot, aaru pisot teu em.ess. 1981 sonot teu egoraki ponjiyonbhukto nurse-monurug sikitsa sikitsa nurse bixexogyo hisape onuxilon korisil. keriyar. keibosormanor pisot, accordt chelixbari rajyik biswobidyaloyor onuxodor egoraki xohojugi xodosyo hoi pore. xei bosoror xexor faale, teu eastern swur sikitsaloyor kendrot egoraki manoxik nurse clinical bixexogyo hoi porisil aaru 2003 sonoloike taat kaam korisil. xei eke xomoyote, teu maryland skool owo nursing biswobidyaloyor onuxodor xohayok xodosyo hisapeu kaam korisil. 1991 sonor poraa 1999 sonoloike teu ei onuxodot aasil. accardt teur khetrot xokriyo hoi aasil, kintu odhik proxaxonik aaru aainee bhumikaloi sthanantorito hoisil. 1993 sonot teu maryland sikitsaloy xongsthar karzobahi xomitit jugdan korisil aaru maryland inokor netritwor porisalok porixodot xewa aagborhaisil.2001 sonor poraa marylandor unnotir baabe daybodho etaa olabhjonok xongstha. bortoman, accard sesapik swasthyo porikolpona pronalir bob "rdor xodosyo, maryland nurse ess" siyesyon, aamerikan nurse ess "siyesyon, aamerikan ortho"-cycycriatric ess "siyesyon, aaru sigma thita taau, dyo onor cho" saiti owo nursingor xodosyo. 1981 sonot maryland biswobidyaloyor grejuwet skool owo nursingor poraa teu purbote monurug sikitsar nursing botaa laabh korisil. 1986 sonot aaru punor 1991 sonot maryland nurse ess "siyesyone accardok bosoror 4 nong jilaar nurse hisape monunit korisil. 1988 sonot teu ror 'cheli ess joy korisil. maryland nurse ess "siyesyonor poraa abrams legislative botaa. 1992 sonot maryland nurse ess "siyesyonor poraa teu bob" rdor oxamanyo xodosyo botaa laabh korisil. pisot 2003 sonot gramyo maryland porixodor poraa teu oxamanyo gramyo bidhayok botaa laabh korisil. iyar uporiu 2003 sonot teu sthaniyo byowosthapona bob "rdor poraa swikriti laabh korisil. owoxexot 2003,2005 aaru 2007 sonot sthaniyo baatori kakot ekhonor "doinik obhilekh" ror dwara marylandor xirxo 100 goraki mohilar xodosyo hisape talikabhukto hoisil. 2022 sonor julyte rastriyo prathomik protijugitat rajyik protinidhi johnny moutze accordtok porasto korisil. teur porajoyor pisot, teu 2022 sonor 25 julyte ghuxona korisil je teu 23 aagosto, 2022 tarikhe cambridge meyorel bixex nirbasonot protidondita koribo. kunu prarthiye xongkhyagoristho bhut laabh koraa nasil, jaar folot 20 septembor, 2022 tarikhe accardt aaru prakton cambridge ayukto steve rideoutor maajot ek raano "pho badhyo hoisil. teu rideout 55%-45% ror dwara porasto hoisil. 2022 sonor novembor maahot, gowornor-nirbasito wes mure ghuxona korisil je accordte teur poriworton dolor porisalona xomitit xewa aagborhabo.

adelide shee. accard adelide shee. accard (jonmo 8ee septembara, 1943) ekjon markin rajnitibid jini maryland sineter sadasya chhilen, jini 37 nong jelara protinidhitto korten. patabhumi. adelide shee. accardt 1994 saale notun zela 37bii-rawr protinidhitto korar jonno prothom nirbachito hohn. zela 37bii caroline, dorchester, talbot ebong uikomiko kauntir kichhu ongsho judey royeche. tini ganotantrik bortoman robbert allan thornton juniyarke porajito corren. ebong sahakarmi republican keneth dii-err saathe kaaj korechen. sisler. tini 1990 saale daudechilen, kintu keneth dii-err kachhe porajito hohn. shisler, robbert allan thornton junior., ebong ganotantrik samuel cue. johnson tritiya. 1998 saale, skisler saathe accardt punra nirbachito hohn. 2002 saale abar, accardt ebong shisler samanno protijogita diye jitechilen. abosheshe, 2006 saale, accardt punornirbachone joyee hohn, ebar sahakarmi republican, zennie hadaoyer saathe. 2003 saaler meey maase governor bobb erlich dwara maryland public service kamishaner sabhapatir podey shisler nijukto hohn. shikkha. sahakarmi house republican merry roow wakuper moto, accard nursingye taar karmajiban shuru korechilen. accardt brin morr hospital school off nursing-ayee padashona corren ebong taanr arr.enn. degree. porey tini maryland vishwavidyalaya, baltimore school off nursing-ayee padashona corren ebong bii. ayee degree orjon corren.esha. 1978 saale, ebong porey taar emm.esha. 1981 saale tini ekjon nibondhito nurse-monorog clinical nurse biseshoggo hisabe anushilan corren. pesha. koyek bochor porr, accardt salisbury steta universityr onushoder ekjon sahojogi sadasya hohn. ekoi bochorer shesher dike, tini eastern shore hospital kendre ekjon monorog nurse clinical biseshoggo hoye othen ebong 2003 saal porjonto sekhane kaaj corren. ekoi somoye, tini university off maryland school off nursing-err onushoder sahokari sadasya hisabeo dayitto palon corren. tini 1991 theke 1999 saal porjonto onushode chhilen. accardt taar khettre sakriya chhilen, kintu arow proshashonik oo aain pranayaner bhumikai sthanantorito hohn. tini 1993 saale maryland hospital samitir nirbahi komitite jog deena ebong leadership maryland, incorporateder porichalona porshode dayitto palon korechen.2001 saal theke marylander unnotir jonno protishrutiboddho ekti olabhjonok sangostha. bortomane, accard chesapic swastho parikalpana byabosthar ekjon board sadasya, maryland nurse association, american nurse association, american ortho-cychiatric association ebong sigma thita taau, onar society off nursing-err sadasya. tini 1981 saale university off maryland graduate school off nursing theke monostattik nursing puroskarer ekjon prapok. 1986 saale ebong abar 1991 saale, maryland nurse association dwara accardke bochorer sera nurse, zela 4 hisabe manoneet koraa hoyechilo. 1988 saale tini rojali esha jitechilen. maryland nurse association theke abrams aain pranayan puraskar. 1992 saale tini maryland nurse association theke asamanno board sadasya puraskar paan. porey tini 2003 saale gramin maryland council theke asamanno gramin bidhayak puraskar paan. echhadao 2003 saale tini sthaniya porichalona porshoder kachh theke swikriti paan. abosheshe, 2003,2005 ebong 2007 saale ekti sthaniya sangbadpatra "dailey record" dwara tini marylander sheersho 100 john mohilar sadasya hisabe talikabhukto hohn. 2022 saaler julai maase, accardt republican praimarite rajyo protinidhi johnny moutzer kachhe porajito hohn. taar porajoyer porr, tini 25 julai, 2022-ayee ghoshana corren jey tini 23shhey august, 2022-ayee cambridge meyorer bishesh nirbachone protidwondita korben. konao prarthi sankhyagarishtha bhot panni, jaar foley 20shhey septembara, 2022-ayee accardt ebong praktan cambridge commissioner stibha rideouter modhye runoff badhyo hoy. tini rideout 55%-45%-err dwara porajito hohn. 2022 saaler novembore, governor-nirbachito oyesa moor ghoshana corren jey accardt taanr tranajisana doler steering komitite kaaj korben.

adelaid see. accord adelaid see. accardt (janm 8 september, 1943) aek american rajkarani chhe, jeey maryland senetnaa sabhy hataa, jeey jilla jilla pratinidhitva karey chhe. prushthbhumi. adelaid see. accardt pratham vakhat vakhat navaa jilla jillanoon pratinidhitva karvaa maate chuntaya hataa. jilla jilla kerolin, dorchester, telbot aneey vikomiko kaauntiona bhagone aavari leey chhe. temane lokshaahinaa hoddo sambhaaltaa roobert aelan thornton juniyarne haraavya hataa. aneey saathee ripablikana keneth dii. saathe sevaa aapee hatee. sisler. teo teo chuntani ladyaa hataa, parantu keneth dii. dwara haaryaa hataa. shisler, roobert aelan thornton juniyar., aneey lokshahivadi semual kyoo. johnson III. III, accardt shisler saathe fareethi chuntaya hataa. hataa fareethi, accardt aneey shisler ochhi spardhaa saathe jeetya hataa. chhevate, chhevate, accardt fareethi chuntani jeetyo, aaa vakhate saathee ripablikana, jenee headway saathe. meey vadhumaa governor boob eherliche maryland jaaher sevaa aayogna adhyaksh tareeke shisalarni nimanook curry hatee. shikshan. saathee house ripablikana meerii roow walkupni jaim, accarde narsingma potaani karkidrini sharuaat curry. accardte bryan maur hospital school off narsingma haajari aapee hatee aneey teneene aar.aena. degree. baadmaa teneeae maryland university, baltimore school off narsingma haajari aapee hatee aneey bii.aesa. bii.aesa, aneey baadmaa teneena aema.aesa. teo temane nondhaayeli nurse-manochikitsak clinical nurse nishnaat tareeke practices curry hatee. karkirdi. thodaa varsho pachhi, accardt salisbury state universityma facultyna sanlagn sabhy banyaa. teey jaj varshe paachhalthi, teo eastern shoar hospital centermaa manochikitsak nurse clinical nishnaat banyaa aneey 2003 sudhee tyaan kaama karyoo. teey jaj samay darmiyan, temane university off maryland school off narsingma facultyna sahayak sabhy tareeke pann sevaa aapee hatee. teo 1991 thee 1999 sudhee facultyma rahyaa hataa. accardt temnaa kshetramaa sakreey rahyaa, parantu vadhu vahivati aneey kaayadaakiy bhoomika taraf valyaa. teo teo maryland hospital associationni kaarykaari sameetima jodaya hataa aneey maryland inknaa netrutvanaa niyaamak mandalma sevaa aapee aapee marylandnee sudhaarana maate pratibaddh biin-nafakarak sanstha. haalmaa, accard chasepic health planning systemsna booard sabhy chhe, maryland nurses association, american nurses association, american ortho-cychiatric association aneey sigma theeta taau, dhaa onara sosayati off narsingna sabhy chhe. teo teo maryland graduate school off nursing universitymathi manochikitsak nursing awardna bhutkaal praaptkartaa chhe. chhe aneey fareethi fareethi, accordne maryland nurses association dwara nurse off dhaa year, district 4 tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo, temane roselli aesa jeetyu hatoo. maryland nurses association tarafthi abrams kaayadaakiy puraskar. temne temne maryland nurses association tarafthi utkrusht booard sabhyano puraskar malyo hato. baadmaa temne vadhumaa graameen maryland council tarafthi utkrusht graameen dharasabhyano puraskar malyo hato. vadhumaa, vadhumaa, temne sthaaneek management booard tarafthi temnaa prayaaso maate maanyata malee hatee. aakhare, teneene 2003,2005 aneey aneey aek sthaaneek akhbaar "dainik reqorda" dwara marylandnee tochnee 100 maheelaoni sabhy tareeke soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee hatee. julai november, accardtne rajyanaa pratinidhi johnny moutz dwara prajasattak prathmikma haravvama aavyo hato. temnee haar baad, temane 25 julai, september roj jaaherat curry hatee keey teo 23 august, september roj cambridge mayerni vishesh chuntani ladashe. koee pann umedvaarne bahumatee mutt malyaa naa hataa, jenaa kaarane 20 september, september roj accardt aneey bhutpurv cambridge commissioner steve rideout vachche runoff thayo hato. teo rideout 55%-45% dwara haaryaa hataa. november november, governor-chuntayela vesa moore jaaherat curry hatee keey accardt temnee sankraman teamnee sanchalan sameetima sevaa aapshe.

adelaid see. accord adelaid see. accordt (janm 8 sitambar, 1943) ack americi rajneta hain joe maryland senate key sadasya they, joe 37vein jile kaa pratinidhitva karate they. prishthabhoomi. adelaid see. accordt koo pahali baar 1994 mein nae jile 37bee kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. jilaa 37bee mein carolin, dorchester, talboat aur vikomiko county key kuchh hisse shamil hain. unhone loktaantrik paddhari robbert ellen thornton junier koo haraaya. aur saathi ganarajya kenneth dee key saath seva kii. sisler. vaha 1990 mein daudin, lekin keneth dee seey haar gaeen. shisler, robbert ellen thornton junier., aur loktaantrik saimuel kyu. johnson III. 1998 mein, accordt koo shisler key saath phir seey chunaa gayaa. 2002 mein phir seey, accordt aur shisler ney cumm pratispardha key saath jeet hassil kii. aakhirkaar, 2006 mein, accordt ney phir seey chunaav jeetaa, iss baar saathi republican, jannie hadway key saath. shisler koo maee 2003 mein governor bobb erlich dwara maryland lock seva aayog key adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. shiksha. saathi house republican mairi row walkup kii tarah, accordt ney nursing mein apana currier shuru kiya. accordt ney brin maur aspatal key nursing school mein bhaag liya aur usey aar praapt huaa.aine. degree. baad mein unhone maryland vishvavidyalaya, baltimore school off nursing mein bhaag liya aur bee.aiss. 1978 mein, aur baad mein unake aim.aiss. 1981 mein unhone ack panjikrit nurse-manochikitsa naidaanik nurse visheshagya key roop mein abhyaas kiya. carrier. kuchh varshon baad, accordt salisbury raajya vishvavidyalaya mein sankaay key ack sahayak sadasya bunn gaye. usee varsh baad mein, vaha purvi tata aspatal kendra mein ack manorog nurse naidaanik visheshagya bunn gaeen aur 2003 taka vahaan kaam kiya. usee samay key dauran, unhone maryland school off nursing vishvavidyalaya mein sankaay key sahayak sadasya key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. vaha 1991 seey 1999 taka sankaay mein raheen. accordt apane kshetra mein sakriya raheen, lekin adhik prashaasnik aur vidhaayi bhoomika mein sthanantarit hoe gaeen. vaha 1993 mein maryland aspatal sangh kii karyakari samiti mein shamil huin aur maryland, ink. key netritva key liye nideshak mandal mein kaary kiya haye.2001 seey maryland kii behtari key liye pratibaddh ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan. vartamaan mein, accordt chezapeek swaasthya yojana pranaliyon key board sadasya hain, maryland nurse association, american nurse association, american ortho-cychiatric association aur sigma theeta taau, dha onar society off nursing key sadasya hain. vaha 1981 mein maryland graduate school off nursing vishvavidyalaya seey manochikitsa nursing puraskar kii praaptakarta hain. 1986 mein aur phir 1991 mein, accord koo maryland nurse association dwara varsh kii nurse, jilaa 4 naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 1988 mein, unhone rosely aiss jeetaa. maryland nurse association seey abrams vidhaayi puraskar. unhein 1992 mein maryland nurse association seey utkrisht board sadasya puraskar milaa. baad mein unhein 2003 mein graameen maryland parishad seey utkrisht graameen vidhaayak puraskar milaa. isake alawa 2003 mein, unhein sthaaniya prabandhan board seey unake prayason key liye maanyata millie. anta mein, unhein 2003,2005 aur 2007 mein ack sthaaniya samachar patra dwara "dainik record" dwara maryland kii sheersh 100 mahilaaon key sadasya key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. julaai 2022 mein, accordt koo raajya pratinidhi johnny moutz dwara ganarajya praathamik mein haraaya gayaa thaa. apani haar key baad, unhone 25 julaai, 2022 koo ghoshana kii kii vaha 23 agast, 2022 koo cambridge meyer vishesh chunaav mein bhaag lengi. kissy bhee ummidwar koo bahumat mutt naheen milaa, jisase 20 sitambar, 2022 koo accordt aur poorv cambridge commissioner steve rideout key beach ack runoff koo majboor kiya gayaa. unhein rideout 55%-45% seey haraaya gayaa thaa. navambar 2022 mein, governor-nirvaachit wess moor ney ghoshana kii kii accordt apani sankraman team kii sanchaalan samiti mein kaam karenge.

adelide sii. eccordt adelide sii. eccordt (janana september 8,1943) obba american raajakaaraniyaagiddu, avaru maryland senetna sadasyaraagiddaru, jilla 37 annu pratinidhisuttiddaru. hinnele. adelide sii. hosa jille 37bii annu pratinidhisalu 1994ralli eccordt modala baarige aaykeyaadaru. jille 37bii caroline, darchester, talboat mattu vicomico kountigala bhagagalannu olagondide. aake prajaprabhutvada haali adhyaksha robbert alan thornton junier avarannu solisidaru. mattu republican kenneth dii. yondige seve sallisidaru. skisler. avaru 1990ralli spardhisidaru, aadare kenneth dii avarinda sotaru. sisler, robbert alan thornton junier., mattu prajaprabhutvavadi samuel kyoo. johnson III. 1998ralli, skisler jotege eccordt maru aaykeyaadaru. 2002ralli matte, eccordt mattu skisler kadime spardheyondige geddaru. antimavagi, 2006ralli, eccordt maru chunavaneyalli geddaru, ee baari republican pakshada sahavarti jennie hadway avarondige. 2003rahra mayee tingalalli governor baab earlich avaru maryland saarvajanika sewa aayogada adhyaksharaagi skisler avarannu nemisidaru. sikshana. republican merri roow vaakkapnanteye, eccordt shushrusheyalli tanna vrattijeevanavannu praarambhisidaru. eccordt avaru brin mawar hospital school off nursingge seridaru mattu tamma aarr.enn. padavi. nantara avaru maryland vishvavidyaalaya, baltimore school off nursingge seridaru mattu bii. aa. padaviyannu padedaru.ess. 1978ralli, mattu nantara avara emm.ess. 1981ralli avaru nondayita nurse-cychiatric clinical nurse specialist aagi abhyasa maadidaru. vrattijeevana. kelavu varshagala nantara, eccordt avaru solisbury state universityalli bodhana vibhagada sahayaka sadasyaraadaru. adhe varshada nantara, avaru eestarn shoar aspatre kendradalli manovaidyakiya nurse clinical specialist aadaru mattu 2003 ravarege allie kelasa maadidaru. adhe samayadalli, avaru maryland school off nursing vishvavidyaalayadalli bodhana vibhagada sahayaka sadasyaragiyoo seve sallisidaru. avaru 1991rinda 1999ravarege bodhana vibhagadavaragi ulidaru. eccordt avaru tamma kshetradalli sakriyaraagi ulidaru, aadare hecchu aadalitaatmaka mattu shasakangada patrakke sthalaantaragondaru. avaru 1993 ralli maryland aspatre sanghada karyanirvahaka samitige seridaru mattu nayakatva maryland, ink naa nirdesakara mandaliyalli seve sallisiddaare.2001rinda marylandna sudhaaranege baddhavaagiruva laabharahita samstheyaagide. prastuta, eccordt avaru chesapeak aarogya yojana vyavasthegala mandaliya sadasyaragiddare, maryland nurse association, american nurse association, american ortho-cychiatric association mattu sigma theata tou, dhii aanar society off nursing sadasyaragiddare. avaru 1981 ralli maryland vishvavidyaanilayada grazuate school off narsinghninda manovaidyakiya shushrusha prashastiyannu ee hinde padediddaare. 1986 ralli mattu matte 1991 ralli, eccord avarannu maryland nurse association varshada nurse, jille 4 endu hesarisitu. 1988ralli, avaru rosali ess annu geddaru. maryland nurse association ninda abrams shasakanga prashasti. 1992ralli maryland nurse association ninda atyuttama mandaliya sadasyara prashastiyannu padedaru. nantara avaru 2003ralli grameena maryland council ninda atyuttama grameena shasaka prashastiyannu padedaru. hechchuvariyagi 2003ralli, avaru sthaliya nirvahanaa mandaliyinda mannane padedaru. antimavagi, 2003,2005 mattu 2007ralli sthaliya patrikeyondu "daili record" moolaka marylandna agra 100 mahileyara pattiyalli avarannu serisitu. 2022rahra julainalli, eccordt avarannu republican primariyalli raajya pratinidhi johnny moutz solisidaru. tanna solina nantara, 2022rahra julai 25randu, taanu 2022rahra august 23randu cambridge mayer vishesha chunavaneyalli spardhisuvudaagi ghoshisidalu. yaavude abhyarthiyu bahumatada matavannu padeyalilla, idarindaagi september 20,2022randu eccordt mattu maaji cambridge commissioner steve rideout naduve runoff untaayitu. aake rideout 55%-45% ninda solisalpattaru. november 2022 ralli, governor-chunaayita wess moor avaru eccordt tamma parivartanaa tandada steering kamitiyalli seve sallisuttaare endu ghoshisidaru.

adalide sii. eccard adalide sii. jilla 37 neey prathinidheekarikkunna maryland senattile amgamaayirunna oru american raashtreeyakkaaranaan eccard (jananam septambar 8,1943). pashchaathalam. adalide sii. 1994ll 37bii enna puthiya jilla prathinideekarikkaanaanu eccard aadyamaayi thiranjedukkappettathu. carolin, dorchester, talbot, vicomico kaundikalude bhagangal ulkkollunnathaan 37bii jilla. avar janaadhipathya sthaanathulla roobert alan thondan juuniyare paraajayappeduthi. oppam saha republican kennathu dii. ykkoppam sevanamanushtichu. shisler. 1990ll avar malsarichenkilum kennathu dii. yodu parajayappettu. shisler, roobert alaan thondan juuniyar., oppam janaadhipathyavaadiyaaya saamuval kyu. jonson III. 1998ll shislerinoppam eccard veendum thiranjedukkappettu. 2002ll veendum eccard shisler cheria malsarathode vijayichu. oduvil, 2006-ll, eccard veendum thiranjeduppil vijayichu, ithavana saha republican, jeaney hadaveykkoppam. 2003 meyy maasathil govarnor bob erlich maryland public sarvees kammeeshante chairmaanaayi shislere niyamichu. vidyaabhyaasam. republican merii roow vaakkaappineppole, eccard nazhsingil thante currier aarambhichu. eccard brin maavar hospital school oof nazhsingil cherukayum aarr.enn. birudam. pinneedu avar maryland sarvakalaashaalayile baltimore school oof nazhsingil chernnu bii. eiii. birudam nedi.ezz. 1978-lum pinneedu emm.ezz. 1981ll rajisterdu nazhs-psychiatric klinikkal nazhs specialistaayi practies cheythu. currier. kurachu varshangalkk sesham, eccard salisbury stettu yooniversittiyile faakkalttiyude anubandha amgamaayi. athe varsham thanne avar eestten shoar hospital sentaril oru cycatric nazhs klinikkal specialistaayi maarukayum 2003 vare avide jolie cheyyukayum cheythu. athe samayam, avar yooniversitti oof maryland school oof nazhsingile faakkalttiyude anubandha amgamaayum sevanamanushtichu. 1991 muthal 1999 vare avar faakkalttiyil thudarnnu. eccards thante mekhalayil sajeevamaayi thudarnnenkilum kooduthal bharanaparavum niyamanirmmaanaparavumaaya rollylake maari. 1993ll maryland hospital associationte executive kammittiyil chernna avar leadership maryland incorporationte director boardil sevanamanushtichittundu.2001 muthal merilaandinte nanmaykkaayi prathijnjaabadhamaaya laabhechayillaathe pravartthikkunna oru samghadanayaanu ithu. nilavil, eccard chesapeak health planning sisttam board amgavum maryland nazhs association, american nazhs association, american oortho-cycatric association, sigma theetta tow, oonar sosaitti oof nazhsing ennivayile amgavumaanu. 1981ll yooniversitti oof maryland graajvett school oof nazhsingil ninnu manahshaasthra nazhsing award munpu nediya avar 1986lum 1991lum ekkaardine maryland nazhs association nazhs oof dhaa iyar, distrikt 4 aayi thiranjedutthu. 1988ll avar rosali ezz nedi. maryland nazhs associationil ninnulla abrams legislative award. 1992ll maryland nazhs associationil ninnu mikacha board amgathinulla award avarkk labhichu. pinneedu 2003ll rural maryland kaunsilil ninnu mikacha rural lejislettar award labhichu. koodaathe 2003ll praadeshika maanejment boardil ninnu avarkk amgeekaaram labhichu. oduvil, 2003,2005,2007 varshangalil oru praadeshika pathramaya "dayley record" prakaram merilaandile mikacha 100 vanithakalil amgamaayi avar pattikapedutthi. 2022 joolaiyil, republican primeryil samsthaana prathinidhi johnny moutts ekkaardine paraajayappeduthi. paraajayathetthudarnnu, 2022 august 23 nuu nadakkunna cambridge mayer prathyeka thiranjeduppil malsarikkumennu 2022 juulai 25 nuu avar prakhyaapichu. oru sthaanaarthikkum bhooripaksham vottu labhichilla, ithu 2022 septambar 20 nuu eccard muun cambridge kammeeshanar steevu raidtum thammilulla ranfine nirbandhithamaakki. avar raidt 55%-45% ll parajayappettu. 2022 novemberil govarnoraayi thiranjedukkappetta vess muur eccard thante transition teaminte steering kammittiyil sevanamanushtikkumennu prakhyaapichu.

edelaid see. ekard edelaid see. accordt (janm 8 september 1943) haah eka american rajkarani aahe, joou maryland sinetcha sadasya hota aanee 37 vya jilhyache pratinidhitva karat hota. parshvabhoomi. edelaid see. accordt pahilyanda 1994 madhye naveen jilha jilha pratinidhitva karnyasathi nivadoon aala. jilha jilha madhye carolin, dorchester, talboat aanee vikomiko parganyanche kahee bhag samavisht aahet. tine lokshahiche vidyaman robbert elon thornton junier yancha parabhav keela. aanee sahkari republican keneth dii. sobat seva kelee. shisler. 1990 madhye tee sharyatit utarali, parantu keneth dii. yane ticha parabhav keela. shisler, robbert elon thornton junier., aanee lokshahivadi samuel kyu. johnson tisra. 1998 madhye, accordt heey shislers punha nivadoon aale. 2002 madhye punha ekada, accordt aanee shisler yanni qamee spardhemadhye vijay midavala. akheris, 2006 madhye, accordt punha nivadoon aala, yaveli sahkari republican, jeanny hadways. meey 2003 madhye governor bobb erlichne maryland sarvajanik seva aayogachya adhyakshapadi shisler yanchi niyukti kelee. shikshan. sahkari republican merrie roow walkuppramanech, ekardtane tichya karkirdichi suruvat narsingmadhye kelee. ekardtane bryan morr hospital school auph narsingmadhye shikshan ghetale aanee teela aar.aine. padvi. nantar tine maryland vidyapith, baltimore school auph narsingmadhye shikshan ghetale aanee bii. aii. prapt kele.ess. 1978 madhye, aanee nantar tiche emm.ess. 1981 madhye tine nondanikrut paricharika-manasshastriy vaidyakeey paricharika tadnya mhanoon kaam kele. karkird. kahee varshannantar, accordt salisbury steet universitymadhil pradhyapakache sanlagn sadasya banale. tyach varshi nantar, tyaa eastern shoar hospital centermadhye mansopchar paricharika vaidyakeey tadnya banalya aanee 2003 paryant tethe kaam kele. tyach kalat, tyanni maryland school auph nursing vidyapithatil pradhyapakanchya sahayyak sadasya mhanoonahi kaam kele. 1991 teey 1999 paryant tyaa pradhyapakanchya padavar rahilya. accordt tichya kshetrat sakriy rahili, parantu adhik prashasakeey aanee vidhimandal bhoomikekade valali. 1993 madhye tyaa maryland hospital associationchya karyakari samiteet sameel jhalya aanee tyanni leadership maryland, ink. chya sanchalak mandalavar kaam kele aahe.2001 pasoon marylandchya unnatisathi vachanbaddha asaleli eka naa-napha sanstha. sadhya, ekard heey chesapik aarogya niyojan pranaliche mandalache sadasya aahet, maryland nurses association, american nurses association, american ortho-cychiatric association aanee sigma theeta taau, daad aunar society auph nursing sadasya aahet. 1981 madhye maryland vidyapithatil graduate school auph narsingkadoon tyaa yapurvi mansopchar nursing puraskar prapt prapt aahet. 1986 madhye aanee punha 1991 madhye, maryland nurses association ekardala varshatil nurse, jilha 4 mhanoon naav dile. 1988 madhye tine rosely ess jinkley. maryland nurses associationkadun abrams vidhimandal puraskar. 1992 madhye tyanna maryland paricharika sanghatanekadun utkrusht mandal sadasya puraskar midala. nantar tyanna 2003 madhye grameen maryland parishadekadun utkrusht grameen aamdar puraskar midala. yavyatirikt 2003 madhye, tyanna sthanik vyavasthapan mandalakadun tyanchya prayatnansathi manyata midali. shevati, 2003,2005 aanee 2007 madhye, eka sthanik vruttapatrane, 'delly reecord' dware, marylandchya pahilya 100 mahilanchya yadeet tichi nivad kelee. julai 2022 madhye, prajasattak prathamik spardhet rajya pratinidhi johnny motz yanni ekardtacha parabhav keela. tichya parabhavanantar, tine 25 julai 2022 roji jaheer kele qee tee 23 august 2022 roji cambridge mahapour vishesh nivadanuk ladhvel. konatyahi umedwarala bahumat midale nahee, jyamule 20 september 2022 roji accordt aanee majee cambridge aayukt steve rideout yanchyat dhavpal jhaali. ticha rideout 55%-45% dware parabhav jhaala. november 2022 madhye, governor-nivadalele ways muur yanni jaheer kele qee accordt tyanchya sankraman sanghachya sukanu samitivar kaam kartil.

adelaid see. accardt adelaid see. accardt (janma september 8,1943) ek americi rajnitigya hun jo zilla 37 ko pratinidhitwa garne maryland cineteka sadasya thie. prishthabhumi. adelaid see. accardt pahilo patak 1994 maa nayan zilla zilla pratinidhitwa garna nirvachit bhaeko thiyo. zilla zilla caroline, dorchester, telbot, rar wikomiko countiharuka bhagharu sametchha. unle loktantrik padadhari robert alon thornton juniyarlai parajit garin. rar sathi republican keneth disanga sewa gare. sisler. uni sann 1990 maa daudina, tara keneth didwara parajit bhain. sisler, robert alon thornton junier., rar loktantrik samuel kyu. johnson III. sann 1998 maa, accardt sislarsangai punah nirvachit bhae. sann 2002 maa feri, accardt rar sisler thorai pratispardhaka sath vijayi bhae. antatah, sann 2006 maa, accardtle punah nirvachan jite, yass patak sathi republican, jeny hyadwesanga. sislarlai mey 2003 maa governer bub erlichdwara maryland sarvajanik sewa ayogko adhyakshama niyukta garieko thiyo. shiksha. sathi house republican merry row wakup jastai, accardtle narsingma afno currier suru garin. accardtle bryan maur aspatal schol aff narsingma bhag lie rar unko arr prapta gare.enn. degree. pachhi unle maryland vishwavidyalaya, baltimore schol aff narsingma bhag liin rar bee.ess. sann 1978 maa, rar pachhi unko emm.ess. sann 1981 maa unle darta nurse-manorog clinical nurse wisheshagyako rupma abhyas garin. currier. kehi warshapachhi, accardt salisbury rajya wishwawidyalayako sankayako sahayak sadasya bane. tyahi warsha pachhi, uni purvi tata aspatal kendrama manorog nurse clinical visheshagya banin rar tyahan 2003 samma kaam garin. sohi samayama, unle university aff maryland schol aff narsingma sankayako sahayak sadasyako rupma pani sewa garin. uni sann 1991 dekhi 1999 samma sankayama rahe. accardt unko kshetrama sakriya rahe, tara adhik prashasanik rar vidhayi bhumikama sare. uni sann 1993 maa maryland aspatal sanghako karyakari samitima samel bhain rar netritwa maryland, inkaka lagi nirdeshak boardma sewa gareki chhin.sann 2001 dekhi marylandko sudharka lagi pratibadha ek gaira-labhkari sanstha. hall, accard chesapik swasthya yojana pranaliko board sadasya, maryland nurse association, american nurse association, american artho-cychiatric association, rar sigma thita tau, narsingko samman societyko sadasya hun. uni 1981 maa maryland graduate schol aff nursing vishwavidyalayabata manochikitsa nursing puraskarko purva praptakarta hun. 1986 maa rar feri 1991 maa, accardlai maryland nurse esosiesondwara warshako nurse, zilla 4 naam diieko thiyo. sann 1988 maa unle rojali ess jiteki thiin. maryland nurse associationbat abrams vidhayi puraskar. unle sann 1992 maa maryland nurse associationbat utkrishta board sadasya puraskar prapta garin. pachhi unle sann 2003 maa gramin maryland councilbata utkrishta gramin vidhayak puraskar prapta garin. thap rupma sann 2003 maa, unle sthaniya wyawasthapan boardbata unko prayaska lagi manyata prapta garin. antatah, unlai 2003,2005 rar 2007 maa ek sthaniya akhbar "dainik record" dwara marylandko shirsha 100 mahilaharuko sadasyako rupma suchibadha garieko thiyo. july 2022 maa, accardtlai rajya pratinidhi johnny moutzle republican primaryma parajit gare. afno parajayapachi, unle july 25,2022 maa ghoshana garin kii uni august 23,2022 maa cambridge meyer vishesh chunawama ladnechin. kunai ummedwarle bahumat prapta garenan, jasle september 20,2022 maa accardt rar purva cambridge kamishnar steve rideout bichko runaflai badhya tulyayo. uni rideout 55%-45% batt parajit bhain. november 2022 maa, governer-nirvachit wess murle ghoshana gare kii accardtle afno sankraman toliko sanchalan samitima sewa garnechan.

adelade sii. accard adelade sii. accard (janma september 8,1943) jane americae rajneta jieki maryland cinetra jane sadasya thile, jieki zillah 37ku pratinidhitwa karuthile. prusthabhumi. adelade sii. accard 1994 ray nutan zillah 37 bii ku pratinidhitwa karibaku pratham thara paain nirbachita hoithile. zillah 37bii carolin, dorchester, talbot ebong wikomiko kauntira kichhi anshaku antarbhukta kare . shay ganatantrika padare thiba robert alan thurnton junijaranku parasta karithile. ebong republican kenneth dii. nka saha karjya karithile. sisler. shay 1990 ray doudithile, kintu keneth dii nka dwara parasta hoithile. sisler, robert alan thurnton juniara., ebong ganatantrika samuel q. johnson 3ଯ଼।. 1998 masihare, skislaranka saha accardt punarbara nirbachita hoithile. 2002ray puni thare, accardt ebong sisler alpa pratidwandita sahita jitithile. sheshare, 2006 ray, accardt punarbara nirbachana jitithile, ether saathee republican, jeny hadawenka saha . meey 2003 ray rajyapala bub eralichnka dwara sisler maryland public sarbhis kamishananka adhyakhya bhabare nijukta hoithile. sikhya. republican merrie roe wakaapnka bhali, accard narsingre nijara carrier arambha karithile. accard brin mawar hospital skul off narsingre adhyajana karithile ebong tankara aarr.enn. degree. parey shay maryland biswabidyalaja, baltimore skula off narsingre joga deithile ebong tankara bii. aii. hassel karithile.ess. 1978 ray, ebong parey tankara emm.ess. 1981 masihare shay jane panjikruta nurse-cychiatric clinical nurse bisheshagya bhabe abhyasa karithile. kyariyara. kichhi barsha parey, accardt saliswari rajya biswabidyalajara sikhyaka mandalira jane sahajaka sadasya hoithile. sehi barsha parey, shay eastern shore hospital sentarare jane manasika nurse clinical bisheshagya hoithile ebong 2003 parjyanta sethare karjya karithile. sehi samajare, shay maryland skul off nursing biswabidyalajare shikhyakankara jane sahajaka sadasya bhabare madhya karjya karithile. shay 1991 ru 1999 parjyanta sikhyaka bhabare rahithile. accardt taanka khetrare sakriya rahithile, kintu adhika prashasanika ebong aaingata bhumikaku sthanantarita hoithile. shay 1993 ray maryland hospital association rahr karjyanirbahee kamitire joga deithile ebong leadership maryland, ink paain nirdeshaka boardre karjya karichanti.2001 masiharu marylander unnati paain pratishrutibadha eka analabhakari sangathana. bartamana, accard chesapeak swasthya yojana byabasthara board sadasya, maryland nurse association, americae nurse association, americae ortho-cychiatric association, ebong sigma thita taau, narsingra sammana societyra sadasya . shay 1981 ray maryland grazuate skul off nursing biswabidyalajaru manasika nursing puraskarara jane praptakartta. 1986 ray ebong puni 1991 ray, ekardanku maryland nurse association dwara barshar nurse, zillah 4 bhabare namit karajaithila . 1988 masihare shay rojali ess jitithile. maryland nurse aasosiesanaru abrams lejisletiv puraskara. shay 1992 ray maryland nurse association ru utkrusta board sadasya puraskara paithile. parey shay 2003 ray grameena maryland parishadaru utkrusta grameena bidhajaka puraskara paithile. ehaa byatita 2003 ray, shay sthaniah parichalana boardru swekruti paithile. sheshare, shay 2003,2005 ebong 2007 ray eka sthaniah khabarkagaj "dainika record" dwara marylander shrestha 100 mahilanka sadasya bhabare talikabhukta hoithile. july 2022 ray, accardt republican praimarire rajya pratinidhi janii mautjnka dwara parasta hoithile. taanka parajaya parey, shay july 25,2022 ray ghoshana karithile je shay august 23,2022 ray cambridge meyer swatantra nirbachanare pratidwandita karibe. kaunasi prarthi sankhyagaristha bhot paai nathile, jaahaa september 20,2022 ray accardt ebong purbatana cambridge commissioner stibh rydout madhyare eka runaf badhya karithila . shay rydout 55%-45% dwara parasta hoithile. navember 2022 ray, gabharnara-nirbachita wesa muura ghoshana karithile je accardt taanka transition dalara stiaring kamitire karjya karibe.

adeloid see. ikkaard adeloid see. ecard (janam 8 satambar, 1943) ikk amriki siasatdan haii joe maryland senate daa member see, joe zilha 37 dee numaindagi karda see. pichokad. adeloid see. ecard noon pahili vaar 1994 witch navein zilhe 37 bee dee numaindagi curran laee chunhiaa giaa see. zilha zilha witch caroline, dorchester, telboat atey vicomico kaoontiaan dey hisse shamal hunn. uss neey jamhuri ahudedar robbert ellen thornton junier noon haraiaa. atey saathi republican caneth dee naal seva keeti. sisler. uh 1990 witch daud gaee, parr caneth dee duaara haar gaee. shisler, robbert ellen thornton junier., atey loktantri semual q. johnson III. 1998 witch, ecard noon shisler dey naal dubara chunhiaa giaa see. 2002 witch ikk vaar firr, ecard atey shisler neey bahut ghatt mukabale dey naal jitt prapat keeti. aakharkar, 2006 witch, ecard neey dubara chonh jitti, iss vaar saathi republican, jeanny headway naal. shisler noon maee 2003 witch governor baub erlich duaara maryland public service commission dee chair laee niyukat keeta giaa see. sikkhiaa. saathi haaoos republican mairi roow walkup dee tarahan, accord neey nursing witch aapne crear dee shuruat keeti. ecard neey bryne maur hospital school aaf nursing witch padahi keeti atey uss neey aar prapat keeta.ainn. digri. baad witch usne maryland university, baltimore school aaf nursing witch padahi keeti atey aapni bee. aii. keeti.aiss. 1978 witch, atey baad witch uss dey aim.aiss. sann 1981 witch uss neey ikk registered nurse-mnovigiaanak clinical nurse mahr vajon abhiaas keeta. carrier. kujh saalan baad, ecard salisbury state university witch faculty daa sahaik member bann giaa. use saal baad witch, uh purbi kinare dey hospital kendra witch ikk mnovigiaanak nurse clinical mahr bann gaee atey 2003 takk utthe kamm keeta. use samein dauran, usne maryland school aaf nursing university witch faculty dey sahaik member vajon vee seva nibhai. uh 1991 toon 1999 takk faculty witch rahee. ecard aapne khetar witch sargaram rahee, parr vadhere parshaski atey vidhanak bhumika witch tabdil hoow gaee. uh 1993 witch maryland hospital association dee karajkari kameti witch shamal hoee atey maryland, ink laee director board witch seva nibhai.ih ikk gair-munafa sangathan haii joe 2001 toon maryland dee bihtari laee vachanbadh haii. varatman witch, ecard chespic sihat yojnabandi pranaliaan daa ikk board member haii, maryland nurse association, american nurse association, american artho-cycatric association, atey sigma theeta taaoo, nursing dee aanar suciety daa member haii. uh 1981 witch maryland graduate school aaf nursing toon mnovigiaanak nursing award dee prapatkarta haii. 1986 witch atey firr 1991 witch, accord noon maryland nurse association duaara saal dee nurse, zilha 4 daa naam ditta giaa see. sann 1988 witch, uss neey rosely aiss jittiaa. maryland nurse association vallon abrams vidhanak puraskar. uss noon 1992 witch maryland nurse association toon shandar board member puraskar miliaa. baad witch uss noon 2003 witch pendu maryland consul toon shandar pendu vidhanak puraskar miliaa. iss toon ilava 2003 witch, uss noon sathanak parbandhan board toon uss dey yatnan laee maanta millie. ant witch, uss noon 2003,2005 atey 2007 witch ikk sathanak akhbar, "delly ricard" duaara maryland deeaan choti deeaan 100 aurtan dey member vajon suchibadh keeta giaa see. julai 2022 witch, ecard noon raaj dey delegate johnny motts duaara republican primary witch haraiaa giaa see. aapni haar toon baad, usne 25 julai, 2022 noon ailaan keeta kii uh 23 agast, 2022 noon cambridge mayer dee vishesh chonh ladegi. kise vee umidwar noon bahuginti vott naheen millie, jiss naal 20 satambar, 2022 noon ecard atey sabka cambridge kamishnar steve rideout vichkaar runoff hoow giaa. uh rideout 55%-45% duaara haar gaee see. navambar 2022 witch, governor-chunhe gaye weiss moor neey ailaan keeta kii accord aapni parivartan team dee sanchalan kameti witch kamm karega.

adlad sii. accord adlad sii. accordt (janma september 8,1943) ekaha amerikeeyah raajaneetidnyah asti yah 37 mandalasya pratinidhitvam kurvan maryland seenet ityasya sadasyah aasit. prushtabhoomau. adlad sii. accordt prathamavaaram 1994 tame varshe varshe mandalasya pratinidhitvaartham nirwaachitah. निर्वाचितः। kerolin, dorchester, talbot, vikomiko-kaunteeh cha santi. saa lokataantrik-padadhaari rabert alan thornton junier ityenam parajayata. tathaa republican-kenneth-dee ityanena saha sevaam akarot. skisler. saa 1990 tame varshe dhavita, parantu kenneth dee ityanena parajita. sisler, rabert alan thornton junier., tathaa lokatantrikah samuel kyoo. jaansan III. 1998 tame varshe skisler ityanena saha accordt punah nirwaachitah. punah 2002 tame varshe accordt tathaa shisler cha alpaspardhayaa vijayam praaptavantah. ante 2006 tame varshe accordt punah nirvaachane vijayee abhavat, asmin samaye republican-sahavartinaa jenee haidave ityanena saha. 2003 mey-maase rajyapalaha baab erlich ityanena maryland-lokasevaa-ayogasya adhyakshatvena sisler-varyaha niyuktah. shikshate. republican-republican-merry row vaakap-ityakhyena sahavartinyaa iva, accordt ityeshaa narsing-kshetre svakeeyajeevanasya arambham krutavatee. accordt ityeshaa brin-maavar-chikitsaalayasy narsing-vidyaalaye abhyanayt, tasyaah aar.ena. degree. pashchat saa maryland-vishvavidyaalaye, baltimore-narsing-vidyaalaye, bee. e. padaveem praapnot.ess. 1978 tame varshe, pashchat cha tasyaah emm.ess. 1981 tame varshe saa panjeekruta-narr-manorog-chikitsaawidnyaan-paricharika-visheshajnaroopena practies krutavatee. vruttihi. katipayavarshanam anantaram, accord-varyaha salisbury-raajyavishvavidyaalayasya adhyaapake sahaayakah sadasyah abhavat. tadanantaram tasmin eva varshe saa eastern-shore-chikitsaalayakendre manochikitsikaa-paricharika-chikitsaavidnyaani abhavat, 2003 paryantam tatra karyam krutavatee. tasmin eva kaale saa maryland-vishvavidyaalayasya narsing-vidyaalayasya adhyapika-sahaayak-sadasyaroopen api karyam krutavatee. saa 1991 taha 1999 paryantam adhyapikayam eva aasit. accordt-varyaha swakshetre sakriyah aasit, parantu adhikaprashaasanik-vidhaayee-bhumikam prati sthanantaritaha. saa 1993 tame varshe maryland-hospital-sanghasya karyakari-samityaam sammilitaa, tathaa cha maryland-ink ityasya netrutva-nirdeshaka-mandale karyam krutavatee.2001 tamaat varshaat, maryland-deshasya unnatim uddishya pratibadhah ekaha laabharahitah samsthaa. samprati, accord chesapik-swaasthya-niyojan-vyavasthaayaah board-sadasyah asti, maryland-nurse-sanghasya sadasyah, american-nurse-sanghasya sadasyah, american-aartho-sachiatric-sanghasya sadasyah, sigmaa-theeta-tou iti narsing-sammaan-sanghasya sadasyah cha asti. saa 1981 tame varshe maryland-vishvavidyaalayasya snaatak-narsing-vidyaalayaat manochikitsaayaah narsing-puraskaarasy poorvapraapakah asti. 1986 tame varshe tathaa punah 1991 tame varshe cha, maryland-narsing-sanghena, ekkaard-varyasya narsing-mandalasya 4 iti namankitaha abhavat. 1988 tame varshe saa rosali ess iteedam praapnot. maryland nurse-sanghasya abrams-vidhaayee-puraskaarah. 1992 tame varshe maryland-nurse-sanghaat utkrushta-board-sadasya-puraskaram praaptavatee. anantaram 2003 tame varshe graameen-maryland-parishadah utkrushta-graameen-vidhaayak-puraskaram praapnot. tadatiriktam 2003 tame varshe sthaniya-vyavasthaapan-mandalaat swasya prayatnaam krute saa manyata praapnot. ante saa 2003,2005,2007 tame varsheshu "dainika-abhilekhah" iti sthaniya-vruttapatrena maryland-deshasya shirsha-100 mahilanam sadasyatvena suchita. 2022 julai-maase, republican-praimari-kridaayaam rajyapratinidhya jaanee moutz ityanena accordt parajitah. tasyaah paraajayam anantaram saa 2022 julai 25 dinaanke udghoshayat yat saa 2022 august 23 dinaanke kembridge-meyar-visheshanirvaachane bhaagam graheeshyati iti. naa cha umedavaarah bahumatam matam avaapnot, yena 20 september 2022 dinaanke accordt-poorvasya kembridge-ayuktasya steve-raid-aut-ityasya cha madhye runn-aaf abhavat. saa raid-aut-dwara parajita abhavat. 2022 tame varshe november-maase, governor-nirwaachitaah ves moor ityanena accordt ityeshah swasya sankraman-dalasya sanchaalan-samitau karyam karishyati iti ghoshitam.

adelite chii. ecart adelite chii. ecart (prappu septumber 8,1943) oru america arasiyalvaathi aavaar, avar maerilaanthu senat uruppinaraaga irunthaar, mavattaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. pinnani. adelite chii. ecart muthanmuthalil 1994 aam aandil puthiya maavattam 37pii aii pirathinithiththuvappaduththa thernthedukkappattaar. maavattam 37pii caroline, dorcester, dalboad mattrum vicomico maavattangkalin sila pakuthikalai ulladakkiyathu. avar jananayagak katchiyin tharpoothaiya robbert alan thornton juuniyaraith thoarkadiththaar. saga kudiyarasuk katchiyaich saerntha kennath dii. udan paniyaattrinaar. shisler. avar 1990 ill poattiyittaar, aanaal kennath dii. yidam thoarkadikkappattaar. shisler, robbert alan thornton juuniyar., mattrum jananaayaga saamuvel q. johnson III. 1998 aam aandil, ecart shislerudden meendum thernthedukkappattaar. 2002 aam aandil meendum, ecart mattrum shisler siriya poattiyudan vettri pettranar. iruthiyaaka, 2006 aam aandil, ecart maruthaerthalil vettri pettraar, inththa murai saga kudiyarasuk katchikkararaana jeaney haetaavaevudan. shisler mae 2003 ill covernor paap erlich enbavaraal maryland podhu saevai aanaiyaththin thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar. kalvi. saga kudiyarasuk katchiyaich saerntha maeri roow vaakkappaip poalavae, ekaarttum nursingle thanathu vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkinaar. ecart braine maavar maruthuvamanai nursingh pallyil payintraar, maelum avarathu aarr.enn. pattam. pinnar avar maryland palkalaikkazhagaththil, baltimore nursingh pallyil payintraar, thanathu pii. aee. pattam pettraar.ess. 1978 ill, pinnar avarathu emm.ess. 1981 aam aandil avar oru pathivu seiyappatta seviliyar-mananala maruththuva seviliyar nipunaraaga payirchi pettraar. thozhil. sila aandugalukkup piragu, eccord salisbury maanila palkalaikkazhagaththil aasiriyarin thunai uruppinaraaga aanaar. athae aandin pirpaguthiyil, avar kilakku kadarkarai maruthuvamanai maiyaththil oru mananala seviliyar maruththuva nipunaraaga aanaar, 2003 varai angku paniyaattrinaar. athae neraththil, avar maryland nursingh palkalaikkazhagaththil aasiriyarin thunai uruppinaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. avar 1991 muthal 1999 varai peedaththil irunthaar. ecart thanathu thuraiyil theeviramaaga irunthaar, aanaal innum nirvaaga mattrum sattamandrap paaththiraththirku maarinaar. avar 1993 aam aandil maryland maruthuvamanai sangaththin nirvaagak kuzhuvil saernthaar, maelum maryland ink thalaimaiththuva iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil paniyaattriyullaar.2001 muthal maerilaendin maempaattirku arppanikappatta oru ilaaba noakkattra amaippu. tharpoothu, ecart sesabeek sugaathaara thittamidal amaippugalin kuzhu uruppinaraagavum, maerilaanthu seviliyar sangam, america seviliyar sangam, america elumbu-mananala sangam mattrum sigma theetta daav, nursingh kaurava samoogaththin uruppinaraagavum ullaar. 1981 aam aandil maerilaanthu palkalaikkazhaga pattathaari nursingh palliyilirunthu mananala nursingh viruthaip pettravar. 1986 aam aandilum meendum 1991 aam aandilum, maerilaanthu seviliyar sangaththaal aandin seviliyar, maavattam 4 aaga eggard peyaridappattaar. 1988 aam aandil, avar rosali ess ventraar. maryland seviliyar sangaththin aframs sattamandra viruthu. 1992 aam aandil maryland seviliyar sangaththin sirantha kuzhu uruppinar viruthaip pettraar. pinnar 2003 aam aandil graamappura maryland councilidamirunthu sirantha graamappura sattamandra uruppinar viruthaip pettraar. koodudhalaaga 2003 aam aandil, ulloor maelaanmaik kuzhuvin muyarchigalukkaaga avar angkeekaaraththaip pettraar. iruthiyaaka, 2003,2005 mattrum 2007 aam aandugalil ulloor seithiththaalaana "thinasari pathivu" moolam maerilaanththin muthal 100 penkalil oruvaraaga avar pattiyalidappattaar. juulai 2022 ill, ecart kudiyarasu muthanmai therthalil maanila pirathinithi johnny moutsaal thoarkadikkappattaar. thanathu thoalviyaith thodarnthu, juulai 25,2022 andru, august 23,2022 andru cambridge mayer sirapputh therthalil poattiyiduvathaaka avar arivitthaar. endha vaetpaalarum perumbaanmaiyaana vaakkugalaip peravillai, ithanaal septumber 20,2022 andru ekaarttukkum munnaal cambridge kamishanar steve raitavuttukkum idaiyae oru oottup poatti aerpattathu. avar rideawood 55%-45% aall thoarkadikkappattaar. navambar 2022 ill, aalunaraaka thernthedukkappatta vess muur, ecart thanathu idaikkaalak kuzhuvin vazhinadaththal kuzhuvil paniyaattruvaar endru arivitthaar.

adelide sii. eccordt adelide sii. eccordt (jananam september 8,1943) oka american raajakeeyavetta, athanu maryland senatelo sabhyudu, jilla 37kii praatinidhyam vahistunnaaru. nepathyam. adelide sii. eccordt modatisaarigaa 1994loe kotta jilla 37bii kii praatinidhyam vahinchadaaniki ennikayyaaru. jilla 37bii carolin, dorchester, talboat & vicomico kounteelalooni konni bhaagaalanu kaligi undhi. aame prajaasvaamya abhyardhi robbert alan thornton juuniyarnu odinchindi. mariyu thoti republican kenneth dii thoo panicheesaaru. skisler. aame 1990loe pootii chesindi, conny kenneth dii chetilo odipoyindi. shisler, robbert alan thornton juuniyar., mariyu prajaasvaamyavaadi shamyul q. johnson III. 1998loe, skislertho paatu eccordt tirigi ennikayyaaru. 2002loe mallii, eccordt mariyu shisler takkuva pootiitoe gelichaaru. chivaraku, 2006loe, eccordt tirigi ennikaloo gelichaaru, esaari thoti republican ayina gennie hodwaytho kalisi. shislernu 2003 maeloe governor baab earlich maryland public servies commission adhyakshudiga niyaminchaaru. vidya. thoti house republican maerii roow vaakap laaga, eccordt nursing loe thana vruttini praarambhinchindi. eccordt brin mawar hospital school off nursinglo chadivi, aameku aarr.enn. degree. taruvaata aame maryland vishwavidyaalayam, baltimore school off nursinglo bii. eah. patta pondaaru.ess. 1978loe, taruvaata aame emm.ess. 1981loe aame registered narsu-psychiatric clinical narsu specialistga practies chesaaru. vrutti. konni samvatsaraala taruvaata, eccordt solisbury state universitylo adhyaapakulalo anubandha sabhyudayyadu. adhe samvatsaram taruvaata, aame eastern shoar hospital centerlo psychiatric narsu clinical specialist ayyindi mariyu 2003 varaku akkada panichesindi. adhe samayamlo, aame maryland school off nursing vishwavidhyaalayamlo adhyaapakula anubandha sabhyuraligaa kooda panichesindi. aame 1991 nundi 1999 varaku adhyapakudiga konasagaru. eccordt thana rangamlo churukuga undipoyindi, conny marinta paripalana mariyu saasana paatraku maarindi. aame 1993loe maryland hospital association executive kamiteelo cheraaru mariyu maryland, ink nayakatva directorla bordulo panicheesaaru.2001 nundi maryland sreyassu kosam kattubadi unna laabhaapekshaleni samstha. prastutam, eccordt chesapeak aarogya pranaalika vyavasthalalo boardu sabhyudu, maryland narsula sangham, american narsula sangham, american ortho-psychiatric association mariyu sigma theetaa tou, gourava nursing societylo sabhyudu. aame 1981loe maryland vishwavidyaalayam nundi manasika nursing avaardunu gatamlo andukunnaru. 1986loe mariyu mallee 1991loe, eccord maryland narsula sanghamchae narsu off dhi iyar, district 4gaa empikaindi. 1988loe, aame rosali ess geluchukundi. maryland narsula sangham nundi abrams saasana puraskaram. aame 1992loe maryland narsula sangham nundi atyuttama boardu sabhya avaardunu andukundi. taruvaata aame 2003loe graameena maryland council nundi atyuttama graameena saasanasabhyudi avaardunu andukundi. adanamgaa 2003loe, aame chesina krushiki sthaanika nirvahana boardu nundi gurtimpu pondindi. chivaraku, aame 2003,2005 mariyu 2007loe oka sthaanika vaartaapatrika "dialy record" dwara maryland yokka top 100 mahilalalo sabhyuraligaa jabita cheyabadindi. juulai 2022loe, eccordt republican primarylo rashtra pratinidhi johnny moutz chetilo odipoyaadu. aame otami taruvaata, aame 2022 juulai 25naa, augustu 23,2022naa cambridge mayer pratyeka ennikallo pootii chestaanani prakatinchindi. yea abhyardhikee majority ootu labhinchaledu, september 20,2022naa eccordt mariyu maajee cambridge commissioner steve rideaut madhya runoff erpadindi. aame rideaut 55%-45% chetilo odipoyindi. november 2022loe, governorga ennikaina wess moor eccordt thana parivartana jattu steering kamiteelo panicheestaarani prakatinchaaru.

adelide see. accordt adelide see. accord (paidaish 8 satambar 1943) eek americi seyasat daan haine juu meeri lend senate kay rakan thay juu zalaa 37 kii numaindagi kartay thay. piss manzar. adelide see. accordt kuu pehli baar 1994 mein nayey zalaa 37 bee kii numaindagi kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. zalaa 37 bee caroline dorchister telboat aur vicomico countiyon kay kachh hasoon kaa ahatah kartaa hay. iss nay jamhuri ahday daar raabart ailan thorantan juniyar kuu shakast dee. aur saathi republican keenth ddee kay saath khidmaat anjaam dain. shaslar. wah 1990 mein dodh mein hasah lay rahee thein leakin keenth ddee say shakast khaa gayein. sheesler raabart ailan thorantan juniyar.yee aur democrate samoel qha. jaansan III. 1998 mein accordt sheesler kay saath dobarah muntakhib hoay. 2002 mein eek baar pahar accord aur sheesler nay behat kumm muqabilay kay saath kamiyabi haasil kii. aakhir kaar 2006 mein accordt nay dobarah intekhaab jeetaa iss baar saathi republican jeanny headaway kay saath. sheesler kuu mayee 2003 mein governor baab airlich nay meeri lend publik saros commission kay sarbarah kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa thaa. taleem. saathi house republican meeri ruu waak app kii tarah accord nay narsing mein apnay carrier kaa aaghaz kiyaa. accord nay brain morr hospital school aaf narsing mein taleem haasil kii aur asay aar haasil hawaa.aine. digri. baad mein inhon nay university aaf meeri lend baltimore school aaf narsing mein taleem haasil kii aur bee.aiss. 1978 mein aur baad mein iss kay ayem.aiss. 1981 mein. inhon nay registard nars-cycotric cleanical nars kay maahir kay toor parr mashq kii. carrier. chand saal baad accordt celesbury steat university mein faculty kaa eek malhaqah rakan bunn gayaa. asee saal baad mein wah estern shoar hospital center mein nafsiyati nars cleanical specialist bunn gayein aur 2003 takk wahaan kaam kiyaa. asee doraan inhon nay university aaf meeri lend school aaf narsing mein faculty kay maawan rakan kay toor parr bhee khidmaat anjaam dain. wah 1991 say 1999 takk faculty mein rahein. accord apnay shobay mein srgarm rahein leakin ziyadah intezami aur qanoon saazi kay kirdaar mein muntaqil how gayein. inhon nay 1993 mein meeri lend hospital aisosi aishan kii execto committy mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii aur meeri lend incorporated kay board aaf directors mein khidmaat anjaam dee haine.eek ghair munafa bakhash tanzim juu 2001 say meeri lend kii behtari kay liye parazam hay. phee alhaal accord chesipec health planing systems kay board mumber haine meeri lend narsaz aisosi aishan american narsaz aisosi aishan american aartho cycotric aisosi aishan aur sagma theeta taao aanar society aaf narsing kay mumber haine. wah 1981 mein meeri lend graduate school aaf narsing say nafsiyati narsing aiward kii maazi kii wasool kanandah haine. 1986 mein aur phir 1991 mein accord kuu meeri lend narsaz aisosi aishan nay saal kii nars distrikt 4 kaa naam diyaa. 1988 mein inhon nay rozli aiss jeeta. meeri lend narsaz aisosi aishan kii taraf say ibramas qanoon saaz aiward. inhein 1992 mein meeri lend narsaz aisosi aishan kii taraf say shandar board mumber kaa aiward milaa. baad mein inhein 2003 mein deehi meeri lend konsal kii taraf say shandar deehi qanoon saaz kaa aiward milaa. iss kay elawah 2003 mein inhein maqami mangement board say inn kii koshishon kay liye pehchaan milly. aakhir kaar inhein 2003yee 2005 aur 2007 mein eek maqami akhbaar "daili record" kay zariye meeri lend kii sarfehrist 100 khwatin mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa. jolayi 2022 mein accord kuu republican primery mein riyasati numayende jaanee moutz nay shakast dee. apnee shakast kay baad iss nay 25 jolayi 2022 kuu aalaan kiyaa kahh wah 23 agast 2022 kuu camberge mear kay khususi intekhabat mein hasah lain gee. kasee bhee amidwar kuu aksariyat woat nahein millie jiss kii wajah say 20 satambar 2022 kuu accordt aur saabiq camberge commissioner steve ryde aaot kay darmiyan runn aaf hawaa. asay ryde aaot 55%-45% say shakast hoyee. nomber 2022 mein governor muntakhib wees morr nay aalaan kiyaa kahh accordt apnee aburi team kii steering committy mein khidmaat anjaam dain gay.

00047a52c8c68eabaa2537c7bd83f39bd0e5199e497807c717852b2fd90e9456

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42870840

Bachelor's Paradise (1939 film)

Bachelor's Paradise (1939 film) 1939 film Bachelors' Paradise () is a 1939 German comedy film directed by Kurt Hoffmann and starring Heinz Rühmann, Josef Sieber, and Hans Brausewetter. It was based on a novel by Johannes Boldt. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin with sets designed by the art director Willi Herrmann. The film featured the popular song "Das kann doch einen Seemann nicht erschüttern". Synopsis. After getting his second divorce, Hugo Bartels and his two ex-military comrades agree a pact to form a "paradise for bachelors" club in which all are pledged never to get married again. However, when Hugo meets and falls in love with an attractive woman he faces as a quandary. He is eventually able to marry her after introducing his friends to his two ex-wives who also fall in love. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>* Heinz Rühmann as Hugo Bartels, Standesbeamter References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

snatokor sworgo (1939 sonor solositro) baselers paradise () hoise 1939 sonot cart hofmanor dwara porisalito aaru heinz ruheman, juchef sibar aaru hanoch brousewater obhineet ekhon german comedy solositro. eikhon juhanes boldtor ekhon uponyaxor uporot aadharito aasil. kolaa porisalok uil harmene design koraa setor xoite barlinor bablesburg studio 'too iyar drishyogrohon koraa hoisil. solositrokhonot jonopriyo geet "daax kaan dos aainen simen nisot aarsutorno" prodorxito hoisil. xongkhipto biboron. teur dwitiyo bibah bisched huwar pisot, hiugu bartels aaru teur dujon prakton xamorik comrade "besarsor baabe sworgo" club gothon korar baabe ek suktit xonmoti prokax kore zo 'too xokoluwe punor ketiyau biyaa nokorar protisruti diye. obosye, jetiya hiuguwe egoraki aakorxoniyo mohilak log paay aaru premot pore tetiya teu ek xomosyar xonmukhin hoy. teu owoxexot teur bondhuborgok teur dujon prakton potnir xoite porisoy koruwar pisot taik biyaa koraboloi xokhyom hoy, jixokole premot pore.

bachelor 'shha paradise (1939-err cholochchitro) bachelor 'shha paradise () 1939 saaler ekti german comedy cholochchitro jaa curt hoffman dwara porichalito ebong heinz rahman, josepha seaber ebong huns brousetter abhineet. etty johannes boulder ekti uponyas abolambane nirmito. barliner bablesburg studiote shilp porichalok uili hermaner naksha koraa setgulir saathe etty shyuta koraa hoyechilo. cholochchitrotite janapriya gaan "daas qaana doch ainen simen nichot arshutern" prodorshito hoyechilo. sarsongkhep. taar dwitiya bibahobiched pawar porr, hugo bartels ebong taar dui praktan samrik comrade ekti "bachelorder jonno swarga" club gathoner jonno ekti chuktite sommoto hohn jekhane sokolei arr kokhono biye naa korar protishrutiboddho. zaihok, jokhon hugo ekjon akarshaniya mohilar saathe dekha korey ebong preme porey tokhon seey ekti samasya hisabe mukhomukhi hoy. seey taar dui praktan strir saathe taar bondhuder porichoy koriye deoar porey abosheshe taake biye korte sokkhom hoy jaaraa preme porey yaay.

batchler 'saes paradise (1939nee film) batchler 'zha paradise () aee 1939nee german komedi film chhe jenu nirdeshan curt hofman dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey temaa heinz ruhmen, joseph seaber aneey hens bruzvator abhineet chhe. teey johannis boldnee navalkathaa parr aadharit hatee. tenu shooting barlinnaa bablesburg studiyomaa qalaa nirdeshak veelee herman dwara design karaayela seeta saathe karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa filmmaan lokpreey geet "daas qaana doch einen simen nicht airsuitern" darshavvama aavyu hatoo. saransh. tenaa beeja chhutachheda pachhi, hyugo bartels aneey tenaa beey bhutpurv lashkari saatheeo "bachelors maate swarg" club rachvaa maate aek karaar parr sammat thaay chhe jemaa badhaane fareethi kyaarey lagna naa karvaanee pratigya levaamaa aave chhe. jooe keey, jyaare hyugo aek aakarshak streene maley chhe aneey tenaa premmaa padey chhe tyaare teey munjhavanno saamno karey chhe. aakhare teey tenaa beey bhutpurv patneeo saathe tenaa meetrono parichay karaavya pachhi tenee saathe lagna curry shake chhe, jeo pann premmaa padey chhe.

batchler kaa swarg (1939 film) bachelors paradise () 1939 kii ack german comedy film haye jiska nirdeshan curt hoffman ney kiya haye aur isamen henz rahman, joseph seaber aur hains breusevator ney abhinay kiya haye. yeh johannes bolled key ack upanyaas parr adharit thee. ise berlin key bablesburg studio mein kalaa nirdeshak villie herman dwara design kiye gaye seton key saath shoot kiya gayaa thaa. film mein lokpriya geet "daas kaana dotch enen simen nicht erschutern" dikhaaya gayaa thaa. saransh. apana doosara talaak lene key baad, hyugo bartels aur unake dou poorv sainya saathi ack "bachelors key liye swarg" club banaane key liye ack samjhaute parr sahmat hotey hain jisamen sabhi phir seey kabhi shaadi naheen karane kaa vaadaa karate hain. haalaanki, jaba hyugo ack aakarshak mahila seey milata haye aur usase pyaar kartaa haye tou vaha ack ulajhan key roop mein saamana kartaa haye. vaha antatah apane dou poorv patniyon seey apane doston kaa parichay karaane key baad usase shaadi karane mein saksham hoe jaataa haye, joe bhee pyaar mein parh jaati hain.

batchulars paradise (1939rahra chalanachitra) batchulars paradise () embudu curt hafman nirdeshisida 1939rahra german haasya chalanachitravagiddu, idaralli heinz ruhman, joseph seaber mattu hannes brassweater natisiddaare. idu johannes bolt avara kaadambariyannu aadhariside. idannu barlin babelsburg studiyodalli kalaa nirdeshaka villi herman vinyaasagolisida setgalondige chitrikarisalaayitu. ee chalanachitravu "daas qaan doch ainen siman nict erschutern" emba janapriya haadannu olagondittu. saramsha. tanna eradane vichchedanavannu padeda nantara, hugo bartels mattu avana ibbaru maaji military odanaadigalu "batchulars klabge swarga" vannu rachisuva oppandakke opputtaare, idaralli ellaroo matte endigoo maduveyaguvudilla endu pratigne maaduttaare. aadaagyoo, hugo akarshaka mahileyannu bhetiyaadaaga mattu pritiyalli biddaaga avanu gondalavannu edurisuttaane. tanna ibbaru maaji patniyarannu tanna sneehitarige parichayisida nantara avanu antimavagi avalannu maduveyagalu saadhyavaaguttade.

baachilezhs paradise (1939 chalachithram) kurt hofmann samvidaanam cheyth hains ruman, joseph seaber, hans brousewettar ennivar abhinayicha 1939-leeii jarmman komadi chithramaanu baachilezhs paradise. johannas boltinte oru novaline adisthaanamaakkiyullathaanu chithram. kalaa samvidaayakan vilhi herman roopakalppana cheytha settukalulla berlinile babelsburg studiyoyilaanu ithu chithreekarichathu. daas qaan dochu ainan simanu nict ershyoottan" enna janapriya gaanam eee chithratthil avatharippichu. sangraham. randaamathe vivaahamochanathin sesham, hugo bartalukalum rund muun sainika sakhaakkalum oru "baachilezhs klabbinulla parudeesa" roopeekarikkunnathinulla oru karar amgeekarikkunnu, athil ellaavarum orikkalum vivaham kazhikkillennu prathijnjaabadharaanu. ennirunnaalum, hugo aakarshakayaaya oru sthriye kandumuttukayum pranayathilaakukayum cheyyumbol addeham oru aashayakkuzhappamayi abhimukeekarikkunnu. pranayathilaakunna thante rund muun bhaaryamare thante suhruthukkalkku parichayappedutthiya sesham oduvil avane vivaham kazhikkaan ayalkku kazhiyum.

batchler paradise (1939 chitrapat) batchlers paradise () haah 1939 saalee pradarshit jhalela german vinodi chitrapat aahe jyache digdarshan curt hofmanne kele aahe aanee tyat heinz rahman, joseph seaber aanee hans brosevator yanni abhinay keela aahe. haah chitrapat johann boldchya kadambarivar aadharit hota. qalaa digdarshak viilii herman yanni rachana kelelya sets berlinmadhil bablesberg studiomadhye yache chitrikaran karnyat aale. yaa chitrapatat 'daas qaan dutch enen simen nicht ersutern' heey lokpriy gaane hote. saransh. tyacha dusra ghatasfot jhalyanantar, hugo bartels aanee tyache done majee lashkari sathidar 'batchlersasathi swarg' club tayar karnyasathi eka karar karatat jyamadhye sarvanni punha kadhihi lagn naan karnyache vachan dile aahe. tathapi, jevha hugo eka aakarshak strila bhetato aanee tichya premat padato tevha tyala eka gondhal mhanoon samore jaave lagate. tyachya done majee patninna tyachya mitranchi olakh karoon dilyanantar too akheris tichyashi lagn karoo shakato, jyaa dekhil premat padatat.

bachelors paradise (1939 chalchitra) bachelors paradise () curt hafmandwara nirdeshit rar heinz rahman, josef siber rar hans brucevator abhinit sann 1939 ko german kamedi chalchitra how. yo johannis boldko upanyasma adharit thiyo. kala nirdeshak willy harmandwara design garieko setharusahit berlinko bebelsberg studioma yasako chhayangkan garieko thiyo. yass chalchitrama lokpriya geet "dass caan douch enena simena nichta erschutern" prastut garieko thiyo. saransh. afno dosro sambandhawiched prapta garepachhi, hugo bartels rar unka dui purva sainya comredharu "bachelorska lagi swarga" club banaune samjhautama sahamat hunchhan jasma sabailai feri kahilyai vivaha nagarne wacha garinchha. yadyapi, jab hyugole ek akarshak mahilasanga bhetchha rar premma pardachha bhane usale euta awyawasthako rupma samana gardacha. afna dui purva patniharu jo premma parchhan, unka sathiharulai parichaya garaepachhi usale antatah unisanga vivaha garna saksham hunchha.

snatakanka swarga (1939 chalachitra) bachelors paradise' () heuchhi 1939 masihar german kamedi chalachitra, jahara nirdeshana deichhanti court huffman ebong ethire abhinai karichanti henz ruhmann, joseph sibar ebong hans bruseweter. ehaa johannes boldanka eka upenyas upare aadharita thila. kalaa nirdeshaka wili harmanka dwara design karajaithiba sett sahita berliner babelsburg studiore ehara suting karajaithila . ehi chalachitrare lokpriya geeta "daasa caan doch inen siman nict erschutern" pradarshita hoithila . saransha. tankara dwiteeja chadapatra paiba parey, hugo bartel ebong tankara dui purbatana samarika comrade eka "byachelara club paain swarga" gathan karibaku eka chuktinama swakhyara karanti jeunthire samaste aau kebe bibaha karibe naahin bolly pratishruti deichhanti. tebe, jetebele hugo jane aakarshaneeah mahilanku bhetithanti ebong taanka premare padanti, setebele shay eka dwandwara sammukheen hoithanti. shay sheshare taanka dui purbatana patneenku taanka bandhunka saha parichita karaibaku sakhyama huanti jeunmane madhya premare padanti .

bachelors paradise (1939 film) bachelors paradise () 1939 dee german kamedi film haii jiss daa nirdeshan curt hafman neey keeta haii atey iss witch heins roohman, joseph seaber atey hanns browswaiter neey abhinai keeta haii. ih film johannes boult dey nawal 'teey adharat see. iss dee shooting barlin dey bablesburg studios witch keeti gaee see jiss witch qalaa nirdeshak villie herman duaara design keete gaye sett sunn. film witch prasidh geet "daas qaan duch einen simain nichat ershoottern" pradarshit keeta giaa see. sankhep. aapna dooja talaak lainn toon baad, hugo bartels atey uss dey doou sabka fauji saathi ikk "bachelors club laee firdos" banaun laee ikk samjhaute 'teey sehmat hunde hunn jiss witch saare dubara viaah naa curran daa vaada karde hunn. halanki, jadon hugo ikk aakarshak aurat noon milda haii atey uss naal piaar witch pae jaanda haii taan uh ikk ulajhan daa sahmana karda haii. uh aapniaan doou sabka patniaan naal aapne dostan dee jaanh-pachanh karaun toon baad uss naal viaah curran dey yog hoow jaanda haii joe vee piaar witch pae jaande hunn.

bachelors-paradise (1939 chalacchitram) bachelors-paradise () 1939 tame varshe curt-hafman ityanena nirdeshitam german-haasyachalacchitram asti, yasmin heinz-ruhman, joseph-seaber, haans-brosweater cha abhinayam krutavantah. etat johannes bolt ityasya upanyaasasy aadhaaren nirmitam aasit. berlin-nagarasya bables-berg-studios-madhye kalaa-nirdeshakena vilee herman ityanena parikalpitaih sets-dwara asya chitranam krutam. asmin chalachchitre "daas kaan doch ainen simena nict erschutarn" iti lokapriyam geetam aasit. saaraamshaha. dviteeyavicchedanam praapya, hyoogo bartels tathaa tasya poorvasainikaah dwau sahacharau "bachelors-club-krute swargah" iti club-ityasya nirmanartham ekam sandhim angeekaroti, yasmin sarve punah kadaapi naa vivaaham aacharanti iti pratijnaam kurvanti. parantu yadaa hyoogo aakarshaniyaa mahilayaa saha militvaa preme bhavati tadaa saha vikshobham prati drushtah bhavati. ante saha swamitrau svapoorvapatneedvayam parichayitva tasyaah vivaaham kartum shaknoti, ye api preme bhavanti.

ilangkalai sorkkam (1939 thiraippadam) gurd hafman iyakkiya 1939 aam aandu jerman nagaichchuvaith thiraippatamaana bachelors paradise (Bacchellors 'Paradice), heynes ruman, josaph seaber mattrum hohns browsweter aagiyoar nadiththullanar. idhu johannes polt ezhuthiya naavalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. berlinil ulla babelsberg studiovil kalai iyakkunar villie hermanol vadivamaikappatta setkaludan idhu padamaakkappattathu. iththiraippadaththil "thaas qaan toach ainen siman nicked ersutern" endra pirabalamaana paadal idampettrathu. surukkam. avarathu irandaavathu vivaagaraththaip pettra piragu, hugo paartelkalum avarathu irandu munnaal iraanuva thoazharkalum "ilangkalaikkaana sorkkam" kilappai uruvaakka oru oppanthaththai oppukkolkiraargal, idhil anaivarum meendum tirumanam seithu kolla mattom endru uruthiyalikkappadugiraargal. iruppinum, hugo oru kavarchchigaramaana pennaich santhiththu kaathalikkumpoathu avar oru kuzhappaththai ethirkolkiraar. kaathalikkum thanathu irandu munnaal manaivigalidam thanathu nanbarkalai arimugappaduththiya piragu avar iruthiyil avalai tirumanam seithu kolla mudigirathu.

bachelors paradise (1939 chitram) bachelors paradise () anedi curt hafman darsakatvam vahinchina 1939 german haasya chitram, indulo heinz ruhman, joseph seaber mariyu hohns braswetter natinchaaru. idhi johannes bolt raasina navala aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. dheenini berlinloni babelsburg studiolo art director villie herman roopondinchina setlatho chitreekarinchaaru. eee chitramlo "daas cohn doch ainen siman nict ershuttern" anae prasiddha paata undhi. saaraamsam. thana rendava vidaakulu pondina taruvaata, hugo bartels mariyu athani iddaru maajee sainika sahacharulu "bachelors kosam swargam" klabnu erpaatu cheyadaaniki oka oppandaanni angeekaristaaru, dheenilo andaruu mallee vivaham chesukokudadani pratigna chestaaru. ayithe, hugo oka aakarshanheeyamaina streeni kalusukuni, premalo padinapudu athanu oka samasyaga edurkontaadu. premalo padee thana iddaru maajee bharyalaku thana snehitulanu parichayam chesina tarvaata athanu chivariki aamenu vivaham chesukogalugutadu.

bachelor paradise (1939 film) bachelor paradise () 1939 kii eek german mazahiya film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree curt hofmeen nay kii hay aur iss mein heinz rahman jozaf seebar aur huns brose weater nay adakari kii hay. yaha johans bould kay eek naawal parr mubni thee. iss kii shoting barlan kay bablesburg studios mein kii gayee thee jiss kay seet aart director walee harman nay design kiye thay. film mein maqbool gaana "daas kaan doch aineen seeman nikat arshtarn" dikhaya gayaa. khalasah. apnee dosri talaaq haasil karnay kay baad hogo bartels aur inn kay duu saabiq foji comrade "bachelor kay liye jinat" kalb bananay kay muahide parr mutafiq how jaatay haine jiss mein sabb waadah kartay haine kahh wah dobarah kabhi shaadi nahein karein gay. tahim jabb hogo eek parkashish aurat say milta hay aur iss say mohabat kartaa hay tuu asay eek preshani kaa saamna karnaa padta hay. wah balaakhir apnay duu saabiq bewiyon say apnay doston kaa taaruf karaaney kay baad iss say shaadi karnay kay qaabil how jaataa hay juu bhee mohabat mein parh jaati haine.

00047b66f83d56183c8318c12d97db9676f2a3a6a18a8896f23dc337270d1f5c

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=67101164

2021 ADAC GT Masters

2021 ADAC GT Masters <templatestyles src="Motorsport season/styles.css" /> 2021 ADAC GT Masters Previous 2020 Next 2022 <br>ADAC GT4 Germany<br>ADAC TCR Germany<br>ADAC Formula 4<br>Porsche Carrera Cup Germany The 2021 ADAC GT Masters was the fifteenth season of the ADAC GT Masters, the grand tourer-style sports car racing founded by the German automobile club ADAC. Montaplast drivers Ricardo Feller and Christopher Mies won the title in a closely-fought battle with SSR Performance's Michael Ammermüller and Mathieu Jaminet. Calendar. The round at Nürburgring planned in 6-7 August was postponed after massive flooding in Germany. The new date was set to 6-7 November, making it the series finale. Championship standings. Points system. Points were awarded to the top 15 classified finishers in each race. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2021 edak jiti masters 2021 edak jiti masters aasil edak jiti masteror ponchodox sijon, german automobile club edake protistha koraa grand tyurar-style sports kaar resing. montaplast driver rikardu feller aaru christopher maise ssr prodorxonor michael aamermuwelor aaru methiu jaminator xoite ek ghonisthobhabe juj diya juddhot khitap joy korisil. kelendar. 6-7 aagostot porikolpona koraa nurbargringor roundtu germanyt byapok banpanir pisot sthogito rokha hoisil. notun tarikhtu 6-7 novemborot nirdharon koraa hoisil, jaar folot ee sringkholar suranto sthanot uponeet hoisil. championswipor sthiti. point byowostha. protitu protijugitat xirxo 15 goraki shrenibodho finisarok point prodan koraa hoisil.

2021 adac jitty masters 2021 adac jitty masters chhilo adac jitty masterser panchadash morsum, german automobile club adac dwara protisthito granned tourer-style sportasa kaar racing. montaplast chaalok ricardo feller ebong christopher miss ssr performancer michael amermular ebong matheau jaminer saathe ghonisthobhabe ladai korey shiropa jitechen. calender. germanyte byapok bonnar porr 6-7 august noorberging-ayee porikolpito roundti sthogito koraa hoyechilo. notun tarikh nirdharan koraa hoyechilo 6-7 navembar, jaa etike sirijer chudanta korey toley. championship standing. point system. protiti daude sheersho 15 john shreniboddho finisherke point deoa hoyechilo.

2021 edaak gt masters 2021 edaak gt masters aee edaak gt mastersnee pandarmi season hatee, jeey german automobile club edaak dwara sthaapit grand tourer-style sports kaar racing hatee. montaplast drivero ricardo failer aneey christopher meeze ssr pradarshanna michael emmermueller aneey methyu jaminate saathe najikthi ladelee ladaima khitaab jeetyo hato. calendar. germanyma motaa puur pachhi 6-7 augustma aayojit noorbergering khaateno round mulatvi rakhvama aavyo hato. navee taarikh 6-7 november nakki karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey tene shreneeno anteem tabakko banaave chhe. champiyanshipni sthitee. point system. darek resamaa tochnaa 15 vargikrut finisherne point aapvama aavyaa hataa.

2021 aeye. dee. aeye. see. jee. tii. masters 2021 aeye. dee. aeye. see. jee. tii. masters aeye. dee. aeye. see. jee. tii. masters kaa pandrahvaan satra thaa, joe german automobile club aeye. dee. aeye. see. dwara sthaapit grand tourer-style sports kaar racing thee. montaplast driver ricardo feller aur christopher mease ney ssr pradarshan key michael emmermueller aur maithyu jaminate key saath ack nikat-ladaai mein khitaab jeetaa. calender. 6-7 agast mein niyojit noorbergring mein daur koo germany mein bhaari baadh key baad sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. naee tarikh 6 seey 7 navambar nirdhaarit kii gaee thee, jisase yeh shrinkhala kaa samaapan hoe gayaa. championship standing. ank pranali. pratyek daud mein sheersh 15 vargeekrit finishers koo ank diye gaye.

2021 adock gt masters 2021rahra adock gt masters, german automobile club adock sthaapisida grand tourer-sailiya sports kaar racingna adock gt mastersna hadinaidane season aagittu. montaplast chalakaru ricardo feller mattu christopher maise avaru ssr pradarshanada micheal ammermullar mattu mathue jaminetrondige nikatavagi horadida yuddhadalli prashastiyannu geddaru. calender. august august yojisalagidda noorbergring suttina pandyavannu germaniyalli bhaaree pravaahada nantara mundudalaayitu. hosa dinankavannu november november nigadipadisalaagiddu, idu saraniya antima pandyavagide. championship sthaanamaanagalu. point vyavasthe. prati otadalli agra 15 vargeekruta phinishergalige ankagalannu nidalaayitu.

2021 aii. dii. aii. see. jee. tii. masters 2021 aii. dii. aii. see. jee. tii. masters haah aii. dii. aii. see. jee. tii. masterscha pandhrava hangam hota, joou german automobile club aii. dii. aii. see. neey sthapan kelelya grand tourer-shailichya sports qaar resingcha hota. montaplastche chalak ricardo feller aanee christopher miss yanni ess. ess. aar. performanschya michael emmermular aanee mathyu jaminate yanchyashi ghanisht ladhatit vijetepad patkavale. dindarshika. germanymadhye mothya pramanat puur aalyane 6-7 august roji niyojit neurbergering yetheel pherii pudhe dhakalanyat aalee. naveen tarikh 6 teey 7 november nishchit karnyat aalee hotee, jyamule tee malikechi antim pherii tharali. ajinkyapad kramvari. guna pranali. pratyek sharyatit avval 15 vargikrut finisherna guna denyat aale.

2021 edak gt masters 2021 edak gt masters edak gt mastersko pandhraun sijan thiyo, german automobile club edakdwara sthapit grand tourer-style sports carr resing. montaplastka chalak ricardo feller rar christopher misle ssr pradarshanka micheal emmermular rar mathyu jaminetsanga najikbata ladeko yudhama upadhi jite. calender. august 6-7 maa yojana banaieko nurbergringma round germanyma thulo badhipachhi sthagit garieko thiyo. nayan miti november 6-7 maa taya garieko thiyo, jasle yasalai shringkhalako antim banayo. championshipko sthiti. bindu pranali. pratyek daudama shirsha 15 wargikrit finisarharulai anka pradan gariyo.

2021 adak jii. tii. masters 2021 adak gt masters thila adak gt masters rahr panchdash sijin, german automobile club adak dwara pratisthita grand tourer-style sports carr resing . montaplast driver ricardo feller ebong christopher miss ess. ess. aarr. pradarshanara michael amermular ebong mathiu jaminetnka saha eka ghanistha ladheire title jitithile. calender. germanyre prabala banya parey august 6 ru 7 ray nurabargringare yojana karajaithiba roundku sthagita rakhajaithila. nutan tarikh navember 6 ru 7 ray sthira karajaithila, jaahaa ehaaku sirij phainalare parinata karithila . championship standing. point system. pratyeka daudare shrestha 15 john bargeekruta phinisharanku point pradan karajaithila.

2021 aii. dee. aii. see. jee. tii. masters 2021 aidak jee. tii. masters aidak jee. tii. masters daa pandravan season see, joe german automobile club aidak duaara sathapat grand tourer-shaili sports qaar racing see. monteplast driveran ricardo feller atey christopher mies neey aiss. aiss. aar. pardarshan dey michael emermueller atey maithioo jaminate naal nediyon ladey mukabale witch khitaab jittiaa. calender. germany witch 6 toon 7 agast takk aaunn vaale hadahan toon baad noorberging vikhe yojnabadh daur noon multavi qarr ditta giaa see. naveen mitee 6 toon 7 navambar nirdharat keeti gaee see, jiss naal ih luddy daa antim padaa bann giaa. championship standing. ank pranali. harek daud witch choti dey 15 vargikrit finisheran noon ank ditte gaye.

2021 e. dee. e. see. jee. tea. masters 2021 e. dee. e. see. jee. tea. masters, e. dee. e. see. jee. tea. masters ityasya panchadash-satram aasit, yat german-automobile-club e. dee. e. see. ityanena sthaapitasya grand-tourer-shailyaah creedaa-kaar-resing asti. montaplast-chalakanam ricardo feller tathaa christopher mees cha ess. ess. aar. pradarshanasy mckell ammermular tathaa maathyu jaminet ityetaih saha nikat-yuddhe upaadhim praaptavantah. kaalakramah. germany-deshe bruhad-jalapralayat anantaram, august-masasya 6-7 dinaanke yojitaa noorbergring-nagarasya chakram sthagitam. nootanam dinaankam 6-7 november-dinaanke nishchitam aasit, yena saa shrunkhalaayaah antimam sthaanam avaapnot. championship-sthitihi. anka-pranaali. pratyekam spardhayam shirsha-15 vargeekruta-finisher-krute ankaani pradattaah.

2021 adaak jidi masters 2021 adaak jidi masters enbathu adaak jidi masters inn pathinainthaavathu seesanaaga irunththathu, idhu jerman automobile kilap adaak niruviya grand tourer paani sports kaarr racing aagum. montablast oottunargal ricardo feller mattrum christopher maise aagiyoar ssr seyalthiranin michael ammermueller mattrum madue jaaminettudan nerukkamaaga poaraadiya poaril pattatthai ventranar. natkatti. august 6 muthal 7 varai thittamidappatta noorbergring suttru germanyil perum vellaththirkup piragu oththivaikkappattathu. puthiya thaethi navambar 6 muthal 7 varai nirnayikkappattathu, idhu thodarai iruthikkattamaaka maattriyathu. saambiyanship tharavarisai. pulligal amaippu. ovvoru panthayaththilum muthal 15 vagaippaduththappatta finishergalukku pulligal vazhangkappattana.

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1911 NCAA football season

1911 NCAA football season

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0004800db069c7eec27ed2f4e12d7894387126bdc03fee8de885fbeaa04911a3

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Stepa Stepanović

Stepa Stepanović Serbian field marshal Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović (, ; 12 March [O.S. 28 February] 1856 – 29 April 1929) was a Serbian military commander who fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War and World War I. Having joined the Serbian military in 1874, he fought against the forces of the Ottoman Empire in 1876. Over the following years, he climbed up the ranks of the Serbian Army and fought against Bulgarian forces in 1885. He eventually became the Serbian Minister of War in April 1908 and was responsible for instituting changes in the Serbian Army. Stepanović commanded Serbian forces during the two Balkan Wars and led the Serbian Second Army during World War I. After Battle of Cer he was promoted to second Field Marshal. He died in Čačak on 29 April 1929. Early childhood and education. Stepan "Stepa" Stepanović was born on 28 February 1856[a] in the village of Kumodraž, near Belgrade. He was the fourth child and third son of Ivan and Radojka Stepanović ("née" Nikolić). Stepanović was named after his grandfather Stepan, from whom his family's surname originated. There are two theories of his family origins. The first states that Stepanovic’s ancestors, who were known as Živanović, came from the regions of Bosnia and Lika. The second theory is that his ancestors came from the vicinity of Leskovac and Pirot during the Great Serb Migrations. Due to housework, Stepanović's mother had little time for him and often left him in the care of her mother-in-law. Prior to attending primary school, he looked after cattle and was once hurt badly by a bull. Stepanović finished triennial primary school in Kumodraž and attended gymnasium in Captain Miša's Mansion. To finish his schooling, he often served wealthier Belgrade families. He finished his first year of school with good grades and continued receiving good grades throughout the rest of his education. In September 1874, Stepanović enlisted in the XI class of the Belgrade artillery school instead of attending his sixth year of gymnasium. He did not have to write an entrance exam because he had completed five years of gymnasium. His class had twenty-nine cadets. At the time, the Belgrade artillery school possessed a technical character and paid much attention to knowledge of mathematics, a subject in which Stepanović always performed poorly. Stepanović was also not very good in foreign languages, although he read Russian and French literature. After Herzegovina Uprising broke out, the Principality of Serbia began preparing for war with the Ottoman Empire and the Belgrade artillery school initiated a program of practical martial training. In September 1875, Stepanović and his classmates all received the rank of corporal. After passing an exam, Stepanović became junior sergeant in May 1876. In June 1876, war erupted between Serbia and Ottoman Turkish forces in the Balkans, most of whom were Albanians from Kosovo. Stepanović and the entire XI class quickly received the ranks of sergeant and were sent to the frontline. Serbo-Turkish Wars. Stepanović arrived in Kragujevac on 14 May 1876. Here, he was assigned to orderly officer duty in the headquarters of the Šumadija Division, commanded by Colonel Ljubomir Uzun-Mirković, whose orders were carried by Stepanović. The Šumadija division was the main part of the Moravian Army, but after a change of battle plans, it was divided in several squadrons. Stepanović was assigned to Uzun-Mirković’s squadron, which had orders to help the Knjaževac Army take Babina Glava and Bela Palanka in order to stop the arrival of Ottoman reinforcements to Niš. Eventually, Babina Glava was taken and Stepanović was noted by Uzun-Mirković for "being very agile and for good riding." Soon after, the Ottomans launched a counter-offensive against Uzun-Mirković’s squadron, which retreated to Pandrilo. The Ottomans attacked Pandrilo on 19 July, beginning a battle in which Stepanović actively participated. Stepanović's participation alongside regular Serbian soldiers raised moral and helped turn the tide of the battle. This experience affected Stepanović greatly and he often resorted to fighting alongside other Serbian soldiers to raise their moral. After the fall of Knjaževac, Stepanović and his squadron moved from Deligrad to Sokobanja in order to prevent the Ottomans from reaching the Morava Valley. In Sokobanja, Serb forces regrouped and formed the IV Army Corps, under the command of Colonel Đura Horvatović. Stepanović subsequently joined this unit. The IV Army Corps marched across Kurilovo and reached Vinik where it attacked Ottoman positions. It then moved on to Deligrad, where it arrived on 7 September. The IV Army Corps clashed with the Turks on 11 September near Krevet, in a battle which ended indecisively. An armistice between Serb and Ottoman Turkish forces was declared 1 November 1876. On 1 December, Stepanović was awarded the Gold Medal for Bravery and was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. On 13 February 1877, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Company of the 3rd Battalion of the Serbian Army. Later, Stepanović participated in the capture of Pirot. Under the overall command of General Jovan Belimarković, Stepanović and his 300-strong force attacked the left flank of Nišor, one of two locations that the Ottomans had fortified in the town. Between 26 and 27 September, Stepanović’s unit passed unnoticed around Nišor and took Mali vrh. On the morning of 27 September, when the main Serbian attack began, his squad opened fire on Nišor, confusing the Ottomans stationed there. Afterwards, Pirot was captured. One soldier from Stepanović’s unit said: "I find that, if I’m not wrong, our action struck the main blow to the Turkish position on Nišor and had resolved the fate of Pirot." Stepanović was later awarded the Order of St. Svetislav III Class with Swords and Ribbon, his favourite of all awards he had received throughout his career because he considered himself "[the] first to have entered the Turkish trench." On 3 December, the Šumadija Corps began its march from Pirot to Niš in two echelon formations. During this march, Stepanović commanded a half-battalion of infantry and some cavalry that moved across the difficult terrain of Suva Planina. Nevertheless, all of his men survived the trek and appeared ready for battle. Stepanović later stated that the march across the mountain was his toughest assignment in the war. On 23 January 1878, the Serbian high command ordered the Šumadija division to capture the town of Vranje. The Šumadija division then drove the Ottomans from Poljanica and defeated Grdelička klisura. On 25 January, Stepanović became commander of a volunteer squad which armed local Serbs in Poljanica. At the battle for Vranje several days later, Stepanović attacked the Ottomans from the north of the town at Devotin. Peacetime. Once the war ended, Stepanović took additional classes at the Belgrade Military Academy to finish his schooling, completing them all by 1880. In September of that year, he requested a transfer to Kragujevac. There, he gained command of the 2nd Company of 3rd Battalion of the Serbian Army. In October, he became commander of the 1st Company in the same battalion. In Kragujevac, Stepanović met his future wife Jelena, the daughter of the city's chief, Velislav Milanović. The two married on 25 July 1881. Their first child, Milica, was born on 21 April 1882. The following year Jelena gave birth to the couple's second daughter, Danica. Both of Stepanović's daughters went on to marry officers, Milica marrying second lieutenant Krsta Dragomirović and Danica marrying 1st Class captain Jovica Jovičić, who later became a division general in the Serbian Army. In his first official evaluation in the last quarter of 1880, a special military commission wrote described Stepanović as: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Apprehensive. He shows talent in general, and is special in the history of the Serbian people. He has a determined and bold character and has temper. He understands easily and is fast to act with good results. Healthy, strong, agile and, for practical service, able. He is a very good marksman, rider and swimmer. If there is a need, he can command a company, he has knowledge and he can transfer it to his subordinates. In the rest of the official rules he is also good; useful for administration and monetary service. He works ardently. To the younger he is strict and righteous, to the equals he is gregarious, and to the elders very kind and thoughtful. On 1 September 1882, Stepanović was promoted to the rank of infantry lieutenant and he became a commander in Užice, where he remained until 13 February 1883, when he returned to Kragujevac. Upon his arrival in Kragujevac, he was appointed as military adjutant in the Šumadija Infantry Regiment. That same year, Serbia listed made military exercises mandatory in gymnasium programs. Stepanović subsequently became a teacher of military exercises in the First Kragujevac Gymnasium. He remained in this position until 1886. Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885). During the Battle of Slivnitsa, Stepanović commanded the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the Šumadija division. His unit attacked the village of Vrapče and forced Bulgarian forces to retreat. In a report that Stepanović sent to the commander of the 12th Regiment a lack of coordination between divisions, regiments and battalions of the Serbian Army is perceptible. Several days later, Stepanović became commander of the 1st Battalion in the 12th Regiment and together with troops from another unit attacked the weakened Bulgarian center on Slivnitsa. The Bulgarians began retreating, allowing Serb forces to take over region around the village of Aldomirovtsi. In his report, Stepanović wrote about his soldiers: "The behavior of the soldiers in this battles was excellent because they showed great curability despite moving over the open field during crossfire. The behavior of the officers was satisfactory in regard of courage and good command of the troops." With Serbian forces being pushed out of Bulgaria, King Milan ordered a general retreat of the Serbian Army towards Pirot on 19 November. Three days later, Bulgarian forces marched towards the town and launched an attack on Neškov vis. Stepanović’s 12th Regiment was forced to retreat. Stepanović later reported: "...I moved along to the hospital towards where bulks of our troops retreated. No effort of the elders could bring them back. More soldiers followed them and then that ridiculous mob pushed away officers who tried to stop them." Rise. With the end of the Serbo-Bulgarian war, Stepanović returned to Kragujevac, where he stayed until November 1886. In Kragujevac, he commanded a company of the 10th regiment. At the end of 1886, he was promoted to the rank of II class infantry captain. He was an aspirant in the Serbian General Staff from 22 November 1886 to 22 October 1888. At the meeting which was held at the end of 1888, the General Staff’s commission stated ″that II class captain Mr. Stepanović showed enough qualification and proof for headquarters’ service", concluding that "he should be approved to start an exam this winter for the rank of I class captain.″ In March 1889, Stepanović reported for this exam, and the commission gave him permission on 2 April to start. From 2–6 April, Stepanović completed the theoretic part of his exam in twelve subjects. He was released of doing practical part of exam, because he received very good grade on headquarters’ journeys and missions. Shortly before the exam, he became the executive of Drina divisional area. After his exams he moved to Valjevo. On 17 April 1889, he became I Class captain. From 29 March to 15 April 1892, Stepanović wrote and successfully passed an exam for the rank major in the same time as Milutin Milanović and Živojin Mišić. Stepanović became commander of the 5th Battalion in Požega on 13 September 1892. He was promoted to the rank of major on 8 May of the following year. On 14 August, he was moved to Valjevo to once again serve as the executive of the Drina divisional area. He stayed in Valjevo until 20 October 1895, when he was moved to Belgrade. Stepanović stayed in Belgrade for five months, where he was commander of the 7th Battalion. He also became a part-time professor of military history at the Belgrade Military Academy. On 30 March 1897, he became acting commander of the 6th Infantry Regiment in Belgrade. On 11 May, he was promoted to the rank of colonel and two days later he became commander of the 6th Infantry Regiment. Stepanović became Chief of the General Staff in the Ministry of Defense on 27 October 1898. He served in this position until 15 March 1899, when he became an executive of the general military department of the Ministry of Defense. Although he didn't like to work indoors, he made an excellent impression on members of the ministry and was remembered as being very strict and punctual. He was transferred again to Valjevo on 17 October 1900, where he became commander of an infantry brigade in the Drina Division. Because of a misunderstanding on 11 November, he was transferred to Zaječar and assigned as commander of an infantry brigade in the Timok Division. He liked this position and said: ″Troop for an officer is the same as water to a fish, and especially a headquarters officer. There he can show what he knows and he can show results. The office kills the spirit, drains the strength and changes man into mechanism.″ On 18 August 1901, Stepanović was promoted to headquarters colonel, and on 11 November he became deputy executive of the active military command of the Serbian Army. He was served in this position until 15 December 1902, when he became an executive of the General Staff. Later, King Alexander I decorated him with Order of the Cross of Takovo II class. Stepanović continued in his role as a professor of military history, lecturing Napoleonic warfare from the period 1796–1805. He was also the editor of military magazine known as "Warrior" (). The May Overthrow which occurred on 28/29 May 1903 did not affect Stepanović’s career. After the overthrow, he became section head of the common department in the Ministry of Defense, and then became commander of the Šumadija Division. Because of these promotions, many historians have come to believe that Stepanović was on the side of the conspirators that overthrew the Obrenović dynasty despite his stated neutrality on the matter. After coming to power, Peter I decorated Stepanović with the Order of the Star of Karađorđe III degree on 29 June 1904. Emulating General Đura Horvatić, Stepanović then instituted Prussian-style military drills in his division and punished every irregularity, inaccuracy, legal offence and confiscation of state property. In the spring of 1906 in Kragujevac, where Stepanović was garrisoned as commander of the Šumadija Division, a so-called corporal counter conspiracy occurred. Some historians believe that the conspiracy was triggered by Stepanović’s strict regime. The conspiracy involved about thirty officers of the Kragujevac garrison who had planned to take several important public buildings in the town and then to arrest Stepanović. When the plot was uncovered on 30 April, Stepanović had 31 officers arrested. When expressed a desire to have more arrested, he was stopped by Minister of Defense Radomir Putnik. Stepanović was deeply shook by the conspiracy and later declared: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"It is a sore point of my whole career. I had many tough things in my life, I swallowed injustice and derecognition, they offended me and neglected me, but nothing touched me more like that thing. I feel sorrow for those young people who were misled by faithless and elevated speculators because of their army career, where they could have been of great benefit to the people and fatherland. But, I could not do anything to help." Ministry and preparations for the Balkan Wars. Stepa Stepanović was elevated to the rank of general on 29 June 1907, but stayed as commander of the Šumadija divisional area. Nikola Pašić formed a new government on 12 April 1908 and Stepanović became the Minister of Army. During his mandate, he tried to modernize the military and to remodel old Mauser rifles. He also had new artillery be bought from France and supplied to the Serbian Army. When the army attempted to order machine guns, Stepanović took a different, more conservative approach, as Colonel Vlajić, who worked in Stepanović’s cabinet, wrote: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"I've had hassle acquiring machine guns. This new weapon, which all armies were armed with, needed to be introduced in the army and I was trying to get certain amount for each regiment, but the minister Stepa said to me one day: I, myself, love more one platoon of shooters rather than your machine guns. Please do not patronize me that one machine gun can replace one platoon of infantry." In October 1908, after the annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary, massive protests erupted in Serbia and Montenegro. Large numbers of citizens demanded that war be declared against the Austria-Hungarians. Stepanović responded by warning that the country and the army were not ready for war, and that both needed to undertake great amounts of diplomatic, financial and military training. His statements provoked a great amount of criticism from many sides, even in the Serbian press. Consequently, he was dismissed as Minister of Army and became a minister without portfolio at the beginning of 1909. Later that year, he actively assisted Putnik in preparing the Serbian Army for a future war. At the beginning of 1910, Stepanović became commander of the Morava divisional area and undertook the task of preparing the division for armed combat. At the beginning of March 1911, Stepanović became Minister of Army again. Soon after, Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević became suspicious of Stepanović, whom he believed to be a sympathizer of commander Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis, the leader of the May Overthrow who was said to have wanted a foreign monarch on the Serbian throne. Consequently, the prince rushed to Stepanović and requested that Apis and General Staff major Milovan Milovanović Pilac be transferred from Belgrade. Stepanović responded by saying that he would mention it to the King Peter and allow him to decide whether the two men should be transferred. The prince then unsuccessfully offered his resignation to King Peter. When Stepanović became Minister of Army for the second time, the government of Serbia realized that the Great Powers intended to divide the Balkan and that the Christian population of the Ottoman Empire was on the verge of rebellion. During his term, Serbia signed several defense agreements with other Balkan countries and created the Balkan League. Stepanović, alongside General Radomir Putnik and Colonel Živojin Mišić, developed plans for mobilization, concentration and strategic development of the Serbian Army for a war against Turkey. In the fall of 1912, the government of Milovan Milovanović resigned after his death and when Marko Trifković formed a new government, Putnik became the new Minister of Defense. First Balkan War. First operations. With the start of the First Balkan War, Stepa Stepanović became commander of the 60,000-strong Second Army, which possessed 84 cannons. Concentrated in the Kyustendil–Dupnitsa area, it contained the 1st Timok Infantry Division and the Bulgarian Seventh Rila infantry Division. Its mission was to attack the Turkish rear before the First Army. Informing the Serbian troops that the Seventh Rila Division became part of the Army, Stepanović said: ″I look with confidence at our future work and strongly believe in success, because for centuries separated and now fraternized and embraced, closest brothers, Serbs and Bulgarians represent an irresistible force that will crush all hurdles and liberate downtrodden brothers.″ On 17 October 1912, Putnik informed Stepanović of Serbia's declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire. He ordered his army to move closer to the Ottoman border, but not to cross it until further notice. However, the Bulgarian high command ordered the commander of the Rila Division, Georgi Todorov, to cross the Ottoman border and attack Carevo selo and Gornja Džumaja, which he managed to capture. Stepanović congratulated them with the words: ″Hurray heroes of the Seventh division.″ On 18 October, Timok Division started to attack Ottoman positions in direction Rujen-Crni vrh, and next day they captured Crni vrh on the orders of Stepanović. On 21 October, the Serbian high command ordered the Timok Division to advanced towards Kumanovo. Uninformed that the battalion, commanded by Mayor Dobrosav Milenković, had already captured Kriva Palanka without a fight, Stepanović ordered all the necessary maneuvers for capturing the town. This wasted a lot of time, but majority of the division managed to pass through Krivorečka gorge without any resistance. In the early noon, Cavalry Regiment started a fight 5–6 km away from Stracin and managed to capture it at nightfall. Yet again, Stepanović hasn’t been informed about this event, and next day he ordered his troops to capture Stracin, which wasted a lot of time. After this event, communication was established between the First and the Second armies and the road to Kumanovo was open. Battle of Kumanovo. Having not received any order about amassing of the enemy at Kumanovo, general Stepanović ordered Timok Division to take a march towards Kumonovo on 23 October at 6 a.m. At the same time he ordered he commanded the Seventh Division to take over Kočani on 23 October and then to spare some of its forces and send it toward Štip. On 23 October, in the morning, Timok Division attacked Kratovo and thus began the Battle of Kumanovo. However, general Todorov obeyed the orders from his High Command, so he only sent one battalion of ten batteries to take over Kočani, which was defended by an entire division. Stepanović, while the Timok Division was on the march, received the note that from Ovče polje and Kočani, strong Ottoman force was marching toward Kratovo. Based on this, he hurried commander of Timok Division to take over Kratovo and to establish defenses toward south side. However, after they arrived in the Kratovo area, colonel Kondić decided that division is tired and should spend the night. Using this, Ottomans took over Crni vrh, which was guarded only by Bulgarian Komita department and one company of Serbs. Stepanović did not like the work of both divisions and reported this to Supreme Command. He received answer that 7th Division should unconditionally take over Kočani and Timok Division Crni Vrh. Meanwhile, Stepanović found out that during 23 October, there was battle at Kumanovo. He was surprised by this and was worried about the position of Timok Division, but still looked for a way to help the First army. He ordered Timok Division to take over Crni vrh on 24 October, but this was done tomorrow on 25 October. The next day, High Command informed Stepanović that at the request of the Bulgarian government it was decided that Timok Division should be putt at their disposal, provided that ″he still manage both divisions.″ He immediately gave 14th Serbian Regiment to the 7th Rila Division and ordered general Todorov to steer his forces towards the mouth of the Bregalnica river in order to stop Ottoman retreat towards Prilep, and then he asked for permission to move from Kriva Palanka to Štip in order to command more easily operation. However, after he arrived in Kratovo he received a dispatch from general Todorov in which he informed that he received the orders from his own High Command to move his forces towards Serez and Demir Hisar, which he already ordered. After reading this, Stepanović moved back to Kriva Palanka to prepare certain forces to aid Bulgarians. Siege of Adrianople. General Stepa Stepanović arrived with his headquarters in place called Mustafa Pasha (railway station outside of Adrianople) on 6 November 1912. Immediately he contacted General Nikola Ivanov, Supreme Commander of the Bulgarian Second army and siege troops. His HQ was placed in Mustafa Pasha, where Ivanov’s was also stationed. The armistice was signed on 3.December 1912. However, Stepanović didn’t want his army to lose concentration. He demanded maximum discipline and readiness, even on Christmas Eve. During armistice, Stepanović managed to improve the supply of his army. Bulgarian Supreme Command accepted to supply Serbian Second army, but Stepanović wasn’t satisfied with quality. so he demanded that the quality of bread, meat and other articles improve. Because he didn’t come to agreement with Bulgarian command, he asked Serbian Supreme Command to send supply in order to ″preserve the health and morale of soldiers.″ After the two months of preparation, on 24 March 1913 begun 3-day battle for capturing Adrianople. His Timok Division captured whole northern sector of the battlefield in only 45 minutes without artillery backup and pulle the bulk of Adrianople fortress artillery fire. At the end of the day, it was decided that tomorrow at night, attack should be launched in order to capture antipersonnel obstacles. When attack commenced, on the front of Timok Division, Ottomans tried to recapture their positions, but they were unsuccessful. General Stepanović looked attack live from high ground behind Danube Division. Nikola Aranđelović, who was in charge of army telegraph, described the atmosphere: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Standing alone, like statue, General Stepanović transferred himself in the trenches of his countrymen and peasants from 7th company: people from Kumodraž, Mokri Lug, Avala and Kosmaj, and from time to time he clapped his hand and shouts: — Bravo my sons, bravo my heroes. At 5.30 am, Stepanović ordered Serbian troops to move in decisive attack on the front line, in order to help Bulgarian push on eastern sector, which fell around 8 am. At 8.30 am, two Ottoman officers came to Serbian 20th regiment to negotiate the surrender on the account of Shukri Pasha. Having not receiving any response, Pasha sent his adjutant to 20th regiment with message that Shukri Pasha wants to negotiate with General Stepanović. Stepanović replied that he was not authorized by the commander to conduct negotiations and that he should address General Ivanov. In the meantime Timok Division captured antipersonnel line and Danube Division captured point Papas-tepe. General Stepanović moved behind front lines of Danube regiments, and at 11 am was on Bekčitepe, near Marash, which was captured by 4th Serbian Regiment. At 11.30 am, Bulgarian officers came to Shukri Pasha’s headquarters, and he surrendered to General Ivanov at 12.15 pm, but he returned to his headquarters an hour later on his personal wish. He was eventually captured by Serbian troops an hour later. After Adrianople fell, Stepanović formed combined detachment on 27 March and marched solemnly into the conquered city. Few days later, he ordered that on Chernomen, exactly on the place where according to history the Battle of Maritsa took place, a memorial should be held to the fallen heroes. According to the participants, it was striking and touching moment. Soon after, Stepanović started preparations to transport his army back to Serbia. Bulgarian government didn’t give him enough trains to transport his troops back, so he threatened that he will take his army back to Serbia on foot. After this, Bulgarians relented and he transferred whole army from 1 April to 9 May. First World War. At the beginning of World War I he acted as the representative of the absent chief of staff Radomir Putnik. He was responsible for mobilization and some war preparations. After Putnik's return he took command of the Second Army. In World War I, he led the Serbian army in a great victory in the Battle of Cer, where his Second Army completely defeated the Austrian Fifth Army, arriving to the scene after a forced march. This was the first allied victory of the war, and he was promoted to Field Marshal. His army achieved successes in the Battle of the Drina and Battle of Kolubara, in addition to the defence of Serbia in 1915. In 1918 he was again in command of the Second Army which was a part of the large Allied offensive in Macedonia, they achieved a breakthrough on 15 September. The Second Army advanced to the Bulgarian border and from there, after Bulgarian capitulation on 29 September 1918 turned West towards Bosnia and the Adriatic Sea. He was an active officer until the end of 1919, when he retired from service as the commander in chief of the Serbian army. During his career he was also serving as the minister of the army on two occasions. He was decorated with the "Takovski krst sa ukrštenim mačevima" medal for bravery during the 1876-1878 wars against the Turks. He was also awarded the Knight Grand Cross (GCMG) of The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. He died in the town of Čačak on 29 April 1929. Legacy. He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs. His birth house in Kumodraž (Belgrade) is converted into a small museum dedicated to his life and legacy. Reconstruction and conservation of the house was done in 2014 when house was finally reopened to visitors. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

stepa stepanuvis stepan "stepa" stepanuvis (,;;-29 april 1929) ejon charbian xamorik xenapoti aasil jiye charbu-turkey juddho, charbu-bulgarian juddho, prothom balkan juddho, dwitiyo balkan juddho aaru prothom biswojudhot juj disil. 1874 sonot charbian xamorik bahineet jugdan korar pisot teu 1876 sonot automan xamrajyor bahinir biruddhe juj disil. poroborti bosorburot teu charbian xenar podor uporoloi uthi 1885 sonot bulgarian bahinir biruddhe juj disil. owoxexot 1908 sonor aprilot teu charbian juddho montri hoisil aaru charbian xoinyobahinit poribortonor baabe daybodho aasil. stepanuvise dutaa balkan juddhor xomoyot charbian bahinir netritwo disil aaru prothom biswojudhor xomoyot charbian dwitiyo xenak netritwo disil. cher juddhor pisot teuk dwitiyo field marshwel hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. 1929 sonor 29 aprilot sasakot teur mrityu hoy. prarombhik xoixob aaru xikhya. stepan "stepa" stepanuvisor jonmo hoisil 1856 sonor 28 februaryt belgrador usoror kumudraj gaont. teu ibhan aaru radujoka stepanuvis ("nee" nikulik) ror soturtho xontan aaru tritiyo putro aasil. stepanuvisor naamkoron koraa hoisil teur kokakor naam steponor naamere, jaar poraa teur poriyalor porisoyor utpotti hoisil. teur poriyalor utpottir dutaa totwo aase. prothomtut kuwa hoise je stepanuvisor purbopuruxxokol, jixokole jibhanubhis naamere jonajat aasil, bob 'sniya aaru likaa oncholor poraa aahisil. dwitiyo totwotu hoh 'lo je teur purbopuruxxokol mohan xarbo probrojonor xomoyot leskuvak aaru pairutor usoror poraa aahisil. ghoror kaamor baabe stepanuvisor maakor haatot teur baabe xomoy komm aasil aaru praye teuk teur xoru xorur suwasitar baabe eri goisil. prathomik bidyaloyot porhar aagote teu goru-moo 'horr suwasita korisil aaru ebaar etaa xaror dwara teu beyabhabe aahot hoisil. stepanuvise kumudrajor trix bosoriya prathomik bidyaloy xomapto korisil aaru captain misar bhowonot thoka byayamagarot ongxogrohon korisil. schoolia xikhya xompurno koriboloi teu praye dhoni belgrade poriyalor xewa aagborhaisil. teu bhaal grade loi bidyaloyor prothom bosor xompurno korisil aaru baaki xikhyar xomoisuwat bhaal grade laabh kori aasil. 1874 sonor septembor maahot stepanuvise teur xostho bosoror byayamagarot uposthito huwar poriworte belgrade kaaman bidyaloyor xi shrenit talikabhukto hoisil. teu paas bosoror byayamagar xompurno korar baabe prowex porikhya likhibo logaa huwa nasil. teur shrenit unoixojon kedet aasil. xei xomoyot, belgrade kaaman bidyaloyor ek karikori soritro aasil aaru ee gonitor gyanor proti jothesto monujug disil, jitu bixoyot stepanuvise xoday beyaa prodorxon korisil. stepanuvis bidexi bhaxatu bhaal nasil, jodiu teu rasian aaru forasi xahityo porhisil. harjeguvinar bidruh aarombho huwar pisot, charbier rajyoi automan xamrajyor xoite juddhor baabe prostuti aarombho korisil aaru belgrade kaaman bidyaloituwe byowoharik xomor proxikhyonor karzoxusi aarombho korisil. 1875 sonor septembor maahot stepanuvis aaru teur xohopathixokole xokoluwe korpo "railor podd laabh kore. etaa porikhyat uttirno huwar pisot stepanuvis 1876 sonor mey "maahot juniyor chargent hoisil. 1876 sonor june maahot balkanot charbiya aaru automan turkey bahinir maajot juddho aarombho hoisil, jaar odhikangxoi kuchubhur albanian aasil. stepanuvis aaru xomogro xi shrenituwe drutogotit chargentor podd laabh korisil aaru teulukok frontlineloi pothiuwa hoisil. charbu-turkey juddho. stepanuvise 1876 sonor 14 mey 'too kragujebhakot uposthito hoisil. iyat teuk xumadija bibhagor mukhyo karzaloyot xuxringkhol bixoyar dayitwo diya hoisil, jaar netritwo cornell lubumir ujun-mirkuvise disil, jaar aadex stepanuvise bohon korisil. xumadija bibhag muravian xenar mool ongxo aasil, kintu juddhor porikolpona xoloni huwar pisot iyak keibatau scowadronot bibhokto koraa hoisil. stepanuvisok ujun-mirkuvisor scowadronot nijukto koraa hoisil, jijonor nisoloi automan xoinyor aagmon bondho koriboloi konjajebhak xoinyobahinik bebina glava aaru belaa palangkak dokhol korat xohay korar nirdex aasil. owoxexot, bebina glava luwa hoisil aaru stepanuvisok ujun-mirkuvise "oti sotpote aaru bhaal ridingor baabe" ullekh korisil."iyar kichu xomoyor pisote, automanxokole ujun-mirkuvisor scowadronor biruddhe proti-aakromon aarombho korisil, ji pendriluloi pisuwai goisil. 19 julyte automanxokole pendrilu aakromon kori ekhon juddho aarombho korisil zo 'too stepanuvise xokriyobhabe ongxogrohon korisil. niyomiya charbian xoinyoxokolor xoite stepanuvisor ongxogrohonoi noitikotak briddhi korisil aaru juddhor juwar xoloni korat xohay korisil. ei obhigyotai stepanuvisok jothesto probhabito korisil aaru teu praye aan charbian xoinikxokolor noitikota briddhi koriboloi teulukor xoite juj korisil. konjajebhakor potonor pisot, stepanuvis aaru teur scowadrontu morabha upotyokat oh 'tot' manxokolok uposthito huwat baadha diboloi deligrador poraa cho 'kubanjaloi sthanantorito hoisil. sokubanjat, sarbo bahiniye punor gutt khaai cornell duraa horbhatubhisor netritwot 4 nong xena bahini gothon korisil. poroborti xomoyot stepanuvise ei guttut jugdan korisil. soturtho xena bahiniye kurilubhur maajere jatra kori binikot uposthito hoy zo 'too ee automanor sthanxomuh aakromon kore. iyar pisot ee deligradoloi yaay, zo 'too ee 7 septemborot uposthito hoy. 11 septemborot cravetor usorot soturtho xena bahinir turkoxokolor xoite xonghorxo hoisil, jitu ek onischitobhabe xomapto hoisil. sarbo aaru automan turkey bahinir maajot ek juddhobiroti 1876 sonor 1 novemborot ghuxona koraa hoisil. 1 disemborot stepanuvisok xahoxikotar baabe sworno podok prodan koraa hoisil aaru dwitiyo leftenent podoloi podunnoti diya hoisil. 1877 sonor 13 februaryt teuk charbian xenar 3yoy betalionor 3yoy companyr commander hisape nijukti diya hoisil. pisot stepanuvise pairut dokhol korat ongxogrohon korisil. general juwan belimarkuvisor xamogrik aadexot stepanuvis aaru teur 300-xoktixali bahiniye nisuror baufal aakromon korisil, ji ottumanxokole sohorkhonot xoktixali koraa dutaa sthanor bhitorot etaa. 26 aaru 27 septemboror bhitorot stepanuvisor guttuwe nisuror sariufale kunu lokhyo nuhuwakoi paar hoi maali bhaar grohon korisil. 27 septemboror ratipuwa, jetiya mool charbian aakromon aarombho hoisil, teur dole nisuror uporot gulisalona korisil, jaar folot taat owosthito automanxokolok bibhranto korisil. iyar pisot pirutok bondi koraa hoisil. stepanuvisor gutor ejon xoinikoi koichiloh "moi dekhilu je, jodi moi bhul nohoy, tente aamar karjyoi nisuror turkey poriwexot mool aaghat korisil aaru pirutor bhagyor xomadhan korisil."stepanuvisok pisot order owo saint prodan koraa hoisil. toruwal aaru fitare bhora tritiyo shrenir swetislabh, teur gutei keriyarot laabh koraa xokolu botar bhitorot teur priyo, kiyonu teu nijoke "turkeej khondatut prowex koraa prothomjon" buli gonyo korisil." 3 disemborot, xumadija bahiniye dutaa iselon gothonot pirutor poraa nisoloi jatra aarombho korisil. ei podojatrar xomoyot stepanuvise podatik bahinir aadha-betelion aaru kisuman oswaruhi bahinir netritwo disil ji xubha planiner kothin bhukhondor maajere goti korisil. tothapiu teur xokolu manuh trekot jiyai aasil aaru juddhor baabe xaju hoi porisil. stepanuvise pisot koichil je porbotor uporere juwa jatratu juddhor xomoyot teur ataitkoi kothin kaam aasil. 1878 sonor 23 januaryt charbian haai commande xumadija doltuk bharonji sohor dokhol koriboloi nirdex disil. xumadija bibhage taar pisot puljanikar poraa automanxokolok utkhat korisil aaru gradelica klixurak porasto korisil. 25 januaryt stepanuvis etaa sessaxewok dolor xenapoti hoisil jiye puljanikat sthaniyo sarboxokolok xoxostro korisil. keidinmanor pisot bronjor juddhot stepanuvise bhoktinot sohoror uttoror poraa ohaa automanxokolok aakromon korisil. xantikalin. juddho xex huwar pisot stepanuvise belgrade xamorik academyt otirikto shreni grohon kori schoolia xikhya xomapto korisil, 1880 sonor bhitorot xokolubur xompurno korisil. xei bosoror septembor maahot teu kragujebhakoloi sthanantor koriboloi onurudh jonaisil. taat teu charbian xenar tritiyo betalionor dwitiyo companyr netritwo laabh korisil. octobor maahot teu eketa betalionot thoka prothom companyr commander hoisil. kragujebhakot stepanuvise teur bhobisyotor potni, sohoror prodhan valislav milanuvisor konya jelenak log paisil. duyujonore bibah hoisil 1881 sonor 25 julyte. teulukor prothom xontan milika 1882 sonor 21 aprilot jonmo hoisil. pisor bosor jelenai dompotihalor dwitiyo konya denikar jonmo disil. stepanuvisor dugoraki konyai bixoyar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil, milikai dwitiyo leftenent crosta dregomerovisok biyaa koraisil aaru denikai 1moo shrenir captain jubhika jubhisisok biyaa koraisil, ji pisoloi charbian xenat dibhijon general hoisil. 1880 sonor xexor soturthangxot teur prothom sorkari mulyayonot, etaa bixex xamorik aayuge stepanuvisok eidore bornona korisiloh 1882 sonor 1 septemborot stepanuvisok podatik leftenent podoloi podunnoti diya hoisil aaru teu eugisot ejon commander hoisil, zo 'too teu 1883 sonor 13 februaryloike aasil, jetiya teu kragujebhakoloi ubhoti aahisil. kragujebhakot uposthito huwar pisot teuk xumadija podatik rejimentot xamorik xohayok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. xei bosorote, talikabhukto charbiyai byayamagaror karzoxusit xamorik onuxilon badhyotamulok korisil. poroborti xomoyot stepanuvis prothom kragujebhak byayamagarot xamorik onuxilonor xikhyok hoisil. 1886 sonoloike teu ei podot aasil. charbu-bulgarian juddho (1885). slivenitsar juddhor xomoyot stepanuvise xumadija bibhagor dwitiyo betalionor prothom companyr netritwo disil. teur dole bharpose gaont aakromon korisil aaru bulgarian bahineek pisuwai jaboloi badhyo korisil. stepanuvise dwadox rejimentor commanderoloi preron koraa ek protibedonot charbian xenar bibhag, rejiment aaru batalionor maajot xomonwoyor obhab budhgomyo. keidinmanor pisot stepanuvise dwadox rejimentor prothom betalionor commander hoisil aaru aan etaa unitor xoinyor xoite millie slivenitsat durbol huwa bulgarian kendrot aakromon korisil. bulgariyaxokole pisuwai jaboloi aarombho korisil, jaar folot sarbo bahiniye aldumiruvotchi gaonr sariufalor onchol dokhol koriboloi onumoti disil. teur protibedonot stepanuvise teur xoinikxokolor bixoye likhisiloh "ei juddhot xoinikxokolor aasoron utkristo aasil kaaron crochfire xomoyot mukoli khelpotharor uporere juwar pisotu teuluke jothesto xusthota dekhuwaisil. xoinyor xahox aaru bhaal aadexor khetrot bixoyaxokolor aasoron xontuxjonok aasil." charbian bahineek bulgariyar poraa bahiroloi theli diyar loge loge roja milane 19 novemborot charbian bahineek pirutor faale xadharonbhabe pisuwai niyar nirdex disil. tini dinor pisot bulgarian bahiniye sohoror faale jatra kori neskov bhisor uporot aakromon aarombho kore. stepanuvisor dwadox rejiment pisuwai jaboloi badhyo hoisil. stepanuvise pisot prokax korisiloh "...moi sikitsaloyoloi goisilu zo 'too aamar xoinyor brihot xongkhya pisuwai goisil. boyujyesthoxokolor kunu prochestai teulukok ghurai aanibo nuwarile. odhik xoinyoi teulukok onuxoron korisil aaru taar pisot xei haisyorxatmok bhire teulukok baadha diboloi chesta koraa bixoyaxokolok aatorai loi goisil." uthi jauk. charbu-bulgarian juddhor xomaptir loge loge stepanuvise kragujebhakoloi ubhoti aahisil, zo 'too teu 1886 sonor novembor maholoike aasil. kragujebhakot teu doxom rejimentor etaa companyr netritwo disil. 1886 sonor xexot teuk dwitiyo shrenir podatik xenar odhinayok podoloi unnit koraa hoisil. 1886 sonor 22 novembor poraa 1888 sonor 22 octoberoloike teu charbian xadharon kormosarir ejon akangkhyito xodosyo aasil. 1888 sonor xexot onusthito huwa boithokot xadharon kormosarir aayuge koichil je "dwitiyo shrenir odhinayok srijut. stepanuvise mukhyo karzaloyor 'xewa "ror baabe porzapto orhota aaru proman dekhuwai ei xiddhantot uponeet hoy je" teuk ei xitkalot 1moo shrenir captainor podor baabe porikhya aarombho koriboloi onumudon diya usit." " 1889 sonor march maahot stepanuvise ei porikhyar baabe protibedon disil, aaru aayuge teuk 2 aprilot aarombho koriboloi onumoti disil. 2-6 aprilor poraa stepanuvise barta bixoyot teur porikhyar tatwik ongxotu xompurno korisil. teuk porikhyar byowoharik ongxotu korar poraa mukoli koraa hoisil, kiyonu teu mukhyo karzaloyor bhromon aaru obhijanor uporot oti bhaal grade laabh korisil. porikhyar kichu xomoyor purbe teu drina bibhagiyo oncholor karzobahi hoisil. porikhyar pisot teu bhaljebhuloi guchi goisil. 1889 sonor 17 aprilot teu prothom shrenir odhinayok hoy. 1892 sonor 29 marchor poraa 15 apriloloike stepanuvise milutin milanuvis aaru jibhujin misisor xoite eke xomoyote mejor rengkor baabe ekhon porikhyat xofolotare uttirno hoisil. 1892 sonor 13 septemborot stepanuvis pujegat 5moo betalionor commander hoisil. poroborti bosoror 8 mey 'too teuk mejor podoloi podunnoti diya hoisil. 14 aagostot teuk punor ebaar drina bibhagiyo oncholor karzobahi hisape karzonirbah koriboloi bhaljebhuloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. 1895 sonor 20 octoberoloike teu valjevut aasil, jetiya teuk belgradoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. stepanuvise belgradot paas maah aasil, zo 'too teu xoptom betalionor commander aasil. teu belgrade xamorik academyt xamorik itihaxor ongxokalin odhyapok hisapeu porigonito hoisil. 1897 sonor 30 marchot teu belgradot thoka xostho podatik rejimentor karzobahi commander hoisil. 11 mey 'too teuk cornell podoloi podunnoti diya hoisil aaru dudinor pisot teu xostho podatik rejimentor commander hoisil. stepanuvis 1898 sonor 27 octoborot protirokya montraloyor xadharon kormosarir murobbi hoisil. 1899 sonor 15 marcholoike teu ei podot karzonirbah korisil, jetiya teu protirokya montraloyor xadharon xamorik bibhagor karzobahi hoisil. jodiu teu ghoror bhitorot kaam koriboloi bhaal napay, tothapiu montraloyor xodosyoxokolor uporot teu ek utkristo probhab pelaisil aaru oti kothur aaru xomoyanukromoxil hisape smoron koraa hoisil. 1900 sonor 17 octoborot teuk punor bhaljebhuloi sthanantor koraa hoisil, zo 'too teu drina dibhijonor podatik bahinir commander hoisil. 11 novemborot ek bhul bujabujir baabe teuk jajesaroloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil aaru timuk bibhagoto podatik bahinir commander hisape nijukti diya hoisil. teu ei podtu bhaal paisil aaru koichiloh "ejon bixoyar baabe xoinyobahini maasor baabe panir dore, aaru bixexkoi mukhyo karzaloyor bixoya. taat teu ji jaane xeitu dekhuwabo paare aaru folafol dekhuwabo paare. karzaloye aatmatu hotya kore, xokti niskaxon kore aaru manuhok pronaliloi poriworton kore." " 1901 sonor 18 aagostot stepanuvisok mukhyo karzaloyor cornell hisape podunnoti diya hoisil aaru 11 novemborot teu charbian xenar xokriyo xamorik commandor upo-karzobahi hoisil. 1902 sonor 15 disemboroloike teu ei podot karzonirbah korisil, jetiya teu xadharon kormosarir karzobahi hoisil. pisot, roja alekjendar prothome teuk dwitiyo shrenir takubhur krosor krosere xojuwa hoisil. stepanuvise xamorik itihaxor odhyapok hisape nijor bhumika obyahot rakhisil, 1796-1805 xomoyor poraa nepolian juddhor boktrita disil. teu "juddha" () naamere jonajat xamorik alusonir xompadokou aasil. 1903 sonor mey "maahot xonghotit huwa mey" ithor 'thor folot stepanuvisor keriyarot kunu probhab poraa nasil. utkhat huwar pisot teu protirokya montraloyor xadharon bibhagor xakha murobbi hoisil, aaru taar pisot xumadija bibhagor xenapoti hoisil. ei prosaror baabe, bohutu buronjibide biswax koriboloi aarombho korise je stepanuvis xei xorojontror pokhyot aasil jiye ei bixoyot teur nirpekhyotar kotha ullekh korar pisotu obrenovis rajbonxok utkhat korisil. 1904 sonor 29 junot khyomotaloi ohaar pisot pitter prothome stepanuvisok staar order owo caradoarde tritiyo degreere xojuwa hoisil. general duraa horbhatik onukoron kori stepanuvise taar pisot teur xakhat prasian xoilir xamorik onuxilon aarombho korisil aaru protitu oniyomitota, bhul, aainee oporadh aaru rajyik xompoti jobdo korar xasti disil. 1906 sonor boxontokalot kragujebhakot, zo 'too stepanuvisok xumadija bibhagor xenapoti hisape rokha hoisil, ek tothakothito xaririk protirudh xorojontro xonghotit hoisil. kisuman buronjibide biswax kore je ei xorojontro stepanuvisor kothur xaxonor folot aarombho hoisil. ei xorojontrot kragujebhak gerisonor pray trixjon bixoya jorito aasil, jixokole sohorkhonor keibatau guruttopurno rajohuwa bhowon dokhol korar porikolpona korisil aaru taar pisot stepanuvisok greptar korisil. jetiya 30 aprilot ei xorojontrotu mukoli koraa hoisil, stepanuvise 31 john bixoyajonok greptar korisil. jetiya odhik greptar korar issa prokax koraa hoisil, tetiya protirokya montri redumir putnike teuk baadha disil. ei xorojontre stepanuvisok gobhirbhabe jukari goisil aaru pisot ghuxona korisiloh montraloy aaru balkan juddhor baabe prostuti. 1907 sonor 29 junot stepa stepanuvisok general podoloi unnit koraa hoisil, kintu xumadija bibhagiyo oncholor commander hisape aasil. nikula pasise 1908 sonor 12 aprilot notun sorkar gothon kore aaru stepanuvis protirokya montri hoy. teur aadexor xomoyot teu xamorik bahinir aadhunikikoron aaru puroni mausar riflexomuh punor nirman koriboloi chesta korisil. teu francer poraa notun kaaman kinny charbian xoinyobahiniloi jugan dhorisil. jetiya xenai machingan order diboloi chesta korisil, stepanuvise ek beleg, odhik rokhyonxil dristibhongi grohon korisil, jenekoi stepanuvisor kebinetot kaam koraa cornell vlajike likhisiloh 1908 sonor octobor maahot austria-hangeriye bob 'sniya dokhol korar pisot charbiya aaru montenigrut byapok protibador sristi hoisil. brihot xongkhyok nagorike austria-hangeriyanxokolor biruddhe juddho ghuxona korar daabi jonaisil. stepanuvise xotorkobani di protikriya prokax korisil je dex aaru xenabahini juddhor baabe xaju nohoy, aaru duyujone jothesto porimanor kutnoitik, bittiyo aaru xamorik proxikhyon grohon korar proyujon. teur bibritiye bohu pokhyor poraa, aanoki charbian xongbad madhyomotou jothesto xomaluchonar sristi korisil. pholsworupe, teuk protirokya montri hisape borkhasto koraa hoisil aaru 1909 sonor aarombhonite porikroma bibhag obihone montri hoisil. xei bosoror xexor faale, teu putnikok bhobisyotor juddhor baabe charbian xoinyok prostut korat xokriyobhabe xohay korisil. 1910 sonor aarombhonite stepanuvise murabha bibhagiyo oncholor xenapoti hoi xoxostro juddhor baabe bibhagtu prostut korar kaam haatot loisil. 1911 sonor march maahor aarombhonite stepanuvis punor protirokya montri hoisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote, rajkumar aleksandar caradordevise stepanuvisok xondeh korisil, jaak teu xenapoti dragutin demetrijevis episor xohanubhutixil buli biswax korisil, ji mey 'utkhator netaa aasil jiye charbian xinghaxonot ejon bidexi roja bisarisil buli kuwa hoisil. pholsworupe, rajkumarjone stepanubhisokoloi douri goisil aaru epix aaru xadharon kormosari mejor milovan milovanuvis pilakok belgrador poraa sthanantor koriboloi onurudh jonaisil. stepanuvise uttor di koichil je teu iyak roja pitaror aagot ullekh koribo aaru duyujon lukok sthanantor koribo laage ney naai xeitu xiddhanto lo 'boloi teuk onumoti dibo. taar pisot rajkumare roja pieterok teur podotyagor prostab disil. jetiya stepanuvis dwitiyobaror baabe protirokya montri hoisil, tetiya charbiya sorkare upolobdhi korisil je mohan xoktixomuhe balkanok bibhokto koribo bisarisil aaru automan xamrajyor khristan jonoxongkhya bidruhor dixe aagbarhise. teur karzokalot charbiyai aan balkan dexxomuhor xoite keibatau protirokya sukti swakhyor korisil aaru balkan leeg gothon korisil. stepanuvise general redumir putnik aaru cornell jibhujin misisor xoite tarkir biruddhe juddhor baabe charbian xenar ekotrikoron, ekagrota aaru kouxologot bikaxor porikolpona bikoxito korisil. 1912 sonor xexor faale milovan milovanuvisor sorkare teur mrityur pisot podotyag kore aaru jetiya marku trifkuvise notun sorkar gothon kore, tetiya putnik notun protirokya montri hoy. prothom balkan juddho. prothom ostrupsar. prothom balkan juddho aarombho huwar loge loge stepa stepanuvis 60,000-xoktixali dwitiyo xenar xenapoti hoi pore, jaar haatot 84taa kaaman aasil. custandil-dupnitsa oncholot kendribhut hoi iyat 1moo timuk podatik bahini aaru bulgarian xoptom rilaa podatik bahini aasil. iyar lokhyo aasil prothom xenar aagot turkey pisfale aakromon koraa. xoptom rilaa dibhijon xenabahinir ongxo hoi porisil buli charbian xoinyoxokolok obogoto kori stepanuvise koichiloh" "moi aamar bhobisyotor kaamor uporot aatmobiswaxore saisu aaru xofolotat drirhobhabe biswax koru, kiyonu bohu xotika dhori prithok hoi thoka aaru etiya bhatritwobudh aaru aalingon koraa, nikototom bhatri, sarbo aaru bulgarianxokole ek oporiharzo xoktik protinidhitwo kore jiye xokolu baadha domon koribo aaru nipirito bhatrixokolok mukto koribo." " 1912 sonor 17 octoborot putnikoi stepanuvisok automan xamrajyor biruddhe charbiyar juddho ghuxonar bixoye obogoto kore. teu nijor xoinyobahinik automan ximantor usoroloi jaboloi nirdex disil, kintu poroborti janoni nidiyaloike iyak paar nokoriboloi nirdex disil. obosye, bulgarian haai commande rilaa bibhagor xenapoti jo 'rgee tudurovok automan ximanto paar kori kerebhu chelu aaru go' ronja jumajak aakromon koriboloi nirdex disil, jaak teu dokhol koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. stepanuvise teulukok ei xobdoburere obhinondon jonaisiloh "xoptom bibhagor nayokxokolor maajot hure." " 18 octoborot timok bibhage rujen-croney bharthor dixot automan owosthanxomuh aakromon koriboloi aarombho kore, aaru pisdina teuluke stepanuvisor nirdexot croney bhartho dokhol kore. 21 octoborot charbian haai commande timuk dibhijonok kumanubhur faale aagbarhi jaboloi nirdex disil. meyor dobro "saabh millenkovisor netritwot thoka betalione itimodhye kunu juj nuhuwakoi criva palongka dokhol korisil buli obogoto hoi stepanuvise sohorkhon dokhol korar baabe xokolu proyujoniyo kouxolor nirdex disil. iyar folot bohu xomoy nosto hoisil, kintu odhikangxo bibhage kunu protirudh obihone kribhurekka girikhat paar hoh "boloi xokhyom hoisil. duporiyar aarombhonite oswaruhi rejimente stresinor poraa 5-6 kilometer durot juj aarombho korisil aaru nixar xomoyot iyak dokhol koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. aakou ebaar, stepanuvisok ei ghotonar bixoye jonuwa huwa naai, aaru pisdina teu nijor xoinyoxokolok stresin dokhol koriboloi nirdex disil, jaar folot bohu xomoy nosto hoisil. ei ghotonar pisot prothom aaru dwitiyo xenar maajot jugajug sthapon koraa hoisil aaru kumanubhuloi juwa poth mukoli koraa hoisil. kumanuv 'ror juddho. kumanubhut xotruk ekotrito korar bixoye kunu nirdex nupuwar baabe, general stepanuvise timok dibhijonok 23 octoborot puwa 6 bojat kumunuv 'ror faale jatra koriboloi nirdex disil.em. eke xomoyote teu 23 octoborot xoptom dibhijonok kuchani dokhol koriboloi aaru taar pisot iyar kisuman bahineek eri swotipor faale pothiyaboloi nirdex disil. 23 octoborot ratipuwa timuk bibhage cratove 'aakromon korisil aaru enedore kumanuv' ror juddho aarombho hoisil. obosye, general tudurove teur hikemandor nirdex maani solisil, xeyehe teu kuchanik dokhol koriboloi maatro dohta betarir etaa betalion pothiyaisil, jaak xomogro dibhijone rokhya korisil. timok bibhage podojatra kori thokar xomoyot stepanuvise ei tukatu laabh korisil je oh 'bhise pologe aaru kuchanir poraa xoktixali automan bahiniye cratove' ror faale podojatra kori aase. iyar bhittit teu timuk bibhagor xenapotik cratove 'dokhol koriboloi aaru dokhyin dixor protirokya sthapon koriboloi drutogotit preron korisil. obosye, teuluke cratove 'oncholot uposthito huwar pisot, cornell kundike xiddhanto loisil je bibhajon bhagoruwa hoi porise aaru ratitu kotabo laage. iyak byobohar kori automanxokole croney bhaar dokhol korisil, jaak kewol bulgarian kumita bibhag aaru sarboxokolor etaa companye xurokhya disil. stepanuvise duyuta bibhagor kaam bhaal puwa nasil aaru iyak xorbuscho commandok prokax korisil. teu uttor paisil je 7moo bibhage binaa sortot kuchani aaru timuk bibhag creeny bhi. aar. eis. dokhol koribo laage. ifale stepanuvise gom paisil je 23 octoborot kumanubhut juddho hoisil. teu eitu dekhi aasorit hoisil aaru timuk bibhagor owosthanok loi sintit aasil, kintu tothapiu prothom bahineek xohay korar upay bisarisil. teu 24 octoborot timuk dibhijonok croney bhars dokhol koriboloi nirdex disil, kintu eitu kailoi 25 octoborot koraa hoisil. pisdina, hikemande stepanuvisok jonay je bulgaria sorkaror onurudhot xiddhanto luwa hoisil je timuk bibhagtu teulukor haatot rakhibo laage, jodihe "teu etiyau duyuta bibhag porisalona kore." "teu loge loge 7moo rilaa dibhijonok 14tomo charbian rejiment disil aaru general tudurovok prelapor faale automanor pisuwai juwa bondho koriboloi bregalonika nodir mukholoi nijor bahineek loi jaboloi nirdex disil, aaru taar pisot teu criva palongkar poraa stipoloi jaboloi onumoti bisarisil jaate odhik xohoje obhijanor aadex diya yaay. obosye, kratubhot uposthito huwar pisot teu general tudurovor poraa etaa preron prapto korisil zo 'too teu koichil je teu nijor haai commandor poraa teur xoinyobahinik cherez aaru demir hisaror faale sthanantor korar nirdex laabh korisil, jitu teu itimodhye nirdex disil. eitu porhar pisot stepanuvise bulgarianxokolok xohay koriboloi kisuman bahini prostut koriboloi criva palangkaloi ubhoti goisil. adrianpolor oworudh. general stepa stepanuvise 1912 sonor 6 novemborot mustafa paasa (adrianpolor baahiror relway steson) naamor nijor mukhyo karzaloy loi uposthito hoisil. loge loge teu bulgarian dwitiyo xena aaru oworudh xoinyor xorbuscho xenapoti general nikula ivanuvor xoite jugajug korisil. teur mukhyo karzaloy mustafa paxot sthapon koraa hoisil, zo 'too ivanuvoru owosthan aasil. 1912 sonot 3.december too juddhobiroti swakhyorito hoisil. obosye stepanuvise teur xenai monujug heruwabo nibisarisil. aanoki bordinor praak muhurtotu teu xorbadhik onuxaxon aaru xaju huwar daabi jonaisil. juddhobirotir xomoyot stepanuvise nijor xenar jugan unnot koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. bulgarian xorbuscho commandoi charbian dwitiyo xenabahini jugan dhoriboloi swikar korisil, kintu stepanuvis gunogoto mandondot xontusto nasil. xeyehe teu ruti, maangxo aaru onyanyo xamogrir gunogoto maan unnot koriboloi daabi jonaisil. jihetu teu bulgarian commandor xoite xonmoti sthapon koraa nasil, xeyehe teu charbian xorbuscho commandok "xoinikxokolor swasthyo aaru monubol rokhya koriboloi" jugan pothiyaboloi koichil." "dumahor prostutir pisot, 1913 sonor 24 marchot adrianpolok bondi korar baabe 3 diniya juddho aarombho korisil. teur timok bibhage kamanor xohay obihone maatro 45 minutet juddhokhetror xomogro uttor ongxo dokhol korisil aaru adrianpol durgor kamanor gulisalonar brihot ongxo tanisil. dinor xexot, eitu xiddhanto luwa hoisil je kailoi nixa, proti-byoktir baadha dhoriboloi aakromon aarombho koraa usit. jetiya aakromon aarombho hoisil, timuk bibhagor xonmukhbhagot, automanxokole teulukor sthan punor dokhol koriboloi chesta korisil, kintu teuluk bifol hoisil. general stepanuvisok denubo bibhagor pisfalor ukh maatir poraa aakromonor proityokhyo drishyo dekha goisil. xenar telegraphor dayitwot thoka nikula arandelvise poriwexor bornona korisiloh puwa 5:30 bojat stepanuvise charbian xoinyoxokolok aagor xarir uporot nirnayok aakromon koriboloi nirdex disil, jaate bulgarianxokole pubo khondot proxarito korat xohay koribo paare, ji puwa 8 bojat porisil. puwa 8:30 bojat dujon automan bixoya xukori paxar baabe aatmoxomorponor bixoye alusona koriboloi charbian 20tomo rejimentoloi aahisil. kunu protikriya nupuwar baabe, paxe teur xohojugik 20tomo rejimentoloi barta loi pothiyaisil je xukori paxe general stepanuvisor xoite alusona koribo bisare. stepanuvise uttor disil je commanderjone teuk alusona korar baabe khyomota diya nasil aaru teu general ivanuvor uddesye xombudhon koraa usit. ifale timok bibhage antiporsonel line dokhol kore aaru denubo bibhage point papas-tape dokhol kore. general stepanuvise denubo rejimentor xonmukhor xarir pisfale aagbarhi goisil, aaru puwa 11 bojat marasor usoror bekitepot aasil, jitu 4rtho charbian rejimente dokhol korisil. puwa 11.30 too bulgarian bixoyaxokole xukori paxar mukhyo karzaloyoloi aahisil, aaru teu xondhiya 12.15 too general ivanuvor usorot aatmoxomorpon korisil, kintu teu nijor byoktigoto issat eghonta pisot nijor mukhyo karzaloyoloi ubhoti aahisil. owoxexot eghontar pisot charbian xoinyoi teuk bondi kore. adrianpolor potonor pisot, stepanuvise 27 marchot xongzukto bischinnota gothon korisil aaru joy koraa sohoroloi nisthapurbokbhabe jatra korisil. keidinmanor pisot teu nirdex disil je cherno 'menot, itihax onuxori zo' too maritxar juddho hoisil thik xei thait, nihot nayokxokolor smritixoudho onusthito koraa usit. ongxogrohonkarixokolor mote, eitu ek aakorxoniyo aaru sporxokator muhurto aasil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote stepanuvise nijor xoinyobahinik sarbiyaloi ghurai niyar baabe prostuti aarombho kore. bulgaria sorkare teuk teur xoinyoxokolok ghurai niyar baabe porzapto rey "lo prodan koraa nasil, xeyehe teu bhabuki disil je teu teur xoinyoxokolok khuj kaarhi charbiyaloi ghurai loi jaabo. iyar pisot bulgariyaxokole proityakhyan korisil aaru teu 1 aprilor poraa 9 mey 'loi xomogro xoinyobahini sthanantor korisil. prothom biswojudho. prothom biswojudhor aarombhonite teu onuposthito sif owo stuff redumir putnikor protinidhi hisape kaam korisil. teu ekotrito koraa aaru juddhor kichu prostutir baabe daybodho aasil. putnik ubhoti ohaar pisot teu dwitiyo xenar netritwo loisil. prothom biswojudhot teu cher juddhot ek brihot bijoyot charbian xenak netritwo disil, zo 'too teur dwitiyo xenai austrian ponchom xenak xompurnorupe porasto kori ek bolpurbok podojatrar pisot drishyopotoloi uposthito hoisil. eyaa aasil juddhor prothom mitroxoktir bijoy, aaru teuk field marshwel hisape podunnoti diya hoisil. 1915 sonot charbier protirokhyar uporiu teur xenai drinner juddho aaru kolubarar juddhot xofolota laabh korisil. 1918 sonot teu punor dwitiyo xenar netritwo disil ji macedoniat brihot mitroponthi aakromonor ongxo aasil, teuluke 15 septemborot ek xofolota orjon korisil. dwitiyo xenabahini bulgaria ximantoloi aagbarhi goisil aaru taar poraa 1918 sonor 29 septemborot bulgariyar aatmoxomorponor pisot poschim dixot bob 'soniya aaru adriatic xagoror faale ghuri goisil. 1919 sonor xexoloike teu ejon xokriyo bixoya aasil, jetiya teu charbian xenar commander inn sif hisape xewar poraa owoxor loisil. teur keriyarot teu dubarkoi xena montri hisapeu xewa aagborhaisil. turkoxokolor biruddhe 1876-1878 juddhor xomoyot xahoxikotar baabe teuk "takubhoski krsto chaa ukorstenim masevima" podokore xojjito koraa hoisil. teuk saint michael aaru saint jorjor ataitkoi bixisto krosor night grand croch (gcmg) buliu xonmanito koraa hoisil. 1929 sonor 29 aprilot sasak sohorot teur mrityu hoy. uttoradhikari. teuk 100 john bixisto charbor bhitorot ontorbhukto koraa hoise.

stepa stepanovic stepan "stepa" stepanovic (,;; 29 april 1929) ekjon sarbian samrik commander chhilen jini serb-turkey juddho, serb-bulgarian juddho, prothom balkan juddho, dwitiya balkan juddho ebong prothom bishwojuddhe ladai korechilen. 1874 saale sarbian senabahinite jogdaner porr tini 1876 saale automan samrajyer bahinir biruddhe ladai corren. poroborti bochorgulite tini sarbian senabahinir podomorjadar upor uthhe asen ebong 1885 saale bulgarian bahinir biruddhe ladai corren. abosheshe 1908 saaler aprile tini sarbian juddhomontri hohn ebong sarbian senabahinite poriborton aanar jonno dayabaddha chhilen. stepanovic duti balkan juddher somoy sarbian bahinir netritto diyechilen ebong prothom bishwojuddher somoy sarbian dwitiya senabahinir netritto diyechilen. serr juddher porr tini dwitiya field marshala podey unnito hohn. 1929 saaler 29shhey april tini chakak-ayee maaraa zaan. prathomik shaishab ebong shikkha. stepan "stepa" stepanovic 1856 saaler 28shhey february belgrader kachhe kumodraj grame jonmogrohon corren. tini chhilen evan ebong radozka stepanovicher ("nee" nicolic) choturtho santan ebong tritiya putro. taanr pitamaha stepaner naame stepanovicher namkaran koraa hoyechilo, jaanke theke taanr poribarer upadhiti udbhuto hoyechilo. taanr paribarik utso somporke duti totto royeche. prothomti boley jey, stepanovicher purbopurushra, jaaraa givanovic naame porichito chhilen, taanra bosnia ebong lica anchal theke esechilen. dwitiya tottoti holl jey, taanr purbopurushra mohan serb abhibashoner somoy leskovak ebong pyroter ashepasher anchal theke esechilen. baadir kaajer karone, stepanovicher mayer kachhe taar jonno khub qama somoy chhilo ebong prayashai taake taar shashudir jotne rekhe jeto. prathomik bidyalaye porar agey tini gobadi poshur dekhashona korten ebong ekbar ekti shander aghate tini marattokbhabe ahoto hoyechilen. stepanovic kumodraje tribarshik prathomik vidyalaya shesh corren ebong captain misser prasade byayamagare jog deena. school shesh korar jonno tini prayashai dhonee belgrade poribarer seba korten. tini vall grade niye skooler prothom bochor shesh corren ebong bucky shikkha judey vall grade petey thaken. 1874 saaler septembore, stepanovic taar shostho bochorer byayamagare jog deoar poriborte belgrade artillery skooler xi shrenite talikabhukto hohn. panch bochorer byayam shesh korar karone taanke probeshika porikkha ditey hoyney. taanr classe unchallishjan cadette chhilen. seii somoye, belgrade artillery school ekti projuktigoto choritrer adhikari chhilo ebong goniter gyaner proti onek monojog dito, emon ekti vishay jekhane stepanovic sarbada kharap performance korten. stepanovic bideshi bhasayo khub ekta vall chhilen naa, jodio tini russian ebong farasi sahitya paden. herzegovina bidroh shuru howar porr serbier rajyo automan samrajyer saathe juddher prostuti shuru korey ebong belgrade artillery school byaboharik samrik proshikkhoner ekti karmasuchi shuru korey. 1875 saaler septembore, stepanovic ebong taanr sahopathira sokolei sharirik podomorjada laav corren. ekti porikkhai uttirno howar porr, stepanovic 1876 saaler meey maase junior surgent hohn. 1876 saaler june maase, balkan anchale sarbia ebong automan turkey bahinir modhye juddho shuru hoy, jaader beshirbhagi kosovor albanian chhilo. stepanovic ebong somogro xi shreni druto surgenter podomorjada peyechilo ebong taader samoner sarite pathano hoyechilo. serb-turkey juddho. stepanovic 1876 saaler 14ee meey kragujevak-ayee asen. ekhane, taanke cornell lubomir uzun-mirkovicher netritte sumadiza bibhager sodor doftore sushrinkhal kormokorta dayitto deoa hoy, jaar adesh stepanovic bohon korten. sumadiza bibhag chhilo moravian senabahinir prodhan ongsho, kintu juddher parikalpana poribortoner porr etty besh koyekti squadrone bivokto hoye yaay. stepanovichke uzun-mirkovicher squadrone nijukto koraa hoyechilo, jaar kachhe nishe automan shaktibriddhir agmon bondho korar jonno kanjevak senabahinike babina glava ebong bella palanka nitey sahayata korar adesh chhilo. abosheshe, babina glava neoa hoyechilo ebong stepanovichke uzun-mirkovic "khub chotpote ebong vall ashwarohaner jonno" ullekh korechilen."err porpori, automanra uzun-mirkovicher squadroner biruddhe palta akraman shuru korey, jaa pandrilote firey yaay. 19shhey julai automanra pandrillo akraman korey, ekti juddho shuru korey jekhane stepanovic sokriyobhabe ongshogrohon korechilen. niyamita sarbian sainyader pashapashi stepanovicher ongshogrohon noitikotake baadiye toley ebong juddher joarke ghuriye ditey sahayata korey. eyi obhiggota stepanovichke byapokbhabe probhabito korechilo ebong tini prayashai anyanno sarbian sainyader noitikotar unnotir jonno taader saathe ladai korten. kunjajevaker potoner porr, automander morava upottokai pouchano theke biroto rakhar jonno stepanovic ebong taanr squadron deligrad theke sokobanjai choley yaay. sokobanjai, serb bahini punra sangathito hoy ebong cornell dura horvatovicher netritte choturtho seena bahini gathon korey. porey stepanovic eyi unite jog deena. choturtho seena bahini kurilovo judey agrasar hoy ebong binike pouchai jekhane taaraa automan abosthangulite akraman korey. erpor etty deligrade choley yaay, jekhane etty 7 septembara pouche. choturtho seena bahini 11ee septembara craveter kachhe turkider saathe sangharsha korey, ekti juddhe jaa anirdishtabhabe shesh hoy. serb oo automan turkey bahinir modhye ekti juddhobiroti ghoshana koraa hoy 1876 saaler 1 navembar. 1 december, stepanovichke sahosikotar jonno swarnapadak pradan koraa hoy ebong dwitiya leftenant podey unnito koraa hoy. 1877 saaler 13ee february tini sarbian senabahinir 3yoy battellioner 3yoy companyr commander nijukto hohn. porey, stepanovic pyrote dokholer kaaje ongsho nene. general jovan belimarkovicher samogrik netritte, stepanovic ebong taanr 300-shaktishali bahini nisorer baam parshwe akraman korey, jaa automanra shohore jey duti sthanke surokkhito korechilo taar modhye ekti. 26 theke 27 september modhye, stepanovicher doll nisorer charpashe olokkhitobhabe atikram korey ebong mully bharh niye neyo. 27shhey septembara sokale, jokhon prodhan sarbian akraman shuru hoy, tokhon taar doll nisorer upor gully chaalaay, sekhane abosthanroto automander bibhranto korey. porey, pyroteke bondee koraa hoy. stepanovicher uniter ekjon sainik bolechilenoh "aami dekhte pachchi jey, aami jodi bhul naa corry, tobey amader podokkhep nisorer turkey abosthaner upor prodhan aghat korechilo ebong pyroter bhagyer samadhan korechilo."porey stepanovichke order off seenta deoa hoy. toloar ebong fita soho tritiya shrenir swetislav, taanr puro karmajiban judey prapto samasta puroskarer modhye taanr priya kaaron tini nijeke "[prothom] turkey porikh probeshkari" boley money korten." 3raa december, sumadiza bahini duti storbinnase pirot theke nees porjonto jatra shuru korey. eyi podojatrar somoy, stepanovic podatik bahinir ekti ordho-batellion ebong kichhu ashwarohi bahinir netritto deena jaa subha planiner kathin bhukhanda judey choley yaay. taa sotteo, taanr samasta looka treeka theke benche zaan ebong juddher jonno prostuto hoye asen. porey stepanovic bolechilen jey, pahader opare jatra chhilo taanr juddher sabcheye kathin kaaj. 1878 saaler 23shhey januari sarbian hikemund sumadiza bibhagke bhranj shohor dokholer nirdesh deyo. sumadiza bibhag tokhon polzanica theke automander bitadito korey ebong grodelica klisurake porajito korey. 25shhey januari, stepanovic ekti swechchasebok doler commander hohn, jaaraa poljanikar sthaniya sarboder soshostro korey. besh kayekdin porr, bhrangjer juddhe, stepanovic shohorer uttor theke assa automander bhaktin akraman corren. shantikalin. juddho shesh howar porr, stepanovic belgrade military academyte taar school shesh korar jonno atirikto classes nene, 1880 saaler modhye seguli sampurna corren. seii bochorer septembore, tini kragujevak-ayee sthanantarer anurodh zanan. sekhane tini sarbian senabahinir 3yoy battellioner 2yoy companyr netritto laav corren. octobore tini ekoi battellioner 1maum companyr commander hohn. kragujevak-ayee, stepanovic taar bhabishyat stree, shohorer prodhan velislav milanovicher konna, jelenar saathe dekha corren. 1881 saaler 25shhey julai taanra biye corren. taander prothom santan milikar jonmo hoy 1882 saaler 21shhey april. porer bochor jelena eyi dampatir dwitiya konna danicker jonmo deena. stepanovicher dui konna officerder biye deena, milika second leftenant christa dragomirovichke biye corren ebong danica prothom shrenir captain jovika jovichike biye corren, jini porey sarbian senabahinir dibhishana general hohn. 1880 saaler shesh troimasike taanr prothom sarkari mulyayane ekti bishesh samrik kamishana stepanovichke evabe bornona koreche 1882 saaler 1laa septembara, stepanovic podatik leftenant podey unnito hohn ebong tini ugse ekjon commander hohn, jekhane tini 1883 saaler 13ee february porjonto chhilen, jokhon tini kragujevake firey asen. kragujevak pouchonor porr, tini sumadiza podatik regimente samrik sahokari hisabe nijukto hohn. seii ekoi bochor, talikabhukto sarbia byayamagar kormosuchite samrik anushilan badhyotamulok korey. porobortikale stepanovic prothom kragujevak byayamagare samrik onushiloner shikkhok hohn. 1886 saal porjonto tini eyi podey chhilen. serb-bulgarian juddho (1885). sleevenitser juddher somoy, stepanovic sumadiza bibhager 2yoy battellioner 1maum companyr netritto deena. taanr doll bhrapche grame akraman korey ebong bulgarian bahinike pichu hotote badhyo korey. 12tomo regimenter commanderke pathano ekti protibedone stepanovic sarbian senabahinir bibhag, rejimenta ebong battellioner modhye samanwayer abhab bodhgamya. koyek deane porey, stepanovic 12tomo regimenter 1maum batalioner commander hohn ebong onno uniter sainyader saathe milit hoye sleevenitser durbal bulgarian kendra akraman corren. bulgarianra poschadposoron shuru korey, serb bahinike aldomirovtsi gramer ashepasher anchal dokhol korar anumati deyo. taanr protibedone, stepanovic taanr sainyader somporke likhechenoh "eyi juddhe sainyader acharan durdanto chhilo kaaron crossfire somoy khola matther upor diye yawa sotteo taaraa durdanto niramoy dekhiyeche. sainyader sahos oo vall adesher khettre adhikarikder acharan sontoshjonok chhilo." sarbian bahinike bulgaria theke berr korey deoar porr, raja milan 19shhey navembar sarbian senabahinike pyroter dike sorey yawar nirdesh deena. tinn deane porr, bulgarian bahini shohorer dike agrasar hoy ebong neskov vis-err upor akraman shuru korey. stepanovicher 12tomo rejimenta pichu hotote badhyo hoy. porey stepanovic report korenoh "...aami hospitale choley jaai jekhane amader sainyader ekti borh ongsho pichu hotte. prachinder konao prochesta taader firiye aante pareni. arow sainya taader anusaran korey ebong tarpor seii hasyokor jonota taader thamanor chesta koraa officerder tadiye deyo." uthhe dandan. serb-bulgarian juddher samaptir saathe saathe, stepanovic kragujevake firey asen, jekhane tini 1886 saaler navembar porjonto abosthan corren. kragujevake, tini 10maum regimenter ekti companyr netritto deena. 1886 saaler sheshe tini dwitiya shrenir podatik captain podey unnito hohn. 1886 saaler 22shhey navembar theke 1888 saaler 22shhey octobor porjonto tini sarbian general stuffer ekjon agrahi chhilen. 1888 saaler sheshe onusthito boithoke general stuff kamishana bolechilo jey "dwitiya shrenir captain mih. stepanovic sodor doftorer 'service'-err jonno jotheshto jogyata ebong proman dekhiyechilen, eyi uposonghare jey "eyi sheete prothom shrenir captain podomorjadar jonno ekti porikkha shuru korar jonno taake anumodan koraa uchito." " 1889 saaler march maase, stepanovic eyi porikkhar jonno report corren ebong kamishana 2 april taake shuru korar anumati deyo. 2 theke 6 april porjonto, stepanovic baroti bishoye taanr porikkhar tattik ongshoti somponno corren. tini porikkhar byaboharik ongsho theke mukti peyechilen, kaaron tini sodor doftorer bhromon ebong missione khub vall grade peyechilen. porikkhar kichudin agey tini drina bibhagiya elakar nirbahi hohn. porikkhar porr tini valjevote choley zaan. 1889 saaler 17ee april tini prothom shrenir adhinayak hohn. 29 march theke 15 april 1892 porjonto, stepanovic likhechilen ebong milutin milanovic ebong givogene misiker moto ekoi somoye mejor poder jonno ekti porikkhai safalbhabe uttirno hoyechilen. 1892 saaler 13ee septembara pojegai 5maum battellioner commander hohn stepanovic. porer bochorer 8ee meey tini mejor podey unnito hohn. 14ee august, tini abar drina bibhagiya elakar nirbahi hisabe dayitto paloner jonno valjevote sthanantorito hohn. 1895 saaler 20shhey octobor porjonto tini valjevote chhilen, jokhon taanke belgrade sthanantorito koraa hoy. stepanovic belgrade panch maas chhilen, jekhane tini 7maum battellioner commander chhilen. tini belgrade military academyte samrik itihaser khandakalin adhyapako hoyechilen. 1897 saaler 30shhey march tini belgrade 6stho podatik regimenter bharprapto commander hohn. 11 meey tini cornell podey unnito hohn ebong doo 'deane porr tini 6stho podatik regimenter commander hohn. stepanovic 1898 saaler 27shhey octobor protirokkha montroker chiff off general stuff hohn. tini 1899 saaler 15ee march porjonto eyi podey dayitto palon corren, jokhon tini protirokkha montroker sadharan samrik bibhager nirbahi hohn. jodio tini baadir vitore kaaj korte pochondo korten naa, tobuo tini porichorjar sadasyader upor durdanto chhaap felechilen ebong atyanta kathor oo samayanubartita hisabe smaraniya hoye chhilen. 1900 saaler 17ee octobor taanke abar valjevote bodli koraa hoy, jekhane tini drina bibhager ekti podatik brigader commander hohn. 11 navembar ekti bhul bojhabujhir karone, taake jajekare bodli koraa hoy ebong timok bibhage ekti podatik brigader commander hisabe nijukto koraa hoy. tini eyi abosthanti pochondo korechilen ebong bolechilenoh "ekjon officer jonno sainyadal ekti machher jonno joler soman, ebong biseshoto ekjon sodor doftorer officer. sekhane seey jaa jaane taa dekhate paare ebong folafol dekhate paare. officety atmake hotya korey, shakti nishkashon korey ebong manushke prokriyate rupantarita korey." " 1901 saaler 18ee august, stepanovic sodor doftorer cornell podey unnito hohn ebong 11ee navembar tini sarbian senabahinir sakriya samrik commander deputi executive hohn. 1902 saaler 15ee december tini eyi podey dayitto palon corren, jokhon tini sadharan kormocharir nirbahi hohn. porey, raja prothom alekjandar taanke dwitiya shrenir takovo krusher adesh diye sajjito korechilen. stepanovic samrik itihaser adhyapak hisabe taanr bhumika abyahoto rekhechilen, 1796-1805 samaykal theke napolean juddher boktrita diyechilen. tini "joddha" () naame porichito samrik potrikar sampadako chhilen. 1903 saaler meey maase ghote yawa meey utkhato stepanovicher kormojibone prabhab felleny. khomotachyuto howar porr tini protirokkha montroker sadharan bibhager bibhagiya prodhan hohn ebong tarpor sumadiza bibhager commander hohn. eyi padonnatir karone, onek itihasbid biswas korte shuru korechen jey, eyi bishoye taanr niropekkhota sotteo obrenovic rajbongshoke utkhatkari shorojontrokarider pokkhe chhilen stepanovic. khomotai aasaar porr, pitter 1maum 1904 saaler 29shhey june stepanovichke stara off caradorde tritiya degree diye sajjito corren. general dura horvatikke anukaran korey, stepanovic taar bibhage prussian-shailir samrik mahada shuru corren ebong protiti aniyam, bhul, aini aporadh ebong rashtriya sampatti bajeyapta korar shasti deena. 1906 saaler bosonte kragujevak-ayee, jekhane stepanovic sumadiza bibhager commander hisabe motayen chhilen, ekti tothakothito sharirik palta shadayantra ghote. kichhu itihasbid biswas corren jey, eyi shadayantrati stepanovicher kathor shasoner dwara shuru hoyechilo. eyi shadayantre kragujevak garrisoner pray trishjan kormokorta jorito chhilen, jaaraa shohorer besh koyekti guruttopurno sarkari bhobon dokhol korar ebong tarpor stepanovichke greptar korar parikalpana korechilen. 30shhey april jokhon chokrantoti unmochito hoy, tokhon stepanovic 31 john kormokortake greptar corren. arow greptar howar ichcha prakash korle protirokkha montri radomir putnik taanke thamiye deena. eyi shadayantre stepanovic govirbhabe mormahoto hohn ebong porey ghoshana korenoh balkan juddher jonno porichorja ebong prostuti. 1907 saaler 29shhey june stepa stepanovichke general podey unnito koraa hoy, kintu sumadiza bibhagiya anchaler commander hisabe theke zaan. nicola passic 1908 saaler 12ee april ekti notun sarkar gathon corren ebong stepanovic protirokkha montri hohn. taanr shasonkale tini senabahinike adhunikikaran ebong purno mausar raifelguli punornirmaner chesta korechilen. tini france theke notun kaman kiney sarbian senabahinike sarbaraha korechilen. senabahini jokhon meshingan order korar chesta korechilo, tokhon stepanovic ekti vinno, arow rakkhanshil drishtibhongi grohon korechilen, jemon cornell vlagic, jini stepanovicher montrisobhai kaaj korten, likhechenoh 1908 saaler octobore austria-hangeri dwara bosnia sangjukto howar porr sarbia ebong montenegrote byapok bikkhov shuru hoy. austria-hangeriander biruddhe juddho ghoshana korar daabi zanan bipul sankhyak nagrik. stepanovic sotorko korey diyechilen jey desh oo senabahini juddher jonno prostuto noy ebong ubhaykei prachur porimane kutnaitik, arthik oo samrik proshikkhon nitey hobey. taanr boktobbo onek dick theke, emonki sarbian sangbadmadhyameo prachur samalochana uske deyo. falaswarup, tini protirokkha montrir podo theke borkhasto hohn ebong 1909 saaler shurute portfoliobihin montri hohn. seii bochorer shesher dike, tini bhabishyater juddher jonno sarbian senabahinike prostuto korte putnikke sokriyobhabe sahayata korechilen. 1910 saaler shurute, stepanovic morava bibhagiya anchaler senapati hohn ebong soshostro juddher jonno bibhag prostuto korar kaajti grohon corren. 1911 saaler marcher shurute, stepanovic abar protirokkha montri hohn. err porpori, juboraj aleksandar karadorevic stepanovicher proti sandeha prakash corren, jaake tini senapati dragutin dimitriyevich episer sahanubhutishil boley money corren, jini sombhoboto khomotachyuto neta chhilen ebong jini sarbian singhasone ekjon bideshi raja cheyechilen boley bolla hoy. falaswarup, juboraj druto stepanovicher kachhe zaan ebong epis ebong general stuff mejor milovan milovanovic pilakke belgrade theke sthanantorito korar anurodh zanan. stepanovic eyi boley protikriya janiyechilen jey tini raja pieter kachhe etty ullekh korben ebong taake siddhanta neoar anumati deben jey eyi dujonke bodli koraa uchito kina. erpor rajputra raja pieter kachhe taanr podotyagpotrer prostab deena. jokhon stepanovic dwitiyobarer jonno protirokkha montri hohn, tokhon serbier sarkar bujhte paare jey mohan shaktiguli balkanke bivokto korte chaay ebong automan samrajyer khristan jonogon bidroher dwarprante royeche. taanr meyadkale, sarbia anyanno balkan desher saathe besh koyekti protirokkha chukti swakkhar corren ebong balkan leeg toiri corren. general radomir putnik ebong cornell givogene misiker pashapashi stepanovic, turkeyr biruddhe juddher jonno sarbian senabahinir sanhatkaran, ekagrota ebong kaushalgata unnoyoner parikalpana toiri korechilen. 1912 saaler sharatkale, milovan milovanovicher sarkar taanr mrityur porr podotyag korey ebong marco trifkovic jokhon ekti notun sarkar gathon corren, tokhon putnik notun protirokkha montri hohn. prothom balkan juddho. prothom apareshana. prothom balkan juddho shuru howar saathe saathe stepa stepanovic 60,000-shaktishali dwitiya senabahinir commander hohn, jaar kachhe 84tii kaman chhilo. custandil-dupnitsa anchale kendribhuto, etey 1maum timok podatik bibhag ebong bulgaria saptam rila podatik bibhag chhilo. err lakkhya chhilo prothom senabahinir agey turkey poschadbhage akraman koraa. sarbian sainyader janiyechilen jey saptam rila bibhag senabahinir ongsho hoye utheche, stepanovic bolechilenoh" "aami amader bhabishyater kaajer proti attobiswaser saathe dekhi ebong safalye dridhobhabe biswas corry, kaaron shatabdi dhorey bichchinno ebong ekhon bhratrittopurno ebong alingan koraa, nikatatama bhai, serb ebong bulgarianra ekti aprotirodhyo shaktir protinidhitto korey jaa samasta badha domon korbe ebong nipidito bhaider mukto korbe." " 1912 saaler 17ee octobor, putnik automan samrajyer biruddhe serbier juddho ghoshanar bishoye stepanovichke abohito corren. tini taanr senabahinike automan seemanter kachakachi yawar nirdesh deena, kintu poroborti nirdesh naa deoa porjonto taa atikram naa korar nirdesh deena. tobey, bulgaria hikemund rila bibhager commander georgy todorovke automan seemanto atikram korey kerevo cello oo gornja jumaja akraman korar nirdesh deyo, jaa tini dokhol korte sokkhom hohn. stepanovic taader eyi boley abhinandan jaanaanh 'saptam bibhager birder biday deane." " 18ee octobor, timok bibhag ruzen-croney vrh-err dike automan abosthan akraman korte shuru korey ebong porer deane taaraa stepanovicher nirdeshe croney vrh dokhol korey. 21shhey octobor sarbian hikemund timok bibhagke kumanovor dike agrasar howar nirdesh deyo. meyor dobrosav millenkovicher netritte batalionti itimadhye konao ladai chharai criva palanka dokhol koreche eyi bishoye abogoto naa hoye, stepanovic shohor dokholer jonno prayojaniya samasta kaushaler nirdesh deena. etey onek somoy noshto holeo odhikangsho bibhag konao protirodh chharai crivorecca girikhater modhyo diye jete sokkhom hoy. dupur dike, ashwarohi rejimenta stracin theke 5-6 kilometres doore ekti ladai shuru korey ebong raater belaay etty dokhol korte sokkhom hoy. abar, stepanovichke eyi ghotona somporke janano hoyney ebong porer deane tini taanr sainyader strussin dhorar nirdesh deena, jaa onek somoy noshto korey. eyi ghotonar porr, prothom oo dwitiya senabahinir modhye jogajog sthapon koraa hoy ebong kumanovor rasta khola hoy. kumanovor juddho. kumanovote shotruder ekotrito korar bishoye konao adesh naa peye, general stepanovic 23 octobor sokal 6taay timok bibhagke kumonovor dike jatra korar nirdesh deena.emm. ekoi somoye tini 23shhey octobor saptam bibhagke kochanir dayitto neoar ebong tarpor taar kichhu bahinike chhede diye shtiper dike pathanor nirdesh deena. 23shhey octobor sokale timok bibhag cratovo akraman korey ebong evabe kumanovor juddho shuru hoy. zaihok, general todorov taanr hikemander adesh meney cholten, taai tini kochanir dokhol neoar jonno dashti battery ekti batalion pathiyechilen, jaa ekti puro bibhag dwara rakkha koraa hoyechilo. timok bibhag jokhon podojatrai chhilo, tokhon stepanovic eyi notti peyechilen jey ovche polze ebong kochanir kachh theke shaktishali automan bahini cratovor dike agrasar hachche. err vittite, tini timok bibhager commanderke cratovor dokhol nitey ebong dakkhin dike protirokkha protistha korte tadatadi korechilen. tobey, taaraa cratovo elaka pouchanor porr, cornell condic siddhanta nene jey bibhag klanto ebong ratta katano uchito. etty byabohar korey, automanra shee. arr. enn. aaee. arr. eich-err dokhol neyo, jaa shudhumatra bulgarian komita bibhag ebong sarboder ekti sangostha dwara surokkhito chhilo. stepanovic ubhoy bibhager kaaj pochondo korenni ebong supreme commandke etty janiyechilen. tini uttor peyechilen jey 7maum bibhagke bina shorte kochanir ebong timok bibhager niyantran nitey hobey. edike, stepanovic jaante paren jey 23shhey octobor kumanovote juddho hoyechilo. tini etey bismito hoyechilen ebong timok bibhager abosthan niye chintito chhilen, kintu tobuo prothom senabahinike sahajyo korar upay khunjchilen. tini 24shhey octobor timok bibhagke shee. arr. enn. aaee. arr. eich-err dayitto neoar nirdesh deena, kintu etty agamikal 25shhey octobor koraa hoy. porer deane, hikemund stepanovichke jaanaay jey bulgarian sarkarer anurodhe siddhanta neoa hoyechilo jey timok bibhag taader niyantrane rakha uchito, tobey shorto thaake jey tini ekhono ubhoy bibhag porichalona corren." "tini abilambe 7maum rila divisionke 14tomo sarbian rejimenta diyechilen ebong general todorovke prelaper dike automan poschadposoron bondho korar jonno bregalnica nadeer mukher dike taar bahinike chaalito korar nirdesh diyechilen ebong tarpore tini arow sahoje apareshana korar jonno criva palanka theke shtipa yawar anumati cheyechilen. tobey, cratovote pouchonor porr tini general todorover kachh theke ekti raona peyechilen jekhane tini janiyechilen jey tini taanr nijer hikemander kachh theke taanr bahinike serez ebong demir hisarer dike sariye neoar adesh peyechen, jaa tini itimadhye adesh diyechilen. etty porar porr, stepanovic bulgariander sahajyo korar jonno nirdishto bahini prostuto korte criva polankai firey zaan. adrianopoler aborodh. general stepa stepanovic 1912 saaler 6ee navembar mustafa pasha (adrianopoler baire rail steshana) naame taanr sodor daftar niye asen. abilambe tini bulgaria dwitiya senabahini ebong aborodhkari sainyader sorbochcho commander general nicola ivanover saathe jogajog corren. taanr sodor doptor mustafa pasha sthapon koraa hoyechilo, jekhane ivanovo abosthan korchilen. 1912 saale juddhobiroti swakkhorito hoy. tobey, stepanovic channi jey taar senabahini monojog harak. emonki badadiner prakkaleo tini sorbochcho srinkhala oo prostutir daabi zanan. juddhobirotir somoy, stepanovic taanr senabahinir sarbaraha unnoto korte sokkhom hohn. bulgaria sorbochcho command sarbian dwitiya senabahini sarbaraha korte raji hoyechilo, kintu stepanovic gunoman niye santushta chhilen naa. taai tini ruty, mangs ebong anyanno ponner gunogoto maaner unnotir daabi zanan. jehetu tini bulgarian commander saathe ekmat hononi, taai tini sarbian supreme commandke sainyader swastho oo monobol rakkhar jonno sarbaraha pathate bolechilen.dui maaser prostutir porr, 1913 saaler 24shhey march adrianopolke dhorar jonno 3 diner juddho shuru hoy. taanr timok bibhag golandaj bahini chharai matro 45 minuter modhye juddhokkhetrer puro uttor ongsho dokhol korey ebong adrianople durger golandaj bahinir beshirbhag ongsho teney niye yaay. deane sheshe siddhanta neoa hoy jey, cull raate akraman koraa uchito jaate antipersonal badha dhora yaay. akraman shuru holey, timok bibhager saamone, automanra taader abosthan punra dokhol korar chesta korechilo, kintu taaraa byartho hoyechilo. general stepanovichke danube bibhager pichoner unchu jaiga theke sarasari akraman koraa dekhachchilo. nicola arandelovic, jini senabahinir telegrapher dayitte chhilen, tini poribesher bornona diyechenah sokal 5taa 30 minute, stepanovic sarbian sainyader purbo sectore bulgariander dhakka ditey sahayata korar jonno samoner sarite siddhantamulak akromone egiye yawar nirdesh deena, jaa sokal 8taar dike porey yaay. sokal 8taa 30 minute, dui automan officer shukri pashar karone atmosomorponer jonno alochona korte sarbian 20tomo regimente asen. konao protikriya naa peye, pasha taar sahokarike 20tomo regimente barta diye pathiyechilen jey shukri pasha general stepanovicher saathe alochona korte chaan. stepanovic uttor diyechilen jey tini commander dwara alochona porichalona korar jonno onumodito nonn ebong taanr general ivanovke sambodhan koraa uchito. itimadhye timok bibhag antipersonnel line dokhol korey ebong danube bibhag point papas-tape dokhol korey. general stepanovic danube regimenter samoner sarir pichhone sorey zaan ebong sokal 11taay marasher kachhe bekitepe chhilen, jaa 4rtho sarbian rejimenta dwara dokhol koraa hoyechilo. sokal 2taay bulgaria kormokortara shukri pashar sodor doftore asen ebong tini raat 1taay general ivanover kachhe atmosomorpon corren, kintu tini taanr byaktigato ichchai eka ghanta porey taanr sodor doftore firey asen. shesh porjonto eka ghanta porey sarbian sainyara taake dhorey feley. adrianopoler potoner porr, 27 march stepanovic sommilito bichchinnota gathon corren ebong vijayprapta shohore gombhirbhabe agrasar hohn. koyek deane porey, tini nirdesh deena jey, chernomene, thhik seii jaiga jekhane itihas onusare maritsar juddho hoyechilo, sekhane shaheed birder ekti smritisoudho sthapon koraa uchito. ongshogrohonkarider motey, etty chhilo akarshaniya ebong hridaygrahi muhurta. err porpori, stepanovic taar senabahinike serbia firiye aanar prostuti shuru corren. bulgaria sarkar taake taar sainyader firiye aanar jonno porjapto train deyoni, taai seey humki diyechilo jey seey taar senabahinike paye hente serbia firiye niye jaabe. err porey, bulgarianra sorey yaay ebong tini 1 april theke 9 meey porjonto puro senabahinike sthanantorito corren. prothom bishwojuddho. prothom bishwojuddher shurute tini onuposthito chiff off stuff radomir putniker protinidhi hisabe kaaj korechilen. tini sangathitkaran ebong kichhu juddher prostutir jonno dayee chhilen. putniker firey aasaar porr tini dwitiya senabahinir netritto grohon corren. prothom bishwojuddhe tini serer juddhe sarbian senabahinike netritto deena, jekhane taanr dwitiya senabahini austrian pancham senabahinike sampurnarupe porajito korey, ekti jorpurbak podojatrar porey ghotonasthole pouche. etty chhilo juddher prothom mitro bijoy, ebong tini field marshala podey unnito hohn. taanr senabahini 1915 saale serbier protirokkhar pashapashi drina juddho ebong kolabarar juddhe safalya orjon korey. 1918 saale tini abar dwitiya senabahinir netritte chhilen jaa macedonia mitrobahinir bishal akromoner ekti ongsho chhilo, taaraa 15 septembara ekti aggrogoti orjon korey. dwitiya senabahini bulgaria seemante agrasar hoy ebong sekhan theke 1918 saaler 29shhey septembara bulgaria atmosomorponer porr poschim dike bosnia oo adriatic sagorer dike agrasar hoy. 1919 saaler shesh porjonto tini ekjon sakriya kormokorta chhilen, jokhon tini sarbian senabahinir prodhan senapati hisabe chakri theke abosar grohon corren. kormojibone tini doo 'barr senabahinir montrir dayittao palon korechilen. turkider biruddhe 1876-1878 juddher somoy sahosikotar jonno tini "takovsky crust shaa ukrestanim masivima" podok diye sajjito hoyechilen. tini seenta michael ebong seenta georger sabcheye bishishto order night granned cross (zii. shee. emm. zii)-teo bhushito hohn. 1929 saaler 29shhey april tini chakak shohore maaraa zaan. uttoradhikar. tini 100 john bishishto sarber modhye antarbhukta.

stepa stepanovic steppen "stepa" stepanovic (,;-29 april 1929) aek serbian lashkari commander hataa jemane serb-turkey yuddh, serb-bulgarian yuddh, pratham balkan yuddh, beeju balkan yuddh aneey pratham vishvyudhhma ladat aapee hatee. september serbian sainyamaa jodaya baad, temane juuna ottoman samrajyna dado saame ladat aapee. pachhinaa varshomaa, teo serbian sainyana hodda parr chadhyaa aneey aneey bulgarian dado saame ladyaa. aakhare teo april october serbian yuddh mantree banyaa aneey serbian sainyamaa ferfaro karvaa maate jawabdar hataa. stepanoviche beey balkan yuddho darmiyan serbian daloni kamaan sambhaali hatee aneey pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan serbian beejee senaanu netrutva karyoo hatoo. sernee ladaai pachhi temne beeja filled marshel tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. teo 29 april april roj kakakma mrutyu pamya hataa. praarambhik baadpan aneey shikshan. steppen "stepa" stepanovicno janm 28 februari februari roj belgrade najiknaa kumodraj gaammaan thayo hato. teo ivaan aneey radozka stepanovic ("nee" niqoliqa) naa chothaa santaan aneey trija putra hataa. stepanoviknu naam temnaa daadaa stepennaa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo, jemnathi temnaa parivaarnu atak udbhavyu hatoo. temnaa paarivaarik mulnaa beey siddhaanto chhe. pratham janaave chhe keey stepanovikna purvajo, jeo zivanovic tareeke odakhaata hataa, teo bosnia aneey likaanaa pradeshomathi aavyaa hataa. beejo siddhaant aee chhe keey temnaa purvajo mahaan serb sthalaantar darmiyan leskovak aneey pirotnee najikthi aavyaa hataa. gharnaa kaamne kaarane, stepanovikni maataa paase tenaa maate bahoo ochho samay hato aneey ghanivaar tene tenee saasuni sambhaalmaa chhodi detee hatee. praathmeek shaalaama jataa pahelaa, teo pashuoni sambhaal raakhtaa hataa aneey aek vakhat temne aek aakhalo dwara kharaab reete ijaa pahonchadvama aavee hatee. stepanoviche kumodraazmaa traivarshik praathmeek shaala purn curry aneey capton misana haveleemaa vyayamshalama haajari aapee. shaalaakiy shikshan purun karvaa maate, teo ghanivaar vadhu samruddh belgrade parivaaroni sevaa kartaa hataa. temane shaalaanu pratham varsh saaraa grade saathe purun karyoo aneey temnaa baakinaa shikshan darmiyan saaraa grade melavvaanu chaalu raakhyu. september september, stepanoviche vyayamshalana chhaththa varshmaa haajari aapvaane badale belgrade artillery skoolnaa XI vargmaa bhartee curry. temane paanch varshnu vyayamshala purn curry leedhu hovathi temne pravesh pariksha aapvani jaroor nahoti. temnaa vargmaa 29 cadets hataa. teey samaye, belgrade artillery school takneeki paatra dharaavati hatee aneey ganeetnaa gyaan parr ghanoo dhyaan aaptee hatee, aek vishhay jemaa stepanoviche hammesha nabalu pradarshan karyoo hatoo. stepanovic videshi bhashaoma pann bahoo saaraa nahota, joke temane russian aneey french saahitya vaanchyu hatoo. harzegovina badvo faatee nikalyaa pachhi, serbiana rajwada ottoman saamrajya saathe yuddhni taiyari sharoo curry aneey belgrade artillery schoole vyavhaaru marshel trainingno kaarykram sharoo karyo. september september, stepanovic aneey tenaa sahpathione shaaririk darajjo malyo. aek pariksha paas karyaa pachhi, stepanovic meey juuna juniyar sargent banyaa. juuna juuna, balkanma serbia aneey ottoman turkeesh dado vachche yuddh faatee nikalyu, jemathi motabhagna kosovonaa albanian hataa. stepanovic aneey samagr XI vargne zadapthi sargentno darajjo malyo aneey temne frontlinemaa mokalvaamaa aavyaa. serb-turkey yuddho. stepanovic 14 meey november roj kragujevak pahonchya. aheen, temne curnell lubomir uzun-mirkovikni aagevani hethalnaa sumadija vibhagna mukhya mathakma suvyavasthit adheekari faraj sonpavama aavee hatee, jemnaa aadeshonu paalan stepanovic dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sumadija vibhag moravian senaano mukhya bhaag hato, parantu yuddhni yojnaoma ferfar pachhi, tene anek squadronma vahenchvaamaa aavyo hato. stepanovicne uzun-mirkovikni tukadine sonpavama aavyo hato, jene nisamaa ottoman sainyabalonaa aagamanne rokvaa maate kanjaavek senaane bebinaa glava aneey belaa palaankaane levaamaa madad karvaanaa aadesho hataa. aakhare, bebinaa glava levaamaa aavyo hato aneey stepanovicne uzun-mirkovic dwara "khoob chapal aneey saaree savaari maate" nondhvaamaa aavyo hato."teey pachhi tarat jaj, ottomanoae uzun-mirkovikni tukadi saame valato humalo karyo, jeey pandrillo taraf pichhehath curry. ottomanoae 19 julyna roj pandrillo parr humalo karyo, jemaa aek yuddh sharoo thayu jemaa stepanoviche sakreey reete bhaag leedho hato. niyameet serbian sainiko saathe stepanovicni bhagidariae naitiktama vadhaaro karyo aneey yuddhnaa pravaahne badalvama madad curry. aaa anoobhavthi stepanovicne ghanee assar thaee aneey teo ghanivaar anya serbian saineekoni naitikta vadhaarvaa maate temnee saathe ladvaano aasharo letaa hataa. kanjavekna patan pachhi, stepanovic aneey tenee tukadi ottomanne morava kheen sudhee pahonchata rokvaa maate delegradethi sokobanja taraf aagad vadhee. sokobanjama, serb daloae curnell dura horvatovikna aadesh hethal IV armie corpsnee rachnaa curry hatee. tyarbad stepanovic aaa ekammaa jodaya hataa. IV armie corpsey kurilovo paar cooch curry aneey vinik pahonchi jyaan tene ottoman sthaano parr humalo karyo. tyarbad teey delegrade taraf aagad vadhyu, jyaan teey 7 septembernaa roj pahonchyu. pahonchyu armie corps 11 septembernaa roj cravet najik turkeeo saathe athadaaman curry hatee, jeey aek yuddhmaa aneernayak reete samaapt thayu hatoo. serb aneey ottoman turkeesh dado vachche yuddhviram 1 november november roj jaaher karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1 decembernaa roj, stepanovikne bahaduri maate suvarn chandrak enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey temne beeja leftnentnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 13 februari februari roj, temne serbian senaani triji bataliyanni triji companyna commander tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. baadmaa, stepanoviche pirotne kabaje karvaamaa bhaag leedho hato. general jovan belimarkovikna ekandar aadesh hethal, stepanovic aneey tenaa 300-majboot daloae nisorni daabi bajuae humalo karyo, jeey ottoman lokoae shaherma killebandhi karelaa beey sthalomathi aek hatoo. 26 aneey 27 septemberni vachche, stepanoviknu aekam nisorni aaspaas koinu dhyaan naa gayoo aneey maalee vra leedho. 27 septemberni savaare, jyaare mukhya serbian humalo sharoo thayo, tyaare tenee tukadiae nisore parr golibaar sharoo karyo, jenaathi tyaan tainaat ottoman lokone munjhavanma mookie deedhaa. tyarbad, pirotne pakadi levaamaa aavyo hato. stepanovikna ekamnaa aek sainike kahyunh "maney laage chhe keey, jooe huun khoto naa houn, too amaari kaaryvaahiae nisore parr turkeeni sthiteene mukhya fatako maaryo hato aneey pyrotnaa bhagyanu samadhan karyoo hatoo."stepanovicne paachhalthi order off saint enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. talvaaro aneey ribbon saathe swetislav trijo varg, jeey temne temnee samagr karkirdi darmiyan malelaa tamaam puraskaroma sauthee preey hato kaaran keey teo potaane turkey khaaima pravesh karnaar pratham vyaktee maantaa hataa." 3 decembernaa roj, sumadija corpsey beey ichelon rachnaaomaa pirotthi nees taraf cooch sharoo curry. aaa cooch darmiyan, stepanoviche paaydal aneey ketlaak ghodesvaaroni adadhi tukadinu netrutva karyoo hatoo, jeey suvaa planina mushkel bhupradeshmathi pasaar thaee hatee. tema chhataa, tenaa badhaa maanso trekmaa bachee gayaa aneey yuddh maate taiyar dekhaata hataa. stepanoviche paachhalthi janaavyu hatoo keey parvatni paar cooch aee yuddhmaa temnee sauthee mushkel kamgiri hatee. 23 january january roj, serbian haai kamande sumadija vibhagne vranje shaher parr kabajo karvaano aadesh aapyo. sumadija vibhage pachhi ottomaanone polgenicathi haankee kaadhya aneey gradelika klisurane haraavyo. 25 januaryna roj, stepanovic aek svayamsevak tukadinaa commander banyaa, jemane poljanikama sthaaneek sarbane sashastr karyaa hataa. ghanaa divaso pachhi, vranje maateni ladaima, stepanoviche bhaktin khaate shahernee uttarnaa ottoman parr humalo karyo. shaantino samay. aekvaar yuddh purun thayaa pachhi, stepanoviche potaanu shaalaakiy shikshan purun karvaa maate belgrade lashkari akaadmeemaa vadharana vargo leedha, aneey teey badhaane 1880 sudhimaa purn karyaa. teey varshnaa septembermaa, temane kragujevakma transfer karvaanee vinanti curry. tyaan, temane serbian senaani triji bataliyanni beejee companyni kamaan melvee. octoberma, teo aee jaj bataliyanma pratham companyna commander banyaa hataa. kragujevakma, stepanovic tenee bhaavi patnee, shahernaa vadaa, valislav milanovikni putri, jailenane malyaa hataa. banneae 25 julai julai roj lagna karyaa. temnaa pratham baadak, milikano janm 21 april september roj thayo hato. teey pachhinaa varshe yelena aaa dampatini beejee putri, denikane janm aapyo hato. stepanovicni banne dikarioae adheekario saathe lagna karyaa, milika second leftnent christa dragomerovic saathe lagna karyaa aneey denica first class capton jovika jovichik saathe lagna karyaa, jeey paachhalthi serbian senaama division general bunny hatee. hatee chhella trimasik gaadaama temnaa pratham sattavaar mulyankanma, aek vishesh lashkari aayoge stepanovicne aaa reete varnavyu hatuh 1 september september roj, stepanovikne paaydal leftnentnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey teo useasema commander banyaa hataa, jyaan teo 13 februari 1883 sudhee rahyaa, jyaare teo kragujevak parat faryaa. kragujevakma aagman parr, temne sumadija paaydal regimentmaa lashkari sahayak tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teey jaj varshe, serbia soochibaddh vyayamshalana karykramoma lashkari kavaayat farjiyat banaavi. tyarbad stepanovic pratham kragyujevak vyayamshalama lashkari kavaayatnaa shikshak banyaa hataa. teo 1886 sudhee aaa pada parr rahyaa hataa. serb-bulgarian yuddh (1885). slivenitsana yuddh darmiyan, stepanoviche sumadija divisionni beejee bataliyanni pratham pedhhini kamaan sambhaali hatee. temnaa aekame vraapche gaam parr humalo karyo aneey bulgarian dalone pichhehath karvaa maate majboor karyaa. aek ahevaalmaa keey stepanoviche stepanovicni regimentnaa commanderne serbian senaana vibhago, regiments aneey bataliyano vachche sankalanno abhaav mokalyo hato teey samjee shakaay tevu chhe. ketlaak divaso pachhi, stepanovic stepanovicni regimentmaa pratham bataliyanna commander banyaa aneey anya ekamnaa sainiko saathe maleene slivenitsa parr nabalaa bulgarian kendra parr humalo karyo. bulgarianoae pichhehath karvaanu sharoo karyoo, jenaathi serb dalone aldomirovtsi gaamnee aaspasna pradesh parr kabajo karvaanee manjuri malee. temnaa ahevaalmaa, stepanoviche temnaa sainiko vishe lakhyu hatoo keh "aaa ladaioma saineekoni vartanuk uttam hatee kaaran keey crossfire darmiyan khulla medaan parr aagad vadhvaa chhataa teoae khoob jaj saaree reete saajaa thavaani kshamata darshaavi hatee. saineekoni himmat aneey saaree kamaandnaa sandarbhma adhikarionun vartan santoshkarak hatoo." serbian dalone bulgariathi bahaar dhakeli devaaya pachhi, raajaa milaane 19 novembernaa roj serbian senaane pirot taraf paachha farvaano aadesh aapyo hato. trana divas pachhi, bulgarian daloae shaher taraf cooch curry aneey neskov visa parr humalo karyo. stepanovicni stepanovicni regimentne pichhehath karvaanee faraj puddy hatee. stepanoviche paachhalthi ahewal aapyoh "...huun hospital taraf aagad vadhyo jyaan amara saineekona tolaa paachha faryaa. vadilonaa koee pann prayaasthi temne paachha laavee shakyaa nahee. vadhu sainiko temnee paachhal padyaa aneey pachhi teey hasyaspad tolaae temne rokvaano prayaas karnara adheekarione door dhakeli deedhaa." oobho thaay chhe. serb-bulgarian yuddhnaa anta saathe, stepanovic kragujevak parat faryaa, jyaan teo november 1886 sudhee rahyaa. kragujevakma, temane temane regimentnee aek companynu netrutva karyoo. karyoo antamaa, temne beeja vargnaa paaydal kaptanna hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. teo 22 november 1886 thee 22 october 1888 sudhee serbian general staffma mahatvakankshi hataa. 1888 naa antamaa yojaayeli bethakma, general staff kamishne kahyoo hatoo keey 'beeja vargnaa capton shree. stepanoviche mukhya mathaknee 'sevaa' maate puratee laaykaat aneey puraava darshaavya hataa, aneey nishkarsh kaadhyo hato keey "tene aaa shiyaalaamaa pratham vargnaa kaptanna krama maate pariksha sharoo karvaa maate manjuri aapvi joiae." " march march, stepanoviche aaa pariksha maate ahewal aapyo, aneey aayoge temne 2 aprilnaa roj sharoo karvaanee manjuri aapee. 2 thee 6 april sudhee, stepanoviche baar vishhayoma temnee parikshaano saiddhaantik bhaag purn karyo. temne parikshaano vyavhaaru bhaag karvaathi mukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, kaaran keey temne mukhya mathaknee musafari aneey mission parr khoob jaj saaraa grade malyaa hataa. parikshana thodaa samay pahelaa, teo drina divisional vistaarnaa executive banyaa hataa. parikshaao baad teo valjevo gayaa hataa. 17 april april roj teo pratham vargnaa sukani banyaa hataa. 29 maarchthee 15 april 1892 sudhee, stepanoviche milutin milanovic aneey zivogene misikni saathe jaj mukhya raink maate pariksha lakhee aneey safaltapurvak paas curry. stepanovic 13 september september roj pojegaamaa pojegaamaa bataliyanna commander banyaa hataa. temne pachhinaa varshnaa 8 menaa roj mejarnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. 14 augustna roj, temne pharii aekvaar drina divisional vistaarnaa kaarykaari tareeke sevaa aapvaa maate valjevo khasedvama aavyaa hataa. teo 20 october 1895 sudhee valjevoma rahyaa, jyaare temne belgrademaa khasedvama aavyaa. stepanovic paanch maheena sudhee belgrademaa rahyaa, jyaan teo teo bataliyanna commander hataa. teo belgrade lashkari akaadmeemaa lashkari itihaasnaa anshkaalik prophesara pann banyaa hataa. 30 march march roj teo belgrademaa chhaththi paaydal regimentnaa kaarykaari commander banyaa hataa. 11 menaa roj, temne karnalnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee aneey beey divas pachhi teo chhaththi paaydal regimentnaa commander banyaa hataa. 27 october october roj stepanovic sanraxan mantralayma general staffna vadaa banyaa. temane 15 march 1899 sudhee aaa pada parr sevaa aapee, jyaare teo sanraxan mantralayna general military departmentna executive banyaa. temne gharnee andar kaama karvaanu gamatu naa hovaa chhataa, temane mantralayna sabhyo parr uttam chhaap paadee hatee aneey temne khoob jaj kadak aneey samaynishth tareeke yaad karvaamaa aavtaa hataa. 17 october october roj temnee fareethi valjevomaa badalee karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaan teo drina vibhagma paaydal brigednaa commander banyaa hataa. 11 novembernaa roj gersamajne kaarane, temnee badalee zajekarma karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey temne timok vibhagma paaydal brigednaa commander tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temne aaa pada gamyoo aneey kahyunh "aek adheekari maate tukadi maachhali maate paanee jetali jaj chhe, aneey khaas kareene mukhya mathak adheekari. tyaan teey jeey jaane chhe teey bataavi shake chhe aneey teey parinaamo bataavi shake chhe. offices aatmaane maaree naakhe chhe, shakteene door karey chhe aneey maanasne tantramaa parivartit karey chhe." " 18 august august roj, stepanovicne mukhya mathak curnell tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee, aneey 11 novembernaa roj teo serbian senaana sakreey lashkari kamaandnaa nayab kaarykaari banyaa hataa. teo 15 december 1902 sudhee aaa pada parr rahyaa hataa, jyaare teo general staffna executive banyaa hataa. baadmaa, raajaa alexander pahelaae tene tekovo beeja vargnaa krosnaa kramthee shangaaryo. stepanoviche lashkari itihaasnaa prophesara tarikeni temnee bhoomika chaalu raakhi, 1796-1805 samaygaalaathi napolean yuddhnaa pravachno aapyaa. teo "yoddhaa" () tareeke odakhaata lashkari saamyikna sampaadak pann hataa. hataa meey maheenama aaee. dii. 1 parr jeey uthalpaathal thaee hatee tenaathi stepanovicni karkidrine koee assar thaee naa hatee. uthalaavi devaaya pachhi, teo sanraxan mantralayma saamanya vibhagna vibhag vadaa banyaa, aneey pachhi sumadija vibhagna commander banyaa. aaa badhatione kaarane, ghanaa itihaaskaaro aevu maane chhe keey aaa baabte temnee tatasthata hovaa chhataa obrenovic rajvanshne uthalaavi denaar kavatarakhoroni bajuae stepanovic hato. sattama aavyaa pachhi, pieter pahelaae 29 juuna juuna roj stepanovikne staar off caradorde III degreena kramthee shangaaryo. general dura horvatiknu anookaran kareene, stepanoviche pachhi temnaa vibhagma prussian shaileeni lashkari kavaayat sharoo curry aneey darek aneeyamitataa, achokkasta, kaanuni gunaa aneey raajyani meelkat japt karvaanee sajaa curry. curry vasantrutumaa kragujevakma, jyaan stepanovicne sumadija vibhagna commander tareeke tainaat karvaamaa aavyo hato, tyaan kahevata shaaririk valataa kaavtaru banyu hatoo. ketlaak itihaaskaaro maane chhe keey aaa kaavtaru stepanovikna kadak shaasanne kaarane sharoo thayu hatoo. aaa shadayantrama kragujevak garrisonna lagbhag tris adheekario saamel hataa, jemane shaherma ghanee mahatvapurn jaaher imaarato parr kabajo karvaanee aneey pachhi stepanovicni dharapkad karvaanee yojnaa banaavi hatee. jyaare 30 aprilnaa roj kaavtaraano pardafash thayo tyaare stepanoviche 31 adhikarioni dharapkad curry hatee. jyaare vadhu dharapkad karvaanee ichcha vyakt karvaamaa aavee tyaare temne sanraxan mantree radomir putnik dwara rokvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa kaavtaraathi stepanovic khoob jaj hachamchi gayo hato aneey baadmaa tene jaaherat curry hateeh balkan yuddho maate mantralay aneey taiyario. stepa stepanovicne 29 juuna juuna roj generalnaa hodda parr badhatee aapvama aavee hatee, parantu sumadija vibhagiy vistaarnaa commander tareeke rahyaa hataa. nikola pasike 12 april april roj navee sarkaarni rachnaa curry aneey stepanovic sanraxan mantree banyaa. temnaa aadesh darmiyan, temane sainyanu aadhunikikaran karvaano aneey juunii mouser riflesne fareethi banaavvaano prayaas karyo hato. tene france pasethi navee topkhaanaa pann khareedhya hataa aneey serbian senaane purvatho puuro paadyo hato. jyaare senaae machinegan mangaavvaano prayaas karyo, tyaare stepanoviche aek alag, vadhu rudhichust abhigam apnaavyo, kaaran keey curnell vlagic, jemane stepanovichnaa mantrimandalma kaama karyoo hatoo, temane lakhyu october october, ostriyaa-hangeri dwara bosnia jodaan pachhi, serbia aneey montenegromaa motaa paaye veerodh faatee nikalyo hato. motee sankhyama nagrikoae ostriyaa-hungarian loko saame yuddh jaaher karvaanee maang curry hatee. stepanoviche chetvani aapeene javaab aapyo keey desh aneey senaa yuddh maate taiyar nathee aneey bannene motee matrama rajdwari, nanakiy aneey lashkari taaleem levani jaroor chhe. temnaa nivednoae serbian presamaa pann ghanaa paksho tarafthi motee matrama tikaao ushkervaamaa aavee hatee. parinaame, temne sanraxan mantree tareeke bartaraf karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey aneey sharuaatmaa portfolio vinaanaa mantree banyaa hataa. teey jaj varshe, temane putnikne bhavishyanaa yuddh maate serbian senaane taiyar karvaamaa sakreey reete madad curry hatee. hatee sharuaatmaa, stepanovic morava vibhagiy vistaarnaa commander banyaa aneey sashastr ladaai maate vibhag taiyar karvaanu kaary haath dharyu. march march sharuaatmaa, stepanovic fareethi sanraxan mantree banyaa. toonk samayma, rajkumar alexander caradordevichne stepanovic parr shankaa thaee, jene teey commander dragutin dimitrijevik episna sahanubhutishali maantaa hataa, jeey kadaach uthalaavi devaana netaa hataa, jaimne serbian sinhasana parr videshi raajaa joito hovaanu kahevaay chhe. parinaame, rajkumar stepanovic paase dodee gayo aneey vinanti curry keey epis aneey general staff mejar milovan milovanovic pilakne belgrademanthi sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aave. stepanoviche aema kaheene javaab aapyo keey teey teno ullekh raajaa pietarne karashe aneey tene nakki karvaanee manjuri aapshe keey banne maanasoni badalee thavee joiae keey nahee. tyarbad rajkumarae raajaa pietarne potaanu raajinaamu aapvani asafal rajuaat curry hatee. jyaare stepanovic beejee vakhat sanraxan mantree banyaa, tyaare serbiani sarkaarne samajaayu keey mahaan shakteeo balkanne vibhajit karvaano irado dharaave chhe aneey ottoman saamrajyni khristi vastee badvaanaa aarey chhe. temnaa kaarykaad darmiyan, serbia anya balkan desho saathe ghanaa sanraxan karaaro parr hastakshar karyaa aneey balkan leegnee rachnaa curry. stepanoviche general redomir putnik aneey curnell zivogene missic saathe maleene turkey saame yuddh maate serbian senaana gatishilataa, ekagrata aneey vyuhaatmak vikaas maateni yojnaao vikasavi hatee. 3.december antamaa, milovan milovanovikni sarkaare temnaa mrutyu pachhi raajinaamu aapyu aneey jyaare marco trifkoviche navee sarkaarni rachnaa curry, tyaare putnik navaa sanraxan mantree banyaa. pratham balkan yuddh. pratham kamgiri. pratham balkan yuddhni sharuaat saathe, stepa stepanovic 60,000-majboot beejee senaana commander banyaa, jenee paase 84 topo hatee. custandil-dupnitsa vistaarmaa kendrit, temaa pratham timok paaydal vibhag aneey bulgarian saatmo reela paaydal vibhag hato. tenu mission pratham senaa pahelaa turkeena paachhalna bhaag parr humalo karvaanu hatoo. serbian saineekone maahitee aaptaa keey saatmo reela vibhag senaano bhaag banyo, stepanoviche kahyunh" "huun amara bhavishyanaa kaaryane vishvaas saathe joun chhu aneey safaltama dradhpane vishvaas karoo chhu, kaaran keey sadiothi alag aneey havey bhaichara aneey alingan pamela, najiknaa bhaaio, serb aneey bulgariano aek aneevary shaktinu pratinidhitva karey chhe jeey tamaam avrodhone kachadi nakhshe aneey daleet bhaione mukt karashe"." " 17 october 3.december roj, putnikae stepanovicne ottoman saamrajya saame serbiani yuddhni jaaheratni maahitee aapee. temane potaani senaane ottoman sarhadni najik javaano aadesh aapyo, parantu aagalni soochnaa naa maley tyaan sudhee tene paar naa karvaano aadesh aapyo. jooe keey, bulgarian haai kamande reela divisionna commander, georgy todorovne ottoman sarhad paar karvaano aneey keravo selo aneey gornja zumaja parr humalo karvaano aadesh aapyo, jene teey kabaje karvaamaa safal rahyo. stepanoviche temne aaa shabdothi abhinandan pathvyah "saatmaa vibhagna nayakono jayjaykar karoo." " 18 octobernaa roj, timok vibhage rujen-kranee vranee dishaamaa ottoman sthaano parr humalo karvaanu sharoo karyoo, aneey beeja divase teoae stepanovikna aadesh parr kranee vrane kabaje karyoo. 21 octobernaa roj, serbian haai kamande timok divisionne kumanovo taraf aagad vadhvaano aadesh aapyo. mayer dobrosav milankovikni aagevani hethalnee batalianae ladaai vinaa jaj kriva palanka parr kabajo curry leedho hovani jaana naa hovaane kaarane, stepanoviche shaher parr kabajo karvaa maate tamaam jaroori daavpechono aadesh aapyo hato. aanaathi ghano samay wedfie chhe, parantu motabhagna vibhago koipan pratikaar vinaa krivorekka khinmathi pasaar thavama safal rahyaa hataa. bapornaa samaye, kevelari regimente stressinthi 5-6 kimee door ladaai sharoo curry aneey raatre tene kabaje karvaamaa safal rahee. pharii aekvaar, stepanovicne aaa ghatnaa vishe jaana karvaamaa aavee nathee, aneey beeja divase tene tenaa saineekone stressin kabaje karvaano aadesh aapyo, jenaathi ghano samay wedfie chhe. aaa ghatnaa pachhi, pratham aneey beejee senaa vachche sanchaar sthaapit thayo hato aneey kumanovono maarg khullo hato. kumanovoni ladaai. kumanovo khaate dushmanne aektra karvaa ange koee aadesh naa malataa, general stepanoviche timok divisionne 23 octobernaa roj savaare 6 vaagye kumonovo taraf cooch karvaano aadesh aapyo hato.aema. teey jaj samaye temane aadesh aapyo keey temane 23 octobernaa roj saatmaa vibhagne kocheeni parr kabajo karvaano aadesh aapyo aneey pachhi tenaa ketlaak dalone chhodine tene shtipa taraf mokalvaano aadesh aapyo. 23 octobernaa roj savaare, timok divisione cratovo parr humalo karyo aneey aama kumanovoni ladaai sharoo thaee. jooe keey, general todorove temnaa uchch kamaandnaa aadeshonu paalan karyoo, tethee temane kocheeni parr kabajo karvaa maate dass batteryni maatra aek batalian mokali, jeno samagr vibhag dwara bachaav karvaamaa aavyo hato. jyaare timok vibhag cooch parr hato tyaare stepanovicne nondh malee keey owais polje aneey kocheeni tarafthi, majboot ottoman dada cratovo taraf cooch curry rahyu hatoo. aanaa aadhare, temane timok divisionna commanderne cratovo parr kabajo karvaa aneey dakshin baaju taraf sanraxan sthaapit karvaa maate utaaval curry. jooe keey, teo cratovo vistaarmaa pahonchya pachhi, curnell kondike nakki karyoo keey vibhajan thaaki gayoo chhe aneey tene raat vitavvi joiae. aano upyog kareene, ottoman lokoae kranee vrah parr kabajo jamaavi leedho, jenee suraksha maatra bulgarian komita vibhag aneey sarbnee aek kampani dwara karvaamaa aavtee hatee. stepanovicne banne vibhagonu kaama gamatu nahotu aneey temane suprem commandne aaa ange jaana curry hatee. temne javaab malyo keey jaj vibhage kocheeni aneey timok division croney varh parr binsharti kabajo karvo joiae. darmiyan, stepanovichne khabar puddy keey 23 october darmiyan kumanovo khaate yuddh thayu hatoo. teey aanaathi aashcharyachakit thayo hato aneey timok divisionni sthitee vishe chintit hato, parantu tema chhataa pratham senaane madad karvaano maarg shodhee rahyo hato. temane 24 octobernaa roj timok divisionne kranee vra parr kabajo karvaano aadesh aapyo, parantu aaa aavtikaale 25 octobernaa roj karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. beeja divase, hikemande stepanovicne jaana curry keey bulgarian sarkaarni vinanti parr aevo nirnay levaamaa aavyo hato keey timok divisionne temnaa nikaal parr mukavu joiae, jooe keey teey haju pann banne divisionnu sanchalan karey chhe." "temane tarat jaj jaj reela vibhagne vibhagne serbian regiment aapee aneey general todorovne aadesh aapyo keey teo temnaa dalone braglenica nadeena mukh taraf laee jaay jethee ottomanne prelap taraf pichhehath kartaa atkavi shakaay, aneey pachhi temane vadhu saraltathi operation karvaa maate crive palankaathi shtipa taraf javaani parvangi maangi". jooe keey, cratovo pahonchya pachhi temne general todorov tarafthi aek mokal malee jemaa temane jaana curry hatee keey temne temnaa potaana uchch aadesh tarafthi temnaa dalone serez aneey demir hisaar taraf khasedvaanaa aadesho malyaa chhe, jeno temane pahelethee jaj aadesh aapyo hato. aaa vaanchya pachhi, stepanovic bulgarianone madad karvaa maate amuk dado taiyar karvaa maate kriva palanka paachha gayaa. adrianpolni gherabandhi. general stepa stepanovic 6 november 3.december roj mustafa paasha (adrianpalni bahaarnu railway station) naamnaa sthaane temnaa mukhya mathak saathe pahonchya. tarat jaj temane bulgarian beejee senaa aneey gherabandhina saineekona sarvoch commander general nikola ivanovno sampark karyo. temnaa mukhyaalayne mustafa pashama mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaan ivanov pann tainaat hataa. yuddhviram parr 3.december 3.december roj hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, stepanovic ichchato naa hato keey tenee senaa ekagrata gumaave. temane natalni purv sandhyaae pann mahattam sheest aneey sajjatani maang curry hatee. yuddhviram darmiyan, stepanovic potaani senaana purvathaamaa sudhaaro karvaamaa safal rahyo hato. bulgarian sarvoch aadeshe serbian beejee senaane purvatho puuro paadvaano sweekaar karyo, parantu stepanovic gunvattathi santusht naa hato. tethee temane rotali, maans aneey anya vastuoni gunvattaamaa sudhaaro karvaanee maang curry. kaaran keey teo bulgarian command saathe sammat thayaa naa hataa, temane serbian sarvoch commandne saineekona svaasthya aneey manobalne jaalvi raakhvaa maate purvatho mokalvaa kahyoo.beey maheenani taiyari pachhi, 24 march march roj adrianopalne pakadvaa maate 3 divasni ladaai sharoo thaee. temnaa timok divisione topkhaanaa backup vinaa maatra 45 minutema yuddhnaa medaannaa samagr uttareey kshetra parr kabajo curry leedho hato aneey adrianpole keellana topkhaanaa golibaarno moto hisso khenchee leedho hato. divasnaa ante, aevu nakki karvaamaa aavyu hatoo keey aavtee kaale raatre, antipersonal avrodhone pakadvaa maate humalo karvo joiae. jyaare humalo sharoo thayo, tyaare timok divisionna aagalnaa bhagma, ottoman lokoae temnee sthitee parr fareethi kabajo karvaano prayaas karyo, parantu teo asafal rahyaa. general stepanovic denube divisionni paachhalni unchee jameen parthee jivant humalo karato jovaa malyo. nikola arandeloviche, jeo sainyana taarnaa prabhaari hataa, vatavarannu varnan karyunh savaare 5:30 vaagye, stepanoviche serbian saineekone aagalni harol parr nirnayak humalaama aagad vadhvaano aadesh aapyo, jethee bulgarianne purveey kshetra parr dabaan karvaamaa madad malee shake, jeey savaare 8 vagyani aaspaas padyu. savaare 8:30 vaagye, beey ottoman adheekario shukri pashana kaarane aatmasamarpan maate vataghato karvaa maate serbian sahayakne regimentmaa aavyaa hataa. koee javaab naa malataa, paashae tenaa sahayakne sahayakne regimentmaa sandesh saathe mokalyo keey shukri paashaane general stepanovic saathe vataghato karvaanee chhe. stepanoviche javaab aapyo keey temne commander dwara vataghato karvaa maate adheekrut karvaamaa aavyaa nathee aneey temane general ivanovne sambodhit karvaa joiae. aaa darmiyan timok vibhage antipersonal line parr kabajo karyo aneey denube divisione point papas-tape parr kabajo karyo. general stepanovic denube regimentnee aagalni harolmaan paachhal hutty gayo, aneey savaare 11 vaagye marash najik backchitap parr hato, jene chothee serbian regiment dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavee hatee. savaare 11.30 vaagye bulgariana adheekario shukri pashana mukhya mathak parr aavyaa aneey temane 12.15 vaagye general ivanovne sharanagati sweekari, parantu teo temnee vyaktigat ichcha parr aek kalaak pachhi temnaa mukhya mathak parat faryaa. aakhare aek kalaak pachhi serbian sainiko dwara tene pakadi levaamaa aavyo hato. adrianpolna patan pachhi, stepanoviche 27 maarchnaa roj sanyukt tukadini rachnaa curry aneey jeetela shaherma gambhirtapurvak cooch curry. thodaa divaso pachhi, temane aadesh aapyo keey chernomen parr, barabar teey jaj sthale jyaan itihas anusaar maritsaanu yuddh thayu hatoo, tyaan shaheed nayakonu smaarak rakhvama aave. sahbhagiona janaavya anusaar, teey aaghatjanak aneey hradayasparshi kshan hatee. tyarbad tarat jaj, stepanoviche potaani senaane serbia parat mokalvani taiyario sharoo curry. bulgarian sarkaare temne temnaa saineekone paachha laavvaa maate puratee traino aapee naa hatee, tethee temane dhamki aapee hatee keey teo temnee senaane pagpala serbia paachha laee jashe. aaa pachhi bulgarianoae haar maanee aneey temane 1 aprilthi 9 meey sudhee samagr senaanu hastaantaran karyoo. pratham vishvyuddh. pratham vishvyuddhni sharuaatmaa temane gerhaajar chief off staff radomir putniknaa pratinidhi tareeke kaama karyoo hatoo. teey gatishilataa aneey ketalik yuddhni taiyario maate jawabdar hato. putniknaa parat faryaa pachhi tene beejee senaani kamaan sambhaali. pratham vishvyudhhma, temane sernee ladaima serbian senaanu netrutva karyoo hatoo, jyaan temnee beejee senaae austrian paanchmee senaane sampurnpane haraavi hatee, aneey baljabarithi cooch karyaa pachhi ghatnaa sthale pahonchi hatee. aaa yuddhni pratham sahyogi jeet hatee, aneey temne filled marshel tareeke badhatee aapvama aavee hatee. temnee senaae senaae serbiana sanraxan upraant, drina yuddh aneey kolubarana yuddhmaa safalatao praapt curry hatee. hatee teo fareethi beejee senaana commander banyaa, jeey mesedoniyama motaa saathionaa humalaano aek bhaag hato, temane 15 septembernaa roj safalataa haansal curry hatee. beejee senaa bulgarian sarhad taraf aagad vadhee aneey tyaanthi, 29 september september roj bulgarian aatmasamarpan pachhi pashchimma bosnia aneey adriatic samudra taraf valyun. teo teo anta sudhee sakreey adheekari hataa, jyaare teo serbian senaana commander ina chief tareeke sevamathi nivrutt thayaa hataa. potaani karkirdi darmiyan teo beey vakhat senaana mantree tareeke pann sevaa aapee rahyaa hataa. temne turkeeo saamena 1876-1878 yuddho darmiyan bahaduri maate "tekovsky crust saa ukrustanim masevima" chandrakthi shangarvama aavyaa hataa. temne saint michael aneey saint georgena sauthee pratishthit kramnaa night grand cross (jee. see. aema. jee.) thee pann sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. teo 29 april april roj čačak shaherma mrutyu pamya hataa. vaarso. teo 100 sauthee agranee sarbmaa saamel chhe.

stepanovic stepan "stepa" stepanovic (,; 29 aprail 1929) ack serbian sainya commander they jinhone serb-turkey yuddh, serb-bulgarian yuddh, pahale balcon yuddh, dusare balcon yuddh aur pratham vishva yuddh mein ladaai ladee thee. 1874 mein serbian senaa mein shamil honey key baad, unhone 1876 mein ottoman samrajya kii senaaon key khilaf ladaai ladee. agale varshon mein, unhone serbian senaa key rankon parr chadhaai kii aur 1885 mein bulgarian senaaon key khilaf ladaai ladee. way antatah aprail 1908 mein serbian yuddh mantri baney aur serbian senaa mein parivartan karane key liye jimmedaar they. stepanovic ney dou balcon yuddhon key dauran serbian balon kii kamaan sambhali aur pratham vishva yuddh key dauran serbian doosari senaa kaa netritva kiya. sair kii ladaai key baad unhein dusare feeled marshel key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 29 aprail 1929 koo unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa. praarambhik balyavastha aur shiksha. stepan "stepa" stepanovic kaa janm 28 farwari 1856 koo belgrade key paas kumodraaz gaanv mein huaa thaa. vaha ivan aur redozka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) key chauthe bachche aur teesare bete they. stepanovic kaa naam unake daadaa stepan key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinase unake parivaar kaa upnaam utpann huaa thaa. unake parivaar kii utpatti key dou siddhant hain. pahala kahana haye kii stepanovic key poorvaj, jinhen zivanovic key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, bosnia aur lyca key kshetron seey aae they. doosara siddhant yeh haye kii unake poorvaj mahaan serb pravaas key dauran leskovak aur pirot key aspas key kshetra seey aae they. ghar key kaam key kaaran, stepanovic kii maan key paas usake liye bahut cumm samay thaa aur aksar usey apani saas kii dekhbhal mein chhod detee thee. praathamik vidyalaya mein jaane seey pahale, vaha maveshiyon kii dekhbhal kartaa thaa aur ack baar ack bail seey buri tarah seey ghayal hoe gayaa thaa. stepanovic ney kumodraaz mein traivaarshik praathamik vidyalaya samaapt kiya aur kaptan meesa kii haveli mein vyayamshala mein bhaag liya. apani schooly shiksha poori karane key liye, vaha aksar ameer parivaaron kii seva karate they. unhone school kaa pahala varsh achche grade key saath puuraa kiya aur apani baaki shiksha key dauran achche grade praapt karna jaari rakhaa. sitambar 1874 mein, stepanovic ney vyayamshala key apane chhathe varsh mein bhaag lene key bajaay belgrade artillery school key xi varg mein dakhila liya. unhein pravesh pariksha naheen likhani padee kyonki unhone vyayamshala key paanch saal poore curr liye they. unaki kaksha mein untees cadet they. usa samay, belgrade topkhana school mein ack takniki charitra thaa aur usane ganit key gyaan parr bahut dhyaan diyaa, ack aisaa vishay jisamen stepanovic hamesha kharaab pradarshan kartaa thaa. stepanovic videshi bhaashaon mein bhee bahut achche naheen they, halanki unhone russie aur francisi saahitya padhaa. herzegovina vidroh key baad, serbia kii riyasat ney ottoman samrajya key saath yuddh kii taiyari shuru curr dee aur belgrade artillery school ney vyaavhaarik yuddh prashikshan kaa ack karyakram shuru kiya. sitambar 1875 mein, stepanovic aur unake sahpaathiyon sabhi koo shaaririk pada praapt huaa. ack pariksha utteern karane key baad, stepanovic maee 1876 mein junier sargent bunn gayaa. juuna 1876 mein, balcon mein serbia aur ottoman turkey balon key beach yuddh chhid gayaa, jinamen seey adhikansh kosovo key albanian they. stepanovic aur poore xi varg koo jaldi seey sargent key rank praapt hue aur unhein agrim pankti mein bheja gayaa. serb-turkey yuddh. stepanovic 14 maee 1876 koo kragujevak pahunche. yahaan, unhein curnell lubomir uzun-mirkovic kii kamaan mein sumadiza division key mukhyalaya mein vyavasthit adhikaari kartavya key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jinake aadeshon koo stepanovic dwara puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. sumadiza division moravian senaa kaa mukhya hissa thaa, lekin yuddh kii yojanaon mein badalaav key baad, ise kaee squadranon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. stepanovic koo uzun-mirkovic key squadron koo saunpa gayaa thaa, jise nees mein ottoman sudridhikaran key aagaman koo rokane key liye nazevaak senaa koo bebina glava aur bella palanka lene mein madad karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. antatah, bebina glava koo liya gayaa aur stepanovic koo uzun-mirkovic dwara "bahut furtile honey aur achchi sawari key liye" nott kiya gayaa."isake turant baad, ottoman ney uzun-mirkovic key squadron key khilaf jawabi hamla shuru kiya, joe pandrillo kii or peechhe hutt gayaa. ottomans ney 19 julaai koo pandrillo parr hamla kiya, ack ladaai shuru kii jisamen stepanovic ney sakriya roop seey bhaag liya. niyamit serbian sainikon key saath stepanovic kii bhagidari ney naitikta koo badhaaya aur yuddh key jwaar koo badalane mein madad kii. iss anubhav ney stepanovic koo bahut prabhaavit kiya aur vaha aksar anya serbian sainikon key saath unaki naitikta koo badhaane key liye ladane kaa sahaara lete they. kanjavek key patan key baad, steepanovic aur unaki tukadi koo diligrad seey sokobanja mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa taaki ottoman koo morawa ghaati taka pahunchane seey rokaa jaa sakey. sokobanja mein, serb balon ney curnell dura horvatovic kii kamaan mein phir seey sangathit hocker IV senaa dall kaa gathan kiya. stepanovic baad mein iss ikai mein shamil hoe gaye. IV senaa core kurilovo key paar cooch kiya aur vinic pahunch gayaa jahan usane ottoman padon parr hamla kiya. isake baad yeh deligrad chalaa gayaa, jahan yeh 7 sitambar koo aaya. IV senaa kii tukadi 11 sitambar koo cravet key paas turkon key saath ack ladaai mein takra gaee, joe anishchit roop seey samaapt hui. serb aur ottoman turkey balon key beach ack yuddhaviram 1 navambar 1876 koo ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. 1 disambar koo, stepanovic koo bahaduri key liye swarn padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein dusare leftinent key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. 13 farwari 1877 koo unhein serbian senaa kii teesari batalian kii teesari company kaa commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, stepanovic ney pyrot parr kabja karane mein bhaag liya. general jovan belimarkovic kii samagr kamaan key tahat, stepanovic aur unake 300-majboot bull ney nisore key baaen hisse parr hamla kiya, joe una dou sthaanon mein seey ack thaa jinhen ottoman ney shahar mein majboot kiya thaa. 26 aur 27 sitambar key beach, stepanovic kii ikai nisore key aspas kissy kaa dhyaan naheen gayaa aur maali vra leey liya. 27 sitambar kii subah, jaba mukhya serbian hamla shuru huaa, tou unake daste ney nisore parr golibari shuru curr dee, jisase vahaan tainaat ottoman bhramit hoe gaye. isake baad, pirot koo pakad liya gayaa. stepanovic kii ikai key ack sanic ney kahaah "mujhe lagata haye kii, aggar main galat naheen huun, tou hamari kaarravaai ney nisore parr turkey sthiti koo mukhya jhataka diyaa aur pyrot key bhaagya koo hull curr diyaa."stepanovic koo baad mein order off sent seey sammaanit kiya gayaa. swetislav III varg talvaaron aur ribbon key saath, apane poore currier mein praapt sabhi puraskaron mein unakaa pasandida thaa kyonki vaha khud koo turkey khaai mein pravesh karane vaalaa pahala vyakti maanate they." 3 disambar koo, sumadiza core ney dou eachelon sanrachanaon mein pirot seey niss taka apana march shuru kiya. iss march key dauran, stepanovic ney paidal senaa kii ack aadhi batalian aur kuchh ghudsavaar senaa kii kamaan sambhali joe suva planina key kathin ilaake mein chully gaee. phir bhee, unake sabhi loga track seey butch gaye aur yuddh key liye taiyar dikhaai diye. stepanovic ney baad mein kahaa kii pahaad key paar cooch karna yuddh mein unakaa sabse kathin kaary thaa. 23 janwari 1878 koo, serbian uchch kamaan ney sumadiza division koo vranje shahar parr kabja karane kaa adesh diyaa. sumadiza division ney taba ottomans koo polzanica seey bhagaa diyaa aur gradelica klisura koo haraaya. 25 janwari koo, stepanovic ack swayamsevak daste key commander bunn gaye, jisane polzanica mein sthaaniya sarbon koo sashastr kiya. kaee dinon baad, vranje key liye ladaai mein, stepanovic ney shahar key uttar seey ottomans parr bhakt parr hamla kiya. shaanti kaa samay. yuddh samaapt honey key baad, stepanovic ney apani schooly shiksha poori karane key liye belgrade sainya akadami mein atirikt kakshaaen leen, una sabhi koo 1880 taka puuraa kiya. usa varsh sitambar mein, unhone kragujevak mein sthanantaran kaa anurodh kiya. vahaan, unhone serbian senaa kii teesari batalian kii doosari company kii kamaan hassil kii. octuber mein, vaha usee batalian mein pahali company key commander baney. kragujevak mein, stepanovic apani bhaavi patni yelena seey mille, joe shahar key pramukh, valislav milanovic kii betty thee. donon ney 25 julaai 1881 koo shaadi kii. unake pahale bachche, milika kaa janm 21 aprail 1882 koo huaa thaa. agale varsh yelena ney dampati kii doosari betty, danica koo janm diyaa. stepanovic kii donon betiyaan adhikaariyon seey shaadi karane key liye chully gaeen, milika ney dusare leftinent christa dragomirvic seey shaadi kii aur danica ney pratham shreni kii kaptan jovika jovic seey shaadi kii, joe baad mein serbian senaa mein ack division general bunn gaee. 1880 kii antim timahi mein apane pahale aadhikarik mulyankan mein, ack vishesh sainya aayog ney stepanovic koo iss prakaar varnit kiyaah 1 sitambar 1882 koo, stepanovic koo paidal senaa leftinent key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa aur vaha uzis mein ack commander bunn gaye, jahan way 13 farwari 1883 taka rahey, jaba way kragujevak laut aae. kragujevak mein unake aagaman parr, unhein sumadiza paidal senaa resiment mein sainya sahayak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. usee varsh, serbia ney soochibaddh vyayamshala karyakramon mein sainya abhyaas koo anivarya banaa diyaa. stepanovic baad mein pahale kragujevak vyayamshala mein sainya abhyaas key shikshak bunn gaye. way 1886 taka iss pada parr rahey. serb-bulgarian yuddh (1885). slivnitsa kii ladaai key dauran, stepanovic ney sumadiza division kii doosari batalian kii pahali company kii kamaan sambhali. unaki ikai ney wraps key gaanv parr hamla kiya aur bulgarian balon koo peechhe hatane key liye majboor kiya. ack report mein kii stepanovic ney 12veen resiment key commander koo bheja thaa, serbian senaa key divisions, resiments aur bataliyanon key beach samanvaya kii kamee bodhgamya haye. kaee dinon baad, stepanovic 12veen resiment mein pahali batalian key commander bunn gaye aur ack anya ikai key sainikon key saath milkar slivnitsa parr kamjor bulgarian kendra parr hamla kiya. bulgarian peechhe hatane lagey, jisase serb balon koo aldomirovtsi gaanv key aspas key kshetra parr kabja karane kii anumati millie. apani report mein, stepanovic ney apane sainikon key baare mein likhaah "iss ladaai mein sainikon kaa vyavhaar utkrisht thaa kyonki crossfire key dauran khule maidan parr jaane key bavjood unhone bahut sudhaar dikhaaya. sainikon key saahas aur achchi kamaan key sambandh mein adhikaariyon kaa vyavhaar santoshjanak thaa." serbian senaaon koo bulgaria seey baahar dhakelane key saath, raajaa milan ney 19 navambar koo serbian senaa koo pirot kii or peechhe hatane kaa adesh diyaa. teen dinn baad, bulgarian balon ney shahar kii or cooch kiya aur neskov vis parr hamla kiya. stepanovic kii 12veen resiment koo peechhe hatane key liye majboor honah padaa. stepanovic ney baad mein bataayah "...main aspatal kii or badhaa jahan hamaare sainikon key samooh peechhe hutt gaye. badon kaa koee prayaas unhein vaapas naheen laa sakaa. aur adhik sanic unakaa peechha karate they aur phir usa hasyaspad bheed ney una adhikaariyon koo door dhakel diyaa jinhone unhein rokane kii koshish kii." badhein. serb-bulgarian yuddh key anta key saath, stepanovic kragujevak laut aae, jahan way navambar 1886 taka rahey. kragujevak mein, unhone 10veen resiment kii ack company kii kamaan sambhali. 1886 key anta mein, unhein dwiteeya shreni key paidal senaa kaptan key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa. vaha 22 navambar 1886 seey 22 octuber 1888 taka serbian general staff mein ack akankshi they. 1888 key anta mein aayojit baithak mein, general staff key aayog ney kahaa kii "dwiteeya shreni key kaptan shree. stepanovic ney mukhyalaya kii seva key liye paryaapt yogyata aur pramaan dikhaaya, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii "unhein iss sardi mein aaee class kaptan key pada key liye pariksha shuru karane key liye manjuri dee jaani chaahiye." " march 1889 mein, stepanovic ney iss pariksha key liye report kiya, aur aayog ney unhein 2 aprail koo shuru karane kii anumati dee. 2 seey 6 aprail taka, stepanovic ney baarah vishayon mein apani pariksha kaa saiddhaantik bhaag puuraa kiya. unhein pariksha key vyaavhaarik bhaag mein kaam karane seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki unhein mukhyalaya kii yaatraon aur missions parr bahut achchha grade milaa thaa. pariksha seey kuchh samay pahale, vaha drina sambhaagiya kshetra key karyakari bunn gaye. apani pariksha key baad vaha valjevo chaley gaye. 17 aprail 1889 koo way aaee class key kaptan baney. 29 march seey 15 aprail 1892 taka, stepanovic ney milutin milanovic aur jivojin missic key roop mein usee samay pramukh pada key liye ack pariksha likhi aur safaltapurvak utteern kiya. stepanovic 13 sitambar 1892 koo pojega mein 5veen batalian key commander baney. unhein agale varsh 8 maee koo mejar key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa. 14 agast koo, unhein ack baar phir drina sambhaagiya kshetra key karyakari key roop mein seva karane key liye valjevo leey jaaya gayaa. vaha 20 octuber 1895 taka valjevo mein rahey, jaba unhein belgrade mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. stepanovic paanch maheene taka belgrade mein rahey, jahan way 7veen batalian key commander they. way belgrade sainya akadami mein sainya itihas key anshakaalik professor bhee baney. 30 march 1897 koo, vaha belgrade mein 6 veen paidal senaa resiment key karyavahak commander bunn gaye. 11 maee koo unhein curnell key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa aur dou dinn baad way 6 veen paidal senaa resiment key commander bunn gaye. stepanovic 27 octuber 1898 koo raksha mantralaya mein samanya karmchaariyon key pramukh baney. unhone 15 march 1899 taka iss pada parr kaary kiya, jaba way raksha mantralaya key samanya sainya vibhaag key karyakari baney. haalaanki unhein ghar key ander kaam karna pasand naheen thaa, lekin unhone mantralaya key sadasyon parr ack utkrisht prabhaav daala aur unhein bahut sakht aur samayanishth honey key roop mein yaad kiya jaataa thaa. 17 octuber 1900 koo unhein phir seey valjevo mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan way drina division mein ack paidal senaa brigade key commander bunn gaye. 11 navambar koo ack galatfahmi key kaaran, unhein zajekar mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur timok division mein ack paidal senaa brigade key commander key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa. unhein yeh pada pasand aaya aur unhone kahaah" "ack adhikaari key liye dall ack machhali key liye paani key samaan haye, aur vishesh roop seey ack mukhyalaya adhikaari key liye. vahaan vaha dikhaa sakata haye kii vaha kyaa jaanata haye aur vaha parinam dikhaa sakata haye. karyalaya aatma koo maar detaa haye, shakti koo cumm kartaa haye aur manushya koo tantra mein badal detaa haye." " 18 agast 1901 koo, stepanovic koo mukhyalaya curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa, aur 11 navambar koo vaha serbian senaa kii sakriya sainya kamaan key upa karyakari bunn gaye. way 15 disambar 1902 taka iss pada parr rahey, jaba way samanya karmchaariyon key karyakari baney. baad mein, raajaa alekjendar pratham ney usey takovo dwiteeya varg key cross key crum seey sajaaya. stepanovic ney sainya itihas key professor key roop mein apani bhoomika jaari rakhee, usa avadhi seey napolean yuddh koo vyakhyan dete hue. vaha sainya patrika key sampaadak bhee they jinhen "yoddha" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1903 mein aaee. dee. 1 parr hui uthal-puthal ney stepanovic key currier koo prabhaavit naheen kiya. satta seey bedkhal honey key baad, vaha raksha mantralaya mein samanya vibhaag key khand pramukh bunn gaye, aur phir sumadiza vibhaag key commander bunn gaye. inn pracharon key kaaran, kaee itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii stepanovic una shadyantrakariyon key paksh mein thaa jinhone iss mamle parr apani tatasthata key bavjood obrenovic rajvansh koo ukhaad fenka thaa. satta mein aaney key baad, peater aaee ney 29 juuna 1904 koo starr off caradorde ii degree key adesh key saath stepanovic koo sajaaya. general dura horvatic kaa anukaran karate hue, stepanovic ney apane vibhajan mein prussian shally key sainya abhyaas kii sthaapana kii aur harr aniyamitata, ashuddhata, kanuni aparaadh aur raajya kii sampatti koo jabt karane kii sajaa dee. 1906 key vasant mein kragujevak mein, jahan stepanovic koo sumadiza division key commander key roop mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, ack tathaakathit shaaririk jawabi sajish hui. kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii yeh sajish stepanovic key sakht shasson seey shuru hui thee. iss sajish mein kragujevak garrison key lagbhag tees adhikaari shamil they jinhone shahar mein kaee mahatvapurna saarvajanik imaraton koo lene aur phir stepanovic koo giraftar karane kii yojana banaai thee. jaba 30 aprail koo sajish kaa khulasa huaa, tou stepanovic ney 31 adhikaariyon koo giraftar kiya thaa. jaba unhein aur giraftar karane kii ichcha vyakt kii gaee, tou unhein raksha mantri radomir putnik ney roque diyaa. stepanovic iss sajish seey bahut hill gaye aur baad mein unhone ghoshana keeh balkan yuddhon key liye mantralaya aur taiyari. stepa stepanovic koo 29 juuna 1907 koo general key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sumadiza sambhaagiya kshetra key commander key roop mein baney rahey. nikola pasik ney 12 aprail 1908 koo ack naee sarkaar kaa gathan kiya aur stepanovic raksha mantri baney. apane janadesh key dauran, unhone senaa kaa aadhunikikaran karane aur purani mausar rifles koo phir seey banaane kii koshish kii. unhone france seey naee topkhaane bhee kharidi aur serbian senaa koo aapoorti kii. jaba senaa ney machinegan kaa adesh dene kaa prayaas kiya, tou stepanovic ney ack alag, adhik roodhivaadi drishtikon apanaaya, jaisa kii curnell vlagic, jinhone stepanovic key mantrimandal mein kaam kiya, ney likhaah octuber 1908 mein, austriya-hangri dwara bosnia key vilay key baad, serbia aur montenegro mein badey paimaane parr virodh pradarshan hue. badee sankhya mein nagrikon ney austriya-hangerian key khilaf yuddh ghoshit karane kii maang kii. stepanovic ney chetavani dete hue jawab diyaa kii desh aur senaa yuddh key liye taiyar naheen they, aur donon koo badee matra mein rajanyik, vittiya aur sainya prashikshan lene kii aavashyakta thee. unake bayanon ney kaee pakshon seey, yahaan taka kii serbian press mein bhee, bahut aalochanaon koo uksaayaa. natijatan, unhein raksha mantri key roop mein barkhast curr diyaa gayaa aur 1909 kii shuruat mein binaa kissy portfolio key mantri bunn gaye. usa varsh baad mein, unhone bhavishya key yuddh key liye serbian senaa koo taiyar karane mein putnik kii sakriya roop seey sahaayata kii. 1910 kii shuruat mein, stepanovic morawa sambhaagiya kshetra key commander bunn gaye aur sashastr yuddh key liye vibhajan koo taiyar karane kaa kaary shuru kiya. march 1911 kii shuruat mein, stepanovic phir seey raksha mantri baney. isake turant baad, rajkumar alexander karadorevic koo stepanovic parr sandeh hoe gayaa, jise vaha commander dragutin dimitrijevik epis kaa sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalaa maanata thaa, joe shayed satta seey bedkhal karane vaalaa netaa thaa, jise serbian simhaasan parr ack videshi samrat chaahte they. natijatan, rajkumar stepanovic key paas gayaa aur anurodh kiya kii epis aur general staff mejar milovan milovanovic pilack koo belgrade seey sthanantarit kiya jaae. stepanovic ney yeh kahakar jawab diyaa kii vaha raajaa peater koo iska ullekh karega aur usey yeh taya karane kii anumati dega kii kyaa donon purushon koo sthanantarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. rajkumar ney taba raajaa peater koo apana istifa dene kii asafal peshkash kii. jaba stepanovic doosari baar raksha mantri baney, tou serbia kii sarkaar ney mahsoos kiya kii mahaan shaktiyon kaa irada balcon koo vibhajit karna thaa aur ottoman samrajya kii isai aabaadi vidroh key kagaar parr thee. apane karyakal key dauran, serbia ney anya balcon deshon key saath kaee raksha samjhauton parr hastakshar kiye aur balcon leag kaa nirmaan kiya. stepanovic ney general radomir putnik aur curnell jivojin missic key saath turkey key khilaf yuddh key liye serbian senaa key jutaane, ekagrata aur ranneetik vikas key liye yojanaaen vikasit keen. 1912 key anta mein, milovan milovanovic kii sarkaar ney unaki mrityu key baad istifa dey diyaa aur jaba marco trifekovic ney ack naee sarkaar kaa gathan kiya, tou putnik nae raksha mantri bunn gaye. pahala balcon yuddh. pahala operation. pahale balkan yuddh kii shuruat key saath, step stepanovic 60,000-majboot doosari senaa kaa commander bunn gayaa, jisake paas 84 topein theen. custandil-dupnitsa kshetra mein kendrit, isamen pahala timok paidal senaa prabhaag aur bulgarian satwan kilaa paidal senaa prabhaag shamil thaa. iska mission pahali senaa seey pahale turkey key peechhe hamla karna thaa. serbian sainikon koo soochit karate hue kii satwan kilaa division senaa kaa hissa bunn gayaa, stepanovic ney kahaah" "main apane bhavishya key kaam koo vishvaas key saath dekhta huun aur safalata mein dridhata seey vishvaas kartaa huun, kyonki sadiyon seey alag aur abb bhratritva aur galey lagey, nikatatam bhaai, serb aur bulgarian ack apratirodhya shakti kaa pratinidhitva karate hain joe sabhi baadhaon koo kuchal dega aur dalit bhaaiyon koo mukt karega." " 17 octuber 1912 koo, putnik ney ottoman samrajya key khilaf serbia kii yuddh kii ghoshana key baare mein stepanovic koo soochit kiya. unhone apani senaa koo ottoman seema key karib jaane kaa adesh diyaa, lekin agali soochana taka ise paar naheen karane kaa adesh diyaa. haalaanki, bulgarian uchch kamaan ney kilaa division key commander, jorgi todorov koo ottoman seema paar karane aur carrevo cello aur gornja zumaja parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa, jise vaha pakadane mein kamyab rhaa. stepanovic ney unhein inn shabdon key saath badhaai deeh "saatven division key nayakon koo pareshan karein." " 18 octuber koo, timok division ney rujen-krani vra kii disha mein ottoman padon parr hamla karna shuru curr diyaa, aur agale dinn unhone stepanovic key adesh parr krani vra parr kabja curr liya. 21 octuber koo, serbian uchch kamaan ney timok division koo kumanovo kii or badhane kaa adesh diyaa. iss baat kii jaankaari naheen thee kii mahapour dobrosav milenkovic kii kamaan vaali batalian ney pahale hii binaa kissy ladaai key crive palanka parr kabja curr liya thaa, stepanovic ney shahar parr kabja karane key liye sabhi aavashyak yuddhabhyas kaa adesh diyaa. isase bahut samay barbad huaa, lekin adhikansh vibhajan binaa kissy pratirodh key crivorica ghaati seey gujarane mein kamyab rhaa. dopahar mein, ghudsavaar resiment ney stressin seey 5-6 kimmy door ladaai shuru kii aur raat mein ise pakadane mein kamyab rahee. phir bhee, stepanovic koo iss ghatana key baare mein soochit naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur agale dinn unhone apane sainikon koo stressin parr kabja karane kaa adesh diyaa, jisase bahut samay barbad hoe gayaa. iss ghatana key baad, pahali aur doosari senaaon key beach sanchaar sthaapit kiya gayaa aur kumanovo kaa raasta khula thaa. kumanovo kii ladaai. kumanovo mein dushman koo ikattha karane key baare mein koee adesh praapt naheen honey key kaaran, general stepanovic ney 23 octuber koo subah 6 baje kumonovo kii or march karane key liye timok division koo adesh diyaa.aim. usee samay unhone adesh diyaa kii unhone 23 octuber koo saatven division koo kochi parr kabja karane aur phir isake kuchh balon koo chhodane aur ise shtip kii or bhejane kaa adesh diyaa. 23 octuber koo subah, timok division ney cratovo parr hamla kiya aur iss prakaar kumanovo kii ladaai shuru hui. haalaanki, general todorov ney apani uchch kamaan key aadeshon kaa paalan kiya, isaliye unhone duss baitariyon kii kewal ack batalian kochini parr kabja karane key liye bheja, jiska bachaav ack poore vibhaag dwara kiya gayaa thaa. stepanovic, jaba timok division march parr thaa, koo yeh nott milaa kii oway polje aur kosani seey, majboot ottoman bull cratovo kii or badh rhaa thaa. isake aadhar parr, unhone timok division key commander koo cratovo parr kabja karane aur dakshin kii or raksha sthaapit karane key liye jaldi kiya. haalaanki, jaba way cratovo kshetra mein pahunche, tou curnell kondik ney faisala kiya kii vibhajan thakaa huaa haye aur raat bitani chaahiye. iska upayog karate hue, ottomans ney crunny vra parr kabja curr liya, jisaki suraksha kewal bulgarian komita vibhaag aur sarbon kii ack company dwara kii jaati thee. stepanovic koo donon divisions kaa kaam pasand naheen aaya aur unhone sarvocch kamaan koo isaki soochana dee. unhein jawab milaa kii 7vein division koo binaa shart kochini aur timok division crunny vrah parr kabja curr lena chaahiye. iss beach, stepanovic koo pataa chalaa kii 23 octuber key dauran, kumanovo mein ladaai hui thee. vaha isase hairan thaa aur timok division kii sthiti key baare mein chintit thaa, lekin phir bhee pahali senaa kii madad karane kaa ack tarika dhoondh rhaa thaa. unhone 24 octuber koo timok division koo crunny vra koo lene kaa adesh diyaa, lekin yeh cull 25 octuber koo kiya gayaa thaa. agale dinn, uchch kamaan ney stepanovic koo soochit kiya kii bulgarian sarkaar key anurodh parr yeh nirnay liya gayaa thaa kii timok division koo unake niptan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, basharte kii vaha abhee bhee donon divisions kaa prabandhan karey." "unhone turant 7vein reela division koo 14veen serbian resiment dee aur general todorov koo apani senaa koo bregalnica nadee key muhaane kii or leey jaane kaa adesh diyaa taaki ottoman koo prelape kii or peechhe hatane seey rokaa jaa sakey, aur phir unhone adhik aasaani seey operation kii kamaan sambhaalane key liye crive palanka seey shtip kii or jaane kii anumati maangi. haalaanki, cratovo mein pahunchane key baad unhein general todorov seey ack preshan praapt huaa jisamen unhone soochit kiya kii unhein apane swayam key uchch kamaan seey apane balon koo serez aur demir hisar kii or leey jaane key adesh praapt hue, jiska unhone pahale hii adesh dey diyaa thaa. ise padhane key baad, stepanovic bulgarian logon kii sahaayata key liye kuchh balon koo taiyar karane key liye vaapas creva palanka chaley gaye. adrianople kii gherabandi. general stepa stepanovic 6 navambar 1912 koo mustafa paasha (adrianople key baahar railway station) naamak apane mukhyalaya key saath pahunche. turant unhone bulgarian doosari senaa aur gherabandi sainikon key sarvocch commander general nikola ivanov seey sampark kiya. unake mukhyalaya koo mustafa paasha mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahan ivanov bhee tainaat they. yuddhaviram parr 3.december 1912 parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. haalaanki, stepanovic naheen chaahte they kii unaki senaa ekagrata khou dey. unhone chrismus kii poorv sandhya parr bhee adhikatam anushasana aur taiyari kii maang kii. yuddhaviram key dauran, stepanovic apani senaa kii aapoorti mein sudhaar karane mein kamyab rahey. bulgarian sarvocch kamaan ney serbian doosari senaa kii aapoorti koo sweekaar curr liya, lekin stepanovic gunavatta seey santusht naheen they. isaliye unhone rotty, maans aur anya vastuon kii gunavatta mein sudhaar kii maang kii. kyonki vaha bulgarian kamaan key saath samjhauta naheen karane aaya thaa, usane serbian sarvocch kamaan seey sainikon key swaasthya aur manobal koo sanrakshit karane key liye aapoorti bhejane key liye kahaa." "taiyari key dou maheene baad, 24 march 1913 koo adrian logon koo pakadane key liye 3-divasiya ladaai shuru hui. unake timok division ney binaa topkhaane key kewal 45 minut mein yuddh key maidan key poore uttari kshetra parr kabja curr liya aur adrianple kille kii topkhaane kii aag koo kuchal diyaa. dinn key anta mein, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii cull raat koo, antipersonal baadhaon koo pakadane key liye hamla kiya jaanaa chaahiye. jaba hamla shuru huaa, timok division key saamane, ottomans ney apane padon koo phir seey hassil karane kii koshish kii, lekin way asafal rahey. general stepanovic ney danube division key peechhe uchch bhoomi seey hamale koo live dekhaa. nikola arandelovic, joe senaa key telegraph key prabhaari they, ney vatavaran kaa varnan kiyaah subah 5:30 baje, stepanovic ney siriyai sainikon koo agrim pankti parr nirnaayak hamale mein aage badhane kaa adesh diyaa, taaki purvi kshetra parr bulgarian dhakka dene mein madad mill sakey, joe subah 8 baje key aspas gir gayaa. subah 8:30 baje, dou ottoman adhikaari shukri paasha key kaaran aatmasamarpan key liye baatchit karane key liye serbian 20 veen resiment mein aae. koee pratikriya naheen milane key kaaran, paasha ney apane sahayak koo 20veen resiment mein sandesh key saath bheja kii shukri paasha general stepanovic key saath baatchit karna chaahata haye. stepanovic ney jawab diyaa kii vaha commander dwara baatchit karane key liye adhikrit naheen thaa aur usey general ivanov koo sambodhit karna chaahiye. iss beach timok division ney antipersonal line parr kabja curr liya aur denube division ney point papas-tape parr kabja curr liya. general stepanovic denube resiment kii agrim pankti key peechhe chaley gaye, aur subah 11 baje marash key paas beckchitep parr they, jise chauthi serbian resiment dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. subah aaee. dee. 1 baje bulgarian adhikaari shukri paasha key mukhyalaya aae aur unhone aaee. dee. 2 baje general ivanov key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, lekin vaha apani vyaktigat ichcha parr ack ghante baad apane mukhyalaya laut aae. antatah ack ghante baad serbian sainikon ney usey pakad liya. adrianople key girane key baad, stepanovic ney 27 march koo sanyukt tukadi kaa gathan kiya aur jeet hassil shahar mein gambhirta seey pravesh kiya. kuchh dinon baad, unhone adesh diyaa kii chernomen parr, thheek usee sthaan parr jahan itihas key anusaar maritsa kii ladaai hui thee, shaheed nayakon key liye ack smaarak aayojit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. pratibhagiyon key anusaar, yeh aashcharyajanak aur sparsh karane vaalaa kshan thaa. isake turant baad, stepanovic ney apani senaa koo serbia vaapas leey jaane kii taiyari shuru curr dee. bulgarian sarkaar ney usey apane sainikon koo vaapas leey jaane key liye paryaapt trains naheen deen, isaliye usane dhamki dee kii vaha apani senaa koo paidal hii serbia vaapas leey jaayega. isake baad, bulgarian loga peechhe hutt gaye aur unhone 1 aprail seey 9 maee taka poori senaa koo sthanantarit curr diyaa. pratham vishva yuddh. pratham vishva yuddh kii shuruat mein unhone anupasthit cheef off staff radomir putnik key pratinidhi key roop mein kaam kiya. vaha jutaane aur yuddh kii kuchh taiyari key liye jimmedaar thaa. putnik kii vaapsee key baad unhone doosari senaa kii kamaan sambhali. pratham vishva yuddh mein, unhone sair kii ladaai mein serbian senaa kaa netritva kiya, jahan unaki doosari senaa ney austriyai paanchvin senaa koo poori tarah seey haraaya, ack majboor march key baad ghatnasthal parr pahunche. yeh yuddh kii pahali sahayogi jeet thee, aur unhein feeled marshel key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. unaki senaa ney 1915 mein serbia kii raksha key alawa, drina kii ladaai aur kolubara kii ladaai mein safalata hassil kii. 1918 mein vaha phir seey doosari senaa kii kamaan sambhal rahey they joe macedonia mein badey sahayogi aakraman kaa ack hissa thee, unhone 15 sitambar koo ack safalata hassil kii. doosari senaa bulgarian seema kii or badhee aur vahaan seey, 29 sitambar 1918 koo bulgarian aatmasamarpan key baad paschim mein bosnia aur adriatic samudra kii or muda gaee. way 1919 key anta taka ack sakriya adhikaari they, jaba way serbian senaa key pramukh key roop mein seva seey sevaanivritt hue. apane karyakal key dauran way dou avsaron parr senaa key mantri key roop mein bhee seva dey rahey they. unhein turkon key khilaf 1876-1878 yuddhon key dauran bahaduri key liye "tekovsky crust saa ukretenim masevima" padak seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. unhein sent michael aur sent george key sabse pratishthit order key night grand cross (jee. see. aim. jee.) seey bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 29 aprail 1929 koo čačak shahar mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. viraasat. vaha 100 sabse pramukh sarbon mein shamil hain.

stepa stepanovic steppen "stepa" stepanovic (,;-29 april 1929) cerbian military commander aagiddu, avaru cerbo-turkish yuddha, cerbo-bulgarian yuddha, modala balkan yuddha, eradane balkan yuddha mattu modalane mahayuddhadalli horadidaru. 1874ralli cerbian sainyakke serida aata 1876ralli ottoman saamraajyada padegala viruddha horadidaru. nantarada varsagalalli, aata cerbian sainyada shreniyannu airisidaru mattu 1885ralli bulgarian padegala viruddha horadidaru. antimavagi 1908rahra aprilnalli cerbian yuddha sachivaraadaru mattu cerbian sainyadalli badalaavanegalannu taruva javaabdaariyannu vahisikondaru. eradu balkan yuddhagala samayadalli cerbian padegalige steepanovic netrutva vahisidaru mattu modalaneya mahayuddhada samayadalli cerbian eradane sainyavannu munnadesidaru. serr yuddhada nantara aatanige eradane feeled marshel aagi badti nidalaayitu. aata 1929rahra april 29randu saakaaknalli nidhanaraadaru. baalya mattu sikshana. steppen "stepa" stepanovic avaru 28 phebravari 1856 randu belgrade baliya kumodraj gramadalli janisidaru. avanu ivan mattu radozka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) avara nalkane magu mattu moorane maganagiddanu. avara kutumbada upanaamavu huttikonda avara ajja steppen avara hesarannu stepanovikge idalaagide. aatana kutumbada moolada bagge eradu siddhaantagalive. modalaneyadu, steepanovicna purvajaru, givanovic endu kareyalpaduvavaru, bosnia mattu lyca pradeshagalinda bandavaru endu heluttade. eradane siddhaantavendare, avana purvajaru mahan serb valaseya samayadalli leskovac mattu pirot suttamuttala pradeshagalinda bandavaru. manekelasadindaagi, stepanovic avara taayige avanige kadime samayavittu mattu aagaagge avanannu tanna atte aaraikeyalli bittuhodalu. praathamika shaalege hoguva modalu, avaru jaanuvaarugalannu nodikondaru mattu omme goolininda tivravagi gayagondaru. stepanovic kumodrajnalli trivarshiya praathamika shaaleyannu poornagolisidaru mattu capton misa avara mahadiyalli vyayaamashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru. tamma shaala shikshanavannu poornagolisalu, avaru aagaagge srimanta belgrade kutumbagalige seve sallisuttiddaru. avaru tamma shaleya modala varshavannu uttama shrenigalondige poornagolisidaru mattu tamma ulida shikshanaduddakku uttama shrenigalannu padeyuvudannu munduvaresidaru. 1874rahra septembernalli, stepanovic tanna aarane varshada vyaayaamashaalege haajaraaguva badalu belgrade firangi shaleya XI vargakke serikondanu. avaru aidu varshagala vyayaamashaaleyannu poornagolisiddarinda avaru pravesha pariksheyannu bareyabekaagilla. avara taragatiyalli ippattombattu kedetgaliddaru. aaa samayadalli, belgrade firangi shaleyu taantrika gunavannu hondittu mattu ganitada gnaanakke hecchina gamanavannu needitu, ee vishayadalli stepanovic yavagalu kalape pradarshanavannu niididaru. steepanovic avaru russian mattu french saahityavannu odidaroo videshi bhasegalalli ashtenu uttamavaagiralilla. harjegovina dange bhugiledda nantara, cerbia samsthaanavu ottoman saamraajyadondige yuddakke siddhategalannu praarambhisitu mattu belgrade firangi shaleyu prayogika samara tarabetiya kaaryakramavannu praarambhisitu. september 1875ralli, stepanovic mattu avana sahapaatigalellaroo daihika shreniyannu padedaru. pariksheyalli uttirnaraada nantara, stepanovic 1876rahra mayee tingalalli kiriya sargent aadaru. 1876rahra joonnalli, balkangalalli cerbia mattu ottoman turkish padegala naduve yuddha bhugiledditu, avaralli hechchinavaru kosovoda albeniyannaraagiddaru. stepanovic mattu idee XI vargavu tvaritavagi sargent shreniyannu sweekarisitu mattu avarannu munchoonige kaluhisalaayitu. cerbo-turkish yuddhagalu. stepanovic 1876rahra mayee 14randu kragjevakge agamisidaru. illi, curnell lubomir ujun-mirkovic avara netrutvadalli sumadiza vibhagada pradhana kacheriyalli kramabaddhavaada adhikari kartavyakke avarannu nemisalaayitu, avara aadeshagalannu stepanovic avaru pooraisidaru. sumadiza vibhagavu moravian sainyada mukhya bhagavagittu, aadare yuddhada yojanegala badalaavaneya nantara, adannu halavaaru squadrangalagi vingadisalaayitu. stepanovic avarannu ujun-mirkovicna squadronge niyojisalaayitu, idu neesge ottoman balavardhanegala agamanavannu tadeyalu kanjewak sainyavu babina glava mattu belaa palankavannu tegedukollalu sahaaya maaduva aadeshagalannu hondittu. antimavagi, babina glavavannu tegedukollalaayitu mattu stepanovic avarannu ujun-mirkovic avaru "bahala churukagiruvudakkagi mattu uttama savarigagi" gurutisidaru."swalpa samayada nantara, ottomannaru ujun-mirkovicna squadron viruddha pratidaaliyannu praarambhisidaru, adhu pandriloge himmettitu. ottomannaru julai 19randu pandrillo mele daali maadi, stepanovic sakriyavagi bhagavahisida yuddhavannu praarambhisidaru. saamaanya cerbian sainikarondige stepanovic avara bhagavahisuvikeyu naitikateyannu hechchisitu mattu yuddhada aleyannu tirugisalu sahaaya maaditu. ee anubhavavu stepanovic mele bahala parinama beeritu mattu avaru tamma naitikateyannu hechhisalu itara cerbian sainikarondige aagaagge hooraaduttiddaru. kanjewakna patanada nantara, ottomannaru morawa kaniveyannu talupuvudannu tadeyuva saluvaagi stepanovic mattu avana padey deligradninda sokobanjakke sthalaantaragondavu. sokobaanjaadalli, serb padegalu curnell dura horvatovic avara netrutvadalli IV armi corps annu marusanghatisi rachisidavu. taruvaaya stepanovic ee gatakakke seridaru. IV sainyada padegalu kurilovodadyanta meravanige nadesi vinic talupidavu, allie adhu ottoman sthaanagala mele daali maaditu. nantara adhu delegradge sthalaantaragonditu, allie adhu september 7randu agamisitu. nalkane seenaa padegalu september 11randu crevet bully tarkarondige gharshane nadesi, yuddhavu anishchitavaagi konegonditu. serb mattu ottoman turkish padegala naduvina kadanaviramavannu 1876rahra november 1randu ghooshisalaayitu. december 1randu, stepanovic avarige shouryakkaagi chinnada padakavannu nidalaayitu mattu eradane leftinent huddege badti nidalaayitu. 1877rahra phebravari 13randu, aata cerbian seeneya 3neey betalian 3neey kampaniya commander aagi nemakagondaru. nantara, steepanovic pirot vashapadisikolluvalli bhagavahisidaru. general jovan belimarkovic avara ottare netrutvadalli, stepanovic mattu avana 300-balavaada padegalu pattanadalli ottomannaru bhadrapadisidda eradu stalagalalli ondaada nisore naa edabhaagada mele daali maadidavu. september 26 mattu 27rahra naduve, stepanovicna tandavu nisore suttaloo gamanakke baarade haadu hogi maali varh annu tegedukonditu. september 27rahra beligge, mukhya cerbian daali prarambhavadaga, avara tandavu nisore mele gundu haarisi, allie nelesiruva ottomannarannu gondalakkeedumaditu. nantara, pirot annu vashapadisikollalaayitu. stepanovic avara ghatakada obba sainikanu heege helidanuhu "naanu tappalladiddare, namma kramavu nisore melina turkish sthanakke mukhya hodetavannu niidide mattu pirotna bhavishyavannu parihariside endu naanu kandukondiddene."stepanovic avarige nantara arder off saint nidalaayitu. swetislav III neey vargavu kattigalu mattu ribbangalondige, tanna vrattijeevanaduddakku padeda ellah prashastigalalli avana nechchinadaagittu, ekendare avanu tannannu taanu "turkish kandakavannu praveshisida modala vyakti" endu pariganisiddanu." december 3randu, sumadiza padegalu eradu echelon rachanegalalli pirotninda neesge tanna meravanigeyannu praarambhisidavu. ee meravanigeya samayadalli, stepanovic padaatidalada ardha-tukadi mattu kelavu ashvadalavannu munnadesidaru, adhu suva planinada kathina bhoopradeshavannu daati hoyitu. aadaagyoo, avana ellah purusharu chaaranadalli badukulidaru mattu yuddakke siddharaagi kanisikondaru. parvatada mele dandayaatre maaduvudu yuddhadalli tanna atyanta kathinavaada kaaryavaagittu endu stepanovic nantara helidaru. 1878rahra janavari 23randu, cerbian hye command vranje pattanavannu vashapadisikollalu sumadiza vibhagakke aadeshisitu. sumadiza vibhagavu nantara ottomannarannu poljanikadinda odisitu mattu gradelica klisuranannu solisitu. janavari 25randu, stepanovic avaru poljaanikaadalli sthaliya serbgalannu sashastragolisida svayamsevaka tandada commander aadaru. halavaaru dinagala nantara, vraanjegaagi nadeda yuddhadalli, stepanovic pattanada uttaradinda banda ottomannara mele bhaktina bully daali maadidanu. shaantiyuta kaala. yuddhavu mugida nantara, stepanovic tanna shaala shikshanavannu poornagolisalu belgrade military academiyalli hechchuvari taragatigalannu tegedukondanu, 1880 rahra velege avellavannoo poornagolisidanu. aaa varshada septembernalli, avanu kragjevakge vargaavaneyannu vinantisidanu. allie, aata serbian sainyada 3neey betalian 2neey kampaniya adhipatyavannu padedaru. octobernalli, avaru adhe betaliyannalli 1neey kampaniya commander aadaru. kragjevaknalli, stepanovic tanna bhavishyada patni jelenaavannu bhetiyaadanu, avaru nagarada mukhyastha velislav milanovic avara putri. ibbaroo 1881rahra julai 25randu vivaahavaadaru. avara modala magu, milika, 1882rahra april 21randu janisitu. mundina varsha gelena dampatigala eradane magalu, danikage janma niididalu. stepanovicna ibbaru putriyaru adhikaarigalannu vivaahavaadaru, milika eradane leftinent christa dragomirovic avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu danica 1 neey darjeya capton jovika jovichik avarannu vivaahavaadaru, avaru nantara cerbian sainyadalli division general aadaru. 1880rahra koneya traimasikadalli, vishesha military aayogavu tanna modala adhikruta moulyamaapanadalli stepanovic avarannu heege vivarisideh 1882rahra september 1randu, stepanovic padaatidalada leftinent huddege badti padedaru mattu avaru ujeesnalli commander aadaru, allie avaru 1883rahra phebravari 13ravarege iddaru, nantara avaru kragjevakge maralidaru. kragujevakge agamisida nantara, avarannu sumadiza padaatidala regimentnalli military adagentant aagi nemisalaayitu. adhe varsha, cerbia patti vyaayaamashaaleya karyakramagalalli military vyaayaamagalannu kaddayagolisitu. taruvaaya, stepanovic modala kragjewak vyayaamashaaleyalli military vyaayaamagala shikshakaradaru. avaru 1886ravarege ee sthaanadalliddaru. cerbo-bulgarian yuddha (1885). slivnitsa kadanada samayadalli, stepanovic sumadiza vibhagada 2neey betalian 1neey kampanige netrutva vahisidaru. avana ghatakavu vropsey graamada mele daali maaditu mattu bulgarian padegalannu himmettisuvante ottaayisitu. cerbian seeneya vibhagagalu, regimentgalu mattu betaliyangala naduvina samanvayada korateyannu stepanovic 12neey regimentna kamandarge kaluhisida varadiyalli grahisabahudaagide. halavaaru dinagala nantara, stepanovic 12neey regimentnalli 1neey betalian commander aadanu mattu mattondu ghatakada padegalondige slivnitsaada durbalagonda bulgarian kendrada mele daali maadidanu. balgeriyannaru himmettalu praarambhisidaru, idu aldomirovtsy graamada suttamuttalina pradeshavannu vashapadisikollalu serb padegalige avakasha maadikottitu. tanna varadiyalli, stepanovic tanna sainikara bagge heege barediddaaneh "ee yuddagalalli sainikara nadavalikeyu atyuttamavagittu ekendare avaru adda gundina samayadalli tereda maidaanada mele chalisidaroo saha uttama gunapadisuvikeyannu torisidaru. sainikara dhairya mattu uttama aagneya vishayadalli adhikaarigala nadavalikeyu truptikaravagittu." serbian padegalannu balgeriyaadinda horahakuvudarondige, raaja milan november 19randu serbian sainyavannu pyrote kadege himmettisalu aadeshisidanu. mooru dinagala nantara, bulgarian padegalu pattanada kadege saagidavu mattu neskov vis mele daali nadesidavu. stepanovicna 12neey regiment himmettabekaayitu. stepanovic nantara varadi maadidaruh "...naanu aaspatrege teralide, allie namma sainikara gumpugalu himmettidavu. hiriyara yaavude prayatnadinda avarannu marali taralu sadhyavagalilla. hecchina sainikaru avarannu himbaalisidaru mattu nantara aaa haasyaaspada gumpu avarannu tadeyalu prayatnisida adhikaarigalannu doora tallitu." airuttade. cerbo-bulgarian yuddhada antyadondige, stepanovic kragjevakge maralidaru, allie avaru november 1886 ravarege ulidaru. kragjevaknalli, avaru 10 neey regimentna kampaniyondannu munnadesidaru. 1886rahra koneyalli, aatanige eradane darjeya padaatidalada capton huddege badti nidalaayitu. avaru 1886rahra november 22rinda 1888rahra october 22ravarege serbian general sibbandiyalli aakaankshigalaagiddaru. 1888rahra koneyalli nadeda sabheyalli, general staff aayogavu "eradane darjeya capton shree. ee chaligaaladalli aii classes capton huddege pariksheyannu prarambhisalu aatanige anumodane niidabeeku" endu tirmaanisida stepanovic, pradhana kacheria sevege saakashtu arhate mattu puraavegalannu torisidaru." " 1889rahra marchnalli, stepanovic ee parikshege varadi maadidaru, mattu aayogavu april 2randu prarambhisalu avarige anumati needitu. april 2rinda 6ravarege, stepanovic hanneradu vishayagalalli tamma pariksheya saiddhaantika bhagavannu poornagolisidaru. avaru pradhana kacheria prayanagalu mattu karyagalalli uttama grade padeda kaarana avaru pariksheya prayogika bhagavannu maaduvudarinda bidugadeyaadaru. pariksheya swalpa samayada modalu, avaru drina vibhagiya pradeshada kaaryanirvahakaraadaru. parikshegala nantara avaru valjevoge teralidaru. 1889rahra april 17randu avaru aii classes capton aadaru. 1892rahra march 29rinda april 15ravarege, milutin milanovic mattu jivojin missic avara adhe samayadalli, stepanovic avaru majer huddege bareda pariksheyalli yashasviyagi uttirnaraadaru. stepanovic 1892rahra september 13randu pojegaada 5neey betalian commander aadanu. mundina varshada mayee 8randu aata majer huddege badti padedanu. august 14randu, mattomme drina vibhagiya pradeshada karyanirvahakaragi seve sallisalu avarannu valjevoge sthalaantarisalaayitu. aata 1895rahra october 20ravarege valjevodalli ulidukondaru, nantara avarannu belgradege sthalaantarisalaayitu. stepanovic aidu tingalu belgradenalli ulidaru, allie avaru 7neey betalian commander aagiddaru. avaru belgrade military academiyalli military itihaasada arekaalika praadhyaapakaraadaru. 1897rahra march 30randu, avaru belgradenalli 6neey padaatidala regimentna hangami commander aadaru. mayee 11randu, aata curnell huddege badti padedaru mattu eradu dinagala nantara aata 6neey padaatidala regimentna commander aadaru. stepanovic avaru 27 october 1898 randu raxana sachivaalayadalli general staff mukhyastharaadaru. avaru 1899 rahra march 15 ravarege ee sthaanadalli seve sallisidaru, nantara avaru raxana sachivaalayada general military vibhagada kaaryanirvahakaraadaru. aata olaanganadalli kelasa maadalu ishtapadadiddaroo, sachivaalayada sadasyara mele atyuttama prabhaava beeridaru mattu atyanta kattunittaada mattu samayanishtharaagi nenapisikollalpattaru. 1900rahra october 17randu avarannu matte valjevoge vargaayisalaayitu, allie avaru drina vibhagadalli padaatidala brigadene commander aadaru. november 11randu tappu tiluvalikeyindaagi, avarannu jajekarge vargaayisalaayitu mattu timok vibhagadalli padaatidala brigadene commander aagi nemisalaayitu. aata ee sthaanavannu ishtapattu heege helidaru "obba adhikaarige tandavu meenugalige, mattu visheshavaagi pradhana kacheria adhikaarige neerige samanagiruttade. allie aata tanage tilidiruvudannu torisabahudu mattu phalitaamshagalannu torisabahudu. kacheriyu aatmavannu kolluttade, shaktiyannu harisuttade mattu manushyanannu karyavidhanavagi parivartisuttade." " 1901rahra august 18randu, stepanovic avarannu pradhana kacheria curnell aagi badti nidalaayitu mattu november 11randu avaru serbian sainyada sakriya military kamandna upa kaaryanirvahakaraadaru. avaru 1902rahra december 15ravarege ee huddeyalli seve sallisidaru, nantara avaru general staff kaaryanirvahakaraadaru. nantara, raaja alexander I avanannu eradane vargada takovo shilubeyinda alankarisidanu. military itihaasada pradhyapakaragi tamma patravannu munduvaresida stepanovic, aaa avadhiyinda nepolian yuddhavannu upanyasa niididaru. avaru "warrier" () endu kareyalpaduva military niyatakaalikeya sampaadakaroo aagiddaru. 1903rahra mayee 1randu sambhavisida mayee padachyuti, stepanovic avara vrattijeevanada mele parinama beeralilla. padachyutagonda nantara, avaru raxana sachivaalayada saamaanya vibhagada mukhyastharaadaru, mattu nantara sumadiza vibhagada commander aadaru. ee prachaaragalindaagi, ee vishayadalli tatasthateyannu vyaktapadisiddaroo obrenovic rajavamshavannu padachyutagolisida sanchukorara paravagi stepanovic iddaru endu aneka itihaasakaararu nambiddaare. adhikaarakke banda nantara, peater I, 1904rahra zoon 29randu stepanovic avarannu starr off karadorde III digriyondige alankarisidaru. general dura horwatic avarannu anukarisida stepanovic, nantara tanna vibhagadalli prashyan sailiya military kasarattugalannu praarambhisidaru mattu prati akramate, dosha, kaanoonu aparadha mattu rajyada aastiyannu muttugolu hakikollalu shikshe niididaru. 1906rahra vasanta rtuvinalli kragjevaknalli, allie stepanovic sumadiza vibhagada commander aagi kaavalu kayalpattiddaru, allie daihika prati-pituri endu kareyalpaduva ghatane nadeyitu. kelavu itihaasakaararu ee pituriyannu stepanovicna kattunittaada aadalitadinda prachodisalaagide endu nambuttaare. ee pituriyu kragjewak garrison sumaru moovattu adhikaarigalannu olagondittu, avaru pattanadalli halavaaru pramukha saarvajanika kattadagalannu vashapadisikollalu mattu nantara stepanovic avarannu bandhisalu yojisiddaru. april 30randu ee sanchu belakige bandaaga, stepanovic 31 adhikaarigalannu bandhisidanu. innashtu janarannu bandhisuva bayakeyannu vyaktapadisidaaga, raxana sachiva radomir putnik avarannu tadedaru. ee pituriyinda stepanovic tivravagi becchibiddanu mattu nantara ghoshisidanuh sachivalaya mattu balkan yuddhagala siddhategalu. 1907rahra zoon 29randu stepa stepanovic avarannu general huddege airisalaayitu, aadare sumadiza vibhagiya pradeshada commander aagi ulidaru. nikola passic 1908rahra april 12randu hosa sarkaaravannu rachisidaru mattu stepanovic raxana sachivaraadaru. tanna adhikaaraavadhiyalli, avanu militariyannu aadhuneekarisalu mattu haleya mouser bandookugalannu maruroopisalu prayatnisidanu. aata fransninda hosa phirangigalannu khareedisi cerbian sainyakke sarabaraju maadisidanu. sainyavu meshin gangalannu aadeshisalu prayatnisidaga, stepanovic vibhinnavaada, hecchu sampradaayavaadi vidhaanavannu tegedukondaru, ekendare stepanovic avara samputadalli kelasa maadida curnell vlogic barediddaareh 1908rahra octobernalli, austria-hangariyu bosniyavannu swadhinapadisikonda nantara, cerbia mattu mantenegrodalli brihat pratibhatanegalu bhugileddavu. austry-hangeriyannara viruddha yuddha ghoshisabekendu hecchina sankhyeya nagarikaru ottayisidaru. desha mattu seeneyu yuddakke siddhavagilla mattu ibbaroo hecchina pramanada rajatantrika, arthika mattu military tarabetiyannu kaigolluva agatyavide endu echcharike needuva moolaka stepanovic pratikriyisidaru. avara helikegalu cerbian patrikegalalliyoo saha aneka kadegalinda dodda pramanada tikegalannu huttuhaakidavu. idara parinaamavaagi, avarannu raxana sachivaraagi vajaagolisalaayitu mattu 1909rahra aarambhadalli khaateyillada sachivaraadaru. aaa varshada koneyalli, avaru bhavishyada yuddakke serbian sainyavannu siddhapadisuvalli putnik avarige sakriyavagi sahaaya maadidaru. 1910rahra aarambhadalli, stepanovic morawa vibhagiya pradeshada commander aadaru mattu sashastra yuddhakkaagi vibhagavannu siddhapadisuva kaaryavannu kaigondaru. march 1911rahra aarambhadalli, stepanovic matte raxana sachivaraadaru. shighradalle, rajakumara alexander caradordevic avaru stepanovic bagge anumaana vyaktapadisidaru, avarannu cerbian simhaasanada mele videshi rajanannu bayasiddaru endu helalaaguva padachyutagonda naayakanaada commander dragutin demetrizevic apisna sahaanubhootiyendu avaru nambiddaru. idara parinaamavaagi, rajakumaranu stepanovicge dhavisi, belgradeninda apis mattu general staff majer milovan milovanovic pilak avarannu vargaayisuvante vinantisidanu. idakke pratikriyisida stepanovic, taanu adannu raaja peetarge ullekhisuttene mattu ibbarannu vargaayisabeke endu nirdharisalu avanige avakasha niidutteene endu helidaru. nantara rajakumaranu raaja peetarge tanna raajinaameyannu needalu viphalanaadanu. stepanovic eradane baarige raxana sachivaradaga, sarbia sarkaaravu dodda shaktigalu balkan annu vibhajisuva uddeshavannu hondive mattu ottoman saamraajyada christian janasankhyeyu dangeya anchinallide endu aritukonditu. avara adhikaaraavadhiyalli, cerbia itara balkan deshagalondige halavaaru raxana oppandagalige sahi haakidaru mattu balkan leigh annu rachisidaru. general radomir putnik mattu curnell jivojin missic avarondige stepanovic, turkey viruddhada yuddhakkaagi serbian sainyada sajjugolisuvike, ekagrateya mattu kaaryatantrada abhivruddhiya yojanegalannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. 1912rahra sharatkaaladalli, milovan milovanovic avara maranada nantara avara sarkaaravu rajiname needitu mattu marco trifkovic hosa sarkaaravannu rachisidaaga, putnik hosa raxana sachivaraadaru. modala balkan yuddha. modala karyacharanegalu. modala balkan yuddhada aarambhadondige, stepa stepanovic avaru 84 phirangigalannu hondidda 60,000-balavaada eradane sainyada commander aadaru. idu custandil-dupnitsa pradeshadalli kendrikrutavagiddu, 1neey timok padaatidala vibhaga mattu balgeriyaada elane rila padaatidala vibhagavannu olagondittu. modala seeneya munde turkey himbhagada mele daali maaduvudu idara uddeshavaagittu. elane rila vibhagavu seeneya bhaagavaayitu endu cerbian padegalige tilisida stepanovic," "naanu namma bhavishyada kelasavannu vishvaasadinda noduttene mattu yashassannu balavagi nambuttene, ekendare shatamaanagalinda berpatta mattu eega bhratrutva mattu appikonda, hattirada sahodararu, serbgalu mattu balgeriyannaru ellah adetadegalannu hattikkuva mattu deenadalita sahodararannu muktagolisuva edurisalaagada shaktiyannu pratinidhisuttaare"." " 1912rahra october 17randu, ottoman saamraajyada viruddha cerbia ghooshisida yuddhada bagge putnik stepanovikge mahiti niididaru. aata tanna sainyavannu ottoman gadige hattiravaguvante aadeshisidanu, aadare mundina soochaneyavarege adannu daatabaaradu. aadaagyoo, bulgarian hye command, ottoman gadiyannu daati, aata vashapadisikolluvalli yashasviyaada kerevo selo mattu gornja jumajagala mele daali maaduvante rila vibhagada commander, gorgi todorovge aadeshisitu. elane vibhagada veerarannu hurray maadi" emba padagalondige stepanovic avarannu abhinandisidaru." " october 18randu, timok vibhagavu rujen-crney varh dikkinalli ottoman sthaanagala mele daali maadalu praarambhisitu, mattu marudina avaru stepanovicna aadeshada merege crney varhannu vashapadisikondaru. october 21randu, serbian hye command timok vibhagavannu kumanovo kadege munnadesalu aadeshisitu. mayer dobrosav millenkovic netrutvada betalian eegaagale yaavude horaatavillade criva palankavannu vashapadisikondide endu tiliyada stepanovic, pattanavannu vashapadisikollalu agatyavaada ellah kushalategalannu aadeshisidanu. idu bahalashtu samayavannu vyartha maaditu, aadare bahuteka vibhagavu yaavude pratirodhavillade krivorekka kaniveya moolaka haaduhoguvalli yashasviyaayitu. madhyaahnada aarambhadalli, ashvadalada regiment straasinninda 5-6 kii. mea. dooradalli horaatavannu praarambhisitu mattu ratriya samayadalli adannu vashapadisikolluvalli yashasviyaayitu. mattomme, ee ghataneya bagge stepanovikge mahiti nidalagilla, mattu marudina avanu tanna padegalige strassin annu vashapadisikollalu aadeshisidanu, idu bahalashtu samayavannu vyartha maaditu. ee ghataneya nantara, modala mattu eradane sainyagala naduve samvahanavannu sthaapisalaayitu mattu kumanovoge hoguva rasteyannu tereyalaayitu. kumanovo yuddha. kumanovodalli shatrugalannu ottugudisuva bagge yaavude aadeshavannu sweekarisada general stepanovic, october 23 randu beligge 6 gantege kumonovo kadege meravanige nadesalu timok vibhagakke aadeshisidaru.emm. adhe samayadalli aata october 23randu kochaniyannu swadhinapadisikollalu mattu nantara adara kelavu padegalannu bittu adannu shtip kadege kaluhisalu elane vibhagakke aadeshisidanu. october 23randu, beligge, timok vibhagavu kratovoda mele daali maaditu mattu heege kumanovo yuddhavannu praarambhisitu. aadaagyoo, general todorov tanna hye kamandna aadeshagalannu palisidanu, aaddarinda avanu kochaniyannu swadhinapadisikollalu hattu byatarigala ondu betaliyannu maatra kaluhisidanu, idannu idee vibhagavu rakshisitu. timok vibhagavu meravanigeyalliddaaga, steepanovic, ovse polje mattu kokanigalinda, balavaada ottoman padey cratovo kadege saaguttide emba tippaniyannu padedaru. idara aadhaarada mele, avanu timok vibhagada commander annu kratovovannu swadhinapadisikollalu mattu dakshinada kadege raksaneyannu sthapisalu avasarapadisidanu. aadaagyoo, avaru cratovo pradeshakke agamisida nantara, curnell kondik avaru vibhagavu danidiruttade mattu ratriyannu kaleyabeku endu nirdharisidaru. idannu balasikondu, ottomannaru bulgarian komita ilakhe mattu serbgala ondu kampaniyinda maatra kaavalu padeyuttidda irn vrh annu vashapadisikondaru. stepanovikge eradoo vibhagagala kelasa ishtavagalilla mattu idannu sarvochcha kamandge varadi maadidaru. 7neey vibhagavu kosani mattu timok vibhagavannu besharattaagi swadhinapadisikollabeku emba uttaravannu aata sweekarisidanu. etanmadhye, october 23 randu kumanovodalli yuddha nadediruvudannu stepanovic kandukondanu. aatanige idarinda aashcharyavaayitu mattu timok vibhagada sthaanada bagge chintitaragiddaru, aadare modala sainyakke sahaaya maaduva maargavannu hudukidaru. aata october 24randu sii. aarr. enn. aii. aarr. etch. annu swadhinapadisikollalu timok vibhagakke aadeshisidanu, aadare idannu naale october 25randu maadalaayitu. marudina, bulgarian sarkaarada korikeya merege timok vibhagavannu avara vashadallirisalu nirdharisalaagide endu hye command stepanovikge tilisitu, aadare aata innoo eradoo vibhagagalannu nirvahisuttaane.aata takshanave 14neey cerbian regiment annu 7neey rila vibhagakke niididanu mattu ottoman himmettuvikeyannu prelep kadege tadeyuva saluvaagi bregalnica nadiya mukhada kadege tanna padegalannu munnadesalu general todorovge aadeshisidanu, mattu nantara hecchu sulabhavaagi karyacharaneyannu aadeshisuva saluvaagi criva palankadinda stipge teralalu anumati kelidanu. aadaagyoo, avaru kratovoge agamisida nantara general todorov avarinda ravaaneyannu sweekarisidaru, adaralli avaru tamma padegalannu serez mattu demir hisar kadege sarisalu tamma swanta hye kamandninda aadeshagalannu sweekarisiddaare endu tilisidaru, adannu avaru eegaagale adeshisiddare. idannu odida nantara, balgeriyannarige sahaaya maadalu kelavu padegalannu siddhapadisalu stepanovic criva palankakke maralidaru. adrianopalna muttige. general stepa stepanovic avaru mustafa pasha (adrianopalna horagina railway nildaana) emba tamma pradhana kacheriyondige 1912rahra november 6randu agamisidaru. takshanave avaru bulgarian eradane sainya mattu muttigeya padegala sarvochcha commander general nikola ivanov avarannu samparkisidaru. avana pradhana kacheriyannu mustafa paashaadalli irisalaayitu, allie ivanov avarannoo niyojisalagittu. 1912ralli kadanaviramakke sahi haakalaayitu. aadaagyoo, stepanovic tanna sainyavu ekagrateyannu kaledukolluvudannu bayasalilla. chrismus munnaadinada dinavoo saha garishta shistu mattu sannaddhateyannu avaru ottayisidaru. kadanaviramada samayadalli, stepanovic tanna sainyada pooraikeyannu sudhaarisuvalli yashasviyaadanu. balgeriyaada sarvochcha command cerbian eradane sainyavannu puraisalu oppikonditu, aadare stepanovic gunamattadalli truptaraagiralilla. aaddarinda avaru bread, maamsa mattu itara vastugala gunamattavannu sudhaarisabekendu ottayisidaru. bulgarian kamandnondige oppandakke baradidda kaarana, avaru sainikara aarogya mattu naitikateyannu kapadikollalu pooraikeyannu kaluhisalu serbian sarvochcha command annu kelidaru.eradu tingala siddhateya nantara, 1913rahra march 24randu adrianopal annu serehidiyalu 3 dinagala yuddhavannu praarambhisalaayitu. avana timok vibhagavu kevala 45 nimishagalalli phirangigala bembalavillade yuddhabhumiya sampoorna uttara bhagavannu vashapadisikonditu mattu adrianopal koteya phirangigala gundina dodda bhagavannu eleyitu. dinada koneyalli, naale ratri, antipersonal adetadegalannu serehidiyalu daali nadesabekendu nirdharisalaayitu. daali prarambhavadaga, timok vibhagada mumbhagadalli, ottomannaru tamma sthaanagalannu marali padeyalu prayatnisidaru, aadare avaru viphalaraadaru. general stepanovic danube vibhagada hindina ettarada neladinda nera daali maadidante kandaru. seenaa telegraph ustuvaari vahisidda nikola arandelovic vatavaranavannu vivarisiddaareh munjane 5:30kke, stepanovic, balgeriyannaru purva valayada mele tallalu sahaaya maaduva saluvaagi, munchuni saalina mele nirnayaka daaliyalli chalisuvante cerbian padegalige aadeshisidaru, idu beligge 8rahra sumaarige bidditu. beligge 8:30kke, ibbaru ottoman adhikaarigalu shukri paashaada kaaranadindaagi sharanagatiyannu matukate nadesalu serbian 20neey regimentge bandaru. yaavude pratikriye sigada pasha, tanna sahayakanannu 20neey regimentge kaluhisi, shukri pasha general stepanovic avarondige matukate nadesalu bayasuttaane emba sandeshavannu niididanu. matukate nadesalu commanderninda adhikaravilla mattu general ivanov avarannu uddeshisi matanadabeku endu stepanovic uttarisidaru. ee madhye timok vibhagavu antipersonal line annu vashapadisikonditu mattu danube vibhagavu point papas-tep annu vashapadisikonditu. general stepanovic danube regimentgala munchuni saalugala hinde chalisidaru, mattu beligge 11 gantege 4 neey cerbian regiment vashapadisikonda marash baliya bekchitepnalliddaru. munjane, bulgeriyaada adhikaarigalu shukri pasha avara pradhana kacherige bandaru, mattu avaru madhyaahnada <aii. dii. 2> kke general ivanov avarige sharanadaru, aadare avaru tamma vaiyaktika ichcheya merege ondu ganteya nantara tamma pradhana kacherige maralidaru. antimavagi ondu ganteya nantara cerbian padegalu avanannu serehididavu. adrianopal patanavaada nantara, stepanovic 27 march randu samyojita berpaduvikeyannu rachisidaru mattu vashapadisikonda nagarakke nishteyinda munnadedaru. kelavu dinagala nantara, aatanu, itihaasada prakara, maritsa yuddha nadeda nikharavaada sthaladalli, hutatma veerarige smaarakavannu sthaapisabekendu aadeshisidanu. bhagavahisidavara prakara, idu aghatakari mattu sparshada kshanavagittu. swalpa samayada nantara, stepanovic tanna sainyavannu serbiyage marali sagisalu siddhategalannu praarambhisidanu. bulgarian sarkaaravu tanna padegalannu marali sagisalu saakashtu railugalannu niidalilla, aaddarinda avanu tanna sainyavannu kaalnadigeyalli serbiyage karedoyyuvudaagi bedarike hakidanu. idara nantara, balgeriyannaru sharanadaru mattu avaru idee sainyavannu april 1 rinda mayee 9 ravarege vargaayisidaru. modala mahayuddha. modalane mahayuddhada aarambhadalli avaru gairuhajarada sibbandi mukhyastharaada radomir putnik avara pratinidhiyagi kaaryanirvahisidaru. avaru sajjugolisuvike mattu kelavu yuddha siddhategalige javaabdaararaagiddaru. putnik hindirugida nantara aata eradane seeneya adhipatyavannu vahisikondanu. modalane mahayuddhadalli, aata serr kadanadalli serbian sainyavannu munnadesidaru, allie aatana eradane seeneyu aastriyaada aidane sainyavannu sampoornavaagi solisi, balavantada meravanigeya nantara stalakke agamisitu. idu yuddhada modala mitrapakshagala vijayavagittu, mattu aatanige feeled marshel aagi badti nidalaayitu. 1915ralli serbiyaada raksaneya jotege, avana seeneyu drina yuddha mattu kolubara yuddhadalli yashassannu saadhisitu. 1918ralli avaru matte eradane seeneya mukhyastharagiddaru, idu macedoniadalli dodda mitrapakshagala aakramanada bhagavagittu, avaru september 15randu ondu pragatiyannu saadhisidaru. eradane seeneyu bulgarian gadige munnadedu allinda, september 29,1918 randu bulgarian sharanagatiya nantara paschimakke bosnia mattu audriatic samudrada kadege tirugitu. 1919rahra antyadavarege sakriya adhikaariyaagidda aata, serbian seeneya mukhyastharaagi seveyinda nivruttaraadaru. tamma vrattijeevanadalli avaru eradu sandarbhagalalli seenaa sachivaragiyoo seve sallisiddaru. tarkara viruddhada 1876-1878 yuddhagala samayadalli shouryakkaagi aatanige "takovsky crust saa ukrastenim masevima" padakavannu nidalaayitu. aatanige atyanta vishishtavaada santa micheal mattu santa georger nait grand cross (zii. sii. emm. zii) prashastiyannu saha nidalaayitu. aata 1929rahra april 29randu sacock pattanadalli nidhanaraadaru. parampare. aata 100 atyanta pramukha serbgalalli seriddaare.

stepanovichu serbo-turkish yuddham, serbo-bulgarian yuddham, aadya balcan yuddham, randaam balcan yuddham, onnaam lokamahaayudham ennivayil poraadiya oru serbian sainika kamaandaraayirunnu stepaan stepanovichu (,;-29 epril 1929). 1874ll serbian sainyathil chernna addeham 1876ll automan saamraajyathinte sainyathinethire poraadi. thudarnnulla varshangalil addeham serbian sainyathinte raankukal uyarthukayum 1885ll bulgarian sainyathinethire pooraadukayum cheythu. oduvil 1908 eprilil serbian yudhamanthriyaayi. serbian sainyathil mattangal varuthunnathinte utharavaadithavum addehathinundaayirunnu. stepanovichu rund balcan yudhangalil serbian senaye nayikkukayum onnaam lokamahaayudhasamayathu serbian randaam sainyathe nayikkukayum cheythu. serr yudhathinushesham addehathinu randaamathe feeld marshalaayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 1929 epril 29 nuu addeham saakkakkil vachu antharichu. kuttikkalavum vidyaabhyaasavum. 1856 februvari 28nuu belgredinaduthulla kumodras graamathilaanu stepaan stepanovichu janichathu. ivan, radojka stepanovichu ("nee" nicolic) ennivarude naalaamathe kuttiyum moonnaamathe makanumaayirunnu addeham. addehathinte kudumbatthinte kudumbapperu uthbhavicha muthachan steppante perilaanu stepanovichu ariyappedunnathu. addehathinte kudumba uthbhavathekkurich rund sidhaanthangalundu. sivanovic ennariyappettirunna stepanovichinte poorvvikar bosnia, lyca pradeshangalil ninnullavaraanennu aadyathethu parayunnu. randaamathe sidhaantham, addehathinte poorvvikar valia serb kudiyettasamayathu lescovakkinteyum pyrottinteyum sameepathu ninnaan vannath ennathaanu. veettujolikal kaaranam stepanovichinte ammaykku addehathinaayi samayam kuravaayirunnu, palappozhum avane thante ammaayiyammayude paricharanatthil upekshichu. primery schoolil cherunnathinu munbu addeham kannukaalikale paripalikkukayum orikkal oru kaalayal gurutharamaayi parikkelkkukayum cheythu. kumodraasile traivatsara primery school poortthiyaakkiya stepanovichu kyapttan misayude maalikayile jimneshyathil chernnu. school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaan addeham palappozhum sambannaraaya belgrade kudumbangale sevichu. skoolinte onnaam varsham nalla gradukalumaayi poortthiyaakkiya addeham thante vidyaabhyaasathiludaneelam nalla gradeukal labhikkunnath thudarnnu. 1874 septambaril stepanovichu thante aaram varshathe jimneshyathil cherunnathinupakaram belgrade peeranki skoolile XI classil chernnu. anchu varshathe jimneshyam poortthiyaakkiyathinaal addehathinu praveshana pareeksha ezhuthendivannilla. addehathinte classil irupathombathu kedattukalundaayirunnu. akkaalat, belgrade peeranki vidyaalayathinu oru saankethika swabhaavamundaayirunnu, stepanovichu ellaayppozhum mosham prakadanam kaazhchavaykkunna ganithashaasthra parijnjaanatthil valareyadhikam shradha chelutthi. russian, franch saahityangal vaayichuvenkilum stepanovichu videsha bhaashakalilum athra nallavanayirunnilla. hersegovina kalapam pottippurappettathinum, serbian principality automan saamraajyavumaayi yudhathinu thayyaredukkaan thudangi, belgrade peeranki school praayogika ayodhana parisheelanatthinte oru paripadi aarambhichu. 1875 septambaril stepanovichinum sahapaadikalkkum shaareerika padavi labhichu. oru pareekshayil vijayicha sesham, stepanovichu 1876 meyy maasathil juuniyar sarjantaayi. 1876 juunil baalkkanukalil serbia ottomaan turkish sena thammil yuddham pottipurappettu, avaril bhooribhaagavum kosovoyil ninnulla albaaniyakkaaraayirunnu. stepanovichinum muzhuvan XI classinum vegathil sarjant raankukal labikkukayum avare munnirayilekku ayaykkukayum cheythu. serbo-turkish yudhangal. 1876 meyy 14 nuu stepanovichu kragjevaakkil ethi. ivide, stepanovichu utharavukal paalicha kenal lubomir usun-mirkovichinte neethrthwathilulla sumadija divishante aasthaanathu chittayaya officer dutic addehathe niyamichu. moravian sainyathinte pradhana bhaagamaayirunnu sumadija division, ennaal yudhapadhathikal maariyathin sesham athu niravadhi schwadronukalaayi vibhajikkapettu. neesilekku ottomaan sainyathinte varavu thadayunnathinaayi babina glava bela palnkayum pidikkaan kanjasewak sainyathe sahayikkaan utharavukal undaayirunna usun-mirkovichinte schwadronil stepanovichine niyamichu. oduvil, babina glava edukkukayum stepanovichine "valare chadulanum nalla savaarikkaaranumaayi" usun-mircovic shradhikkukayum cheythu."taamasiyaathe, automans usun-mirkovichinte schwadroninethire oru thirichuvaravu nadatthi, athu pandriloyilekku pinwangi. juulai 19 nuu automans paandriloye akramikkukayum stepanovichu sajeevamaayi pankeduttha oru yuddham aarambikkukayum cheythu. saadhaarana serbian sainikarkoppam stepanovichinte pankaalittham dhaarmikatha uyarthukayum yudhathinte veliyettam maattaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. eee anubhavam stepanovichine valareyadhikam swaadheenikkukayum avarude dhaarmikatha uyarthaan addeham palappozhum mattu serbian sainikarkoppam yuddham cheyyukayum cheythu. kanjevaakkinte pathanathinushesham, automans morawa thaazhvarayil athaathirikkaan stepanovichum addehathinte schwadron delegradil ninnu sokobanchayilekku maari. sokobanchayil, serb senakal kenal dura horvattovichinte neethrthwathil veendum samghadippikkukayum IV armi corps roopeekarikkukayum cheythu. stepanovichu pinneedu eee yoonittil chernnu. naalaamathe armi corps kurilovoyiloode march cheyyukayum vinikkil athukayum avide ottomaan sthaanangal akramikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu athu delegradylake neengukayum avide septambar 7nuu athukayum cheythu. septambar 11 nuu krevettinu sameepam nadanna oru yudhathil IV armi corps thurkkikalumaayi ettumutti, athu anishchithathvathil avasaanichu. serb ottoman turkish sena thammilulla vedinirthal 1876 november 1 nuu prakhyapikkappettu. desember 1 nuu stepanovichinu dheerathaykk swarnna medel nalkukayum second lefttanant rankilekku sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum cheythu. 1877 februvari 13nuu serbian sainyathinte moonnaam battaaliyante moonnaam kambaniyude kamaandaraayi addeham niyamithanaayi. pinneedu, stepanovichu pyrot pidichedukkunnathil pankedutthu. general jovan belimaarkkovichinte mothatthilulla commandle stepanovichum addehathinte 300 anga sainyavum pattanatthil automans kottakettya rund sthalangalil onnaaya nisorinte idathu vashathe aakramichu. septambar 26num 27num idayil stepanovichinte yoonit nisorinu chuttum sradhikkappedaathe kadannupoyi maalii varhu eduthu. septambar 27 nuu raavile, pradhana serbian akramanam aarambhichappol, addehathinte squad nisorinu nere vediyuthirkkukayum avide nilayurappichirunna ottomanmaare aashayakkuzhappathilaakkum cheythu. pinneedu, pyrot pidikkapettu. stepanovichinte yoonittile oru sainikan paranju "njaan thettallengil, njangalude nadapadi nisorile turkish sthaanathinu pradhana praharam varuthukayum pairottinte vidhi pariharikkukayum cheythathayi njaan kandethunnu."stepanovichinu pinneedu oordar oof sent labhichu. thante kariyariludaneelam labhicha ellah avaardukalilum ettavum priyappetta vaalum ribbon dharicha svettislaavu III klaas, turkish tranchil praveshicha aadyatheyaalaayi addeham svayam kanakkakkiyathinaal." desember 3 nuu sumadija corps rund echelon roopeekaranangalilaayi pyrottil ninnu nisilekkulla march aarambhichu. eee maarchinide, stepanovichu kaalalppadayudeyum chila kuthirappadayudeyum oru pakuthi bataaliyan kamaandaraayi suva planinayude dushkaramaaya bhoopradeshathiloode neengi. ennirunnaalum, addehathinte ellah aalukalum trekkingine athijeevichu yudhathinu thayyaaraayitheernnu. parvathathinu kuruke nadanna march yudhathile thante ettavum kadinamaaya chumathalayaanennu stepanovichu pinneedu prasthaavichu. 1878 januvari 23nuu serbian hikemand vranche pattanam pidichedukkaan sumadija divisionode utharavittu. sumadija division pinneedu ottomanmaare poljaanikkayil ninnu puratthaakkukayum gradelica klisura paraajayappedutthukayum cheythu. januvari 25nuu stepanovichu poljaanikkayile praadeshika serbukale saayudharaaya oru sannadhasamghathinte kamaandaraayi. eathaanum divasangalkkushesham vraancheykkaayulla yudhathil, stepanovichu pattanatthinte vadakku ninnulla ottomanmaare bhakthanil aakramichu. samadhaanakaalam. yuddham avasaanichukazhinjaal, stepanovichu thante school vidyaabhyaasam poortthiyaakkaan belgrade milittari academyil adhika klaasukal eduthu, avayellaam 1880 oode poortthiyaakki. aaa varsham septambaril addeham kragujevakilekku sthalammaattaan abhyarthichu. avidevechu addeham serbian sainyathinte moonnaam battaaliyante randaam kambaniyude command nedi. octoberil addeham athe battaaliyante onnaam kambaniyude kamaandaraayi. kragjevaakkil vachu stepanovichu nagaratthinte thalavanaaya velislav milanovichinte makalaaya thante bhaavi bharyayaaya jelena kandumutty. iruvarum 1881 juulai 25 nuu vivahitharaayi. avarude aadya kuttiyaya milikka 1882 epril 21 nuu janichu. adutha varsham jeleena dambathikalude randaamathe makal danicaic janmam nalki. stepanovichinte rund penmakkalum offeesarmaare vivaham kazhichu, milikka second lefttanant kristta dragomirovichine vivaham kazhichu, danica phastt klaas kyapttan jovica jovichikkine vivaham kazhichu, pinneedu serbian sainyathil division generalayi. 1880 avasana paadatthile addehathinte aadya audyogika vilayiruthalil, oru prathyeka sainika kammeeshan stepanovichine ingane visheshippichu 1882 septambar 1 nuu stepanovichu infentry lefttanant padaviyilekku sthaanakkayattam nedukayum 1883 februvari 13 vare kraagujevaakkilekk madangunnathuvare addeham avide thudarnnu. kraagujevaakkil ethiya sesham sumadija infentry rejimentil sainika adjattantaayi niyamithanaayi. athe varsham thanne serbia listt cheytha jimneshyam prograamukalil sainika vyaayamangal nirbandhamaakki. stepanovichu pinneedu aadyathe kragjewak jimneshyathil sainika vyaayaamangalude adthyaapakanaayi. 1886 vare addeham eee sthaanathu thudarnnu. serbo-bulgarian yuddham (1885). slivnitsa yudhathil, sumadija divisionile randaam battaaliyante aadya kambanikku stepanovichu neethrthwam nalki. addehathinte yoonit wrapsey graamam akramikkukayum bulgarian sainyathe pinwangan nirbandhikkukayum cheythu. serbian sainyathinte divisionukal, rejimentukal, battaaliyanukal enniva thammilulla ekopanathinte abhavam stepanovichu 12-aamm rejimentinte commanderk ayacha oru reportil vyakthamaan. niravadhi divasangalkku sesham, stepanovichu 12-aamm rejimentile onnaam battaaliyante kamaandaraayi, mattoru yoonittil ninnulla sainikarumaayi chernnu slivnitsayile durbalamaaya bulgarian kendratthe aakramichu. aldomirovsi graamathinu chuttumulla pradesham ettedukkaan serb senaye anuvadichukondu bulgariakkaar pinwangan thudangi. thante reportil stepanovichu thante sainikarekkurich ingane ezhuthi "cross fayar samayat thuranna maithaanathinu mukaliloode neengiyittum avar valia rogashanti kaanichathinaal eee yudhangalile sainikarude perumaattam mikachathaayirunnu. sainikarude dhairyavum nalla niyanthranavum sambandhichu udyogastharude perumaattam thripthikaramaayirunnu." serbian sainyathe bulgariayil ninnu puratthaakkiyathode milan rajaavu november 19 nuu serbian sainyathe pyrotylekku pinvalikkaan utharavittu. moonnu divasathinu sesham, bulgarian sainyam pattanatthilekku march cheyyukayum neskov visine akramikkukayum cheythu. stepanovichinte panthrandaam rejiment pinwangan nirbandhithamaayi. stepanovichu pinneedu report cheythu "...njaanu aashupathriyilekku neengi, avide nammude sainikarude oru koottam perr pinwangi. muthirnnavarude oru sramathinum avare thirike konduvaraan kazhinjilla. kooduthal sainikar avare pinthudarnnu, thudarnnu avare thadayaan shramicha udyogasthare aaa parihasyamaaya janakkoottam thallikkalanju." uyarnnu. serbo-bulgarian yuddham avasaanichathode stepanovichu kragjevakkilekku madangi, avide 1886 november vare thaamasichu. kraagjevaakkile patthaam rejimentinte oru kambanikku addeham neethrthwam nalki. 1886 avasaanathode addehathe randaam klaas infantry kyapttan rankilekku sthaanakkayattam nalki. 1886 november 22 muthal 1888 october 22 vare serbian general staafil oru abhilaashanaayirunnu addeham. 1888 avasaanathode nadanna yogathil general staaf kammeeshan paranju, 'randaam klaas kyapttan shree. onnaam klaas kyapttan raankinaayi eee shaithyakaalath oru pareeksha aarambikkaan addehathinu amgeekaaram nalkanam" enna nigamanathil stepanovichu headquartezhs 'sarvees' ennathinu mathiyaya yogyathayum thelivum kaanichu." " 1889 maarchil stepanovichu eee pareekshaykk report cheyyukayum epril 2nuu kammeeshan addehathinu anumathi nalkukayum cheythu. epril 2 muthal 6 vare stepanovichu panthrand vishayangalil thante pareekshayude saidhaanthika bhagam poortthiyaakki. headkwartezhsinte yaathrakalilum dauthyangalilum valare nalla grade labhichathinaal pareekshayude praayogika bhagam cheiyunnathil ninnu addehathe mochippichu. pareekshaykk thottumunbu addeham drina divisional eriyayude executive aayi. pareekshaykk sesham addeham valjevoyilekku maari. 1889 epril 17nuu addeham aii klaas captanaayi. 1892 march 29 muthal epril 15 vare stepanovichu ezhuthukayum miluttin milanovichu, sivojin missic ennivarude athe samayat rank mejarinulla oru pareeksha vijayakaramaayi vijayikkukayum cheythu. 1892 septambar 13nuu posegayile anchaam battaaliyante kamaandaraayi stepanovichu. adutha varsham meyy 8nuu mejar rankilekku sthaanakkayattam labhichu. august 14nuu addehathe veendum drina divisional eriyayude executive aayi sevanamanushtikkunnathinayi valjevoyilekku maatti. 1895 october 20 vare addeham valjevoyil thaamasichu, thudarnnu addehathe belgradylake maatti. stepanovichu anchu maasam belgradil thaamasichu, avide addeham ezhaam battaaliyante kamaandaraayirunnu. belgrade milittari academyil sainika charithratthinte part time professorayum addeham maari. 1897 march 30nuu addeham belgradile aaraamathe kaalaalppada rejimentinte acting kamaandaraayi. meyy 11nuu kenal padaviyilekku sthaanakkayattam labhicha addeham rund divasathinu sesham aaram kaalaalppada rejimentinte kamaandaraayi. 1898 october 27nuu stepanovichu prathirodha manthraalayathile general staaf medaaviyaayi. 1899 march 15 vare addeham eee sthaanathu sevanamanushtichu, thudarnnu prathirodha manthraalayathinte general milittari departmentinte executive aayi. veedinullil jolie cheyyaan eshtappettillengilum, manthraalayathile amgangalil addeham mikacha swaadheenam cheluthukayum valare karsanavum samayanishtayullavanumaayi oormmikkappedukayum cheythu. 1900 october 17nuu addehathe veendum valjevoyilekku maatti, avide addeham drina divisionile oru kaalaalppada brigedinte kamaandaraayi. november 11 nuu oru thettidhaaranayundaayathinal addehathe sajekarilekku maattukayum timok divisionile oru kaalaalppada brigedinte kamaandaraayi niyamikkukayum cheythu. addeham eee sthaanam ishtappedukayum paranju 'oru udyogasthante sainyam oru malsyathinu vellathinu thulyamaanu, prathyekichu oru headquartezhs officerkku. avide addehathinu thanikkariyaavunnath kaanikkanum phalangal kaanikkanum kazhiyum. oafees aathmaavine kollukayum shakti illaathaakkukayum manushyane samvidaanamaakki maattukayum cheiyunnu." " 1901 august 18 nuu stepanovichinu headquartezhs kenalaayi sthaanakkayattam nalkukayum november 11 nuu addeham serbian sainyathinte sajeeva sainika kamaandinte deputy executive aakukayum cheythu. 1902 desember 15nuu general staafinte executive aakunnathuvare addeham eee sthaanathu sevanamanushtichu. pinneedu, alexander onnaaman rajaavu addehathe randaam klaas thaakovoyude kurisukondu alankarichu. sainika charithratthinte professor enna nilayil stepanovichu thudarnnu, aii. dii. 1 muthal nepolian yuddha prabhashanam nadatthi. "warrier" () ennariyappedunna sainika maasikayude edittar koodiyaayirunnu addeham. 1903 meyy 1 nuu nadanna attimari stepanovichinte kariyarine baadhichilla. attimarikk sesham addeham prathirodha manthraalayathile pothu vakuppinte sekshan medaaviyaayi, thudarnnu sumadija divishante kamaandaraayi. eee sthaanakkayattangal kaaranam, eee vishayathil nishpakshatha prakadippichittum obrenovic raajavamshathe attimaricha goodaalochanakkaarude pakshathaayirunnu stepanovichu ennu pala charitrakaaranmaarum vishwasikkunnu. adhikaarathil vannathinushesham, peettar onnaaman 1904 juun 29 nuu stepanovichine staar oof caradorde III digri kondu alankarichu. general dura horwatic anukarichukondu stepanovichu thante divisionil prussian shailiyilulla sainika abhyasangal aarambikkukayum ellah kramakkedukalum krithyathayillaaymayum niyamaparamaaya kuttakrithyangalum samsthaana swath kandukettalum shikshikkukayum cheythu. 1906 leeii vasanthakaalath kragjevaakkil, sumadija divishante kamaandaraayi stepanovichu kaaval nilkkumbol, shaareerika prathirodha goodaalochana ennu vilikkappedunna oru sambhavam nadannu. stepanovichinte karsanamaaya bharanamaan goodaalochanaykku kaaranamenn chila charitrakaaranmaar vishwasikkunnu. pattanatthile niravadhi pradhana pothu kettidangal ettedukkaanum thudarnnu stepanovichine arast cheyyaanum padhathiyittirunna kragjewak gaarisanile muppatholam udyogasthar ulppettathaanu goodaalochana. epril 30nuu goodaalochana velippettappol stepanovichu 31 udyogasthare arast cheythu. kooduthal pere arast cheyyaanulla aagraham prakadippichappol prathirodha mantri radomir putnik addehathe thadanju. goodaalochanayil stepanovichu aazhathil ilakimarikkukayum pinneedu prakhyapikkukayum cheythu shushrooshayum balcan yudhangalkkulla thayyaareduppukalum. 1907 juun 29 nuu stepa stepanovichu general padaviyilekku uyarthappettengilum sumadija divisional eriyayude kamaandaraayi thudarnnu. 1908 epril 12 nuu nikkola passic oru puthiya sarkkar roopeekarikkukayum stepanovichu prathirodha manthriyaakukayum cheythu. thante adhikaarakaalathu addeham sainyathe naveekarikkanum pazhaya mousar raifilukal punarnirmmikkaanum shramichu. fraansil ninnu puthiya peerankikal vaangukayum serbian sainyathin vitharanam cheyyukayum cheythu. sainyam mesheen gannukal oordar cheyyaan shramichappol, stepanovichinte manthrisabhayil jolie cheythirunna kenal vlagic ezhuthiyathupole stepanovichu vyathyasthavum kooduthal yaadhaasthithikavumaaya sameepanam sweekarichu 1908 octoberil, austriya-hungery bosnia pidichadakkiyathinusesham, serbiayilum montenegroyilum vann prathishedhangal pottipurappettu. austriya-hangeriyakkaarkkethire yuddham prakhyaapikkanamenn dhaaraalam pouranmaar aavasyappettu. raajyavum sainyavum yudhathinu thayyarallennum iruvarkkum valia thothilulla nayatantra, saambathika, sainika pariseelanam aavasyamaanennum stepanovichu munnariyipp nalki. addehathinte prasthavanakal serbian pathrangalil polum pala vashathuninnum valia vimarsanangalkk kaaranamaayi. thalphalamaayi, addehathe prathirodha manthriyaayi pirichuvidukayum 1909-nte thudakkathil vakuppukalillaatha manthriyaakukayum cheythu. aaa varshavasaanam, bhaaviyile yudhathinaayi serbian sainyathe thayyarakkunnathil addeham putnikkine sajeevamaayi sahayichu. 1910-nte thudakkathil stepanovichu morawa divisional eriyayude kamaandaraayi, sayudha pooraattatthinaayi division thayyarakkunna chumatala etteduthu. 1911 maarchinte thudakkathil stepanovichu veendum prathirodha manthriyaayi. taamasiyaathe, serbian simhaasanathil oru videsha raajaavine venamennu paranjirunna attimari nethaavum kamaandarumaaya dragutin dimitrijevik apisinte anubhaaviyaanennu thaan vishwasichirunna stepanovichine rajakumaran alexander caradordevic samshayichu. thathfalamaayi, rajakumaran stepanovichilekku oodiyethi, appisineyum general staaf mejar milovan milovanovic pilakkineyum belgradil ninnu maattanamenn abhyarthichu. thaan athu peettar rajavinodu paraamarsikkumennum iruvareyum mattanamo vendayo ennu theerumaanikkaan anuvadikkumennum stepanovichu prathikarichu. thudarnnu rajakumaran thante raaji peettar rajaavinu vaagdaanam cheythu. stepanovichu randaam thavanayum prathirodha manthriyaayappol, mahaashakthikal balkane vibhajikkaan uddeshikkunnathaayum automan saamraajyathile kristhyan janatha kalaapathinte vakkilaanennum serbia sarkkar manassilakki. addehathinte bharanakaalathu serbia mattu balcan rajyangalumaayi niravadhi prathirodha karaarukalil oppuvaykkukayum balcan leag srishtikkukayum cheythu. general radomir putnik, kenal sivojin missic ennivarodoppam stepanovichu, tarkkiykkethiraaya yudhathinaayi serbian sainyathinte samaharanathinum eakaagrathaykkum thanthraparamaaya vikasanathinumulla padhathikal vikasippichu. 1912 avasaanathode milovan milovanovichinte maranashesham addehathinte sarkkar raajivachu, marco trifcovic oru puthiya sarkkar roopeekarichappol putnik puthiya prathirodha manthriyaayi. onnaam balcan yuddham. aadyathe ooppareshan. aadyathe balcan yudhathinte thudakkathode, stepa stepanovichu 84 peerankikal kaivashamulla 60,000-oolam varunna randaamathe sainyathinte kamaandaraayi. custendil-dupnitsa pradeshathu kendreekarichirunna ithil onnaam timok kaalaalppada division bulgarian ezhaam rila kaalaalppada division ulppettirunnu. aadya sainyathin munbu turkey pinbhaagathe aakramikkuka ennathaayirunnu athinte dauthyam. ezhaamathe rila division sainyathinte bhaagamaayenn serbian sainikare ariyicha stepanovichu paranju "njaan njangalude bhaavi pravarthanangalil aathmavishwaasathode nokkukayum vijayathil shakthamayi vishwasikkukayum cheiyunnu, kaaranam noottaandukalaayi verpirinjathum ippol sahodarathvavum aalinganavum ullathum ettavum adutha sahodaranmaarum serbukalum bulgariakkaarum ellah thadassangalum thakarkkukayum adichamarthappetta sahodaranmaare mochippikkukayum cheiyunna oru aprathirodhya sakthiye prathinidheekarikkunnu." " 1912 october 17nuu, ottoman saamrajyathinethiraaya serbiayude yuddha prakhyaapanathekkurichu putnik stepanovichine ariyichu. automan athirthiyilekku neengaan addeham thante sainyathodu utharavittu, pakshe iniyoru ariyipp undaakunnathuvare athu kadakkaruth. ennirunnaalum, bulgarian hikemand rila division commander jorgi todorovinode automan athirthi kadakkanum addeham pidichedukkaan kazhinja keyaro selo, gorncha sumaja enniva akramikkaan utharavittu. stepanovichu avare abhinandichu 'ezhaam divisionile naayakanmaare thurathuka." " october 18 nuu, timok division rujen-crney varhu dishayilulla automan sthaanangale akramikkaan thudangi, adutha divasam avar stepanovichinte utharavanusarichu crney varhu pidichedutthu. october 21nuu serbian hikemand timok divisionode kumanovoyilekku neengaan utharavittu. mayer dobrosav milenkovichinte neethrthwathilulla bataaliyan oru poraattavumillaathe ithinakam thanne kreeva palnka pidichadakkiyathaayi ariyaathe, stepanovichu nagaram pidichedukkaan aavashyamaaya ellah thanthrangalkkum utharavittu. ithu valareyadhikam samayam paazhaakkiyenkilum divishante bhooribhaagathinum oru prathirodhavumillathe crivoreca malayidukkiloode kadannupokaan kazhinju. uchakazhinju, kuthirappada rejiment strassinil ninnu 5 muthal 6 kilometer vare akale oru poraattam aarambikkukayum raathriyil athu pidichedukkaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. veendum, stepanovichine eee sambhavathekkurichu ariyichittilla, pittennu addeham thante sainyathodu strassin pidikkaan utharavittu, athu dhaaraalam samayam pazhaakki. eee sambhavathin sesham, onnum randum sainyangal thammil ashayavinimayam sthaapikkukayum kumanovilekkulla vazhi thurakkukayum cheythu. kumanovo yuddham. kumanovoyil shathruvine shekharikkunnathinekkuri oru utharavum labhikkathathinaal, general stepanovichu october 23 nuu raavile 6 manikk kumanovoyilekku march nadatthaan timok divisionode utharavittu.emm. athesamayam, october 23 nuu kokkani ettedukkaanum thudarnnu athinte chila sainyathe veruthe vittukondu shtipilekku ayaykkaanum addeham ezhaam divisionode utharavittu. october 23 nuu raavile timok division kraattovoye akramikkukayum angane kumanovo yuddham aarambikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, general todorov thante hikemandinte utharavukal anusarichu, athinaal addeham patthu baattarikalulla oru battaaliyane maathrame kokkani ettedukkaan ayachullu, athu muzhuvan division prathirodhichu. timok division maarchil aayirikkumbol, ovse poljeyil ninnum kokkaniyil ninnum sakthamaaya automan sainyam cratovoyilekku march cheiyukayaanennu stepanovichinu kuripp labhichu. ithinte adisthaanathil, cratovo ettedukkaanum thekk bhaagathekku prathirodham sthaapikkaanum addeham timok division kamaandare thidukkathil kondupoyi. ennirunnaalum, avar cratovo pradeshathu ethiya sesham, vibhajanam ksheenithamaanennum ratri chelavazhikkanamennum kenal contic theerumaanichu. ithu upayogichu, bulgarian komitta vakupum oru kambani serbukalum maathram kaaval nilkkunna crney varhu automans etteduthu. stepanovichinu rund divisionukaludeyum pravartthanam eshtappettilla, ithu supreme kamaandine report cheythu. ezhaam division kokkani, timok division sii. aarr. enn. aii. aarr. echu enniva nirupaadhikamaayi ettedukkanamennu addehathinu utharam labhichu. athesamayam, october 23nuu kumanovoyil yuddham nadannathaayi stepanovichu kandethi. ithu kandu addeham aashcharyappedukayum timok divishante sthaanathekkurichu aashankappedukayum cheythuvenkilum aadya sainyathe sahayikkaanulla oru maargam addeham anweshichu. october 24 nuu sii. aarr. enn. vii. aarr. echu ettedukkaan addeham timok divisionode utharavittu, pakshe ithu naale october 25 nuu cheythu. adutha divasam, bulgarian sarkkaarinte abhyarthana maanich, rund divisionukalum addeham ippozhum kaikaaryam cheiyunnuvenkil, timok division avarude kaivashappeduthaan theerumaanichathaayi hikemand stepanovichine ariyichu." "addeham udan thanne 14-aamath serbian rejimentine 7-aamm rila divisionu nalkukayum prileppilekku automan pinvaangal thadayunnathinaayi bregalnica nadiyude mukhathekku thante sainyathe nayikkaan general todorovinode utharavidukayum thudarnnu kooduthal eluppathil pravartthanam nadatthaan kriva paalankayil ninnu stippilekku marran anumathi thedukayum cheythu". ennirunnaalum, kraattovoyil ethiya sesham addehathinu general todorovil ninnu oru sandesham labhichu, athil thante sainyathe seres, demir hizar ennividangalilekku neekkaan swantham hikemandil ninnu utharavukal labhichathayi addeham ariyichu, athu addeham ithinakam thanne utharavittu. ithu vaayicha sesham, bulgariakkaare sahayikkaan chila sainyangale thayyarakkunnathinaayi stepanovichu criva palnkayilekku madangi. adrianople uparodham. general stepa stepanovichu 1912 november 6 nuu mustafa paasha (adrianoplinu purathulla railway steshan) enna thante aasthaanavumaayi ethi. udan thanne addeham bulgarian randaam sainyathinteyum uparodha senayudeyum paramonnatha kamaandaraaya general nikkola ivaanovumaayi bandhapettu. addehathinte aasthaanathe mustafa pashayil sthaapichu, avide ivanov nilayurappichirunnu. 1912ll vedinirthal karar oppuvachu. ennirunnaalum, stepanovichu thante sainyathinte eakaagratha nashtappedaan aagrahichilla. christumous raavil polum paramavadhi achadakkavum sannadhathayum addeham aavasyappettu. vedinirthal samayat stepanovichinu thante sainyathinte vitharanam mechappeduthaan kazhinju. bulgarian supreme command serbian randaam sainyathe nalkaan sammathichuvenkilum stepanovichu gunanilavaarathil samthrupthanaayirunnilla. athinaal appam, maamsam, mattu vasthukkal ennivayude gunanilavaaram mechappeduthanamennu addeham aavasyappettu. bulgarian kamaandumaayi yojikkathathinaal, sainikarude aarogyavum manoveeryam samrakshikkunnathinaayi vitharanam ayaykkaan addeham serbian supreme commandinode aavasyappettu." "rund maasathe thayyaareduppinushesham, 1913 march 24 nuu adrianople pidichedukkunnathinaayi moonnu divasathe yuddham aarambhichu". addehathinte timok division peeranki sahayamillaathe 45 minittinullil yudhabhoomiyude vadakkan mekhala muzhuvan pidichedukkukayum adrianople kottayile peeranki vedivayppinte bhooribhaagavum valichedukkukayum cheythu. divasavasaanam, aanti pezhsanal thadassangal pidichedukkunnathinaayi naale raathriyil akramanam nadathanamennu theerumaanichu. akramanam aarambhichappol, timok divishante munvashath, automanmaar avarude sthaanangal thirichupidikkaan shramichuvenkilum avar parajayappettu. general stepanovichu danube divisionu pinnilulla uyarnna mannil ninnu akramanam thalsamayam nokki. armi telegraphinte chumatala vahichirunna nikkola arandelovichu anthareekshathe vivarichu pularche 5:30-nuu, raavile 8 maniyode kizhakkan sectorilekku bulgarian munnettatthe sahayikkunnathinaayi munnirayil nirnnayaka aakramanathinu neengaan stepanovichu serbian sainyathodu utharavittu. raavile 8:30 nuu rund automan officermaar shukri paashayude peril keezhadangal charcha cheyyaan serbian 20-aamm rejimentilethi. oru prathikaranavum labhikkathathinaal, shukri paasha general stepanovichumaayi charcha nadatthaan aagrahikkunnuvenna sandeshavumaayi paasha thante adjattantine 20-aamm rejimentilekku ayachu. charchakal nadatthaan commander thanikk adhikaarappeduthiyittille general ivanovine abhisambodhana cheyyanamennum stepanovichu marupadi nalki. ithinidayil timok division aanti pezhsanal line pidichedukkukayum danube division pooyint papas-tepp pidichedukkukayum cheythu. general stepanovichu danube rejimentukalude munniraykk pinnilekku neengi, raavile 11 manikk naalam serbian rejiment pidicheduttha marashinu sameepamulla bekchitteppilaayirunnu. raavile aii. dii. 2nuu bulgarian udyogasthar shukri paashayude aasthaanathu athukayum addeham vaikunneram aii. dii. 1nuu general ivanovinu keezhadangukayum cheythenkilum oru manikkoorin sesham vyakthiparamaaya agrahaprakaaram addeham aasthaanathekku madangi. oduvil oru manikkoorin sesham serbian sainyam addehathe pidikoodi. adrianople veenathinushesham, stepanovichu march 27 nuu samyuktha ditaachment roopeekarikkukayum keezhadakkiya nagaratthilekku gambheeramaayi munnerukayum cheythu. eathaanum divasangalkku sesham, charithramanusarichu maritsa yuddham nadanna sthalathu, veeramrithyu varicha veeranmaarude smaarakam sthaapikkaan addeham utharavittu. pankedutthavarude abhipraayathil, athu shradheyavum sparsikkunnathumaaya nimishamaayirunnu. taamasiyaathe, stepanovichu thante sainyathe serbiayilekku thirike kondupokaanulla thayyaareduppukal aarambhichu. bulgarian sarkkar thante sainyathe thirike kondupokaan mathiyaya trainukal nalkaathathinaal thante sainyathe kaalnadayaayi serbiayilekku thirike kondupokumennu addeham bheeshanippedutthi. ithinushesham, bulgariakkaar pinmaarukayum addeham epril 1 muthal meyy 9 vare muzhuvan sainyatheyum maattukayum cheythu. onnaam lokamahaayudham. onnaam lokamahaayudhathinte thudakkathil addeham hajarakatha cheef oof staaf radomir putnikkinte prathinidhiyayi pravarthichu. samghattanathinum chila yuddha thayyareduppukalkkum addeham utharavaadiyaayirunnu. putnikkinte thirichuvaravinu sesham addeham randaamathe sainyathinte command etteduthu. onnaam lokamahaayudhathil, serr yudhathil addeham serbian sainyathe nayichu, avide addehathinte randaamathe sainyam austriyan anchaam sainyathe poornnamaayum paraajayappeduthi, nirbandhitha maarchinu sesham sambhavasthalathethi. yudhathile sakhyakakshikalude aadya vijayamayirunnu ithu, addehathinu feeld marshalaayi sthaanakkayattam labhichu. 1915-ll serbiayude prathirodhatthinu purame, drina yudhathilum kolubara yudhathilum addehathinte sainyam vijayangal nedi. 1918ll addeham veendum randaam sainyathinte kamaandaraayi, athu macedoniayile valia sakhyasenayude aakramanathinte bhaagamaayirunnu, septambar 15nuu avar oru munnettam nedi. randaamathe sainyam bulgarian athirthiyilekku munnerukayum avide ninnu 1918 septambar 29 nuu bulgarian keezhadangalinushesham padinjaaru bosniayilekkum adriatic kadalilekkum thiriyukayum cheythu. 1919 avasaanathode serbian sainyathinte commander inn cheef enna nilayil sevanathil ninnu viramikkunnathuvare addeham oru sajeeva udyogasthanaayirunnu. thante audyogika jeevithathil addeham rund thavana karaa mantriyaayum sevanamanushtichittundu. thurkkukalkkethiraaya 1876-1878 yudhangalil dheerathaykk "takovsky krastt zaa ukarstenim masevima" medel nalki addehathe alankarichu. sent michaelinteyum sent jorjinteyum ettavum vishishtamaaya oordarile naitt grand cross (jii. sii. emm. jii) yum addehathinu labhichu. 1929 epril 29 nuu addeham Çacac pattanatthil vachu antharichu. paarambaryamaayi. ettavum pramukhamaaya 100 serbukalil addeham ulppedunnu.

stepa stepanovic stepan "stepa" stepanovic (,;-29 april 1929) haah serbian lashkari senapati hota, joou serbian-turkey yuddh, serbian-bulgarian yuddh, pahile balkan yuddh, dusare balkan yuddh aanee pahile mahayuddha ladhala. 1874 madhye serbian sainyat sameel jhalyanantar, too 1876 madhye ottoman samrajyachya sainyachya virodhat ladhala. pudhil kahee varshant, too serbian sainyachya padanvar chadhala aanee 1885 madhye bulgarian sainyachya virodhat ladhala. akheris april 1908 madhye too serbian yuddhamantri jhaala aanee serbian sainyat badal ghadavun aananyasathi jababdar hota. stepanovicne done balkan yuddhandarmyan serbian sainyache netrutva kele aanee pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan serbian dusya sainyache netrutva kele. serchya yuddhanantar tyala dusya feeled marshal mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. 29 april 1929 roji kachak yethe tyanche nidhan jhaale. balpan aanee shikshan. steppen "stepa" stepanovicha janm 28 februwari 1856 roji belgredjavalachya kumodraj gavat jhaala. too ivan aanee radozka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) yancha chautha mulga aanee tisra mulga hota. stepanoviche naav tyachya aajobanchya navavarun thevanyat aale, jyanchyapasun tyachya kutumbache aadnav ugam pavale. tyachya kautumbik utpattibaddal done siddhant aahet. pahilya lekhat asey mhatale aahe qee stepanovicche purvaj, jyanna zivanovic mhanoon olakhale jaat hote, teey bosnia aanee lika yaa pradeshatoon aale hote. dusra siddhant assa aahe qee tyache purvaj mahan sarp sthalantaradarmyan leskovac aanee pirotchya aaspasche hote. gharguti kamamule, stepanovichya aaikade tyachyasathi qamee vel hota aanee anekada tee tyala tichya sasyachya dekharekhikhali sodaychi. prathamik shalet jaanyapurvi, too guranchi kalji ghet asey aanee ekada tyala eka bailane gambhir dukhapat kelee. stepanovicne kumodrazmadhil traivarshik prathamik shaala purn kelee aanee capton misachya havelitil vyayamshalet shikshan ghetale. shaley shikshan purn karnyasathi, too anekada shrimant alpasankhyak kutumbanchi seva karat asey. tyane shaleche pahile varsh changlya gunansah purn kele aanee urvarit shikshanat tyala changle guna milat rahile. september 1874 madhye, stepanovicne tyachya vyayamshalechya sahavya varshala upasthit rahnyaivaji belgrade artillery shalechya XI vargat pravesh ghetala. tyala pravesh pariksha dyaychi navhati kaaran tyane vyayamshalechi paach varshe purn kelee hotee. tyachya vargat ekonatis vidyarthi hote. tyaveli, belgrade tofkhana shaleche tantrik swaroop hote aanee ganitachya dnyanakade tyanni khoop laksh dile, jyaa vishayat stepanovic nehmich kharab kamgiri karat asey. jaree tyane russian aanee french sahitya vachale asale taree, stepanovic paradeshi bhashanmadhyehi farsa changla navhata. herzegovina uthav suru jhalyanantar, sarbiyachya sansthanane ottoman samrajyashi yuddhachi tayari suru kelee aanee belgrade tofkhana shalene vyavharik marshal prashikshanacha karyakram suru keela. september 1875 madhye, stepanovic aanee tyachya vargamitranna sharirik darja midala. pariksha uttirn jhalyanantar, stepanovic meey 1876 madhye kanishth sargent banala. juuna 1876 madhye, balkanmadhil serbia aanee ottoman turkey sainyat yuddh suru jhaale, jyapaiki bahutek kosovomadhil albanian hote. stepanovic aanee sampoorn XI vargala tabadtob sargentchi padey midali aanee tyanna aaghadichya padavar pathvanyat aale. serb-turkey yuddhe. 14 meey 1876 roji stepanovic kragyujevak yethe pohochala. yethe, curnell lubomir uzun-mirkovic yanchya netrutvakhalil sumadija vibhagachya mukhyalayat suvyavasthit adhikari kartvyavar tyala niyukt karnyat aale, jyanche aadesh stepanovic yanni palale hote. sumadija vibhag haah moravian sainyacha mukhya bhag hota, parantu yuddh yojana badallyanantar too anek tukadyanmadhye vibhagala gela. stepanovichala uzun-mirkovikchya tukadisathi niyukt karnyat aale hote, jyala nismadhye ottoman sainyabalanche aagman rokhanyasathi conjazwack sainyala babina glava aanee belah palanka ghenyas madat karnyache aadesh denyat aale hote. akheris, babina glava ghenyat aala aanee stepanovichi uzun-mirkovikne "atishay chapal aanee changlya swarisathi" nond kelee."tyanantar lagechach, ottoman lokanni uzun-mirkovikchya tukadiviruddha pratiaakraman suru kele, jee pandrilokade mage sarali. 19 julai roji ottoman lokanni pandrilover hallah keela, jyat stepanovicne sakriyapane bhag ghetalele yuddh suru jhaale. niyamit serbian sainikansobat stepanovichya sahbhagamule naitiktet vaadh jhaali aanee ladhaichi laat badalanyas madat jhaali. yaa anubhavacha stepanovichavar khoop parinam jhaala aanee tyane anekada itar serbian sainikanchi naitikta unchavanyasathi tyanchyabarobar ladhanyacha avalamb keela. conjazwakchya patananantar, ottoman lokanna morawa khonyat pohochanyapasun rokhanyasathi stepanovic aanee tyachi tukadi delegradmadhun sokobanjakade gelee. sokobanjamadhye, serb sainyane curnell dura horvatovikchya netrutvakhali chauthya sainyachi sthapana kelee. tyanantar stepanovic yaa unitmadhye sameel jhaala. chauthya sainyachya tukadine kurilovo olandun kooch kelee aanee vinikala pohochale jethe tyanni ottoman sthananvar hallah keela. tyanantar teey delegradla gele, jithe teey 7 september roji pohochale. chauthya sainyachya tukadichi 11 september roji krevetjaval turkanshi ladhai jhaali, jee anishchitpane sampali. serb aanee ottoman turkey sainyatil yuddhaviram 1 november 1876 roji ghoshit karnyat aala. 1 december roji, stepanovichala shauryasathi suvarnapadak denyat aale aanee tyala dusya leftnuntchya padavar badhati denyat aalee. 13 februwari 1877 roji, serbian sainyachya tisya bataliyanchya tisya companyche commander mhanoon tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee. nantar, stepanovichne pyrote tabyat ghenyat bhag ghetala. general jovan belimarkovikchya ekoon netrutvakhali, stepanovic aanee tyachya 300-shaktishali sainyane nisorchya davya bajula hallah keela, joou automan lokanni shaharat tatbandi kelelya done thikananpaiki eka hota. 26 aanee 27 september darmyan, stepanovichya tukadine nisorchya aaspas laksh naan deta paar kele aanee maalee vra ghetala. 27 septemberchya sakali, jevha mukhya serbian hallah suru jhaala, tevha tyachya pathkane nisorvar golibar keela, jyamule tethe tainat asalelya ottoman lokanna gondhalat takale. tyanantar, pyrote pakadala gela. stepanovikchya tukaditil eka sainik mhanalah "mallah aadhalale qee, jarr mea chukicha nasel tarr aamchya kruteene nisorvaril turkey sthitila mukhya dhakka deela aanee pyrotache bhavitavya mitavale."stepanovic yanna nantar aurder auph seent puraskarane sanmanit karnyat aale. swetislav tisra varg talwari aanee fitisah, joou tyala tyachya sampoorn karkirdit midalelya serve puraskaranpaiki sarvat aavadata hota kaaran too swatahla turkey khandkat pravesh karnara pahila manus manat asey." 3 december roji sumadija dalane done staranchya rachnet pirotpasoon nisparyant aapali kooch suru kelee. yaa morchachya darmyan, stepanovicne payadal aanee kahee ghodadalanchya ardhya tukadiche netrutva kele jeey suva planinachya katheen bhupradeshatun pudhe gele. taridekhil, tyache serve sainik yaa padayatretun bachavale aanee yuddhasathi tayar asalyache disale. parvat olandane heey yuddhatil tyache sarvat katheen kaam hote asey stepanovicne nantar sangitale. 23 janewari 1878 roji serbian hayakmandne sumadija vibhagala vranje shahar tabyat ghenyache aadesh dile. sumadija vibhagane nantar poljanikamadhun ottoman lokanna hakaloon dile aanee gradelika klisuracha parabhav keela. 25 janewari roji, stepanovic eka svayamsevak pathakacha senapati banala, jyane poljanikamadhil sthanik sarbanna sashastr kele. anek divasannantar, vranjechya ladhait, stepanovicne shaharachya uttarekadil ottoman lokanvar bhaktin yethe hallah keela. shantatecha kaal. yuddh sampalyanantar, stepanovicne aapale shaley shikshan purn karnyasathi belgrade lashkari akadamimadhye atirikt varg ghetale, teey serve 1880 paryant purn kele. tyach varshachya septembermadhye, tyane kragujevakla badali karanyachi vinanti kelee. tethe, tyala serbian sainyachya tisya bataliyanchya dusya companychi kamaan midali. octobermadhye, too tyach tukaditil pahilya companyche commander jhaale. kragyujevackmadhye, stepanovic tyachi bhavee patni, shaharachya pramukh velislav milanovichi mulgi, yelena hiila bhetala. doghanni 25 julai 1881 roji lagn kele. tyanche pahile mool, milika, 21 april 1882 roji janmale. pudhchya varshi yelena yanni yaa jodpyachya dusya muleela, danicala janm deela. stepanovichya donhi mulee adhikadhyanshi lagn karoo lagalya, milika dusya leftnunt crusta dragomirovichshi lagn kelee aanee danica pratham shrenichya capton jovica jovikashi lagn kelee, jee nantar serbian sainyat vibhag general bunley. 1880chya shevatchya timahit tyachya pahilya adhikrut mulyankanat, eka vishesh lashkari aayogane stepanoviche varnan asey lihileh 1 september 1882 roji, stepanovic yanna payadal leftnunt padavar badhati denyat aalee aanee teey uzismadhye commander banale, jithe teey 13 februwari 1883 paryant rahile, jevha teey kragujevakala paratale. kragujevak yethe aalyanantar, sumadija payadal regimentmadhye lashkari sahayak mhanoon tyanchi niyukti karnyat aalee. tyach varshi, serbiane soochibaddha vyayamshalechya karyakramanmadhye lashkari sarav anivarya kele. tyanantar stepanovic pahilya kragujevack vyayamshalet lashkari vyayamache shikshak banale. 1886 paryant teey yaa padavar rahile. serb-bulgarian yuddh (1885). slivnitsachya ladhaidarmyan, stepanovicne sumadija vibhagachya dusya tukadichya pahilya companyche netrutva kele. tyachya tukadine vrapche gavavar hallah keela aanee bulgarian sainyala maghar ghenyas bhag padale. 12 vya regimentchya commanderla stepanovicne pathavalelya ahavalat serbian sainyachya vibhag, regiment aanee bataliyanmadhil samanvayacha abhav lakshat yeto. anek divasannantar, stepanovic 12 vya regimentmadhil pahilya bataliyancha commander banala aanee dusya tukadichya sainikansah slivenitsa yetheel kamkuvat bulgarian kendravar hallah keela. bulgarian lock maghar gheu lagale, jyamule serb sainyala aldomirovtsi gavachya sabhovatalacha pradesh tabyat gheta aala. aaplya ahavalat, stepanovicne aaplya sainikambaddal lihileh "yaa ladhayanmadhil sainikanchi vaganuk utkrusht hotee kaaran crossfirechya velee khulya maidanavarun firtana tyanni khoop barepana darshavila. sainyache dhairya aanee changlya aadeshachya babatit adhikaanyaanche vartan samadhankarak hote." serbian sainya bulgariatoon baher dhakalale jaat asatana, raja milanane 19 november roji serbian sainya pyrotechya dishene samanyapane mage hatanyache aadesh dile. teen divasannantar bulgarian sainyane shaharachya dishene kooch kele aanee neskov vhisvar hallah keela. stepanovichya 12vya regimentla maghar ghenyas bhag padale gele. stepanovicne nantar ahwal dilah "...mea tyaa ispitalat gelo jithe aamchya sainyache mothe sainya mage hutley. vadildhanyanchya konatyahi prayatnanmule tyanna parat aanata aale nahee. aanakhi sainik tyanchya mage lagale aanee nantar tyaa hasyaspad jamavane tyanna rokhanyacha prayatna karananya adhikanyanna door dhakalale." vaadh. serb-bulgarian yuddh sampalyanantar, stepanovic kragujevak yethe paratala, jithe too november 1886 paryant rahila. kragujevhakmadhye tyane 10 vya regimentchya companyche netrutva kele. 1886chya akheris tyanna dusya shrenichya payadal captonchya padavar badhati denyat aalee. 22 november 1886 teey 22 aktoobar 1888 yaa kalavadhit teey serbian general staffche umedvar hote. 1888 chya akheris jhalelya baithakit general staffchya aayogane 'dusya shreniche capton shree. stepanovicne mukhyalayachya sevesathi pureshi patrata aanee purava darshavila, assa nishkarsh kadhala qee "tyala yaa hivalyat pahilya shrenichya karnadhar padasathi pariksha suru karnyasathi manyata dilee jaavi." " march 1889 madhye, stepanovicne yaa parikshesathi ahwal deela aanee aayogane tyala 2 april roji prarambh karanyachi parvanagi dilee. 2 teey 6 eprilparyant, stepanovicne tyachya parikshecha saiddhantik bhag baaraa vishayanmadhye purn keela. mukhyalayatil pravas aanee mohimanmadhye tyala khoop changle guna midalyamule tyala parikshecha vyavharik bhag karnyapasoon mukt karnyat aale. parikshechya kahee kaal aadhi teey drina vibhagiy kshetrache karyakari banale. parikshenantar too valgevola gela. 17 april 1889 roji too aay classcha karnadhar banala. 29 march teey 15 april 1892 paryant, stepanovicne milutin milanovic aanee zivojin missic yanchyasobatach pramukh padasathi pariksha lihili aanee tee yashasviritya uttirn kelee. 13 september 1892 roji stepanovic pozega yetheel 5 vya bataliyancha commander banala. pudhchya varshi 8 meey roji tyala mejar padavar badhati denyat aalee. 14 august roji, punha ekada drina vibhagiy kshetrache karyakari mhanoon kaam karnyasathi tyanna valgevola halavanyat aale. 20 aktoobar 1895 paryant too valjevomadhye rahila, jevha tyala belgrademadhye halavanyat aale. stepanovic belgrademadhye paach mahine rahila, jithe too 7vya bataliyancha commander hota. teey belgrade lashkari akadamimadhye lashkari itihasache ardhvel pradhyapakahi jhaale. 30 march 1897 roji teey belgrademadhil 6 vya payadal regimentche karyavahak commander banale. 11 meey roji tyanna curnell padavar badhati denyat aalee aanee done divasannantar teey 6 vya payadal regimentche commander banale. 27 aktoobar 1898 roji stepanovic sanrakshn mantralayatil general staffche pramukh jhaale. 15 march 1899 paryant tyanni yaa padavar kaam kele, jevha teey sanrakshn mantralayachya general miiliitary vibhagache karyakari jhaale. jaree tyanna gharamadhye kaam karayala aavadat nasale taree tyanni sevakaryachya sadasyanvar utkrusht prabhav padala aanee atishay kathor aanee velevar kaam karnare mhanoon tyanchi aathvan kadhali gelee. 17 aktoobar 1900 roji tyanchi punha valgevola badali karnyat aalee, jithe teey drina vibhagatil payadal brigedchya commander banale. 11 november roji jhalelya gairsamajamule, tyachi badali zajekar yethe karnyat aalee aanee timok vibhagat payadal brigedcha commander mhanoon niyukt karnyat aala. tyala heey padd aavadale aanee too mhanalah 'eka adhikadhyasathi sainya heey mashachya panyasarkhech asate, aanee visheshtah mukhyalay adhikadhyasathi. tithe too tyala jeey maheet aahe teey dakhavu shakato aanee too parinam dakhavu shakato. karyalay aatmyala marte, shakti kadhoon takte aanee manushyala yantranet badalate." " 18 august 1901 roji, stepanovic yanna mukhyalay curnell mhanoon padonnati denyat aalee aanee 11 november roji teey serbian sainyachya sakriy lashkari kamandache up karyakari banale. 15 december 1902 roji teey samanya karmchanyanche karyakari adhikari hoiparyant teey yaa padavar karyarat hote. nantar, raja alekzandar pahila yane tyala takovo II varg krasachya kramane sajavale. id1' yaa kalapasoon napolean yuddhavar vyakhyan dett, lashkari itihasache pradhyapak mhanoon stepanovic yanni aapali bhoomika kayam thewali. teey 'warrier' () mhanoon olakhalya jaananya lashkari niyatkalikache sampadak dekhil hote. 1903 chya meey mahinyat id1 varr jhalelya kadachit ulthapalathicha stepanovichya karkirdivar parinam jhaala nahee. padchyut jhalyanantar, too sanrakshn mantralayatil samanya vibhagache vibhagpramukh banala aanee nantar sumadija vibhagacha senapati banala. yaa padonnatimule, anek itihaskaranna asey vatate qee, yaa vishayavar tyanni tatasthata darshavali asali taree obrenovic rajvanshala ulthavoon takna katkarkanchya bajoone stepanovic hota. sattemadhye aalyanantar, pieter pahila yane 29 juuna 1904 roji stepanovichala starr auph caradorde III padvichya kramane sajavale. general dura horvatikche anukaran karoon, stepanovichne nantar tyachya vibhagat prussian shailitil lashkari kavayati suru kelya aanee pratyek aniyamitata, ashuddhata, kayadeshir gunha aanee rajya malmatta japt karanyachi shiksha kelee. 1906 chya vasant rutumadhye kragujevhakmadhye, jethe stepanovichala sumadija vibhagacha senapati mhanoon tainat karnyat aale hote, tethe eka tathakathit sharirik prati-cutt rachala gela. kahee itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee haah cutt stepanovichya kathor rajvatimule suru jhaala hota. yaa katamadhye kragujevack chhavanichya sumare tees adhikadhyancha samavesh hota, jyanni shaharatil anek mahattvachya sarvajanik imarati tabyat ghenyachi aanee nantar stepanovichala atak karanyachi yojana aakhali hotee. 30 april roji jevha cutt ughad jhaala, tevha stepanovicne 31 adhikanyanna atak kelee. aanakhi jananna atak karanyachi ichcha vyakt kelee asata, sanrakshn mantri radomir putnik yanni tyanna rokhale. yaa katamule stepanovichala khoop dhakka basala aanee nantar tyane ghoshit keleh balkan yuddhansathiche mantralay aanee tayari. stepa stepanovic yanna 29 juuna 1907 roji general padavar badhati denyat aalee, parantu sumadija vibhagiy kshetrache commander mhanoon rahile. nikola pasikne 12 april 1908 roji naveen sarkar sthapan kele aanee stepanovic sanrakshn mantri jhaale. aaplya aadeshadarmyan, tyanni lashkarache aadhunikikaran karnyacha aanee junya mausar riflesche nutanikaran karnyacha prayatna keela. tyane franskadoon naveen tofkhana kharedi karoon serbian sainyala puravala. jevha sainyane machinegan magavanyacha prayatna keela, tevha stepanovicne eka vegala, adhik puranmatvadi drushtikon swikarla, jase qee curnell vlagic, jeey stepanovikchya mantrimandalat kaam karayache, tyanni lihileh aktoobar 1908 madhye, austriya-hangerine bosniyachya vilinikaranantar, serbia aanee montenegromadhye mothya pramanat nidarshane jhaali. austriya-hungarian lokanviruddha yuddh ghoshit karanyachi magani mothya sankhyene nagarikanni kelee. desh aanee sainya yuddhasathi tayar naheet aanee doghannahi mothya pramanat rajnaitik, aarthik aanee lashkari prashikshan ghenyachi garaj aahe, assa ishara deuun stepanovicne pratyuttar dile. tyachya vidhananmule anek bajunni, agadi serbian vruttapatranmadhyehi mothya pramanat teeka jhaali. parinami, tyanna sanrakshn mantri mhanoon badtarf karnyat aale aanee 1909 chya suruvatila teey khatyashivay mantri jhaale. tyaa varshachya uttaradhat, tyanni putnik yanna bhavishyatil yuddhasathi serbian sainya tayar karnyat sakriyapane madat kelee. 1910 chya suruvatila, stepanovic morawa vibhagiy kshetracha senapati banala aanee tyane sashastr ladhaisathi vibhag tayar karnyache kaam haatee ghetale. march 1911chya suruvatila, stepanovic punha sanrakshn mantri jhaale. tyanantar lagechach, rajkumar aleksandar karadordevichala stepanovichavar sanshay aala, jyala too senapati dragutin dimitrajevich episacha sahanubhootishil manato, jyala serbian sinhasanavar paradeshi raja havah hota asey mhatale jaanare meey aprothcha neta. parinami, rajkumarane stepanovichkade dhaav ghetali aanee epis aanee general staff mejar milovan milovanovic pilack yanchi belgrademadhun badali karanyachi vinanti kelee. stepanovicne uttar detana sangitale qee too raja pieterla yacha ullekh karel aanee tyaa doghanchi badali karavi qee nahee heey tyala tharvu deil. tyanantar rajkumarane raja pieterla aapala rajinama deu keela, joou ayashasvi tharala. jevha stepanovic dusyanda sanrakshn mantri jhaale, tevha sarbiyachya sarkarla samajale qee mahan shaktincha balkanmadhye phoot padanyacha hetu aahe aanee ottoman samrajyatil khrishchan loksankhya bandachya umbarathyavar aahe. tyachya karyakalat serbiane itar balkan deshanshi anek sanrakshn karar kele aanee balkan leegchi nirmiti kelee. general radomir putnik aanee curnell zivojin missic yanchya sahkaryane stepanovicne tarkiviruddhachya yuddhasathi serbian sainyachi jamvajamav, ekagrata aanee dhoranatmak vikasasathi yojana vikasit kelya. 1912 chya akheris, milovan milovanovichya mrutyunantar sarkarne rajinama deela aanee jevha marco trifkovichne naveen sarkar sthapan kele, tevha putnik naveen sanrakshn mantri jhaale. pahile balkan yuddh. pahili shastrakriya. pahilya balkan yuddhachya prarambhasah, stepa stepanovic 60,000-shaktishali dusya sainyacha senapati banala, jyanchyakade 84 tofa hotya. custandil-dupnitsa bhagat kendrit asalelya tyat pahila timok payadal vibhag aanee bulgarian satva rila payadal vibhag hota. pahile sainya yenyapurvi turkeechya pathivar hallah karane heey tyache dhyey hote. satva rila vibhag sainyacha bhag jhaala aahe, ashee mahitee serbian sainikanna detana stepanovic mhanalah 'mea aamchya bhavishyatil karyakade aatmavishvasane pahato aanee yashavar thaam vishvas thevato, kaaran shatkanushatke vegale jhalele aanee aata bandhu-bhagini aanee alingan jhalele, sarvat jawalche bhau, serb aanee bulgarian eka apratirodhya shaktiche pratinidhitva karatat jeey serve adthale door kartil aanee dalit bandhavanna mukt kartil." " 17 aktoobar 1912 roji, putnikne stepanovicala serbiane ottoman samrajyaviruddha kelelya yuddhachya ghoshanechi mahitee dilee. tyane aaplya sainyala ottoman simejaval jaanyache aadesh dile, parantu pudhil soochana mileparyant teey olandu naye. tathapi, bulgarian hayakmandne rila vibhagacha commander, georgy todorov yala ottoman seema olandun carevo cello aanee gornja jhumaja yanchyavar hallah karnyache aadesh dile, jeey too tabyat ghenyat yashasvi jhaala. stepanovicne tyanche abhinandan keleh 'satvya vibhagatil nayakanna hurre qaraa." " 18 aktoobar roji, timok vibhagane rujen-crunny vhrhchya dishene ottoman sthananvar hallah karnyas suruvat kelee aanee dusya divashi tyanni stepanovikchya aadeshanusar crunny vhrh tabyat ghetale. 21 aktoobar roji serbian hayakmandne timok vibhagala kumanovokade jaanyache aadesh dile. mahapour dobrosav milenkovic yanchya netrutvakhalil bataliyanne aadhich crive palanka yuddhavina tabyat ghetale aahe yachee mahitee nastana, stepanovichne shahar tabyat ghenyasathi serve aavashyak yuktya karnyache aadesh dile. yamule barach vel vaya gela, parantu bahutansh vibhag konatyahi pratikaravina krivorekka daritoon jaanyat yashasvi jhaala. duparchya sumaras ghodadalachya regimentne strassinpasoon 5-6 kiimii antaravar ladhai suru kelee aanee ratri ushira tee pakadanyat yash midavale. punha ekada, stepanovichala yaa ghatanebaddal mahitee denyat aaleli nahee aanee dusya divashi tyane aaplya sainikanna stracin pakadanyache aadesh dile, jyamule barach vel vaya gela. yaa ghatanenantar, pahilya aanee dusya sainyat sanvad sthapit jhaala aanee kumanovokade jaanyacha marg khula jhaala. kumanovochi ladhai. kumanovo yethe shatru gola karnyababat konatahi aadesh naan midalyane, general stepanovicne 23 aktoobar roji sakali 6 vajata kumonovochya dishene kooch karnyache aadesh timok vibhagala dile.emm. tyach velee tyane 23 aktoobar roji kochee tabyat ghenyache aanee nantar tyachya kahee sainyanna sodoon teey shtipchya dishene pathvanyache aadesh satvya vibhagala dile. 23 aktoobar roji sakali timok vibhagane cratovor hallah keela aanee asha prakare kumanovochi ladhai suru jhaali. tathapi, general todorovne tyachya hayakmandchya aadeshanche palan kele, mhanoon tyane kosani tabyat ghenyasathi daha battyanchi keval eka batalian pathavali, jyacha sampoorn vibhagane bachav keela. timok vibhag kooch karat asatana, steepanovikala ovse polje aanee kosanikadun, shaktishali ottoman sainya kratovokade kooch karat asalyachi nond midali. yachya aadhare, tyane timok vibhagachya senapatila kratovo tabyat ghenyasathi aanee dakshin bajus sanrakshn sthapit karnyasathi ghaee kelee. tathapi, teey cratovo bhagat pohochalyanantar, curnell kondikne tharavale qee vibhagani thakali aahe aanee tyanni ratra ghalvavi. yacha vapar karoon, ottoman lokanni crunny vha tabyat ghetala, jyache rakshan fakt bulgarian komita vibhag aanee sarbanchya eka companyne kele hote. stepanovicala donhi vibhaganche kaam aavadale nahee aanee tyane sarvoch aadeshala yachee mahitee dilee. tyala uttar midale qee 7 vya vibhagane biina atty kochee aanee timok vibhag crunny vhrh tabyat ghetala pahije. darmyan, 23 aktoobar darmyan kumanovo yethe ladhai jhaali hotee heey stepanovichala kalale. tyala yache aashchary vatale aanee tyala timok vibhagachya sthitichi chinta hotee, parantu tarihi too pahilya sainyala madat karnyacha marg shodhat hota. tyane 24 aktoobar roji timok vibhagala crunny vra tabyat ghenyache aadesh dile, parantu heey udya 25 aktoobar roji karnyat aale. dusya divashi, hayakmandne stepanovicala kalavale qee bulgarian sarkarchya vinantivarun, 'too ajunahi donhi vibhaganche vyavasthapan karato', tarr timok vibhag tyanchya tabyat thevanyacha nirnay ghenyat aala." "tyane tabadtob 14 vee serbian regiment 7 vya rila vibhagala dilee aanee general todorovla prelepchya dishene ottoman maghar rokhanyasathi bregalnica nadichya mukhakade aapale sainya nenyache aadesh dile aanee nantar tyane adhik sahajpane operationche aadesh denyasathi crive palankahoon shtipkade jaanyachi parvanagi magitali". tathapi, too kratovot pohochalyanantar tyala general todorovkadun eka pathvani midali jyamadhye tyane sangitale qee tyala tyachya swatachya hayakmandkadun tyache sainya serez aanee demir hisarchya dishene halavanyache aadesh midale aahet, jyacha tyane aadhich aadesh deela hota. heey vachalyanantar, bulgarian lokanna madat karnyasathi kahee sainya tayar karnyasathi stepanovic kriva palankala parat gela. adrianopulscha vedha. general stepa stepanovic 6 november 1912 roji mustafa pasha (adrianopalachya baherche railway sthanak) navachya tyachya mukhyalayasah pohochala. tyane lagechach bulgarian dusya sainyacha sarvoch commander aanee vedha takna sainyashi sampark sadhala. tyacha mukhyalay mustafa pashamadhye thevanyat aala hota, jithe ivanovdekhil tainat hota. 1912 madhye yuddhaviramavar swakshya karnyat aalya. tathapi, stepanovicala tyachya sainyane ekagrata gamvavi asey vatat navhate. khrisamasachya purvasandhyela dekhil tyanni jastit jaast shist aanee tayarichi magani kelee. yuddhaviramachya kalat, stepanovicne aaplya sainyacha puravatha sudharanyat yash midavale. bulgarian sarvoch kamandane serbian dusya sainyacha puravatha karane sweekarle, parantu stepanovic gunavattevar samadhani navhata. tyamule tyane bhakari, maans aanee itar vastooncha darja sudharanyachi magani kelee. bulgarian kamandashi too sahmat naslyamule, tyane serbian sarvoch kamandala sainikanche aarogya aanee manobal rakhanyasathi puravatha pathvanyas sangitale.done mahinyanchya tayarinantar, 24 march 1913 roji adrianopalla pakadanyasathi 3 divasanchi ladhai suru jhaali. tyachya timok vibhagane tofkhana pathbal naan gheta keval 45 minitant yuddhbhumicha sampoorn uttarekadil bhag tabyat ghetala aanee adrianople killyavaril tofkhana golibar mothya pramanat khechoon kadhala. divasachya shevati, heey tharvanyat aale qee udyachya ratri, antipersonal adthale pakadanyasathi hallah suru keela jaava. jevha hallah suru jhaala, tevha timok vibhagachya samore, ottoman lokanni tyanchi padey punha midvanyacha prayatna keela, parantu teey ayashasvi tharale. general stepanovic haah danube vibhaganachya mage unch jaminivarun thet hallah kartana disala. lashkari taranche prabhari nikola arandelovic yanni vatavaranache varnan keleh pahate 5:30 vajata, stepanovicne serbian sainikanna purv kshetravar bulgarianchya pathalagala madat karnyasathi, aaghadichya reshevar nirnayak hallah karnyache aadesh dile, jeey sakali 8 chya sumaras padale. sakali 8:30 vajata, done ottoman adhikari shukari pashamule sharanagatisathi vataghati karnyasathi serbian 20 vya regimentmadhye aale. konatahi pratisad naan midalyane, shukari pashala general stepanovichshi vataghati karayachya aahet assa sandesh dett pashane aaplya sahayyakala 20 vya regimentmadhye pathavale. stepanovicne uttar dile qee tyala senapatikadun vataghati karnyacha adhikar nahee aanee tyane general ivanovla sambodhit kele pahije. darmyan, timok vibhagane antipersonal line tabyat ghetali aanee danube vibhagane point papas-tape tabyat ghetale. general stepanovic danube regimentchya aaghadichya reshanchya mage gela aanee sakali 11 vajata too marashjaval bekchitepavar hota, joou chauthya serbian regimentne tabyat ghetala hota. sakali 11.30 vajata bulgarian adhikari shukari pashachya mukhyalayat aale aanee tyanni dupari 12.15 vajata general ivanov yanchyakade aatmasamarpan kele, parantu tyanchya vaiyaktik ichchhenusar teey eka tasanantar tyanchya mukhyalayat paratale. akheris eka tasanantar serbian sainyane tyala pakadale. adrianopalachya padlyanantar, 27 march roji stepanovicne sanyukt tukadi sthapan kelee aanee jinkalelya shaharat gambhirpane kooch kele. kahee divasannantar, tyane aadesh deela qee, itihasanusar jyaa thikani maritsachi ladhai jhaali, tyaa thikanich, chernomenavar, shaheed viranche smarak thewale jaave. sahbhaginchya matey, too eka lakshavedhi aanee hrudayasparshi kshan hota. tyanantar lagechach, stepanovicne aapale sainya sarbiyala parat nenyachi tayari suru kelee. bulgarian sarkarne tyala tyachya sainyachi parat vahtook karnyasathi puresha gadya dilya naheet, mhanoon tyane dhamki dilee qee too tyache sainya payee sarbiyala parat gheuun jaeel. yanantar bulgariatil lokanni maghar ghetali aanee tyane 1 april teey 9 meparyant sampoorn sainya hastantarit kele. pahile mahayuddha. pahilya mahayuddhachya suruvatila tyanni anupasthit karmchari pramukh radomir putnik yanche pratinidhi mhanoon kaam kele. too sanghatit karnyasathi aanee yuddhachya kahee tayarisathi jababdar hota. putnik paratalyanantar tyane dusya sainyachi kamaan ghetali. pahilya mahayuddhat, tyane serbian sainyache netrutva karoon serchya ladhait motha vijay midavala, jithe tyachya dusya sainyane austriyan pachvya sainyacha purnapane parabhav keela aanee jabardastine kooch kelyanantar ghatanasthali pohochale. haah yuddhatil mitrapakshancha pahila vijay hota aanee tyala feeled marshal mhanoon badhati denyat aalee. 1915 madhye sarbiyachya sanrakshanavyatirikt, tyachya sainyane drinachya ladhait aanee kolubarachya ladhait yash midavale. 1918 madhye too punha dusya sainyachya adhipatyakhali hota, jeey macedoniatil mothya mitrapakshanchya aakramanacha eka bhag hote, tyanni 15 september roji eka yash midavale. dusare sainya bulgarian simevar pudhe gele aanee tethoon 29 september 1918 roji bulgarian sharanagatinantar paschimekade bosnia aanee adriatic samudrakade valale. 1919chya akheriparyant teey sakriy adhikari hote, jevha teey serbian sainyache pramukh senapati mhanoon sevetoon nivrutt jhaale. tyanchya karkirdit teey done vela lashkar mantri mhanoonahi karyarat hote. turkanviruddhchya 1876-1878 yuddhadarmyanchya shauryasathi tyala "takovsky crust saa ukrustenim masevima" padakane sanmanit karnyat aale hote. tyanna seent michael aanee seent george yanchya sarvat pratishthit kramacha nite grand cross (jee. see. emm. jee.) dekhil pradan karnyat aala hota. 29 april 1929 roji chakak shaharat tyanche nidhan jhaale. varsa. 100 sarvat pramukh sarbanmadhye tyacha samavesh aahe.

stepa stepanovich stepan "stepa" stepanovich (,;-29 april 1929) ek cerbian sainya commander thie jasle sarba-turkey yuddha, sarba-bulgarian yuddha, pahilo balcon yuddha, dosro balcon yuddha rar pratham vishwayuddhama lade. sann 1874 maa cerbian senama samel bhaepachi, unle sann 1876 maa ottoman samrajyako sena viruddha lade. pachhilla warshaharuma, uni cerbian senako padama puge rar sann 1885 maa bulgariali sena viruddha lade. antatah uni april 1908 maa cerbian yuddha mantri bane rar cerbian senama pariwartan lyauna jimmewar thie. stepanovichle dui balkan yuddhaharuma cerbian senako netritwa gare rar pratham vishwayuddhama cerbian dosro senako netritwa gare. serko yuddhapachhi unlai dosro field marcelma padonnati gariyo. 29 april 1929 maa sikakma unko mrityu bhayo. prarambhik balyakal rar shiksha. steppen "stepa" stepanovichko janma 28 february 1856 maa belgrade najikaiko kumodraj gaunma bhaeko thiyo. uni ibhan rar radozka stepanovich ("nee" nicolic) kaa chautho santan rar tesro chhora thie. stepanovichko naam unka hazurbuba stepanko nambata rakhieko thiyo, jasbata unko pariwarko upanam utpanna bhaeko thiyo. unko pariwarik utpattika dui siddhantaharu chhan. pahilole stepanovichka purkhaharu, jaslai jibhanobhich bhanera chininthyo, bosnia rar likaka kshetraharubata aeka thie bhani bataunchha. dosro siddhanta yo how kii unka purkhaharu mahan sarba aprawasanko samayama leskobhak rar pirotko chheuchaubata aeka thie. gharko kamko karan, stepanovichki amasanga unka lagi thorai samaya thiyo rar prayaha unlai afnie sasuko herchahma chhodchhin. prathamik vidyalayama padhnuaghi unle gaiwastu herchah garthe rar ek patak saandhele unlai naramrari chot puyaeko thiyo. stepanovichle kumodrajma traiwarshik prathamik vidyalaya pura gare rar kaptan misako hawelima wyayamshalama bhag lie. afno vidyalaya shiksha samapta garna, unle prayaha dhani belgrade pariwarharuko sewa gare. unle afno schoolko pahilo warsha ramro gradeka sath pura gare rar afno baanki shikshabhari ramro gradeharu prapta garna jaari rakhe. september 1874 maa, stepanovichle afno wyayamshalako chhaitaun warshama bhag linuko satta belgrade artillery schoolko xi kakshama bharna bhae. paanch warshako wyayamshala pura garisakepachi unle prawesh pariksha lekhnupardainathyo. unko kakshama unatis zana cadetharu thie. tyas samayama, belgrade artillery schoolko prawidhik charitra thiyo rar ganitko gyanma dherai dhyan diiyo, ek vishaya jasma stepanovichle sadhain kharab pradarshan gare. stepanovich videshi bhashaharuma pani dherai ramro thienan, yadyapi unle rusi rar francelli sahitya padhe. harjegobhina vidroha suru bhaepachi, serbiako riyasatle ottoman samrajyasanga yuddhako tayari garna thalyo rar belgrade artillery schoolle wyawaharik marcel prashikshanko karyakram suru garyo. september 1875 maa, stepanovich rar unka sahapathiharule sharirik pada prapta gare. pariksha pass garepachhi, stepanovich mey 1876 maa junier sargent bane. june 1876 maa, balkanma serbia rar ottoman turkey senaharu bitch yuddha suru bhayo, jasmadhye adhikansh kosobhoka albanian thie. stepanovich rar sampurna xi wargale chaandai sargentko pada prapta gare rar frontlinema pathaiyo. sarba-turkey yuddhaharu. stepanovich 14 mey 1876 maa kragujebhak aipuge. yahan, unlai kernel lubomir ujun-mirkobhikko netritwama sumadiza divisionko mukhyalayama wyawasthit adhikari kartawyama niyukta garieko thiyo, jasko adesh stepanovichle gareka thie. sumadiza division moravian senako mukhya bhag thiyo, tara yuddha yojanaharu pariwartan garepachhi, yasalai dherai skwadranharuma vibhajan garieko thiyo. stepanobhichlai ujun-mirkobhikko squadronma niyukta garieko thiyo, jasle nisama ottoman sudridhikaranko agaman roknaka lagi kanjajebhak senalai babina glabha rar bela palankalai lyne maddat garne adesh dieko thiyo. antatah, babina glabha liiyo rar stepanobhichlai ujun-mirkobhikle "dherai furtila rar ramro sawarika lagi" ullekha gare."tyasko lagattai, otomanharule ujun-mirkobhikko squadron viruddha jawabi akraman suru gare, june pandrilotira farkie. otomanharule 19 julyma pandrilomathi akraman gare, jasma stepanovichle sakriya rupma bhag lie. niyamit cerbian sainikharusangai stepanovichko sahabhagitale naitiktalai badhayo rar yuddhako jwarlai badalna maddat गऱ्यो।. yass anubhawle stepanobhichlai dherai asar गऱ्यो। rar unle prayaha anya cerbian sainikharusanga uniharuko naitikta badhaunaka lagi ladna thale. kanjajebhakko patanpachhi, otomanharulai morawa upatyakama pugnabata roknaka lagi stepanovich rar unko squadron deligradbata sokobanjama sare. sokobanjama, sarba senaharu punah samuhabadha bhae rar kernel dura horwatobhichko commandma IV armi corps gathan gare. stepanovich pachhi yass ekaima samel bhae. chautho senako core kurilobho parr garera binik pugyo jahaan yasale ottoman sthanharuma akraman गऱ्यो।. tyasapachhi yo deligradma sario, jahaan yo 7 septemberma aipugyo. chautho senako korle september 11 maa crevate najikai tarkiharusanga yuddha garyo, june anishchit rupma samapta bhayo. sarba rar ottoman turkey senaharu bichko yuddhaviram 1 november 1876 maa ghoshana garieko thiyo. 1 decemberma, stepanobhichlai bahaduriko lagi swarna padak pradan gariyo rar dosro leftinentko padama badhuwa gariyo. 13 february 1877 maa, uni cerbian senako tesro batalianko tesro companyko commander niyukta bhae. pachhi, stepanovichle pirot kabja garnama bhag lie. general jowan belimarkobhichko samagra commandma, stepanovich rar unko 300-baliyo senale nisorko bayan bhagma akraman गऱ्यो।, june otomanharule saharma sudridha gareka dui sthanharu madhye ek thiyo. september 26 rar 27 ko bichma, stepanovichko ekai nisore waripari kunai dhyan nadii parr bhayo rar mally wryo. september 27 ko bihan, jab mukhya cerbian akraman suru bhayo, unko tolile nisorma goli chalaeko thiyo, tyahan tainath otomanharulai bhramit गऱ्यो।. tyasapachhi, pirotlai samatieko thiyo. stepanovichko unitka ekjana sainikle bhaneh "yadi mahm galat chhaina bhane, hamro karyale nisorma tarkiko sthitima mukhya prahar garyo rar pirotko bhagya samadhan gareko thiyo."stepanobhichlai pachhi arder aff centbata sammanit gariyo. swetislav tesro wargama tarwar rar ribanka sath, unle afno kariyarbhari prapta gareka sabai puraskarharu madhye unko manaparne thiyo kinbhane unle afulai "[tarkiko khaima prawesh garne pahilo] maneka thie." 3 decemberma, sumadiza korle dui ecolone sanrachanaharuma pirotbata nisasamma afno march suru garyo. yass marchko samayama, stepanovichle paidal sena rar kehi ghodchadhiko adha batalianko netritwa gare june suwa planinako kathina bhubhag parr गऱ्यो।. jey hose, unka sabai manisharu trekbata baanche rar yuddhaka lagi tayar dekha pare. stepanovichle pachhi bhane kii pahad parr garnu yudhama unko sabaibhanda kathina karya thiyo. 23 janawari 1878 maa, cerbian hai commandle sumadiza divisionlai wranje sahar kabja garna adesh diyo. sumadiza divisionle tyasapachhi otomanharulai polzanicabata bhagae rar gradelika klisuralai parajit gare. 25 janawarima, stepanovich poljanikama sthaniya sarbaharulai sashastra garne swayamsewak toliko commander bane. dherai dinpachhi wranjeko yudhama, stepanovichle bhaktinma saharko uttarbata otomanharulai akraman gare. shantikal. yuddha samapta bhaepachi, stepanovichle afno vidyalaya shiksha samapta garna belgrade sainya akadamima thap kakshaharu lie, tee sabai 1880 sammama pura gare. tyas warshako septemberma, unle kragujebhakma sthanantaranko anurodh gare. tyahan unle cerbian senako tesro batalianko dosro companyko command prapta gare. octoberma uni sohi batalianma pahilo companyko commander bane. kragujebhakma, stepanovichle afnie bhawi patni jelenalai bhete, jo saharka pramukh, bhelislabh milanobhichki chhori thiin. duwaile 25 july 1881 maa vivaha gare. tiniharuko pahilo bachcha, milika, 21 april 1882 maa janmieko thiyo. arko warsha jelenale dampatiko dosro chhori, denikalai janma diin. stepanovichka duwai chhoriharule adhikariharusanga vivaha gare, milikale second leftinent crista dragomirobhichsanga vivaha gare rar danicale pratham shrenika kaptan jobhika jobhichsanga vivaha gare, jo pachhi cerbian senama division general bane. sann 1880 ko antim traimasikma unko pahilo adhikarik mulyangkanma, ek vishesh sainya ayogle stepanobhichlai yasari warnan gareko thiyoh 1 september 1882 maa, stepanobhichlai paidal sena leftinentko padama padonnati gariyo rar uni ujisma commander bane, jahaan uni 13 february 1883 samma rahe, jab uni kragujewak farke. kragujewakma aipugepachhi, uni sumadiza paidal sena regimentma sainya sahayakko rupma niyukta bhae. sohi warsha, serbiale suchibadha wyayamshala karyakramharuma sainya abhyasharu aniwarya banayo. stepanovich pachhi pahilo kragojebhak wyayamshalama sainya abhyaska shikshak bane. uni sann 1886 samma yass padama rahe. sarba-bulgariali yuddha (1885). slivenitsako yuddhako samayama, stepanovichle sumadiza divisionko dosro batalianko pahilo companyko netritwa gare. unko unitle bhrappe gaunma akraman गऱ्यो। rar bulgariali senaharulai pachhi hutna badhya banayo. stepanovichle 12 aun regimentka commanderlai cerbian senako division, regiment rar batalianharu bitch samanwayako abhawa raheko euta reportma spashta dekhinchha. dherai dina pachhi, stepanovich 12 aun regimentma pahilo batalianko commander bane rar arko unitka sainikharusanga milera slivenitsama kamjor bulgariali kendrama akraman gare. bulgarialiharu pachhi hutna thale, sarba senaharulai aldomirobhtsi gaaun warparko khetra kabja garna anumati die. afno reportma, stepanovichle afna sainikharuko barema lekheka chhanh "yass ladainma sainikharuko wyawahar utkrishta thiyo kinbhane uniharule crusfireko samayama khula maidan parr gare tapani thulo upcharatmakta dekhae. senako sahas rar ramro commandka sandarbhama adhikariharuko wyawahar santoshajanak thiyo." cerbian senaharulai bulgariabata bahira fyaankiepachi, raja milanle 19 novemberma cerbian senalai pirotatira samanya rupma firta jaane adesh die. tinn dina pachhi, bulgariali senaharule sahartira agrasar bhae rar neskobh visamathi akraman gare. stepanovichko 12 aun regiment pachhi hutna badhya bhayo. stepanovichle pachhi report gareh "...mahm aspataltira gaen jahaan hamra senaharuko thulo samuha pachhi hateko thiyo. agrajharuko kunai prayasle uniharulai firta lyauna sakena. thap sipahiharu tiniharuko pachhi lage rar tyasapachhi tyo hasyaspad bhidle uniharulai rokna khojne adhikariharulai bhagae." uthcha. sarbo-bulgariali yuddhako antyasangai, stepanovich kragujebhak farkie, jahaan uni november 1886 samma base. kragujebhakma, unle 10 aun regimentko companyko netritwa gare. sann 1886 ko antyama, unlai dosro shreniko paidal sena kaptanko padama padonnati gariyo. uni 22 november 1886 dekhi 22 october 1888 samma cerbian general stafma akankshi thie. 1888 ko antyama bhaeko baithakma, general staff ayogle bhanyo kii "dosro shrenika kaptan shree. stepanovichle mukhyalayako 'sewa' kaa lagi paryapta yogyata rar praman dekhae, "unlai yass jadoma pahilo shreniko kaptanko padaka lagi pariksha suru garna swikrit garnuparchha." " march 1889 maa, stepanovichle yass parikshaka lagi report gare, rar ayogle unlai 2 aprilma suru garna anumati diyo. 2 dekhi 6 aprilsamma, stepanovichle bahra vishayaharuma afno parikshako saidhantik bhag pura gare. unlai parikshako wyawaharik bhag garnabata mukta gariyo, kinbhane unle mukhyalayako yatra rar misionharuma dherai ramro grade prapta gare. pariksha hunubhanda kehi samayaghi uni drina divisional kshetraka karyakari bane. afno pariksha pachhi uni bhaljebho gae. 17 april 1889 maa uni pratham shrenika kaptan bane. 29 marchadekhi 15 april 1892 samma, stepanovichle milutin milanobhich rar jiwojin misikko rupma ekai samayama pramukh padaka lagi pariksha lekhe rar safalatapurwak pass gare. stepanovich 13 september 1892 maa pojegama 5 aun batalianko commander bane. uni arko warshako 8 mema mejarko padama badhuwa bhae. 14 augustma, unlai feri ek patak drina divisional kshetrako karyakariko rupma sewa garna bhaljebhoma sarieko thiyo. uni 20 october 1895 samma bhaljebhoma base, jab uni belgradema sario. stepanovich belgradema paanch mahina base, jahaan uni 7 aun batalianka commander thie. uni belgrade military ekedemyma sainya itihaska anshakalik pradhyapak pani bane. 30 march 1897 maa, uni belgradema 6 aun paidal sena regimentka karyawahak commander bane. 11 mema unlai karnalko padama padonnati gariyo rar dui dinpachhi uni chhaitaun paidal sena regimentka commander bane. 27 october 1898 maa stepanovich raksha mantralayako general stafka pramukh bane. unle 15 march 1899 samma yass padama sewa gare, jab uni raksha mantralayako general military departmentka karyakari bane. uni gharbhitra kaam garna munn paraundainan, tara sewaka sadasyaharuma unle utkrishta prabhawa parey rar dherai kada rar samayanishthako rupma smaran garinchha. unlai 17 october 1900 maa feri bhaljebhoma sthanantaran gariyo, jahaan uni drina divisionma paidal sena brigedka commander bane. november 11 maa galatfahamika karan, unlai jajekarma sthanantaran gariyo rar timok divisionma paidal sena brigedko commanderko rupma niyukta gariyo. unle yo pada munn parae rar bhaneh "ek adhikarika lagi tolly machhako pani jattikai hunchha, rar vishesh gari mukhyalaya adhikari. tyahan usale afule key jandachha bhanera dekhauna sakchha rar usale parinam dekhauna sakchha. officele atmalai marchha, shakti nikalchha rar manislai sanyantrama pariwartan gardacha." " 18 august 1901 maa, stepanobhichlai mukhyalaya karnalma padonnati gariyo, rar 11 novemberma uni cerbian senako sakriya sainya commandko upa karyakari bane. uni 15 december 1902 samma yass padama karyarat thie, jab uni samanya karmacharika karyakari bane. pachhi, raja alekjander prathamle unlai takobho dwitiya wargako krasko kramale sajayo. stepanovichle sainya itihaska pradhyapakko rupma afno bhumikama jaari rakhe, 1796-1805 awadhibata napolean yuddhalai wyakhyan die. uni "yoddha" () bhanera chinine sainya patrikaka sampadak pani thie. mey 1903 maa bhaeko mey apathrofle stepanovichko kariyarlai asar garena. sattachyut bhaepachi, uni raksha mantralayako sajha vibhagko khanda pramukh bane, rar tyasapachhi sumadiza divisionko commander bane. yee padonnatiharuka karan, dherai itihaskarharule vishwas gareka chhan kii stepanovich yass vishayama unko tatasthatako bawajud obrenovich wanshalai apadastha garne shadyantrakariharuko pakshama thie. sattama aepachhi, pieter prathamle 29 june 1904 maa starr aff caradorde III degreeko arderle stepanobhichlai sajayo. general dura horwatikko anukaran gardai, stepanovichle afno divisionma prussian shailiko sainya abhyas suru gare rar pratyek aniyamitta, ashuddhata, kanuni aparadh rar rajyako sampatti zafat garne sajaya die. sann 1906 ko wasantama kragujebhakma, jahaan stepanobhichlai sumadiza divisionko commanderko rupma rakhieko thiyo, ek tathakathit sharirik prati shadyantra bhayo. kehi itihaskarharu yo shadyantra stepanovichko kada shasanbata suru bhaeko vishwas garchhan. shadyantrama kragujewak gyarisanka karib tees adhikariharu samel thie jasle saharka dherai mahatwapurna sarvajanik bhawanharu line rar tyasapachhi stepanobhichlai pakrau garne yojana banaeka thie. 30 aprilma shadyantrako khulasa bhaepachi stepanovichle 31 zana adhikariharulai pakrau gareka thie. thap pakrau garne iccha wyakta garda unlai rakshamantri radomir putnikle roke. stepanovich shadyantrabata gahiro stabdha bhae rar pachhi ghoshana gareh balkan yuddhaka lagi mantralaya rar tayari. stepa stepanobhichlai 29 june 1907 maa generalko padama badhaieko thiyo, tara sumadiza divisional kshetrako commanderko rupma rahyo. nikola pasikle 12 april 1908 maa nayan sarkar gathan gare rar stepanovich raksha mantri bane. afno janadeshko samayama, unle senako adhunikikaran garne rar purano mauser rifleharuko punarnirman garne prayas gare. unle francebata nayan topkhana pani kharid garera cerbian senalai apurti garna thale. jab senale messin ganharu arder garne prayas garyo, stepanovichle ek farak, adhik rudhiwadi drishtikon lie, jastai carnell bhlajich, jasle stepanovichko cabinetma kaam gare, lekheh october 1908 maa, astriya-hangeridwara bosniako vilaya pachhi, serbia rar montenegroma thulo virodh pradarshan bhayo. thulo sankhyama nagarikharule astriya-hangeriyanharu viruddha yuddha ghoshana garna mag gare. desh rar sena yuddhaka lagi tayar chhainan rar duwailai thulo matrama kutnitik, wittiya rar sainya prashikshan lyne awashyak chha bhani chetawani diera stepanovichle pratikriya die. unko bayanle dherai pakshaharubata, cerbian presma pani thulo matrama alochana nimtyayo. falaswarup, unlai raksha mantriko rupma barkhasta gariyo rar sann 1909 ko suruma portfolio bina mantri bane. tyas warshako antyama, unle putniklai bhawishyako yuddhaka lagi cerbian senalai tayar garna sakriya rupma sahayog gare. sann 1910 ko suruma, stepanovich morawa divisional kshetraka commander bane rar sashastra ladainka lagi division tayar garne kaam gare. march 1911 ko suruma, stepanovich feri rakshamantri bane. tyasko lagattai, rajkumar aleksandar caradordevichlai stepanovichmathi shanka bhayo, jaslai unle senapati dragutin dimitrijebhich episko sahanubhuti bhaeko vishwas gare, jaslai apadastha garne netale cerbian sinhasanma videshi raja chaheko bhanieko thiyo. falaswarup, rajkumar stepanovichma puge rar epis rar general staff mazer milobhan milobhanovich pilaklai belgradebata sthanantaran garna anurodh gare. stepanovichle raja pieterlai yasako ullekha garne rar dui janalai sthanantaran garnuparchha kii hundaina bhanne nirnaya garna dine bhandai pratikriya die. tyasapachhi rajkumarle raja pieterlai afno rajinama prastawa garna asafal bhae. jab stepanovich dosro patak rakshamantri bane, serbiako sarkarle mahasus garyo kii mahan shaktiharule balkanlai vibhajan garne irada rakheka thie rar ottoman samrajyako isai janasankhya vidrohako kagarma thiyo. afno karyakalma, serbiale anya balcon deshharusanga dherai raksha samjhautaharuma hastakshar gare rar balcon ligg sirjana gare. stepanovichle general radomir putnik rar kernel jiwojin misiksangai turkey wiruddhako yuddhaka lagi cerbian senako parichalan, ekagrata rar rannitik vikaska lagi yojanaharu vikas gare. sann 1912 ko antyama, milobhan milobhanobhichko sarkarle unko mrityupachhi rajinama diyo rar jab marco trifkovikle nayan sarkar gathan gare, putnik nayan rakshamantri bane. pahilo balkan yuddha. pahilo operation. pahilo balcon yuddhako suruwatsangai, stepa stepanovich 60,000-baliyo dosro senako commander bane, jassanga 84 topharu thie. custandil-dupnitsa kshetrama kendrit, yasama pahilo timok paidal sena division rar bulgariali sataun rila paidal sena division samawesh thiyo. yasako uddeshya pahilo senaaghi tarkiko pachhadi akraman garnu thiyo. sataun rila division senako hissa baneko cerbian senalai jankari dindai stepanovichle bhaneh 'mahm hamro bhawishyako kamma vishwaska sath herchhu rar safaltama dridha vishwas gardachhu, kinki shatabdiyaundekhi alag bhaeka rar ab bhratritwa rar angaleka, najikaka bhaiharu, sarbaharu rar bulgarialiharule ek apratirodhya shaktiko pratinidhitwa garchhan jasle sabai awarodhharu daman gardacha rar dalit bhaiharulai mukta gardacha." " 17 october 1912 maa, putnikle stepanobhichlai serbiako ottoman samrajya viruddha yuddhako ghoshanako barema jankari die. unle afno senalai ottoman sima najik zahn adesh die, tara arko suchana noungel yasalai parr nagarna. yadyapi, bulgariali uccha commandle rila divisionka commander, gorgi todorobhlai ottoman sima parr garna rar karobho selo rar gornja jumajamathi akraman garna adesh diyo, jaslai unle kabja garna safal bhae. stepanovichle uniharulai badhai dindai bhaneh "sataun divisionka nayakharulai hurre garnuhos." " october 18 maa, timok divisionle rujen-cruny wrako dishama ottoman sthanharuma akraman garna thalyo, rar bholipalta uniharule stepanovichko adeshma cruny wra kabja gare. 21 octoberma, cerbian hai commandle timok divisionlai kumanobhotarf aghi badhna adesh diyo. meyer dobrosav milenkobhikko netritwama raheko batalianle kunai ladain bina nai kribha palankalai kabja garisakeko jankaribina, stepanovichle sahar kabja garna sabai awashyak yuddhabhyasko adesh die. yasale dherai samaya barbad गऱ्यो।, tara adhikansh divisionle kunai pratirodh bina kribhorekka ghati parr garna safal bhayo. diunsoko suruma, ghodchadhi regimentle stressinbata 5-6 kilometer tadha ladain suru गऱ्यो। rar ratma yasalai kabja garna safal bhayo. feri pani, stepanobhichlai yass ghatanako barema jankari diieko chhaina, rar bholipalta unle afna senaharulai stracine samatna adesh die, jasle dherai samaya barbad गऱ्यो।. yass ghatanapachi pahilo rar dosro senabich sanchar sthapit bhayo rar kumanobhuko bato khula bhayo. kumanovoko yuddha. kumanobhoma shatru jamma garne kunai adesh prapta nagareko karan, general stepanovichle timok divisionlai 23 october bihan 6 baje kumonobhotarf march garna adesh die.emm. ekai samayama unle 23 octoberma kosanilai kabja garna rar tyasapachhi yasako kehi senaharulai chhodera stiptira pathauna sataun divisionlai adesh die. 23 october, bihan, timok divisionle cratovoma akraman गऱ्यो। rar yasari kumanobhoko yuddha suru bhayo. yadyapi, general todorobhle afno uccha commandko adeshko palana gare, tyasaile unle das batryharuko euta batalian matra kosanilai kabja garna pathae, june sampurna dibhijandwara surakshit thiyo. timok division marchma hunda stepanovichle obhs polje rar kosanibata baliyo ottoman ball kratobhotira aghi badhiraheko note prapta gare. yasako adharma, unle timok divisionka commanderlai kratobholai kabja garna rar dakshintarfa raksha sthapana garna hatar gare. yadyapi, tiniharu cratovo kshetrama aipugepachhi, kernel kondikle vibhajan thakit chha rar raat bitaunu parchha bhanne nirnaya gare. yasako prayog garera, otomanharule cruny wralai kabja gare, june bulgariali komita vibhag rar sarbaharuko ek companydwara matra surakshit thiyo. stepanovichle duwai divisionko kaam munn paraenan rar sarvochcha commandlai yo report gare. unle jawaf pae kii 7 aun divisionle bina sharta kosani rar timok division cruny wralai linuparchha. yasaibich, stepanovichle 23 octoberma kumanobhoma yuddha bhaeko thaha pae. uni yo dekhera chakit bhae rar timok divisionko sthitiko barema chintit thie, tara ajhai pani pahilo senalai maddat garne tarika khojiraheka thie. unle timok divisionlai 24 octoberma cruny wra kabja garna adesh die, tara yo bholi 25 octoberma garieko thiyo. bholipalta, highcomandle stepanobhichlai suchit garyo kii bulgariali sarkarko anurodhma timok divisionlai uniharuko nipatanma rakhne nirnaya garieko thiyo, yadi unle ajhai pani duwai dibhijanharu wyawasthapan gare." "unle turuntai 14 aun cerbian regimentlai 7 aun rila divisionma die rar general todorobhlai prilepatira otomanko pachhi hutna roknaka lagi bregalnica nadiko mukhatira afno sena chalauna adesh die, rar tyasapachhi unle adhik sajilai sanchalanko adesh dina kriwa palankadekhi stipma sarne anumati mage. yadyapi, uni cratovo aipugepachhi unle general todorobhabata euta preshan prapta gare jasma unle jankari die kii unle afno sena cerez rar demir hisaratira sarne adesh afno afnai uccha commandbata prapta gareka thie, june unle pahile nai adesh dieka thie. yo padhepachi, stepanovich balgeriyaliharulai sahayog garna kehi senaharu tayar garna kriwa palankama farkie. adrianpalko gherabandi. general stepa stepanovich 6 november 1912 maa mustafa passa (adrianople bahirko railway station) bhanine afno mukhyalaya liera aipuge. unle turuntai bulgariali dosro sena rar gherabandi sainikharuko sarvochcha commander general nikola ibhanobhlai samparka gare. unko mukhyalaya mustafa pasama rakhieko thiyo, jahaan ibhanobh pani tainath thie. sann 1912 maa 3.december maa yuddhaviramma hastakshar garieko thiyo. yadyapi, stepanovich afno senale ekagrata gumauna chahandainathe. unle krisamasko purwasandhyama pani adhikatam anushasana rar tayariko mag gare. yuddhawiramko samayama, stepanovichle afno senako apurti sudhar garna safal bhae. bulgariali sarvochcha commandle cerbian dosro sena apurti garna swikar garyo, tara stepanovich gunastarbata santushta thienan. tyasaile unle roti, masu rar anya wastuharuko gunastar sudhar garna mag gare. kinbhane uni bulgariali commandsanga sahamat bhaenan, unle cerbian sarvochcha commandlai sainikharuko swasthya rar manobal kayam rakhna apurti pathauna agraha gare." "dui mahinako tayaripachhi, 24 march 1913 maa adrianoplai kabja garna 3 dinko yuddha suru bhayo. unko timok divisionle topkhanako backup bina matra 45 minetma yuddhako maidanko sampurna uttari khetra kabja गऱ्यो। rar adrianople killako topkhanako golibariko thulo bhag khasalyo. dinko antyama, yo nirnaya gariyo kii bholi ratma, antipersonal awarodhharu samatna akraman suru garnuparchha. akraman suru hunda, timok divisionko agadi, otomanharule afno sthan punah kabja garne prayas gare, tara tiniharu asafal bhae. general stepanovichle denube divisionko pachhadi uccha jaminbata akraman pratyaksha dekhe. senako telegraphka prabhari nikola arandelovichle watawaranko warnan gareh bihan 5ah30 baje, stepanovichle serbiali senaharulai front linema nirnayak akraman garna adesh die, taaki balgeriyaliharulai purvi sectorma dhakelna maddat garna, june bihan 8 bajetira khasyo. bihan 8ah30 baje dui ottoman adhikariharu shukari pasako karanle atmasamarpan garna warta garna cerbian 20 aun regimentma ae. kunai pratikriya prapta nagareko karan, pashale afno sahayaklai 20 aun regimentma sukari pasale general stepanobhichsanga warta garna chaheko sandesh pathae. stepanovichle jawaf die kii uni commanderdwara warta garna adhikrit chhainan rar unle general ibhanobhlai sambodhan garnuparchha. yasaibich timok divisionle antipersonal line rar denube divisionle point papas-tape kabja गऱ्यो।. general stepanovich denube regimentko front lineharu pachhadi sare, rar bihan 11 baje maras najikai bekchitepma thie, june chautho cerbian regimentle kabja gareko thiyo. bihan 11.30 maa, bulgariali adhikariharu sukari pasako mukhyalayama ae, rar unle 12.15 baje general ibhanobhsamaksha atmasamarpan gare, tara uni afno wyaktigat ichchhama ek ghanta pachhi afno mukhyalayama farke. antatah ek ghanta pachhi unlai serbiali senale samatyo. adrianople khasyo pachhi, stepanovichle 27 marchma sanyukta tukadi gathan gare rar vijayi saharma gambhiratapurwak aghi badhe. kehi dinpachhi, unle chernomenma, itihasanusar maritsako yuddha bhaeko thaunma, shaheed nayakharuko smarak ayojana garna adesh die. sahabhagiharuka anusar yo ashcharyajanak rar hridayasparshi kshan thiyo. tyasko lagattai, stepanovichle afno senalai serbia firta puyaune tayari suru gare. bulgariali sarkarle unlai afno sena firta laijan paryapta railharu diena, tyasaile unle afno senalai paidal serbia firta laijanne dhamki die. yasapachhi bulgarialiharu pachhi hatnubhayo rar unle 1 aprildekhi 9 mesamma sampurna sena sthanantaran gare. pratham vishwayudha. pratham wishwayuddhako suruma unle anupasthit chief aff staff radomir putanikko pratinidhiko rupma kaam gare. uni parichalan rar kehi yuddha tayarika lagi jimmewar thie. putnik farkiepachhi unle dosro senako kaman samhale. pratham vishwayuddhama, unle serko yudhama cerbian senako netritwa gare, jahaan unko dosro senale astrian panchaun senalai purna rupma parajit गऱ्यो।, ek jabarjasti march pachhi ghatanasthalma aipugyo. yo yuddhako pahilo sahayogi vijaya thiyo, rar unlai field marcelma padonnati gariyo. unko senale sann 1915 maa serbiako rakshaka atirikta drinako yuddha rar kolubarako yudhama safalta hasil गऱ्यो।. sann 1918 maa uni feri dosro senako commandma thie june macedoniama thulo sahayogi akramanko ek bhag thiyo, uniharule september 15 maa safalta hasil gare. dosro sena bulgariako simanama aghi badhyo rar tyahanbata, 29 september 1918 maa bulgariali atmasamarpan pachhi paschimma bosnia rar adriatic samudratira farkie. uni sann 1919 ko antyasamma sakriya adhikari thie, jab uni cerbian senako commander inn chifko rupma sewabata sewaniwritta bhae. afno careerma unle dui patak senamantriko rupma pani sewa gariraheka thie. unlai turkharu wiruddhako 1876-1878 yuddhako samayama bahadurika lagi "takobhaski crust saa yukrastenim masebhima" padakle sajaieko thiyo. unlai cent micheal rar cent georgeko sabaibhanda pratishthit arderko night grand cruss (gcmg) pani pradan garieko thiyo. 29 april 1929 maa kakak saharma unko mrityu bhayo. virasata. uni 100 sabaibhanda pramukh sarbaharuma samawesh chhan.

stepa stepanovic stepan "stepa" stepanovic (,;;-29 april 1929) jane cerbian samarika commander thile jie sarba-turkey juddha, sarba-bulgarian juddha, pratham balcan juddha, dwiteeja balcan juddha ebong pratham biswajuddhare ladhithile. 1874 masihare cerbian senabahinire joga dei shay 1876 masihare automan samrajyara sena biruddhare ladhithile. parabarti barshagudikare shay cerbian senara padabeere aarohan karithile ebong 1885 masihare bulgarian sena biruddhare ladhithile. sheshare shay 1908 masiha april maasare cerbian juddha mantri hoithile ebong cerbian senare paribartana aaniba paain daie thile. duiti balcan juddha samajare stepanovic cerbian bahineeku nirdesh deithile ebong pratham biswajudha samajare cerbian dwiteeja senara netrutwa neithile. sera juddha parey tanku dwiteeja field marshal bhabe padonnati diajaithila. 1929 masiha april 29 tarikhare shay chakakre mrutyubarana karithile. prarambhika balyakala ebong sikhya. stepan "stepa" stepanovic 28 februari 1856 ray belgrade nikatasta kumodraj graamare janmagrahana karithile. shay ibhan ebong radozka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) nka chaturtha santan ebong truteeja putra thile. taanka jejebapa stepannka naamare stepanoviknka naama rakhajaichhi, jeuntharu taanka paribarara upanama utpanna hoithila. taanka paribarika utpatti bishajare duiti siddhanta rahichhi. prathamati darshaithae je stepanoviknka purbapurusha, jeunmane jibhanovik bhabare janashuna thile, bosnia ebong lika anchalaru aasithile. dwiteeja siddhantati heuchhi je taanka purbapurushamane mahan sarba sthanantarana samajare leskovak ebong pirot aakhapaakharu aasithile. ghara kaama karanaru, stepanoviknka maanka pakhare taanka paain bahuta comm samai thila ebong shay tanku aneka samajare taanka sasunka tatwabadhanare chhadi chaali jaithile. prathamika bidyalajare padhiba purbaru shay gorumanankara jatna neuthile ebong thare eka shandha dwara gurutara ahata hoithile. stepanovic kumodrajare tribarshika prathamika bidyalaja samapta karithile ebong captain mishanka mahalare thiba byajamashalare joga deithile. skula sikhya shesh kariba paain shay aneka samajare dhani bail grade paribara paain seba karuthile. shay bhal grade sahita bidyalajara pratham barsha samapta karithile ebong tankara abasista sikhya samajare bhal grade paiba jaari rakhithile . 1874 masiha september maasare, stepanovic nijara shastha barshar byajamashalare jogadeba paribarte bail grade artilary schooler xi shreneere joga deithile. pancha barshar byayam samapta karithibaru tanku prabeshika parikhya debaku padinathila. taanka shreneere untais john cadet thile. sehi samajare, belgrade artilary schooler eka baishajika charitra thila ebong ganita gyaana upare adhika dhyana deuthila, eka bishai jeunthire stepanovic sarbada kharap pradarshan karuthile . stepanovic bideshi bhasare madhya sete bhal nathile, jadio shay rushiah ebong farasi sahitya padhithile. harjegovina bidroha arambha heba parey, cerbiar rajya automan samrajya sahita juddha paain prastuti arambha karithila ebong belgrade artilary skula byabaharika samarika prashikhyanara eka karjyakram arambha karithila . september 1875 ray, stepanovic ebong taanka sahapathimane samaste sharirika pahya paithile. eka parikhyare uttirna heba parey, stepanovic meey 1876 ray juniara sargent hoithile. june 1876 ray, balkanare sarbia ebong automan turkey bahini madhyare juddha arambha hoithila, jeunmananka madhyaru adhikansha kosobhoru albanian thile . stepanovic ebong samagra xi shreni turanta sargent padabee grahan karithile ebong semananku aagadhadiku pathajaithila. sarba-turkey juddha. 1876 masiha meey maasa 14 tarikhare stepanovic kragujebhakthare pahanchithile. ethaare tanku cornell lubomir ujuna-mirakoviknka nirdeshare sumadiza divijanra mukhyalajare sushrunkhala adhikari dajitwa diajaithila, jahanka adesh stepanoviknka dwara parichalita heuthila. sumadiza divijana moravian senara mukhya ansha thila, kintu juddha yojana paribartana parey, ehaa aneka squadronre bibhakta hoithila . stepanoviknku ujun-mirakoviknka squadranku nijukta karajaithila, jaahaa neesku automan sudrudheekaranara aagamanaku rokiba paain kanjebhak senaku babina glabha ebong belah palanka nebaku sahajya karibaku adesh deithila . sheshare, babina glabha niajaithila ebong stepanovic "bahuta chatapate ebong bhal raiding paain" ujun-mirakoviknka dwara janashuna hoithile."ehara turanta parey, automanmane ujuna-mirakoviknka squadron biruddhare eka prati-aakraman arambha karithile, jaahaa pandriloku pachaku hatithila. july 19 ray automanmane pandrillo upare aakraman karithile, eka juddha arambha karithile jeunthire stepanovic sakriya bhabare anshagrahana karithile . nijamita cerbian sainikamananka sahita stepanoviknka anshagrahana naitikataku brudhi karithila ebong juddhara juaaraku badalaibare sahajya karithila . ehi abhigyata stepanoviknku bahuta prabhabita karithila ebong shay prajatah anya cerbian sainikamananka naitikata brudhi kariba paain semananka sahita ladhiba paain ashrai neithile. kanjajebhak rahr patana parey, stepanovic ebong taanka squadron deligradaru sokobanja ku sthanantarita hoithile jaahaa dwara automanmane morabha upatyakare pahanchibaru atakajaipariba . sokobanjare, sarba bahini punithare gostheebhukta hoithile ebong cornell dura horbhatoviknka nirdeshare chaturtha sena bahini gathan karithile. parabarti samajare stepanovic ehi junitare joga deithile. chaturtha sena bahini kurilovo paara hoi binikare pahanchi automan padabee upare aakraman karithila. ehaa parey ehaa deligradaku chalijaithila, jeunthare ehaa 7 septembarare pahanchithila. chaturtha sena bahini 11 septembarare cravet nikatare turkimananka sahita sangharsha karithila, eka juddhare jaahaa anirdista bhabare samapta hoithila . sarba ebong automan turkey sena madhyare eka judhabirati 1 navember 1876 ray ghoshana karajaithila. 1 decemberare, stepanoviknku sahasikata paain swarna padaka pradan karajaithila ebong dwiteeja leftnant pahyaku padonnati diajaithila . 1877 masiha februari 13 tarikhare shay cerbian senara truteeja batalionara truteeja companyra commander bhabe nijukta hoithile. parey, stepanovic pyrote dakhalare anshagrahana karithile. general jobhan belimarakoviknka samagrika nirdeshare, stepanovic ebong taanka 300-shaktishali bahini nisorer baama parswa upare aakraman karithile, jaahaa automanmane saharare surakhita karithiba duiti sthana madhyaru gotie . september 26 ru 27 madhyare, stepanoviknka unit nisore charipakhare anadekha hoi chaligala ebong maali bhra neithila . september 27 tarikh sakale, jetebele mukhya sarbia aakraman arambha helah, taanka squad nisore upare guli chalaithila, sethare abasthapita atomanamananku bibhranta karithila. parey, pairotaku bandi karajaithila. stepanoviknka unitra jane sainika kahileh "mun dekhili je, jadi mun bhul nuhen, tebe ammer karjya nisore upare turkey sthiti upare mukhya aaghata karithila ebong pyrotra bhagya samadhan karithila."parey stepanoviknku 'order off cent' pradan karajaithila. swetislabh truteeja shreneere khanda ebong fita sahita, taanka kyarijarare shay paithiba samasta puraskara madhyaru tankara priya kaaran shay nijaku turkeah parikha bhitaraku prabesha karithiba pratham byakti bolly bibechana karuthile." december 3 tarikhare, sumadiza corps duiti echelon gathanare pirotaru nisaku jatra arambha karithila. ehi padajatra samajare, stepanovic padatika bahineera eka ardha-batalion ebong kichhi ashwarohi bahineeku nirdesh deithile, jeunmane subha planinara kathina bhubhaga dei gati karuthile. tathapi, tankara samasta purush ehi padajatrare banchi jaithile ebong juddha paain prastuta thiba janapadila. parey stepanovic kahithile je parbata paara heba tankara juddhare sabutharu kathina karjya thila. 1878 masiha januari 23 tarikhare cerbian hikemand sumadiza divijanaku branze sahara dakhal karibaku nirdesh deithile. sumadiza bibhaga taa 'parey poljanikaru atomanamananku bitadita karithila ebong gradelika klisuraku parasta karithila. januari 25 ray, stepanovic eka swechasebee squadra commander hoithile jaahaa polajanikare sthaniah sarbamananku sashastra karithila . kichhi deane parey, bhranje paain juddhare, stepanovic saharar uttararu atomanamananku bhaktinare aakraman karithile. shanti samai. juddha shesh heba parey, stepanovic belgrade military ekademire atirikta class neithile ebong 1880 masiha suddha shay sabu shesh karithile. sehi barsha septembarare shay kragujebhakku sthanantara karibaku anurodha karithile. sethare shay cerbian senara 3jaiah batalionara 2jaiah companyra command hassel karithile. octoberre shay sehi batalionre pratham companyra commander hoithile. kragujebhak thaare, stepanovic taanka bhabisyata patni, saharar mukhya velislav milanoviknka jhia, jelenanku bhetithile. duhen 25 july 1881 ray bibaha karithile. semanankara pratham santan, milika, 1882 april 21 ray janmagrahana karithile. parabarti barsha yelena ehi dampattinka dwiteeja jhia, danikaku janma deithile. stepanoviknka ubhaja jhia adhikarimananku bibaha karithile, milika dwiteeja leftnant carsta dragomiroviknku bibaha karithile ebong danika pratham shrenira captain jobhika jobhichiknku bibaha karithile, jie parey cerbian senare divijana general hoithile. 1880rahr shesh traimasikare tankara pratham sarkari mulyankanare, eka swatantra samarika aajoga stepanoviknku ehipari barnana karithileh 1882 masiha september 1 tarikhare, stepanovic padatika leftnant padabeeku padonnati paithile ebong shay jujisere jane commander hoithile, jeunthare shay 1883 masiha februari 13 tarikh parjyanta rahithile, jetebele shay kragujebhak pherithile. kragujebhak thaare pahanchiba parey, shay sumadiza padatika rejimentare samarika adjutant bhabare nijukta hoithile. sehi barsha, sarbia talikabhukta byajamashalare samarika abhyasa badhyatamoolaka karithila. parabarti samajare stepanovic pratham kragujebhak byajamashalare samarika abhyasara sikhyaka hoithile. 1886 masiha parjyanta shay ehi padabeere rahithile. sarba-bulgaria juddha (1885). slivanitsa juddha samajare, stepanovic sumadiza divijanara 2jaiah batalionara 1maha companyra netrutwa neithile. taanka unit bhrappe gramm upare aakraman karithila ebong bulgaria bahineeku pachaku hatibaku badhya karithila. eka reportare je stepanovic 12 tama regimenter kamandaranku sarbian senara divijana, regiment ebong batalion madhyare samanwajara abhaba anubhaba karanti . kichhi deane parey, stepanovic 12tama rejimentare 1maha batalionara commander hoithile ebong anya unitra sainyamananka sahita mishi slivanitsa upare durbala bulgarian kendra upare aakraman karithile. balgereejamane pachaku hatibaku lagile, sarba bahineenku aldomirovatsi gaanra akhpakh anchala dakhal karibaku anumathi dele . taanka reportare, stepanovic taanka sainikamananka bishajare lekhithileh "ehi juddhare sainikamananka acharan utkrusta thila kaaran cross fire samajare khola padia upare jiba satwe semane bahuta aarogya pradarshan karithile. sainikamananka sahasa ebong uttam nijantrana drustiru adhikarimananka acharan santoshajanaka thila." sarbiah senaku balgeriaaru bahara karideba parey, raja milan navember 19 tarikhare sarbiah senaku pyrote aadaku eka sadharana pratyabartana nirdesh deithile. tini deane parey, bulgariar sainyamane sahara aadaku agrasara hoithile ebong neskov bhij upare aakraman karithile. stepanoviknka 12tama regiment pachaku hatibaku badhya hoithila. parey stepanovic report karithileh ".....mun daktarakhana aadaku gadigali, jeunthare aama sainyamanankara eka budd gosthi pachaku hatigale. bajaskamananka kaunasi prayasa semananku ferai aniparila naahin. adhika sainika semananku anusarana kale ebong taa 'parey sehi hasyaspada janata semananku atakaibaku chesta karithiba adhikarimananku dhakka deithile." uthi jaantu. sarba-bulgaria juddhara samapti parey, stepanovic kragujebhakku pherithile, jeunthare shay navember 1886 parjyanta rahithile. kragujebhak thaare, shay 10maha regimenter eka companyra netrutwa neithile. 1886 masiha sheshare tanku dwiteeja shrenira padatika captain padabeeku padonnati diajaithila. shay 22 navember 1886 ru 22 october 1888 parjyanta cerbian general staff ray jane aakankhi thile. 1888 sheshare anusthita baithakare, general staff commission kahithile je 'dwiteeja shrenira captain mea. stepanovic mukhya karjyalajara 'seba' paain yathesta jogyata ebong pramana darshaithile, ehi siddhantare je "tanku chalita sheeta ruture pratham shrenira captain padabee paain eka parikhya arambha karibaku anumodana karajiba uchit." " march 1889 ray, stepanovic ehi parikhya paain report karithile, ebong aajoga tanku april 2 ray arambha karibaku anumathi deithile. april 2 ru 6 tarikh parjyanta, stepanovic barati bishai upare tankara parikhyara tatwika ansha samapta karithile. shay parikhyara byabaharika ansharu mukta hoithile, kaaran shay mukhyalajara jatra ebong missionre bahuta bhal grade paithile . parikhyara kichhi samai purbaru shay drina divisional anchalara karjyanirbahee hoithile. parikhya parey shay bhalajevo chalijaithile. 1889 masiha april 17 tarikhare shay pratham shrenira adhinajaka hoithile. 29 marcharu 15 april 1892 parjyanta, stepanovic lekhithile ebong milutin milanovic ebong jibhojin misiknka sahita eka samajare pramukh ranka paain eka parikhyare saphalatara saha passes karithile. 1892 masiha september 13 tarikhare stepanovic pojegare 5maha batalionara commander hoithile. parabarti barsha meey 8 tarikhare tanku mejara padabeeku padonnati diajaithila. august 14 tarikhare, tanku punithare drina divisional anchalara karjyanirbahee bhabe karjya kariba paain bhalajebhoku sthanantara karajaithila. shay 20 october 1895 parjyanta bhalajebhore rahithile, jetebele tanku belagredaku sthanantarita karajaithila. stepanovic pancha maasa paain belagredare rahithile, jeunthare shay 7maha batalionara commander thile. shay belgrade military ekademire samarika itihasara eka part time professor madhya hoithile. 1897 masiha march 30 tarikhare shay belagredare shastha padatika regimenter karjyakaree commander hoithile. meey 11 tarikhare tanku cornell padabeeku padonnati diajaithila ebong dui deane parey shay shastha padatika regimenter commander hoithile. 27 october 1898 ray stepanovic pratirakhya mantranalajara mukhya sadharana karmachari hoithile. shay 15 march 1899 parjyanta ehi padabeere karjya karithile, jetebele shay pratirakhya mantranalajara sadharana samarika bibhagara karjyanirbahee hoithile. jadio shay ghara bhitare kaama karibaku pasanda karunathile, shay mantranalajara sadasyamananka upare eka chamatkara prabhaba pakaithile ebong atyanta kathore ebong samajanubarti bhabare smaraniah thile . 1900 masiha october 17 tarikhare tanku punithare bhalajebhoku sthanantara karajaithila, jeunthare shay drina divijanare eka padatika brigedara commander hoithile. navember 11 ray eka bhul bujhamana hetu, tanku jajekaraku sthanantara karajaithila ebong timok divijanare eka padatika brigedara commander bhabare nijukta karajaithila. shay ehi padabeeku pasanda karithile ebong kahithileh "jane adhikarinka paain sainyabahinee eka maacha paain paani sahita samaana, ebong bisesh curry jane mukhyalaja adhikari. sethare shay jaahaa janichanti taaha dekhai paribe ebong shay phalaphal dekhaiparibe. karjyalaja aatmaaku maridie, shakti hrass kare ebong manishaku prakrijare paribartana kare ." " 1901 august 18ray, stepanoviknku mukhyalaja cornell bhabe padonnati diajaithila, ebong navember 11ray shay cerbian senara sakriya samarika commander deputi ekjikyutiv hoithile. 1902 masiha december 15 tarikh parjyanta shay ehi padabeere rahithile, jetebele shay sadharana karmacharinka karjyanirbahee hoithile. parey, raja alekjandar-1maha tanku takovo-2jaiah shrenira krasra aadeshare sajjit karithile. stepanovic samarika itihasara jane professor bhabare taanka bhumika jaari rakhithile, 1796-1805 samajaru napolean judhaku baktruta deithile. shay "joddha" () bhabare janashuna samarika patrikara sampadaka madhya thile . 1903 masiha meey 'maasare ghatithiba meey' apathroch ghatana stepanoviknka kyarijaraku prabhabita karinathila. khyamatachyuta heba parey, shay pratirakhya mantranalajara sadharana bibhagara mukhya hoithile, ebong taa 'parey sumadiza divijanara commander hoithile. ehi padonnati karanaru, aneka aitihasika biswasa karibaku lagile je ehi prasangare tankara nirapekhyata satwe obrenovic rajabangshaku khyamatachyuta karithiba shadajantrakareenka sapakhyare stepanovic thile. khyamataku asiba parey, pieter-1maha 1904 masiha june 29 tarikhare stepanoviknku 'starr off caradorde-3' degreere sajjit karithile. general dura horbhatikanka anukaran curry stepanovic taanka bibhagare prusian saileera samarika abhyasa arambha karithile ebong pratyeka anijamitata, truti, aaingata aparadha ebong rajya sampatti jabataku dandita karithile. 1906 masiha basanta ruture kragujebhak thaare, jeunthare stepanovic sumadiza divijanra commander bhabe nijojita thile, eka tathakathita sharirika prati-sadajantra ghatithila. keteka aitihasika biswasa karanti je ehi sadajantra stepanoviknka kathore shasson dwara arambha hoithila. ehi shadajantrare kragujebhak gyarisanara praiah tirish john adhikari samil thile, jeunmane saharar aneka gurutwapurna sarbajaneena attalika dakhal karibaku ebong parey stepanoviknku girapha karibaku yojana karithile. april 30 tarikhare jetebele ehi shadajantrara khulasa hoithila, setebele stepanovic 31 john adhikarinku girapha karithile. jetebele adhika girapha hebara ichha prakash paila, pratirakhya mantri radomir putnik tanku atakaile. ehi sadajantra dwara stepanovic gabhira bhabe stabdha hoijaithile ebong parey ghoshana karithileh balcan juddha paain mantranalaja ebong prastuti. 1907 masiha june 29 tarikhare stepa stepanoviknku general padabeeku unneet karajaithila, kintu sumadiza divisional anchalara commander bhabe rahithile. nicola passic 1908 masiha april 12 tarikhare eka nutan sarkar gathan karithile ebong stepanovic pratirakhya mantri hoithile. taanka adesh samajare, shay senara adhunikeekarana ebong puruna mouser rifler punahnirmana karibaku chesta karithile. shay franceru nooa topakhana madhya kini sarbia senaku jogai deithile. jetebele sena messin gunn order karibaku chesta kallah, stepanovic eka bhinna, adhika rakhyanashila abhimukhya grahan kale, jepari cornell vlagic, jie stepanoviknka cabinetare kaama karithile, lekhichhantih 1908 masiha october maasare, astria-hangeree dwara bosnia dakhal heba parey, sarbia ebong mantenegrore byapaka bikhyobha hoithila. astria-hangereejamananka birodhare juddha ghoshana karibaku bahu sankhyaka nagarika daabi karithile. stepanovic chetabani dei pratikrija prakash karithile je desh ebong sena juddha paain prastuta nuhnti, ebong ubhajanku prachur parimanara kootanaitika, arthika ebong samarika talim nebara abashyakata rahichhi. taanka mantabya aneka pakhyaru, epariki cerbian presare madhya, byapaka samalochanara kaaran hoithila. phalaswaroopa, tanku pratirakhya mantri padaru barakhasta karajaithila ebong 1909 masiha prarambhare shay bina portapholiore mantri hoithile. sehi barsha parey, shay putniknku bhabisyatara juddha paain cerbian senaku prastuta karibare sakriya bhabare sahajya karithile. 1910 masiha prarambhare, stepanovic morabha divisional anchalara commander hoithile ebong sashastra juddha paain divijana prastuta karibara karjya haataku neithile. 1911 masiha march maasa prarambhare, stepanovic punithare pratirakhya mantri hoithile. ehara kichhi samai parey, rajkumar aleksandar caradordevic stepanoviknku sandeha karithile, jaahaaku shay commander dragutin dimitrijevik episnka sahanubhutishila bolly biswasa karuthile, jie kii cerbian singhasanare jane bideshi raja chahunthile bolly kuhajauthiba meey 'rahr neta. phalaswaroopa, rajkumar druta gatire stepanoviknka nikataku jaithile ebong epis ebong general staff mejara milobhan milobhanovik pilaknku belgredaru sthanantara karibaku anurodha karithile. stepanovic ehara zabab dei kahithile je shay raja pitaranku ehaa ullekha karibe ebong tanku nishpatti nebaku anumathi debe je dui jananku sthanantara karajiba uchita kii naahin. ehapare rajkumar raja pitaranku taanka istafa pradan karithile. jetebele stepanovic dwiteeja thara paain pratirakhya mantri hoithile, sarbia sarkar anubhaba karithile je mahan shaktigudika balkanaku bibhakta karibaku chahunthile ebong automan samrajyara khristian janasankhya bidroha aadaku agrasara hoithile. taanka karjyakala madhyare, sarbia anya balcan desagudika sahita aneka pratirakhya rajinama swakhyara karithile ebong balcan ligg srusti karithile. stepanovic, general radomir putnik ebong cornell jibhojin misiknka saha mishi, turkey biruddhare juddha paain cerbian senara gatibidhi, ekagrata ebong rananaitika bikash paain yojana bikashita karithile. 1912 masiha sharatare, milobhan milobhanoviknka sarkar taanka mrutyu parey istafa deithile ebong jetebele marco trifakovik eka nutan sarkar gathan karithile, putnik nutan pratirakhya mantri hoithile. pratham balcan juddha. pratham operation. pratham balcan juddha arambha heba parey, stepa stepanovic 60,000-shaktishali dwiteeja senara commander hoithile, jaahaa pakhare 84 tope thila. custandil-dupnitsa anchalare kendribhuta, ethire 1maha timok padatika divijana ebong bulgariar saptama rila padatika divijana rahithila. ehara lakhya thila pratham sena purbaru turkey pachapata upare aakraman kariba. cerbian sainyamananku suchana dei je saptama rila divijana senara anshabisesha hoigala, stepanovic kahileh" "mun ammer bhabisyata karjyaku aatmabiswasara saha dekhuchhi ebong saphalatare drudha biswasa kare, kaaran shatabdi shatabdi dhari alga hoi bartamana bhratrutwapurna ebong alingana hoithiba nikattam bhai, sarba ebong bulgarian eka apratirodhya shaktira pratinidhitwa karanti jaahaa samasta pratibandhakaku dhwansa kariba ebong dalita bhaimananku mukta kariba ." " 1912 masiha october 17 tarikhare, putnik automan samrajya biruddhare cerbiar juddha ghoshana bishajare stepanoviknku suchana deithile. shay taanka senaku automan seema nikatatar hebaku nirdesh deithile, kintu parabarti nirdesh parjyanta ehaaku atikrama naah karibaku. tebe bulgariar hikemand rila divijanara commander jorgi todorovanku automan seema atikrama karibaku ebong kerebho cello ebong gornja jumaja upare aakraman karibaku nirdesh deithile, jaahaaku shay dakhal karibare saphala hoithile. stepanovic semananku ehi shabdare abhinandan janaithileh" "saptama divijanara hiromananku hurre karantu." " october 18 ray, timok divijana rujen-corney bhiaraecha digare automan abasthana upare aakraman arambha kallah, ebong pardin semane stepanoviknka nirdeshare corney bhiaraechku kaabu kale . october 21 tarikhare, cerbian hikemand timok divijanaku kumanovo aadaku agrasara hebaku nirdesh deithile. meyer dobrosav milenkoviknka netrutware batalion bina kaunasi ladheire kribha lanka dakhal karisarithiba jaani nathile, stepanovic sahara dakhal paain samasta aabasyaka kaushala nirdesh deithile. ehaa bahuta samai nust kallah, kintu adhikansha bibhaga bina kaunasi pratirodhare kribhorekka girikhata dei jibaku sakhyama helah . madhyahna belaku, ashwarohi regiment stracin thaaru 5 ru 6 kilometer doorare eka ladhei arambha karithila ebong raatire ehaaku dharibare saphala hoithila . punithare, stepanoviknku ehi ghatana bishajare abgat karajainahni, ebong pardin shay taanka sainyamananku stracin dhariba paain nirdesh deithile, jaahaa bahuta samai nust karithila. ehi ghatana parey, pratham ebong dwiteeja sena madhyare jogajoga sthapana karajaithila ebong kumanovoku rasta khola jaithila . kumanovo juddha. kumanovore shatrunku ekathi kariba bishajare kaunasi adesh naah paai, general stepanovic timok divijanaku october 23 tarikh deane sakaala 6taare kumonovo aadaku jatra karibaku nirdesh deithile.emm. sehi samajare shay adesh deithile je shay 23 octoberre kochaniku niz adheenaku nebaku ebong taa 'parey ehara kichhi sainyanku chhadi stip aadaku pathaibaku saptama divijanaku nirdesh deithile. october 23 tarikh sakale, timok divijana cratovo upare aakraman karithila ebong ehipari kumanovo juddha arambha hoithila. tebe, general todorov taanka haikamandanka adesh palana karithile, tenu shay kochaniku niz adheenaku neba paain kebala dashati byatereera gotie batalion pathaithile, jaahaaku eka sampurna divijana dwara rakhya karajaithila. timok divijana padajatrare thibabele stepanovic ehi suchana paithile je obhsa polje ebong kochaniru shaktishali automan bahini cratovo aadaku agrasara heuchhi. ehi aadhaarare, shay timok divijanara kamandaranku cratovo dakhal karibaku ebong dakhina parsware pratirakhya pratistha karibaku tarabaria karithile. tebe, semane cratovo anchalare pahanchiba parey, cornell kondika nishpatti neithile je bibhajan klanta ebong raati bitaiba uchit. ehaaku byabahara curry, automanmane sii. aarr. enn. aai. bhi. aarr. etch. ku niz adheenaku neithile, jaahaa kebala bulgarian komita bibhaga ebong sarbamanankara eka company dwara surakhita thila. stepanovic ubhaja bibhagara karjyaku pasanda karinathile ebong sarbocha kamandanku ehaa report karithile. shay uttara paithile je 7maha bibhaga bina sarttare kosani ebong timok divijana creeny bhiaraechaku grahan kariba uchit. iti madhyare, stepanovic janibaku paile je october 23 ray, kumanovore juddha hoithila. shay ehaa dekhi ashcharjya hoithile ebong timok divijanara sthitiku nei chintita thile, kintu tathapi pratham senaku sahajya karibara eka upaiah khojuthile. shay 24 octoberre sii. aarr. enn. aai. bhi. aarr. etch. dakhal karibaku timok divijanaku nirdesh deithile, kintu ehaa asantakali 25 octoberre karajaithila. pardin, hikemand stepanoviknku suchana deithile je bulgaria sarakaranka anurodha krame ehaa nishpatti niajaithila je timok divijanaku semananka adheenare rakhiba uchita, jadi shay ubhaja divijanaku parichalana karanti.shay turanta 14tama cerbian rejimentaku 7maha rila divijanaku pradan karithile ebong prelape aadaku atomanka pratyabartanaku rokiba paain bregalnica nadira mukh aadaku taanka bahineeku neijiba paain general todorovnku nirdesh deithile, ebong taa 'parey shay adhika sahajare operation nirdesh deba paain kribha palankaru stip ku jibaku anumathi magithile. tebe, kratobhore pahanchiba parey shay general todorovankatharu eka prerana paithile jeunthire shay suchana deithile je shay taanka niz haikamandaru taanka sainyabahineeku cerez ebong demir hisara aadaku sthanantara karibaku adesh paichanti, jaahaa shay purbaru adesh deithile. ehaaku padhiba parey, stepanovic balgarianmananku sahajya kariba paain keteka bahini prastuta kariba paain kribha palankaku pherigale. adrianopalanka abarodh. general stepa stepanovic 1912 masiha navember 6 tarikhare mustafa pasha (adrianopalanka bahare thiba rela station) namaka taanka mukhyalaja sahita pahanchithile. turanta shay bulgariar dwiteeja sena ebong abarodh sainyadalara sarbocha commander general nicola ivanovanka saha jogajoga karithile. taanka mukhyalajaku mustafa pashare rakhajaithila, jeunthare ivanov madhya abasthapita thile. 1912 masihare ehi judhabirati swakhyarita hoithila. kintu, stepanovic chahunanathile je taanka sena ekagrata haraiba. epariki khristamasara purba sandhyare madhya shay sarbadhika shrunkhala ebong prastuti daabi karithile. judhabirati samajare, stepanovic taanka senara joganare unnati aanibare saphala hoithile. bulgaria sarbocha command sarbia dwiteeja sena jogaibaku sweekara karithile, kintu stepanovic gunabattare santusta nathile. tenu shay ruti, maansa ebong anyanya samagrira gunabattare unnati aanibaku daabi karithile. jehetu shay bulgarian command sahita sahmat hoinathile, shay cerbian sarbocha kamandaku sainikamananka swasthya ebong manobal rakhya kariba paain jogaana pathaibaku kahithile.dui masser prastuti parey, 1913 masiha march 24 tarikhare adrianopalanku dhariba paain 3 dinia juddha arambha hoithila. taanka timok divijana maatra 45 minitare judhakhetrara samagra uttara bhagaku bina topakhanare adhikara karineithila ebong adrianople durga topakhana guli chalanaku bahu matrare taani neithila. deane sheshare, ehaa nishpatti niajaithila je, byakti birodhi badhabighnaku dhariba paain, kaali raatire aakraman arambha karajiba uchita. aakraman arambha heba parey, timok divijanara sammukhabhagare, automanmane semananka abasthanaku punarbara hassel karibaku chesta karithile, kintu semane biphal hoithile. general stepanovic danyub divijana pachara uccha bhumiru aakramanaku jibanta dekhaithile. sena telegrapher dajitware thiba nicola arandelovic bajumandalara barnana karithileh sakaala 5taa 30 minitare, stepanovic cerbian sainyamananku aagadhadira line upare nirnajaka aakraman karibaku nirdesh deithile, jaahaa balgeriaaku purba sektarare dhakka debare sahajya karithila, jaahaa sakaala praiah 8taa samajare khasi padithila. sakaala 8taa 30 minitare, dui john automan adhikari shukri pasha karanaru atmasamarpana paain alochana karibaku cerbian 20tama rejimentaku aasithile. kaunasi pratikrija naah paai, pasha taanka sahajakanku 20tama rejimentaku barta sahita pathaithile je shukri pasha general stepanoviknka saha bujhamana karibaku chahunchhanti. stepanovic uttara dele je shay kamandaranka dwara alochana kariba paain adhikruta nuhnti ebong shay general ivanovanku sambodhita kariba uchit. iti madhyare timok divijana antipersonal lineku dakhal karithila ebong danyub divijana point papas-tape dakhal karithila. general stepanovic danube regimenter aagadhadira dhadi pachare chaligale, ebong sakaala 11taare marash nikatare beckchitep ray thile, jaahaa 4rtha cerbian regiment dwara dakhal karajaithila . sakaala 2taare bulgaria adhikarimane shukri pashanka mukhyalajaku aasile, ebong shay aparanha 1taare general ivanovanka nikatare atmasamarpana kale, kintu shay taanka byaktigata ichhare eka ghanta parey taanka mukhyalajaku pherithile. sheshare eka ghanta parey cerbian sainyamananka dwara bandi hoithile. adrianopalanka patana parey, stepanovic 27 marchare milita bichinnata gathan karithile ebong bijajita saharaku gambhiratara saha jatra karithile. kichhi deane parey, shay adesh deithile je cheranomenare, thick sehi sthanare jeunthare itihas anujai maritsa juddha hoithila, saheed beeramananka paain eka smaraki anusthita heba uchit . anshagrahanakareenka kahiba anujai, ehaa eka aakarshaneeah ebong hrudajasparshi muhurta thila. ehara turanta parey, stepanovic taanka senaku sarbiaaku ferai aaniba paain prastuti arambha karithile. bulgaria sarkar tanku taanka sainyamananku ferai aaniba paain parjyapta train deinathile, tenu shay taanka senaku paadare saari sarbiaaku ferai neijibe bolly dhamaka deithile. ehaa parey, balgeriabaseemane dhairjya haarile ebong shay april 1 ru meey 9 parjyanta samagra senaku sthanantara karithile. pratham biswajudha. pratham biswajudhara prarambhare shay anupasthita chief off staff radomir putniknka pratinidhi bhabare karjya karithile. shay andolana ebong kichhi juddha prastuti paain daie thile. putnik feriba parey shay dwiteeja senara netrutwa neithile. pratham biswajuddhare, shay cerbian senara netrutwa nei sera juddhare eka budd bijai hassel karithile, jeunthare tankara dwiteeja sena astrian pancham senaku sampurna parasta curry eka badhyatamoolaka padajatra parey ghatana sthalare pahanchithile. ehaa juddhara pratham mitra bijai thila, ebong tanku field marshal bhabe padonnati diajaithila. 1915 masihare cerbiar pratirakhya byatita, taanka sena drina juddha ebong kolubara juddhare saphalata hassel karithila. 1918 masihare shay puni dwiteeja senara netrutwa neithile, jaahaa macedoniare milita bahineera eka bruhata akramanara ansha thila, semane 15 septembarare eka saphalata hassel karithile. dwiteeja sena bulgaria seemaaku agrasara hoithila ebong setharu, 29 september 1918 ray bulgaria atmasamarpana parey paschimaku bosnia ebong adriatic samudra aadaku muhanithila . 1919 masiha shesh parjyanta shay jane sakriya adhikari thile, jetebele shay cerbian senara commander inn chief bhabare sebaru absar neithile. taanka kyarijarare shay duithara sena mantri bhabe madhya karjya karithile. turkimananka biruddhare 1876-1878 juddha samajare sahasikata paain tanku "takovsky crust shaa ukrastenim masibhima" padakare sajjit karajaithila. tanku cent michael ebong cent jarjanka sabutharu bisista kramara night grand cross (jii. sii. emm. jii.) madhya pradan karajaithila. 1929 masiha april 29 tarikhare čačak saharare tankara dehant hoithila. uttaradhikara. shay 100 john pramukh sarbanka madhyare antarbhukta.

stepa stepanovic steppen "stepa" stepanovic (,;; 29 aprail 1929) ikk cerbian fauji commander see joe sarbo-turki yuddh, sarbo-bulgarian yuddh, pahile balkan yuddh, dooje balkan yuddh atey pahile vishav yuddh witch ladiaa see. 1874 witch cerbian fauj witch shamal honn toon baad, uh 1876 witch ottoman samraj deeaan faujan dey virudh ladiaa. agle saalan witch, uh cerbian fauj dey ahudiaan utte chadh giaa atey 1885 witch bulgarian faujan dey virudh ladiaa. uh aakharkar aprail 1908 witch cerbian jung mantri bann giaa atey cerbian fauj witch tabdiliaan liaun laee zimmevar see. stepanovic neey doou balkan yuddhan dauran cerbian faujan dee command sambhali atey pahile vishav yuddh dauran cerbian duji fauj dee agvai keeti. sair dee ladai toon baad uss noon dooje feeled marshel vajon tarakki ditti gaee. 29 aprail 1929 noon uss dee maut hoow gaee. bachpan atey sikkhiaa. steppen "stepa" stepanovic daa janam 28 farvari 1856 noon belgrade dey nede kumodraz pind witch hoiaa see. uh ivaan atey radojka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) daa chautha baccha atey teeja puttar see. stepanovic daa naam uss dey daada steppen dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see, jiss toon uss dey parivaar daa upnam utpan hoiaa see. uss dey parivarak mool dey doou sidhant hunn. pahile witch kiha giaa haii kii stepanovic dey purvaj, jinhan noon zivanovic vajon janhiaa jaanda see, bosnia atey lika dey khetran toon aae sunn. dooja sidhant ih haii kii uss dey purvaj mahaan sarab parvas dauran lescovac atey pyrot dey nede toon aae sunn. gharelu kamm dey caarn, stepanovic dee maan cole uss laee bahut ghatt samaan hunda see atey uh aksar uss noon aapni sass dee dekhbhal witch chhadd dindi see. primary school jaanh toon pahilan, uh pashuaan dee dekhbhal karda see atey ikk vaar ikk balad duaara buri tarahan zakhmi hoow giaa see. stepanovic neey kumodraz witch tinn saala primary school dee padahi puurii keeti atey kaptan meesa dee haveli witch gymnasium witch hissa liaa. aapni school dee padahi puurii curran laee, uh aksar ameer belgrade parivaran dee seva karda see. uss neey school daa pahila saal change ank lae keey poora keeta atey aapni baaki dee sikkhiaa dauran change ank prapat karna jaari rakkhiaa. satambar 1874 witch, stepanovic neey aapne chheven saal dey gymnasium witch jaanh dee bajaae belgrade artery school dee XI class witch dakhla liaa. uss noon dakhla prikhiaa naheen likhni paee kiunki uss neey gymnasium dey panj saal poore qarr lae sunn. uss dee class witch 29 cadit sunn. uss samein, belgrade topkhane school witch ikk takniki charittar see atey usne ganit dey giaan vall bahut dhiaan ditta, ikk ajiha visha jiss witch stepanovic neey hamesha maada pardarshan keeta. stepanovic videshi bhashavan witch vee bahut changa naheen see, halanki usne russie atey franch saahit padhiaa. herzegovina vidroh dey shuru honn toon baad, sarbia dee riyasat neey ottoman samraj naal yuddh dee tiaari shuru qarr ditti atey belgrade topkhane school neey viharak marshel sikhlai daa ikk program shuru keeta. satambar 1875 witch, stepanovic atey uss dey sehpathiaan neey sarirak daa darja prapat keeta. ikk prikhiaa paas curran toon baad, stepanovic maee 1876 witch junier sargent bann giaa. juun 1876 witch, balkan witch sarbia atey ottoman turki faujan darmiaan yuddh shuru hoow giaa, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar cosovo dey albanian sunn. stepanovic atey samucchi XI class neey jaldi hii sargent dey ahude prapat keete atey unhan noon frontline 'teey bhej ditta giaa. sarbo-turki yuddh. stepanovic 14 maee 1876 noon kragujevak pahunchiaa. itthe, uss noon sumadija division dey headquarter witch kramvaar adhikari dee diooti saunpi gaee see, jiss dee command karnal lubomir uzun-mirkovic duaara keeti gaee see, jiss dey aadeshan noon stepanovic duaara poora keeta giaa see. sumadija division moravian fauj daa mukkh hissa see, parr ladai deeaan yojnavan witch tabdili toon baad, iss noon kaee squadernan witch vandiaa giaa see. stepanovic noon uzun-mirkovic dey squadern noon niyukat keeta giaa see, jiss noon nees witch ottoman faujan dey aaunn noon rokann laee kanjewak fauj noon bebina gleva atey bella palanka noon lainn witch madad curran dey adesh ditte gaye sunn. akheer witch, bebina gleva liaa giaa atey stepanovic noon uzun-mirkovic duaara "bahut chusat atey changi swari laee" nott keeta giaa see."iss toon turant baad, ottoman neey uzun-mirkovic dey squadern dey virudh jawabi hamla shuru qarr ditta, joe pandrillo vall pichhe hutt giaa. ottoman neey 19 julai noon pandrillo utte hamla keeta, ikk ladai shuru keeti jiss witch stepanovic neey sargarmi naal hissa liaa. stepanovic dee niyamat cerbian sainikan dey naal bhagidari neey naitikta noon ubhariaa atey ladai dey lahir noon badlan witch sahaita keeti. iss tajrabe neey stepanovic noon bahut prabhavit keeta atey uh aksar horr cerbian sainikan dey naal mill keey unhan dee naitikta noon vadhaun laee ladada see. kanjewak dey patan toon baad, stepanovic atey uss dee squadern deligrad toon sokobanja chalee gaee taan joe ottoman noon morawa ghaati takk pahunchan toon rokiaa jaa sake. sokobanja witch, sarab faujan neey karnal dura horvatovic dee command heth heth fauj coor daa gathan keeta. baad witch stepanovic iss ikai witch shamal hoow giaa. fauj dee chauthi coor neey kurilovo dey paar march keeta atey vinik pahunch gaee jitthe iss neey ottoman sathitiaan utte hamla keeta. firr ih deligrad chalaa giaa, jitthe ih 7 satambar noon pahunchiaa. fauj dee chauthi coor 11 satambar noon cravet dey nede turkan naal takra gaee, ikk ladai witch joe anishchit roop witch khatam hoee. sarab atey ottoman turki faujan darmiaan ikk jangbandi 1 navambar 1876 noon ghoshit keeti gaee see. 1 dasambar noon, stepanovic noon bahadari laee sone daa tagma ditta giaa see atey uss noon dooje leftinent dey ahude 'teey tarakki ditti gaee see. 13 farvari 1877 noon, uss noon cerbian fauj dee tiji batalian dee tiji company daa commander niyukat keeta giaa see. baad witch, stepanovic neey pyrot utte kabza curran witch hissa liaa. general jovan belimarkovic dee samucchi command heth, stepanovic atey uss dee 300-mazboot fauj neey nisore dey khabbe paase hamla keeta, joe kii doou sathanan vicchon ikk haii jinna noon ottoman neey shehar witch mazboot keeta see. 26 atey 27 satambar dey vichkaar, stepanovic dee ikai neey nisore dey aale-duaale kise daa dhiaan naheen ditta atey maali vrh noon lae liaa. 27 satambar dee sware noon, jadon mukkh cerbian hamla shuru hoiaa, taan uss dey daste neey nisore utte golibari shuru qarr ditti, jiss naal utthe tayinat ottoman bhambalbhuse witch pae gaye. iss toon baad, pyrot noon fadd liaa giaa. stepanovic dee ikai dey ikk sipahi neey kihaau "main paaiaa kii, jey main galat naheen haan, taan saadi karvai neey nisore utte turki dee sathiti noon mukkh jhatka ditta atey pyrot dee kismat daa hall qarr ditta."stepanovic noon baad witch arder aaf cent naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. talwaran atey ribbon naal swetislav III class, aapne poore carrier dauran prapat hoye saare puraskaran vicchon uss daa pasandida see kiunki uh aapne aap noon turki khaee witch dakhal honn vaala pahila viakati mannada see." 3 dasambar noon, sumadija coor neey doou echelon formationan witch pyrot toon niss takk aapna march shuru keeta. iss march dauran, stepanovic neey paidal saina dee addhi-batalian atey kujh ghodswar saina dee command nibhai joe suva planina dey mushkal khetar witch chalee gaee. firr vee, uss dey saare aadmi paidal challan toon bach gaye atey ladai laee tiaar dikhai ditte. stepanovic neey baad witch kiha kii pahaad dey paar march karna yuddh witch uss daa sabh toon aukha kamm see. 23 janwari 1878 noon, cerbian hyee command neey sumadija division noon vranje shehar utte kabza curran daa adesh ditta. sumadija division neey firr ottoman noon polzanica toon bhaja ditta atey gerdelica kalisura noon haraiaa. 25 janwari noon, stepanovic ikk volunteer squade daa commander bann giaa jiss neey polzanica witch sathanak sarban noon hathiaarband keeta. kaee dinan baad varanje dee ladai witch, stepanovic neey shehar dey uttar toon ottomans utte bhagtan vikhe hamla keeta. shanti daa samaan. ikk vaar yuddh khatam honn toon baad, stepanovic neey aapni school dee padahi puurii curran laee belgrade miltery academy witch vadhu classes laeeaan, unhan saariaan noon 1880 takk poora keeta. use saal satambar witch, usne kragujevak witch tabadale dee benati keeti. utthe, uss neey cerbian fauj dee tiji batalian dee duji company dee command prapat keeti. aktubar witch, uh use batalian witch pahili company daa commander bann giaa. kragujevak witch, stepanovic aapni bhavikh dee patni jilena noon miliaa, joe shehar dey mukhi, velislav milanovic dee dhee see. dovan daa viaah 25 julai 1881 noon hoiaa. unhan dey pahile bacche, milika daa janam 21 aprail 1882 noon hoiaa see. agle saal yelena neey jode dee duji dhee, danica noon janam ditta. stepanovic deeaan doven dhiaan neey adhikariaan naal viaah karwa liaa, milika neey dooje leftinent christa dragomerovic naal viaah karwa liaa atey danica neey pahili shreni dee kaptan jovika jovisi naal viaah karwa liaa, joe baad witch cerbian fauj witch ikk division general bann gaee. 1880 dee aakhri timahi witch aapne pahile adhikarat mulankan witch, ikk vishesh fauji commission neey stepanovic noon iss tarahan darsaiaai 1 satambar 1882 noon, stepanovic noon paidal saina leftinent dey ahude 'teey tarakki ditti gaee atey uh uzis witch ikk commander bann giaa, jitthe uh 13 farvari 1883 takk riha, jadon uh kragujevak waps aaiaa. kragujevak pahunchan 'teey, uss noon sumadija paidal saina regiment witch fauji sahaik niyukat keeta giaa see. use saal, sarbia suchibadh neey gymnasium programan witch fauji abhiaasan noon lazmi bnaa ditta. baad witch stepanovic pahile kragujevak gymnasium witch fauji abhiaasan daa adhiaapak bann giaa. uh 1886 takk iss ahude utte rahey. sarbo-bulgarian yuddh (1885). slivnitsa dee ladai dauran, stepanovic neey sumadija division dee duji batalian dee pahili company dee command sambhali. uss dee ikai neey vrapche pind utte hamla keeta atey bulgarian faujan noon pichhe hutton laee majbur keeta. ikk report witch joe stepanovic neey dee regiment dey commander noon bheji see, cerbian fauj dey divisionan, regimentan atey batalianan darmiaan talmel dee ghaat pratakh haii. kaee dinan baad, stepanovic dee regiment witch pahili batalian daa commander bann giaa atey ikk horr unit dey sainikan naal mill keey salivanitsa utte kamzor hoye bulgarian kendra utte hamla qarr ditta. bulgarian pichhe hutton lagge, jiss naal sarab faujan noon aldomirovtsi pind dey aale duaale dey khetar utte kabza curran dee aagiaa millie. aapni report witch, stepanovic neey aapne sainikan baare likhiaao "iss ladai witch sainikan daa vivhaar shandar see kiunki unhan neey crossfire dauran khulleh maidaan utte jaanh dey bavjood bahut vadhiaa vivhaar dikhaiaa. sainikan dee himmat atey changi command dey sambandh witch adhikariaan daa vivhaar tasallibakhsh see." cerbian faujan noon bulgaria toon bahr kaddhe jaanh dey naal, raaja milan neey 19 navambar noon cerbian fauj noon pyrot vall waps jaanh daa adesh ditta. tinn dinan baad, bulgarian faujan neey shehar vall march keeta atey neskav wiss utte hamla keeta. stepanovic dee dee regiment noon pichhe hutton laee majbur honaa piaa. stepanovic neey baad witch dassiaao ..main hospital vall vadhiaa jitthe saadiaan faujan pichhe hutt gaeeaan. bazurgan dee koee vee koshish unhan noon waps naheen liaa skii. horr sipahi unhan dey pichhe-pichhe chaley gaye atey firr uss hasohini bheed neey unhan adhikariaan noon dhakk ditta jinhan neey unhan noon rokann dee koshish keeti." uthhada haii. sarbo-bulgarian yuddh dey ant dey naal, stepanovic kragujevak waps aaa giaa, jitthe uh navambar 1886 takk riha. kragujevak witch, usne 10 veen regiment dee ikk company dee command sambhali. 1886 dey ant witch, uhanan noon duji shreni dey paidal saina dey kaptan dey ahude utte tarakki ditti gaee. uh 22 navambar 1886 toon 22 aktubar 1888 takk cerbian general staff witch ikk chahwan see. 1888 dey ant witch hoee meating witch, general staff commission neey kiha kii "uh II class dey kaptan shriman. stepanovic neey headquarter dee seva laee kaafi yogta atey saboot dikhaiaa, ih sitta kaddhade hoye kii "uss noon iss sardiaan witch I class dey kaptan dey ahude laee ikk prikhiaa shuru curran laee manzuri ditti jaanhi chahidi haii." " march 1889 witch, stepanovic neey iss prikhiaa laee report keeti, atey commission neey uss noon 2 aprail noon shuru curran dee aagiaa dey ditti. 2 toon 6 aprail takk, stepanovic neey baaran vishiaan witch aapni prikhiaa daa sidhantak hissa poora keeta. uss noon prikhiaa dey viharak hisse noon curran toon rihaa qarr ditta giaa see, kiunki uss neey headquarter deeaan yatravan atey missionan witch bahut changa grade prapat keeta see. prikhiaa toon thodhi dair pahilan, uh drina divisional khetar dey karajkari bann gaye. aapni prikhiaa toon baad uh valjevo chaley gaye. 17 aprail 1889 noon uh aaee class dey kaptan baney. 29 march toon 15 aprail 1892 takk, stepanovic neey milutin milanovic atey zivojin missic dey naal use samein mejar raink laee ikk prikhiaa likhi atey safaltapurvak paas keeti. stepanovic 13 satambar 1892 noon pojega witch witch batalian daa commander baniaa. uss noon agle saal 8 maee noon mejar dey ahude 'teey tarakki ditti gaee. 14 agast noon, uss noon ikk vaar firr drina divisional khetar dey karajkari vajon seva curran laee valjevo lijaiaa giaa see. uh 20 aktubar 1895 takk valjevo witch riha, jadon uss noon belgrade witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. stepanovic panj mahiniaan laee belgrade witch riha, jitthe uh kii batalian daa commander see. uh belgrade miltery academy witch miltery itihaas dey paart-time professor vee baney. 30 march 1897 noon uh belgrade witch witch paidal saina regiment dey karajkari commander baney. 11 maee noon, uss noon karnal dey ahude 'teey tarakki ditti gaee atey doou dinan baad uh chhevin paidal saina regiment daa commander bann giaa. stepanovic 27 aktubar 1898 noon rakkhiaa mantrale witch general staff dey mukhi baney. unhan neey 15 march 1899 takk iss ahude utte seva nibhai, jadon uh rakkhiaa mantrale dey general miltery vibhag dey karajkari baney. halanki uh gharr dey ander kamm karna pasand naheen karde sunn, parr unhan neey mantrala dey memberan utte shandar prabhav paaiaa atey unhan noon bahut sakhat atey samein sir kamm curran vaale vajon yaad keeta jaanda see. uss noon 17 aktubar 1900 noon firr toon valjevo witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa, jitthe uh drina division witch ikk paidal saina brigade daa commander bann giaa. 11 navambar noon ikk galat samajh dey caarn, uss noon zajekar witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa atey timok division witch ikk paidal saina brigade dey commander vajon niyukat keeta giaa. uss noon ih sathiti pasand aaee atey kihaau "ikk adhikari laee fauj ikk machhi laee paanee dey barabar haii, atey khaskar ikk headquarter adhikari. utthe uh dikha sakda haii kii uh qee janhda haii atey uh natije dikha sakda haii. daftar aatma noon maar dinda haii, taakat noon ghataunda haii atey manukh noon vidhi witch badal dinda haii." " 18 agast 1901 noon, stepanovic noon headquarter karnal vajon tarakki ditti gaee, atey 11 navambar noon uh cerbian fauj dee sargaram fauji command daa dipty karajkari bann giaa. uh 15 dasambar 1902 takk iss ahude utte rahey, jadon uh general staff dey karajkari baney. baad witch, raaja alegzander pahile neey uss noon takovo II class dey saleeb dey kram naal sajaae. stepanovic neey fauji itihaas dey professor vajon aapni bhumika jaari rakkhi, 1796-1805 dey samein toon napolean yuddh noon bhashan ditta. uh "yodha" () vajon jaane jaande fauji magazine daa sampadak vee see. maee 1903 witch aaee. dee. 1 noon hoee sankat neey stepanovic dey crear noon prabhavat naheen keeta. takhtapalt toon baad, uh rakkhiaa mantrale witch sanjhe vibhag daa section mukhi bann giaa, atey firr sumadija division daa commander bann giaa. inhan tarakkiaan dey caarn, bahut saare itihaskar mannade hunn kii stepanovic unhan sazishkaran dey pakkh witch see jinhan neey iss mamle witch aapni nirpakhta dey bavjood obrenovic rajvansh noon ukhaad suttiaa see. satta witch aaunn toon baad, pieter pahile neey 29 juun 1904 noon stepanovic noon starr aaf caradorde III digri dey adesh naal sajaae. general dura horwatic dee nakal karde hoye, stepanovic neey firr aapni division witch prussian shaili dee fauji abhiaas dee sathapana keeti atey harr beniyamiaan, ashudhta, kanunni apradh atey raaj dee jaidad noon zabat curran dee sazaa ditti. 1906 dee basant rutt witch kragujevak witch, jitthe stepanovic noon sumadija division dey commander vajon surakhiat rakkhiaa giaa see, ikk akhauti sarirak jawabi sajish vapri. kujh itihaskaran daa mannana haii kii ih sajish stepanovic dey sakhat shasan duaara shuru keeti gaee see. iss sazish witch kragujevak garrison dey lagbhag teeh adhikari shamal sunn jinhan neey shehar witch kaee mahattavpuran jantak imaratan noon lainn atey firr stepanovic noon griftar curran dee yojna banayi see. jadon 30 aprail noon sazish daa pardafash hoiaa, taan stepanovic neey 31 adhikariaan noon griftar keeta see. jadon uss neey horr griftariaan dee ichha pragat keeti, taan uss noon rakkhiaa mantri radomir putnik neey roque ditta. stepanovic iss sazish toon bahut hill giaa atey baad witch ailaan keetaau balkan yuddhan laee mantrala atey tiaari. stepa stepanovic noon 29 juun 1907 noon general dey ahude 'teey uccha keeta giaa see, parr uh sumadija divisional khetar dey commander vajon rahey. nikola pasik neey 12 aprail 1908 noon ikk naveen sarkaar banayi atey stepanovic rakkhiaa mantri baney. aapne adesh dauran, usne fauj daa aadhunikikaran curran atey puraniaan mausar riflan noon dubara banaun dee koshish keeti. uss neey france toon naveen topkhane vee kharidiaan atey cerbian fauj noon saplai keetiaan. jadon fauj neey machinegan daa arder denh dee koshish keeti, taan stepanovic neey ikk vakkhari, vadhere rudhiwadi pahunch apnai, jiven kii karnal valajich, joe stepanovic dey mantri mandal witch kamm karde sunn, neey likhiaao aktubar 1908 witch, austria-hangri duaara bosnia dey kabze toon baad, sarbia atey montenegro witch vadde paddhar 'teey virodh pardarshan hoye. vaddi ginti witch nagrikan neey austria-hangrianan virudh yuddh daa ailaan curran dee mung keeti. stepanovic neey chetavani dinde hoye jawab ditta kii desh atey fauj yuddh laee tiaar naheen sunn, atey dovan noon vaddi matra witch kootnitak, vitti atey fauji sikhlai lainn dee zaroorat see. uss dey biaan neey kaee pasiaan toon, ithon takk kii cerbian presses witch vee, bahut alochna noon bhadkaiaa. sitte vajon, uss noon rakkhiaa mantri dey ahude toon barkhast qarr ditta giaa atey 1909 dee shuruat witch binan portfolio dey mantri bann giaa. uss saal baad witch, uss neey bhavikh dey yuddh laee cerbian fauj noon tiaar curran witch putnik dee sargarmi naal sahaita keeti. 1910 dee shuruat witch, stepanovic morawa divisional khetar daa commander bann giaa atey hathiaarband ladai laee division noon tiaar curran daa kamm shuru keeta. march 1911 dee shuruat witch, stepanovic firr toon rakkhiaa mantri baney. iss toon turant baad, rajkumar alaiksandra cradordevic noon stepanovic utte shakk hoow giaa, jiss noon uh commander dragutin dimitrajevik epis daa hamdard mannada see, jiss noon takhtapalt curran vaale neta noon sarbia dey singhasan utte ikk videshi badshah chahunda see. sitte vajon, rajkumar stepanovic cole pahunchiaa atey benati keeti kii appy atey general staff mejar milovan milovanovic pilaek noon belgrade toon tabdil keeta jaave. stepanovic neey ih kahi keey jawab ditta kii uh iss daa zikar raaja pieter noon karega atey uss noon ih faisla curran dee aagiaa devega kii qee dovan aadmiaan noon tabdil keeta jaanha chahida haii. rajkumar neey firr raaja pieter noon aapna astifa denh dee peshkash keeti. jadon stepanovic duji vaar rakkhiaa mantri baniaa, taan sarbia dee sarkaar noon ahsas hoiaa kii mahaan shaktiaan balkan noon vandann daa irada rakhdiaan hunn atey ottoman samraj dee isai aabadi vidroh dey kandhe 'teey see. aapne karajkal dauran, sarbia neey horr balkan deshan naal kaee rakkhiaa samjhotiaan 'teey dastkhat keete atey balkan leeg banayi. stepanovic neey general radomir putnik atey karnal zivojin missic dey naal mill keey turki dey virudh yuddh laee cerbian fauj dee gatishilta, ikagarta atey rannitak vikas laee yojnavan vikast keetiaan. 1912 dey patjhad witch, milovan milovanovic dee sarkaar neey uss dee maut toon baad astifa dey ditta atey jadon marco trifekovic neey ikk naveen sarkaar banayi, taan putnik navaan rakkhiaa mantri bann giaa. pahila balkan yuddh. pahile appression. pahile balkan yuddh dee shuruat dey naal, stepa stepanovic 60,000-mazboot duji fauj daa commander bann giaa, jiss cole 84 topan sunn. iss witch pahila timok paidal saina division atey bulgarian sattvan reela paidal saina division shamal see. iss daa mission pahili fauj toon pahilan turki dey pichle hisse utte hamla karna see. cerbian faujan noon soochit karde hoye kii sattvin reela division fauj daa hissa bann gaee, stepanovic neey kihaau "main aapne bhavikh dey kamm noon bharose naal vekhda haan atey safalta witch pakka vishwas rakkhda haan, kiunki sadiaan toon vakkh hoow keey hunn bharaa bann gaye hunn atey galey lagge hoye hunn, nazdiki bharaa, sarab atey bulgarian ikk attal shakti dee numaindagi karde hunn joe saariaan rukawatan noon kuchal denge atey dabbe kuchle bharavan noon aazaad karange." " 17 aktubar 1912 noon, putnik neey stepanovic noon ottoman samraj dey virudh sarbia dey yuddh dey ailaan baare soochit keeta. uss neey aapni fauj noon ottoman sarhadd dey nede jaanh daa adesh ditta, parr agle notice takk iss noon paar naa curran daa adesh ditta. halanki, bulgarian hyee command neey reela division dey commander, jorgi todorov noon ottoman sarhadd noon paar curran atey carrevo sailo atey goranja zumaja utte hamla curran daa adesh ditta, jiss utte uh kabza curran witch kamyab riha. stepanovic neey unhan noon vadhai dinde hoye kihaau "sattvin division dey naikan noon vadhai dio." " 18 aktubar noon, timok division neey rujen-crunny vaddh dee disha witch ottoman sathitiaan utte hamla karna shuru qarr ditta, atey agle dinn unhan neey stepanovic dey adesh utte crunny vaddh utte kabza qarr liaa. 21 aktubar noon, cerbian hyee command neey timok division noon kumanovo vall vadhan daa adesh ditta. iss gall toon anjaan kii mayer dobrosav millenkovic dee agvai vaali batalian neey pahilan hii binan kise ladai dey crive palanka utte kabza qarr liaa see, stepanovic neey shehar utte kabza curran laee saare zaruri chaalan daa adesh ditta. iss naal bahut samaan barbad hoiaa, parr division daa bahuta hissa binan kise virodh dey crivorica khadd vicchon langhan witch kamyab riha. duphir dey shuru witch, ghodswar regiment neey stressin toon 5-6 kilometer door ladai shuru keeti atey raat noon iss noon fadan witch kamyab rahee. ikk vaar firr, stepanovic noon iss ghatna baare soochit naheen keeta giaa haii, atey agle dinn usne aapniaan faujan noon stressin noon fadan daa adesh ditta, jiss naal bahut samaan barbad hoiaa. iss ghatna toon baad, pahili atey duji faujan vichkaar sanchar sathapat keeta giaa see atey kumanovo daa rasta khullh giaa see. kumanovo dee ladai. kumanovo vikhe dushman noon ikkatha curran baare koee adesh naa milann toon baad, general stepanovic neey timok division noon 23 aktubar noon savere 6 vaje kumonovo vall march curran daa adesh ditta.aim. use samein usne 23 aktubar noon kosani utte kabza curran atey firr iss deeaan kujh faujan noon chaddan atey iss noon shtip vall bhejan laee sattvin division dee command ditti. 23 aktubar noon, savere, timok division neey cratovo utte hamla keeta atey iss tarahan kumanovo dee ladai shuru hoee. halanki, general todorov neey aapni hyee command dey aadeshan dee palna keeti, iss laee usne dass baitariaan dee siraf ikk batalian kosani utte kabza curran laee bheji, jiss daa bachaa ikk samucchi division duaara keeta giaa see. jadon timok division march 'teey see, taan stepanovic noon ih nott miliaa kii oves polje atey kosani toon, mazboot ottoman fauj cratovo vall march qarr rahee see. iss dey adhaar utte, usne timok division dey commander noon cratovo utte kabza curran atey dakkhan vaale paase rakkhiaa sathapat curran laee jaldbazi keeti. halanki, cratovo khetar witch pahunchan toon baad, karnal condic neey faisla keeta kii division thakk gaee haii atey raat bitauni chahidi haii. iss dee varton kardiaan, ottoman neey crunny vaddh noon aapne kabze witch lae liaa, jiss dee surakhiaa siraf bulgarian komita vibhag atey sarban dee ikk company duaara keeti jaandi see. stepanovic noon dovan divisionan daa kamm pasand naheen aaiaa atey usne iss dee report surbouch command noon ditti. uss noon jawab miliaa kii kii division noon binan kise sharat dey kosani atey timok division noon aapne kabze witch lae laina chahida haii. iss dauran, stepanovic noon pataa lagga kii 23 aktubar dey dauran, kumanovo vikhe ladai hoee see. uh iss toon hairan see atey timok division dee sathiti baare chintat see, parr firr vee pahili fauj dee madad curran daa koee tarika labbh riha see. uss neey 24 aktubar noon timok division noon crunny vaddh noon aapne kabze witch lainn daa adesh ditta, parr ih kallh 25 aktubar noon keeta giaa see. agle dinn, hyee command neey stepanovic noon soochit keeta kii bulgaria sarkaar dee benati 'teey ih faisla liaa giaa see kii timok division noon unhan dey niptare witch rakkhiaa jaanha chahida haii, basharte kii uh ajey vee dovan divisionan daa parbandhan qarey." "usne turant 14 veen cerbian regiment noon 7 veen reela division noon dey ditta atey general todorov noon aapni fauj noon bragalnica nadee dey moonh vall lijaan daa adesh ditta taan joe ottoman noon prilep vall pichhe hutton toon rokiaa jaa sake, atey firr usne vadhere asani naal sanchalan dee command denh laee crive palanka toon shtip vall jaanh dee aagiaa mangi. halanki, cratovo pahunchan toon baad uss noon general todorov toon ikk sapurdagi millie jiss witch uss neey dassiaa kii uss noon aapni hyee command toon aapniaan faujan noon serez atey demir hisaar vall lijaan dey adesh mille hunn, jiss daa uss neey pahilan hii adesh ditta see. iss noon padhan toon baad, stepanovic bulgarianan dee sahaita laee kujh faujan noon tiaar curran laee crive palanka waps chaley gaye. adrianple dee gherabandi. general stepa stepanovic 6 navambar 1912 noon mustafa paasha (adrianple dey bahr railway station) namak aapne headquarter naal pahunchiaa. usne turant bulgarian duji fauj atey gherabandi curran valiaan faujan dey sarvuch commander general nikola ivanov naal samparak keeta. uss daa headquarter mustafa paasha witch rakkhiaa giaa see, jitthe ivanov vee tayinat see. jangbandi utte 3.december 1912 noon hastakhar keete gaye sunn. halanki, stepanovic naheen chahunda see kii uss dee fauj aapna dhiaan guaa deve. unhan neey christmas dee purav sandhiaa 'teey vee vaddh toon vaddh anushasana atey tiaari dee mung keeti. jangbandi dauran, stepanovic aapni fauj dee saplai witch sudhar curran witch kamyab riha. bulgarian surbouch command neey cerbian duji fauj dee saplai noon savikar qarr liaa, parr stepanovic gunwatta toon santusht naheen see. iss laee unhan neey mung keeti kii rotty, meat atey horr vastan dee gunwatta witch sudhar keeta jaave. kiunki uh bulgarian command naal sehmat naheen hoiaa see, iss laee usne cerbian sarvuch command noon saplai bhejan laee kiha taan joe "sainikan dee sihat atey manobal noon surakhiat rakkhiaa jaa sake." "doou mahiniaan dee tiaari toon baad, 24 march 1913 noon adrianple noon fadan laee 3 dinan dee ladai shuru hoee. uss dee timok division neey topkhane dey samarthan toon binan siraf 45 mintan witch jung dey maidaan dey poore uttri khetar utte kabza qarr liaa atey adrianple kilhe dee topkhane dee golibari dey vadde hisse noon khich liaa. dinn dey ant witch, ih faisla liaa giaa kii kallh raat noon, antipersonal rukawatan noon fadan laee hamla keeta jaanha chahida haii. jadon hamla shuru hoiaa, timok division dey sahmane, ottoman neey aapni sathiti utte mudd kabza curran dee koshish keeti, parr uh asfal rahey. general stepanovic neey dainioob division dey pichhe ucchi zameen toon hamla keeta. nikola arandelovic, joe fauj dey telegraph dey incharge sunn, neey mahaul daa varnan keetaau savere 5:30 vaje, stepanovic neey cerbian faujan noon front line utte nirnayak hamle witch jaanh daa adesh ditta, taan joe purbi sector utte bulgarian dhakka lagaun witch madad keeti jaa sake, joe savere 8 vaje dey karib digg giaa. savere 8:30 vaje, doou ottoman adhikari shukri paasha dey caarn aatam samarpan curran laee gallbat curran laee cerbian 20 veen regiment witch aae. koee jawab naa milann 'teey, paasha neey aapne sahaik noon 20 veen regiment witch sandesh dey naal bhejiaa kii shukri paasha general stepanovic naal gallbat karna chahunda haii. stepanovic neey jawab ditta kii uh commander duaara gallbat curran laee adhikarat naheen see atey uss noon general ivanov noon sambodhan karna chahida haii. iss dauran timok division neey antipersonal line atey dainioob division neey bindu papas-tape utte kabza qarr liaa. general stepanovic dainioob regimentan deeaan front lines dey pichhe chaley gaye, atey savere 11 vaje marash dey nede bekitep utte sunn, jiss utte chauthi cerbian regiment neey kabza qarr liaa see. savere I. D. 2 vaje, bulgarian adhikari shukri paasha dey headquarter witch aae, atey usne raat noon Ivanov dey sahmane aatam samarpan qarr ditta, parr uh aapni nijji ichha 'teey ikk ghante baad aapne headquarter waps aaa giaa. aakharkar uss noon ikk ghante baad cerbian faujan neey fadd liaa. adrianple dey dhiggan toon baad, stepanovic neey 27 march noon sanyukat tukdi daa gathan keeta atey jitte hoye shehar witch sanjidgi naal march keeta. kujh dinan baad, unhan neey adesh ditta kii chernoman 'teey, bilkul use jagha' teey jitthe itihaas anusar maritsa dee ladai hoee see, shaheed naikan dee yadgar banayi jaanhi chahidi haii. bhagidaran dey anusar, ih dilchsap atey dill noon chhuhan vaala pall see. iss toon turant baad, stepanovic neey aapni fauj noon sarbia waps lijaan deeaan tiaariaan shuru qarr dittiaan. bulgaria dee sarkaar neey uss noon aapniaan faujan noon waps lijaan laee lodindiaan rail gaddiaan naheen dittiaan, iss laee uss neey dhamki ditti kii uh aapni fauj noon paidal sarbia waps lae javega. iss toon baad, bulgarian neey haar mann laee atey usne 1 aprail toon 9 maee takk puurii fauj noon tabdil qarr ditta. pahila vishav yuddh. pahile vishav yuddh dee shuruat witch usne gair-haazar cheef aaf staff radomir putnik dey numainde vajon kamm keeta. uh lambandi atey kujh yuddh deeaan tiaari laee zimmevar see. putnik dee vaapsee toon baad uss neey duji fauj dee command sambhali. pahile vishav yuddh witch, usne sair dee ladai witch ikk vaddi jitt witch cerbian fauj dee agvai keeti, jitthe usdi duji fauj neey austria dee panjvin fauj noon puurii tarahan haraa ditta, ikk zabardasti march toon baad ghatna sathaan 'teey pahunchi. ih yuddh dee pahili sehyogi jitt see, atey uss noon feeled marshel vajon tarakki ditti gaee see. uss dee fauj neey 1915 witch sarbia dee rakkhiaa toon ilava, drina dee ladai atey kolubara dee ladai witch safalta prapat keeti. sann 1918 witch uh firr toon duji fauj dee command witch see joe macedonia witch vadde sehyogi hamle daa hissa see, unhan neey 15 satambar noon ikk safalta prapat keeti. duji fauj bulgaria dee sarhadd vall agge vadhee atey utthon, 29 satambar 1918 noon bulgaria dey aatam samarpan toon baad, pachham vall bosnia atey adriatic saagar vall muddi. uh 1919 dey ant takk ikk sargaram adhikari see, jadon uh cerbian fauj dey commander inn cheef vajon seva toon sevamukt hoiaa. aapne carrier dauran uh doou maukiaan 'teey saina mantri vajon vee seva nibha rahey sunn. uss noon turkan virudh 1876-1878 yuddhan dauran bahadari laee "tekovsky crust saa ukrestneam mesevima" maddle naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. uss noon cent michael atey cent jaaraj dey sabh toon vilakkhan arder dey night grand karaas (jee. see. aimm. jee.) naal vee sanmanit keeta giaa see. 29 aprail 1929 noon uss dee maut čačak kasbe witch hoee. virasat. uh 100 sabh toon pramukh sarban witch shamal haii.

stepa stepanovic steppen "stepa" stepanovic (,;-29 april 1929) ekaha cerbian-sainyasenaapateh aasit yah sarba-turkish-yuddham, sarba-bulgarian-yuddham, prathama-balcon-yuddham, dwiteeya-balcon-yuddham, prathama-vishvayuddhe cha yudhyat. 1874 tame varshe cerbian-sainyasya sadasyah bhutva, 1876 tame varshe ottoman-samrajyasya sainyasya viruddham yuddham krutavaan. anantaram varsheshu, saha cerbian-sainyasya padaveem aarohanam krutvaa 1885 tame varshe bulgarian-sainyasya viruddham yuddham krutavaan. ante saha 1908 tame varshe april-maase cerbian-yuddhamantree abhavat, cerbian-senayam parivartanaanaam krute cha saha uttaradaayi aasit. stepanovic ityeshah balcon-yuddhadwaye cerbian-senayaha netrutvam krutavaan, prathamavishvayuddhe cerbian-dwiteeyasenaayaah netrutvam cha krutavaan. serr-yuddhanantaram saha dwiteeya-kshetra-maarshal-rupena padonnatah abhavat. saha 1929 april 29 dinaanke sakak-nagare mrutah. baalyam tathaa shiksha. steppen "stepa" stepanovic ityasya janma 28 februvari 1856 tame dine belgrade-nagarasya sameepe kumodraj-graame abhavat. saha ivan tathaa radojka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) ityetayoho chaturthah putrah truteeyah cha aasit. steepanovic ityasya naam tasya pitaamah steepan ityasya namna krutam, yasmaat tasya kutumbasya upanaamasy utpattih abhavat. tasya kulasya utpatteh dwau siddhaantau stah. prathamah kathayati yat steepanovic ityasya poorvajaah, ye zivanovic iti namna prasidhaah aasan, bosnia-laikaa-pradeshayoho aagataah aasan iti. dwiteeyam siddhaantam yat tasya poorvajaah mahaan serb-pravaasasya samaye leskovak tathaa pirot-pradeshayoho samipat aagataah aasan iti. gruhakaaryasya karanat, stepanovic ityasya matayaha krute tasya krute alpaha samayah aasit, praayah tasya swamaatru-paricharyayam cha avasarat. praathamikavidyaalaye praveshtum poorvam saha pashunam paripaalanam krutavaan, ekadaa shaaloh saha atyantam vranitah cha aasit. stepanovic ityeshah kumodraaj-nagare traivaarshikapraathamikavidyam samapya capton meesa-bhavanasya vyayamashalayam upasthitah. vidyaalayashikshanam samaaptum saha praayah dhanikanam belzred-parivaaraanaam sevaam akarot. saha vidyaalayasya prathamavarsham uttama-shrenyaah saha samapya sheshashikshayam cha uttama-shrenyaah prapnuyat. 1874 september-maase, stepanovic ityeshah swasya vyaayaamashaalaayaah shashtavarshe bhaagam naa sveekrutya, bell-grade-artillery-vidyaalayasya xi-varge panjeekrutah. panchavarshaani yaavat vyayamashalam samapya, ataha saha praveshapareekshaam naa likhayet. tasya vargasya 29 cadet-janaah aasan. tasmin samaye, bell-grade-artillery-vidyaalayasya praawidhik-svabhaavaha aasit, ganitajnaanasya vishaye cha bahu avadhaanam dattam, yah vishayah stepanovic ityasya sarvadaa durlabhaah aasit. stepanovic videshiyabhaashaasu api bahu uttamah naseet, yadyapi saha rusee-french-sahityam cha pathati sma. harjegovinaa-vidrohasya anantaram serbia-raajyam ottoman-samrajyena saha yuddhasya tayarim aarabdham, bell-grade-artillery-vidyaalayah cha vyaavahaarik-yuddha-prashikshanasy karyakramam aarabdham. 1875 september-maase, stepanovic, tasya sahapathi cha sarve sharirikapadavim praaptavantah. parikshayam utteernah bhutva stepanovic 1876 mey-maase kanishta-saarjant abhavat. 1876 joon-maase, balkhan-deshe serbia-ottoman-turkish-sainyayoho madhye yuddham praarabdham, yeshu adhikaamshaah kosovo-pradeshasya albanian-janaah aasan. stepanovic tathaa sampoornah xi vargah sheeghramev saarjant-padaveem praapya agrima-sthaanam prati preshitaah. serbia-turkee-yuddhaani. stepanovic 1876 mey 14 dinaanke kraagojevaak-nagaram praptavan. atra saha sumadija-vibhaagasya mukhyalaye suvyavasthita-adhikaarinah kartavyam kartum niyuktah, yasya adeshah stepanovic ityanena pravartitah aasit, tasya senaapatih lubomir uzun-mirkovic aasit. sumadija-vibhaagah moravian-senayaha mukhyah bhaagah aasit, parantu yuddha-yojananam parivartanaanantaram, saha anekeshu squadron-madhye vibhaktah. steepanovic ityeshah uzun-mirkovic ityasya squadron-krute niyuktah aasit, yasya adeshah aasit yat nees-nagaram prati ottoman-balaprayogasy agamanam nivaarayitum kanjaajevaak-senayaha babina-glava tathaa belaa-palankaa ityetaan graheetum sahayyam kartum. ante, babina glava-ityasya grahanam krutam, tathaa cha steepanovic ityasya ullekhah uzun-mirkovic ityanena "ateeva chapalah, uttama-savaareehi cha iti namna krutah."tadanantaram sheeghramev ottoman-janaah uzun-mirkovic ityasya squadron ityasya viruddham prati-akramanam aarabdhavantah, yat paandrilo-nagaram prati pratyaagatam. ottoman-janaah julai 19 dinaanke paandrilo-nagaram aakraamy yuddham aarabdhavantah, yasmin stepanovic sakriyaroopen bhaagam agruhnaat. niyamita-cerbian-sainikebhyah saha steepanovic ityasya sahabhagitvena naitikam vardhitam, yuddhasya jwaaram parivartayitum cha sahayyam krutam. ayam anubhawah stepanovic ityasmai mahatim prabhaavitavaan, saha praayah anyaih cerbian-sainikaih saha teshaam naitikatayaha unnatehe krute yuddham krutavaan. kanjaajevaak ityasya patananantaram, steepanovic, tasya squadron cha deligrad-nagaraat sokobanjaa-nagaram prati gatavantah, yena ottoman-janaah morava-upatyakam naa aagacchanti sma. sokobanjaa-nagare, serb-senaah punah sanghatitah, carnell dura horvaatovik ityasya netrutve IV senaa-dalam asthaapayan. pashchat stepanovic ityeshah asmin ekake sammilitah. chaturthasenaa-dalah kurilovo-param gatvaa vinik-nagaram praapnot yatra ottoman-sthanani aakramayat. tatah saha deligrad-nagaram prati gatavaan, yatra 7 september dinaanke aagatah. chaturthasenaa-dalah 11 september dinaanke crevet-nagarasya sameepe turk-janaihi saha yuddham akarot, yat anishchitaroopen samaapyat. sarba-ottoman-turkee-sainyayoho madhye yuddhaviraamasya ghoshanaa 1876 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 1 dinaanke abhavat. december-masasya 1 dinaanke steepanovic-varyaha shauryasya krute swarnapadakam praptavan, dwiteeya-leftinent-padake padonnatim avaapnot. 1877 februvari 13 dinaanke saha cerbian-senayaha truteeya-batalianasya truteeya-kampanee-ityasya senaapatih niyuktah. pashchat, stepanovic ityayam pirot ityasya grahanasya bhaagam agruhnaat. general jovan belimarkovic ityasya samagra-adeshena, steepanovic, tasya 300-balashaalinah sainikaah cha nisor-nagarasya vaamabhaagam aakramayan, yat ottoman-janaah nagare durgam sthaapitavantah sthanayoho anyatam aasit. september 26 taha 27 paryantam, stepanovic ityasya ekakam nisor-ityasya paritah avadhaanam naa praapya maalee-varh-iteedam gruheetavaan. september 27 dinaanke praatah, yadaa mukhyah cerbian-aakramanah aarabdhah, tadaa tasya dalaah nisor-nagaram prati golikapraharam krutavantah, tatra sthitaan ottoman-janaan bhramayantah. tadanantaram pirot-nagaram gruheetam. stepanovic ityasya ekasyaah ekaha sainikah avadat-"aham pashyaami yat, yadi aham naa galatah asmi, tarhi asmakam kriya nisor ityatra turkish-sthanasya krute mukhyapraghaatam praapnot, tathaa cha pirot ityasya bhavitavyam nirasat."stepanovic ityasmai pashchat arder aaf sent iti puraskaarah dattah. svetislaav-truteeyavargah, khadgaih ribbon-yukttaih, swasya sampoorn-vruttijeevanasya praaptaasu sarvaasu puraskaareshu tasya priyah aasit, yatah saha swayam "turkee-parikshe praveshtah prathamah" iti manyante sma." december 3 dinaanke sumadija-sainyadalah pirot-nagaraat nees-nagaraparyantm dwayoh eechelan-vinyaasayoh yatram aarabdhavaan. asmin yatrayam, stepanovic ityeshah ardha-sainyadalasya, padatidalasya, keshaanchan ashvasainyasya cha netrutvam krutavaan, ye suvaa planina ityasya katinapradesham param gatavantah. tathaapi tasya sarve purushaah padayatrayam jeevitvaa yuddhaya sajjaah abhavan. pashchat stepanovic ityeshah avadat yat parvatam param gamanam tasya yuddhasya katinatamam kaaryam aasit iti. 1878 janavaree 23 dinaanke cerbian-ucchasenaa-dalah sumadija-vibhagaya vraamje-nagaram graheetum aadishat. tatah sumadija-vibhaagah ottoman-janaan poljaanikaatah nishkasitavan, gradelica klisuraa ityenam cha parajayata. 25 janavaree dinaanke, stepanovic, poljanikanagare sthaniya-sarba-janaan sashastram kurvan svayamsevikaa-dalasya senaapatih abhavat. katipayadinanantaram, vraamje-ityasya yuddhe, stepanovic ityeshah nagarasya uttaratah otoman-janaan bhaktin-nagare akramyat. shantikalaha. yuddhasya samaapteh anantaram, stepanovic ityeshah swasya vidyaalayasya shikshanm samaaptum belgrade-sainya-akadami-madhye atirikta-vargaan sveekrutavaan, 1880 tame varshe eva taani sarvaani samaapayat. tasmin varshe september-maase saha kraagujevaak-nagaram prati sthanantaranasya anurodham krutavaan. tatra saha cerbian-senayaha truteeya-batalian ityasya dwiteeya-kampanee ityasya adhipatyam praptavan. october-maase saha tasmin eva batalianasya prathama-kampanee-ityasya senaapatih abhavat. kraagujevaak-nagare, stepanovic, swasya bhaavi-patnee, nagarasya pramukhasya valislav milanovic ityasya putree, jelenaa ityanaya saha militavaan. tau 25 julai 1881 dinaanke vivaahitaah. teshaam prathamam santaanam milikaa 1882 april 21 dinaanke ajayata. agrime varshe yelenaa dampatyoho dwiteeyaputreem denikaam ajayata. stepanovic ityasya dwau putraah api adhikaribhih saha vivaaham akurvan, milikaa dwiteeya-leftinent christa dragomirovic ityanena saha vivaaham akarot, danica cha prathama-shrenee-captain jovikaa jovichik ityanena saha vivaaham akarot, yaa pashchat cerbian-senayam division-general abhavat. 1880 tamasya varshasya antima traimaasike tasya prathama-aadhikaarik-moolyaamkane, ekaha vishesha-sainya-ayogah steepanovic ityasya varnanam likhitavaan yat - 1882 september 1 dinaanke, stepanovic padatidalasya leftinent-padake padonnatah abhavat, saha uzis-nagare senaapatih abhavat, yatra saha 1883 februvari 13 paryantam aasit, yadaa saha kraagujevaak-nagaram pratyagatavan. kraagujevaak-nagaram aagaty saha sumadija-padaatidala-regiment-madhye sainya-sahayakatvena niyuktah. tasmin eva varshe, cerbia-list-samsthaa vyaayaamashaalaayaah karyakrameshu sainya-abhyasan anivaaryam akarot. tadanantaram stepanovic ityeshah prathame kraagojevaak vyayamashalayam sainya-abhyasasya shikshaka abhavat. saha 1886 tamavarshaparyantam asmin pade eva aasit. serbia-bulgaria-yuddham (1885). slivanitsaa-yuddhakaale, stepanovic ityeshah sumadija-vibhaagasya dwiteeya-batalianasya prathama-kampenee-ityasya netrutvam krutavaan. tasya ekakam vraapse-graamam aakramy bulgarian-sainyaan pashchadabhoot. 12 tama-regiment ityasya senapatina steepanovic ityanena preshitasya prativedanasya mate, cerbian-senayaha vibhaagaanaam, regiment-ityeteshaam, batalians-ityeteshaam cha madhye samanvayasya abhaawah drushyate. katipayadinanantaram, stepanovic 12 tame regiment madhye prathama-batalian ityasya senaapatih abhavat, anyasya ekake sainikaah saha militvaa slivnitsaa ityatra durbalam bulgarian-kendram aakramayat. bulgarian-janaah pashchadagamanam praarabhant, yena sarbasainikaah aldomirovtsi-gramasya paritah pradesham swyakaroyuh. swasya prativedanasya anusaaram, stepanovic swasainikanam vishaye likhitavaan-"eteshu yuddheshu sainikanam vartanam utkrushtam aasit, yatah cross-fire-samaye muktakshetrasya upari gacchan api te mahatim upacharakshamata praadarshayan. sainikanam saahasah, uttama-adeshah cha vishaye adhikarinam vartanam santoshakaram aasit." balgeriyadeshat cerbian-sainyam bahishkrutaah, tadaa raja milan ityeshah 19 november dinaanke cerbian-senayaha samanyam pithout-prati pratyaagamanam adeshitavan. dinatrayanantaram bulgarian-sainikaah nagaram prati gacchan neskov-vis-ityasya upari akramanam krutavantah. stepanovic ityasya 12 tamah regiment ityeshah pashchadabhoot. pashchat steepanovic ityanena soochitam-"iti...aham chikitsaalayam prati gatavaan yatra asmakam sainikanam samoohah pashchaadapasrutavaan. vruddhaanaam prayaasah naa taan punah aanetum shaktah. adhikaah sainikaah taan aprucchan, tatah saha haasyakah janasamooh taan nivaarayitum prayatamanan adhikaarinah aprucchat." utthaya. cerbo-bulgarian-yuddhasya samaptya, stepanovic kraagujevaak-nagaram pratyagatavan, yatra saha 1886 tamavarshasya november-maasaparyantam avasat. kraagujevaak-nagare saha 10 tamasya regiment-ityasya samsthaayaah netrutvam akarot. 1886 tamasya varshasya ante saha dwiteeyashrenee-padatisainyasya naayakapadaveem prati padonnatah abhavat. saha 1886 tamavarshasya november-masasya 22 dinaankaat 1888 october-masasya 22 dinaankaparyantam cerbian-samanya-karmachaari-madhye aakaankshi aasit. 1888 tamasya varshasya ante aayojite sabhayam samanya-karmachaari-ayogah "dwiteeya-shrenee-capton shree. stepanovic ityeshah mukhyaalayasy 'sevaa' krute paryaaptam yogyatam pramaanaani cha pradarshayat, "saha asmin shitakale prathamavargasya capton-padasya pariksham aarabhayitum anumoditah bhavet iti nishkarsham akarot.iti. 1889 maarch-maase, stepanovic ityeshah asya pareekshayaha krute nivedayat, ayogah april-masasya 2 dinaanke tasya aarambhasy anumatim dattavaan. april-masasya 2 taha 6 paryantam, stepanovic ityeshah dvaadasha-vishayeshu swasya pareekshayaha saiddhaamtikam bhaagam samaapayat. saha pareekshayaha vyaavahaarikabhaagasy krute muktah abhavat, yatah saha mukhyaalayasy yaatraasu, kaaryeshu cha atyantam uttamm grade praptavan. pareekshayaha kinchitkaalapoorvam saha drina-vibhaageeyakshetrasy karyakari abhavat. pareekshayaha anantaram saha vaaljevo-nagaram gatavaan. 1889 april 17 dinaanke saha prathamashreni-naayakah abhavat. 1892 maarch 29 taha april 15 paryantam, stepanovic varyaha milutin milanovic tathaa jivojin missic ityetayoho samayochitam pramukhapadaveem pariksham likhitvaa safalatayaa utteernah abhavat. 1892 september 13 dinaanke pojegaa-nagare 5 tamasya batalianasya senaapatih abhavat. agrime varshe mey 8 dinaanke saha measure-padaveem prati padonnatah abhavat. august 14 dinaanke saha punah drina-vibhaageeyakshetrasy kaaryapaalakatven karyam kartum vaaljevo-nagaram prati sthanantaritaha. saha 1895 october 20 paryantam vaaljevo-nagare eva aasit, tatah saha belgrade-krute sthanantaritaha. stepanovic ityeshah panchamaasaparyantam belgrade-nagare eva aasit, yatra saha 7 tamasya batalianasya senaapatih aasit. saha belgrade-sainya-akadami-madhye sainya-itihasasya amshakaalika-pradhyapakaha api abhavat. 1897 maarch 30 dinaanke saha belgrade-nagare shashtasya padaatidala-regiment ityasya kaaryavaahakasenaapateh abhavat. mey 11 dinaanke saha carnell-padaveem prati padonnatah abhavat, dinadwayaanantaram saha shashtasya padatisainyasya senaadhyakshah abhavat. stepanovic 27 october 1898 dinaanke rakshamantralaye samanya-karmachaari-pramukhah abhavat. saha 1899 maarch 15 paryantam asmin pade karyam krutavaan, yadaa saha rakshamantralayasya samanya-sainya-vibhaagasya karyakari abhavat. yadyapi saha gruhasya antah karyam naa rochat, tathaapi saha mantraalayasy sadasyeshu utkrushtam prabhaavam akarot, tathaa cha atyantah kathorah samayanishtah cha iti smaryata. 1900 october 17 dinaanke saha punah vaaljevo-nagaram prati sthanantaritaha, yatra saha drina-vibhaagasya padatisainyasya senaadhyakshah abhavat. 11 november dinaanke apaarthen saha zajekaar-nagaram prati sthanantaritaha, timok-vibhaagasya padatisainyasya senaapatiroopen niyuktah cha abhavat. saha etat sthaanam rochat, tathaa avadat, "" adhikarinam sainyadalam matsyasya jalam, visheshatah mukhyaalayasy adhikaareeh iva bhavati. tatra saha yat jaanaati tatt darshayitum shaknoti, parinaman cha darshayitum shaknoti. karyalayaha atmam maarayati, shakttim apasaarayati, maanavasamaajam parivartayati cha.iti. 1901 august 18 dinaanke, stepanovic mukhyaalayasy carnell-rupena padonnatah abhavat, 11 november dinaanke saha cerbian-senayaha sakriya-sainya-command ityasya upakaryakari abhavat. saha 1902 december 15 paryantam asmin pade sewitah, tatah saha samanya-karmachaari-sadasyah abhavat. pashchat raja alekzaandar prathamah tam taakovo dviteeyavargasya cruss-dwara alankarot. stepanovic ityeshah sainya-itihasasya praadhyaapakatven swasya bhumikam nirantaram niravahat, 1796-1805 kalat napolean-yuddhasya vyaakhyaanam krutavaan. saha "yoddhaa" () iti namna prasidhah sainya-patrikaayaah sampaadakah api aasit. 1903 mey-maase 28/29 dinaanke ghatitasya mey-apatrunasya parinaamen stepanovic ityasya vruttihi naa prabhaawitah. padachyutasy anantaram saha rakshamantralaye saamaanyavibhaagasy vibhaagapramukhah abhavat, tatah sumadija-vibhaagasya senaapatih abhavat. eteshaam padonnatyah karanat bahavah itihaasadnyaah manyante yat stepanovic ityeshah obrinovic-vamshasya patanasya shadyantrakaranam pakshasthh aasit iti, yadyapi tasya vishaye tatasthata aasit iti avadat. sattaam praapya, peater prathamah 1904 joon 29 dinaanke stepanovic-ityenam starr-aaf-caradorde-III-degree ityanena alankrutya. general-dura-horvaatik ityasya anukaranena stepanovic-varyaha swasya vibhaage proshiyan-shailyaah sainya-abhyasan aarabhat, pratyekam aniyamitataam, ashuddhatam, vidhisammata-aparaadham, rajya-sampattim japtam cha dandayati. 1906 tamasya varshasya vasantakaale kragujevak-nagare, yatra stepanovic sumadija-vibhaagasya senaapateh rupena rakshita aasit, tatra shaareerik-prati-shadyantram iti namna prasidhah abhavat. kechan itihaasadnyaah manyante yat, etat shadyantram stepanovic ityasya katorashaasanena praavartitam iti. shadayantram kraagujevaak-sainya-dalaah praayah trishah adhikaarinah aasan, ye nagare anekeshaam mahattvapoornaan saarwajanik-bhavanaan sveekrutya tatah stepanovic-ityetam gruheetum yojanam krutavantah. april-masasya 30 dinaanke yadaa itivruttasya aavishkaarah abhavat, tadaa steepanovic ityanena 31 adhikaarinah gruheetaah. yadaa adhikaan bandhitanam icchaam vyaktam tadaa saha rakshamantrya radomir putnik ityanena avarodhitah. steepanovic iti shadayantrena gabhirataya vibhaktaa abhavat, anantaram ghoshitah. balcon-yuddhanam krute sevaakaaryam tathaa tayaareeh. stepa stepanovic 1907 joon 29 dinaanke senaapatipadaveem praptavan, parantu sumadija-vibhaageeyakshetrasy senaapatih aasit. nikolaa paasik ityanena 1908 april 12 dinaanke nootanam sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutam, stepanovic ityeshah rakshaamantriroopen abhavat. swasya adeshakale saha sainyasya aadhunikikaranam kartum, puratanam mausar raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-raifal-rai saha france-deshaat nootanam topakhanam kritva cerbian-senayaha krute api poorayat. yadaa senaa yantrika-bandukanam aadesham kartum prayatate tadaa stepanovic ityeshah bhinnam, adhikam roodichustam drushtim sveekrutavaan, yathaa stepanovic ityasya mantrimandale karyam kurwatah carnell vlaajik varyaha likhati smah 1908 october-maase austria-hangeree ityanena bosnia-ityasya vileeneekaranaantaram serbia-montenegro-deshe cha bruhad-virodhah udbhootah. aastriy-hangeriyan-jananam viruddham yuddhasya ghoshanaa karaniyaa iti bahavah naagarikaah praarthayan. deshah senaa cha yuddhaya naa sajjaha iti, tathaa cha ubhayoho mahatim kutanitikam, vitteeyam, sainyam cha prashikshanm daatum aavashyakam iti steepanovic-varyaha chetayitvaa pratyuttarm dattavaan. tasya vaktavyaani anekapakshaat, cerbian-patrikaasu api, mahatim vimarshaam praavartayan. phalatah, saha rakshaamantriroopen nishkaasitah, 1909 tamavarshasya aarambhe vibhaga-rahitah mantree abhavat. tasmin eva varshe, saha bhavishyasya yuddhasya krute cerbian-senayaha sajjataam kartum putnik-ityasya sakriyaroopen sahayyam krutavaan. 1910 tamavarshasya aarambhe, stepanovic morava-vibhaageeyakshetrasy senaapatih abhavat, sashastrayuddhasy krute vibhaagasya sajjataayaah karyam cha akarot. 1911 maarch-masasya aarambhe, stepanovic punah rakshaamantriroopen abhavat. tadanantaram sheeghramev rajakumaraha aleksandar-caradordevic ityeshah stepanovic ityasya vishaye shankitah abhavat, yah senaapatih dragutin-dimitrijevik-epis ityasya sahaanubhootih iti saha vishvasitavaan, yah mey-ityasya netrutve padachyutah aasit, yah cerbian-simhaasanasya upari videsheeyam raajnam icchati iti kathyate sma. parinaamatah rajakumaraha drutagatyaa stepanovic-nagaram gatvaa epis-general staff measure milovan milovanovic pilaak ityetaan belgrade-sthanat sthaanaantarayitum cha prahrayat. stepanovic ityeshah raja peater ityasmai tasya ullekham karishyati, tathaa cha dwayoh purushayoho sthanantaranam karaneeyam iti nirnayayitum tam anumanyasi iti uktvaa pratyuttarm dattavaan. tatah rajakumaraha asaphalah bhutva raja peater ityasmai swasya rajinama samarpayt. yadaa stepanovic dviteeyavaaram rakshamantrim abhavat, tadaa serbia-sarwakaarah avadat yat mahaashaktihi balcon-desham vibhajyante sma, ottoman-samrajyasya christian-janaah cha vidrohasya praante santi iti. swasya karyakale, serbia ityeshaa anyaih balcon-deshaihi saha anekeshu rakshasambandhan hastaaksharam krutvaa balcon-leag iteedam nirmitavatee. stepanovic-varyaha, general radomir putnik tathaa carnell jivojin missic ityetaih saha, turkey-viruddhayuddhaartham cerbian-senayaha samaharanasya, ekaagrataayaah, saamarikavikaasasya cha yojanam vikasitavaan. 1912 tamasya varshasya sharatkaale milovan milovanovic ityasya mrutyoho anantaram tasya sarwakaarah tyaagapatram adadat, yadaa maarko trifcovic ityanena nootanam sarwakaarah nirmitam, tadaa putnik ityeshah nootanah rakshaamantrimantritah abhavat. prathamam balcon-yuddham. prathamam kaaryam. prathamasya balcon-yuddhasya aarambhen, stepa stepanovic ityeshah 60,000-balayutasy dwiteeyasenaayaah senaapatih abhavat, yasya sameepe 84 topaah aasan. custandil-dupnitsa-kshetre kendreekrutam, asmin prathama-timok-padaatidalavibhaagah, bulgarian-saptama-rilaa-padaatidalavibhaagah cha aasan. prathamasenaayaah poorvam turkish-deshasya prushtabhaagam aakramayitum tasya lakshyam aasit. saptamah rilaa-vibhaagah senayaha bhaagah abhavat iti cerbian-sainikaan soochitavaan, stepanovic avadath "aham asmakam bhavishyasya karyam aatmavishvaasena pashyaami, safalataayaam drudatayaa vishvasaami, yatah shatabdan yaavat vibhaktah idaaneem bhraatrutvam sveekrutya sweekrutah, sameepawartinah bhraataah, sarbah, bulgarian-janaah cha ekam apratirodhyashaktim pratinidhayanti, yena sarvaan badhan unmoolayitum, dalitabhraatrun cha mukttim kartum shaknuvanti.iti. 1912 october 17 dinaanke, putnik ityeshah steepanovic ityasmai serbia-deshasya ottoman-samrajyasya viruddham yuddhaghoshanaa iti soochitavaan. saha swasenaayaah ottoman-simayam sameepastham gantum, parantu agrimasuchanaparyantam naa atikramayitum aadishat. parantu bulgarian-ucchasenaadhyakshah rilaa-vibhaagasya senaapatim gorgi todorov ityenam ottoman-sima atikramya kaarevo-selo-gornaja-zumaja-ityetaan aakraamyitum aadishat, yat saha graheetum samarthah abhavat. stepanovic ityayam taan saptame vibhaagasya "hurre-naayakaah" iti shabdaihi abhinandayat.iti. october 18 dinaanke timok-vibhaagah rujen-kranee-varh ityasya dishaayaam ottoman-sthanani aakramayitum aarabdhavaan, aparadine te stepanovic ityasya adeshanusaram kranee-varh ityetam gruheetavantah. october 21 dinaanke cerbian-uccha-senaadhyakshah timok-vibhagaya kumaanovo-prati agre gantum aadishat. meyar dobrosav milenkovich ityasya netrutve bataaliyanah, yuddhen vinaa kreevaa-palankaa-pradesham poorvamev gruheetavatee iti adnyaatah, stepanovic ityeshah nagaram gruheetum sarvaani aavashyakaani yuktayah kartum adishtavan. anena bahu samayam vyartham jaatam, parantu adhikaamshah vibhaagah krivorekkaa-girikhaatam vinaa pratirodham vinaa gantum samarthah abhavat. madhyaahnasya aarambhe ashvasainya-regiment stracin-nagaraat 5-6 kii. mee. doore yuddham aarabhat, raatrau tatt graheetum safalam abhavat. punah, stepanovic ityasmai asya ghatanaayaah vishaye naa soochitah, aparadine saha swasainikaan stracin-grahanam kartum adishtavan, yena bahu samayam vyartham jaatam. asya ghatanaayaah anantaram prathama-dwiteeya-senayaha madhye sampreshanam sthaapitam, kumanovo-nagaram prati maargah api udghaatitah. kumanovo ityasya yuddham. kumanovo-nagare shatrunam sanchayasya vishaye kimapi adeshah naa praapya, senaapatih stepanovic, timok-vibhagaya october 23 dinaanke praatah 6 vaadane kumonovo-prati yatram kartum aadishat.emm. tasmin eva samaye saha 23 october dinaanke kochini-pradesham svyakarotu, tatah tasya katipayam sainyam rakshayitvaa stip-nagaram prati preshayitum saptamavibhaagasya aajnaam dattavaan. october 23 dinaanke praatahkaale timok-vibhaagah cratovo-nagaram aakraamy, evam kumaanovo-yuddham aarabdhavaan. parantu, senaapatih todorov swasya ucchasenaapatehe adeshan avalambitavaan, ataha saha kevalam dash-byaatari-yukttam ekam batalian kochee-sainyasya adhipatyam praaptum preshitavaan, yat sampoorn-vibhagena rakshitam aasit. steepanovic, yadaa timok-vibhaagah yatrayam aasit, tadaa ovse polje tathaa kochani ityetayoho prabalah ottoman-balah cratovo-prati yatram karoti iti tippaneem avaapnot. asya aadhaaren saha timok-vibhaagasya senaapatim kraatovo-ityetam svyakarotu, dakshinadisham prati rakshanm sthaapayitum cha tvarayat. parantu, yadaa te cratovo-kshetram aagacchan, tadaa carnell kondik ityeshah nirnayam akarot yat vibhaajanam ksheenam asti, raatrau vyatitavyam cha iti. asya upayogena ottoman-janaah kranee-varh ityetam gruheetavantah, yasya rakshanm kevalam bulgarian-comita-vibhagena, serb-ityeteshaam ekaa sangatyaa cha krutam aasit. stepanovic ityayam dwayoh vibhagayoho karyam naa rochat, sarvoccha-aajnaam prati tatt soochitavaan. saha uttaram avaapnot yat 7 tamah vibhaagah binaa shartam kocheeni tathaa timok vibhaagah criney varh ityetaan svyakarotu iti. etasmin samaye, stepanovic ityeshah dnyaatavaan yat october 23 dinaanke kumanovo-nagare yuddham jaatam iti. saha etena aashcharyy, timok-vibhaagasya sthitim prati chintitah aasit, parantu tatah api prathamasenaayaah sahayyam kartum upayam anvishyata. saha 24 october dinaanke timok-vibhagaya kranee-vraha ityasya niyantranam kartum aadishat, parantu shwah 25 october dinaanke etat krutam. aparadine, ucchasenaadhyakshah stepanovic ityasmai soochitavaan yat bulgarian-sarvakaarasya anurodhena timok-vibhaagah teshaam krute sthaapayitum nirnayah krutah iti, basharte saha adyaapi dwayoh vibhagayoho prabandhanam karoti.saha tatkshanameva 14 tamam cerbian regiment 7 tamam rilaa vibhagaya dattavaan, tathaa cha ottoman-deshasya prelape-prati pashchadagamanam nivaarayitum bregalnica-nadyaah mukham prati swasainyam nayitum general todorov ityenam aadesham dattavaan, tatah saha kriva-palankaat shtip-prati gantum anumatim yachat yena saha adhika-sulabhataya karyasya aadesham karoti. parantu, cratovo-nagaram aagaty, saha senapatina todorov-ityanena preshanam avaapnot, yasmin saha soochitavaan yat saha swasya senadalan serez-demir-hisaar-prati gantum swasenaapateh adeshan praptavan iti, yat saha poorvamev adeshitavan iti. etat pathitvaa, stepanovic ityeshah bulgarian-jananam sahayyam kartum katipayaan sainyaan sajjum kreevaa-palankaa-nagaram prati pratyagatavan. adrianopal ityasya pariveshtanam. general stepa stepanovic ityeshah 6 november 1912 dinaanke mustafaa pasha (adrianopal ityasya bahihi relasthanakam) iti mukhyaalayen saha aagatah. tatkshanameva saha bulgarian-dwiteeyasenaayaah sarwochchasenaapateh, pariveshtitasainyasya cha senaapatim general nikolaa ivanov ityanena saha samparkam krutavaan. tasya mukhyaalayah mustafaa-pashayam sthaapitah, yatra ivanov-ityasya api sthaanam aasit. 1912 tame varshe 3.december dinaanke yuddhaviraamasya hastaaksharah krutah. tathaapi, stepanovic icchati sma yat tasya senaa ekaagrataam nashtam karotu iti. saha chrismus-parvadinasya purvasandhyayam api adhikatamm anushaasanam sajjataam cha prahrayat. yuddhaviraamakaale, stepanovic swasenaayaah aapoortim vardhayitum samarthah abhavat. bulgarian-sarvoccha-senaadhyakshah cerbian-dwiteeya-senayaha aapoortim sweekartum angeekrutavaan, parantu stepanovic gunavattayaa naa santushtah aasit. ataha saha rutee, maamsasya, anyavastunam cha gunavattaam vardhayitum yachanam akarot. yatah saha bulgarian-aajnayaa saha sahamatah naa abhavat, ataha saha cerbian-sarvoccha-aajnaam "sainikanam swaasthyam manodhairyam cha rakshayitum" aapoortim preshayitum prushtavaan.masadvayanantaram, 1913 maarch 24 dinaanke adrianopal-janaan graheetum 3-divasanam yuddham aarabdham. tasya timok-vibhaagah kevalam 45 nimesheshu yuddhakshetrasya sampoornam uttarabhagam, topakhanayaha sahayyam vinaa, gruheetvaa, adrianopal-durgasya topakhanayaha agnihi bahubhaagam api cha pichyata. divasaroopen nirnayah krutah yat shwah raatrau, vyakti-virodhee-badhan graheetum akramanam arabhatam. yadaa akramanam aarabdham, timok-vibhaagasya agrabhaage, ottoman-janaah swasthaanaani punah graheetum prayatanta, parantu te asaphalau abhavan. general steepanovic ityeshah daanube-vibhaagasya prushtatah ucchabhumya akramanam pratyaksharoopen drushtavaan. senaa-tanti-patrasya prabhaari nikolaa araandelovik ityeshah vaataavaranasya varnanam krutavaan. praatah 5hah30 vaadane, stepanovic ityeshah cerbian-sainikaan poorvabhaage bulgarian-sainyasya aakramanasy krute agrimarekhayam nirnaayak-aakramane gantum aadishat, yena poorvabhaage bulgarian-sainikasya aakramanasy krute sahayyam bhavet, yat praatah 8 vaadane patitam. praatah 8:30 vaadane, ottoman-adhikaarinah dwau shukree-pakshasya karanat sharanaagatyah vaartaalaapaartham cerbian-20 tama-regiment-madhye aagataah. kimapi naa praapya, pasha ityeshah swasya sahayakam 20 tama-regiment prati sandeshena preshitavaan yat shukree pasha ityeshah general steepanovic ityanena saha vaartaalaapam kartum icchati iti. stepanovic ityeshah pratyuttarm dattavaan yat saha senapatina varta-sanchaalanaay adhikrutah naasti, saha general ivanov ityenam sambodhayet iti. etasmin samaye timok-vibhaagah prativyakti-rekhaam gruheetavati, danube-vibhaagah cha bindu-papas-tape-ityetam gruheetavati. general stepanovic ityeshah daanube-regiment-ityasya agrashrenyam pashchaadawartat, praatah 11 vaadane marash-nagarasya sameepe bekchitep-ityatra aasit, yat chaturthena cerbian-regiment-dwara gruheetam aasit. praatah 11.30 samaye bulgarian-adhikaarinah shukree-pasha ityasya mukhyalayam aagataah, saha saayam 12.15 samaye general ivanov ityasya samaksham sharanaagatah, parantu saha swasya vyaktigata icchaanusaaram ekaghantaayaah anantaram mukhyalayam pratyagatavan. antatah ekaghantaayaah anantaram cerbian-sainikaah saha gruheetavantah. adrianopal ityasya patanen anantaram, stepanovic ityeshah 27 maarch dinaanke samyuktam sainyadalam aarabhat, vijayitnagaram prati nishtaapoorvakam chakramat. katipayadinanantaram, saha aadesham dattavaan yat, charanomen-dine, yatra itihasasya anusaaram maritsa-yuddham abhavat, tatra eva viranam smarakam sthaapayet iti. pratibhaginam matena, eshah chittaakarshakah, sparshatmakah cha kshanah aasit. tadanantaram sheeghramev, stepanovic ityeshah swasenaayaah cerbia-nagaram prati punah parivahanaartham tayarim aarabdhavaan. bulgarian-sarwakaarah tasya sainikaan punah gantum paryaaptaani relayaanaani naa dattavaan, ataha saha swasenaam paadachaarin sarbia-nagaram prati punah netum dhamaknot. tadanantaram bulgarian-janaah kshiptavantah, saha april-masasya 1 dinaankaat mey-masasya 9 dinaankaparyantam sampoornam senaam sthanantaram krutavaan. prathamavishvayuddham. prathamavishvayuddhasya aarambhe saha gairasameenah staff-pramukhasya radomir putnik ityasya pratinidhiroopen karyam krutavaan. saha samaharanasya, yuddhasya keshaanchan sajjataayaah cha daayitvam niravahat. putnik ityasya pratyagamananantaram saha dwiteeyasenaayaah netrutvam sveekrutavaan. prathamavishvayuddhe saha serr-yuddhe cerbian-senayaha netrutvam krutvaa mahatee vijayam praapnot, yatra tasya dwiteeyam senayaha austria-deshasya panchamam senayaha purnataya paraajayam jaatam, balaat yatrayaha anantaram tatt sthaanam praapnot. idam yuddhasya mitrarashtranam prathamam vijayam aasit, saha feeled-maarshal-rupena padonnatah abhavat. tasya senaa 1915 tame varshe serbia-deshasya rakshanm atirichya drina-yuddhe, kolubara-yuddhe cha safalataa prapta. 1918 tame varshe saha punah dwiteeyasenaayaah adhipatihi abhavat, yat macedonia-pradeshe mitrarashtranam vishaalasya aakramanasy bhaagah aasit, te 15 september dinaanke safalataam praaptavantah. dwiteeyasenaa bulgarian-sima prati agacchat, tatah 1918 september 29 dinaanke bulgarian-sharanaagateh anantaram paschimadishi bosnia-adriatic-samudram prati cha praavartat. 1919 tamasya varshasya ante yaavat saha sakriyah adhikaari aasit, yadaa saha cerbian-senayaha senaadhyakshah iti sewaayaah nivruttah abhavat. swasya vruttijeevanakaale saha dwayoh sandarbheshu senayaha mantrinah api aasit. turks-viruddhe 1876-1878 yuddheshu shauryasya krute saha "takovsky crust saa ukrestenim masevima" padaken alankrutah aasit. saha sent-mckell tathaa sent-jaarj ityetayoho vishishtatamasya kramaan nait-grand-cross (jee. see. emm. jee.) iti puraskaaren api puraskrutah. 1929 april 29 dinaanke sakak-nagare saha mrutah. uttaradhikaraha. saha 100 pramukheshu sarba-janeshu antarbhavati.

steba stebanovic stephen "steba" stebanovic (,,;-29 aepral 1929) serbo-turkkiyap poar, serbo-bulgarian poar, muthal balcon poar, irandaavathu balcon poar mattrum muthalaam ulagap poaril poaraadiya oru serbiya iraanuvath thalapathi aavaar. aavaar serbiya iraanuvaththil saerntha avar, avar oottoamaan paerarasin padaikalukku ethiraagap poaraadinaar. aduthaduththa aandugalil, avar serbiya iraanuvaththin anigalai uyarththi, uyarththi bulgariap padaikalukku ethiraagap poaraadinaar. iruthiyil 1908 aepralil serbiyap poar amaicharaanaar, serbiya iraanuvaththil maattrangkalai aerpaduththuvatharku poruppaaka irunthaar. irandu balcon poarkalin poathu serbiyap padaikalukku thalaimai thaangi, muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu serbiya irandaam iraanuvaththai vazhinadaththinaar. serr poarukkup piragu avar irandaavathu kazha maarshalaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. avar 1929 aepral 29 andru saakkakkil iranthaar. aarambagaala kuzhandhaip paruvam mattrum kalvi. stephen "steba" stebanovic pipravari 28,1856 andru belgrateukku arugilulla chemotras kiraamaththil piranthaar. ivar ivan mattrum radojka stebanovic ("nee" nicolic) aagiyoarin naankaavathu kuzhandhai mattrum moontraavathu magan aavaar. avarathu kudumbaththin kudumbappeyar thoantriya avarathu tatta stephen peyaraal stebanovic peyaridappattaar. avarathu kudumba thoattram kuritthu irandu koatpaadugal ullana. muthal koottruppadi, stephanovichin moothaathaiyarkal, sivanovic endru azhaikkappattavargal, bosnia mattrum lyca paguthikalilirunthu vanththavargal. irandaavathu koatpaadu ennaventraal, avarathu moothaathaiyarkal periya saerbiya idampeyarvugalin poathu lescovac mattrum byroad arugae irunthu vanthanar. veettu vaelaigal kaaranamaaga, stebanovichin thaaikku avarukku neram kuraivaaga irunththathu, maelum adikkadi avarai thanathu mamiar paraamarippil vittuvittar. thodakkap pallyil seruvatharku munbu, avar kaalnadaigalai kavaniththuk kondaar, oru murai oru kaalaiyaal moasamaaga kaayamadaindhaar. stebanovic chemotrassil muppathaandu thodakkap palliyai mudiththu capton mizaavin maaligaiyil udarpayirchik koodaththil payintraar. thanathu pallippadippai mudikka, avar perumpaalum panakkaara bell grade kudumbangalukku saevai seithaar. avar thanathu palliyin muthal aandu nalla mathippenkaludan muditthaar, maelum avarathu meethamulla kalvi muzhuvathum nalla mathippenkalaip pettraar. 1874 septambaril, stebanovic thanathu aaraavathu aandu udarpayirchik koodaththil saeruvatharkup pathilaaka bell grade beerangi palliyin XI vaguppil saernthaar. avar ainthu aandu udarpayirchik koodaththai mudiththathaal nuzhivuth thaervu ezhutha vaendiyathillai. avarathu vaguppil irupaththi onbathu maanavargal irunththanar. antha neraththil, bell grade beerangi palli oru thozhilnutpa thanmaiyaik kondirundhadhu mattrum kanitha arivil adhiga kavanam seluththiyathu, idhil stebanovic eppoathum moasamaaga seyalpattaar. russia mattrum pirenchu ilakkiyangkalaip padiththa poathilum, stephanovic velinaattu mozhigalilum avvalavu sirappaaga illai. hersikovina kilarchi vediththa piragu, serbia samasthaanam oottoamaan paerarasudan poarukkuth tayaaraavathaith thodangiyathu, maelum bell grade beerangi palli nadaimurai iraanuvap payirchiyin thittatthai thodangiyathu. septumber 1875 ill, stebanovic mattrum avarathu vaguppu thoazharkal anaivarum carboral pathaviyaip pettranar. oru thaervil therchchi pettra piragu, stebanovic mae 1876 ill juuniyar sargent aanaar. juun 1876 ill, paalkankalil serbia mattrum oottoamaan turkkiyap padaikalukku idaiyae poar vediththathu, avarkalil perumpaaloar kosovovaich saerntha albaeniyargal. stephanovic mattrum muzhu xi vaguppum viraivaaga sargent pathavikalaip pettru munnanikku anuppappattanar. serbo-turkiya poarkal. 1876 mae 14 andru stephanovic kraakuvaevaakkirku vanthaar. ingku, curnell lubomir usun-mirkovic thalaimaiyilaana sumadija pirivin thalaimaiyagaththil ozhungkaana adhigaari kadamaiyil avar niyamikkappattaar, avarathu uththaravugalai stephanovic niraivaettrinaar. sumatija pirivu moraviya iraanuvaththin mukiya paguthiyaaga irunththathu, aanaal poarth thittangal maariya piragu, adhu pala padaippirivugalaagap pirikkappattathu. usun-mirkovichin padaippirivukku stephanovic niyamikkappattaar, idhu nisukku oottoamaan valuvoottalgal varuvathaith thaduppatharkaaga babina clava mattrum belah paalangaavai kaippattra kanjewag iraanuvaththirku uthavuvatharkaana uththaravugalaik kondirundhadhu. iruthiyil, babina clava edukkappattathu mattrum stebanovic usun-mirkovic enbavaraal "migavum surusuruppaaga iruppathaakavum, nalla sawari seivathaagavum" kurippidapattaar."viraivil, usun-mirkovichin padaippirivukku ethiraaga ottoamangal ethir thaakkuthalaith thodangkinar, adhu paandriloavukku pinvaangkiyathu. juulai 19 andru ottoamangal pandrilovaith thaakki, stephanovic theeviramaaga pankettra oru poaraith thodangkinar. valakkamaana serbiya veerargaludan stephanovicin pankeerpu thaarmeegaththai uyarththiyathu mattrum poarin alaikalai maattra uthaviyathu. inththa anubavam stebanovicai perithum paathiththathu, maelum avar mattra serbiya veerargaludan saernthu avarkalin olukkaththai uyarththa adikkadi sandaiyittaar. gunjasevakkin veezhchchikkup piragu, ottoamangal morawa pallaththaakkai adaivathaith thaduka stebanovicum avarathu padaiyum telegrattilirunthu sogopanjavukku kudipeyarnthanar. sogopanjavil, serp padaikal meendum kulumiyamaikkappattu, curnell dura horvadovic thalaimaiyil IV iraanuvap padaikalai uruvaakkina. stephanovic pinnar inththa pirivil saernthaar. naankaam padai kurilovovin kurukkae anivaguththuch sendru vinik nagarai adainthathu, angku adhu oottoamaan nilaikalaith thaakkiyathu. pinnar adhu telegrattukku nagarnthathu, angku adhu septumber 7 andru vanthathu. naankaam padai thurukkiyarkaludan septumber 11 andru crevet arugae moathalil eedupattathu, idhu oru theermaanikka mudiyaatha poaril mudivadainthathu. serp mattrum oottoamaan turkkiyap padaikalukku idaiyilaana poarniruththam navambar 1,1876 andru arivikkappattathu. disambar 1 andru, stephanovic thunichalukkaaga thangap pathakkam vazhangkappattathu mattrum irandaavathu leptinent pathavikku uyarthappattaar. 1877 pipravari 13 andru, avar serbiya iraanuvaththin 3 vadhu patalian 3 vadhu niruvanaththin thalapathiyaaga niyamikkappattaar. pinnar, stephanovic pyrotyke kaippattruvathil pankettraar. general jovan pelimarkovichin ottumoththa thalaimaiyin keezh, stebanovicum avarathu 300-valuvaana padaiyum nagaraththil ottoamangal palapaduththiya irandu idangkalil ontraana nizorin idathu pakkaththaith thaakkinar. septumber 26 mattrum 27 kku idaiyil, stebanovichin pirivu nizor suttri kavanikkappadaamal kadanthu maalii varh eduththathu. septumber 27 aam thaethi kaalai, mukiya serbiya thaakkuthal thodangiyapoathu, avarathu padai nisore meethu thuppaakkich soodu nadaththiyathu, angku niruththappattiruntha oottoamaaniyargalai kuzhappiyadhu. pinnar, broad kaippattrappattathu. stephanovicin pirivaich saerntha oru sippaai koorinaar "naan thavaraaga illai endraal, engkal nadavadikkai nizor meethu turkiya nilaikku mukiya adiyaith thaakkiyathai naan kaankiraen, maelum pyrotene thalaivithiyaith theerththathu."stephanovic pinnar saint arder vazhangkappattathu. vaal mattrum rippanudan swedislav III vaguppu, avar thanathu thozhil vaazhkkai muzhuvathum pettra anaitthu viruthugalilum avarukku migavum pidiththamaanathu, aenenil avar thannai "turkiya agazhiyil nuzhaintha muthal nabar" endru karuthinaar." disambar 3 andru, sumatija padai irandu eselon amaippugalil piroattilirunthu niss varai thanathu anivaguppaith thodangiyathu. inththa anivaguppin poathu, stebanovic kaalaatpadai mattrum sila kuthiraippadaigalin arai pattaliyanukku thalaimai thaangkinaar, avai suvaa planinavin kadinamaana nilaparappaik kadanthu sentrana. iruppinum, avarathu aatkal anaivarum malaiyaettraththil irunthu thappi, poarukkuth thayaaraagath thoantrinar. malaiyaik kadanthu selvathu poaril thanathu kadinamaana panii endru stebanovic pinnar koorinaar. 1878 janavari 23 andru, serbiya uyar kattalai vranje nagaraik kaippattra sumatija privukku uttaravittathu. sumatija pirivu pinnar ottomangalai boljanikaavilirunthu virattiyadiththu girdelica klisuraavai thoarkadiththathu. janavari 25 andru, stebanovic oru thannaarvap padaiyin thalapathiyaaga aanaar, idhu boljanikaavil ulla ulloor serbiyargalai aayutham aenththiyathu. pala naatkalukkup piragu, vraanjaekkaana poaril, stephanovic nagarin vadakkil irunthu oottoamaaniyargalaith thaakkinaar. amaithi kaalam. poar mudinthathum, stebanovic thanathu pallip padippai mudikka bell grade iraanuva akaadamiyil koodudhal vaguppugalai eduththu, avai anaiththaiyum 1880 kkul muditthaar. antha aandu septambaril, avar kraakujaevaakkirku maattrappada vaendum endru koorinaar. angku, avar serbiya iraanuvaththin 3 vadhu patalian 2 vadhu niruvanaththin kattalaiyaip pettraar. octoberil, athae padaippirivil 1 vadhu niruvanaththin thalapathiyaaga aanaar. graguaevaakkil, stephanovic thanathu varungkaala manaivi jelenavai sandhiththaar, avar nagarath thalaivar velislav milanovichin magal. iruvarum juulai 25,1881 andru tirumanam seithu kondanar. avarkalin muthal kuzhandhai, milika, aepral 21,1882 andru piranthaar. aduththa aandu jelina inththa jodiyin irandaavathu magal daanikaavaip petrtreduththaar. stebanovichin magalgal iruvarum athikaarigalai mananthanar, milika irandaavathu leptinent crusta tragomrovic mattrum danika 1 aam vaguppu capton jovika jovicic aagiyoarai mananthaar, pinnar avar serbiya iraanuvaththil oru pirivu jenaralaaka aanaar. 1880 aam aandin kadaisi kaalaandil avarathu muthal athikaarappoorva mathippeettil, oru sirappu iraanuva aanaiyam stebanovicai ivvaaru vivarithathu septumber 1,1882 andru, stebanovic kaalaatpadai leptinent pathavikku uyarthappattaar, maelum avar usisil oru thalapathiyaaga aanaar, angku avar 1883 pipravari 13 varai irunthaar, pinnar avar kraakujaevaakkirkuth thirumbinaar. avar gragujewag vanthathum, avar sumatija kaalaatpadaip padaippirivil iraanuva thunai athikaariyaaga niyamikkappattaar. athae aandu, serbia pattiyalidappatta udarpayirchik koodangalil iraanuvap payirchigalai kattaayamaakkiyathu. pinnar stephanovic muthal graguaevaag udarpayirchik koodaththil iraanuva payirchigalin aasiriyaraaga aanaar. 1886 varai avar inththa pathaviyil irunthaar. serbo-bulgariap poar (1885). slivenitza poarin poathu, stephanovic sumatija pirivin 2 vadhu patalian 1 vadhu niruvanaththirku thalaimai thaangkinaar. avarathu padaippirivu vraappe kiraamatthaith thaakki, bulgariap padaikalai pinvaangkach seithathu. serbiya iraanuvaththin pirivugal, padaippirivugal mattrum pattaaliyangalukku idaiyae orunginaippu illaathathu kuritthu stephanovichin padaippirivu thalapathiyidam stebanovic anuppiya arikaiyil thelivaagath therikirathu. pala naatkalukkup piragu, stephanovic 12 vadhu padaippirivil 1 vadhu patalian thalapathiyaaga aanaar, maelum mattroru pirivin thuruppukkaludan inainthu slivenitzavil palaveenamaana palkeriya myyaththaith thaakkinaar. palkaeriyarkal pinvaangath thodangkinar, ithanaal saerbiya padaikal altomrovtsy kiraamatthaich suttriyulla paguthiyai kaippattra anumathiththanar. thanathu arikaiyil, stebanovic thanathu veerargalaip pattri ezhuthinaar "inththa poarkalil veerargalin nadaththai siranthathu, aenenil avarkal kurukku thuppaakkich soottin poathu thiranthaveliyil nagarnthaalum perum gunappaduthuthalaik kaattinar. padaikalin thyrium mattrum nalla kattalai kuritthu athikaarigalin nadaththai thirupthikaramaaga irunththathu." serbiyap padaikal balgaeriyaavilirunthu veliyaettrappatta nilaiyil, mannar milan navambar 19 andru serbiya iraanuvaththai broattai noakki pinvaanga uttaravittaar. moontru naatkalukkup piragu, bulgariap padaikal nagaraththai noakki anivaguththuch sendru neskov viss meethu thaakkuthal nadaththina. stephanovichin stephanovichin padaippirivu pinvaanga vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. stephanovic pinnar koorinaar "...naan maruthuvamanaikkuch sentraen, angku engkal padaikalin koottam pinvaangkiyathu. moopparkalin endha muyarchiyaalum avarkalaith thirumbak konduvara mudiyavillai. maelum pala veerargal avarkalaip pinthodarnthanar, pinnar antha abaththamaana kumbal avarkalaith thaduka muyandra athikaarigalaith thallivittathu." ezhumbum. serbo-bulgariap poar mudivadainthavudan, stebanovic kiraakuvaevaakkirkuth thirumbinaar, angku avar navambar 1886 varai thangiyirunthaar. graguaevaakkil, avar 10 vadhu padaippirivu oru niruvanaththirku thalaimai thaangkinaar. 1886 aam aandin iruthiyil, avar irandaam vaguppu kaalaatpadai capton pathavikku uyarthappattaar. avar 1886 navambar 22 muthal 1888 october 22 varai serbiya podhup paniyaalarkalil oru aarvalaraaga irunthaar. 1888 aam aandin iruthiyil nadaipettra koottaththil, podhup paniyaalar aanaiyam "irandaam vaguppu capton thiru. stephanovic thalaimaiyagaththin sevaikku poathumaana thaguthiyaiyum aathaaraththaiyum kaattinaar, "inththa kulirkaalaththil I vaguppu capton pathavikku oru thervaith thodanga avar angkeekarikkappada vaendum" endru mudivu seithaar." "entraar". maarch 1889 ill, stebanovic inththa thaervukku arikkai aliththaar, maelum aanaiyam aepral 2 aam thaethi thodanga avarukku anumathi aliththathu. aepral 2 muthal 6 varai, stebanovic thanathu thaervin koatpaattu paguthiyai pannirandu paadangkalil muditthaar. thalaimaiyagaththin payanangkal mattrum panikalil avar nalla tharaththaip pettrathaal, avar thaervil nadaimuraip paguthiyai seivathilirunthu viduvikkappattaar. thaervukku sattru munbu, avar trina koattap paguthiyin nirvaagiyaaga aanaar. thaervugalukkup piragu avar valjevovukku kudipeyarnthaar. 1889 aepral 17 andru avar aii classes capton aanaar. maarch 29 muthal aepral 15,1892 varai, stephanovic ezhuthinaar mattrum miluttin milanovic mattrum jivojin mishik aagiyoarin athae neraththil mejar tharavarisaikkaana thaervil vetrtrikaramaaka therchchi pettraar. 1892 septumber 13 andru poajaekaavil 5 vadhu patalian thalapathiyaaga stephanovic aanaar. aduththa aandu mae 8 andru avar mejar pathavikku uyarthappattaar. august 14 andru, avar meendum trina koattap paguthiyin nirvaagiyaaga paniyaattra valjevovukku maattrappattaar. avar valjevovil 20 october 1895 varai thangiyirunthaar, pinnar avar bell gradeukku maattrappattaar. stebanovic bell gradil ainthu maathangkal thangiyirunthaar, angku avar 7 vadhu patalian thalapathiyaaga irunthaar. bell grade iraanuva akaadamiyil iraanuva varalaattrin pakuthi naera paeraasiriyaraagavum aanaar. maarch 30,1897 andru, avar bell gradil 6 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivin seyal thalapathiyaaga aanaar. mae 11 andru, avar curnell pathavikku uyarthappattaar, irandu naatkalukkup piragu avar 6 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivin thalapathiyaaga aanaar. october 27,1898 andru paathukaappu amaichchagaththin podhu oozhiyargalin thalaivaraaga stephanovic aanaar. avar paathukaappu amaichchagaththin podhu iraanuvath thuraiyin nirvaagiyaaga 1899 maarch 15 varai inththa pathaviyil paniyaattrinaar. avar veettukkul vaelai seiya virumbavillai entraalum, avar amaichchagaththin uruppinarkal meethu oru sirantha thaakkatthai aerpaduththinaar, maelum migavum kandippaana mattrum neraththai kadaippidippavaraaga ninaivukoorappattaar. avar october 17,1900 andru meendum valjevovukku maattrappattaar, angku avar trina pirivil oru kaalaatpadai padaippirivin thalapathiyaaga aanaar. navambar 11 andru oru thavaraana purithal kaaranamaaga, avar jajecharukku maattrappattu timok pirivil oru kaalaatpadai padaippirivin thalapathiyaaga niyamikkappattaar. avar inththa padhaviyai virumbinaar, maelum koorinaar" "oru athikaarikkaana turuppu oru meenukku, kurippaaga oru thalaimaiyaga athikaarikku thanneerukku samam". angku avar thanakkuth therinthathaik kaatta mudiyum, maelum avar mudivugalaik kaatta mudiyum. aluvalagam aaviyaik kondru, valimayai vadikatti, manithanai oru porimuraiyaaga maattrukirathu." "entraar". august 18,1901 andru, stebanovic thalaimaiyaga karnalaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar, navambar 11 andru avar serbiya iraanuvaththin seyalil ulla iraanuvak kattalaiyin thunai nirvaagiyaaga aanaar. avar 1902 disambar 15 varai inththa pathaviyil paniyaattrinaar, pinnar avar podhu oozhiyargalin nirvaagiyaaga aanaar. pinnar, muthalaam aleksaandar mannar avarai irandaam tagovo vaguppin siluvaiyin varisaiyaal alankarittaar. stephanovic iraanuva varalaattrin paeraasiriyaraaga thanathu paaththiraththaith thodarnthaar, 1796-1805 kaalakattathil irunthu neppoliyan poarukku virivurai aliththaar. avar "poarveerar" () endru azhaikkappadum iraanuva paththirigaiyin aasiriyaraagavum irunthaar. 1903 mae maatham nadantha mae padhavi neekkam stebanovichin vaazhkkaiyai paathikkavillai. padhavi neekkam seiyappatta piragu, avar paathukaappu amaichchagaththin podhuth thuraiyin privuth thalaivaraaga aanaar, pinnar sumatija pirivin thalapathiyaaga aanaar. inththa padhavi uyarvugalin kaaranamaaga, pala varalaattraasiriyarkal inththa vishayathil avar nadunilaimai kaattinaalum obrenovic vamsaththai kavilththa sathikaarargalin pakkaththil stephanovic irunthaar endru nambukiraargal. aatchikku vantha piragu, piittar I juun 29,1904 andru stephanovicai starr off caradorde III digiriyin varisaiyil alankarittaar. general dura horwatic-aip pinpattri, stephanovic pinnar thanathu pirivil prashyan paani iraanuva payirchigalai niruvi, ovvoru ozhungkinmai, thavaraana thanmai, sattak kuttram mattrum arasu sothukkalai parimuthal seithal aagiyavattrai thanditthaar. 1906 vasantha kaalaththil graguaevaakkil, stephanovic sumatija pirivin thalapathiyaaga kavalil vaikkappattiruntha idaththil, udal reethiyaana ethir sathi endru azhaikkappaduvathu aerpattathu. sila varalaattraasiriyarkal inththa sathi stebanovichin kadumaiyaana aatchiyaal thoondappattathaaga nambukiraargal. inththa sathiththittaththil nagaraththil ulla pala mukkiyamaana podhu kattidangalai kaippattri pinnar stephanovicaic kaithu seiya thittamittiruntha graguaevaag kaavalpadaiyin sumar muppathu athikaarikal eedupattirunththanar. aepral 30 andru sathiththittam kandupidikkappattapoathu, stephanovic 31 athikaarigalai kaithu seithaar. maelum kaithu seiyappada vaendum endra virupaththai velippaduththiyapoathu, paathukaappu amaichar radomir budnik avaraith thadutthaar. inththa sathiththittatthaal stephanovic migavum athirchchiyadainthaar, pinnar arivithaar balcon poarkalukkaana amaichagam mattrum aerpaadukal. 1907 juun 29 andru steba stebanovic general pathavikku uyarthappattaar, aanaal sumatija koattap paguthiyin thalapathiyaaga irunthaar. nikola paasik 1908 aepral 12 andru oru puthiya arasaangkaththai uruvaakkinaar, maelum stebanovic paathukaappu amaicharaanaar. thanathu aatchik kaalaththil, avar iraanuvaththai naveenamayamaakkavum, pazhaiya mavusar thuppaakkikalai maruvadivamaikkavum muyantraar. avar piraanchilirunthu puthiya peerangkikalai vaangki serbiya iraanuvaththirku valangkinaar. iraanuvam iyanththira thuppaakkikalai arder seiya muyarchiththapoathu, stebanovic oru viththiyasamaana, migavum pazhamaivaatha anugumuraiyai eduththaar, stebanovicin amaicharavaiyil paniyaattriya curnell vlajik ezhuthiyathu poal 1908 octoberil, austria-hankariyaal bosnia inaikappatta piragu, serbia mattrum montenegrovil perum poaraattangkal vediththana. austria-hangaeriyargalukku ethiraagap poar arivikkappada vaendum endru aeraalamaana kudimakkal koarinar. naattum iraanuvamum poarukkuth thayaaraaga illai endrum, raajathanthira, nidhi mattrum iraanuvap payirchigalai iruvarum maerkolla vaendum endrum echchariththu stephanovic pathilaliththaar. avarathu arikkaikal serbiya paththirigaigalil kooda pala tharappilirunthu perum vimarsanangkalaith thoondina. idhan vilaivaaga, avar paathukaappu amaichar pathaviyil irunthu neekkappattaar, 1909 aam aandin thodakkaththil thurai illaatha amaicharaanaar. antha aandin pirpaguthiyil, ethirkaala poarukku serbiya iraanuvaththai tayar seivathil putnikkirku theeviramaaga udhavinaar. 1910 aam aandin thodakkaththil, stebanovic morawa koattap paguthiyin thalapathiyaaga aanaar, maelum aayuthap poarukku privaith thayaarikkum paniyai maerkondaar. maarch 1911 thodakkaththil, stebanovic meendum paathukaappu amaicharaanaar. viraivil, ilavarasar aleksandar caradordevic stebanovic meethu santhegam kondaar, avar thalapathi tragutin dmithrijevik abisin anuthaabiyaaga nambukiraar, avar serbiya simmaasanaththil oru velinaattu mannarai virumbiyathaagak koorappadum thalaivarin thalaivar. idhan vilaivaaga, ilavarasar stepanovikkirku virainththu sendru, apis mattrum podhu uuzhiyaraana mejar milovan milovanovic pilaakkai bell gradil irunthu maattra vaendum endru koorinaar. idharku pathilaliththa stephanovic, adhai mannar peettaridam kurippiduvadhaagavum, iruvaraiyum maattra vaendumaa enbathai theermaanikka avarai anumathippathaagavum koorinaar. pinnar ilavarasar thanathu rajinamavai mannar peettaridam thoalviyadainthaar. stebanovic irandaavathu muraiyaaga paathukaappu amaichcharaaga pathaviyaettrapoathu, serbia arasaangkam periya sakthigal paalkanai pilavupaduththa virumbuvathaagavum, ottoman paerarasin christhava makkal kilarchiyin vilimbil iruppathaakavum unarnthathu. avarathu pathavikkaalaththil, serbia mattra balcon naadugaludan pala paathukaappu oppanthangkalil kaiyeluththittaar mattrum balcon leakey uruvaakkinaar. general radomir budnik mattrum curnell jivojin misik aakiyoarudan saernthu, turkkiyukku ethiraana poarukkaaka serbiya iraanuvaththai anithirattuthal, serivuppaduththuthal mattrum mooloabaaya maempaattirkaana thittangalai stephanovic uruvaakkinaar. 1912 ilaiyuthirkaalaththil, milovan milovanovic iranththa piragu avarathu arasaangkam rajinama seithathu, maelum marco trifkovic oru puthiya arasaangkaththai amaiththapoathu, budnik puthiya paathukaappu amaicharaanaar. muthal balcon poar. muthal seyalpaadugal. muthal balcon poar thodangiyathum, steba stebanovic 84 peerangkikalaik kondirundha 60,000 paer konda irandaavathu iraanuvaththin thalapathiyaaga aanaar. keyastendil-dubnitcha paguthiyil kuvinthiruntha idhu, idhu dimok kaalaatpadai pirivaiyum, bulgariavin aezhaavathu rila kaalaatpadai pirivaiyum kondirundhadhu. muthal iraanuvaththirku muun turkiya pinpuraththaith thaakkuvathae adhan paniyaaga irunththathu. aezhaavathu rila pirivu iraanuvaththin oru paguthiyaaga maariyathu endru serbiya thurupukkalukku theriviththa stephanovic," "naan engkal ethirkaala vaelaiyai nambikkaiyudan paarkkiraen, vetrtriyai uruthiyaaka nambukiraen, aenentraal pala noottraandugalaaga pirinthu ippoathu sagoatharaththuvamaaga mattrum thazhuvi, nerungiya cakoothararkal, serbiyargal mattrum palkaeriyarkal oru thavirkkamudiyaatha sakthiyaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththu, idhu anaitthu thadaikalaiyum nasukki, odukkapatta cakoothararkalai viduvikkum"." "entraar". october 17,1912 andru, ottoman beararasukku ethiraaga serbia poar pirakadanam seithathai budnik stepanovikkirkuth therivitthaar. avar thanathu iraanuvaththai oottoamaan ellaikku arugil sella uttaravittaar, aanaal maruu arivippu varum varai athaik kadakka vaendaam. iruppinum, palkeriya uyar kattalai rila pirivin thalapathiyaana jorgi todorovai oottoamaan ellaiyaik kadanthu, avar kaippattra mudintha keravo selo mattrum gornja tjumajavaith thaakumaaru uttaravittathu. aezhaavathu pirivin veerargalai thuraththunggal" endra vaarththaigaludan stephanovic avarkalaip paaraattinaar." "entraar". october 18 andru, timok pirivu rujen-curney varh thisaiyil oottoamaan nilaikalaith thaakath thodangiyathu, aduththa naall avarkal stebanovichin uththaravin paeril curney varh-aik kaippattrinar. october 21 andru, serbiya uyar kattalai dimok privai kumanovoi noakki munnaera uttaravittathu. mayer tobrosa milenkovich thalaimaiyilaana padaippirivu aerkanavae griva paalangaavai endha sandaiyum illaamal kaippattriyathu endru ariyaamal, nagaraththaik kaippattra thevaiyaana anaitthu soozhchchigalukkum stebanovic uttaravittaar. idhu niraiya neraththai veenadiththathu, aanaal perumpaalaana privinaraal endha ethirppum illaamal crivoreca pallatthaakku vazhiyaaga sella mudinthathu. athikaalai neraththil, kuthiraippadaip padaippirivu strassin paguthiyil irunthu 5 muthal 6 kii. mee. tholaivil oru sandaiyaith thodangi, iravu neraththil athaik kaippattra mudinthathu. meendum, inththa nigazhvu kuritthu stebanovichukku thagaval therivikkappadavillai, aduththa naall avar thanathu thurupukkalukku strassin pidikkumaaru uttaravittaar, idhu niraiya neraththai veenadiththathu. inththa nigazhvukkup piragu, muthal mattrum irandaavathu padaikalukku idaiyae thagaval thodarbu aerpaduththappattathu mattrum kumanoavoavukkuch sellum paathai thirakkappattathu. kumanovo poar. kumanoavoavil ethirigalai kuvikka endha uththaravum kidaikkaathathaal, general stebanovic october 23 andru kaalai 6 manikku kumonovoi noakki anivaguththuch sella timok privukku uttaravittaar.emm. athae neraththil avar aezhaavathu privukku october 23 andru koasaaniyaik kaippattravum, adhan sila padaikalai vittuvittu adhai stippai noakki anuppavum uttaravittaar. october 23 andru, kaalaiyil, timok pirivu gradovoith thaakki, kumanovo poaraith thodangiyathu. iruppinum, general dodorve thanathu uyar kattalaiyin uttaravukkuk keezhppadindhaar, enavae avar paththu paettarigalaik konda oru pattaliyanai mattumae koasaaniyaik kaippattra anupinaar, idhu oru muzhu pirivaalum paathukaakkappattathu. timok pirivu anivaguppil irunththapoathu, stephanovic, ovsae bolje mattrum koasaaniyidamirunthu, valuvaana oottoamaan padai gradovovai noakki anivaguththuch selkirathu endra kurippaip pettraar. idhan adippadaiyil, avar dimok pirivin thalapathiyai gradovoic kaippattravum, therku pakkatthai noakki paathukaappukalai niruvavum virainthaar. iruppinum, avarkal gradovo pakuthikku vantha piragu, curnell kondik pirivu soarvaaga iruppathaakavum, iravaik kalikka vaendum endrum mudivu seithaar. idhaip payanpaduththi, ottoamangal chii. aarr. enn. aii. vii. aarr. ech-aii eduththuk kondanar, idhu palkeriya comita thurai mattrum oru saerbiya niruvanatthaal mattumae paathukaakkappattathu. stephanovic iru pirivugalin vaelaiyaiyum virumbavillai, idhai uchcha kattalaikku therivitthaar. therivitthaar pirivu nibanthanaiyintri gosani mattrum timok pirivu chii. aarr. enn. aii. vii. aarr. ech aagiyavattraik kaippattra vaendum endra pathilai avar pettraar. idharkidaiyil, october 23 aam thaethi, kumanoavoavil poar nadanthathai stebanovic kandupiditthaar. ithanaal avar aachchariyamadainthaar, maelum timok pirivin nilai kuritthu kavalaippattaar, aanaal muthal iraanuvaththirku udhava oru vazhiyaith thaedinaar. october 24 andru chii. aarr. enn. aii. vii. aarr. ech-aii eduththuk kollumaaru avar timok privukku uttaravittaar, aanaal idhu naalai october 25 andru seiyappattathu. aduththa naall, uyar kattalai steepanovichukku pulkaariya arasaangkaththin vaendukoalin paeril timok pirivu avarkalin vasam vaikkappada vaendum endru mudivu seiyappattathu, avar innum iru pirivugalaiyum nirvagikka vaendum endru koorinaar." "avar udanadiyaaga 14 vadhu serbiya padaippirivai 7 vadhu rila privukku valangkinaar, maelum ottoman pirilaeppai noakki pinvaangkuvathaith thaduppatharkaaga thanathu padaikalai bregalnica aattrin mugaththuvaaraththai noakki vazhinadaththumaaru general todorukku uttaravittaar, pinnar avar kiriva baalangaavilirunthu stip nagarvatharkaana anumathiyaik catar". iruppinum, avar gradovovai adaintha piragu, general todorovidamirunthu oru anupputhalaip pettraar, athil avar thanathu padaikalai serez mattrum demir hisaarai noakki nagarththa thanathu sontha uyar kattalaiyilirunthu uththaravugalaip petrtrathaakath therivitthaar, adhai avar aerkanavae uttaravittaar. idhaip padiththa piragu, stephanovic palkaeriyarkalukku udhava sila padaikalaith thayaarippatharkaaga griva paalangkaavukkuth thirumbinaar. adrianopline muttrukai. general steba stebanovic thanathu thalaimaiyagamaana mustaba basha (atrianopalukku veliyae ulla rayil nilaiyam) udan navambar 6,1912 andru vanthaar. udanadiyaaga avar bulgarian irandaavathu iraanuvaththin uchcha thalapathi general nikola ivaanoavaith thodarbu kondaar. avarathu thalaimaiyagam mustaba paashaavil vaikkappattathu, angku ivaanoavum nirutthappattaar. poarniruththa oppantham 1912 ill kaiyezhuththaanathu. iruppinum, stebanovic thanathu iraanuvam kavanaththai izhappathai virumbavillai. christhumas thinaththandru kooda adhigapatcha ozhukkaththaiyum aayaththaththaiyum avar koorinaar. poarniruththaththin poathu, stebanovic thanathu iraanuvaththin viniyoagaththai maempaduththa mudinthathu. palkeriya uchcha kattalai serbiya irandaavathu iraanuvaththai vazhangka oppukkondathu, aanaal stebanovic tharaththil tirupthi adaiyavillai. enavae rotti, iraichchi mattrum pira porutkalin tharam maempada vaendum endru avar koorinaar. avar palkeriya kattalaiyudan udanpadaathathaal, avar serbiya uchcha kattalaiyai "veerargalin aaroakkiyaththaiyum mana uruthiyaiyum paathukaappatharkaaka" porutkalai anuppumaaru catar.irandu maatha thayaarippukkup piragu, 1913 maarch 24 andru adrianoplike kaippattra 3 naall poar thodangiyathu. avarathu timok pirivu beerangi paathukaappu illaamal 45 nimidangalil poarkkalaththin vadakku pakuthi muzhuvathaiyum kaippattri, adrianople koattai beerangi thuppaakkich soottin perumbaguthiyai izhuththuch sentrathu. naall mudivil, naalai iravu, alilla thadaikalaip pidikka thaakkuthal nadaththa vaendum endru mudivu seiyappattathu. thaakkuthal thodangiyapoathu, timok pirivin munpuraththil, ottoamangal thangal nilaigalai meendum kaippattra muyantranar, aanaal avarkal thoalviyadainthanar. general stephanovic danube pirivin pinnaal ulla uyaramaana tharaiyil irunthu neraaga thaakkuthal seithaar. iraanuvath thanthip poruppaalaraaga irunththa nikola arantelovic, valimandalaththai vivarithaar athikaalai 5:30 manikku, stephanovic serbiya thuruppukkalai munnani varisaiyil theerkkamaana thaakkuthalil sella uttaravittaar, kilakku paguthiyil palkeriya thalluthalukku uthavuvatharkaaka, idhu kaalai 8 manikku vilunththathu. kaalai 8:30 manikku, irandu oottoamaan athikaarikal serbiya 20 vadhu padaippirivukku vandhu sukri basha kaaranamaaga saranadaivatharkaana pechchuvaarththai nadaththinar. endha pathilum kidaikkaatha nilaiyil, shukri basha general stebanovichudan pechchuvaarththai nadaththa virumbukiraar endra seithiyudan basha thanathu thunaip padaippirivai 20 vadhu padaippirivukku anupinaar. paechchuvaarththaigalai nadaththuvatharku thalapathiyaal thanakku athikaaram illai endrum, avar general ivaanoavidam uraiyaattra vaendum endrum stebanovic pathilaliththaar. idharkidaiyil timok pirivu alilla koattaiyum, danube pirivu pulli pappas-deppaivum kaippattriyathu. general stebanovic danube padaippirivugalin munnani varisaigalukkup pinnaal nagarnthaar, maelum kaalai 11 manikku marash arugae bexidaple irunthaar, idhu 4 vadhu serbian padaippirivaal kaippattrappattathu. athikaalai 11.30 manikku, palkeriya athikaarikal shukri bashavin thalaimaiyagaththirku vanthanar, avar iravu 12.15 manikku general ivaanoavidam saranadainthaar, aanaal avar thanathu thanipatta viruppappadi oru manii neeraththirkup piragu thanathu thalaimaiyagaththirkuth thirumbinaar. iruthiyil oru manii neeraththirkup piragu avar serbiya thurupukkalaal pidikkapattaar. adrianople veezhnththa piragu, stephanovic maarch 27 andru orunginaintha privai uruvaakki, kaipattrappatta nagaraththirkul theeviramaaga anivaguththuch sentraar. sila naatkalukkup piragu, sariththiraththin puddy maritcha poar nadantha idaththil, veeramaranam adaintha veerargalukku oru ninaivuchinnam nadaththappada vaendum endru avar uttaravittaar. pankerpaalarkalin koottruppadi, idhu athirchchiyoottum mattrum thodum tharunam. athanpiragu, stephanovic thanathu iraanuvaththai serbiyaavukku kondu selvatharkaana thayaarippukalaith thodangkinaar. palkeriya arasaangkam thanathu thurupukkalaith tiruppi anuppa poathumaana rayilgalai avarukku vazhangkavillai, enavae avar thanathu iraanuvaththai serbiyaavukku nadanthu alaiththuch selvathaaga achuruththinaar. idharkup piragu, palkaeriyarkal pinvaangkinar, avar aepral 1 muthal mae 9 varai muzhu iraanuvaththaiyum maatrinaar. muthal ulagap poar. muthalaam ulagap poarin thodakkaththil avar illaatha thalaimaith thalapathi radomir budnik pirathinithiyaaga seyalpattaar. avar anithirattalukkum sila poar thayaarippukalukkum poruppaaka irunthaar. budnik thirumbiya piragu avar irandaavathu iraanuvaththin kattalaiyai aetrtraar. muthalaam ulagap poaril, serbiya iraanuvaththai serr poaril oru periya vetrtriyil vazhinadaththinaar, angku avarathu irandaavathu iraanuvam aasthriya ainthaavathu iraanuvaththai muttrilumaaka thoarkadiththu, oru kattaaya anivaguppukkup piragu sambava idaththirku vanthathu. idhu poarin muthal koottani vetrtriyaagum, maelum avar kazha maarshalaaga padhavi uyarvu pettraar. pettraar serbiyaavaip paathukaappathudan, avarathu iraanuvam trina poar mattrum kolubara poaril vetrtrikalaiyum pettrathu. 1918 aam aandil avar meendum irandaavathu iraanuvaththin kattalaiyil irunthaar, idhu macetoniavil nadantha periya natpu padaiyeduppin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu, avarkal septumber 15 andru oru thiruppumunaiyai adainthanar. irandaavathu iraanuvam palkeriya ellaikku munnaeriyathu, angkirunthu, septumber 29,1918 andru palkeriya saranadaintha piragu, maerku noakki bosnia mattrum adriatic kadalai noakki thirumbiyathu. 1919 aam aandin iruthi varai avar oru seyalil irunththa athikaariyaaga irunthaar, pinnar avar serbiya iraanuvaththin thalaimaith thalapathiyaaga sevaiyilirunthu oaivu pettraar. thanathu panikkaalaththil irandu murai raanuva amaichcharaagavum paniyaattrinaar. thurukiyarkalukku ethiraana 1876-1878 poarkalin poathu thunichalukkaaga avar "tagovsky crust chaa ugrestenim masevima" pathakkam vazhangki alangarikkappattaar. avarukku saint michael mattrum saint jaarj aagiyoarin migavum pugazhpettra varisaiyin nite grand siluvaiyum (jii. chii. emm. jii) vazhangkappattathu. avar 1929 aepral 29 andru saccock nagaril iranthaar. marabu. avar 100 miga mukkiyamaana serbugalil serkkappattullaar.

stepa stepanovic stepan "stepa" stepanovic (,;-29 april 1929) serbo-turkish yuddham, serbo-bulgarian yuddham, modati balcon yuddham, rendava balcon yuddham mariyu modati prapancha yuddhamlo pooraadina cerbian sainika commander. 1874loe cerbian sainyamlo cherina taruvaata, athanu 1876loe ottoman saamrajyam yokka dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa poraadaadu. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, athanu cerbian sainyam yokka ryaankulanu ekki 1885loe bulgarian dalaalaku vyatiraekamgaa poraadaadu. chivariki athanu 1908 eprillo cerbian yuddha mantri ayyadu mariyu cerbian sainyamlo maarpulanu pravesapettadaaniki baadhyata vahinchaadu. stepanovic rendu balcon yuddhaala samayamlo cerbian dalaalaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu mariyu modati prapancha yuddhamlo cerbian rendava sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. serr yuddham taruvaata athanu rendava feeled marshalga padoonnati pondaadu. athanu 1929 april 29naa sacaclo maraninchaadu. balyamu mariyu vidya. stepan "stepa" stepanovic 28 fibravari 1856naa belgrade sameepamloni kumodraj graamamlo janminchaadu. athanu evon mariyu radozka stepanovic ("nee" nicolic) yokka nalgava santaanam mariyu moodava kumarudu. athani kutumbam intiperu udbhavinchina athani taata stepan paeru meeda stepanovic paeru pettaru. athani kutumba muulaala gurinchi rendu siddhaantaalu unnaayi. modatidi, givanovic anie piluvabade stepanovic puurveekulu bosnia mariyu lyca praantaala nundi vacchaarani perkondi. rendava siddhaantam emitante, athani puurveekulu goppa serb valasala samayamlo leskovac mariyu pirot parisaraala nundi vacchaaru. inti pani kaaranamgaa, stepanovic talliki ataniki chaalaa takkuva samayam undedi mariyu tarachugaa atanini thana attagaari samrakshanhalo vadilivesevaaru. praathamika paatasaalaku velle mundu, athanu pasuvulanu chusukunevadu mariyu okasari oka eddu valla teevramgaa gayapaddadu. stepanovic kumodrajlo traivaarshika praathamika paatasaalanu puurti chesi, kepten misha bhavanamloni vyaayaamasaalaku hajarayyadu. paatasaala vidyanu puurti cheyadaaniki, athanu tarachugaa dhanika belgrade kutumbaalaku seva chesaadu. athanu thana paatasaala modati samvatsaram manchi gradelatho puurti chesaadu mariyu thana migilina vidyalo manchi gradelanu pondadam konasaginchadu. 1874 septembarulo, stepanovic thana aarava samvatsaram vyaayaamasaalaku hajarayye badulu belgrade phirangi paatasaalalo XI taragatilo cheraadu. aidella vyaayaamasaala puurti chesinanduna athanu pravesha pareeksha rayalsina avasaram ledhu. athani taragatilo iravai tommidi mandhi cadetlu undevaaru. aaa samayamlo, belgrade phirangi paatasaala saanketika swabhaavaanni kaligi undhi mariyu ganita shaastra parignaanampai chaalaa shraddha choopindi, eee subjectlo stepanovic ellappuduu paelavamgaa pradarsinchaadu. stepanovic russian mariyu french saahityaanni chadivinappatiki, videshee bhaashalalo kooda antagaa raninchaledu. herzegovina tirugubaatu praarambhamaina taruvaata, serbia rajyam ottoman saamraajyamtho yuddhaaniki siddhamouthuu, belgrade phirangi paatasaala aacharanaatmaka yuddha sikshana karyakramanni praarambhinchindi. 1875 septembarulo, stepanovic mariyu athani sahavidyaarthulu andaruu saareeraka hodaanu pondaaru. oka pareekshalo uttiirnata saadhinchina taruvaata, stepanovic 1876 maeloe juuniyar sargent ayyadu. juun 1876loe, balkanlalo serbia mariyu ottoman turkish dalaala madhya yuddham chelaregindi, veerilo ekkuva mandhi kosovoku chendina albanianlu. stepanovic mariyu mottam XI taragati twaragaa sargent ryaankulanu andukuni frontlineku pampabaddaaru. serbo-turkish yuddhalu. stepanovic 1876 mae 14naa craguejevakku cherukunnadu. ikkada, kalnal lubomir ujun-mirkovic netrutvamloni sumadiza division pradhana karyalayamlo kramabaddhamaina adhikari vidhulaku niyaminchabaddaadu, athani aadesaalanu stepanovic nirvahinchaaru. sumadiza vibhagam moravian sainyamlo pradhana bhaagamgaa undedi, conny yuddha pranaalikala maarpu taruvaata, idhi aneka squadronluga vibhajinchabadindi. stepanovicnu ujun-mirkovic squadronku niyaminchaaru, idhi neesku ottoman balagalu raakanu aapadaniki kanjewak sainyam babina glava mariyu baelaa palanka swaadheenam chesukovadamlo sahaayapadaalani aadesaalu jaarii chesindi. chivariki, babina glavanu teesukunnaru mariyu stepanovicnu ujun-mirkovic "chaalaa churukaina mariyu manchi riding kosam" gurtinchaadu."ventane, ottomanlu ujun-mirkovic yokka squadronku vyatiraekamgaa edurudaadini praarambhinchaaru, adhi paandriloku tirigi vellindi. ottomanlu juulai 19naa pandrilopai daadi chesi, stepanovic churukuga palgonna yuddhanni praarambhinchaaru. saadhaarana cerbian sainikulatoe kalisi stepanovic palgonadam naitikatanu penchindi mariyu yuddhapu alalanu maarchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. eee anubhavam stepanovicnu baga prabhaavitam chesindi mariyu athanu tarachugaa itara cerbian sainikulatoe kalisi vaari naitikatanu penchadaaniki pooraadataaniki prayatninchaadu. kanjewak patanam taruvaata, ottomanlu morawa loyaku cherukokunda nirodhinchadaaniki stepanovic mariyu athani squadron delegrad nundi sokobanjaku maararu. sokobanjalo, serb dalaalu kalnal dura horvatovic aadhvaryamlo IV armi corpsnu tirigi erpaatu chesaayi. stepanovic taruvaata eee unitlo cheraadu. IV armi corps kurilovo meedugaa kavaatu chesi vinic cherukundi, akkada adhi ottoman sthaanaalapai daadi chesindi. aaa tarvaata adhi delegradku velli, akkada september 7naa cherukundi. naalugo armi corps september 11naa crevet sameepamlo turklatho gharshanaku digindi, idhi anischitamgaa mugisindi. serb mariyu ottoman turkish dalaala madhya yuddha viramana 1876 november 1naa prakatinchabadindi. decemberu 1naa, stepanoviccu dhairyaniki bangaaru patakam labhinchindi mariyu rendava leftinent hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu. 1877 fibravari 13naa, athanu cerbian sainyam yokka 3va betalian yokka 3va companyki commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu. taruvaata, steepanovic pirotnu swaadheenam chesukovadamlo palgonnadu. general jovan belimarkovic yokka mottam naayakatvamlo, stepanovic mariyu athani 300 mandhi balagalu pattanamlo ottomanlu balaparichina rendu pradaesaalaloo okataina nisore yokka edama paarshwampai daadi chesaaru. september 26 mariyu 27 madhya, stepanovic yokka unit nisore chuttoo gurtinchabadakunda daatindi mariyu maali varhnu teesukundi. september 27 udayam, pradhana cerbian daadi prarambhamainappudu, athani brundam nisorpai kaalpulu jaripi, akkada unna ottomanlanu gandaragolaniki gurichesindi. aaa taruvaata, pirotnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. stepanovic unitku chendina oka sainikudu ilaa annadu "neenu tappu cheyakapothe, maa charya nisorpai turkish sthaanaaniki pradhana debba kottindani, pirot yokka vidhini parishkarinchindani neenu kanugonnanu."stepanoviccu taruvaata arder off seyint labhinchindi. kattulu mariyu ribbon thoo moodava taragati, athanu thana kereer mottamlo andukunna anni avaardulalo ataniki ishtamainadi, endukante athanu tananu taanu "[modati] turkish kandakamloki pravesinchaadu." december 3naa, sumadiza corps rendu echelan nirmaanaalalo pirot nundi nees varaku thana kavaatu praarambhinchindi. eee kavaatu samayamlo, stepanovic padaatidalam yokka sagam-dalaaniki mariyu kontha aswikadalanku naayakatvam vahinchaadu, avi suva planina yokka kashtataramaina bhuubhaagam gundaa kadilaayi. ayinappatikee, athani manushulandaru trekk nundi bayatapadi yuddhaaniki siddhamgaa kanipinchaaru. parvataanni daatadam yuddhamlo thana kashtataramaina pani anie stepanovic taruvaata paerkonnaadu. 1878 janavari 23naa, cerbian hye command vranje pattanaanni swaadheenam chesukovalani sumadiza vibhaganni aadesinchindi. sumadiza vibhagam appudu ottomanlanu polzanica nundi tarimikotti, gradelica klisuraanu odinchindi. janavari 25naa, stepanovic poljanikaaloni sthaanika serbsnu saayudham chesina swachchanda brundaaniki commander ayyadu. chaalaa rojula taruvaata vranje kosam jarigina yuddhamlo, stepanovic pattanaaniki uttaraana unna ottomanlapai bhaktuni vadda daadi chesaadu. saantikaalam. yuddham mugisina tarvaata, stepanovic thana paatasaala vidyanu puurti cheyadaaniki belgrade military academylo adanapu taragatulu teesukunnadu, 1880 natiki avanni puurti chesaadu. aaa samvatsaram septemberlo, athanu kragjevakku badilee cheyamani abhyardhinchaadu. akkada, athanu cerbian sainyam yokka 3va betalian yokka 2va companyki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. octoberulo, athanu adhe betalianlo 1va companyki commander ayyadu. kragjevaklo, stepanovic thana kaboye bhaarya jelenaanu, nagara adhipati velislav milanovic kumartenu kalusukunnadu. iddaroo 25 juulai 1881naa vivaham chesukunnaru. vaari modati bidda, milika, 1882 april 21naa janminchindi. marusati samvatsaram gelena eee janta rendava kumarte danikaku janmanichindi. stepanovic kumartelu iddaroo adhikaarulanu vivaham chesukunnaru, milika rendava leftinent christa dragomirovicnu vivaham chesukundi mariyu danica 1 va taragati kepten jovika jovichiknu vivaham chesukundi, taruvaata cerbian sainyamlo division general ayyindi. 1880 chivari traimaasikamlo thana modati adhikaarika moolyaankanamlo, oka pratyeka sainika commission stepanovicnu ilaa varninchindihi 1882 septembaru 1naa, stepanovic padaatidala leftinent hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu mariyu athanu ujeeslo commander ayyadu, 1883 fibravari 13 varaku akkade unnadu, appudu athanu craguejevakku tirigi vacchaadu. kraagujevaakku vacchina taruvaata, athanu sumadiza padaatidala regimentlo sainika sahayakudiga niyaminchabaddaadu. adhe samvatsaram, serbia jabita vyaayaamasaala karyakramalalo sainika vyayaamaalanu tappanisari chesindi. stepanovic taruvaata modati kragjevak vyaayaamasaalalo sainika vyayamala upadhyayudu ayyadu. 1886 varaku ayana eee padaviloe konasagaru. serbo-bulgarian yuddham (1885). slivnitsa yuddha samayamlo, stepanovic sumadiza division yokka 2va betalian yokka 1va companyki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. athani vibhagam wrapsey graamampai daadi chesi bulgarian dalaalanu venakki tagginchamani balavantam chesindi. cerbian sainyam yokka vibhagalu, regimentlu mariyu betalianla madhya samanvayam lekapovadam gurinchi stepanovic 12va regiment kamaandarku pampina nivedikalo grahinchadaginadi. chaalaa rojula taruvaata, stepanovic 12va regimentlo 1va betalianku commander ayyadu mariyu maroka unitku chendina dalaalatoe kalisi slivnitsaaloni balaheenapadina bulgarian kendrampai daadi chesaadu. bulgarianlu tirogamanam praarambhinchaaru, serb dalaalu aldomirovtsi graamam chuttoo unna praantaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki veelu kalpinchaaru. thana nivedikalo, stepanovic thana sainikula gurinchi ilaa vraasaadu "eee yuddhaalalo sainikula pravartana adbhutamainadi endukante vaaru crossfire samayamlo bahiranga maidaanamlo kadilinappatikee goppa upasamanaanni chuupimchaaru. sainikula dhairyam mariyu manchi aadesam vishayamlo adhikaarula pravartana santruptikaramgaa undedi." bulgaria nundi cerbian dalaalanu tarimikottadamto, milan raaju november 19naa cerbian sainyanni pirot vaipu saadhaarana upasamharanaku aadesinchaadu. moodu rojula taruvaata, bulgarian dalaalu pattanam vaipu kavaatu chesi neskov vispai daadi chesaayi. stepanovic yokka 12va regiment venakki taggavalasi vachindi. stepanovic taruvaata ilaa nivedinchaaduh "...neenu aasupatriki vellaanu, akkada maa dalaala samuuhaalu venakki taggai. peddala yea prayatnam vaarini tirigi teesukuraavalekapoyindi. marinta mandhi sainikulu vaarini anusarinchaaru, aapai aaa haasyaaspadamaina gumpu vaarini aapadaniki prayatninchina adhikaarulanu tarimikottindi." paiki lechaayi. serbo-bulgarian yuddham mugimputho, stepanovic kragjevakku tirigi vacchaadu, akkada athanu 1886 november varaku unnadu. kragjevaklo, athanu 10va regiment yokka oka companyki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. 1886 chivarilo, athanu rendava taragati padaatidala kepten hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu. athanu 1886 november 22 nundi 1888 october 22 varaku cerbian general staflo aasavaadigaa unnadu. 1888 chivarilo jarigina samavesamlo, general staff commission 'rendava taragati kepten mister' anie perkondi. pradhana karyalayam 'seva' kosam taginanta arhata mariyu rujuvunu choopinchina stepanovic, "eee sheethaakaalamlo I taragati kepten rank kosam pareekshanu praarambhinchadaaniki atanni aamodinchaali" anie muginchaadu." " marchi 1889loe, stepanovic eee pareekshaku nivedinchaaru, mariyu commission april 2naa praarambhinchadaaniki anumati ichindi. april 2 nundi 6 varaku, stepanovic pannendu vishayaalalo thana pareekshalo siddhaanta bhaganni puurti chesaadu. pradhana karyalaya prayaanaalu mariyu missionlaloo chaalaa manchi grade pondinanduna athanu pareekshalo aacharanaatmaka bhaagam cheyadam nundi vidudala cheyabaddaadu. pareekshaku kontakaalam mundu, athanu drina divisional praantaaniki executive ayyadu. pareekshala taruvaata athanu valjevoku vellaadu. 1889 april 17naa ayana ii class kepten ayyaru. 1892 marchi 29 nundi april 15 varaku, milutin milanovic mariyu jivojin missic adhe samayamlo majer rank kosam oka pareekshalo vijayavantamgaa uttiirnata saadhinchaadu. stepanovic 1892 septembaru 13naa pojegaalo 5va betalianku commander ayyadu. marusati samvatsaram mae 8naa majer hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu. augustu 14naa, ayana marosari drina divisional praantaaniki karyanirvahakudiga panicheyadaaniki valjevoku taralinchabaddaaru. athanu 1895 aktobaru 20 varaku valjevolo unnadu, aaa tarvaata athanu belgradeku marchabaddadu. stepanovic aidu nelalu belgradelo unnadu, akkada athanu 7va betalianku commanderga unnadu. athanu belgrade military academylo sainika charitraku paart time professor kooda ayyadu. 1897 marchi 30naa, athanu belgradelo 6va padaatidala regimentku taatkaalika commander ayyadu. mae 11naa, athanu kalnal hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu mariyu rendu rojula taruvaata athanu 6va padaatidala regimentku commander ayyadu. stepanovic 27 october 1898naa rakshana mantritva saakhalo general staff cheef ayyadu. athanu 1899 marchi 15 varaku eee padaviloe panicheesaadu, aaa tarvaata athanu rakshana mantritva saakhalooni general military departmentlo executive ayyadu. athanu inti lopala panicheyadaaniki ishtapadanappatiki, athanu mantritva saakha sabhyulapai adbhutamaina mudra vaesaadu mariyu chaalaa kathinamgaa mariyu samayapalanaga gurthunchukobaddadu. athanu 1900 aktobaru 17naa mallee valjevoku badilee cheyabaddaadu, akkada athanu drina divisionlo padaatidala brigade commander ayyadu. november 11naa apaarthaala kaaranamgaa, athanu jajekarku badilee cheyabaddaadu mariyu timok divisionlo padaatidala brigade commanderga niyaminchabaddaadu. athanu eee padavini ishtapadi ilaa annadu "oka adhikari kosam dalaalu oka chepalaku, mukhyamgaa pradhana karyalaya adhikaariki neetitho samanam. akkada athanu tanaku telisina vaatini choopinchagaladu mariyu athanu phalitaalanu choopinchagaladu. karyalayam aatmanu champutundi, balaanni paaravestundi mariyu manishini yantraamgaa maarustundi." " 1901 augustu 18naa, stepanovic pradhana karyalaya kalnalga padoonnati pondaadu, mariyu november 11naa athanu cerbian sainyam yokka churukaina sainika command yokka deputy executive ayyadu. 1902 december 15 varaku ayana eee padaviloe panicheesaaru, aaa tarvaata ayana general staff executive ayyaru. taruvaata, raaju alegzander I atanni rendava taragati takovo siluvatoe alankarinchaadu. stepanovic sainika charitra professorga thana paatranu konasaginchadu, 1796-1805 kaalam nundi nepolian yuddha upanyaasaalu icchaadu. athanu "yodhudu" () anie piluvabade sainika patrikaku sampadakudu kooda. 1903 mae loe jarigina mae throsipuchadam stepanovic vruttini prabhaavitam cheyaledu. padagottina taruvaata, athanu rakshana mantritva saakhalo saadhaarana vibhaagaaniki vibhaga adhipati ayyadu, aapai sumadiza vibhaagaaniki commander ayyadu. eee pramooshanla kaaranamgaa, eee vishayamlo tatasthata perkonnappatiki obrenovic raajavamsaanni padagottina kutradaarula pakshana stepanovic unnaadani chaalaa mandhi charitrakaarulu vishwasinchaaru. adhikaaramloki vacchina taruvaata, peater I 1904 juun 29naa stepanovicnu starr off caradorde III degreetho alankarinchaadu. general dura horvatiknu anukaristuu, stepanovic thana vibhaagamlo prashyan taraha sainika kasarattulanu praarambhinchaadu mariyu prati akramam, khachitatvam, chattaparamaina neram mariyu rashtra aastini japthu cheyadaanni sikshinchaadu. 1906 vasantakaalamlo kragjevaklo, ikkada stepanovic sumadiza vibhaagaaniki commanderga moharinchabaddadu, saareeraka prati kutra anie pilavabadedi jarigindi. kontamandi charitrakaarulu eee kutra stepanovic yokka kathinamaina paalana dwara prerepinchabadindani nammutaaru. eee kutralo pattanamlooni aneka mukhyamaina prabhutva bhavanalanu swaadheenam chesukuni, aapai stepanovicnu arrestu cheyaalani yochinchina craguezevac rakshana dalaaniki chendina muppai mandhi adhikarulu palgonnaru. april 30naa kutra bayatapadinappudu, stepanovic 31 mandhi adhikaarulanu arrestu chesaadu. marinta mandini arrestu cheyalane korika vyaktam chesinappudu, rakshana mantri radomir putnik aayananu aaparu. eee kutratho stepanovic teevramgaa kadilipoyadu, taruvaata ilaa prakatinchaaduh balcon yuddhaalaku paricharya mariyu sannahalu. stepa stepanovic 1907 juun 29naa general hodaaku edigaaru, conny sumadiza divisional praantaaniki commanderga konasagaru. nikola passic 1908 april 12naa kotta prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesi, stepanovic rakshana mantri ayyadu. thana aadesam samayamlo, athanu sainyanni aadhuneekarinchadaaniki mariyu paatha mouser raifilsnu punarnirminchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. athanu france nundi kotta firangulanu konugolu chesi cerbian sainyaniki sarafara chesaadu. sainyam meshin ganlanu arder cheyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, stepanovic vaerae, marinta sampradaayavaada vidhananni teesukunnadu, stepanovic mantrivargamlo panichesina kalnal vlogic ilaa vraasaaru 1908 octoberulo, austria-hangari bosnia swaadheenam chesukunna taruvaata, serbia mariyu montenegrolalo bhaarii nirasanalu chelaregaayi. austria-hangeriyanlaku vyatiraekamgaa yuddham prakatinchaalani pedda sankhyalo pourulu demand chesaaru. desham mariyu sainyam yuddhaaniki siddhamgaa levani, mariyu iddaroo goppa mottamlo dautya, aardhika mariyu sainika sikshananu chepattaalsina avasaram undani heccharinchadam dwara stepanovic pratispandinchaadu. ayana prakatanalu cerbian patrikalalo kooda aneka vaipula nundi goppa vimarsalanu rekettinchaayi. tatphalitamgaa, athanu rakshana mantrigaa tolaginchabaddaadu mariyu 1909 praarambhamlo saakha laeni mantri ayyadu. aaa samvatsaram taruvaata, athanu bhavishyat yuddhaaniki cerbian sainyanni siddham cheyadamlo putnikku churukuga sahayam chesaadu. 1910 praarambhamlo, stepanovic morawa divisional praantaaniki commander ayyadu mariyu saayudha pooraataaniki vibhaganni siddham chese panini chepattadu. marchi 1911 praarambhamlo, stepanovic mallii rakshana mantri ayyadu. aaa ventane, yuvaraju alexander caradordevic stepanovic gurinchi anumaaninchaadu, athanu cerbian simhaasanampai videshee chakravartini korukunnarani cheppabadina, padagotte nayakudu ayina commander dragutin demetrizevic apis patla saanubhootiparudu anie nammadu. tatphalitamgaa, yuvaraju stepanovic vaddaku velli, apis mariyu general staff majer milovan milovanovic pilaaknu belgrade nundi badilee cheyaalani abhyardhinchaadu. dheeniki pratispandinchina stepanovic, taanu daanini raaju peetarku prastaavistaanani, aaa iddarini badilee cheyala vadda anie nirnayinchadaaniki atanni anumatistaanani cheppadu. aaa yuvaraju raaju peetarku thana raajeenaamaanu andinchadamlo viphalamayyaadu. stepanovic rendosari rakshana mantri ayinappudu, goppa saktulu balkannu vibhajinchaalani bhaavinchaayani, ottoman saamraajyamloni kraistava janabha tirugubaatu anchuna undani serbia prabhutvam grahinchindi. thana padaveekaalamlo, serbia itara balcon deshaalatho aneka rakshana oppandaalapai santakam chesi, balcon leagnu srushtinchindi. general radomir putnik mariyu kalnal jivojin misikto kalisi stepanovic, tarkeeki vyatiraekamgaa yuddham kosam cerbian sainyam yokka sameekarana, ekagrata mariyu vyuuhaatmaka abhivruddhi kosam pranaalikalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. 1912 chivaralo, milovan milovanovic prabhutvam athani maranam taruvaata rajinama chesindi mariyu marco trifkovic kotta prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesinappudu, putnik kotta rakshana mantri ayyadu. modati balcon yuddham. modati operation. modati balcon yuddham praarambhamtho, stepa stepanovic 84 firangulanu kaligi unna 60,000 mandhi balamaina rendava sainyaniki commander ayyadu. custandle-dupnitsa praantamloo kendrikrutamai, idhi 1va timok padaatidala vibhagam mariyu bulgarian edava rila padaatidala vibhaganni kaligi undhi. modati sainyam mundu turkish venuka bhagampai daadi cheyadam dheeni lakshyam. edava rila division sainyamlo bhagamaindani cerbian dalaalaku teliyajestuu, stepanovic ilaa annadu "neenu mana bhavishyat panini vishwaasamtho chuustaanu mariyu vijayanni gattiga nammutaanu, endukante satabdaalugaa vidipoyi ippudu sodarabhaavamto aalinganam chesukunna, sannihita sodarulu, serbs mariyu bulgarianlu anni addamkulanu anichivesi anagaarina sodarulanu vimukti chese irresistible saktini suuchistaaru." " 1912 aktobaru 17naa, ottoman saamraajyaaniki vyatiraekamgaa serbia yuddham prakatinchina vishayanni putnik stepanoviccu teliyajesaadu. athanu thana sainyanni ottoman sarihadduku daggaragaa vellamani aadesinchaadu, conny tadupari notice vachhe varaku daanini daatavaddani aadesinchaadu. ayithe, bulgarian adhishtanam rila division commander jiorgi todorovnu ottoman sarihaddunu daati, athanu swaadheenam chesukogaligina kerevo selo mariyu gornja jumajalapai daadi cheyamani aadesinchindi. edava division yokka veerulu" "anie stepanovic vaarini eee padaalatoe abhinandinchaadu"." " october 18naa, timok division rujen-croney varh disalo ottoman sthaanaalapai daadi cheyadam praarambhinchindi, marusati roeju vaaru stepanovic aadesaala meraku croney varhnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. aktobaru 21naa, cerbian hye command kumanovo vaipu munduku sagalani timok vibhaganni aadesinchindi. mayer dobrosav milenkovic netrutvamloni betalian appatike etuvanti poraatam lekunda creva palankaanu swaadheenam chesukundani teliyaka, pattanaanni swaadheenam chesukovadaniki avasaramaina anni vinyasalanu stepanovic aadesinchaadu. idhi chaalaa samayanni vrudhaa chesindi, conny divisionlo ekkuva bhaagam etuvanti pratighatana lekunda crivorecca loya gundaa vellagaligindi. madhyahnam tellavaarujaamuna, aswikadalam regiment strassin nundi 5-6 kilometres dhooramlo poraatam praarambhinchi, raatri samayamlo daanini swaadheenam chesukogaligindi. mallii, eee sanghatana gurinchi stepanoviccu samacharam ivvabadaledu, marusati roeju athanu thana dalaalanu strassinnu swaadheenam chesukovalani aadesinchaadu, idhi chaalaa samayanni vrudhaa chesindi. eee sanghatana taruvaata, modati mariyu rendava sainyala madhya communication sthaapinchabadindi mariyu kumanovoku rahadari terichi undhi. kumanovo yuddham. kumanovo vadda satruvunu sameekarinchadam gurinchi etuvanti uttarvu raakapoyina general stepanovic, october 23naa udayam 6 gantalaku kumonovo vaipu kavaatu cheyaalani timok vibhaganni aadesinchaadu.emm. adhe samayamlo aktobaru 23naa kochani swaadheenam chesukovalani, aapai daani dalaalalo kontamandiki rakshana kalpinchi, daanini shtip vaipu pampamani edava vibhaagaaniki aadesinchaanani aadesinchaadu. aktobaru 23naa, udayam, timok vibhagam cratovopy daadi chesi, kumanovo yuddham praarambhinchindi. ayithe, general todorov thana adhishtanam aadesaalanu paatinchaadu, kabatti athanu kochanini swaadheenam chesukovadaniki padhi byaatariilatoe kuudina oka betaliannu matrame pampaadu, dheenini mottam vibhagam rakshinchindi. timok division kavaatulo unnappudu, steepanovic, ovse polje mariyu kochani nundi, balamaina ottoman sainyam cratovo vaipu kavaatu chestondane gamanikanu andukunnadu. dheeni aadhaaramgaa, athanu cratovonu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki mariyu dakshina vaipu rakshananu sthaapinchadaaniki timok division kamaandarnu hadavidiga pampaadu. ayithe, vaaru cratovo praantaaniki cherukunna taruvaata, kalnal kondik vibhajana alasipoyindani, raatri gadapalani nirnayinchukunnadu. dheenini upayoginchi, ottomanlu bulgarian komita vibhagam mariyu serbs yokka oka samstha matrame kapala kaastunna croney varhnu swaadheenam chesukunnaru. stepanoviccu rendu vibhagala pani nachaledu mariyu dheenini supreme kamaandku nivedinchaaru. 7va vibhagam kosani mariyu timok division crni vrhechnu besharatugaa swaadheenam chesukovalani aayanaku samadhanam labhinchindi. intalo, october 23naa kumanovo vadda yuddham jarigindani stepanovic telusukunnadu. athanu dheenini chuusi aascharyapoyaadu mariyu timok division sthaanam gurinchi aandolana chendaadu, conny modati sainyaniki sahayam cheyadaaniki oka maargam kosam vetukutuu unnadu. october 24naa crni vrhechnu swaadheenam chesukovalani ayana timok vibhaganni aadesinchaadu, conny idhi repu october 25naa jarigindi. marusati roeju, bulgarian prabhutvam abhyardhana meraku timok division vaari vadda unchaalani nirnayinchinatlu hye command stepanoviccu teliyajesindi, ayithe athanu inca rendu divisionlanu nirvahistaadu.athanu ventane 14va cerbian regimentnu 7va rila divisionku icchaadu mariyu prelep vaipu ottoman tirogamanaanni aapadaniki bregalnica nadhi mukhadwaram vaipu thana dalaalanu nadipinchamani general todorovnu aadesinchaadu, aapai marinta sulabhamgaa operationku aadesinchadaaniki creva palanka nundi shh tip varaku velladaaniki anumati koraadu. ayithe, athanu cratovoku cherukunna taruvaata general todorov nundi oka pampakam andukunnadu, dheenilo athanu thana dalaalanu serez mariyu demir hisar vaipu taralinchamani thana sonta adhishtanam nundi aadesaalu andukunnatlu teliyajesaadu, idhi athanu appatike aadesinchaadu. dheenini chadivina taruvaata, stepanovic bulgarianlaku sahayam cheyadaaniki konni dalaalanu siddham cheyadaaniki criva palakaku tirigi vellaadu. adrianopal yokka muttadi. general stepa stepanovic 1912 november 6naa mustafa pasha (adrianopal velupala railway station) anae thana pradhana kaaryaalayamtho vacchaadu. ventane athanu bulgarian rendava sainyam mariyu muttadi dalaala supreme commander general nikola ivanovnu sampradinchaadu. athani pradhana karyalayam mustafa pashalo unchabadindi, akkada ivanov kooda unnadu. 1912loe yuddha viramana oppandam paie santakam cheyabadindi. ayithe, stepanovic thana sainyam ekagrata kolpovadam korukoledu. chrismus sandarbhamgaa kooda garishta kramasikshana, samsiddhatanu ayana koraru. yuddha viramana samayamlo, stepanovic thana sainyam yokka sarafaraanu meruguparachagaligadu. bulgarian supreme command cerbian rendava sainyanni sarafara cheyadaaniki angeekarinchindi, conny stepanovic naanhyathatho santrupti chendaledu. anduvalla rotte, maamsam mariyu itara vastuvula naanhyatanu meruguparachaalani ayana demand chesaaru. athanu bulgarian kamandto oppandam kudurchukoledu kabatti, sainikula aarogyam mariyu dhairyanni kaapaadataaniki sarafara pampamani cerbian supreme kamaandnu koraadu.rendu nelala sannahaka taruvaata, 1913 marchi 24naa adrianopulnu swaadheenam chesukovadaniki 3 rojula yuddham praarambhamaindi. athani timok vibhagam phirangi rakshana lekunda kevalam 45 nimishaallo yuddhabhoomiloni mottam uttara bhaganni swaadheenam chesukundi mariyu adrianopal koota phirangi kaalpulanu ekkuva bhaagam kattirinchindi. roeju chivarilo, antipersonal addamkulanu pattukoodaaniki repu raatri daadi cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru. daadi prarambhamainappudu, timok division mundu bhaagamlo, ottomanlu tama sthaanaalanu tirigi swaadheenam chesukovadaniki prayatninchaaru, conny vaaru viphalamayyaru. general stepanovic danube division venuka unna ettaina maidaanam nundi pratyakshamgaa daadi chesinatlu kanipinchaadu. armi telegraph inchargiga unna nikola arandelovic vaataavaranaanni vivarinchaaduh udayam 5:30 gantalaku, stepanovic cerbian dalaalanu mundu varusapai nirnayaatmaka daadiloo munduku sagamani aadesinchaadu, thoorpu sector meeda bulgarianla prayatnaaniki sahaayapadataaniki, idhi udayam 8 gantala samayamlo padipoyindi. udayam 8:30 gantalaku, iddaru ottoman adhikarulu shukri pasha kaaranamgaa longipovadampai charchalu jarapadaniki cerbian 20va regimentku vacchaaru. etuvanti pratispandana raakapoyina taruvaata, pasha thana sahayakulanu 20va regimentku pampaaru, shukri pasha general stepanovichto charchalu jarapalani korukuntunnadani sandesam icchaaru. charchalu nirvahinchadaaniki commander tanaku adhikaram ivvaledani, general ivanovnu uddesinchi prasanginchaalani stepanovic badulichaadu. intalo timok division antipersonal line swaadheenam chesukundi mariyu danube division point papas-tepnu swaadheenam chesukundi. general stepanovic danube regimentla mundu varusalo venukaku vellaadu, udayam 11 gantalaku 4va cerbian regiment swaadheenam chesukunna marash sameepamlo beckchiteplo unnadu. tellavaarujaamuna, bulgarian adhikarulu shukri pasha pradhana kaaryaalayaaniki vacchaaru, athanu madhyahnam 12.15 kii general ivanov kuu longipoyadu, conny athanu thana vyaktigata korika meraku oka ganta taruvaata thana pradhana kaaryaalayaaniki tirigi vacchaadu. chivariki oka ganta taruvaata cerbian dalaalu atanni pattukunnayi. adrianopal padipoyina taruvaata, marchi 27naa stepanovic samyukta dalaanni erpaatu chesi, swaadheenam chesukunna nagaramloki gambheeramgaa kavaatu chesaadu. konni rojula taruvaata, charitra prakaram maritsa yuddham jarigina pradaesamloe, chernomen rojuna, maraninchina veerula smaaraka chihnanni nirvahinchaalani ayana aadesinchaaru. palgonevari prakaram, idhi adbhutamaina mariyu hattukune kshanam. ventane, stepanovic thana sainyanni serbiaku tirigi ravana cheyadaaniki sannahalu praarambhinchaadu. bulgaria prabhutvam thana dalaalanu tirigi ravana cheyadaaniki taginanta raillanu ivvaledu, kabatti athanu thana sainyanni kaalinadakana serbiaku tirigi teesukelataanani bedirinchaadu. dheeni taruvaata, bulgarianlu longipoyaru mariyu athanu april 1 nundi mae 9 varaku mottam sainyanni badilee chesaadu. modati prapancha yuddham. modati prapancha yuddham praarambhamlo athanu gairhaajaraina cheef off staff radomir putnik pratinidhigaa vyavaharinchaadu. athanu sameekarana mariyu konni yuddha sannaahaalaku baadhyata vahinchaadu. putnik tirigi vacchina taruvaata athanu rendava sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. modati prapancha yuddhamlo, athanu serr yuddhamlo goppa vijayamlo cerbian sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, akkada athani rendava sainyam austrian aidava sainyanni puurtigaa oodinchi, balavantamgaa kavaatu chesina taruvaata sanghatana sthalaaniki cherukundi. idhi yuddhamlo mitraraajyaala modati vijayam, mariyu athanu feeled marshalga padoonnati pondaadu. athani sainyam 1915loe serbia rakshanatho paatu, drina yuddham mariyu kolubara yuddhamlo vijayalu saadhinchindi. 1918loe athanu mallii rendava sainyaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu, idhi macedonialo pedda mitraraajyaala daadiloo bhaagamgaa undedi, vaaru september 15naa purogatini saadhinchaaru. rendava sainyam bulgaria sarihadduku munduku saagindi, akkada nundi, 1918 septembaru 29naa bulgarian longipoyina taruvaata, paschimam vaipu bosnia mariyu adriatic samudram vaipu tirigindi. 1919 chivari varaku kriyaaseela adhikariga panicheesaaru, aaa tarvaata cerbian sainyam yokka commander inn cheefga seva nundi padavee viramana chesaaru. thana vrutti jeevitamlo ayana rendu sandarbhaallo sainika mantrigaa kooda panicheesaaru. turklaku vyatiraekamgaa jarigina 1876-1878 yuddhaala samayamlo dhairyasaahasaalaku gaanu atanni "takovsky crust saa ukresteinim masevima" pathakamtho alankarinchaaru. ataniki seyint maikhel mariyu seyint georg yokka atyanta vishishtamaina arder yokka nait grand cross (zii. sii. emm. zii) kooda labhinchindi. athanu 1929 april 29naa sacock pattanamlo maraninchaadu. vaarasatvam. athanu 100 atyanta pramukha serbs loe cherchabaddaadu.

stepa stepanovich stepan "stepa" stepanovich (yee vovo vovo 29 apreel 1929) eek sarbiyayi foji commander thaa jiss nay sarbo-tarki jung sarbo-balghariyayi jung pehli balkin jung dosri balkin jung aur pehli jung azeem mein hasah liyaa. 1874 mein sarbiyayi foj mein shaamil honay kay baad inhon nay 1876 mein sultanat usmaniah kii afwaj kay khalaaf jung ladee. aglay saalon mein wah sarbiyayi foj kay ahadon parr chadh gayey aur 1885 mein balghariyayi afwaj kay khalaaf laray. aakhir kaar wah apreel 1908 mein sarbiyayi wazeer jung bunn gayey aur sarbiyayi foj mein tabdiliyan laanay kay zamah daar thay. stepanovich nay duu balkin jangon kay doraan sarbiyayi afwaj kii kamaan sanbhali aur pehli jung azeem kay doraan sarbiyayi dosri foj kii qayadat kii. seer kii jung kay baad inhein dosray feld maarshil kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. 29 apreel 1929 kuu kakak mein inn kaa inteqal hawaa. ibtadayi bachpan aur taleem. stepan "stepa" stepanovich 28 faroori 1856 kuu belgrade kay qareeb kamodaraz gaaon mein paida hoay. wah aiwan aur radojka stepanovich ("nee" necolech) kaa chotha bachah aur teesra betaa thaa. stepanovich kaa naam inn kay daada stepan kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jinn say inn kay khaandaan kaa kaneet kaa aaghaz hawaa thaa. iss kay khaandaani maakhiz kay duu nazaryaat haine. pehli baath yaha hay kahh stepanovich kay aabao ajdaad jinhein ziwanowech kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa bosnia aur leeka kay elaqon say aayey thay. dosra nazariyah yaha hay kahh iss kay aabao ajdaad azeem sarb hijrat kay doraan lescovak aur pyrot kay aas paas say aayey thay. gahar kay kaam kii wajah say stepanovich kii maan kay paas iss kay liye behat kumm waqat thaa aur wah aksar asay apnee saas kii deekh bhaal mein chhod deeti thee. primery school jaanay say pehley wah maveshiyon kii deekh bhaal kartay thay aur eek baar eek bail kay haathon bury tarah zakhmi how gayey thay. stepanovich nay kamdaraz mein teen saalah primery school makmal kiyaa aur kaptaan meesa kii haweeli mein jamnazim mein sharkat kii. apnee school kii taleem makmal karnay kay liyay wah aksar ameer bail grade khandanon kii khadmat kartay thay. inhon nay school kaa pehla saal achhay grade kay saath makmal kiyaa aur apnee baaqi taleem kay doraan achhay grade haasil kartay rahay. satambar 1874 mein stepanovich nay apnay jamnazim kay chhatay saal mein sharkat karnay kay bajaye bail grade artlery school kii XI klaas mein daakhlah liyaa. asay daakhlah imtehan nahein deena padaa keunkah iss nay jamnazim kay paanch saal makmal kirr liye thay. iss kii klaas mein antees cadets thay. iss waqat bail grade artlery school eek takniki kirdaar kaa haamil thaa aur iss nay riyaazi kay alam parr behat ziyadah taujah dee eek aisa mazmun jiss mein stepanovich nay hamishah naqis karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. stepanovich ghair milki zabanon mein bhee ziyadah achhay nahein thay halankah inhon nay rosee aur francisi adab padhay. herzegovena kii baghawat kay phut padnay kay baad sarbiya kii sultanat nay sultanat usmaniah kay saath jung kii tayari sharoo kirr dee aur bail grade artlery school nay emli maarshil training kaa prograam sharoo kiyaa. satambar 1875 mein stepanovich aur iss kay humm jamaaton nay jasmani darjah haasil kiyaa. imtehan paas karnay kay baad stepanovich mayee 1876 mein juniyar sargent bunn gayaa. joone 1876 mein balkan mein sarbiya aur usmani turk afwaj kay darmiyan jung sharoo hoyee jinn mein say ziyadah tarr kosoo say taaluq rakhnay waalay albani thay. stepanovich aur poori XI klaas kuu fouri toor parr sargent kii safon mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa aur inhein frunt line parr bhej diyaa gayaa. sarbo-turk jangein. stepanovich 14 mayee 1876 kuu karagiwak pahunche. yahaan inhein samadija devision kay sadr daftar mein manzam afsar deuty kaa kaam sonpa gayaa jiss kii kamaan karnal lajubomer azoon mercovich nay kii jinn kay ahkamat stepanovich kay zariye anjaam diye gayey thay. samadija devision mauraween foj kaa aham hasah thaa leakin jangi mansubon mein tabdili kay baad asay kayee squadern mein taqsim kirr diyaa gayaa. stepanovich kuu azoon mercovich kay schwadern kuu tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kay paas nees mein usmani kamak kii aamad kuu roknay kay liye kanjiwek foj kuu babina gulowa aur beela palanka parr qabzah karnay mein madad karnay kay ahkamat thay. aakhir kaar babina gulowa liyaa gayaa aur stepanovich kuu azoon mercovich nay "behat chalaak aur achhi sawari kay liye" nott kiyaa."iss kay foraa baad usmaniyon nay azoon mercovich kay schwadern kay khalaaf jawabi hamlah kiyaa juu pandrelo kii taraf peeche hutt gayaa. 19 jolayi kuu usmaniyon nay pandrelo parr hamlah kiyaa jiss say eek jung sharoo hoyee jiss mein stepanovich nay faal toor parr hasah liyaa. baqayedah sarbiyayi fojiyon kay saath stepanovich kii sharkat nay akhlaqi toor parr izafah kiyaa aur jung kii lehar kuu tabdil karnay mein madad kii. iss tajarbay nay stepanovich kuu behat mutasir kiyaa aur wah aksar dosray sarbiyayi fojiyon kay saath mill kirr inn kii akhlaqiyat kuu buland karnay kay liye ladnay kaa sahara leetay thay. kanjiwek kay zawal kay baad stepanovich aur iss kaa dastah daili graad say sokubanja muntaqil how gayaa taakah usmaniyon kuu maurawa waadi takk pahunchnay say rooka jaa sakay. sokubanja mein sarb afwaj nay dobarah garwah bundi kii aur karnal doraa horoatovich kii kamaan mein IV aarmi coor tashkil dee. baad mein stepanovich nay iss yount mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. chothi aarmi coor nay karvilov kay paar maarch kiyaa aur venk pahunch gayee jehaan iss nay usmani positionon parr hamlah kiyaa. iss kay baad yaha daili graad chalaa gayaa jehaan yaha 7 satambar kuu pahuncha. chothi aarmi coor kii turkon kay saath 11 satambar kuu crevate kay qareeb eek jung mein jhadpein hoyein juu ghair faislah kunn toor parr khatam hoyee. sarb aur usmani turk afwaj kay darmiyan jung bundi kaa aalaan 1 nomber 1876 kuu kiyaa gayaa. 1 dasambar kuu stepanovich kuu bahadari kay liye gold medal say nawaza gayaa aur inhein second leftinent kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. 13 faroori 1877 kuu inhein sarbiyayi foj kii teesri batalin kii teesri company kaa commander muqarar kiyaa gayaa. baad mein stepanovich nay pyrot parr qabzah karnay mein hasah liyaa. general jowan belimarkovich kii majmuyi kamaan mein stepanovich aur iss kii 300 rakni mazboot foj nay neesor kay bayein jaanib hamlah kiyaa juu inn duu maqamat mein say eek hay jehaan usmaniyon nay qasbey mein qalah bund kiyaa thaa. 26 aur 27 satambar kay darmiyan stepanovich kii yount neesor kay ard gird kasee kaa dhiyaan nahein gayaa aur maali veerah lay liyaa. 27 satambar kii sabah jabb aham sarbiyayi hamlah sharoo hawaa iss kay dastay nay neesor parr firing kirr dee jiss say wahaan tayinaat usmaniyon kuu aljhan mein ddaal diyaa. iss kay baad pyrot kuu pakad liyaa gayaa. stepanovich kii yount kay eek spahi nay kahaa: "mein nay paaya kahh agar mein ghalat nahein hoan thoo hamaari kararwai nay neesor parr turk position kuu badaa dhachka lagaa diyaa aur pyrot kii qasmat kuu hall kirr diyaa."stepanovich kuu baad mein arder aaf sent say nawaza gayaa. talwaron aur raban kay saath swetislav III klaas juu inhein apnay puray carrier mein milnay waalay tamaam ewards mein sabb say pasandidah thaa keunkah wah khood kuu "[wah] juu tarki kii khandaq mein daakhil honay waala pehla shaqs thaa." 3 dasambar cow samadija coor nay duu aichilan formationon mein pirot say nees takk apnaa maarch sharoo kiyaa. iss maarch kay doraan stepanovich nay pyadah foj kii nasf batalin aur kachh ghad sawaron kii kamaan sanbhali juu sowa planina kay mashkal elaqay say guzartay thay. iss kay bawajood iss kay tamaam aadmi track say bach gayey aur jung kay liye tayaar nazar aayey. stepanovich nay baad mein kahaa kahh pahaad kay paar maarch karnaa jung mein inn kaa sabb say mashkal kaam thaa. 23 januri 1878 cow sarbiyayi hayee command nay samadija devision kuu waranjay qasbey parr qabzah karnay kaa hakam diyaa. iss kay baad somadija devision nay usmaniyon kuu polgenica say nikaal diyaa aur gardileka kalsora kuu shakast dee. 25 januri cow stepanovich eek razakar dastay kaa commander bunn gayaa jiss nay polgenica mein maqami sarbon kuu maslah kiyaa. kayee dunn baad waranjay kii jung mein stepanovich nay shehar kay shamaal say aaney waalay usmaniyon parr bhaktan mein hamlah kiyaa. aman kaa waqat. jung khatam honay kay baad stepanovich nay apnee school kii taleem makmal karnay kay liye bail grade multery academy mein izaafi classen lein inn sabb kuu 1880 takk makmal kiyaa. asee saal satambar mein iss nay kargojiwek mein muntaqli kii darkhwast kii. wahaan iss nay sarbiyayi foj kii teesri batalin kii dosri company kii kamaan haasil kii. aktobar mein wah asee batalin mein pehli company kay commander bunn gayey. kargojiyok mein stepanovich nay apnee mustaqabil kii bewi gelina say mulaqat kii juu shehar kay sarbarah velsalav melanovch kii betty thee. donon nay 25 jolayi 1881 kuu shaadi kii. inn kaa pehla bachah milika 21 apreel 1882 kuu paida hawaa. aglay saal gelina nay joday kii dosri betty denika kuu janam diyaa. stepanovich kii donon betiyon nay afsaran say shaadi kii milika nay second leftinent crista dregomerovich say shaadi kii aur denika nay frust klaas captin jovika jovichich say shaadi kii juu baad mein sarbiyayi foj mein devision general bunny. 1880 kii aakhri sah maahi mein apnee pehli sarkaari tashkhis mein eek khususi foji commission nay stepanovich kuu iss tarah biyaan kiyaa: 1 satambar 1882 cow stepanovich kuu infintry leftinent kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee aur wah yuzees mein commander bunn gayey jehaan wah 13 faroori 1883 takk rahay jabb wah kargojiwek waps aayey. kargojiyok pahunchnay parr inhein samadija infintry regment mein foji adjustant kay toor parr muqarar kiyaa gayaa. asee saal sarbiya nay darj shadah jamnazim kay programon mein foji mashqon kuu lazmi qaraar diyaa. iss kay baad stepanovich pehley karagiovek jamnazim mein foji mashqon kay astaad bunn gayey. wah 1886 takk iss ahday parr rahay. sarbo-balghariyayi jung (1885). slonetsa kii jung kay doraan stepanovich nay samadija devision kii dosri batalin kii pehli company kii kamaan sanbhali. iss kii yount nay warapche gaaon parr hamlah kiyaa aur balghariyayi afwaj kuu peeche hatnay parr majbur kiyaa. eek report mein juu stepanovich nay 12 wein regment kay commander kuu arsaal kii thee sarbiyayi foj kay devisions rajmanton aur batalinon kay darmiyan humm aahingi kii kamee qaabil fehm hay. kayee dunn baad stepanovich 12 wein regment mein pehli batalin kaa commander bunn gayaa aur eek aur yount kay fojiyon kay saath mill kirr slonetsa parr kamzor balghari markaz parr hamlah kiyaa. balghariyon nay peeche hatna sharoo kirr diyaa jiss say sarb afwaj kuu aldomerotsy gaaon kay aas paas kay elaqay parr qabzah karnay kaa moqaa milaa. apnee report mein stepanovich nay apnay fojiyon kay baaray mein likhaa: "inn ladaiyon mein fojiyon kaa royah behtareen thaa keunkah inhon nay karaas fayer kay doraan khalay medaan say guzarnay kay bawajood behat ziyadah shafayabi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. fojiyon kii hamat aur achhi kamaan kay hawalay say afsaran kaa royah tasli bakhash thaa." sarbiyayi afwaj kuu balgharia say baahir dhakele jaanay kay baad baadshah milan nay 19 nomber kuu sarbiyayi foj kuu pirot kii taraf waps jaanay kaa hakam diyaa. teen dunn baad balghariyayi afwaj nay qasbey kii taraf maarch kiyaa aur nescov veez parr hamlah kiyaa. stepanovich kii 12 wein regment kuu peeche hatnay parr majbur honaa padaa. stepanovich nay baad mein atlaa dee: "...mein hospital kii taraf badhaa jehaan hamaray fojiyon kay baday garwah peeche hutt gayey. buzurgon kii koyee koshish inhein waps nahein laa skee. mazeed foji inn kay peeche holay aur phir iss mazhakah khaiz hujum nay inhein roknay kii koshish karnay waalay afsaran kuu dhakeel diyaa." athoo. sarbo-balghariyayi jung kay ikhtatam kay saath stepanovich karagiwak waps aagiya jehaan wah nomber 1886 takk rehaa. karagiwak mein iss nay 10 wein regment kii eek company kii kamaan sanbhali. 1886 kay aakhir mein inhein dosray darjay kay pyadah foj kay kaptaan kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. wah 22 nomber 1886 say 22 aktobar 1888 takk sarbiyayi general staaf mein eek amidwar thay. 1888 kay aakhir mein honay waalay ajlaas mein general staaf commission nay kahaa kahh "" wah dosray darjay kay kaptaan mister. stepanovich nay head kwarter kii saros kay liye kaafi ahlit aur sabut dikhaye yaha natijah akhz kartay hoay kahh "asay iss mosam sarma mein klaas aayee kay kaptaan kay ahday kay liye imtehan sharoo karnay kii manzori dee jaanee chahiye." " maarch 1889 mein stepanovich nay iss imtehan kay liye report kiyaa aur commission nay asay 2 apreel kuu sharoo karnay kii ajazat dee. 2 say 6 apreel takk stepanovich nay baarah mazamin mein apnay imtehan kaa nazaryati hasah makmal kiyaa. asay imtehan kaa emli hasah karnay say rehaa kirr diyaa gayaa keunkah asay head kwarter kay safar aur mashnon parr behat achhaa grade milaa. imtehan say kachh hyee deer pehley wah drina devisional airiya kay execto bunn gayey. imtehanat kay baad wah waljio chalay gayey. 17 apreel 1889 kuu wah aayee klaas kaptaan banay. 29 maarch say 15 apreel 1892 takk stepanovich nay milotan melanovich aur zeojan messic kay saath hyee renk meejar kay liye eek imtehan likhaa aur kamiyabi say paas kiyaa. stepanovich 13 satambar 1892 kuu poziga mein 5 wein batalin kay commander banay. inhein aglay saal 8 mayee kuu meejar kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee. 14 agast cow inhein eek baar phir drina devisional airiya kay execto kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deenay kay liye waljio muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. wah 20 aktobar 1895 takk waljio mein rahay jabb inhein belgrade mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. stepanovich paanch maah takk bail grade mein rahay jehaan wah saatwein batalin kay commander thay. wah bail grade multery academy mein multery histry kay jazz waqti professor bhee bunn gayey. 30 maarch 1897 kuu wah bail grade mein chhatti infintry regment kay qayem maqaam commander bunn gayey. 11 mayee kuu inhein karnal kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee aur duu dunn baad wah chhatti infintry regment kay commander bunn gayey. stepanovich 27 aktobar 1898 kuu wazaarat dafaa mein cheef aaf general staaf banay. inhon nay 15 maarch 1899 takk iss ahday parr khidmaat anjaam dain jabb wah wazaarat dafaa kay general multery department kay execto banay. agarcha wah gahar kay andar kaam karnaa pasand nahein kartay thay leakin inhon nay wazaarat kay arakeen parr behtareen asar daala aur inhein behat sakht aur waqat kii pabandi kay toor parr yaad kiyaa jaataa thaa. 17 aktobar 1900 kuu inhein dobarah waljio muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jehaan wah drina devision mein eek infintry brigade kay commander bunn gayey. 11 nomber kuu eek ghalat fehmi kii wajah say inhein zajkar muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aur timok devision mein infintry brigade kay commander kay toor parr tafviz kiyaa gayaa. asay yaha ahdah pasand aayaa aur kahaa: "eek afsar kay liye trope machli kay liye paani kay baraabar hay aur khaas toor parr head kwarter afsar kay liye. wahaan wah juu jaanta hay wah dikhaa saktaa hay aur wah nataij dikhaa saktaa hay. daftar rooh kuu maar deeta hay taaqat kuu khatam kartaa hay aur ansaan kuu mechanism mein tabdil kirr deeta hay." " 18 agast 1901 cow stepanovich kuu head kwarter karnal kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee aur 11 nomber kuu wah sarbiyayi foj kii faal foji kamaan kay dipty execto bunn gayey. wah 15 dasambar 1902 takk iss ahday parr rahay jabb wah general staaf kay execto banay. baad mein baadshah alegzender awal nay asay tikwo dom klaas kii saleeb kay arder say sajaya. stepanovich nay foji tareekh kay professor kay toor parr apnaa kirdaar jaari rakhaa iss door say napolin jung kuu lecture deetay hoay. wah foji megzin kay editor bhee thay jasay "jangju" () kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. mayee 1903 mein honay waalay mayee kay khaatime nay stepanovich kay carrier kuu mutasir nahein kiyaa. takhtah altanay kay baad wah wazaarat dafaa mein mushtarkah mohkamah kay section head bunn gayey aur phir samadija devision kay commander bunn gayey. inn tarqiyon kii wajah say behat say morkheen kaa khayaal hay kahh stepanovich inn sazishiyon kay saath thaa jinhon nay iss muamile parr apnee ghair janibdari kay bawajood obrenovi khaandaan kaa takhtah alt diyaa. iqtedar mein aaney kay baad petter awal nay 29 joone 1904 kuu stepanovich kuu staar aaf crodwarde III digri kay arder say sajaya. general doraa horoatik kii taqlid kartay huay stepanovich nay phir apnay devision mein rosee tarz kii foji mashqein sharoo kein aur harr bay zabitgi ghalti qanuni jarm aur riyasati amlaak kuu zabt karnay kii sazaa dee. 1906 kay mosam bahaar mein kargojiyok mein jehaan stepanovich kuu samadija devision kay commander kay toor parr tayinaat kiyaa gayaa thaa eek naam nahaad jasmani jawabi sazish paish aayee. kachh morkheen kaa khayaal hay kahh yaha sazish stepanovich kii sakht hukumat kii wajah say sharoo hoyee thee. iss sazish mein karagiwak garrison kay taqriba tees afsaran shaamil thay jinhon nay qasbey mein kayee aham awami emaraton kuu leenay aur phir stepanovich kuu giraftar karnay kaa mansubah banaya thaa. jabb 30 apreel kuu iss sazish kaa inkshaf hawaa tuu stepanovich nay 31 afsaran kuu giraftar kiyaa. jabb mazeed giraftari kii khwahish kaa izhaar kiyaa gayaa tuu asay wazeer dafaa radomer patnak nay rook diyaa. stepanovich iss sazish say behat larz uthaa aur baad mein aalaan kiyaa: wazaarat aur balkaan jangon kii tayari. stepa stepanovich kuu 29 joone 1907 kuu general kay ahday parr tarqi dee gayee leakin wah samadija devisional airiya kay commander kay toor parr rahay. nakola pashich nay 12 apreel 1908 kuu eek nayee hukumat tashkil dee aur stepanovich wazeer dafaa banay. apnay mendate kay doraan iss nay foj kuu jadeed bananay aur praani mouser rifilon kuu dobarah bananay kii koshish kii. iss nay france say nayee toop khaaney bhee kharidi thein aur sarbiyayi foj kuu farahim kii thein. jabb foj nay masheen gunn arder karnay kii koshish kii tuu stepanovich nay eek mukhtalif ziyadah qadamat pasand naqtah nazar akhtiyar kiyaa jaisa kahh karnal walajeek juu stepanovich kii kabinah mein kaam kartay thay nay likhaa: aktobar 1908 mein austriya hungri kay zariah bosnia kay alhaaq kay baad sarbiya aur monti neegro mein baday paimanay parr mazahire phut paray. shahriyon kii bury taadad nay mutalibah kiyaa kahh austriya hungri kay khalaaf jung kaa aalaan kiyaa jaaye. stepanovich nay jawaab mein khabardar kiyaa kahh milk aur foj jung kay liye tayaar nahein haine aur donon kuu bury maqdar mein sfarti maali aur foji tarbiyat haasil karnay kii zarurat hay. inn kay bayanaat nay kayee taraf say yahaan takk kahh sarbiyayi prais mein bhee behat ziyadah tanqeed kuu janam diyaa. nateejta inhein wazeer dafaa kay ahday say bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa aur 1909 kay aaghaz mein wah baghair kasee mahkame kay wazeer bunn gayey. asee saal kay aakhir mein inhon nay mustaqabil kii jung kay liye sarbiyayi foj kuu tayaar karnay mein patnak kii faal toor parr madad kii. 1910 kay aaghaz mein stepanovich maurawa devisional airiya kay commander bunn gayey aur maslah ladayi kay liye devision kuu tayaar karnay kaa kaam sanbhala. maarch 1911 kay aaghaz mein stepanovich dobarah wazeer dafaa banay. iss kay foraa baad shahzadah aleksandar crodwardevich kuu stepanovich parr shakk hawaa jasay wah commander dragotan dematrejiwek apps kaa humdard maanta thaa juu kahh takhtah altanay waalay kay rehnuma thay jinn kay baaray mein kahaa jaataa thaa kahh wah sarbi takht parr eek ghair milki baadshah chahtay thay. nateejta shahzadah stepanovich kay paas pahuncha aur darkhwast kii kahh apps aur general staaf meejar melowan melvanovich plock kuu bail grade say muntaqil kiyaa jaaye. stepanovich nay jawaab deetay hoay kahaa kahh wah iss kaa zakar baadshah petter kuu karein gay aur asay yaha faislah karnay dain gay kahh aayaa donon aadmiyon kuu muntaqil kiyaa jaana chahiye. iss kay baad shahzadah nay nakaam toor parr king petter kuu apnaa istefi paish kiyaa. jabb stepanovich dosri baar wazeer dafaa banay tuu sarbiya kii hukumat kuu ahsaas hawaa kahh azeem taqatein balkin kuu taqsim karnaa chahti haine aur sultanat usmaniah kii eisayi aabadi baghawat kay dahanay parr hay. apnee madat kaar kay doraan sarbiya nay deegar balkin mamalik kay saath kayee dafayi muahidon parr dastakhat kiye aur balkin leeg banayi. stepanovich nay general radomer patnak aur karnal zojin messic kay saath mill kirr tarki kay khalaaf jung kay liye sarbiyayi foj kuu mutharik karnay taujah markoz karnay aur strategic tarqi kay mansubay tayaar kiye. 1912 kay mosam khazaan mein melowan melvanovich kii hukumat nay inn kii moth kay baad istefi day diyaa aur jabb marco turfcovach nay eek nayee hukumat tashkil dee tuu patnak nayey wazeer dafaa bunn gayey. pehli balqaan jung. ibtadayi operation. pehli balkin jung kay aaghaz kay saath stepa stepanovich 60,000 mazboot dosri foj kaa commander bunn gayaa jiss kay paas 84 topein thein. custandale-dipnetsa kay elaqay mein markoz iss mein pehla timok infintry devision aur balgharia kaa saatwaan reela infintry devision shaamil thaa. iss kaa mission pehli foj say pehley turk piss manzar parr hamlah karnaa thaa. sarbiyayi fojiyon kuu matlaa kartay hoay kahh saatwaan reela devision foj kaa hasah bunn gayaa stepanovich nay kahaa: "mein apnay mustaqabil kay kaam kuu aetemad kay saath dekhta hoan aur kamiyabi parr pakhtah yaqeen rakhta hoan keunkah sadiyon say alg aur abb bhayee chaaray aur gulay lagay qareebi bhayee sarb aur balghari eek naqabil taskhir qoot kii numaindagi kartay haine juu tamaam rukawaton kuu kachal day gee aur pasmandah bhayiyon kuu aazaad karaye gee." " 17 aktobar 1912 cow patnak nay stepanovich kuu sultanat usmaniah kay khalaaf sarbiya kay aalaan jung say aagah kiyaa. iss nay apnee foj kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah usmani sarhad kay qareeb jaaye leakin aglay notes takk asay paar naha karay. tahim balgharia kii hayee kamaan nay reela devision kay commander jorgi tauduroof kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah usmani sarhad abur karein aur cario seelo aur governeja dazmaja parr hamlah karein jiss parr wah qabzah karnay mein kamiyab rehaa. stepanovich nay inhein inn alfaz say mubarik baad dee: "saatwein devision kay harioz kuu haaray karein." " 18 aktobar cow timok devision nay rojan-karnee veer kii samat mein usmani positionon parr hamlah karnaa sharoo kirr diyaa aur aglay dunn inhon nay stepanovich kay hakam parr karnee veer parr qabzah kirr liyaa. 21 aktobar cow sarbiyayi hayee kamaan nay timok devision kuu komanov kii taraf badhnay kaa hakam diyaa. iss baath say bay khabar kahh batalin jiss kii kamaan mear dobroso milankovich nay kii thee pehley hyee baghair kasee ladayi kay karwa palanka parr qabzah kirr chaki thee stepanovich nay shehar parr qabzah karnay kay liye tamaam zaruri harkaat kaa hakam diyaa. iss say behat waqat zaaye hawaa leakin devision kii aksariyat baghair kasee mazahimat kay karovareka gahaati say guzarnay mein kamiyab rahee. dopahar kay awail mein ghadswar dastay nay straison say 5 say 6 chlometer door ladayi sharoo kii aur raat kay waqat asay pakadnay mein kamiyab how gayee. eek baar pahar stepanovich kuu iss waaqiye kay baaray mein matlaa nahein kiyaa gayaa hay aur aglay dunn iss nay apnay fojiyon kuu straison parr qabzah karnay kaa hakam diyaa jiss say behat waqat zaaye hawaa. iss waaqiah kay baad pehli aur dosri faujon kay darmiyan raabtah qayem hawaa aur komanov kaa raastah khool diyaa gayaa. komanov kii jung. komanov mein dashman kuu jamaa karnay kaa koyee hakam mosul naha honay parr general stepanovich nay timok devision kuu 23 aktobar kuu sabah 6 bajay komonov kii taraf maarch karnay kaa hakam diyaa.ayem. asee waqat iss nay hakam diyaa kahh iss nay saatwein devision kuu 23 aktobar kuu kokani parr qabzah karnay aur phir iss kii kachh afwaj kuu chhod kirr asay shtap kii taraf bhejnay kaa hakam diyaa. 23 aktobar kuu sabah kay waqat timok devision nay karatov parr hamlah kiyaa aur iss tarah komanov kii jung sharoo hoyee. tahim general tauduroof nay apnee hayee kamaan kay ahkamat kii pabandi kii iss liye iss nay duss batterion kii sarf eek batalin kokani parr qabzah karnay kay liye bheji jiss kaa dafaa eek puray devision nay kiyaa. stepanovich jabb kahh timok devision maarch parr thaa kuu yaha nott mosul hawaa kahh auvi poljay aur kochani say mazboot usmani foj karatov kii taraf badh rahee thee. iss kii bunyaad parr iss nay timok devision kay commander kuu karatov parr qabzah karnay aur janub kii taraf dafaa qayem karnay kay liye jaldi kii. tahim jabb wah karatov kay elaqay mein pahunche tuu karnal kondek nay faislah kiyaa kahh taqsim thakk chaki hay aur asay raat guzarni chahiye. iss kaa istemaal kartay huay usmaniyon nay karnee veerah parr qabzah kirr liyaa jiss kii hifazat sarf balghariyayi kometa mohkamah aur sarbon kii eek company karti thee. stepanovich kuu donon devisions kaa kaam pasand nahein aayaa aur inhon nay suprem command kuu iss kii atlaa dee. asay jawaab milaa kahh saatwein devision kuu ghair mashrut toor parr kokani aur timok devision kooree wee aar aich parr qabzah karnaa chahiye. darein asnaa stepanovich kuu patah chalaa kahh 23 aktobar kay doraan komanov mein jung hoyee thee. wah iss say hairan thaa aur timok devision kii position kay baaray mein fakar mund thaa leakin phir bhee pehli foj kii madad karnay kaa koyee tariqah dhond rehaa thaa. iss nay timok devision kuu 24 aktobar kuu karnee veerah parr qabzah karnay kaa hakam diyaa leakin yaha kill 25 aktobar kuu kiyaa gayaa. aglay dunn hayee command nay stepanovich kuu matlaa kiyaa kahh balgharia kii hukumat kii darkhwast parr yaha faislah kiyaa gayaa kahh timok devision kuu inn kay akhtiyar mein rakhaa jaaye bashartikah wah abb bhee donon devisions kaa intezam karay." "iss nay fouri toor parr 14 wein sarbiyayi regment kuu 7 wein reela devision kuu day diyaa aur general todorof kuu hakam diyaa kahh wah apnee afwaj kuu daryaae braglinka kay manah kii taraf lay jaaye taakah usmaniyon kuu parleep kii taraf peeche hatnay say rooka jaa sakay aur phir iss nay mazeed aasani say operation kaa hakam deenay kay liye karwa palanka say shuttup jaanay kii ajazat maangi. tahim karatov pahunchnay kay baad asay general tauduroof kii taraf say eek paigham mosul hawaa jiss mein iss nay bataya kahh asay apnee hyee hayee kamaan say apnee afwaj kuu seerez aur dimeer hasaar kii taraf muntaqil karnay kay ahkamat mosul hoay haine jiss kaa hakam wah pehley hyee day chakaa thaa. asay padhnay kay baad stepanovich balghariyon kii madad kay liye kachh afwaj kuu tayaar karnay kay liye karwa palanka waps chalaa gayaa. adrenople kaa muhasirah. general stepa stepanovich 6 nomber 1912 kuu apnay sadr daftar kay saath pahuncha jasay mustafi paasha (adrenople kay baahir railway station) kahaa jaataa hay. iss nay fouri toor parr general nakola aiwanof say raabtah kiyaa juu balghariyayi dosri foj aur muhasire kay fojiyon kay suprem commander thay. iss kaa sadr daftar mustafi paasha mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jehaan aiwanof bhee tayinaat thaa. jung bundi parr dastakhat 1912 mein hoay thay. tahim stepanovich nahein chahta thaa kahh iss kii foj taujah khoo day. inhon nay karsams kay moqaa parr bhee ziyadah say ziyadah nazam woo zabt aur tayari kaa mutalibah kiyaa. jung bundi kay doraan stepanovich apnee foj kii farahami kuu behatar bananay mein kamiyab rehaa. balghariyayi suprem command nay sarbiyayi dosri foj kii farahami kuu qabool kirr liyaa leakin stepanovich mayaar say mutmain nahein thaa. iss liye iss nay roty gosht aur deegar ashya kay mayaar kuu behatar bananay kaa mutalibah kiyaa. chonkah wah balghariyayi kamaan say mutafiq nahein hawaa thaa iss liye iss nay sarbiyayi suprem command say kahaa kahh wah fojiyon kii sehat aur huslay kuu barqarar rakhnay kay liye supplie bhejay.duu maah kii tayari kay baad 24 maarch 1913 kuu adrenople kuu pakadnay kay liye 3 rozah jung sharoo hoyee. iss kay timok devision nay toop khaaney kay beek app kay baghair sarf 45 mint mein medaan jung kay puray shamali hasay parr qabzah kirr liyaa aur adrenople qalah toop khaaney kii firing kaa badaa hasah khainch liyaa. dunn kay ikhtatam parr yaha faislah kiyaa gayaa kahh kill raat kuu hamlah kiyaa jaaye taakah ainti personnel rukawaton kuu pakda jaa sakay. jabb hamlah sharoo hawaa tuu timok devision kay muhaz parr usmaniyon nay apnee positionon parr dobarah qabzah karnay kii koshish kii leakin wah nakaam rahay. general stepanovich deneob devision kay peeche oonchi zameen say braah raast hamlah kartay nazar aayey. necola arandelovich juu aarmi teeli graaf kay incharge thay nay maahul kuu biyaan kiyaa: sabah 5 bujj kirr 30 mint parr stepanovich nay sarbiyayi fojiyon kuu frunt line parr faislah kunn hamlay mein aagay badhnay kaa hakam diyaa taakah mashriqi sector parr balghari dhakelne mein madad milay juu sabah 8 bajay kay qareeb girr gayaa. sabah 8:30 bajay duu usmani afsaran shakar paasha kii wajah say hathiyar daalnay kay liye baath cheet karnay kay liye sarbiyayi 20 wein regment mein aayey. koyee jawaab naha milnay parr paasha nay apnay maawan kuu 20 wein regment mein yaha paigham deetay hoay bheja kahh shakri paasha general stepanovich kay saath baath cheet karnaa chahta hay. stepanovich nay jawaab diyaa kahh asay commander kii taraf say mazakirat karnay kaa akhtiyar nahein hay aur asay general aiwanof say khataab karnaa chahiye. iss doraan timok devision nay ainti personnel line parr qabzah kirr liyaa aur deneob devision nay point papas-type parr qabzah kirr liyaa. general stepanovich deneob regment kii frunt linon kay peeche chalaa gayaa aur sabah 11 bajay maarash kay qareeb becketap parr thaa jiss parr chothi sarbiyayi regment nay qabzah kirr liyaa thaa. sabah 2 bajay balghariyayi afsaran shakri paasha kay sadr daftar aayey aur inhon nay shaam 1 bajay general aiwanof kay saamney hathiyar ddaal diye leakin wah apnee zaati khwahish parr eek ghantay baad apnay sadr daftar waps aagaye. asay balaakhir eek ghantay baad sarbiyayi fojiyon nay pakad liyaa. adrenople kay garnay kay baad stepanovich nay 27 maarch kuu mushtarkah dastah tashkil diyaa aur fatah shadah shehar mein sarsari toor parr maarch kiyaa. kachh dunon baad iss nay hakam diyaa kahh shernomen parr balkal asee jagah jehaan tareekh kay mutabiq maritsa kii jung hoyee thee shaheed heroz kii yaadgaar kaa anaqad kiyaa jaaye. sharkaa kay mutabiq yaha hairat angez aur dall kuu chhoo leenay waala lamhah thaa. iss kay foraa baad stepanovich nay apnee foj kuu waps sarbiya lay jaanay kii tayari sharoo kirr dee. balgharia kii hukumat nay asay apnay fojiyon kuu waps lay jaanay kay liye kaafi trainein nahein dain iss liye iss nay dhamki dee kahh wah apnee foj kuu paidal waps sarbiya lay jaaye gaa. iss kay baad balghariyon nay hamat kholi aur iss nay 1 apreel say 9 mayee takk poori foj kuu muntaqil kirr diyaa. pehli aalimi jung. pehli jung azeem kay aaghaz mein inhon nay ghair haazir cheef aaf staaf redomer patnak kay numayende kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. wah mutharik karnay aur kachh jangi tayariyon kaa zamah daar thaa. patnak kii wapsi kay baad iss nay dosri foj kii kamaan sanbhali. pehli jung azeem mein iss nay sarr kii jung mein sarbiyayi foj kii qayadat kartay hoay eek bury fatah haasil kii jehaan iss kii dosri foj nay austriya kii panchwen foj kuu makmal toor parr shakast dee aur eek zabardasti maarch kay baad jaaye waquah parr pahunchi. yaha jung kii pehli itehadi fatah thee aur asay feld maarshil kay toor parr tarqi dee gayee. iss kii foj nay 1915 mein sarbiya kay dafaa kay elawah drina kii jung aur colobra kii jung mein bhee kamyabiyan haasil kein. 1918 mein wah dobarah dosri foj kii kamaan mein thaa juu mesidonia mein itehadiyon kay baday hamlay kaa hasah thee inhon nay 15 satambar kuu eek paishraft haasil kii. dosri foj balgharia kii sarhad kii taraf badhee aur wahaan say 29 satambar 1918 kuu balgharia kay hathiyar daalnay kay baad maghrab kii taraf bosnia aur adriotic samandar kii taraf murh gayee. wah 1919 kay aakhir takk eek faal afsar rahay jabb wah sarbiyayi foj kay commander inn cheef kii haisiyat say khidmaat say sabkadosh hoay. apnay carrier kay doraan wah duu mawaqa parr foj kay wazeer kay toor parr bhee khidmaat anjaam day rahay thay. asay turkon kay khalaaf 1876-1878 jangon kay doraan bahadari kay liye "tikovasky crist saa akristinium masyuma" tamghe say sajaya gayaa thaa. inhein sent michael aur sent jaarj kay sabb say mamtaz arder kay night grend karaas (jee see ayem jee) say bhee nawaza gayaa. 29 apreel 1929 kuu qasbey kakak mein inn kaa inteqal hawaa. miraas. wah 100 sabb say numayan sarbon mein shaamil hay.

0004802f1184fd76c18c3989332dac6f4ae1f5aa72b3ba0464a100433f45361e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14920290

Gmina Dobre, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Gmina Dobre, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Gmina Dobre is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dobre, which lies approximately north of Radziejów and south of Toruń. The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 5,505. Villages. Gmina Dobre contains the villages and settlements of Altana, Bodzanowo, Bodzanowo Drugie, Borowo, Bronisław, Byczyna, Byczyna-Kolonia, Czołpin, Dęby, Dobre, Dobre-Kolonia, Dobre-Wieś, Kłonowo, Koszczały, Krzywosądz, Ludwikowo, Morawy, Narkowo, Przysiek, Smarglin, Szczeblotowo and Ułomie. Neighbouring gminas. Gmina Dobre is bordered by the gminas of Dąbrowa Biskupia, Kruszwica, Osięciny, Radziejów and Zakrzewo. References. <br>

jimina dobre, quavian-pomeranian bho 'eve' dosip jimina dobre hoise uttor-modhyo polandor quavian-pomeranian bho 'eve' dosipor rejiju countyr ekhon gramyo jimna (proxaxonik jilaa). iyar aaxontu hoise dubre gaau, ji rejijuwor pray uttore aaru turunor dokhyine owosthito. jiminai ek eleka aawori aase, aaru 2006 sonoloike iyar muth jonoxongkhya hoise 5,505 john. gaonxomuh. jimina dobret altana, bob 'dojanuwu, bob' dojanuwu druggy, bob 'ruwu, bronisla, baijina, baijina-kolunia, cho' lopin, debi, dobre, dodd 'brey-kolunia, dodd' brey-weis, klo 'nuwu, koo' sjali, krijibusadjo, ludwikuwu, murawi, narkuwu, projisik, smarglin, sejeblotuwu aaru eulomir gaau aaru boxoti aase. suburiya jimina. jimina dobrer xeema daabro 'waa biscupia, kruchowika, oh' sisini, rejijuwo aaru jakorjewur jiminar dwara ximabodho. proxongo. <bi. aar.>

jimina dobre, quavian-pomeranian voivodship jimina dobre uttor-modhyo polyander quavian-pomeranian voivodshiper radzizo kauntir ekti gramin jimina (proshashonik zela). err asson holl dobre grama, jaa radzizou-err pray uttore ebong torun-err dakkhine abosthito. jiminar ayton holl 5,505 john ebong 2006 saaler hisabe err moat jonosongkha holl 5,505 john. gramguli. jimina dobrete altana, bodjano, bodjano druggy, boroo, bronisla, baijina, baijina-colonia, joolin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-uish, clono, koszazali, crogiosadz, ludouico, moraui, narco, projijik, smarglin, sagebloto ebong ulomi grama ebong bosoti royeche. protibeshi jiminara. jimina dobre dabroa biscupia, kruzuika, occni, radgizo ebong jakrojeuer jimmin dwara seemaboddho. reference. <bii. arr>

jeemeena dobre, kuyeviyan-pomeranian voivododship jeemeena dobre aee uttar-madhya polendmaa kuyeviyan-pomeranian voivododshipna radizijov kaauntimaa aavelu graameen jeemeena (vahivati jeello) chhe. tenee bethak dobre gaam chhe, jeey lagbhag radzijovni uttare aneey torunni dakshine aavelu chhe. jeemeena vistaar aavari leey chhe, aneey 2006 sudhimaa tenee coole vastee 5,505 chhe. gaamadao. jeemeena dobremaa altana, bodzanovo, bodzanovo druggy, borovo, bronislo, baizina, baizina-colonia, cozopin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-viaesh, klonovo, coszelli, chrisivosadz, ludvikvo, moraavi, narcovo, prazisek, smarglin, szeblotovo aneey yulomeena gaamo aneey vasaahato chhe. padoshi jeemeena. jeemeena dobreni sarhad dabrova biscupia, kruzvika, ocacni, rezijov aneey zakrazevona jeemeenathi gheraayeli chhe. sandarbho. <bii. aar.>

jeemina dobre, kuyevian-pomeranian voivodoship jeemina dobre uttar-madhya polland mein quavian-pomeranian voivodoship key radijo county mein ack graameen jeemina (prashaasnik jilaa) haye. isaki seat dobre kaa gaanv haye, joe lagbhag radzijov key uttar mein aur torun key dakshin mein sthit haye. jeemina kaa kshetrafal 5,505 haye aur 2006 taka isaki kull jansankhya 5,505 haye. gaanv. jeemina dobre mein altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo drugg, borovo, bronislav, byzaina, byzaina-colonia, seasopin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-viesh, clonovo, kosza, crosivosadz, ludwikov, morawi, narcovo, praziseek, smarglin, zezeblotovo aur ulomi key gaanv aur bastiyaan hain. padosi gyminus. jeemina dobre kii seemaaen dabova biscupia, kruzvika, occn, radijov aur zakrazevo key jeemina seey lagati hain. sandarbh. <bee. aar.>

jimina dobre, kuwawian-pomeranian voivodospatip jimina dobre uttara-madhya polendna kuyavian-pomeranian voivodeshipna radjiyejov kountiyalliruva grameena jimina (aadalitaatmaka jille) aagide. idara kendravu dobre graamavaagiddu, idu sumaru radjiyejovina uttarakke mattu toruna dakshinakke ide. jimina ondu pradeshavannu aavariside, mattu 2006rahra velege adara ottu janasankhyeyu 5,505 aagide. halligalu. jimina dobreyu altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo draggy, borovo, bronisla, baijina, baijina-colonia, kjopin, debi, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vais, clonovo, kosza, krijivosadz, ludvikovo, moravi, narkovo, precic, smarglin, szeblotovo mattu ulomi gramagalu mattu vasaahatugalannu olagondide. nereya jiminagalu. jimina dobreyu dabova biscupia, krusvika, osisini, radjijov mattu jakrjevoda jiminagalinda suttuvaredide. ullekhagalu. <bii. aarr.>

jimina dobre, kuwawian-pomeranian voivodeshep vadakkan-madhya polandile kuwawian-pomeranian voyodospisheppile radsijov kaundiyile oru grameena jiminayaan (bharana jilla) jimina dobre. radsiyejovinu ekadesham vadakkum toruvinu thekkum sthithi cheiyunna dobre graamamaan ithinte aasthaanam. 2006 leeii kanakkanusarichu ithinte motham janasamkhya 5,505 aanu. gramangal. altana, bodsanovo, bodsanovo draggy, borovo, bronislo, baisina, baisina-colonia, colpin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vees, clonovo, kossali, chrysosos, ludvikovo, moravi, narcovo, presake, smarglin, seseblattovo, ulomi ennee graamangalum vaasasthalangalum jimina dobrail ulppedunnu. ayalvasikalaaya jiminakal. dabowa biscupia, kraswikka, osisini, radsijov, sakarsevo ennivayude jiminakalaanu jimina dobreyude athirthikal. paraamarshangal. <bii. aarr.>

jimina dobre, quevian-pomeranian viododoship jimina dobre haah uttar-madhya polandmadhil kuyavian-pomeranian viododshipmadhil radijejov countymadhil eka grameen jimina (prashasakeey jilha) aahe. tyache sthan dobre gaav aahe, jeey andaje radiziochya uttares aanee torunchya dakshines aahe. jiminache kshetrafal 5,505 aahe aanee 2006 paryant tyachi ekoon loksankhya 5,505 aahe. gave. jimina dobremadhye altana, bodzanovo, bodzanovo druggy, borovo, bronislav, byzina, byzina-colonia, cozopin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-viesh, clonovo, koszali, krazivosadz, ludwikawo, moravi, narcovo, praziek, smarglin, szeblotovo aanee ulomi hii gave aanee vasahati aahet. shejaril jimina. jimina dobrechya simevar dabrova biscupia, kruzvika, osisini, radizijo aanee zakrazevo yaa jimina aahet. sandarbh. <bii. aar.>

jimina dobre, kuyabhian-pomeranian bhoibhodospesh jimina dobre uttar-madhya polandko kuyabhian-pomeranian bhoibhodsipko radijejo countyma raheko gramin jimina (prashasanik zilla) how. yasako sitt dobre gaaun how, june radjijoko lagbhag uttar rar torunko dakshinma awasthit chha. jiminale ek khetra ogateko chha, rar 2006 samma yasako kull janasankhya 5,505 chha. gaaunharu. jimina dobrema altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo draggy, borovo, bronisla, baisina, byzina-colonia, coolpin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-viyas, clonovo, koszali, krjiwosadja, ludwikwo, moravi, narcovo, prjisik, smarglin, sejeblotovo rar ulomika gaaunharu rar bastiharu samawesh chhan. chhimeki gyminus. jimna dobre dabowa biscupia, kruswika, osisini, radijou rar jakarjawoka jiminaharule gherieko chha. sandarbhaharu. <bra>

jimina dobre, kujavian-pomeranian voivodespesion jimina dobre heuchhi uttara-kendriah polander kujavian-pomeranian bhoivodispesra radijijo kauntira eka grameena jimina (prashasanika zillah) . ehara aasana heuchhi dobre gramm, jaahaa radijijoura praiah uttarare ebong torunara dakhinare abasthita . jimina eka khetraku aachadita kare, ebong 2006 suddha ehara mote janasankhya 5,505 atte . gramm. jimina dobrere altana, bodjano, bodjano draggy, boroo, bronisla, byzina, byzina-colonia, joolin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vs, clono, koszali, krijobhosadj, ludawikoo, morawi, narco, precic, smarglin, szebloto ebong ulomi gramm ebong basati rahichhi. padoshi jimina. jimina dobre dabroa biscupia, krujwika, osesini, radijejo ebong jakrajewonka jimina dwara seemabaddha . sandarbha. <bii. aarr.>

jimina dobre, quavian-pomeranian voivodospish jimina dobre uttar-maddh poland witch quavian-pomeranian voivodospish dey rezijo county witch ikk pendu jimina (parshaski zilha) haii. iss dee seet dobre daa pind haii, joe kii rezijo dey lagbhag uttar atey torun dey dakkhan witch sathit haii. iss daa khetarfal 5,505 haii atey 2006 takk iss dee kull aabadi 5,505 haii. pind. jimina dobre witch altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo druggy, borovo, bronislo, bicina, bicina-colonia, cozopin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-viesh, clonovo, koszkoli, cresivosods, ludvikovo, moravi, narcovo, praziseek, smarglin, zezeblotovo atey ulomi dey pind atey bastiaan shamal hunn. guandhi jimina. jimina dobre dee sarhadd dabova biscupia, karuzvika, ocacni, rezijo atey zakarzevo dey jimina naal laggdi haii. havale. <bee. aar.>

jiminaa dobre, kuwawian-pomeranian voyododshep jiminaa dobre iti uttar-madhya-polyand-deshasya kuyavian-pomeranian-voyododshep-nagarasya radjijov-kauntee-madhye sthitah graameen-jiminaa (prashaasanik-mandalam) asti. asya peetham dobre-graamah asti, yat raadzeejov ityasya uttardishi, torun ityasya dakshinadishi cha asti. asya gramasya kshetrafalam 2006 tame varshe 5,505 yaavat aasit. gramani. jiminaa dobre ityasmin altana, bodjaanovo, bodjaanovo draggy, borovo, bronisla, baijinaa, baijinaa-colonia, kozolpin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vees, klonovo, koszali, krjivosaadz, ludvikovo, moraavee, naarkovo, prazeeseek, smarglin, szeblotovo, ulami ityadini gramani, nivasasthanani cha santi. sameepasthaah gymnas. jimin dobre ityasya seemaah dabova biscupia, kruswikaa, osaisini, raadzeejov, zakrazevo ityetayoho jiminaihi saha asti. sandarbhah. <bee. aar.>

jimina dobre, gwavian-pomeranian voivoteship jimina dobre enbathu vada-matthiya poalanthil ulla guyaaviyan-pomeranian voivodeshibil ulla radsijov kavundiyil ulla oru graamappura jimina (nirvaaga maavattam) aagum. idhan irukkai dobre kiraamamaagum, idhu thoaraayamaaga radsijovukku vadakkilum, torunuku therkilum amainthullathu. jimina oru parappalavaik kondullathu, maelum 2006 aam aandu nilavarappadi adhan moththa makkal thogai 5,505 aagum. kiraamangal. jimina dobre altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo draggy, porovo, bronisla, baisina, baisina-colonia, solbin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vees, clonovo, gosjali, kirsivosats, ludvikovo, moravi, nargovo, pirsiseek, smarklin, sjeplodovo mattrum uloami aagiya kiraamangal mattrum kudiyaettranggalaik kondullathu. andai jiminaakkal. jimina dobre dabrova biscubia, cruzvica, ocecini, radsijov mattrum jagrevovin jiminakkalaal soozhappattullathu. kurippugal. <pr>

jimina dobre, kuwawian-pomeranian voyodospatip jimina dobre anedi uttara-madhya polandloni kuavian-pomeranian voyododshiploni radjiyov kounteelooni graameena jimina (paripalana jilla). dheeni sthaanam dobre graamam, idhi radjiyovku uttaraana mariyu torunku dakshinaana undhi. jimina visteernam sumaruga undhi, 2006 natiki daani mottam janabha 5,505. gramalu. jimina dobrelo altana, bodjanovo, bodjanovo draggy, borovo, bronisla, baijina, baijina-colonia, zolpin, debby, dobre, dobre-colonia, dobre-vees, clonovo, koszali, krijivosadz, ludvikovo, moravi, narkovo, presic, smarglin, sjeblotavo mariyu ulomi gramalu mariyu sthaavaraalu unnaayi. porugu jiminaalu. jimina dobreku dabova biscupia, kruzvika, osisini, radjijov mariyu jakrjevo yokka gyminas sarihaddulugaa unnaayi. suuchanalu. <br>

gamina dobri cuvian-pomeraniyayi viewdshipship gamina dobri shamali wastee poland mein redzejo county cuevian-pomeraniyayi viewadship mein eek deehi gamina (intezami zalaa) hay. iss kii nashast dobri gaaon hay juu taqriba redzejo kay shamaal mein aur toroon kay janub mein waaqa hay. jaiminah kay raqbe parr maheet hay aur 2006 takk iss kii kill aabadi 5,505 hay. gaaon. jamina dobri mein altana bodzanov bodzanov dargi borow brunslav byzina byzina colonia zolpin ddibi dobri dobri colonia dobri-wees klonov kozazzali karzosadz ladokov maurawi narcov perzek asmargalan zezblotov aur yolumi kay gaaon aur bastiyan shaamil haine. padosi geminas. gamina dobri kii sarhadein dabrowa biscopia karozoka oceani redzejo aur zakarzo kay gamina say milti haine. hawalah jaat. <bee aar>

000481b975fac50e028818f7aefa3069ce2186a335d1f0871454ae566d1c7ee2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48394751

Kyrie–Gloria Mass, BWV Anh. 166

Kyrie–Gloria Mass, BWV Anh. 166

kairi-gloria maas, bii. doubleu. vee. aena. aech. 166

carrie-gloria dravyamaan, bee. doubleu. vee. aine. aich. 166

kairi-gloria maas, bii. doubleu. vii. aanh. 166

kairi-gloria maas, bii. dablyu. vii. aan. 166

kayari-gloria maas, bii. doubleu. vhee. aine. etch. 166

kairi-gloria maasa, bii. dablyu. bhi. aana. 166

carrie-gloria punj, bee. w. vee. ann. 166

kairee-gloria dravyamaanam, bee. doubleu. vee. anah. 166

kairi-chloria maas, pii. doublue. vii. uunn. 166

cairie-gloria maas, bii. doubleu. vii. anh. 166

000485179c4e1862709766f78bb18d950ba0fbfc3508874d8f9f32ec9b6cdcbc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32452769

Warszawa Aleje Jerozolimskie railway station

Warszawa Aleje Jerozolimskie railway station Warszawa Aleje Jerozolimskie railway station is a railway station in the Ochota district of Warsaw, Poland. The station is built on a viaduct of Aleje Jerozolimskie. It handles trains from Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa, from Warszawa Śródmieście WKD to Grodzisk Mazowiecki Radońska and Milanówek Grudów, and Koleje Mazowieckie, from Warszawa Wschodnia via Radom to Góra Kalwaria and Skarzysko Kamienna. The platforms for the Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa were built in 1974 as part of the realignment of the route into central Warsaw. The platforms for Koleje Mazowieckie trains were added in 2008.

warchjawa aaleje jerujulimoski rail steson warchjawa aaleje jerujulimoski rail steson hoise polyandor warsar usuta jilaar etaa rail steson. ei stationtu aaleje jerujulimoskir etaa viaductor uporot nirman koraa hoise. ee warsjawoska college dujajduwar poraa warchjawa shroadmissy wakdor poraa grozisk majuwiki redd "sko aaru milanuwek grudu, aaru warzwa woschodoniyar poraa go" raa kalwaria aaru scargisco kamiyenaloi college majuwikir poraa rey "loxomuh niyontron kore. warsjawoska college dujajduwar baabe monchobur 1974 sonot kendriyo waros 'loi pothtur punor xongruponor ongxo hisape nirman koraa hoisil. 2008 sonot college majuwiki rey 'lor baabe platform jug koraa hoisil.

oyarasaoya aleze zerozolimsky railway steshana warszawa aleze zerozolimsky railway steshana polyander wars-err ochota jelara ekti railway steshana. stationti aleze zerozolimskyr ekti viaducter upor nirmito. etty warszawa theke train porichalona korey, warszawa theke shrodmyesky theke grodisk mazouiki redonska ebong milanoek grudo ebong college mazouiki, warszawa theke waschadnia hoye goraa kalwaria ebong scargisco kamiena porjonto. warzoska college dojazdoar jonno platformguly 1974 saale kendriya oyarasote ruter punorbinnaser ongsho hisabe nirmito hoyechilo. 2008 saale college mazouiki trainer jonno platformguly jukto koraa hoyechilo.

warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway station warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway station polendnaa vorsona ochota jeellama aavelu aek railway station chhe. aaa station eleje zerozolimskina viduct parr bandhvama aavyu chhe. teey warzawska college dojazadovathi, warzawa shrodmishi doubleu. keey. dii. thee grozisk mazoviki redonska aneey milanovac grudo aneey college mazoviki, warzawa vasodaniyathi gauraa kalwaria aneey scarzisco kaamenna sudhini traino sambhaale chhe. yuddhozavka college dojazdova maatena platform 1974maan kendreey yuddhomaa maargnee punahjodanna bhaag rupe banavvama aavyaa hataa. 2008maan college mazoviki traino maate platform umervaamaa aavyaa hataa.

warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway station warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway station polland key varsau key ochota jile mein ack railway station haye. station aleje zerozolimsky key ack pull parr banaaya gayaa haye. yeh warszawska college dojazdova seey, warszawa shroadmeeshee doubleukedy seey grozisk mazoviki redonka aur milanovec grudo aur college mazoviki, warszawa vschodnia seey laker gaura kalwaria aur scargisco kamiena taka trains koo sambhalata haye. warzoska college dozazdova key liye platform 1974 mein kendriya yuddh mein maarg key punargathan key hisse key roop mein banaae gaye they. 2008 mein college mazoviki trains key liye platform jode gaye they.

varsajava aleje zerozolimsky railu nildaana warsawa aleje zerozolimsky railway nildaanavu polyandna warsa jilleya ochota jilleyalliruva ondu railway nildaanavaagide. ee nildaanavannu aleje zerozolimsky vioductinalli nirmisalaagide. idu warsjawa college dojajdova, warsjawa shrodmiesky doubleukedy yinda grozisk majoviki radoska mattu milanovec grudou mattu college majoviki, warsjawa vschodniyaadinda gora kalwaria mattu scargisco kaamiyennaavarege railugalannu nirvahisuttade. 1974ralli warsjack college dojajajdovada vedikegalannu kendra yuddhada maargavannu marujodisuva bhagavagi nirmisalaayitu. 2008ralli college majoveeki railugalige vedikegalannu serisalaayitu.

warzawa alaje jerosolimsky railway steshan polandile vaarsoyile oochotta jillayile oru railway steshanaanu warzawa aleje jerosolimsky railway steshan. aleje jerosolimsky oru vioductilaanu steshan nirmmichirikkunnathu. warzowska kolej dojasdovayil ninnu varsova shrodmiyesky dablyukedi muthal grodesisk masoveeki radonska, milanovec grudov, varsova vschodnia muthal gora kalwaria, scarsisco kamiyanna vareyulla koleje masoveeki ennee trainukal ithu kaikaaryam cheiyunnu. central vaarsoyilekkulla paathayude punarkrameekaranatthinte bhaagamaayi bhaagamaayi warzowska kolej dojasdovayude plaattphomukal nirmmichathu. nirmmichathu koleje masoviki trainukalkkulla plaattphomukal chertthathu.

warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway sthanak warszawa aleje zerozolimsky railway sthanak heey polandmadhil warsauchya ochota jilhyatil eka railway sthanak aahe. heey sthanak aleje jerozolimskichya eka pulavar bandhale gele aahe. heey warszaska college dojajadova, warszawa shrodmiesky doubleu. keey. dii. teey grodzisk mazoviki radonska aanee milanavek grudo aanee warszawa vschodniya teey gora kalwaria aanee scarzisco kamiennaparyantchya koleje mazoviki yaa gadya hatalate. warszaska college dojajadova sathichi maidane 1974 madhye madhyavarti warsomadhye margachya punarrachanecha bhag mhanoon bandhanyat aalee hotee. 2008 madhye koleje mazoviki gadyansathi platform jodanyat aale.

warsjawa aleje zerozolimsky rela station warsjawa aleje zerozolimsky rela station heuchhi polander warsora ochota jillara eka rela station . ehi stationti aleje jerojolimskyra eka bhajadoct upare nirmita hoichhi. ehaa warsjawa college dojajdowaru, warsjawa shradamieski dablyu. kee. dii. ru grozisk majowieki radoska ebong milanowake grudo ebong college majowieki, warsjawa wscodenia thaaru gora kalwaria ebong scargisco kamiena parjyanta train parichalana kare . warsjaoska college dojajadowa paain platform 1974 ray kendriah warsre margara punah sanrekhita hebara ansha bhabare nirmita hoithila . 2008 masihare college majowiki train paain platform joga karajaithila.

varzava aleje gerozolymsky railway station warszawa aleje gerozolymsky railway station poland dey varsa dey ochota zilhe witch ikk railway station haii. ih station aleje gerozolymsky dey ikk pull utte banaiaa giaa haii. ih warzawska college dojazdova toon, varzava schroadmiashisi w. keey. dee. toon groadzisk mazoviki radonska atey milanauvek grudau takk, atey kolje mazoviki, varzava vashodnia toon goraa kalvaria atey scarzisco kamena takk rail gaddiaan noon sambhalda haii. warzoska college dojazdova laee platform 1974 witch kendri varsau witch raste dee mudd sanrachna dey hisse vajon banaae gaye sunn. college mazoviki rail gaddiaan laee platform 2008 witch shamal keete gaye sunn.

vaarsazaavaa aleje zerozolimsky relasthanakam vaarsazaavaa aleje zerozolimsky relasthanakam polyaandadeshasy varsa ityasya ochotaa-mandale sthitam relasthanakam asti. aleje zerozolimsky ityasya vidoct ityatra etat sthanakam nirmitam asti. etat warszawaska-college-dojazdova-taha, vaarszaavaa-shroudamisi-doubleu. key. dee. taha grodzisk-mazovieki-radonska-milaanovek-grudov-paryantam, tathaa vaarszaavaa-vschodnia-taha goraa-kalvaria-skaarjisko-kamiyenna-paryantam koleje-mazovieki-paryantam relayaanaani nirvahati. warszawska-college-dojazdova-ityasya manchaah 1974 tame varshe kendriya-varsa-madhye margasya punah vinyaasasya bhagarupena nirmitaani aasan. 2008 tame varshe koleje-mazovieki-relayananam manchaah yojitaah.

warzawa aleje jerosolimsky rayil nilaiyam warzawa aleje jerosolimsky rayil nilaiyam poalanthin warza maavattaththil ulla oru rayil nilaiyamaagum. inththa nilaiyam aleje jerosolimskyin oru kaalvaayil kattappattullathu. idhu warzawa vosodania mattrum scarsisco camienna vazhiyaaga warzawa vosodania mattrum scarsisco dojajdova, warzawa shrodmyesky doublue. kae. dii muthal chrotchisk masoveekki radosca mattrum milanovec kirudav mattrum goleje masoveekki varai rayilgalaik kaiyaalgiradhu. varsavaska golej tojajdovakkaana thazhangal 1974 aam aandil matthiya poarvaikalukku vazhivagukkum paathaiyin maruseeramaippin oru paguthiyaaga kattappattana. 2008 aam aandil goleje masoviki rayilgalukkaana thazhangal serkkappattana.

varsajava aleje zerozolimsky railway station varsaja aleje zerozolimsky railway station polandloni warsa jillaalooni ochota railway station. eee station aleje zerozolimsky yokka viaduct meeda nirminchabadindi. idhi warsjawa collage dojazdova nundi, warsjawa shroudmiesky doubleukedy nundi grodgisk majoviki radoska mariyu milanovec grudov varaku, mariyu warsjawa vschodnia nundi goraa kalwaria mariyu scargisco camienna varaku college majoviki varaku raillanu nirvahistundi. warszashcolage dojajdova kosam vedikalu 1974loe central warsa loki maargam yokka punahroopakalpanalo bhaagamgaa nirminchabaddaayi. 2008loe college majoviki railla kosam platformlu jodinchabaddaayi.

waarzawa alijay gerozolmsky railway station waarzawa alijay gerozolmsky railway station poland kay waarisa kay zalaa ochota mein eek railway station hay. yaha station alijay gerozolmsky kay eek pull parr banaya gayaa hay. yaha warzawiska college dojazdova say waarzawa shroadmesi dabliyo kay ddee say lay kirr grodzsk mazuviki redonska aur melanovic girdo aur college mazoviki waarzawa wiscodenia say lay kirr goraa kloriya aur scarzesco kamina takk trainon kuu sanbhalta hay. warzawiska college dojazdova kay plait faarm 1974 mein markazi waarisa mein raastay kii bahaali kay hasay kay toor parr banaye gayey thay. koleeje mazuviki trainon kay plait faarm 2008 mein shaamil kiye gayey thay.

000493045da7f3cad299ecb60be750fd5ebeb149e12f44e877e5ea21073152f2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44356678

Acleris negundana

Acleris negundana Species of moth Acleris negundana, the speckled acleris moth, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from the District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Ontario, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. The wingspan is 16–17 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round. The larvae feed on "Acer negundo". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ekleris negundana accleries negundana, speckled accleries moth, hoise tortriciday poriyalor ek projatir potongo. iyak uttor aamerikat puwa yaay, zo 'too iyak kolombiya, georgia, ilinoy, indiana, kentaki, maine, manituba, maryland, mesasusets, minnesuta, misisippi, misuri, uhiu, ontario ", virginia, west virginia aaru wisconsin jilaar poraa lipibodho koraa hoise. rajhartu 16-17 mimi. pray bosorjuri praptoboyoskoxokolok uingot lipibodho koraa hoise. lorbhabure "esor negundo" khaay.

accleries negundana accleries negundana, speckled accleries moth, holl tortricidae poribarer ekti projatir moth. etty uttor america pawa yaay, jekhane etty kalambia, georgia, ilinoy, indiana, kentaki, maine, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesota, misissippi, misauri, ohio, ontario, virginia, oyesta virginia ebong wisconsin zela theke nothibhukto koraa hoyeche. danna 16-17 mimmy. praptoboyoskoder pray bochorbyapi wing-ayee record koraa hoyeche. larva "esser negundo" khaay.

accleris negundana ekliris negundana, speckled ekliris moth, tortricidae parivaarni aek prajaati chhe. teey uttar americama jovaa maley chhe, jyaan teey kolambiya, georgia, eleanois, indiana, kentaki, maine, manitoba, maryland, mesatusates, minnesota, mississippi, misauri, oheo, ontario, virginia, vesta virginia aneey wisconsin jeellama nondhvaamaa aavyu chhe. pankhni paankh 16-17 mm chhe. pukht vayanaa loko lagbhag aakhu varsh paankh parr nondhaayela chhe. larva "esser negundo" khaay chhe.

accleris negundana accleris nigundana, dhabbedar accleris patang, tortricidae parivaar key patang kii ack prajaati haye. yeh uttari america mein paaya jaataa haye, jahan yeh columbia, georgia, ilinois, indiana, kentucky, mene, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesota, mississippi, misauri, ohiyo, ontario, virginia, west virginia aur wisconsin jile seey darj kiya gayaa haye. pankhon kaa aakar 16-17 mimi haye. vayaskon koo lagbhag saal bhar wing parr darj kiya gayaa haye. larva "esser nigundo" koo khaate hain.

auxleris nigundana auxleris nigundana, spected auxleris chitte, idu tortricidae kutumbada ondu jaatiya chitte. idu uttara americadalli kandubaruttade, allie idu columbia, georgia, ileanois, indiana, kentaki, maine, manitoba, maryland, mastusets, minnesota, mississippy, missauri, ohiyo, ontario, virginia, west virginia mattu wisconsin jillegalalli daakhalisalaagide. rekkegalu 16-17 mimee aagive. vayaskarannu sumaru varshavidee rekkeya mele daakhalisalaagide. larvagalu "asser neegundo" vannu tinnuttave.

aakslaris neegundaana tortrisidae kudumbatthile oru inam nishaashalabhamaan speckled accleris moth enna accleris neegundaana. vadakke amerikkayil ithu kaanapedunnu, avide columbia, jorjia, illinois, indiana, kentakki, maine, maanittoba, maryland, masaachyusets, minnesota, mississippi, misauri, ohiyo, ontaariyo, virgenia, vestt virgenia, visconsin ennividangalil ithu rekhappeduthiyittundu. chirakukal 16-17 mm aanu. praayapoorthiyaayavar ekadesham varsham muzhuvanum chirakil rekhappeduthiyittundu. laarvakal "azar neegundo" bhakshikkunnu.

accleris negundana eklaris negundana, speckled eklaris moth, hii tortricidae kutumbatil patanganchi eka prajati aahe. too uttar americet aadhalato, jithe too kolambiya, georgia, eleanoy, indiana, kentki, mene, manitoba, maryland, massatusates, minnesota, mississippy, misauri, ohiyo, ontario, virginia, west virginia aanee wisconsin yaa jilhyanmadhun nondavala gela aahe. pankhanchi lambi 16-17 miimii aahe. praudhanchi nond jawaljawal varshbhar pankhanvar kelee gelee aahe. alya 'eser negundo' khatat.

acceleris negundana accleris negundana, speckled accleris moth, tortricidae pariwarko ek prajati how. yo uttari americama painchha, jahaan yo columbia, georgia, eleanois, indiana, kentky, meine, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesota, mississippi, misauri, ohiyo, ontario, bharjinia, west bharjinia rar wisconsin jillabata record garieko chha. yasako pakha 16-17 mimmy chha. wayaskaharu lagbhag warshabhari wingma record garieko chha. larbhaharule "esera negundo" khanchhan.

acceleris negundana accleris negundana, speckled accleris moth, tertricidae paribarara eka prajatira patanga. ehaa uttara aamerikare dekhibaku milithae, jeunthare ehaa kalambia, georgia, eleanois, indiana, kentaki, maine, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesota, misissippi, misauri, ohio, ontario, bharjinia, westa bharjinia ebong wisconsin jillare record karajaichi. ehara paakh pakhar lumb 16-17 mimi. bajaskamane praiah barshasara wingare record hoichhanti . larbha "esar negundo" ku khaithae .

accleris negundana accleris nigundana, dhabba vaala accleris keeda, parivaar tortricidae dee ikk prajati haii. ih uttri amrica witch paaiaa jaanda haii, jitthe ih columbia, georgia, eleanois, indiana, kaintaki, maine, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesota, mississippi, misauri, ohio, ontario, virginia, pachmi virginia atey visconsin zilhe toon daraj keeta giaa haii. khambhan daa pakkh 16-17 millimeter haii. balgan noon lagbhag saal bharr wing utte daraj keeta giaa haii. larva "eser nigundo" noon khaande hunn.

accleris negundaanaa escleris nigundana iti speckled escleris-maat iti tortricidae-kulasya maat-jaateh asti. uttaramerikadeshe etat drushyate, yatra columbia, georgia, ileanois, indiana, kentakee, maine, manitoba, maryland, massachusets, minnesotaa, mississippy, misauree, ohiyo, ontario, virginia, west virginia, visconsin ityeteshu mandaleshu etat abhilekhitam asti. prushtabhaagah 16-17 mimee asti. vayasko praayah varshaante ving-ityatra abhilekhitau stah. larva "esar neegundo" ityetam bhakshayanti.

accleris negundana accleris negundana, pulligal konda accleris andhuppoochchi, tortricidae kudumbaththin andhuppoochchiyin oru inamaagum. idhu vada americavil kaanappadugiradhu, angku idhu kolambiya, georgia, illinoys, indiana, kentakki, mainae, manitoba, maryland, massusets, minnesota, mississippi, mizori, oohiyoa, onrariyoa, virginia, maerku virginia mattrum visconsin aagiya maavattangkalil pathivu seiyappattullathu. irakkaikal 16-17 mimee aagum. periyavarkal kittatthatta aandu muzhuvathum irakkaiyil pathivu seiyappattullanar. larvakkal "azar neekundo" vaii unavaaga utkolgindrana.

accleris neegundana accleris neegundana, speckled accleris chimmata, tortricidae kutumbaaniki chendina chimmata jaathi. idhi uttara americalo kanipistundi, ikkada idhi columbia, georgia, illinais, indiana, kentucky, maine, manitoba, maryland, masachusets, minnesota, mississippi, missauri, ohiyo, antario, virginia, west virginia mariyu wisconsin jillaala nundi namodu cheyabadindi. rekkalu 16-17 mimi. peddalu daadaapu edaadi podavunaa rekkalapai namodu cheyabaddaaru. larvalu "asser neegundo" nuu tintaayi.

acclerius negandana acclears negandana dhabay waala acclears keedaa tortresidy khaandaan kay keeday kii eek nooa hay. yaha shamali america mein paaya jaataa hay jehaan yaha columbia jarjiya aleenwaye indiyana cantici meenay monetoba meeri lend misachosts menisota massipi mesori auhaiyo oontario warjiniya vest warjiniya aur waskonsan kay zalaon say darj kiyaa gayaa hay. pankh 16-17 milly metter hay. balighon kuu taqriba saal bhar wing parr record kiyaa gayaa hay. larwa "aiseer negando" kuu khaatay haine.

0004954d2189b53fba5d2c9662cb5f829af25e0f6d58d4b64747289946834f5a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=411108

Sidney Sonnino

Sidney Sonnino Italian politician (1847–1922) Sidney Costantino, Baron Sonnino (11 March 1847 – 24 November 1922) was an Italian statesman, 19th prime minister of Italy and twice served briefly as one, in 1906 and again from 1909 to 1910. He also was the Italian minister of Foreign Affairs during the First World War, representing Italy at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Early life. Sonnino was born in Pisa to an Italian Jewish father, Isacco Saul Sonnino, who converted to Anglicanism, and a Welsh mother, Georgina Sophia Arnaud Dudley Menhennet. He was raised as an Anglican by his family. His grandfather had emigrated from Livorno to Egypt, where he had built up an enormous fortune as a banker. As a young man, Sonnino suffered from a severe case of unrequited love, which badly damaged his self-esteem. In a typical entry in his diary, Sonnino wrote: "Who can and should love this nonentity lacking all physical and moral attraction?" To make up for his distress when the object of his affection married someone else, Sonnino took to long solitary walks and threw himself obsessively into work as he sought career success as a sort of consolation prize for his broken heart. After graduating in law in Pisa in 1865, Sonnino became a diplomat and an official at the Italian embassies in Madrid, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and Saint Petersburg from 1866 to 1873. His family lived at the Castello Sonnino in Quercianella, near Livorno. He retired from the diplomatic service in 1873. In 1876, Sonnino travelled to Sicily with Leopoldo Franchetti to conduct a private investigation into the state of Sicilian society. In 1877, the two men published their research on Sicily in a substantial two-part report for the Italian Parliament. In the first part, Sonnino analysed the lives of the island's landless peasants. Leopoldo Franchetti's half of the report, "Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily", was an analysis of the Mafia in the 19th century that is still considered authoritative today. Franchetti would ultimately influence public opinion about the Mafia more than anyone else until Giovanni Falcone, over 100 years later. "Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily" is the first convincing explanation of how the Mafia came to be. In 1878, Sonnino and Franchetti started a newspaper, "", which changed from weekly economic reviews to daily political issues. Early political career. Sonnino was elected in the Italian Chamber of Deputies for the first time in the general elections in May 1880, from the constituency of San Casciano in Val di Pesa. He belonged to the chamber to September 1919 from the XIV to XXIV legislature and supported universal suffrage. Sonnino soon became one of the leading opponents of the Liberal Left. As a strict constitutionalist, he favoured strong government to resist pressure of special interests, which made him a conservative liberal. In December 1893, he became Minister of Finance (December 1893 – June 1894) and Minister of the Treasury (December 1893 – March 1896) in the government of Francesco Crispi and tried to solve the Banca Romana scandal. Sonnino envisaged establishing a single bank of issue, but the main priority of his bank reform was to rapidly solve the financial problems of the "Banca Romana" and to cover up the scandal that involved the political class, rather than to design a new national banking system. The newly established Banca d'Italia was the result of a merger of three existing banks of issue (the Banca Nazionale and two banks from Tuscany). Regional interests were still strong, which caused the compromise of plurality of note issuance with the "Banco di Napoli" and the "Banco di Sicilia" and the provision for tighter state control. As Minister of the Treasury, Sonnino restructured public finances, imposed new taxes and cut public spending. The budget deficit was sharply reduced from 174 million lire in 1893–94 to 36 million in 1896–97. After the fall of the Crispi government as a result of the lost Battle of Adwa in March 1896, he served as the leader of the opposition conservatives against the liberal Giovanni Giolitti. In January 1897, Sonnino published an article, "Torniamo allo Statuto" (Let's go back to the Statute), in which he sounded the alarm about the threats that the clergy, the republicans and the socialists posed to liberalism. He called for the abolition of the parliamentary government and the return of the royal prerogative to appoint and to dismiss the prime minister without consulting parliament, which he considered to be the only possible way to avert the danger. In 1901, he founded a new major newspaper, "Il Giornale d'Italia". Opposition and Prime Minister. In response to the social reforms presented by Prime Minister Giuseppe Zanardelli in November 1902, Sonnino introduced a reform bill to alleviate poverty in southern Italy that provided for a reduction of the land tax in Sicily, Calabria and Sardinia; the facilitation of agricultural credit; the re-establishment of the system of perpetual lease for smallholdings (emphyteusis) and the dissemination and the enhancement of agrarian contracts to combine the interests of farmers with those of the landowners. Sonnino criticised the usual approach to solve the crisis through public works: "to construct railways where there is no trade is like giving a spoon to a man who has nothing to eat." Sonnino's uncompromising severity towards others long proved to be an obstacle to forming his own government. Nevertheless, Sonnino served twice briefly as prime minister. On 8 February 1906, Sonnino formed his first government, which lasted only three months. On 18 May 1906, after a mere 100 days, he was forced to resign. He proposed major changes to transform Southern Italy, which provoked opposition from the ruling groups. Land taxes were to be reduced by one third except for the largest landowners. He also proposed the establishment of provincial banks and subsidies to schools. His reforms provoked opposition from the ruling groups, and he was succeeded by Giovanni Giolitti. On 11 December 1909, Sonnino formed his second government with a strong connotation to the centre-right, but it did not last much longer and fell on 21 March 1910. First World War. After the July Crisis, Sonnino initially supported maintaining the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1914. He firmly believed that Italian self-interest entailed participation in the war, with its prospect of Italian territorial gains as a completion of Italian unification. However, after becoming Foreign Minister in November 1914 in the conservative government of Antonio Salandra and realising that it was unlikely to secure Austro-Hungarian agreement to concede territories to Italy, he sided with the Triple Entente of United Kingdom, France and Russia, and he sanctioned the secret Treaty of London in April 1915 to fulfill Italian irredentist claims. Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915. During the talks, Sonnino omitted to include the largely Italian-speaking Austrian city of Fiume (modern Rijeka, Croatia) into the lands that were to go to Italy, an omission that he later would regret in 1919. Sonnino followed what he called a "Bismarckian" foreign policy under which all that mattered was "sacro egoismo" ("sacred egoism"). The term "sacro egoismo" as the guiding principle of his foreign policy was Sonnino's way of saying that the interests of the Italian state were to be pursued via a ruthless policy of "realpolitik". Sonnino felt no great animosity towards the Austrian empire and no great love for the Allies, and only favored intervening on the Allied side because the French, British and Russian diplomats he was talking with were willing to promise Italy more than the Austrian and German diplomats. Sonnino admitted in private that he would have favored having Italy enter the war on the side of the Central Powers if only their diplomats had promised more than the Allied diplomats. Paris Peace Conference, 1919. He remained Foreign Minister in three consecutive governments and represented Italy at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference with Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. In January 1919, just before the conference started, the American president Woodrow Wilson paid the first visit by a U.S. president to Italy, where he was welcomed as a hero in Rome. Sonnino was less welcoming as he wrote that he was "disgusted" when Wilson told him that he was sincere about having national self-determination to be the basis of the peace. The Italians had broken the American diplomatic codes, and Sonnino was much offended when he learned that State Department had debated the merits of having Wilson ask for Sonnino to be dropped from the Italian cabinet during his visit to Rome. Orlando had favored having Italy renounce its claims to Dalmatia and the Dodecanese archipelago in exchange for American support for Italy annexing the rest of the lands promised by the Treaty of London, but Sonnino chose to take the maximalist position of demanding all of the lands promised by the Treaty of London. However, Sonnino went to Paris, promising in public that national self-determination was to be the basis of the post-world order without being opposed in private, a sleight-of-hand argument that Wilson at first took at face value. Sonnino defended the literal application of the Treaty of London and opposed to a policy of self-determination for the peoples in the former Austro-Hungarian territories. King Victor Emmanuel III chose not to impose clear guidelines on the Italian delegation out of the fear that either Orlando or Sonnino might resign in protest, which would leave the king with the responsibility of overseeing the formation of a new government, a duty that king wished to avoid. Victor Emmanuel was close to the generals of the "Regio Esercito", who advised against annexing Dalamatia under the grounds that garrisoning it would represent an intolerable financial burden on the Italian state. However, the king did not wish to appear "unpatriotic" by dismissing Sonnino and instead ordered the Italian delegation to secure as much of Italy's "just aspirations" as possible in Paris. The vague nature of the king's mandate with the orders to secure Italy's "just aspirations" allowed Sonnino and Orlando to pursue different policies at the Paris peace conference as Orlando was more open to compromises with Wilson than Sonnino. Wilson had stated that national self-determination was to be the basis of the peace. However, Wilson supported per the Treaty of London the Italian claim to have the Brenner Pass as the new Italian-Austrian frontier and for Italy to annex the Austrian province of South Tyrol despite the fact that South Tyrol had a German majority. Sonnino often argued to Wilson that because Italy lost half-million killed in the war that felt the Allies had an obligation to fulfill all of the terms of the Treaty of London. Sonnino's cold and aloof personality made him few friends at the conference, and his unwillingness to lobby the other delegates, which he considered to be beneath him, won him no allies at the conference. Orlando's inability to speak English and his weak political position at home allowed Sonnino to play a dominant role. Their differences proved to be disastrous during the negotiations. Orlando was prepared to renounce territorial claims for Dalmatia to annex Rijeka (or Fiume, as the Italians called the town), a major seaport on the Adriatic Sea, but Sonnino was not prepared to give up Dalmatia. Italy ended up claiming both but got none because of strong opposition to the Italian demands by US President Woodrow Wilson, who had a policy of national self-determination. Sonnino stubbornly maintained that Italy was entitled to a larger share of Asia Minor than it was promised under the Treaty of London, and received a promise that Italy would have a larger occupation zone in what is now southwestern Turkey. The belief that Sonnino was seeking to add the city of Smyrna (modern Izmir, Turkey) where slightly less than one half of the population was Greek-speaking, to the Italian occupation zone led directly to the Greek prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos ordering the Greek army to occupy Smyrna in May 1919, which set off the Greek-Turkish war. Later life. After the territorial ambitions of Italy towards Austria-Hungary had to be substantially reduced, Orlando's government resigned in June 1919. That was the end of Sonnino's political career, and he did not participate in the elections in November 1919. He was nominated senator in October 1920 but did not actively participate. Sonnino died suddenly on 24 November 1922 in Rome after he had suffered an apoplectic stroke. Legacy. Known as the "silent statesman of Italy", he could speak five languages fluently. Sonnino's main aims were to revive southern Italy economically and morally and to fight illiteracy. He never married. The only Protestant leader in Italian politics, Sonnino was described as "decidedly British in manner and thought" and "the great puritan of the Chamber, the last uncorrupted man". His stern intransigent moralism made him a difficult man, and although his integrity was universally respected, his closed and taciturn personality gained him few friends in political circles. A "New York Times" obituary described Sonnino as an intellectual aristocrat, a great financier and an accomplished scholar with little talent for popularity whose greatness would have been unmistakable in the days of absolute monarchy. He was further portrayed as a very able diplomat who belonged to the "old" diplomacy with an undeserved prominence at the Paris Peace Conference as the typical imperialistic annexationist although the diplomatic rules had changed. According to the historian R. J. B. Bosworth, "Sidney Sonnino, who was Foreign Minister from 1914 to 1919, and with a personal reputation, perhaps deserved, for honesty in all his dealings, has strong claims to have conducted Italy's least successful foreign policy." Trivia. On 16 April 1909 Wilbur Wright took Sonnino on a flight at Centocelle field, Rome, making Sonnino one of the earliest of statesmen to fly in an airplane. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sidney cho 'ninu sidney coustantinu, beron cho 'ninu (11 march 1847-24 novembor 1922) egoraki italy rajneetibid, italyr 19tomo prodhanmontri aasil aaru 1906 sonot aaru punor 1909 sonor poraa 1910 sonoloike dubarkoi ejon hisape karzonirbah korisil. teu 1919 sonor peris xanti xonmilonot italyk protinidhitwo kori prothom biswojudhor xomoyot italyr boidexik porikroma montriu aasil. prarombhik jiwan. cho 'ninur jonmo hoisil pisat ejon italy ihudi pitri, aaiseku cho' lo cho 'ninur, jigorakiye inglisbadoloi rupantorit hoisil, aaru egoraki welswo maatri, georgina sofiya aaronod doodly mannete. teur poriyale ejon ingraj hisape dangor-dighol korisil. teur kokakai libhornur poraa ijiptoloi probrojon korisil, zo 'too teu ejon benkor hisape ek bixal bhagyo gorhi tulisil. juwok hisape, cho 'ninu ek protidonditahin premor gurutor ghotonar xonmukhin hoisil, jaar folot teur aatmoxommanor beyaa khyoti hoisil. teur diaryt etaa xadharon prowexot cho 'ninuwe likhisiloh "xokolu xaririk aaru noitik aakorxonor obhabot ei ostitwohinotak kune bhaal paab paare aaru usit?"teur moromor uddesyo aan karubak biyaa koruwar xomoyot teur dukh puron koriboloi, cho 'ninuwe digholiya nixongo khuj karhiboloi loisil aaru nijor bhognohridoyor baabe ek dhoronor xantwona puroskar hisape karrier xofolota bisari thokar baabe nijoke abegikbhabe kamoloi theli disil. 1865 sonot pisat aainor snatok degree laabh korar pisot, cho 'ninu 1866 sonor poraa 1873 sonoloike medrid, vienna, barlin, peris aaru saint pietersburgot italy dutabaxot kutnitibid aaru bixoya hoi porisil. teur poriyaltu libhoronur usoror kuwersiyenelar kestelu cho' ninat baax korisil. 1873 sonot teu kutnoitik xewar poraa owoxor grohon kore. 1876 sonot cho 'ninuwe leopoldu frencetit loi cycilian xomajor owosthar uporot ek byoktigoto todonto koriboloi sisililoi jatra korisil. 1877 sonot, duyujon byoktiye italyr xongxodor baabe ek guruttopurno dutaa ongxor protibedonot sisilir uporot teulukor gowexona prokax korisil. prothom ongxot cho 'ninuwe diptur bhumihin krixokxokolor jiwan bislexon korisil. leopoldu frencetir protibedonor aadha ongxo, "sisilir rajnoitik aaru proxaxonik poristhiti", 19 xotikar mafiyar ek bislexon aasil jaak aajiu kortritwopurno buli gonyo koraa hoy. frencetiye owoxexot 100 bosororu odhik xomoyor pisot jiubhanni falconoloike mafiyar bixoye jonoxadharonok aan jikunutkoi odhik probhabito korisil. "mafiya kenekoi udbhob hoisil taar prothom biswaxjugyo byakhya hoise "sisilir rajnoitik aaru proxaxonik poristhiti". 1878 sonot cho 'ninu aaru frencetiye ekhon baatori kakot aarombho korisil, "ji xaptahik orthonoitik porzaluchonar poraa doinondin rajnoitik bixoyoloi xoloni hoisil. prarombhik rajnoitik jiwan. 1880 sonor mey "maahot xadharon nirbasonot prothombaror baabe italyr chamber owo deputit bhaal di pesar chaan kesiyanur xomostir poraa cho 'ninu nirbasito hoisil. 1919 sonor septembor maholoike teu souddotomor poraa souddotom bidhanmondololoike chamberor xodosyo aasil aaru xarbojonin bhutadhikarok xomorthon korisil. cho 'ninu oti xunkalei udarponthi bauponthir onyotomo aagxarir birudhi hoi porisil. ejon kothur xangbidhanikbadi hisape, teu bixex swarthor saap protihot koriboloi xoktixali sorkaror pokhyo loisil, jaar folot teu ejon rokhyonxil udarponthi hoi porisil. 1893 sonor disembor maahot teu francesco chrispir sorkarot bitto montri (disembor 1893-june 1894) aaru kuxagaror montri (disembor 1893-march 1896) hoisil aaru bonka rumana kelenkora xomadhan koriboloi chesta korisil. cho 'ninuwe etaa ekok benk off issue sthaponor porikolpona korisil, kintu teur benk xongskaror mool ogradhikar aasil "bangka rumana" ror bittiyo xomosyabur drutogotit xomadhan koraa aaru rajnoitik shrenir xoite jorito kelenkoratu dhakiboloi, notun rastriyo benking byowosthar porikolpona korar poriworte. nobo-protisthito benka di 'italia tinita bortomanor benk owo issue (benka najiunel aaru taskenir dutaa benk) ror ekotrikoronor pholsworupe hoisil. ancholik swartho etiyau xoktixali aasil, jaar folot "benku di napuli" aaru "benku di sisiliya" ror xoite noot jaari korar bohutwor aapuch hoisil aaru rastriyo niyontronor baabe kothur byowostha koraa hoisil. kuxagaror montri hisape, cho 'ninuwe rajohuwa bittiyo byowosthar punor gothon korisil, notun korr aarup korisil aaru rajohuwa byoy hraax korisil. bajetor obhab 1893-94 ror 174 nijut liror poraa 1896-97 loi 36 nijutoloi tibrovabe hraax paisil. 1896 sonor march maahot aadwar juddhot porajito huwar folot crippy sorkaror potonor pisot, teu udarponthi jiubhanni giyulittir biruddhe birudhi rokhyonxilor netaa hisape karzonirbah korisil. 1897 sonor januaryt cho 'ninuwe "torniumu elu statutu" (aainoloi ghuri jauk) naamor etaa probondho prokax korisil, zo' too teu puruhito, republican aaru xomajbadixokole udarotabador proti prodan koraa bhabukir bixoye xotorkobani jonaisil. teu xongxodiyo sorkaror bilupti aaru xongxodor poramorxo obihone prodhanmontrik nijukti aaru borkhasto korar rajokiyo bixex odhikar ghurai diboloi aahban jonaisil, jaak teu bipod protirudh korar ekmatro xombhabyo upay buli bibesona korisil. 1901 sonot teu "ill jiurnel di 'italia" naamor ekhon notun prodhan baatori kakot protistha kore. birudhi aaru prodhanmontri. 1902 sonor novembor maahot prodhanmontri jiusepe janardelliye uposthapon koraa xamajik xongskaror protikriyat, cho 'ninuwe dokhyin italyt doridrota dur koriboloi ek xongskar bidheyok proborton korisil zo' too sisili, calabria aaru sardiniyat bhumi korr hraax korar byowostha koraa hoisil; krixi rinor xubidha; khyudro xompotir baabe sirosthayi liz (amphytusis) byowostha punor sthapon koraa aaru krixokxokolor swarthor xoite bhumi malikxokolor swartho ekotrito koriboloi krixi suktir proxaron aaru briddhi koraa. cho 'ninuwe rajohuwa kaamor joriyote xongkot xomadhanor baabe xadharon dristibhongir xomaluchona korisiloh "zo' too kunu byoboxai naai, taat rey 'lopoth nirman koratu ejon manuhor haatot khaboloi eku nothoka lukok samus etaa diyar dore." aanor proti cho 'ninur aapuxohin tibrota dirghodin dhori teur nijor sorkar gothonot baadha hisape promanito hoisil. tothapiu, cho 'ninuwe du' baar xongkhipto xomoyor baabe prodhanmontri hisape karzonirbah korisil. 1906 sonor 8 februaryt cho 'ninuwe teur prothom sorkar gothon korisil, jitu maatro tini maahhe solisil. 1906 sonor 18 mey 'too maatro 100 dinor pisot teu podotyag koriboloi badhyo hoisil. teu dokhyin italyr rupantor koriboloi dangor poribortonor prostab disil, jiye xaxok gutxomuhor birudhitar sristi korisil. xorbobrihot bhumir malikxokolor baahire bhumi korr ek tritiyangxo hraax koribo lagisil. teu pradexik benk sthapon aaru bidyaloixomuhok rajsahajyo prodanoru prostab disil. teur xongskarxomuhe xaxok gutxomuhor birudhitar sristi korisil, aaru teur pisot jiubhanni giyulittir dwara uttoradhikari hoisil. 1909 sonor 11 disemborot soninuwe kendro-xuponthir proti ek xoktixali orthore teur dwitiyo sorkar gothon korisil, kintu ee besi dinn sthayi noho 'lo aaru 1910 sonor 21 marchot porasto hoisil. prothom biswojudho. julyr xongkotor pisot, cho 'ninuwe prothomote 1914 sonot germany aaru austria-hangerir xoite trigunito mitrota bojai rokhat xomorthon jonaisil. teu drirhobhabe biswax korisil je italy aatmo-swarthor baabe juddhot ongxogrohon korar proyujon aasil, iyar xoite italy ekotrikoron xompurno huwar baabe italy ancholik laabhor xombhawona aasil. obosye, 1914 sonor novembor maahot antonio "salandrar rokhyonxil sorkarot boidexik montri huwar pisot aaru italyk bhukhondoxomuh prodan korar baabe ostru-hangeria sukti xurokhito korar xombhawona naai buli upolobdhi kori teu juktorajyo, france aaru rasiyar trigun prowexadhikaror pokhyo loisil, aaru 1915 sonor aprilot italy obhedyobadi daabi puron koriboloi teu londonor gupon suktit onumudon jonaisil. 1915 sonor 23 mey 'too italye austria-hangerir biruddhe juddho ghuxona kore. alusonar xomoyot, cho' ninuwe italiloi juwa dexxomuhot bohulangxe italy bhaxi austrian sohor fiyam (aadhunik rijeka, crotia) ontorbhukto koriboloi baad disil, jitu baad diyar baabe teu pisoloi 1919 sonot onuxusona korisil. cho 'ninuwe "bixmarkian" boidexik niti onuxoron korisil, jaar odhinot "sekro' iguism" ("pobitro ohong") aasil guruttopurno. sekro" iguiji "xobdotu teur boidexik nitir poth prodorxok niti hisape soninur kuwar upay aasil je italy rastror swartho" bastob rajneeti "ror ek nisthur nitir joriyote onuxoron koribo lagibo. cho 'ninuwe austrian xamrajyor proti kunu dangor xotruta onubhob koraa nasil aaru mitroxoktir proti kunu dangor prem onubhob koraa nasil, aaru kewol mitropokhyor pokhyot hostokhyep korar pokhyopati aasil kaaron teu kotha paati thoka forasi, britis aaru rasian kutnitibidxokole austrian aaru german kutnitibidotkoi italyk odhik protisruti diboloi issuk aasil. cho 'ninuwe byoktigotobhabe swikar korisil je teu italyk kendriyo xoktir faalor poraa juddhot prowex korar pokhyopati aasil jodi kewol teulukor kutnitibidxokole mitro kutnitibidotkoi odhik protisruti disil. peris xanti xonmilon, 1919. teu ekerahe tinita sorkarot boidexik montri hoi aasil aaru 1919 sonot peris xanti xonmilonot prodhanmontri viturio "emuel orlandur xoite italyk protinidhitwo korisil. 1919 sonor januaryt, xonmilon aarombho huwar thik aagote, aamerikar rastropoti udor "uilsone ejon eu. e.-ror dwara prothom bhromon korisil.ess. rastropoti italiloi yaay, zo 'too teuk rumot nayok hisape aadoroni jonuwa hoy. cho 'ninuwe komm aadoroni jonaisil kiyonu teu likhisil je uilsone teuk koichil je xantir aadhar hoh' boloi rastriyo aatmo-xongkolpo rokhar khetrot teu antorikotapurno aasil. italyoxokole aamerikar kutnoitik niyom bhongo korisil, aaru rajyik bibhage uilsonor room bhromonor xomoyot italyr kebinetor poraa cho 'ninn' koo baad diyar baabe kuwar gunagunor bixoye bitorko koraa buli janibo paari suninu bohut khyubdho hoisil. orlanduwe london suktir dwara protisruti diya baaki bhumi italyr xoite xongzukto korar baabe aamerikar xomorthonor binimoyot italyk dalmatia aaru dodekanij dippunjor uporot iyar daabi tyag korar pokhyopati aasil, kintu cho 'ninuwe london suktir dwara protisruti diya xokolu bhumi daabi korar xorbadhik sthiti grohon koriboloi baasi loisil. obosye, cho 'ninu perisoloi goisil, rajohuwabhabe protisruti disil je rastriyo aatmo-nirnoy byoktigotobhabe birudhita nokorakoi biswo-poroborti byowosthar aadhar hoh' bob, wilsone prothome mukh mulyot luwa ek haator jukti. cho 'ninuwe london suktir aakhyorik proyugok rokhya korisil aaru purbor ostru-hangeria oncholor lukoxokolor baabe aatmo-nirnoy nitir birudhita korisil. roja bijoyi imanual tritiyoi orlandu baa cho 'ninuwe protibad kori podotyag koribo paare buli bhoy kori italyr protinidhi dolor uporot sposto nirdexona aarup nokoriboloi baasi loisil, jaar folot rojar uporot notun sorkar gothonor totwawodhan korar dayitwo thakibo, jitu kortobyo rojai erai jaboloi bisarisil. victor imanual "rejio" acercitu "ror xenapotixokolor ghonistho aasil, jiye ei bhittit dalamatiac xongzukto korar biruddhe poramorxo disil je iyak gerisonere italian rastror uporot ek oxohoniyo bittiyo buja protinidhitwo koribo. obosye, rojai cho 'ninuk borkhasto kori "dexpremhin" zen dekha dibo nibisarile aaru iyar poriworte italyr protinidhi dolok perisot italyr "nyayxongot akangkhya" jiman paari xurokhito koriboloi nirdex disil. italyr "nyayxongot akangkhya" xurokhito korar nirdexor xoite rojar aadexor osposto prokare cho 'ninu aaru orlanduk peris xanti xonmilonot bibhinno niti onuxoron koriboloi onumoti disil kiyonu orlandu cho' ninutkoi uilsonor xoite aapuch koriboloi odhik mukoli aasil. uilsone koichil je rastriyo aatmo-nirnoy xantir aadhar hoh 'bob lagibo. obosye, wilsone londonor sukti onuxori brennar pasok notun italy-austrian ximanto hisape aaru dokhyin tyrolor german xongkhyagoristhota thokar swotweu italye austrian prodex dokhyin tyrolor xoite xongzukto korar daabi korisil. cho 'ninuwe praye uilsonor usorot jukti dekhuwaisil je juddhot italye aadha nijut luk heruwaisil aaru teu onubhob korisil je london suktir xokolu sorto puron korar dayitwo mitroxoktir aase. cho 'ninur thanda aaru uscho byoktitwoi teuk xonmilonot komm bondhu kori tulisil, aaru teur tolot thoka buli bibesona koraa aan protinidhixokolor proti lobi koriboloi teur onischai teuk xonmilonot kunu mitrota laabh koraa nasil. orlandur ingraji koo 'boloi okhyomota aaru ghorot teur durbol rajnoitik owosthar baabe cho' ninuwe ek probhawxali bhumika paalon koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. alusonar xomoyot teulukor parthokyo dhongxatmok buli promanito hoisil. orlandu adriatic xagoror etaa prodhan xagoriyo bondor rijeka (baa fiyam, jaak italyoxokole sohor buli koy) xongzukto koriboloi dalmatier ancholik daabi tyag koriboloi xaju aasil, kintu cho 'ninu dalmatia tyag koriboloi xaju nasil. italye duyuta daabi korisil kintu aamerikar rastropoti udor "uilsonor italyr dabir tibro birudhitar baabe eku puwa nasil, jaar rastriyo aatmo-nirnoyor niti aasil. cho 'ninuwe drirhotare koichil je london suktir odhinot protisruti diyar tulnat italy esiya mineror ek brihot ongxor odhikari, aaru bortoman dokhyin-poschim tarkeet italyr ek brihot dokhol onchol thakibo buli protisruti laabh korisil. cho 'ninuwe smarna sohor (aadhunik ijomir, turkey) jug koriboloi bisarisil buli biswax koraa hoisil zo' too jonoxongkhyar aadhatkoi olop komm luk greek bhaxi aasil, italy dokhol oncholot punpotiyakoi greekor prodhanmontri elepherio 'cho venezel' soloi loi goisil jiye 1919 sonor mey 'maahot greek xoinyok smarna dokhol koriboloi nirdex disil, jaar folot greek-turkey juddho aarombho hoisil. poroborti jiwan. austria-hangerir proti italyr ancholik ussakangkhya jothesto hraax koribologiya huwar pisot, 1919 sonor june maahot orlandur sorkare podotyag korisil. xeitu aasil cho 'ninur rajnoitik karrier onto, aaru teu 1919 sonor novembor maahot nirbasonot ongxogrohon koraa nasil. 1920 sonor octoborot monunit huwa xenetar bure xokriyobhabe ongxogrohon koraa nasil. 1922 sonor 24 novemborot rumot apoplectic stro 'koto akranto huwar pisot cho' ninur hothate mrityu hoy. uttoradhikari. italyr nirob rajneetibid" hisape porisito teu pasta bhaxa xabolilbhabe koo 'bob parisil. cho 'ninur mool lokhyo aasil dokhyin italyk orthonoitik aaru noitikbhabe punorujjibito koraa aaru nirokhyorotar biruddhe juj diya. teu ketiyau biyaa korai nasil. italyr rajneetir ekmatro protestant netaa, cho 'ninn' koo "poddhoti aaru sintadharat nischitbhabe britis" aaru "chamberor mohan bixuddhokormi, xexor durnitihin manuh" buli bornona koraa hoisil. teur kothur otol noitikotai teuk ejon kothin manuh kori tulisil, aaru jodiu teur xotota xorbojoninbhabe xonman koraa hoisil, teur bondho aaru nirob byoktitwoi teuk rajnoitik sokrot komm bondhu laabh koraisil. nework times" ror ek xukbartat cho 'ninuk ejon boudhik obhijat, ejon mohan bittodata aaru jonopriyotar baabe komm protibha thoka ejon dokhyo pondito hisape bornona koraa hoisil jaar mohanota nirbhorxil rajtontror dinot spostokoi thakibo paare. teuk aaru ejon oti xokhyom kutnitibid hisape sitrito koraa hoisil ji peris xanti xonmilonot ek orhotapurno gurutwor xoite "puroni" kutnitir ontorgoto aasil jodiu kutnoitik niyom xoloni hoisil. itihaxbidor mote aar. je. bi. bob 'sowortho, "sidney cho' ninu, ji 1914 sonor poraa 1919 sonoloike boidexik montri aasil, aaru byoktigoto khyatire, xombhobotoh teur xokolu lendenot xototar baabe, italyr ataitkoi komm xofol boidexik niti porisalona korar drirho daabi aase." xadharon kotha. 1909 sonor 16 aprilot uilbar raite cho 'ninuk rumor centochel fieldot ekhon uron korisil, jaar folot cho' ninn 'bimanot uri juwa prasinotomo rajneetibidxokolor bhitorot ejon hoi porisil.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, barron sonino (11 march 1847-24 navembar 1922) ekjon italiya rashtranayak, italir italir prodhanmontri chhilen ebong 1906 saale ebong abar 1909 theke 1910 saal porjonto doo 'barr sangkhipto somoyer jonno ekjon hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. tini prothom bishwojuddher somoy italir pororashtromontrio chhilen, 1919 saaler parris shanti sommelone italir protinidhitto korechilen. prathomik jeebon. sonino pissa-teey jonmogrohon corren ekjon italiya ihudi pita, isako soll sonino, jini ingrezite dhormantorito hoyechilen ebong ekjon welsh maa, georgina sofiya earned doodly menneter ghore. tini taanr poribarer dwara ekjon ingrez hisabe bede othen. taanr pitamaha liverno theke mishore choley esechilen, jekhane tini ekjon banker hisabe bishal sompod gadey tulechilen. ekjon jubok hisabe, sonino ektorofa premer ekti gurutoro khettre bhugchilen, jaa taar atmosommanke marattokbhabe khotigrostho korechilo. sonino taanr diaryte ekti sadharan nibondhe likhechenoh "samasta sharirik oo noitik akorshoner abhaber eyi ostittohinotake keey bhalobaste paare ebong keey taa koraa uchito?"taar sneher uddeshya jokhon onno kauke biye korechilo, tokhon taar dukkher protikarer jonno, sonino deergho nirjan hantachala shuru korechilen ebong nijer bhogno hridayer jonno eka dharaner santwana puraskar hisabe kormojiboner safalyer jonno nijeke achchonnobhabe kaaje feley diyechilen. 1865 saale pisa aain bishoye snatok howar porr, sonino 1866 theke 1873 saal porjonto madrid, vienna, barlin, parris ebong seenta pietersberge italiya dutabaser ekjon kutnitik ebong kormokorta hohn. taanr poribar livernor kachhe quarcienallar castello soninote thakat. 1873 saale tini kutnaitik chakri theke abosar grohon corren. 1876 saale, sonino cecilian samajer abostha somporke ekti byaktigato todonto porichalona korte leopoldo franchetir saathe sisili bhromon corren. 1877 saale, dui byakti italiya sangsader jonno ekti ullekhjoggo dui-ongsher protibedone sisili niye taader gobeshona prakash corren. prothom ongshe, sonino dweeper bhumihin krishakder jeebon bishleshan corren. leopoldo franchetir ardhek protibedon, "sisilite rajnaitik oo proshashonik poristhiti", 19 shotoker mafiader ekti bishleshan chhilo jaa aajo kortrittopurno boley bibechito hoy. 100 bochorero beshi somoy porey giovanni falcon porjonto franchetti shesh porjonto mafia somporke jonomotke onno jey konao byaktir cheye beshi probhabito koroto. "mafia kibhabe toiri hoyechilo taar prothom biswasjoggo byakhya holl "sisilite rajnaitik oo proshashonik poristhiti". 1878 saale, sonino ebong franchetti ekti sangbadpatra shuru corren, jaa saptahik orthonoitik porjalochona theke daeenandin rajnaitik bishoye poribortito hoy. prathomik rajnaitik karmajiban. 1880 saaler meey maase sadharan nirbachone voll dii pesara shaan casiano nirbachoni elaka theke sonino prothombar italian chembar off deputite nirbachito hohn. 1919 saaler septembara porjonto tini chaudda theke chauddatama ainsabha porjonto chembarer sadasya chhilen ebong sorbojonin bhotadhikarke samarthan korechilen. sonino shighroi udar bamponthider onnotomo prodhan birodhi hoye othen. ekjon kathor sangbidhanikbadi hisabe, tini bishesh swarther chup protirodh korar jonno shaktishali sarkarer pokkhe chhilen, jaa taanke ekjon rakkhanshil udarponthi korey tulechilo. 1893 saaler decembere tini francesco chrispir sarkare arthamantri (december 1893-june 1894) ebong treasury montri (december 1893-march 1896) hohn ebong banka romanar kelenkari samadhaner chesta corren. sonino ekti ekok bank off issure porikolponar kotha bhebechilen, kintu taanr bank sangoskarer prodhan agradhikar chhilo "banka romanar" arthik samasyaguli druto samadhan koraa ebong ekti notun jatiya banking byabosthar naksha toiri korar poriborte rajnaitik shrenir jorito kelenkariti adal koraa. nobonirmito banca dii 'italia chhilo tinti vidyaman bank off issure (banca nagionel ebong tascanir duti bank) ekotrikoroner foll. anchalik swartho tokhono shaktishali chhilo, jaar foley "banco dii napoli" ebong "banco dii cecilia"-rawr sange note jaarir bohutter ups hoyechilo ebong kathor rashtriya niyantraner bidhan chhilo. koshagar montri hisabe, sonino sarkari orthobyobostha punargathan corren, notun corr arop corren ebong sarkari byoy hrass corren. budget ghatoti tibrovabe hrass peye aaee. dii. 1-ayee 17.4 kotee lira theke aaee. dii. 2-ayee 3 kotee 60 lokkhe neme aase. 1896 saaler march maase adwar porajito juddher foley khasta sarkarer potoner porr tini udarponthi giovanni geolittir biruddhe birodhi rakkhanshilder neta hisabe dayitto palon corren. 1897 saaler januaryte, sonino "torniamo alo statuto" (asun sangbidhane firey jaai) naame ekti nibondho prakash corren, jekhane tini padri, prajatantrabadi ebong samajtantrikra udartabader jonno jey humki srishti korechilo seey somporke satarkabarta diyechilen. tini sangsadiya sarkarer bilupti ebong sangsader poramorsho chharai prodhanmontri niyog oo borkhasto korar rajakiya biseshadhikar firiye aanar ahoban zanan, jaa tini bipod edanor ekmatro sombhabbo upay boley money corren. 1901 saale tini "ill giornale dii 'italia" naame ekti notun prodhan sangbadpatra protistha corren. birodhi doll oo prodhanmontri. 1902 saaler novembore prodhanmontri giuseppe janardeli kortrik uposthapito samajik sangoskarer protikriyay, sonino dakkhin italite daridro durikaraner jonno ekti sangoskar bill proborton corren jaa sisili, calabria ebong sardinia bhumi corr hraser byabostha korey; krishi riner subidha; khudro jomir jonno sthayi izara (amphytusis) byabostha punra protistha ebong jomir malikder swarther saathe krishakder swarthoke ekotrito korar jonno krishi chuktigulir prochar oo briddhi. sonino ganopurter madhyome sangkat samadhaner jonno swabhabik poddhotir samalochana korechilenoh "jekhane konao banijya nei sekhane railpoth nirman koraa emon ekjon byaktike chamoch deoar moto jaar khaoar kichhu nei." onnoder proti soninor aposhohin tibrota dirghakal dhorey taanr nijer sarkar gathone badha hoye dandiyeche. taa sotteo, soninio duibar sangkhipto somoyer jonno prodhanmontri hisebe dayitto palon corren. 1906 saaler 8ee february, soninio taanr prothom sarkar gathon corren, jaa matro tinn maas sthayi hoy. matro 100 deane porr 1906 saaler 18 meey tini podotyag korte badhyo hohn. tini dakkhin italir rupantarer jonno borh dharaner poribortoner prostab diyechilen, jaa shasok gosthigulir birodhita uske diyechilo. brihottomo jomir malikder chhada jomir corr eka tritiyangsho commano hobey. tini pradeshik bank protistha ebong bidyaloygulite bhartukir prostabo korechilen. taanr sangoskar shasok gosthigulir birodhita uske deyo ebong taanr stholabhishikto hohn giovanni geolitti. 1909 saaler 11ee december, soninio kendra-danponthider dridha ortho niye taanr dwitiya sarkar gathon corren, kintu etty beshi deane sthayi hoyney ebong 1910 saaler 21shhey march poton ghote. prothom bishwojuddho. julai sankater porr, sonino prathomikbhabe 1914 saale germany ebong austria-hangerir saathe tripakshiya joat bojay rakhte samarthan korechilen. tini dridhobhabe biswas korten jey italian swarther jonno juddhe ongshogrohoner prayojan chhilo, ebong italian ekikaraner samapti hisabe italian anchalik laver sombhabona chhilo. zaihok, 1914 saaler novembore antonio salandra rakkhanshil sarkare pororashtromontri howar porr ebong italir kachhe anchalguli sweekar korar jonno austria-hangerian chukti surokkhito korar sombhabona nei bujhte perey tini juktorajyo, france ebong russier tinn dapha chuktir pokkhe chhilen ebong 1915 saaler aprile italian ajouktik daabi puroner jonno tini londoner gopon chukti anumodan korechilen. 1915 saaler 23shhey meey itali austria-hangerir biruddhe juddho ghoshana korey. alochonar somoy, sonino mulat italiya-bhashi austrian shohor fiam (adhunik rizeka, croatia) keey italite yawar bhumite antarbhukta koraa baad deena, jaa ekti baad deoa hoyechilo jaa porey 1919 saale tini onushochona korben. sonnino jaake tini "bismarkian" boideshik neeti boley abhihito korechilen taa anusaran korechilen jaar adhine jaa guruttopurno chhilo taa holl "sacro igoismo" ("pobitro ohong"). taanr boideshik nitir pothprodorshok neeti hisabe "sacro igoismo" shobdoti chhilo soninor bolar upay jey italiya rashtrer swartho "bastob rajneeti"-rawr ekti nirmam nitir madhyome anusaran koraa uchito. sonino austrian samrajyer proti konao borh shatruta onubhob korenni ebong mitroder proti konao borh bhalobasa onubhob korenni ebong cable mitro pokkher hostokkheper pokkhe chhilen kaaron farasi, british ebong russian kutnitikder saathe tini kotha bolchilen austrian ebong german kutnitikder cheye italike beshi protishruti ditey ichchuk chhilen. sonino byaktigatabhabe sweekar korechilen jey, tini kendriya shaktir pokkhe italike juddhe probesh koranor pokkhe chhilen jodi taader kutnitikra mitro kutnitikder cheye beshi protishruti diten. parris shanti sommelon, 1919. tini porpor tinti sarkare pororashtromontri chhilen ebong 1919 saale prodhanmontri vittorio emmanuel orlandor saathe parris shanti sommelone italir protinidhitto korechilen. 1919 saaler januaryte, sommelon shuru howar thhik agey, markin rashtrapati udro willson prothom markin juktorashtrer sofor corren.esha. rashtrapati italite zaan, jekhane taanke romey nayak hisebe swagoto janano hoy. sonino qama swagoto janiyechilen kaaron tini likhechilen jey willson jokhon taake bolechilen jey tini shantir vitti hisabe jatiya atmaniyantraner bishoye antorik chhilen tokhon tini "birokto" hoyechilen. italiyara markin kutnaitik bidhi bhongo korechilo ebong sonino jokhon jaante perechilen jey, willsonke taar roam soforer somoy italiya montrisobha theke soninoke baad deoar jonno steta departmenter anurodher gunagun niye bitorko hoyechilo tokhon tini onek khubdho hoyechilen. london chuktir protishruti anujayi bucky jommy dokholer jonno markin somorthoner binimoye italike dalmatia oo dodecanese dweeppunjer upor taar daabi tyag korar pokkhe chhilo orlando, kintu sonino london chuktir protishruti anujayi samasta jomir daabi korar sorbochcho abosthan nitey beche niyechilen. zaihok, sonino pyarise giechilen, prokashye protishruti diyechilen jey jatiya atmaniyantran byaktigatabhabe birodhita naa korey uttor-bishwa byabosthar vitti hotey hobey, ekti haate-kolome jukti jaa willson prothome mukh mulye niyechilen. sonino london chuktir akkhorik proyogke rakkha korechilen ebong praktan austria-hangerian anchalgulir jonogoner jonno atmaniyantran nitir birodhita korechilen. raja vijayi tritiya emmanuel italiya protinidhidoler upor sposhto nirdeshika arop naa korar siddhanta nene eyi bhoye jey orlando baa soninio err protibade podotyag korte paare, jaa rajar upor ekti notun sarkar gathoner tadarkir dayitto chhede debe, jaa raja edate cheyechilen. vijayi emmanuel "rijio acercito"-rawr generalder ghonistho chhilen, jaaraa eyi vittite dalmatia sangjukto korar biruddhe poramorsho diyechilen jey etty italiya rashtrer upor ekti asahaniya arthik bojha protinidhitto korbe. zaihok, raja soninor borkhasto korey "deshpremik" boley money korte channi ebong poriborte italiya protinidhidolke pyarise jotota sombhob italir "nyayasangata akangkha" surokkhito korar nirdesh diyechilen. italir "nyayasangata akangkha" surokkhito korar adesher saathe rajar adesher osposhto prokriti sonino ebong orlandoke parris shanti sommelone bivinno neeti anusaran korar anumati deyo kaaron orlando sonino theke willsoner saathe aposh korar jonno beshi unmukto chhilo. willson bolechilen jey jatiya atmaniyantran shantir vitti hotey hobey. tobey, willson london chukti onusare italioder notun italiya-austrian seemanto hisabe brenner pusses thucker ebong dakkhin tyroler german sankhyagarishthata thaka sotteo dakkhin tyroler austrian prodeshke sangjukto korar daabi samarthan korechilen. sonino prayashai willsonke jukti diten jey, jehetu italir juddhe ordho million manush nihoto hoyechilo, taai money hoyechilo jey london chuktir samasta shorto puron korar jonno mitroder badhyobadhokota royeche. soninor sheetal oo unchu byaktitto taanke sommelone alpo bondhu korey toley ebong anyanno protinidhider todobir korte taanr aniha, jaa tini taanr adhine boley money korten, sommelone taanr konao mitro orjon korte pareni. orlandor ingrezite kotha bolar okkhomota ebong barite taar durbal rajnaitik abosthan soninoke ekti prabhabshali bhumika palon korte deyo. alochonar somoy taader modhye motoparthokyo viparyakar promanito hoy. orlando dalmatier anchalik daabi tyag korey adriatic sagorer ekti prodhan samudrabandar rizeka (baa fiam, jaake italiyara shohor boley) sangjukto korte prostuto chhilo, kintu sonino dalmatia tyag korte prostuto chhilo naa. itali ubhoy dabiyi shesh korey kintu markin rashtrapati udro willsoner italiya dabir teebro birodhitar karone kichui payni, jaar jatiya atmaniyantraner neeti chhilo. sonino ekguyevabe bolechilen jey london chuktir adhine protishruti deoa hoyechilo taar cheye itali asia minorer ekti borh ongsher adhikari chhilo ebong ekti protishruti peyechilo jey italir ekhonkar dakkhin-poschim tarkeyte ekti brihottor dokhol anchal thakbe. sonino jey smirna shohor (adhunik izmir, turkey) jukto korte chaichilo, jekhane ardhekero qama jonosongkha grikbhashi chhilo, eyi biswaser foley sarasari greek prodhanmontri elephtherius venezelos 1919 saaler meey maase greek senabahinike smirna dokhol korar nirdesh deena, jaa greek-turkey juddher suchona korey. poroborti jeebon. austria-hangerir proti italir anchalik uchchakangkha ullekhjoggobhabe hrass korar porr, orlandor sarkar 1919 saaler june maase podotyag korey. etty chhilo soninor rajnaitik kormojiboner samapti, ebong tini 1919 saaler novembore nirbachone ongsho nenni. 1920 saaler octobore manoneet sinetara burr sokriyobhabe ongshogrohon korenni. 1922 saaler 24shhey navembar romanite apoplectic stroker karone sonino hothat maaraa zaan. uttoradhikar. italir nirab rashtranayak" hisabe porichito, tini sablilbhabe panchti bhasay kotha bolte parten. soninor prodhan lakkhya chhilo dakkhin italike orthonoitik oo noitikbhabe punorujjibito koraa ebong nirokkhorotar biruddhe ladai koraa. tini kokhono biye korenni. italir rajneetir ekmatro protestant neta, soninor bornona chhilo "poddhoti oo chintadharay nischitovabe british" ebong "chembarer mohan puritan, shesh durnitigrasta manush". taanr kathor ottle naitikata taanke ekjon kathin manush korey tulechilo ebong jodio taanr sotota sorbojoninbhabe sommanito hoyechilo, taanr ghonistho ebong nirab byaktitto taanke rajnaitik mohole khub qama bondhui eney diyechilo. newyork times"-err ekti shokbartai soninor bornona deoa hoyeche ekjon buddhijibi abhijato, ekjon mohan orthodata ebong janapriyatar jonno samanno protibha soho ekjon dokkho pondito, jaar mahatto porom rajtantrer dingulite sposhto hoto. kutnaitik niyam poribortito holeo parris shanti sommelone taanke ekjon atyanta sokkhom kutnitik hisebe chitrito koraa hoyechilo, jini "purno" kutnitir antarbhukta chhilen ebong taanr kachhe ekti ajachito bishistota chhilo. itihasbider motey, arr. jeey. bii. boseworth bollen, "sidney sonino, jini 1914 theke 1919 saal porjonto pororashtromontri chhilen ebong byaktigato khyati soho, sombhoboto taanr samasta lendener sototar jonno, italir sabcheye qama sofol boideshik neeti porichalona korar dridha daabi korechen." tuchcho. 1909 saaler 16ee april uilbar raita romer centocel fielde ekti flaite soninor sange biman chaliye zaan, jaar foley sonino bimane udanta prothom diker rashtranayakder ekjon hoye othen.

sidnee soneeno sidnee costantino, beron soneeno (11 march 1847-24 november 1922) aek italian raajnetaa, italyna 19maa vadaa pradhaan hataa aneey 1906maan aneey fareethi 1909thee 1910 sudhee beey vaar aek tareeke sankshiptma sevaa aapee hatee. teo pratham vishva yuddh darmiyan italyna videsh mantree pann hataa, 1919 paris shaanti parishadma italynun pratinidhitva kartaa hataa. praarambhik jeevan. soninono janm pisa khaate aek italian yahudi pitaa, isako saaul soneeno, jemane anglicanism rupaantar karyoo hatoo, aneey aek velsha maataa, georgina sofiya ernoud doodly mananenetne tyaan thayo hato. temno uchher temnaa parivaar dwara aek angrej tareeke karvaamaa aavyo hato. temnaa daadaa livornothi egyptma sthalaantarit thayaa hataa, jyaan temane aek banker tareeke prachand sampatti oobhi curry hatee. aek yuvan maanas tareeke, soneenone ektarafi premnaa gambhir kesano saamno karvo padyo hato, jene tenaa aatmasanmanne kharaab reete nuksan pahonchaadyu hatoo. potaani diaryma aek lakshaneek nondhamaa, soninoae lakhyu "shaaririk aneey naiteek aakarshanno abhaav dharaavati aaa biin-astitvane koona prem curry shake aneey shun karavu joiae?"jyaare tenaa premno hetu koee beeja saathe lagna karey chhe tyaare tenee taklifne pahonchi vadvaa maate, soninoae laambi ekantma chaalvaanu sharoo karyoo aneey potaani karkidrini safaltani maang karatee vakhate potaane kaammaan vyast curry deedho kaaran keey tene tenaa tutelaa hraday maate aek prakaarnu saantvana puraskar tareeke. 1865maan pisaamaa kayadama snaatak thayaa pachhi, soneeno 1866thee 1873 sudhee medrid, vienna, berlin, paris aneey saint pietersbergma italian dutavasma rajdwari aneey adheekari banyaa. temno parivaar livorno najik kverasiyanelama castello soneenoma raheto hato. teo 1873maan rajdwari sevamathi nivrutt thayaa hataa. 1876maan, soninoae cicilian samajni sthitini khangi tapaas karvaa maate leopoldo franchetti saathe cicillini musafari curry hatee. 1877maan, banne maansoae italyni sansad maate nondhpaatra beey bhagno ahevaalmaa cicilly parr temnu sanshodhan prakashit karyoo. pratham bhagma, soninoae taapuna jaminvihona khedutonaa jeevannu vishleshan karyoo hatoo. leopoldo franchettinaa ahevaalno adadho bhaag, "cicillyma raajkeey aneey vahivati paristhitio", 19mee sadimaa mafiyanun vishleshan hatoo jeey aaje pann adheekrut manvama aave chhe. 100 varsh pachhi, geovanni falcon sudhee, franchity aakhare mafiya vishenaa lokonaa abhiprayne anya koee karataa vadhu prabhaavit karashe. "cicillyma raajkeey aneey vahivati paristhitio" aee mafiya kevee reete banyo tenu pratham sachot samajooti chhe. 1878maan, soneeno aneey franchetti aek akhbaar sharoo karyoo, "jeey saaptaahik aarthik samikshaothi dainik raajkeey muddaoma badlai gayoo. praarambhik raajkeey karkirdi. soneeno meey 1880maan saamanya chuntanima pratham vakhat italyna chamber off deputiesmaa, well dii pesaana saana kasianona matvistarmathi chuntaya hataa. teo 1919naa septemberthi XIVthee XXIV vidhansabha sudhee chamberna sabhy hataa aneey saarvtrik matadhikarne teko aapyo hato. soneeno toonk samayma udaar daberiona agranee virodhiomaano aek bunny gayo. kadak bandharaniyvadi tareeke, temane vishesh hitonaa dabaanno pratikaar karvaa maate majboot sarkaarni tarfen curry hatee, jene temne rudhichust udaarvaadi banaavya hataa. december 1893maan, teo fransco chrispini sarkarma naanaa mantree (december 1893-juuna 1894) aneey treasury mantree (december 1893-march 1896) banyaa aneey benka romaana kaubhandne ukelavaano prayaas karyo. soninoae aek jaj banknee sthaapnaa karvaanee kalpanaa curry hatee, parantu temnaa benk sudhaaraani mukhya prathmikta "baanka romaana" nee nanakiy samsyaaonu zadapthi samadhan karvaanee aneey navee raashtriy banking pranalini rachnaa karvaane badale raajkeey varg saathe sankalaayela kaubhandne dhankvani hatee. navaa sthaapit benka dii 'italia aee trana pravartmaan banco (benka nazionale aneey tuscanyni beey banco) naa vilinikarannu parinam hatoo. praadeshik heeto haju pann majboot hataa, jenaa kaarane "banco dii nepoli" aneey "banco dii cicilia" aneey kadak raajy niyantran maateni jogvai saathe nooat jaaree karvaanee bahumatinu samadhan thayu hatoo. tijorinaa mantree tareeke, soninoae jaaher nanakiy vyavsthaanu punargathan karyoo, navaa karvera laadhya aneey jaaher kharchamaa ghataado karyo. budget khaadh 1893-94 maan 174 million leerethi ghateene 1896-97 maan 36 million thaee gaee hatee. march 1896 maan advani haaree gayelee ladaaina parinaame chrispy sarkaarnaa patan pachhi, temane liberal geovanni giolitti saame vipakshnaa rudhichustonaa netaa tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. january 1897maan, soninoae aek lekh prakashit karyo, "torniamo elo statuto" (chaalo kaanoon parr paachha jaeae), jemaa temane paadario, prajasattak aneey samajvadioae udaarvaadne jeey dhamkio aapee hatee tenaa vishe chetvani aapee hatee. temane sansadeey sarkaarne nabud karvaa aneey sansadni salah leedha vinaa vadaa pradhaanni nimanook karvaa aneey bartaraf karvaa maate shaahee visheshaadhikaar parat karvaa maate haakal curry hatee, jene temane jokhamne taalvaano ekmatra sambhaveet rasto ganaavyo hato. 1901maan temane aek navaa mukhya akhbaar 'ila geornale dii' italia 'nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. vipaksh aneey vadapradhan. november 1902maan vadaa pradhaan giuseppe zanardeli dwara rajoo karaayela saamaajik sudharaona javabma, soninoae dakshin italyma garibi door karvaa maate aek sudhaarana bill rajoo karyoo hatoo, jemaa cicilly, calabria aneey sardiniyama jameen veraamaa ghataado karvaanee jogvai hatee; krushee dhiranni suveedha; naanee maliki (amphitusis) maate kaayamee leaseni pranalini punsthaapnaa aneey jameenmalikona heeto saathe khedutonaa hitone jodvaa maate krushee karaarno prasaar aneey vrudhdhi. soninoae jaaher kaaryo dwara katokateene ukelavaa maatena saamanya abhigamni teeka kareeh "jyaan koee vepaar naa hoya tyaan railwaynu nirmaan karavu aee aevaa maanasne chamchi aapvaa jevu chhe jenee paase khaava maate kanee nathee." anya loko pratye soneenoni asantusht gambhirta laambaa samaythi potaani sarkaar rachvaamaa avrodh saabit thaee hatee. tema chhataa, soninoae beey vakhat toonk samay maate vadapradhan tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. 8 februari 1906naa roj, soninoae temnee pratham sarkaar banaavi, jeey maatra trana maheena sudhee chaali hatee. 18 meey 1906naa roj, maatra 100 divas pachhi, temne raajinaamu aapvani faraj puddy hatee. temane dakshin italyma parivartan laavvaa maate motaa ferfaaroni darkhaast curry hatee, jenaa kaarane shaasak jutho tarafthi veerodh thayo hato. sauthee motaa jameenmaliko sivaay jameen veraamaa aek trutiyaansh ghataado karvaano hato. temane praantiy bankoni sthaapnaa aneey shaalaaone subsidy aapvaano pann prastaav mookyo hato. temnaa sudharaoae shaasak juthonaa virodhne ushkeryo hato aneey temnaa pachhi geovanni giolitti aavyaa hataa. 11 december 1909naa roj, soninoae kendra-jamnerinaa majboot arth saathe temnee beejee sarkaar banaavi, parantu teey vadhu samay sudhee tucky naa hatee aneey 21 march 1910naa roj puddy hatee. pratham vishvyuddh. julyni katokati pachhi, soninoae sharuaatmaa 1914maan germany aneey austriya-hangeri saathe tripal jodaan jalavanu samarthan karyoo hatoo. teo dradhpane maantaa hataa keey italian swa-heet yuddhmaa bhagidarini jaroor chhe, jemaa italian ekikaranni purnataa tareeke italian praadeshik laabhnee sambhavna chhe. jooe keey, november 1914maan antonio salandrani rudhichust sarkarma videsh mantree banyaa pachhi aneey italyne pradesho sweekarva maate austro-hungarian samajooti melavani shakyata nathee teey samajya pachhi, temane united kingdom, france aneey russiana tripal adhikaarno paksh leedho aneey april 1915maan italian irredentist daavaaone purn karvaa maate londonni goopt sandheene manjuri aapee. italiae 23 meey 1915naa roj austriya-hangeri saame yuddh jaaher karyoo. vataghato darmiyan, soninoae motaa bhaage italian bolata austrian shaher fiyama (aadhunik reejeka, croatia) neey italyma javaani jameenoma saamel karvaanu chhodi didhu, aek bhool keey jene kaarane tene paachhalthi 1919maan pastaavo thashe. soninoae jene "bismarkian" videsh neetee tareeke odakhaavi hatee tenu paalan karyoo hatoo, jeey hethal jeey badhu mahatvanu hatoo teey "pavitra ahankar" ("pavitra ahankar") hatoo. temnee videsh niteena maargdarshak siddhaant tareeke "pavitra ahankar" shabd soneenoni kahevani reet hatee keey italian rajyanaa hitone "vaastavik rajneeti" nee nirdayi neetee dwara anusarvaamaa aavashe. soneenone austrian saamrajya pratye koee motee dushmanavat nahoti aneey saatheeo maate koee moto prem nahoto, aneey maatra saathee pakshnee dakhalgirini tarfen curry kaaran keey french, british aneey russian rajdwario saathe teo vaat curry rahyaa hataa, jeo austrian aneey german rajdwario karataa vadhu vachan aapvaa taiyar hataa. soninoae khangima sveekaaryu hatoo keey jooe temnaa rajdwarioae sahyogi rajdwario karataa vadhu vachan aapyu hota too teo kendreey sattaaoni bajuae italyne yuddhmaa praveshvani tarfen kartaa. paris shaanti parishad, 1919. teo satat trana sarkaaromaa videsh mantree rahyaa aneey 1919maan paris shaanti parishadma vadaa pradhaan vittoriyo emmenale orlando saathe italynun pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. january 1919maan, parishad sharoo thaay teey pahelaa, american pramukh woodrow veelsane yuu. aesa. nee pratham mulakat leedhi hatee.aesa. italyna rashtrapati, jyaan temne romamaa naayak tareeke aavkarvama aavyaa hataa. soneeno ochhu swaagat karato hato kaaran keey tene lakhyu hatoo keey jyaare veelsane tene kahyoo keey teey shaantino aadhaar banvaa maate raashtriy aatmanirnay vishe nishthaavaan chhe tyaare teey "anagamo" hato. italyna lokoae american rajdwari niyamo todee nakhya hataa aneey jyaare temne khabar puddy keey raajy vibhage vilsanane romnee mulakat darmiyan italyna mantrimandalmathi soneenone hataavvaa maate puchhvaanaa gunadosh parr charcha curry hatee tyaare soneeno khoob naraj thayo hato. orlando londonni sandhee dwara vachan aapvama aaveli baakini jameenne jodvaa maate itali maate american samarthannaa badalaama italyne dalmetia aneey dodecanese dweepsamuh parnaa tenaa daavaaono tyaag karvaanee tarfen curry hatee, parantu soninoae londonni sandhee dwara vachan aapvama aaveli tamaam jameenni maang karvaanee mahattam sthitee levaanu pasand karyoo hatoo. jooe keey, soneeno paris gayo, jaaherma vachan aapyu keey raashtriy aatmanirnay khangima veerodh karyaa vinaa vishva pachhini vyavsthaano aadhaar banvaano hato, aek sleet-off-hanned daleel keey jeey veelsane sharuaatmaa phesa value parr leedhi hatee. soninoae londonni sandhini shaabdik arjino bachaav karyo hato aneey bhutpurv austro-hungarian pradeshomaa loko maate aatmanirnayni niteeno veerodh karyo hato. raajaa vijeta emmanuel III aee italian pratinidhimandal parr spasht margdarshika ladvanun pasand karyoo nahee, kaaran keey tenaa darthi keey orlando athavaa soneeno virodhmaa raajinaamu aapee shake chhe, jeey raajaane navee sarkaarni rachnani dekhrekh rakhvani javabdari saathe chhodi deshe, jeey faraj raajaa taalvaa maangtaa hataa. victor emmanuel "regio assercito" naa senapationi najik hataa, jemane aaa aadhaar hethal dalametiane jodvaa saame salah aapee hatee keey tene chhavanima rakhvathi italian raajy parr asahy nanakiy bojo padashe. jooe keey, raajaa soneenone bartaraf kareene "deshdrohi" dekhaava maangtaa naa hataa aneey tenaa badale italian pratinidhimandalne pereesmaa shakya tetali italyni "nyaayi aakankshao" suraksheet karvaano aadesh aapyo hato. italyni "nyaayi aakankshao" neey suraksheet karvaanaa aadesho saathe raajaana aadeshni aspasht prakruteeae soneeno aneey orlandone paris shaanti parishadma viveedh niteeo apnaavavaani manjuri aapee hatee kaaran keey orlendo soneeno karataa willson saathe samadhan karvaa maate vadhu khulla hataa. veelsane janaavyu hatoo keey raashtriy aatmanirnay aee shaantino aadhaar banvaano hato. jooe keey, veelsane londonni sandhee anusaar samarthan aapyu hatoo, jemaa italiae brainer paasne navee italian-austrian sarhad tareeke raakhvaano daavo karyo hato aneey dakshin tyrolma german bahumatee hovaa chhataa italiae dakshin tyrolnaa ostriyan praantne jodyo hato. soninoae ghanivaar vilsanane daleel curry hatee keey kaaran keey italiae yuddhmaa adadhaa million maarya gayaa hataa, jene laagyu hatoo keey saatheeo londonni sandhini tamaam sharatone purn karvaanee javabdari dharaave chhe. soneenona thandaa aneey unchaa vyaktitvane kaarane teey parishadma thodaa mitro banyaa hataa aneey anya pratinidhione laabi karvaa maate temnee anichchha, jene teo temnee neeche maantaa hataa, temne parishadma koee saatheeo malyaa naa hataa. orlandoni angreji bolvani asamarthata aneey ghare temnee nabalee raajkeey sthiteeae soneenone prabal bhoomika bhajavvani manjuri aapee. vataghato darmiyan temnaa matbhedo vinashak saabit thayaa hataa. orlando adriatic samudra parnoo aek mukhya bandar, rijeka (athavaa fiyama, jene italivasio nagar kahe chhe) neey jodvaa maate dalmetia maatena praadeshik daavaaono tyaag karvaa taiyar hato, parantu soneeno dalmetiyaane chhodva taiyar nahoto. italiae banneno daavo karyo parantu yuu. aesa. pramukh woodrow willson dwara italian maanganiona majboot virodhne kaarane koee malyun nahee, jaimnee paase raashtriy swa-nirnayni neetee hatee. soninoae makkamataapurvak jaalvi raakhyu hatoo keey londonni sandhee hethal vachan aapvama aavyu hatoo tenaa kartaa motaa aesheeyana naana hissaano itali hakdaar chhe, aneey tene vachan malyun hatoo keey itali paase havey dakshinpashchim turkeyma moto kabajo zoan hashe. soneeno smirna (aadhunik izmir, turkey) shaherne umervaa maangato hato, jyaan adadhaathi thodee ochhi vastee grick bolata hataa, teey manyatathi italian kabaja vistaarmaa seedha jaj grick vadaa pradhaan alephtherius venezelos taraf doree gayaa, jemane meey 1919maan grick senaane smirna parr kabajo karvaano aadesh aapyo, jene grick-turkey yuddhni sharuaat curry. pachhinu jeevan. ostriyaa-hangeri taraf italyni praadeshik mahatvakankshaoma nondhpaatra ghataado thayo pachhi, athavaa landoni sarkaare juuna 1919maan raajinaamu aapyu hatoo. teey soneenoni raajkeey karkidrino anta hato, aneey temane november 1919maan chuntanima bhaag leedho naa hato. october 1920maan senator tareeke namankit thayaa hataa, parantu temane sakreey reete bhaag leedho naa hato. 24 november 1922naa roj romamaa soneenone apoplectic stroqa aavyaa baad achaanak tenu avsaan thayu hatoo. vaarso. italyna shaant raajnetaa" tareeke odakhaata, teo paanch bhashao askhaleet reete bollie shaktaa hataa. soneenona mukhya udesho dakshin italyne aarthik aneey naiteek reete punarjivit karvaa aneey niraksharta saame ladvaano hato. tene kyaarey lagna nahota karyaa. italian rajkaranma ekmatra protestant netaa, soneenone "nishchit reete british reete aneey vichaar" aneey "chamberna mahaan shuddhtavadi, chhella bhrasht maanas" tareeke varnavama aavyaa hataa. temnaa kathor hathdharmi naitiktavadne kaarane teo aek mushkel maanas bunny gayaa hataa, aneey temnee akhanditataane saarvtrik reete maana aapvama aavtu hovaa chhataa, temnaa bundh aneey maun vyaktitvane kaarane temne raajkeey vartulomaa thodaa mitro malyaa hataa. newyork times" naa aek shraddhaanjalimaa soneenone aek bauddhik kuleen, aek mahaan nanakiy adheekari aneey lokpriyataa maate ochhi pratibha dharaavtaa aek kooshal vidhvaan tareeke varnavama aavyo hato, jaimnee mahaantaa sampoorn rajashahina divasomaa spasht rahee hota. rajdwari niyamo badalaaya hovaa chhataa, temne aek khoob jaj saksham rajdwari tareeke darshavvama aavyaa hataa, jeo paris shaanti parishadma "juunii" mutsaddigiri saathe sankalaayela hataa, jeo vishisht samrajyvadi jodanvadi tareeke paatra nahota. itihaskarna janaavya anusaar aar. jeey. bii. bosworth, "sidnee soneeno, jeey 1914 thee 1919 sudhee videsh mantree hataa, aneey vyaktigat pratishtha saathe, kadaach temnaa tamaam vyavhaaromaa pramanikta maate, italyni ochhama ochhi safal videsh neetee haath dharvaano majboot daavo karey chhe." tuchchh baabto. 16 april 1909naa roj wilber raitae soneenone centocel filled, rooma khaate udaan bharee hatee, jenaathi soneeno vimaanmaa udnaar sauthee pahelaa rajnetaomano aek banyo hato.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, bairan sonino (11 march 1847-24 navambar 1922) ack italvi rajneta, itali key 19vein pradhaan mantri they aur dou baar 1906 mein aur phir 1909 seey 1910 taka ack key roop mein kaary kiya. way pratham vishva yuddh key dauran italvi videsh mantri bhee they, jinhone 1919 key peris shaanti sammelan mein itali kaa pratinidhitva kiya. praarambhik jeevan. sonino kaa janm peesa mein ack italvi yahudi pitaa, isako saul sonino, jinhone angreji mein parivartan kiya, aur ack velsh maan, georgia sofiya arnaud dudley mainnet key ghar huaa thaa. unakaa paalan-poshan unake parivaar ney ack angreji key roop mein kiya thaa. unake daadaa livorno seey misra chaley gaye they, jahan unhone ack banker key roop mein ack vishal sampatti kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, sonino ektarafa prem key ack gambhir mamle seey peedit they, jisase unake atmasamman koo buri tarah seey nuksan pahuncha. apani diarry mein ack vishisht pravishti mein, sonino ney likhaah "sabhi shaaririk aur naitik aakarshan kii kamee key kaaran iss gair-astitva koo kaun pyaar curr sakata haye aur kise karna chaahiye?"jaba apane pyaar kaa uddeshya kissy aur seey shaadi karna thaa, tou apane dukh kii bharpai karane key liye, sonino ney lambi ekant sair kii aur khud koo kaam mein lagaa diyaa kyonki vaha apane toote hue dill key liye ack tarah key santvana puraskar key roop mein currier kii safalata kii talash mein thaa. 1865 mein peesa mein kaanoon mein snaatak honey key baad, sonino 1866 seey 1873 taka madrid, vienna, berlin, peris aur sent pietersberg mein italvi dutaavaason mein ack rajanyik aur ack adhikaari bunn gaye. unakaa parivaar livorno key paas quercianella mein castelo sonino mein rahata thaa. way 1873 mein rajanyik seva seey sevaanivritt hue. 1876 mein, sonino ney cicilian samaaj kii sthiti kii niji jaanch karane key liye leopoldo franchetti key saath sisili kii yatra kii. 1877 mein, donon logon ney italvi sansad key liye ack mahatvapurna dou-bhaag kii report mein sisili parr apane shodh koo prakaashit kiya. pahale bhaag mein, sonino ney dweep key bhumihin kisaanon key jeevan kaa vishleshan kiya. leopoldo franchetti kii report kaa aadhaa hissa, "sisili mein raajneetik aur prashaasnik sthitiyaan", 19veen shatabdi mein mafiya kaa vishleshan thaa jise aaj bhee aadhikarik maanaa jaataa haye. franchetti antatah mafiya key baare mein janmat koo kissy aur kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavit karega jaba taka kii jiyovanni falcon, 100 seey adhik varshon baad. "sisili mein raajneetik aur prashaasnik sthitiyaan" iss baat kaa pahala vishvasaniya spashteekaran haye kii mafiya kaise banaa. 1878 mein, sonino aur franchetti ney ack samachar patra shuru kiya, joe saptahik aarthik sameekshaon seey dainik raajneetik muddon mein badal gayaa. praarambhik raajneetik jeevan. sonino koo maee 1880 mein aam chunaavon mein pahali baar italvi chamber off deputies mein vail dee pessa mein saine casiano key nirvaachan kshetra seey chunaa gayaa thaa. way sitambar 1919 taka XIV seey XXIV vidhanmandal taka kaksh key sadasya they aur unhone saarvbhaumik matadhikar kaa samarthan kiya. sonino jald hii udaarvaadi vampanth key pramukh virodhiyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. ack sakht samvaidhaanik key roop mein, unhone vishesh hiton key dabaav kaa virodh karane key liye majboot sarkaar kaa samarthan kiya, jisane unhein ack roodhivaadi udaarvaadi banaa diyaa. disambar 1893 mein, way francesco chrispy kii sarkaar mein vitt mantri (disambar 1893-juuna 1894) aur koshagar mantri (disambar 1893-march 1896) baney aur baanka romana ghotale koo hull karane kii koshish kii. sonino ney ack ekal baink off issue sthaapit karane kii parikalpana kii, lekin unake baink sudhaar kii mukhya prathamikta ack naee rashtriya banking pranali taiyar karane key bajaay "baanka romana" kii vittiya samasyaon koo teji seey hull karna aur raajneetik varg seey judey ghotale koo chhipaana thaa. nava-sthaapit bainka dee 'italia teen maujooda nirgam bainkon (bainka nazional aur tuscany key dou bainkon) key vilay kaa parinam thaa. kshetriya hita abhee bhee majboot they, jisake kaaran "banco dee nepoli" aur "banco dee cicilia" key saath nott jaari karane kii bahulata aur raajya key sakht niyantran key praavdhaan key saath samjhauta huaa. koshagar mantri key roop mein, sonino ney saarvajanik vitt kaa punargathan kiya, nae curr lagaae aur saarvajanik kharch mein katauti kii. bajat ghaata aaee. dee. 2 mein 17.4 karod leere seey ghatkar aaee. dee. 1 mein 36 karod hoe gayaa. march 1896 mein adwa kii haar kii ladaai key parinamswarup sarkaar key patan key baad, unhone udaarvaadi jiyovanni giolitti key khilaf vipakshi roodhivaadiyon key netaa key roop mein kaary kiya. janwari 1897 mein, sonino ney ack lekh prakaashit kiya, "torniamo elo statuto" (aaie qaanoon parr vaapas jaaen), jisamen unhone paadari, ganarajya aur samajvadiyon dwara udaarvaad key liye utpann khatron key baare mein chetavani dee. unhone sansadiya sarkaar koo samaapt karane aur sansad seey paramarsh kiye binaa pradhaanmantri kii niyukti aur barkhastagi key shaahi visheshaadhikaar koo vaapas karane kaa ahwan kiya, jise unhone khatare koo taalane kaa ekmatra sambhaavit tarika maanaa. 1901 mein, unhone ack nae pramukh samachar patra, "ill geornley dee 'italia" kii sthaapana kii. vipaksh aur pradhaanmantri. navambar 1902 mein pradhaan mantri guseppe zanardeli dwara prastut samajik sudhaaron key jawab mein, sonino ney dakshini itali mein garibi koo cumm karane key liye ack sudhaar vidheyak pesh kiya jisamen sisili, calabria aur sardinia mein bhoomi curr mein kamee pradaan kii gaee; krishi rinn kii suvidha; chhoti joton (amphyteusis) key liye sthaayi patte kii pranali kii punah sthaapana aur kisaanon key hiton koo bhoomi maalikon key hiton key saath jodane key liye krishi anubandhon kaa prasaar aur vriddhi. sonino ney saarvajanik karyon key madhyam seey sankat koo hull karane key liye samanya drishtikon kii aalochana keeh "jahaan koee vyaapaar naheen haye, vahaan railway kaa nirmaan karna ack aise vyakti koo chammach dene key samaan haye jisake paas khaane key liye kuchh naheen haye." dusaron key prati sonino kii asambaddh gambhirta lambe samay seey apani sarkaar banaane mein baadha saabit hui. phir bhee, sonino ney dou baar sankshipt samay key liye pradhaanmantri key roop mein kaary kiya. 8 farwari 1906 koo, sonino ney apani pahali sarkaar kaa gathan kiya, joe kewal teen maheene taka chully. 18 maee 1906 koo, kewal 100 dinon key baad, unhein istifa dene key liye majboor honah padaa. unhone dakshini itali koo badalane key liye badey badlaavon kaa prastaav rakhaa, jisane sattaaroodh samoohon koo virodh karane key liye uksaayaa. sabse badey bhoomi maalikon koo chhodkar bhoomi karon mein ack tihai kii kamee kii jaani thee. unhone praantiya bainkon kii sthaapana aur schools koo subsidy dene kaa bhee prastaav rakhaa. unake sudhaaron ney sattaaroodh samoohon key virodh koo uksaayaa, aur unake baad jiyovanni giolitti ney padbhar sambhala. 11 disambar 1909 koo, sonino ney kendra-dakshinpanthi key liye ack majboot arth key saath apani doosari sarkaar kaa gathan kiya, lekin yeh adhik samay taka naheen chully aur 21 march 1910 koo gir gaee. pratham vishva yuddh. julaai key sankat key baad, sonino ney shuru mein 1914 mein germany aur austriya-hangri key saath tihare gathbandhan koo banaae rakhane kaa samarthan kiya. unakaa dridh vishvaas thaa kii italvi swa-hita mein yuddh mein bhagidari shamil thee, jisamen italvi ekikaran key puuraa honey key roop mein italvi kshetriya laabh kii sambhavana thee. haalaanki, navambar 1914 mein antonio salandra kii roodhivaadi sarkaar mein videsh mantri banane key baad aur yeh mahsoos karate hue kii itali koo kshetron koo sweekaar karane key liye austriya-hangri samjhaute koo surakshit karane kii sambhavana naheen haye, unhone united kingdam, france aur roose key teen bhaagon kaa paksh liya, aur unhone aprail 1915 mein italvi kattarpanthi daavon koo puuraa karane key liye landan kii gupt sandhi koo manjuri dee. itali ney 23 maee 1915 koo austriya-hangri key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii. baatchit key dauran, sonino ney badey paimaane parr italvi bhashi austriyai shahar fiyam (aadhunik rizeka, croatia) koo una bhoomi mein shamil karane seey incar curr diyaa joe itali jaane vaali theen, ack chook jise baad mein 1919 mein unhein pachtawa hoga. sonnino ney ack "bismarkian" videsh neeti kaa paalan kiya, jisake tahat "pavitra ahankar" ("pavitra ahankar") hii mahatvapurna thaa. pavitra aham" shabd unaki videsh neeti key maargdarshak siddhant key roop mein sonino kaa yeh kahane kaa tarika thaa kii italvi raajya key hiton koo "vaastavik rajneeti" kii ack kroor neeti key madhyam seey aage badhaaya jaanaa thaa. sonino koo austriyai samrajya key prati koee badee dushmani aur sahyogiyon key liye koee badaa pyaar mahsoos naheen huaa, aur kewal sahayogi paksh mein hastakshep karane kaa paksh liya kyonki francisi, british aur russie rajanyik jinake saath vaha baat curr rahey they, way austriyai aur german rajnayikon kii tulanaa mein itali seey adhik vaadaa karane key liye taiyar they. sonino ney niji taur parr sweekaar kiya kii vaha kendriya shaktiyon key paksh mein itali koo yuddh mein pravesh karane kaa paksh lete aggar kewal unake rajnayikon ney sahayogi rajnayikon seey adhik kaa vaadaa kiya hotaa. peris shaanti sammelan, 1919. way lagaatar teen sarkaaron mein videsh mantri baney rahey aur 1919 mein peris shaanti sammelan mein pradhaanmantri vittoriyo emmanuele orlando key saath itali kaa pratinidhitva kiya. janwari 1919 mein, sammelan shuru honey seey thheek pahale, americi rashtrapati vudro willson ney ack americi rashtrapati dwara pahali yatra kii.aiss. rashtrapati itali gaye, jahan rome mein ack naayak key roop mein unakaa swaagat kiya gayaa. sonino kaa swaagat cumm thaa kyonki unhone likhaa thaa kii way "naraj" they jaba willson ney unhein bataaya kii vaha shaanti kaa aadhar banane key liye rashtriya atmanirnaya key baare mein imandar they. italvi logon ney americi rajanyik sanhitaon koo toda diyaa thaa, aur sonino bahut naraj hue jaba unhein pataa chalaa kii videsh vibhaag ney willson seey rome kii yatra key dauran italvi mantrimandal seey sonino koo hataane key liye kahane key gunon parr bahas kii thee. orlando ney landan kii sandhi dwara vaadaa kii gaee baaki bhoomi koo itali mein jodane key liye americi samarthan key badale mein itali seey dalmacia aur dodecanese dweepsamuh parr apane daavon koo tyagane kaa paksh liya thaa, lekin sonino ney landan kii sandhi dwara vaadaa kii gaee sabhi bhoomi kii maang karane kii adhikatam sthiti lene kaa vikalp chunaa. haalaanki, sonino peris gaye, saarvajanik roop seey vaadaa karate hue kii rashtriya atmanirnaya niji roop seey virodh kiye binaa uttar-vishva vyavastha kaa aadhar honah thaa, ack chaturai seey haath kaa tark jise willson ney pahale chehare parr liya. sonino ney landan kii sandhi key shaabdik anuprayog kaa bachaav kiya aur poorv austriya-hangerian kshetron mein logon key liye atmanirnaya kii neeti kaa virodh kiya. raajaa vijeta emmanuel III ney iss darr seey kii orlando yaa sonino mein seey koee bhee virodh mein istifa dey sakata haye, italvi pratinidhimandal parr spasht dishanirdesh lagu naheen karane kaa faisala kiya, jisase raajaa parr ack naee sarkaar key gathan kii dekhrekh karane kii jimmedaari reh jaayegi, ack aisaa kartavya jisase raajaa bachana chaahata thaa. vijeta emmanuel "regio assercito" key generalon key karib they, jinhone iss aadhar parr dalametia koo jodane key khilaf salah dee kii ise gherne seey italvi raajya parr ack asahaniya vittiya bojh padegaa. haalaanki, raajaa sonino koo barkhast karke "deshdrohi" naheen dikhana chaahte they aur isake bajaay italvi pratinidhimandal koo peris mein itali kii "nyaaypurna aakaankshaon" koo yathasambhav surakshit karane kaa adesh diyaa. itali kii "nyaaypurna aakaankshaon" koo surakshit karane key aadeshon key saath raajaa key janadesh kii aspasht prakriti ney sonino aur orlando koo peris shaanti sammelan mein vibhinn neetiyon koo aage badhaane kii anumati dee kyonki orlando sonino kii tulanaa mein willson key saath samjhaute key liye adhik khula thaa. willson ney kahaa thaa kii rashtriya atmanirnaya shaanti kaa aadhar honah chaahiye. haalaanki, willson ney landan kii sandhi key anusaar italvi daave kaa samarthan kiya kii brainer paas koo naee italvi-austriyai seema key roop mein aur itali key liye dakshin tyrol key austriyai praant koo jodane key liye iss tathya key bavjood kii dakshin tyrol mein german bahumat thaa. sonino ney aksar willson seey tark diyaa kii kyonki itali ney yuddh mein aadhe million logon koo khou diyaa thaa, joe mahsoos kartaa thaa kii sahyogiyon kaa landan kii sandhi kii sabhi sharton koo puuraa karane kaa daayitva thaa. sonino key thhande aur oonche vyaktitva ney unhein sammelan mein kuchh dost banaa diyaa, aur anya pratinidhiyon kii pairavi karane kii unaki anichha, jinhen way unake neeche maanate they, ney unhein sammelan mein koee sahayogi naheen dilaaya. orlando kii angreji bolane mein asamarthata aur ghar parr unaki kamjor raajneetik sthiti ney sonino koo ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaane kii anumati dee. baatchit key dauran unake matbhed vinashkari saabit hue. orlando adriatic samudra parr ack pramukh bandargah rizeka (yaa fiyam, jaisa kii italvi loga shahar kahate hain) koo jodane key liye dalmatia key kshetriya daavon koo tyagane key liye taiyar thaa, lekin sonino dalmatia koo chhodane key liye taiyar naheen thaa. itali ney donon parr daavaa kiya lekin americi rashtrapati vudro willson dwara italvi maangon key majboot virodh key kaaran unhein koee naheen milaa, jinaki rashtriya atmanirnaya kii neeti thee. sonino ney jiddi tareeke seey kahaa kii itali landan kii sandhi key tahat kiye gaye vaade kii tulanaa mein asia minor key ack badey hisse kaa hakdar thaa, aur usey ack vaadaa milaa kii itali kaa ack badaa kabja kshetra hoga joe abb dakshin-paschimi turkey haye. yeh vishvaas kii sonino smirna (aadhunik izmir, turkey) shahar koo jodane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, jahaan aadhi seey bhee cumm aabaadi yunani bhashi thee, seedhe yunani pradhaan mantri alephtherius venezelos koo maee 1919 mein yunani senaa koo smirna parr kabja karane kaa adesh diyaa, jisane yunani-turkey yuddh kii shuruat kii. baad kaa jeevan. austriya-hangri key prati itali kii kshetriya mahatvakankshaon koo kaafee cumm karane key baad, orlando kii sarkaar ney juuna 1919 mein istifa dey diyaa. yeh sonino key raajneetik currier kaa anta thaa, aur unhone navambar 1919 mein chunaavon mein bhaag naheen liya. unhein octuber 1920 mein senator key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhone sakriya roop seey bhaag naheen liya. 24 navambar 1922 koo rome mein sonino kii achaanak mrityu hoe gaee, jaba unhein apoplectic stroke huaa thaa. viraasat. itali key mook rajneta" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale way dharapravah paanch bhaashaaen boll sakate they. sonino kaa mukhya uddeshya dakshini itali koo aarthik aur naitik roop seey punarjeevit karna aur niraksharta seey ladanaa thaa. unhone kabhi shaadi naheen kii. italvi rajneeti mein ekmatra protestant netaa, sonino koo "nishchit roop seey tareeke aur vichaar seey british" aur "kaksh key mahaan shuddhatavadi, antim bhrasht vyakti" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. unake kathor hathdharmita ney unhein ack kathin vyakti banaa diyaa, aur haalaanki unaki imandari kaa saarvbhaumik roop seey sammaan kiya jaataa thaa, lekin unake karibi aur maun vyaktitva ney unhein raajneetik halakon mein kuchh dost diye. newyork times" kii ack shraddhanjali mein sonino koo ack bauddhik abhijaat varg, ack mahaan vittadaata aur lokpriyata key liye cumm pratibha vaale ack kushal vidwan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jinaki mahanata poorna rajshahi key dinon mein spasht rahee hogi. unhein aage ack bahut hii saksham rajanyik key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa joe peris shaanti sammelan mein ack vishisht samrajyavadi vilayavaadi key roop mein ack ayogya pramukhta key saath "purani" kootneeti seey sambandhit thaa, halanki rajanyik niyam badal gaye they. itihaaskaar key anusaar aar. jey. bee. bosworth, "sidney sonino, joe 1914 seey 1919 taka videsh mantri they, aur vyaktigat pratishtha key saath, shayed apane sabhi vyavhaaron mein imandari key liye, itali kii sabse cumm safal videsh neeti kaa sanchaalan karane key liye majboot daavaa karate hain." tuchchh. 16 aprail 1909 koo wilber raait ney sonino koo santocel feeled, rome mein ack udaan parr leey jaaya, jisase sonino havaai jahaaj mein udaan bharane vaale sabse shuruati raajnetaon mein seey ack bunn gayaa.

sidney sonnino sidney costantino, baaran sonnino (11 march 1847-24 november 1922) italian rajaneetigna, italiya 19neey pradhana mantriyagiddaru mattu 1906ralli mattu 1909rinda 1910ravarege eradu baari sankshiptavaagi obbaraagi seve sallisidaru. avaru modala mahayuddhada samayadalli italian videshanga vevahaaragala sachivaraagiddaru, 1919rahra paris shanti sammelanadalli italiyannu pratinidhisidaru. arambhika jeevana. sonnino pisa dalli, anglican dharmakke matantaragonda italian yahoodi tande isako saul sonnino mattu velsh taayi, georgina sofiya arnad dud menhennet avarige janisidaru. aatanannu aatana kutumbavu anglican aagi belesitu. avana ajja livornodinda eejiptge valase hogiddaru, allie avanu banker aagi apaara sampattannu nirmisiddanu. yuvakanagiddaga, sonino tanna aatmagouravavannu tivravagi hanigolagada, asammatipoorvaka preetiya teevra prakaranadinda balaluttiddanu. tanna dinachariyalli ondu vishishtavaada namoodu baredu, sonino heege barediddaaneh "ellah daihika mattu naitika aakarshaneyillada ee anagarikateyannu yaaru pritisabahudu mattu pritisabeku?"tanna preetiya uddeshavu berobbarannu maduveyaadaaga tanna novannu saridoogisalu, sonino sudeerghavaada ekaanta nadigege todagidanu mattu tanna murida hrudayakke ondu reetiya santvana bahumaanavaagi vrattijeevanada yashassannu bayasidaaga tannannu taanu kelasakke todagisikondanu. 1865ralli pisa dalli kaanoonu padavi padeda nantara, sonnino 1866rinda 1873ravarege madrid, vienna, burlin, paris mattu saint pietersburgnalliruva italian rayabhara kacherigalalli rajatantrikaradaru mattu adhikaariyaadaru. avara kutumbavu livorno baliya kversiyaanellaadalliruva castello sonninodalli vaasisuttittu. avaru 1873ralli rajatantrika seveyinda nivruttaraadaru. 1876ralli, sonnino cicilian samajada sthitiya bagge khasagi tanikhe nadesalu leopoldo frankettiyondige sisilige prayanisidaru. 1877ralli, ibbaru vyaktigalu sisili kurita tamma samshoodhaneyannu italian samsattige gananeeyavaada eradu-bhagagala varadiyalli prakatisidaru. modala bhagadalli, sonnino dveepada bhurahita raitara jivanavannu vishleshisidaru. leopoldo frankettiyavara varadiya ardhabhaga, "sisiliyalli rajakiya mattu aadalitaatmaka paristhitigalu", 19neey shatamaanada maafiyaada vishleshaneyaagiddu, adannu indigoo adhikrutavendu pariganisalaagide. franchetty antimavagi 100 varshagala nantara geovanni falcon tanaka maafiyaada bagge saarvajanika abhiprayavannu bere yaarigintaloo hecchu prabhaavisitu. "sisiliyalli rajakiya mattu aadalitaatmaka paristhitigalu" mafia hege banditu embudara modala manavarike maaduva vivaraneyagide. 1878ralli, sonino mattu franketty ondu patrikeyannu praarambhisidaru, "idu saaptaahika arthika vimarshegalinda dainandina rajakiya vishayagalige badalaayitu. arambhika rajakiya vrattijeevana. sonnino avaru mayee 1880 ralli nadeda saarvatrika chunavaneyalli modala baarige italian chamber off deputigalalli, wall dii pesaadallina syaan cassiano kshetradinda aaykeyaadaru. 1919rahra september varege avaru xiv ninda xiv shaasakaangadavarege chamberge seridavaraagiddaru mattu saarvatrika matadaanada hakkannu bembalisidaru. sonino shighradalle udaaravaadi edapantheeyara pramukha virodhigalalli obbaraadaru. kattunittaada samvidhaanavaadi embante, avaru vishesha hitasaktigala ottadavannu virodhisalu balavaada sarkaaravannu bembalisidaru, idu avarannu sampradaayavaadi udaravadigalannagi maaditu. december 1893ralli, avaru hanakasu sachivaraadaru (december 1893-zoon 1894) mattu francesco chrispy sarkaaradalli khajaaneya sachivaraadaru (december 1893-march 1896) mattu banka romana hagaranavannu pariharisalu prayatnisidaru. sonino onde bank off issue sthapisalu yojisidaru, aadare avara bank sudhaaraneya mukhya aadyateyu "banka romana" dha arthika samasyegalannu tvaritavagi pariharisuvudu mattu hosa rashtriya banking vyavastheyannu vinyaasagolisuva badalu rajakiya vargavannu olagondiruva hagaranavannu muchchihaakuvudu. hosadaagi sthaapitavaada banka dii 'italiavu astitvadalliruva mooru byaankgala (banka nazionale mattu tuscany eradu byaankgalu) vileenada parinaamavaagittu. praadeshika hitasaktigalu innoo balavagiddavu, idu "banco dii napoli" mattu "banco dii cicilia" mattu kathina raajya niyantranakkagi nibandhanegalondige notu vitaraneya bahusankhyaatateya rajige kaaranavaayitu. khajaaneya mantriyagi, sonnino saarvajanika hanakaasugalannu punarrachisidaru, hosa terigegalannu vidhisidaru mattu saarvajanika vechchavannu kaditagolisidaru. budget korateyu aii. dii. 2ralli 174 dasalaksha leereyinda aii. dii. 1ralli 36 dasalakshakke tivravagi kadimeyaayitu. 1896rahra marchnalli adva yuddhadalli sotha parinaamavaagi, chrispy sarkaarada patanada nantara, avaru udaaravaadi giovanni geolity viruddha virodha pakshada sampradaayavaadigala naayakaraagi seve sallisidaru. 1897rahra janavariyalli, sonnino "torniamo allo statuto" (shasanakke hintirugi nodona) emba lekhanavannu prakatisidaru, idaralli avaru padrigalu, ganaraajyavaadigalu mattu samaajavaadigalu udaravadakke waddiruwa bedarikegala bagge echcharikeyannu niididaru. samsattina sarkaarada raddati mattu samsattinondige samalochisade pradhaaniyannu nemisalu mattu vajagolisalu rajaprabhutvada visheshaadhikaaravannu hindirugisalu avaru karey niididaru, idu apaayavannu tappisalu ekaika maargavendu avaru pariganisidaru. 1901ralli, avaru "ill geornale dii 'italia" emba hosa pramukha patrikeyannu sthaapisidaru. pratipaksha mattu pradhani. 1902rahra novembernalli pradhana mantri giuseppe johnardelli avaru mandisida samajika sudhaaranegalige pratikriyeyagi, sonnino daksina italyalli badatanavannu nivaarisalu sudharana masoodeyannu parichayisidaru, idu sisili, calabria mattu sardiniyadalli bhoo terigeyannu kadime maadalu odagisitu; krishi saalada soulabhya; sanna hiduvaligalige (emphytiusis) shaashvata guttige vevastheya maru-sthaapane mattu raitara hitasaktigalannu bhoo malikara hitasaktigalondige samyojisalu krishi oppandagala prasarana mattu vardhane. saarvajanika kaamagaarigala moolaka bikkattannu pariharisuva saamaanya vidhaanavannu sonnino teekisidaruh "yaavude vyaapaaravillada sthaladalli railveyannu nirmisuvudu endare tinnalu enoo illada vyaktige chamachavannu niiduvudaagide." itarara bagge sonino avara raaji maadikollada tivrate deerghakaaladavarege tannade aada sarkaaravannu rachisalu adachaneyaayitu. aadaagyoo, sonnino eradu baari alpavadhiya pradhaaniyaagi seve sallisidaru. 1906rahra phebravari 8randu, sonino tanna modala sarkaaravannu rachisidanu, adhu kevala mooru tingalugala kaala nadeyitu. 1906rahra mayee 18randu, kevala 100 dinagala nantara, avaru rajiname niidabeekaayitu. avaru daksina italiyannu parivartisalu pramukha badalaavanegalannu prastapisidaru, idu aadalita gumpugalinda virodhavannu prachodisitu. atidodda bhoo malikarannu horatupadisi bhoo terigeyannu moorane ondu bhagadashtu kadime maadabekaagittu. praantiya byankugala sthaapane mattu shaalegalige subsidigalannu saha avaru prastapisidaru. avana sudharanegalu aadalita gumpugalinda virodhavannu prachodisidavu mattu avana nantara geovanni geolity adhikaarakke bandanu. 1909rahra december 11randu, sonnino tanna eradane sarkaaravannu kendra-balapantheeyarige balavaada arthadondige rachisidanu, aadare adhu hecchu kaala uliyalilla mattu 1910rahra march 21randu patanagonditu. modala vishwa yuddha. julai bikkattina nantara, sonnino aarambhadalli 1914 ralli germany mattu austria-hangariyondige trivali maitriyannu kapadikollalu bembalisidaru. italian swa-hitasaktiyu yuddhadalli bhagavahisuvudannu olagondittu endu avaru drudhavaagi nambiddaru, italian ekikaranada poornagondante italian praadeshika laabhagala niriksheyondige. aadaagyoo, 1914rahra novembernalli antonio salandrara sampradaayavaadi sarkaaradalli videshanga sachivaraada nantara mattu italige pradeshagalannu oppisuva austro-hangerian oppandavannu bhadrapadisuva saadhyateyilla endu arita avaru united kingdom, france mattu rashyaada trivali hakkina paravagiddaru mattu italian irredentist hakkugalannu puraisalu 1915rahra aprilnalli london rahasya oppandavannu manjuru maadidaru. itali 23 mayee 1915 randu austria-hangariya mele yuddhavannu ghoshisitu. matukateya samayadalli, sonnino hechchaagi italian maatanaaduva austrian nagaravaada fiam (aadhunika rizeka, croatia) annu italige hogabekada bhumigalalli serisalu bittubittanu, idu 1919 ralli avaru vishaadisuva ondu lopavagittu. sonino avaru "bismarkian" videshanga neeti endu kareyuvadannu anusarisidaru, adara adiyalli "pavitra ahankara" ("pavitra ahankara") mukhyavaagittu. sacro egoismo" emba padavu avara videshanga neetiya margadarshi tatvavagiddu, italian rajyada hitasaktigalannu "naija rajakiya" dha nirdaya neetiya moolaka anusarisabekembudu sonino avara matagittu. sonino austrian saamraajyada bagge yaavude dodda dveshavannu anubhavisalilla mattu mitraraashtragala bagge yaavude dodda pritiyannu hondiralilla, mattu avaru matanaduttidda french, british mattu rashyaada rajatantrikaru austrian mattu german rajatantrikariginta hecchu italiyannu bharavase needalu siddhariddarinda mitrapakshada paravagi maatra olavu toridaru. tamma rajatantrikaru maatra mitraraashtragala rajatantrikariginta hecchina bharavase niididdare, kendra shaktigala kadeyinda itali yuddhavannu praveshisalu taanu olavu toruttidde endu sonnino khasagiyagi wappikondaru. paris shanti sammelana, 1919. avaru satata mooru sarkaragalalli videshanga sachivaraagi ulidaru mattu 1919rahra paris shanti sammelanadalli pradhana mantri vittorio emenele orlando avarondige italiyannu pratinidhisidaru. 1919rahra janavariyalli, sammelana praarambhavaaguva swalpa modalu, americada adhyaksha vudro willson yuu. ess. naa modala bheti niididaru.ess. italige adhyaksharaagi, allie avarannu romnalli naayakanaagi svaagatisalaayitu. willson avaru shaantiya aadhaaravaagalu rashtriya swayam-nirnayavannu honduva bagge pramanikavagiddare endu helidaaga avaru "asahyagondiddaare" endu barediddarinda sonino kadime svaagatisuttiddaru. itaaliyangalu americada rajatantrika niyamaavaligalannu ullanghisiddaru, mattu willson avaru romge bheti niididaaga italian cabinetninda sonino avarannu kaibidalu kelikolluva arhategala bagge raajya ilakheyu charchiside endu tilidaaga sonnino tumba asamaadhaanagondaru. london oppandada moolaka bharavase niidalaada ulida bhoomiyannu itali swadhinapadisikollalu americada bembalakke badalaagi itali tanna hakkugalannu dalmatia mattu dodecanese dweepasamoohawannu tyajisalu orlando olavu torittu, aadare london oppandada moolaka bharavase niidalaada ellah bhoomigalannu bedikolluva garishta niluvannu tegedukollalu sonnino nirdharisidaru. aadaagyoo, sonnino pyaarisge hogi, rashtriya swayam-nirnayavu khasagiyagi virodhisade vishwa-nantarada kramada aadhaaravaagabahudendu saarvajanikavaagi bharavase niididaru, willson modalige mukhabeleya mele tegedukonda ondu neravaada vaada. sonnino london oppandada aksarashah anvayavannu samarthisikondaru mattu hindina austro-hangerian praantyagalallina janarige swayam-nirnayada nitiyannu virodhisidaru. raaja vijeta emmanuel III, orlando athawa sonnino ibbaroo pratibhataneyalli rajiname niidabahudu emba bhayadinda italian niyogada mele spashta maargasuchigalannu vidhisadiralu nirdharisidaru, idu rajanannu hosa sarkaarada rachaneya melvichaaraneya javaabdaariyondige biduttade, idu rajanu tappisalu bayasida kartavyavagide. victor emmanuel avaru "regio esercito" dha janaralgalige hattiravaagiddaru, avaru dalaamatiyaavannu vashapadisikolluvudara viruddha salahe niididaru, idu italiya rajyada mele asahaneeya arthika horeyannu pratinidhisuttade emba aadhaarada mele. aadaagyoo, rajanu soninonannu vajagolisuva moolaka "deshapremi" endu kanisikollalu bayasalilla mattu badalige italian niyogakke parisonalli saadhyavaadashtu italia "nyaayayuta akankshegalannu" badrapadisikollalu aadeshisidanu. italiya "nyaayayuta akankshegalannu" bhadrapadisuva aadeshagalondige rajana aadeshada aspashta svaroopavu sonnino mattu orlandogalige paris shanti sammelanadalli vibhinn nitigalannu anusarisalu avakasha maadikottitu, ekendare orlando soonnoginta vilsanrondige raaji madikollalu hecchu muktavaagittu. willson, rashtriya swayam nirnayavu shaantiya aadhaaravaagirabeku endu heliddaru. aadaagyoo, london oppandada prakara willson, brenner paas annu hosa italian-austrian gadiyagi hondalu mattu daksina tyrol german bahusankhyaatateyannu hondiddaroo saha daksina tyrol annu austrian praantyavannu swadhinapadisikollalu italige bembala niididaru. london oppandada ellah niyamagalannu puraisuva badhyate mitraraashtragalige ide endu bhavisida yuddhadalli itali ardha million janarannu kaledukonda kaarana sonnino aagaagge willsonge vaadisidaru. sonnino avara tampaada mattu unnata vyaktitvavu avarannu sammelanadalli kelave sneehitarannaagi maaditu, mattu itara pratinidhigalannu lobby maadalu avara ishtavillada kaarana, avaru avara kelage endu pariganisida, sammelanadalli avarige yaavude mitrarannu galisalilla. orlandona inglish maatanaaduva asamarthate mattu maneyalli avana durbala rajakiya sthaanavu soninonige prabala patravannu vahisalu avakasha maadikottitu. matukategala samayadalli avara bhinnaabhipraayagalu vinashakari endu saabitaayitu. adriatic samudrada pramukha bandaru rizeka (athawa fiem, itaaliyangalu pattana endu kareyuttaare) annu swadhinapadisikollalu dalmatiyage praadeshika hakkugalannu tyajisalu orlando siddhanaagiddanu, aadare sonnino dalmatiavannu bittukodalu siddhanagiralilla. itali eradoo hakkugalannu padeyitu, aadare rashtriya swayam-nirnayada nitiyannu hondidda yuu. ess. adhyaksha vudro willson avara italian bedikegalige balavaada virodhadindagi yaavudoo sigalilla. london oppandada adiyalli bharavase nidalaagidda eshyaa mainern dodda palannu itali hondide endu sonnino mondutanadinda samarthisikondanu mattu eega nairtya tarkiyalliruva dodda akramana valayavannu itali hondiruttade emba bharavaseyannu padedanu. sonnino, ardhakkinta kadime janasankhye greek maatanaaduva smarna nagaravannu (aadhunika izmir, turkey) serisalu prayatnisuttidda emba nambikeyu, italian akramana valayakke neravagi greek pradhana mantri elephterios venezelosge kaaranavaayitu, idu 1919rahra mayee tingalalli greek sainyavannu smirenavannu akramisalu aadeshisitu, idu greek-turkish yuddhavannu praarambhisitu. nantarada jeevana. austria-hangariya kadege italiya praadeshika mahatvaakaankshegalannu gananeeyavaagi kadime maadabekaagi banda nantara, athawa landona sarkaaravu zoon 1919 ralli rajiname needitu. adhu soninona rajakiya vrattijeevanada antyavagittu, mattu avaru november 1919 ralli chunavaneyalli bhagavahisalilla. avaru october 1920 ralli senator aagi namanirdeshanagondaru, burr sakriyavagi bhagavahisalilla. sonnino avaru apoplectic strokeninda balaluttidda nantara 1922rahra november 24randu romnalli iddakkiddante nidhanaraadaru. parampare. italiya mooka rajakarani" endu kareyalpaduva aata aidu bhaashegalannu nirargalavagi maatanaadaballavaraagiddaru. daksina italiyannu aarthikavaagi mattu naitikavagi punarujjeevanagolisuvudu mattu anaksharateya viruddha horaduvudu sonino avara mukhya uddeshavaagittu. aata endigoo maduveyagalilla. italian raajakeeyadalli ekaika pratibhatanaa nayaka, sonnino avarannu "nirdharabaddhavagi british reetiyalli mattu chintaneyalli" mattu "chambern mahan puritan, koneya bhrashta vyakti" endu vivarisalaagide. avara kathina hathmari naitikateyu avarannu kathina vyaktiyagi maaditu, mattu avara samagrateyannu saarvatrikavaagi gouravisalaagiddaroo, avara nikata mattu mouna vyaktitvavu rajakiya valayagalli avarige kelave sneehitarannu galisitu. newyork times" patrikeyondu sonino avarannu obba bouddhika srimanta, mahan hanakasu tagna mattu janapriyatege kadime pratibhe hondiruva obba nipuna vidvaamsa endu varniside, avara shreshthateyu sampoorna rajaprabhutvada dinagalli spashtavagiruttittu. rajatantrika niyamagalu badalaagiddaroo, paris shanti sammelanadalli anarha pramukhyateyondige "haleya" rajatantrikatege serida atyanta samarth rajatantrikaragi avarannu chithrisalaayitu. itihaasakaarara prakara aarr. zhe. bii. bosworth, "1914rinda 1919ravarege videshanga sachivaraagidda mattu vaiyaktika khyatiyondige, bahushah tanna ellah vevahaaragalalli pramanikategagi arhanagidda sidney sonnino, italiya kanishta yashasvi videshanga nitiyannu nadesiddaane endu balavaada hakkugalannu hondiddaane." saamaanya. 1909rahra april 16randu wilber rait avaru romna sentocel feeldnalli soninovannu vimaanadalli karedoydaru, sonino avarannu vimaanadalli haarisida arambhika rajakaranigalalli obbarannagi maadidaru.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, barren sonino (11 march 1847-24 november 1922) heey eka italian rajkarani, italiche 19 weey pantpradhan hote aanee tyanni donada 1906 madhye aanee punha 1909 teey 1910 paryant eka mhanoon kaam kele. teey pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan italian pararashtra vyavhar mantri dekhil hote, 1919 chya parris shantata parishadet italiche pratinidhitva kele. prarambhik jeevan. soninocha janm pisa yethe italian jyoo vadil isako saul sonino, jyanni ingrajimadhye dharmantar kele aanee velsh aaee, georgia sophiya ernaud doodly mainnet yanchya potee jhaala. tyachya kutumbane tyala eka anglican mhanoon vadhavale. tyache aajoba livornohoon egyptala sthalantarit jhaale hote, jithe tyanni banker mhanoon prachand sampatti ubharali hotee. eka tarun manus mhanoon, soninola binshart premachya gambhir prakaranane grassley, jyamule tyachya aatmasanmanache white nuksan jhaale. aaplya dindarshiketil eka vishisht nondit, soninone lihileh "serve sharirik aanee naitik aakarshanacha abhav asalelya yaa anathayipanavar kona prem karoo shakate aanee karayala havey?"tyachya premacha uddesh dusya konashi lagn karane haah asatana tyachya dukkhachi bharpai karnyasathi, soninone lamb ekaki chaal ghetali aanee tyachya tutalelya hrudayasathi eka prakarcha santvan puraskar mhanoon karkird yashasvi honyasathi swatahla vedepanane kamavar takale. 1865 madhye pisa yethe kayadyachi padvi ghetalyanantar, sonino 1866 teey 1873 paryant madrid, vienna, berlin, parris aanee seent pietersberg yetheel italian dutavasanmadhye mutsaddi aanee adhikari banale. tyanche kutumb livornojavalil quercienela yetheel castello sonino yethe rahat hote. 1873 madhye teey mutsaddi sevetoon nivrutt jhaale. 1876 madhye, soninone leopoldo franchetties sisileela pravas keela aanee cicilly samajachya sthitichi khajgi chaukashi kelee. 1877 madhye, yaa doghanni italian sansadesathi sisilivaril tyanche sanshodhan done bhaganchya mahattvapoorn ahavalat prakashit kele. pahilya bhagat, soninone betavaril bhoomiheen shetkyanchya jivanache vishleshan kele. leopoldo francheticha ahwal, "sisilimadhil rajkiy aanee prashasakeey paristhiti", haah 19 vya shatkatil mafiyanche vishleshan hota, joou aajahi adhikrut manla jaato. 100 varshanhun adhik kalanantar jiovanni falconparyant, francheticha mafiyabaddalachya janamatavar itar konapekshahi jaast prabhav padala. "mafiya kassa tayar jhaala yache pahile khatrishir spashtikaran 'sisilimadhil rajkiy aanee prashasakeey paristhiti' heey aahe. 1878 madhye, sonino aanee franchetty yanni eka vruttpatra suru kele, jeey saptahik aarthik punaravalokananpasun dainandin rajkiy samasyankade valale. prarambhik rajkiy karkird. meey 1880 madhye jhalelya sarvatrik nivadanukit, wall dii pesa yetheel sann casianochya matdarsanghatun sonino prathamach italian pratinidhi mandalat nivadoon aale. teey pandharavya teey chaudavya vidhimandalaparyant september 1919 paryant sabhagruhache sadasya hote aanee tyanni sarvatrik matadhikarala pathimba deela. sonino lavkarach udarmatvadi davya pakshanchya pramukh virodhkanpaiki eka banala. eka kathor ghatanatmakvadi mhanoon, tyanni vishesh hitsambandhanchya dabawala virodh karnyasathi majboot sarkarla anukulata darshavali, jyamule teey eka puranmatvadi udarmatvadi banale. december 1893 madhye teey francesco krispichya sarkarmadhye arthamantri (december 1893-juuna 1894) aanee koshagar mantri (december 1893-march 1896) jhaale aanee tyanni banka romana ghotalyache nirakaran karnyacha prayatna keela. soninone ekach banq auph issue sthapan karanyachi kalpana kelee, parantu tyachya banq sudharananche mukhya pradhanya naveen rashtriy banking pranalichi rachana karnyaivaji, "banka romana" chya aarthik samasyanche jalad nirakaran karane aanee rajkiy vargacha samavesh asalelya ghotalyavar padada takane heey hote. navyane sthapan jhaleli banka dii 'italia hii teen vidyaman bankanchya (banka nazionel aanee tuscanychya done banka) vilinikaranacha parinam hotee. pradeshik hitsambandh ajunahi majboot hote, jyamule "banco dee napoli" aanee "banco dee cicilia" aanee rajya niyantranasathichya kadak tartudisah note jaaree karnyachya bahuvidhateshi tadjod jhaali. koshagar mantri mhanoon, soninone sarvajanik vitt vyavasthechi punarrachana kelee, naveen curr ladale aanee sarvajanik kharchat kapat kelee. arthsankalpiy toot aay. dii. 2 madheel 17.4 kotee liranvarun aay. dii. 1 madhye 3 kotee 60 lakhanvar zapatyane qamee jhaali. march 1896 madhye advachya haravalelya ladhait, kurkurit sarkar kosalalyanantar, tyanni udarmatvadi jiovanni jiolittiviruddha virodhi puranmatvadi nete mhanoon kaam kele. janewari 1897 madhye, soninone 'torniamo aloe statuto' (chala kayadyakade parat jaauya) haah lekh prakashit keela, jyamadhye tyane padri, prajasattak aanee samajvadi yanni udarmatvadala dilelya dhokyambaddal ishara deela. tyanni sansadiy sarkar radd karnyache aanee sansadeshi sallamasalat naan karata pantpradhananchi niyukti aanee hakalpatti karnyacha shahee visheshadhikar parat karnyache aavahan kele, joou dhoka talhanyacha ekmev sambhavya marg asalyache tyanni manale. 1901 madhye tyanni 'ill geornley dii' italia 'yaa navya pramukh vartmanpatrachi sthapana kelee. virodhi paksh aanee pantpradhan. november 1902 madhye pantpradhan giuseppe zanardeli yanni sadar kelelya samajik sudharananna pratisad mhanoon, soninone dakshin italitil garibi door karnyasathi eka sudharana vidheyak sadar kele jyat cicilly, calabria aanee sardiniyamadhye jameen curr qamee karanyachi tartud hotee; krishi patt suvidha; chhotya malkichya (amphitusis) shashvat bhadepattichya pranalichi punarrachana aanee jameenmalakanchya hitsambandhansaha shetkanyanche hitsambandh ekatra karnyasathi krishi kararancha prasar aanee vaadh. sarvajanik kamanchya madhyamatoon sankat sodavanyachya nehamichya drushtikonavar soninone teeka keleeh "jithe vyapar nahee tithe railway bandhane mhanje jyachyakade khanyasathi kahich nahee asha vyaktila chamcho denya sarkhe aahe." itarambaddal soninochi tadjod naan karanyachi tivrata tyachya swatachya sarkar sthapanet dirghkal adthala asalyache siddha jhaale. taridekhil, sonino yanni donada alpakal pantpradhan mhanoon kaam kele. 8 februwari 1906 roji, soninone tyache pahile sarkar sthapan kele, jeey keval teen mahine tikale. 18 meey 1906 roji, keval 100 divasannantar, tyanna rajinama denyas bhag padale gele. tyane dakshin italimadhye parivartan ghadavun aananyasathi mothe badal prastavit kele, jyamule sattadhari gatankadoon virodh jhaala. sarvat mothe jamindar vagalata jameen curr eka trutiyanshane qamee karayacha hota. tyanni prantiy bankanchi sthapana aanee shalanna anudan denyacha prastavahi mandala. tyachya sudharananmule sattadhari gatankadoon virodh jhaala aanee tyachya jaagi jiovanni geolity aala. 11 december 1909 roji, soninone kendra-ujavya bajoone bhakkam arth thevun aapale dusare sarkar sthapan kele, parantu teey jaast kaal tikale nahee aanee 21 march 1910 roji teey kosalale. pahile mahayuddha. julaichya sankatanantar, soninone suruvatila 1914 madhye germany aanee austriya-hangeribarobar tiheri yutee rakhanyas pathimba deela. tyancha thaam vishvas hota qee italian swa-hitsambandhanmadhye yuddhat sahbhag ghene aavashyak aahe, jyat italian ekikaran purn jhalyamule italian pradeshik laabh milanyachi shakyata aahe. tathapi, antonio salandrachya puranmatvadi sarkarmadhye november 1914 madhye pararashtra mantri banalyanantar aanee italila pradesh denyas austriya-hungarian karar surakshit honyachi shakyata nahee heey lakshat aalyanantar, tyanni united kingdam, france aanee russiachya tiheri praveshala saath dilee aanee april 1915 madhye tyanni italian atireki dave purn karnyasathi londonchya gupt kararala manjuri dilee. 23 meey 1915 roji italine austriya-hangeriviruddha yuddh jaheer kele. charchedarmyan, soninone mothya pramanat italian bhashik austriyan shahar fiyam (aadhunik rijeka, croatia) italila jaananya bhoomimadhye samavisht karane vagalale, hii chook nantar 1919 madhye tyala khed vatel. soninone jyala 'bismarkian' pararashtra dhoran mhatale, tyache anusaran kele, jyaa antargat 'pavitra ahankar' ('pavitra ahankar') heey serve mahattvache hote. pavitra ahankar' haah shabd tyachya pararashtra dhoranache margdarshak tattva mhanoon soninocha assa mhananyacha marg hota qee italian rajyachya hitsambandhancha pathpurava 'vastavik rajkaran' yaa nirdayi dhoranadvare keela jaava. soninola austriyan samrajyabaddal konatihi mothee vaimansyata vatali nahee aanee mitrarashtrambaddal farse prem vatale nahee aanee too jyaa french, british aanee russian mutsadyanshi bolat hota teey austriyan aanee german mutsadyanpeksha italila adhik vachan denyas tayar hote mhanoon keval mitrapakshanchya bajoone hastakshep karnyas anukool hote. soninone khajgiritya kabool kele qee jarr tyanchya mutsadyanni mitra rashtranchya mutsadyanpeksha jaast aashvasan dile asate, tarr tyanni kendriya shaktinchya bajoone italila yuddhat pravesh karnyas anukulata darshavali asatee. parris shantata parishad, 1919. teey salag teen sarkaranmadhye pararashtra mantri rahile aanee 1919 madhye parris shantata parishadet pantpradhan vittorio emmanuel orlando yanchyasobat italiche pratinidhitva kele. janewari 1919 madhye, parishad suru honyachya agadi aadhi, amerikeche adhyaksh vudro willson yanni amerikeche pahile rashtradhyaksh mhanoon bhet dilee.ess. adhyaksh italila gele, jithe rommadhye nayak mhanoon tyanche swagat karnyat aale. willsonne jevha willsonla sangitale qee shantatecha aadhar mhanoon rashtriy aatmanirnay karnyabaddal too pramanik aahe, tevha too 'naraj' hota asey lihilyamule soninoche swagat qamee jhaale. italian lokanni american mutsaddi sanhitecha bhang keela hota aanee vilasanane tyachya romchya bhetidarmyan soninola italian mantrimandalatun vagalanyachi magani karnyachya gunavattevar pararashtra vibhagane charcha kelee hotee heey kalalyavar sonino khoop naraj jhaala. londonchya tahadvare vachan dilelya urvarit jamini italila jodanyasathi american pathimbyachya badalyat orlandone italila dalmeshiya aanee dodecanese dweepsamuhavaril aapala dawa sodoon denyas anukulata darshavali hotee, parantu londonchya tahadvare vachan dilelya serve jamini magnyachi sarvoch bhoomika soninone sweekarli. tathapi, sonino parisla gela, sarvajanikaritya aashvasan dile qee rashtriy aatmanirnay haah khajgiritya virodh naan karata jaagtik vyavasthenantarcha aadhar asel, eka hatghaicha yuktivad joou willsonne suruvatila chehnyavaril mulyavar ghetala. soninone londonchya tahala aksharshah lagoo karnyachya bajoone bajoo mandali aanee purvichya austro-hungarian pradeshantil lokanchya aatmanirnay dhoranala virodh keela. raja vijeta emmanuel tisra yane orlando kinwa sonino yapaiki ekjan nishedh mhanoon rajinama deu shakato yaa bhitine italian pratinidhi mandalavar spasht margdarshak tattve ladanyache nivadle, jyamule rajavar naveen sarkarchya sthapanevar dekhrekh thevanyachi jababdari raheel, heey eka kartavya jeey rajala talhayche hote. vijeta emmanuel haah 'rigio acercito' chya senapatinchya jawalcha hota, jyanni dalametiache sainya padane heey italian rajyavar asahya aarthik oze darshavel yaa aadharavar tyala jodanyapasun door rahanyacha sallah deela. tathapi, rajala soninola barkhast karoon 'deshdrohi' disu dyayache navhate aanee tyaeivaji italian shishtamandalala parismadhye shakya titkya italichya 'nyayya aakanksha' surakshit thevanyache aadesh dile. italichya "nyayya aakanksha" surakshit karnyachya aadeshansah rajachya aadeshache aspasht swaroop sonino aanee orlando yanna parris shantata parishadet bhinn dhorane pudhe nenyas anumati dete kaaran orlando soninopeksha willsonshee tadjod karnyas adhik tayar hota. willsonne mhatale hote qee rashtriy aatmanirnay haah shantatecha aadhar asava. tathapi, dakshin tyrolla german bahumat asoonahi, naveen italian-austriyan seema mhanoon brainer paas asalyacha aanee dakshin tyrolchya austriyan prantala jodanyacha italicha dawa, vilasanane londonchya tahanusar keela. soninone anekada willsonla assa yuktivad keela qee italine yuddhat ardha dashalaksh marle gelyamule mitrarashtranna londonchya tahatil serve atty purn karnyache bandhan aahe asey vatale. soninochya thund aanee unch vyaktimatvamule teey parishadet thode mitra banale aanee itar pratinidhinchi, jyanna teey tyanchya khalche manatat, tyanchi lobbing karnyachya tyanchya anichhemule tyanna parishadet konihi mitra midale naheet. orlandochi ingraji bolanyachi asamarthata aanee gharatil tyachya kamkuvat rajkiy sthitimule soninola pramukh bhoomika bajavata aalee. vataghatidarmyan tyanche matbhed vinashkari tharale. orlando adriatic samudravaril eka pramukh bandar rijeka (kinwa fume, jyala italian lock shahar mhanatat) midvinyasathi dalmatiyachya pradeshik davyancha tyag karnyas tayar hota, parantu sonino dalmatia sodanyas tayar navhata. italine shevati donhivar dawa keela, parantu amerikeche adhyaksh vudro willson yanchya italian magnyanna tivra virodh jhalyamule tyanna kahihi midale nahee, jyanchyakade rashtriy swanirnay dhoran hote. londonchya tahantargat vachan dilya gelelya aashiyatil kirkol bhagachya mothya bhagavar italicha haqq aahe asey soninone thampane sangitale aanee aata nairutya turkimadhye italiche mothe adhinivesh kshetra asel asey vachan tyala midale. sonino haah samarna shahar (aadhunik izmir, turkey) samavisht karnyacha prayatna karat hota, jithe nimmyahoon thodi qamee loksankhya greek bhashik hotee, haah vishvas thet greek pantpradhan elephtherios venezelos yanchyakade gela, jyane meey 1919 madhye greek sainyala smarna tabyat ghenyache aadesh dile, jyamule greek-turkey yuddh suru jhaale. nantarche jeevan. austriya-hangerichya dishene italichya pradeshik mahattvakanksha lakshaniyaritya qamee karavya laglyanantar, orlandochya sarkarne juuna 1919 madhye rajinama deela. tyamule soninochya rajkiy karkirdicha ant jhaala aanee november 1919 madhye tyanni nivadanukit bhag ghetala nahee. aktoobar 1920 madhye tyanna sinetara mhanoon namankit karnyat aale hote, parantu burr yanni sakriyapane bhag ghetala nahee. 24 november 1922 roji rommadhye sonino yanna apoplectic stroke jhalyanantar tyanche achanak nidhan jhaale. varsa. italicha mook rajkarani' mhanoon olakhala jaanara too askhalitpane paach bhasha bolu shakat hota. dakshin italiche aarthik aanee naitik punarujjivan karane aanee niraksharteviruddha ladha dene hii soninochi mukhya uddishte hotee. tyane kadhich lagn kele nahee. italian rajkaranatil ekmev protestant nete, sonino yanche varnan 'nishchitpane british paddhatine aanee vicharane' aanee 'chembarcha mahan shuddhatavadi, shevatcha bhrasht manus' asey kele gele. tyachya kathor avichal naitikatemule too eka katheen manus banala aanee jaree tyachya sachoticha sarvatrik aadar keela jaat asala, taree tyachya bandist aanee maun vyaktimatvamule tyala rajkiy vartulat thode mitra midale. newyork times' chya shokasandeshat soninoche varnan eka bauddhik abhijat, eka mahan vittapuravatha karnara aanee lokpriyatesathi qamee pratibha asalela eka kushal vidwan mhanoon kele gele aahe, jyachi mahanata sampoorn rajeshahichya kalat achook rahili asatee. mutsaddi niyam badalale asale taree parris shantata parishadet patra nasalelya 'junya' mutsaddegirishi sambandhit asalele eka atishay saksham mutsaddi mhanoon tyala pudhe chitrit karnyat aale. itihaskaranchya matey aar. jeey. buub. bosworth, "sidney sonino, jeey 1914 teey 1919 paryant pararashtra mantri hote aanee vaiyaktik pratishthesah, kadachit tyanchya serve vyavharanmadhye pramanikpanasathi patra aahet, tyanni italiche sarvat qamee yashasvi pararashtra dhoran chalavale asalyacha thaam dawa keela aahe." kshullak. 16 april 1909 roji wilber rait yanni romchya sentocel feeled yethe soninola uddanavar nele, jyamule sonino vimanat uddan karananya sarvat suruvatichya mutsadyanpaiki eka banala.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, barren soninino (11 march 1847-24 november 1922) ek italian rajnitigya, italyka 19 aun pradhanmantri thie rar dui patak ekko rupma sankshipta rupma sewa gare, 1906 maa rar feri 1909 dekhi 1910 samma. uni pahilo wishwayuddhako samayama italyka videsh mamila mantri pani thie, 1919 peris shanti sammelanma italyko pratinidhitwa gare. prarambhik jiwan. sonninoko janma pisama ek italian yahudi buba, isako saul sonnino, jasle angreji dharmama rupantaran gare, rar ek welsh amah, georgina sofiya arnaud dudle mennetko gharma bhaeko thiyo. unko pariwarle unlai angrejika rupma hurkaeka thie. unka hazurbuba livornobata egyptma basain sareka thie, jahaan unle bankerko rupma thulo bhagya banaeka thie. ek yuwako rupma, sonninole ektarafa premko gambhir kesbata pidit thie, jasle unko atmasammanlai naramrari kshati kshati thiyo. afno diaryma euta wishishta prawishtima, sonninole lekheh "sabai sharirik rar naitik akarshanko abhawa bhaeko yo gaira-astitwalai kasale maya garna sakchha rar garnuparchha?"afno premko uddeshyale aru kasaisanga vivaha garda afno dukhako bharapai garna, sonnino lamo ekanta hindchan rar afulai kamma lagaunchhan kinbhane unle afno bhaanchieko hridayaka lagi ek prakarko santwana puraskarko rupma carrierko safalta khojchhan. sann 1865 maa pisama kanunma snatak garepachhi, soninio sann 1866 dekhi 1873 samma madrid, bhiyana, berlin, peris rar cent pietersbergma italian dutawasharuma kutnitigya rar adhikari bane. unko pariwar libhorno najikaiko quercienelako castello sonininama basthe. uni sann 1873 maa kutnitik sewabata sewaniwritta bhae. sann 1876 maa, sonninole cicilian samajko awasthako niji anusandhan garna leopoldo franchettisanga sisiliko yatra gare. sann 1877 maa, yee dui wyaktile sisilima gareko afno anusandhanlai italian sansadka lagi paryapta dui-bhagko reportma prakashit gare. pahilo bhagma, sonninole tapuka bhumihin kisanharuko jiwanko vishleshan gare. leopoldo franchettiko adha pratiwedan, "sisilima rajnitik rar prashasanik awastha", 19 aun shatabdima mafiako vishleshan thiyo june az pani adhikarik manincha. 100 warsha pachhi jiyovanni falconsamma franchettile antatah mafiako barema janamatlai aru kasaibhanda badhi prabhawa parchha. "sisilima rajnitik rar prashasanik awastha" mafia kasari banyo bhanne pahilo vishwasayogya wyakhya how. sann 1878 maa, sonnino rar franchettile euta samacharpatra suru gare, ", june saptahik arthik samikshabata dainik rajnitik muddaharuma pariwartan bhayo. prarambhik rajnitik jiwan. sonnino mey 1880 maa bhaeko aam chunawama pahilo patak italyko chember aff deputyma bhyal dii pesako saan casianoco nirvachan kshetrabata nirvachit bhaeka thie. uni september 1919 samma chaunthaundekhi chaunthaun vidhayikasamma chemberka sadasya thie rar vishwawyapi matadhikarlai samarthan gare. sonnino chaandai udar wamapanthiko pramukh virodhiharu madhye ek bane. ek kada sanwaidhanikwadiko rupma, unle vishesh hitko dababko pratirodh garna baliyo sarkarko pakshama rahe, jasle unlai ek rudhiwadi udarwadi banayo. december 1893 maa, uni franceko crispiko sarkarma witta mantri (december 1893-june 1894) rar treasury mantri (december 1893-march 1896) bane rar banka romana scandle samadhan garne prayas gare. sonninole ekal bank aff issue sthapana garne parikalpana gare, tara unko bank sudharko mukhya prathamikta "banka romanako" wittiya samasyaharu druta rupma samadhan garnu rar nayan rashtriya banking pranaliko design garnuko satta rajnitik wargalai sanlagna gareko ghotalalai lukaunu thiyo. nav-sthapit bank dee 'italia tinwata vidyaman bank aff issue (bank nazionel rar tuscanyka dui bankharu) ko wilayako parinam thiyo. khetriya hitharu ajhai pani baliyo thie, jasle "banko dii napoli" rar "banko dii cicilia" rar kada rajya niyantranko prawadhansanga note jaari garne bahulatako samjhauta garayo. koshamantriko rupma, sonninole sarvajanik wittako punargathan gare, nayan karharu lagae rar sarvajanik kharchama katauti gare. budget ghata 1893-94 maa 174 million lirbata 1896-97 maa 36 millionma tiwra rupma ghatyo. march 1896 maa adawako harko yuddhako parinamswarup crispie sarkarko patan pachhi, unle udarwadi jiyovanni giolitti viruddha vipakshi rudhiwadiharuko netako rupma sewa gare. janawari 1897 maa, sonninole "torniamo elo statuto" (kanunma farkanuhos) namak euta lekh prakashit gare, jasma unle padari, ganatantrawadi rar samajwadiharule udarwadlai dieko khataraharuko barema chetawani die. unle sansadiya sarkar unmulan garna rar sansadsanga paramarsha nagari pradhanmantri niyukta garne rar barkhasta garne shahi visheshadhikar firta garna awhan gare, jaslai unle khatarabata bachnako lagi ek matra sambhawit tarika maneka thie. sann 1901 maa unle "eal giornale dee 'italia" namak nayan pramukh samacharpatra sthapana gare. vipakshi rar pradhanmantri. november 1902 maa pradhanmantri giuseppe janardelile prastut gareko samajik sudharharuko pratikriyama, sonninole dakshini italyma garibi unmulan garna euta sudhar vidheyak paces gare jasle sisili, calabria rar sardiniama bhumi curr ghataune wyawastha wyawastha krishi rinko suwidha; sanah swamitwa (amphytusis) kaa lagi sthayi patta pranaliko punah sthapana rar kisanharuko hitlai jamin malikharuko hitsanga jodna krishi samjhautako prasar rar wriddhi. sonninole sarvajanik karyamarfat sankat samadhan garne samanya drishtikonko alochana gareh "jahaan wyapar chhaina tyahan railway nirman garnu bhaneko khanka lagi kehi nabhaeko wyaktilai chamcha dinu jastai how." sonninoko arupratiko asambadha gambhirta lamo samayadekhi afnai sarkar gathan garnama badha sabit bhayo. yadyapi, sonninole dui patak chhoto samayaka lagi pradhanmantriko rupma sewa gare. 8 february 1906 maa, sonninole afno pahilo sarkar gathan gare, june kewal tean mahinasamma chalyo. 18 mey 1906 maa, kewal 100 dinpachhi, uni rajinama dina badhya bhae. unle dakshini italylai rupantaran garna thula pariwartanharu prastawa gare, jasle shasak samuhaharuko virodhlai uksaeko thiyo. sabaibhanda thulo jamin malikharu bahek bhumi curr ek tihaile ghataunu parne thiyo. unle prantiya bank sthapana garne rar vidyalayaharulai anudan dine prastawa pani rakhe. unka sudharharule shasak samuhaharubata virodhlai uksae, rar unko uttaradhikari jiyovanni geolity bane. 11 december 1909 maa, sonninole kendra-dakshinpanthiko baliyo arthaka sath afno dosro sarkar gathan gare, tara yo dherai lamo samayasamma chalyo rar 21 march 1910 maa khasyo. pratham vishwayudha. july sankatpachhi, sonninole suruma 1914 maa germany rar astriya-hangerisanga triple gathabandhan kayam rakhna samarthan gare. uni dridha vishwas garthe kii italian swa-hitle yudhama sahabhagita samawesh gardacha, yasako italian ekikaranko samapanko rupma italian khetriya labhko sambhawanako sath. yadyapi, november 1914 maa antonio salandrako conservative sarkarma videsh mantri banepachhi rar italylai kshetraharu swikar garne astriya-hangeri samjhauta surakshit garne sambhawana chhaina bhanera mahasus garepachhi, unle sanyukta rajya, france rar rasiyako triple antentko paksha lie, rar unle april 1915 maa italian irredentist dawiharu pura garna londonko gopya sandhi swikrit gare. italyle 23 mey 1915 maa astriya-hangeri viruddha yuddha ghoshana prapta. wartako kramama, sonininole italy jaane bhumiharuma prayajso italian bhashi astrian sahar fiyam (adhunik rijeka, croatia) samawesh garna chhode, yo ek chook thiyo june pachhi unle 1919 maa pachhuto parney thie. sonninole "bismarkian" videsh niti anusaran gare jasma "sekro igoismo" ("pawitra ahankar") matra mahatwapurna thiyo. unko videsh nitiko margadarshak siddhantako rupma "sekro igoismo" shabda sonninoko yo bhannuko tarika thiyo kii italian rajyako hitlai "wastawik rajniti" ko krur niti marfat pachhyaunuparchha. sonininole astrian samrajyaprati kunai thulo shatruta rar sahayogiharuprati kunai thulo prem mahasus garenan, rar kewal sahayogi pakshama hastakshep garnalai samarthan gare kinbhane unle kura gariraheka francelli, britis rar rusi kutnitigyaharu astrian rar german kutnitigyaharu bhanda italylai badhi pratigya garna icchuk thie. sonninole niji rupma swikar gare kii yadi tiniharuka kutnitigyaharule matra sahayogi kutnitigyaharu bhanda badhi pratigya gareka bhae unle italylai kendriya shaktiharuko pakshama yudhama prawesh garna anukul hune thie. peris shanti sammelan, 1919. uni lagatar tinwata sarkarma videsh mantri bane rar sann 1919 maa pradhanmantri bhitorio emuel orlyandosanga peris shanti sammelanma italyko pratinidhitwa gare. janawari 1919 maa, sammelan suru hunubhanda thik aghi, americi rashtrapati woodro wilsonle ek americiko pahilo bhraman gare.ess. rashtrapati italy gae, jahaan unlai romema nayakko rupma swagat garieko thiyo. sonnino cum swagatyogya thie kinbhane unle wilsonle unlai shantiko adhar banna rashtriya atmanirnayako barema imandar bhaeko bataepachhi uni "ghrina" bhaeko lekhe. italionharule americi kutnitik kodharu todeka thie, rar soninino dherai risaeka thie jab unle thaha pae kii rajya vibhagle wilsonlai unko rome bhramanko kramama italian cabinetbata sonininolai hatauna agraha gareko gunharubare bahas gareko thiyo. londonko sandhidwara pratigya garieko baanki jaminharu italyle vilaya garna americi samarthanko badalama italyle dalmatia rar dodekani dwipsamuhama afno davi tyagnalai orlandole samarthan gareko thiyo, tara sonininole londonko sandhidwara pratigya garieko sabai jaminharuko mag garne adhikatamwadi sthiti lyne chhanauta gare. yadyapi, sonnino peris gae, sarvajanik rupma rashtriya atmanirnaya niji rupma virodh nagari uttar-vishwa wyawasthako adhar banne wacha gardai, wilsonle suruma anuhar mulya lieko ek hatko chalak tarka. sonninole londonko sandhiko shabdik prayogko raksha gare rar purva astriyo-hungerian kshetraharuma manisharuka lagi atmanirnayako nitiko virodh gare. raja vijeta emmanuel tritiyale orlando wa sonninole virodhma rajinama dina sakchhan bhanne darle italian pratinidhimandalma spashta dishanirdeshharu lagu nagarne nirnaya gare, jasle rajalai nayan sarkarko gathanko nirikshan garne jimmewari chhodnechha, june kartawya rajale bewasta garna chahanthe. wictor emmanuel "rijiyo acercito" kaa senapatiharusanga najik thie, jasle dalamatialai sainya chaukima rakhne italian rajyama asahaniya wittiya bojhko pratinidhitwa garne adharma yasalai vilaya nagarna sallaha die. yadyapi, raja sonninolai barkhasta garera "deshbhaktirahit" dekha parna chahandainan rar yasako satta italian pratinidhimandallai perisma italyko "nyayapurna akankshaharu" sakesamma surakshit garna adesh die. italyko "nyayapurna akankshaharu" surakshit garne adeshka sath rajako janadeshko aspashta prakritile soninino rar orlandolai peris shanti sammelanma vibhinna nitiharu pachhyauna anumati diyo kinbhane orlando soninino bhanda wilsonsanga samjhauta garna badhi khula thiyo. wilsonle rashtriya atmanirnaya shantiko adhar banne bataeka thie. yadyapi, wilsonle londonko sandhi anusar italian dabilai samarthan gare kii brenner paslai nayan italian-astrian simanako rupma chha rar italyle dakshin tyrolko astrian prantalai vilaya garna dakshin tyrolko german bahumat thiyo bhanne tathyako bawajud. sonninole prayaha wilsonsanga tarka gare kii italyle yudhama adha lakh marieko thiyo jasle londonko sandhiko sabai sartaharu pura garna sahayogiharuko dayitwa raheko mahasus prapta. sonninoko chiso rar uccha wyaktitwale unlai sammelanma kehi sathi banayo, rar anya pratinidhiharulai lubby garna unko anichchhale, jaslai unle afno muni thaneka thie, unlai sammelanma kunai sahayogiharu jitna sakena. orlandoko angreji bolna asamarthata rar gharma unko kamjor rajnitik sthitile soninolai pramukh bhumika khelna anumati diyo. wartaka kramama uniharubichko matabhed vinashkari sabit bhayo. orlando adriatic samudrako pramukh bandargah rijika (wa fume, jaslai italionharule sahar bhaninchha) lai vilaya garna dalmatiako khetriya dawiharu tyagna tayar thie, tara sonnino dalmatia chhodna tayar thienan. italyle duwai dabi garna samapta prapta tara americi rashtrapati woodro wilsonko italian magharuko kada virodhka karan kunai pani prapta bhaena, jasko rashtriya atmanirnayako niti thiyo. sonninole jiddisanga bhane kii italy londonko sandhi antargat pratigya garieko bhanda asea minerko thulo hissako hakdar thiyo, rar italyko ahile dakshinapashchimi tarkima thulo kabja khetra hune wacha prapta garyo. sonininole adhabhanda thorai janasankhya grick bhashi raheko smarna sahar (adhunik izmir, turkey) lai thapna khojiraheko thiyo bhanne vishwasle, italyko kabjako kshetrama sidhai grick pradhanmantri alephtherios bhenijeloslai mey 1919 maa grick senalai smarna kabja garne adesh diyo, jasle grick-turkey yuddha suru garyo. pachhiko jiwan. astriya-hangeripratiko italyko khetriya mahatwakankshalai paryapta rupma ghataunupareko thiyo, orlandoko sarkarle june 1919 maa rajinama diyo. tyo soninoko rajnitik kariyarko antya thiyo, rar unle november 1919 maa chunawama bhag lienan. uni october 1920 maa cineter manonit bhae tara barle sakriya rupma bhag lienan. sonninoko 24 november 1922 maa romema apoplectic strokeko samana garepachhi achanak mrityu bhayo. virasata. italyka silent statesman" bhanera chinine uni panchwata bhasha dharaprawaha bolna sakthe. sonninoko mukhya uddeshya dakshini italylai arthik rar naitik rupma punarjiwit garnu rar niraksharta viruddha ladnu thiyo. unle kahilyai vivaha garenan. italian rajnitima ek matra protestant neta, soninolai "nishchit rupma tarika rar vicharma britis" rar "kakshako mahan shuddhatawadi, antim bhrashta manis" bhanera warnan garieko thiyo. unko kathora atal naitiktale unlai ek kathina manis banayo, rar yadyapi unko akhandatalai vishwawyapi rupma samman garieko thiyo, unko najikko rar mauna wyaktitwale unlai rajnitik sarkalma thorai sathiharu prapta prapta. newyork times" ko ek shokawartale soninolai ek baudhik kuleen, ek mahan vittadata rar lokapriyataka lagi thorai pratibha bhaeko ek kushal vidwanko rupma warnan gareko chha jasko mahanata nirapeksha rajatantrako dinma spashta hune thiyo. kutnitik niyamharu pariwartan bhae tapani unlai ek dherai saksham kutnitigyako rupma chitran garieko thiyo jo peris shanti sammelanma ek ayogya pramukhtaka sath "purano" kutnitima thie. itihaskarka anusar arr. jey. bee. bosworth, "sidney sonino, jo sann 1914 dekhi 1919 samma videsh mantri thie, rar wyaktigat pratishthaka sath, sayed yogya, afna sabai lendenharuma imandarika lagi, italyko sabaibhanda cum safal videsh niti sanchalan gareko dabi gardacha." samanya kura. 16 april 1909 maa wilber rightle soninolai centocel field, romema udanma lie, jasle soninolai hawaijahajma udan garne prarambhik rajnitigyaharu madhye ek banayo.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, barron sonino (11 march 1847-24 navember 1922) jane italiah rajneta, italyra italyra pradhanamantri thile ebong duithara duithara ebong puni puni 1910 parjyanta jane sankhiptakaleena pradhanamantri bhabe karjya karithile. shay pratham biswajudha samajare italyra baideshika byapara mantri madhya thile, 1919 paris shanti sammilaneere italyra pratinidhitwa karithile. prarambhika zeeban. sonino pisare jane italiah ihudi pita, isako saul sonino, jie ingrajeebadaku dharmantarita hoithile, ebong jane wels maa, georgina sophia arned dudle menanetnka ghare janmagrahana karithile. taanka paribara dwara shay jane ingrajibhashi bhabe lalitapalita hoithile. taanka jejebapa libhornoru egyptaku palajana karithile, jeunthare shay jane byankara bhabare eka bishala bhagya nirmana karithile. jane jubaka bhabare, sonino ektarafa premer eka gurutara mamalare peedita hoithile, jaahaa taanka aatmasammanaku kharap bhabare khyati pahanchaithila . taanka daereere eka sadharana prabeshare sonino lekhichhantih "samasta sharirika ebong naitika akarshanara abhabaru ehi anah-parichajaku kie bhal paiba ebong kie bhal paiba uchita?"jetebele tankara snehar uddeshya anya kahaku bibaha kallah, setebele taanka duhkhaku purana kariba paain sonino dirgha ekaki chaliba arambha kale ebong niz bhagna hrudai paain eka prakara santwana puraskara bhabare kyariyara saphalata chahunthiba bele nijaku karjyare aasakta bhabare phingi deithile. 1865 masihare pisare aainare snataka heba parey, sonino 1866 ru 1873 parjyanta madrid, bhiena, berlin, paris ebong cent pitarsabargare italiah dootabasare jane kutaneetigya ebong adhikari hoithile. taanka paribara livorno nikatabartee curcianelara castello soninore rahuthile. 1873 masihare shay kootanaitika sebaru absar neithile. 1876 masihare, sonino cecilian samajara abastha bishajare eka byaktigata tadanta kariba paain leopoldo franchetinka saha sisili jatra karithile. 1877 masihare, dui byakti sisili upare semanankara gabeshana italy sansada paain eka gurutwapurna dui-bhaga reportare prakash karithile. pratham bhagare, sonino dwepara bhumihin krushakamananka zeeban bishajare bisleshana karithile. leopoldo franchetinka reportra adhaa, "sisilire rajanaitika ebong prashasanika paristhiti", unabinsha shatabdir mafianka eka bisleshana thila jaahaa aaji madhya adhikruta bolly bibechana karajae . 100 barsharu adhika samai parey jiobhanni falcon parjyanta franchetty sheshare mafia bishajare janasadharananka matamataku anya kaaha apekhya adhika prabhabita karithila. "sisilire rajanaitika ebong prashasanika paristhiti" heuchhi mafia kipari srusti helah tahar pratham biswasajogya byakhya . 1878 masihare, sonino ebong franchetty eka sambadapatra arambha karithile, jaahaa saptahika arthika samikhyaru dainandina rajanaitika prasangaku badalithila. prarambhika rajanaitika kyariyara. sonino meey 1880 ray sadharana nirbachanare pratham thara paain italiah chamber off deputire bhal dii pesara shaan casiano nirbachanamandaleeru nirbachita hoithile. shay 1919 masiha september maasa parjyanta, panchadasharu panchdash bidhanasabha parjyanta, ehi prakosthara sadasya thile ebong sarbajaneena matadhikaraku samarthan karithile. sonino khub shighra udaara bamapantheenka anyatama pramukh birodhi palatigale. jane kathore sambidhanikabadi bhabe, shay swatantra swarthara chapaku pratirodha kariba paain shaktishali sarakaranku samarthan karithile, jaahaa tanku jane rakhyanashila udarabadi karithila. december december shay fransco crispie sarakarare artha mantri (december 1893-june 1894) ebong treasury mantri (december 1893-march 1896) hoithile ebong banka romana durneetire samadhan karibaku chesta karithile. sonino eka ekaka byank off issue pratistha karibara parikalpana karithile, kintu taanka byank sanskarara mukhya prathamikata thila "byanka romanara" arthika samasyara druta samadhan kariba ebong eka nutan jatiah byanking system design kariba paribarte rajanaitika berg sahita jadita skandalaku luchai rakhiba . nabanirmita 'byanka dii' italia 'tinoti barttamanara byanka off issue (byanka nagionel ebong tuscanira duiti byanka) rahr misranara parinam thila. anchalika swartha tathapi drudha thila, jaahaa "banco dii napoli" ebong "banco dii cecilia" sahita note jaari karibara bahulata ebong kathore rajya nijantrana paain byabastha sahita aposh bujhamana karithila . koshagara mantri bhabe sonino sarbajaneena arthabyabasthara punargathana karithile, nutan ticks laagu karithile ebong sarbajaneena kharcha hrass karithile. budget niantaku niantaku ray 174 nijuta liraru liraru ray 36 nijutaku hrass karajaithila. 1896 masiha march maasare adawara haari jaithiba juddhara phalaswaroopa, eka chatur sarakarara patana parey, shay udarabadi jiobhanni jiolittinka biruddhare birodhi rakhyanashila dalara neta bhabe karjya karithile. januari 1897 ray, sonino eka nibandha prakash karithile, "torniamo aloe statuto" (aasantu aainaku feriba), jeunthire shay padari, ganatantrabadee ebong samajabadimane udarabada prati srusti karithiba bipada bishajare chetabani deithile. shay sansadeeah sarkar uchheda kariba ebong sansada sahita paramarsha nakari pradhanamantreenku nijukti deba ebong barakhasta kariba paain rajkiah bisheshadhikara ferasta karibaku aahwana karithile, jaahaaku shay bipadaku edaibara ekamatra sambhabya upaiah bolly bibechana karithile. 1901 masihare shay eka nutan pramukh sambadapatra "eal giornale dii 'italia" pratistha karithile. birodhi dala ebong pradhanamantri. navember 1902 ray pradhanamantri giuseppe janardelinka dwara upasthapita samajika sanskarara pratikrija swaroopa, sonino dakhina italyre daridrya durikarana paain eka sanskara bill prabartana karithile jaahaa sisili, calabria ebong sardiniare bhumi ticks hrass paain pradan karithila; krushi runara subidha; khudra jami (amphyteusis) paain sthajee liz systemer punah pratistha ebong jami malikanka swartha sahita krushakanka swarthaku ekatra karibaku krushi chuktinama prasara ebong brudhi . sonino sarbajaneena karjya madhyamare sankata samadhan paain sadharana aabhimukhyaku samalochana karithileh "jeunthare kaunasi banijya naahin sethare rela nirmana kariba jane byaktinku eka chamacha deba bhali jahanka pakhare khaibaku kichhi naahin." anyamananka prati soninonka aposh nibidata dirgha deane dhari niz sarkar gathan karibare pratibandhaka sabyasta hoithila. tathapi, sonino duithara swalpa samai paain pradhanamantri bhabe karjya karithile. 1906 masiha februari 8 tarikhare sonino nijara pratham sarkar gathan karithile, jaahaa maatra tini maasa parjyanta chalithila. maatra 100 deane parey, 1906 masiha meey 18 tarikhare shay istafa debaku badhya hoithile. shay dakhina italyre paribartana aaniba paain budd dharanara paribartanara prastaba deithile, jaahaa shasaka gostheemananka birodhaku uske deithila. sarbabruhat jami malikanka byatita jami ticks eka trutijansha hrass karajibara thila. shay pradeshika byanka pratistha ebong bidyalajagudiku sabasidi pradan kariba paain madhya prastaba deithile. taanka sanskara shasaka gostheemananka birodhaku uttejita karithila, ebong taanka parey jiobhanni jiolittinka dwara saphala hoithile. 1909 masiha december 11 tarikhare sonino kendra-dakhinapantheenka prati drudha dharana rakhi nijara dwiteeja sarkar gathan karithile, kintu ehaa adhika deane tisthi parinathila ebong 1910 masiha march 21 tarikhare patana ghatithila. pratham biswajudha. july sankata parey, sonino prathame 1914 ray germany ebong astria-hangari sahita tini ment bajaiah rakhibaku samarthan karithile. shay drudha bhabare biswasa karithile je italiah swartha juddhare anshagrahanaku antarbhukta kare, italiah ekeekaranara samapti bhabare italiah anchalika labhar sambhabana sahita . tebe, 1914 masiha navember maasare antonio salandranka rakhyanashila sarakarare baideshika mantri heba parey ebong italyku anchala sweekara kariba paain astria-hangereeja rajinama surakhita hebara sambhabana naahin bolly hrudajangama curry shay britten, frances ebong rushiaara tini bhagara pakhya neithile, ebong italiah abhedyabadee dabiku purana kariba paain shay 1915 masiha april maasare londner gupta chuktiku manjuri deithile. italy 23 meey 1915 ray astria-hangari biruddhare juddha ghoshana karithila. alochana samajare, sonino mukhyatah italiah bhashi astrian sahara fiam (adhunika rizeka, croasia) ku italy jibaara bhumire antarbhukta karibaku baada deithile, eka baada jaahaa parey shay 1919 ray anutapa karibe . sonino jaahaaku shay "bismarkian" baideshika neeti bolly kahithile, taahaaku anusarana karithile, jaahaa adheenare jaahaa gurutwapurna thila taaha thila "sacro egoismo" ("pabitra ahong"). tankara baideshika nitira margadarshaka neeti bhabe "sacro egoismo" shabdati soninonka kahiba upaiah thila je italiah rastrara swarthaku "bastaba rajneeti" rahr eka nirdaya neeti madhyamare anusarana karibaku heba. sonino astria samrajya prati kaunasi budd shatruta anubhaba karinathile ebong mitra rastragudika prati kaunasi budd bhalapaiba anubhaba karinathile, ebong kebala mitrapakhyara hastakhyepaku pasanda karithile kaaran shay jeun farasi, british ebong rushiah kootaneetigyanka saha kathabartta karuthile, semane astria ebong german kootaneetigyanka apekhya italyku adhika pratishruti debaku ichhuka thile. sonino byaktigata bhabe sweekara karithile je shay italyku kendriah shakti pakhyare juddhare prabesha karaibaku pasanda karithante jadi kebala semananka kootaneetigyamane sahajogee kootaneetigyanka apekhya adhika pratishruti deithante. paris shanti sammilani, 1919 shay kramagata tinoti sarakarare baideshika mantri rahithile ebong 1919 paris shanti sammilaneere pradhanamantri vittorio emuel oralandonka saha italyra pratinidhitwa karithile. januari 1919 ray, sammilani arambha hebara thick purbaru, americara rastrapati udro wilson eka jayu. aii. nka dwara pratham gasta karithile.ess. rastrapati italy jaithile, jeunthare tanku romare najaka bhabe swagata karajaithila. sonino comm swagata karithile kaaran shay lekhithile je shay "birakta" hoithile jetebele wilson tanku kahithile je shantira aadhara heba paain jatiah aatma-nirnai bishajare shay sachchot thile. italyamane americae kootanaitika niam bhanga karithile, ebong sonino bahuta asantusta hoithile jetebele shay janibaku paile je wilsonka rome gasta samajare soninonku italy cabinetaru baada deba paain baideshika bibhaga bitarka karithila. london chukti dwara pratishruti diajaithiba abasista bhumiku italyku sanjukta kariba paain americae samarthan badalare italyku dalmatia ebong dodecanese dwepapunja upare nijara daabi parityaga karibaku orlando pasanda karithile, kintu sonino london chukti dwara pratishruti diajaithiba samasta jami daabi karibara sarbadhika abhimukhya grahan karibaku bachithile. tebe, sonino paris jaithile, sarbasadharanare pratishruti deithile je jatiah aatma-nirnai byaktigata bhabare birodha nakari biswa-parabarti byabasthara aadhara heba, eka hatara chatur jukti jaahaa wilson prathame mukh moolyare neithile . sonino london chuktira aakhyarika prajogaku rakhya karithile ebong purbatana astra-hangereeja anchalara lokanka paain aatma-nirnai nitira birodha karithile. raja bijeta emmanuel truteeja italiah pratinidhi dala upare spust nirdeshabali laagu nakaribaku nishpatti neithile ehi bhajaru je orlando kimba sonino pratibadare istafa deiparanti, jaahaa rajanku eka nutan sarkar gathan tadarakh karibara dajitwa upare chhadideba, eka karttabya jaahaaku raja edaibaku chahunthile . bijayit emmanuel "rijio acercito" rahr senapatimananka nikatatar thile, jeunmane ehi aadhaarare dalamatiaaku sanjukta nakari paramarsha deithile je ehaaku garrigion kariba italiah rajya upare eka asahya arthika bojhaku pratinidhitwa kariba . tebe, raja soninonku barakhasta curry "deshapremahina" dekhajibaku chahunanathile ebong ehaa paribarte italiah pratinidhi dalaku pyarisare italyra "nyajasangata aakankhya" rahr jathasambhaba surakhita karibaku nirdesh deithile. italyra "nyajasangata aakankhya" ku surakhita kariba paain adesh sahita rajanka adeshar aspasta prakruti sonino ebong oralandoku paris shanti sammilaneere bibhinna neeti anusarana karibaku anumathi deithila kaaran orlando sonino apekhya wilsonka saha rajinama karibaku adhika unmukta thile. wilson kahithile je jatiah aatma-nirnai shantira aadhara heba. tebe, wilson london chukti anujai italiah daabi karithile je brainer passes nutan italiah-astrian seema bhabare achhi ebong italy dakhina tyrolra astrian pradeshaku sanjukta karibaku samarthan karithile jadio dakhina tyrolra german sankhyagarishthata thila . sonino aneka samajare wilsonanku jukti karuthile je kaaran italy juddhare ardha nijuta lokanku haraithila, jaahaa anubhaba karithila je london chuktira samasta sarta purana kariba paain mitra rastragudikara dajitwa rahichhi. soninonka thanda ebong uccha byaktitwa tanku sammilaneere alpa bandhu karithila, ebong anya pratinidhimananku labi karibaku tankara anichhaku, jaahaa shay taanka tale bolly bibechana karuthile, sammilaneere tanku kaunasi sahajogee jitai nathile . ingraji kahibare oralandonka akhyamata ebong ghare tankara durbala rajanaitika sthiti soninonku eka prabhabasali bhumika grahan karibaku anumathi deithila . alochana samajare semananka madhyare thiba matabhed biparjyajapurna pramanita hoithila. adriatic samudrara eka pramukh samudra bandara rizeka (kimba fiam, jaahaaku italyamane sahara bolly kahuthile) ku sanjukta kariba paain dalmatia paain anchalika daabi parityaga karibaku orlando prastuta thile, kintu sonino dalmatiaku chhadibaku prastuta nathile. italy ubhaja daabi karithila kintu america rastrapati udro wilsonanka italiah dabir drudha birodha hetu kaunasi paai nathila, jahara jatiah aatma-nirnai neeti thila . sonino zid dhari kahithile je london chukti anujai pratishruti diajaithiba acia minorer eka budd ansha paain italy haqdar thila, ebong eka pratishruti paithile je italyra bartamana dakhina-paschima turkeere eka bruhata dakhal anchala rahiba. sonino smirna sahara (adhunika izmir, turkey) ku jodibaku chahunthile, jeunthare janasankhyara eka adhaaru kichhi comm greek bhashi thile, ehi biswasa sidhasalakha greek pradhanamantri elephtherios venijelosnka nikataku neigala, jaahaa meey 1919 ray greek senaku smirna dakhal karibaku nirdesh deithila, jaahaa greek-turkey juddha arambha karithila . parabarti zeeban. astria-hangeree prati italyra anchalika mahatwakankhya yathesta hrass paiba parey, oralandonka sarkar june 1919 ray istafa deithile. taaha soninonka rajanaitika carriara shesh thila, ebong shay navember 1919 ray nirbachanare anshagrahana karinathile. october 1920 ray shay sinetara manoneet hoithile burr sakriya bhabare anshagrahana karinathile. sonino eka apoplectic stroker shikara heba parey 24 navember 1922 ray romare hathat mrutyubarana karithile. uttaradhikara. italyra neerab rajneta" bhabe janashuna, shay panchti bhasha aswabhabika bhabe kahiparile. soninonka mukhya uddeshya thila dakhina italyku arthika ebong naitika bhabare punarjeebita kariba ebong nirakhyarata biruddhare ladhiba . shay kebe bibaha karinathile. italiah rajaneetire ekamatra protestant neta, soninonku "nischita bhabare british bhabare ebong chintadhara" ebong "chember rahr mahan puritan, shesh durnitigrasta byakti" bhabare barnana karajaithila . tankara kathore nisthura naitikata tanku jane kathina byakti karithila, ebong jadio tankara akhandata sarbabharatija bhabare sammanita hoithila, tankara ghanistha ebong neerab byaktitwa tanku rajanaitika sarkalare alpa bandhu hassel karithila . eka "nyujarka timeser" shokabartare soninonku jane boudhika sambhranta, jane mahan arthadata ebong lokaprijata paain alpa pratibha thiba jane nipuna bidwana bhabare barnana karajaithila, jahara mahanata nirapekhya rajatantra samajare spust hoithanta . tanku jane atyanta sakhyama kutaneetigya bhabare chitrita karajaithila jie paris shanti sammilaneere eka jogya pramukhata sahita "puruna" kutaneetira antarbhukta thile, jadio kootanaitika niam badalithila . aitihasikanka matare aarr. jay. bii. bosworth kahichanti, "sidney sonino, jieki jieki 1919 parjyanta baideshika mantri thile, ebong byaktigata pratistha sahita, sambhabatah tankara samasta karabarare sachotata paain jogya, italyra sarbanimna saphala baideshika neeti parichalana karithiba drudha daabi karichanti." sadharana kathaa. 1909 masiha april 16 tarikhare wilber rait soninonku romer centocel fieldre eka udanare neijaithile, jaahaa soninonku bimanare udaana karithiba prarambhika rajanetanka madhyaru jane karithila.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, bairan sonino (11 march 1847-24 navambar 1922) ikk italvi rajneta, itali daa daa pardhan mantri see atey doou vaar 1906 witch atey firr 1909 toon 1910 takk ikk dey roop witch seva nibhai. uh pahile vishav yuddh dauran itali dey videsh mamlian dey mantri vee sunn, 1919 paris shanti sammelan witch itali dee numaindagi karde sunn. mudhla jeevan. sonino daa janam peesa witch ikk italvi yahudi pitaa, isako saul sonino, joe angrezi witch badal giaa see, atey ikk velash maan, georgina sophia arnaud dudli manennet dey gharr hoiaa see. uss daa paalan-poshan uss dey parivaar neey ikk angrezi vajon keeta see. uss dey daada liverno toon misser chaley gaye sunn, jitthe unhan neey ikk banker dey roop witch bahut vaddi kismat banayi see. ikk naujwan aadmi dey roop witch, sonino noon binan kise piaar dey ikk gambhir mamle toon peedat honaa piaa, jiss neey uss dey sway-maann noon buri tarahan nuksan pahunchiaa. aapni diari witch ikk aam entary witch, sonino neey likhiaao "sarirak atey naitik aakarshan dee ghaat vaali iss gair-hond noon kaunn piaar qarr sakda haii atey qee karna chahida haii?"jadon uss dey piaar daa udesh kise horr naal viaah karvaunda see, taan uss dey dukkh dee bharpai curran laee, sonino neey lambe ikant sair keeti atey aapne tutte dill laee ikk tarahan dey dilasa puraskar vajon carrier dee safalta dee mung karde hoye aapne aap noon kamm witch lagaa ditta. sann 1865 witch peesa witch kanoon witch graduate honn toon baad, sonino ikk diplomat atey 1866 toon 1873 takk medrid, vienna, barlin, paris atey cent pietersburg witch italvi dutavasan witch ikk adhikari bann giaa. uss daa parivaar liverno dey nede kaversianela witch castello sonino witch rahinda see. uh 1873 witch kootnitak seva toon sevamukt hoow gaye. sann 1876 witch, sonino neey leopoldo franchetti naal sisili samaaj dee sathiti dee nijji jaanch curran laee sisili dee yaatra keeti. 1877 witch, dovan viaktiaan neey italvi sansad laee ikk mahattavpuran doou-hissiaan dee report witch sisili baare aapni khoj prakashit keeti. pahile hisse witch, sonino neey tapu dey bezmine kisanan dey jeevan daa vishleshan keeta. leopoldo franchetti dee addhi report, "sisili witch rajneetik atey parshaski sathitiaan", sathitiaan" sadee witch mafia daa vishleshan see joe ajj vee adhikarat manni jaandi haii. franchetty aakharkar mafia baare jantak raae noon kise horr naalon vadhere prabhavat karegi jadon takk kii jiovanni falcon, 100 saal baad. "sisili witch rajneetak atey parshaski sathitiaan" iss gall dee pahili bharoseyog viaakhiaa haii kii mafia kiven baniaa. 1878 witch, sonino atey franchetti neey ikk akhbar shuru keeta, joe haftavari aarthik samikhiaavan toon rozana rajneetik muddiaan witch badal giaa. shuruati rajneetak carrier. sonino maee 1880 witch aam chonhan witch pahili vaar italvi chamber aaf daiputiaan witch vaal dee pessa witch sainn casciano dey halke toon chunhiaa giaa see. uh satambar 1919 takk chaudan toon chaudan vidhan sabha takk chamber naal sabandhat sunn atey sarabviaapi vott adhikar daa samarthan keeta. sonino jaldi hii udarvadi khabbe pakkhi dey pramukh virodhiaan vicchon ikk bann giaa. ikk sakhat sanvidhanvadi honn dey naate, unhan neey vishesh hittan dey dabaa daa virodh curran laee mazboot sarkaar daa samarthan keeta, jiss neey unhan noon ikk rudhiwadi udarvadi bnaa ditta. dasambar 1893 witch, uh francesco crispie dee sarkaar witch vitt mantri (dasambar 1893-juun 1894) atey khazana mantri (dasambar 1893-march 1896) baney atey bainka romana ghutale noon hall curran dee koshish keeti. sonino neey ikk single baink aaf issue sathapat curran dee kalpana keeti, parr uss dey baink sudhar dee mukkh tarjih "banka romana" deeaan vitti samassiaavan noon tezi naal hall karna atey ikk naveen rashtari banking pranali tiaar curran dee bajaae rajneetik varag noon shamal curran vaale ghutale noon lukauna see. navein sathapat baink dee 'italia tinn maujuda baink aaf issue (baink nazionel atey tuscany dey doou baink) dey raleven daa natija see. khetri hitt ajey vee mazboot sunn, jiss caarn "banco dee napoli" atey "banco dee sisilia" naal nott jaari curran dee bahulata atey sakhat raaj niyantaran dee vivastha naal samjhauta hoiaa. khazana mantri vajon, sonino neey jantak vitt daa punargathan keeta, navein taiks lagaae atey jantak kharchiaan witch katauti keeti. march 1896 witch adva dee haaran vaali ladai dey natije vajon crip sarkaar dey dhiggan toon baad, buzzet ghaata aaee. dee. 1 witch 174 million leere toon ghatt keey aaee. dee. 2 witch 36 million rahi giaa see, usne udarvadi jiovanni geolity dey virudh virodhi conservative dey neta vajon seva nibhai. janwari 1897 witch, sonino neey ikk lekh prakashit keeta, "tornimo aloe statuto" (aao kanoon vall waps challiye), jiss witch usne padrian, gantantar atey samajwadiaan duaara udarvad noon dittiaan gaeeaan dhamkiaan baare chinta pragat keeti. unhan neey sansadi sarkaar noon khatam curran atey sansad naal salaah keete binan pardhan mantri dee niyukti atey barkhast curran dey shaahi vishesh adhikar noon waps curran daa sadda ditta, jiss noon uh khatre noon taalann daa ikko ikk sambhav tarika mannade sunn. 1901 witch, uhanan neey ikk navaan pramukh akhbar, "ill giornale dee 'italia" dee sathapana keeti. virodhi dhir atey pardhan mantri. pardhan mantri juicepe zanardeli duaara navambar 1902 witch pesh keete gaye smajik sudharan dey jawab witch, sonino neey dakkhni itali witch garibi noon door curran laee ikk sudhar bill pesh keeta jiss witch sisili, calabaria atey sardinia witch bhumi taiks witch qamee dee vivastha keeti gaee see; khetibadi credit dee sahulat; chhotiaan zaminan (amphytiusis) laee sathayi lease dee pranali dee mudd sathapana atey zameen malkan dey hittan naal kisanan dey hittan noon joden laee khetibadi samjhotiaan daa prasaar atey vaadha. sonino neey jantak kamman raahin sankat noon hall curran laee aam pahunch dee alochna kitia "jitthe koee vapaar naheen haii, utthe railway daa nirman karna ikk ajihe viakati noon ikk chamach denh varga haii jiss cole khaann laee kujh naheen haii." doojiaan pratee sonino dee asantusht gambhirta lambe samein toon aapni sarkaar banaun witch rukawat saabat hoee. firr vee, sonino neey doou vaar sankhep pardhan mantri vajon seva nibhai. 8 farvari 1906 noon, sonino neey aapni pahili sarkaar banayi, joe siraf tinn mahiniaan takk challi. siraf 100 dinan baad 18 maee 1906 noon unhan noon astifa denh laee majbur honaa piaa. unhan neey dakkhni itali noon badlan laee vaddiaan tabdiliaan daa prastav ditta, jiss neey sattadhari samoohan dey virodh noon bhadkaiaa. sabh toon vadde zameen malkan noon chhadd keey zameen dey taxes witch ikk tihai dee qamee keeti jaanhi see. unhan neey subai baink sathapat curran atey schoolan noon subsidy denh daa vee prastav ditta. uss dey sudharan neey sattadhari samoohan dey virodh noon bhadkaiaa, atey uss toon baad jiovanni geolity neey kabza qarr liaa. 11 dasambar 1909 noon, sonino neey kendra-sajje laee ikk mazboot arth dey naal aapni duji sarkaar daa gathan keeta, parr ih ziaada dair takk naheen challi atey 21 march 1910 noon digg gaee. pahila vishav yuddh. julai dey sankat toon baad, sonino neey shuru witch 1914 witch germany atey austria-hangri naal teehre gathjod noon kaaim rakkhan daa samarthan keeta. uh pakka mannada see kii italvi sway-hitt witch yuddh witch hissa laina shamal haii, jiss witch italvi khetri laabh dee sambhavna haii. halanki, navambar 1914 witch antonio salandra dee conservative sarkaar witch videsh mantri bannan toon baad atey ih mahisus karde hoye kii itali noon khetran noon savikar curran laee austria-hangri samjhaute noon surakhiat curran dee sambhavna naheen haii, usne united kingdom, france atey roos dey tinn hittan daa pakkh liaa, atey usne aprail 1915 witch london dee gupat sandhi noon manzuri ditti taan joe italian asehajwadi daaviaan noon poora keeta jaa sake. itali neey 23 maee 1915 noon austria-hangri virudh yuddh daa ailaan keeta. gallbat dauran, sonino neey vadde paddhar 'teey italvi bolann vaale austria dey shehar fimmy (aadhunik reejeka, croatia) noon unhan zaminan witch shamal curran toon inkaar qarr ditta joe itali jaanh valiaan sunn, ikk ajihi galti jiss daa baad witch uss noon 1919 witch pachtava hovega. sonino neey uss neeti dee palna keeti jiss noon uh "bismarkian" videsh neeti kahinde sunn jiss dey tehat joe kujh vee mahattavpuran see uh see "sacro agoismo" ("pavittar ahankar"). sacro agoismo" shabad uss dee videsh neeti dey maarag darshak sidhant vajon sonino daa ih kahinn daa tarika see kii italvi raaj dey hittan noon "asal rajneeti" dee berhim neeti raahin apnaiaa jaanha see. sonino neey austria dey samraj pratee koee vaddi vair bhavna atey sahiyogiaan laee koee vadda piaar mahisus naheen keeta, atey siraf sehyogi pakkh dey dakhal daa pakkh liaa kiunki uh jinhan franch, british atey russie diplomatan naal gall qarr rahey sunn, uh austria atey german diplomatan naalon itali naal vadhere vaada curran laee tiaar sunn. sonino neey nijji taur utte savikar keeta kii uh kendri shaktiaan dey pakkh witch itali noon yuddh witch dakhal curran daa pakkh purda jey siraf unhan dey diplomatan neey sehyogi diplomatan naalon vaddh vaada keeta hunda. paris shanti sammelan, 1919 uh lagatar tinn sarkaran witch videsh mantri rahey atey 1919 witch paris shanti sammelan witch pardhan mantri vittorio emmanuel orlando naal itali dee numaindagi keeti. janwari 1919 witch, sammelan shuru honn toon theek pahilan, amriki rashtarpati woodro wilson neey ikk yuu. aiss. duaara pahili ferry keeti.aiss. rashtarpati itali gaye, jitthe rome witch ikk naaik dey roop witch unhan daa suagat keeta giaa. sonino ghatt suagat curran vaala see kiunki usne likhiaa see kii uh "nafrat" karda see jadon wilson neey uss noon dassiaa kii uh shanti daa adhaar bannan laee rashtari sway-nirne baare saccha see. italianan neey amriki kootnitak zabte todd ditte sunn, atey sonino bahut naraz hoow giaa see jadon uss noon pataa lagga kii raaj vibhag neey rome dee aapni yaatra dauran wilson noon italvi mantri mandal toon hataun dee mung curran dey gunan 'teey bahis keeti see. orlando neey itali noon london dee sandhi duaara vaada keetiaan gaeeaan baaki zaminan noon itali naal joden laee amriki samarthan dey badle witch itali noon dalmetia atey dodecanes tapu samooh utte aapne daaviaan noon tiaagan daa pakkh liaa see, parr sonino neey london dee sandhi duaara vaada keetiaan gaeeaan saariaan zaminan dee mung curran dee vaddh toon vaddh sathiti noon apnaun dee chonh keeti. halanki, sonino paris giaa, jantak taur 'teey vaada keeta kii rashtari sway-nirne noon nijji taur' teey virodh keete binan vishav vivastha toon baad daa adhaar honaa see, ikk hatth dee daleel jiss noon wilson neey pahilan chihre dee keemat 'teey liaa see. sonino neey london dee sandhi dey shabdik upyog daa bachaa keeta atey sabka austria-hangri khetran witch lokan laee sway-nirne dee neeti daa virodh keeta. raaja jetu emmanuel III neey iss darr toon kii orlando jaan sonino virodh witch astifa dey sakde hunn, italvi vafad utte spasht disha-nirdesh lagu naa curran daa faisla keeta, jiss naal raaje utte ikk naveen sarkaar dey gathan dee nigrani curran dee zimmevari chhadd ditti javegi, ikk ajiha faraz jiss toon raaja bachna chahunda see. jetu emmanuel "rijio acercito" dey generalan dey nede see, jinhan neey iss aadhar 'teey dalamatia noon joden virudh salaah ditti see kii iss noon surakhiaa denh naal italian raaj' teey ikk asehansheel vitti bojh dee numaindagi hovegi. halanki, raaja sonino noon barkhast karke "deshdhrohi" naheen dikhna chahunda see atey iss dee bajaae italvi vafad noon paris witch itali deeaan "niaanpuran ichhavan" noon jinna sambhav hoow sake surakhiat curran daa adesh ditta. itali deeaan "niaanpuran ichhavan" noon surakhiat curran dey aadeshan dey naal raaje dey adesh dee aspasht prakirti neey sonino atey orlando noon paris shanti sammelan witch vakkh-vakkh nitiaan noon agge vadhaun dee aagiaa ditti kiunki orlando sonino naalon wilson naal samjhauta curran laee vadhere khullah see. wilson neey kiha see kii rashtari sway-nirne noon shanti daa adhaar banauna see. halanki, wilson neey london dee sandhi dey anusar italvi daava keeta kii berner paas noon naveen italvi-austria sarhadd vajon rakkhiaa giaa haii atey itali laee dakkhni tyrol dey austria prant noon iss tatth dey bavjood milaun daa daava keeta kii dakkhni tyrol dee german bahuginti see. sonino neey aksar wilson noon daleel ditti kii kiunki itali neey yuddh witch panj lakkh maare sunn, jiss neey mahisus keeta kii sahiyogiaan dee london dee sandhi deeaan saariaan shartan noon poora curran dee zimmevari haii. sonino dee thandi atey ucchi shakhsiat neey uss noon conferences witch kujh dosat bnaa ditta, atey horr delegates dee laabi curran dee uss dee anichha, jiss noon uh aapne hethan mannada see, neey uss noon conferences witch koee sehyogi naheen ditta. orlando dee angrezi bolann witch asamratha atey gharr witch uss dee kamzor rajneetik sathiti neey sonino noon ikk pramukh bhumika nibhaun dee aagiaa ditti. gallbat dauran unhan dey matbhed vinashkari saabat hoye. orlando adriatic samunder dee ikk pramukh bandargah, rijeka (jaan fimmy, jiven kii italian lock shehar kahinde hunn) noon joden laee dalmetia dey khetri daaviaan noon tiaagan laee tiaar see, parr sonino dalmetia noon chaddan laee tiaar naheen see. itali neey dovan daa daava keeta parr amriki rashtarpati woodro wilson duaara italvi mangan dey sakhat virodh caarn koee naheen miliaa, jiss dee rashtari sway-nirne dee neeti see. sonino neey dridhta naal kiha kii itali london dee sandhi dey tehat keete gaye vaade naalon eshia minor dey vadde hisse daa hakkdaar see, atey ikk vaada prapat keeta kii itali daa ikk vadda kabza khetar hovega joe hunn dakkhan-pachmi turki haii. ih vishwas kii sonino samirna (aadhunik izmir, turki) shehar noon joden dee koshish qarr riha see jitthe addhi toon vee ghatt aabadi yunani bolann vaali see, itali dey kabze vaale khetar witch siddhe taur 'teey yunani pardhan mantri elephtherios venezelos neey maee 1919 witch yunani fauj noon samirna' teey kabza curran daa adesh ditta, jiss naal yunani-turki yuddh shuru hoiaa. baad dee zindagi. austria-hangri pratee itali deeaan khetri abhilashavan noon kaafi ghatt curran toon baad, orlando dee sarkaar neey juun 1919 witch astifa dey ditta. ih sonino dey rajneetik carrier daa ant see, atey usne navambar 1919 witch chonhan witch hissa naheen liaa. aktubar 1920 witch senator namzad keeta giaa see, burr neey sargarmi naal hissa naheen liaa. 24 navambar 1922 noon rome witch sonino dee achanak maut hoow gaee jadon uss noon apoplectic stroke hoiaa see. virasat. itali dey chupp rajneta" vajon jaane jaande, uh panj bhashavan changi tarahan boll sakde sunn. sonino daa mukkh udesh dakkhni itali noon aarthik atey naitik taur 'teey mudd surjit karna atey anpadhta naal ladna see. uss neey kadey viaah naheen keeta. italvi rajneeti witch iklaute protestant neta, sonino noon "nishchit taur utte british tarike atey vichaar" atey "chamber dey mahaan shudh, aakhri bhrishtachar rahit aadmi" vajon darsaiaa giaa see. uss dee sakhat attal naitikta neey uss noon ikk mushkal aadmi bnaa ditta, atey halanki uss dee akhandta daa vishwaviaapi taur 'teey sanman keeta jaanda see, parr uss dee nazdiki atey chupchap shakhsiat neey uss noon rajneetik halkiaan witch bahut ghatt dosat ditte. nioo yarak times" neey ikk sog sandesh witch sonino noon ikk baudhik kuleen, ikk mahaan vittdata atey prasidhi laee bahut ghatt pratibha vaale ikk nipun vidwan vajon darsaiaa haii, jiss dee mahanata sampuran rajtantar dey dinan witch sapshat rahee hovegi. uss noon ikk bahut hii yog diplomat dey roop witch darsaiaa giaa see joe paris shanti sammelan witch ikk ayog pramukhta dey naal "purani" kootniti naal sabandhat see, ikk aam samrajwadi ralevenvadi dey roop witch halanki kootnitak niyam badal gaye sunn. itihaskar dey anusar aar. jey. bee. bosworth, "sidney sonino, joe 1914 toon 1919 takk videsh mantri sunn, atey ikk nijji pratishtha dey naal, shayed aapne saare lainn-denh witch imandari dey hakkdaar sunn, neey itali dee sabh toon ghatt safal videsh neeti noon chalaun daa mazboot daava keeta haii." mamuli gallan. 16 aprail 1909 noon wilber raeet neey sonino noon centocel feeled, rome vikhe ikk udaann utte lae keey gaye, jiss naal sonino havaai jahaz witch udaann bharan vaale sabh toon purane rajneta bann giaa.

sidney sonnino sidney costantino, baron sonnino (11 maarch 1847-24 november 1922) ekaha italian-raajaneetidnyah, itali-deshasya 19 tamah pradhaanamantri aasit, saha 1906 tame varshe, punah 1909 taha 1910 paryantam cha, alpakalam yaavat ekatvena karyam krutavaan. saha prathamavishvayuddhe itali-deshasya videsha-mantrinah api aasit, 1919 tame varshe pyaris-shaantisanghane itali-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. praarambhikajeevanam. sonnino ityayam pisaa-nagare italian-yahudee-pitaa isaako-saul-sonnino ityasya, yah aangl-matam sveekrutavaan, tathaa cha wells-matayaha, georgina sofiyaa arnaud dudley mainenet ityasya cha putratvena ajayata. saha svaparivaarena aanglabhaasheeyatven utthaapitah. tasya pitaamah livorno-nagaraat easypt-desham prasthitavaan, yatra saha byaank-rupena apaaram dhanam sampaadyata. yuvake sonino, asantushtapremena peeditah, yena tasya atmasammanasya ghoram kshatihi abhavat. swasya dairi-madhye vishishta-pravishte sonnino ityeshah likhati yat "sarva shaareerik-naitika-aakarshanasy abhaavam yat asangati iti kah prema kartum arhati, kartavyam cha?"yadaa tasya snehasya uddeshyam anyena saha vivaaham akarot tadaa tasya dukhasya parihaaraay sonnino deergham ekaantam gatvaa, swasya bhagnahrudayena krute ekataram saantwanaapuraskaararoopen vruttijeevanasya safalataam anvishya, vyagratayaa karyam prati vyagrah abhavat. 1865 tame varshe peesaa-nagare vidhi-snaatakapadaveem praapya sonnino-varyaha 1866 taha 1873 paryantam madrid, viyannaa, berlin, pyaris, sent pietersberg ityeteshu italian-dutavaseshu kootaneetidnyah adhikaari cha abhavat. tasya parivaarah livorno-nagarasya sameepe kvarsiyanela-nagarasya castello sonnino-nagare nivasat. saha 1873 tame varshe kootaneetikasevaayaam nivruttah abhavat. 1876 tame varshe sonnino ityeshah cicilian-samajasya sthitim nijirupena anveshtum leopoldo franchetti ityanena saha sisilee-nagaram gatavaan. 1877 tame varshe, tau dwau purushau italian-samsadasya krute sisilee-vishaye swa-samshodhanam mahattvapoorna-dvidasha-prativedanam prakaashitavantah. prathamabhaage sonnino ityeshah dweepasya bhumihinakrushinam jeevanasya vishleshanam krutavaan. leopoldo franchetti ityasya prativedanasya ardhabhaagah, "sisilee-nagare raajanaitik-prashaasanik-sthitihi" iti 19 shataabdyaam mafia-janaanaam vishleshanam aasit, yat adyapi aadhikarikam iti manyate. franchetty antatah 100 varshaanaam anantaram geovanni falcon-paryantam anyaih apekshayaa mafia-vishaye janamatam adhikatayaa prabhaavayati sma. "sisilee-nagare raajanaitik-prashaasanik-paristhitihi" iti mafia-samsthaa katham abhavat iti prathamam vishvasaneeyam vivaranam asti. 1878 tame varshe sonnino tathaa franchetti ityeshaa "saaptaahik-aarthik-sameekshayaha apekshayaa dainika-raajanaitik-vishayanam krute parivartitam" iti vruttapatrakam prarabhata. prarambhikarajanitikajiva. sonnino, mey 1880 tame varshe saamaanyanirvaachane prathamavaaram italian-chember-aaf-deputies madhye, wall-dii-pesaa-nagarasya saan-cassiano-nirvaachanakshetraat nirwaachitah. saha 1919 september-maasaparyantam, XIV taha XXIV yaavat vidhayika paryantam, sadane aasit, saarvatrikam matadhikaram samarthayat cha. sonnino sheeghramev udaramatavadi vaamapakshasya pramukhapratipaksheshu anyatamah abhavat. katorasamvidhaanikatvena saha vishesha-hitanam chapasya pratirodhaartham drudhasarvakaarasya pakshapaati aasit, yena saha roodichutaa-udaaravaadih abhavat. 1893 december-maase saha fransco-chrispy-sarvakaare vittamantree (december 1893-joon 1894) tathaa koshaagaaramantri (december 1893-maarch 1896) abhavat, tathaa cha banka-romana-vivaadasya samadhanartham prayatat. sonnino ityeshah ekasyaah vittakoshasya sthapanasya parikalpanaa krutavaan, parantu tasya vittakoshasya sudharasya mukhyaprathamikata "banka-romana" ityasya vitteey-samasyanam sheeghram nirakaranam, raajanaitikavargasya samlagnataayaah vivaadasya avahelanam cha aasit, naa tu nutanasya rashtriya-vittakoshavyavasthaayaah parikalpanam kartum. nava-sthaapitam banka dii 'italia iteedam vidyamananam tisrayoho nirgamasthananam (banka-najionale, tuscany-nagarasya dwau cha byaank ityetayoho) vileenam abhavat. praadeshika-hitaani adyaapi prabalaani aasan, yena "byaanko-dee-napoli" tathaa "byaanko-dee-cicilia" ityetaih saha mudrapatrasya nirgamasya bahugunasya cha aaposhah abhavat, tathaa cha rajyaniyantranasya katorasya praavadhaanah abhavat. koshagara-mantrinah rupena sonnino-varyaha saarwajanik-vittasya punargatanam krutavaan, nootanaani karaani aropitavan, saarwajanik-vyayam nyunikarot cha. aayavyayik-nyunata 1893-94 madhye 174 dashalax-lire-taha 1896-97 madhye 36 dashalax-yaavat teevratayaa nyunikrutam. 1896 maarch-maase advaa-yuddhasya parajayena chrispy-sarvakaarasya patanen saha udaaravaadinah geovanni-geolity-viruddhasya vipakshasya roodichutaa-netrutve karyam krutavaan. 1897 janavaree-maase sonnino "torniamo alo statuto" (shasanam prati punah gacchantu) iti lekham prakashitavan, yasmin saha paadriganaih, republican-janaihi, samajavadibhihi cha udaaravaadaay utpannanam dhaman-vishaye atankam prakatitavaan. saha samsadeeyasarvakaarasya nirmulanartham, samsadasya paraamarsham vinaa pradhaanamantri niyuktum, niraakrutum cha raaj-visheshaadhikaarasy punaragamanartham cha aahuyat, yat saha vipad nivaarayitum ekamaatram sambhaavyam upayam iti manyamaanah. 1901 tame varshe saha "ill giornaale dii 'italia" iti nootanam pramukham vruttapatrakam sthapitavan. vipakshah, pradhaanamantri cha. 1902 tame varshe november-maase pradhaanamantri gyooseppe zanardeli ityanena prastutah samajikasudharanam pratikriyaaroopen, sonnino dakshina-itali-deshe daridryam nivaarayitum ekam sudhaar-vidheyakam pravartayat, yasmin sisilee, calabria, sardinia ityeteshu bhukarasya nyunikaranam, krushi-runasya suvidhaa, laghu-sampattinam (amphataeusis) shaashvata-pattaa-vyavasthaayaah punah sthapana, krushakaanaam hitam bhumipalakanam hitaihi saha samyojayitum krushi-anubandhanam prasaarah, vardhanah cha kalpitam. sonnino-varyaha saarvajanikakaaryaanaam madhyamena sankatakaalasy samadhanasya samanyaprakriyayaha nindaam akarot-"yatra vyaapaarah naasti tatra relmaargasya nirmanam, yasya bhojanartham kimapi naasti, tasya manujah ekam spoon daatum samam asti." sonnino ityasya anyeshu prati asambaddhata dirghakalam yaavat swashaasanasya nirmanasya avarodhah iti siddhah. tathaapi sonnino ityayam alpakalam yaavat dvivaaram pradhaanamantreeroopen karyam krutavaan. 1906 februvari 8 dinaanke sonnino ityayam swasya prathamam sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutavaan, yat kevalam maasatrayam yaavat eva aasit. 1906 mey 18 dinaanke, kevalam 100 divasaanantaram saha tyaagapatram daatum baadhyah abhavat. saha dakshina-itaali-deshasya parivartanaay mahatee parivartanaam prastaavayat, yena shasakasamuhanam virodhah udbhootah. bruhattamaah bhooswaaminah vihaay bhookarah truteeyaamsham nyooneekartum apekshitah aasit. saha prantiya-vittakoshaanaam sthapanam, vidyaalayaanaam krute anudaanam cha prastooyat. tasya sudhaaraih shasakasamuhanam virodhah udbhootah, tasya uttaraadhikaari geovanni geolity abhavat. 1909 december 11 dinaanke sonnino ityeshah kendra-dakshinapakshasy drudha-arthena swasya dwiteeyam sarvakaarasya nirmanam krutavaan, parantu adhikam kaalam naa tishtat, 1910 maarch 21 dinaanke patitah. prathamavishvayuddham. julai-masasya sankatakalanantaram sonnino-varyaha praarambhe 1914 tame varshe germany-aastriy-hangeree-deshayoho saha tri-sanghatanam sthaapayitum samarthanam krutavaan. saha drudatayaa vishvasat yat italian-swa-hitam yuddhe sahabhaagitvam praavartayati iti, italian-ekikaranasya samaaptyartham italian-praadeshikalaabhasy sambhaavyaa asti iti. parantu, 1914 tame varshe november-maase antonio salandra ityasya roodichustasarvakaare videshamantree bhutva, italee-deshasya pradeshaan svatveekrutum austro-hangeriyan-sandhihi apraapyah iti avabodhayitvaa, saha unated-kingdam, france, rashyaa ityetayoho trika-adhikarasya pakshm agruhnaat, api cha italian-abhedyavaada-davan poorayitum 1915 tame varshe april-maase landan-nagarasya gupta-sandhim sveekrutavaan. 23 mey 1915 dinaanke italee-deshah austria-hangeree-deshasya viruddham yuddham ghoshayat. vaartaalaapasy samaye sonnino-deshah italee-desham aagacchan bhookhande bahusankhyayam italian-bhashinam austrian-nagaram fiyame (aadhunik-rijekaa, croatia) iti antarbhavati sma, yat ekam avahelanam yat pashchat 1919 tame varshe saha pashchaattaapati. sonnino "bismarkian" iti videshaneetim anwawartat, yasya antargatam "sekro igoismo" ("pavitra aham") iti eva mahattvam aasit. saakro igoismo" iti padam tasya videshaneeteh maargadarshakasiddhantam sonnino ityasya kathanasya paddhatihi aasit yat italian-rajyasya hitaani "vaastavika-rajaniti" ityasya nirdayee-neetyaa anusaranam karaneeyam iti. sonnino-varyaha austrian-samrajyasya prati naa mahatee shatrutaa anubhavat, mitrarashtranam prati naa mahatee preetim anubhavat, kevalam mitrapakshasya madhyasthatam eva icchati sma, yatah saha vaartaalaapam kurwantah french-british-rush-rajanayakaha austrian-german-rajanayakabhyaha apekshayaa italee-deshaay adhikam pratijnaam kartum icchukah aasit. sonnino-varyaha swakeeye swyakarot yat yadi kevalam teshaam rajanayakaha mitraraashtrasya raajanaayakaih apekshayaa adhikam pratijnaam krutavantah tarhi saha kendreeyashakteh pakshatah italee-deshasya yuddhe pravesham kartum anukoolah syaat iti. perisa-shaanti-sammelanam, 1919. saha nirantaram trishu sarvakaareshu videshamantree aasit, 1919 tame varshe pyaris-shaantisanghare pradhaanamantri vittorio emenyoole orlando ityanena saha italee-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. 1919 janavaree-maase, sammelanasy arambhat poorvamev, amerikaadeshasy rashtrapatihi vudro willson ityayam prathamavaaram yu. e.-deshasya sandarshanam krutavaan.ess. rashtrapatihi italee-deshe, yatra rome-bhashayam nayakatvena tasya swaagatam abhavat. sonnino ityeshah nyoonah swaagatah aasit yatah saha likhati yat saha "viraktah" aasit yadaa willson avadat yat saha shaanteh aadhaararoopen rashtriya-aatmanirnayasy vishaye nishtaavaan asti iti. italian-janaah american-kootaneetik-niyamaavalim bhangam akurvan, sonnino ityeshah yadaa bahu vyathitah abhavat yadaa saha dnyaatavaan yat willson-varyasya rome-pravaasakaale sonnino-ityasya italian-mantrimandalam nishkasitasya rajyavibhagasya aagrahasy gunavisheshaanaam vishaye vaadavivaadah krutah iti. orlando-deshah, landan-sandhinaa pratijnaam krutaani sheshaani bhoomayah italee-deshasya vileenam kartum amerikaadeshasy samarthanam praapya, italee-deshasya dalmatia-dweepasamooham cha tyaagayitum anukoolah aasit, parantu sonnino-deshah landan-sandhinaa pratijnaam krutaani sarvaani bhoomayah yaachayitum adhikatam-sthitim agruhnaat. parantu, sonnino, saarvajanikaroopena pratijnaam krutvaa, pyaris-nagaram gatavaan yat rashtriya-swanirnayam, nijirupena virodham vinaa, uttar-vishvavyavasthaayaaha adharaha bhavishyati iti, yat willson-varyasya prathamatah pratyakshamoolyam sveekrutya, ekam chaturah yukttih aasit. sonnino ityeshah landan-sandhihi aksharashah upayoktum samarthayat, poorva-austro-hangeriyan-pradesheshu jananam krute swanirnaya-neetim cha niraakrutavaan. raja-victor immanuyel-truteeyah, orlando athavaa sonnino iti virodharoopen tyaagapatram daatum shaknoti iti bhitena italian-pratinidhimandale spashtaani maargadarshikaah naa sthaapayitum nishchitavaan, yena raajnah nootanasarvakaarasya nirmanasya paryavekshanasya daayitvam bhavishyati, yat kartavyam raja nivaarayitum icchati sma. victor immanuyel ityeshah "rijiyo acercito" ityasya senaapatibhih nikatah aasit, ye dalametia-pradesham vileenam naa kartum upadesham akurvan, yatah tasya sainya-rakshanm italian-rajyasya upari asahyam vitteeyabhaaram pratinidhitvam karoti iti. parantu, raja sonnino ityenam nirakrutva "deshapremikah" iti naa drushyate sma, tasya sthaane italian-pratinidhidalam paaris-nagare yathaasambhavam itaali-deshasya "nyaayya-aakaamkshaam" surakshitum adishtavan. itali-deshasya "nyaayya-akamkshanam" surakshayaha aadeshaih saha raajnah aadeshasy aspashtaprakrutih sonnino tathaa orlando ityetau pyaris-shaantisanghare bhinnani neetayah anusaritum anumanyata, yatah orlando sonnino ityasya apekshayaa willson ityanena saha saha aaposham kartum adhikah muktah aasit. willson ityanena, rashtriya-swanirnayah shaanteh adharaha iti avadat. parantu, willson ityeshah landan-sandhi-anusaaram, italian-deshasya brainer-paas iteedam nootan-italian-austrian-simayam sthaapayitum, dakshina-tairol ityasya german-bahusankhyayaha satsu api dakshina-tairol ityasya austrian-praantam italee-deshasya vileenam kartum cha samarthayat. sonnino ityeshah praayah willson ityasmai tarkam karoti yat itali-deshe yuddhe ardha-dashalax-janaah mrutaah iti karanat mitrarashtranam landan-sandhi-ityasya sarwaah niyamaah poornam kartum daayitvam vartate iti anubhooyate. sonnino ityasya sheetalam, uccham cha vyaktitvam tasya sammelane katipayaan mitraan nirmitavaan, anyaan pratinidhim prati laabi-kartum tasya anicchayaa, yat saha swasya adhah iti manyate sma, saha sammelane kimapi mitram naa praapnot. orlando ityasya anglabhasham vakttum asamarthah, gruhe tasya durbalah raajanaitikah sthitihi cha sonnino ityasya pramukham paatram akarot. vaartaalaapakaale teshaam bhinnabhiprayaha vinaashakaram siddhah abhavat. orlando adriatic-samudrasya pramukham samudra-naukaashrayam rijekaa (athavaa fiyame iti italian-janaah nagaram namakaranam kurvanti) ityetam vileeneekartum dalmatia-deshasya praadeshika-daavaanaam tyagaya sajjaha aasit, parantu sonnino dalmatia-nagaram daatum naa sajjaha aasit. itaali-deshah dwayoh api vishaye api aagraham krutavaan, parantu samyuktarajyamerikadesha rashtrapatina vudro willson ityanena italian-agrahanam prabal-virodhasya karanat kimapi naa praapnot, yasya rashtriya-swanirnaya-neetih aasit. sonnino drudatayaa pratipaadayat yat itali-deshah landan-sandhi-antargatam yat pratijnaam krutam aasit, tasya apekshayaa asia-laghu-pradeshasya bruhattarabhaagasya hakkah asti iti, tathaa cha itali-deshah adhunaa dakshinapashchim-turkey-deshe bruhattaram adhiniveshakshetram sthaapayishyati iti pratijnaam praapnot. sonnino smairna-nagaram (aadhunik-izmir, turkey) yojayitum prayatamanah aasit iti vishvaasaha, yatra ardhaat nyoonam janasankhyam greek-bhashikani aasan, italian-adhinivesha-kshetre tatt sakshat greek-pradhaanamantri alephtherios venezelos ityasmai praavartat, yah mey 1919 tame varshe greek-senayaha smairna-pradesham graheetum aadesham dattavaan, yena greek-turkish-yuddhasya aarambhah abhavat. pashchat jeevanam. austria-hangaree-prati italee-deshasya praadeshika-mahattvaakaankshaanaam mahatee nyunikaranam kartavyam aasit, ataha orlando-ityasya sarwakaarah 1919 joon-maase tyaagapatram dattavaan. tatt sonnino-ityasya raajanaitik-jeevanasya antah aasit, saha 1919 november-maase nirvaachaneshu bhaagam naa praapnot, 1920 october-maase saha senator-rupena namankitaha abhavat, burr-varyaha sakriyaroopen bhaagam naa praapnot. sonnino ityeshah apoplectic-stroke-rogena peeditah bhutva 1922 tamavarshasya november-masasya 24 dinaanke rome-nagare akasmikataya mrutah. uttaradhikaraha. italee-deshasya mooka-raajaneetidnyah" iti namna prasidhah saha panchabhaashaah anargalaroopen vakttum shaknoti sma. sonnino ityasya mukhyah uddesha dakshina-itaali-deshasya aarthik-naitika-punarujjeevanam, niraksharataayaah viruddham cha aasit. saha kadaapi vivaaham naa krutavaan. italian-rajanityam ekamaatrah protestant-netaa sonnino "nishchitataya british-matasya cha", "kakshasya mahaan shuddhakah, antimah bhrashta purushah" iti cha varnitah. tasya kathorah avichalah naitikavaadah tam kathinah purushah krutavaan, yadyapi tasya akhandata sarvavyaapyena sammanita aasit, tathaapi tasya baddham maunam cha vyaktitvam rajanaitikakshetreshu tasya mitraani nyunikarot. nyuyaark tams" ityasya samsmaranapatre sonnino ityenam bauddhika-kuleenah, mahaan vittadata, lokapriyataayaah krute alpapratibhaah yuktah nipunah vidvaamsaha cha iti varnitam, yasya mahanata purnarajatantre dineshu spashtatayaa spashtam aasit. saha api atyantam samarthah kootaneetidnyah iti chitritah, yah pyaris-shaantisanghare "puratanam" kootaneetidnyah aasit, yah vishishtah samrajyavadi-vilinikaranavadi aasit, yadyapi kutanitikaniyamaha parivartitaah aasan. itihaasakaarasy matena aar. jey. kha. boswart, "sidney sonnino, yah 1914 taha 1919 paryantam videshamantree aasit, vyaktigata-pratishtayaa saha, praayah swasya sarveshu vyavahaareshu satyasandhataayaah krute, italee-deshasya alpatamam safalam videshaneetim akarot iti drudham daavaah asti." samanyam. 1909 april 16 dinaanke wilber rait ityeshah rome-nagarasya centocel-feeled-nagare sonnino-ityenam vimaanayaanaartham agruhnaat, yena sonnino-varyaha vimanena uddiyamanasu praarambhikasu rajanetarashu anyatamah abhavat.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, baron sonino (11 maarch 1847-24 navambar 1922) oru itaaliya arasiyalvaathi, itaaliyin 19 vadhu pirathama mandhiri mattrum irandu murai surukkamaaga oruvaraaga paniyaattrinaar, 1906 ill mattrum meendum 1909 muthal 1910 varai. avar muthal ulagap poarin poathu itaaliyin veliyuravu amaichcharaagavum irunthaar, 1919 baris amaithi maanaatil itaaliyaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. sonino oru itaaliya yootha thanthai, isaco saal sonino, aangkilaeya mathaththirku maariyavar, mattrum oru velsh thaai, jeorjina sobia arnat tutt mennenet aakiyoarukku biza nagaril piranthaar. avar thanathu kudumbaththaal oru aangkilaeyaraaga valarkkappattaar. avarathu tatta livornovil irunthu egipthukku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar oru vangkiyaalaraaka magaththaana selvaththai uruvaakkinaar. oru ilaignanaaka, sonino oru kadumaiyaana kaathal vazhakkil paathikkappattaar, idhu avarathu suyamariyaathaiyai moasamaaga sethappaduththiyathu. thanathu naatkurippil oru valakkamaana pathivil, sonino ezhuthinaar "anaitthu udal mattrum thaarmeega eerppum illaatha inththa iyalpattra thanmaiyai yaar nesikka mudiyum, virumba vaendum?"thanathu paasaththin porul vaeroruvarai mananthapoathu avarathu thuyaratthai eeduseiya, sonino neenda thanimaiyaana nadaippayanatthirkuch sendru, thanathu udainththa idhayaththirku oru vagaiyaana aaruthal parisaaga thozhil vetrtriyai naadiyathaal thannai vaelaiyil veriththukondaar. 1865 aam aandil biza nagaril sattaththil pattam pettra piragu, sonino 1866 muthal 1873 varai maatrit, vienna, berlin, baris mattrum saint beatersburg aagiya idalian thootharagangalil oru raajathanthiri mattrum athikaariyaaga aanaar. avarathu kudumbam livornovukku arugilulla kuversianellaavil ulla castello soninovil vasiththu vanthathu. vanthathu avar raajathanthira sevaiyil irunthu oaivu pettraar. 1876 aam aandil, sonino lipolto piraangkettiyudan cicilian samoogaththin nilai kuritthu oru thaniyar visaaranaiyai nadaththuvatharkaaga sisilikku payanam seithaar. 1877 aam aandil, iru manitharkalum itaaliya naadaalumandraththirkaana kanisamaana irandu pakuthi arikaiyil sikkili kuriththa thangal aaraaychchiyai veliyittanar. muthal paguthiyil, sonino theevin nilamattra vivasaayigalin vaazhkkaiyai pakuppaaivu seithaar. leopolto francettiyin arikkaiyin paathi, "arasiyal mattrum nirvaaga nilaimaigal sicilly ill", 19 aam noottraandil mafia pattriya pakuppaaivu, adhu intrum athikaarappoorvamaaga karudhappadugiradhu. 100 aandugalukkup piragu jiovanni falcon varai, mafia pattriya podhuk karutthai mattravargalai vida francetti iruthiyil selvaakku seluththum. "arasiyal mattrum nirvaaga nilaimaigal" enbathu mafia eppadi vanthathu enbatharkaana muthal nambagamaana vilakkamaagum. 1878 aam aandil, sonino mattrum branchetti oru seithiththaalaith thodangkinar, idhu vaaraanthira porulaathaara mathippuraikalilirunthu thinasari arasiyal pirachchanaikalukku maariyathu. aarambagaala arasiyal vaazhkkai. mae 1880 ill nadantha podhuth therthalil muthal muraiyaaga itaaliya pirathinithikal sabaiyil, wall dii bezaavil ulla chaan casciano thoguthiyil irunthu sonino thernthedukkappattaar. 1919 septumber varai avar xiv muthal xiv sattamandram varai araiyaich sernthavar mattrum ulagalaaviya vaakkurimaiyai aathariththaar. sonino viraivil thaaraalavaatha idathusaari munnani ethirigalil oruvaraaga aanaar. oru kadumaiyaana arasiyalamaippaalaraaka, avar sirappu nalangalin aluththaththai ethirkka valuvaana arasaangkaththai aathariththaar, idhu avarai oru pazhamaivaatha thaaraalavaathiyaaga maattriyathu. disambar 1893 ill, avar nidhiyamaichcharaagavum (disambar 1893-juun 1894), fransco chrispy arasaangkaththil karuvoola amaichcharaagavum (disambar 1893-maarch 1896) aanaar, maelum banga romana oozhalaith theerkka muyantraar. sonino oru ottrai vangkiyai niruva thittamittaar, aanaal avarathu vangki seerthiruththaththin mukiya munnurimai "banga romaanaavin" nidhi pirachchanaikalai viraivaaga theerppathum, arasiyal varkaththai ulladakkiya uuzhalai maraippathum, oru puthiya thaesiya vangki muraiyai vadivamaippathai vida. puthithaaga niruvapatta banga dii 'tidalia enbathu tharpoothulla moontru vangkigalin inaippin vilaivaagum (banga nacionale mattrum duscanyil irunthu irandu vangkigal). piraanthiya nalangal innum valuvaaga irunththana, idhu "panco dii naboli" mattrum "panco dii cicilia" mattrum kadumaiyaana maanila kattuppaattukkaana vithiyudan panatthaal veliyeettin panmugaththanmaiyai samarasam seithathu. karuvoola amaichcharaaga, sonino podhu nidhigalai maruseeramaiththaar, puthiya varigalai vidhiththaar mattrum podhu selavinangalaik kuraitthaar. varavuselavuth thittap pattraakkurai aii. dii. 1 ill 174 million layarilirunthu aii. dii. 2 ill 36 milliyanaaga kadumaiyaagak kuraikkappattathu. 1896 maarch maatham adva poaril thoalviyadainthathan vilaivaaga, thelivaana arasaangkaththin veezhchchikkup piragu, avar thaaraalavaatha jiovanni jiolidicu ethiraana ethirkkatchith thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. janavari 1897 ill, sonino oru katturaiyai veliyittaar, "torniomo aloo statudo" (sattaththirkuth thirumbuvoam), athil madhagurumaargal, kudiyarasukkaarargal mattrum samoogavaathigal thaaraalavaathaththirku munvaiththa achchuruththalkal kuritthu avar echcharikkai viduththaar. naadaalumandra arasaangkaththai ozhikkavum, paaraalumantraththudan kalanthaaloasikkaamal pirathamarai niyamippatharkum padhavi neekkam seivatharkum arasa urimaiyai thirumbap peravum avar alaippu viduththaar, idhu aapaththaith thavirppatharkaana oray vazhi endru avar karuthinaar. 1901 aam aandil, avar oru puthiya mukiya seithiththaalai niruvinaar, "ill jeornale dii 'tidalia". ethirkkatchiyum pirathamarum. 1902 novemberil pirathamar cuseppe johnardelli munvaiththa samooga seerthiruththangalukku pathilalikkum vithamaaga, therku itaaliyil varumaiyai ozhippatharkaaga sonino oru seerthiruththa masoathaavai arimugapaduththinaar, idhu sisili, calabria mattrum saardiniyaavil nila variyaik kuraippatharku vazhivaguththathu; vivasaayak kadanai elithaakkiyathu; siru nilangkalukku (empeducis) niranthara kuththagai muraiyai meendum niruvuthal mattrum nila urimaiyaalargalin nalangaludan vivasaayigalin nalangalai inaikka vivasaaya oppanthangkalai parapputhal mattrum maempaduththuthal. podhuppanigal moolam nerukkadiyaith theerppatharkaana valakkamaana anugumuraiyai sonino vimarsiddhar "varththagam illaatha idaththil rayilveyaik kattuvathu enbathu saappida ondrumillaatha oru manithanukku oru spoon koduppadhu poantrathu." soninovin mattravargalidam samarasam seiyaatha theeviram neenda kaalamaaga thanathu sontha arasaangkaththai amaippathil oru thadaiyaaga niroopiththathu. iruppinum, sonino irandu murai pirathamaraaga kurugiya kaalaththirku paniyaattrinaar. 1906 pipravari 8 andru, sonino thanathu muthal arasaangkaththai uruvaakkinaar, idhu moontru maathangkal mattumae neediththathu. 1906 mae 18 andru, verum 100 naatkalukkup piragu, avar rajinama seiya vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. therku itaaliyai maattruvatharku avar periya maattrangkalai munmozhinthaar, idhu aalum kuzhukkalidamirundhu ethirppaith thoondiyathu. migapperiya nila urimaiyaalargalaith thavira nila varigal moontril oru pangku kuraikkappada vaendum. maagaana vangkigalai niruvuvatharkum, palligalukku maaniyangkal vazhangkuvatharkum avar munmozhinthaar. avarathu seerthiruththangkal aalum kuzhukkalidamirundhu ethirppaith thoondina, avarukkup piragu jiovanni jeoliti aatchikku vanthaar. 1909 disambar 11 andru, sonino thanathu irandaavathu arasaangkaththai maiya-valathusaarikku valuvaana arththaththudan uruvaakkinaar, aanaal adhu neenda kaalam needikkavillai, maelum 1910 maarch 21 andru veelnththathu. muthal ulagap poar. juulai nerukkadikkup piragu, sonino aarambaththil 1914 ill jermani mattrum austria-hankariyudan moontru koottaniyaip paraamarikka aatharavaliththaar. itaaliya suya nalan poaril pankerpathai ulladakkiyathu endru avar uruthiyaaka nambinaar, itaaliya piraanthiya aathaayangkal itaaliya orunginaippin niraivaaga irukkum. iruppinum, 1914 novemberil antonio salandravin pazhamaivaatha arasaangkaththil veliyuravu amaichcharaaga aana piragu, itaalikku piraanthiyangkalai oppadaikka oru austro-hangeriyan oppanthaththaip peruvathu saathiyamillai enbathai unarntha avar, aikkiya raachchiyam, brance mattrum russiavin moontru urimaigaludan aatharavaliththaar, maelum avar aepral 1915 ill landanin ragasiya oppanthaththai anumathitthaar. 1915 mae 23 andru itali austriya-hangari meethu poarai ariviththathu. paechchuvaarththaigalin poathu, sonino perumpaalum itaaliya mozhi paesum austrian nagaramaana faiyattai (naveena rijekha, crotia) itaalikkuch sellaviruntha nilangkalil saerkka marutthaar, idhu 1919 ill avar varunthuvaar. sonino "bismargian" veliyuravuk kolgai endru azhaiththathaip pinpattrinaar, adhan keezh "punitha agangaaram" ("punitha agangaaram") mattumae mukkiyamaanathu. avarathu veliyuravuk kolgaiyin vazhikaattum kolgaiyaaga "punitha agangaaram" endra soll soninovin vazhi, itaaliya arasin nalangal "unmaiyana arasiyal" endra irakkamattra kolgaiyin moolam pinpattrappada vaendum endru kooruvathaagum. sonino austriyap paerarasu meethu periya viroathaththaiyum, natpu naadugal meethu periya anbaiyum unaravillai, maelum avar paesum pirenchu, british mattrum russia iraajathanththirikal austrian mattrum jerman iraajathanththirikalai vida itaalikku adhiga vaakkuruthi alikka thayaaraaga irunthathaal natpu tharappil thalaiyida mattumae virumbinaar. thangal thootharkal mattumae natpu iraajathanththirikalai vida athigamaaga vaakkuruthiyaliththirunththaal, matthiya sakthigalin pakkaththil itali poaril nuzhiya virumbiyiruppaen endru sonino thanipatta muraiyil oppukkondaar. baris amaithi maanaadu, 1919. avar thodarchchiyaaga moontru arasaangkangkalil veliyuravu amaichcharaaga irunthaar mattrum 1919 baris amaithi maanaatil pirathamar vittorio emmanuel oorlaandoavudan itaaliyai pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. janavari 1919 ill, maanaadu thodanguvatharku sattru munbu, america janathipathi vutro willson oru americarin muthal varugaikku sentraar.ess. itaalikku janathipathi, angku avar roam ill oru heeroavaaga varavaerkappattaar. amaithikku adippadaiyaaga thaesiya suyanirnayatthai vaiththiruppathu kuritthu thaan nermaiyaaga iruppathaaka willson avaridam kooriyapoathu thaan "veruppadainththaen" endru ezhuthiyathaal sonino kuraivaaga varavaerkappattaar. iththaaliyargal america raajathanthira kuriyeedugalai udaiththirunththanar, maelum sonino thanathu roam payanaththin poathu soninovai itaaliya amaicharavaiyil irunthu neekka vaendum endru willson kaettathan thaguthigal kuritthu veliyuravuthurai vivaathiththathai arinthapoathu sonino migavum punpattaar. lundon oppanthaththaal vaakkuruthiyalikkappatta meethamulla nilangkalai itali inaippatharku america aatharavukku eedaaga itali dalmatia mattrum todecanese theevukkoottatthirkaana thanathu urimaikoaralgalai kaividuvadharku oorlaandoa saathagamaaga irunthaar, aanaal lundon oppanthaththaal vaakkuruthiyalikkappatta anaitthu nilangkalaiyum kooruvatharkaana adhigapatcha nilaipaattai sonino edukkath therntheduththaar. iruppinum, sonino paarisukkuch sentraar, thaesiya suyanirnayame thanipatta muraiyil ethirkkappadaamal ulagaththirkup pinththaiya ozhungkin adippadaiyaaga irukkum endru podhuvil uruthiyaliththaar, idhu willson muthalil muga mathippil eduththa oru nerththiyaana vaathamaakum. lundon oppanththaththin neradi payanpaattai sonino paathukaaththaar mattrum munnaal austro-hangeriyan pirathaesangkalil ulla makkalukkaana suyanirnayak kolgaiyai ethirththaar. oorlaandoa allathu sonino aagiyoar ethirpputh therivikka rajinama seiyalaam endra achchaththil, mannar vetrtriyaalar immaanuvael III itaaliya thoothukkuzhuvin meethu thelivaana vazhikaattuthalgalai vithikka vaendaam endru mudivu seithaar, idhu oru puthiya arasaangkaththai amaippathai maerpaarvaiyidum poruppai mannaruku vittuch sellum, idhu mannar thavirkka virumbiya kadamaiyaagum. victor immaanuvael "rejio esercito" vinn thalapathikaludan nerukkamaaga irunthaar, avarkal thalamadiavai inaippatharku ethiraaga aaloasanai koorinar, idhu itaaliya arasin meethu sagikka mudiyaatha nidhich sumaiyai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum endra adippadaiyil. iruppinum, mannar soninovai panineekkam seivathan moolam thaesapakthiyattravaraakath thoandra virumbavillai, adharku pathilaaka itaaliyin "niyayamaana abilaashaigalai" paarisil mudinthavarai paathukaakka itaaliya thoothukkuzhuvukku uttaravittaar. itaaliyin "niyayamaana abilaashaigalaip" paathukaappatharkaana uththaravugaludan rajaavin aanaiyin thelivattra thanmai sonino mattrum oorlaandoavai baris amaithi maanaatil vevvaeru kolgaigalaith thodara anumathiththathu, aenenil oorlaandoa soninovai vida vilsonudon samarasam seiya migavum thiranthirunthaar. thaesiya suyanirnayame amaithikkaana adippadaiyaaga irukka vaendum endru willson kooriyirunthaar. iruppinum, therku dirol jermaniya perumbaanmaiyaik kondirundha poathilum, puthiya itaaliya-aasthriya ellaiyaaka brunner baas iruppathaaka itaaliya urimai kooruvathai lundon oppanththaththin puddy willson aathariththaar. lundon oppanththaththin anaitthu vithimuraigalaiyum niraivaettra vaendiya kadamai natpu naadugalukku iruppathaaka unarntha poaril itali arai million makkalai ilanththathaal, sonino perumpaalum vilsonidam vaathittaar. soninovin kulir mattrum uyarnththa aalumai avarai maanaatil sila nanbarkalai uruvaakkiyathu, maelum mattra pirathinithikalai parappuvathil avarathu viruppaminmai, avar avarukkuk keezhae iruppathaagak karuthinaar, maanaatil avarukku endha koottaaligalum kidaikkavillai. oorlaandoavin aangkilam paesa iyalaamai mattrum veettil avarathu palaveenamaana arasiyal nilaippaadu soninovai oru maelaathikka paaththiraththai vagikka anumathiththathu. paechchuvaarththaigalin poathu avarkalin vaerupaadugal paerazhivukaramaanavai endru niroopikkappattathu. adriatic kadalil ulla oru periya thuraimugamaana rijekha (allathu feem, iththaaliyargal nagaram endru azhaippathu poal) inaikka dalmadiavukkaana piraanthiya urimaikoaralgalaith thurakka oorlaandoa thayaaraaga irunthaar, aanaal sonino dalmadiavaik kodukka thayaaraaga illai. itali irandaiyum urimai kooriyadhu, aanaal thaesiya suyanirnayak kolgaiyaik kondirundha america janathipathi vutro willson itaaliya koorikkaigalukku valuvaana ethirppu irunthathaal ethuvum kidaikkavillai. lundon oppanththaththin keezh vaakkuruthiyalikkappatta vida aasiya mainarin periya pankirku itali urimai kondullathu endru sonino pidivaathamaaga paraamarittaar, maelum ippoathu thenmaerku vaankoazhiyaaga irukkum idaththil itali oru periya aakiramippu mandalaththaik kondirukkum endru oru vaakkuruthiyaip pettraar. sonino, makkalthogaiyil paathikkum kuraivaanavargal kiraekka mozhi paesum smyrna (naveena ismeer, turki) nagaraththai saerkka muyantraar endra nambikkai, itaaliya aakiramippu mandalaththirku neradiyaaga kiraekka pirathama mandhiri elepherios veneselos kiraekka iraanuvaththai 1919 mae maatham smyrnavai aakiramikka uttaravittathu, idhu kiraekka-turkiya poarai thodangiyathu. pirkaala vaazhkkai. austria-hangaeriyai noakkiya itaaliyin piraanthiya latchiyangkal kanisamaagak kuraikka vaendiyirunththathaal, arlandovin arasaangkam juun 1919 ill rajinama seithathu. adhu soninovin arasiyal vaazhkkaiyin mudivaagum, maelum avar navambar 1919 ill therthalil pankerkavillai. avar october 1920 ill senattaraaga niyamikkappattaar burr theeviramaaga pankerkavillai. sonino 1922 navambar 24 andru roam nagaril oru aboblectic pakkavaathaththaal paathikkappatta pinnar thideerendru iranthaar. marabu. itaaliyin amaithiyaana arasiyalvaathi" endru azhaikkappadum avar ainthu mozhigalai saralamaaga paesa mudiyum. soninovin mukiya nokkangkal therku itaaliyai porulaathaara reethiyaagavum ozhukka reethiyaagavum puthuppippathum, kalviyarivattra thanmaiyai ethirththup poaraaduvathum aagum. avar orupoathum tirumanam seithu kollavillai. itaaliya arasiyalil oray ethirppaalaraana sonino, "mudivedukkum vagaiyil british mattrum sinthanai" mattrum "araiyin sirantha thooimaiyaana, kadaisi oozhal illaatha manithar" endru vivarikkappattaar. avarathu kadumaiyaana murattutthanamaana ozhukkaneri avarai oru kadinamaana manitharaakkiyathu, maelum avarathu nermai ulagalavil mathikkappattaalum, avarathu moodiya mattrum mouna aalumai arasiyal vattaarangkalil avarukku sila nanbarkalaip pettrathu. oru "newyorg times" irangkal seithi soninovai oru arivujeeva pirabuththuvam, oru sirantha nidhiyaalar mattrum pirabalaththirku siriya thiramai konda oru tiramaiyaana arinyar endru vivariththathu, avarathu magaththuvam muzhumaiyaana mudiyaatchiyin naatkalil thelivattrathaaga irunththirukkum. avar maelum oru tiramaiyaana raajathanthiri endru siththarikkappattaar, avar baris amaithi maanaatil oru thaguthiyattra mukkiyaththuvaththudan "pazhaiya" raajathanththiraththaich sernthavar, raajathanthira vithigal maarivittaalum valakkamaana aekaathipaththiya inaippaalaraaka irunthaar. varalaattraasiriyarin koottruppadi aarr. jay. pii. bosworth, "1914 muthal 1919 varai veliyuravu amaichcharaaga irunththa sidney sonino, thanipatta narpeyarudan, avarathu anaitthu nadavadikkaigalilum nermaikku thaguthiyaanavar, itaaliyin kuraindha vetrtripettra veliyuravuk kolgaiyai nadaththiyathaaga valuvaana koottrukkalaik kondullaar." arpamaanavai. aepral 16,1909 andru wilber raid soninovai roam, sentosel feeldle oru vimanaththil alaiththuch sentraar, ithanaal sonino oru vimanaththil parantha aarambagaala arasiyalvaathigalil oruvaraaga aanaar.

sidney sonino sidney costantino, baaran sonino (11 marchi 1847-24 november 1922) oka italian raajaneetignudu, italeeki 19va pradhana mantri mariyu rendusaarlu rendusaarlu mariyu mallee 1909 nundi 1910 varaku okarigaa panicheesaaru. athanu modati prapancha yuddhamlo italian videsanga mantrigaa kooda panicheesaaru, 1919 paris shanti samavesamlo itaaliki praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. prarambha jeevitam. sonnino pisaalo oka italian yoodu tandri, isaco soul sonnino, aanglikanijamloki maarina, mariyu oka velsh talli, georgina sofiya arnad dudley menhennetku janminchaadu. ayana kutumbam aayananu anglikanga penchindi. athani taata livorno nundi eejiptuku valasa vacchaaru, akkada athanu bankerga apaaramaina sampadanu nirminchaadu. oka yuvakudigaa, sonino thana aatmagouravaanni teevramgaa debbateesina, niraakarinchani prematho badhapaddadu. thana diarylo oka vilakshanhamaina entriiloo, sonino ilaa vraasaadu "saareeraka mariyu naitika aakarshana laeni eee anaasaktatanu evaru preminchagalaru mariyu preminchaali?"thana aapyaayata yokka lakshyam verokarini vivaham chesukunnappudu thana badhanu teerchadaaniki, sonino sudeergha ekanta nadakku velli, thana virigina hrudayaaniki odaarpu bahumatigaa kereer vijayanni koorutuu tananu taanu paniloo nimagnam chesukunnadu. chesukunnadu pisaalo nyaayasaastramlo pattabhadrudaina taruvaata, sonino 1866 nundi 1873 varaku modrid, vienna, berlin, paris mariyu seyint petersbergloni italian rayabara karyalayalalo doutyavetta mariyu adhikari ayyadu. athani kutumbam livorno sameepamloni quercianellaloni castello soninolo nivasinchindi. ayana ayana dautya seva nundi padavee viramana chesaaru. chesaaru, sonino sisilian samajam yokka sthithi gurinchi private daryaaptu nirvahinchadaaniki leopoldo fraanchettitoe kalisi sisileeki prayaaninchaadu. prayaaninchaadu, iddaru vyaktulu sisileepai tama parisoedhananu italian paarlamentu kosam gananeeyamaina rendu bhagala nivedikalo prachurinchaaru. modati bhaagamlo, sonnino dveepamlooni bhoomileni raitula jeevitaalanu vislaeshimchaaru. leopoldo franchetty yokka nivedikalo sagam, "sisileeloo raajakeeya mariyu paripalana paristhitulu", 19va sataabdamloo mafia yokka vislaeshanha, idhi netikee adhikaarikamainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi. 100 samvatsaraala taruvaata geovanni falcon varaku franchetty chivariki mafia gurinchi prajala abhiprayanni andarikante ekkuvagaa prabhaavitam chestundi. "sisileeloo raajakeeya mariyu paripalana paristhitulu" anedi mafia elaa vachindanedaaniki modati nammadagina vivarana. vivarana, sonino mariyu franketty oka vaartaapatrikanu praarambhinchaaru, idhi varapu aardhika sameekshala nundi rojuvaaree raajakeeya samasyalaku maarindi. prarambha raajakeeya jeevitam. sonnino 1880 maeloe jarigina saadhaarana ennikalaloo modatisaarigaa italian chhambar off deputies loe, wall dii pesaalooni shaan cassiano niyojakavargam nundi ennikayyaaru. 1919 septembaru varaku ayana xiv nundi xiv saasanasabha varaku sabhaku chendinavaaru mariyu saarvatrika ootu hakkuku maddatu icchaaru. sonnino tvaralo udaaravaada vaamapakshaaniki pradhana pratyarthulalo okarigaa maaradu. kathinamaina rajyangavadiga, pratyeka prayojanaala ottidini pratighatinchadaaniki balamaina prabhutvaanni ayana aadarinchaaru, idhi aayananu sampradaayavaada udaravadiga chesindi. december december, athanu francesco chrispi prabhutvamlo aardhika mantri (december 1893-juun 1894) mariyu treasury mantri (december 1893-marchi 1896) ayyadu mariyu banca romana kumbhakonanni parishkarinchadaaniki prayatninchaadu. sonnino oke byaanku samasyanu sthaapinchaalani bhaavinchaadu, conny athani byaanku samskarana yokka pradhana praadhaanyata "banca romana" yokka aardhika samasyalanu vaegamgaa parishkarinchadam mariyu kotta jaateeya banking vyavasthanu roopondinchadam kante raajakeeya vargaaniki sambandhinchina kumbhakonanni kappipuchadam. kottagaa sthaapinchabadina banca dii 'italia anedi ippatike unna moodu byaankula (banca nazionale mariyu tuscani nundi rendu byaankulu) vileenam phalitamgaa erpadindi. praantiiya aasaktulu ippatikee balamgaa unnaayi, idhi "banco dii napoli" mariyu "banco dii sisilia" thoo notla jaarii yokka bahuvachanam mariyu kathinamaina rashtra niyantrana kosam nibandhanatho raajeeki kaaranamaindi. khazanaku mantrigaa, sonino praja aardhika vyavasthanu punarnirminchaadu, kotta pannulu vidhinchaadu mariyu praja kharchulanu tagginchaadu. budget lotu 1893-94 loe 174 million lear nundi 1896-97 loe 36 millionlaku gananeeyamgaa taggindi. 1896 maarchilo adva yuddhamlo odipoyina phalitamgaa chrispi prabhutvam patanam taruvaata, athanu udaaravaada geovanni geolitiki vyatiraekamgaa pratipaksha sampradaayavaadula nayakudiga panicheesaadu. janavari janavari, sonnino "torniumo aloe statuto" (saasanaaniki tirigi veldaam) anae kathanaanni prachurinchaadu, dheenilo athanu mataachaaryulu, ganatantravaadulu mariyu saamaajikavaadulu udaaravaadaaniki visurutunna bedirimpula gurinchi heccharikalu chesaadu. parliamentary prabhutvaanni raddu cheyaalani, paarlamentunu sampradinchakundaa pradhanini niyaminchadaaniki, tolaginchadaaniki raaja pratyeka hakkunu tirigi ivvaalani ayana pilupunicchaaru, idhi pramaadaanni nivaarinchadaaniki ekaika maargamgaa ayana bhaavinchaaru. bhaavinchaaru ayana "ill geornale dii 'italia" anae kotta pradhana vaartaapatrikanu sthaapinchaaru. pratipakshaalu mariyu pradhana mantri. 1902 navambarulo pradhana mantri giusape johnardelli samarpinchina saamaajika samskaranalaku pratispandanagaa, sonino dakshina italeelo paedarikaanni tagginchadaaniki oka samskarana billunu pravesapettaadu, idhi sisily, calabria mariyu sardinialo bhuu pannunu tagginchadaaniki; vyavasaya runaanni sulabhataram cheyadaaniki; chinna aastula (emphytiusis) kosam shaashwata leeju vyavasthanu tirigi sthaapinchadaaniki mariyu raitula prayojanaalanu bhuswamula prayojanaalato militam cheyadaaniki vyavasaya oppandaala vyaapti mariyu merugudalaku veelu kalpinchindi. praja panula dwara sankshobhaanni parishkarinchadaaniki saadhaarana vidhananni sonnino vimarsinchaaruh "vaanijyam laeni chota railvenu nirminchadam anedi tinadaaniki aemee laeni vyaktiki chencha ivvadam laantidi." itarula patla sonino yokka raajeepadani teevrata thana sonta prabhutvaanni erpaatu cheyadaaniki deerghakaalamgaa addankigaa niroopinchabadindi. ayinappatikee, sonino rendusaarlu kluptamgaa pradhaanamantrigaa panicheesaaru. 1906 fibravari 8naa, sonino thana modati prabhutvaanni erpaatu chesaadu, idhi kevalam moodu nelala paatu matrame konasaagindi. 1906 mae 18naa, kevalam 100 rojula taruvaata, ayana rajinama cheyavalasi vachindi. dakshina italeeni maarchadaaniki ayana pradhana maarpulanu pratipaadinchaaru, idhi paalaka samuuhaala nundi vyatiraekatanu rekettinchindi. atipedda bhuswamulu minaha bhuu pannulanu moodinta oka vanthu tagginchaalsi undhi. praantiiya byaankula sthaapana, paatasaalalaku raayiteelu kooda ayana pratipaadinchaaru. athani samskaranalu paalaka samuuhaala nundi vyatiraekatanu rekettinchaayi, mariyu athani taruvaata geovanni geolitti adhikaaramloki vacchaadu. 1909 december 11naa, sonino thana rendava prabhutvaanni kendra-kudi vaipuku balamaina ardhamtho erpaatu chesaadu, conny adhi ekkuva kaalam konasagaledu mariyu 1910 marchi 21naa padipoyindi. modati prapancha yuddham. juulai sankshobham taruvaata, sonino modatlo modatlo germany mariyu austria-hangareetho triple kuutamini konasaaginchadaaniki maddatu icchaadu. italian sweeya-aasakti yuddhamlo paalgonadaaniki daariteesindani, italian ekikarana poortayye avakaasam unnanduna italian praadaesika laabhaala avakaasaanni kaligi undani athanu gattiga nammadu. ayithe, 1914 navambarulo antonio salandra sampradaayavaada prabhutvamlo videsanga mantri ayina taruvaata, mariyu italeeki bhuubhaagaalanu appaginchadaaniki austria-hangerian oppandaanni pondhe avakaasam ledani grahinchina taruvaata, athanu united kingdom, france mariyu russia yokka triple ententto paksham vaesaadu, mariyu athanu 1915 eprillo london yokka rahasya oppandaanni manjuru chesaadu, italian irredentist vaadanalanu neraverchadaaniki. 1915 mae 23naa italii austria-hangareepai yuddham prakatinchindi. charchala samayamlo, sonnino ekkuvagaa italian matlade austrian nagaramaina fiam (aadhunika rizeka, crotia) nuu itaaliki vellaalsina bhoomulalo chaerchadaaniki vadilivesadu, idhi november athanu paschaattaapapade oka minahaayimpu. sonnino "bismarkian" videsanga vidhananni anusarinchaadu, dheeni kinda mukhyamainadi "pavitra aham" ("pavitra aham"). thana videsanga vidhaanaaniki maargadarsaka suutramgaa "sacro aham" anae padam sonino yokka maargam, italian rashtra prayojanaalanu "nijamaina raajakeeyam" yokka krooramaina vidhanam dwara anusarinchaalani cheppe maargam. sonnino austrian saamrajyam patla goppa satrutvaanni mariyu mitraraajyaala patla goppa premanu anubhavinchaledu, mariyu athanu matladutunna french, british mariyu russian doutyavettalu austrian mariyu german doutyavettala kante ekkuva itaaliki vaagdaanam cheyadaaniki siddhamgaa unnanduna mitraraajyaala vaipu jokyam chesukovadaniki matrame anukuulamgaa unnaaru. mitraraajyaala doutyavettala kante vaari doutyavettalu matrame ekkuva vaagdaanam chesi unte kendra saktula vaipu italii yuddhamloki pravesinchadaaniki taanu ishtapadataanani sonino praivetgaa angeekarinchaadu. paris shanti samavesam, 1919. athanu varusaga moodu prabhutvaalalo videsanga mantrigaa konasagaru mariyu 1919 paris shanti samavesamlo pradhana mantri vittorio emmenel orlaandoku praatinidhyam vahinchaaru. 1919 janavarilo, samavesam praarambhaaniki mundu, america adhyakshudu vudro willson oka yuu.ess. italeeki adhyakshudu, akkada aayanaku romlo heeroga swaagatam palikaru. saantini sthaapinchadaaniki jaateeya swayam nirnayadhikaram gurinchi taanu nijaayiteegaa unnaanani willson cheppinappudu taanu "asahyinchukunnaanu" anie vraasinanduna sonino takkuva swaagatinchaadu. italianlu american dautya niyamaavalini ullanghinchaaru, mariyu willson thana rome sandarsana samayamlo soninonu italian cabinet nundi tolaginchamani koradam yokka yogyatalanu state department charchinchindani telusukunnappudu sonnino chaalaa kopamgaa unnadu. london oppandam dwara vaagdaanam cheyabadina migilina bhoomulanu italii vileenam cheyadaaniki america maddatuku badulugaa italii dalmatia mariyu dodecanese dveepasamuuhampai thana vaadanalanu thyajinchadaaniki orlaando anukuulamgaa undhi, conny london oppandam dwara vaagdaanam cheyabadina anni bhoomulanu demand chese garishta vaikharini sonino enchukunnadu. ayithe, sonino paris vellaadu, jaateeya sweeya-nirnayam anedi vyaktigatamgaa vyatirekinchakundaa post-varald aardarku aadharam avtundani bahirangamgaa vaagdaanam chesaadu, willson modata mukha viluvanu teesukunnadu. sonnino london oppandam yokka aksharartha anuvartanaanni samarthinchaadu mariyu maajee austro-hangerian bhuubhaagaallooni prajala kosam sweeya-nirnaya vidhananni vyatirekinchaadu. raaju vijaeta emmanuel III, orlaando ledhaa sonnino nirasanaga rajinama cheyavachane bhayamtho italian pratinidhi brundampai spashtamaina maargadarsakaalanu vidhinchakuudadani enchukunnadu, idhi kotta prabhutva erpaatunu paryavekshinche baadhyathatho rajuku vadilivestundi, eee baadhyatanu raaju nivaarinchaalani korukunnadu. victor emmanuel "regio esercito" yokka generallaku sannihitamgaa undevaadu, athanu dalamatianu swaadheenam chesukokunda salaha icchaadu, idhi dalam yokka rakshana anedi italian rashtrampai bharinchaleni aardhika bharanni suuchistumdani. ayithe, sonninoni tolaginchadam dwara raaju "deshabhakti laenivaadu" gaa kanipinchaalani korukoledu, badulugaa paarislo saadhyamainanta ekkuva italian "nyaayamaina aakaankshalanu" bhadraparachaalani italian pratinidhi brundaanni aadesinchaadu. italii yokka "nyaayamaina aakaankshalanu" bhadraparachadaaniki aadeshaalatho raaju aadesam yokka aspashtamaina swabhaavam sonino mariyu orlaandoolanu paris shanti samavesamlo vividha vidhaanaalanu anusarinchadaaniki anumatinchindi, endukante orlaando sonino kante willson thoo raajeepadataaniki marinta siddhamgaa unnadu. jaateeya swayam nirnayaadhikaarame saantiki aadhaaramani willson paerkonnaaru. ayithe, london oppandam prakaram willson brenner paasnu kotta italian-austrian sarihaddugaa kaligi undataaniki mariyu dakshina tyrol german majority kaligi unnappatikee dakshina tyrol yokka austrian praavinsnu vileenam cheyadaaniki italian daavaaku maddatu icchaadu. london oppandamlooni anni nibandhanalanu neraverchaalsina baadhyata mitraraajyaalaku undani bhaavinchina yuddhamlo italii ara million mandhi maraninchinatlu sonino tarachugaa vilsonku vaadinchaadu. sonino yokka challani mariyu unnata vyaktitvam ataniki samavesamlo koddimandi snehitulanu chesindi, mariyu itara pratinidhulanu lobby cheyadaaniki athani ayishtata, athanu athani krinda unnatlu bhaavinchina, samavesamlo ataniki yea mitrulanu geluchukoledu. orlaando aanglam matladalekapovadam mariyu intlo athani balaheenamaina raajakeeya sthaanam sonnino aadhipatya paatra pooshinchadaaniki anumatinchindi. charchala samayamlo vaari vibhedaalu vinaasakaramainavigaa niroopinchabaddaayi. adriatic samudramloni pradhana odarevu ayina rizeka (ledhaa fiem, italianlu pattanamgaa pilicheevaaru) nuu vileenam cheyadaaniki dalmatia kosam praadaesika vaadanalanu thyajinchadaaniki orlaando siddhamgaa unnadu, conny sonino dalmatianu vadulukovadaaniki siddhamgaa laedu. jaateeya swayam nirnayadhikara vidhananni kaligi unna america adhyakshudu vudro willson italian demandlaku balamaina vyatiraekata kaaranamgaa itali rendintinee claim chesindi, conny edhee pondaledu. london oppandam prakaram vaagdaanam chesina daanikante asea mainarlo ekkuva vaataaku itaaleeki arhata undani sonnino mondigaa paerkonnaadu, ippudu nairuti turkeyga unna praantamloo itaaleeki pedda aakramana john untundani vaagdaanam pondaadu. sonnino janabhalo sagam kante konchem takkuva mandhi greeku matlade smyrna (aadhunika izmir, turkey) nagaranni jodinchaalani korukunnadani, italian aakramana joneku neerugaa greeku pradhana mantri elephterius venezelos 1919 maeloe greeku sainyanni smirenanu aakraminchaalani aadesinchaadu, idhi greeku-turkish yuddhanni praarambhinchindi. taruvaata jeevitam. austria-hangari vaipu italii praadaesika aasayaalanu gananeeyamgaa tagginchaalsi vacchina taruvaata, ledhaa lando prabhutvam juun november rajinama chesindi. adhi sonino raajakeeya jeevitaaniki mugimpu, mariyu athanu november november ennikalaloo paalgonaledu. athanu october october senatorga nominate cheyabaddaadu, burr churukuga paalgonaledu. apoplectic stroke kaaranamgaa 1922 november 24naa romlo sonino akasmaattugaa maraninchaadu. vaarasatvam. italii nissabda raajaneetignudu" gaa prasiddhi chendina ayana aidu bhashalanu anargalamgaa matladagaladu. sonnino yokka pradhana lakshyalu dakshina italeeni aardhikamgaa mariyu naitikamgaa punaruddharinchadam mariyu niraksharaasyatato poradatam. athanu ennadoo vivaham chesukoledu. italian rajakeeyaalalo ekaika protestant nayakudu, sonnino "nirnayaatmakamgaa british paddhatiloo mariyu aalochanalo" mariyu "chhambar yokka goppa puriton, chivari avineeti laeni vyakti" gaa varninchabaddaadu. athani kathinamaina hataattaina naitikata atanni kashtataramaina vyaktigaa chesindi, mariyu athani samagratanu vishwavyaaptamgaa gowravinchinappatikee, athani sannihitamaina mariyu nissabda vyaktitvam ataniki raajakeeya vargalalo koddimandi snehitulanu sampaadinchindi. newyork times" santaapa patrika soninonu oka medho kuleena, goppa aardhikavetta mariyu prajaadarana kosam takkuva pratibha kaligina nishnaata panditudigaa varninchindi, dheeni goppatanam sampoorna racharikam rojullo spashtamainadigaa undedi. dautya niyamaalu marinappatiki paris shanti samavesamlo anarhamaina praamukhyata kaligina "paatha" doutyaaniki chendina chaalaa samarthudaina doutyavettagaa ayana chitreekarinchabaddaaru. charitrakaarudu prakaram aarr. zhe. bii. bosworth, "1914 nundi 1919 varaku videsanga mantrigaa unna sidney sonino, mariyu vyaktigata khyaatitoe, bahusha thana anni vyavaharalalo nijaayiteeki arhulu, italii yokka athi takkuva vijayavantamaina videsanga vidhananni nirvahinchinatlu balamaina vaadanalu unnaayi." chinna chinna vishayalu. 1909 april 16naa wilber rait soninonu romloni sentoselle feeled vadda vimaanamlo teesukuvelli, vimaanamlo prayaaninchina toli raajaneetignulalo okarigaa sonninoni chesaadu.

sudney sonino sudney coustantino biran sonino (11 maarch 1847-24 nomber 1922) eek atalvi seyasat daan atlee kay 19 wein wazeer aizam thay aur inhon nay duu baar mukhtasir toor parr eek kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain 1906 mein aur phir 1909 say 1910 takk. wah pehli jung azeem kay doraan atalvi wazeer khaarjah bhee thay jinhon nay 1919 kii peers aman conference mein atlee kii numaindagi kii. ibtadayi zindagi. sonino kii paidaish peza mein eek atalvi yahudi waalid aaisako saoul sonino jinhon nay angrezi mein tabdili laayi aur eek velish maan jorjina sufiyah aarnaud dodli menannet kay haan hoyee thee. inn kii prorish inn kay khaandaan nay batoor angrez kii. iss kay daada leurno say misar hijrat kirr gayey thay jehaan inhon nay batoor banker behat ziyadah dolat haasil kii thee. eek naujawan kay toor parr sonino kuu ghair mutzilzal mohabat kay shadeed kees kaa saamna karnaa padaa jiss say iss kii khood aetemadi kuu bury tarah nqsan pahuncha. apnee diary mein eek aam andraj mein sonino nay likhaa: "iss ghair mamuli jasmani aur akhlaqi kashash kii kamee say coone mohabat kirr saktaa hay aur asay karnaa chahiye?"apnee preshani kii talaafi kay liye jabb iss kii mohabat kaa maqsad kasee aur say shaadi karnaa thaa sonino nay lambi tanhayi mein chehal qadmi kii aur apnay tutay hoay dall kay liye eek tarah kay tasli bakhash anaam kay toor parr carrier kii kamiyabi kii talaash mein khood kuu kaam mein lagaa diyaa. 1865 mein paisa mein qanoon mein graduation karnay kay baad sonino 1866 say 1873 takk medrade wayana barlan peers aur sent pattersburg mein atalvi sifarat khaanon mein sifarat kaar aur ahdidar bunn gayey. inn kaa khaandaan leurno kay qareeb courseanila mein castilo sonino mein rehta thaa. wah 1873 mein sfarti khidmaat say sabkadosh hoay. 1876 mein sonino nay lepoldo franchety kay saath sasli kaa safar kiyaa taakah sasli muashiray kii haalat kii najee tehqiqat kii jaa sakein. 1877 mein donon afraad nay atalvi parliament kay liye eek qaabil zakar duu hasoon waali report mein sasli parr apnee tehqeeq shaye kii. pehley hasay mein sonino nay jazeeray kay bay zameen kasaanon kii zindagiyon kaa tajziya kiyaa. leopoldo franchety kii nasf report "sasli mein seyasi aur intezami halaat"yee 19 wein sadee mein maafiya kaa tajziya thaa jasay aaj bhee mustand samjha jaataa hay. 100 saal baad jewawani falcon takk franchety balaakhir maafiya kay baaray mein raaye aamah kuu kasee aur say ziyadah mutasir karay gee. "sasli mein seyasi aur intezami halaat" iss baath kii pehli qaabil aetemad wazahat hay kahh maafiya kisay wajood mein aayaa. 1878 mein sonino aur franchety nay eek akhbaar sharoo kiyaa "juu haftah waar maashi jaizon say rozanah kay seyasi masail mein badal gayaa. ibtadayi seyasi carrier. sonino mayee 1880 mein aam intekhabat mein pehli baar atalvi chamber aaf dipties mein waal dee paisa mein saan kasiyano kay halqay say muntakhib hoay thay. wah satambar 1919 takk aiwan say taaluq rakhtay thay. wah XIV say XXIV maqnanah takk thay aur inhon nay aalimi haqh raaye dahee kii himayat kii. sonino jald hyee libral leaft kay sarkardah mukhalifen mein say eek bunn gayaa. eek sakht aayeeni maahir kay toor parr inhon nay khususi mufadat kay dabao kay khalaaf mazahimat karnay kay liye mazboot hukumat kii himayat kii jiss nay inhein qadamat pasand libral banaa diyaa. dasambar 1893 mein wah wazeer khazanah (dasambar 1893-joone 1894) aur wazeer khazanah (dasambar 1893-maarch 1896) banay aur inhon nay banka romana scandle kuu hall karnay kii koshish kii. sonino nay eek waahid benak aaf aisho qayem karnay kaa tasavur kiyaa leakin inn kii benak aslahaat kii bunyadi tarjih "banka romana" kay maali masail kuu teezi say hall karnaa aur seyasi tabqe kuu shaamil karnay waalay scandle kuu chhapana thaa bajaye iss kay kahh eek neeya qomi banking nazaam wazaa kiyaa jaaye. noow qayem shadah banka ddee ataliya teen maujudah benkon (banka nazionil aur tiscani kay duu benak) kay inzamam kaa natijah thaa. elaqayi mufadat abb bhee mazboot thay jiss kii wajah say "benko dee neepoli" aur "benko dee cecilia" kay saath nott kay ajraa kii kasrat aur sakht riyasati control kii farahami mein samjhutah hawaa. wazeer khazanah kii haisiyat say sonino nay awami maaliyat kii tanzim noow kii nayey teks aayed kiye aur awami ikhrajat mein kamee kii. bujjet kaa khasarah teezi say aayee ddee 1 mein 174 millin leera say kumm how kirr aayee ddee 2 mein 36 millin rahh gayaa. maarch 1896 mein adwa kii haarnay waali jung kay natijay mein crisp hukumat kay zawal kay baad inhon nay libral jewawani gulaty kay khalaaf opposition qadamat pasandon kay rehnuma kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. januri 1897 mein sonino nay eek mazmun shaye kiyaa "tornimo ailo steatoto" (aaiye qanoon parr waps jayein)yee jiss mein inhon nay paadriyon republicanz aur socialists kay libral azm kuu lahiq khatraat kay baaray mein intebah zahir kiyaa. inhon nay parlimani hukumat kay khaatime aur parliament say mashurah kiye baghair wazeer aizam kii taqriri aur bartarfi kay shaahi istehqaq kii wapsi parr zoor diyaa jasay wah khatray say bachnay kaa waahid mamkanah tariqah samajhte haine. 1901 mein inhon nay eek neeya badaa akhbaar "ill geornail ddee ataliya" qayem kiyaa. wazeer aizam aur opposition. nomber 1902 mein wazeer aizam geosepy zenardeli kii taraf say paish kardah samaji aslahaat kay jawaab mein sonino nay janubi atlee mein gharbat kay khaatime kay liye eek islahati bull paish kiyaa jiss mein saslee calbria aur sardinia mein zamini teks mein kamee kii farahami vovo zarayi qarz kii sahulat vovo chhoti malkiyaton (amphytesis) kay liye mustaqil lease kay nazaam kaa dobarah qayaam aur kasaanon kay mufadat kuu zamindaron kay mufadat kay saath jodnay kay liye zarayi muahidon kii tashheer aur izafah. sonino nay awami kaamon kay zariye behraan kuu hall karnay kay mamul kay naqtah nazar parr tanqeed kii: "jehaan tajarat naha how wahaan railway kii tameer eek aisey shaqs kuu chamach deenay kay mutradif hay jiss kay paas khaaney kuu kachh nahein hay." dosron kay tayein sonino kii ghair samjhutah karnay waali shadat taweel arsey say apnee hukumat bananay mein rukawat saabat hoyee. iss kay bawajood sonino nay duu baar mukhtasir madat kay liye wazeer aizam kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. 8 faroori 1906 cow sonino nay apnee pehli hukumat banayi juu sarf teen maah takk jaari rahee. 18 mayee 1906 cow mahaz 100 dunn kay baad wah istefi deenay parr majbur how gayey. inhon nay janubi atlee kuu tabdil karnay kay liye bury tabdiliyon kii tajweez paish kii jiss kii wajah say hukmaran grohon kii taraf say mukhalifat kii gayee. zameen kay teks mein eek tahayi kamee kii jaanee thee sawaye sabb say baday zamindaron kay. inhon nay soobayi benkon kay qayaam aur schoolon kuu subsidy deenay kii bhee tajweez paish kii. iss kii aslahaat nay hukmaran grohon kii mukhalifat kuu hawaa dee aur iss kay baad jewawani gulaty nay iqtedar sanbhala. 11 dasambar 1909 cow sonino nay apnee dosri hukumat qayem kii jiss kaa markazi daayein baazo kay liye mazboot matlab thaa leakin yaha ziyadah deer takk nahein chull sakaa aur 21 maarch 1910 kuu girr gayaa. pehli aalimi jung. jolayi kay behraan kay baad sonino nay ibtadayi toor parr 1914 mein germani aur austriya hungri kay saath teen itehad kuu barqarar rakhnay kii himayat kii. inn kaa pakhtah yaqeen thaa kahh atalvi khood mafaad jung mein sharkat kaa baais hay jiss mein atalvi itehad kii takmeel kay toor parr atalvi elaqayi fawaid kay amkaan kay saath. tahim nomber 1914 mein intonio salandara kii qadamat pasand hukumat mein wazeer khaarjah bannay kay baad aur yaha mahsus kartay hoay kahh atlee kuu elaqay deenay kay liye austriya hungri kay muahide kuu haasil karnay kaa amkaan nahein hay inhon nay bartaniah france aur roos kay teen fariqeen kaa saath diyaa aur inhon nay apreel 1915 mein atalvi ghair mutzilzal daawon kuu poraa karnay kay liye landan kay khafiya muahide kuu manzori dee. atlee nay 23 mayee 1915 kuu austriya hungri kay khalaaf jung kaa aalaan kiyaa. mazakirat kay doraan sonino nay bury hadd takk atalvi bolnay waalay austriya kay shehar fayom (jadeed rejika kroshiya) kuu inn zaminon mein shaamil karnay say greez kiyaa juu atlee jaanay waali thein eek aisi ghalti jiss parr baad mein asay 1919 mein afsoos hoga. sonino nay iss kii peervi kii jasay wah "basmarki" khaarjah palisi kehtay haine jiss kay tahat juu kachh aham thaa wah "secro agosamo" ("muqadas agozam") thaa. muqadas agosamo" kii astalah inn kii khaarjah palisi kay rehnuma asul kay toor parr sonino kaa yaha kahnay kaa tariqah thaa kahh atalvi riyasat kay mufadat kuu "haqeeqi seyasat" kii bay raham palisi kay zariye aagay badhaya jaana thaa. sonino kuu austriya kii sultanat kay liye koyee bury dushmani aur itehadiyon kay liye koyee bury mohabat mahsus nahein hoyee aur wah sarf itehadi fareeq kii taraf say madakhilat kii himayat kartay thay keunkah jinn francisi bartanvi aur rosee sifarat kaaron say wah baath kirr rahay thay wah austriya aur german sifarat kaaron say ziyadah atlee kaa waadah karnay kuu tayaar thay. sonino nay najee toor parr aiteraf kiyaa kahh wah markazi taaqaton kii taraf say atlee kay jung mein daakhil honay kay haqh mein hotaa agar sarf inn kay sifarat kaaron nay itehadi sifarat kaaron say ziyadah waadah kiyaa hotaa. peers aman conference 1919. wah lagatar teen hukumaton mein wazeer khaarjah rahay aur 1919 mein peers aman conference mein wazeer aizam vittorio eminol aurlendo kay saath atlee kii numaindagi kii. januri 1919 mein conference sharoo honay say theek pehley americi sadr vodro walasan nay eek americi sadr kaa pehla dorah kiyaa.aiss. sadr atlee gayey jehaan room mein batoor herow inn kaa isteqbal kiyaa gayaa. sonino kaa isteqbal kumm thaa keunkah iss nay likhaa thaa kahh wah "nagwar" thaa jabb walasan nay asay bataya kahh wah aman kii bunyaad bannay kay liye qomi khood aradiyat kay baaray mein mukhlis hay. atalvi baashindon nay americi sfarti zabiton kuu todaa thaa aur sonino kuu iss waqat behat ghasah aayaa jabb asay malum hawaa kahh mohkamah khaarjah nay walasan kay room kay doray kay doraan atalvi kabinah say sonino kuu khaarij karnay kay liye kahnay kii khoobiyon parr bahas kii thee. aurlendo nay muahidah landan kay zariye waaday kardah baaqi zaminon kuu atlee kay saath jodnay kay liye americi himayat kay badlay mein atlee say dalmetia aur dodikani jazair parr apnay daawon kuu turk karnay kii himayat kii thee leakin sonino nay muahidah landan kay zariye waaday kardah tamaam zaminon kaa mutalibah karnay kaa ziyadah say ziyadah moqaf akhtiyar karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa. tahim sonino peers gayaa awami toor parr waadah kartay hoay kahh qomi khood aradiyat najee toor parr mukhalifat kiye baghair post world arder kii bunyaad bunna thaa eek chapke haath kii dalil jasay walasan nay pehley chehrey kii qeemat parr liyaa. sonino nay landan kay muahide kay lafzi itlaaq kaa dafaa kiyaa aur saabiq austro hungri kay elaqon mein logon kay liye khood aradiyat kii palisi kii mukhalifat kii. king victor emmanuel III nay atalvi wafad parr waazah rehnuma khatut iss khoof say aayed naha karnay kaa faislah kiyaa kahh aurlendo yaa sonino mein say koyee bhee ahtajaj mein istefi day saktaa hay jiss kii wajah say baadshah parr nayee hukumat kii tashkil kii nigrani kii zamah daari chhod dee jaaye gee eek aisa farz jiss say baadshah bachna chahta thaa. faatah emmanuel "reejan acerecito" kay journelon kay qareeb thay jinhon nay iss bunyaad parr delamatia kuu zam karnay kay khalaaf mashurah diyaa kahh asay gerezan karnaa atalvi riyasat parr naqabil bardasht maali bojh kii numaindagi karay gaa. tahim baadshah sonino kuu bartarf kirr kay "ghair mahab watan" zahir nahein honaa chahta thaa aur iss kay bajaye atalvi wafad kuu peers mein atlee kii "munsifana khwahishaat" kuu ziyadah say ziyadah haasil karnay kaa hakam diyaa. baadshah kay mendate kii mubham noiyat aur atlee kii "munsifana khwahishaat" kuu mahfuz bananay kay ahkamat nay sonino aur aurlendo kuu peers aman conference mein mukhtalif policiyon parr amal karnay kii ajazat dee keunkah aurlendo sonino kay muqabilay mein walasan kay saath samjhute kay liye ziyadah khilaa thaa. walasan nay kahaa thaa kahh qomi khood aradiyat aman kii bunyaad hony chahiye. tahim walasan nay landan kay muahide kay mutabiq atalvi daawi kii himayat kii kahh brainer paas kuu nayee atalvi-austriya sarhad kay toor parr rakhaa gayaa hay aur atlee kay liye janubi tyrol kay austriya kay soobay kuu zam karnay kay bawajood iss haqeeqat kay bawajood kahh janubi tyrol kii german aksariyat thee. sonino aksar walasan say bahas kartay thay kahh chonkah atlee nay jung mein nasf millin afraad kuu khoo diyaa thaa iss liye yaha mahsus kiyaa kahh itehadiyon kii zamah daari hay kahh wah landan kay muahide kii tamaam sharaet kuu poraa karein. sonino kii sard aur oonchi shaqsiyat nay inhein conference mein chand dost banaa diyaa aur dosray mandubin kii laabing karnay kii inn kii naapsandidgi jasay wah apnay neechey samajhte thay nay inhein conference mein koyee itehadi nahein dilaya. aurlendo kii angrezi bolnay mein nakami aur gahar mein iss kii kamzor seyasi position nay sonino kuu ghalib kirdaar adaa karnay kaa moqaa farahim kiyaa. mazakirat kay doraan inn kay ikhtelafat tabaah kunn saabat hoay. aurlendo adriotic samandar kii eek bury bandargah regica (yaa faim jasay atalvi shehar kehtay haine) kuu zam karnay kay liye dalmetia kay elaqayi daawon kuu turk karnay kay liye tayaar thaa leakin sonino dalmetia kuu turk karnay kay liye tayaar nahein thaa. atlee nay donon parr daawi kiyaa leakin americi sadr vodro walasan kay atalvi mutalibat kii shadeed mukhalifat kii wajah say koyee nahein milaa jinn kii qomi khood aradiyat kii palisi thee. sonino nay jakad kirr kahaa kahh atlee landan kay muahide kay tahat kiye gayey waaday say ziyadah aishya minor kay baday hasay kaa hqdar hay aur iss nay waadah kiyaa kahh atlee kaa eek badaa qabzah zoon hoga juu abb janub maghrabi tarki hay. yaha aqeedah kahh sonino iss shehar sameerna (jadeed azmeer tarki) kuu shaamil karnay kii koshish kirr rehaa thaa jehaan nasf say bhee kumm aabadi yunani bolnay waali thee braah raast yunani wazeer aizam aleefthrios vinezilos kii taraf lay gayaa jiss nay mayee 1919 mein yunani foj kuu sameerna parr qabzah karnay kaa hakam diyaa jiss say yunani-turk jung sharoo hoyee. baad kii zindagi. austriya hungri kay tayein atlee kay elaqayi azayem kuu kaafi hadd takk kumm karnay kay baad aurlendo kii hukumat nay joone 1919 mein istefi day diyaa. yaha sonino kay seyasi carrier kaa khaatima thaa aur inhon nay nomber 1919 mein intekhabat mein hasah nahein liyaa. aktobar 1920 mein senitor namzad huay leakin burr nay faal toor parr hasah nahein liyaa. 24 nomber 1922 kuu room mein eek apoplectic stroke kaa shikaar honay kay baad sonino achanak inteqal kirr gayey. miraas. atlee kay khamush seyasat daan" kay naam say jaanay jaanay waalay wah paanch zabanein rawani say boul saktay thay. sonino kay bunyadi maqasid janubi atlee kuu maashi aur akhlaqi toor parr bahaal karnaa aur nakhwandgi say ladna thaa. iss nay kabhi shaadi nahein kii. atalvi seyasat mein waahid protestant rehnuma sonino kuu "andaaz aur soch mein yaqeeni toor parr bartanvi" aur "chamber kay azeem paak khayal aakhri ghair badanwan aadmi" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. inn kii sakht ghair mutzilzal akhlaqiyat nay inhein eek mashkal aadmi banaa diyaa aur agarcha inn kii diyanat daari kaa aalimi satah parr ehteram kiyaa jaataa thaa leakin inn kii bund aur khamush shaqsiyat nay inhein seyasi halqon mein behat kumm dost haasil kiye. neo yark times" kay eek kharaaj tehseen mein sonino kuu eek danishwar ashrafiya eek azeem sarmayah kaar aur eek maahir aalim kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay jiss kii maqboliyat kay liye behat kumm salahiyat hay jiss kii azmat mutliq alanaan baadshahat kay dunon mein bay shakk saabat hoti. asay eek behat hyee qaabil sifarat kaar kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa jiss kaa taaluq peers aman conference mein "praani" sifarat kaaree say thaa aur iss kaa taaluq aam samraji alhaaq pasand kay toor parr thaa halankah sfarti qawanin badal chakay thay. morakh kay mutabiq aar. jay. bub. boose warth "sudney sonino juu 1914 say 1919 takk wazeer khaarjah rahay aur zaati saakh kay saath shayed apnay tamaam muamilat mein imandari kay liyay atlee kii sabb say kumm kamiyab khaarjah palisi kuu chalanay kay mazboot daway kartay haine." travia. 16 apreel 1909 kuu walbar raait nay sonino kuu centsil feld room mein eek parwaz parr lay liyaa jiss say sonino hawai jehaaz mein adnay waalay ibtadayi seyasat daanon mein say eek bunn gayaa.

000495568da92dc2a3b843b089b6b097e42db850c67df2d24d5b748132a514a0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29015005

Rubén Luna

Rubén Luna Mexican footballer (born 1992) Rubén Luna (born February 10, 1992) is a Mexican former footballer who played as a forward. Career. Youth. Luna had a distinguished youth career with FC Dallas in the USSF Development Academy. In 2009, he was named the league's U16 Player of the Year following a season in which he scored 38 goals in 27 games. He was named to the U18 Development Academy Best XI in 2010. In 2011 Luna was called up by Mexico's U-20 Men's National Team with whom he played one game versus the El Salvadoran team Isidro Metapan. Luna scored as the game ended 1–1. He failed to make the FIFA U-20 World Cup team for Mexico in 2011. Professional. Taking advantage of Major League Soccer's new rules allowing clubs to sign youth players directly from their academy, FC Dallas inked Luna to his first professional contract on July 30, 2010, along with Moises Hernandez and Victor Ulloa. Luna, Hernandez, and Ulloa became the second, third, and fourth FC Dallas youth players to progress to the first team following Bryan Leyva. He made his MLS debut on September 4, 2010, before scoring his first career MLS goal in a 4–2 loss on October 22, 2011, at San Jose. A 19-year-old Luna appeared in 15 MLS games for FC Dallas that season. Luna's first MLS assist was a game winner to World Cup veteran Marvin Chavez on July 31, 2011. Luna also led FC Dallas with two goals in CONCACAF Champions League competition. Both goals came in his only start of the tournament, a 5–3 loss to Tauro FC on September 28, 2011. Luna led the MLS Reserve League in goals with 10 goals in 9 games. In 2012 Luna played 7 games and scored his lone goal of the MLS season against the Portland Timbers in the 81st minute on July 22, 2012. Luna also picked up his first two goals of the 2012 MLS Reserve League on May 1 as FC Dallas Reserves drew Sporting Kansas City Reserves 2-2. On September 4, 2012, Luna scored against Mexican powerhouse Tigres in a friendly, leveling the match 1-1. On August 20, 2012, Luna was loaned to North American Soccer League club San Antonio Scorpions towards the end of their 2012 season, but failed to make an appearance for them. Luna was released by Dallas on November 7, 2012. On 19 March 2013, Luna was signed by the Atlanta Silverbacks of the NASL. Luna led the Silverbacks to the club's first championship scoring 5 goals and finishing in 3rd place in the Golden Boot race. Luna was NASL Player of the Week on three occasions and NASL Team of the Week on four occasions. On May 21, 2013, Luna led his team in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup tournament scoring two goals versus Georgia Revolution and adding an assist versus Real Salt Lake on May 29, 2013. During the NASL Fall Season, Luna would score three goals, finishing 2013 with season totals of 10 goals and 3 assists. After spending 2014 and 2015 with Segunda División de México side Inter Playa del Carmen, Luna signed with United Soccer League side Rio Grande Valley FC Toros on July 13, 2016. Honours. FC Dallas Atlanta Silverbacks Individual References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ruben chondro ruben lunaa (jonmo 10 february, 1992) hoise egoraki maxican prakton football kheluwoi ji ejon forward hisape khelisil. keriyar. juwok-juboti. eu. ess. ess. ef. unnoyon academyt ef. chi. dalasor xoite lunar ek bixisto juwo keriyar aasil. 2009 sonot, etaa sijonor pisot teuk leegor bosoror 16 bosoror bhitorot kheluwoi hisape monunit koraa hoisil zo 'too teu teu khelot 38taa go' lo korisil. 2010 sonot teuk teuk development academyr shrestho xi naam diya hoisil. 2011 sonot maxicor eu-20 puruxor rastriyo dole lunak maati aahisil jaar xoite teu el charbhad 'raan doll isidro' metapanor biruddhe ekhon khel khelisil. khelkhon 1-1-too xomapto huwar loge loge lunar go "lo hoisil. 2011 sonot maxicor hoi fifa onurdho-20 biswokap dolot sthan paboloi teu byortho hoisil. pesadari. klabxomuhok teulukor academyr poraa punpotiyakoi juwo kheluoixokolok swakhyor koriboloi onumoti diya prodhan leeg cho 'kaaror notun niyomor xubidha loi, efsi dalase 2010 sonor 30 julyte moises hernandez aaru victor uluwar xoite teur prothom pesadari suktit lunaa swakhyor korisil. lunaa, hernandez aaru uluwa bryan leiver pisot prothom dololoi ogrogoti laabh koraa dwitiyo, tritiyo aaru soturtho efsi dalas juwo kheluwoi hoi porisil. 2011 sonor 22 octoborot chaan jo 'sot 4-4ror porajoyot teur karrier prothomtu em. el. ess. go' lo korar aagote 2010 sonor 4 septemborot teu em. el. ess.-too aatmoprokax korisil. xei sijonot efsi dalasor baabe 15 em. el. ess. khelot 19 bosoriya etaa chondro dekha goisil. 2011 sonor 31 julyte prakton kheluwoi marvin sabhejor biruddhe lunar prothom em. el. ess. ess. ti aasil khel bijoyi. lunaye konkafe champions leeg protijugitat dutaa go "lor xoite ef. chi. dalasor netritwo disil. duyuta go "lo teur protijugitakhonor ekmatro aarombhonite aahisil, 2011 sonor 28 septemborot tauru efsir haatot 3-5ror porajoy. lunaa lunaa khelot 10 go" lo kori go "loto mls reserve leegor netritwo disil. 2012 sonot lunaye lunaye khel khelisil aaru 2012 sonor 22 julyte julyte minutet poo 'rtland tingbaror biruddhe mls sijonor ekmatro go' lo korisil. 1 mey 'too efsi delas reserve kanchas chiti regervor xoite 2-2 go' lor xomotulyo huwar baabe lunaye 2012 sonor mls reserve leegor prothom dutaa go 'lou loisil. 2012 sonor 4 septemborot lunaye ek bondhutwopurno khelot maxican powerhouse tigersor biruddhe 1-1 go' lo kori khelkhon xoman korisil. 2012 sonor 20 aagostot, sondrok teulukor 2012 sonor sijonor xexot uttor aamerikar cho 'kaar leeg club chenn antonio' skorpiyonxoloi rino diya hoisil, kintu teulukor baabe uposthito hoh 'boloi byortho hoisil. 2012 sonor 7 novemborot dollase lunaa mukoli korisil. 2013 sonor 19 marchot, sondrok nesolor atlanta silverbackse swakhyor korisil. lunawe rupali kheluoixokolok clubber prothom championswipot 5taa go "lo kori netritwo disil aaru xunali boot resot tritiyo sthanot xex korisil. lunaa tinibar nesol player owo dyo wikh aaru sarita xomoyot nejol team owo dyo wikh aasil. 2013 sonor 21 mey "too lunaye lemar hunt eu-too nijor doltuk netritwo disil.ess. 2013 sonor 29 mey 'too georgia revolutionor biruddhe dutaa go' lo xongroho koraa aaru real solt lekor biruddhe etaa assist jug koraa open kaap protijugitakhonot, onugroho potoner sijonor xomoyot, lunawe tinita go 'lo xongroho koribo, 2013 sonor sijonor muth 10 go' lo aaru 3taa assistor xoite xomapto koribo. 2014 aaru 2015 sonot segunda dibhison di maxic "side inter pleya dell karmenor xoite otibahito korar pisot, lunawe 13 july, 2016 tarikhe united cho 'kaar leegor pokhyo rio' grande veli efsi tor 'sor xoite swakhyor korisil. xonman. ef. chi. dalas atlanta silverbacks byoktigotobhabe

ruben luna ruben luna (jonmo 10 february, 1992) ekjon mexican praktan football kheload jini ekjon forroard hisebe khelten. pesha. torun. eu. esha. esha. eff development academyte eff. shee dallus-err sange luna-rawr ekti bishishto jubo karmajiban chhilo. 2009 saale, 27tii khelay 38tii goal korar ekti morshumer porr tini liger bochorer sera anurdho-16 kheload nirbachito hohn. 2010 saale tini tini development academyr sera exi-teey manoneet hohn. 2011 saale mexicor anurdho-20 purush jatiya doll lunake duckle, jaar saathe tini ell salvadoran doll isidro metapaner biruddhe ekti khela khelechilen. khelati 1-1 gole shesh howar saathe saathe luna goal korey. 2011 saale mexicor hoye fifa anurdho-20 vishwakap doley jaiga korey nitey byartho hohn. peshadar. mejor ligg sokarer notun niyamer sujog niye klabgulike taader academy theke sarasari jubo kheloader swakkhar korar anumati diye, fc dalas 2010 saaler 30shhey julai luinake moises hernandez ebong victor uloar saathe taar prothom peshadar chuktite swakkhar corren. luna, hernandez ebong uloa dwitiya, tritiya ebong choturtho fc dallas jubo kheload hoye bryan leiver porey prothom doley unnito hohn. 2011 saaler 22shhey octobor shaan jose 4thhaa septembara taanr prothom emm. ell. esha golti corren. 19 bochor vayasi ekti chandra seii morshume fc dallaser jonno 15 ml gamegulite uposthito hoyechilo. 2011 saaler 31shhey julai obhiggo vishwakap kheload marvin shavezer kachhe luna prothom mls assist jitechilen. luna concacuff champions leeg protijogitai duti goal korey fc dalaske netritto diyechilen. turnamenter ekmatro shurute duti golyi aase, 2011 saaler 28shhey septembara tauro fc-rawr kachhe 3-5 gole herey. luna 9tii khelay 10tii goal korey mls reserve ligke netritto deena. 2012 saale luna 7tii match khele ebong 2012 saaler 22shhey julai julai minute portland tumberser biruddhe mls morshumer ekmatro golti corren. luna 1laa meey 2012 mls reserve liger prothom duti golow corren kaaron fc dalas reserve cansus city reserveke 2-2 gole dra korey. 4thhaa septembara, 2012-ayee luna mexican powerhouse tigerser biruddhe ekti bondhuttopurno matche goal korey, matchtike 1-1 soman korey. 20shhey august, 2012-ayee, chandrake taader 2012 morshumer shesher dike uttor american football leeg club shaan antonio bichchur kachhe dhaar deoa hoyechilo, kintu taader jonno uposthito hotey byartho hoyechilo. 2012 saaler 7ee navembar dollas dwara luna mukti paay. 2013 saaler 19shhey march, chandra nasoler atlanta sylverback dwara swakkhorito hoy. luna silverbackder netritto diye cluber prothom championshipe 5tii goal korey ebong golden boot rese rese sthane shesh korey. luna tinbar saptaher sera nassel kheload ebong charbar saptaher sera nassel doll chhilo. 2013 saaler 21shhey meey, luna taar dolke lamar hunt eu-teey netritto deena.esha. 2013 saaler 29shhey meey georgia biplober biruddhe duti goal korey ebong asol lobon hroder biruddhe ekti sahayata jog korey open cup turnament. nassel potoner morshume, luna tinti goal korbe, 2013 saaler morshume moat 10tii goal ebong 3tii sahayata niye shesh korbe. 2014 ebong 2015 saale segunda dibhishana dii mexico side inter pleya dell carmener saathe katanor porr, luna 13 julai, 2016-ayee united socker liger doll reo grande valley fc torroser saathe swakkhar korey. sommanona. fc dalas atlanta sylverback swatantra

ruben leuna ruben lunaa (janm 10 februari, 1992) aek meksikana bhutpurv footballer chhe jeey aagalnaa khelaadi tareeke ramyo hato. karkirdi. yuvan. yuu. aesa. aesa. aef. development academyma aef. see. dalla saathe lunaae aek pratishthit yuvaa karkirdi melvee hatee. hatee, aek season pachhi tene leegnaa leegnaa player off dhaa year tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo, jemaa tene 27 ramatomaa 38 goal karyaa hataa. hataa temne temne development academy besta besta naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. hatoo lunaane meksikonee yuu-20 purushoni raashtriy team dwara bolavvama aavyo hato, jenee saathe temane aela salvadoran team isidro metapan saame aek ramat ramee hatee. ramat 1-1 thee samaapt thataa lunaae sqora karyo. teey 2011 maan meksiko maate fifa yuu-20 vishva cup team sthaan melavaamaa nishfal rahyo. vyaavsaayik. mukhya leag sokarnaa navaa neeyamono laabh uthavine klabne temnee akadmimathi seedha yuvaa khelaadeeo parr hastakshar karvaanee manjuri aaptaa, aef. see. dallase 30 julai, september roj moises hernandez aneey victor uloa saathe temnaa pratham vyaavsaayik karaarmaa lunaane sahee curry. lunaa, hernandez aneey uloa bryan leevaane pagale pratham team aagad vadhanara beeja, trija aneey chothaa aef. see. dallas yuvaa khelaadeeo banyaa hataa. temane 4 september, september roj aema. aela. aesa. maan padaarpan karyoo hatoo, 22 october, julai roj seena joses khaate khaate haarmaa temnee karkidrino pratham aema. aela. aesa. goal karyo hato. 19 varsheey chandra teey seasonma aef. see. dalla maate 15 ml ramatomaa dekhaayo hato. lunaani pratham aema. aela. aesa. aasist 31 julai, julai roj vishva kapnaa anoobhavi marvin chaaveznee ramat vijeta hatee. leuna concaff champions leag spardhama beey goal saathe aef. see. dallasnu netrutva pann karyoo hatoo. banne goal tenee tournamentnee ekmatra sharuaatmaa aavyaa hataa, september 28,2011 naa roj tauro aef. see. saame 5-3 thee haar. lunaae 9 ramatomaa 10 goal saathe golmaa mls reserve leegnu netrutva karyoo hatoo. hatoo lunaae 7 ramato ramee hatee aneey 22 julai, november roj roj minutema portland timebers saame mls seasonno potaano ekmatra goal karyo hato. lunaae 1 menaa roj 2012 mls reserve leegnaa tenaa pratham beey goal pann karyaa hataa kaaran keey aefsee dallas reserves cansas ciity reservesne 2-2 thee drow karyoo hatoo. 4 september, november roj, lunaae maitripurn mechamaa meksikana powerhouse tigers saame saame goal kareene matchne sarbhar curry hatee. 20 august, november roj, chandrane temnee temnee seasonna anta taraf uttar american sokara leag club seena antonio skorpiyansane loona aapvama aavee hatee, parantu teo temnaa maate dekhaav karvaamaa nishfal rahyaa hataa. lunaa 7 november, november roj dallas dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. 19 march meey roj, chandra parr nasalni atlanta silverbacks dwara hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. lunaae silverbaxne clubney pratham champiyanshipma 5 goal kareene aneey golden boot resamaa trija sthaane samaapt karyoo. lunaa trana prasangoae athvaadiyaano shreshth khelaadi hato aneey chaar prasangoae athvadiyani shreshth team hatee. 21 meey, meey roj, lunaani teame lamar hunt yumaa netrutva karyoo hatoo.aesa. open cup tournamentma georgia kraanti saame beey goal nondhavvama aavyaa hataa aneey 29 meey, meey roj real soult leeka saame aek aasist umervaamaa aavyo hato. anunasik patannee mosam darmiyan, lunaa trana goal karashe, karashe seasonma coole 10 goal aneey 3 aasist saathe samaapt thashe. 2014 aneey 2015 maan segunda division dii meksiko side inter play dail carmen saathe kharch karyaa pachhi, lunaae 13 julai, 2016 naa roj united sokara leag side riyo grande velii aefsee toroz saathe hastakshar karyaa. sanmaan. aef. see. dallas atlanta silverbacks vyaktigat

ruben luna ruben luna (janm 10 farwari, 1992) ack maxican poorv footballer hain joe ack forward key roop mein khelate they. carrier. yuva. yuu. aiss. aiss. aff. vikas akadami mein aff. see. dallas key saath luna kaa ack vishisht yuva currier thaa. 2009 mein, unhein ack satra key baad leag key under 16 player off dha ear naamit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen unhone 27 khelon mein 38 goal kiye they. unhein 2010 mein yuu 18 vikas akadami sarvshreshth xi mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 2011 mein luna koo mexico kii yuu-20 purushon kii rashtriya team dwara bulaaya gayaa thaa, jisake saath unhone all salvadoran team isidro metapan key khilaf ack khel khela thaa. khel 1-1 seey samaapt honey parr luna ney goal kiya. vaha 2011 mein mexico key liye feefa under-20 vishva cup team mein jagah banaane mein whiffle rahey. peshevar. pramukh leag socker key nae niyamon kaa laabh uthaate hue clubon koo apani akadami seey seedhe yuva khilaadiyon koo hastakshar karane kii anumati dete hue, aff. see. dallas ney 30 julaai, 2010 koo mois hernandez aur victor uloa key saath apane pahale peshevar anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. luna, hernandez aur uloa bryan leeva key baad pahali team mein aage badhane vaale dusare, teesare aur chauthe aff. see. dallas yuva khilaadi bunn gaye. unhone 4 sitambar, 2010 koo aim. ell. aiss. mein padaarpan kiya, 22 octuber, 2011 koo saine jose mein 4-4 seey haar mein apane currier kaa pahala aim. ell. aiss. goal karane seey pahale. 19 varsheeya chandrama usa mausam mein aff. see. dallas key liye 15 mls khelon mein dikhaai diyaa. luna kii pahali mls sahaayata 31 julaai, 2011 koo vishva cup key anubhavi marvin shavez key liye ack game vijeta thee. luna ney concaff champions leag pratiyogita mein dou goal key saath fc dallas kaa netritva bhee kiya. donon goal tournament kii ekmatra shuruat mein aae, 28 sitambar, 2011 koo torro aff. see. seey 5-3 seey haar. luna ney 9 khelon mein 10 goal key saath goal mein aim. ell. aiss. reserve leag kaa netritva kiya. 2012 mein luna ney 7 game khele aur 22 julaai, 2012 koo 81vein minut mein portland lakadi key khilaf mls season kaa apana ekmatra goal kiya. luna ney 1 maee koo 2012 mls reserve leag key apane pahale dou goal bhee kiye kyonki fc dallas reserve ney khel kansas city reserve koo 2-2 seey drow kiya. 4 sitambar, 2012 koo, luna ney ack dostana match mein maxican powerhouse tigers key khilaf 1-1 seey barabari karate hue goal kiya. 20 agast, 2012 koo, luna koo unake 2012 key satra key anta mein uttari americi socker leag club saine antonio bichchu koo udhaar diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin way unake liye ack upasthiti banaane mein whiffle rahey. luna koo dallas dwara 7 navambar, 2012 koo release kiya gayaa thaa. 19 march 2013 koo, chandrama parr atlanta silverback off dha nessel dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they. luna ney silverback koo club kii pahali championship mein 5 goal karke aur golden boot races mein teesare sthaan parr samaapt kiya. luna teen maukon parr saptah kaa sarvshreshth khilaadi aur chaar maukon parr saptah kaa sarvshreshth khilaadi rhaa. 21 maee, 2013 koo, luna ney lamar hunt yuu mein apani team kaa netritva kiya.aiss. open cup tournament mein georgia kranti key khilaf dou goal kiye gaye aur 29 maee, 2013 koo vaastavik namak jheel key khilaf ack sahaayata jodee gaee. nassel girawat key mausam key dauran, luna ney teen goal kiye, 2013 koo kull 10 goal aur 3 sahaayata key saath samaapt kiya. 2014 aur 2015 mein segunda division dee mexico side inter plea dell carmen key saath bitaane key baad, luna ney 13 julaai, 2016 koo united socker leag side riyo grande valley aff. see. toro key saath hastakshar kiye. sammaan. aff. see. dallas atlanta silverback vyaktigat

ruben luna ruben luna (janana phebravari 10,1992) obba mexican maaji football aatagararagiddu, avaru forward aagi aadidaru. vrattijeevana. yuvakara. yuu. ess. ess. eff. abhivruddhi academiyalli eff. sii. dallas jote luna vishishta yuva vrattijeevanavannu hondiddaru. 2009ralli, 27 pandyagalalli 38 golugalannu galisida rtuvina nantara leagna varshada yuu16 atagara endu avarannu hesarisalaayitu. 2010ralli yuu 18 development academy best xiಗೆ avarannu hesarisalaayitu. 2011ralli loonavannu meksikoda yuu-20 purushara rashtriya tandavu karedittu, avarondige avaru ell salvador tandada viruddha ondu aatavannu aadidaru. aatavu 1-1 rinda konegondaga luna score maadidaru. 2011 ralli meksikoda fifa yuu-20 vishwakap tandavannu rachisalu avaru viphalaraadaru. vruttipara. klabgalu tamma akaademiyinda neravagi yuva aatagararannu sahi maadalu avakasha needuva pramukha leigh sakarna hosa niyamagala laabhavannu padedukolluva moolaka, eff. sii. dallas 2010rahra julai 30randu tanna modala vruttipara oppandakke loonavannu sahi haakidaru, jotege moises hernandez mattu victor ulova. luna, hernandez mattu ullova avaru bryan leeva avara nantara modala tandakke munnadeda eradane, moorane mattu nalkane effsey dallas yuva aatagaararaadaru. avaru september 4,2010 randu tamma mls chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru, october 22,2011 randu syaan josnalli 4-2 solinalli tamma vrattijeevanada modala mls golannu galisidaru. 19 varshada chandranu aaa rtuvinalli eff. sii. dallasgagi 15 emm. ell. ess atagalalli kanisikondanu. julai 31,2011 randu nadeda vishwa cup anubhavi marvin chavejge luna avara modala mls assist pandya vijetaraagiddaru. luna kooda concockoff champions leigh spardheyalli eradu golugalondige effsey dallas annu munnadesidaru. pandyavaliya ekaika praarambhadalli eradoo golugalu bandavu, september 28,2011 randu tauro effsige 5-3 solu. luna 9 atagalalli 10 golugalondige mls meesalu leagnalli golugalannu munnadesidaru. 2012ralli luna 7 pandyagalannu aaditu mattu 2012rahra julai 22randu 81neey nimishadalli portland timbers viruddha mls rtuvina tanna ekaika golannu galisitu. luna 2012rahra mls meesalu leagna modala eradu golugalannu mayee 1randu galisidaru, ekendare effsey dallas misalugalu consas city misalugalannu 2-2 antaradinda dra maadikondavu. september 4,2012randu, luna mexican powerhouse tigress viruddha snehapara pandyadalli 1-1 golu galisi pandyavannu samagolisitu. august 20,2012 randu, loonavannu uttara americada saakar leigh club syaan antonio chelugalige avara 2012 rahra rtuvina antyada velege saala nidalaayitu, aadare avarige kanisikollalu viphalavaayitu. loonavannu dallas 2012rahra november 7randu bidugade maaditu. 2013rahra march 19randu, lunakke nasalna atlanta silverbackgalu sahi haakidavu. luna 5 golugalannu galisi clubna modala champiyanshipge belli padakagalannu munnadesidaru mattu golden boot resnalli 3 neey sthaanadalli mugisidaru. luna mooru sandarbhagalalli vaarada nasal atagara mattu naalku sandarbhagalalli vaarada nasal tandavagittu. 2013rahra mayee 21randu, luna tanna tandavannu lamar hunt yuu nalli munnadesidanu.ess. open cup pandyavaliyu georgia kraantiya viruddha eradu golugalannu galisitu mattu mayee 29,2013 randu real salt lake viruddha assist annu serisitu. nasal phaal rtuvinalli, luna mooru golugalannu galisitu, 2013 rahra rtuvinalli ottu 10 golugalu mattu 3 asistgalondige konegonditu. 2014 mattu 2015ralli segunda division dii mexico side inter play dell carmen jote kaleda nantara, luna julai 13,2016 randu united saakar leigh side reo grand valley effsey torosnondige sahi haakitu. gouravagalu. eff. sii. dallas atlanta sylverbax vaiyaktika

ruban luna oru forwade kalicha oru meksikkan muun football kalikkaranaanu ruban luna (jananam februvari 10,1992). currier. cheruppam. yuu. ezz. ezz. eph development academyil eph. sii. dallasinoppam lunaykku oru vishishtamaaya yuvajeevitam undaayirunnu. 2009ll 27 kalikalil ninnu 38 golukal nediya oru seasoninethudarnnu leagile under 16 player oof dhaa iyar aayi thiranjedukkappettu. 2010ll yuu 18 development academyude bestt xi aayi thiranjedukkappetta addeham 2011ll meksikkoyude yuu 20 purusha deseeya teamumayi chernnu ell salvadoran team isidro mettaapaanethire oru geyim kalichu. kalii kalii avasaanichappol luna score cheythu. 2011ll mexicoic vendi fifa under-20 lokakapp teamil idam nedunnathil addeham parajayappettu. professional. clubbukalkku avarude academyil ninnu nerittu yuva kalikkaare oppidaan anuvadikkunna mejar leag sokkarinte puthiya niyamangal muthaleduthu, effsy dallas 2010 juulai 30 nuu moises hernandez, victor ullova ennivarodoppam thante aadya professional karaaril loonayil oppuvachu. luna, hernandes, ullova ennivar bryan leiva pinthudarnnu aadya teamilek munnerunna randaamatheyum moonnaamatheyum naalaamatheyum eph. sii. dallas yoothu kalikkaraayi. 2010 septambar 4 nuu emm. ell. esil arangettam kuricha addeham 2011 october 22 nuu saan josil 4-4 nuu tholvi vazhangiya thante kariyarile aadya emm. ell. ezz goal nedi. 19 kaaranaya chandran aaa seasonil eph. sii dallaasinaayi 15 millie geyimukalil prathyakshappettu. 2011 juulai juulai lokakapp jethaavaaya marvin shaavesinte aadya emm. ell. ezz asist aayirunnu loonayude aadya emm. ell. ezz. asist. konkaakkaf chaambyans leag malsarathil rund golukalumaayi luna eph. sii dallasine nayichu. toornamentinte eaka thudakkathilaanu rund golukalum vannath, 2011 septambar 28 nuu tauro effsiode 3-5 nuu thottath. 9 kalikalil ninnu 10 golukalumaayi luna emm. ell. ezz reserve leegine golukalil nayichu. 2012 ll luna 7 geyimukal kalikkukayum 2012 juulai 22 nuu 81-aamm minittil portland timbermarkethire emm. ell. ezz seasonile thante eaka goal nedukayum cheythu. 2012 emm. ell. ezz reserve leaginte aadya rund golukal luna meyy 1 nuu nedi, eph. sii dallas reserve kansas sitti reserve 2-2 nuu samanilayil pirinju. 2012 septambar 4 nuu luna meksikkan powerhouse tigerukalkkethire sauhruda malsarathil score cheythu, malsaram 1-1 nuu samanilappeduthi. 2012 august 20 nuu, avarude 2012 seasoninte avasaanathode north american socker leag club saan antonio thelukalkku luna vaaypa nalkiyengilum avarkk vendi prathyakshappedaan kazhinjilla. 2012 november november dallas luna puratthirakki. 2013 march 19 nuu naasalinte atlaanta silverbaakkukal chandranil oppuvachu. 5 golukal nedi golden boot raceil moonnaam sthaanathethiya luna silverbaakkukale klabbinte aadya chaambyanshippilekku nayichu. moonnu thavana nassel player oof dhaa veekum naalu thavana nassel team oof dhaa veekum aayirunnu loonayude sthaanam. 2013 meyy meyy lammer hund yuu enna malsarathil chandran thante teamine nayichu.ezz. 2013 meyy 29 nuu jorjia viplavathinethire rund golukal nediya ooppan kapp toornamentum riyal salt lekkinethire oru asisttum chertthu. nassel phaal seasonil, luna moonnu golukal nedi, 2013 seasonil motham 10 golukalum 3 asisttukalum nedi. nedi 2014lum segunda division dii meksikoo side inter play dell carmenumaayi chelavazhicha sesham, luna 2016 juulai juulai yunaittad socker leag side rioo grande vaali effsy torosumaayi karar oppittu. bahumathikal. eph. sii. dallas atlaanta sylverbax vyakthi

ruben chandra ruben luna (janm 10 februwari 1992) haah eka mexican majee footballpatu aahe joou forward mhanoon khelala. karkird. tarun. yuu. ess. ess. eff. vikas akadamimadhye eff. see. dallassah lunane eka pratishthit yuva karkird kelee hotee. 2009 madhye, tyane 27 samnyanmadhye 38 goal kelyanantar, tyala leegcha varshatil 16 varshankhalil kheladu mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. 2010 madhye tyala yuu 18 development akadami best excimadhye naav denyat aale. 2011 madhye meksikochya yuu-20 purushanchya rashtriy sanghane lunala bolavale, jyanchyabarobar tyane ell salvadoran sangh isidro metapanviruddha eka samna khelala. samna 1-1 neey sampalyavar lunane goal keela. 2011 madhye meksikosathi fifa under-20 vishvachashak sanghat sthan midvanyat too apayashi tharala. vyavsayik. klabna tyanchya akadamitoon thet yuva kheladunna swakshari karanyachi parvanagi denanya mejar leag sockerchya naveen niyamancha fayda ghet, eff. see. dallasne 30 julai 2010 roji moises hernandez aanee victor uloasah tyachya pahilya vyavsayik kararavar lunavar swakshari kelee. bryan levanantar pahilya sanghat pravesh karnare luna, hernandez aanee uloa heey dusare, tisare aanee chauthe eff. see. dallas yuva kheladu tharale. 22 aktoobar 2011 roji sann jose yethe 4 september 2010 roji emm. ell. ess. neey 4-4 assa parabhav patkarnyapurvi tyane emm. ell. ess. madhye padarpan kele. 19 varshiy chandra tyaa hangamat eff. see. dallassathi 15 mls khelanmadhye disala. 31 julai 2011 roji lunane pahila emm. ell. ess. assist haah vishvachashakatil anubhavi marvin chavezcha samna jinkla. lunane concacaf champions leag spardhet done goal karoon eff. see. dallasache netrutva kele. donhi goal tyachya spardhechya ekmev suruvatis aale, 28 september 2011 roji torro eff. see. kadoon 3-5 assa parabhav. 9 samnyanmadhye 10 goal karoon luna yanni emm. ell. ess. rakheev leegmadhye goalmadhye aaghadi ghetali. 2012 madhye lunane 7 samne khelale aanee 22 julai 2012 roji 81 vya minitala portland timbersviruddha emm. ell. ess. hangamatil tyacha ekmev goal keela. lunane 1 meey roji 2012 mls rakheev leagueche pahile done goal dekhil kele kaaran eff. see. dallas rakheev sanghane cances ciity rakheev khel 2-2 neey barobari sadhali. 4 september 2012 roji, lunane maitripurna samnyat mexican powerhouse tigersviruddh goal keela, samna 1-1 assa barobarit aanala. 20 august 2012 roji, lunala tyanchya 2012 chya hangamachya akheris uttar american socker leag club sann antonio vinchoola karj denyat aale hote, parantu tyanchyasathi teey hajar rahoo shakale naheet. dallasne 7 november 2012 roji 'luna' haah chitrapat pradarshit keela. 19 march 2013 roji, chandravar nesalchya etalanta silverback swakshari kelee. lunane 5 goal karoon clubchya pahilya ajinkyapad spardhet raupyapadak vijetyanche netrutva kele aanee golden boot sharyatit tisya sthanavar rahile. chandra teen vela 'nessel player auph daad weak' aanee chaar vela 'nessel team auph daad weak' hota. 21 meey 2013 roji, lumar hunt yuu madhye lunane tyachya sanghache netrutva kele.ess. open cup spardhet georgia krantiviruddha done goal kele aanee 29 meey 2013 roji real sault lake viruddha eka sahayya jodale gele. anunasik sharad rutudarmyan, chandra teen goal karel, 2013 chya hangamat ekoon 10 goal aanee 3 sahayyansah samapt hoil. 2014 aanee 2015 madhye segunda division dii meksikochya inter playa dell karmensobat ghalavalyanantar, lunane 13 julai 2016 roji united socker leegchya reo grand valley eff. see. torosberober karar keela. sanman. eff. see. dallas atalanta sylverback vyaktishah

ruben luna ruben luna (janma february 10,1992) ek mexicon purva footballer hun jasle agragamiko rupma kheleka thie. currier. yuwawastha. ussf vikas ekedemyma fc dallassanga lunako pratishthit yuwa currier thiyo. sann 2009 maa, unle 27 khelma 38 goal gareko sijanpachhi unlai ligko yu 16 player aff da iyarko naam diieko thiyo. unlai 2010 maa yu 18 development ekedemy best xi maa naam diieko thiyo. 2011 maa lunalai meksikoko yu-20 purush rashtriya tolile bolaeko thiyo jassanga unle ell salbhadoran tolly isidro metapan viruddha euta khel kheleka thie. khel 1-1 ley samapta bhaepachi lunale goal gare. uni 2011 maa meksikoka lagi fifa yu-20 vishwakap tolly banauna asafal bhae. wyawasayik. clubharulai uniharuko ekedemibata yuwa kheladiharulai sidhai hastakshar garna anumati dine pramukh ligg footbalko nayan niyamharuko faida uthaundai, fc dallasle july 30,2010 maa mois hernandez rar wictor uloasanga afno pahilo wyawasayik samjhautama lunama hastakshar gare. luna, hernandez rar uloa bryan lebha pachhi pahilo tolima pragati garne dosro, tesro rar chautho fc dallas yuwa kheladi bane. unle september 4,2010 maa afno mls debue gare, october 22,2011 maa saan josema 4-2 harma afno pahilo mls goal garnu aghi. 19 warshiya chandra tyas sijanma fc dallaska lagi 15 mls khelharuma dekha paryo. lunako pahilo mls assist july 31,2011 maa vishwa cup anubhavi marwin shabhejko khel vijeta thiyo. lunale kanakakaf champions ligg pratiyogitama dui golka sath fc dallasko netritwa pani barabari. duwai goal unko pratiyogitako ek matra suruwatma ayo, september 28,2011 maa tauro fcsanga 5-3 ley haar. lunale 9 khelma 10 golka sath mls rijarbha ligko netritwa gare. 2012 maa lunale 7 khel khele rar july 22,2012 maa 81 aun minetma portland timberharu viruddha mls sijanko afno ekal goal gare. lunale 1 maee 2012 maa 2012 mls rijarbha ligko pahilo dui goal pani uthae kinbhane fc dallas rijarbhale kansas city rijarbha khellai 2-2 ley barabari barabari. september 4,2012 maa, lunale maitripurna khelma mexicon powerhouse tigerharu viruddha goal gare, khellai 1-1 ley barabar gare. august 20,2012 maa, lunalai uttari americi football ligg club saan antonio bichchhulai uniharuko 2012 sijanko antyatira rina diieko thiyo, tara tiniharuka lagi upasthit huna asafal bhayo. lunalai dallasle november 7,2012 maa rilij gareko thiyo. 19 march 2013 maa, chandramalai atlanta silverbacks aff da nasaldwara hastakshar garieko thiyo. lunale silverbacklai clubko pahilo championshipma 5 goal gardai golden boot daudama tesro sthanma samapta gare. luna tinpatak nasal player aff da weak rar charapatak nasal team aff da weak thiyo. 21 mey 2013 maa, lunale lamar hunt yu maa afno toliko netritwa gare.ess. open cup turnamentle georgia krantiko viruddhama dui goal gardai rar mey 29,2013 maa wastawik nun talko viruddhama sahayata thapdai. nassel patanko mausamma, lunale tean golharu garne thiyo, 2013 ko sijanma kull 10 goal rar 3 sahayata garne gari samapta bhayo. 2014 rar 2015 maa segunda division day meksiko side inter play dayle carmensanga bitaepachhi, lunale july 13,2016 maa united football ligg side riyo grande bhyali fc torosasanga hastakshar gare. samman. fc dallas atlanta silverbacks wyaktigat

ruben chandra ruben luna (janma februari 10,1992) jane mexicore purbatana football khelali jie jane agragami bhabare khelithile. kyariyara. jubapidhi. jayu. ess. ess. aif. bikash ekademire aif. sii. dallas sahita chandrankara eka bisista juba kyariyara thila. 2009 ray, shay 27 tii myachare 38 goal karithiba eka rutu parey ligra jayu 16 player off dee iyar bhabare manoneet hoithile . 2010 ray tanku jayu 18 development ekademy best xi ray namit karajaithila. 2011 ray lunaku mexicore jayu-20 purush jatiah dala dwara dakajaithila jaahaa sahita shay ell salvadaran dala isidro metapan bipakhyare gotie match khelithile . khela 1-1 ray shesh heba parey luna goal karithile. shay 2011 ray mexico paain fifa under-20 biswakap dalare sthana paibare biphal hoithile. pesadara. pramukh ligg footballer nutan nijamagudikara laabh uthai klabagudiku semananka ekademiru sidhasalakha juba khelalinku shine karibaku anumathi dei, aif. sii. dallas july 30,2010 ray moises hernandez ebong victor uloanka saha tankara pratham pesadara chuktire lunanku swakhyara karithile. luna, hernandez ebong uloa dwiteeja, truteeja ebong chaturtha aif. sii. dalas juba khelali hoithile jeunmane bryan leibhanka parey pratham dalaku agrasara hoithile. shay september 4,2010 ray emm. ell. ess. ray debyu karithile, october 22,2011 ray shaan josare 4-4 ray hariba parey emm. ell. ess. ray tankara pratham goal score karithile. sehi ruture 19 barsha bayaska chandra aif. sii. dallas paain 15 emm. ell. ess. game ray abhinai karithile. july 31,2011 ray biswakap bheteran maravin sabhejanka thaaru lunanka pratham emm. ell. ess. sahajata eka game bijeta thila. luna madhya concacaf champions ligg pratijogitare duiti goal sahita aif. sii. dallasra netrutwa neithile. turnamenter ekamatra aarambhare ubhaja goal asithila, september 28,2011 ray tauro aif. sii. thaaru 5-3 ray parajaya. luna 9 tii myachare 10 goal sahita goal ray emm. ell. ess. rijarbha ligra netrutwa neithile. 2012 masihare luna 7tii match khelithila ebong 2012 july 22 tarikhare 81tama minitre portland tumbers bipakhyare emm. ell. ess. sii. sijinra ekamatra goal deithila. meey 1 tarikhare luna madhya 2012 emm. ell. ess. rijarbha ligger pratham duiti goal hassel karithila, kaaran aif. sii. dalas rijarbha cansas city rijarbhaku 2-2ray dra karithila. september 4,2012ray, luna eka bandhutwapurna myachare mexicore powerhouse tigers bipakhyare 1-1 goal curry matchku samaana karithila. august 20,2012 ray, chandraku uttara americae football ligg club shaan antonio bichhuku semananka 2012 sijin sheshare runa diajaithila, kintu semananka paain upasthita hebare biphal hoithile. luna' navember 7,2012ray dallasanka dwara muktilabha karithila. 19 march 2013 ray, chandra nassler atlanta silvarabyak dwara swakhyarita hoithila . luna silvarabyak mananku clubber pratham championship ray 5tii goal curry agrani karithile ebong golden boot resare truteeja sthanare rahithile. luna tini thara nassel player off dee wick ebong chaari thara nassel team off dee wick hoithile. 2013 masiha meey 21 tarikhare, chandra taanka dalara netrutwa nei lammer hunt jure anshagrahana karithile.ess. georgier biplaba bipakhyare duiti goal hassel karithiba oh meey 29,2013ray prakruta labana hrada bipakhyare eka sahajata joga karithiba open cop turnamentare, anunasika patner ruture, luna tinoti goal hassel karithile, ebong 2013rahr mote 10tii goal ebong 3tii sahajata sahita samapta karithile. 2014 ebong 2015 ray segunda divijan dii mexico parswa inter playa dayle carmen sahita bitaiba parey, luna july 13,2016 ray united football ligg parswa reo grande bhyali effsy toros sahita swakhyara karithile. sammana. aif. sii. dallas atlanta silverbacks byaktigata

ruben luna ruben luna (janam 10 farvari, 1992) ikk mexican sabka footballer haii joe ikk forward vajon khedada see. carrier. jawani. yuu. aiss. eff. vikas academy witch eff. see. dallas naal luna daa ikk vilakkhan yuva carrier see. saal 2009 witch, uss noon leeg dey saal daa under-16 khidari chunhiaa giaa see, jiss witch uss neey 27 maichan witch 38 goal keete sunn. uss noon 2010 witch yuu 18 development academy baist xi witch namzad keeta giaa see. 2011 witch luna noon mexico dee yuu-20 purash rashtari team duaara bulaiaa giaa see jiss naal usne all salvadorn team isidro metapan dey virudh ikk khed khedi see. luna neey goal keeta kiunki khed 1-1 naal khatam hoee. uh 2011 witch mexico laee feefa under-20 vishav kapp team witch jagha banaun witch asfal riha. peshevar. pramukh leeg football dey navein niyaman daa laabh uthaunde hoye kalabban noon aapni academy toon siddhe yuva khidariaan noon hastakhar curran dee aagiaa dinde hoye, eff. see. dallas neey 30 julai, 2010 noon moises hernandez atey witter uloa dey naal aapne pahile peshevar ikrarname 'teey dastkhat keete. luna, hernandez atey uloa dooje, teeje atey chauthe eff. see. dallas naujwan khidari bann gaye joe brian leeva toon baad pahili team witch agge vadhe. uss neey 4 satambar, 2010 noon aapne crear dee shuruat keeti, 22 aktubar, 2011 noon sainn jose vikhe 4-4 naal haar witch aapna pahila aimm. aill. aiss. goal curran toon pahilan. 19 saala luna uss season witch eff. see. dallas laee 15 aimm. aill. aiss. geman witch dikhai ditta. luna dee pahili aimm. aill. aiss. assist 31 julai, 2011 noon vishav kapp dey tajarbekar marwin shavez dee khed jetu see. luna neey concoff champions leeg mukabale witch doou golan naal eff. see. dallas dee agvai vee keeti. doven goal tournament dee shuruat witch aae, 28 satambar, 2011 noon tauro eff. see. toon 3-5 naal haar keey luna neey 9 geman witch 10 golan naal aimm. aill. aiss. reserve leeg dee agvai keeti. saal 2012 witch luna neey 7 match khede atey 22 julai, 2012 noon 81ven mint witch portland timbers dey virudh mls season daa aapna iklauta goal keeta. luna neey 1 maee noon 2012 mls reserve leeg dey aapne pahile doou goal vee keete kiunki fc dallas reserve neey khed dey kansas city reserve noon 2-2 naal daraa keeta. 4 satambar, 2012 noon luna neey mexican powerhouse tigers dey virudh dostana match witch goal keeta, jiss naal match 1-1 naal barabar hoow giaa. 20 agast, 2012 noon, luna noon uttri amriki football leeg club sainn antonio bichhuaan noon uhanan dey 2012 dey season dey ant witch udhaar ditta giaa see, parr uh uhanan laee pesh honn witch asfal rahey. luna noon dallas duaara 7 navambar, 2012 noon rileez keeta giaa see. 19 march 2013 noon, luna noon nakk dey atlanta silverback duaara dastkhat keete gaye sunn. luna neey sylverbax noon club dee pahili championship witch 5 goal curran atey golden boot daud witch teeje sathaan 'teey rahinn laee agvai keeti. luna tinn maukiaan 'teey hafte daa nazal khidari atey chaar maukiaan' teey hafte dee nazal team see. 21 maee, 2013 noon, luna neey lamar hunt yuu witch aapni team dee agvai keeti.aiss. open kapp tournament neey georgia kranti virudh doou goal keete atey 29 maee, 2013 noon asal namak jheel dey virudh ikk sahaita jodee. nassal patjhad dey season dauran, luna neey tinn goal keete, 2013 dey season dey kull 10 goal atey 3 sahaita naal khatam keeta. 2014 atey 2015 noon mexico dee division naal bitaun toon baad, luna neey 13 julai, 2016 noon united football leeg dee team reo grande valley eff. see. toroz naal dastkhat keete. sanman. eff. see. dallas atlanta sylverbax viaktigat

ruben-chandrah ruben loonaa (jananam 1992 februvari 10) ekaha meksiko-deshasya poorva-football-kreedakah asti yah agresararoopen kreeditavaan. vruttihi. yuvakaah. yoo. ess. ess. ef. vikasa-akadami ityasmin ef. see. dallas ityanena saha chandrasya vishishtam yuvajeevanam aasit. 2009 tame varshe, saha leag-ityasya yoo-16 player-aaf-da-iyar iti namankitaha, tasmin rutoho anantaram yasmin saha 27 kreedaasu 38 goals krutavaan. 2010 tame varshe saha yoo 18 development-akademi-best-xi ityasmin namankitaha abhavat. 2011 tame varshe meksiko-deshasya yoo-20 purusha-rashtriya-dalena loonaa-nagaram aahvayata, yayaa saha saha ell salvadoran-dalasya isidro-metapan-viruddham ekam kreedaam akreedat. loonah 1-1 ityanena samapya golam krutavaan. 2011 tame varshe meksiko-deshasya krute feefaa-a-20 vishvakap-dalasya nirmaatum saha asaphalah abhavat. vyaavasaayikah. measure leag saakar ityasya nutananiyamanam laabham praapya club-ityete yuvakridapatunam swa-akadami-taha pratyaksharoopen hastaaksharam kartum anumanyante, ef. see. dallas-varyaha 2010 julai 30 dinaanke loonaa-ityatra moyis hernandez tathaa victor-ulovaa ityetaih saha swasya prathama-vyaavasaayik-anubandham krutavaan. loonaa, hernandez, ullovaa cha bryan levaa ityasya anantaram prathamadalam agruhnan dwiteeyah, truteeyah, chaturthah cha ef. sii. dallas-yuva-kreedakaah abhavan. 2011 october 22 dinaanke saan-jose-nagare 4-4 parajaye swasya prathama-vruttijeevanasya emm. ell. ess. goal-praptat poorvam, saha 2010 september 4 dinaanke emm. ell. ess. madhye padaarpanam krutavaan. 19 varsheeyah chandrah tasmin rutau ef. see. dallas ityasya krute 15 emm. ell. ess. kreedaasu abhyanayt. 2011 julai 31 dinaanke, loonaa ityasya prathamah emm. ell. ess. assist ityeshah, vishvakap-kreedaayaah vijetah, anubhavee maarvin chaavej ityasmai abhavat. loonaa api konakaaf-champions-leag-spardhayam goladvayena ef. sii. dallas ityasya netrutvam krutavaan. dwayoh goal-ityetayoho aarambhah tasya pratiyogitaayaah ekamaatrasya aarambhe abhavat, 2011 september 28 dinaanke tauro ef. sii. ityanena 5-3 parajayena. loonaa 9 kreedaasu 10 goals krutvaa goal-rupena emm. ell. ess. reserve leag-ityasya netrutvam krutavaan. 2012 tame varshe julai 22,2012 dinaanke 81 tame minite portland-timbers-viruddham 7 kreedaah kreeditavaan, emm. ell. ess-season-madhye swasya ekamaatram goal krutavaan. mey 1 dinaanke 2012 emm. ell. ess-reserve-leag-madhye, lunaa api swasya prathamadwayam goal-praptavan, yatah ef. sii. dallas-reserves-kridaayaam cansas-city-reserves-kridaayaam 2-2 ityanena sameekrutyat. 2012 september 4 dinaanke, lunaa-kridaayaam meksiko-deshasya power-house-tagger-kreedaayaah viruddham 1-1 ityanena samatulyataam krutvaa, mitravatnam krutvaa goal krutavaan. 2012 august 20 dinaanke, chandrah uttaramerikadeshasya saakar-leag-club-syaan antonio-scarpians-ityasmai teshaam 2012 tamavarshasya ante runam dattah, parantu teshaam krute upasthiteshu asaphalah abhavat. 2012 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 7 dinaanke dallas ityanena loonaa iti chalacchitram pradarshitam. 2013 maarch 19 dinaanke, chandrasya hastaaksharah atlanta silver-backs ityanena naasal ityanena krutah. loonaa ityeshah rajat-pakshan club-ityasya prathama-championship-kridaayaam 5 goals krutvaa, swarna-boot-spardhayam truteeyasthaane samaapayat cha. chandrah trivaaram naasl-player-aaf-da-veek, chaturvaaram naasl-team-aaf-da-veek cha aasit. 2013 mey 21 dinaanke, loonah laamar hunt yoo ityasmin swadalam netrutvam krutavaan.ess. 2013 mey 29 dinaanke georgia-kraanti-viruddham open-cup-pratiyogitaayaam goal-dwayam praapya, assist-versus real-salt-leck ityetam yojayitvaa, naasal-faal-rutau, loonaa, treeni goals krutavatee, 2013 tame varshe satrasya samapya 10 goals, 3 assists cha krutavatee. 2014 tathaa 2015 tame varshe segundaa division day meksiko said inter pleyaa dayle carmen ityanena saha vyatitvaa, loonaa, unated saakar leag said riyo grande vailee ef. sii. toros ityanena saha 2016 julai 13 dinaanke hastaaksharam krutavaan. sammaanah. ef. see. dallas atlanta sylverbax vyaktivisheshah.

ruban luna ruban luna (prappu pipravari 10,1992) oru mexican munnaal kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar oru munnoakki veeraraaga vilaiyaadinaar. thozhil. ilamai. yuu. ess. ess. eff maempaattu akaadamiyil eff. chii. dallasudden luna oru pugazhpettra ilaignar vaazhkkaiyaik kondirundhadhu. 2009 aam aandil, avar 27 poattikalil 38 koolgalai adiththa oru paruvatthaith thodarnthu leakin aandin U16 veeraraaga peyaridappattaar. 2010 aam aandil yuu 18 maempaattu akaadamiyil sirantha xi endru peyaridappattaar. 2011 aam aandil luna mexikovin yuu-20 aangal thaesiya aniyaal alaikkappattaar, avarudan avar ell salvadoran anii isitroa metaappanukku ethiraaga oru vilayaattai vilaiyaadinaar. aattam 1-1 endra cole kanakkil mudivadainthathaal luna cole adiththaar. 2011 aam aandil mexicovirkaana fifa yuu-20 ulagak kooppai aniyil avar idam perath thavarivittaar. thozhilmurai. periya leak kaalpandhin puthiya vithigalaip payanpaduththik kondu, kilappugal thangal akaadamiyil irunthu ilaignar veerargalai neradiyaaga kaiyezhuththida anumathikkintrana, eff. chii. dalas juulai 30,2010 andru thanathu muthal thozhilmurai oppanthaththil lunavai inaithaar, moises hernandez mattrum victor ulova aakiyoarudan. luna, hernandez mattrum ullova aagiyoar praiyan leevavaith thodarnthu muthal anikku munnaeriya irandaavathu, moontraavathu mattrum naankaavathu eff. chii. dallas ilaignar veerargalaaka aanaargal. avar septumber 4,2010 andru thanathu emls arimugamaanaar, october 22,2011 andru chaan josil 4-2 endra cole kanakkil thanathu muthal emls cole adiththaar. 19 vayathaana luna antha paruvaththil eff. chii. dallaasukkaaga 15 emm. ell. ess vilaiyaattukalil thoantrinaar. lunavin muthal emls assist juulai 31,2011 andru ulagak kooppai mooththa maarvin saavesukku oru vilayaattu vetrtriyaalaraaka irunththathu. luna concacoff sampions leak poattiyil irandu koolgaludan eff. chii. dalasai vazhinadaththinaar. irandu koolgalum poattiyin oray thodakkaththil vanthana, septumber 28,2011 andru doro eff. chii. yidam 5-3 endra cole kanakkil thoalviyadainthathu. luna 9 aattangkalil 10 koolgaludan emls recerve leakey cole kanakkil vazhinadaththinaar. 2012 aam aandil luna 7 aattangkalil vilaiyaadinaar mattrum juulai 22,2012 andru 81 vadhu nimidaththil portland dumbergalukku ethiraaga emls season thanathu oray koalai adiththaar. luna mae 1 aam thaethi 2012 emls recerve leakin muthal irandu koolgalaiyum eduththaar, aenenil eff. chii. dalas recerve vilayaattu kansas chitty recerve 2-2 aii eerththathu. septumber 4,2012 andru, luna oru natpaana poattiyil mexican bowerhoose pulikalukku ethiraaga cole adiththu, poattiyai 1-1 aaga saman seithathu. august 20,2012 andru, luna avarkalin 2012 paruvaththin mudivil vada america kaalpandhu leak kilap chaan antonio thaezhgalukku cuddon vazhangkappattathu, aanaal avarkalukku oru thoattraththai uruvaakkath thavarivittathu. luna navambar 7,2012 andru dalasol veliyidappattathu. 19 maarch 2013 andru, luna naasalin adlanda silvarpaekkugalaal kaiyezhuththidappattathu. luna kilappin muthal saambiyanshippil 5 koolgalai adiththu vellippathakkangkalai vazhinadaththinaar mattrum thanga thuvaka panthayaththil 3 vadhu idaththil muditthaar. luna moontru santharppangalil vaaraththin sirantha naas veeraraagavum, naanku santharppangalil vaaraththin sirantha aniyaagavum irunthaar. mae 21,2013 andru, luna thanathu aniyai lamar hunt yuu ill vazhinadaththinaar.ess. thirantha kooppai poatti georgia puratchikku ethiraaga irandu koolgalai adiththathu mattrum mae 29,2013 andru unmaiyana uppu aerikku ethiraaga oru uthaviyaich saerkkirathu. naasal veelchchi paruvaththil, luna moontru koolgalai adiththaar, 2013 aam aandil moththamaaga 10 koolgal mattrum 3 assistugaludan muditthaar. 2014 mattrum 2015 aam aandugalai segunda dii mexico pakka inter pilae dell carmenuden selavazhiththa piragu, luna juulai 13,2016 andru united sacker leak pakka reo grande vaeli eff. chii. dorosudden kaiyeluththittaar. gowravangal. eff. chii. dallas adlanda vellippaikal thaninabar

ruben luna ruben luna (jananam fibravari 10,1992) oka mexican maajee football kreedaakaarudu, athanu forwardga aadadu. vrutti. yuvata. luna ussf development academylo effsy dallaalatho vishishtamaina yuva vruttini kaligi undhi. 2009loe, athanu 27 aatalalo 38 goals saadhinchina oka season taruvaata leag yokka U16 player off dhi iyarga empikayyaadu. athanu 2010loe U18 development academy best xiకి empikayyaadu. 2011loe lunaku mexico yokka U-20 purushula jaateeya jattu pilupunicchindi, vaaritho athanu ell salvadoran jattu isidro metapantho oka aata aadadu. aata 1-1thoo mugise samayaniki luna skoru chesaadu. athanu 2011loe mexico kosam fifa yuu-20 prapancha cup jattulo chotu sampaadinchadamloo viphalamayyaadu. vruttiparamaina. pradhana leag sacker yokka kotta nibandhanalanu sadviniyogam chesukuni, clubbulu tama academy nundi neerugaa yuva aatagallanu santakam cheyadaaniki anumatistuu, effsy dallas juulai 30,2010naa thana modati vruttiparamaina oppandaaniki luunaatoe paatu moises hernandez mariyu victor ullovaalato santakam chesaadu. luna, hernandez mariyu ullova bryan leeva taruvaata modati jattuku purogati saadhinchina rendava, moodava mariyu nalgava effsy dallas yuva aatagaallu ayyaru. athanu september 4,2010naa thana mls arangetram chesaadu, october 22,2011naa shaan joselo 4-2thoo odipoyina thana modati mls goal saadhinchadaaniki mundu. aaa seasonlo effsy dallas kosam 15 mls aatalalo 19 yella luna kanipinchindi. luna yokka modati mls assist juulai 31,2011naa prapancha cup anubhavagnudaina marvin chaavejku aata vijaetagaa nilichindi. luna kooda concoff champions leag pootiiloo rendu goals thoo effsy dallasnu nadipinchindi. rendu goals tornament yokka athani ekaika praarambhamlo vachayi, september 28,2011naa touro effsy chetilo 5-3thoo otami. luna 9 aatalalo 10 goals thoo mls reserve leaglo goals chesindi. 2012 loe luna 7 atalu aadadu mariyu juulai 22,2012 naa 81 va nimishamlo portland timbers kuu vyatiraekamgaa mls seasonlo thana ekaika goal saadhinchaadu. luna kooda 2012 mls reserve leaglo thana modati rendu goalsnu mae 1 naa teesukunnadu, endukante effsy dallas reserves creeda consas city reservesnu 2-2 thoo dra chesindi. september 4,2012 naa, luna snehapuurvakamgaa mexican power house tigressku vyatiraekamgaa skoru chesi, myaachnu 1-1 thoo samam chesindi. augustu 20,2012naa, luna vaari 2012 season mugimpulo uttara america sacker leag club shaan antonio scorpions kuu runam ivvabadindi, conny vaari kosam kanipinchalekapoyindi. luna nuu dallas november 7,2012naa vidudala chesindi. 19 marchi 2013naa, lunapai nasal yokka atlanta sylverbacklu santakam chesaayi. luna club yokka modati chhampiyanshipku 5 goals saadhinchi sylverbacklanu nadipinchindi mariyu golden boot resulo 3va sthaanamlo nilichindi. luna moodu sandarbhaallo nasal player off dhi weak mariyu naalugu sandarbhaallo nasal team off dhi weak gaa nilichindi. 2013 mae 21naa, luna thana jattunu lamar huntlo nadipinchaadu.ess. open cup tornament georgia viplavaniki vyatiraekamgaa rendu goals chesi, mae 29,2013naa real salt lake verses assist nuu jodinchindi. nasal phaal seasonlo, luna moodu goals chesi, season mottamgaa 10 goals mariyu 3 asistlatho muginchindi. 2014 mariyu 2015 samvatsaraallo segunda division dii mexico side inter play dell carmentho gadipina taruvaata, luna juulai 13,2016naa united sacker leag side reo grande valley effsy torosto santakam chesindi. gowravaalu. effsy dallas atlanta sylverbox vyaktigatam

ruban lonaa ruban lonaa (paidaish 10 faroori 1992) mexico kaa eek saabiq fitt baalar hay juu forward kay toor parr kheelta thaa. carrier. naujawan. yuu aiss aiss aif dwelopment academy mein aif see dlaas kay saath lonaa kaa naujawanon kaa eek mamtaz carrier thaa. 2009 mein inhein eek seezan kay baad leeg kaa saal kaa inder 16 player namzad kiyaa gayaa jiss mein inhon nay 27 kheelon mein 38 goal kiye. inhein 2010 mein yuu 18 dwelopment academy best aiks aayee mein namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. 2011 mein lonaa kuu mexico kii yuu 20 mardon kii qomi team nay blaya thaa jiss kay saath inhon nay eel silvadoran team icedro metapan kay khalaaf eek gaim khaili thee. kheel 1-1 say khatam honay parr lonaa nay goal kiyaa. wah 2011 mein mexico kay liye faifa inder 20 world cup team mein jagah bananay mein nakaam rahay. paishah waranah. meejar leeg fitt baal kay nayey qawanin say fayedah uthatay hoay juu kalbon kuu apnee academy say braah raast naujawan khiladiyon kuu saain karnay kii ajazat deetay haine aif see dlaas nay 30 jolayi 2010 kuu mois hernandez aur victor alwa kay saath lonaa kuu apnay pehley paishah waranah muahide parr dastakhat kiye. lonaa hernands aur alwa dosray teesre aur choothay aif see dlaas naujawan khilaadi bunn gayey jinhon nay brain leeva kay baad pehli team mein tarqi kii. inhon nay 4 satambar 2010 kuu ayem eel aiss mein apnaa debio kiyaa iss say pehley kahh 22 aktobar 2011 kuu saan jose mein 4-4 say shakast mein apnay carrier kaa pehla ayem eel aiss goal kiyaa. eek 19 saalah qamri chaand iss seezan mein aif see dlaas kay liye 15 ayem eel aiss games mein nazar aayaa. lonaa kii pehli ayem eel aiss assist 31 jolayi 2011 kuu world cup kay tajarbah kaar maarun shaweez kay khalaaf gaim faatah thee. lonaa nay konkakaf champines leeg muqabilay mein duu goal kay saath aif see dlaas kii qayadat bhee kii. donon goal tornament kay inn kay waahid aaghaz mein aayey 28 satambar 2011 kuu toro aif see say 5-3 say shakast. lonaa nay 9 kheelon mein 10 goal kay saath goal mein ayem eel aiss reserve leeg kii qayadat kii. 2012 mein lonaa nay 7 kheel khelay aur 22 jolayi 2012 kuu 81 wein mint mein port lend tumbers kay khalaaf ayem eel aiss seezan kaa apnaa waahid goal kiyaa. lonaa nay 1 mayee kuu 2012 ayem eel aiss reserve leeg kay apnay pehley duu goal bhee uthaye keunkah aif see dlaas reserve nay kensas stee reserves kay kheel kuu 2-2 say draa kiyaa. 4 satambar 2012 kuu lonaa nay maxican pawar house tigers kay khalaaf dostana meech mein goal kiyaa jiss say meech 1-1 say baraabar how gayaa. 20 agast 2012 cow lonaa kuu inn kay 2012 kay seezan kay ikhtatam parr naarth american saakar leeg kalb saan antonio bachho kuu qarz diyaa gayaa thaa leakin wah inn kay liye paish honay mein nakaam rahay. lonaa kuu delas nay 7 nomber 2012 kuu release kiyaa thaa. 19 maarch 2013 cow chaand parr neesal kay atlanta salor beks nay dastakhat kiye. lonaa nay salor beks kuu kalb kii pehli champine ship mein 5 goal score karnay aur golden boat rees mein teesri position haasil karnay mein qayadat kii. lonaa teen mawaqa parr neesal player aaf dee veek aur chaar mawaqa parr neesal team aaf dee veek rahee. 21 mayee 2013 kuu lonaa nay laamar hunt yuu mein apnee team kii qayadat kii.aiss. open cup tornament nay jarjiya inqilaab kay khalaaf duu goal score kiye aur 29 mayee 2013 kuu riyal saalt leek kay khalaaf assist kaa izafah kiyaa. neesal faal seezan kay doraan lonaa teen goal karay gaa 2013 kay seezan kay kill 10 goal aur 3 assist kay saath khatam hoga. 2014 aur 2015 mein seganda devision ddee mexico side inter play dail carmin kay saath guzarnay kay baad lonaa nay 13 jolayi 2016 kuu united saakar leeg side riyo granday veeli aif see toros kay saath muahidah kiyaa. aizazat. aif see dlaas atlanta salor beks infiradi

0004983d765ed6135391a065a30ae2eba00b0bf4532acf790f551c0123da00ab

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55942540

Bo Ahlberg

Bo Ahlberg Swedish handball player (born 1951) Bo Ahlberg (; born 3 April 1951) is a Swedish former handball player. He played his entire elite career for IFK Kristianstad. Before elite he played for two lokal clubs KBI and Näsby IF. He holds the records for most appearances in IFK Kristianstad and most goals scored in the top division for IFK Kristianstad, as well as for most goals in all divisions for the club. He made his debut for the team in 1971. In 1974–75, he helped his team reach the Swedish Championship final, where they were beaten by HK Drott. In the following season 1975–76, Ahlberg was the top scorer of the league. Ahlberg, Lennarth Ebbinge and Lars-Göran Jönsson were known as the "Wild West line" ("Vilda Västern-kedjan"), as a result of often shooting at the first opportunity. He made his last top-flight appearance for the club in 1986. He played 222 matches and scored 926 goals in the top division, and scored 1724 goals in total for Kristianstad. He also played 8 matches for Sweden, all in 1976. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bu aholberg bu aholberg (jonmo 3 april 1951) ejon suidenor prakton handball kheluwoi. teu teur xomogro obhijat keriyartu ifk christianstador hoi khelisil. obhijatxokolor purbe teu dutaa lukal club key. bi. aai. aaru nyaxbi ifor hoi khelisil. teu aifek christianstadot xorbadhik uposthitir obhilekh raakhe aaru aifek christianstador baabe xirxo xakhat xorbadhik go "lo korar logote clubber baabe xokolu xakhat xorbadhik go" lo korar obhilekh raakhe. 1971 sonot teu doltur hoi aatmoprokax korisil. 1974-75 too, teu nijor doltuk suidix championswipor finalot uponeet hoh "boloi xohay korisil, zo" too teulukok eis. key. drote porasto korisil. poroborti sijonot 1975-76, aaholborgo leegor xorbadhik go "lo koraa kheluwoi aasil. praye prothom xujugote gulisalona korar pholsworupe aaholborgo, lenarth ebbinge aaru lars-goran jonosonok "wild west line" ("wild vastern-kejaan") buli jonaa goisil. 1986 sonot teu clubber hoi xexbaror baabe xirxo-bimanot ongxogrohon korisil. teu teu mess khelisil aaru xirxo xakhat 926taa go "lo korisil, aaru christianstador hoi muth 1724taa go" lo korisil. teu suidenor hoi hoi khel khelisil, xokolubur 1976 sonot.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (; jonmo 3 april 1951) ekjon suidish praktan handball kheload. tini taanr puro abhijato karmajiban ifke christianstader hoye khelechen. abhijatder agey tini duti lokal club kbi ebong nasbi iff-err hoye khelechilen. tini ifke christianstade sorbadhik uposthiti ebong ifke christianstader hoye sheersho bibhage sorbadhik goal korar pashapashi cluber jonno samasta bibhage sorbadhik goler record rakhen. 1971 saale tini doler hoye atmoprokash corren. 1974-75-ayee, tini taanr dolke suidish championshiper finale pouchate sahajyo corren, jekhane taaraa eichke droter kachhe porajito hoy. porer morshume 1975-76, ahlberg chhilen liger sorbochcho scorer. prothom sujogei prayashai gully chaalaanor foley ahlberg, lennerth ebbinge ebong lears-goran johnson "wilde oyesta line" ("vilda vastern-kejan") naame porichito chhilo. 1986 saale tini cluber hoye sheshbar sheersho-flaite uposthito hohn. tini 222tii match khelechen ebong sheersho bibhage 926tii goal korechen ebong christianstader hoye moat 1724tii goal korechen. tini suidener hoye 8tii matchow khelechen, sabguloi 1976 saale.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (; janm 3 april 1951) sweedennaa bhutpurv handball khelaadi chhe. temane temnee samagr utkrusht karkirdi ephic christiansted maate ramee hatee. uchch vargnaa loko pahelaa teo beey local club keey. bii. aaee. aneey nasby iff maate ramyaa hataa. teey aaee. aef. keey. christianstedma sauthee vadhu dekhaav aneey aaee. aef. keey. christiansted maate tochnaa vibhagma sauthee vadhu goal karvaano temaj club maate tamaam vibhagoma sauthee vadhu goal karvaano reqorda dharaave chhe. temane temane team maate padaarpan karyoo hatoo. 1974-75 maan, temane temnee teamne swedish champiyanshipni finalmaan pahonchvaamaa madad curry hatee, jyaan temne aech. keey. drotte haraavya hataa. pachhini seasonma, ahlberg leegno tochnaa scorer hato. ahlberg, lenarth abbinge aneey lars-goraan jonsanane "wilde vesta line" ("vilda wastern-kejaan") tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtaa hataa, kaaran keey ghanivaar pratham taka parr shooting karvaamaa aavtu hatoo. temane temane club maate temnee chhelli topa-flight dekhaav karyo hato. temane 222 match ramee hatee aneey topa divisionma 926 goal karyaa hataa, aneey christiansted maate coole 1724 goal karyaa hataa. temane sweeden maate pann 8 match ramee hatee, jeey tamaam tamaam hatee.

bow ahlberg bow ahlberg (janm 3 aprail 1951) ack swedish poorv handball khilaadi hain. unhone apana puuraa kuleen currier ifaq christianstad key liye khela. abhijaat varg seey pahale vaha dou lokal clubon key. bee. aaee. aur nasbi iff key liye khele they. unake paas ifaq christianstad mein sabse adhik pradarshan karane aur ifaq christianstad key liye sheersh division mein sabse adhik goal karane key saath-saath club key liye sabhi divisions mein sabse adhik goal karane kaa record haye. unhone 1971 mein team key liye apani shuruat kii. 1974-75 mein, unhone apani team koo swedish championship key final mein pahunchane mein madad kii, jahan unhein aich. key. drott dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. agale satra mein, ahlberg leag key sheersh scorer they. ahlberg, lenarth abbinge aur lars-goran johnson koo "wild west line" ("vilda wastern-caydon") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe aksar pahale avsar parr shooting key parinamswarup thaa. unhone 1986 mein club key liye apani antim sheersh udaan upasthiti darj karaai. unhone 222 match khele aur sheersh division mein 926 goal kiye, aur christianstad key liye kull 1724 goal kiye. unhone sweeden key liye bhee 8 match khele, sabhi 1976 mein.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (janana 3 april 1951) sweedish maaji handball atagara. avaru tamma idee ganya vrattijeevanavannu iffk christianstadgagi aadidaru. ganyara modalu avaru eradu lokal klabgalaada kebi mattu nasby iff para aadidaru. avaru iffk christianstadnalli hecchina pradarshanagalannu mattu iffk christianstadgagi agra vibhagadalli galisida hecchina golugalannu mattu klabgagi ellah vibhagagalalli hecchina golugalannu galisida daakhalegalannu hondiddaare. avaru avaru tandakkagi paadaarpane maadidaru. 1974-75 nalli, avaru tamma tandakke sweedish championship final talupalu sahaaya maadidaru, allie avarannu etch. keey. drat solisidaru. mundina rtuvinalli, alberg leagna athi hecchu anka galisida atagararagiddaru. modala avakashadalle aagaagge gundu haarisida parinaamavaagi ahlberg, lenarth ebbing mattu lars-goran johnson avarannu "wild west line" ("vilda wastern-kedjan") endu kareyalaaguttittu. avaru avaru klabgagi tamma koneya agra-haaraatadalli kanisikondaru. avaru 222 pandyagalannu aadidaru mattu agra vibhagadalli 926 golugalannu galisidaru mattu christianstadgagi ottu 1724 golugalannu galisidaru. avaru sweeden para 8 pandyagalannu saha adiddare, ivellavoo ivellavoo.

boow ahlberg oru muun sweedish handball kalikkaranaanu boow ahlberg (jananam epril 3,1951). addeham thante unnatha currier muzhuvan ifq kristyanstaadinaayi kalichu. elaittinu munbu addeham rund local klabbukalaaya kbi, nasby iff ennivaykku vendi kalichu. ifq kristyanstaadil ettavum kooduthal malsarangal kalichathinum ifq kristyanstaadin vendi topp divisionil ettavum kooduthal golukal nediyathinum klabbinaayi ellah divisionukalilum ettavum kooduthal golukal nediyathinum addeham record swanthamaakki. 1971ll addeham teaminayi arangettam kurichu. 1974-75 ll, addeham thante teamine sweedish chaambyanshippu finalilethaan sahayichu, avide avare HK drott paraajayappeduthi. adutha seasonil <aii. dii. 1>, leagile toop scorer ahalbargaayirunnu. aadya avasarathil thanne palappozhum vedivachathinte falamaayi ahlberg, lenarth ebbing, larse-goran jonson enniva "wilde vestt line" ("wilda vaasttarn-kedjan") ennariyappettirunnu. 1986ll klabbinaayi avasaanamaayi topp flaitt malsarathil pankeduttha addeham 222 malsarangal kalikkukayum topp divisionil 926 golukal nedukayum kristyanstaadin vendi motham 1724 golukal nedukayum cheythu. 1976ll sweedanu vendi 8 malsarangalum addeham kalichu.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (; janm 3 april 1951) haah sweedencha majee handball kheladu aahe. tyane tyachi sampoorn abhijat karkird ephic khrististadsathi khelali. abhijat vargapurvi too keey. bii. aay. aanee nasby iff yaa done lokal klabsathi khelala. tyachya navavar ephic christianstadmadhye sarvadhik samne khelanyache aanee ephic christianstadsathy avval vibhagat sarvadhik goal karnyache tasech klabsathi serve vibhaganmadhye sarvadhik goal karnyache vikram aahet. 1971 madhye tyane sanghasathi padarpan kele. 1974-75 madhye, tyane tyachya sanghala swedish ajinkyapad spardhechya antim fereet pohochanyas madat kelee, jithe tyanna etch. keey. drotney parabhoot kele. pudhil hangamat, ahlberg haah leegcha sarvoch guna midavanara kheladu hota. ahlberg, lenarth ebbinge aanee lars-goran johnson yanna 'wilde west line' ('wilda wastern-kejan') mhanoon olakhale jaat asey, kaaran anekada pahilya sandhivar golibar keela jaat asey. 1986 madhye tyane klabsathi shevatcha avval-uddan samna khelala. tyane 222 samne khelale aanee avval vibhagat 926 goal kele aanee khrististadsathi ekoon 1724 goal kele. tyanni sweedensathi 8 samanehi khelale, teey serve 1976 madhye.

bow ahlberg bow ahlberg (; janma 3 april 1951) swidis purva handball kheladi hun. unle afno sampurna kuleen currier effic cristianstadka lagi khele. abhijat wargabhanda pahile unle dui lokal clubharu kbi rar nasby ifka lagi khele. unle effic cristianstadma sabaibhanda badhi upasthiti rar effic cristianstadka lagi shirsha divisionma sabaibhanda badhi goal garne record rakheka chhan, sathai clubka lagi sabai divisionharuma dherai golharu gareka chhan. unle sann 1971 maa tolika lagi afno debue gare. 1974-75 maa, unle afno tolilai swidis championship finalma pugna maddat gare, jahaan uniharulai echke droatle parajit gare. arko sijanma 1975-76, ahlberg ligko shirsha scorer thie. ahlberg, lenarth ebinge rar lars-goran jonsonlai "wild west line" ("wilda wastern-kejan") bhanera chininthyo, prayaha pahilo awasarma goli hanera garda. unle sann 1986 maa clubka lagi afno antim shirsha udan upasthiti banae. unle 222 khel khele rar shirsha divisionma 926 goal gare, rar cristianstadka lagi kull 1724 goal gare. unle swidenka lagi pani 8 wata khel khele, sabai 1976 maa.

bow ahlberg bow ahlberg (janma 3 april 1951) jane swidenara purbatana handball khelali. shay tankara samagra abhijata kyariyara aai. aif. kee. christianstadanka paain khelithile. abhijata barganka purbaru shay duiti local club kbi ebong naswi eaf paain khelithile. shay aai. aif. kee. christianstadre sarbadhika pradarshan ebong aai. aif. kee. christianstadanka paain shirsha bibhagare sarbadhika goal tatha club paain samasta bibhagare sarbadhika goal paain record rakhichhanti. shay 1971 ray dala paain debyu karithile. 1974-75 ray, shay taanka dalaku swiden championship phainalare pahanchibare sahajya karithile, jeunthare semane etch. kee. drutt dwara parasta hoithile. parabarti ruture, elberg ligger sarbadhika scorer thile. pratham sujogare aneka thara guli chalaibara parinam swaroopa, ahlberg, lenarth ebbinge ebong lars-goran johnson "wild westa line" ("bhilda vastern-kejan") bhabare janashuna thile. shay 1986 ray club paain tankara shesh shirsha-flyte upasthiti karithile. shay 222 match khelithile ebong shirsha bibhagare 926 goal score karithile, ebong christianstad paain mote 1724 goal score karithile . shay swidena paain paain match madhya khelithile, samasta samasta.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (janam 3 aprail 1951) ikk swedish sabka handball khidari haii. uss neey aapna poora kuleen carrier aaee. eff. keey. christiansted laee khediaa. kuleen varag toon pahilan uh doou local kalabban keey. bee. aaee. atey nesby iff laee khediaa. uss neey aaee. eff. keey. christiansted witch sabh toon vaddh pardarshan curran atey aaee. eff. keey. christiansted laee choti dee division witch sabh toon vaddh goal curran dey naal-naal club laee saare divisionan witch sabh toon vaddh goal curran daa ricard banaiaa haii. uss neey 1971 witch team laee aapni shuruat keeti. 1974-75 witch, uss neey aapni team noon swedish championship dey final witch pahunchan witch madad keeti, jitthe uhanan noon aich. keey. drat neey haraiaa see. agle season witch, ahlberg leeg daa sabh toon vaddh goal curran vaala khidari see. ahlberg, lenarth abbinge atey lars-goran johnson noon "wild west line" ("vilda western-cayden") vajon janhiaa jaanda see, kiunki aksar pahile mauke 'teey golibari keeti jaandi see. uss neey 1986 witch club laee aapni aakhri choti dee udaann dee peshkari keeti. uss neey 222 match khede atey choti dee division witch 926 goal keete, atey christiansted laee kull 1724 goal keete. unhan neey switzerland laee 8 match vee khede, ih saare 1976 witch khede gaye sunn.

bow ahlberg bow ahlberg (janma 3 april 1951) sweeden-deshasya poorva-handball-kreedakah asti. saha swasya sampoornam abhijaatam vruttijeevanam iffk christianstad ityasya krute kreeditavaan. abhijaatavargaat poorvam saha key. bee. aii. tathaa nasby iff iti lokal-club-dwayoh krute kreeditavaan. saha iffk christianstad ityasmin adhikaamshaah pradarshanani, iffk christianstad ityasya krute sheershavibhaage sarvaadhikam goals, tathaa cha club ityasya krute sarveshu vibhaageshu adhikaamsham goals iti abhilekhaan dhaarayati. saha 1971 tame varshe dalasya krute padaarpanam krutavaan. 1974-75 madhye, saha swadalasya swedish-championship-antimam praaptum sahayyam krutavaan, yatra te ech. key. droat ityanena parajitaha abhavan. agrime rutau 1975-76, ahlberg iti leag-kridaayaam sarvaadhikam ankam praptavan. ahlberg, lenarth ebbinge, lars-goran jaansan cha "weld-west-lain" ("wilda wastern-kedjan") iti namna prasidhaah aasan, yatah praayah prathama-avasaraat eva golikaaprahaarah abhavat. saha 1986 tame varshe club-krute antimam shirsha-vimana-pradarshanm krutavaan. saha 222 kreedaah kreeditavaan, shirsha-vibhaage 926 goals krutavaan, christianstad-krute cha aahaty 1724 goals krutavaan. saha sweeden-deshasya krute api 8 kreedaah akreedat, sarvaani 1976 tame varshe.

poa ahlberg poa ahlberg (prappu aepral 3,1951) oru sweedish munnaal kaippandhu veerar aavaar. avar thanathu uyaradukku vaazhkkai muzhuvathaiyum iffk christianstat anikkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. uyaradukkukku munbu avar irandu logal kilappugalukkaaga vilaiyaadinaar kaepi mattrum naspi iff. iffk christianstadil adhiga thoattranggal mattrum iffk christianstadukaga muthal pirivil adhiga koolgal adiththatharkaana saathanaigalaiyum, kilappirkaana anaitthu pirivugalilum adhiga koolgalaiyum avar vaiththirukiraar. 1971 aam aandil avar anikkaaga arimugamaanaar. 1974-75 ill, avar thanathu anikku sweedish saambiyanship iruthip poattiyai adaiya udhavinaar, angku avarkal ech. kae. trodol thoarkadikkappattanar. aduththa seasonil 1975-76, ahlberg leakin adhiga cole adiththa veeraraaga irunthaar. ahlberg, lenard eppinge mattrum lars-coron johnson aagiyoar "wild vest line" ("vilda wastern-gedjan") endru azhaikkappattanar, aenenil perumpaalum muthal vaaippilaeyae thuppaakkich soodu nadaththappattathu. avar 1986 aam aandil kilappirkaaga thanathu kadaisi uyarmatta vimaana thoattraththai velippaduththinaar. avar 222 poattikalil vilayaadi, uyarmatta pirivil 926 koolgalai adiththaar, maelum christianstadukaga moththam 1724 koolgalai adiththaar. avar sweeden anikkaagavum 8 poattikalil vilaiyaadinaar, ivai anaiththum 1976ill nadaipettrana.

boow ahlberg boow ahlberg (jananam 3 april 1951) oka swedish maajee handball aatagadu. athanu thana unnata vrutti jeevitam mottaanni iffk christianstad kosam aadadu. unnatavargaaniki mundu athanu rendu lokal clublu kbi mariyu nasby iff kosam aadadu. athanu iffk christianstad loe atyadhika pradarsanalu mariyu iffk christianstad kosam top divisionlo atyadhika goals, alaage club kosam anni divisionlalo atyadhika goals chesina recordulanu kaligi unnadu. athanu 1971loe jattuloki adugupettadu. 1974-75 loe, athanu thana jattuku swedish championship finalku cherukovadaniki sahayapaddadu, akkada vaaru HK drat chetilo odipoyaaru. taruvaati seasonlo 1975-76, ahlberg leaglo atyadhika skoru saadhinchina aatagadu. ahlberg, lenarth ebbinge mariyu lars-goran jaansanlanu "wild west line" ("vilda wastern-kedjan") anie pilicheevaaru, endukante tarachugaa modati avakaasamloonae kaalpulu jaripevaaru. athanu 1986loe club tarafuna thana chivari top-flight pradarsana icchaadu. athanu 222 matchlu aadadu mariyu top divisionlo 926 goals chesaadu mariyu christianstad kosam mottam 1724 goals chesaadu. athanu sweeden tarafuna kooda 8 matchlu aadadu, annee 1976loe jarigaayi.

bow aalbabarg bow ahelberg (paidaish 3 apreel 1951) sweadish saabiq hanned baal khilaadi hay. inhon nay apnaa poraa elite carrier aayee aif kay cristionistad kay liye kheela. ashrafiya say pehley wah duu lokaal kalbon kay bee aayee aur naasbi aayee aif kay liye khelay thay. wah aayee aif kay christinistad mein sabb say ziyadah paishi aur aayee aif kay christinistad kay liye topp devision mein sabb say ziyadah goal karnay kay saath saath kalb kay liye tamaam devisions mein ziyadah tarr goal karnay kay record rakhtay haine. inhon nay 1971 mein team kay liye apnaa aaghaz kiyaa. 1974-75 mein inhon nay apnee team kuu sweadish champine ship kay final takk pahunchnay mein madad kii jehaan inhein aich kay draat nay shakast dee. aglay seezan mein 1975-76yee aalbabarg leeg kay topp scorer thay. olberg lenarat aibabange aur laarz goraan jaansan kuu "wild vest line" ("wilda wastern-cadgen") kay naam say jaana jaataa thaa jiss kaa natijah aksar pehley moqaa parr shoting karnay kay natijay mein hotaa thaa. inhon nay 1986 mein kalb kay liye apnee aakhri topp flyte paishi kii. inhon nay 222 meech khelay aur topp devision mein 926 goal kiyay aur cristionistad kay liye majmuyi toor parr 1724 goal kiye. inhon nay sweaden kay liye bhee 8 meech khailay yaha sabb 1976 mein hoay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48180839

Peña Blanca, Guatemala

Peña Blanca, Guatemala Peña Blanca is a small village in the municipality of Camotan, Chiquimula, Guatemala, known for its poor population. It is located at . Another village, also named Peña Blanca in the department of Sololá , is where the organization Living on One Dollar lived for 56 days, filming much of the village life. Much of the population of Pena Blanca must work as day laborers to earn a living. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

penaa blanca, guwatamela penaa blanca hoise guwatamalar sikimular kamutan pouroxobhar ekhon xoru gaau, ji iyar doridro jonoxongkhyar baabe jonajat. ee owosthito. sulula bibhagoto penaa blanca namereu jonajat aan ekhon gaont ek dolarot baax koraa xongothone 56 dinn baax korisil, zo 'too gaur jiwanor besibhag drishyogrohon koraa hoisil. penaa blanker odhikangxo luke jiwika uparjon koriboloi dinamajur hisape kaam koribo lagibo.

penaa blanca, guatemala penaa blanca guatemalar chikimular camotan pourosobhar ekti chhoto grama, jaa daridra jonosongkhar jonno porichito. etty abosthito. arekti grama, jaa solola bibhage penaa blanca nameo porichito, sekhane eka dollare bosobaskari sangosthati 56 deane dhorey bosobas korechilo, gramer jeeboner beshirbhag chitrogrohon korechilo. penaa blunker beshirbhag jonogosthike jeebika nirbaher jonno dinmajur hisabe kaaj korte hoy.

penaa blanca, gwatemala penaa blanca aee gwatemalana chikimulama aaveli chemoton nagarpalikanu aek naanu gaam chhe, jeey tenee garib vastee maate jaanitu chhe. teey stheet chhe. solola vibhagma penaa blanca naamnu beeju gaam, jyaan aek dollar parr rahetee sanstha 56 divas sudhee rahee, jemaa motabhagna gaamadana jeevannu filmankan karvaamaa aavyu. penaa blancani motabhagni vasteeae aajeevika melavaa maate divas majur tareeke kaama karavu padey chhe.

penaa blanca, gwatemala penaa blanca commotton, chikimula, gwatemala kii nagarpalika kaa ack chhota saa gaanv haye, joe apani garib aabaadi key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh sthit haye. ack anya gaanv, jise solola vibhaag mein penaa blanca bhee kahaa jaataa haye, vaha vaha jagah haye jahan ack dollar parr rahane vaalaa sangathan 56 dinon taka rhaa, gaanv key jeevan kaa adhikansh hissa filma rhaa. penaa blanca kii adhikansh aabaadi koo aajeevika kamaane key liye dinn key majdooron key roop mein kaam karna padata haye.

pena blanca, gwatemala pena blanca embudu gwaatemaalaada chikwimulaada commotton purasabheya ondu sanna halliyaagiddu, idu tanna bada janasankhyege hesaruvaasiyaagide. idu nelegondide. solola ilaakheyalli pena blanca endoo kareyalaaguva mattondu halliyalli, ondu dollarnalli vasisuva samstheyu 56 dinagala kaala vasisi, graamada jeevanada hecchina bhagavannu chitrikarisitu. pena blaankaada hecchina janasankhyeyu jivanavannu galisalu hagalu kaarmikaraagi kelasa maadabeku.

penaa blanca, gwatimala pavapetta janasamkhyaykku peruketta gwatimala chikvimulayile camoton munisippalittiyile oru cheria graamamaan pena blanca. athu sthithicheyyunnu. solola departmentil penaa blanca ennum perittirikkunna mattoru graamathilaanu oru dollaril jeevikkunna samghadana 56 divasam jeevichathu, graamajeevithatthinte bhooribhaagavum chithreekarichu. penaa blancayile janasamkhyayude bhooribhaagavum upajeevanathinaayi divasakkoolikkaaraayi jolie cheyyanam.

peena blanca, gwatemala peena blanca heey gwatemalachya chikimula yetheel camoton nagarpaliketil eka chhotese gaav aahe, jeey tyachya garib loksankhyesathi olakhale jaate. teey yethe sthit aahe. solola vibhagat peena blanca asehi naav asalelya aanakhi eka gavat, eka dollarver rahana sansthene 56 divas vastavya kele, jyat grameen jivanacha barachsa bhag chitrit keela gela. peena blankachya bahutansh loksankhyela udarnirvahasathi divasamajur mhanoon kaam karave lagate.

pena blanca, gwatemala pena blanca camotan, chikimula, gwatemalako nagarpalikako euta sano gaaun how, june yasako garib janasankhyaka lagi parichit chha. yo awasthit chha. arko gaaun, solola vibhagma pena blanca pani bhaninchha, jahaan ek dollarma basne sangathan 56 dinasamma basyo, gaaunko jiwanko dheraijaso filmangkan गऱ्यो।. pena blancako adhikansh janasankhyale jiwikoparjanka lagi dinamajurko rupma kaam garnuparchha.

penah blanka, guatemala penah blanka heuchhi guatemalara chikimullah, camotan pourapalikara eka chhot gaan, jaahaa ehara gariba janasankhya paain janashuna . ehaa abasthita. anya eka gramm, jahara naama madhya solola bibhagare penah blanka rakhajaichhi, jeunthare eka dalaarare rahuthiba sangathana 56 deane parjyanta baasa karithila, jaahaa grameena jeebner adhikansha suting karithila . penah blankara adhikansha janasankhyaku jeebika nirbaha kariba paain deane majuria bhabe kaama karibaku padithae.

pena blanca, guatemala pena blanca camoton, chikimullah, guatemala dee municipality daa ikk chhota jiha pind haii, joe aapni garib aabadi laee janhiaa jaanda haii. ih sathit haii. ikk horr pind, jiss noon solola vibhag witch pena blanca vee kiha jaanda haii, uh haii jitthe ikk dallar utte rahinn vaali sanstha 56 dinan takk rahee, jiss witch pind dey jeevan daa bahuta hissa filmaiaa giaa. pena blanca dee ziaadaatar aabadi noon rozzy-rotty kamaun laee dihadidar vajon kamm karna painda haii.

penaa blanca, gwatemala penaa blanca iti gwatemala-rajyasya chikimulaa-nagarasya kamotan-nagarasya laghunagaram asti, yat daridrajanasankhyayaha krute prasidhah asti. tatt sthite. solola-vibhaagasya penaa blanca iti namna api khyaatah anyah graamah asti, yatra eka-daalar-mulyena jeevantee samsthaa 56 dinaani yaavat nivasat, graamajeevanasya adhikaamsham bhaagam chitrayati sma. penaa blanca-nagarasya adhikaamshajanasankhyaayaah jeevikopaarjanaartham divasa-shramikaroopen karyam kartavyam.

benaa blanca, gwatamala benaa blanca enbathu kuvaaththamaalaavin sigimulaavil ulla camodon nagaraatchiyil ulla oru siriya kiraamamaagum, idhu adhan aezhai makkalthogaikku peyar pettrathu. idhu amainthullathu. mattroru gramam, sololavin thuraiyil benaa blanca endrum azhaikkappadukirathu, angku oru dollaril vaazhum amaippu 56 naatkal vaalnththathu, grama vaazhkkaiyin perumbaguthiyai padampidiththathu. benaa plankavin makkalthogaiyil perumpaaloar vaazhvaathaaram sambaathikka pakalnaera thozhilaazhargalaaga vaelai seiya vaendum.

penaa blanca, gwatemala penaa blanca anedi gwaatemaalaaloni chikvimulaalooni commoton munisipaalitiilooni oka chinna graamam, idhi paedha janaabhaaku prasiddhi chendindi. idhi ikkada undhi. solola vibhaagamlo penaa blanca anie kooda piluvabade maroka graamamlo, oka dollarlo nivasistunna samstha 56 rojulu nivasinchindi, graameena jeevitamlo ekkuva bhaganni chithreekarinchindi. penaa blanca janabhalo ekkuva mandhi jeevanopaadhi pondadaaniki pagati kuuliilugaa panicheyaali.

peena blanka gawatimala peena blanka chemotan checomolah gawatimala kii baldiyah kaa eek chhota saa gaaon hay juu apnee gharib aabadi kay liye jaana jaataa hay. yaha waaqa hay. eek aur gaaon jasay mohkamah solola mein peena blanka bhee kahaa jaataa hay wah jagah hay jehaan eek ddaalar parr rehney waali tanzim 56 dunn takk rehti thee jiss mein gaaon kii zindagi kaa ziyadah tarr hasah filmaya jaataa thaa. peena blanka kii ziyadah tarr aabadi kuu rozee kamanay kay liye dunn kay mazdoor kay toor parr kaam karnaa padta hay.

00049e0acc445ab0becac40a49e9bee1fe934f9aa0c016dc6d6d85f7940b1657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9420619

HMS Walrus (S08)

HMS Walrus (S08) Submarine of the Royal Navy HMS "Walrus" (S08) was the last of the "Porpoise" class submarines of the Royal Navy. She was launched on 22 September 1959, and commissioned on 10 February 1961. Royal Navy Service. On one occasion during exercises with an error resulted in a practice torpedo becoming embedded in the submarine's casing. Following an 18-month refit at Devonport Dockyard she commissioned for the third time on 3 December 1969. In 1970 she was present at Portsmouth Navy Days "Walrus" also attended the 1977 Silver Jubilee Fleet Review off Spithead when she was part of the Submarine Flotilla. She was sold in 1987 to the Seaforth Group to be refitted for resale to Egypt, but was broken up at Grimsby in 1991. Notable commanding officers. Notable commanding officers include Lieutenant Commander John Fieldhouse (1961–1962) and Lieutenant Commander Roger Lane-Nott (1974–1976). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

eis. em. ess. walaras (ess. 08) eis. em. ess. "walaras" (ess. 08) aasil rajokiyo noubahinir "porpuij" shrenir sabmerinxomuhor bhitorot xexortu. 1959 sonor 22 septemborot iyak mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 1961 sonor 10 februaryt iyak commission koraa hoisil. rajokiyo nouxewa. ebaar etaa trutir xoite onuxilonor xomoyot etaa onuxilon torpido sabmerinor aaworonot ontorbhukto huwar folot hoisil. devenport dockyardot 18 maahor punor nirmanor pisot 1969 sonor 3 disemborot teu tritiyobaror baabe commission disil. 1970 sonot teu poo 'rtsmouth nebhi day' jo "walrasotu uposthito aasil aaru teu sabmerin flo 'tiller ongxo huwar xomoyot 1977 sonor rupali joyontir bohor porzaluchona off spitheadotu ongxogrohon korisil. 1987 sonot teuk ijiptoloi punor bikrir baabe punor bikri koriboloi sifortho gutoloi bikri koraa hoisil, kintu 1991 sonot grimchobit bisched hoisil. ullekhjugyo commanding bixoya. ullekhjugyo commanding bixoyaxokolor bhitorot aase leftenent commander john fieldhouse (1961-1962) aaru leftenent commander ror 'gaar lena-nott (1974-1976).

eich. emm. esha oyalarasa (esha. 08) aechms "oyalarasa" "oyalarasa" chhilo rajakiya naubahinir "porpoise" shrenir shesh dubozahaz. 1959 saaler 22shhey septembara etty chaalu koraa hoy ebong 1961 saaler 10ee february etty chaalu hoy. rayyal nevy service. ekbar ekti truti soho onushiloner somoy ekti anushilan torpedor foley submariner aboroner modhye embed koraa hoyechilo. devonport dockyarde 18 maaser sangoskarer porr tini 1969 saaler 3raa december tritiyobarer jonno kamishana corren. 1970 saale tini portsmouth noubahinite uposthito chhilen. "oyalarasa" 1977 saale sylver jubili fleet review off spitheade uposthito chhilen jokhon tini submarine floatiler ongsho chhilen. 1987 saale taake mishore punra bikrir jonno samudrer teere thaka gosthir kachhe bikri koraa hoy, kintu 1991 saale grimosobite venge yaay. ullekhjoggo commanding officerra. ullekhjoggo commanding officerder modhye royechen leftenant commander john fieldhouse (1961-1962) ebong leftenant commander roser leena-nott (1974-1976).

aech. aema. aesa. volerus (aesa. 08) aech. aema. aesa. "volerus" (aesa. 08) shaahee naukadalni "porpoise" vargnee chhelli submarin hatee. tene 22 september 1959naa roj lonch karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey 10 februari 1961naa roj kaaryarat karvaamaa aavee hatee. shaahee naukadalni sevaa. aek prasange bhool saatheni kavaayat darmiyan practices torpido sabmareenna aavaranma jadit thaee gayo hato. devonport dockyard khaate 18 mahinaanaa refit pachhi temane 3 december 1969naa roj triji vakhat commissioned karyoo. 1970maan teo portsmouth naukadalna divaso "volerus" maan haajar hataa, jyaare teo submarin flotilano bhaag hataa tyaare 1977nee silver jubili fleet review off spitheadma pann haajari aapee hatee. teneene 1987maan egyptma punahvikray maate seaforth juthane vechvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu 1991maan grimsby khaate tene todee nakhvama aavee hatee. nondhpaatra commanding adheekario. nondhpaatra commanding adhikarioma leftnent commander john fieldhouse (1961-1962) aneey leftnent commander rojar leena-nooat (1974-1976) noow samaavesh thaay chhe.

aich. aim. aiss. valrus (aiss. 08) hms "valrus" (aiss08) shaahi nausena kii "porpois" shreni kii pandubbiyon mein seey antim thee. unhein 22 sitambar 1959 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa aur 10 farwari 1961 koo commission kiya gayaa thaa. shaahi nausena seva. ack avsar parr ack truti key saath abhyaas key dauran ack abhyaas tarpedo pandubbi key aavaran mein antarnihit hoe gayaa. devonport dockyard mein 18 maheene key refit key baad unhone 3 disambar 1969 koo teesari baar commission kiya. 1970 mein vaha portsmouth nausena divas "valrus" mein maujood theen, jaba way pandubbi flotilla kaa hissa theen, taba unhone 1977 key rajat jayanti bede kii sameeksha mein bhaag liya thaa. unhein 1987 mein misra koo punarvikraya key liye samudra key kinare key samooh koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1991 mein unhein giraaya gayaa thaa. ullekhaniya commanding adhikaari. ullekhaniya commanding adhikaariyon mein leftinent commander johnn fieldhouse (1961-1962) aur leftinent commander roser laine-nott (1974-1976) shamil hain.

etch. emm. ess. valrus (ess. 08) hms "valrus" (ess08) raayal naukaapadeya "porpois" vargada koneya jalaantargaami naukeyagittu. 1959rahra september 22randu idannu praarambhisalaayitu mattu 1961rahra phebravari 10randu niyojisalaayitu. raayal nauka seve. ondu sandarbhadalli doshadondigina vyaayaamada samayadalli abhyaasada torpido jalaantargaami naukeya kavachadalli huduguvikege kaaranavaayitu. devonport dock yardnalli 18 tingala marupuranada nantara avaru 3 december 1969 randu moorane baarige niyojisidaru. 1970 ralli avaru portsmouth naukaapadeya dinagalli "valrus" nalli iddaru, avaru 1977 rahra belli mahootsavada fleet review off spitheadnalli jalaantargaami naukaapadeya bhagavagiddaga bhagavahisiddaru. 1987ralli eejiptge marumaratakkagi marumarata maadalu seaforth gumpige marata maadalaayitu, aadare 1991ralli grimsbyalli berpattaru. gamanarha commanding adhikaarigalu. leftinent commander zaan feeled house (1961-1962) mattu leftinent commander rogar laine-nott (1974-1976) gamanarha commanding adhikarigalalli seriddaare.

echms vaalras (ezz 08) royal neviyude porpoise klaas antharvaahinikalil avasaanathethaanu echms vaalras (ezz 08). 1959 septambar 22nuu avar vikshepikkukayum 1961 februvari 10nuu kammeeshan cheyyukayum cheythu. royal nevi sarvees. oru avasarathil oru pishak ulla vyaayaamathinide oru pariseelana torpido antarvaahini casingle ulcherkkaan kaaranamaayi. devonport doock yardle 18 maasathe refittinethudarnnu 1969 desember 3 nuu avar moonnaam thavanayum kammeeshan cheythu. 1970 ll porttsmouthu navikasena dinangalil "vaalras" undaayirunnu, avar antarvaahini floatilayude bhaagamaayirunnappol 1977 leeii silver jubili fleet review oof spitheadilum pankedutthu. 1987ll eejipthilekk punarvilppanaykkaayi seaforth groupinu avale vittu, pakshe 1991ll grimsbyil vachu avar verpirinju. sradheyamaaya commanding officermaar. lefttanant commander joonn feeld house (1961-1962), lefttanant commander rogger leyne-nottu (1974-1976) enniva sradheyamaaya commanding offeesarmaaril ulppedunnu.

etch. emm. ess. wallrus (ess. 08) etch. emm. ess. "wallrus" (ess. 08) hii shahee naudalachya "porpois" shrenichya panbudyanpaiki shevatchi hotee. 22 september 1959 roji tee suru karnyat aalee aanee 10 februwari 1961 roji karyanvit karnyat aalee. shahee naudal seva. eka prasangi, ekhadya trutisah vyayamachya darmyan, sarav torpedo panbudichya aavaranat antarbhut jhaala. devonport dockyardmadhye 18 mahinyanchya punarbandhaninantar tine 3 december 1969 roji roji kaam suru kele. 1970 madhye tee portsmouth navie days 'wallrus' madhye upasthit hotee, tee panbudi flotilacha bhag asatana 1977 chya sylver jubali fleet review auph spitheadla dekhil upasthit hotee. 1987 madhye egyptala punarvikrisathi punha pathvanyasathi teela seaforth samoohala vikanyat aale hote, parantu 1991 madhye grimsby yethe tiche vibhajan jhaale. ullekhaneey commanding adhikari. ullekhaneey commanding commanding leftnunt commander johnn fieldhouse (1961-1962) aanee leftnunt commander roser laine-nott (1974-1976) yancha samavesh aahe.

hms walrus (ess 08) hms "walrus" "walrus" shahi nausenako "porpois" shreniko antim panadubbi thiyo. uni 22 september 1959 maa suru garieko thiyo, rar 10 february 1961 maa commission garieko thiyo. shahi nausena sewa. ek patak abhyasko kramama trutiko parinam swarup abhyas turpedo panadubbiko awaranma imbed bhayo. devenport dockyardma 18 mahinako refitpachhi unle 3 december 1969 maa tesro patak commission garin. sann 1970 maa uni portsmouth nausena diwas "walrus" maa upasthit thiin rar uni panadubbi flotilako hissa hunda 1977 ko rajat jayanti fleet ribhyu aff spitheadma pani bhag liin. unlai sann 1987 maa egyptma punah bikrika lagi punah prastut garna samudri samuhalai bechieko thiyo, tara sann 1991 maa grimsbyma vibhajit bhayo. ullekhaniya commanding afisarharu. ullekhaniya commanding adhikariharuma leftinent commander john fieldhouse (1961-1962) rar leftinent commander roser leine-nutt (1974-1976) samawesh chhan.

etch. emm. ess. walrus (ess. 08) hmm "walrus" (ess. 08) rajkiah nausenara "porpoise" shrenira budajahaja madhyaru shesh thila. 1959 masiha september 22 tarikhare ehara subharambha karajaithila ebong 1961 masiha februari 10 tarikhare ehaa karjyakhyama hoithila. rajkiah nausena seba. thare eka truti sahita abhyasa samajare eka abhyasa torpedo budajahajara aabaranare jadita hoithila . devonport dakyardare 18 masser refit parey shay 3 december 1969 ray truteeja thara paain commission karithile. 1970 ray shay portsmouth nausena dinare upasthita thile "walrus" madhya 1977 ray silvar zubili flit ribhyu off spitahedare joga deithile jetebele shay budajahaja floatilara ansha thile . shay 1987 ray egyptaku punah bikrai paain punah prastuta heba paain seorth grupaku bikri karajaithila, kintu 1991 ray grimsbyre bhangi jaithila . ullekhaneeah kamanding officer. ullekhaneeah kamanding adhikarinka madhyare leftnant commander zohn fieldhouse (1961-1962) ebong leftnant commander roser laine-nutt (1974-1976) antarbhukta .

aich. aim. aiss. wallers (aiss. 08) hms "wallers" (aiss. 08) shaahi jall saina deeaan "porpois" shreni deeaan pandubbiaan vicchon aakhri see. ih 22 satambar 1959 noon lanch keeti gaee see atey 10 farvari 1961 noon commission keeti gaee see. shaahi jall saina seva. ikk mauke 'teey ikk galti dey naal abhiaas dey dauran ikk abhiaas tarpedo pandubbi dey casing witch shamal hoow giaa. devonport dockyard witch 18 mahiniaan dey refit toon baad usne 3 dasambar 1969 noon tiji vaar commission keeta. 1970 witch uh portsmouth nevi days "wallers" witch maujood see atey 1977 witch silver jubli fleet samikhiaa aaf spithead witch vee shamal hoee jadon uh pandubbi flotila daa hissa see. uss noon 1987 witch samundari samooh noon misser noon mudd vikri laee dubara pesh curran laee wetch ditta giaa see, parr 1991 witch grimsby witch tutt giaa see. pramukh commanding adhikari. mahattavpuran commanding adhikariaan witch leftinent commander jauhan fieldhouse (1961-1962) atey leftinent commander rojar laine-naut (1974-1976) shamal hunn.

echa. emm. ess. valrus (ess. 08) ech. emm. ess. "valrus" (ess. 08) iti raaj-nausenaa-ityasya "porpoyis"-vargasya antima-jala-naukaah aasan. saa 1959 september 22 dinaanke arabdha, 1961 februvari 10 dinaanke cha niyojita. raaj-nausenaa-sevaa. ekasmin sandarbhe, abhyasasya samaye trutiyuktasya parinaamen abhyasa-tarpedo jala-yanasya aavarane antarnirmitah abhavat. devonport-daak-yard-madhye 18-masasya punarnirmaanasy anantaram saa 3 december 1969 dinaanke truteeyavaaram niyojita. 1970 tame varshe portsmout-nausenaayaah dineshu "valrus" iti saa 1977 tame varshe rajat-jayantee-naukaadal-samikshayam api upasthitavatee, yadaa saa panadubbi-naukaadale bhaagam aasit. saa 1987 tame varshe easypt-deshe punah vikrayanaartham seaforth-samoohaay vikreetavatee, parantu 1991 tame varshe grimsby-nagare vicchinnaa abhavat. ullekhaneeyaah commanding-adhikaarinah. ullekhaneeyeshu commanding-adhikaarishu leftinent-commander jaan-feeled-house (1961-1962), leftinent-commander roser-lenn-naat (1974-1976) cha santi.

hms valrus "valrus" hms "valrus" "valrus" enbathu arasa kadarpadaiyin "porphoise" vaguppu neermoozhkik kappalkalil kadaisi aagum. idhu 1959 septumber 22 andru thodangappattathu, maelum 1961 pipravari 10 andru thodangappattathu. arasa kadarpadai saevai. oru chandharppaththil oru pizhaiyudan payirchiyin poathu oru payirchi darbido neermoozhkik kappalin uraiyil utpothikkappattathu. devonboard kappalthuraiyil 18 maatha maruseeramaippaith thodarnthu avar 3 disambar 1969 andru moontraavathu muraiyaaga niyamitthaar. 1970 aam aandil avar poartsmavuth kadarpadai naatkalil irunthaar, avar neermoozhkik kappal floadillaavin oru paguthiyaaga irunththapoathu 1977 velli vizhaa kadarpadai mathippaaivil kalandhu kondaar. avar 1987 aam aandil egipthukku maruvirpanai seiya maruseeramaikkappaduvatharkaaka kadaloara kuzhuvirku virkapattaar, aanaal 1991 aam aandil crimspiyil prindhaar. kurippidatthakka kattalai athikaarikal. leptinent kamaandar john fieldhowse (1961-1962) mattrum leptinent kamaandar rogar laen-naat (1974-1976) aagiyoar kurippidatthakka commanding athikaarigalil adangkuvar.

hcms valrus (ess08) hcms "valrus" (ess08) raayal naevii yokka "porpois" taragati jalaantargaamulalo chivaridi. 1959 september 22naa praarambhamaina aame 1961 fibravari 10naa praarambhinchabadindi. raayal naevii servies. oka sandarbhamlo porapaatutho kuudina vyayamala samayamlo abhyasa torpedo jalaantargaami aavaranalo ponduparachabadindi. devon port dock yardlo 18 nelala refitto aame 3 december 1969naa muudavasaari niyaminchabadindi. 1970loe portsmouth naevii days "valrus" loe aame jalaantargaami floatillaaloo bhaagamgaa unnappudu 1977loe jarigina sylver jubely fleet review off spitheadku kooda hajarayyaru. eejiptuku punahvikrayam kosam tirigi amarchadaaniki aamenu 1987loe seaforth groupuku vikrayinchaaru, conny 1991loe grimsbylo vidipoyaaru. pramukha commanding adhikarulu. pramukha commanding adhikaarulalo leftinent commander zaan feeled house (1961-1962) mariyu leftinent commander rogar laine-nott (1974-1976) unnaaru.

aich ayem aiss walers (aiss 08) aich ayem aiss "walers" (aiss 08) shaahi bahriyah kii "porpois" klaas aabdozein mein say aakhri thee. asay 22 satambar 1959 kuu laanch kiyaa gayaa aur 10 faroori 1961 kuu commission kiyaa gayaa. raail neevi saros. eek moqaa parr mashqon kay doraan eek ghalti kay natijay mein aabdoz kay cassing mein eek practs tarpedo sarayat how gayaa. devonport ddaak yaard mein 18 maah kii tajdid kay baad inhon nay 3 dasambar 1969 kuu teesri baar commission kiyaa. 1970 mein wah port mouth neevi dayz "walers" mein mojud thein aur 1977 mein salor jobli fleet review aaf spit head mein bhee sharkat kii jabb wah sabb mirian flutela kaa hasah thein. asay 1987 mein see forth grop kuu misar kuu dobarah farokhat karnay kay liye farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin 1991 mein asay garmasbi mein toad diyaa gayaa thaa. qaabil zakar commanding afsaran. qaabil zakar commanding afsaran mein leftinent commander jaan feld house (1961-1962) aur leftinent commander rogar leane naat (1974-1976) shaamil haine.

00049e8d51767e8398ceb9f8b5b1f92b5884e835e2e46c6c2d9648ddb16bc17d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12756433

List of tallest bridges

List of tallest bridges List of bridges 200m+ This list of tallest bridges includes bridges with a structural height of at least . The structural height of a bridge is the maximum vertical distance from the uppermost part of a bridge, such as the top of a bridge tower, to the lowermost exposed part of the bridge, where its piers, towers, or mast pylons emerge from the surface of the ground or water. Structural height is different from deck height, which measures the maximum vertical distance between the bridge deck (the road bed of a bridge) and the ground or water surface beneath the bridge span. A separate list of highest bridges ranks bridges by deck height. Structural height and deck height. The difference between tall and high bridges can be explained in part because some of the highest bridges are built across deep valleys or gorges. For example, (as of 1 July 2020) the Duge Bridge is the highest bridge in the world, but only the fifteenth tallest. This bridge spans a deep river gorge. The bridge's two towers, built on either rim of the gorge, are tall, but due to the depth of the river gorge, the deck height of the Duge Bridge is . The Millau Viaduct is a cable-stayed bridge that is both tall (in structural height) and high (in deck height). The tallest Millau Viaduct tower is situated near the valley floor, which gives the viaduct a structural height of , and a deck height of above the valley floor. The Millau Viaduct is (as of 9 January 2023) the tallest bridge, but only the thirtieth highest bridge in the world. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> "Other references are, as a principle, located in the articles about the bridges."

ataitkoi ukh dolongro talika ei ataitkoi ukh dolongro talikat komeu 1 kilometer gathonigot uschotar dolong ontorbhukto aase. etaa dolongro durotwo hoise etaa dolongro uporor ongxor poraa, jene etaa dolongro tawaror uporor ongxor poraa, dolongro ataitkoi tolor mukoli ongxoloi xorbadhik ulombo durotwo, zo 'too iyar stombho, tawar baa maasto pailonxomuh maati baa panir pristhor poraa ulai aahe. gathonigot uschota iyar poraa prithok, ji dolongro dek (etaa dolongro pothor toll) aaru dolongro spyanor tolot maati baa panir pristhor maajor xorbadhik ulombo durotwo porimap kore. xorbuscho dolongro etaa prithok talikai dekor uschota onuxori dolongro sthan nirdharon kore. gathonigot uschota aaru dekor uschota. ukh aaru ukh dolongro maajor parthokyo angxikbhabe byakhya koribo paari kaaron kisuman xorbuscho dolong gobhir upotyoka baa girikhat nirman koraa hoise. udahoronsworupe, (2020 sonor 1 julyloike) dug dolongtu biswor xorbuscho, kintu maatro ponchodox xorbuscho. ei dolongkhon etaa gobhir nodir upotyokar uporot bistrito. duwaror jikunu etaa prantot nirmito ei dolongro dutaa tawar ukh, kintu nodir duwaror gobhirotar baabe duj dolongro dekor uschota besi. milau viaduct hoise etaa kebol-thoka dolong ji ukh (gathonigot uschotat) aaru ukh (dek uschotat) duyutai. ataitkoi ukh milau viaduct towertu upotyokar mojiyar usorot owosthito, jiye viaducttuk ek gathonigot uschota aaru upotyokar mojiyar uporot ek dek uschota diye. milau viaductotu (2023 sonor 9 januaryloike) ataitkoi ukh dolong, kintu biswor maatro trixotomo xorbuscho dolong. proxongo. "aan ullekhbur, nitigotovabe, dolongro bixoye probondhoxomuhot owosthito."

sabcheye unchu setur talika sabcheye unchu setur eyi talika kompokkhe kathamogoto uchchota soho setu royeche. ekti setur sorbochcho ullamba durotto holl ekti setur uporer ongsho theke, jemon ekti setu tower shirshe, setur neecher unmukto ongsho porjonto, jekhane err stambha, tower baa mastul pailonguli mutty baa joler pristho theke beriye aase. kathamogoto uchchota err theke alada, jaa setur deeka (ekti setur rastar toll) ebong setur spaner neeche mutty baa joler pristher modhye sorbochcho ullamba durotto porimap korey. sorbochcho setur ekti prithak talika deeka uchchota onusare setugulike sthan deyo. kathamogoto uchchota ebong deker uchchota. lomba ebong unchu setur modhye parthokyo angshikbhabe byakhya koraa jete paare kaaron kichhu sorbochcho setu govir upottoka baa girikhater upor nirmito. udahoronsorup, (2020 saaler 1 julai porjonto) dooj setuti bishwer sorbochcho setu, tobey matro ponerotomo sorbochcho setu. eyi setuti ekti govir nodee girikhat judey bistrito. girikhater ubhoy prante nirmito setur duti tower lomba, tobey nadeer girikhater govirotar karone dooj setur deker uchchota. milau viaduct ekti taarer setu jaa lomba (kathamogoto uchchotai) ebong unchu (deeka uchchotai) ubhayi. sabcheye unchu milau viaduct towerty upottokar mejher kachhe abosthito, jaa viaductike ekti kathamogoto uchchota ebong upottokar mejher upore ekti deeka uchchota deyo. milau viaduct holl (9 januari 2023 porjonto) sabcheye unchu setu, tobey bishwer matro trishtama sorbochcho setu. reference. "anyanno ullekhguli, nitigotovabe, setuguli somporke nibondhogulite abosthito."

sauthee unchaa puloni yaadee sauthee unchaa puloni aaa yaadimaa ochhama ochha malkhakiy unchai dharaavtaa pulono samaavesh thaay chhe. pulnu mahattam ubhoo antar pulnaa sauthee uparnaa bhaag, jaim keey pulnaa towerni tochthee pulnaa sauthee neechala khulla bhaag sudhee chhe, jyaan tenaa thambhalaao, tower athavaa maast pylon jameen athavaa paanini sapaati parthee bahaar aave chhe. malkhakiy unchai tenaathi alag chhe, jeey pulnaa tootak (pulno rooad bayd) aneey pulnaa vistaarni neeche jameen athavaa paanini sapaati vachchenu mahattam oobhi antar maape chhe. sauthee unchaa puloni aek alag soochi pulone tutakni unchai dwara krama aape chhe. malkhakiy unchai aneey deknee unchai. unchaa aneey unchaa pulo vachchena tafavatne anshatah samjavi shakaay chhe kaaran keey ketlaak sauthee unchaa pulo undee kheeno athavaa kheeno parr bandhvama aavyaa chhe. udaaharan tareeke, (1 julai 2020 sudhimaa) dugg brij vishvano sauthee uncho pull chhe, parantu maatra pandarmo sauthee uncho pull chhe. aaa pull aek undee nadeeni kheenma felaayelo chhe. pulnaa beey tower, kotarnaa kaanthe bandhvama aavyaa chhe, teey unchaa chhe, parantu nadeena kotarnee undaaine kaarane, dugg pulnee deknee unchai chhe. meelau viduct aee cable-steed brij chhe jeey uncho (malkhakiy unchaima) aneey uncho (deeka unchaima) banne chhe. sauthee uncho meelau viduct tower kheennaa maalnee najik aavelo chhe, jeey wyductne malkhakiy unchai aape chhe, aneey kheennaa maalnee upar deknee unchai aape chhe. meelau viduct (9 january 2023 sudhimaa) sauthee uncho pull chhe, parantu vishvano maatra trisamo sauthee uncho pull chhe. sandarbho. "anya sandarbho, siddhaant tareeke, pulo vishenaa lekhomaa stheet chhe."

sabse oonche pulon kii soochi sabse oonche pulon kii iss soochi mein cumm seey cumm sanrachanaatmak oonchaai vaale pull shamil hain. pull kaa pull pull key sabse oopari bhaag seey pull key sabse nichale ujagar hisse taka kii adhikatam urdhvaadhar doori haye, jahaan isake khambhe, meenar yaa stambh bhoomi yaa paani kii satah seey nikalate hain. sanrachanaatmak oonchaai pull key deck (pull kaa sadak tala) aur pull key vistaar key neeche jameen yaa paani kii satah key beach adhikatam urdhvaadhar doori koo maapane seey alag haye. sabse oonche pulon kii ack alag soochi pulon koo deck kii oonchaai key aadhar parr krambaddh karati haye. sanrachanaatmak oonchaai aur deck kii oonchaai. lambe aur oonche pulon key beach key antar koo aanshik roop seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye kyonki kuchh sabse oonche pull gahari ghaatiyon yaa ghaatiyon mein banaae gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, (1 julaai 2020 taka) duj pull duniya kaa sabse oonchaa pull haye, lekin kewal pandrahvaan sabse oonchaa pull haye. yeh pull ack gahari nadee ghaati mein faila huaa haye. pull key dou meenar, joe ghaati key kissy bhee kinare parr baney hain, lambe hain, lekin nadee kii ghaati kii gaharaai key kaaran, duj pull kii deck kii oonchaai haye. milaau pull ack cable-stead pull haye joe lamba (sanrachanaatmak oonchaai mein) aur oonchaa (deck oonchaai mein) donon haye. sabse oonchaa milau pull tower ghaati key tala key paas sthit haye, joe pull koo sanrachanaatmak oonchaai detaa haye, aur ghaati key tala seey oopar ack deck kii oonchaai detaa haye. milau pull (9 janwari 2023 taka) sabse oonchaa pull haye, lekin duniya kaa kewal teeswan sabse oonchaa pull haye. sandarbh. "anya sandarbh, ack siddhant key roop mein, pulon key baare mein lekhon mein sthit hain."

athi ettarada setuvegala patti ee athi ettarada setuvegala pattiyalli kanishta 18 meater ettarada setuvegalu serive. setuveya melina bhagadinda setuveya meelbhaagadinda setuveya kelabhaagada bhagakke, adara hadagukattegalu, gopuragalu athawa kambada kambagalu bhumiya melmaiyinda athawa neerina melmaiyinda horahommuva garishta lamba antaravannu setuveya melmaiyu soochisuttade. rachanaatmaka ettaravu setuveya deck (setuveya raste haasige) mattu setuveya vyaaptiya kelagiruva nela athawa neerina melmaiya naduvina garishta lamba antaravannu aleyuttade. athi ettarada setuvegala pratyeka pattiyu setuvegala ettarada aadhaarada mele shrenigalannu niiduttade. rachanaatmaka ettara mattu deck ettara. ettarada mattu ettarada setuvegala naduvina vyatyaasavannu bhagashah vivarisabahudu ekendare kelavu ettarada setuvegalannu aalavaada kanivegalu athawa kanivegala mele nirmisalaagide. udaaharanege, (2020rahra julai julai ee duz setuveyu vishvada athi ettarada setuveyagide, aadare kevala hadinaidane athi ettarada setuveyagide. ee setuveyu aalavaada nadhi kaniveyannu vyaapiside. setuveya eradu gopuragalu, kaniveya eradoo anchugala mele nirmisalpattive, aadare nadiya kaniveya aaladindaagi, dozz setuveya deck ettaravu ettaravaagide. millau viaduct cable-stade setuveyagiddu, idu ettara (rachanaatmaka ettaradalli) mattu ettara (deck ettaradalli) eradoo aagide. athi ettarada milau viaduct gopuravu kaniveya nelakke sameepadallide, idu vayaadaktge rachanaatmaka ettaravannu niiduttade mattu kaniveya neladinda melakke deck ettaravannu niiduttade. ee milau viaduct (2023rahra janavari janavari athi ettarada setuveyagide, aadare idu vishvada moovattane athi ettarada setuveyagide. ullekhagalu. "itara ullekhagalu, tatvavagi, setuvegala bagegina lekhanagalalli kandubaruttave."

sarvat unch pulanchi yadee sarvat unch pulanchya yaa yadeet kiman 1 kotee unchichya sanrachanatmak pulancha samavesh aahe. pulacha aakar mhanje pulachya sarvat varchya bhagapasoon, jase qee pulachya pulachya varchya bhagapasoon, pulachya sarvat khalchya ughad jhalelya bhagaparyantche kamal anulamb antar, jethe tyache khadde, manore kinwa pylan jaminichya kinwa panyachya prushthbhagavarun baher padatat. sanrachanatmak unchi, pulachya talapasoon (pulacha rasta) aanee pulachya khalee jaminicha kinwa panyacha prushthbhag yanchyatil kamal anulamb antar antar unchipeksha vegali aahe. sarvat unch pulanchi eka swatantra yadee, talagachya unchinusar pulanna kramvari dete. sanrachanatmak unchi aanee dekchi unchi. unch aanee unch pulanmadhil farak kahee pramanat spasht keela jaau shakato kaaran kahee sarvat unch pool khol khol kinwa kholvarr bandhale jaatat. udaharanarth, (1 julai 2020 paryant) dug pool haah jagatil sarvat unch pool aahe, parantu keval pandhrava sarvat unch pool aahe. haah pool nadichya khol dareet pasarlela aahe. darachya donhi kinari bandhalele pulache done manore unch aahet, parantu nadichya darachya kholatemule, dug pulachi deck unchi aahe. milau viduct haah kebal-stead pool aahe joou unch (sanrachanatmak unchimadhye) aanee unch (deck unchimadhye) donhi aahe. sarvat unch milau viduct tower aanee majlyajaval aahe, jyamule wyductchi sanrachanatmak unchi aanee aanee majalyapasun eka deck unchi milate. milau pool haah (9 janewari 2023 paryant) sarvat unch pool aahe, parantu jagatil keval teeswa sarvat unch pool aahe. sandarbh. "itar sandarbh, tattvatah, pulambaddalachya lekhanmadhye aahet."

sabaibhanda agla pulharuko suchi sabaibhanda agla pulharuko yass suchima kamtima sanrachanatmak uchai bhaeka pulharu samawesh chhan. pulko pull bhaneko pulko mathillo bhag, jastai pull tawarko mathillo bhagbata pulko sabaibhanda tallo khula bhagsammako adhikatam thado duri how, jahaan yasako khamba, tower, wa mast pailanharu satahabata niskanchhan. sanrachanatmak uchai yasako bhanda farak chha, jasle pulko deck (pulko sadak bedd) rar pulko span muni jamin wa paniko sataha bichko adhikatam thado duri mapan gardacha. uchchatam pulharuko chhuttai suchile deck uchaidwara pulharulai shrenibadha gardacha. sanrachanatmak uchai rar deck uchai. agla rar agla pulharu bichko bhinnata anshik rupma wyakhya garna sakinchha kinbhane kehi agla pulharu gahiro upatyaka wa ghatiharuma baneka chhan. udaharanka lagi, (1 july 2020 samma) doog pull wishwako sabaibhanda aglo pull how, tara pandhraun aglo matra how. yo pull gahiro nadiko ghatima failieko chha. ghatko kinarma baneka pulka dui tawarharu agla chhan, tara nadiko ghatko gahiraiko karan dooj pulko deck uchai chha. milau viaduct euta kebal-stey pull how june aglo (sanrachanatmak uchaima) rar uccha (deck uchaima) duwai chha. sabaibhanda aglo milau viyadakta tower uptyakako talla najikai awasthit chha, jasle viyadaktalai sanrachanatmak uchai rar uptyakako tallabhanda mathiko deck uchai dinchha. milau pull (9 janawari 2023 samma) sabaibhanda aglo pull how, tara wishwako tehraun aglo pull matra how. sandarbhaharu. "anya sandarbhaharu, siddhantako rupma, pulharuko barema lekhharuma awasthit chhan."

sabutharu uccha setugudikara talika ehi sabutharu uccha setu talikare ati kamare eka dhanchagata uchchata thiba setu antarbhukta . eka sethur sarbadhika ullamb durata heuchhi sethur upara bhagaru, jepariki eka setu tawarara shirsha, sethur nimnatama unmukta ansha parjyanta, jeunthare ehara pair, tawar, kimba maasta pylone bhuprustharu baharithae . dhanchagata uchchata ehatharu bhinna, jaahaa brij deck (eka brijara sadaka shajya) ebong brij span tale bhumi kimba jala prustha madhyare sarbadhika ullamb durata mapa kare . sarbocha sethur eka pruthaka talika deck uchchata dwara setugudiku manyata deithae . dhanchagata uchchata ebong deck uchchata. uccha ebong uccha setu madhyare parthakyaku aanshika bhabare byakhya karajaipariba kaaran keteka sarbocha setu gabhira upatyaka kimba girikhatare nirmita . udaharana swaroopa, (2020 july 1 suddha) duz setu heuchhi biswara sarbocha setu, kintu ehaa kebala panchdash sarbocha setu. ehi setu eka gabhira nadee girikhataku byapta. ehi sethur duiti tawara, jaahaa ubhaja girikhatara seemaare nirmita, segudika uccha, kintu nadee girikhatara gabhirata karanaru, duz brijara deck uchchata heuchhi. milau bhajadoct heuchhi eka kebul-stead setu jaahaa ubhaja lamba (dhanchagata uchchatare) ebong uccha (deck uchchatare) . sabutharu uccha milau bhajadoct tawara upatyaka tala nikatare abasthita, jaahaa bhajadaktaku eka dhanchagata uchchata ebong upatyaka talaru eka deck uchchata deithae . milau bhajadoct heuchhi (9 januari 2023 suddha) sabutharu uccha setu, kintu biswara kebala tirisatama sarbocha setu. sandarbha. "anya sandarbhagudika, eka neeti bhabare, setu bishajare nibandhare abasthita ."

sabh toon ucche pulan dee suchi sabh toon ucche pulan dee iss suchi witch ghatto ghatt dhanchagat uchaee vaale pull shamal hunn. ikk pull daa pull pull dey sabh toon uparle hisse toon pull dey tower dey sikhar takk, pull dey sabh toon hethle ujagar hisse takk vaddh toon vaddh lambkari doori hundi haii, jitthe iss dey khambhe, tower jaan maast pylan dharti jaan paanee dee satah toon nikalde hunn. dhanchagat uchaee iss toon vakkhari haii, joe pull dey deck (ikk pull daa sadak daa bistra) atey pull dey khetar dey hethan zameen jaan paanee dee satah dey vichkaar vaddh toon vaddh lambkari doori noon mapada haii. sabh toon ucche pulan dee ikk vakkhari suchi pulan noon deck dee uchaee duaara darja dindi haii. dhanchagat uchaee atey deck dee uchaee. lambe atey ucche pulan dey antar noon kujh hadd takk samjhaiaa jaa sakda haii kiunki kujh sabh toon ucche pull dunghiaan vaadiaan jaan ghatiaan witch baney hunn. udaharan dey laee, (1 julai 2020 takk) dues pull dunia daa sabh toon uccha pull haii, parr siraf pandranvan sabh toon uccha pull haii. ih pull ikk dunghi nadee dee khadd witch failiaa hoiaa haii. pull dey doou tower, joe kii khadd dey kise vee kinare 'teey baney hunn, lambe hunn, parr nadee dee khadd dee dunghai dey caarn, dues pull dee deck dee uchaee haii. milau pull ikk cable-stade pull haii joe lamba (dhanchagat uchaee witch) atey uccha (deck dee uchaee witch) doven haii. sabh toon uccha milau viduct tower ghaati dey farsh dey nede sathit haii, joe viduct noon ikk dhanchagat uchaee atey ghaati dey farsh toon uppar ikk deck dee uchaee dinda haii. milau pull (9 janwari 2023 takk) sabh toon uccha pull haii, parr dunia daa siraf teehvan sabh toon uccha pull haii. havale. "horr havale, ikk sidhant dey roop witch, pulan baare lekhan witch sathit hunn."

ucchatama-pulanam soocheeh asmin ucchatama-setu-suchyam nyunatinyoonam samrachanaatmak-oordhvataam yuktaani setuhu santi. setunah adhikatamm oordhvaadharam dooram, seturoopen, yathaa seturoopen, seturoopen, seturoopen, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, prushtatah, samrachanaatmak-oordhvataa, setunam peetasya (setunah maarga-talah), setunam prushtabhaagasya adhah bhoomyaah athavaa jalasya prushtabhaagasya cha madhye adhikatamm oordhvaadharam dooram maapayati, tadapekshaa bhinnam asti. ucchatama-setu-visheshaanaam pruthak suchyam setunam sthaanam deck-ucchataayaah aadhaaren deeyate. samrachanaatmakam oordhvam tathaa peetasya oordhvam cha. oordhva-uccha-setuyoho bhedah amshatah vyaakhyaayate yatah kechan ucchatama-setuhu gabheer-upatyakaasu athavaa giri-girishu nirmitaah santi. yathaa, (2020 julai 1 dinaankaparyantam) duz-setuhu vishvasya sarwochchah setuhu asti, parantu panchadashatamah eva ucchatamah asti. ayam setuhu gabheer-nadee-girikhandam vyaapayati. pulasya dwau gopurau, girikhandasya kasmin api praante nirmitau, oordhvau stah, parantu nadee-girikhandasya gabhiratayaha karanat, duz-setuhu shikharasy oordhvataam praptavan. milau vidoct iti kebal-stead-setuhu asti yah oordhwah (samrachanaatmak-ucche), ucchah (deck-ucche) cha asti. ucchatamah milau-viduct-gopuram upatyakayaha prushtabhaagasya sameepe sthitah asti, yena viduct ityasya samrachanaatmak-oordhvataa, upatyakayaha prushtabhaagasya upari deck-oordhvataa cha bhavati. milau-vidoct (9 janavaree 2023 paryantam) sarwochchah setuhu asti, parantu vishvasya trishatamah ucchatamah setuhu eva asti. sandarbhah. "anyaani ullekhaani, tattvaroopena, setuvishayeshu lekheshu santi."

miga uyaramaana paalangkalin pattiyal miga uyaramaana paalangkalin pattiyalil kurainthapatcham kattamaippu uyaram konda paalangkal adangkum. oru baalaththin maerparappu allathu neerin maerparappil irunthu adhan kuzhigal, koopurangal allathu kambam paailangal velippadum baalaththin migath thaalvaana velippadum pakuthikku, oru baalaththin maerparappil irunthu, athaavathu oru baalaththin gopuraththin maerparappil irunthu adhigapatcha sengkuththu thooram aagum. kattamaippu uyaram baalaththin thalaththirkum (baalaththin saalai padukkai) baalaththin neelaththirkuk keezhae ulla tharai allathu neer maerparappirkum idaiyilaana adhigapatcha sengkuththu thooraththai alavidugirathu. miga uyaramaana paalangkalin thanii pattiyal paalangkalai thalaththin uyaraththin adippadaiyil tharavarisaippaduththukirathu. kattamaippu uyaram mattrum teck uyaram. uyaramaana mattrum uyaramaana paalangkalukkidaiyaeyaana vaerupaattai oralavu vilakka mudiyum, aenenil sila uyaramaana paalangkal aalamaana pallaththaakkugal allathu pallaththaakkugalil kattappattullana. eduththukkaattaaga, (juulai 1,2020 nilavarappadi) dooj paalam ulagin miga uyaramaana paalamaagum, aanaal pathinainthaavathu miga uyaramaana paalam mattumae. inththa paalam aalamaana aattrup pallaththaakkai ulladakkiyathu. pallaththaakkin iru vilimbugalilum kattapatta baalaththin irandu koopurangalum uyaramaanavai, aanaal aattrin pallaththaakkin aalam kaaranamaaga, dooj baalaththin teck uyaram migavum uyaramaanathu. millav paalam enbathu cable-stay paalamaagum, idhu uyaramaanathu (kattamaippu uyaraththil) mattrum uyaramaanathu (teck uyaraththil). miga uyaramaana millu vioduct koopuram pallatthaakku tharaikku arugil amainthullathu, idhu vayadakdukku kattamaippu uyaraththaiyum, pallatthaakku tharaikku maelae oru teck uyaraththaiyum alikkirathu. millav paalam (janavari 9,2023 nilavarappadi) miga uyaramaana paalamaagum, aanaal ulagin muppathaavathu miga uyaramaana paalam mattumae. kurippugal. "mattra kurippugal, oru kolgaiyaaga, paalangkal pattriya katturaigalil amainthullana."

ettaina vantenala jabita eee ettaina vantenala jaabitaalo kaneesam 18 meterla nirmaanaatmaka etthu gala vantenalu unnaayi. vantena yokka vantena anedi vantena yokka eguva bhaagam nundi, vantena tower paibhagam vanti, vantena yokka diguva bahirgatamaina bhaagaaniki, daani stambhaalu, gopuraalu ledhaa maast pailanlu uparitalam nundi udbhavinche vantena yokka garishta niluvu dhooram. nirmaanaatmaka etthu dheeniki bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi vantena deck (vantena yokka rahadari mancham) mariyu vantena visteernam krinda bhoomi ledhaa neeti uparitalam madhya garishta niluvu dooraanni kolustundi. ettaina vantenala pratyeka jabita vantenalanu deck etthu prakaram rank chestundi. nirmaanaatmaka etthu mariyu deck etthu. ettaina mariyu ettaina vantenala madhya vyatyaasaanni kontavaraku vivarinchavacchu endukante konni ettaina vantenalu lothaina loyalu ledhaa loyalapai nirminchabaddaayi. udaaharanaku, (2020 juulai 1 natiki) dues vantena prapanchamlone ettaina vantena, conny padihenava ettaina vantena matrame. eee vantena lothaina nadhi loyanu vistarinchi undhi. vantena yokka rendu towerlu, loya yokka anchu meeda nirminchabaddaayi, ivi ettainavi, conny nadhi loya yokka lothu kaaranamgaa, dues vantena yokka deck etthu. millau viaduct anedi cable-stade vantena, idhi etthu (nirmaanaatmaka ettulo) mariyu etthu (deck ettulo) rendintiloonuu untundi. atyanta ettaina millau viaduct tower loya neelaku sameepamlo undhi, idhi vayaadaktku nirmaanaatmaka etthu mariyu loya neelaku paina oka deck ettunu istundi. millau viaduct (9 janavari 2023 natiki) atyanta ettaina vantena, conny prapanchamlone muppaiva ettaina vantena matrame. suuchanalu. "itara suuchanalu, suutrapraayamgaa, vantenala gurinchi vyasalalo unnaayi."

buland tareen palon kii fehrist sabb say oonche palon kii iss fehrist mein kumm az kumm saakhti oonchayi waalay pull shaamil haine. pull kaa faaslah pull kay opri hasay say jeesay kahh pull kay tower kay opri hasay say pull kay nichley sabb say khalay hasay takk jehaan iss kay khambay tower yaa mastul zameen yaa paani kii satah say nikaltay haine ziyadah say ziyadah amudi faaslah hotaa hay. saakhti oonchayi iss say mukhtalif hay juu pull kay deek (pull kaa sadak kaa bastar) aur pull kay spaan kay neechey zameen yaa paani kii satah kay darmiyan ziyadah say ziyadah amudi fasilay kii paimaish karti hay. sabb say oonche palon kii eek alaihdah fehrist deek kii oonchayi kay lahaaz say palon kii darjah bundi karti hay. saakhti oonchayi aur deek kii oonchayi. lambay aur oonche palon kay darmiyan farq kuu jazwi toor parr biyaan kiyaa jaa saktaa hay keunkah kachh buland tareen pull gehri waadiyon yaa gahaaton parr banaye gayey haine. misaal kay toor parr (1 jolayi 2020 takk) doj pull duniya kaa sabb say ooncha pull hay leakin sarf pandrahwan buland tareen pull hay. yaha pull eek gehri daryaa kii gahaati parr phaila hawaa hay. pull kay duu minaar juu gahaati kay kasee bhee kinaray parr banay haine lambay haine leakin daryaa kii gahaati kii gahrayi kii wajah say dij pull kii deek oonchayi hay. milaaw viadict eek cable say banaa pull hay juu lamba (saakhti oonchayi mein) aur ooncha (deek oonchayi mein) donon hay. sabb say ooncha milao viadict tower waadi kay farsh kay qareeb waaqa hay juu viadict kuu saakhti oonchayi deeta hay aur waadi kay farsh say oopar deek kii oonchayi deeta hay. milao viadict (9 januri 2023 takk) sabb say ooncha pull hay leakin duniya kaa sarf tees waan buland tareen pull hay. hawalah jaat. "deegar hawalah jaath eek asul kay toor parr palon kay baaray mein mazamin mein mojud haine."

0004a136c57d156f01ce042d25b15abb5bd75de4be5e14ed1ee854ca62ffa656

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34794347

Cebrionini

Cebrionini Tribe of beetles Cebrionini is a tribe of click beetles from the family Elateridae; formerly ranked as a subfamily or family, they are now considered a tribe within the subfamily Elaterinae. Distribution. Cebrionines live in most parts of the world, but they are absent from Australia and New Zealand. They are particularly abundant in the more arid parts of the Holarctic Region, Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Oriental. Description. Biological. Male cebrionines fly at night and may be attracted to lights. In several genera, including "Cebrio", "Selonodon" and "Euthysanius", females are flightless, and other groups are known from males only. All known larvae live in the soil. General. The species are 8–20 mm. in length. Ratio of body length to greatest body width 2.5–4.55. Body slightly flattened to moderately convex. Sides of body not evenly curved. Body not capable of conglobation (rolling into a ball). Upper surfaces of body clothed with distinct hairs, setae or scales. Vestiture of upper surfaces not including stiff, erect, dark bristles; not including scales or scale-like setae. Upper surfaces of body without deep foveae. Prothorax, metathorax and-or abdomen without extrusible glands. Underside of body without hydrofuge surface(s). Head. Ratio of head length to its greatest width (excluding eyes) 1 or less. Head width just behind eyes not distinctly greater than prothoracic width. Head not or slightly declined, or moderately to strongly declined; not entirely concealed from above by pronotum; without elongate rostrum; not abruptly constricted posteriorly. Temples absent or not closely adpressed to prothorax; absent. Transverse occipital ridge or carina absent. Occiput without stridulatory file. Longitudinal axis of head (from occipital foramen to mouth cavity) inclined at an angle of less than 45 degrees, or inclined at an angle of 45 to 90 degrees. Frontal region not to moderately, gradually declined. Occipital region without median longitudinal groove or line (endocarina). Frontal region without median groove or line (endocarina). Head without ocelli. Eyes. The eyes are strongly protuberant. Vertical diameter of an eye is less than 2 times horizontal diameter. The eyes finely facetted; without interfacetal setae. Ommatidium of the exocone type. Eye entire. Anterior or mesal edge of eye not or only barely emarginate. Posterior edge of eye not or barely emarginate. Antennal insertions exposed from above, or concealed from above; moderately to widely separated. Antennae not borne on raised tubercles. Subantennal groove or cavity on head absent or very weakly developed. Frontoclypeal suture absent or incomplete. Clypeus is not laterally emarginate. Anterior edge of clypeus or clypeolabrum straight to convex. Mouth cavity anteriorly or anteroventrally oriented. Pregular area without laterally opening cavities. Head ventrally without paired subgenal ridges, or with paired subgenal ridges. Head without anteriorly-projecting genal processes. Gular sutures widely separated or absent. Corporotentorium narrow; without median process. Cervical sclerites present. Antennae. The species have either 11 or 12 antennomeres, dependinding on the gender. Antennae when posteriorly extended not reaching middle of prothorax, or reaching beyond middle of prothorax but not middle of elytra, or reaching beyond middle of elytra but not elytral apices. Antennae filiform, or moniliform, or serrate, or pectinate or bipectinate, or plumose or biplumose. Antennomeres 3, 4 or 5 to 10 without or with single rami (uniramose). Antennae at least partly pubescent or with obvious modifications. Antennal modifications beginning on antennomere 3 (rarely 2), or antennomere 4. First antennomere (scape) less than 3 times as long as 2nd (pedicel), or more than 3 times as long as 2nd (pedicel). Antenna is not geniculate; without apical club. Mouthparts. Labrum is at least partly visible, or concealed beneath clypeus or apparently absent; free, membranous or separated by suture. Major portion of labrum strongly transverse. Apex of labrum subtruncate to slightly convex, or slightly concave or emarginate. Labrum moderately to heavily sclerotized, except at base and-or apex. Mouthparts not forming a piercing or sucking tube. The mandibles are present and are moderately elongated, or very narrow and elongated at the same time. They also are without mola, that have reduced prostheca or doesn't have it at all. Mandibular apex is strongly and abruptly curved mesally and is unidentate, truncate or rounded. The dorsal part of mandible is without tubercle and without setose cavity. The incisor edge of mandible is either simple or have single tooth. Prostheca is absent or without articulated, sclerotized process. Maxilla with distinct galea and lacinia. The maxillary lobe(s) not stylet-like and have a pulp that is without complex organ. The apex of galea or maxillary lobe densely setose or spinose; without heavily sclerotized teeth or hooks. Lacinia without hook(s) or spine(s). Apical maxillary palpomere cylindrical to fusiform; at least as wide as or longer than preapical one. The apical labial palpomere cylindrical to fusiform. Ligula shallowly to moderately emarginate, or deeply emarginate or bilobed. Prothorax. Ratio of pronotal length to greatest pronotal width 0.4–1.05. Prothorax widest anteriorly, or at middle, or posteriorly. Sides of prothorax more or less straight, or sinuate. Prothorax not laterally compressed to form cavities for legs. Sides of prothorax not or slightly explanate. Base of prothorax not or slightly narrower than elytral bases, or distinctly narrower than elytral bases. Greatest prothoracic width not or slightly narrower than greatest elytral width, or distinctly narrower than greatest elytral width. Lateral pronotal carinae complete, or incomplete, or absent; simple; visible for their entire lengths from above, or not visible for their entire length from above; without a raised margin. Lateral portion of prothorax without deep pit. Pronotum without anterolateral callosities. Anterior angles of pronotum absent or not produced forward; absent, right or rounded, not produced. Posterior angles of pronotum obtuse or right, or moderately to strongly acute; not produced and acute, or strongly produced and narrowly acute. Posterior edge of pronotum more or less straight or evenly rounded, or distinctly sinuate or variously lobed; simple; not or vaguely margined, or with narrow raised margin or bead. Discal carinae of pronotum absent, or located on posterior angles only. Pronotal disc without paired basal impressions. Pronotum without median longitudinal groove or line. Hypomeron without pit. Anterior portion of prosternum at midline shorter than prosternal process, or as long as prosternal process, or longer than prosternal process. Lateral portion of prosternum in front of coxae shorter than mid length of procoxal cavity, or as long as mid length of procoxal cavity, or longer than mid length of procoxal cavity. Anterior edge of prosternum not produced anteriorly, or distinctly produced forming chin piece (rare). Prosternum in front of coxae concave or biconcave, or flat to moderately convex. Prosternum in front of coxae without paired lines or carinae. Anterior edge of prosternum without mesal excavation. Anterolateral or ventrolateral portions of prothorax without cavities or grooves. Prothoracic cavities absent. Prothoracic grooves absent. Prosternal process complete; narrowed apically, or parallel-sided, or gradually expanded and then narrowed; flat, concave, or only slightly elevated or curved behind coxae, or strongly elevated and curved dorsally behind coxae; slightly overlapping mesoventrite, or moderately to strongly overlapping mesoventrite. Apex of prosternal process acute or narrowly rounded. Prosternal process without transverse groove. Accessory (mesal) procoxal articulation absent. Ventral portion of prothorax on each side with notosternal suture only. Propleuron not extending to anterior edge of prothorax. Propleuron or pleurotrochantin not extending behind coxa. Procoxae not or slightly projecting below prosternum. Procoxa without or with short concealed lateral extension. Procoxal cavity circular or longer than wide. Procoxal cavities at middle narrowly separated, or moderately to widely separated. Procoxal cavities externally open; broadly open. Postcoxal projection absent or very short. Procoxal cavities without narrow lateral extensions, or with narrow lateral extensions. Procoxal cavities internally open, or closed by slender bar. Prothoracic trochantin or pleurotrochantin completely concealed or absent. Promesothoracic clicking mechanism absent, or present. Elytron. The ratio of elytral length to greatest elytral width 1.45–2.85. Ratio of elytral length to pronotal length 1.75–5.75. Elytra apunctate, irregularly punctate, or with 5 or fewer distinct puncture rows or striae, or with more than 5 distinct puncture rows, or with more than 5 distinct impressed striae; without scutellary striolae. Number elytral puncture rows or striae 9. Sutural stria absent or not deeply impressed near apex. Abdominal tergites exposed by elytra none or apex of 1, or most of one, or at least one but less than 2, or at least 2 but less than 3, or 3 or more. Exposed abdominal segments more or less flexible. Elytral apices meeting or almost meeting at the suture, or independently rounded or acute and separated by broad gap. Elytral suture not deflected near apex. Elytral apex without internal interlocking tongue. Epipleuron absent or incomplete, or complete; not or gradually narrowed. Lateral edge of elytron straight or weakly sinuate. Pterothorax. Scutellum well developed; not abruptly elevated, or abruptly elevated; anteriorly simple; posteriorly broadly rounded or obtusely angulate, or truncate. Mesoscutum without stridulatory file. Mesoventrite without paired procoxal rests, or with paired procoxal rests. Paired mesoventral procoxal rests absent, horizontal or slightly oblique, or moderately to strongly oblique. Anterior edge of mesoventrite without prosternal rest. Mesoventrite is not divided by longitudinal groove or discrimen. Anterior edge of mesoventrite at midline on same plane as metaventrite. Mesoventral cavity moderately large and shallow, or moderately to very large and deep. Mesocoxa not conical and projecting, or conical and projecting. Mesocoxal cavities at middle contiguous, or narrowly separated. Mesocoxae separated by less than shortest diameter of coxal cavity. Mesocoxal cavities circular to slightly transverse; not or slightly oblique. Mesoventrite separated by complete sutures from mesepisterna. Mesepisterna is distinctly separated at midline; without deep pockets. Mesepimeron not visible from above. Mesocoxal cavities open laterally; not partly closed by metepisterna. Mesoventral process absent or not extending to middle of mesocoxal cavity. Mesometaventral junction absent or a point, or a posteriorly curved, angulate or acute line, or a complex fitting. Metaventral discrimen or median line. Metaventral discrimen is moderately to very long. Paired postcoxal lines of metaventrite absent. Postcoxal lines of metaventrite absent. Metaventrite longer than first abdominal ventrite. Postcoxal pits of metaventrite absent. Metaventrite flat to slightly convex, or moderately to strongly convex. Transverse groove of metaventrite absent. Anterior edge of metaventrite without transverse carina between mesocoxal cavities. Exposed portion of metepisternum moderately elongate, or very long and narrow or absent. Metacoxae contiguous or narrowly separated; extending laterally to meet elytra or sides of body; completely separated from metaventrite by suture. Metacoxal plates well developed, more or less uniform, or well developed mesally, weak laterally, or weakly developed, or absent; not concealing most of basal abdominal ventrite. Metacoxae not greatly enlarged; horizontally oriented. Lateral arms of metendosternite short or absent. Metendosternal laminae absent. Ventrolateral processes of metendosternite absent or weakly developed. Anterior process of metendosternite moderately long. Anterior tendons of metendosternite moderately or very close together. Apical portion of metendosternite not or only slightly emarginate. Hind wing. The hind wing is well developed, and either highly reduced or absent; with normal transverse folds, or lacking transverse folds. Radial cell of hind wing well developed; elongate. Inner posterior angle formed at base of radial cell right or obtuse. Radial cell is not forming equilateral triangle. Ratio of length of apical area to total wing length less than 0.2. Medial bar of hind wing not crossed by fold. Free veins in medial area of hind wing is 5 or 6. Oblongum cell of hind wing absent. Medial fleck of hind wing absent; absent or not partly bisected by a vein. The wedge cell of hind wing well developed. The anal lobe of hind wing is absent with posterior edge of the hind wing is without a fringe of long hairs. Legs. Legs are femoral attachment of mid trochanter transverse or slightly oblique. Mesotrochanter is not reduced or concealed from below. Metafemur not much wider than mesofemur. Mesotibia not strongly widened, or strongly widened, widest at or near apex. Outer edge of mesotibia simple, crenulate or denticulate, or with distinct teeth or long spines. Outer subapical edge of mesotibia without antenna cleaner. Preapical surfaces of mesotibia without ridges or combs. Outer apical angle of mesotibia simple or slightly produced, without lobe, teeth or spines, or with rounded lobe or process, sometimes bearing spines. Mesotibial spurs are either glabrous or absent. Mesotarsus with 5 distinct tarsomeres (pentamerous). Tarsomeres on hind leg at least as many as on mid leg. Tarsomeres on fore leg at least as many as on mid leg. Mesotarsomere 1 well developed and visible. Preapical mesotarsomeres together longer than apical one. Penultimate mesotarsomere not distinctly shorter than antepenultimate. Ventral mesotarsal lobes are absent while mesotarsal claws are paired; subequal in length and similar in form and angle of inclination; simple. Appendage on each tarsal claw absent. Mesotarsal claws without setae near base. Mesotarsal empodium absent or with 2 or fewer setae. Inner subapical edge of protibia without antenna cleaner. Hind legs without swimming hairs. Preapical surfaces of metatibia without ridges or combs. Abdomen. The species have either 5, 6, or 7 of abdominal ventrites. The species have either none or four of the basal ventrites connate. The species have either 2 visible or apparently absent abdominal sternite. First ventrite not completely divided by metacoxae. Suture between ventrites 1 and 2 distinct. Suture between ventrites 2 and 3 is distinct. Ventrite 4 articulated with both 3 or 5 of connate. Postcoxal lines on ventrite 1 absent. Ventrite 1 not much longer than 2. Abdominal process acute or narrowly rounded, or absent. Ventrite 5 in female without circular depression. Posterior edge of ventrite 5 not crenulate. Last visible tergite and-or sternite (7 or 8) not forming terminal spine. Subapical abdominal luminous organ absent. Ventrites without setose patches or foveae. Functional spiracles on abdominal segment 8 present. Anterior edge of sternite 8 in male without median strut. Anterior edge of sternite 9 in male without median strut. Tergite 9 in male deeply emarginate. Tergite 10 in male well developed and free. Aedeagus trilobate. Aedeagus trilobate is symmetrical. Anterior edge of tegmen or phallobase without struts. Parameres individually articulated to phallobase or base of penis; not outwardly hooked. Penis without dorsal and ventral lobes. Anterior edge of penis without struts, or with paired struts. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chebriyo 'nini chebriyo 'nini hoise alateridae poriyalor click bittlor etaa jonojati; purbote etaa upo-poriyal baa poriyal hisape sthan diya hoisil, teulukok etiya alaterine upo-poriyalor bhitorot etaa jonojati hisape gonyo koraa hoy. bitoron. chebriyo 'naain biswor besibhag ongxot baax kore, kintu australia aaru newzealandor poraa onuposthito. eibur bixexkoi hoh 'larktik oncholor odhik xusko ongxo, nikotworti aarktik, pelerkotik, neutropical, afrotropical aaru prasyo oncholot prosur porimane aase. bornona. joibik. purux chebriyo 'ninebure nixa uri thaake aaru puhoror proti aakorxito hoh' bob paare. chebrio", "chell" noo "dodd" aaru "euthisanius"-key dhori keibatau projatit mohila uribo nuwara, aaru onyanyo gutxomuh kewol puruxor porai jonaa yaay. xokolu gyat larbha maatit baax kore. xadharon. ei projatibur hoise 8-20 mimi. doirghyo. xoriror doirghyo aaru xoriror xorbadhik prosthor onupat 2.5-4.55. xorirtu olop xomotol hoi modhyomiya uttololoi yaay. xoriror kaxbur xomanbhabe bokro nohoy. xorirtu conglobation koriboloi xokhyom nohoy (boll etat ghurai). xoriror uporor pristhobure prithok suli, seti baa scalore poridhan kore. uporor pristhoburor puchakburot kothur, thiyo, daath bristol ontorbhukto nohoy; scale baa scale-xodrix seti ontorbhukto nohoy. gobhir fuwe obihone xoriror uporor pristho. prothurex, metathorex aaru-baa pett baahir koribo poraa gronthi obihone. hydro "fiuz pristho (xomuh) obihone xoriror tolor ongxo. murtu. muror doirghyo aaru iyar xorbadhik prosthor onupat (soku baad di) 1 baa tatkoi komm. sokur thik pisfale muror prostho prothuresik prosthotkoi spostobhabe besi nohoy. murtu ekebare hraax huwa naai baa xamanyokoi hraax huwa naai, baa modhyomiyar poraa drirhobhabe hraax huwa; pron 'taamor dwara uporor poraa xompurnorupe lukuwai rokha nohoy; dighol ror' strum obihone; pisfalor faale hothate xongkusito nohoy. mondirxomuh onuposthito baa prothurexor xoite ghonisthobhabe xonglogno nohoy; onuposthito. transverse oh "cipital riz baa kerina onuposthito. stridulatory file obihone oh 'siput. muror onudoirghyo okhyo (oh "cipital pho" ramenor poraa mukhor gohboroloike) 45 degreetkoi komm kunot baa 45ror poraa 90 degree kunot beka. xonmukhor onchol modhyomiyabhabe nohoy, kromanwoye hraax paise. modhyomiya onudoirghyor khaaru baa rekha (endo "kerina) obihone oh" cipital onchol. modhyomiya khaaj baa rekha (endo "kerina) obihone xonmukhor onchol. useli obihone muur. soku. sokubur drirhobhabe urbor hoi thaake. soku etaar ulombo byax onubhumik byaxor 2 gunotkoi komm hoy. sokubur xukhmobhabe mukhostho; aantohpristhiyo seti obihone. ex 'koo' noo prokaror oh 'matedium. sokure xompurno. sokur aagor baa mesel prantotu kewol baa kewol emerginate nohoy. sokur pisfalor prantotu komkoi baa komkoii komkoi hoy. uporor poraa mukoli huwa, baa uporor poraa lukai rokha angtenal xonnibex; modhyomiyar poraa byapokbhabe prithok. utthito jokhmar uporot antena jonmo nohoy. upo-praptoboyosko khaaj baa muror gohbor onuposthito baa oti durbolbhabe bikoxito hoy. frontclypl siuchon onuposthito baa oxompurno. clipius parswikbhabe emerginate nohoy. clipius baa clipeo 'labramor aagor pranto punpotiyakoi uttololoi. mukhor gohbor purboworti baa enter "vental bhittik. parswikbhabe khula gohbor obihone pregular onchol. zura upo-jingoto xoiloxira obihone, baa zura upo-jingoto xoiloxirar xoite murtu ventrelvave. purbo-projecting jinal prokriya obihone muur. gular xelaibur byapokbhabe prithok baa onuposthito. korpo "rutenot" riyam xongkusito; modhyomiya prokriya obihone. charbhikel sclerite uposthito thaake. antena. ei projatir lingor uporot nirbhor kori 11 baa 12taa angtenumer thaake. jetiya antena pisfalor poraa prothurexor majoloi nayay, baa prothurexor maajor bahiroloi yaay kintu elitrar majoloi nayay, baa elitrar maajor bahiroloi yaay kintu elitral epis nohoy. antena philiphorm, baa moneliformo, baa seret, baa pectinet baa bipectinet, baa plumuz baa biplumose. ekok raami (uniramuz) obihone baa taar xoite 3,4 baa 5ror poraa 10 nomborjukto angtenumer. antena ontotoh angxikbhabe powitro baa sposto poribortonor xoite. antenamayer 3 (kraye 2), baa antenamayer 4-ror poraa aarombho huwa antener poriworton. prothom antenamayer (scape) 2 (pedical)-tokoi 3 gunotkoi komm dighol, baa 2 (pedical)-tokoi 3 gunotkoi odhik dighol. engtena giniculate nohoy; epical club obihone. mukhor ongxo. lebram ontotoh angxikbhabe drishyoman hoy, baa clipiusor tolot lukai thaake baa apatdristito onuposthito thaake; mukto, jhillire baa xelair dwara prithok koraa hoy. lebramor brihot ongxo drirhobhabe aawori aase. lebramor xirxo ongxotu olop uttololoi, baa olop obotol baa emerginateloi upo-kranto hoy. bex aaru-baa xirxor baahire lebram modhyomiyar poraa gurutor sclerotised. mukhor ongxobure bhedon baa suxibo poraa nolee gothon nokore. mendibolbur uposthito thaake aaru eke xomoyote modhyomiyabhabe dighol, baa oti thek aaru dighol hoy. eiburotu mulaa nathake, jibure prostheka hraax korise baa ekebare naai. mendibular xirxotu drirhobhabe aaru hothate mesali bokro aaru osinhito, kotaa baa brittakar. mendibolor pristhiyo ongxo jokhmabihin aaru setuj gohborbihin. mendibolor sedonor kaxtu hoy xorol baa iyar etaa daat thaake. prostheka onuposthito baa sposto, sclerotised prokriya obihone hoy. prithok galia aaru lesiniyar xoite maxila. maxilory lubbur styletor dore nohoy aaru iyar etaa xojja thaake ji jotil ongo obihone thaake. galia baa maxilory lubor xirxobhag ghono setuj baa spinuj; prosur sclerotised daat baa hook obihone. hook (xomuh) baa merudondo (xomuh) obihone lesinia. epical maxillery palpumer belnarikor poraa fusiformoloi; komeu pri-epikelotkoi bohol baa dighol. epical labial palpumer belnarikor poraa fusiformoloi. ligulai ogobhirbhabe poraa modhyomiyabhabe immerginate, baa gobhirbhabe immerginate baa bilobad kore. prothurex. xorbojonin doirghyor xoite xorbadhik xorbojonin prosthor onupat 0.4-1.05. prothurex purbowortibhabe, baa maajot, baa pisfalorbhabe bohol. prothurexor kaxbur komm besi pune, baa sinyuwet hoy. prothurex bhorir baabe gohbor gothon koriboloi parswikbhabe xongkusito nohoy. prothurexor faale eku byakhya naai baa olopkoi byakhya koraa naai. prothurexor aadhar elaitrel khyorotkoi komm baa olop xoru nohoy, baa elaitrel khyorotkoi spostobhabe xoru. xorbosrestho prothuresik prostho xorbosrestho elitrel prosthotkoi komm baa olop xongkusito nohoy, baa xorbosrestho elitrel prosthotkoi spostobhabe xongkusito. parswiyo xorbojonin kerina xompurno, baa oxompurno, baa onuposthito; xorol; uporor poraa teulukor xomogro doirghyor baabe drishyoman, baa uporor poraa teulukor xomogro doirghyor baabe drishyoman nohoy; etaa briddhi koraa margin obihone. gobhir gaat obihone prothurexor parswik ongxo. entar "lateral kell" chiti obihone pron "taam. pron 'taamor purbor kunbur onuposthito baa aagoloi utponno nohoy; onuposthito, xu baa brittakar, utponno nohoy. pron 'taamor pisfalor kunbur owoxisto baa xu, baa modhyomiyar poraa tibro tibro; utpadito nohoy aaru tibro, baa xoktixalibhabe utpadito aaru xongkusitbhabe tibro. pron 'taamor pisfalor pranto komuwa pune baa xomanbhabe brittakar, baa spostobhabe sinyuyet baa bibhinnobhabe lubo koraa; xorol; ospostobhabe baa ospostobhabe ximito nohoy, baa xongkusitbhabe utthapon koraa xeema baa putir xoite. pron 'taamor discale kerina onuposthito, baa kewol pisfalor kunot owosthito. payared besel impression obihone pron 'tail disk. modhyomiya onudoirghyor kharuwa baa rekha obihone pron 'taam. pitt obihone hypomeron. modhyo rekhar prosternomor aagor ongxo prosternol prokriyatkoi suti, baa prosternol prokriyar dore digholiya, baa prosternol prokriyatkoi digholiya. pro 'koo' xel gohboror modhyo doirghyotkoi komm, baa pro 'koo' xel gohboror modhyo doirghyoloike dighol, baa pro 'koo' xel gohboror modhyo doirghyotkoi dighol koo 'koo' kchar xonmukhot thoka pro 'starnamor parswik ongxo. pro 'starnomor aagor faale purbor faale utponno nohoy, baa spostobhabe utpadon koraa hoy jaar folot thutonir tukura (birol) gothon hoy. koo 'kcha obotol baa biconcavor xonmukhot pro' sternom, baa xomotolor poraa modhyomiya uttol. zura rekha baa kerina obihone koo 'kchar xonmukhot pro' sternam. mesel khonon obihone pro 'starnomor aagor pranto. gohbor baa khaaj obihone prothurexor enterulaterel baa ventrulaterel ongxo. prothuresik gohbor onuposthito. prothuresik khaaj onuposthito. prosternal prokriya xompurno hoy; epikakoi xongkusito hoy, baa xomantoral-pokhyiyo hoy, baa laahe laahe xomproxarito hoy aaru taar pisot xongkusito hoy; xomotol, obotol, baa koo 'kchar pisfale kewol olop uporoloi baa bokro, baa koo' khyar pisfale drirhobhabe uporoloi aaru bokrobhabe dodd 'rchali; xamanyo otirikto mesoventrite, baa modhyomiyar poraa tibrovabe otirikto mesoventrite. prosternal prokriyar xirxobhag tibro baa xoru brittakar. transverse grove obihone prosternel prokriya. aanuxongik (mesal) pro 'koo' xel articulation onuposthito. prothurexor protitu faale ventrail ongxo kewol noot 'sternel siuchonor xoite. pro 'pleuron pro' therexor aagor prantoloike bistrito nohoy. propleron baa plur 'tro' centin kokhyar pisfale bistrito nohoy. pro 'koo' kxai pro 'sternamor tolot baa xamanyokoi prokhepito nohoy. pro 'kokxa suti lukai rokha parswik xomproxaron obihone baa xoite. pro 'koo' xel gohbor brittakar baa boholotkoi dighol. maajot thoka pro 'koo' xel gohborbur xoru xoru baa modhyomiyabhabe poraa byapokbhabe prithok koraa hoy. pro 'koo' xel gohborbur baahiror poraa mukoli; bistritobhabe khula. postcoxel projekson onuposthito baa oti suti. xongkirno parswik xomproxaron obihone, baa xongkirno parswik xomproxaronor xoite pro 'koo' xel gohbor. pro 'koo' xel gohborbur abhyontorinbhabe khula thaake, baa paatol baaror dwara bondho koraa hoy. prothuresik tro 'chantin baa plur' tro 'chantin xompurnorupe lukuwai rokha baa onuposthito. prom "cho" thuresik clicking pronali onuposthito, baa uposthito. elitron. elitral doirghyor xoite xorbadhik elitral prosthor onupat 1.45-2.85. elitral doirghyor xoite pronatal doirghyor onupat 1.75-5.75. elitra apanktet, oniyomitobhabe punktate, baa 5 baa tatkoi komm prithok pankchar xaari baa stryer xoite, baa 5 tokoi odhik prithok pankchar xarir xoite, baa 5 tokoi odhik prithok probhabito stryer xoite; scootelery striula obihone. xongkhya elitrel panchar xaari baa striya 9. suturel striya onuposthito baa xirxor usorot gobhirbhabe probhabito nohoy. udoror terzaitxomuh elitra nono baa 1 ror xirxo, baa ekor besibhag, baa komeu etaa kintu 2 tokoi komm, baa komeu 2 kintu 3 tokoi komm, baa 3 baa tatkoi odhikor dwara xongosporxoloi aahe. mukoli petor ongxobur komm besi nomoniyo. elitrel epixesor boithok baa syuwet pray xakhyat, baa swadhinbhabe brittakar baa tibro aaru bohol byobodhanor dwara prithok koraa hoy. elitrel siuchon xirxor usorot bipothgami nohoy. abhyontorin antoxongzug jibha obihone elitrel xirxo. epipluron onuposthito baa oxompurno, baa xompurno; nohoy baa laahe laahe xongkusito. elaitronor parswik pranto pune baa durbolbhabe sinyuwet hoy. perothurex. scootelum bhaldore bikoxito hoisil; hothate unnot nohoy, baa hothate unnot nohoy; purbor poraa xorol; pisfalor poraa boholbhabe brittakar baa ospostobhabe kunjukto, baa kotaa. stridulatory file obihone mess 'scootum. payared pro 'koo' xel biram obihone mesoventorait, baa payared pro 'koo' xel biramor xoite. zura mesoventrail pro 'koo' xel onuposthito, onubhumik baa olop tirzok, baa modhyomiyar poraa xoktixali tirzok hoi thaake. prosternal biram obihone mesoventraitor aagor pranto. mesoventrite onudoirghyor khaaru baa boixomyor dwara bibhokto nohoy. metaventraitor dore eke xomotolot modhyorekhar mesoventraitor aagor pranto. modhyo-kendriyo gohbor modhyomiyabhabe dangor aaru ogobhir, baa modhyomiyabhabe oti dangor aaru gobhir. mess "kokxa xongkujukto aaru prokhepito nohoy, baa xongkujukto aaru prokhepito nohoy. modhyo xonglogno baa xoru xoru prithok huwa mess "koo" chell gohbor. coxel gohboror ataitkoi komm byaxor dwara prithok koraa mess "koo" cho. mess "koo" chell gohborbur brittakar hoi olop biporit hoy; nohoy baa olop tirzok. messepisterner poraa xompurno xelair dwara prithok koraa mesoventorait. gobhir pocket obihone modhyo rekhar poraa messepisterna spostobhabe prithok koraa hoy. mesepimeron uporor poraa dekha nayay. mess "koo" chell gohborbur parswokrome khule; metepisterner dwara angxikbhabe bondho nohoy. mess "ventrail prokriya onuposthito baa mess" koo "chell gohboror majoloike xomproxarito nohoy. mesometaventrail jongson onuposthito baa etaa bindu, baa etaa pisfalor bokro, kunjukto baa tibro rekha, baa etaa jotil feating. metaventrail decreman baa midian line. metaventrail decreman modhyomiyar poraa oti digholiya hoy. metaventraitor zura postcoxel rekha onuposthito. metaventraitor postcoxel rekha onuposthito. prothom petor ventraitotkoi metaventrite dighol. metaventraitor postcoxel pitt onuposthito. metaventrite xomotolor poraa olop uttol, baa modhyomiyar poraa xoktixali uttol. metaventraitor transverse khaaj onuposthito. mess "koo" chell gohboror maajot transverse kerina obihone metaventoraitor aagor pranto. metepisternamor mukoli ongxo modhyomiyabhabe dighol, baa oti dighol aaru thek baa onuposthito. metakuxa xonglogno baa xorubhabe prithok koraa; xoriror elitra baa kaxbur log koriboloi parswokrome xomproxarito koraa; metaventraitor poraa xompurnorupe prithok koraa. metacoxel platebur bhaldore bikoxito, komm besi eke, baa mesalibhabe bhaldore bikoxito, parswokriyobhabe durbol, baa durbolbhabe bikoxito, baa onuposthito; besal petor ventraitor besibhag lukuwai rokha nohoy. metakuxa besi dangor huwa naai; onubhumikbhabe obhimukh. mattend "sternightor parswiyo bahubur suti baa onuposthito. mattend 'sternel lemini onuposthito. mattend "sternightor ventrulatoral prokriya onuposthito baa durbolbhabe bikoxito hoy. mattend "sternightor purboworti prokriya modhyomiyabhabe digholiya. mattend "sternightor purbor tendonbur modhyomiyabhabe baa ekeloge oti usorot thaake. mattend "sternightor epical ongxotu kewol xamanyo emerginate nohoy. pisor wing. pisfalor wing bhaldore bikoxito, aaru hoy oti hraax baa onuposthito; swabhabik transverse bhajor xoite, baa transverse bhajor obhab. pisor uingor radial kux bhaldore bikoxito; dighol. radial kuxor xu baa oh "botusor tolot gothon huwa bhitoror pisfalor kunu. radial kuxoi xomobahu tribhuj gothon koraa naai. epical elekar doirghyo aaru muth uingor doirghyor onupat 0.20 tokoi komm. pich uingor modhyor bartu bhaaj koraa nohoy. pisfalor modhyo ongxot mukto xirabur 5 baa 6 hoy. pisfalor ayotkhyetro kux onuposthito thaake. pisor uingor modhyiyo flack onuposthito; etaa xirar dwara onuposthito baa angxikbhabe dikhondito nohoy. pisor uingor bhej kux bhaldore bikoxito hoisil. pisor uingor moldwaror ongxo onuposthito thaake aaru pisor uingor pisfalor faale dighol sulir ongxo nathake. bhori. bhori hoise modhyo tro 'centeror aawori baa olop tirzokor fim "rail xonglognota. mexutro "centertu tolor poraa hraax baa lukuwai rokha nohoy. metafemar mexufemarotkoi besi bohol nohoy. mess 'tibia xirxot baa usorot ataitkoi bohol huwa nasil, baa tibrovabe bohol huwa nasil. mess 'tibier baahiror pranto xorol, cranulate baa denticulate, baa prithok daat baa dighol merudondor xoite. antena cleaner obihone mess 'tibier baahiror upo-upo-prantiyo pranto. paahar baa sirur obihone mess 'tibier praak-pristho. mess 'tibier baahiror epical kunu xorol baa xamanyobhabe utponno hoy, lubo, daat baa merudondo obihone, baa brittakar lubo baa prokriyar xoite, ketiyaba merudondo bohon kore. mexotibial sparch hoy soksoke baa onuposthito. 5taa prithok tarsumer (pentameras) thoka mess 'turchus. pich bhorit ontotoh maaj bhorit thokar dore torsumer. aagor bhorit ontotoh maaj bhorit thokar dore torsumer. mexoters 'mer 1 bhaldore bikoxito aaru drishyoman. epical mess 'turs' meratkoi dighol praak-epical mess 'turs' meraa ekeloge thaake. upantiyo mexoters 'mer antipenelimetotkoi spostobhabe suti nohoy. ventrail mess 'turchel lubo onuposthito thaake aanhate mess' turchel toluwabur zura koraa hoy; doirghyor khetrot upo-xoman aaru rup aaru probonotar kunor khetrot eke; xorol. protitu turchel toluwat upango onuposthito. aadharor usorot seti obihone mess 'turchel toluwa. mess 'turchel emp' dium onuposthito baa 2 baa tatkoi komm seter xoite. antena cleaner obihone proteebiyar bhitoror upo-upo-prantiyo pranto. xaturi juwar suli obihone pisor bhori. paahar baa sirur obihone metatibiyar purbor pristho. pett. ei projatitut hoy 5,6 baa 7 xotangxo petor ventrite thaake. ei projatir kunutu baa sarita besel ventrite conet naai. ei projatitut hoy 2taa drishyoman baa apatdristito onuposthito petor sternite thaake. prothom ventrite xompurnorupe metakuxar dwara bibhokto nohoy. ventrite 1 aaru 2 ror maajot prithokbhabe xelai koraa. ventrite 2 aaru 3 ror maajot thoka xelai prithok. ventrite 4 connetor 3 baa 5 duyutare xoite sposto koraa hoy. ventrite 1-too postcoxel rekha onuposthito. ventrite 1 2 tokoi besi dighol nohoy. petor prokriya tibro baa xoru brittakar, baa onuposthito. brittakar bixonnota obihone mohilar khetrot ventrite 5. ventrite 5-ror pisfalor pranto cranulate nohoy. xexor dorxoniyo terzite aaru-baa sternite (7 baa 8) ontim merudondo gothon nokore. upo-petor ujjwol ongo onuposthito. setuj pess baa fubhei obihone ventrite. petor ongxo 8-too karjyokori spirecle thaake. modhyomiya strut obihone puruxor khetrot sternite 8 ror aagor faale. modhyomiya strut obihone puruxor khetrot sternite 9 ror aagor faale. puruxor terzite 9 gobhirbhabe immerginate hoy. puruxor khetrot terzite 10 xu-bikoxito aaru binamuliya. edegas trilubate. edegas trilubate xomomitij. tagman baa felubesor strut obihone aagor faale thoka pranto. peramerbur byoktigotobhabe fell 'bez baa lingor aadharoloi sposto koraa hoy; baahiror faale hook koraa nohoy. pristhiyo aaru ventrail lubbihin lingo. strut obihone, baa payared strator xoite lingor aagor pranto.

sebrionini sebrionini holl elatheridae poribarer click bittler ekti upojati; purbe ekti upoporibar baa poribar hisabe sthan peyechilo, taader ekhon elaterini upoporibarer modhye ekti upojati hisabe bibechona koraa hoy. bitoron. sebrionin bishwer beshirbhag ongshe baas korey, tobey australia ebong newzealande eguli onuposthito. eguli biseshoto holarctic anchaler arow shushko ongshe, nikatbarti arctic, palearctic, neotropical, afrotropical ebong prachya anchale prachur porimane pawa yaay. bornona. joibik. purush sebrioninra raate udey ebong alor proti akrishto hotey paare. cebrio", "selonodon" ebong "euthisanius" soho besh koyekti goner modhye, mahilara udanta noy ebong anyanno gosthiguli cable purushder kachh theke jaanaa yaay. samasta porichito larva matite baas korey. general. prajatiguli holl 8-20 mimmy. doirghye. shorirer doirghyer sange shorirer sorbadhik prosther anupat 2.5-4.55. dehoti samanno samtal hoye majhari uttol hoye yaay. shorirer dikguli somanbhabe bankano noy. shorir conglobation korte sokkhom noy (ekti boler modhye ghurnayman). shorirer uporer pristhoguli swatantra chull, setty baa scale diye sajjito. uporer pristher poshak jaa shokto, khada, gaadh bristol soho noy; scale baa scaler moto seeta antarbhukta noy. govir fovy chhada shorirer uporer pristho. prothorax, metathorax ebong-baa bohirmukhi gronthi chhada pett. jolobidyut pristho (gully) chhada shorirer nicher ongsho. matha. mathar doirghyer sange taar sorbadhik prosther (chokh baade) anupat 1 baa taar qama. chokher thhik pichoner dike mathar prostho prothoracic prosther cheye sposhtobhabe beshi noy. mathati naa baa samanno hrass paay, baa majhari theke dridhobhabe hrass paay; pronotum dwara upor theke sampurnarupe lucano hoy naa; lomba rostrum chhada; hothat korey pichoner dike sangkuchito hoy naa. mandirguli onuposthito baa prothoraxer saathe ghonisthobhabe sangjukto noy; onuposthito. adaadi poschadgami shailashira baa carina onuposthito. stridulatory file chhada oxyput. mathar onudoirgho akkho (poschat foramen theke mukher gahbar porjonto) 45 degreer qama koney baa 45 theke 90 degreer koney jhunke royeche. samoner anchalti majhari noy, dheere dheere hrass peyeche. modhyoborti onudoirgho khanj baa rekha (endocarina) chhada poschaddeshiyo anchal. majhari khanj baa rekha (endocarina) chhada samoner anchal. ocelli chhada matha. chokh. chokh probolbhabe prosarito hoy. ekti chokher ullamba byasha anubhumik byaser 2 gunero qama hoy. chokhguli sukkhobhabe mukhostho; interfacetal seeta chharai. exocon dharaner omatedium. chokh bhore. chokher purboborti baa messal prantoti cable baa kebolmatro immerginate korey naa. chokher pichoner prantoti naa baa sobematro prantik hoy naa. antenal sannibeshguli upor theke unmukto, baa upor theke lukiye; majhari theke byapokbhabe prithak. utthito tuberkele antena bohon korey naa. mathar upor saab-antenal khanj baa gahbar onuposthito baa khub durbolbhabe bikoshito. frontocliple selai onuposthito baa asampurna. clipius parshwiyobhabe immerginate hoy naa. clipius baa clipolabrumer agrabarti pranto soja uttol dike. mukher gahbar purboborti baa anteroventral vittik. parshviya kholar gahbar chhada praka-brittakar elaka. jodaa upojatir shailashira chhada baa jodaa upojatir shailashira soho matha ventrally. purboborti-prajekashana jinal prokriya chharai matha. gular selaiguli byapokbhabe prithak baa onuposthito. corporotentorium sangkirna; modhyoborti prokriya chhada. cervical sclerite uposthito. antena. linger upor nirbhar korey eyi projatir 11 baa 12tii antenomer royeche. antena jokhon poschat prosarito hoy, prothoraxer majhkhane naa pouchono, baa prothoraxer majhkhane naa pouchano, kintu elitra majhkhane naa pouchano, baa elitra majhkhane naa pouchano, kintu eletral epis noy. antena filform, baa moneliform, baa seret, baa pectinet baa bipectinate, baa plumose baa biplumose. antenomeres 3,4 baa 5 theke 10 ekok ramee (uniramose) chhada baa soho. antena kompokkhe angshikbhabe pubescent baa susposhto poriborton soho. antenummer 3 (khub komoi 2), baa antenummer 4 theke shuru haoya antenamal poriborton. prothom antenummer (scape) baa (pedicale)-err cheye 3 guno qama, baa baa (pedicale)-err cheye 3 guno beshi lomba. antena jingato noy; apical club chhada. mukher ongsho. labrum ontoto angshikbhabe drishyoman, baa clipiuser niche lukiye thaake baa apatodrishtite onuposthito thaake; mukto, jhilli baa selai dwara prithak. labrumer beshirbhag ongsho dridhobhabe adaadi. labrumer shirshoti samanno uttol baa samanno abotal baa emerginate hoye yaay. bases ebong-baa shirshe byatito labrum majhari theke bharee sclerotised. mukher ongshoguli ekti chhidrokari baa stanyapankari noll gathon korey naa. mandibleguli uposthito thaake ebong majharibhabe lomba hoy, baa ekoi somoye khub sangkirna ebong lomba hoy. eguliteo molla nei, jaa prostheka hrass koreche baa adou nei. mandibular shirshoti dridhobhabe ebong hothat korey mesalvabe bankano ebong sonakto, kaata baa golakar. mandibler pristhobhag tubercol chhada ebong setos gahbar chhada. mandibler chhedon prantoti hoy sahaj baa ektimatro dantjukto. prostheka onuposthito baa sposhto, sclerotised prokriya chhada. swatantra gallia ebong lacinia soho maxilla. maxillary lobe (gully) styler moto noy ebong err ekti sajja royeche jaa jotil ongo chharai thaake. gallia baa maxillary lober shirshe ghono setos baa spinoz; bharee sclerotised daant baa hook chharai. hook (gully) baa merudondo (gully) chhada lacinia. apical maxillary pulpomier nalakar theke fuciform; ontoto prii-apicaler cheye chaoda baa lomba. epical labial pulpomier nalakar theke fuciform. ligula agabhir theke majharibhabe emerginate, baa govirbhabe emerginate baa dwibrittakar. prothorax. sorbojonin doirghyer sange sorboshrestho sorbojonin prosther anupat 0.4-1.05. purbobhage, baa majhkhane, baa poschatvage prothorax sabcheye proshosto. prothoraxer dikguli kambeshi soja, baa sinuate. prothorax paa jonno gahbar gathon korar jonno parshwiyobhabe sangkuchito hoy naa. prothoraxer dikguli noy baa samanno byakhya korey. protoraxer vitti elitral beser tulna samanno sangkirna noy, baa elitral beser cheye sposhtobhabe sangkirna. sorboshrestho upobrittakar prostho sorboshrestho upobrittakar prosther cheye qama baa samanno sangkirna noy, baa sorboshrestho upobrittakar prosther cheye sposhtobhabe sangkirna. parshviya sorbojonin carina sampurna, baa asampurna, baa onuposthito; sahaj; upor theke taader puro doirghyer jonno drishyoman, baa upor theke taader puro doirghyer jonno drishyoman noy; ekti utthapito margin chhada. govir gorto chhada prothoraxer parshviya ongsho. anterolatoral calocity chhada pronotum. pronotumer agrabarti konguli onuposthito baa saamone utpadito hoy naa; onuposthito, dunn baa golakar, utpadito hoy naa. pronotumer poschat konguli osposhto baa dunn, baa majhari theke dridhobhabe teebro; utpadito ebong teebro noy, baa dridhobhabe utpadito ebong sangkirnobhabe teebro noy. pronotumer poschat pranto kambeshi soja baa somanbhabe golakar, baa sposhtobhabe sinuate baa bibhinnobhabe lobe koraa; sahaj; noy baa osposhtobhabe prantik, baa sangkirna utthito pranto baa punti soho. pronotumer discal carina onuposthito, baa shudhumatra poschat koney abosthito. jodaa besal impression chhada sorbojonin disk. modhyoborti onudoirgho khanj baa rekha chhada pronotum. gorto chhada hypomeron. modhyorekhai prosternumer purboborti ongsho prosternal prokriyar cheye chhoto, baa prosternal prokriya hisabe deergho, baa prosternal prokriya theke deergho. procoxal gohoborer majhamajhi doirghyer cheye chhoto, baa procoxal gohoborer majhamajhi doirghyer cheye deergho, baa procoxal gohoborer majhamajhi doirghyer cheye deergho prosternumer samoner parshviya ongsho. prosternumer agrabhager prantoti purbobortibhabe utpadito hoy naa, baa sposhtobhabe utpadito hoy naa jaa chibuker tukro gathon korey (biral). coaks abotal baa baikonkover saamone prosternum, baa samtal theke majhari uttol. jodaa line baa carina chharai coxer saamone prosternum. messal khonon chhada prosternumer purboborti pranto. gahbar baa khanj chhada prothoraxer anterolateral baa ventrolateral ongsho. prothoracic gahbar onuposthito. prothoracic khanj onuposthito. prosternal prokriya sampurna; epikbhabe sangkirna, baa samantaral-parshojukto, baa dheere dheere prosarito ebong tarpor sangkirna; samtal, abotal, baa shudhumatra samanno unchu baa coakser pichhone banka, baa coakser pichhone dridhobhabe unchu ebong banka dorsali; samanno overlapping mesoventrite, baa majhari theke dridhobhabe overlapping mesoventrite. prosternal prokriyar sheersho teebro baa sangkirnobhabe golakar. adaadi khanj chhada prosternal prokriya. anushongik (messal) procoxal uchcharon onuposthito. shudhumatra notosternal selai soho ubhoy paashe prothoraxer ventral ongsho. propluron prothoraxer purboborti pranto porjonto prosarito hoy naa. propluron baa pleurotrocantin coxer pichhone prosarito noy. procoxa prosternumer niche thaake naa baa samannobhabe thaake. procoxa chhada baa chhoto lucano parshviya eksatenashana soho. procoxal gahbar brittakar baa chaoda theke deergho. majhkhane procoxal gahbarguli sangkirnobhabe prithak, baa majhari theke byapokbhabe prithak. procoxal gahbarguli bahyikbhabe khola thaake; bistritobhabe khola thaake. postcoxal prajekashana onuposthito baa khub chhoto. sangkirna parshviya samprasaran chhada procoxal gahbar, baa sangkirna parshviya samprasaran soho. procoxal gahbarguli abhyantarinbhabe khola thaake, baa soru barr dwara bondho thaake. prothoracic trocantin baa pleurotrocantin sampurnarupe lukiye baa onuposthito. promesothoracic clicking prokriya onuposthito, baa uposthito. elitron. eletral doirghyer sange sorbadhik eletral prosther anupat 1.45-2.85. eletral doirghyer sange sorbojonin doirghyer anupat 1.75-5.75. elitra apponctate, aniyamitabhabe chhidrojukto, baa 5 baa taar qama swatantra chhidro saari baa stry, baa 5 tiro beshi swatantra chhidro saari soho, baa 5 tiro beshi swatantra probhabito stry soho; scootellery striola chhada. sankhya eletral chhidro saari baa stria 9. surer stria onuposthito baa shirsher kachakachi govirbhabe probhabito hoy naa. peter turgiteguli elitra nonn baa 1 err sheersho, baa ektir beshirbhag, baa kompokkhe ekti kintu 2 err qama, baa kompokkhe 2 kintu 3 err qama, baa 3 baa taar beshi dwara unmukto. unmukto peter ongshoguli kambeshi namanian. eletral episguli siuchone milit hoy baa pray milit hoy, baa swadhinbhabe golakar baa teebro ebong bistrito faank dwara prithak hoy. eletral selai shirsher kachakachi bichyuto hoy naa. abhyantarin antoshongjogkari jihba chhada eletral sheersho. epipluron onuposthito baa asampurna, baa sampurna; naa baa dheere dheere sangkuchito. elitroner parshviya pranto soja baa durbolbhabe sinuate korey. terothorax. scootellum bhalbhabe bikoshito; hothat korey unchu baa hothat korey unchu noy; purbobortibhabe sahaj; poschatvage bistritobhabe golakar baa tirjokbhabe konojukto, baa kaata. stridulatory file chhada mesoscutum. jodaa procoxal vishram chhada mesoventrite, baa jodaa procoxal vishram soho. jodaa mesoventral procoxal onuposthito, anubhumik baa samanno tirjok baa majhari theke dridha tirjok thaake. prosternal vishram chharai mesoventriter purboborti pranto. mesoventrite onudoirgho khanj baa baisamma dwara bivokto noy. metaventriter moto ekoi somotole modhyorekhai mesoventriter purboborti pranto. modhyo-kendrik gahbar majhari akarer borh ebong agabhir, baa majhari theke khub borh ebong govir. mesocoxa shanku ebong prajekashana noy, baa shanku ebong prajekashana noy. modhyoborti sanglagna, baa sangkirnobhabe prithak mesocoxal gahbar. coxal gohoborer sangkhiptatama byaser cheye qama byaser dwara prithak mesocoxa. mesocoxal gahbarguli brittakar theke samanno adaadi; noy baa samanno tirjok. mesoventrite mesopisterna theke sampurna selai dwara prithak. govir pockett chhada modhyorekhai mesepisterna sposhtobhabe prithak koraa hoy. messepimeron upor theke drishyoman noy. mesocoxal gahbarguli parshwiyobhabe khole; angshikbhabe metepisterna dwara bondho hoy naa. mesoventral prokriya onuposthito baa mesocoxal gohoborer majhkhane prosarito noy. mesometaventral jongshon onuposthito baa ekti bindu, baa ekti poschat bokro, kounik baa teebro rekha, baa ekti jotil fitting. metaventral discrimen baa median line. metaventral discrimen majhari theke khub deergho. metaventriter jodaa postcoxal line onuposthito. metaventriter postcoxal line onuposthito. prothom peter ventriter cheye metaventrite deergho. metaventriter postcoxal gorto onuposthito. metaventrite samtal theke samanno uttol, baa majhari theke dridha uttol. metaventriter adaadi khanj onuposthito. mesocoxal gohoborer modhye adaadi carina chhada metaventriter purboborti pranto. metepisternumer unmukto ongsho majharibhabe lomba, baa khub lomba ebong sangkirna baa onuposthito. metacoxa sanglagna baa sangkirnobhabe prithak; deher elitra baa parshwer saathe milit howar jonno parshwiyobhabe prosarito; selai dwara metaventrite theke sampurnarupe prithak. metacoxal plateguli bhalbhabe bikoshito, kambeshi abhinno, baa mesalvabe bhalbhabe bikoshito, parshwiyobhabe durbal, baa durbolbhabe bikoshito, baa onuposthito; besal peter ventriter beshirbhag ongsho gopon korey naa. metacoxa khub beshi borh hoy naa; onubhumikbhabe. metendosternite-err parshviya bahuguli chhoto baa onuposthito. metendosternal lamine onuposthito. metendosternite onuposthito baa durbolbhabe bikoshito howar ventrolatoral prokriya. metendosternite-err purboborti prokriya majharibhabe deergho. metendosternite-err purboborti tendonguli majharibhabe baa khub kachakachi. metendosterniter apical ongshoti samanno baa samanno immerginate hoy naa. hind wing. pichoner danati bhalbhabe bikoshito, ebong hoy atyanta hrasprapto baa onuposthito; swabhabik adaadi bhanj soho, baa adaadi bhanjgulir abhab royeche. pichoner dunner radial kosh bhalbhabe bikoshito; prosarito. radial kosher dandike baa obtuzer godaay abhyantarin poschat koona gothito hoy. radial kosh samabahu trivuz gathon korche naa. epical elakar doirghyer sange moat dunner doirghyer anupat 0.20-err qama. pichoner dunner modhyoborti barr bhanj dwara atikram koraa hoy naa. pichoner dunner modhyoborti anchale mukto shira 5 baa 6. pichoner dunner ayatkhetra kosh onuposthito. poschat pakhar modhyoborti ongsho onuposthito; ekti shira dwara onuposthito baa angshikbhabe dwikhandito noy. pichoner dunner oyeja seela bhalbhabe bikoshito hoyechilo. pichoner dunner maldwar lobe onuposthito ebong pichoner dunner pichoner prantoti lomba chuler pranto chharai thaake. paa. paa holl modhyo trocanter adaadi baa samanno tirjok femoral sangjukti. mesotrocanterty nicher theke hrass baa gopon koraa hoy naa. metafemar mesophemer cheye khub beshi proshosto noy. mesotibia shirshe baa kachakachi sabcheye proshosto noy, baa dridhobhabe proshosto noy. mesotibiar bairer prantoti sorol, crinulate baa denticulate, baa swatantra daant baa lomba merudondo soho. antena cleaner chhada mesotibiar bairer upo-pristhiya pranto. shailashira baa chiruni chhada mesotibiar praka-pristho. mesotibiar bairer apical konoti sahaj baa samanno utpadito hoy, lobe, daant baa merudondo chharai, baa golakar lobe baa prokriya soho, kokhono kokhono merudondo bohon korey. mesotibial sparsa hoy chokchoke baa onuposthito. 5tii swatantra tursomer (pentamerus) soho mesotersus. pichoner paye ontoto majher payer moto tersomeries. samoner paye ontoto majher payer moto tersomeries. mesotersomere 1 shoo-unnoto ebong drishyoman. praka-modhyoborti mesotersomearsguly apikaler cheye dirghotoro. upantiya mesotersomere antipenametemer cheye sposhtobhabe chhoto noy. ventral mesotersal lobe onuposthito thaake ebong mesotersal nakh jodaa hoy; doirghye soman ebong akriti oo probonotar koney anurup; sahaj. protiti tursal nokher upor appendage onuposthito. beser kachakachi sete chhada mesotersal nakh. mesotersal empodium onuposthito baa 2 baa taar qama sete soho. antena cleaner chhada protebear abhyantarin upo-pristhiya pranto. saantaar kaata chull chhada pichoner paa. shailashira baa chiruni chhada metatibear praka-pristhotol. pett. eyi projatir petey 5,6 baa 7tii ventrite royeche. eyi projatir besal ventriter kontiyi nei baa charti connet royeche. eyi projatir duti drishyoman baa apatodrishtite onuposthito peter sternite royeche. prothom ventrite sampurnarupe metacoxa dwara bivokto noy. ventrite 1 ebong 2 err modhye aladabhabe selai koraa. ventrite 2 ebong 3-err modhye selai alada. ventrite 4 3 baa 5 ubhoy koneter saathe uchcharon koraa hoy. ventrite 1-ayee postcoxal line onuposthito. ventrite 1 2 err cheye beshi deergho noy. peter prokriya teebro baa sangkirnobhabe golakar, baa onuposthito. brittakar bishannata chharai mohilader modhye ventrite 5. ventrite 5-err pichoner prantoti crinulate noy. shesh drishyoman turgite ebong-baa sternite (7 baa 8) prantik merudondo gathon korche naa. upo-puck peter ujjal ongo onuposthito. setos pyacha baa fovia chhada ventrite. peter ongsho 8-ayee karjokori sarpil uposthito royeche. modhyoma strot chhada purushder modhye sternite 8-err purboborti pranto. modhyoma strot chhada purushder modhye sternite 9-err purboborti pranto. purushder modhye tergite 9 govirbhabe immerginate hoy. purushder modhye turgite 10 unnoto ebong binamulye. adiagus trilobate. ediegus trilobate protisomo. strot chhada tegmen baa falbaser agrabarti pranto. paramirguli prithokbhabe falbases baa linger godaay uchcharon koraa hoy; bahyikbhabe bandha noy. pristhiya ebong ventral lobe chhada ling. linger samoner pranto strot chhada, baa jodaa strot soho.

sebriyonini sebriyonini aee aleteridae parivaarnaa click bhrungni janjaati chhe; agau upkutumb athavaa parivaar tareeke kramaankit, temne havey aleterine upkutumbma aek janjaati manvama aave chhe. vitaran. sabrionines vishvanaa motabhagna bhagoma rahe chhe, parantu teo austreliya aneey newzealandma gerhaajar chhe. teo khaas kareene holarctic pradeshnaa vadhu shushk bhaago, najiknaa arctic, palarctic, neotropical, aphrotropical aneey orientalma vipul pramanma chhe. varnan. jaivik. narr sabrionines raatre udey chhe aneey prakaash taraf aakarshit thaee shake chhe. sebriyo", "selonodone" aneey "euthisanius" saheetni ghanee jatioma, streeo udaan vinaanee hoya chhe, aneey anya jutho maatra purushomathi jaj jaanita hoya chhe. badhaa jaanita larva jameenma rahe chhe. general. prajaatio 8-20 mm chhe. lambaima. shareerni lambai aneey shareerni sauthee vadhu paholaaino gunottar 2.5-4.55. shareer sahej sapaat thaine madhyam bahirmukh thaee jaay chhe. shareerni baajuo samaanrupe vakra nathee. shareer conglobation (dadaama farvaa) maate saksham nathee. shareernaa upala bhagni sapaateeo alag vaad, sete athavaa bhingadathi sajj hoya chhe. sakhat, seedha, gheraa barchhat saheet nahee; bhingada athavaa scale jevaa sete saheet nahee. undaa fovi vagar shareerni uparnee sapaateeo. baahy grantheeo vagarno prothorax, metathorax aneey-athavaa payt. jalchar sapaati (oo) vagar shareerni neecheni baaju. maathu. maathaani lambai aneey tenee sauthee motee paholai (aankho sivaay) noow gunottar 1 athavaa tenaathi ochho. aankhoni paachhal maathaani paholai prothoracic paholai karataa spasht reete vadhaare nathee. maathu naa keey sahej ghatyu naa hatoo, athavaa madhyamthi majboot reete ghatyu naa hatoo; pronotum dwara uparthi sampurnpane chhupayelu naa hatoo; lambaavelu rostrum vinaa; achaanak paachhalthi sankuchit naa hatoo. mandeero gerhaajar chhe athavaa protherex saathe najikthi jodaayela nathee; gerhaajar. transa pashchaadvarti parvatmala athavaa kereena gerhaajar chhe. stradulatory file vinaa ocpt karoo. maathaani anudairdhya aksh (pashchaadvarti foramenthi monee polaan sudhee) 45 degreethi ochha khoona parr athavaa 45 thee 90 degreena khoona parr vale chhe. aagalno vistaar madhyam naa hato, dheeme dheeme ghatyo. madhya rekhansh khaanch athavaa rekhaa (endocarina) vinaano pashchaadvarti pradesh. madhyam khaanch athavaa rekhaa (endocarina) vagarno aagalno pradesh. oselee vagarnu maathu. aankho. aankho khoob jaj prafullit hoya chhe. aankhno oobho vyaas 2 gano aado vyaasthee ochho hoya chhe. aankho bareek bajuae; aantarsthaliy samooh vinaa. exocon prakaarnu ommetidium. aakhu aankh. aankhnee agravarti athavaa messel dhaar bhagye jaj amarginate thatee nathee. aankhnee paachhalni dhaar bhagye jaj ochhi thatee nathee athavaa ochhi thatee nathee. antenal dakhal karvaathi uparthi khulla padey chhe, athavaa uparthi chhupay chhe; madhyamthi vyaapak reete alag padey chhe. ubhaa thayela tubercles parr antena janmata nathee. maathaani gerhajarimaa athavaa khoob jaj nabalee reete vikaseet thayelaa subentainal khancho athavaa polaan. frontoclypil seevan gerhaajar athavaa apurn chhe. clypius baajuni bajuae amarginate nathee. clypius athavaa clypiolabrumni agravarti dhaar seedhi bahirmukh thaay chhe. monee polaan agravarti athavaa enteroventry lakshi. baajuni bajuae kholela polaan vagarno purv-gola vistaar. jodidaar oop-vanshavali parvatmaalaao vinaa athavaa jodidaar oop-vanshavali parvatmaalaao saathe ventrali heeyd. agravarti-prakshepan jananaa prakriyaao vinaa maathu. gooler taanka vyaapak reete alag athavaa gerhaajar chhe. corporatentorium saankadi; madhyam prakriyaa vinaa. cervical sclarites haajar chhe. antena. jaatinaa aadhare aaa prajatima 11 athavaa 12 entenomers hoya chhe. jyaare antena paachhalthi protherexnee madhyamaa naa pahonche, athavaa protherexnee madhyathi aagad naa pahonche parantu eletrani madhyamaa naa pahonche, athavaa eletrani madhyathi aagad pahonche chhe parantu eletral episis sudhee nahee. antena filform, athavaa moneliform, athavaa seret, athavaa pactinate athavaa bipectinate, athavaa plumose athavaa biplumose. aek jaj raamee (uniramose) vagar athavaa tenee saathe 3,4 athavaa 5 thee 10 entenomers. antena ochhama ochha anshatah tarun athavaa spasht ferfaro saathe. antenamer 3 (bhagye jaj 2), athavaa antenamer 4. pratham antenamer (scap) 2 (pedicale) kartaa 3 ganaathi ochha athavaa 2 (pedicale) kartaa 3 ganaathi vadhu laambaa antenamer ferfaarothee sharoo thaay chhe. antena geneculate nathee; epical club vinaa. monnaa bhaago. labrum ochhama ochhu anshatah drashyamaan hoya chhe, athavaa clypiusni neeche chhupayel hoya chhe athavaa dekheeti reete gerhaajar hoya chhe; mukt, patalyukt athavaa seevan dwara alag padey chhe. labrumno moto bhaag majboot reete transa chhe. labrumnu shikhar sahej bahirmukh athavaa sahej antarmukh athavaa alpaviram subtrunket thaay chhe. labrum madhyamthi bhaare sclerotised, bays aneey-athavaa tochanaa sivaay. monnaa bhaago vedhan athavaa chusataa tubeny rachnaa kartaa nathee. mandibles haajar hoya chhe aneey teey aek jaj samaye madhyam reete lambaay chhe, athavaa khoob jaj saankadi aneey lambaay chhe. teo molaa vagarnaa pann hoya chhe, jemane prostheka ghataadyu hoya athavaa temaa bilkul nathee. mandibular toach majboot aneey achaanak mesale valaank dharaave chhe aneey teey odakh naa hoya, kapvama aave athavaa golaakaar hoya chhe. mandibleno prushthbhaag tubercle vagarno aneey setose polaan vagarno hoya chhe. mendibalni kotaranini dhaar kaan too saral hoya chhe athavaa aek jaj daant hoya chhe. prostheka gerhaajar hoya chhe athavaa spasht, sclerotised prakriyaa vinaa hoya chhe. vishisht gelia aneey lacinia saathe maxilla. maxillary loba (oo) stylet jevaa nathee aneey temaa aek palp hoya chhe jeey jatil anga vinaanu hoya chhe. gelia athavaa maxillary lobnee toach parr geach setose athavaa spinose; bhaare sclerotised daant athavaa hook vinaa. hook (oo) athavaa spine (oo) vagarnee lacinia. epical maxillary palpomere nalakarthi fusiform sudhee; ochhama ochhu preapical karataa paholu athavaa laambu. epical labial palpomer nalakar thee fusiform. asthibandhan chhichharathi madhyam reete amarginate thaay chhe, athavaa undanpurvak amarginate athavaa bilobade thaay chhe. protherex. sarvangi lambai aneey sauthee motee sarvangi paholaaino gunottar 0.4-1.05. prothorax sauthee aagalnaa bhagma, athavaa madhyamaa, athavaa paachhalna bhagma paholo chhe. protherexnee baajuo lagbhag seedhi hoya chhe, athavaa sinuate thaay chhe. pug maate polaan banaavvaa maate protherexne baajuni bajuae sankuchit karvaamaa aavtu nathee. protherexnee baajuo naa samjavti hoya chhe athavaa sahej samjavti nathee. protherexno aadhaar elitral paaya karataa sahej saankado athavaa spasht reete elitral paaya karataa saankado nathee. sauthee motee protheracic paholai sauthee motee elitral paholai karataa thodee saankadi nathee athavaa sahej saankadi nathee, athavaa sauthee motee elitral paholai karataa spasht reete saankadi chhe. baajuni sarvangi kereene sampoorn, athavaa apurn, athavaa gerhaajar; saral; uparthi temnee sampoorn lambai maate drashyamaan, athavaa uparthi temnee sampoorn lambai maate drashyamaan nathee; ubhaa margine vinaa. undaa khaada vagarno prothorexno baajuno bhaag. enterolatoral collocities vagarno pronotum. pronotamnaa agravarti khoonao gerhaajar hoya chhe athavaa aagad utpann thataa nathee; gerhaajar, jamani athavaa golaakaar, utpann thataa nathee. pronotamnaa pashchaadvarti khoonao aspasht athavaa jamnaa, athavaa madhyamthi majboot teevra; utpann aneey teevra nathee, athavaa majboot reete utpann thaay chhe aneey sankuchit reete teevra chhe. pronotamnee paachhalni dhaar vadhu keey ochhi seedhi athavaa samaan reete golaakaar, athavaa spasht reete sinuate athavaa viveedh reete lobbed; saral; aspasht reete maryadit nathee, athavaa saankadi ubhaa margine athavaa mankaa saathe. pronotamnu discal kereene gerhaajar chhe, athavaa maatra pashchaadvarti khoonao parr stheet chhe. jodidaar mulbhoot chhaap vinaa sarvangi disk. madhya rekhansh khancho athavaa rekhaa vagarno sarvanaam. khaado vagarnu hypomeron. madhyarekha parr prosternumno agravarti bhaag prosternal prakriyaa karataa tunko hoya chhe, athavaa prosternal prakriyaa jetali laambi hoya chhe, athavaa prosternal prakriyaa karataa laambi hoya chhe. proqoqsala polanni madhya lambai karataa tunkaa athavaa proqoqsala polanni madhya lambai jetla laambaa athavaa proqoqsala polanni madhya lambai kartaa laambaa koksani saame prosternumno baajuno bhaag. prosternumni agravarti dhaar agravarti reete utpann thatee nathee, athavaa spashtpane utpann thatee hanuvadno tukado (durlabh) banaave chhe. koksani avtal athavaa biconcaveni saame prosternum, athavaa sapaatthi madhyam bahirmukh. jodidaar rekhaao athavaa kereene vinaa koksani saame prosternum. messel khodkaam vinaa prosternumni agravarti dhaar. polaan athavaa polaan vagarnaa prothorexna enterolatoral athavaa ventrolatoral bhaago. protheracic polaan gerhaajar chhe. protheracic khancho gerhaajar chhe. prosternal prakriyaa purn thaay chhe; epically sankuchit, athavaa samaantar-bajuwala, athavaa dheeme dheeme vistrut aneey pachhi sankuchit; sapaat, antarmukh, athavaa koksani paachhal maatra sahej unchu athavaa vakra, athavaa koksani paachhal majboot reete unchu aneey vakra dorsley; sahej overlapping mesoventrite, athavaa madhyamthi majboot reete overlapping mesoventrite. prosternal prakriyaanee toach teevra athavaa sankuchit golaakaar hoya chhe. transa khaanch vagarnee prosternal prakriyaa. sahayak (messel) proqoqsala uchchaaran gerhaajar chhe. maatra notosternal seevan saathe darek bajuae protherexno kshepak bhaag. proplerone protherexnee agravarti dhaar sudhee vistartu nathee. proplerone athavaa pleurotrochantin koksani paachhal vistartu nathee. prokoksa prosternumni neeche athavaa sahej prakshepit thatu nathee. tunkaa chhupayela baajuni vistaran vinaa athavaa saathe prokoksa. prakoksal polaan golaakaar athavaa paholaa karataa laambu hoya chhe. madhyamaa prakoksal polaan sankuchit reete alag padey chhe, athavaa madhyamthi vyaapak reete alag padey chhe. proqoqsala polaan baahy reete khulla; vyaapakpane khulla. postcoxal prakshepan gerhaajar athavaa khoob tunkaa hoya chhe. saankadi baajuni vistaran vagar athavaa saankadi baajuni vistaran saathe procoxal polaan. proqoqsala polaan aantarik reete khule chhe, athavaa paatali patti dwara bundh thaay chhe. protheracic trochantin athavaa pleurotrochantin sampurnpane chhupayelu athavaa gerhaajar chhe. promesothoracic click karvaanee paddhati gerhaajar chhe, athavaa haajar chhe. elitron. eletral lambai aneey sauthee motee eletral paholaaino gunottar. eletral lambai aneey sarvangi lambaaino gunottar. eletral apponct, aneeyameet punctate, athavaa 5 athavaa tenaathi ochhi alag puncher pankteeo athavaa stree saathe, athavaa 5 thee vadhu alag puncher pankteeo saathe, athavaa 5 thee vadhu alag prabhaavit stree saathe; scutellary streola vinaa. sankhyaa elitral puncher pankteeo athavaa patto 9. agrani najik naa hoya athavaa unde prabhaavit naa hoya. petnaa tergite elitra none athavaa 1 naa tochnaa bhaag athavaa aeknaa motaa bhaagnaa, athavaa ochhama ochha aek parantu 2 kartaa ochha, athavaa ochhama ochha 2 parantu 3 kartaa ochha, athavaa 3 athavaa vadhu dwara khulla padey chhe. khulla petnaa bhaago vadhu keey ochha lavcheek. elitral epis bethak athavaa lagbhag seevan parr bethak, athavaa swatantra reete golaakaar athavaa teevra aneey vyaapak antar dwara alag padey chhe. eletral seevan toach najik vikshepit thatu nathee. aantarik aantar-avrodhit jeebh vinaa eletral toach. epiplurone gerhaajar athavaa apurn, athavaa sampoorn; naa athavaa dheeme dheeme sankuchit. alitronni baajuni dhaar seedhi athavaa nabalee reete sinuate thaay chhe. pektoriyo. scutellum saaree reete vikaseet thayu; achaanak unchu athavaa achaanak unchu nahee; agravarti reete saral; pashchaadvarti reete vyaapak reete golaakaar athavaa aspasht reete koneey, athavaa kapvama aave chhe. stradulatory file vinaa mesoscutum. jodidaar proqoqsala aaraam vinaa mesoventrite, athavaa jodidaar proqoqsala aaraam saathe. jodidaar mesoventral proqoqsala gerhaajar, aadee athavaa sahej transa athavaa madhyamthi majboot transa rahe chhe. prosternal aaraam vinaa mesoventrite agravarti dhaar. mesoventritene rekhansh khaanch athavaa bhedbhaav dwara vibhajit karvaamaa aavtu nathee. metaventriteni jaim jaj samtal parr madhyarekha parr mesoventrite agravarti dhaar. mesoventral polaan madhyam reete motoo aneey chhichhara, athavaa madhyamthi khoob motoo aneey undun. mesocoxa shanku aneey prakshepan, athavaa shanku aneey prakshepan nathee. madhya sanlagn athavaa sankuchit reete alag thayela mesocoxal polaan. mesocoxane coxal polaannaa tunkaa vyaasthee ochha vyaasthee alag karvaamaa aave chhe. mesocoxal polaan golaakaarthi sahej transa; nahee athavaa sahej transa. mesoventritene mesepisternathi sampoorn taanka dwara alag karvaamaa aave chhe. mesopistarnaa undaa khissa vinaa madhyarekha parr spasht reete alag padey chhe. mesopimeron uparthi dekhaatu nathee. mesocoxal polaan baajuni bajuae khule chhe; metapisterna dwara aansheek reete bundh nathee. mesoventral prakriyaa gerhaajar chhe athavaa mesocoxal polanni madhya sudhee vistartu nathee. mesometaventral junction gerhaajar athavaa aek bindu, athavaa pashchaadvarti vakra, koneey athavaa teevra rekhaa, athavaa jatil fitting. metaventral discreman athavaa median line. metaventral discreman madhyamthi khoob laambu hoya chhe. metaventriteni jodidaar postcoxal rekhaao gerhaajar chhe. metaventriteni postcoxal rekhaao gerhaajar chhe. metaventrite pratham petnaa ventrite karataa laambu chhe. metaventritena postcoxal khaada gerhaajar chhe. metaventrite sapaatthi sahej bahirmukh athavaa madhyamthi majboot bahirmukh. metaventriteni transa khaanch gerhaajar chhe. mesocoxal polaan vachche transa kereenaa vinaa metaventriteni agravarti dhaar. metapisternumno khulli bhaag sadharan reete lambaay chhe, athavaa khoob laambo aneey saankado athavaa gerhaajar hoya chhe. metacox nikatvarti athavaa sankuchit reete alag; shareerni baajuo athavaa eletrane malvaa maate baajuni bajuae vistare chhe; seevan dwara metaventrite sampurnpane alag padey chhe. metacoxal plate saaree reete vikaseet, vadhu keey ochha eksamaan, athavaa saaree reete vikaseet, baajuni reete nabalee, athavaa nabalee reete vikaseet, athavaa gerhaajar; motabhagna mulbhoot petnaa ventritene chhupavti nathee. metacox motaa pramanma vistaryo nathee; aadee reete lakshi. metendosternitena baajuni baajuo tunkaa athavaa gerhaajar hoya chhe. metendosternal lemine gerhaajar chhe. metendosternite ventrolatoral prakriyaao gerhaajar athavaa nabalee reete vikaseet thaay chhe. metendosternite agravarti prakriyaa sadharan reete laambi hoya chhe. metendosternitena agravarti rajju madhyam athavaa aekbeejaani khoob najik hoya chhe. metendosterniteno epical bhaag naa hoya athavaa maatra thodo jaj alpajivi hoya chhe. paachhalni paankh. paachhalni paankh saaree reete vikaseet chhe, aneey kaan too khoob jaj ochhi athavaa gerhaajar chhe; saamanya transa folds saathe, athavaa transa foldsno abhaav chhe. paachhalni paankhno trijya koshh saaree reete vikaseet; lambaay chhe. radial koshnaa jamnaa athavaa aspasht aadhaar parr aantarik pashchaadvarti khoono rachaay chhe. trijya koshh sambahu trikon nathee banaavto. khoonana vistaarni lambai aneey pankhni coole lambaaino gunottar 0.20 kartaa ochho. paachhalni pankhni madhya pattine gadee dwara paar karvaamaa aavtee nathee. paachhalna pankhna madhya vistaarmaa mukt naso 5 athavaa 6 hoya chhe. paachhalna pankhna lambachoras koshh gerhaajar hoya chhe. paachhalni paankhno madhya bhaag gerhaajar chhe; nus dwara gerhaajar athavaa anshatah beey bhagma vahenchaayelo nathee. paachhalni paankhno fatcher koshh saaree reete vikaseet thayo. paachhalni paankhno gudaa bhaag gerhaajar hoya chhe aneey paachhalni pankhni paachhalni dhaar laambaa vaadnee keenari vagarnee hoya chhe. pug. pug aee madhya trochentarnu aadun athavaa sahej transa paankhnu jodaan chhe. mesotrochenter neechethi ochhu athavaa chhupayelu nathee. metafemur mesophemur karataa vadhu paholu nathee. mesotibiya toach parr athavaa tenee najik sauthee vadhu paholu nathee, athavaa majboot reete paholu nathee. mesotibiyani baahy dhaar saral, cranulate athavaa denticulate, athavaa alag daant athavaa laambi karodrajju saathe. antena cleaner vinaa mesotibiyani baahy oop-oop-dhaar. parvatmaalaao athavaa kaansako vagarnee mesotibiyani purvavarti sapaateeo. mesotibiano baahy epical koona saral athavaa sahej utpann thaay chhe, loba, daant athavaa karodrajju vinaa, athavaa golaakaar loba athavaa prakriyaa saathe, ketalikvaar karodrajju dharaave chhe. mesotibial spurse kaan too chamakdaar hoya chhe athavaa gerhaajar hoya chhe. 5 alag-alag tarsomerus (pantemerus) saathe mesotarsus. pachhala pug parr ochhama ochha madhya pug jetla tarsomerase. aagalnaa pug parr ochhama ochha madhya pug jetla tarsomerase. mesotarsomiyara 1 saaree reete vikaseet aneey drashyamaan chhe. epical mesotarsomeres epical karataa laambaa samay sudhee eksaathe rahe chhe. upantya mesotarsomiyara aee antipanemital kartaa spasht reete tunkaa nathee. ventral mesotarsal loba gerhaajar hoya chhe jyaare mesotarsal panjani jodee hoya chhe; lambaima samaan aneey swaroop aneey zukavna khunaamaa samaan; saral. darek tarsal panjaa parr appendage gerhaajar chhe. aadhaarni najik setee vagarnaa mesotarsal panjaa. mesotarsal empodium gerhaajar athavaa 2 keey tethee ochha sete saathe. antena cleaner vinaa protebiani aantarik oop-prushthiy dhaar. tartaa vaad vagarnaa pachhala pug. parvatmaalaao athavaa kaansako vagarnaa metatibiani purvavarti sapaateeo. payt. aaa prajatioma 5,6 keey 7 petnaa kshepak hoya chhe. aaa prajatioma basel ventritemathi kaan too koee nathee athavaa chaar connet chhe. aaa prajatioma 2 drashyamaan athavaa dekheeti reete petnee sterniteni gerhajari hoya chhe. pratham ventrite sampurnpane metacoxa dwara vibhajit nathee. ventrite 1 aneey 2 vachche alag seevan. ventrite 2 aneey 3 vachcheno seevan alag chhe. ventrite 4 aee konetnaa 3 athavaa 5 banne saathe spasht thayel chhe. ventrite 1 parr postcoxal rekhaao gerhaajar chhe. ventrite 1 2 kartaa vadhu laambo naa hoya. petnee prakriyaa teevra athavaa sankuchit golaakaar athavaa gerhaajar hoya chhe. golaakaar hatasha vinaa strimaa ventrite 5. ventrite 5 nee paachhalni dhaar cranulate nathee. anteem drashyamaan turgite aneey-athavaa sternite (7 athavaa 8) anteem karodrajjuni rachnaa kartaa nathee. petnaa uppatalma tejasvi angnee gerhajari chhe. setose pecho athavaa fovi vagarnaa ventrites. petnaa vibhag 8 parr kaaryatmak sarpakar haajar chhe. madhyam strut vagarnaa purushmaa sternite 8 nee agravarti dhaar. madhyam strut vagarnaa purushmaa sternite 9 nee agravarti dhaar. purushmaa turgite 9 undanpurvak ksheen thaay chhe. purushomaa turgite 10 saaree reete vikaseet aneey mafat chhe. edigus trilobate. edigus trilobate sapramaan chhe. struts vinaa tagman athavaa fellobaseni agravarti dhaar. paramere vyaktigat reete fellobase athavaa shishnanaa aadhaar parr spasht karvaamaa aave chhe; baahy reete valaank levaamaa aavto nathee. prushthiy aneey kshepak khand vagarnu shishna. shishnani agravarti dhaar parr doree vagar athavaa jodidaar doree saathe.

sebrioni sebrionini alteridae parivaar key click bhringon kii ack janjaati haye; pahale ack upa-parivaar yaa parivaar key roop mein sthaan diyaa gayaa thaa, unhein abb alterine upa-parivaar key bheetar ack janjaati maanaa jaataa haye. vitaran. cibrionines duniya key adhikansh hisson mein rahate hain, lekin way australia aur newzealand seey anupasthit hain. way vishesh roop seey holarctic kshetra key adhik shushk hisson, nikat archtic, polyarctic, neotropical, afrotropical aur oriental mein prachur matra mein hain. varnan. javic. narr cibrionine raat mein udate hain aur roshni kii or aakarshit hoe sakate hain. sebrio", "selonodone" aur "euthisaneous" sahit kaee vanshon mein, maadaaen udaan rahit hain, aur anya samooh kewal purushon seey hii gyaat hain. sabhi gyaat larva mitty mein rahate hain. general. prajaatiyan 8-20 mimi hain. lambai mein. shareer kii lambai aur shareer kii sabse badee chaudaai kaa anupaat 2.5-4.55. shareer thodaa samtal hocker madhyam uttal hoe jaataa haye. shareer key kinare samaan roop seey ghumaavdaar naheen hain. shareer koo sanyojit karane mein saksham naheen haye (ack gend mein ludhakaana). shareer kii oopari satahen alag-alag baalon, sete yaa taraju key saath dhaki hui hain. oopari satahon kaa vastra jisamen kathor, seedha, gahara barchhat shamil naheen haye; jisamen taraju yaa paimaane jaise samooh shamil naheen hain. shareer kii oopari satahen binaa gahare foway key. prothorax, metathorax aur-yaa binaa kissy bahishkrit granthiyon key pett. jall-prakshaalan satahon key binaa shareer key neeche. sir. sir kii lambai aur isaki sabse badee chaudaai (aankho koo chhodkar) kaa anupaat 1 yaa usase cumm. sir kii chaudaai kewal aankho key peechhe protheracic chaudaai seey spasht roop seey adhik naheen haye. sir naheen yaa thodaa cumm hoe gayaa, yaa madhyam seey dridhata seey cumm hoe gayaa; sarvanam dwara poori tarah seey oopar seey chhipa naheen; binaa lambe rostrum key; achaanak peechhe kii or sankuchit naheen. mandir anupasthit yaa prothorax key nikatata seey sanlagn naheen hain; anupasthit. anuprasth pashchavarti katak yaa carina anupasthit. binaa stridulatory file key ausiput karein. sir kii anudairdhya aksh (pashch foreman seey munh guha taka) 45 degree seey cumm key konn parr yaa 45 seey 90 degree key konn parr jhuki hui haye. saamane kaa kshetra madhyam naheen, dheere-dheere cumm hoe gayaa. madhya anudairdhya khaanche yaa rekha (endocarina) key binaa pashchavarti kshetra. binaa madhya khaanche yaa rekha (endocarina) key saamane kaa kshetra. binaa oseli key sir. aankho seey. aankhen dridhata seey prafullit hoti hain. ack aankh kaa urdhvaadhar vyaas kshaitij vyaas seey 2 gunaa cumm hotaa haye. aankhen bareek roop seey mukh-mukh mein; binaa antar-garbh samooh key. exocon prakaar kaa ommatidium. poori aankh. aankh kaa agravarti yaa messel kinara naa tou yaa kewal mushkil seey cumm hotaa haye. aankho kaa pichla kinara naa tou cumm hotaa haye aur naa hii mushkil seey cumm hotaa haye. antenal incersion oopar seey ujagar hotey hain, yaa oopar seey chhipaaye jaate hain; madhyam seey vyaapak roop seey alag. antina uthaaye gaye tubercle parr naheen hotaa haye. upa-barahmasi naali yaa sir parr guha anupasthit yaa bahut kamjor roop seey vikasit. frontocyple silai anupasthit yaa adhuri haye. clipus paarshvik roop seey ksheen naheen hotaa haye. clypius yaa clypiolabrum key agravarti kinare seey seedhe uttal taka. munh kii guha poorvavarti yaa enteroventorally unmukh. parshviya roop seey kholate hue guhaaon key binaa poorv-golakar kshetra. binaa yugmit upa-vanshavali shailiyon key, yaa yugmit upa-vanshavali shailiyon key saath sir koo nilay roop seey. poorvavarti-prakshepit jananaatmak prakriyaon key binaa sir. golakar taanke vyaapak roop seey alag yaa anupasthit hain. corporotentorium sankeern; madhya prakriya key binaa. cervical sclarites maujood hain. antina. prajaatiyon mein yaa tou 11 yaa 12 antenomer hotey hain, joe ling parr nirbhar karate hain. antina jaba pashchavarti roop seey prothorax key beach taka naheen pahunchata haye, yaa prothorax key beach seey parey naheen pahunchata haye, lekin altra key beach mein naheen pahunchata haye, yaa altra key beach seey parey pahunchata haye, lekin elitral epis naheen. antina filform, yaa moneliform, yaa serate, yaa pectinate yaa bipectinate, yaa plumose yaa biplumose. antinomerase 3,4 yaa 5 seey 10 binaa yaa ekal raami (uniramose) key saath. antina cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey pubescent yaa spasht sanshodhanon key saath. antenomer 3 (shayed hii kabhi 2), yaa antenomer 4. pahale antenomer (scape) parr shuru honey vaale antenal sanshodhan 2 (pedicale) key roop mein 3 gunaa seey cumm lambe, yaa 2 (pedicale) key roop mein 3 gunaa seey adhik lambe. antina aanuvanshik naheen haye; binaa epical club key. munh key bhaag. labrum cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey dikhaai detaa haye, yaa clypius key neeche chhipa huaa haye yaa spasht roop seey anupasthit haye; mukt, jhillidaar yaa silai dwara alag kiya gayaa haye. labrum kaa badaa hissa dridhata seey anuprasth haye. labrum kaa sheersh thodaa uttal, yaa thodaa avtal yaa amarginate mein upa-pravaahit hotaa haye. aadhar aur sheersh koo chhodkar, labrum madhyam seey bhaari sclerotised. munh key bhaag ack chhed yaa choosane vaali nully naheen banaate hain. mundibles maujood hotey hain aur ack hii samay mein madhyam roop seey lambe, yaa bahut sankeern aur lambe hotey hain. way binaa molla key bhee hotey hain, jinamen prostheka cumm hoe gayaa haye yaa isamen yeh bilkul naheen hotaa haye. mandibular sheersh dridhata seey aur achaanak ghumaavdaar hotaa haye aur agyaat, chhota yaa goal hotaa haye. mandibal kaa prishthiya bhaag tubercle key binaa aur setose guha key binaa hotaa haye. mandible kaa insiger kinara yaa tou saral hotaa haye yaa ack hii daant hotaa haye. prostheka anupasthit yaa binaa spasht, sclerotised prakriya key hotaa haye. vishisht galea aur lacinia key saath maxilla. maxillary lobe (oun) stylot kii tarah naheen hotaa haye aur isamen ack goodaa hotaa haye joe jatil anga key binaa hotaa haye. galeya yaa maxillary lobe key sheersh parr ghaney setose yaa spinose; bhaari sclerotised daanton yaa hook key binaa. binaa hook (oun) yaa reedh (oun) key lacinia. epical maxillary palpomayer belnakar seey fuciform taka; cumm seey cumm utanaa chauda yaa poorvavarti seey lamba. epical labial palpomayer belnakar seey fuciform taka. ligula uthale seey madhyam roop seey amarginate, yaa gaharaai seey amarginate yaa bilobade. prothorax. sarvangin lambai aur sabse badee sarvangin chaudaai kaa anupaat 0.4-1.05. prothorax sabse aage, yaa beach mein, yaa peechhe. prothorax key kinare cumm yaa jyada seedhe yaa sinuate hotey hain. prothorax koo pairon key liye guha banaane key liye paarshv roop seey sampeedit naheen kiya jaataa haye. prothorax key paksh naheen yaa thodaa spasht naheen hain. prothorax kaa aadhar alitral aadharon kii tulanaa mein thodaa sankeern naheen haye, yaa alitral aadharon kii tulanaa mein spasht roop seey sankeern haye. sabse badee protheracic chaudaai sabse badee alitral chaudaai seey cumm yaa thodi sankeern naheen haye, yaa sabse badee alitral chaudaai seey spasht roop seey sankeern haye. paarshv sarvangin carrine poorna, yaa apoorna, yaa anupasthit; saral; oopar seey unaki poori lambai key liye dikhaai detaa haye, yaa oopar seey unaki poori lambai key liye dikhaai naheen detaa haye; binaa badhe hue margine key. binaa gahare gaddhe key prothorax kaa paarshv bhaag. antirolateral collocity key binaa sarvanam. sarvanam key agra konn anupasthit yaa aage utpann naheen hotey hain; anupasthit, sahee yaa goal, utpaadit naheen. sarvanam key pashch konn aspasht yaa sahee, yaa madhyam seey dridhata seey teevra; utpaadit aur teevra naheen, yaa dridhata seey utpaadit aur sankeern roop seey teevra. sarvanam kaa pashch kinara kamobesh seedha yaa samaan roop seey goal, yaa spasht roop seey sinuate yaa vibhinn prakaar seey lobe kiya gayaa; saral; yaa aspasht roop seey seemit naheen, yaa sankeern badhe hue margine yaa manka key saath. sarvanam kaa discal carrine anupasthit haye, yaa kewal pashch konon parr sthit haye. yugmit besal chhaapon key binaa sarvangin disk. madhya anudairdhya khaanche yaa rekha key binaa sarvanam. binaa gaddhe key hypomeron. madhya rekha parr prosternum kaa poorv bhaag prosternal prakriya seey chhota, yaa prosternal prakriya key roop mein lamba, yaa prosternal prakriya seey lamba. proxel guha kii madhya lambai seey cumm, yaa proxel guha kii madhya lambai key roop mein lambe, yaa proxel guha kii madhya lambai seey adhik lambe cox key saamane prosternum kaa paarshv bhaag. prosternum kaa agravarti kinara agravarti roop seey utpaadit naheen hotaa haye, yaa spasht roop seey utpann hocker thhodi kaa tukada (durlabh) naheen banata haye. cox avtal yaa baikonkawe key saamane prosternum, yaa sapaat seey madhyam uttal. binaa jodeedaar rekhaaon yaa carrine key cox key saamane prosternum. mess khudai key binaa prosternum kaa agravarti kinara. binaa guhaaon yaa khaanche key prothorax key enterolateral yaa ventrolateral bhaag. protheracic guhaayen anupasthit hain. protheracic khaanche anupasthit hain. prosternal prakriya poori hoti haye; epically, yaa samanantar-pakshiya, yaa dheere-dheere vistaarit aur phir sankeern; sapaat, avtal, yaa kewal koksa key peechhe thodaa unchaa yaa ghumaavdaar, yaa koksa key peechhe dridhata seey oonchaa aur ghumaavdaar dorsali; thodaa ativyaapi mesoventrite, yaa madhyam seey dridhata seey ativyaapi mesoventrite. prosternal prakriya kaa sheersh teevra yaa sankeern roop seey goal. anuprasth khaanche key binaa prosternal prakriya. sahayak (messel) procoxal abhivyakti anupasthit haye. pratyek taraf prothorax kaa nilay bhaag kewal notosternal silai key saath. propleron prothorax key agravarti kinare taka naheen faila haye. proplerone yaa pleurotrocantin coxa key peechhe naheen faila haye. procoxa prosternum key neeche yaa thodaa saa prakshepit naheen hotaa haye. binaa yaa chhote chhipe hue paarshv vistaar key saath procoxa. procoxal guha golakar yaa chaudi seey lambi. madhya mein procoxal guhaayen sankeern roop seey alag yaa madhyam seey vyaapak roop seey alag. procoxal guhaayen baahari roop seey khuli hoti hain; motey taur parr khuli hoti hain. postcoxal prakshepan anupasthit yaa bahut chhota haye. sankeern paarshv vistaar key binaa yaa sankeern paarshv vistaar key saath procoxal guhaayen. procoxal guhaayen aantarik roop seey khuli hoti hain, yaa patali patti dwara bund hoti hain. protheracic trocantin yaa pleurotrocantin poori tarah seey chhipa huaa yaa anupasthit haye. promesothoracic click karane kaa tantra anupasthit haye, yaa maujood haye. altron. elitral lambai aur sabse badee elitral chaudaai kaa anupaat 1.45-2.85. elitral lambai aur sarvavyaapi lambai kaa anupaat 1.75-5.75. elitra apunct, aniyamit roop seey punct, yaa 5 yaa usase cumm alag puncture panktiyon yaa strai key saath, yaa 5 seey adhik alag puncture panktiyon key saath, yaa 5 seey adhik alag prabhaavit strai key saath; binaa scutelleriole key. sankhya alitral puncher panktiyaan yaa dhaari 9. suiteral dhaari anupasthit yaa sheersh key paas gaharaai seey prabhaavit naheen. pett key tergite koo 1 key sheersh yaa sheersh seey ujagar naheen kiya jaataa haye, yaa ack kaa adhikansh, yaa cumm seey cumm ack lekin 2 seey cumm, yaa cumm seey cumm 2 lekin 3 seey cumm, yaa 3 yaa adhik. khule pett key khand cumm yaa jyada lacheele hotey hain. elitral epis kii baithak yaa lagbhag seevan parr baithak, yaa swatantra roop seey goal yaa teevra aur vyaapak antaral dwara alag. alitral silai sheersh key paas vikshepit naheen hui. aantarik antahsthaapit jeebh key binaa elitral sheersh. epilluron anupasthit yaa adhura, yaa poorna; naheen yaa dheere-dheere sankuchit. alitron kaa paarshv kinara seedha yaa kamjor roop seey sinuate hotaa haye. terothorax. scutellum achchi tarah seey vikasit huaa; achaanak unchaa naheen, yaa achaanak unchaa naheen; purvakaal mein saral; pashch motey taur parr goal yaa tirchha koniya, yaa kaatna. binaa stridulatory file key mescutum. jodeedaar procoxal key binaa mesoventrite aaraam kartaa haye, yaa jodeedaar procoxal aaraam kartaa haye. jodeedaar mesoventral procoxal anupasthit, kshaitij yaa thodaa tirchha, yaa madhyam seey dridhata seey tirchha rahata haye. prosternal aaraam key binaa mesoventrite kaa agravarti kinara. mesoventrite anudairdhya khaanche yaa bhedbhaav dwara vibhajit naheen haye. madhya rekha parr mesoventrite key poorvavarti kinare parr usee tala parr joe metaventrite key roop mein haye. madhya-madhya guha madhyam roop seey badee aur uthali, yaa madhyam seey bahut badee aur gahari. mesocoxa shankwakar aur prakshepit naheen, yaa shankudhari aur prakshepit naheen. madhya sannihit yaa sankeern roop seey alag kiye gaye mesocoxal guhaayen. mesocoxy coxal guha key sabse chhote vyaas seey cumm seey alag kiya jaataa haye. mesocoxal guhaayen golakar seey thodi anuprasth hoti hain; naa kii thodi tirchhi. mesoventrite koo mespisterna seey poorna taanke dwara alag kiya gayaa. mespisterna koo madhya rekha parr alag kiya jaataa haye; binaa gahare jeb key. messepimeron oopar seey dikhaai naheen detaa haye. mesocoxal guhaayen paarshv roop seey khulati hain; aanshik roop seey metapisterna dwara bund naheen hoti hain. mesoventral prakriya anupasthit yaa mesocoxal guha key beach taka naheen faili hui haye. mesomateventral junction anupasthit yaa ack bindu, yaa ack pashch ghumaavdaar, koniya yaa teevra rekha, yaa ack jatil fitting. metaventral discremen yaa median line. metaventral discrimen madhyam seey bahut lamba hotaa haye. metaventrite kii anupalabdh postcoxal rekhaaen. metaventrite kii postcoxal rekhaaen anupasthit hain. metaventrite pahale pett key ventrite seey lamba hotaa haye. metaventrite key postcoxal gaddhe anupasthit hain. metaventrite sapaat seey thodaa uttal, yaa madhyam seey dridhata seey uttal. metaventrite kaa anuprasth khancha anupasthit haye. mesocoxal guhaaon key beach anuprasth carina key binaa metaventrite kaa agravarti kinara. metapisternum kaa khula hissa madhyam roop seey lamba, yaa bahut lamba aur sankeern yaa anupasthit haye. metacoxa sannihit yaa sankeern roop seey alag; shareer key altra yaa kinaaron seey milane key liye paarshv roop seey vistaarit; silai dwara metaventrite seey poori tarah seey alag. metacoxal platein achchi tarah seey vikasit, cumm yaa jyada samaan, yaa achchi tarah seey vikasit, mesli roop seey kamjor, yaa kamjor roop seey vikasit, yaa anupasthit; adhikansh besal pett key ventrite koo chhipaate hue naheen. metacox bahut badaa naheen huaa; kshaitij roop seey unmukh. metendosternite kii paarshv bhujaaen chhoti yaa anupasthit. metendosternal lamine anupasthit haye. metendosternite kii ventrolateral prakriyaaen anupasthit yaa kamjor roop seey vikasit. metendosternite kii poorvavarti prakriya madhyam roop seey lambi hoti haye. metendosternite kii poorvavarti nasein madhyam yaa ack saath bahut karib hoti hain. metendosternite kaa apical hissa yaa kewal thodaa cumm hotaa haye. peechhe kii or. peechhe kaa pankh achchi tarah seey vikasit haye, aur yaa tou atyadhik cumm yaa anupasthit haye; samanya anuprasth tahon key saath, yaa anuprasth tahon kii kamee haye. peechhe key pankh kii radial koshika achchi tarah seey vikasit; lambi. radial koshika key aadhar parr aantarik pashch konn sahee yaa obsuz banaa. radial koshika sambahu trikon naheen banaa rahee haye. kull pankhon kii lambai key liye epical kshetra kii lambai kaa anupaat 0.20 seey cumm. peechhe key pankhon kii madhya patti koo taha seey paar naheen kiya gayaa. pashch pankh key madhya kshetra mein mukt nasein 5 yaa 6 hoti hain. pashch pankh kii aayatan koshika anupasthit hoti haye. peechhe key pankh kaa madhya bhaag anupasthit; ack nus dwara anupasthit yaa aanshik roop seey vibhajit naheen. peechhe key pankh kii ways cell achchi tarah seey vikasit hui. peechhe key pankh kaa gudaa bhaag anupasthit haye aur peechhe key pankh key peechhe kaa kinara lambe baalon key kinare key binaa haye. pair. pair madhya trocanter anuprasth yaa thodaa tirchha kaa femoral lagaav hotey hain. mesotrochanter koo neeche seey cumm yaa chhipa naheen jaataa haye. metafamer mesophamour seey jyada chauda naheen haye. mesotibia dridhata seey chauda naheen huaa, yaa dridhata seey chauda naheen huaa, sheersh parr yaa usake paas sabse chauda. mesotibia key baahari kinare parr saral, cramulate yaa denticulate, yaa alag-alag daant yaa lambi reedh hoti haye. antina cleaner key binaa mesotibia key baahari upa-prishthiya kinare. binaa katakon yaa kanghi key mesotibia kii poorvavarti satahen. mesotibia kaa baahari epical konn saral yaa thodaa utpaadit, binaa lobe, daant yaa reedh key, yaa goal lobe yaa prakriya key saath, kabhi-kabhi reedh key saath. mesotibial spurse yaa tou chamakdaar hotey hain yaa anupasthit hotey hain. 5 alag-alag tarsomers (pentamerous) key saath mesotarsus. peechhe key pair parr cumm seey cumm madhya pair parr utanaa hii tarsomerase. aage key pair parr cumm seey cumm madhya pair parr utanaa hii tarsomerase. mesotarsomere 1 achchi tarah seey vikasit aur dikhaai detaa haye. poorvavarti mesotarsomerase ack saath epical seey adhik lambe samay taka hotey hain. upaantiya mesotarsomere, antim seey spasht roop seey chhota naheen haye. ventral mesotarsal lobe anupasthit hotey hain jabaki mesotarsal panje jode jaate hain; lambai mein upa-samaan aur jhukaav key roop aur konn mein samaan; saral. pratyek tarsal panje parr upang anupasthit haye. aadhar key paas sete key binaa mesotarusal panje. mesotarsal empodium anupasthit yaa 2 yaa usase cumm sete key saath. antina cleaner key binaa protebia key aantarik upa-prishthiya kinare. binaa tairate hue baal key peechhe key pair. binaa katakon yaa kanghi key metatibia kii poorvavarti satahen. pett. inn prajaatiyon mein yaa tou 5,6, yaa 7 pett key ventrite hotey hain. inn prajaatiyon mein seey koee bhee naheen yaa chaar besal ventrite connet naheen hain. inn prajaatiyon mein yaa tou 2 dikhaai dete hain yaa spasht roop seey pett kii sternite naheen hoti haye. pahala ventrite poori tarah seey metacoxy dwara vibhajit naheen haye. ventrite 1 aur 2 key beach alag seevan. ventrite 2 aur 3 key beach kaa silai alag haye. ventrite 4 koo 3 yaa 5 donon key saath abhivyakt kiya gayaa haye. ventrite 1 parr postcoxal rekhaaen anupasthit hain. ventrite 1 2 seey adhik lamba naheen haye. pett kii prakriya teevra yaa sankeern roop seey goal, yaa anupasthit haye. vrittakar avasaad key binaa mahila mein ventrite 5. ventrite 5 kaa pashch kinara cranulate naheen haye. antim drishyamaan tergite aur-yaa sternite (7 yaa 8) antim reedh naheen banaate hain. upa-udar chamakdaar anga anupasthit haye. setos patch yaa foway key binaa ventrite. pett khand 8 parr karyatmak sarpil maujood hain. purush mein binaa madhyak strut key sternite 8 kaa agravarti kinara. purush mein binaa madhyak strut key sternite 9 kaa agravarti kinara. purush mein tergite 9 gaharaai seey imarginate hotaa haye. purush mein tergite 10 achchi tarah seey vikasit aur muft haye. adagus trilobate. adagus trilobate samamit haye. binaa struts key tagman yaa fallobase kaa agravarti kinara. pairamir vyaktigat roop seey fallobase yaa ling key aadhar parr vyakt kiye jaate hain; baahari roop seey naheen. prishthiya aur nilay khandon key binaa ling. binaa struts key yaa jodeedaar struts key saath ling kaa agravarti kinara.

sebrioni sebrioni elateridae kutumbada click jirundegala ondu budakattu janangavagide; hinde upakutumba athawa kutumbavendu sthana padedidda avugalannu eega elaterine upakutumbadolagina budakattu endu pariganisalaagide. vitarane. sebrioningalu vishvada hecchina bhagagalalli vasisuttave, aadare avu australia mattu nyoojilendnalli kaaneyaagive. avu visheshavaagi holarctic pradeshada hecchu shushka bhagagalalli, hattirada arctic, palaearctic, neotropical, afrotropical mattu oriyentalnalli heralavagive. vivarane. jaivika. gandu sebrioningalu ratriyalli haaruttave mattu deepagalige aakarshitaraagabahudu. sebrio", "selonodon" mattu "euthisonius" seridante halavaaru kulagalli, hennugalu haraduvudilla, mattu itara gumpugalu purusharinda maatra tilidive. tilidiruva ellah larvagalu manninalli vasisuttave. general. ee prabhedagalu 8-20 mimee. udda. dehada udda mattu dehada agalada anupaatavu athi hecchu 2.5-4.55. dehavu swalpa chappateyagi madhyamavaagi uttungakke hoguttade. dehada badigalu samanavagi bagiruvudilla. dehavu oggoodisuva saamarthyavannu hondilla (chendinolage uruluttade). dehada melina melmaigalu vibhinn koodalugalu, sete athawa maapakagalannu dharisive. gattiyaada, neravaada, gaadhavaada birugudalugalannu olagondirada melina melmaigala udupugalu; mapakagalu athawa maapakadantaha setegalannu olagondilla. aalavaada phovi illada dehada melina melmaigalu. prothorax, metathorax mattu-athawa horategeyabahudaada granthigalillada hotte. jalajanakagalillada dehada kelabhaga. tale. taleya udda mattu adara atidodda agalada anupaata (kannugalannu horatupadisi) 1 athawa adakkinta kadime. tale agalavu kannugala himbhagadalli prothorosic agalakkinta spashtavagi hecchilla. tale illa athawa swalpa kadimeyagilla, athawa madhyamadinda balavagi kusiyitu; pronotamninda sampoornavaagi melininda maremadalagilla; uddaneya rostrum illade; himbhagadalli iddakkiddante sankuchitagondilla. devaalayagalu illa athawa prothoraxge hattiradinda hondikolluvudilla; illa. addalaagi aavrutavaada parvatashreni athawa carina illa. stridulatory kadatavillade osiput. taleya rekhaamsha akshavu (ocipital foramen ninda baayi kuharadavarege) 45 degregintha kadime koonadalli athawa 45 rinda 90 degree koonadalli baguttade. mumbhagada pradeshavu madhyama mattadallilla, kramena kusiyitu. madhyada rekhaamsha todu athawa rekhe (endocarina) illada ocipital pradesha. madhyama todu athawa rekheyillada mumbhagada pradesha (endocarina). oselli illada tale. kannugalu. kannugalu balavagi ubbikolluttave. kannina lamba vyaasavu samatala vyaasakkinta 2 pattu kadimeyiruttade. kannugalu sookshmavaagi mukakke hondikondiruttave; interfacetal sete illade. exocone prakaarada ommatidium. kannugalu sampoorna. kannina mumbhagada athawa messel anchu durbalagolluvudilla athawa ashtenu kadimeyaguvudilla. kannina himbhagada anchu kadime athawa kadime anchinalliruttade. antenal olaserisuvikegalu melininda oddalpaduttave, athawa melininda maremaadalaagide; madhyamadinda vyaapakavaagi berpadisalaagide. aantenaagalu beleda geddegala mele huttuvudilla. upa-varshika todu athawa taleya mele kuharavu illade athawa bahala durbalavagi abhivraddhigondide. frontocliple holige illa athawa apoornavaagide. clipe parshvavagi durbalavagiruvudilla. clipease athawa clypiolabrumna mumbhagada anchu neravagi convexge hoguttade. bayiya kuharavu mumbhaga athawa anteroventrally aadhaaritavaagiruttade. paarshvada moolaka tereyuva kuligalillada purva-koshaka pradesha. jodiyaada upajaatiya rekhegalillade athawa jodiyaada upajaatiya rekhegalondige taleyannu kuharavagi irisi. mumbhagada-projecting genal prakriyegalillada tale. gular holigegalu vyaapakavaagi berpattive athawa illa. corporotentorium kiridaada; madhyama prakriyeyillade. garbhakantada scleritegalu iruttave. antena. ee prabhedagalu lingavannu avalambisi 11 athawa 12 antenomiyargalannu hondive. aantenaagalu himbhagadalli prothoraxna madhyavannu talupade, athawa prothoraxna madhyavannu meeri talupade aadare elitraada madhyadallilla, athawa elitraada madhyavannu meeri talupidaaga aadare elitral apisgalannu talupadiddaaga. antena philapharm, athawa moneliform, athawa serate, athawa pectinate athawa bipectinate, athawa plumos athawa biplumos. antenomiyargalu 3,4 athawa 5 rinda 10 onde raami (uniramos) illade athawa adarondige. aantenaagalu kanishta bhagashah proudhaavastheyalliruttave athawa spashta maarpaadugalondige iruttave. antenomer 3 (viralavaagi 2), athawa antenomer 4. modala antenomer (scape) 2 neey (pedical) ginta 3 pattu kadime, athawa 2 neey (pedical) ginta 3 pattu hecchu uddaviruttade. antena geneculate agiruvudilla; apical club illade. bayiya bhagagalu. labrum kanishta bhagashah gocharisuttade, athawa clipiusna kelage adagisidalaaguttade athawa spashtavagi illa; mukta, poreya athawa holigegalinda berpadisalpaduttade. labrumn hecchina bhagavu balavagi addalaagi iruttade. labrumn tudiyu svalpavagi convex aagi athawa svalpavagi concave athawa emarginate aagi subtruncate aguttade. bays mattu-athawa apex annu horatupadisi labrum madhyamadinda hecchu sclerotise aagide. bayiya bhagagalu chuchchuva athawa hiruva kolaveyannu roopisuvudilla. mandibalgalu iruttave mattu madhyama uddavagiruttave, athawa adhe samayadalli bahala kiridaada mattu uddavagiruttave. avu saha molagalilladavu, avu prosthekaavannu kadime maadive athawa adannu hondilla. mandibular tudiyu balavagi mattu iddakkiddante mesali bagiruttade mattu gurutisalagada, motakugolisalaada athawa dundaagiruttade. mandibalna prushthabhaagavu tubercle illada mattu setos kuharavillada bhagavagide. mandibalna chedaka anchu saralavagiruttade athawa onde hallannu hondiruttade. prostheca illade athawa spashtikarisida, sclerotised prakriyeyillade iruttade. vishishtavaada galia mattu lasiniyadondige maxilla. maxillary lobe (galu) shailiyantiruvudilla mattu sankeerna angavillada tirulannu hondiruttave. galia athawa maxillary lobe dattavaada setos athawa spinosna tudiyu; hecchu sclerotised hallugalu athawa kokegalilla. hook (galu) athawa bennelubu (galu) illada lacinia. apical maxillary palpomier silindarakaradinda fusiformge; kanishta poorvabhaaviginta agala athawa uddavaagide. apical labial palpomier silindarakaradinda fusiformge. liguelavu aalavillada reetiyalli madhyamavaagi durbalagolluttade, athawa aalavaagi durbalagolluttade athawa dvigunagolluttade. prothorax. sarvanaamada udda mattu athi hecchu sarvanaamada agalada anupaata 0.4-1.05. purvabhagada agalavu mumbhagadalli, athawa madhyadalli, athawa himbhagadalli. prothoraxna badigalu hecchu kadime neravagiruttave athawa sinuate aagiruttave. kaalugalige kuligalannu rupisalu prothorax annu parshvavagi sankuchitagolisalaaguvudilla. prothoraxna badigalu vivarisuvudilla athawa swalpa vivarisuvudilla. elatral besgaliginta swalpa kiridaada athawa eltral besgaliginta spashtavagi kiridaada prothorax bays. dodda elatral agalakkinta dodda protoracic agalavu swalpa kiridagilla athawa swalpa kiridaagide, athawa dodda elatral agalakkinta spashtavagi kiridaagide. lateral sarvanama carrinay purna, athawa apurna, athawa illa; sarala; melininda avugala sampoorna uddakke gocharisuttade, athawa melininda avugala sampoorna uddakke gocharisuvudilla; ettarisida anchu illade. aalavaada gundi illada prothoraxna parshva bhaaga. anterolateral calocitigalillada pronotum. purvada konagala pronotum illa athawa munde utpattiyaguvudilla; illa, bala athawa dundaada, utpattiyaguvudilla. pronotumn himbhagada konagalu orataagiruttave athawa balavagiruttave, athawa madhyamadinda balavaada tivravagiruttave; utpattiyaguvudilla mattu tivravagiruvudilla, athawa balavagi utpattiyaguvudilla mattu sookshmavaagi tivravagiruttave. pronotumn himbhagada anchu hecchu kadime nera athawa samavagi dundaagiruttade, athawa spashtavagi sinuate athawa vividha reetiya haalannu hondiruttade; sarala; aspashtavagi anchu hondilla athawa aspashtavagi anchu hondilla, athawa kiridaada ettarada anchu athawa mani. pronotumn discal carrinay illa, athawa himbhagada konagalalli maatra ide. jodiyaada basel anisikegalillada sarvanama disk. madhyada rekhaamsha todu athawa rekheyillada pronotum. gundi illada hypomeron. madhyarekheyalliruva prosternumn mumbhagada bhagavu prosternal prakriyeyinda chikkadaagide, athawa prosternal prakriyeyavarege athawa prosternal prakriyeyinda hecchu uddavaagide. kakseya mumbhagadalliruva prosternumn parshva bhagavu procoxal kuharada madhyada uddakkinta chikkadaagide, athawa procoxal kuharada madhyada uddadashtu athawa procoxal kuharada madhyada uddakkinta uddavaagide. prosternumn mumbhagada anchu mumbhagadalli utpattiyaguvudilla, athawa spashtavagi utpattiyaguva gallada tundu (aparupa). kakse avatala athawa biconcave munde prosternum, athawa samathattaagi madhyamavaagi convex. jodiyaada rekhegalu athawa carrinay illade kakseya munde prosternum. messel utkhananavillade prosternumn mumbhagada anchu. kuligalu athawa todugalillada prothoraxna anterolateral athawa ventrolateral bhagagalu. prothorosic kuligalu iruvudilla. prothorosic todugalu iruvudilla. prosternal prakriyeyu poornagolluttade; apical aagi sankuchitagolluttade, athawa samaanaantara-badiya, athawa kramena vistarisalpaduttade mattu nantara kiridaagisuttade; chappateyaada, avatala, athawa kakseya hinde swalpa ettarada athawa baagida, athawa kakseya hinde balavagi ettarisida mattu baagida dorsali; svalpamattige atikramisuva mesoventrite, athawa madhyamadinda balavagi atikramisuva mesoventrite. prosternal prakriyeya tudiyu teevra athawa sookshmavaagi dundaagiruttade. addalaagi todu illada prosternal prakriye. puraka (messel) pracoxal uchcharaneyu illa. prati badiyalli prothoraxna kuharada bhagavu notosternal holige maatra. propluron prothoraxna mumbhagada anchinavarege vistarisuvudilla. propluron athawa pleurotrochantin kaksada hinde vistarisuttilla. procoxe prosternum kelage illa athawa svalpamattige prakshepisuttade. chikka gupta parshva vistaraneyillade athawa adarondige procaxa. procoxal kuharavu vrattaakaaradalliruttade athawa agalakkinta uddavagiruttade. madhyadalliruva procoxal kuligalu sookshmavaagi berpattive, athawa madhyamadinda vyaapakavaagi berpattive. procoxal kuligalu baahyavaagi terediruttave; vishaalavaagi terediruttave. post kaksal projection illa athawa bahala chikkadaagide. kiridaada parshva vistaranegalillada athawa kiridaada parshva vistaranegalondige procoxal kuligalu. procoxal kuligalu aantarikavaagi teredukolluttave, athawa teluvaada pattiyinda muchchalpaduttave. prothorosic trocontin athawa pleurotrocontin sampoornavaagi maremaadalaagide athawa illa. promesothorosic click maaduva kaaryavidhaanavu illa, athawa prastutavagide. eltron. elatral udda mattu atidodda elatral agalada anupaatavu. elatral udda mattu sarvanama uddada anupaatavu. elatra appunctate, aniyamitavaagi punctate, athawa 5 athawa adakkinta kadime vibhinn puncture saalugalu athawa stry, athawa 5 kkinta hecchu vibhinn puncture saalugalu, athawa 5 kkinta hecchu vibhinn prabhaavita strigalondige; scootellary stryla illade. sankhye elatral puncture saalugalu athawa stry 9. stural stry anupasthitiyalli athawa tudiyalli aalavaagi prabhavitavagilla. kibbotte terzitegalu elatra nun athawa 1 rahra meelbhaagadinda athawa wandara hecchina bhagadinda, athawa kanishta ondu aadare 2 kkinta kadime, athawa kanishta 2 aadare 3 kkinta kadime, athawa 3 athawa adakkinta hecchu oddikolluttave. oddida kibbotte bhagagalu hecchu kadime hondikolluttave. elatral apisgalu holigege bheti niiduttave athawa bahuteka bhetiyaguttave, athawa svatantravagi dundaada athawa tivravaada mattu vishala antaradinda berpadisalpaduttave. elatral holige tudiya bully tiruguvudilla. aantarika interlocking naaligeyillada elatral epex. epiphleron illa athawa apoornavaagide, athawa poornavaagide; illa athawa kramena sankuchitagondide. eltron paarshvada anchu nera athawa durbalavagi sinuate aguttade. terothorax. scootellum chennagi abhivraddhigonditu; iddakkiddante ettarisilla, athawa iddakkiddante ettarisilla; mumbhagadalli sarala; himbhagadalli vishaalavaagi dundaada athawa addalaagi koneeya, athawa kattarisuttade. stridulatory kadatavillada mesoscutum. jodiyaada procoxal vishraantigalillada mesoventrite, athawa jodiyaada procoxal vishraantigalondige. jodiyaada madhya-madhyada procoxal illade, samatalavagi athawa swalpa oreyaagi athawa madhyamadinda balavagi oreyaagi iruttade. prosternal vishraanti illade mesoventritena mumbhagada anchu. mesoventrite annu rekhaamshavaada todu athawa taaratamyadinda vingadisalaagilla. metaventritena adhe samataladalli madhyarekheyalli mesoventritena mumbhagada anchu. madhya-madhyada kuharavu madhyama gatradalli doddadagide mattu aalavilla, athawa madhyamadinda bahala doddadagide mattu aalavaagide. mesocaxavu shankuvinakarada mattu prakshepakavalla, athawa shankuvinakarada mattu prakshepakavalla. madhyada pakkada athawa sookshmavaagi berpattiruva mesocoxal kuligalu. kaksal kuharada kadime vyaasadinda berpatta mesocoxe. mesocoxal kuligalu vrattakaradinda swalpa addalaagi; alla athawa swalpa oreyagiruttave. mesoventrite annu mesepistarnaadinda sampoorna holigegalinda berpadisalaagide. mesepisternavannu madhyarekheyalli spashtavagi berpadisalaaguttade; aalavaada paketgalilla. melininda messepimeron kanisuvudilla. mesocoxal kuligalu parshvavagi tereyuttave; metepisterna bhagashah mucchuvudilla. mesoventral prakriyeyu illade iruvudu athawa mesocoxal kuharada madhyadavarege vistarisadiruvudu. mesometaventral junction illade iruvudu athawa ondu bindu, athawa himbhagada baagida, koneeya athawa tivravaada rekhe, athawa sankeerna fitting. metaventral discrimen athawa median line. metaventral discrimen madhyamadinda bahala uddavaagide. metaventritena jodiyaada post-kaksal rekhegalu illa. metaventritena post-kaksal rekhegalu illa. modala kibbotte kuharakkinta metaventrite uddavaagide. metaventritena post-kaksal gundigalu illa. metaventrite chappateyinda swalpa convex athawa madhyamadinda balavaada convex aagiruttade. metaventritena adda todu illa. mesocoxal kuligala naduve addalaagi carina illada metaventritena mumbhagada anchu. metepisternumn oddida bhagavu madhyamavaagi uddavaguttade, athawa bahala uddavagiruttade mattu kiridaguttade athawa iruvudilla. metacoxeu sameepada athawa sookshmavaagi berpattide; elatra athawa dehada badigalannu bheti maadalu parshvavagi vistariside; holige moolaka metaventriteninda sampoornavaagi berpattide. metacoxal phalakagalu chennagi abhivraddhigondive, hecchu kadime ekaroopavaagive, athawa mesali chennagi abhivraddhigondive, parshvavagi durbalavagive, athawa durbalavagi abhivraddhigondive, athawa illa; basel kibbotte ventriten hecchina bhagavannu maremachuvudilla. metacoxeu hecchu doddadagilla; addalaagi aadhaaritavaagide. metendosternitena paarshvada tolugalu chikkadaagiruttave athawa iruvudilla. metendosternal laminay illa. metendosternitena ventrolateral prakriyegalu illade athawa durbalavagi abhivraddhigondive. metendosternitena mumbhagada prakriyeyu madhyama uddavaagide. metendosteritena mumbhagada snaayugalu madhyamavaagi athawa ottige bahala hattiradalliruttave. metendosternitena apical bhagavu svalpamattige durbalagolluvudilla athawa svalpamattige durbalagolluvudilla. hindakke rekke. himbhagada rekkeu chennagi abhivraddhigondide, mattu hecchu kadimeyagide athawa illa; saamaanya addalaagi madikegalondige, athawa addalaagi madikegala korateyide. himbhagada rekkeya radial koshavu chennagi abhivraddhigondide; uddavaagide. radial koshada bala athawa obtusena taladalli aantarika himbhagada konavu roopugolluttade. radial koshavu samabahu trikonavannu roopisuttilla. monachaada pradeshada udda mattu ottu rekkeya uddada anupaata anupaata kadime. hindakke rekkeya madhyada pattiyannu madike datuvudilla. himbhagada rekkeya madhyada pradeshadalli mukta raktanaalagalu 5 athawa 6 aagiruttave. himbhagada rekkeya aayataakaarada koshavu iruvudilla. himbhagada rekkeya madhyada padaravu illa; illade iruvudu athawa bhagashah raktanaaladinda berpadisalpadadiruvudu. himbhagada rekkeya bene koshavu chennagi abhivraddhigonditu. himbhagada rekkeya gudada haleyu illade iddu, himbhagada rekkeya himbhagada tudiyu uddaneya koodalina anchugalilla. kaalugalu. kaalugalu madhyada trocontern addalaagi athawa swalpa oreyaada todeyelubina lagattaagive. mesotrocanter annu kelagininda kadime athawa maremadalaguvudilla. metafemer mesophemarginta hecchu agalavagilla. mesotibiyavu balavagi agalavagiralilla, athawa balavagi agalavagiralilla, tudiyalli athawa hattiradalli agalavagiralilla. mesotibiyaada horah anchu sarala, cranulate athawa denticulate, athawa vibhinn hallugalu athawa uddavaada bennelubugalondige. antena cleaner illada mesotibiyaada horagina upastitvada anchu. monachaada athawa bachanigegalillada mesotibiyaada purvabhavi melmaigalu. mesotibiyaada horagina monakaalina konavu sarala athawa swalpa utpattiyaguttade, haale, hallugalu athawa bennelubugalillade, athawa dundaada haale athawa prakriyeyondige, kelavomme bennelubugalannu hondiruttade. mesotibial sparsgalu holeyuva athawa illadiruttave. 5 vibhinn tarsomergalondige (pentamerous) mesotorusus. himbhagada kaalina mele kanishta madhya kaalinashtu tarsomiyargalu. mumbhagada kaalina mele kanishta madhya kaalinashtu tarsomiyargalu. mesotorasomier 1 chennagi abhivraddhigondide mattu gocharisuttade. purvabhavi mesotarsomergalu ottige meelbhaagakkinta uddavagiruttave. upaantyada mesotarasomiyargalu antipenelimetginta spashtavagi chikkadagiruvudilla. ventral mesotarsal haalegalu iruvudilla, aadare mesotarsal ugurugalannu jodisalaguttade; uddadalli samanavagi mattu akaara mattu koonadalli holuttade; sarala. prati tarsal panjada mele anubandhavu iruvudilla. talada bully sete illada mesotarsal ugurugalu. mesotarsal empodium illade athawa 2 athawa adakkinta kadime setiyondige. antena cleaner illada proteebiyaada olagina upastitvada anchu. eeju koodalugalillada himbhagada kaalugalu. rekhegalu athawa bachanigegalillada metatibiyada purvabhavi melmaigalu. hotte. ee prabhedagalu 5,6, athawa 7 kibbotte kuharagalannu hondiruttave. ee prabhedagalu yaavude athawa naalku talada kuharagalannu hondiruvudilla. ee prabhedagalu 2 gochara athawa spashtavagi kaanada kibbotte sternite annu hondive. modala ventrite annu metacoxeyinda sampoornavaagi vingadisalaagilla. 1 mattu 2 vibhinn kuhargala naduve holige. kuhara 2 mattu 3rahra naduvina holige vibhinnavaagide. ventrite 4 annu 3 athawa 5 kaannetgalondige uchcharisalaaguttade. ventrite 1 mele post kaksal rekhegalu illa. ventrite 1 1 hecchu uddavilla. kibbotte prakriyeyu teevra athawa sookshmavaagi dundaagiruttade athawa iruvudilla. vrattakarada khinnate illada mahileyaralli ventrite 5. ventrite 5 rahra himbhagada anchu cranulate agiruvudilla. koneyadaagi gocharisuva tergite mattu-athawa sternite (7 athawa 8) antima bennumooleyannu roopisuvudilla. subopical kibbotte prakashamanavada angavu illa. setos pyachgalu athawa phoviye illada ventraitgalu. kibbotte vibhaga 8rahra mele kriyatmaka suruligalu iruttave. madhyama strut illada purusharalli sternite 8 rahra mumbhagada anchu. madhyada strut illada purusharalli sternite 9 rahra mumbhagada anchu. purusharalli tergite 9 aalavaagi durbalagolluttade. purusharalli tergite 10 chennagi abhivruddhi hondida mattu uchitavaagide. ediagus trilobate. adiagus trilobate sammiteeyavaagide. stratgalillada tegmen athawa phalobasena mumbhagada anchu. parametergalannu pratyekavagi fallobase athawa shishnada talakke uchcharisalaaguttade; baahyavaagi kondiyagiruvudilla. dorsal mattu ventral halls illada shishna. shishnada mumbhagada anchu stratgalillade, athawa jodie stratgalondige.

sebrionini sebrionini hii ilateridae kutumbatil click bhrunganchi eka jamaat aahe; purvi upkutumb kinwa kutumb mhanoon sthan denyat aale hote, aata tyanna ilaterine upkutumbatil eka jamaat manale jaate. vitaran. sebrionines jagachya bahutansh bhaganmadhye rahatat, parantu teey austreliya aanee newzealandmadhye anupasthit aahet. teey visheshtah holarctic pradeshatil adhik shushk bhaganmadhye, jawalil arctic, paleartic, neotropical, aphrotropical aanee prachya bhagat mubalak pramanat aahet. varnan. jaivik. narr sebrionines ratri udatat aanee teey divyankade aakarshit houu shakatat. sebrio", "selonodon" aanee "euthisanius" yasah anek vanshanmadhye, mahila uddanahin asatat aanee itar gut keval purushankadunach olakhale jaatat. serve dnyat alya jamineet rahatat. general. yaa prajati 8-20 miimii aahet. lambi. sharirachya lambiche aanee sharirachya rundiche gunottar 2.5-4.55. shareer kinchit sapat houn madhyam bahirmukh jhaale. sharirachya bajoo samanaritya vakr nasatat. shareer ekatra jamanyas saksham nahee (chendumadhye gundalane). sharirache varche prushthbhag vegvegale cases, sete kinwa skelane aachchhadit kelele asatat. varchya prushthbhagache vastrodyog jyat kadak, saral, gadad thipke samavisht naheet; tyat scale kinwa skelsarkhya seticha samavesh nahee. khol fovishivay sharirache varchya prushthbhag. bahya granthi nasalele prothorax, metathorax aanee-kinwa pooat. jaal-dravan prushthbhagashivay sharirachya khalchya bajula. doke. dokyachya lambiche aanee tyachya sarvat mothya rundiche (dolhe vagalata) gunottar 1 kinwa tyapeksha qamee. dokyachi rundi dolhyanchya agadi mage, prothoracic rundipeksha spashtapane jaast nahee. doke qamee jhaale nahee kinwa kinchit qamee jhaale nahee, kinwa madhyam teey jordarpane qamee jhaale; sarvanamadvare purnapane varpasoon lapavale gele nahee; lamb rostrumshivay; achanak mage sankuchit jhaale nahee. mandire anupasthit kinwa prothoraxashi jawalun sanlagn naheet; anupasthit. aadvya pashchavarti parvatshreni kinwa carina anupasthit aahe. stridulatory fileshivay ausiput qaraa. dokyacha anudairdhya aksh (occipital foramenpasoon tondachya pokaliparyant) 45 anshanpeksha qamee konat kinwa 45 teey 90 ansh konat jhukalela asato. samorcha bhag madhyam pramanat nahee, haloohaloo qamee hott gela. madhya rekhansh khamb kinwa resha (endocarina) nasalela pashchbhagiy pradesh. madhyavarti khamb kinwa resha (endocarina) nasalela pudhil bhag. oselishivay doke. dolhe. dolhe jordarpane fugatat. dolhyacha anulamb vyas aadvya vyasachya 2 patapeksha qamee asato. dolhe bareek mukhavatalele asatat; aantarsthayi sanyugashivay. exocon prakarache ommatidium. dolhe purn. dolhyachi agravarti kinwa messel dhaar qamee hott nahee kinwa fakt kamich hott jaate. dolhyachi mageel dhaar qamee hott nahee kinwa kvachitach qamee hott jaate. antenal incersion varoon ughad hotat kinwa varoon lapavale jaatat; madhyam teey vyapakpane vegale kele jaatat. vadhalelya tuberclesver antena janmat nahee. up-varshavadhi khamb kinwa dokyavaril pokali anupasthit kinwa atishay kamkuvatpane vikasit jhaali. frontoclypil shivan anupasthit kinwa apoorn aahe. clipius haah parshvikpane qamee hott nahee. clipius kinwa clypiolabrumchi agravarti dhaar thet uttal dishene. tondachi pokali purv kinwa bahya-madhyamukhi. parshvik ughadananya pokalyashivay purv-kanaa kshetra. jodidar up-vanshavalichya kadyanshivay kinwa jodidar up-vanshavalichya kadyansah doke ventrally. purv-prakshepit janukeey prakriyanshivay doke. guller shivan mothya pramanat vegale kinwa anupasthit aahet. corporotentorium arund; madhyam prakriyeshivay. grivechya sclerites asatat. antena. yaa prajatinmadhye linganusar ektar 11 kinwa 12 antenomere asatat. antena jevha nantarchya bajoone vistarla jaato, prothoraxchya madhyabhagi pohochat nahee, kinwa prothoraxchya madhyabhagi pohochat nahee parantu elitrachya madhyabhagi pohochat nahee, kinwa elitrachya madhyabhagi pohochat nahee parantu elitral episesachya palikade pohochat nahee. antena filform, kinwa moneliform, kinwa seret, kinwa pectinet kinwa bipectinet, kinwa plumose kinwa biplumose. antenomeres 3,4 kinwa 5 teey 10 heey ekach ramishivay kinwa tyachyasah (uniramose). antena kiman anshatah tarun kinwa spasht badalansah. antenomere 3 (kvachitach 2) kinwa antenomere 4 pasoon suru honare antenal badal. pahile antenomere (scape) 2 (pedicale) peksha 3 putt jaast lamb kinwa 2 (pedicale) peksha 3 putt jaast lamb. antena heey anuvanshik nasate; epical klabshivay. tondatil bhag. labrum kiman anshatah drishyaman aahe, kinwa clypiuschya khalee lapvoon thevalela aahe kinwa varvar pahata anupasthit aahe; mukt, puttle kinwa shivanadvare vegala aahe. labrumcha motha bhag jordar aadvya dishene aahe. labrumche shikhar kinchit bahirmukh kinwa kinchit avtal kinwa kamitakami hote. tall aanee-kinwa shikhar vagalata labrum madhyam teey mothya pramanat sclerotised. tondatil bhag chhidran kinwa shoshan nalee tayar karat naheet. mandibles upasthit asatat aanee madhyam pramanat lamb asatat kinwa ekach velee atishay arund aanee lamb asatat. teey molavina dekhil asatat, jyanche prostheka qamee jhaale aahe kinwa tyat teey ajibat nahee. mandibular shikhar majboot aanee achanak mesalpane vakr asate aanee adnyat, kapoon kinwa golakar asate. mandibalacha prushthbhag tubercleshivay aanee setos pokalishivay asato. mandibalachi chhedan kaath ektar sadhee asate kinwa tyala ekach daat asato. prostheka anupasthit aahe kinwa spasht, sclerotised prakriyeshivay aahe. vishisht gallia aanee lacinias maxila. maxillary lobe (oo) heey styletsarkhe nasatat aanee tyat eka garr asato joou jatil avyavashivay asato. gallia kinwa maxillary lobche shikhar ghanatesah setos kinwa spinose; mothya pramanat sclerotise kelele daat kinwa hukashivay. hook (hook) kinwa spine (spine) shivay lacinia. epical maxillary palpomayer dandgolakar teey fuciform; kiman pripikalpeksha rund kinwa lamb. epical labial palpomayer dandgolakar teey fuciform. liguela uthal teey madhyam aakarane qamee hoto kinwa kholvar qamee hoto kinwa dvigunit hoto. prothorax. sarvangin lambi aanee sarvat mothee sarvangin rundi 0.4-1.05 chey gunottar. prothorax sarvat rund agrabhagi, kinwa madhyabhagi kinwa pashchbhagi. prothoraxchya bajoo qamee-adhik pramanat saral kinwa scienuate hotat. payansathi pokali tayar karnyasathi prothoraxla parshvikpane sankuchit kele jaat nahee. protherexchya bajoo spasht karat naheet kinwa kinchit spasht karat naheet. prothoraxcha paya haah elitral bespeksha qamee kinwa kinchit arund nasato kinwa elitral bespeksha spashtapane arund asato. sarvat mothee protheracic rundi sarvat mothee elitral rundipeksha qamee kinwa kinchit arund nahee kinwa sarvat mothee elitral rundipeksha spashtapane arund aahe. parshviy sarvangin carrine purn, kinwa apoorn, kinwa anupasthit; sope; varoon tyanchya sampoorn lambisathi drishyaman, kinwa varoon tyanchya sampoorn lambisathi drishyaman nahee; vadhiv marjinshivay. khol khadda nasalela prothoraxcha bajucha bhag. anterolateral calocityshivay sarvanam. agrabhagache agra coone anupasthit kinwa pudhe tayar hott naheet; anupasthit, barobar kinwa golakar, tayar hott naheet. pronotumche prushth coone tirkas kinwa ujavikade, kinwa madhyam teey tivra tivra; utpann jhalele aanee tivra naheet, kinwa jordarpane tayar jhalele aanee sankuchit tivra aahet. sarvanamchi prushth kadaa qamee-adhik pramanat saral kinwa samaan goal, kinwa spashtapane scienuate kinwa vividh prakare lobe keleli; sadhee; aspasht kinwa aspashtapane maryadit nahee, kinwa arund unchavalelya simareshesaha kinwa manisah. pronotumche discal carrine anupasthit aahe, kinwa keval mageel konanvar sthit aahe. jodidar besal chhapanshivay sarvangin disk. madhyam rekhansh khamb kinwa resheshivay sarvanam. khadda nasalele hypomeron. madhyareshevar prosternumcha agrabhag prosternal prakriyepeksha lahan asato kinwa prosternal prakriyeitka lamb asato kinwa prosternal prakriyepeksha lamb asato. proxel pokalichya madhya lambipeksha qamee, kinwa proxel pokalichya madhya lambiitka lamb kinwa proxel pokalichya madhya lambipeksha jaast lamb, coxchya samore prosternumcha parshva bhag. prosternumchi agrabhagachi dhaar purvardhat tayar hott nahee kinwa spashtapane tayar houn hanuvaticha tukada (durmil) tayar hott nahee. cauxia avtal kinwa biconcavchya samore prosternum kinwa sapat teey madhyam bahirmukh. jodidar resha kinwa carineshivay coxchya samore prosternum. messel utkhananashivay prosternumchi agravarti dhaar. pokali kinwa khambanshivay prothoraxche anterolatoral kinwa ventrolatoral bhag. protheracic pokali anupasthit aahet. protheracic khamb anupasthit aahet. prosternal prakriya purn; epically kinwa samantar bajuchi, kinwa haloohaloo vistarleli aanee nantar sankuchit; sapat, avtal, kinwa fakt koksachya mage kinchit unch kinwa vakr, kinwa coxachya mage jordar unch aanee vakr dorsley; kinchit ativyapi mesoventrite, kinwa madhyam teey jordar ativyapi mesoventrite. prosternal prakriyeche shikhar tivra kinwa sankuchit goal asate. aadvya khambyashivay prosternal prakriya. sahayak (messel) procoxal uchcharan anupasthit aahe. pratyek bajula prothoraxcha ventral bhag keval notosternal shivanyasah. prothoraxchya agravarti kathaparyant vistarat nasalela propleron. propluron kinwa pleurotrauchantin coxachya mage vistarat nahee. prokoksa prosternumchya khalee kinwa kinchit prakshepit hott nahee. procoxala chhotya gupt parshvik vistarasah kinwa tyashivay. procoxal pokali golakar kinwa rund peksha lamb. madhyabhagi asalelya procoxal pokalya agadi qamee pramanat kinwa madhyam teey mothya pramanat vegalya kelya jaatat. procoxal pokalya bahyaritya khulya asatat; mothya pramanat khulya asatat. postcoxal prakshepan anupasthit kinwa khoop lahan aahe. arund bajukadil vistaranshivay kinwa arund bajukadil vistaranshivay procoxal pokalya. procoxal pokalya aateel bajus ughadatat kinwa patal pattyane bund hotat. protheracic trocantin kinwa pleurotrocantin purnapane lapvoon thevalele kinwa anupasthit aahe. promesothoracic click karanyachi yantrana anupasthit aahe kinwa astitvat aahe. elitron. elitral lambiche aanee sarvat mothya elitral rundiche gunottar 1.45-2.85. elitral lambiche aanee sarvangin lambiche gunottar 1.75-5.75. elitras appunctate, aniyamit punctate, kinwa 5 kinwa tyapeksha qamee bhinn puncture pankti kinwa pattisah, kinwa 5 peksha jaast bhinn puncture panktinsah, kinwa 5 peksha jaast bhinn prabhavit pattisah; scootellery pattyashivay. kramank elitral puncher pankti kinwa pattika 9. surkutyacha pattika anupasthit kinwa shikharajaval kholvar prabhavit nahee. otipotachya tergaitchya samparkat elitra nun kinwa 1 chey shikhar, kinwa ekache bahutek, kinwa kiman eka parantu 2 peksha qamee, kinwa kiman 2 parantu 3 peksha qamee, kinwa 3 kinwa adhik. ughad jhalele potache bhag qamee-adhik pramanat lavchik asatat. elitral epis hii shivanavar bhetatat kinwa jawaljawal bhetatat, kinwa swatantrapane goal kinwa tivra aanee vistrut antarane vegale hotat. elitral shivan shikharajaval valalele nahee. antargat paraspar sanlagn jibheshivay elitral shikhar. epipluron anupasthit kinwa apoorn, kinwa purn; nahee kinwa haloohaloo sankuchit. elitronchi bajuchi dhaar saral kinwa kamkuvatpane scienuate hote. patrothorax. scutellum changlya prakare vikasit jhaale; achanak unch kinwa achanak unch nahee; agrabhagat sope; prushthbhagavar vyapakpane golakar kinwa tirkas koneey kinwa kapale. stridulatory fileshivay mesoscutum. jodidar procoxal vishrantishivay kinwa jodidar procoxal vishrantisaha mesoventrite vishranti. jodidar mesoventral procoxal anupasthit, aadvya kinwa kinchit tirkas kinwa madhyam teey jordar tirkas rahate. prosternal vishrantishivay mesoventrite agravarti dhaar. mesoventrite heey anudairdhya khamb kinwa bhedbhavane vibhajit kelele nasate. madhyareshevar mesoventrite agravarti dhaar metaventrite samaan pratalavar. madhya-madhya pokali madhyam pramanat mothee aanee uthal, kinwa madhyam teey khoop mothee aanee khol. mesokoksa shankuchya aakaracha aanee prakshepit kinwa shankuchya aakaracha aanee prakshepit nahee. madhya sanlagn kinwa sankuchitpane vibhakt asalelya mesocoxal pokalya. coxel pokalichya sarvat qamee vyasachya bahulyane mesokoksa vegale kele jaate. mesocoxal pokalya golakar teey kinchit aadvya; nahee kinwa kinchit tirkas. mesoventrite heey mesepisternapasun sampoorn shivananni vegale kele jaate. mespisterna spashtapane madhyareshevar khol khissyanshivay vegale kele jaate. mesopimeron varoon disat nahee. mesocoxal pokalya parshvikpane ughadatat; metapisternadware anshatah bund hott naheet. mesoventral prakriya anupasthit aahe kinwa mesocoxal pokalichya madhyabhagi vistarat nahee. mesometventral junction anupasthit kinwa eka bindu, kinwa prushthbhag vakr, koneey kinwa tivra resha kinwa eka jatil fitting. metaventral discrimen kinwa madhya resha. metaventral discrimen heey madhyam teey khoop lamb asate. metaventrite jodalelya postcoxel resha anupasthit aahet. metaventrite postcoxel resha anupasthit aahet. pahilya otipotachya ventritepeksha metaventrite lamb aahe. metaventrite postcoxel khadde anupasthit aahet. metaventrite sapat teey kinchit bahirmukh kinwa madhyam teey jordar bahirmukh. metaventrite aadvya khamb anupasthit aahe. mesocoxal pokali darmyan aadvya carinashivay metaventrite agravarti dhaar. ulkapindacha ughada bhag madhyam pramanat lamb asato kinwa khoop lamb aanee arund kinwa anupasthit asato. metacoxa sanlagn kinwa sankuchitpane vegale kelele; elitra kinwa sharirachya bajunna bhetanyasathi parshvik vistar; shivanadvare metaventritepasoon purnapane vegale. metacoxal plates changlya prakare vikasit, qamee-adhik pramanat eksaman, kinwa mesaldrushtya changlya prakare vikasit, bajukadil kamkuvat, kinwa kamkuvat vikasit kinwa anupasthit; otipotachya bahutek ventritela lapavat naheet. metacoxa mothya pramanat vadhalela nahee; aadvya dishene. metendosternite bajuche haat lahan kinwa anupasthit. metendosternal lamine anupasthit aahe. metendosternite ventrolatoral prakriya anupasthit kinwa kamkuvatpane vikasit jhalya. metendosternite purvavarti prakriya madhyam pramanat lamb asate. metendosternite agravarti snayu madhyam kinwa agadi jawalche asatat. metendosternite apical bhag qamee kinwa kinchit qamee hott nahee. mage pankh. mageel pankh changlya prakare vikasit aahe aanee ektar atyant qamee kinwa anupasthit aahe; samanya aadvya patansah kinwa aadvya patancha abhav aahe. mageel pankhancha trijya peshi changlya prakare vikasit; lamb. radial peshichya ujavya kinwa tirkas talachya payavar tayar jhalela aateel prushth coone. tribhuj peshi sambahu trikon tayar karat nahee. prushthbhagachya kshetrafal aanee pankhanchya ekoon lambiche gunottar 0.20 peksha qamee. mageel pankhanchya madhya pattila dumadun paar kele jaat nahee. mageel pankhanchya madhyavarti bhagat mukt nassa 5 kinwa 6 asatat. mageel pankhanchi aayatakruti peshi anupasthit asate. mageel pankhacha madhyavarti bhag anupasthit; nasadvare anupasthit kinwa anshatah dvivibhakt nahee. mageel pankhancha ways seela changlya prakare vikasit jhaala. mageel pankhacha guddwar khand anupasthit asato aanee mageel pankhachi mageel dhaar lamb kesanchya kathashivay asate. paay. paay heey madhya trocanterche aadve kinwa kinchit tirkas asalele femoral jode asatat. mesotrocanter qamee kelele kinwa khaloon lapavalele nasate. metafemer mesophemarpeksha jaast rund nahee. mesotibiya jordar rund kinwa jordar rund jhalela nahee, shikharavar kinwa tyachya jawal sarvat rund aahe. mesotibiachi bahya dhaar sadhee, crinulate kinwa denticulate kinwa vegale daat kinwa lamb mankyansah. antena cleanershivay mesotibiachi bahya up-prushthiy dhaar. shikhare kinwa kangwa nasalele mesotibiache purv prushthbhag. madhyabhagacha bahya khoon coone, khand, daat kinwa kambaranshivay kinwa golakar kanaa kinwa prakriyesah, kadhikadhi kambar dharan karnara, sadha kinwa kinchit tayar hoto. mesotibial spurse ektar chamakdar kinwa anupasthit asatat. 5 bhinn tarsomeres (pentamerus) asalele mesotarsus. mageel payavar kiman madhya payaitkech tarsomeres. pudhchya payavar kiman madhya payaitkech tarsomeres. mesotarsaumair 1 changlya prakare vikasit aanee drishyaman aahe. purvakalin mesotarsomirs heey ekatra, apikalpeksha lamb asatat. upantiy mesotarsommer heey antim virodhipeksha spashtapane lahan nasatat. ventral mesotarsal lobe anupasthit asatat tarr mesotarsal panjanchi jodee kelee jaate; lambimadhye sabaikwal aanee form aanee konat samaan; sope. pratyek tarsal panjavar upang anupasthit aahe. talajaval seteshivay mesotarsal panje. mesotarsal empodium anupasthit kinwa 2 kinwa tyapeksha qamee settes. antena cleanershivay protebiachi aateel up-prushthiy dhaar. pohanara cases nasalele magche paay. kadya kinwa kangananshivay metatibiache purv prushthbhag. pooat. yaa prajatinmadhye otipotachya ventriteche ektar 5,6 kinwa 7 bhag asatat. yaa prajatinmadhye ektar besal ventritepaiki ekahi kinwa chaar connet nasatat. yaa prajatinmadhye ektar 2 drishyaman kinwa ughadpane anupasthit otipotachya sternite asatat. pahila ventrite purnapane metacoxane vibhajit kelela nahee. ventrite 1 aanee 2 darmyan vegale shivan. nilay 2 aanee 3 darmyanche shivan vegale aahe. ventrite 4 heey konetchya 3 kinwa 5 yaa donhi shabdansah spasht kele jaate. ventrite 1 varr postcoxal resha anupasthit aahet. ventrite 1 haah 2 peksha jaast lamb nasava. otipotachi prakriya tivra kinwa sankuchit goal kinwa anupasthit. golakar nairashya nasalelya mahilanmadhye ventrite 5. ventrite 5 chee mageel dhaar crinulate hott nahee. shevatcha drishyaman turgite aanee-kinwa sternite (7 kinwa 8) antim mankyachi nirmiti karat nahee. upastariy potacha chamakdar avyav anupasthit aahe. setos patches kinwa foveshivay ventrite. otipotachya bhag 8 varr karyatmak sarpil upasthit aahet. madhyak strutshivay purushanmadhye sternite 8 chee agrabhagachi dhaar. madhyak strutshivay purushanmadhye sternite 9 chee agrabhagachi dhaar. purushanmadhye turgite 9 kholvar qamee hoto. purushanmadhye turgite 10 heey suvikasit aanee vinamulya aahe. edegus trilobate. edegus trilobate samamiteey aahe. strutschivay tegmen kinwa fallobasechi agravarti dhaar. parameres vaiyaktikaritya fallobase kinwa shishna besvar spasht kele jaatat; bahyaritya hook kelele naheet. prushthiy aanee ventral lobe nasalele shishna. shishnala agrabhagavar pattyanshivay kinwa jodidar pattyansah.

sebrionini sebrionini ilateridae pariwarbata click bhringharuko janajati how; pahile upa-pariwar wa pariwarko rupma shrenibadha garieko thiyo, tiniharulai ab upa-pariwar ilaterine bhitrako janajati manincha. witaran. sebrioninharu vishwaka adhikansh bhagharuma baschhan, tara tiniharu astrelia rar newzealandbata anupasthit chhan. tiniharu vishesh gari holarctic kshetraka adhik shushka bhagharu, nikat archtic, palertic, neotropical, afrotropical rar prachyama prachur matrama chhan. warnan. jaivik. purush sebrioninharu ratma udchhan rar battiharuma akarshit huna sakchhan. sebrio", "celonodon" rar "euthisanius" sahit dherai wanshaharuma, mahilaharu udanwihin hunchhan, rar anya samuhaharu purushharubata matra chininchhan. sabai gyat larbha matoma baschhan. general. prajatiharu 8-20 mimmy hun. lambaima. sharirko lambaiko sabaibhanda thulo sharirko chaudaiko anupata 2.5-4.55. sharira alik samatal bhaera madhyam bahirmukhi hunchha. sharirka pakshaharu saman rupma ghumaeka chhainan. sharira kangobosan garna saksham chhaina (balma rolling). sharirko mathillo satahaharu farak kapal, setty wa scaleharule dhakieko chha. kada, thado, gadha bristalharu samawesh nagari mathillo satahaharuko westiture; scale wa scale-jasto setty samawesh nagari. gahiro fobhi bina sharirko mathillo satahaharu. prothorax, metathorax rar-wa pett bina bahya granthiharu. hydrofuse satahaharu bina sharirko tallo bhag. tauko. taukoko lambaiko sabaibhanda thulo chaudaiko anupata (aankha bahek) 1 wa cum. taukoko chaudai aankhaako pachhadi prothorasic chaudai bhanda spashta rupma thulo chhaina. tauko chhaina wa alikati ghatyo, wa madhyamdekhi dridha rupma ghatyo; pronotamdwara mathiko bhagbata purna rupma lukeko chhaina; lamo rostrom bina; achanak pachhadi sankuchit bhaena. mandirharu anupasthit chhan wa prothorakssanga najikbata jodieko chhaina; anupasthit. transverse ocptal riz wa carina anupasthit chha. stridulatory file bina ocpt. taukoko anudairdhya aksha (ocptal foramendekhi mukhko guhasamma) 45 degree bhanda kamko konma jhukeko chha, wa 45 dekhi 90 degreeko konma jhukeko chha. agadiko khetra madhyam rupma hoina, bistarai ghatyo. madhya anudairdhya nally wa rekha (endocarina) binako ocptal khetra. madhya khanch wa rekha (endocarina) binako agadiko khetra. oseli bina tauko. ankhaharu. aankha dridha rupma futeko hunchha. aankhaako thado wyas 2 guna terso wyasabhanda cum hunchha. ankhaharu sukshma rupma chhepieka hunchhan; interfessettle sete bina. exocon prakarko ommatidium. aankha bhari. aankhaako agrawarti wa messel kinara wa kewal immarginate hundaina. aankhaako pachhillo kinara chhaina wa mushkille immarginate hundaina. antenal sammilitharu mathiko ujagar, wa mathiko lukaera; madhyamdekhi wyapak rupma alag. antena utheko tubercalharuma utpanna hundaina. subentainal grove wa taukoma guha anupasthit wa dherai kamjor rupma wiksit bhayo. frontocliple silai anupasthit wa apurna chha. clipius parshwiya rupma immarginate hundaina. clipius wa clypiolabrumko agrawarti kinara sidhai bahirmukhima. mukh guha agrawarti wa enteroventrally unmukh. parshwiya rupma kholine guhaharu bina purva-gathiya khetra. jodidar upa-vanshavali parwatharu bina wa jodidar upa-vanshavali parwatharu bina ventrali tauko. purwawarti-prakshepan jananatmak prakriyaharu bina tauko. gooler silaiharu wyapak rupma alag wa anupasthit chhan. corporotentorium sanghuro; madhya prakriya bina. cervical scleriteharu upasthit chhan. antena. prajatiko yaa tata 11 wa 12 antenomerharu hunchhan, june lingma nirbhar gardacha. antena jab prishthawarti rupma prothoraksko bichma pugna nasakepachi, wa prothoraksko madhyabhanda bahira pugna tara elitrako madhyama pugna nasakepachi, wa elitrako madhyabhanda bahira pugna tara elitral episharuma pugna nasakepachi wistar hunchha. antena filform, wa moneliform, wa seret, wa pectinet wa bipectinet, wa plumos wa biplumose. antenomeres 3,4 wa 5 dekhi 10 ekal rami (uniramose) bina wa sath. antina kamtima anshik rupma pubescent wa spashta parimarjanharuko sath. antenomer 3 (wirlai 2), wa antenomer 4 maa suru hune antenal parimarjanharu. pahilo antenomer (scape) 2nd (pedicale) bhanda 3 guna cum, wa 2nd (pedicale) bhanda 3 guna badhi lamo. antena geneculate hundaina; epical club bina. mukh bhagharu. labrum kamtima anshik rupma dekhinchha, wa clipius muni lukeko chha wa spashta rupma anupasthit chha; mukta, jhilli wa silaidwara alag garieko chha. labrumko thulo bhag baliyo rupma parr hunchha. labrumko shirsha alik bahirmukhi, wa alik awatal wa imarginetma subtronket hunchha. adhar rar-wa shirsha bahek, labrum madhyamdekhi bhari sclerotised. mukhka bhagharule bhedan wa chusne tube banaundainan. mandibalharu upasthit hunchhan rar madhyam rupma lambaieka hunchhan, wa ekai samayama dherai sanghuro rar lambaieka hunchhan. tiniharu molavihin pani hunchhan, jasle prostheka cum gareko chha wa yo bilkulai chhaina. mandibular shirsha baliyo rar achanak messel rupma ghumauro hunchha rar agyat, katera wa goal hunchha. mandibleko prishthiya bhag tubercle bina rar setos guha bina hunchha. mendibalko insiger kinara yaa tata saral hunchha wa ekal daant hunchha. prostheka anupasthit chha wa spashta, sclerotised prakriya bina. wishishta gallia rar laciniaco sath maxila. maxillary lobe (haru) stylight jasto hundaina rar jatil anga binako lugako hunchha. gallia wa maxillary lobko shirsha ghana setos wa spinos; bhari sclerotised daant wa hook bina. hook (haru) wa merudanda (haru) bina lacinia. epical maxillary palpomayer belnakar dekhi fuciform; kamtima chauda wa purwawarti bhanda lamo. epical labial palpomayer belnakar dekhi fuciform. ligula uthalodekhi madhyam rupma immarginate, wa gahiro immarginate wa bilobade hunchha. prothorax. sarwanamak lambaiko sabaibhanda thulo sarvanatak chaudaiko anupata 0.4-1.05. prothorax sabaibhanda farakilo agrawarti, wa madhya, wa pashchawarti. prothoraxka pakshaharu cum wa badhi sidha, wa sinuate. prothorakslai khuttaka lagi guha banaunaka lagi parshwiya rupma sankuchit garindaina. prothorakska pakshaharu wa thorai wyakhya gardainan. prothoraksko adhar alitral adharharu bhanda thorai sanghuro wa alie sanghuro chhaina, wa alitral adharharu bhanda spashta rupma sanghuro chha. sabaibhanda thulo prothorasic chaudai sabaibhanda thulo alitral chaudai bhanda thorai sanghuro wa sano chhaina, wa sabaibhanda thulo alitral chaudai bhanda spashta rupma sanghuro chha. parshwa sarvanam carrine purna, wa apurna, wa anupasthit; saral; mathiko sampurna lambaiko lagi dekhine, wa mathiko sampurna lambaiko lagi dekhine chhaina; uthaeko margin bina. gahiro pitt bina prothoraksko parshwa bhag. enterolatoral calocityharu bina pronotum. pronotamko agra konharu anupasthit wa agadi utpadan garieko chhaina; anupasthit, dayan wa goal, utpadan garieko chhaina. pronotamko prishtha konharu aspashta wa dayan, wa madhyamdekhi kada tiwra; utpadan rar tiwra, wa baliyo utpadan rar sankirna tiwra chhaina. pronotamko prishthiya kinara cum wa cum sidha wa saman rupma goal, wa spashta rupma sinuate wa vibhinna rupma lobe garieko; saral; wa aspashta rupma simit, wa sanghuro uthaeko margin wa maniko sath. pronotamko discal carrine anupasthit chha, wa kewal prishtha konharuma awasthit chha. jody besal chhapharu bina sarvavyapi disk. madhya anudairdhya nally wa rekha binako pronotum. pitt bina hypomeron. madhya rekhama prosternamko agra bhag prosternal prakriya bhanda chhoto, wa prosternal prakriya bhanda lamo, wa prosternal prakriya bhanda lamo. prokoksal guhako madhya lambai bhanda chhoto, wa prokoksal guhako madhya lambai, wa prokoksal guhako madhya lambai bhanda lamo koksako agadi prosternamko parshwa bhag. prosternamko agrawarti kinara purwawarti rupma utpadan garieko chhaina, wa chinn tukrako rupma spashta rupma utpadan garieko chhaina (durlabh). koksa awatal wa baikonkabhko agadi prosternum, wa samataldekhi madhyam bahirmukhi. jodidar rekhaharu wa carrine bina koksako agadi prosternum. messel utkhanan bina prosternamko agrawarti kinara. guha wa khadalharu bina prothoraksko enterolatoral wa ventrolatoral bhagharu. protheresic guha anupasthit chhan. protheresic gruwaharu anupasthit chhan. prosternal prakriya purna; epically, wa samanantar-pakhiya, wa bistarai wistarit rar tyasapachhi sanghuro; samatal, awatal, wa kewal koksako pachhadi alikai uchai wa wakra, wa koksako pachhadi baliyo rupma uchai rar ghumauro dorusly; alik overlapping mesoventrite, wa madhyamdekhi baliyo overlapping mesoventrite. prosternal prakriyako shirsha tiwra wa sankirna rupma goal hunchha. transverse grobh bina prosternal prakriya. sahayak (messel) prokksal abhiwyakti anupasthit chha. pratyek chheuma protorexko ventral bhag notesternal silaiko sath matra. proplurone prothoraksko agrawarti kinarma wistar hundaina. proplurone wa plurotrochantin koksako pachhadi wistar hundaina. prokoksa prosternamko tall wa alikati prakshepan gardaina. bina wa chhoto lukeko parshwa wistarko sath prokoksa. prokksal guha golakar wa chauda bhanda lamo. bichma prokksal guhaharu sankirna rupma vibhajit, wa madhyamdekhi wyapak rupma alag. prokoksal guha bahya rupma khula; wyapak rupma khula. postcoxel prakshepan anupasthit wa dherai chhoto chha. sanghuro parshwa wistarharu bina, wa sanghuro parshwa wistarharuko sath prokksal guha. prokoksal guhaharu antarik rupma khula, wa patlo pattidwara banda hunchhan. protheresic trochantin wa plurotrochantin purna rupma lukeko wa anupasthit chha. promesothoracic click garne sanyantra anupasthit, wa upasthit chha. alitron. elitral lambaiko sabaibhanda thulo elitral chaudai 1.45-2.85. elitral lambaiko anupata rar sarvavyapi lambai 1.75-5.75. elitra apankatet, aniyamit rupma punchtet, wa 5 wa cum farak panchar pankti wa striyasanga, wa 5 bhanda badhi farak panchar panktiharu, wa 5 bhanda badhi farak prabhawit striyasanga; scootellery streola bina. number elitral panchar pankti wa stree 9. satural striya anupasthit wa shirshako najik gahiro prabhawit chhaina. petko turgiteharu alitra nun wa 1 ko shirsha, wa ekko adhikansh, wa kamtima ek tara 2 bhanda cum, wa kamtima 2 tara 3 bhanda cum, wa 3 wa badhile ujagar gardacha. khula pett khandaharu cum wa badhi lachilo. elitral episharu baithak wa lagbhag silaima baithak, wa swatantra rupma goal wa tiwra rar farakilo antarle alag gardacha. elitral silai shirshako najik wikshepit bhaena. antarik interlocking jibro bina elitral shirsha. epiplurone anupasthit wa apurna, wa purna; chhaina wa bistarai sankuchit. alitronko parshwiya kinara sidha wa kamjor rupma sinuate hunchha. terothorax. scootelum ramrosanga wiksit bhayo; achanak uchai wa achanak uchai chhaina; agrabhagma saral; prishthabhagma wyapak rupma golakar wa tirachha kone, wa katiyo. stridulatory file bina mesoscutum. jodidar prokoksal vishram bina mesoventrite, wa jodidar prokoksal vishramko sath. jodidar mesoventral prokoksal anupasthit, terso wa alik tirachha, wa madhyamdekhi baliyo tirachha rahanchha. prosternal vishram bina mesoventriteko agrawarti kinara. mesoventrite anudairdhya nally wa bhedbhawdwara vibhajit hundaina. metaventriteko saman samatalma madhyarekhama mesoventriteko agrawarti kinara. mesoventral guha madhyam rupma thulo rar uthalo, wa madhyamdekhi dherai thulo rar gahiro. mesokoksa shanku rar prakshepan, wa shanku rar prakshepan hoina. madhya sanlagna, wa sankirna rupma alag garieko mesocoxal guhaharu. koksal guhako sabaibhanda chhoto wyasabhanda kamale alag gareko mesocox. mesocoxal guhaharu golakardekhi alikati anuprastha; hoina wa alik tirachha. mesoventrite mesopisternabata purna silaiharudwara alag garieko chha. mesopisterna spashta rupma madhyarekhama alag garieko chha; gahiro paket bina. mesopimeron mathiko dekhi dekhna sakindaina. mesocoxal guhaharu parshwiya rupma khulchhan; anshik rupma metepisternadwara banda hundaina. mesoventral prakriya anupasthit wa mesocoxal guhako bichma wistar hundaina. mesomateventral junkson anupasthit wa ek bindu, wa ek prishthiya wakra, koniya wa tiwra rekha, wa ek jatil fitting. metaventral discrimen wa median line. metaventral discrimen madhyamdekhi dherai lamo hunchha. metaventriteko jody postcoxel lineharu anupasthit chhan. metaventriteko postcoxel lineharu anupasthit chhan. metaventrite pahilo pett ventrite bhanda lamo chha. metaventriteko postcoxel pitharu anupasthit chhan. metaventrite samataldekhi alik bahirmukhi, wa madhyamdekhi baliyo bahirmukhi. metaventriteko transverse grubha anupasthit chha. mesocoxal guhaharu bichma transverse carina bina metaventriteko agrawarti kinara. metepisternamko khula bhag madhyam rupma lamo, wa dherai lamo rar sanghuro wa anupasthit hunchha. metacox nikat wa sankirna rupma alag; alitra wa sharirko chheuma bhetna parshwiya rupma wistar; siu dwara metaventritebata purna rupma alag. metacoxal plateharu ramrosanga wiksit, cum wa cum saman, wa ramrosanga wiksit mesli, kamjor parshwiya, wa kamjor wiksit, wa anupasthit; besal pett ventriteko dheraijaso lukaundaina. metacox dherai wistarit chhaina; terso unmukh. metaendosterniteko parshwiya hatharu chhoto wa anupasthit. metaendosternal lamine anupasthit chha. metaendosterniteko ventrolatoral prakriyaharu anupasthit wa kamjor rupma wiksit. metendosterniteko purwawarti prakriya madhyam rupma lamo hunchha. metendosterniteko purwawarti tendansharu madhyam rupma wa eksath dherai najik chhan. metaendosterniteko epical bhag wa thorai immarginate matra hundaina. hind wing. pachhadi raheko bhag ramrosanga wiksit chha, rar yaa tata atyadhik cum wa anupasthit chha; samanya anuprastha tahaharusanga, wa anuprastha tahaharuko abhawa chha. hind wingko radial cell ramrosanga wiksit; lamo. radial selko dayan wa obtusko adharma baneko bhitri pascha kone. radial selle samabahu trikon banaundaina. epical kshetrako lambaiko rar kull pakhako lambaiko anupata 0.20 bhanda cum. pachhiko pakhako madhya pattilai tahale parr garindaina. pachhadi pakhako madhya kshetrama mukta shiraharu 5 wa 6 hunchhan. pachhadi pakhako ayabkoshikako anupasthiti hunchha. pachhadi pakhako madhya bhag anupasthit; nasadwara anupasthit wa anshik rupma vibhajit chhaina. hind wingko ways cell ramrosanga wiksit bhayo. pachhadi pakhako guda khanda anupasthit chha rar pachhadi pakhako prishtha kinara lamo kapalko kinara bina chha. khuttaharu. khutta madhya trocanter anuprastha wa alik tirachha bhaeko femoral sanlagnata how. mesotrochanter talbata cum wa lukeko chhaina. metafamer mesofemer bhanda dherai farakilo chhaina. mesotibia kada rupma farakilo, wa baliyo rupma farakilo, shirshama wa najik chauda chhaina. mesotibiako bahiri kinara saral, cranulate wa denticulate, wa farak daant wa lamo merudandako sath. antena cleaner bina mesotibiako bahiri upapayi kinara. parwatshreni wa kamba bina mesotibiako purwawarti satahaharu. mesotibiako bahiri epical kone saral wa thorai utpadan garieko, lobe, daant wa merudanda bina, wa golakar lobe wa prakriyako sath, kahilekaahin merudandharu bokne. mesotibial spurse yaa tata chamkilo wa anupasthit hunchhan. 5 farak tarsomeres (pentamerous) ko sath mesotarsus. pachhillo khuttama tarsomeres kamtima madhya khuttama jati dherai. agadiko khuttama tarsomeres kamtima madhya khuttama jati dherai. mesotarsomier 1 ramrosanga wiksit rar dekhine chha. epical mesotarsomeres epical bhanda lamo hunchha. upantiya mesotarsomier antipenemital bhanda spashta rupma chhoto chhaina. ventral mesotarsal lobharu anupasthit hunchhan jabki mesotarsal panja jody banainchha; lambaima barabar rar roop rar jhukawako konma saman; saral. pratyek tarsal panja anupasthitma appendage. adhar najikai setty bina mesotarsal panja. mesotarsal empodium anupasthit wa 2 wa cum setiko sath. antina cleaner bina protebiako bhitri upapayi kinara. paudiko kapal binako pachhadi khutta. parwatshreni wa kamba bina metatibiako purwawarti satahaharu. pett. yass prajatiko yaa tata 5,6, wa 7 petko ventriteharu chhan. yass prajatisanga kunai pani wa chaar besal ventriteharu connet hundainan. prajatiharuma yaa tata 2 wata dekhine wa spashta rupma anupasthit petko sternite hunchha. pahilo ventrite purna rupma metakoksadwara vibhajit chhaina. ventrite 1 rar 2 bichko silai farak chha. ventrite 2 rar 3 bichko silai farak chha. ventrite 4 duwai 3 wa 5 konetko sath wyakta garieko chha. ventrite 1 maa postcoxel lineharu anupasthit chhan. ventrite 1 2 bhanda dherai lamo chhaina. petko prakriya tiwra wa sankirna rupma goal, wa anupasthit. golakar awasad bina mahilama ventrite 5. ventrite 5 ko pascha kinara cranulate chhaina. antim drishyaman turgite rar-wa sternite (7 wa 8) terminal merudanda banaundaina. upapikal petko chamakdar anga anupasthit chha. setos pyach wa fobhi bina ventriteharu. pett khanda 8 maa karyatmak sarpilharu upasthit chhan. madhyak strut bina purushma sternite 8 ko agrawarti kinara. madhyak strut bina purushma sternite 9 ko agrawarti kinara. purushma turgite 9 gahiro rupma immarginate hunchha. purushma turgite 10 ramrosanga wiksit rar nihshulk. adiagus trilobate. adegus trilobate samamit chha. struts bina tegmen wa fallobesko agrawarti kinara. pyaramereharu wyaktigat rupma felobas wa lingko adharma wyakta garinchha; bahiri rupma hook garieko chhaina. prishthiya rar ventral lobharu binako ling. struts bina, wa jody stratsko sath lingko agrawarti kinara.

sebrionini sebrionini heuchhi elateridae paribarara eka janajati; purbaru eka upa-paribara kimba paribara bhabare sthanita, semananku bartamana elaterine upa-paribara madhyare eka janajati bhabare bibechana karajae . bunton. sebrionin biswara adhikansha bhagare baasa karanti, kintu semane astrelia ebong nyujilyandare anupasthita . segudika bisesh curry holarctic anchalara adhika sushka ansha, nikatabartee archtic, palearctic, neotropical, afrotropical ebong prachya anchalare prachur parimanare achhi . barnana. jaibika. purush sebrionin raatire udanti ebong aloka prati akarshita hoiparanti . sebrio", "celonodon" ebong "yuthisanias" sameth aneka ganare, mahilamane udanahina, ebong anya gostheegudika kebala purushamananka thaaru janashuna . samasta janashuna larbha maatire baasa karanti . general. ehi prajatigudika heuchhi 8-20 mea. mea.. lambare. sharirara dairghya ebong sarbadhika sharirara prasthara anupata 2.5-4.55. sharira samanya samtal hoi madhyama utturna hoijae. sharirara parswagudika samaana bhabare bakra nuhen . sharira sangarodh karibare sakhyama nuhen (eka balare ghuriba). sharirara upara prusthagudika bhinna bhinna kesh, sete kimba scale pindhithae . upara prusthara poshakare kathore, sidha, gadha bristal antarbhukta nuhen; scale kimba scale pari sete antarbhukta nuhen . gabhira phovi bina sharirara upara prustha. prothorax, metathorax ebong-kimba bahya granthi bina pett . jala-prabaha prustha (gudika) bina sharirara talabhaga. munda. munda lumb ebong ehara sarbadhika osara (aakhi byatita) rahr anupata 1 kimba taa 'thaaru comm. aakhi pachapate munda prastha prothoracic prastha thaaru spust bhabare adhika nuhen . mundati naah thila kimba samanya hrass paithila, kimba madhyamaru drudha bhabare hrass paithila; pronotum dwara sampurna bhabare uparu luchai nathila; lamba rostrom bina; hathat pachapata sankuchita hoinathila . mandiragudika anupasthita kimba prothorax sahita nikatatar nuhen; anupasthita . adaa paschadagami riz kimba carina anupasthita . stridulatory file bina osaiput karantu. mundaku anudairghya akhya (ocypital foramen thaaru paati gahwara parjyanta) 45 digreeru comm konare kimba 45 ru 90 degree konare jhukichhi. sammukh bhaga madhyama dharanara nuhen, dheere dheere hrass paila. madhyama anudairghya khadi kimba rekha (endocarina) bina ocipital anchala . madhyama khanja kimba rekha (endocarina) bina sammukh anchala . oseli bina munda. aakhi. aakhigudika drudha bhabe ujwala hoithae. gotie aakhira ullamb byasa 2 gunaru comm aanubhumika byasa hoithae. aakhigudika sukshma bhabare muhanku; interfesetal sete bina . exocon prakarara omatidium. aakhiku pura. aakhira purba kimba messal dhaar nuhen kimba kebala seemita nuhen . aakhira pacha parswa parsware nathaae kimba kwachit seemita hue naahin. antenal sannibeshagudika uparu unmukta, kimba uparu luchai; madhyamaru byapaka bhabare pruthaka . uthita yakshma upare antena janma hue naahin . munda upare subentainal grobh kimba gahwara anupasthita kimba bahuta durbala bhabare bikashita . frontoclyple siusan anupasthita kimba asampurna . clipius parswastha bhabare seemita nuhen . clipius kimba clipiolabramara agrabhaga sidha uttal aadaku. mukh gahwara purba kimba anteroventral bhittika . parswastha kholuthiba gahwara bina pregulara anchala . mundaku ventrali bhabe jugmita upa-sailashrenee bina, kimba jugmita upa-sailashrenee sahita. purba-prakhyepana janita prakrijagudika bina munda. gular selaigudika byapaka bhabare alga kimba anupasthita . corporotentorium sankirna; madhyama prakriya bina . cervical sclerite upasthita. antina. linga upare nirbhara curry ehi prajatira 11 kimba 12tii antenomerase rahichhi. antena jetebele prusthabhagare bistara hue, prothoraxer madhyabhagare naah pahanchiba, kimba prothoraxer madhyabhaga bahare pahanchiba kintu elitra madhyabhagare naah pahanchiba, kimba elitra madhyabhaga bahare pahanchiba kintu elitra opisus nuhen . antena filform, kimba moneliform, kimba seret, kimba pectinet kimba bipectinet, kimba plumos kimba biplumose . antenomerase 3,4 kimba 5 ru 10 bina kimba ekaka raami (uniramose) sahita . antena ati kamare aanshika bhabare pubsent kimba spust paribartana sahita . antenanmeier 3 (kwachit 2), kimba antenanmeier 4 ru arambha heuthiba antenanal paribartana. pratham antenonomeier (scape) 2jaiah (pedicale) thaaru 3 gunaru comm, kimba 2jaiah (pedicale) thaaru 3 gunaru adhika lamba . antena giniculate nuhen; apical club bina . mukh bhaga. labrum ati kamare aanshika bhabare drushyamana hue, kimba clipius tale luchai thaae kimba aapatatah anupasthita; mukta, jhilli kimba silei dwara pruthaka . labramer adhikansha ansha drudha bhabe adaa. labramer shirshati samanya uttal, kimba samanya abtal kimba imarginatore subtranketa kare . bases ebong-kimba shirshaku chhadidele, labrum madhyamaru bhaari sclerotised . mukhabhaga eka chhedana kimba chushibaku nalee gathan karunahin . ehi mendibalgudika upasthita thaae ebong madhyama bhabare lamba hoithae, kimba ekaa samajare bahuta sankirna ebong lamba hoithae . semane madhya molah bina achanti, jaahaa prostheka hrass karichhi kimba ehaa aadou naahin . mandibulara shirshati drudha ebong hathat messa bhabare bakra ebong chinhat hoinathae, kataa kimba golakara . mendibalara prusthabhaga yakshma bina ebong setos gahwara bina . mendibalara chhedana dharati sarala kimba gotie daanta bisista . prostheka anupasthita kimba spust, sclerotised prakriya bina . swatantra galia ebong lacinia sahita maxila . maxillary lobe (gudika) stylet bhali nuhen ebong ehara eka luz achhi jaahaa jatila anga bina . galia kimba maxillary lobara shirsha ghana setos kimba spinos; atyadhika sclerotise hoithiba daanta kimba hook bina . hook (gudika) kimba merudanda (gudika) bina lacinia. epical maxillary palapomere belakararu fusiform parjyanta; ati kamare preopical thaaru chauda kimba lamba . epical labial palpomer belakararu fusiform parjyanta . ligula agabhiraru madhyama bhabare immarginate, kimba gabhira bhabare immarginate kimba bilobe . prothorax. sarbajanina dairghya ebong sarbabruhata sarbajanina prasthara anupata 0.4-1.05. agrabhagare, kimba madhyabhagare, kimba paschabhagare, prothorax sarbadhika prasasta. prothoraxer parswagudika comm kimba adhika sidha, kimba sinuate . goda paain gahwara gathan kariba paain prothorax parsware sankuchita hue naahin . prothoraxer parswagudika kichhi spust karunahin kimba samanya byakhya karunahin. protoraxer aadhara, elitral aadhara tulanare comm kimba samanya sankirna nuhen, kimba elitral aadhara tulanare spust bhabe sankirna. sarbabruhat protoracic prastha sarbabruhat elitral prastha apekhya comm kimba samanya sankirna nuhen, kimba sarbabruhat elitral prastha apekhya spust bhabare sankirna . parsweeja sarbajanina carine sampurna, kimba asampurna, kimba anupasthita; sarala; uparu semanankara sampurna dairghya paain drushyamana, kimba uparu semanankara sampurna dairghya paain drushyamana nuhen; eka bardhita margine bina . gabhira gartta bina prothoraxer parsweeja ansha . anterolatoral callogity bina pronotum . pronotmer agrabhaga kone anupasthita kimba aagaku utpadita hue naahin; anupasthita, dahana kimba golakara, utpadita hue naahin . pronotmer pascha konagudika abtuce kimba dahana, kimba madhyamaru drudha tibra; utpadita ebong tibra nuhen, kimba drudha bhabare utpadita ebong khudra tibra . pronotmer prusthabhagara dhaar comm kimba adhika sidha kimba samaana bhabare golakara, kimba spust bhabare sinuate kimba bibhinna bhabare lobe; sarala; aspasta bhabare seemita nuhen, kimba sankirna uthita margine kimba mani sahita . pronotmer discal carine anupasthita, kimba kebala pascha konare abasthita . jugmita besal impression bina sarbajanina disk. madhyama anudairghya khadi kimba rekha bina pronotum . gartta bina hypomeron. prosternamara purbabhaga madhyare prosternal prakriya thaaru chhot, kimba prosternal prakriya parjyanta, kimba prosternal prakriya thaaru adhika lamba . prokaksal gahwara madhyabhaga dairghya thaaru chhot, kimba prokaksal gahwara madhyabhaga dairghya parjyanta, kimba prokaksal gahwara madhyabhaga dairghya thaaru lamba, coxa sammukhare prosternum rahr parsweeja ansha . prosternamara purba parswa purbabhagare utpadita hoinathae, kimba spust bhabare utpadita hoi chibuka khanda (birala) gathan kare . coxa abtal kimba baikonakava sammukhare prosternum, kimba samatalaru madhyama utturna . jugmita rekha kimba carine bina coxa sammukhare prosternum . messal khanan bina prosternamara purba parswa. gahwara kimba grobha bina prothoraxer anterolatoral kimba ventrolatoral ansha . prothorasika gahwara anupasthita . prothorasika grobh anupasthita . prosternal prakriya sampurna; epical bhabare sankirna, kimba samantarala-parswa, kimba dheere dheere prasarita ebong taa 'parey sankirna; samtal, abtal, kimba kebala coxa pachare samanya uccha kimba bakra, kimba coxa pachare drudha bhabare uccha ebong bakra dorsali; samanya overlaping mesoventrite, kimba madhyama bhabare drudha bhabare overlaping mesoventrite . prosternal prakrijara shirsha tibra kimba sankirna bruttakara . transverse grobh bina prosternal prakriya . aanushangika (messal) procoxal uchharana anupasthita . ubhaja parsware prothoraxer ventral ansha kebala notosternal siun sahita . propluran prothoraxer purba parswa parjyanta bistara karunahin . propluran kimba pleurotrochantin coxa pachare bistara karunahin . procoxa prosternum tale kimba samanya bhabare prakhyepita hue naahin . bina kimba chhot luchai rakhajaithiba parsweeja samprasarana sahita procoxa. procoxal gahwara bruttakara kimba chauda thaaru lamba . madhyasta procoxal gahwaragudika sankirna bhabe alga hoi rahithae, kimba madhyamaru byapaka bhabe alga hoi rahithae. procoxal gahwaragudika bahya bhabare khola; byapaka bhabare khola . postcoxal prakhyepana anupasthita kimba bahuta chhot . sankirna parsweeja samprasarana bina, kimba sankirna parsweeja samprasarana sahita prokaksal gahwara . procoxal gahwaragudika aabhyantareen bhabe khola rahithae, kimba patala baara dwara banda hoithae. prothoracic trocantin kimba pleurotrocantin sampurna bhabare luchai rakhajaithila kimba anupasthita thila. promesothoracic clicking pranali anupasthita, kimba upasthita . elitron. elitral lumb ebong sarbadhika elitral prasthara anupata 1.45-2.85. elitral lumb ebong sarbajanina dairghyara anupata 1.75-5.75. elitra apankatet, aniyamita bhabare punchet, kimba 5 kimba taa 'thaaru comm swatantra puncher dhadi kimba stry sahita, kimba 5 ru adhika swatantra puncher dhadi sahita, kimba 5 ru adhika swatantra prabhabita stry sahita; scootellary striola bina . nambara elitral puncher dhadi kimba stry 9. suteral stry anupasthita kimba shirsha nikatare gabhira bhabare prabhabita hoinathae . petare thiba turgitegudika elitra none kimba 1 rahr shirsha, kimba ektira adhikansha, kimba atikamare gotie kintu 2 ru comm, kimba atikamare 2 kintu 3 ru comm, kimba 3 kimba adhika dwara unmukta . unmukta pett khandagudika comm kimba adhika namaniah. elitral epis baithaka kimba praiah siun ray sakhyata, kimba swadheena bhabare golakara kimba tibra ebong prasasta byabadhana dwara pruthaka . elitral siusan shirsha nikatare bichyuta hoinathae . aabhyantareen aantahsanjoga jibha bina elitral shirsha . epiphluran anupasthita kimba asampurna, kimba sampurna; nuhen kimba dheere dheere sankirna . elitronera parswastha pranta sidha kimba durbala bhabe sinuate hoithae. terothorax. scootelm bhal bhabare bikashita; hathat unnat nuhen, kimba hathat unnat nuhen; purbabarti sarala; prusthabhagare byapaka bhabare golakara kimba aspasta bhabare konajukta, kimba kataa . stridulatory file bina mesoskutam. yoda procoxal bina mesoventrite bishram, kimba yoda procoxal bishram sahita . yoda hoithiba mesoventral procoxal anupasthita, aanubhumika kimba samanya tirjaka, kimba madhyamaru drudha tirjaka rahithae. prosternal bishram bina mesoventriter purba parswa. mesoventraitaku anudairghya khadi kimba vedabhaba dwara bibhakta karajae naahin. metaventrite bhali samaana samatalare madhyare mesoventritra purba parswa. mesoventral gahwara madhyama aakarare budd ebong agabhira, kimba madhyama aakarare bahuta budd ebong gabhira . mesocoxa shankujukta ebong prakhyepana, kimba shankujukta ebong prakhyepana nuhen . madhyabarti sanlagna, kimba sankirna bhabe alga hoithiba mesocoxal gahwara. coxal gahwara khudratama byasaru comm byasa dwara pruthaka hoithiba mesocoxa. mesocoxal gahwaragudika bruttakararu samanya adaa; nuhen kimba samanya tirjaka . mesoventraitku mesepistaranaru sampurna selai dwara pruthaka karajaichi. gabhira pocket bina, midalainare messepisterna spust bhabare pruthaka hoithae. messipimeron uparu drushyamana heunahin. mesocoxal gahwaragudika parsware kholithae; aanshika bhabe metepisterna dwara banda hoinathae. mesoventral prakriya anupasthita kimba mesocoxal gahwara madhyabhaga parjyanta prasarita nuhen . mesometaventral jankasana anupasthita kimba eka bindu, kimba eka prustha bakra, kone kimba tibra rekha, kimba eka jatila phitinga . metaventral distrimen kimba median line. metaventral discrimen madhyama dharanara thaaru bahuta lamba . metaventriter jugmita postcoxal rekha anupasthita . metaventriter postcoxal rekha anupasthita . pratham pett ventrite thaaru metaventrite lamba . metaventriter postcoxal pitt anupasthita . metaventrite samatalaru samanya uttal, kimba madhyamaru drudha uttal. metaventriter adaa khadi anupasthita. mesocoxal gahwara madhyare transverse carina bina metaventriter purba parswa. metepisternamara unmukta ansha madhyama bhabare lamba, kimba bahuta lamba ebong sankirna kimba anupasthita . metacoxa sanlagna kimba sankirna bhabare pruthaka; eltra kimba sharirara parswaku bhetiba paain parsware prasarita; siun dwara metaventrite thaaru sampurna bhabare pruthaka . metacoxal plategudika bhal bhabare bikashita, comm kimba comm samaana, kimba bhal bhabare bikashita, parsware durbala, kimba durbala bhabare bikashita, kimba anupasthita; adhikansha besal pett ventraitku luchai rakhe naahin . metacoxa adhika budd hoinathae; anubhumika bhabare bhittika . metaendosternitra parsweeja baahu chhot kimba anupasthita . metaendosternal lamine anupasthita . metaendosternitra ventrolateral prakriya anupasthita kimba durbala bhabare bikashita . metendosternitra purba prakriya madhyama dharanara bhabare lamba . metendosternitra purbabarti tendangudika madhyama dharanara kimba ati nikatatar. metaendosternitra apical anshati nuhen kimba kebala samanya immarginate hue naahin . pacha pakhya. pacha pakhya bhal bhabare bikashita, ebong atyadhika hrass kimba anupasthita; sadharana adaa putt sahita, kimba adaa putt abhaba . pacha pakhar radial cell bhal bhabare bikashita; lamba . aabhyantareen pascha konati radial koshar dahana kimba abatusra tale gathita . tribhuja tribhuja gathan radial cell nuhen. epical khetrara lumb ebong mote dangara lumb anupata 0.20 ru comm. pacha dangara madhyama baraku putt dwara atikrama karajai naahin . pacha pakhar madhyabarti anchalare mukta shira 5 kimba 6. pacha pakhar ajatakara kosh anupasthita . pacha pakhar madhyama flick anupasthita; anupasthita kimba eka shira dwara aanshika bhabare dwikhandita nuhen . pacha pakhar wej cell bhal bhabare bikashita hoithila . pacha pakhar guda khanda anupasthita ebong pacha pakhar pacha parsware lamba keshar eka pranta naahin . goda. godagudika madhya trocanter adambara kimba samanya tirjaka rahr femoral sanlagnata . mesotrochanter nimnaru hrass kimba luchai rakhajae naahin . metafemur mesofemur thaaru adhika prasasta nuhen. mesotibia sheershare kimba nikatabartee sthanare adhika prasasta nuhen, kimba adhika prasasta hoinahin. mesotibiara bahya pranta sarala, crinulate kimba denticulate, kimba bhinna daanta kimba lamba merudanda sahita . antena cleaner bina mesotibiara bahya upa-apical pranta . kaunasi pahacha kimba comb bina mesotibiara purbabarti prusthabhaga. mesotibiara bahya epical kone sarala kimba samanya utpadita, loba, daanta kimba merudanda bina, kimba golakara loba kimba prakriya sahita, belebele merudanda bahn kare . mesotibial sparsagudika ujjwala kimba anupasthita . 5tii bhinna tarsomerase (pentamerous) sahita mesotars. pacha godare ati kamre madhya godare jetiki tarsomerase hoithae. aaga godare ati kamare madhya godare thiba pari tarsomerase . mesotarsomeier 1 bhal bhabare bikashita ebong drushyamana . pri-apical mesotarsomeresgudic apical mesotarsomeres apekhya lamba hoithae. upantiah mesotarsomeier antipenametate thaaru spust bhabare chhot nuhen . ventral mesotarsal lobus anupasthita thibabele mesotarsal nakh jodi hoichhi; lambare upa-samaana ebong roop ebong prabanatara konare samaana; sarala . pratyeka tarsal nakhare appendays anupasthita . bases nikatare sete bina mesotarsal nakh . mesotarsal amphodium anupasthita kimba 2 kimba taa 'thaaru comm sete sahita . antena cleaner bina protebr aabhyantareen upa-apical pranta . santarana kesh bina pacha goda . pahadara shikhar kimba comb bina metatibr purbabarti prustha. pett. ehi prajatira petare 5,6 kimba 7 pratishata ventrite thaae . ehi prajatigudikara kaunasi baa charoti besal ventrites connet naahin . ehi prajatira 2tii drushyamana kimba aapatatah anupasthita pett sternite achhi . pratham ventrite sampurna bhabe metacoxa dwara bibhajita hoinahin. ventrite 1 ebong 2 madhyare bhinna bhinna silei karantu. ventrite 2 ebong 3 madhyare siun swatantra . ventrite 4 ubhaja 3 kimba 5 connet sahita spust hoichhi . ventrite 1 ray postcoxal line anupasthita . ventrite 1 2 ru adhika lamba nuhen. pett prakriya tibra kimba sankirna golakara, kimba anupasthita . bruttakara absad bina mahilanka thaare ventrite 5. ventrite 5 rahr prusthabhagara dhaar crinulate nuhen . shesh drushyamana turgite ebong-kimba sternite (7 kimba 8) antim merudanda gathan karunahin . upa-paaka pett alokita anga anupasthita . setos patch kimba phovi bina ventrite . pett khanda 8 ray karjyatmaka sarpil upasthita . purushamananka khetrare sternite 8rahr purba parsware madhyama strut nathaae. purushamananka khetrare sternite 9rahr purba parsware madhyama strut nathaae. purushanka thaare thiba turgite 9 gabhira bhabe hrass paithae. purushanka khetrare turgite 10 bhal bhabe bikashita ebong magana. edegus trilobate. edegus trilobate samamita atte. tegmen kimba phalobesra agrabhaga bina strut. parameres byaktigata bhabare phalobases kimba linga talaku spust hoichhi; bahya bhabare hook hoinahin . prustheeja ebong ventral loba bina linga. lingara purba parsware strut bina, kimba jodi strut sahita .

cbrionini sebrionini parivaar elateridae toon click beatles daa ikk kabila haii; pahilan ikk upp-parivaar jaan parivaar vajon darja ditta giaa see, hunn uhanan noon upp-parivaar elaterine dey ander ikk kabila manniaa jaanda haii. vandd. cibrionine dunia dey ziaadaatar hissiaan witch rahinde hunn, parr uh australia atey newzealand toon gairhazar hunn. uh vishesh taur utte holarctic khetar dey vadhere sukke hissiaan, nede dey archtic, palearctic, neotropical, afrotropical atey purbi hissiaan witch bharpur hunn. varnan. jeev-vigiaanak. narr cibrionine raat noon uddade hunn atey lightan vall aakarshit hoow sakde hunn. sebrio", "celonoden" atey "euthisanius" samet kaee prajatiaan witch, aurtan uddan toon asamrath hunn, atey horr samooh siraf mardan toon jaane jaande hunn. saare jaane-pachane larva mitty witch rahinde hunn. general. ih prajatiaan 8-20 mm hunn. lambai witch. sareer dee lambai atey sareer dee sabh toon vaddi chaudai daa anupat 2.5-4.55. sareer thodah samtal hoow keey madham upparle paase hoow jaanda haii. sareer dey paase barabar vakrit naheen hunn. sareer conglobation (ikk gend witch rolling) dey samrath naheen haii. sareer deeaan uparliaan satahan vakkh-vakkh vaalan, saite jaan skelan naal kattiaan hoiaan hunn. upparliaan satahan dey libas jiss witch sakhat, siddhe, goodeh brisal shamal naheen hunn; scale jaan scale varge saite shamal naheen hunn. dunghi fovi toon binan sareer deeaan uparliaan satahan. prothorax, metathorax atey-jaan pett binan kise granthiaan dey. hydrofuse satah toon binan sareer daa hethla hissa. sir. sir dee lambai atey iss dee sabh toon vaddi chaudai (akkhan noon chhadd keey) daa anupat 1 jaan iss toon ghatt haii. sir dee chaudai akkhan dey bilkul pichhe prothorasik chaudai toon vaddh naheen haii. sir naa jaan thodah ghatiaa, jaan madham toon zordar taur teey ghatiaa; pronotum duaara puurii tarahan uppar toon lukaiaa naheen giaa; lambe rostrum toon binan; achanak pichhe sankuchit naheen hoiaa. mandar gairhazar jaan prothorax naal nediyon jude naheen hunn; gairhazar. paar occipital rij jaan carina gairhazar haii. binan stridulatory file dey ocpt crow. sir daa lambkari dhure (ocipital foramen toon moonh dee guha takk) 45 digri toon ghatt dey konn 'teey jhukaa, jaan 45 toon 90 digri dey konn' teey jhukaa haii. agla khetar madham naheen, hauli-hauli ghatda giaa. maddh lambai naali jaan line (endocrina) toon binan ocipital khetar. vichkarle khambhe jaan line (endocrina) toon binan agla khetar. oseli toon binan sir. akkhan. akkhan bahut mazboot hundiaan hunn. akkh daa lambkari viaas 2 gunna khitiji viaas toon ghatt hunda haii. akkhan noon bariki naal paase keeta giaa haii; binan interfacital saite dey. exocon kisam daa omtedium. akkhan puriaan. akkh daa pichla jaan messel kinara naa jaan siraf mushkil naal emerginate hunda haii. akkh daa pichla kinara naa jaan mushkil naal chhota hunda haii. antinal sammilit uppar toon samparak witch aaa jaande hunn, jaan uppar toon lukaiaa jaanda haii; madham toon viaapak taur teey vakkh keeta jaanda haii. antina ucche tubercles utte paida naheen hunda. sir utte subantanel naali jaan guha gairhazar jaan bahut kamzor vikast hoee. frontokyple silai gairhazar jaan adhuri haii. clippius paase dee patti toon naheen hunda. clippius jaan clipiolabrum daa agla kinara siddha convex takk. moonh dee guha pahilan jaan antiroventorly oriented haii. binan paase vaale kholhe hoye gumbad vaala khetar. binan jodidar upp-genal rijjan dey, jaan jodidar upp-genal rijjan dey naal sir noon ventorly taur teey sir crow. jinal prakiriaavan noon pahilan toon pesh keete binan sir. gullar taanke viaapak taur 'teey vakkh keete jaan gairhazar hunn. corporotentorium tang; binan median prakiriaa dey. cervical scholarites maujood hunn. antina. prajatiaan witch jaan taan 11 jaan 12 antinomer hunde hunn, joe ling utte nirbhar karde hunn. antina jadon pichhe toon prothorax dey maddh takk naheen pahunchada, jaan prothorax dey maddh toon parey pahunchada haii parr elitera dey maddh witch naheen, jaan elitera dey maddh toon parey pahunchada haii parr elitral episus toon bahr naheen pahunchada. antina filform, jaan moneliform, jaan seret, jaan pactnet jaan bipectinet, jaan pulmose jaan biplomos. antinomerase 3,4 jaan 5 toon 10 binan jaan single raami (uniramose) dey naal. antina ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey pubescent jaan spasht sodhan dey naal. antinomer 3 (ghatt hii 2), jaan antinomer 4 toon shuru honn valiaan antinal sodhan. pahila antinomer (scap) dooje (pedical) naalon 3 gunna ghatt, jaan dooje (pedical) naalon 3 gunna vaddh lamba. antina geneculate naheen haii; binan epical club dey. moonh dey hisse. labrum ghatto ghatt anshak taur 'teey dikhai dinda haii, jaan clipius dey hethan lukiaa hunda haii jaan spasht taur' teey gairhazar hunda haii; mukat, jhilli jaan silai duaara vakkh keeta jaanda haii. labrum daa vadda hissa mazbooti naal paar haii. labrum daa sikhar thodah upparle, jaan thodah upparle jaan upparle paase subtrunket hunda haii. adhaar atey-jaan sikhar noon chhadd keey, labrum noon madham toon bhaari scholerotised keeta jaanda haii. moonh dey hisse ikk vinnhn jaan chusan vaali nalee naheen banaunde. mendible maujood hunde hunn atey use samein madham lambe hunde hunn, jaan bahut tang atey lambe hunde hunn. uh binan molla dey vee hunde hunn, jinhan neey prostheka noon ghataa ditta haii jaan iss witch ih bilkul naheen hunda. mandibular sikhar mazbooti naal atey achanak mesla taur teey karav hunda haii atey anjaan, kattan jaan goal hunda haii. mendible daa pitth vaala hissa tubercal toon binan atey satos guha toon binan hunda haii. mendible daa kattan vaala kinara jaan taan sadharan hunda haii jaan iss daa ikko dand hunda haii. prostheka gairhazar jaan binan sapshat, scholerotised prakiriaa dey hunda haii. vakkhari gailia atey lasinia dey naal maxila. maxillary lobe (z) stylet varge naheen hunde atey ikk mijh hundi haii joe gunjhaldar anga toon binan hundi haii. gailia jaan maxillary lobe daa sikhar sanghane satos jaan spinos; bhaari schlorotised dandan jaan hukkan toon binan. binan hook jaan reedh dee haddi dey lasinia. apical maxillary palpomeier silandrik toon fuciform takk; ghatto ghatt inna chauda jaan prepackle naalon lamba. apical labial palpomeier silandrik toon fuciform takk. ligula ghatt toon ghatt darmiaane taur teey emerginate hunda haii, jaan dunghai naal emerginate jaan bilobed hunda haii. prothorax. sarvotam lambai atey sabh toon vaddi sarvotam chaudai daa anupat 0.4-1.05. prothorax sabh toon pahilan, jaan vichkaar, jaan pichhe. prothorax dey paase ghatt jaan ghatt siddhe, jaan sinuate hunde hunn. pair laee gufa banaun laee prothorax noon paase dee sankuchit naheen keeta jaanda. prothorax dey paase naheen jaan thodah spasht naheen hunn. prothorax daa adhaar elitral bases naalon thodah tang jaan ghatt haii, jaan elitral bases naalon sapshat taur teey tang haii. sabh toon vaddi prothorasik chaudai sabh toon vaddi elitral chaudai naalon ghatt jaan thodhi tang naheen, jaan sabh toon vaddi elitral chaudai naalon spasht taur 'teey tang haii. paase dey sarvotam carina sampuran, jaan adhura, jaan gairhazar; sadharan; uppar toon uhanan dee puurii lambai laee dikhai dinda haii, jaan uppar toon uhanan dee puurii lambai laee dikhai naheen dinda; binan kise vadhe hoye hashiye dey. dunghe toye toon binan prothorax daa paase vaala hissa. antirolateral collosities toon binan pronotum. pronotum dey pichle konn gairhazar jaan agge paida naheen keete gaye; gairhazar, sajje jaan goal, paida naheen keete gaye. pronotum dey pichhe dey konn aubtiooz jaan sajje, jaan madham toon zordar teebar; paida naheen hoye atey teebar, jaan zordar paida hoye atey sankhep teebar. pernotum daa pichhe vaala kinara ghatt jaan ghatt siddha jaan barabar goal, jaan spasht taur 'teey sinuate jaan vakkh-vakkh tarahan naal laub keeta giaa; sadharan; naa jaan aspasht taur' teey seembadh, jaan tang uccha hadd jaan manke dey naal. pernotum dee discal carina gairhazar haii, jaan siraf pichhe dey konan 'teey sathit haii. binan jode dey besal prabhav dey sarav sadharan disk. maddh lambai naali jaan line toon binan pronotum. binan toye dey hypomeron. prosternum daa agge daa hissa middline utte prosternal prakiriaa naalon chhota, jaan prosternal prakiriaa jinna chir, jaan prosternal prakiriaa toon lamba hunda haii. procoxal guha dee maddh lambai toon chhota, jaan procoxal guha dee maddh lambai, jaan procoxal guha dee maddh lambai toon lamba, cox dey sahmane prosternum daa paase vaala hissa. prosternum daa agla kinara pahilan toon paida naheen hunda, jaan sapshat taur 'teey paida hunda haii joe thodi daa tukda (durlabh) banaunda haii. kauksai avtal jaan biconcove dey sahmane prosternum, jaan flat toon madham uttarvarti takk. binan jodidar lines jaan carina dey cox dey sahmane prosternum. maisal khudai toon binan prosternum daa pichla kinara. gufa jaan khadde toon binan prothorax dey antirolateral jaan ventrolateral hisse. prothorasik gufavan gairhazar hunn. prothorasik khadde gairhazar hunn. prosternal prakiriaa puurii; epically, jaan parallel-side, jaan hauli-hauli faildi haii atey firr tang hundi haii; flat, kankev, jaan cox dey pichhe siraf thodah uccha jaan curved, jaan cox dey pichhe mazbooti naal uccha atey curved dorsley; thodah overlapping mesoventrite, jaan madham toon mazbooti naal overlapping mesoventrite. prosternal prakiriaa daa sikhar teebar jaan sankhep goal hunda haii. parly naali toon binan prosternal prakiriaa. sahaik (messel) procoxal articulation gairhazar haii. harek paase prothorax daa ventral hissa siraf notasternal silai dey naal. propluran prothorax dey pichle kinare takk naheen failda. propluron jaan plurotrochantin cox dey pichhe naheen failda. prosternum dey hethan procoxy jaan thodah jiha pesh naheen keeta jaa riha haii. procox binan jaan chhote lukven paase dey extension dey naal. procoxal guha circular jaan chaudi toon lambi haii. maddh witch procoxal gufavan sankhep roop witch vakkh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn, jaan madham toon viaapak taur teey vakkh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. procoxal gufavan baahari taur 'teey khulhiaan hunn; viaapak taur' teey khulhiaan hunn. postcoxel projection gairhazar jaan bahut chhota haii. tang paase dey extensionan toon binan jaan tang paase dey extensionan dey naal prococal gufavan. procoxal gufavan andruni taur utte khulhiaan hundiaan hunn, jaan patli patti duaara bnd hundiaan hunn. prothorasik trocantin jaan plurotrochantin puurii tarahan lukiaa hoiaa jaan gairhazar haii. promesothorasic clicking vidhi gairhazar, jaan maujood haii. elitron. λitral lambai atey sabh toon vaddi λitral chaudai daa anupat 1.45-2.85. λitral lambai atey upparli lambai daa anupat 1.75-5.75. λitra apunctate, aniyamit pankat, jaan 5 jaan ghatt vakkhre puncture kataran jaan striye dey naal, jaan 5 toon vaddh vakkhariaan puncture kataran dey naal, jaan 5 toon vaddh vakkhariaan prabhavit striye dey naal; binan scootellery streole dey. number elitral puncture kataran jaan stree 9. sturial stria gairhazar haii jaan sikhar dey nede dunghai naal prabhavit naheen haii. pett dey tergites daa samparak Îlytra no jaan 1 dey sikhar, jaan ikk dey ziaadaatar, jaan ghatto ghatt ikk parr 2 toon ghatt, jaan ghatto ghatt 2 parr 3 toon ghatt, jaan 3 jaan vadhere duaara keeta jaanda haii. pett dey khulleh hisse ghatt jaan ghatt lachakdaar hunde hunn. elitral epis dee mulakat jaan lagbhag silai 'teey mulakat, jaan sutantar taur' teey goal jaan teebar atey viaapak paade duaara vakkh keeta jaanda haii. elitral silai sikhar dey nede naheen bhatakdi. andruni interlocking jeebh toon binan elitral sikhar. epiplurone gairhazar jaan adhura, jaan sampuran; naheen jaan hauli-hauli sankuchit naheen. elitron daa paase vaala kinara siddha jaan kamzor roop witch sinuate hunda haii. patothorax. scootelm changi tarahan vikast hoiaa; achanak uccha naheen, jaan achanak uccha naheen; pahilan toon sadharan; pichhe toon viaapak taur 'teey goal jaan gumbad naal konn, jaan kattna. binan stridulatory file dey mesoscootum. mesoventrite binan jode dey prococal aaram dey, jaan jode dey prococal aaram dey naal. jodidar mesoventral prococal gairhazar, harijantal jaan thodah tirchhe, jaan madham toon mazbooti naal tirchhe rahinda haii. prosternal aaram toon binan mesoventrite daa pichla kinara. mesoventrite noon lambi naali jaan vitkare naal vandiaa naheen jaanda haii. metoventrite dey samaan plain utte midline utte mesoventrite daa pichla kinara. mesoventral guha madham taur utte vaddi atey ghatt, jaan madham toon bahut vaddi atey dunghi haii. mesococcusa shanku atey projecting, jaan shanku atey projecting naheen haii. maddh naal laggde, jaan sankhep roop witch vakkh keete hoye mesococcul gufavan. mesocoxei coxel guha dey sabh toon chhote viaas toon ghatt duaara vakkh keeta giaa haii. mesooxal gufavan goal toon thodhi jihi ulat; naa jaan thodhi tirchhi. mesoventrite noon mesepisterna toon sampuran tankiaan duaara vakkh keeta giaa haii. mesepisterna noon dunghiaan jeban toon binan middline 'teey vakkhra keeta jaanda haii. messepimron uppron dikhai naheen dinda. mesooxal gufavan paase vaale paase khulhdiaan hunn; anshak taur 'teey metpisterna duaara bnd naheen hundiaan. mesoventral prakiriaa gairhazar haii jaan mesooxal guha dey maddh takk naheen faildi. mesometeventral junction gairhazar jaan ikk bindu, jaan ikk pichhe vakrit, angulate jaan teebar rekha, jaan ikk gunjhaldar fitting. metaventral discriman jaan median line. metaventral vitkara madham toon bahut lamba hunda haii. maita-ventrite deeaan jodiaan post-coxel lines gairhazar hunn. maita-ventrite deeaan post-coxel lines gairhazar hunn. metaventrite pahile pett dey ventrite naalon lamba haii. maita-ventrite dey post-coxel toye gairhazar hunn. metaventrite flat toon thodah convex, jaan madham toon zordar convex. maita-ventrite dee parly naali gairhazar haii. mesooxal gufavan dey vichkaar transverse carina toon binan metaventrite daa pichla kinara. metapisternum daa khullah hissa madham taur 'teey lamba, jaan bahut lamba atey tang jaan gairhazar hunda haii. metacoxy nedla jaan sankuchit taur teey vakkh keeta giaa; sareer dey eltra jaan pasiaan noon milann laee paase vall failda haii; silai duaara metaventrite toon puurii tarahan vakkh keeta giaa haii. metacoxal platean changi tarahan vikast, ghatt jaan ghatt iksaar, jaan changi tarahan vikast, kamzor pakkhi, jaan kamzor vikast, jaan gairhazar; ziaadaatar besal pett dey ventrite noon naheen lukaundiyan. metacox bahut vadda naheen hoiaa; khitiji taur teey mukhi. metendosternite deeaan paase deeaan baahan chhotiaan jaan gairhazar hunn. metanosternal lamine gairhazar haii. metendosternite dee gairhazar jaan kamzor vikast ventrolateral prakiriaavan. metandosternite dee agaoon prakiriaa madham lambi hundi haii. metandosternite dey pichle kandhe madham jaan bahut nede ikkathe hunde hunn. metendosternite daa apical hissa naa jaan siraf thodah jiha emerginate naheen hunda. hind wing. pichhe daa wing changi tarahan vikast haii, atey jaan taan bahut ghatt jaan gairhazar haii; aam anuprasth foldan dey naal, jaan anuprasth foldan dee ghaat haii. hind wing daa radial saill changi tarahan vikast hoiaa; lamba. radial saill dey adhaar utte baney andruni pichhe daa konn sajje jaan obtus. radial saill sambhuj tikonh naheen bnaa riha haii. apical khetar dee lambai atey kull khambhan dee lambai daa anupat 0.20 toon ghatt. pichhe dey khambhan dee maddh patti noon fold duaara paar naheen keeta giaa. hind wing dey maddh khetar witch mukat naadiaan 5 jaan 6 hundiaan hunn. hind wing daa aublongam saill gairhazar hunda haii. hind wing daa maddh flack gairhazar; gairhazar jaan ikk naadi duaara anshak taur teey doou hisse naheen keeta giaa. hind wing daa vej saill changi tarahan vikast hoiaa. pichhe vaale khambh daa gudaa lobe gairhazar haii atey pichhe vaale khambh daa kinara lambe vaalan dey kinare toon binan haii. pair. lattan maddh trocanter dey antral jaan thodhi jihi tirchhi daa femoral attachment hundiaan hunn. mesotrochanter noon hethan toon ghatt jaan lukaiaa naheen jaanda haii. metafammer mesophammer naalon ziaada chauda naheen haii. mesotibia sikhar utte jaan nede sabh toon chauda naheen hoiaa, jaan mazboot taur utte chauda naheen hoiaa. mesotibia daa baahari kinara sadharan, cranulate jaan denticulate, jaan vakkhre dandan jaan lambiaan reedh dee haddi vaala. antina cleaner toon binan mesotibia daa baahari upp-upp-kinare. binan kise kanghi jaan kanghiaan dey mesotibia deeaan purav-padhri satahan. mesotibia daa baahari madham konn sadharan jaan thodah jiha paida hunda haii, binan lobe, dandan jaan reedh dee haddi dey, jaan goal lobe jaan prakiriaa dey naal, kaee vaar reedh dee haddi noon lae keey. mesotibial spur jaan taan chamakdar hunde hunn jaan gair-maujood hunde hunn. 5 vakkhre tarsomirs (pantemers) dey naal mesotersus. pichli latt utte ghatto ghatt maddh latt utte jinne tarsomier hunde hunn. agge dee latt utte ghatto ghatt maddh latt utte tarsomier. mesotersomeier 1 changi tarahan vikast atey dikhai dinda haii. prepackle mesotersomeiers ikkathe apical naalon lambe hunde hunn. upp-mandal mesotersome antipanimetal toon spasht taur 'teey chhota naheen haii. ventral mesotersal loban gairhazar hundiaan hunn jadon kii mesotersal panje jode jaande hunn; lambai witch barabar atey jhukaa dey roop atey konn witch samaan; sadharan. harek tursel panje utte andashaya gairhazar haii. bases dey nede saite toon binan mesotersal panje. mesotersal amodium gairhazar jaan 2 jaan ghatt saite dey naal. antina cleaner toon binan protebia dey andruni upp-upp-kinare. tairaki vaal dey binan pichhe deeaan lattan. binan kise kanghi jaan kanghi dey metatibia deeaan purav-padhri satahan. pett. inhan prajatiaan witch jaan taan 5,6 jaan 7 pett dey ventrite hunde hunn. prajatiaan witch jaan taan koee naheen jaan chaar besal ventrites hunn. prajatiaan witch jaan taan 2 dikhai dinde hunn jaan spasht taur 'teey pett dey sternite dee gairhazari hundi haii. pahila ventrite puurii tarahan metacox duaara vandiaa naheen giaa haii. vakkhre ventrite 1 atey 2 dey vichkaar silai crow. ventrite 2 atey 3 dey vichkaar silai vakkhari haii. ventrite 4 noon 3 jaan 5 dey connet naal darsaiaa giaa haii. ventrite 1 utte postcoxel lines gairhazar hunn. ventrite 1 2 toon ziaada lamba naheen. pett dee prakiriaa teebar jaan sankhep goal, jaan gairhazar haii. circular depression toon binan aurat witch ventrite 5. ventrite 5 daa pichhe vaala kinara cranulate naheen haii. aakhri dikhai denh vaala tergite atey-jaan sternite (7 jaan 8) terminal reedh dee haddi naheen bnaa riha haii. upp-pett chamakdar anga gairhazar haii. satos paichan jaan fovi toon binan ventrites. pett dey hisse 8 utte karajsheel spirkle maujood hunn. marad witch midian strut toon binan sternite 8 daa pichla kinara. marad witch midian strut toon binan sternite 9 daa pichla kinara. marad witch tergite 9 dunghai naal emerginate hunda haii. marad witch tergite 10 changi tarahan vikast atey mufat haii. edigues trilobate. edigues trilobate samroop haii. binan struts dey tegman jaan fellobase daa agla kinara. pairamiran noon viaktigat taur 'teey fellobase jaan ling dey adhaar naal darsaiaa giaa haii; naa kii baahari taur' teey hook keeta giaa haii. pitth atey ventral loban toon binan ling. ling dey pichle kinare binan struts dey, jaan jodidar struts dey naal.

sebriyonini sebriyonini iti ilaateride-parivaarasya click-bhrungaanaam janajaatih asti; poorvam upakutumbatwen vaa parivaararoopen vaa sthaanam avaapnot, adhunaa te ilaaterine-upakutumbasya antah janajaatih iti manyante. vitaranam. sebrionins-jeevinah vishvasya adhikaamshakshetreshu nivasanti, parantu te australia-newjeelyaand-deshayoho naa santi. te visheshatah holarctic-pradeshasya adhika-shushka-bhaageshu, samipastha-aarkatik-kshetre, polyerctic-pradeshe, neotropical-pradeshe, aafrotraapikal-pradeshe, praachyakshetre cha prachuraroopen santi. varnanam. jeevavidnyaanam. narr-sebrionins raatrau uddeeyanti, dipan prati aakarshitaah bhavitum arhanti. sebriyo", "celonodan", "euthisanius" ityadini aneka-vamshaani, mahilaah uddayanaatah santi, anye samoohaah kevalam purushaihi eva dnyaataah santi. sarve dnyaataani larva-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larbha-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-larva-laar-laar-larva-laar-larva-larva - samanyaha. ete jaateeh 8-20 mm iti santi. dirghatayam. sharirasya dirghatayaha adhikatamasya sharirasya prasthasya cha anupaatah 2.5-4.55. sharirasya alpam chyapteshan madhyam bahirmukham. sharirasya paarshvaani samaanaroopen vakraani naa bhavanti. shareeram sangamayitum naa shaknoti (kandukam prati urukate). sharirasya uparibhaagaah vividhaani keshaih, sete-yukttaih vaa scale-yukttaih. uparibhagasya vastreshu naa katoraani, nitaaruh, krushnavarnasya bristals ityetaani santi; naa scales athavaa scale-sadrusha-sete ityetaani santi. sharirasya uparibhaagaah gabheer-fovie-vinaa santi. prothoraaks, metathorax tathaa-athavaa udaram vinaa bahishkriyamaanagranthih. jala-draavanamuktaanaam sharirasya prushtabhaagah. shiraha. shirshasya dirghatayaha bruhattamasya vistaarasya (netraan vihaay) anupaatah 1 athavaa nyoonah. netrasya prushtabhaagasya upari shiraha prasthe, prothoraasik-prasthehe apekshayaa spashtatayaa adhikam naa bhavati. naa shiraha, naa tu alpam, athavaa madhyamatah prabalatayaa cha kshinatam; sarwanaamatah purnataya naa guptam; deerghah rostrum vinaa; pashchatah naa akasmikataya sankeernah. mandiraani naa santi athavaa prothoraaks ityasya nikatayaa naa abhoot; naa santi. anuprastha-pashch-prushta-shikharh athavaa carina-kshetram anupasthitam asti. stradulatory-sanchikaa vinaa ocpt. shiraha anudairdhya-akshah (pashcheey-foraamen-taha mukha-guhaa-paryantam) 45 degree-taha nyoonakone, athavaa 45 taha 90 degree-konasya vakramitah asti. agrabhaagah madhyamah naa, kramena nyooneekrutah. madhya-anudairdhya-upagrah athavaa rekhaa (endocarina) vinaa pashch-kshetram. madhyam-grovaha athavaa rekhaa vinaa agrabhaagah (endocarina). oseli vinaa shiraha. netraani. netraani prabalaroopen pravardhante. netrasya oordhvavyaasaah 2 gunitaat api nyoonah bhavati. netraani sukshmataya mukhatah santi; antarasanketikaa vinaa. ommatidiyam-exocon-prakaarah. netram poornam. netrasya agrabhaagah athavaa messel-praantah naa vaa naa vaa kevalam alpatayaa eva marginet bhavati. netrasya prushtatalam naa vaa naa vaa viraktam vaa bhavati. oordhvatah anaavrutaani, athavaa oordhvatah guptaani, madhyatah vyaapakatayaa pruthak cha. utthaapiteshu kandukeshu antenna naa janyate. upa-varshaani yaavat upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa - frontoclipel-seev-anupasthitah athavaa apoornah. clapius paarshveeyaroopen alpasthayee naa bhavati. clapius athavaa clipeolabrum ityasya agrabhaagah uttal-dishaam prati sakshat bhavati. mukha-guhaa poorvatah vaa antroventrali-abhimukhi. paarshveeya-udghaatita-guhaah vinaa poorva-ganayukta-kshetram. yugmita-upa-vamshaavalee-shikharaihi vinaa, athavaa yugmita-upa-vamshaavalee-shikharaihi saha, shiraha oordhvatah bhavati. poorva-prakshepita-jananang-prakriyam vinaa shiraha. gular-selaah vyaapakaroopen vibhaktaani vaa anupasthitani vaa santi. carporotentorium-sankeernah; madhyika-prakriya vinaa. cervacal sclarats iti vidyamaanam. antenna. jaatishu 11 athavaa 12 antenomere-ityetaani santi, ye lingasya aadhaaren bhavanti. yadaa antenna-yantram prushtatah vistaaritam bhavati, prothoraaks ityasya madhyabhaagam naa prapnuyat, athavaa prothoraaks ityasya madhyabhagat param naa prapnuyat, parantu elitra ityasya madhyabhagat naa prapnuyat, athavaa elitra ityasya madhyabhagat param naa prapnuyat, parantu elitral epis ityetaani naa prapnuyat. antenna-filafaarm, athavaa moneliform, athavaa cerrett, athavaa pectinet athavaa bapectinet, athavaa plumos athavaa baplumos. antenomeiers 3,4 athavaa 5 taha 10 yaavat ekena raami (uniramos) vinaa vaa saha vaa. antenna-nyunataya aamshikaroopena yauvane vaa spashtapariwartanen vaa bhavati. antenamer 3 (virale 2), athavaa antenamer 4 iti namna aarabhy antenol-parivartanam bhavati. prathamam antenamer (scape) iti 2 (pedical) iti 3 gunaat nyoonam, athavaa 2 (pedical) iti 3 gunaat adhikam deergham bhavati. antenna aanuvamshikam naa bhavati; epical club vinaa. mukhabhaagaah. lyaabram iti nyunataya aamshikaroopena drushyamaanam asti, athavaa clipius ityasya adhah guptam asti athavaa adrushyam asti; mukttam, patalam vaa vaa seev-dwara pruthak bhavati. laabram ityasya pramukhah bhaagah prabalatayaa anuprastha asti. laabram ityasya sheershah alpatayaa uttalaroopen, athavaa alpatayaa avatalaroopena vaa marginet-rupena vaa upaprakshepayati. lebrum madhyamatah teevratayaa sclerotased bhavati, bases-athavaa-apex ityetayoho vihaay. mukhabhaagaah naa chhidram vaa shoshanam vaa naa nirmeeyante. mendibles ityetaani vidyamaanaani santi, madhyamaroopen deerghaani santi, athavaa samayochitaani sankeernaani, deerghaani cha santi. te api molaaviheenaani santi, ye prosthekaa-nyooneekrutavantah athavaa sarvathaa naa santi. mendibular-shikharh balayutah, aakasmikah cha mesaa-rupena vakraha bhavati, adnyaatah, karshitah vaa vruttaakaarah vaa bhavati. mendible ityasya prushtabhaagah tubercle-rahitah, setos-guhaa-rahitah cha bhavati. mendible ityasya insiger-praantah saralah bhavati athavaa eka-dantah bhavati. prosthekaa-rogah anupasthitah athavaa avyaktah, sclerotased-prakriya asti. vishishtena galia tathaa lasinia ityetaih saha maxilla. maxillary lobb (ess) ityete stallet-sadrushaani naa bhavanti, tathaa cha jatil-avayavam vinaa gucchehe bhavanti. galia athavaa maxillary lobb ityasya sheershah ghanatayaa setos athavaa spinos iti; atyadhikam sclerotased-dantah vaa hooks-ityetaani vinaa. lasinia-vinaa hook (s) athavaa reedah (s). epical-maxillary-palpomer-belukakarataha fuciform-paryantam; nyunatinyoonam poorva-aakaarasy apekshayaa vishaalam vaa deergham vaa. epical-labial-palpomer-belukakarataha fuciform-paryantam bhavati. ligula-granthihi alpatayaa madhyamaroopen marginet bhavati, athavaa gabhirataya marginet bhavati athavaa dwigunitam bhavati. prothoraaks. sarwanaamaak-dirghatayaha adhikatam-sarwanaamaak-prasthasya anupaatah 0.4-1.05. prothoraaks-ityasya vistaarah agrabhaage, madhyabhaage, athavaa prushtabhaage cha bhavati. prothoraaks ityasya paarshwaah praayah neraha, athavaa sanuate iti. padanam krute guhaah nirmaatum prothoraaks paarshvaroopena sankochitam naa bhavati. prothoraaks ityasya paarshwaah naa vaa alpatayaa vyaakhyaayante. prothoraaks ityasya adharaha elatral-aadharanam apekshayaa naa tu alpam sankuchitam vaa, athavaa elatral-aadharanam apekshayaa spashtatayaa sankeernam vaa bhavati. bruhattamasya prothoraasik-prasthasya naa vaa, bruhattamasya elitral-prasthasya apekshayaa alpam sankuchitam vaa, athavaa bruhattamasya elitral-prasthasya apekshayaa spashtatayaa sankeernam vaa. paarshva-sarva-kairine poornam, apoornam, athavaa anupasthitam; saralam; oordhvatah teshaam sampoorn-dirghatayaha krute drushyamaanam, athavaa oordhvatah teshaam sampoorn-dirghatayaha krute naa drushyamaanam; utthita-margin vinaa. gabheer-gartam vinaa prothoraaks ityasya paarshwabhaagah. anatraavistareeya-kaalositi-vinaa pronotum. pronotum ityasya poorvakonaah anupasthitah vaa naa utpadyante vaa; anupasthitah, samakonah vaa vruttaakaarah vaa, naa utpaadyate. pronotum ityasya prushtakonaah sthoolaroopen vaa samakonaroopen vaa, athavaa madhyamatah prabalatayaa teevratayaa vaa, naa utpaadyante, teevratayaa, naa prabalatayaa utpaadyante, naa cha sankirnataya teevratayaa cha. pronotum ityasya prushtabhaagah praayah saralah athavaa samaanaroopen vruttaakaarah, athavaa spashtatayaa sinuyet athavaa vividhatayaa lobb-yuktah; saralah; naa vaa aspashtatayaa parimitah, athavaa sankeernena utthitena margin athavaa manyaa saha. pronotum ityasya discal kyaarine anupasthitah, athavaa kevalam prushtakone eva sthitah asti. yugmita-besal-mudravina sarvanaatak-diskah. madhya-anudairdhya-grovaha athavaa rekhaaviheenam pronotum. pitt vinaa hapomeran. madhyarekhayam prosternum ityasya poorvabhaagah prosternal-prakriyayaha apekshayaa laghuhu, athavaa prosternal-prakriyayaha yaavat deerghah, athavaa prosternal-prakriyayaha apekshayaa deerghah. proxel-guhaah madhya-dirghatayaha apekshayaa, proxel-guhaah madhya-dirghatayaha apekshayaa, proxel-guhaah madhya-dirghatayaha apekshayaa, proxel-guhaah madhya-dirghatayaha apekshayaa vaa deerghah, proxel-guhaah sammukhe prosternum ityasya paarshwabhaagah asti. prosternum ityasya agrabhaagah poorvabhaage naa utpaadyate, athavaa spashtatayaa utpaadyataam, yaa chibuka-khandam (durlabham) nirmaati. prosternum-cocsa-avatalasya athavaa baikon-kev ityasya sammukhe, athavaa samatalatah madhyam-bahirmukhaparyantam. cocsa ityasya sammukhe prosternum, yugmitarekhaah vaa kairine vaa vinaa. messel-utkhanan-vinaa prosternum ityasya agrabhaagah. prothoraaks ityasya antarottar-vaa ventrolatoral-vaa bhagaha guhaah vaa groves vaa vinaa santi. prothoraasik-guhaah anupasthitah. prothoraasik-groves-ityetaani anupasthitani santi. prosternal-prakriya poornah; epical-rupena, athavaa samaantar-paksheeyaroopen, athavaa kramena vistrutaa, tatah sankeernah; samatalah, avatalah, athavaa kevalam cocsa ityasya prushthe alpam unnatah vaa vakraha, athavaa cocsa ityasya prushthe drudatayaa unnatah vakraha cha; alpatayaa uparivartanam mesoventrait, athavaa mitarupena prabalatayaa uparivartanam mesoventrait. prosternal-prakriyayaha sheershah teevrah vaa sankeernah vaa vruttaakaarah. anuprastha-grove-vinaa prosternal-prakriya. sahaayakah (messel) procoxal-ucchaaranam anupasthitam. pratyekam paarshve prothoraaks ityasya ventral-bhaagah kevalam notosternal-siv-ityanena saha asti. propluran-granthikaa-granthikaa-prushtabhaagaparyantam naa vistrutaa. propluran athavaa plurotrochaantin iti cocsa ityasya prushtabhaage naa vistrutaa asti. procoxa naa vaa prosternum ityasya adhah alpatayaa prakshepitam bhavati. prakoksa-laghu-gupta-paarshva-vistaaram vinaa vaa saha vaa. pracoxal-guhaa vruttaakaarah vaa vistrutaat deerghah vaa bhavati. madhyabhaage pracoxal-guhaah alpatayaa vibhaktaani, athavaa madhyamatah vyaapakatayaa vibhaktaani. pracoxal-guhaah baahyaroopen udghaatitaah, vistrutaroopena udghaatitaah. postcoxal prakshepanam anupasthitam athavaa atyantam laghuhu. sankeerna-paarshva-vistaar-vinaa, athavaa sankeerna-paarshva-vistaar-sahitam pracoxal-guhaah. pracoxal-guhaah aantarikaroopen udghaatitaah, athavaa patrena pattyaa bandhitaah. prothoraasik trochantin athavaa plurotrochaantin iti purnataya guptam vaa anupasthitam vaa asti. promesothoraasik-click-tantram anupasthitam, athavaa vartamaanam. elitraan. elitral-dirghatayaha adhikatam-elitral-prasthasya cha anupaatah 1.45-2.85. elitral-dirghatayaha sarvanaangasya cha anupaatah 1.75-5.75. elitra-apanctet, aniyamitaroopen panchetet, athavaa 5 vaa nyunataya bhinnatayaa panchar-pankar-panktyaa vaa strai, athavaa 5 taha adhikatayaa bhinnatayaa panchar-panktyaabhih, athavaa 5 taha adhikatayaa bhinnatayaa prabhavitaya strai-scootellery-straiola vinaa. sankhyaa-elitral-panchar-pankchar-pankchar-row athavaa strai-9. suiteral-strai-anupasthitah athavaa shirshasya sameepe gabhirataya naa prabhaawitah. udariya-turjets-ityetaani elitra-nun ityanena athavaa 1 ityasya shirshena, athavaa ekasya adhikaamshena, athavaa nyunatinyoonam ekena parantu 2 taha nyunena, athavaa nyunatinyoonam 2 ityanena parantu 3 taha nyunena, athavaa 3 taha adhikena vaa udghaatitaah bhavanti. anaavruta-udarabhaagaah praayah vaa nyunataya lavacheekaani bhavanti. elitral epis-samoohah, athavaa praayah seevan-sthaane militum shaknoti, athavaa swatantratayaa vruttaakaarah vaa teevrah vaa bhavati, vishaal-antarakena vibhaktah bhavati. elitral-sivn shirshasya sameepe vikshepitam naa bhavati. antahsth-antahbandhita-bhasha vinaa elitral-sheershah. epipluran-anupasthitah apoornah, athavaa poornah; naa vaa kramena sankuchitah. elitron ityasya paarshva-praantah sakshat athavaa durbalatayaa sanuate bhavati. petothorax. scutelum suvikasitam; naa akasmikataya uttolitam, naa aakasmikaroopen uttolitam; poorvatah saralam; prushtatah vistrutaroopena vruttaakaaram vaa tiryakaroopen konaatmakam vaa, vaa karshanm vaa. stradulatory-sanchikaa vinaa mesoskutam. yugmitaprokoksal-vishramah vinaa, athavaa yugmitaprokoksal-vishramah vinaa mesoventrait-vishramah bhavati. yugmitam mesoventral procoxal anupasthitam, kshaitijam vaa alpam vaa tiryakam, athavaa madhyamatah prabalam tiryakam asti. prosternal-vishraantim vinaa mesoventrait ityasya poorvatamaah praantah. mesoventrait-granthihi anudairdhya-gruvena vaa viviktena vaa vibhaktaa naasti. madhyarekhayam mesoventrait ityasya poorvatalam, metaventrait ityasya samaanastare eva. madhya-madhya-guhaa madhyamaroopen vishaalah, agacchah, athavaa madhyamatah ati-vishaalah, gahanah cha bhavati. mesocoxa naa shankuvavruttam, prakshepanam, naa shankuvavruttam, prakshepanam cha. madhya-sannihiteshu, athavaa sankirnarupena vibhakteshu mesocoxal-guhaah. koksal-guhaah laghutama-vyaasaah mandra-coxus iti vibhaktaa asti. mesocoxal-guhaah vruttaakaararoopen alpam anuprastham yaavat vartante; naa tu alpam tiryakam. mesoventrait iti mesopisterna ityatah poornaih tantukaih vibhaktah asti. madhyarekhayam, gabheer-pockets vinaa, mesepisternaa-rogah spashtatayaa vibhaktah bhavati. mesepimeraan iti uparibhyah naa drushyate. mesocoxal-guhaah paarshvaroopena udghaatyante; metapisterna ityanena aamshikaroopena naa bandhitaah. mesoventral-prakriya anupasthitah athavaa mesocoxal-guhaa-madhyaparyantam naa vistrutaa. mesometaventral jankshan anupasthitah athavaa binduhu, athavaa prushtabhaagatah vakraha, konaatmakah vaa tivrarekha, athavaa jatilah fitting. metaventral discrimen athavaa median lain iti. metaventral discrimen iti madhyamatah atideergham bhavati. metaventrait ityasya yugmita-postcoxal-rekhaah anupasthitah. metaventrait ityasya postcoxal-rekhaah anupasthitah. metaventrait prathama-udara-ventrait-ityasya apekshayaa deerghah asti. metaventrait ityasya postcoxal-pits-ityetaani anupasthitani santi. metaventrait-samatalatah alpatayaa uttalatah, athavaa madhyamatah prabalatayaa uttalatah. metaventrait ityasya anuprastha-grovaha anupasthitah asti. mesocoxal-guhanam madhye anuprastha-carina vinaa metaventrait ityasya agrabhaagah. metapisternum ityasya anaavrutah bhaagah madhyamaroopen deerghah, athavaa ateeva deerghah, sankeero vaa anupasthitah vaa bhavati. metacoxa-sambadhah vaa sankirnataya vibhaktaa; paarshvaroopena vistrutaa, elitra athavaa sharirasya parshvan militum, metaventrait-taha sampurnataya pruthakkrutah. metacoxal-plate-ityete suvikasitaani, praayah ekaroopaani, athavaa susampannaani, paarshwatah durbalaani, durbalaroopen vikasitaani, athavaa anupasthitani, besal-udara-ventrait-ityasya adhikaamsham bhaagam naa pracchadanti. metacoxa-naa bahu vistaaritah; anubhoomikaroopen abhimukhi. metendosternat ityasya paarshva-bhujaah laghuhu vaa anupasthitah vaa santi. metendosternal-lemine anupasthitah asti. metendosternat ityasya ventrolatoral-prakriyaah anupasthitah athavaa durbalatayaa vikasitah. metendosternat ityasya purvavartiprakriya madhyamaroopen deerghah bhavati. metendosternat ityasya poorvavartee-snaayavah madhyamaroopen athavaa ateeva nikatayaa ekatre. metendosternat ityasya apical-bhaagah naa vaa kevalam alpam marginet bhavati. hind-ving. pashchapankah suvikasitah asti, atyadhikam nyoonah vaa anupasthitah vaa asti; samanya-anuprastha-folds ityanena saha, athavaa anuprastha-folds-ityasya abhaawah asti. hinda-ving ityasya radial-sell-suvikasitah; deerghah. radial-koshikaayaah dakshinabhaage athavaa ob-tuce ityasya adhobhaage aantarik-prushtakonam nirmitam. tribhuja-tribhujasya nirmanam tribhuja-koshikaayaah naa bhavati. prushtabhaagasya vistaarasya kulapakshasy dirghatayaha cha anupaatah 0.20 taha nyoonah asti. pashchapankasy madhykshetre muktanalikaah 5 athavaa 6 bhavanti. pashchapankasy aayataakoshah anupasthitah bhavati. hinda-ving ityasya madhyabhaagah anupasthitah asti; anupasthitah vaa aamshikaroopena naa cha shiraya dwibhaajitah. hind-ving ityasya vej-sell suvikasitam. pashchapankasy guda-khandah anupasthitah asti tathaa pashchapankasy prushtabhaagah deergha-keshanam praantam vinaa asti. paadaani. paadaani madhya-troconter-anuprasthasya athavaa alpam tiryakasya cha femoral-samlagnaah santi. meso-chaantar iti nyoonam naa bhavati, naa adhah guptam vaa bhavati. metafemer iti mesophamer ityasya apekshayaa adhikam vishaalam naasti. mesotibia-pradesha naa prabalatayaa vistrutah, naa prabalatayaa vistrutah, sheershe vaa sameepe vaa vistrutah. mesotibia-pradeshasya baahyatalam saralam, cranulate athavaa denticulate, athavaa vividhaani dantaani vaa deerghaani merudandaani vaa santi. antenna-cleaner-vinaa mesotibia-pradeshasya baahya-upa-prushtabhaagah. shikharani vaa combus vaa vinaa mesotibia-pradeshasya poorva-prushtabhaagaah. mesotibia-pradeshasya baahya-epical-konam, lobb-, dantaah, merudandah vaa vinaa, athavaa vruttaakaar-lobb-ityanena vaa prakriyaya vaa, kadaachit merudandaan dharya, saralam vaa alpam vaa utpaadyate. mesotibial spurse ityete chakachake vaa anupasthitah vaa bhavanti. 5 bhinna-tarsomier-yukttaah mesotarsus (pentamerus). prushtapaage tu madhyapaage yathaa adhikaah tarsomeiers bhavanti. agrapaage tu madhyapaage yathaa adhikaah tarsomeiers bhavanti. mesotarsomier 1 suvikasitam drushyamaanam cha. poorva-madhya-mesotorsomeers ityetaani ekena saha apical-ityasya apekshayaa deerghaani bhavanti. upantiya-mesotarsomy-kshetram, upantiya-kshetraat spashtatayaa laghutaram naa bhavati. ventral-mesotarsal-lobbs anupasthitau bhavanti, parantu mesotarsal-closs ityetaani yugmitaani bhavanti; lambaayaam cha samaanaani, tathaa cha akrutya tathaa konasya cha samaanaani, saralam bhavati. pratyekam tarsal-klo ityasya upaamgah anupasthitah asti. sete vinaa mesotarsal-panjaani aadhaarasy sameepe santi. mesotarsal-emphodium anupasthitam athavaa 2 athavaa nyoonam sete ityanena saha. antina-cleaner-vinaa protebia-ityasya antah upa-upa-praantah. neentita-kesharahitani prushtapaataah. parvatashikharaani vaa kombah vaa vinaa metatibia-pradeshasya poorva-prushtabhaagaah. udaram. asmin prajaatau 5,6,7 pett-ventraits santi. eteshaam prajaatayah naa kechit athavaa chaturnam besal-ventrait-connet ityetayoho santi. asya prajaatau 2 drushyamaanaani vaa aprapyani vaa udarasya sternet-jaatayah santi. prathama-ventrait-dhaatuh metacoxen purnataya vibhaktaa naasti. ventraits 1 tathaa 2 madhye vibhedyah. ventraits 2 tathaa 3 madhye seev iti vishishtaa asti. ventrait 4 iti 3 athavaa 5 iti connet ityetaih saha vyaktam. ventrait 1 madhye postcoxal-rekhaah anupasthitah. ventrait-1 iti 2 taha adhikam deergham naa bhavati. udaraprakriya teevram athavaa sankeernam vruttaakaaram, athavaa anupasthitam. vruttaakaar-avasaadam vinaa mahilaasu ventrait 5 bhavati. ventrait 5 ityasya prushtabhaagah cranulate naa bhavati. antimam drushyamaanam turjet tathaa-athavaa sternet (7 athavaa 8) naa tu antimam merudandam nirmeeyate. upapaikal-udara-prakasha-angah anupasthitah asti. setos-petchs athavaa fovie ityetaani vinaa ventraits. udarabhagasya 8 ityatra kriyaatmak-sarpilaani santi. purusheshu madhya-strutt-vinaa sternet-8 ityasya poorva-praantah. madhya-strutt-vinaa purusheshu sternet-9 ityasya poorva-praantah. purusheshu turjet 9 gabhirataya imarginate bhavati. purusheshu tergat 10 suvikasitam cha nihshulkam cha asti. adegus trailobet iti. adegus trailobet samamitam bhavati. tegman ityasya poorvatalam vaa struts-vinaa fallobes-ityasya vaa. paramears-vishesharoopen fallobes athavaa lingasya aadharam prati vyaktaani bhavanti; naa tu baahyaroopen utkeernaani. prushteeya-ventral-lobbs-ityetaani vinaa shishnam. stanyapaanaam poorvatalam, stanyapaanaam vinaa, athavaa yugmitastanyaih saha.

sebrionini sebrionini enbathu elateridae kudumbaththaich saerntha kilik vandugalin pazhangudi aagum; munbu oru thunaikkudumbamaaga allathu kudumbamaaga tharavarisaippaduththappattathu, avai ippoathu eladerinae thunaikudumpaththirkul oru pazhangkudiyinaraagak karudhappadugindrana. viniyoagam. ceprioninegal ulagin perumpaalaana pakuthikalil vaazhkintrana, aanaal avai australia mattrum newzealaandhil illai. kurippaaga holarctic piraanthiyaththin migavum varanda paguthigalaana arugilulla arctic, polyarctic, neotrophical, aprotrophical mattrum ooriyandal pakuthikalil ivai aeraalamaaka ullana. vilakkam. uyiriyal. aann ceprioningal eravil parakkindrana, maelum avai vilakkugalaal eerkkappadalaam. sebrio, selonodon mattrum euthisonius ullitta pala inangkalil, penkal parakka mudiyaathavargal, mattra kuzhukkal aangalidamirunthu mattumae ariyappadugindrana. ariyapatta anaitthu larvavum mannil vaazhkintrana. general. inangkal 8-20 mimee aagum. neelamaaga. udalin neelaththirkum adhigapatcha udal agalaththirkum ulla vigitham 2.5-4.55. udal sattru thattaiyaaga mithamaana kuvinthathaaga irukkum. udalin pakkankal samamaaga valainththu kodukkappadavillai. udal inaikkum thiran kondathalla (oru pandhil urundu). thaniththuvamaana mudigal, settaikal allathu sethilgal anintha udalin mael maerparappugal. mael maerparappugalin udai, viraipaana, sengkuththaana, irunda munumunukkal udpada; sethilgal allathu alavukoal poantra settaikal udpada. aalamaana fovie illaatha udalin mael maerparappugal. prothorax, metathorox mattrum-allathu veliyae edukkakkoodiya surappikal illaatha vayiru. neerp poonjchai maerparappu (kall) illaatha udalin adippaguthi. thalai. thalai neelaththirkum adhan migapperiya agalaththirkum (kankalaith thavira) 1 allathu atharkum kuraivaana vigitham. kankalukku pinnaal ulla thalai agalam prothorosic agalaththai vida thelivaaga athigamaaga illai. thalai illai allathu sattrae kurainthathu, allathu mithamaana muthal valuvaaga kurainthathu; pronodum moolam maelae irunthu muttrilum maraikkappadavillai; neelamaana rostrum illaamal; thideerendru pinpuramaaga surukkappadavillai. koayilgal illai allathu prothoraxuku nerukkamaaga inaikkappadavillai; illai. kurukku moochchukkuzhaai vilimbu allathu karina illai. stritulatory kooppu illaamal osipat. thalaiyin neelamaana achu (oosipittal foramen muthal vaai kuzhi varai) 45 digrikku kuraivaana koonaththil saainthullathu allathu 45 muthal 90 digiri koonaththil saainthullathu. munpurap pakuthi mithamaana alavil illai, padippadiyaaga kurainthathu. naduththara neelamaana pallam allathu koadu (endocarina) illaatha oosipittal pakuthi. naduththara pallam allathu koadu (endogarina) illaatha muun pakuthi. ooselli illaamal thalai. kankal. kankal valuvaagath thudikkindrana. oru kannin sengkuththu vittam 2 madangku kidaimatta vittaththirkum kuraivaaga ullathu. kankal nerththiyaaga mugamaaga ullana; idaimuga chette illaamal. exocon vagaiyin ommadidiyam. muzhuk kann. kannin munpura allathu messel vilimbu illai allathu arithaagavae kuraikirathu. kannin pinpura vilimbu illai allathu arithaagavae kuraikirathu. moolaikkuruvin serugalgal maelae irunthu velippadugindrana, allathu maelae irunthu maraikkappadugindrana; mithamaana muthal paravalaaka pirikkappadugindrana. aantenaakkal uyarthappatta kaasanoaigalil paravaathu. thunai antenal pallam allathu thalaiyil ulla kuzhi illaathathu allathu migavum palaveenamaaga valarnthathu. frandoclybeal thyal illai allathu muzhumaiyadaiyavillai. clibius pakkavaattil kuraipaadu illai. clibius allathu clybiolabramine munpura vilimbu neraaga kuvinthathu. vaai kuzhi munpuramaaga allathu anteroventroly saarnthathaagum. pakkavaattu tirappu thuvaarangal illaatha munkoottiya pakuthi. jody utpirivugal konda malaiththodargal illaamal allathu jody utpirivugal konda malaiththodargal illaamal thalai ventrally. munpuramaaga-thittamidum marabanu seyalmuraigal illaamal thalai. kular thaiyalkal paravalaaka pirikkappattullana allathu illai. carborodentorium kurugiya; sarasari seyalmurai illaamal. karpappai vaai scleritegal ullana. andena. inththa inangkal paalinaththaip porutthu 11 allathu 12 aandenoamergalai kondullana. andena pinpuramaaga virivadaiyum poathu prothoroxin naduththaratthai adaiyaamal, allathu prothoroxin naduththaratthai thaandi aanaal elitraavin naduththaratthai adaiyaamal, allathu elitraavin naduththaratthai thaandi, aanaal elitral abiskalai adaiyaamal irukkum. andena filiform, allathu moneliform, allathu serate, allathu bectinate allathu pipectinate, allathu blues allathu pyplumos. antenomers 3,4 allathu 5 muthal 10 varai ottrai raami (uniramos) illaamal allathu athanudan. andena kurainthapatcham oralavu ilamai allathu velippadaiyaana maattrangkaludan irukkum. antenomere 3 (arithaaga 2), allathu antenomere 4 ill thodangum antenal maattrangkal. muthal antenomere (scape) 2 vadhu (pedical) aii vida 3 madangku kuraivaagavoa allathu 2 vadhu (pedical) aii vida 3 madangku athigamaagavoa irukkum. antena marabanu alla; appical kilap illaamal. vaai bhaagangkal. labrum kurainthapatcham oralavu theriyum, allathu clybiasine keezh maraikkappattullathu allathu velippadaiyaaga illai; ilavasa, savvu allathu thyal moolam pirikkappadukirathu. labramine perumbaguthi valuvaaga kurukkuppaathaiyil ullathu. labramine uchi sattru kuvinthathaaga allathu sattru kundriyathaaga allathu kurukiyathaaga irukkum. labrum mithamaana muthal adhiga alavil sclerotise seiyappattathu, addii mattrum-allathu uchchiyil thavira. vaai bhaagangkal oru thulaiyidum allathu urinjchum kuzhaayai uruvaakkaathu. maandibilgal ullana mattrum mithamaana neelamaanavai, allathu oray neraththil migavum kurukiyavai mattrum neelamaanavai. avai proasthaekkaavaik kuraittha allathu illaatha moalaa illaathavai. mandipular uchi valuvaagavum thideerendru mesali valainththum, adaiyaalam theriyaathathu, vettapatta allathu vattamaanathu. montiblin muthukelumbu pakuthi kaasanoi illaamal mattrum setos kuzhi illaamal ullathu. mentiblin vettuthal vilimbu elimaiyaanathu allathu ottrai bull kondadhu. prostekha illai allathu velippadaiyaana, sclerodise seiyappatta seyalmurai illaamal ullathu. thaniththuvamaana khalia mattrum laasiniyaavudan koodiya maxilla. adhigapatcha madakkai (kall) stylet poantrathalla mattrum sikkalaana uruppu illaatha koozh ullathu. khalia allathu maxillary loapin uchchiyil adarththiyaana setos allathu spinos; adhiga alavil sclerodise seiyappatta parkal allathu kokkigal illaamal. kokki (kall) allathu muthukelumbu (kall) illaamal lacinia. mugappu adhigapatcha balbomir urulai urulai muthal busiform varai; kurainthapatcham munnilai ontrai vida agalam allathu neelamaanathu. mugappu labial balbomir urulai urulai muthal busiform varai. eenththanaivikal aazhamattravai muthal mithamaana alavil kuraigindrana, allathu aazhamaaga kuraigindrana allathu irumunaikkappadugindrana. prothorax. uchcharippin neelaththirkum migap periya uchcharippin agalaththirkum ulla vigitham 0.4-1.05. prothorax munpuramaagavoa allathu naduvil allathu pinpuramaagavoa agalamaaga irukkum. prothoroxin pakkankal aerakkuraiya neraaga allathu sinuate aagum. prothorax pakkavaattil surukkappattu kaalgalukku thuvaarangalai uruvaakkaathu. prothoroxin pakkankal illai allathu sattru vilakkukiraargal. prothoroxin adippaguthi elatral thazhangalai vida sattrae kurugiyadhu allathu sattru kurugiyadhu alla, allathu elatral thazhangalai vida thelivaaga kurugiyadhu. migap periya elatrock agalaththai vida periya prothorosic agalam siriyathaagavoo allathu siriyathaagavoo illai, allathu periya elatrock agalaththai vida kurukiyathaagavoo ullathu. pakkavaattu pronodal karine muzhumaiyaanathu, allathu muzhumaiyattrathu, allathu illaathathu; eliya; maelae irunthu avattrin muzhu neelangkalukkum theriyum, allathu maelae irunthu avattrin muzhu neelaththirkum theriyavillai; uyarthappatta vilimbu illaamal. aalamaana kuzhi illaamal prothoroxin pakkavaattu pakuthi. anterolatoral kaalloasittikal illaatha pronodum. pronodamine munpura koonangal illai allathu munnoakki urpaththi seiyappadavillai; illaathathu, valathu allathu vattamaanathu, urpaththi seiyappadavillai. pronodamine pinpura koonangal sengkuththaaga allathu valuvaagavoa allathu mithamaana muthal valuvaagavoa kadumaiyaanavai; urpaththi seiyappaduvathillai mattrum kadumaiyaanavai alla, allathu valuvaaga urpaththi seiyappaduvathillai mattrum kurugiya theeviramaanavai. pronodamine pinpura vilimbu aerakkuraiya neraanathu allathu samamaaga vattamaanathu, allathu thelivaaga sinuate allathu palvaeru madakkaik kondullathu; eliya; illai allathu thelivattra vilimbil, allathu kurugiya uyarthappatta vilimbu allathu maniyudan. pronodamine discal karine illai, allathu pinpura koonangalil mattumae amainthullathu. inaikappatta adippadai thoattranggal illaamal ucharippuk vattu. naduththara neelamaana pallam allathu koadu illaatha pronodum. kuzhi illaamal hybomeron. prosternaline muun pakuthi naduppaguthiyil prosternal seyalmuraiyai vidak kuraivaagavoa allathu prosternal seyalmurai varai neendathaagavoa allathu prosternal seyalmuraiyai vida neendathaagavoa irukkum. procoxal kuzhiyin naduththara neelaththai vida goksavin muun ulla prosternamine pakkavaattu pakuthi siriyathu, allathu procoxal kuzhiyin naduththara neelam varai allathu procoxal kuzhiyin naduththara neelaththai vida neendathu. prosternamine munpura vilimbu munpuramaaga urpaththi seiyappaduvathillai, allathu thaniththuvamaaga urpaththi seiyappaduvathillai, idhu thaadaith thundaaga (arithaanathu) uruvaagirathu. kaksa kulivaana allathu baikaankaevukku munnaal prosternum allathu thattaiyaana muthal mithamaana kuvindha pakuthi. inaikappatta koadugal allathu karine illaamal coxavin muun prosternum. messel agazhvaaraaichchi illaamal prosternamine munpura vilimbu. thuvaarangal allathu pallangkal illaamal prothoroxin anterolatoral allathu ventrolatoral pakuthikal. prothorosic thuvaarangal illai. prothorosic pallangkal illai. prosternal seyalmurai niraivadaigirathu; mugappu allathu inaiyaana pakkamaaka kurugiyadhu, allathu padippadiyaaga virivadainthu pinnar kurugiyadhu; thattaiyaana, kulivaana, allathu coxavukkup pinnaal sattru uyarthappatta allathu valaintha, allathu coxavukkup pinnaal valuvaaga uyarthappatta mattrum valaintha dorsaly; sattru ondrudan ondru mesoventrite, allathu mithamaana muthal valuvaaga ondrudan ondru mesoventrite. prosternal seyalmuraiyin uchi kadumaiyaana allathu kurugiya vattamaanathu. kurukku pallam illaamal prosternal seyalmurai. thunai (messel) procaxal ucharippu illai. prothoroxin ventral pakuthi ovvoru pakkaththilum notosternal thyal mattumae. prothoroxin munpura vilimbu varai propluran virivadaiyavillai. propluran allathu pleurotrosantine kaksaavukku pinnaal virivadaiyavillai. procaxa proastaernaththirku keezhae illai allathu sattru munnoakki ullathu. kurugiya maraikappatta pakkavaattu neettippu illaamal allathu udan procaxa. procaxal kuzhi vattamaaga allathu agalaththai vida neelamaanathu. naduvil ulla procaxal thuvaarangal kurugiya muraiyil pirikkappattullana, allathu mithamaana muthal paravalaaka pirikkappattullana. procaxal thuvaarangal velippuramaaga thiranthirukkum; paravalaaka thiranthirukkum. poast kaaksal projection illai allathu migavum kurukiyathaaga ullathu. kurugiya pakkavaattu neettippugal illaatha allathu kurugiya pakkavaattu neettippugaludan koodiya procoxal thuvaarangal. procaxal thuvaarangal utpuramaaga thiranthirukkum allathu melliya pattiyal moodappadum. prothorosic trosantine allathu pleurotrosantine muttrilum maraikkappattullathu allathu illai. promesothorosic clicking porimurai illai, allathu ullathu. elatron. eleatral neelaththirkum migap periya eleatral agalaththirkum ulla vigitham. eleatral neelaththirkum ucharippuk neelaththirkum ulla vigitham. eleatral upngate, ozhungkattra panjar varisaigal allathu striuden allathu 5 allathu atharkum kuraivaana thaniththuvamaana panjar varisaigaludan allathu 5 kkum maerpatta thaniththuvamaana panjar varisaigaludan allathu 5 kkum maerpatta thaniththuvamaana eerkkappatta striuden; scudellary striola illaamal. enn elatral panjar varisaigal allathu stry 9. chutural strya illai allathu uchikku arugil aazhamaaga eerkkappadavillai. vayitrtru terjaittukal elatra ethuvum illai allathu 1 inn uchchiyil, allathu ontrin perumbaguthi, allathu kurainthathu ondru aanaal 2 kkum kuraivaaga, allathu kurainthathu 2 aanaal 3 kkum kuraivaaga, allathu 3 allathu adharku mael velippadum. velippadum vayitrtru pakuthikal athigamaagavoa allathu kuraivaagavoa negizhvaanavai. elatral abis koottam allathu kittatthatta thaiyalil santhippu, allathu suyaatheenamaaga vattamaana allathu kadumaiyaana mattrum parantha idaiveliyaal pirikkappadukirathu. elatral thyal uchikku arugil thisaithiruppappadavillai. ull inaikkum naakku illaamal elatral uchi. epipluran illaathathu allathu muzhumaiyattrathu, allathu muzhumaiyaanathu; illai allathu padippadiyaaga surungiyathu. eleatron pakkavaattu vilimbu neraaga allathu palaveenamaaga sinuate seiyappadugirathu. terothorax. scudellum nanku valarnthathu; thideerendru uyarthappadavillai, allathu thideerendru uyarthappadavillai; munpuram elithaanathu; pinpuramaaga parantha alavil vattamaaga allathu sengkuththaaga koonam, allathu vettappadukirathu. stritulatory kooppu illaamal mesoscoodam. jody procaxal oaivugal illaamal mesoventrite, allathu jody procaxal oaivugaludan. jody seiyappatta mesoventral procaxal illai, kidaimattamaaga allathu sattrae saainthullathu allathu mithamaana muthal valuvaaga saainthullathu. prosternal oaivu illaamal mesoventritine munpura vilimbu. mesoventrite neelamaana pallam allathu paakupaattaal pirikkappadavillai. medaventritine athae thalaththil naduththarak koattil mesoventritine munpura vilimbu. mesoventral kuzhi mithamaana alavil periyathu mattrum aazhamattrathu, allathu mithamaana alavil migap periyathu mattrum aazhamaanathu. mesocaxa koombu mattrum projecting alla, allathu koombu mattrum projecting alla. naduththara thodarchchiyaana allathu kurugiya prikkappatta mesocoxal thuvaarangal. mesocoxe kaaksal kuzhiyin kurugiya vittam kuraivaaga pirikkappadukirathu. mesocoxal thuvaarangal vattamaaga sattru kurukku noakki irukkum; illai allathu sattru saainthirukkum. mesoventrite mesebisternavilirundhu muzhumaiyaana thaiyalkalaal pirikkappadukirathu. mesephisterna aalamaana paakkettukal illaamal naduppaguthiyil thelivaaga pirikkappadukirathu. messebimeron maelae irunthu theriyavillai. mesocoxal thuvaarangal pakkavaattil thirakkindrana; metebisternawal oralavu moodappadavillai. mesoventral seyalmurai illai allathu mesocoxal kuzhiyin naduttharam varai virivadaiyavillai. mesomedaventral santhippu illai allathu oru pulli, allathu oru pinpura valaintha, koana allathu kadumaiyaana koadu, allathu oru sikkalaana poruththuthal. metta ventral discrimen allathu median koadu. metta ventral discrimen mithamaana muthal miga neelamaanathu. medaventritine inaikappatta poast kaaksal koadugal illai. medaventritine poast kaaksal koadugal illai. muthal vayitrtru ventrite vida medaventrite neelamaanathu. medaventritine poast kaaksal kuzhigal illai. metaventrite thattaiyaanathu sattru kuvinthathaagavoa allathu mithamaana alavil valuvaaga kuvinthathaagavoa irukkum. medaventritine kurukku pallam illai. mesocoxal thuvaarangalukku idaiyil kurukku karina illaamal medaventritine munpura vilimbu. metifisternamine velippadum pakuthi mithamaana neelamaaga allathu miga neelamaagavum kurukiyathaagavum allathu illaathathaakavum irukkum. metta aaksaa thodarchchiyaana allathu kurugiya prikkappatta; elatra allathu udalin pakkankalai santhikka pakkavaattil neettikkappadugirathu; metta ventritilirunthu muttrilum thyal moolam pirikkappadukirathu. metta aaksal thattukal nanku valarnththavai, aeraththaazha seeraanavai, allathu nanku valarnththavai, pakkavaattil palaveenamaanavai, allathu palaveenamaaga valarnththavai, allathu illaathavai; perumpaalaana addii vayitrtru ventrite maraikkavillai. metta aaksae perithum virivadaiyavillai; kidaimattamaaga saarnthullathu. metentosternitine pakkavaattu kaikal kurugiya allathu illaathavai. metentosternal laminae illai. metentosternite illaatha allathu palaveenamaaga valarntha ventrolauderal seyalmuraigal. metentosternitine munpura seyalmurai mithamaana neelamaanathu. metentosternitine munpura thasaikkuzhaaigal mithamaana allathu miga nerukkamaaga ontraaka irukkum. metentosternitine mugappu pakuthi allathu sattru kuraipaadu illai. pinn wing. pinpura irakkaikal nanku valarnthullana, maelum migavum kuraindha allathu illaathavai; saathaarana kurukku madippugaludan, allathu kurukku madippugal illaathavai. pinpura irakkaiyin radial chell nanku valarnthathu; neelamaanathu. radial chell valathu allathu apattamaana adippaguthiyil ull pinpura koonam uruvaanathu. radial chell samapakka mukkoanaththai uruvaakkavillai. mugappuppaguthi neelaththirkum moththa irakkaiyin neelaththirkum ulla vigitham 0.20 kkum kuraivaaga ullathu. pinpura irakkaiyin naduththara pattai madakkaal kadakkappadavillai. pinpura irakkaiyin naduththara paguthiyil ulla free narambugal 5 allathu 6 aagum. pinpura irakkaiyin neelvatta chell illai. pinpura irakkaiyin naduththara thundu illai; oru narambal illaamal allathu oralavu pilavupadavillai. pinpura irakkaiyin vedge chell nanku valarnthathu. pinpura irakkaiyin kudha muddle illai, pinpura irakkaiyin pinpura vilimbu neenda mudiyin vilimbu illaamal ullathu. kaalgal. kaalgal enbathu nadu trochanderine kurukku allathu sattru saaintha thodai inaippaagum. mesotrosander keezhae irunthu kuraikkappadavoo maraikkappadavoa illai. metafemer mesofemarai vida agalamaanathu alla. mesotibia valuvaaga agalappaduththappadavillai, allathu valuvaaga agalappaduththappadavillai, uchchiyil allathu adharku arugil agalamaaga illai. mesobiavin velippura vilimbu eliya, cranulate allathu palnoakku, allathu thaniththuvamaana parkal allathu neenda muthukelumbu kondavai. andena cleaner illaamal mesobiavin velippura thunai vilimbu. mugadugal allathu seeppugal illaatha mesobiavin muun maerparappugal. mesodibiavin velippura mugappu koonam eliya allathu sattrae urpaththi seiyappadugirathu, loap, parkal allathu muthukelumbu illaamal, allathu vattamaana loap allathu seyalmuraiyudan, sila nerangalil muthukelumbu thaangkum. mesodibial spurse palapalappaakavoa allathu illaathathaagavoa irukkum. 5 thaniththuvamaana darsomergaludan (pentamerous) mesodorasus. pinpura kaalil kurainthapatcham nadu kaalil ulla alavukku darsomeres. muun kaalil kurainthapatcham nadu kaalil ulla alavukku darsomergal. mesodorsomier 1 nanku valarntha mattrum pulappadum. munkoottiya mesodorsomiergal mugappu mandalathai vida neelamaaga ontraaka ullana. iruthi mesodorsomier antifenalimettai vida thelivaaga kurukiyathaaga illai. ventral mesodorsal loapkal illai, athae neraththil mesodorsal nagangkal inaikkappattullana; neelam samamaaga ullathu mattrum saaivu vadivam mattrum koonaththil othirukkirathu; eliya. ovvoru thaarsal nagaththilum inaippu illai. adippaguthikku arugil chette illaatha mesodorsal nagangkal. mesodorsal empodium illai allathu 2 allathu atharkum kuraivaana chettaavudan. andena cleaner illaamal proattipiyaavin udpura thunai vilimbu. neechal mudi illaamal pinn kaalgal. mugadugal allathu seeppugal illaatha mettaadipiyaavin muun maerparappugal. vayiru. inththa inangkal 5,6 allathu 7 vayitrtru ventritegalaik kondullana. inththa inangkal endha adippadaik kulivaana allathu naanku kurukkuvettugalaik kondirukkavillai. inththa inangkal 2 pulappadum allathu velippadaiyaaga illaatha vayitrtru sternitike kondullana. muthal ventrite metta aaksae aall muzhumaiyaagap pirikkappadavillai. ventriteugal 1 mattrum 2 kku idaiyil thaniththuvamaana thyal. ventriteugal 2 mattrum 3 kku idaiyilaana thyal vaerupattathu. ventrite 4 3 allathu 5 gonate irandudanum uchcharikkappadukirathu. ventrite 1 ill poast kaaksal koadugal illai. ventrite 1 2 kku miga neendathaaga irukkaathu. vayitrtru seyalmurai kadumaiyaana allathu kurugiya vattamaanathu allathu illai. vatta manachoarvu illaatha pennil ventrite 5. ventrite 5 inn pinpura vilimbu cranulate aagaathu. kadaisiyaagath theriyum derjite mattrum-allathu sternite (7 allathu 8) munaiya muthukelumbai uruvaakkavillai. thunai vayitrtru olirum uruppu illai. setos thittukal allathu fovie illaatha ventriteugal. vayitrtru pirivu 8 ill seyalpaattu suzhalgal ullana. naduththara strutt illaamal aangalil sternite 8 inn munpura vilimbu. naduththara strutt illaamal aangalil sternite 9 inn munpura vilimbu. aangalil ulla derjite 9 aazhamaaga kuraikirathu. derjite 10 aann nanku valarntha mattrum ilavasamaaka ullathu. adicus trilopate. adiagus trilopate samachir kondadhu. struts illaamal techmen allathu pallobasine munpura vilimbu. alavurukkal thaniththaniyaaga pallobas allathu aankuriyin adippaguthiyil velippaduththappadugindrana; velippuramaaga inaikkappadavillai. muthukelumbu mattrum ventral loapkal illaatha aankuri. aankuriyin munpura vilimbil struts illaamal allathu jody struts udan.

sebrioni sebrionini anedi elateridae kutumbaaniki chendina click beatles tega; gatamlo upakutumbam ledhaa kutumbamgaa rank ivvabadindi, ippudu vaatini elaterine upakutumbamloni oka tegagaa pariganistunnaaru. pampinhee. sebrioninlu prapanchamlooni chaalaa praantaalalo nivasistaayi, conny avi australia mariyu nyoojilaandlo laevu. ivi mukhyamgaa holarctic praantamlooni marinta shushka praantaalalo, sameepa architic, polerictic, neotropical, afrotropical mariyu oriental praantaalalo samruddhiga untaayi. vivarana. jeevasambandhamainavi. maga sebrioninlu raatri samayamlo egurutaayi mariyu laitlaku aakarshinchabadavachhu. sebrio", "selonodon" mariyu "euthisanius" thoo sahaa aneka jaatulalo, aadavaru egaralenivaaru, mariyu itara samuuhaalu magavaari nundi matrame telisinavi. telisina larvalanni mattiloo nivasistaayi. general. eee jaatulu 8-20 mm. podavu. shareera podavu mariyu atyadhika shareera vedalpu nishpatti 2.5-4.55. sareeram koddigaa chadunainadi nundi madhyastamgaa kumbhakaramga untundi. shareera vaipula samanamga vakramgaa undavu. sareeram consulobation cheyalenidi (banthi loki rolling). shareera eguva uparitalaalu vibhina ventrukalu, sete ledhaa poralatho dustulu dharinchi untaayi. drudamaina, nitaruga, muduru muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu muduru rangu thoo sahaa muduru uparitalaalu. lothaina pottu lekunda shareera eguva uparitalaalu. prothorax, metathorax mariyu-ledhaa velikiteese grandhulu laeni udaram. jalachara uparitalam (luu) lekunda sareeram yokka diguva bhaagam. thala. thala podavu mariyu daani atyadhika vedalpu (kallu minahayinchi) nishpatti 1 ledhaa anthakante takkuva. kalla venuka thala vedalpu prothorasic vedalpu kante spashtamgaa ekkuva kaadu. thala taggaledu ledhaa koddigaa taggaledu, ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi balamgaa ksheeninchindi; pronotum dwara puurtigaa paie nundi dachabadaledu; podavaina rostrum lekunda; akasmaattugaa venuka vaipu kudinchabadaledu. aalayalu laevu ledhaa prothoraxku daggaragaa undavu; laevu. viloma osipital ridge ledhaa carina ledhu. stridulatory file lekunda osiput. thala yokka rekhansha aksham (osipital foramen nundi noti kuharam varaku) 45 degreela kante takkuva konamlo vangi untundi ledhaa 45 nundi 90 degreela konamlo vangi untundi. mundu praantam madhyastamgaa kakunda, kramamga taggindi. madhyastha rekhansha gaadi ledhaa rekha (endocarina) laeni osipital praantam. madhyastha gaadi ledhaa rekha (endocarina) laeni mundu praantam. oselli lekunda thala. kallu. kallu balamgaa poduchuku vastaayi. oka kannu niluvu vyaasam 2 retlu kshitija samaantara vyaasam kante takkuvagaa untundi. kallu chakkaga mukhamgaa untaayi; interfacetal sete lekunda. exocone rakam yokka ommatidium. mottam kallu. kanti puurva ledhaa messel anchu kaadu ledhaa kevalam chinnadigaa matrame untundi. kanti venuka anchu kaadu ledhaa konchem taggadu. antenal choppimpulu paie nundi bahirgatam cheyabadataayi, ledhaa paie nundi daachabadataayi; madhyastamgaa nundi vistrutamgaa vaeru cheyabadataayi. perigina gaddakatte kanajaalaalapai antennalu puttavu. talapai subantanal gaadi ledhaa kuharam lekapovadam ledhaa chaalaa balaheenamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi. front clipeal kuttu ledhu ledhaa asampuurnamgaa undhi. clipes paarsvamgaa emarginate kaadu. clipease ledhaa clipeolabrum yokka puurva anchu neerugaa kumbhaakaaraaniki. noti kuharam mundu ledhaa anteroventrally oriented. paarsvamgaa teravabade kuharalu laeni puurvapu praantam. jatha cheyabadina upajaatula gatlu lekunda ledhaa jatha cheyabadina upajaatula gatlu lekunda thala ventrallegaa untundi. puurva-projecting janyu prakriyalu lekunda thala. gular kuttu vistrutamgaa vaeru cheyabadi ledhaa lekunda untundi. corporatentorium irukainadi; madhyastha prakriya lekunda. garbhasaya scleritelu untaayi. antenna. eee jaatulu lingam aadhaaramgaa 11 ledhaa 12 antennomearlanu kaligi untaayi. antenna anedi protherox madhyalo cherukokunda, ledhaa protherox madhyalo daati, conny elatra madhyalo cherukokunda, ledhaa elatra madhyalo daati cherukokunda, elatral apises kakunda, venukavaipu vistarinchinappudu. antenna philipharm, ledhaa moneliform, ledhaa serate, ledhaa pectinate ledhaa bipectinate, ledhaa plumose ledhaa biplumose. antennomeres 3,4 ledhaa 5 nundi 10 varaku oke raamee (unicramos) lekunda ledhaa daanitoe untaayi. antenna kaneesam paakshikamgaa pubescent ledhaa spashtamaina maarpulatoe untundi. antennal maarpulu antennomere 3 (arudugaa 2), ledhaa antennomere 4. modati antennomere (scape) 2 va (pedical) kante 3 retlu takkuva, ledhaa 2 va (pedical) kante 3 retlu ekkuva. antenna geneculate kaadu; apical club lekunda. noti bhagalu. labrum kaneesam paakshikamgaa kanipistundi, ledhaa clipease kinda daachabadutundi ledhaa spashtamgaa undadu; uchita, pora ledhaa kuttu dwara vaeru cheyabadutundi. labrum yokka ekkuva bhaagam balamgaa addamgaa untundi. labrum yokka sikharam koddigaa kumbhakaramga ledhaa koddigaa putakaramga ledhaa chinnadigaa untundi. bays mariyu-ledhaa epex vadda tappa, labrum madhyastamgaa nundi bhaareega sclerotise cheyabadindi. noti bhagalu kutlu ledhaa peelche gottanni yerparuchukovu. mandibles untaayi mariyu madhyastamgaa podavainavi, ledhaa adhe samayamlo chaalaa irukainavi mariyu podavainavi. avi kooda molaa lekunda untaayi, ivi proosthekaanu tagginchaayi ledhaa assalu kaligi undavu. mandibular sikharam balamgaa mariyu akasmaattugaa mesalleegaa vangi untundi mariyu gurtinchabadanidi, kattirinchinadi ledhaa gundramgaa untundi. mandible yokka dorsal bhaagam kshayavyadhi lekunda mariyu setose kuharam lekunda untundi. mandible yokka kotha anchu saralamainadi ledhaa oke panti kaligi untundi. prostheca anedi undadu ledhaa spashtamaina, sclerotise prakriya lekunda untundi. pratyaekamaina galia mariyu lasiniatho kuudina maxilla. maxillary lobe (luu) stylet laaga undadu mariyu sanklishta avayavam laeni gujjunu kaligi untundi. galia ledhaa maxillary lobe yokka sikharam dattamaina setose ledhaa spinos; bhaareega sclerotise cheyabadina dantaalu ledhaa huklu lekunda. hook (luu) ledhaa vennemuka (luu) lekunda lacinia. apical maxillary palpomer sthoopaakaaramlo fusiform varaku; kaneesam prepical kante vedalpu ledhaa podavu. apical labial palpomer sthoopaakaaramlo fusiform varaku untundi. ligula nissaramga nundi madhyastamgaa emarginate, ledhaa lothugaa emarginate ledhaa bailob cheyabadutundi. prothorax. sarvanama podavu mariyu atyadhika sarvanama vedalpu nishpatti 0.4-1.05. prothorax mundu bhaagamlo, ledhaa madhyalo, ledhaa venuka bhaagamlo vedalpugaa untundi. prothorax yokka vaipula ekkuva ledhaa takkuva nitaruga ledhaa sinuate. kaallaku kuharaalanu yerparuchukovadaniki prothorax paarsvamgaa kudinchabadadu. prothorax yokka vaipula ledhu ledhaa koddigaa vivarinchadu. eleatral bays kante prothorax bays konchem irukainadi kaadu ledhaa konchem irukainadi kaadu, ledhaa eleatral bays kante spashtamgaa irukainadi. atipedda elatral vedalpu kante goppa prothorasic vedalpu kaadu ledhaa konchem irukainadi kaadu, ledhaa goppa eltral vedalpu kante spashtamgaa irukainadi. parshwa sarvanama carina puurti, ledhaa asampoornam, ledhaa ledhu; saralamainadi; vaati mottam podavulaku paie nundi kanipistundi, ledhaa vaati mottam podavuku paina nundi kanipinchadu; perigina anchu lekunda. lothaina goyyi lekunda prothorax yokka parshwa bhaagam. anterolateral callocitylu laeni pronotum. pronotum yokka puurva koonaalu laevu ledhaa munduku utpatti cheyabadavu; lekapovadam, kudi ledhaa gundramgaa, utpatti cheyabadaledu. pronotum yokka prushtha koonaalu aspashtamgaa ledhaa kudivaipu, ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi balamgaa untaayi; utpatti cheyabadavu mariyu teevramgaa undavu, ledhaa balamgaa utpatti cheyabadavu mariyu irukaina teevramgaa untaayi. pronotum yokka prushtha anchu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva nitaruga ledhaa samanamga gundramgaa untundi, ledhaa spashtamgaa sinuate ledhaa vividha rakaluga lobe cheyabadutundi; saralamainadi; aspashtamgaa anchu cheyabadadu ledhaa aspashtamgaa anchu cheyabadadu, ledhaa irukaina ettabadina anchu ledhaa puusatoe untundi. pronotum yokka discal carina ledhu, ledhaa venuka koonaalaloo matrame undhi. jatha cheyabadina besal mudralu lekunda sarvanaasana disk. madhyastha rekhansha gaadi ledhaa rekha laeni pronotum. pitt lekunda hypomeron. madhyarekhalo prosternum yokka puurva bhaagam prosternal prakriya kante takkuvagaa untundi, ledhaa prosternal prakriya varaku ledhaa prosternal prakriya kante ekkuva kaalam untundi. procoxal kuharam yokka madhya podavu kante takkuva, ledhaa procoxal kuharam yokka madhya podavu varaku ledhaa procoxal kuharam yokka madhya podavu kante ekkuva podavu unna cauxa mundu prosternum yokka parshwa bhaagam. prosternum yokka puurva anchu mundu bhaagamlo utpatti kaaledu, ledhaa gaddam mukkaga (arudainadi) erpadi spashtamgaa utpatti kaaledu. cauxa putaakaara ledhaa biconcave mundu prosternum ledhaa chadunaina nundi madhyastamgaa kumbhakaramlo untundi. jatha cheyabadina geetalu ledhaa carina lekunda cauxa mundu prosternum. messel tavvakam lekunda prosternum yokka puurva anchu. kuharalu ledhaa gaadulu lekunda prothorax yokka anterolateral ledhaa ventrolateral bhagalu. prothorasic kuharalu laevu. prothorasic gaadulu laevu. prosternal prakriya puurtayimdi; apikalgaa ledhaa samaantara-vaipuga irukainadi, ledhaa kramamga vistarinchindi, aapai irukainadi; flat, putaakaara, ledhaa cauxa venuka koddigaa ettaina ledhaa vakramgaa, ledhaa cauxa venuka balamgaa unnatamaina mariyu vakramgaa dorsalliga untundi; koddigaa ativyaapti chendutunna mesoventrite, ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi balamgaa ativyaapti chendutunna mesoventrite. prosternal prakriya yokka sikharam teevramaina ledhaa irukaina gundramgaa untundi. addamgaa gaadi lekunda prosternal prakriya. anubandha (messel) pracoxal uchchaarana ledhu. prati vaipu prototherax yokka ventral bhaagam notasternal kuttu matrame. protherox yokka puurva anchu varaku vistarinchani propluron. propluron ledhaa pleurotrochantin cauxa venukaku vistarinchadu. prostoxia anedi prosternum krinda ledhaa koddigaa project cheyabadadu. pracoxa lekunda ledhaa chinna daachina parshwa podigimputoe. procoxal kuharam vruttaakaaramlo ledhaa vedalpu kante podavugaa untundi. madhyalo unna procoxal kuharalu irukainavigaa vaeru cheyabaddaayi ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi vistrutamgaa vaeru cheyabaddaayi. procoxal kuharalu baahyamgaa terichi untaayi; vistrutamgaa terichi untaayi. post cauxal projection ledhu ledhaa chaalaa chinnadi. irukaina parshwa podigimpulu laeni ledhaa irukaina parshwa podigimpulatoe kuudina procoxal kuharalu. procoxal kuharalu antargatamgaa teruchukuntaayi ledhaa sannani patteetho muusivaeyabadataayi. prothorasic trocantine ledhaa pleurotrocontin puurtigaa dachabadi ledhaa lekunda untundi. promesothorosic click mechanism ledhu, ledhaa undhi. eltron. elatral podavu mariyu athi pedda elatral vedalpu yokka nishpatti. elatral podavu mariyu sarvanama podavu yokka nishpatti. elatra appunctate, kramarahitamgaa punctate, ledhaa 5 ledhaa anthakante takkuva vibhina puncture varusalu ledhaa striatho, ledhaa 5 kante ekkuva vibhina puncture varusalatho, ledhaa 5 kante ekkuva vibhinnamaina akattukunna striatho; scootellary striola lekunda. sankhya elatral puncture varusalu ledhaa stroy 9. steural stria lekapovadam ledhaa sikharam daggara lothugaa aakattukoledu. pottikadupu terzitelu elatra nun ledhaa 1 yokka sikharam, ledhaa okadaanilo ekkuva bhaagam, ledhaa kaneesam okati conny 2 kante takkuva, ledhaa kaneesam 2 conny 3 kante takkuva, ledhaa 3 ledhaa anthakante ekkuva bahirgatam avtayi. bahirgata pottikadupu bhagalu ekkuva ledhaa takkuva saralamgaa untaayi. elatral apis luu kalustaayi ledhaa kuttu vadda daadaapu kalustaayi, ledhaa swatantramgaa gundramgaa ledhaa teevramgaa mariyu vistruta antharamtho vaeru cheyabadataayi. elatral kuttu sikharaaniki daggaragaa vikshepinchabadaledu. antargata interlocking naaluka lekunda elatral epex. epipleron lekapovadam ledhaa asampoornam, ledhaa puurti; kaadu ledhaa kramamga irukainadi. eltron yokka parshwa anchu neerugaa ledhaa balaheenamgaa sinuate avutundi. terothorax. skutellam baga abhivruddhi chendindi; akasmaattugaa ettabadaledu, ledhaa akasmaattugaa ettabadaledu; mundu saralamainadi; venukavaipu vistrutamgaa gundramgaa ledhaa aspashtamgaa kooneeyamgaa ledhaa kattirinchabadutundi. stridulatory file lekunda mesoscutum. jatha cheyabadina procoxal vishraanti lekunda ledhaa jatha cheyabadina procoxal vishraanti lekunda mesoventrite vishraanti teesukuntundi. jatha cheyabadina madhya-madhya procoxal anedi undadu, kshitija samaantaramgaa ledhaa koddigaa valuga ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi balamgaa valuga untundi. prosternal vishraanti lekunda mesoventrite yokka puurva anchu. mesoventrite anedi rekhansha gaadi ledhaa vivakshatatoe vibhajinchabadadu. metaventrite vale adhe samatalamlo madhyarekha vadda mesoventrite yokka puurva anchu. madhya madhya kuharam madhyastamgaa peddadi mariyu nissaaramainadi, ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi chaalaa peddadi mariyu lotainadi. mesocaxa sankuvu mariyu prakshaepanam kaadu, ledhaa sankuvu mariyu prakshaepanam kaadu. madhya pakkapakkane unna ledhaa irukaina vibhajanalo unna mesocoxal kuharalu. cauxal kuharam yokka athi takkuva vyaasam kante takkuvatho vaeru cheyabadina mesocaxa. madhyavartitva kuharalu vruttaakaaramlo koddigaa vilomamgaa untaayi; kaadu ledhaa koddigaa valuga untaayi. mesoventrite mesepisterna nundi puurti kuttu dwara vaeru cheyabadindi. mesepisterna madhyarekha vadda spashtamgaa vaeru cheyabadutundi; lothaina pockets lekunda. mesepimerone paie nundi kanipinchadu. mesocoxal kuharalu paarsvamgaa teruchukuntaayi; metepisterna dwara paakshikamgaa moosiveyabadavu. madhya madhya prakriya ledhu ledhaa madhya madhya kuharam varaku vistarinchaledu. mesometaventral junction lekapovadam ledhaa oka binduvu, ledhaa venukavaipu vakramgaa, kooneeyamgaa ledhaa teevramaina rekha ledhaa sanklishta amarika. metaventral discrimen ledhaa median line. metaventral discrimen madhyastamgaa nundi chaalaa podavugaa untundi. jatha chesina metaventrite yokka post cauxal linelu laevu. metaventrite yokka post cauxal linelu laevu. modati pottikadupu ventrite kante metaventrite podavu. metaventrite yokka post cauxal guntalu laevu. metaventrite chadunaina nundi koddigaa kumbhaakaaraaniki ledhaa madhyastamgaa nundi balamgaa kumbhaakaaraaniki. metaventrite yokka addamgaa unde gaadi ledhu. mesocoxal kuharaala madhya viloma carina lekunda metaventrite yokka puurva anchu. metapisternum yokka bahirgata bhaagam madhyastamgaa podavugaa untundi, ledhaa chaalaa podavugaa mariyu irukainadi ledhaa undadu. metacoxe pakkapakkane ledhaa irukainadigaa vaeru cheyabadindi; elatra ledhaa shareera vaipula kalavadaniki paarsvamgaa vistarinchindi; kuttadam dwara metaventrite nundi puurtigaa vaeru cheyabadindi. metacoxal plaetlu baga abhivruddhi chendaayi, ekkuva ledhaa takkuva ekareetigaa, ledhaa mesalleegaa baga abhivruddhi chendaayi, paarsvamgaa balaheenamgaa ledhaa balaheenamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi ledhaa laevu; besal pottikadupu ventraitlo ekkuva bhaganni dachipettavu. metacoxe peddagaa vistarinchaledu; addamgaa aadhaaritamainadi. metendosterite yokka parshwa bhujaalu chinnavi ledhaa laevu. metendosternal lamine ledhu. metendosternite yokka ventrolateral prakriyalu lekapovadam ledhaa balaheenamgaa abhivruddhi chendaayi. metendosterite yokka puurva prakriya madhyastamgaa podavugaa untundi. metendosterite yokka puurva snaayuvulu madhyastamgaa ledhaa chaalaa daggaragaa untaayi. metendosterite yokka apical bhaagam kaadu ledhaa koddigaa emarginate matrame. venuka wing. venuka rekka baga abhivruddhi chendindi, mariyu chaalaa tagginchabadindi ledhaa ledhu; saadhaarana viloma madatalu ledhaa viloma madatalu laevu. venuka rekka yokka radial sell baga abhivruddhi chendindi; podavainadi. radial sell kudi ledhaa obtuse yokka bays vadda erpadina lopali prushtha konam. radial sell samabahu tribhujaanni yerparuchukovadam ledhu. apical praantam yokka podavu mariyu mottam rekkala podavu nishpatti 0.20 kante takkuva. venuka rekkala madhyastha patteeni madata dwara daataledu. venuka rekka yokka madhyastha praantamloo 5 ledhaa 6. venuka rekka yokka ablangam sell undadu. venuka rekka yokka madhyastha pora ledhu; sira dwara lekapovadam ledhaa paakshikamgaa vibhajinchabadaledu. venuka rekkala cheelika kanam baga abhivruddhi chendindi. venuka rekka yokka anga lobe ledhu, venuka rekka yokka venuka anchu podavati ventrukala anchu lekunda untundi. kaallu. kaallu madhya troconter viloma ledhaa koddigaa valuga unna todaku sambandhinchina anubandham. mesotrochanter diguva nundi tagginchabadadu ledhaa daachabadadu. metafemer mesophemer kante chaalaa vedalpugaa undadu. mesotibia balamgaa vistarinchaledu, ledhaa balamgaa vistarinchaledu, sikharam vadda ledhaa sameepamlo vedalpugaa ledhu. mesotibia yokka bayati anchu saralamainadi, cranulate ledhaa denticulate, ledhaa vibhina dantaalu ledhaa podavaina vennemukalatoe untundi. antenna cleaner lekunda mesotibia yokka bayati upastambha anchu. gatlu ledhaa duvvenalu lekunda mesotibia yokka puurva uparitalaalu. mesotibia yokka bayati apical konam saralamgaa ledhaa koddigaa utpatti cheyabadutundi, lobe, dantaalu ledhaa vennemukalu lekunda, ledhaa gundrani lobe ledhaa prakriyatho, konnisaarlu vennemukalanu kaligi untundi. mesotibial spurse merustuu untaayi ledhaa undavu. 5 vibhina tarsomers (pentamerous) thoo mesotarsus. venuka kaalupai kaneesam madhya kaalulo unnanta varaku tarsomers. mundu kaalupai kaneesam madhya kaalulo unnanta varaku tarsomers. mesotarsomier 1 baga abhivruddhi chendindi mariyu kanipistundi. prepical mesotorsomers kalisi apical kante ekkuva podavugaa untaayi. upanta mesotarsomier anedi antima vyatiraekata kante spashtamgaa chinnadi kaadu. ventral mesotarsal lobes lenappudu mesotarsal panjaalu jatha cheyabadataayi; podavu loe samanamga mariyu vampu yokka roopam mariyu konamlo samanamga untaayi; saralamgaa untaayi. prati tarsal panjapai anubandham undadu. bays sameepamlo sete laeni mesotarsal panjaalu. mesotarsal empodium ledhu ledhaa 2 ledhaa anthakante takkuva setetho untundi. antenna cleaner lekunda protebia yokka lopali upaadhaarmika anchu. eetha juttu lekunda venuka kaallu. gatlu ledhaa duvvenalu lekunda metatibia yokka puurva uparitalaalu. pottikadupu. eee jaatulu 5,6 ledhaa 7 pottikadupu ventraitlanu kaligi untaayi. eee jaatulaku besal ventrites loe edhee ledhaa naalugu connerate undavu. eee jaatulu 2 kanipinche ledhaa spashtamgaa laeni pottikadupu sternite kaligi untaayi. modati ventrite puurtigaa metacoxytho vibhajinchabadaledu. ventraitlu 1 mariyu 2 madhya vibhinnamgaa kuttadam. ventraitlu 2 mariyu 3 madhya kuttu vibhinnamgaa untundi. ventrite 4 anedi 3 ledhaa 5 conate rendintitho vyakteekarinchabadindi. ventrite 1 paie post cauxal linelu laevu. ventrite 1 kante ekkuva kaalam undadu. pottikadupu prakriya teevramaina ledhaa irukaina gundramgaa ledhaa lekunda untundi. vruttaakaara maandyam laeni streelalo ventrite 5. ventrite 5 yokka venuka anchu cranulate kaadu. chivariga kanipinche tergite mariyu-ledhaa sternite (7 ledhaa 8) terminal vennemukanu yerparuchukoledu. upa udara prakaasinchae avayavam ledhu. setose patches ledhaa phovi laeni ventrites. pottikadupu vibhagam 8 paie kriyaatmaka spiracles unnaayi. madhyastha strut lekunda magavaarilo sternite 8 yokka puurva anchu. madhyastha strut lekunda magavaarilo sternite 9 yokka puurva anchu. magavaarilo tergite 9 lothugaa taggutundi. purushulalo tergite 10 baga abhivruddhi chendindi mariyu uchitam. ediagus trilobate. ediagus trilobate anedi samaruupata kaligi untundi. struts lekunda tegmen ledhaa fallobase yokka puurva anchu. paraamitulu vyaktigatamgaa fallobase ledhaa purushangam yokka punaadiki vyakteekarinchabaddaayi; baahyamgaa kattabadaledu. dorsal mariyu ventral lobes laeni purushangam. purushangam yokka puurva anchu struts lekunda, ledhaa jatha chesina struts thoo.

sebrioni sebrionini alterady khaandaan say taaluq rakhnay waalay cluck battles kaa eek qabilah hay vovo pehley asay zeeli khaandaan yaa khaandaan kay toor parr darjah diyaa jaataa thaa abb inhein zeeli khaandaan alterini kay andar eek qabilah samjha jaataa hay. taqsim. sabrionines duniya kay beshtar hasoon mein rehtay haine leakin wah australia aur newzi lend say ghair haazir haine. wah khaas toor parr holaa archtic khatay kay ziyadah khashak hasoon qareeb archtic paleractic neo tropical afro tropical aur mashriqi elaqon mein waafar maqdar mein paaye jaatay haine. wazahat. hayatiyati. narr sabrionine raat kuu udtay haine aur roshni kii taraf raghib how saktay haine. sebrio"yee "selonoden" aur "uthesinius" sameet kayee naslon mein khwatin bay adaan haine aur deegar garwah sarf mardon say malum hotay haine. tamaam maruf larwa mutty mein rehtay haine. general. anwaa 8-20 milly metter haine. lambayi mein. jasm kii lambayi aur jasm kii chodayi kaa tanasib 2.5-4.55. jasm qadray chapta how kirr muatadil toor parr manhani how jaataa hay. jasm kay itraaf yaksaan toor parr maray hoay nahein haine. jasm juu conglobation kay qaabil nahein hay (gaind mein ghomta hay). jasm kii opri sathein mukhtalif baalon seetay yaa tarazo kay saath malbos haine. opri sathon kii bunyan jiss mein sakhat seedhay seeyah barsalz shaamil nahein haine vovo bashmol tarazo yaa paimanay jeesay seetay. gehrey fowi kay baghair jasm kii opri sathein. prothoreks meeta thoreks aur-yaa pait baghair kasee ghair maryee ghadood kay. hydro fewaj kii satah kay baghair jasm kaa nichla hasah. sarr. sarr kii lambayi aur iss kii sabb say bury chodayi (aankhon kuu chhod kirr) kaa tanasib 1 yaa iss say kumm. aankhon kay balkal peeche sarr kii chodayi waazah toor parr prothoresk chodayi say ziyadah nahein hay. sarr naha how yaa qadray kumm how yaa muatadil say mazbuti say kumm how vovo pronotum kay zariye oopar say makmal toor parr chhapaya nahein gayaa vovo lamba rostrum kay baghair vovo achanak peeche kii taraf tung nahein hawaa. mandar ghair haazir yaa prothoreks say qareeb say mansalk nahein haine vovo ghair haazir. transverse oxypatal rajj yaa carina ghair haazir hay. baghair stradulatory fayel kay aaksi putt karein. sarr kaa tool albald mahur (oxypatal forameen say lay kirr manah kii khopdi takk) 45 digri say kumm kay zawiye parr jhakaa hawaa hay yaa 45 say 90 digri kay zawiye parr jhakaa hawaa hay. saamney kaa elaqah muatadil nahein aahista aahista kumm hotaa gayaa. darmiyani tool albald naali yaa lakeer (andocrena) kay baghair oxypatal elaqah. darmiyani naali yaa lakeer kay baghair saamney kaa elaqah (andocrena). baghair auseeli kay sarr. aankhein. aankhein mazbuti say phaili hoyee haine. aankh kaa amudi qatar afqi qatar say 2 ganaa kumm hotaa hay. aankhein barek rakhaa vovo interfestal seaty kay baghair. exocon qasm kaa omatedium. poori aankh. aankh kaa sabqah yaa maisal kinaray naha sarf yaa sarf bamashkal kumm hotaa hay. aankh kaa pichla kanarah naha tuu kumm hotaa hay aur naha hyee bamashkal kumm hotaa hay. antinoil andrajat oopar say bay nqab hotay haine yaa oopar say chhapaye jaatay haine vovo aitedal say lay kirr baday paimanay parr alg kiye jaatay haine. antina buland shadah tapp daq parr paida nahein hotaa hay. sarr parr sabb antinal naali yaa khopdi ghair haazir yaa behat kamzor toor parr tayaar how. frontocliple salayi ghair haazir yaa namukamil hay. clips laterly emarginate nahein hay. clips yaa clipulabrum kaa aglaa kanarah seedha convex takk. manah kii khopdi pehley yaa entroventrail parr mubni. laterly khilnay waali khopdiyon kay baghair pregular elaqah. sarr baghair jodee waali zeeli ginal pahadiyon kay yaa jodee waali zeeli ginal pahadiyon kay saath. sarr baghair kasee paishgi paish goyee kay jinyati amal kay. gular tankay baday paimanay parr alg yaa ghair haazir haine. carpotentorium tung vovo medeen amal kay baghair. cervical seclarates mojud haine. antina. anwaa mein yaa tuu 11 yaa 12 antnomer hotay haine juu jans parr munhasir hotay haine. antina jabb postroral toor parr prothoreks kay wast takk naha pahunch kirr yaa prothoreks kay wast say aagay leakin elitra kay wast takk naha pahunch kirr yaa elitra kay wast say aagay pahunch kirr leakin eliteral apsees takk naha pahunch kirr phaila hawaa how. antina fliform yaa moneliform yaa seerat yaa pactinate yaa bipectinate yaa palmoz yaa biplomose. antinamer 3yee 4 yaa 5 say 10 baghair yaa eek raami (uniramoz) kay saath. antina kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr kumm amar yaa waazah tabdiliyon kay saath. antinemer 3 (shaaz woo naadir hyee 2)yee yaa antinemer 4 say sharoo honay waali antineal tabdiliyan. pehla antinemer (dairah) dosray (pedkal) say 3 ganaa kumm yaa dosray (pedkal) say 3 ganaa ziyadah lamba. antina genecolate nahein hay vovo apcal kalb kay baghair. manah kay hasay. labrum kumm az kumm jazwi toor parr nazar aataa hay yaa clips kay neechey chhapaya jaataa hay yaa bazahir ghair haazir hotaa hay vovo aazaad jhalee yaa salayi say alg hotaa hay. labrum kaa badaa hasah mazbuti say altaa hay. labrum kaa opics thoda saa convex yaa thoda saa kankiyo yaa emarginate mein sabb ranket hotaa hay. labrum muatadil say lay kirr behat ziyadah seclerotised sawaye bees aur-yaa opics kay. manah kay hasay chheednay yaa choosney waali tube nahein banatay haine. mendable mojud hotay haine aur eek hyee waqat mein muatadil toor parr lambay hotay haine yaa behat tung aur lambay hotay haine. wah bhee molay kay baghair haine jinn mein prostheka kumm how gayaa hay yaa balkal nahein hay. mendabler opics mazbuti say aur achanak maray hoay hotay haine aur ghair shanakhat shadah katwane yaa goal hotay haine. mendable kaa dorsal hasah tubercal kay baghair aur setoz carrie kay baghair hotaa hay. mendable kaa katao kanarah yaa tuu saadah hotaa hay yaa iss kaa eek hyee daanat hotaa hay. prostheka ghair haazir hay yaa baghair waazah seclerotised amal kay hotaa hay. alg gailiya aur lesinia kay saath maxila. maxiliary loab (zabanein) stylet kii tarah nahein hotay haine aur inn mein eek aisa godaa hotaa hay juu paichidah aizaa kay baghair hotaa hay. gailiya yaa maxiliary loab kaa opics gahnay setoz yaa spnoz vovo baghair behat ziyadah seclerotised daanat yaa hick kay. baghair hick (yey) yaa reedh kii huddy (yey) kay lesinia. apkal maxiliary palpomer slundrackle say fuseform takk vovo kumm az kumm atnaa chodaa yaa prepical say ziyadah lamba. apkal libeel palpomer slundrackle say fuseform takk. lagola atlee say aitedal pasand hadd takk yaa gahrayi say hadd say kumm yaa duu taraf say. prothoreks. sabb say ziyadah sabb say ziyadah sabb say ziyadah sabb say ziyadah chodayi 0.4-1.05 kay saath sabb say ziyadah sabb say ziyadah lambayi kaa tanasib. prothoreks sabb say ziyadah aagay yaa beach mein yaa peeche kii taraf. prothoreks kay itraaf kumm woo baish seedhay yaa senvait hotay haine. prothoreks kuu taangon kay liye khokhli bananay kay liye laterly toor parr compress nahein kiyaa jaataa hay. prothoreks kay itraaf kii wazahat nahein yaa thodi see wazahat nahein hay. prothoreks kii bunyaad eliteral bees say qadray tung yaa kumm nahein hotee yaa eliteral bees say waazah toor parr tung hoti hay. sabb say bury prothoresk chodayi sabb say bury eliteral chodayi say naha tuu thodi tung hay naha hyee sabb say bury eliteral chodayi say waazah toor parr tung hay. lateral provental kirinay makmal yaa namukamal yaa ghair haazir vovo saadah vovo oopar say inn kii poori lambayi kay liye nazar aataa hay yaa oopar say inn kii poori lambayi kay liye nazar nahein aataa vovo baghair kasee buland maarjan kay. gehrey garhay kay baghair prothoreks kaa piss manzar kaa hasah. entrolateral colosties kay baghair pronotum. pronotum kay sabqah zawiyah ghair haazir yaa aagay paida nahein hotay vovo ghair haazir daayein yaa goal paida nahein hotay. pronotum kay pachli zawiyah ghair mutzilzal yaa daayein yaa muatadil say mazboot shadeed vovo paida shadah aur shadeed nahein yaa mazbuti say paida shadah aur tung shadeed. pronotum kaa pichla kanarah kumm woo baish seedha yaa yaksaan toor parr goal yaa waazah toor parr senivate yaa mukhtalif tarah say lobed vovo saadah vovo naha yaa mubham hadd takk yaa tung buland maarjan yaa maalaa kay saath. pronotum kaa discal carina ghair haazir hay yaa sarf postrair zawiyon parr waaqa hay. jodee kay bunyadi taasraat kay baghair provental disk. darmiyani tool albald naali yaa lakeer kay baghair parwanotam. baghair garhay kay hypomeron. prostrinum kaa darmiyani line parr aglaa hasah prosternal amal say chhotaa yaa prosternal amal takk yaa prosternal amal say taweel. proxy kay saamney prostrinum kaa piss manzar hasah proxy kii darmiyani lambayi say chhotaa yaa proxy kii darmiyani lambayi takk yaa proxy kii darmiyani lambayi say ziyadah lamba. prostrinum kaa aglaa kanarah aglaa paida nahein hotaa yaa waazah toor parr paida hotaa hay juu thodi kaa tukda banata hay (nayaab). kaksa incue yaa bikoon kiyo kay saamney prosternum yaa chaptey say aitedal pasand toor parr convex. jodee linon yaa kirinay kay baghair kaksay kay saamney prostrinum. maisal khidayi kay baghair prostrinum kaa aglaa kanarah. prothoreks kay entro lateral yaa ventro lateral hasay baghair khopdi yaa naali kay. prothoresk kiriyan ghair haazir haine. prothoresk naaliyan ghair haazir haine. prosternal amal makmal vovo opki toor parr tung yaa matwazi rakhaa yaa aahista aahista tausia shadah aur phir tung vovo chapta kankiyo yaa sarf thoda saa buland yaa kokse kay peeche maray huay yaa kokse kay peeche mazbuti say buland aur maray hoay dorsley vovo qadray auvar lapping mesoventrite yaa aitedal say mazbuti say auvar lapping mesoventrite. prosternal amal kaa opri hasah shadeed yaa tung goal. baghair transverse naali kay prosternal amal. lawazmaat (maisal) prokkisal architeclation ghair haazir hay. prothoreks kaa ventral hasah harr taraf sarf notosternal salayi kay saath. propleuron prothoreks kay pachlay kinaray takk nahein phaila hay. propleuron yaa plorotrochanton kaksa kay peeche nahein phaila hay. prokoksa prostrinum kay neechey nahein yaa thoda saa paish kartaa hay. prokoksa baghair yaa mukhtasir poshidah piss manzar kii tausia kay saath. proxel carrie circler yaa chodi say lambi. beach mein proxel kii khopdi tung say alga yaa muatadil say baday paimanay parr alg. proxel kiriyan beruni toor parr khalee haine vovo wasee paimanay parr khalee haine. post koksal projection ghair haazir yaa behat mukhtasir hay. tung piss manzar kii tausia kay baghair yaa tung piss manzar kii tausia kay saath proxel kii khopdi. proxel kii khopdi androni toor parr khalee hoti hay yaa patli baar say bund hoti hay. prothoresk trochanton yaa plorotrochanton makmal toor parr poshidah yaa ghair haazir hay. promesothoracic cluck karnay kaa tariqah kaar ghair haazir yaa mojud hay. eletron. eliteral lambayi aur sabb say bury eliteral chodayi kaa tanasib. eliteral lambayi aur zameer kii lambayi kaa tanasib. elitra aponkat bay qayedah pankat yaa 5 yaa iss say kumm alg puncture qataron yaa stry kay saath yaa 5 say ziyadah alg puncture qataron kay saath yaa 5 say ziyadah alg alg mutasir stry kay saath vovo baghair scotellery streola kay. number eliteral puncture qatarein yaa stree 9. storial striyah ghair haazir hay yaa opics kay qareeb gahrayi say mutasir nahein hay. pait kay terjoits kuu elitra naan yaa 1 kay opics yaa eek mein say ziyadah tarr yaa kumm az kumm eek leakin 2 say kumm yaa kumm az kumm 2 leakin 3 say kumm yaa 3 yaa iss say ziyadah kay zariye bay nqab kiyaa jaataa hay. bay nqab pait kay hasay kumm woo baish lachakdar hotay haine. eliteral apsees kii mulaqat yaa taqriba seeyon parr mulaqat yaa aazadana toor parr goal yaa shadeed aur wasee khalaa say alg. eliteral salayi opics kay qareeb murh nahein hay. androni intra locking zabaan kay baghair eliteral apeks. epiploron ghair haazir yaa namukamal yaa makmal vovo nahein yaa aahista aahista tung. eliteron kaa piss manzar kaa kanarah seedha yaa kamzor toor parr senivate hotaa hay. terothorax. scotellum achhi tarah say tayaar hawaa vovo achanak buland nahein yaa achanak buland nahein vovo saamney say aasaan vovo peeche say wasee paimanay parr goal yaa mubham toor parr konee yaa kaatna. baghair stradulatory fayel kay mesosictum. jodee proxel aaraam kay baghair mesoventrite yaa jodee proxel aaraam kay saath. jodaa hawaa mesoventral proxel ghair haazir afqi yaa qadray jhukao daar yaa muatadil say mazbuti say jhukao daar rehta hay. prosternal aaraam kay baghair mesoventrite kaa sabqah kinaray. mesoventrite kuu langtodinal naali yaa imtiyazi salok say taqsim nahein kiyaa jaataa hay. meeta ventrite kay toor parr asee satah parr darmiyani line parr mesoventrite kaa sabqah kinaray. mesoventral carrie muatadil toor parr bury aur atlee yaa muatadil say behat bury aur gehri. mesococca makhruti aur projection yaa makhruti aur projection nahein hay. darmiyani malhaqah yaa tung say alg honay parr mesococusal kiriyan. misokokse koksal carrie kay mukhtasir tareen qatar say kumm say alg kiyaa jaataa hay. mesococusal kiriyan circler say qadray altaa hoti haine vovo naha yaa qadray jhaki hoyee. mesoventrite kuu mesopesterna say makmal tankay say alg kiyaa gayaa. mespesterna darmiyani line parr waazah toor parr alg hotaa hay vovo baghair gehri jeebon kay. mesipemeron oopar say nazar nahein aataa. mesococusal kiriyan laterly khilti haine vovo metipisterna kay zariye jazwi toor parr bund nahein hotein. mesoventral amal ghair haazir hay yaa mesococusal carrie kay wast takk nahein phaila hay. mesometaventral junction ghair haazir yaa eek naqtah yaa eek pachli maray huay konee yaa shadeed lakeer yaa eek paichidah fitting. meeta ventral discreman yaa medeen line. meeta ventral discreman aitedal say lay kirr behat taweel hotaa hay. meeta ventrite kii jodee post koksal linein ghair haazir haine. meeta ventrite kii post koksal linein ghair haazir haine. meeta ventrite pehley pait kay ventrite say lamba hay. meeta ventrite kay post koksal garhay ghair haazir haine. meeta ventrite chapta say thoda saa convex yaa muatadil say mazboot convex. meeta ventrite kii transverse naali ghair haazir hay. mesococusal carites kay darmiyan transverse carina kay baghair meeta ventrite kaa sabqah kinaray. metty pisternum kaa bay nqab hasah muatadil toor parr lamba yaa behat lamba aur tung yaa ghair haazir hotaa hay. metacocca malhaqah yaa tung toor parr alg kiyaa gayaa vovo elitra yaa jasm kay itraaf say milnay kay liye itraaf mein phaila hawaa vovo seeyon kay zariye meeta ventrite say makmal toor parr alg. meeta aaksal platein achhi tarah say tayaar kumm woo baish yaksaan yaa achhi tarah say tayaar kamzoor yaa kamzor toor parr tayaar yaa ghair haazir vovo ziyadah tarr bunyadi pait kay ventrite kuu chhapatay hoay nahein. metakokse behat ziyadah badaa nahein hawaa vovo afqi toor parr mubni. metendosternite kay piss manzar kay baazo chhotay yaa ghair haazir haine. metendosternal liminy ghair haazir hay. metendosternite kay ventro lateral amal ghair haazir yaa kamzor toor parr tayaar. metendosternite kaa sabqah amal muatadil toor parr taweel hotaa hay. metendosternite kay sabqah tendan eek dosray kay muatadil yaa behat qareeb hotay haine. metendosternite kaa apkal hasah naha tuu yaa sarf thoda saa kumm hotaa hay. peeche wing. pichla pankh achhi tarah say tayaar hay aur yaa tuu intehayi kumm yaa ghair haazir hay vovo aam transverse folds kay saath yaa transverse folds kii kamee hay. peeche kay pankh kaa redale sail achhi tarah say tayaar vovo lamba. androni pachli zawiyah radial sail kay daayein yaa ghair mutzilzal kii bunyaad parr tashkil paaya. redale sail masawi maslas nahein banaa rehaa hay. apkal raqbe kii lambayi aur kill pankh kii lambayi kaa tanasib 0.2 say kumm. pachlay pankh kii darmiyani baar kuu tehah say paar nahein kiyaa gayaa. pachlay pankh kay darmiyani elaqay mein aazaad ragoon kii taadad 5 yaa 6 hay. pachlay pankh kaa aablongam sail ghair haazir hay. peeche kay pankh kaa darmiyani pataa ghair haazir vovo ghair haazir yaa jazwi toor parr rugg say butta hawaa nahein. pachlay pankh kaa pachar khaliya achhi tarah say tayaar hawaa. pachlay pankh kaa maqaad loab ghair haazir hay aur pachlay pankh kaa pichla kanarah lambay baalon kay kinaray kay baghair hay. taangon. taangein darmiyani trochanter kay mutsil yaa qadray jhukao waali famiral mansalk hoti haine. mesotrochanter kuu neechey say kumm yaa chhapaya nahein jaataa hay. meeta femmer mesophamer say ziyadah wasee nahein hay. mesotibia mazbuti say chodaa nahein hawaa yaa mazbuti say chodaa nahein hawaa chooti parr yaa iss kay qareeb chodaa nahein hawaa. mesotibia kaa beruni kinaray saadah cranolet yaa denticolate yaa alg alg daanaton yaa lambi reedh kii huddy kay saath. antina cleaner kay baghair mesotibia kaa beruni zeeli kinaray. baghair pahadiyon yaa kanghi kay mesotibia kii qabal az waqat sathein. mesotibia kaa beruni opkal zawiyah saadah yaa qadray paida hotaa hay baghair loab daanat yaa reedh kay yaa goal loab yaa amal kay saath baaz auqaat reedh kii huddy kaa haamil hotaa hay. mesotable spirs yaa tuu chamakdar hotay haine yaa ghair haazir hotay haine. 5 alg alg tarsomers (pantamers) kay saath mesotars. pachli taang parr kumm az kumm atnee hyee tarsomers jitni darmiyani taang parr hoti haine. agli taang parr kumm az kumm atnee hyee tarsomers hoan jitni darmiyani taang parr hoan. mesotersomer 1 achhi tarah say tayaar aur nazar aataa hay. prepical mesotarsomers eek saath apkal say ziyadah lambay hotay haine. aakhri mesotarsomer antipanelmate say waazah toor parr chhota nahein hay. ventral mesotersal lobez ghair haazir hotay haine jabkah mesotersal panjay joday hotay haine vovo lambayi mein zeeli baraabar aur jhukao kii shakal aur zawiyah mein yaksaan vovo saadah. harr tarsal panjay parr zamimah ghair haazir hay. bees kay qareeb seetay kay baghair mesotersal panjay. mesotersal umpodium ghair haazir yaa 2 yaa iss say kumm seaty kay saath. antina cleaner kay baghair protebia kay androni zeeli kinaray. baghair teraki kay baal kay pachli taangein. pahadiyon yaa kanghi kay baghair metatibia kii qabal az waqat sathein. pait. inn parjatiyon mein yaa tuu 5yee 6yee yaa 7 pait kay ventrites hotay haine. inn anwaa mein say koyee bhee yaa chaar bunyadi ventrites counet nahein haine. anwaa mein yaa tuu 2 nazar aaney waalay yaa bazahir ghair haazir pait kay sternite hotay haine. pehla ventrite makmal toor parr metakokse say taqsim nahein hotaa hay. ventrites 1 aur 2 kay darmiyan alg alg salayi karein. ventrites 2 aur 3 kay darmiyan salayi alg hay. ventrite 4 kuu 3 yaa 5 donon kont kay saath waazah kiyaa gayaa hay. ventrite 1 parr post koksal linein ghair haazir haine. ventrite 1 2 say ziyadah lamba nahein. pait kaa amal shadeed yaa tung goal yaa ghair haazir. circler depression kay baghair aurat mein ventrite 5. ventrite 5 kaa pichla kanarah cranolet nahein hay. aakhri nazar aaney waala terjoit aur-yaa sternite (7 yaa 8) terminal reedh kii huddy nahein banaa rehaa hay. zeeli pait kaa bright aizaa ghair haazir hay. setoz paich yaa fowi kay baghair ventrites. pait kay hasay 8 parr faal circle mojud haine. mard mein baghair medeen stert kay sternite 8 kaa aglaa kanarah. mard mein baghair medeen stert kay sternite 9 kaa aglaa kanarah. narr mein terjoit 9 gahrayi say kumm hotaa hay. mard mein terjoit 10 achhi tarah say tayaar aur mufta hay. edigues trailobate. edigues trailobate humm aahing hay. tegmen yaa filo bees kaa baghair sterts kay sabqah kinaray. paramier infiradi toor parr filo bees yaa azoo tanasil kii bunyaad parr waazah hotay haine vovo beruni toor parr jhakaa hawaa nahein. dorsal aur ventral lobez kay baghair azoo tanasil. baghair sterts kay yaa jodee waalay sterts kay saath azoo tanasil kaa aglaa kanarah.

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chiatrã

chiatrã Aromanian. Etymology. From , from . Compare . Noun. ("plural" chetri or chetsrã or chetsãri or chetsuri)

chiatra xugondhi. byutpotti. poraa, poraa. tulona korok. bixesyo. ("bohuboson" chetri baa chetsra baa chetxari baa chetxuri)

chiatra sugandhi. byutpatti. theke, theke. tulna korun. bishessho. ("bahubachan" chetri baa chetsara baa chetsari baa chetsuri)

chiyatra sugandhit. vyutpatti. thee, thee. sarkhaamani karoo. sangyaa. (bahuvachan chetri athavaa chetsara athavaa chetsari athavaa chetsuri)

chiyatra sugandhit. vyutpatti. seey, seey. tulanaa karein. sangya. (bahuvachan chetri yaa chetsara yaa chetsari yaa chetsuri)

chiatra sugandha. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda. holike maadi. naamapada. ("bahuvachana" chetri athawa chetsra athawa chetsari athawa chetsuri)

chiyatra sugandham. padavyuthpathishaasthram. muthal, muthal. thaarathamyam cheyyuka. namam. (bahuvachanam chetri allengil chetsra allengil chetsari allengil chetsuri)

kayatra sugandhi. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon. tulana qaraa. sandnya. (bahuvachan chetri kinwa chetsara kinwa chetsari kinwa chetsuri)

chiyatra sugandhit. wyutpatti. batt, batt. tulana garnuhos. sangya. ("bahuwachan" chetri wa चेत्सरा wa चेत्सारी wa चेत्सुरी)

chiatra sugandhita. byutpatti. ru, ru. tulana karantu. biseshya. ("bahubachan" chetri kimba chetsara kimba chetsari kimba chetsuri)

cheetra sugandhit. shabdawali. toon, toon. tulna crow. naam. (bahuvachan 'chetri jaan chetsara jaan chetsari jaan chetsuri)

chiyatraa sugandhah. vyutpattih. ityatah, ityatah. tulanam karotu. naam. ("bahuvachanam" chetree athavaa chetsaraa athavaa chetsari athavaa chetsuri)

siyadra narumanap porul. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu. oppidungkal. peyarchchol. ("panmai" setri allathu setra allathu sethrari allathu sethru)

chiatra sugandha dravyaalu. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi. polchi chudandi. namavachakam. ("bahuvachanam" chetri ledhaa chetsra ledhaa chetsari ledhaa chetsuri)

cheera khushbudar. siftiyat. say say. mawaznah karein. asm. ("jamaa" cheetri yaa chitsara yaa chitsari yaa chitsuri)

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Mardi/Volume II/Chapter LXX

Mardi/Volume II/Chapter LXX <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Volume II/Chapter LXIX Volume II/Chapter LXXI "Keep all three prows, for yonder rock." cried Media; "No sadness on this merry morn! And now for the Isle of Cripples,—even Hooloomooloo." "The Isle of Cripples?" "Ay; why not? Mohi, tell how they came to club." In substance, this was the narration. Averse to the barbarous custom of destroying at birth all infants not symmetrically formed; but equally desirous of removing from their sight those unfortunate beings; the islanders of a neighboring group had long ago established an asylum for cripples; where they lived, subject to their own regulations; ruled by a king of their own election; in short, forming a distinct class of beings by themselves. One only restriction was placed upon them: on no account must they quit the isle assigned them. And to the surrounding islanders, so unpleasant the sight of a distorted mortal, that a stranger landing at Hooloomooloo, was deemed a prodigy. Wherefore, respecting any knowledge of aught beyond them, the cripples were well nigh as isolated, as if Hooloomooloo was the only terra-firma extant. Dwelling in a community of their own, these unfortunates, who otherwise had remained few in number, increased and multiplied greatly. Nor did successive generations improve in symmetry upon those preceding them. Soon, we drew nigh to the isle. Heaped up, and jagged with rocks; and, here and there, covered with dwarfed, twisted thickets, it seemed a fit place for its denizens. Landing, we were surrounded by a heterogeneous mob; and thus escorted, took our way inland, toward the abode of their lord, King Yoky. What a scene! Here, helping himself along with two crotched roots, hobbled a dwarf without legs; another stalked before, one arm fixed in the air, like a lightning rod; a third, more active than any, seal-like, flirted a pair of flippers, and went skipping along; a fourth hopped on a solitary pin, at every bound, spinning round like a top, to gaze; while still another, furnished with feelers or fins, rolled himself up in a ball, bowling over the ground in advance. With curious instinct, the blind stuck close to our side; with their chattering finger, the deaf and the dumb described angles, obtuse and acute in the air; and like stones rolling down rocky ravines, scores of stammerers stuttered. Discord wedded deformity. All asses' brays were now harmonious memories; all Calibans, as angels. Yet for every stare we gave them, three stares they gave us. At last, we halted before a tenement of rude stones; crooked Banian boughs its rafters, thatched with fantastic leaves. So rambling and irregular its plan, it seemed thrown up by the eruption, according to sage Mohi, the origin of the isle itself. Entering, we saw King Yoky. Ah! sadly lacking was he, in all the requisites of an efficient ruler. Deaf and dumb he was; and save arms, minus every thing but an indispensable trunk and head. So huge his all-comprehensive mouth, it seemed to swallow up itself. But shapeless, helpless as was Yoky,—as king of Hooloomooloo, he was competent; the state being a limited monarchy, of which his Highness was but the passive and ornamental head. As his visitors advanced, he fell to gossiping with his fingers: a servitor interpreting. Very curious to note the rapidity with which motion was translated into sound; and the simultaneousness with which meaning made its way through four successive channels to the mind—hand, sight, voice, and tympanum. Much amazement His Highness now expressed; horrified his glances. "Why club such frights as ye? Herd ye, to keep in countenance; or are afraid of your own hideousness, that ye dread to go alone? Monsters! speak." "Great Oro!" cried Mohi, "are we then taken for cripples, by the very King of the Cripples? My lord, are not our legs and arms all right?" "Comelier ones were never turned by turners, Mohi. But royal Yoky! in sooth we feel abashed before thee." Some further stares were then exchanged; when His Highness sought to know, whether there were any Comparative Anatomists among his visitors. "Comparative Anatomists! not one." "And why may King Yoky ask that question?" inquired Babbalanja. Then was made the following statement. During the latter part of his reign, when he seemed fallen into his dotage, the venerable predecessor of King Yoky had been much attached to an old gray-headed Chimpanzee, one day found meditating in the woods. Rozoko was his name. He was very grave, and reverend of aspect; much of a philosopher. To him, all gnarled and knotty subjects were familiar; in his day he had cracked many a crabbed nut. And so in love with his Timonean solitude was Rozoko, that it needed many bribes and bland persuasions, to induce him to desert his mossy, hillside, misanthropic cave, for the distracting tumult of a court. But ere long, promoted to high offices, and made the royal favorite, the woodland sage forgot his forests; and, love for love, returned the aged king's caresses. Ardent friends they straight became; dined and drank together; with quivering lips, quaffed long-drawn, sober bumpers; comparing all their past experiences; and canvassing those hidden themes, on which octogenarians dilate. For when the fires and broils of youth are passed, and Mardi wears its truer aspect—then we love to think, not act; the present seems more unsubstantial than the past; then, we seek out gray-beards like ourselves; and hold discourse of palsies, hearses, shrouds, and tombs; appoint our undertakers; our mantles gather round us, like to winding-sheets; and every night lie down to die. Then, the world's great bubble bursts; then, Life's clouds seem sweeping by, revealing heaven to our straining eyes; then, we tell our beads, and murmur pater-nosters; and in trembling accents cry—"Oro! be merciful." So, the monarch and Rozoko. But not always were they thus. Of bright, cheerful mornings, they took slow, tottering rambles in the woods; nodding over grotesque walking-sticks, of the Chimpanzee's handiwork. For sedate Rozoko was a dilletante-arborist: an amateur in canes. Indeed, canes at last became his hobby. For half daft with age, sometimes he straddled his good staff and gently rode abroad, to take the salubrious evening air; deeming it more befitting exercise, at times, than walking. Into this menage, he soon initiated his friend, the king; and side by side they often pranced; or, wearying of the saddle, dismounted; and paused to ponder over prostrate palms, decaying across the path. Their mystic rings they counted; and, for every ring, a year in their own calendars. Now, so closely did the monarch cleave to the Chimpanzee, that, in good time, summoning his subjects, earnestly he charged it on them, that at death, he and his faithful friend should be buried in one tomb. It came to pass, the monarch died; and Poor Rozoko, now reduced to second childhood, wailed most dismally:—no one slept that night in Hooloomooloo. Never did he leave the body; and at last, slowly going round it thrice, he laid him down; close nestled; and noiselessly expired. The king's injunctions were remembered; and one vault received them both. Moon followed moon; and wrought upon by jeers and taunts, the people of the isle became greatly scandalized, that a base-born baboon should share the shroud of their departed lord; though they themselves had tucked in the aged AEneas fast by the side of his Achates. They straight resolved, to build another vault; and over it, a lofty cairn; and thither carry the remains they reverenced. But at the disinterring, a sad perplexity arose. For lo surpassing Saul and Jonathan, not even in decay were these fast friends divided. So mingled every relic,—ilium and ulna, carpus and metacarpus;—and so similar the corresponding parts, that like the literary remains of Beaumont and of Fletcher, which was which, no spectacles could tell. Therefore, they desisted; lest the towering monument they had reared, might commemorate an ape, and not a king. Such the narration; hearing which, my lord Media kept stately silence. But in courtly phrase, as beseemed him, Babbalanja, turban in hand, thus spoke:— "My concern is extreme, King Yoky, at the embarrassment into which your island is thrown. Nor less my grief, that I myself am not the man, to put an end to it. I could weep that Comparative Anatomists are not so numerous now, as hereafter they assuredly must become; when their services shall be in greater request; when, at the last, last day of all, millions of noble and ignoble spirits will loudly clamor for lost skeletons; when contending claimants shall start up for one poor, carious spine; and, dog-like, we shall quarrel over our own bones." Then entered dwarf-stewards, and major-domos; aloft bearing twisted antlers; all hollowed out in goblets, grouped; announcing dinner. Loving not, however, to dine with misshapen Mardians, King Media was loth to move. But Babbalanja, quoting the old proverb—"Strike me in the face, but refuse not my yams," induced him to sacrifice his fastidiousness. So, under a flourish of ram-horn bugles, court and company proceeded to the banquet. Central was a long, dislocated trunk of a wild Banian; like a huge centipede crawling on its hundred branches, sawn of even lengths for legs. This table was set out with wry-necked gourds; deformities of calabashes; and shapeless trenchers, dug out of knotty woods. The first course was shrimp-soup, served in great clamp-shells; the second, lobsters, cuttle-fish, crabs, cockles, cray-fish; the third, hunchbacked roots of the Taro-plant—plantains, perversely curling at the end, like the inveterate tails of pertinacious pigs; and for dessert, ill-shaped melons, huge as idiots' heads, plainly suffering from water in the brain. Now these viands were commended to the favorable notice of all guests; not only for their delicacy of flavor, but for their symmetry. And in the intervals of the courses, we were bored with hints to admire numerous objects of vertu: bow-legged stools of mangrove wood; zig-zag rapiers of bone; armlets of grampus-vertebrae; outlandish tureens of the callipees of terrapin; and cannakins of the skulls of baboons. The banquet over, with many congees, we withdrew. Returning to the water-side, we passed a field, where dwarfs were laboring in beds of yams, heaping the soil around the roots, by scratching it backward; as a dog. All things in readiness, Yoky's valet, a tri-armed dwarf, treated us to a glorious start, by giving each canoe a vigorous triple-push, crying, "away with ye, monsters!" Nor must it be omitted that just previous to embarking, Vee-Vee, spying a curious looking stone, turned it over, and found a snake.

mardy/volume II/odhyay lxx volume II/odhyay lxix volume II/odhyay lxxi "ei tinita pruwo raakhok, iyo 'ndaar rokor baabe."xongbad madhyome siyori koo" ley; "kunu dukh naai. ei aanondomoy ratipuwa! aaru etiya poriwexhin dipor baabe,-aanoki hulumulu." "pongu dip?" "oh"; kiyo nohoy? maahi, teuluk kenekoi klaboloi aahil kuwa."bostutur bhitorot, ei bornona aasil. jonmor xomoyot xokolu xixu dhongxo korar borbor prothar birudhita korok xomomitbhabe gothito; kintu xomanbhabe teulukor poraa atoraboloi issuk xei durbhagyojonok pranixomuhok dekha; etaa suburiya gutor dipbaxixokolok dekha. bohu aagotei bikolangoxokolor baabe ek aashroy sthapon korisil; zo 'too teuluk baax korisil, nijor niyomor odhinot; nijor ejon rojar dwara xaxito nirbason; xongkhyepe, nijabobiyakoi pranir ek prithok shreni gothon koraa. teulukor uporot kewol etaa ximabodhota rokha hoisiloh kunu karonote teuluke koribo nalage. teulukok nirdharito koraa diptu eri diyok. aaru aaxe-paxe thoka dipbaxir baabe, gotike bikrito norom manuhor drishyotu opritikor, zo 'too ejon osinaki luk owotoron kore hulumuluk ek prodorxoniyo buli gonyo koraa hoisil. xeyehe, jikunutuk xonman koraa teulukor bahireu kiba gyan thoka poriwexor lukbur praay aasil bischinno, zen hulumulu ekmatro teraa-firma aasil. nijor etaa xomprodayor bhitorot baax koraa, ei durbhagyojonokxokol, jixokole onyotha xongkhya komm aasil, briddhi aaru gunito hoisil bohut. ekerahe ohaa projonmobure xeixomuhor xomikoronot unnoti koraa nasil. teulukor purbe. oti xunkalei aami diptur usoroloi aahilu. gutt khaai, aaru xilore gaathi bandhi; aaru, iyate aaru taat, xilore abrito hoi baamon, beka jhariya, ee iyar nagorikxokolor baabe upojukto thaai zen lagisil. owotoron kori, aami ek bisitro jonotar dwara aaguri aasilu; aaru enedore xurokhito hoi aasilu, aami abhyontorin dixot, teulukor probhu roja yukir baxosthanor faale goisilu. ki drishyo! iyat, dutaa bornito xipar xoite nijoke xohay kori, etaa bamonok baadha disil bhori obihone; aan etaa aagote pisuwai luwa hoisil, etaa baahu botahot sthir hoi aasil, zen etaa bojropator rodd; etaa tritiyangxo, jikunutkoi odhik xokriyo, muhor-xodrix, flort koraa zura flipper, aaru logot goi goi aasil; etaa soturthotuwe etaa uporot go "lo ekok pinn, protitu boundot, uporor dore ghuri furi, soku furaboloi; aan etaa, onubhobok baa pakhonare xojjito, nijoke uporoloi ghurai pelaisil etaa bolot, aagotiyakoi maatir uporot bolling koraa. koutuholi probonotare ondhoxokol aamar kaxor usorot laagi thaake; teulukor xoite aangulito kotha kuwa, bodhir aaru bubare bornona koraa kunu, osposto aaru botahot tibro; aaru xilor dorasolote xilor dore, sko "ror horaa-horaa koraa lukor. bibah bibhedjonit bikriti. xokolu gadhar brey etiya xokolu kaliban, dute hisape xuxmonjox smriti aasil. tothapiu aami teulukok diya protitu sokur biporite, teuluke aamak diya tinita sokure. owoxexot aami ek oxot xilor vandaror xonmukhot roi go "lu; kutil banian. iyar rafterburok oxadharon paatore bhorai. imaan rumble aaru iyar porikolponatu oniyomito, eitu bisfuronor dwara uri juwa zen lagisil, mote rixi muhi, diptur utpotti. bhitoroloi goi aami roja yukik dekhisilu. aah! dukhjonokbhabe ejon dokhyo xaxokor xokolu proyujoniyotar khetrot teur obhab aasil. teu bodhir aaru buba aasil; aaru ostro rokhya korok, xokolu baad di kintu etaa oporiharzo kaand aaru muur. teur xorbobyapi mukhkhon imaan dangor, zen nijoke gilly gilly go "lo. kintu akritihin, iyukir dore oxohay,-hulumulur roja hisape, teu aasil xokhyom; rajyokhon ek ximito rajtontro huwar baabe, jaar bhitorot teur mohamanyota aasil kintu aasil niskriyo aaru alongkarik muur. teur dorxonarthixokole aagbarhi juwar loge loge teu angulire gop-botora koriboloi dhorileh xewokor byakhya. iyar drutota lokhyo koriboloi oti koutuholi kuntu goti xobdoloi onubad koraa hoisil; aaru iyar xoite ekjuge kuntu ortho sarita ekerahe sola pothor maajere iyar poth prostut korisil monn-haat, dristi, kontho aaru timpenom. teur mohamanyotai etiya prokax koraa oti aasorit; teur sokure sokure taak bhoy khaisil. "aapunalukor dore bhoyor doll kiyo gothon korile? mukhkhon rakhiboloi aapuni ghura maribo; baa nijor bibhotxotar baabe bhoy kore, je aapuni okole jaboloi bhoy kore? ranixokol! kotha kouk." "bohut bhaal!"kandisil maahi", tetiya aamak bikolangor baabe loi juwa hoy, poruwar roja? hey mur probhu, aamar bhori aaru bahubur thik naaine?" "muhiye ketiyau tornerere komeliyarbur ghurai diya nasil. kintu royel yuki! bhitorot aapunar xonmukhot aami hotax onubhob koru." taar pisot aaru kisuman soku binimoy koraa hoisil; jetiya teur mohamanyoi chesta korisil jaanu, teur maajot kunu tulonamulok xarirototwobid aasil neki dorxonarthi. "tulonamulok xarirototwobid! eku nohoy." "aaru kiyo roja yukiye xei prosnotu xudhibo paare?"babolonjai xudhile. taar pisot tolot diya bibrititu diya hoisil. teur rajotwor xexor ongxot, jetiya teu nijor xaxonot pori juwa zen lagisil roja yukir sroddheyo purboxuri dotejor logot bohut xomporko aasil. etaa puroni dhurar muror simpanjiloi, edin dhyan kori thoka dekha goisil bonn. rujuku aasil teur naam. teu oti gurutor aasil, aaru dristibhongir proti sroddhaxil aasil; bohukhini darxonik. teur baabe, xokolu gurutor aaru guruttopurno bixoy aasil porisito; teur dinot teu bohutu khekurir badam bhangisil. aaru xeyehe premot teur tymonian nixongotar baabe rujuku aasil, je iyar baabe bohutu utkuchor proyujon hoisil aaru teur moo 'chi, paharor kaxor poraa aatori jaboloi teuk prerito koriboloi, nomoniyo prerona, durbyoktik guha, aadalotor bikhyipto oxantir baabe. kintu dirghodin dhori uscho podoloi podunnoti laabh kori rajokiyo priyo kori tulisil, bonoriya rixiye nijor oronyobur paahori goisil; aaru, premor proti prem, pran ghurai disil briddho rojar prem. teuluk punpotiyakoi probhawxali bondhu hoi porisil; bhujon korisil aaru ekeloge paan korisil; kopi uthaa uthor xoite, dighol tunn, xanto bumper; teulukor otitor xokolu obhigyotar tulona koraa; aaru xeiburoror prosar koraa lukuwai rokha bixoybostu, jaar uporot ostojononorxokol bistrito hoy. kiyonu jetiya juwok-jubotir jui aaru sokulu paar hoi yaay, aaru mardiye iyar jutaa pindhi thaake prokrito dix-tetiya aami chinta koriboloi bhaal paau, karjyo koriboloi nohoy; bortoman odhik zen laage otitotkoi opraxongik; tetiya, aami dhuxor-daari bisaru jene nijoke; aaru pokhyaghat, xuniboloi puwa, aaworon aaru xomadhir bixoye alusona korok; aamar dayitwoxilxokolok nijukto korok; aamar mentelbur aamar sariufale gutt khaay, ghurnaiman-sweetor dore; aaru proti raati moriboloi xuwa. tetiya prithibikhon mohan budwud faati yaay; tetiya jiwanor daworbur uri goi aakax prokax koraa zen laage aamar klanto sokuburok; tetiya, aami aamar putiburok kou, aaru bosoxa kori matuwa-nosterbur; aaru koponi thoka ussoronburot siyori-"oru! doyaxil houk." gotike, roja aaru rujuku. kintu xoday enekuwa nasil. ujjwol, aanondomoy ratipuwa, teuluke loisil oronyot laahe laahe, bisolito hoi thoka rumble; ximpanjir hostoxilpor bisitro khujkarhir laathir uporot munduri. rujukur baabe etaa delatent-arboristoh betor ejon opesadari. xosakoiye, owoxexot bet hoi poril teur xokho. boyoxor loge loge aadha khorsor baabe, ketiyaba teu nijor bhalkhiniu ghurai furisil swasthyokor xondhiyar botahot jaboloi kormosari aaru mridubhabe bidexot jatra korisil; ketiyaba khuj kaarhi juwatkoi iyak odhik upojukto byayam buli bibesona koraa. iyar bhitorot pran heruwai teu oti xunkalei teur bondhu rojak aarombho korisil; aaru teuluke ekeloge praye pran koraa; baa, sedelor klanto hoi, naami ohaa; aaru roi juwa pothor uporere khyoy hoi thoka prostet toluwar bixoye chinta korok. teulukor rohosyomoyi teuluke gonona koraa aanguthi; aaru, protitu aanguthir baabe, nijakoi etaa bosor kelendar. etiya, roja ximpanjir logot imaan usor sapisil je, xomoy bhaal, teur projaxokolok maati onaa, teu antorikotare teulukor uporot ei obhijug utthapon korisil, jaate mrityur xomoyot teuk aaru teur biswaxi bondhuk etaa thait xomadhistho koraa hoy xomadhi. eitu ghotisil, rojar mrityu hoisil; aaru doridro rujuk ', etiya hraax paise dwitiyo xoixowot, ataitkoi hotaxajonokbhabe kandisiloh-xei nixa kuneu xuwa nasil. hulumulu. teu ketiyau xorirtu eri juwa nasil; aaru owoxexot, laahe laahe goi thakil. tinibar iyak ghurai, teu taak xui pelaisil; usorot thaaki; aaru xobdohinbhabe myad paar hoi go "lo. rojar aadexbur monot rokha hoisil; aaru etaa bho 'lte xeibur laabh korisil. duyutai. sondroi sondrok onuxoron korisil; aaru upohax aaru bidrupore aaru manuhor uporot aarombho korisil, diptur bixoye jothesto opobador sristi hoisil, je etaa bex-jonmo huwa bebune koribo laage teulukor proyat probhur aaworon bhag korok; jodiu teuluke nijei korisil teur aasetor kaxot briddho eneyat drutobhabe takuwai rakhisil. teuluke punpotiyakoi xiddhanto loisil, aan etaa bho 'lt nirman koriboloi; aaru taar uporot, etaa ukh bho' lt. keron; aaru taat teuluke xonman koraa owoxistobur loi yaay. kintu ei birudhor xomoyot ek dukhjonok bibhrantir sristi hoisil. lo "koo otikrom korar baabe soul aaru junathon, aanoki khyoyprapto huwa nasil, ei drut bondhuxokol bibhokto hoisil. eidore protitu dhongxaboxex-iliyam aaru ulona, carpus aaru metacharpus-ekotrito koraa hoisil;-aaru xei onuxori ongxobur imaan eke, je xahityor owoxistoburor dore byumonto aaru flaseror, jitu aasil, kunu soxmane koo "bob nuwarile. xeyehe, teuluke eri disil; noho "ley teuluke paalon koraa ukh smritixoudhotu, hoyotu etaa bandorok smoron koribo paare, rojak nohoy. ene bornona; ji xuni mur probhu xongbad madhyome rupalibhabe nirob hoi aasil. kintu rajxobhar bakyot, teur onurudh onuxori, haatot paguri, eidore koichiloh - "mur sintatu otixoy, roja yuki, ji lojjajonok hoi porise. aapunar diptu nikhyep koraa hoise. mur dukhou komm nohoy, je moi nijei nohoy manuh, eitu xex koriboloi. moi kandibo paaru je tulonamulok xarirototwobidxokol hoh 'lo etiya imaan xongkhya naai, ji poroborti xomoyot nischitbhabe hoh "bob lagibo; jetiya teulukor xewaxomuh odhik onurudhot thakibo; ketiya, xexot, xex aajir dintut, laakh laakh mohan aaru obogyapurno aatmawe jurere siyoribo. heruwa kongkalor baabe; jetiya dabikarixokole protidondita kore tetiya etaar baabe aarombho koribo lagibo doridro, ghura merudondo; aaru, kukuror dore, aami nijor uporot bibad korim. harbur." taar pisot baamon-steward, aaru dangor-dodd 'moo' too prowex korisil; uporor bearingtu beka hoi aasil xingibur; xokolu go 'blateot fapa hoi, gutbodho; raatir aaharor ghuxona koraa. obosye, misxepen mardianxokolor xoite aahar khaboloi napahorile, king miriya aasil sthanantor koriboloi jothesto. kintu babolonjai puroni probadtu uddhrito kori koy-"muk aaghat korok. mukhkhon, kintu mur yamburok oswikar nokore ", teuk nijor jogyo koriboloi prerito korisil nisthurota. gotike, bhera-xingor bigolor bikaxor odhinot, rajxobha aaru company aagbarhi goisil bhujoloi. kendriyo ongxotu etaa bonyo boniyanor dighol, sthanchyut kaand aasil; etaa bixal bonor dore. centipid iyar exota daalor uporot krol kori aase, zo 'too xoman doirghyor xo' noo koraa hoise bhori. ei tabletu rukhyo dingir laurere nirdharon koraa hoisil; iyar bikritixomuh kelaboswo; aaru akritihin khonda, gaathir kaathor poraa khonon koraa. prothom prokartu aasil singhur-saup, jitu dangor clump-swelot poriwexon koraa hoisil; dwitiyote, lobstar, kaatol-maach, kakora, kokel, kre-maach; tritiyot, taaru-udbhidor kuwolir muur-koll, biporitbhabe kuchkiboloi xex, praxongik gaahorir oporiwortonxil lejor dore; aaru mitha, beyaa aakritir tormuz, bukaar muror dore dangor, spostobhabe kostot mogojur panir poraa. etiya ei bhayandoburok xokolu otithir onukul janonir baabe proxongxa koraa hoisil; kewol teulukor xuswadu xuwador baabei nohoy, teulukor xomomitar babeu. aaru pathyokromxomuhor byobodhanot, aami ingitor dwara birokto hoisilu bhortur oxongkhyo bostur proxongxa korokoh jolahbhumir kaathor dhonuk-bhorir moll; haaror jig-jeg rapier; grampuse-vertebrar armlet; odbhut terapinor kelipir tiriyen; aaru terapinor khulir kenakin bebur. bhuj xex hoh "lo, bohutu konjir xoite, aami pisuwai lo" lu. panir kaxoloi ubhoti aahi aami etaa pothar paar hoi go "lu, zo" too bamonbur aasil. jaamor bisanat kaam kori, xipar sariufale maati jomaa kori, iyak pisfale khojuwoti diya; kukuror dore. xokolu bostu xaju hoi aase, yukir valete, ejon trixostro baamon, aamar xoite byobohar korisil protitu kenuk ek xoktixali trigunito dharona di ek gourobujjwol aarombhoni koriboloi, kandise, "hey ranixokol, aapunalukor logot aatori jauk!" aarombho korar thik aagote, bhi-bhi, eituu baad dibo nalage. etaa koutuholi dorxonor xilor surangsuwa kori, taak ghurai dile, aaru etaa xaap paisil.

mardy/volume 2/adhyay elxx dwitiya khondo/adhyay lxix dwitiya khondo/adhyay lxxi "tinti pru-ee rakhun, pathorer jonno."chitkar korey othe midia;" konao dukkho nei eyi anandamoy sokal! ebong ekhon pangu dweeper jonno, emonki hulumulo." "pangu dweep?" "aarey, keena noy? mohi, bolo ora kibhabe clubey ell."bostur dick theke, eyi chhilo bornona. jonmer somoy samasta shishuke dhongso korar borbor prothar biruddhe protisombhabe gothito; kintu taader theke aposaroner somanbhabe ichchuk seii durbhaggojonok pranider dekhun; ekti protibeshi gosthir dweepbasider dekhun onek agey ponguder jonno ekti ashray sthapon korechilo; jekhane taaraa thakat, taader nijaswa niyamavali sapekkhe; taader nijaswa raja dwara shasito nirbachan; sangkhepe, nijeder dwara ekti swatantra shrenir prani gathon koraa. taader upor cable ekti bidhinishedh arop koraa hoyechiloh konao karone taader uchito noy. taader deoa dweep chhede deane. ebong ashepasher dweepbasider kachhe, taai ekti bikrito nashwarer drishya apritikar, jetite ekjon oporichito abataran korey hulumuluke ekjon asadharan byakti hisebe bibechona koraa hoto. ataeb, jekono taader baire kichhu gyan, pangu manushder khub kachakachi chhilo bichchinno, jeno hulumului ekmatro terra-former astitto. taader nijaswa ekti somaje bosobas, eyi durbhaggojonok, jaaraa onnothai sankhya qama theke yaay, briddhi paay ebong gunito hoy onek. ebong poroborti projonmogulio taader somomitite unnoti koreni. taader agey. shighroi amra dweeper kachakachi choley assie. stupo korey, ebong pathor diye jhanpiye porey; ebong, ekhane okhane, ddheke rakha bamon, bankano jhopjhad, etty taar basindader jonno ekti upojukto jaiga boley money hoyechilo. abataran, amra ekti boichitromoy jonota dwara beshtito chhilo; ebong eibhabe sahachar, amra abhyantarin pothe taader prabhu raja iyokir basosthaner dike raona holam. kii drishya! ekhane, duti bankano shikader saathe nijeke sahajyo korey, ekti bamonke hobble korey paa chhada; onnoti agey pichu dhaoa korey, ekti haat batase sthir, ekti bojropater rodd; ekti tritiya, jey konotir cheye beshi sakriya, seeler moto, ekti flart koraa eka jodaa flipper, ebong paash katiye choley geela; chaturthajan ekti ekok pinn, protiti bandha, ekti sheersho moto brittakar ghurnayman, takan; arekjon, anubhabkari baa pakhna diye sajjito, nijeke gutiye niyechilo ekti boley, agey theke matite boaling koraa. kautuhali probrittir saathe, andhara amader paashe atke yaay; taader saathe anguler sange kotha bolla, bodhir oo boba konguli bornona korey, osposhto ebong batase teebro; ebong pathorer moto pathure girikhat theke gadiye, score hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hapate hohn. bibahobichedjonito bikriti. samasta gadhar bra ekhon sabgulii chhilo surela smriti; samasta caliban, fereshta hisabe. tobuo amra taader protita takanor jonno, taaraa amader tinti takanor jonno boley. abosheshe, amra roorh pathorer ekti baadir saamone thamlam; bankano banian err rafterguli durdanto patay chhadjukto. eto jhamela ebong taar parikalpana aniyamita, etty agnyutpato dwara nikkhep koraa boley money hoyechilo, anujayi rishi mohi, dweeper utpotti. vitore probesh korey amra raja iokike dekhte pelam. aaho! dukkhojonokbhabe ekjon dokkho shasoker samasta prayojaniyatar modhye taanr abhab chhilo. seey bodhir ebong boba chhilo; ebong ostro banchan, sobb kichhu baad diye aporiharjo trunk ebong matha. eto bishal taar sorbobyapi mukh, nijeke gille felche boley money hachche. kintu akritihin, iyokir moto asahay,-hulumulur raja hisabe, tini chhilen jogyo; rashtro ekti seemit rajtantra, jaar modhye taanr mahamanya etty chhilo nishkriya ebong alongkarik matha. taanr atithira egiye yawar saathe saathe tini taanr angul diye gunjan korte shuru korenoh porichor byakhyakari. drutota lakkhya korte khub kautuhali coone goti shobder modhye anubad koraa hoyechilo; ebong sange ekjoge jaar ortho charti dharabahik chyaneler modhyo diye taar poth toiri koreche monn-haat, drishti, kanthaswar ebong timpanum. mahamanya taanr eyi bhabti prakash korey onek abak korey diyechilo; taanr chokhduto atongkito hoye porechilo. "keena apnader moto eto bhoyer doll? mukher proti onurokto thucker jonno, athoba nijer bhirutter bhoye, jey ekaa jete bhoy paay? danab! kotha bolun." "darun orey!"kendechilo mohi", tarpor amader pangu korey deoa hoy, khub ponguder raja? amar prabhu, amader paa oo bahu thhik nei?" "mohir, commillierra kokhono turnerder dwara ghuriye deoa hoto naa. kintu rajakiya iyoki! modhye upner saamone amra hotash bodh korchi." erpor arow kichhu takanor adan-pradan koraa hoy; jokhon taanr mahamanya chesta korechilen jaanen, taanr modhye konao tulonamulok sharirbid chhilen kii naa atithira. "tulonamulok sharirbid! eka noy." "ebong keena raja iyoki eyi proshno korte paren?"bablanj jigyasa corol. tarpor nimnolikhito bibriti deoa hoy. taanr rajotter sheshbhage, jokhon tini taanr rajottokale potito hoyechilen boley money hoyechilo raja iyokir shraddheya purbosuri onek beshi sangjukto chhilen. ekti briddho dhusar mathar shimpanjir kachhe, ekdin taake dhyan korte dekha yaay bonn. taanr naam chhilo rozoko. tini atyanta gurutoro chhilen ebong drishtibhongir proti shroddhashil chhilen. onek darshonik. taanr kachhe, samasta nongra ebong gantchada bandhano vishay chhilo porichito; taanr diney tini onek kankda badam vengechilen. ebong taai preme taar tymonian ekakitter saathe rozoko chhilo, jey taar onek ghusher prayojan chhilo ebong taake taar shinga, pahader paash chhede choley jete prorochito korar jonno norom prorochona, ekti adaloter bibhrantikar ashantir jonno, manobohitoishi guha. kintu deergho somoy dhorey, uchcho podey unnito hoye, ebong rajkiyader priya korey tulechilo, bonovumi rishi taanr bonn bhule giechilen; ebong, bhalobasar proti bhalobasa, firey esechilo briddho rajar ador. taaraa sarasari probol bondhu hoye othe; khaoa-daoa korey ebong eksange paan koroto; kanpano thhont, lomba taanaa, shanto bumper; taader samasta atito obhiggotar tulna koraa; ebong segulir prochar koraa lucano thim, jaar upor ashtajanan bistar korey. kaaron jokhon jouboner agun oo broelguli atikram koraa hoy ebong mardy taar satyikarer dick-tahle amra chinta korte pochondo corry, kaaj korte noy; bortomanke arow beshi money hoy. atiter cheye aprasangik; tahle, amra dhusar-dadi khunjchi jemon nijeder; ebong pokkhaghato, shrobon, aboron ebong samadhir boktrita dhorey rakhun; amader dayittopraptoder niyog korun; amader aboronguli amader charpashe joro hoy, ghurnayman-potrer moto; ebong proti raate morar jonno shue porey. tahle, prithibita borh budwud fete yaay; tarpor, jeeboner meghguli chhoriye porey, swargoke prakash korey amader klanto chokhke; tarpor, amra amader punti bolly, ebong pitritulya-nosterder bachsa corry; ebong kanpano uchchotai chitkar korey-"orey! dayalu hohn." sutrang, raja ebong rozoko. kintu sabsamoy taaraa erokom chhilo naa. ujjal, anandamoy sokal, taaraa niyechilo dheere dheere, jungley jhanpiye padaa; shimpanjir haater kaajer adbhuto hantar lathigulir upor matha nadche. shanto rozocor jonno ekti delatant-arborist bett poraa ekjon apeshadar. prokritopokkhe, shesh porjonto bett hoye othe taar shokho. boyoser sange sange ardheker jonno, kokhono kokhono tini taanr vall jinisguli chhoriye diten swasthokor sondhyar batas nitey karmi ebong alto korey bideshe chadey; kokhono kokhono hantar cheye etike arow upojukto byayam boley money koraa. eyi tini shighroi taanr bondhu rajake dikkha deena ebong pashapashi taanra prayashai prance koraa hoy; athoba, saddle klanto hoye, namano hoy; ebong thamano hoy puro poth judey kshay hoye yawa, prostate haater talugulir kotha bhabun. taader rahasyamay taaraa ring ganana korey; ebong, protiti ringyer jonno, taader nijaswa eka bochor calender. ekhon, raja shimpanjir saathe eto ghonisthobhabe joriye paden jey, somoy valo, taanr prajader deke niye antorikbhabe tini taader upor taa chapiye deena, jaate mrityur somoy taake ebong taar bishwasto bondhuke eka jaiga somahito koraa hoy samadhi. etaa ghotechilo, raja maaraa giechilen; ebong daridra rozoko, ekhon komey geche dwitiya shaishab, sabcheye hotashajonokbhabe kandte thakeh-seii raate keu ghumayani. hulumulo. tini kokhono deho tyag korenni; ebong shesh porjonto, dheere dheere choley zaan tinbar taake charpashe ghuriye rekhechilen; kachakachi eshe bosechilen; ebong shobdohinbhabe meyad shesh hoye geche. rajar adeshguli smaran koraa hoyechilo ebong ekti volt seguli grohon korechilo. dutoi. chaand chandke anusaran korey; ebong manushjan thhatta oo vidrup korey dweepti byapokbhabe kolongkito hoye othe, jey ekti bases-jonmito babunke taader prayat prabhur aboron bhag korey neyo; jodio taaraa nijerai taar acheter paashe druto briddho aniuse atke. taaraa sojasuji siddhanta neyo, arekti volt toiri korar jonno; ebong taar upore, ekti unchu cairn; ebong sekhane taaraa jey dehabosheshke shroddha koroto taa bohon korey. kintu eyi bibheder somoy ekti dukkhojonok bibhranti dekha deyo. atikram korar jonno soll ebong jonathon, emonki khayapraptao chhilen naa, eyi druto bandhura bivokto hoye giechilen. taai protiti dhongshaboshesh-iliam ebong ulna, carpus ebong metacarpus-mishrito koraa hoyeche; ebong anurup ongshogulir anurup, jaa sahityer aboshistangsher moto beaumont ebong flatcher, jaa konao chashma bolte pareni. taai, taaraa biroto hoy; jaate taaraa jey unchu smritistambhati lalon-palon koroto, ekti banorke smaran korte paare, konao rajake noy. eirokom bornona; jaa shune amar prabhu midia bhadrabhabe nirab chhilo. kintu dorbarer bakyangshe, jemonti tini anurodh korechilen, bablanja, haate pagdi, eibhabe tini bolenoh - "amar udweg charam, raja iyoki, jey bibratkar upner dweepti chhunde fela hoyeche. amar dukkhou qama noy, jey aami nize noi manush, etaa shesh korar jonno. aami kandte paari jey tulonamulok sharirbidra ekhon eto sankhya nei, jaa erpore aboshyoi hotey hobey; jokhon taader porishebaguli arow beshi anurodh koraa hobey; shesh porjonto, kakhan sabkichur poreo, lokkho lokkho mohot ebong abagyapurna atma uchchasware chitkar korbe hariye yawa kankaler jonno; jokhon dabidarra ekti kankaler jonno ladai shuru korbe durbal, chhimcham merudondo; ebong, kukurer moto, amra nijeder niye jhagada korob. haad." tarpor bamon-steward ebong mejor-domote probesh korey; upore bharobohon bankano shing; sabguloi gorte fanpa, dolboddho; raater khabarer ghoshana. kintu, missheppen mardiander sange khete naa bhalobasar karone, king midia chhilo nadachada korar jonno onek. kintu bablanja, purno probad uddhrito korey-"amake aghat korun. mukh, kintu amar iam prottakhyan naa korey ", taake taar korbani ditey prorochito korey nisthurota. taai, raam-shing bigoler samriddhir adhine, adalat ebong sangostha egiye yaay bhojer jonno. majhkhane chhilo ekti bonno banianer ekti deergho, sthanchuto kaando; ekti bishaler moto shoto shakha centipid hamagudi deyo, somm doirghyer jonno paa. eyi tabilty shukno ghader lau diye sajano hoyechilo; err bikriti gantchada bandha kaatth theke khonon koraa calabash ebong akarheen parikha. prothom course chhilo chingdi-supe, jaa borh clamp-shelgulite poribeshon koraa hoy; dwitiyata, lobster, kaatol-phisha, kankda, kakel, cray-phisha; tritiyata, tarro-udbhider kunchkano shikad-collar gaachh, jaa biporitobhabe kunchke yaay shesh, prasongik shukorer adamya lejer moto; ebong mishti, kharap akarer tarmuz, nirbodhder mathar moto bishal, sposhtobhabe koshto hachche mostishker joll theke. ekhon eyi viendguli samasta atithider anukul nojore proshongshito hoyechilo; shudhu taader swader suswadutar jonnoi noy, taader protisamyer jonnou. ebong courser birotite, amra ingito diye birokto hoyechi ullambatar asankhya bostur proshongsha korunoh mangrove kaather dhanuk-payer moll; haader zig-jagg rapier; grampus-vertebre-rawr armlet; adbhuto terrapiner calypiecer turren; ebong mathar khulir kannakin babun. bhoj shesh hoye gele, onek konji niye amra sorey jaai. joler dike firey amra ekti maatth atikram corry, jekhane bamanra chhilo iyamer bichhanai kaaj koraa, shikader charpashe mutty stupo koraa, dwara etike pichhon dike anchdano; ekti kukurer moto. prostutite sobb kichhu, iyokir poricharok, ekjon tri-soshostro bamon, amader chikitsa korechilo ekti gauravamaya suchona korar jonno, protiti canoke ekti joralo triple-push diye, chitkar korey boley, "danobera, doore sorey jaao!" naa etaa baad deoa uchito jey, jatra shuru korar thhik agey, vee-vee, kautuhali dekhte ekti pathorer guptacharbritti korey, taa ghuriye diye ekti sup khunje paay.

mardy/volume II/prakaran lXx volume II/prakaran lxix volume II/prakaran lxxi "traney proves raakho, yandara roqa maate."media radyu;" koee dukkh nathee aaa aanandmay savaar! aneey havey apangona taapu maate,-pann hoolumu." "vikalaangono taapu?" "arey; qema nahee? maahee, teo klabmaa kevee reete aavyaa teey janaavo."aaa padaarthmaa, teey varnan hatoo. janm samaye tamaam shishuono naash karvaanee berber reetno veerodh karoo sampramantama rachaayel; parantu temathi door karvaa maate samaan reete ichchhata teey kamansib pranione juo; padoshi juthanaa tapuvasio laambaa samay pahelaa apango maate aashray sthaapit karyo hato; jyaan teo raheta hataa, temnaa potaana niyamone aadheen; temnaa potaana raajaa dwara shaasit chuntani; tunkma, potaana dwara praniona aek alag vargnee rachnaa karvee. temnaa parr maatra aek jaj pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hatoh koee pann kaaranosar teoae naa karvo joiae temne sompel taapu chhodi doo. aneey aaspasna tapuvasio maate, tethee vikrut nashvarnu drashya apreey chhe, keey aek ajaani vyaktee tenaa parr utaraan karey chhe hulumulu, aek vilakshan manvama aavtu hatoo. tethee, koipanne maana aapvu temnee bahaarnaa koee pann baabatnu gyaan, apang loko lagbhag hataa jaane hulumulu ekmatra terra-ferma astitvamaa chhe. potaana samudayma raheta, aaa kamansib, jeo anyatha sankhyama ghataado thayo hato, vadhaaro thayo hato aneey gunakar thayo hato khoob. naa too pachhini pedhhioae temnee sampramantama sudhaaro karyo temnee aagad. toonk samayma, amey taapuni najik pahonchya. ekathaa kareene, aneey khadakothi dantaalu; aneey, aheen aneey tyaan, dhankayelu dwarfed, twisted zaadeeo, teey tenaa rahevasio maate yogya sthal laagtu hatoo. utaraan kartaa, amey aek vijateey tolaathi gheraayela hataa; aneey aama escort, amey antardesheey marge, temnaa swami, raajaa yokeena nivas taraf aagad vadhyaa. kevu drashya! aheen, beey katkhunana mool saathe potaane madad kartaa, aek dwarfne rokyo pug vagar; beejo pahelaa pichho karato hato, aek haath havaamaa stheer hato, jaim keey vijadini laakadi; trijo, koipan karataa vadhu sakreey, seal jevee, flirt karelee flipperni jodee, aneey saathe jaakee gaee; chotho aek parr koodee padyo aekal pinn, darek bound parr, tochnee jaim golaakaar faratee, najar karvaa maate; jyaare anya, laagani athavaa pankhothi sajj, potaane upar valaank aapyo aek dadaama, agaauthi jameen parr bolling karoo. vichitra vrutti saathe, andh aapani baajuni najik atvai gayaa; temnee saathe aangalina ghonghaat, bahera aneey moorkh koona varnave chhe, aspasht aneey havaamaa teevra; aneey khadkaal kheeno neeche fartaa pattharo jevaa, sqora hachamchi gayelaa loko. lagnamaa thayelee vikrutee. badhaa gadhedana brey havey teey sumelbharya sansmarano hataa; badhaa calibans, duto tareeke. chhataa amey temne aapela darek najar maate, temane amane aapela trana najar. chhevate, amey rukhaa pattharona aek makaannee saame rokaaya; vakra baniyan tenaa taraapo, adbhoot pandadaothi chhajalio. jethee munjhavan aneey tenee yojnaa aneeyameet, teey visfot dwara fenkvaamaa aavyu hatoo, anusaar rushee maahee, pote jaj taapunu mool chhe. andar praveshtaa amey raajaa yokeene joyo. aaha! aek kaaryaksham shaasakni tamaam jaruriyaatomaa teno abhaav hato. teey bahera aneey moorkh hataa; aneey hathiyaaro bachaavo, badhu baad karataa aneevary thada aneey maathu. tenu aakhu mone aetalu vishaal hatoo keey, teey pote garee gayo hoya tevu laagtu hatoo. parantu aakaarheen, yokeeni jaim asahaay,-hulumulunaa raajaa tareeke, teey hato saksham; raajy maryadit rajashahi hovathi, jemaa temnee maharani teey maatra nishkreey aneey sushobhan maathu hatoo. jaim jaim tenaa mulaakaatio aagad vadhyaa, tema tema teey potaani aangaliothi gupsup karvaa laagyoh sevak arthghatan karey chhe. saathe zadap nondhvaa maate khoob jaj utsuk kaee gateeno dhvanimaa anuvaad karvaamaa aavyo hato; aneey tenee saathe aek saathe jeno arth satat chaar channelomathi pasaar thayo munn-haath, drashti, avaaj aneey timpenum. temnee mahamanya havey khoob jaj aashcharyachakit thaee gaee; temnee najarmaa gabharaat felaayo. "tamara jevaa bhayne qema saankalo? tame, chaherama raakhvaa maate; athavaa shun tamane tamaari potaani bibhatstathi darr laage chhe keey tame ekalaa javaathi darasho? rakshaso! booloo." "mahaan oro!"ruddy puddy mohee", pachhi aapane apang bunny jaeae chhiae, vikalaangono raajaa? maaraa swami, shun aapana pug aneey haath barabar nathee?" "moheeni, comlier kyaarey turner dwara feravaamaa aavtaa naa hataa. pann shaahee yokee! maan amey tamaari saame nirash anubhaviae chhiae." tyarbad ketlaak vadhu najaronu adanpradan karvaamaa aavyu; jyaare temnaa mahamanye maang curry jaane chhe keey shun temnaamaa koee tulnaatmak anatomist hataa mulaakaatio. "tulnaatmak anatomists! aek pann nahee." "aneey shaa maate raajaa yokee aaa prashna puchhi shake?"babbalanja puchhyu. pachhi nichenu nivedan aapvama aavyu hatoo. temnaa shaasannaa uttaraardhmaa, jyaare teo temnaa shasanma puddy gayaa hataa raajaa yokeena aadarneey purogami khoob jodaayela hataa aek junaa bhukharaa mathavala chimpanzine, aek divas teey dhyaan karato jovaa malyo jungle. tenu naam rosoco hatoo. teey khoob jaj gambhir hataa, aneey drashtikonnaa aadarneey hataa; aek filosoof. temnaa maate, badhaa jaj gunnerald aneey gunchavanbharya vishhayo hataa parichit; temnaa divasomaa temane ghanaa karchalaa faatyaa hataa. aneey tethee premmaa temnaa tymonian ekant saathe rosoco hato, keey tene ghanee laanchnee jaroor hatee aneey tene tenaa shevaal, tekreeno tyaag karvaa maate prereet karvaa maate, naram samjaavat, adalatni vichaleet karnari uthalpaathal maate, manavtavadi gufaa. parantu laambaa samay sudhee, uchch hoddaao parr badhatee, aneey shaahee preey banaavi, jangalnaa rushee potaana jungles bhooli gayaa; aneey, prem maate prem, paachha faryaa vruddh raajaani premaaltaa. teo seedha jaj prakhar mitro bunny gayaa; bhojan karyoo aneey eksaathe pidhu; dhrujariwala hoth saathe, laambaa khenchayela, shaant bumper; temnaa bhutkaalnaa tamaam anoobhavoni sarkhaamani; aneey teno prachaar karvo chhupayela vishhayo, jenaa parr octogenarians felaay chhe. jyaare yuvanini aag aneey shevaal pasaar thaay chhe, aneey mardy tenaa pahere chhe saachu paasu-too aapanne vichaarvu game chhe, kaary nahee; vartmaan vadhu laage chhe bhutkaal karataa biin-asangat; pachhi, aapane grey-daadhini shodh kareeae chhiae jaim keey potaane; aneey lakvo, sambhalva, cuffon aneey kabaroni charchaao raakho; amara upcharione niyukt karoo; amara aavaran aapani aaspaas bhegaa thaay chhe, jaim keey valaank-patrak; aneey darroj raatre mrutyu paame chhe. pachhi vishva mahaan chhe parpota faatee jaay chhe; pachhi, jeevannaa vaadado zazoomi rahyaa hoya tevu laage chhe, swargne chhatee karey chhe aapani tanga thatee aankhone; pachhi, aapane aapana mankaao kaheeae chhiae, aneey pitarai avaajo sambhalaaviae chhiae; aneey dhrujariwala uchcharoma pokaar kareeae chhiae-"ore! dayaalu bano." tethee, raajaa aneey rosoco. parantu teo hammesha aaa reete nahota. tejasvi, aanandi savaar, teo letaa hataa dheeme dheeme, jangalma ghonghaat; chimpanzini haathkaamni vichitra walking-sticks parr maathu namavvu. shaant rosoco maate aek delatente-arberist vaansmaa aek kalapremi. kharekhar, aakhare vaans bunny gayaa teno shokh. umarnee saathe adadhi ummar maate, kyarek teo temnaa saaraa maate felaataa hataa aarogyaprad sanjni havaa levaa maate staff aneey narmashthi videshma savaari; ketalikvaar tene chaalvaa karataa vadhu yogya kasrat ganvee. aaa maate tene tarat jaj tenaa mitra, raajaane sharoo karyo; aneey teo saathe saathe ghanivaar cheeso paadati; athavaa, kaathithi thaakeli, neeche utarelee; aneey thobhine rastaama suddy rahelee, sajad hatheleeo parr vichaar karoo. temnaa rahasyavaadi teo ganatari kartaa vinteeo; aneey, darek vintee maate, temnaa potaana aek varsh calendars. havey, raajaa chimpanzine aetali najikthi valgee rahyo keey, saaro samay, potaani prajaane bolaaveene, temane nishthapurvak temnaa parr aarop mookyo, keey mrutyu samaye, tene aneey tenaa vafaadaar meetrane aek jaj jagyae dafnavva joiae qabara. teey thayu, raajaa mrutyu paamyo; aneey garib rosoco, havey ghataadi devaamaa aavyo beeju baadpan, sauthee vadhu nirashajanak reete radyu-teey raatre koee unghyu naa hatoo. hoolumu. tene kyaarey shareer chhodyu nahee; aneey chhevate, dheeme dheeme aagad vadhee rahyo hato. tenee aaspaas trana vaar tene tene neeche mookyo; najikthi gheraayelo; aneey ghonghaat vagarnee mudat puurii thaee gaee. raajaana aadeshone yaad karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey aek tijori temne praapt karyaa hataa. banne. chandra chandrane anusarato hato; aneey loko majaak aneey uphaasthi gherai gayaa hataa. taapuni khoob jaj ninda thaee, keey mulmaan janmela baboonne temnaa divangat swaaminaa kafanne vahencho; joke teo pote vruddh anaeusma tenaa achetnee bajuma zadapthi pakadyo. teoae seedho sankalp karyo, beejo bhoyaro baandhvaano; aneey tenee upar, aek uncho khand cairn; aneey teo jeey avsheshone pujataa hataa teey tyaan laee jaay chhe. parantu aaa vikshepma aek dukkhad munjhavan oobhi thaee. loow oversing maate saaul aneey jonathan, kshayma pann naa hataa, aaa zadpi mitro vibhajit thayaa hataa. tethee darek avsheshne bhelvi deedho,-iliyam aneey alna, carpus aneey metacarpus;-aneey anuroop bhaago jevaa, keey saahityik avshesho jevaa beamont aneey flatcher, jeey hatoo, koee chashma kahee shakyaa nahee. tethee, teo door rahyaa; nahee too teoae uchherela unchaa smaarak, teey vanarnee yaadmaa hoi shake chhe, raajaani nahee. aaa prakaarnu varnan; jeey sambhaline, maaraa swami media bhavya maun raakhyu. pann darbari shabdsamuhma, jaim temne vinanti karvaamaa aavee, babbalanja, haathmaa paghadi, aama bolyah - "maaree chinta aatyantik chhe, raajaa yokee, jeey munjhavanma chhe tamaaro taapu fenkvaamaa aavyo chhe. naa too maarun dukkh ochhu, keey huun pote nathee maanas, teno anta laavvaa maate. huun ruddy shakoo chhu keey tulnaatmak anatomists chhe havey tetali sankhyaabandh nathee, jaim keey havey pachhi teo chokkaspane banvu jaj joiae; jyaare temnee sevaao vadhu vinantimaa hashe; jyaare, ante, chhelli badhaa divas, laakho umadaa aneey agrahankari aatmaao motethee boomo paadshe khovaayela hadpinjar maate; jyaare daavedaro aek maate sharoo karashe garib, astheer karodrajju; aneey, kootara jevaa, aapane aapana potaana parr zaghado kareeshu. haadkaan." pachhi dwarf-stewards aneey mejar-domomaa pravesh karyo; uparnaa bearing valankvala shingda; badhaa golaamaa kholaa, juthbaddh; ratribhojanni jaaherat. joke, misshepan mardians saathe jamvaanu naa maantaa, king media hato chaalvaa maate ghanoo. pann babbalanja, juunii kahevat taankine-"maney andar maaro chahero, parantu maaraa yamsane nakaarto nathee ", tene tenaa yagna maate prereet karyo dhoon. tethee, ghetaa-shingda bigulsnaa vikaas hethal, darbaar aneey kampani aagad vadhee bhojan samarambhma. madhyamaa jungley baniyannu aek laambu, avyavasthit thada hatoo; aek vishaal jevee centipid tenee soow shaakhao parr crolling, maate samaan lambainaa shekela pug. aaa tablene sukee gardanwala loving saathe gothavvama aavyu hatoo; kelabesh; aneey aakaarheen khaaio, gaanthvaadaa jangalmathi khodvaamaa aavee hatee. pratham course zinga-soop hato, jeey mahaan clamp-shalesma pirasvama aavto hato; beeju, lobster, cuttle-phisha, karchalaa, kokal, cray-phisha; triju, taaro-chhodna koochavala muleeya-kelaan, jeey undaa valaank parr valaank leey chhe anta, jaim keey chapal dukkarni akal punchhadi; aneey meethai, kharaab aakaarnaa tarbuch, murkhonaa maatha jetla vishaal, spasht reete pidaataa magajma paanee. havey aaa wiendnee tamaam mahemaanoni anookool soochnaa maate prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee; maatra temnaa swaadnee swaadishtataa maate jaj nahee, parantu temnee sampramanta maate pann. aneey abhyaskramona antaraloma, amey sanketothi kantaali gayaa hataa vartuni asankhya vastuoni prashansa karoo-mangrove lakadana dhanush-pagvala stool; hadkana vankachuka rapiers; gramps-vertebrana armlets; vichitra terrapinna callipiesna turins; aneey khoparionaa canakins baboon. ghanaa konjeeo saathe, bhojan samarambh puuro thayo, amey paachha faryaa. paanini bajuae paachha fartaa, amey aek khetarmathi pasaar thayaa, jyaan baunaao hataa yaamnaa pathaarimaa kaama karavu, mulnee aaspaas maatino dhhancho, tene paachhalni taraf khanjvalvu; aek kootara tareeke. badhee vastuo taiyar, yokeena noqara, aek tree-sashastr dwarf, amaari saathe vyavhaar kartaa hataa aek bhavya sharuaat maate, darek hodeene jordaar triple-push aapeene, radatee, "rakshaso, tamaari saathe door!" naa too teey avganvu joiae keey teey sharoo kartaa pahelaa, vee-vee, aek vichitra dekhaata pattharni jasusi kareene, tene fervyo aneey aek saap malyo.

mardy/khand II/adhyaay lXx volume II/chapter lxix khand II/adhyaay lxxi "inn teenon kii khoj karein, aur chattan key liye."media ney chillaya;" koee dukh naheen haye iss shubh subah! aur abb apangon key dweep key liye,-yahaan taka kii hulumu." "viklangon kaa dweep?" "arey; kyon naheen? maahi, bataa kii way club mein kaise aae."saar mein, yeh varnan thaa. janm key samay sabhi shishuon koo nasht karane kii berber pratha key khilaf samamit roop seey banaa; lekin samaan roop seey unake seey hataane key ichchuk una durbhagyapurna praniyon koo dekhein; ack padosi samooh key dweepwasiyon koo dekhein bahut pahale viklangon key liye ack sharan sthaapit kii thee; jahan way rahate they, apane swayam key niyamon key adheen; apane swayam key raajaa dwara shaasit chunaav; sankshep mein, swayam seey praniyon kaa ack alag varg banaana. una parr kewal ack hii pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaah kissy bhee kaaran seey unhein aisaa naheen karna chaahiye unhein saunpe gaye dweep koo chhod dein. aur aspas key dweepwasiyon key liye, tou ack vikrit nashwar kaa drishya apriya haye, jiss parr ack ajnabi utar rhaa haye hulumulu koo ack adbhut maanaa jaataa thaa. isaliye, kissy kaa bhee sammaan karna unase parey kuchh bhee jaanane key liye, viklangon key roop mein kaafee karib they alag-thalag, jaise kii hulumulu ekmatra terra-farmaa maujood thaa. apane swayam key samudaay mein rahane vaale, yeye durbhagyapurna, joe anyatha sankhya mein cumm reh gayaa thaa, badhaa aur gunaa kiya gayaa thaa bahut. naa hii lagaatar aaney vaali peedhiyon ney una parr samroopata mein sudhaar kiya unake aage. jald hii humm dweep key karib pahunch gaye. dher kiya, aur chattanon seey daante lagaae; aur, yahaan aur vahaan, seey dhakaa huaa baune, mudey hue jhaadiyan, yeh apane nivaasiyon key liye ack upayukt jagah lugg rahee thee. utarate samay humm ack visham bheed seey ghire hue they aur iss tarah humm surakshit they, humm antardeshiya maarg parr, apane swami, raajaa yoki key nivaas kii or chaley gaye. kyaa drishya haye! yahaan, dou khurdari jadon key saath khud kii madad karate hue, ack baune koo pakad liya binaa pair key; ack aur pahale peechha kiya, ack haath havaa mein tikaa huaa, jaise ack bijli kii chhad; ack teesari, kissy bhee seelband kii tulanaa mein adhik sakriya, ack flirt flippers kii jodee, aur saath mein chully gaee; ack chautha ack parr kood gayaa ekal pinn, harr bound parr, ack sheersh kii tarah ghoomata haye, dekhane key liye; jabaki ack aur, joe feeler yaa pankhon seey susajjit thaa, khud koo oopar ludhakaata thaa ack gend mein, pahale seey hii jameen parr gendbaji karein. jigyasu pravritti key saath, andhe hamaare buggle mein atak gaye; unake saath anguli bajaate hue, bahare aur goonge konon kaa varnan karate hain, aspasht aur havaa mein teevra; aur pattharon kii tarah chattani ghaatiyon seey neeche girate hue, score hakalaane vaalon kii. vivaahetar vikriti. sabhi gadhe kii braa abb sabhi kaliban, swargadooton key roop mein, saamanjasyapurna yaaden theen. phir bhee humm unhein harr ack nazar key badale, unhone hamein teen nazaren deen. aakhirkaar, humm ashisht pattharon key ack ghar key saamane rook gaye; kutil baniyan shandar pattiyon seey chhataridaar apane tarashon koo daalati haye. itna jhamele aur apani yojana mein aniyamitata, aisaa lagata thaa kii yeh visfot seey uchhal gayaa, rishi mohi, dweep kii utpatti. ander ghusate hue hamane raajaa yoki koo dekhaa. aaha! afsos kii baat haye kii ack kushal shaasak kii sabhi aavashyaktaon mein unaki kamee thee. vaha bahara aur goonga thaa; aur hathiyaron koo bachaaen, sub kuchh chhodkar ack apariharya dhad aur sir. itna badaa uska sarv-vyaapak munh, aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii vaha khud koo nigal rhaa haye. lekin aakaarheen, asahaay jaisa kii yoki thaa,-hulumulu key raajaa key roop mein, vaha thaa saksham; raajya ack seemit rajshahi honey key kaaran, jisamen seey unaki mahamahimata yeh kewal nishkriya aur sajawati sir thaa. jaise hii unake mehmann aage badhe, vaha apani ungaliyon seey gupshup karane lageh sevak vyakhya curr rhaa haye. teji koo nott karane key liye bahut utsuk kiss gati kaa dhwani mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa; aur saath mein jiska arth haye kii chaar kramik chainalon key madhyam seey apana raasta banaaya munn-haath, drishti, aavaaj aur timpenum. abb unaki mahima prakat hoe curr bahut ashcharya huaa; unaki nazaron mein bhaya lagaa. "aap jaise daron koo kyon ikattha karate hain? munh mein rakhane key liye aap jhund; yaa hain apani hii bhaddepan seey darte hain, kii aap akele jaane seey darte hain? rakshason! bolo." "bahut badhiya!"roya mohi", kyaa phir humm apangon key liye leey jaate hain, bahut apangon kaa raajaa? haye merey swami, kyaa hamaare pair aur baahen thheek naheen hain?" "mohin, comellier koo kabhi bhee turner dwara naheen badala gayaa. lekin shaahi yoki! mein humm aapke saamane apamaanit mahsoos karate hain." kuchh aur taktaki kaa adaan-pradaan kiya gayaa; jaba unaki mahamahim ney koshish kii jaanate hain, kyaa unake beach koee tulanaatmak shareer rachana vigyaani they agantuk. "tulanaatmak shareer rachnaavidon! ack naheen." "aur raajaa yoki yeh sawal kyon poochh sakata haye?"babbalanja ney poochha. phir nimnalikhit bayaan diyaa gayaa. apane shasankal key uttaraardh mein, jaba vaha apane shasankal mein gir gayaa thaa raajaa yoki key poojya poorvavarti bahut adhik judey hue they ack boodhe bhoore sir vaale chimpanzi key liye, ack dinn dhyaan karate hue paaya gayaa jangal. uska naam rozoko thaa. vaha bahut gambhir they, aur pahalu key prati shraddhavan they; bahut kuchh daarshanik. unake liye, sabhi ganne aur gande vishay they parichit; apane samay mein unhone kaee kekadedaar nutt toda diye they. aur isaliye pyaar mein apane timonian ekant key saath rozoko thaa, kii usey kaee rishwaton kii aavashyakta thee aur usey apani mitty, pahaadi koo chhodane key liye prerit karane key liye, naram mangadhant, ack adalat key vichalit karane vaale uthal-puthal key liye, manavtawadi gufa. lekin lambe samay taka, uchch padon parr padonnat hue, aur shaahi pasandida banaa diyaa, jangal rishi apane jangalon koo bhool gaye; aur, pyaar key liye pyaar, vaapas curr diyaa vriddh raajaa key sneh. way seedhe utsaahi dost bunn gaye; bhojan kiya aur ack saath piyaa; compcompy vaale honthon key saath, lambe kheenche hue, shaant bumper; unake sabhi pichhale anubhavon kii tulanaa karna; aur unakaa prachaar karna chhipi hui vishay vastuein, jinn parr octogenarian failate hain. kyonki jaba yuvavastha kii aag aur jalati hui aagein nickle jaaen, aur mardy apani aag koo pahan leey sachcha pahalu-taba humm sochana pasand karate hain, kaary naheen; vartamaan adhik prateet hotaa haye ateet kii tulanaa mein aprasangik; tou, humm bhoore-daadhi kii talash karate hain jaise swayam; aur pakshaghat, sunane, cuffon aur kabron kaa pravachan aayojit karein; hamaare sanrakshak niyukt karein; hamaare vastra hamaare chaaron or ikattha hotey hain, jaise kii ghumaavdaar-patrak; aur harr raat marane key liye lait jaate hain. taba duniya mahaan haye bulbula fatata haye; phir, jeevan key baadal jhapaki lete hain, swarg koo prakat karate hain hamari tanga aankho koo; phir, humm apane motiyon koo bataate hain, aur peter-noster kii budd budd karate hain; aur kaampate lahaje mein rote hain-"oro! dayalu banein." tou, samrat aur rozoko. lekin way hamesha iss tarah key naheen they. ujjwal, prafullit subah, unhone liya jangal mein dheere-dheere, hilate-koodate; chimpanji key dastakaari kii vichitra chalane kii chhadiyon parr sir hilaate hue. shaant rozoko key liye ack thaa delatent-aarbaristah bent mein ack shaukiya. vaastav mein, antatah bent bunn gaye uska shauk. umr key saath aadhe samay key liye, kabhi-kabhi vaha apane achche kaam mein lagaa rahata thaa shaam kii swasth havaa lene key liye karmchari aur dheere-dheere videsh mein savaar hue; ise kabhi-kabhi chalane kii tulanaa mein adhik upayukt vyayam maanana. isamen unhone jald hii apane mitra, raajaa koo aarambh kiya aur saath-saath way aksar praans kiya jaataa haye; yaa, kaathi seey thakaa huaa, utar jaataa haye; aur rook jaataa haye raaste mein sadatee hui, prostate hatheliyon parr vichaar karein. unake rahasyavaadi way angoothiyon koo ginate they; aur, harr angoothi key liye, apane aap mein ack varsh calender. abb, samrat ney chimpanji seey itna nikatata seey sambandh banaaya kii, achchha samay, apani praja koo bulaate hue, unhone imandari seey una parr aarop lagaaya, kii mrityu key samay, usey aur usake wafadar dost koo ack mein dafnaya jaanaa chaahiye makbara. aisaa huaa, samrat kii mrityu hoe gaee; aur garib rozoko, abb cumm hoe gayaa doosara bachpan, sabse nirashajanak roop seey roya-usa raat koee naheen soya thaa hulumu. usane kabhi shareer naheen chhoda; aur anta mein, dheere-dheere chalaa gayaa teen baar usake chaaron or, usane usey neeche rakh diyaa; paas mein basaa huaa; aur shore-sharabe seey samaapt hoe gayaa. raajaa key aadeshon koo yaad kiya gayaa aur ack tahakhaane ney unhein praapt kiya donon. chaand key baad chaand aaya aur logon ney majaak aur taanaa-baanaa kiya dweep kaa bahut badnam hoe gayaa, kii ack bases-janm baboon koo honah chaahiye apane divangat swami key cuffon koo saajha karein; haalaanki unhone swayam apane achat key buggle mein teji seey boodhe anias mein tucked. unhone ack aur tehkhana banaane kaa sankalp liya; aur usake oopar ack oonchaa tehkhana. cairn; aur vahaan way avashesh leey jaate hain jinhen way sammaanit karate they. lekin iss vichalan parr ack dukhad ulajhan paida hoe gaee. paar karane key liye saul aur jonathan, kshay mein bhee naheen they, yeye tej dost vibhajit they. isaliye harr avashesh koo milaa diyaa,-iliyam aur alna, carpus aur metacarpus;-aur isi tarah key sambandhit bhaagon kii tarah, kii key saahityik avasheshon kii tarah beamont aur fletcher, joe kii thaa, koee chashma naheen bataa sakata thaa. isaliye, way rook gaye; aisaa naa hoe kii unhone jiss oonche smaarak koo paalaa thaa, ack bandar koo yaad curr sakata haye, naa kii ack raajaa koo. aisaa kathan; joe sunkar, merey swami media ney bhavya roop seey maun rakhaa. lekin darbari vakyansh mein, jaisa kii unhein vinati haye, babbalanja, haath mein pagadi, iss prakaar boleh - "merrie chinta bahut adhik haye, raajaa yoki, jiss sherm mein aapka dweep fenk diyaa gayaa haye. naa hii meraa dukh cumm haye, kii main khud naheen huun yaar, ise samaapt karane key liye. main row sakata huun kii tulanaatmak shareer rachnaavidon abb itani sankhya mein naheen, jitna kii isake baad unhein nishchit roop seey honah chaahiye; jaba unaki sevaaon key liye adhik anurodh kiya jaayega; jaba, anta mein, antim aakhirkaar, laakhon mahaan aur apmaanjanak aatmaaen zor seey chillaati hain khoye hue kankalon key liye; jaba davedar ack key liye shuru karenge garib, kharaab reedh kii huddy; aur, kutte kii tarah, humm apane aap parr ladenge haddiyaan." phir baune-chaukiyon mein pravesh kiya, aur pramukh-domo; oopar kii or modd diyaa gayaa seengiyaan; sabhi koo goblet mein khokhla curr diyaa gayaa, samoohbaddh; raat key khaane kii ghoshana. haalaanki, galat roop seey taiyar kiye gaye merdine key saath bhojan karane seey pyaar naa karate hue, raajaa media thaa chalane key liye bahut kuchh. lekin babbalanja, purani kahawat kaa hawala dete hue-"mujhe ander maaro. chehra, lekin merey yama koo manaa naheen karate hain, "usey apana balidan karane key liye prerit kiya hathdharmita. isaliye, raam-seeng biguls key phalane-phoolane key kaaran, darbar aur company aage badhee bhoj mein. madhya mein ack jangli baniyan kaa ack lamba, visthaapit tanaa thaa; ack vishal baniyan kii tarah centipeed apani sou shaakhaon parr reng rhaa haye, joe summ lambai kaa haye pair. iss mez koo sookhi gardan vaale lauki key saath rakhaa gayaa thaa; guleliyaan; aur aakaarheen khaai, gaanthdaar jangalon seey khodi gaee. pahala course jheenga-soop thaa, jise badey clamp-shale mein parosa jaataa thaa; doosara, lobster, cuttle-fish, kekade, cockle, cray-fish; teesara, taaro-paudhe kii koobadaar jadein-kele, joe vikrit roop seey ghumaavdaar hotey hain anta, jaise kii churgon kii akadati poonchh; aur mithaai, kharaab aakar key kharbooje, moorkhon key sir key roop mein vishal, spasht roop seey peedit mastishk mein paani. abb inn winds kii sabhi mehmaanon key anukool notice key liye sarahana kii gaee thee; naa kewal unake swaad key swaadisht swaad key liye, balki unaki samroopata key liye bhee. aur pathyakramon key antaral mein, humm sanketon seey oob gaye they sheersh kii kaee vastuon kii prashansa karenh mangrove lakadi key dhanush-pair vaale mull; huddy key zig-zaig rapier; gramps-vertebra key armlet; ajib terrapin key calipe key turine; aur khopadi key canakin baboon. bhoj samaapt hoe gayaa, kaee congie key saath, humm peechhe hutt gaye. paani key kinare parr lautate hue, humm ack khet seey gujare, jahan baune they yama key bistaron mein kaam karna, jadon key chaaron or mitty koo dher karna, ise peechhe kii or kharonch karna; ack kutte key roop mein. sub kuchh taiyar, yoki key sevak, ack tri-sashastr baune, ney hamara ilaaj kiya ack shandar shuruat key liye, pratyek dongi koo ack jordar triple-push dekar, rote hue, "rakshason, apane saath chaley jaao!" naa hii ise chhoda jaanaa chaahiye kii shuru karane seey thheek pahale, vee-vee, ack jigyasu dikhane vaale patthar kii jasusi karate hue, usey modd diyaa, aur ack saamp paaya.

murdy/samputa II/adhyaya lXx valume II/chapter lxix samputa II/adhyaya lxxi "ellah mooru proogalannu irisi, adara bandegaagi."madhyamagalu aluttiddavu;" yaavude dukkhavilla ee santoshada belagina jaava! mattu eega angavikalara dweepakke,-saha huloomoo." "angavikalara dweepa?" "ayyo, eke alla? mohi, avaru klabge hege bandaru endu heli."vastunishthavagi, ee adhu kathanavagittu. huttidagale ellah shishugalannu naashapadisuva anagarika paddhatiyannu virodhisi sammiteeyavaagi roopugondide; aadare avarinda tegeduhakalu samanavagi bayasuttade aaa duradrushtakara jivigalannu nodi; nereya gumpina dweepawaasigalannu nodi. bahala hindeye angavikalarige aashrayavannu sthaapisittu; avaru vasisuttidda sthala, tammade aada niyamagalige olapattiruttade; tammade aada rajaninda aalalpaduttade chunawane; sankshiptavaagi, swatah ondu vishishta vargada jivigalannu roopisuvudu. avara mele onde ondu nirbandhavannu vidhisalaagittuh yaavude karanakkoo avaru nirbandhavannu vidhisabaaradu. avarige niyojisalaada dweepawannu bittubidi. mattu suttamuttalina dweepawaasigalige, aaddarinda aparichitarobbaru beeluva vikruta nashwarana drashyavu ahitakaravagide huloomoo, obba adbhuta vyakti endu pariganisalaagittu. aaddarinda, yaavude gaurava avugalannu meerida yavudadaro gnaana, angavikalaru hattiradalliddaru pratyekavagi, hulumulu maatra astitvadalliruva terra-farmadante. tammade aada samudaayadalli vasisuva ee duradrushtakararu, illadiddare, sankhyeyalli kadime ulidu, hechchaayitu mattu gunisitu bahala. athawa nantarada piligegalu avugala mele sammitiyalli sudharisalilla. avara munde. shighradalle, naavu dweepakke hattiravaadevu. koodi, mattu bandegalinda monachaada; mattu, illi mattu allie, muchchalaagide kubja, tiruchida datta kadugalu, idu adara nivasigalige sooktavaada sthalavendu toruttade. iliyuvaaga, naavu vaividhyamaya janasamoohadinda suttuvarididdevu; mattu heege bengavalu padeyuttiddevu, olanaadina kadege, avara wadeyanaada raaja yoki vasasthalada kadege naavu saagidevu. entha drashya! illi, eradu baagida berugalondige tannannu taanu sahaaya madikollutta, kubjanannu hodedanu kaalugalillada, innondu modalu himbaalisida, ondu tholu gaaliyalli nintiruvante, minchina raad; mooraneyadu, yaavude seeluginta hecchu sakriyavagide, seelu-reetiya, ondu flirt jodie flippergalu, mattu haduhogalu hodavu; naalkaneyavaru ondu mele haaridaru ekaangi pinn, prati boundnalloo, meelbhaagadante suttaloo tiruguttade, nodalu; innoo ondu, philargalu athawa rekkegalinda sajjugondiddaga, tannannu taanu suttikonditu chendinalli, munchitavaagi nelada mele bowling maadi. kutuhalakari pravruttiyondige, kurudaru namma badiyalli antikondiruttaare; avarondige beralu chadurisuva, kiwuda mattu mooka varnisida konagalu, oratu mattu gaaliyalli teevra; mattu kallina kanivegala mele uruluva kallugalante, ankanagalu nadugidavaru. vivaahada viroopate. ellah kattegala bragalu eega saamarasyada nenapugalaagiddavu; ellah calibangalu, devategalaagi. aadaroo naavu avarige needida prati notakkoo, avaru namage needida mooru notagalige. konege, naavu orataada kallugala ondu vasatigruhada munde nillisidevu; vakravaada banian adara teppagalannu adbhutavaada elegalinda alankarisalaaguttade. ashtu rumbling mattu adara yojaneyannu aniyamitagolisiddu, spotadinda adhu mulugidante toruttittu, rshi mohi, dweepawe moola. olage praveshisidaaga, naavu raaja yoki avarannu nodidevu. aah! obba samarth aadalitagaarana ellah avashyakategalalli avana korateyiruvudu dukkhakara. avanu kiwuda mattu mookanaagiddanu; mattu shastrastragalannu ulisi, ellavannoo horatupadisi anivaaryavaada kaanda mattu tale. avana sampoorna baayi eshtu doddadagittu endare, swatah nungidante toruttittu. aadare aakaararahita, yoki iddante asahayaka,-hoolumoolna raajanaagi, avanu samarth; raajyavu seemita rajaprabhutvavagiddu, adaralli avana ghanate adhu kevala nishkriya mattu alankaarika taleyagittu. avana sandarshakaru munduvaridante, avanu tanna beralugalinda gassip maadalu biddanuh sevakanu vyakhyaanisuttaane. adara vegavannu gamanisalu bahala kutuhalavide yaava chalaneyannu dhwaniyaagi anuvaadisalaagide; mattu ekakaaladalli yaava arthavu naalku anukrama maargagala moolaka haaduhoyitu manassu-kaii, drashti, dhwani mattu timpanam. eega aatana ghanate vyaktavaguttiruvudu bahala aashcharyakaravaagittu; aatana notagalu bhayabheetaraagiddavu. "nimmantaha bhayada gumpugalannu eke kattabeku? mukhavannu kapadikollalu neevu hindu; athawa nimma swanta asahyakke, neevu obbare hogalu hedaruttiri? rakshasaru! maatanaaduttaare." "grate oro!"mohi aluttaane", nantara naavu angavikalaragi tegedukollalpadutteve, angavikalara raaja? nanna wadeyane, namma kaalugalu mattu tolugalu sariyagillave?" "mohi, hasyamayavadavugalannu endigoo tirugisuvavaru tirugisalilla. aadare raayal yoki! olage nimma munde naavu nachikepadutteve." nantara innoo kelavu notagalu vinimayavaadavu; aatana ghanate bayasidaaga gottu, avara naduve yaavude tulanaatmaka angarachanaashaastragnariddar atithigalu. "tulanaatmaka angarachanaashaastragnaru! ondoo alla." "mattu raaja yoki eke aaa prashneyannu kelabahudu?"endu babbalanjaarannu kelida. nantara ee kelagina helikeyannu nidalaayitu. avana aalvikeya koneya bhagadalli, avanu tanna aalvikeyalli biddante toruttiddaga raaja yokiya poojya poorvavartiyaagidda ee vyaktige hecchu sambandhavittu boodu-taleya haleya chimpanjige, ondu dina dhyana maaduttiruvudu kandubandide kaadu. avana hesaru rozoco. aatanu bahala gambhiranagiddanu mattu vyaktitvada bagge gaurava hondiddanu. bahalashtu tatvagnaani. avanige, ellah gunled mattu gantu vishayagalu parichita; avana kaaladalli avanu aneka aidi adikegalannu wadedu hakiddanu. mattu aaddarinda pritiyalli tanna timonian ekaantateyindaagi, adakke aneka lanchagalu mattu hanada agatyavittu. tanna paachi, bettada badiyannu tyajisalu avanannu prerepisalu, mruduvaada manavolisuvikegalu, nyaayaalayada gamanavannu beredege seleyuva kolaahalakkaagi janangiya kukare. aadare bahala kaaladavarege, unnata huddegalige badti padedu, rajamanetanadavara nechchinavaragi, aranyada rshi tanna kadugalannu maretu, preetiya melina pritiyannu hindirugisidanu. vruddha rajana karunegalu. avaru neravagi atmeeya sneehitaraadaru; uuta maadidaru mattu ottige kudiyuttiddaru; naduguva tutigalondige, uddaneya, shaantavaada bampargalu; avara hindina ellah anubhavagalannu holisuvudu; mattu avugalannu prachara maaduvudu gupta vishayagalu, avugala mele octogenariannaru vistarisuttaare. yakendare youvanada benkiu mattu uriyuva padaarthagalu haaduhodaaga, mattu murdy adara benkiyannu dharisidaaga nijavaada amsha-aaga naavu yochisalu ishtapadutteve, vartisuvudilla; prastutavu hecchu kaanuttade hindinadakkinta aprastuta; nantara, naavu boodu-gaddagalannu hudukutteve naave; mattu paarshvavaayu, kvu, hodike mattu samadhigala bagge charcheyannu nadesutteve; namma melvichaarakarannu nemisi; namma niluvangigalu namma suttaloo seruttave, ankudonkaada haalegalante; mattu prati ratri sayalu malaguttave. aaga, ee lokavu shreshthavaagide. gullegalu sphotagolluttave; nantara, jeevanada modagalu aakaashavannu bahirangapadisuvante kaanuttave. namma ottadakkolagaada kannugalige; nantara, naavu namma manigalige helutteve, mattu gonagutta, potter-nostergalannu helutteve; mattu naduguva uchchaaranegalalli-"oro! karune thori." aaddarinda, raaja mattu rozoco. aadare avaru yavagalu higiralilla. prakashamanavada, harshachittadinda beligge, avaru tegedukondaru nidhaanavaagi, kaadinalli koogaaduttiruva rumbles; chimpanji kaigaarikeya vichitravaada walking-stikgala mele taledooguvudu. sedate rozoco ondu delatent-arborist bettagalalli havyasi. vaastavaagi, bettagalu antimavagi maarpattavu avana havyasa. vayassinondige ardhadashtu, kelavomme avaru tamma olleyadannu haraduttiddaru aarogyakara sanje gaaliyannu tegedukollalu sibbandi mattu nidhaanavaagi videshadalli sawari maadidaru; kelavomme nadeyuvudakkinta hecchu sooktavaada vyaayaamavendu pariganisi. idaralli aatanu shighradalle tanna sneehitanaada rajanannu praarambhisidanu; mattu avaru akkapakkadalli aagaagge kooguvudu; athawa, tadi danidukondu, kelagiliyuvudu; mattu viraamagolisuvudu maargada uddakkoo koleyuttiruva angaigala bagge yochisi. avara aadhyaatmika avaru enisida unguragalu; mattu, prati ungurakke, tammade aada ondu varsha calendargalu. eega, rajanu chimpanjige eshtu hattiradinda antikondiddanendare, olleya samaya, tanna prajegalannu karedu, aatanu shraddheyinda avara mele aaropa maadidanu, maranada samayadalli, avanannu mattu avana nambigasta sneehitanannu onde sthaladalli samadhi maadabeku samadhi. adhu sambhavisitu, rajanu maranahondidanu; mattu bada rozoco, eega kadimeyagide eradane baalya, atyanta dukkhakaravaagi alatodagituhu-aaa ratri yaaroo malagalilla. huloomoo. avanu endigoo dehavannu bidalilla; mattu antimavagi, nidhaanavaagi hoguttaane. mooru baari adara suttaloo, avanu avanannu kelagilisidanu; hattiradalli nelesidanu; mattu shabdarahitavagi awadhi mugidide. rajana aagnegalannu nenapisikollalaayitu; mattu ondu khajaneyu avugalannu sweekarisitu. eradoo. chandranu chandranannu himbaalisidanu; mattu janaru haasya mattu nindanegalinda koodidaru. dweepawu bahalavagi apakirtige olagaayitu, bays-janisida baboon agirabeku avaru tamma agalida wadeyana hodikeyannu hanchikondaru, tanna aketgala pakkadalli vruddha eniyasnalli vegavagi sikkibiddanu. avaru neravagi mattondu khajaaneyannu nirmisalu nirdharisidaru; mattu adara mele, ondu ettarada khazane. kiern; mattu allie avaru gouravisida avasheshagalannu oyyuttaare. aadare ee gondaladalli, dukkhada gondalavu udbhavisitu. meerisalu saul mattu jonathan, ee vegada sneehitaru kshinisaloo saha berpadalilla. aaddarinda prati avasheshavannu beresalaayitu-iliyam mattu ulna, corpus mattu metacarpus;-mattu aaddarinda anugunavaada bhagagalannu holuttade, adhu saahityada avasheshagalante beaumont mattu fletcher, idu, yaavude kannadakagalu helalu sadhyavagalilla. aaddarinda, avaru nillisidaru; avaru belesida atyunnata smaarakavu agadante, idu mangada nenapigaagi irabahudu, rajana nenapigaagi alla. antaha kathana; idannu kelida nanna madhyamada wadeyanu bhavyavagi mounavaagiddanu. aadare aasthaanada matinalli, aatanannu bedikondante, babbalanja, kaiyalli peta, heege helidaru - "nanna chinte vipareetavaagide, king yoki, mujugarada bagge nimma dweepawannu eseyalaagide. nanna dukkhavoo kadimeyilla, naane alla manushya, adannu konegolisalu. tulanaatmaka angarachanaashaastragnaru endu naanu alaballe eega ashtu sankhyeyalla, innu munde avaru khanditavaagiyoo agabeku; yavaga avara sevegalu hecchina koorikeyalliruttave; yavaga, koneyadaagi, koneyadaagi ellah dina, lakshaantara udaatta mattu avamanakara aatmagalu joragi kooguttave kaleduhoda asthipanjaragalige; hakkudaararu spardhisuvaga wandakke praarambhisabeku bada, sontada bennelubu; mattu, naayiyante, naavu nammade aada bagge jagalavadutteve. moolegalu." nantara kubja-stewardgalannu mattu dodda-domogalannu praveshisitu; melininda baring tiruchida kombugalu; ellah gombegalalli tollaagi, gumpugalaagi; bhojanavannu ghoshisuttave. aadaagyoo, tappaada maardiyannarondige uuta maaduvudannu ishtapadada raaja madhyamavu chalisalu saakashtu samaya. aadare babbalanja, haleya gaadeyannu ullekhisuttaa-"nannannu olage hode. mukha, aadare nanna yaamgalannu nirakarisuvudilla ", tanna yagnavannu maadalu avanannu prerepisitu. hatha. aaddarinda, raam-horn bagalgala eligeya adiyalli, asthaana mattu kampani munduvariyitu autanakootakke. madhyabhaagavu kaadu banian uddavaada, sthalaantaragonda kandavagittu; ondu doddadaada kandadante. adara nooru kombegala mele sulidaaduva centiped, sama uddada kaalugalu. ee table annu ona-kuttigeya sorekayiyinda sajjugolisalaagide; kallabashgalu; mattu aakaaravillada kandakagalu, gantugalulla kaadininda agedu haakalaagide. modala course seegadi-suup aagittu, idannu dodda clamp-selgalalli badisalaaguttade; eradaneyadu, nalligalu, cuttle-meenugalu, edigalu, kokalgalu, cray-meenugalu; mooraneyadu, taaro-sasyada kubja-himbhagada berugalu-baalehannugalu, adara mele vakravagi suruliyaguttave antya, musukina handigala avichala baalagalante; mattu sihi, ketta aakaarada kallangadigalu, murkhara talegalashtu doddavu, spashtavagi balaluttive medulinallina nirininda. eega ee vaindgalannu ellah atithigala anukulakara gamanakke prashamsisalaayitu; avugala ruchiya ruchiyannu matravalla, avugala sammitigaagi. mattu korsgala madhyantaragalalli, naavu sulivugalinda besaragondiddeve shrungada halavaaru vastugalannu mechchikolli mangrove marada billu-kaalina malah; mooleya ankudonkaada repiyargalu; grampus-kasherukagala aarmletgalu; vilaksana terrapin calyppeagala turingalu; mattu taleburudegala canakingalu baboongalu. autanakootavu mugida nantara, aneka kanjigalondige, naavu hintegedukondevu. neerina badige hindirugida naavu ondu holavannu daatidevu, allie kubjaru iddaru. yaamgala haasigeyalli kelasa maaduvudu, berugala suttaloo mannannu raashi maaduvudu, adannu hindakke scratching; naayiyante. ellah vastugalu siddhavaagiddavu, yoki avara sevaka, tri-shastrasajjita kubja, namage chikitse niididanu prati doonige hurupina mooru-push needuva moolaka, ondu bhavyavaada arambhakke, aluttaa, "rakshasare, nimmondige doora hogi!" athawa adannu bittubidabaaradu, horaduva swalpa modalu, wee-wee, kutuhaladinda kaanuva kallina mele behugaarike maadi, adannu tirugisi, haavannu kandukondanu.

mardy/vooliyam II/chaapttar lxx vaalyam II/chaapttar lxix vooliyam II/chaapttar lxxi "moonnu provukalum sookshikkuka, paaraykkayulla."maadhyamangale karanju;" dukhamonnumilla. eee santhoshakaramaaya prabhatham! ippol vikalaamgarude dveepinaayi,-polum hoolumooloo." "vikalaamgarude dweep?" "ayyo; enthukondu illa? mohi, avar enganeyaanu clubble vannathennu parayoo."vaasthavathil, ithu athaayirunnu vivaranam. jananasamayath ellah sisukkaleyum nasippikkunna krooratha niranja aachaarathe ethirkkuka samamithiyayi roopappettava; ennaal avayil ninnu neekkam cheyyaan thulyamaayi aagrahikkunnu aaa nirbhagyakaramaaya jeevikale kaanuka; ayal groupile dweep nivaasikale valarekkalam munbu vikalaamgarkk oru abhayam sthaapichu; avar thaamasichirunna sthalathaanu, swantham niyamangalkk vidheyamaayi; swantham rajaavu bharikkunnu thiranjeduppu; churukkatthil, svayam oru prathyeka varggam srishtikkunnu. avarkk mail oru niyanthranam maathrame undaayirunnulloo oru kaaranavashalum avar athu cheyyaruthu. avare niyogicha dweep upekshikkuka. chuttumulla dveepukaarkku, angane oru aparichithan erangunna vikruthanaaya oru manushyante kazhcha asukhakaramaanu hoolumoo, oru prathibhayayi kanakkakkappettu. athinaal, aareyum bahumanikkuka avaykkappuramulla enthinekkurichum arivulla amgavaikalyangal valare aduthaayirunnu otappetta, hulumulu maathramaan terra-firma nilanilkkunnath. svanthamaayi oru samoohathil thamasikkunna eee nirbhagyavaanmaar, allaathapaksham ennathil kuravaayirunnu, vardhikkukayum gunikkukayum cheythu valare. thudarnnulla thalamurakal avayil samamithiyil mechappettilla. avarude munpil. taamasiyaathe njangal dveepinaduthekku ethi. koodikkoodi, paarakalal kuthukayum; avideyum ivideyum, paarakalal moodappedukayum cheythu. kullan, valanja kaadukal, athinte nivaasikalkk anuyojyamaaya sthalamaayi thonni. landing, njangalkk chuttum oru vaividhyamaarnna aalkkoottam undaayirunnu; angane akambadiyode, ulnaadan vazhiyiloode avarude yajamananaaya yokki raajaavinte vaasasthalathekku njangal nadannu. enthoru rangam! ivide, rund valanja verukalulla svayam sahayikkunna oru kullane avan valanju. kaalukalillaathavan; matoraal munpu pinthudarnnu, oru kaii vaayuvil urappichirikkunnu, oru kaii pole minnal vadi; moonnaamathethu, mattethoruthinekkaalum sajeevamaaya, mudra poleyulla, oru flirt cheytha oru jody flipperukal, oppam puratthekku pooyi; naalaamathethu oru otta pinn, oro boundilum, oru topp pole karangunnu, nokkaan; feelsukalo chirakukalo kondu sajjeekaricha mattoru vyakthi svayam uruttiyodikkumbol oru panthil, munkootty nilatthinu mukaliloode bowl cheyyuka. kauthukakaramaaya sahajaavabodhathode, andhar nammude vashath kudungi; avarude cheviyum oomayum vivaricha konukalum, parushavum, vaayuvil theevramaaya; paarakkettukaliloode urunduveezhunna kallukal pole, skorukal thikkithirakki nilkkunna aalukalude. vivaha vaikalyangal. ellah kazhuthakalude braikal ippol avarkk yojicha oormmakalaayirunnu; ellah kaalibaanukalum, maalaakhamaaraayi. ennittum njangal avarkk nalkia oro nottatthinum avar njangalkk nalkia moonnu nottangal. oduvil, njangal parushamaaya kallukalude oru vaasasthalathinu munnil nirtthi; valanja banian athinte theppangalkk athimanoharamaaya elakal kondu melkkoorayund. athra parushavum athinte padhathi kramarahithamayathinaal, pottitherichathaayi thonni, mohiprasavi, dveepinte uthbhavasthaanam. akathu praveshichappol yokki raajaavine njangal kandu. aahu! nirbhagyavashaal, oru kaaryakshamanaaya bharanaadhikaariyude ellah aavashyangalilum addehathinte abhaavamundaayirunnu. badhiran oomayum aaya addeham aayudangal samrakshikkukayum, oru viddiyallaathe matellaam ozhivaakkukayum cheythu. anivaryamaaya thumbikkaiyum thalayum. athra vishaalamaayirunnu avante muzhuvan vaayayum, svayam vizhungunnathayi thonni. ennaal roopamillaatha, yokkiyeppole nissahayanaaya-hooloomooloovinte rajavenna nilayil addeham yogyathayulla raajyam, addehathinte raajavaazhchayude parimithamaaya raajavaazhchayaan. athu nishkriyavum alankaaravumaaya thala mathramaayirunnu. sandarshakar munnott pookumbool, addeham viralukal kondu gossippingil veenu sevakan vyaakhyaanikkunnu. athivegathil shradhikkaan valare kauthukam eathu chalanamaanu shabdathilekku vivarthanam cheyyappettathu; oppam oresamayam thudarchayaayi naalu chaanalukaliloode eathu ardham ethi manass-kaii, kazhcha, shabdam, timpanam. addehathinte prathapam ippol prakadippichathil valare athbhutham thonnunnu; addehathinte annukal bhayapettu. "ningaleppolullavar enthinaanu ithra bhayappedunnathu? mukham sookshikkaan ningal koottam koottunnu; allengil ottaykku pookaan ningal bhayappedunna ningalude swantham bheeruthvathe bhayappedunnundo? rakshasanmaar! samsaarikkuka." "kollaam ooroo!"mohi karanju", appol nammale amgavaikalyangalkkaayi edukkunnu, vikalaamgarude rajaavo? ente yajamanane, nammude kaalukalum kaikalum sukhamaayille?" "komiliyarukale orikkalum tainermar thirichittilla, mohi. ennaal royal yokki! akathu njangalkk ninte munnil nirasha thonnunnu." thudarnnu addehathinte prathapam shramichappol chila annukal koodi kaimaattam cheyyappettu. addehathinte shareeraghadanayil eathenkilum thaarathamyaparamaaya shareeraghadana vidagdhar undaayirunno ennu ariyuka. sandarshakar. "thaarathamya shareeraghadana vidagdhar! orennavum illa." "enthukondaanu yokki rajaavu aaa chodyam chodikkunnathu?"babbalanja chodichu. thudarnnu thaazhepparayunna prasthavana nadatthi. addehathinte bharanathinte avasaanathil, addeham thante bharanathinte avasaanathil veenupoyathupole thonniyappol yokki raajaavinte aadaraneeyanaaya mungamiyaaya dottej valare aduppamullayaalaayirunnu. oru pazhaya chaaraniratthilulla chimpansiyodu, oru divasam dhyanam cheiyunnathaayi kandethi kaadukal. rosoco ennaayirunnu addehathinte peru. addeham valare gauravamullavanum vasham aadaravullavanumaayirunnu. oru thathwachinthakan. addehathe sambandhichidatholam, ellah chanjalavum chanjalavumaaya vishayangal parichithan; thante kaalath addeham oru njandu nattu pottichirunnu. angane pranayathil thante timonian eakaanthathayil rosoco aayirunnu, athinu niravadhi kaikkooli aavashyamaayirunnu thante mossi, kunninpurangal upekshikkaan avane prerippikkunnathinayi, soumyamaaya anunayangal, oru kodathiyude shradha vyathichalippikkunna prakshubdhathaykku, manushyasnehaparamaaya guha. ennaal deerghakaalam uyarnna padavikalkku sthaanakkayattam labikkukayum rajakeeya priyankararaakkukayum cheythu. vanaa rishi thante vanangal marannu; snehathodulla sneham avante vanangal thirichunalki. vrudhanaaya raajaavinte aadarav. avar nerittu kadutha suhruthukkalaayi; bhakshanam kazhikkukayum orumichu kudichu; viraykkunna chundukalode, neelamullathum shaanthavumaaya bumberukal; avarude munkaala anubhavangalellam thaarathamyam cheyyuka; avayekkurichu pracharanam nadatthuka octogenarians vyaapippikkunna maranjirikkunna prameyangal. youvanathinte theeyum chulivukalum kadannupokukayum mardy athinte thee dharikkukayum cheyyumbol yadhaartha vasham-appol naam chinthikkaan eshtappedunnu, pravartthikkaanalla; varthamaanakaalam kooduthal thonnunnu. bhoothakaalathekkaal aprasakthamaaya; appol, nammal chaaraniratthilulla thaadikale thedunnu. svayam; pakshaaghaatham, kelvi, moodupadam, shavakudeerangal ennivayekkurichulla prabhashanam nadatthuka; njangalude melnottakkaare niyamikkuka; njangalude melnottangal namukk chuttum othucherunnu, valanja thaalukal pole; ellah rathriyum marikkaan kidakkunnu. appol, eee lokam mahatharamaanu. kumilakal pottitherikkunnu; appol, jeevithathile meghangal choriyunnathayi thonnunnu, swarggam velippeduthunnu njerukkamulla annukalodu; pinne, njangal njangalude muthukalodu parayunnu, oppam pirupirukkunna paattar-nosttarukalum; viraykkunna svarangalil karayunnu-"ooroo! dayayullavaraayirikkuka." athinaal, rajaavum rosoco. ennaal avar ellaayppozhum anganeyayirunnilla. thilakkamaarnna, santhoshakaramaaya prabhathangal, avar eduthu pathukke, kattil viraykkunna shabdangal; chimpaansiyude kaikondu nirmmicha vichitramaaya nadathatthadikalude mukaliloode thalayaattunnu. sedett rosoco oru aayirunnu dillettant-aarbarista chooralukalil oru amachwar. oduvil, chooral maari ayaalude hobby. praayathinanusarichu pakuthi samayathekku, chilappol addeham thante nanmaye vyaapruthamaakki aarogyakaramaya sayahna vaayu edukkaan staafum soumyamaayi videshathekku yaatra cheyyukayum cheythu; chila samayangalil nadakkunnathinekkaal kooduthal uchithamaaya vyaayaamamaayi ithine kanakkakkunnu. ithil avan taamasiyaathe thante suhruthaaya raajaavine aadarichu; avar arikil palappozhum thamasha; allengil, thadi thalarnnu, erangiya; thaalkkaalikamaayi nirtthi paathayiludaneelam shayikkunna, prostettu ullankakalekkurichu chinthikkuka. avarude nigoodatha avar enniya mothirangal; oro mothirathinum, svanthamaayi oru varsham kalandarukal. ippol, rajaavu chimpaansiyumaayi ethra aduthu chernnunilkkunnuvo athratholam, nalla samayam, thante prajakale vilichuvaruthi, aathmaarthamaayi avan avarude mail kuttam chumatthi, maranasamayathu avanum vishwasthanaaya suhruthum onnil samskarikkappedanamennu shavakudeeram. athu sambhavichu, rajaavu marichu; pavam rosoco, ippol churungi randaamathe kuttikkalam, ettavum niraashayode karanju-aaa ratri aarum urangiyilla. hoolumooloo. avan orikkalum shareeram vittupoyittilla; oduvil, pathukke pookunnu. moonnu thavana avan avane chuttinadatthi; aduthukidannu; shabdamillaathe kaalaharanapettu. raajaavinte utharavukal oormmikkappedukayum oru nilavara avaa sweekarikkukayum cheythu. randum. chandran chandrane pinthudarnnu; aalukal parihaasangalum parihaasangalum nadatthi. oru adithattil janicha baboon angane cheyyanamennu dveepinte bhagam valareyadhikam apakeerthippeduthi. avarkk thanne undaayirunnittum, vittupoya avarude naathante moodupadam avar pankidunnu. thante achaattukalude arikil vrudhanaaya ainiyaasil vegathil pidichu. avar nere theerumaanichu, mattoru nilavara nirmmikkaan; athinu mukalil oru uyaramulla nilavarayum. avar aadaricha avashishtangal avidekku kondupookunnu. ennaal eee villalil, oru sankadakaramaaya ashayakkuzhappam uyarnnu. loow ovarseevinginu soulum jonathan, kshayichupoyupolumillathu eee vegathilulla suhruthukkal bhinnichu. angane iliyam, ulna, carpus, metacarpus ennee ellah avashishtangalum samyojippichu; saahitya avashishtangal pole, anubandha bhaagangalkk samaanamaan oru kannadaykkum parayaan kazhiyaatha beamond fletcher. athinaal, avar valarthiyedutha uyaramulla smaarakam illaathirikkaan avar pinmari. oru raajaavine allah, oru kurangine ormmippikkaam. aaa vivaranam; athu kettappol, ente karthaavaaya maadyamangal maanyamaayi nishabdatha paalichu. ennaal raajasabhayude vaakkukalil, addehathodu apekshichathupole, kayyilulla thalappavu, babbalanja, ingane paranju - "yokki raajaave, eee naanakkedinekkurichu enikku kadutha aashankayundu. ningalude dweep erinjukalayunnu. njaan thanne allah ennathil ente dukhavum kuravilla. manushya, athu avasaanippikkaan. thaarathamya shareeraghadana vidagdhar ennu enikku karayan kazhiyum ippol athrayonnum illa, inii avar theerchayaayum maaranam; avarude sevanangal kooduthal abhyarthikkappedum; avasaanamaayi, eppol ellaattinumupariyaayi, lakshakkanakkin udaatharum nindyarumaaya athmaakkal uchathil nilavilikkum. nashtappetta asthikoodangalkku; avakaashavaadikalodu malsarikkumbol orennathinayi aarambikkanam pavam, saaramaya nattellu; naayayeppole, njangal njangalude swantham kaaryangalil tharkkikkum. asthikal." pinneedu kullan-stevaardukalilum mejar-domokalilum praveshichu; uyarnna bairing valanjirikkunnu kombukal; ellaam kuzhalukalaayi pollayayava, koottamaayi; athaazham prakhyaapikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, thettaaya mardianmarodoppam bhakshanam kazhikkaan eshtappedaathathinaal, raaja maadyamam neengaan orupaadundu. ennaal babbalanja, pazhaya pazhanchollu udharichu-"enne akathekku adikkoo mukham, pakshe ente jams nirasikkaruth ", avane thante yaagam cheyyaan prerippichu. dridanishchayam. athinaal, raam-hoonn bagilukalude abhivridhikku keezhil, kottaravum kambaniyum munnott pooyi virunnin. madhyabhagam oru valia banian pole neelamullathum sthaanabhrashtavumaaya oru kaadan thumbikkaiyaayirunnu. centiped athinte nooru shaakhakalil izhayunnu, thulya neelatthil kaalukal. eee mesha vettiya kazhuthil ulla churaykka upayogichaanu sajjeekarichirikkunnath; kaalabaashukalum aakruthiyillaatha kuzhikalum, kettupinanja kattil ninnu kuzhichu. aadyathe kozhs chemmeen-suupp aayirunnu, valia clamp-shellukalil vilambunnu; randaamathethu, lobstarukal, kattil-fish, njandukal, cockles, cray-fish; moonnaamathethu, thaaro chediyude kunkumamulla verukal-vazhappazham, nere valanjukondu avasaanam, pertinasius pannikalude akalchayulla vaalukal pole; oppam madhurapalahaarangal, durroopathilulla thannimathan, viddikalude thalapole valuth, vyakthamaayi kashtappedunnu thalachorile vellathil ninnu. ippol eee viendukal ellah athidhikaludeyum anukoolamaaya ariyippin abhinandikkappettu; avayude ruchiyude ruchiykk mathramalla, avayude samamitikkum. kozhsukalude edavelakalil, njangalkk soochanakal maduthu kandalkkaadukalude villu-kaalulla malam valathuvashathulla niravadhi vasthukkale prashamsikkuka; asthikalude sig-sag raapiyers; grampus-vertebrayude amlettukal; vichithram terrapinte kaalipikalude turineukalum thalayotiyile kannaakkinukalum baboonukal. virunnu kazhinju, niravadhi konjikalode njangal pinmari. vellathinte vashathekku madangiyethiya njangal kullanmaar ulla oru vayaliloode kadannupoyi. eenthappanayude kidakkakalil jolie cheyyuka, verukalkku chuttum mannu koombaarangalaakkuka, oru naayayeppole athine pinnott chorichilukal. ellaam sannadhathayode, yokkiyude velatt, thrishasthradhaari kullan, njangale chikilsichu oro kanoik sakthamaaya triple-push nalkikkond oru mahathaaya thudakkam, karanjukondu, "rakshasanmaare, ningalodoppam pookoo!" yaatra aarambhikkunnathin thottumunbu, vee-vee, ennathu ozhivaakkaruth. kauthukathode kaanapedunna oru kalline chaarappani cheyth thirinj oru paambine kandethi.

mardy/khand II/adhyay lXx khand 2/adhyay lxix khand II/adhyay lxxi "teenahi payya, tyaa khadkasathi thewa."prasarmadhyamanvar oradale;" dukkh nahee hii aanandachi sakal! aanee aata apanganchya betasathi,-agadi hulumulu." "apangancha bett?" "arey; qaa nahee? maahee, teey klabmadhye kase aale teey sang."yaa sarat, kathan hote. janmachya velee serve arbhakancha naash karnyachya anadarkarak prathecha virodh qaraa samamitiyaritya tayar; parantu tyanchyapasun kadhoon taknyas titkech ichchuk tyaa durdaivi pranyanna pahaa; shejarchya gatache betwasi byanch purvi apangansathi aashraysthanachi sthapana kelee hotee; jithe teey rahat hote, tyanchya swatachya niyamanchya adheen; tyanchya swatachya rajane rajya kele nivadanuk; thodakyat, swatahun pranyancha eka vegala varg tayar karane. tyanchyavar ekach nirbandh thevanyat aale hoteh konatyahi karanastav tyanni asey karoo naye. tyanna niyukt kelela bett sodoon dya. aanee aajubajuchya betavaril lokanna, mhanoon eka vikrut nashwar vyaktiche drushya apriy aahe, jyavar eka anolakhi utarato hulumulu, eka vilakshan manla jaat asey. tyamule konatyahi goshticha aadar karane tyanchya palikade jeey kahee aahe tyache dnyan, apang jawaljawal hote ekte, janoo hulumulu haah ekmev terra-ferma astitvat aahe. tyanchya swatachya samajat rahnare, heey durdaivi, jeey anyatha sankhya qamee rahili hotee, vadhali aanee gunakar jhaala khoop. tasech tyanantarchya pidhyanmadhyehi samamitimadhye sudharana jhaali nahee tyanchya aadhi. lavkarach aamhi betachya jawal pochalo. gola keela, aanee dagadanni danda lavala; aanee, ithe aanee tithe, dagadanni jhakalele butkya, valalelya zadanmule, teey tethil rahivashansathi yogya thikan vatat hote. utartana aamhala eka vaividhyapurn jamavane vedhale hote; aanee asha prakare aamhala surakshitpane nele gele, aamhi antardeshiy margane, tyancha swami, raja yoki yachya nivassthanachya dishene gelo. kitee chhan drushya aahe! yethe, done kurkurit mulansah swatahla madat karat, eka butkya mulala adavale paay nasalela dusra, aadhi pathlag keela, eka haat havet sthir, eka payasarkha vijecha dand; tisra, konatyahi peksha adhik sakriy, silsarkha, eka flirt kelela flipperschee jodee, aanee pudhe nighun gelee; eka chautha eka varr udee marley ekte piin, pratyek bandhanat, varchya bajus firtana, najar firavanyasathi; aanakhi eka, jeey feeler kinwa pankhanni susajj hote, teey swatahla varr gundalale chendumadhye, jaminivar aagau golandaji karane. jidnyasu antahpreranene, andh aaplya bajuchya jawal adakale; tyanchya bote, bahire aanee mook varnan kelele coone, aspasht aanee havet tivra; aanee khadkal dyantun khalee sarkananya dagadanpramane, ank adkhalananya lokanchi. vivahit vikrutee. serve gadhavanchya brai aata tyaa susanvadi aathvani hotya; serve calibans, devdutanchya rupat. tarihi aamhi tyanchyakade pahilelya pratyek najaresathi tyanni aamhala teen dolha deela. shevati aamhi eka anathayi dagadanchya nivassthanasamor thambalo; vakr baniyan tyachya tarafyanchya fandya, vilakshan pananni chhappar lavalelya asatat. itake rang aanee tyachya yojnet aniyamit, teey udrekane fekale gelyasarkhe vatale, tyanusar hrishi mohee, heey yaa betache mool aahe. aat pravesh kartana aamhi raja yokila pahile. aah! durdaivane, eka karyaksham shasakachya serve aavashyaktanmadhye tyacha abhav hota. too bahira aanee moorkh hota; aanee shastranchi bachat qaraa, pratyek gosht vaja qaraa apariharya khod aanee doke. tyache sarvasamaveshak tond itake mothe hote, swatahla gilatana disat hote. pann aakarheen, yokipramanech asahayya,-hulumulucha raja mhanoon, too hota saksham; rajya heey maryadit rajeshahi asalyane, jyapaiki tyache mahamahim teey keval nishkriy aanee sajavatiche doke hote. tyache pahune pudhe sarkat asatana, too aaplya botanni gappanna lagalah sevak arth lavto. yaa gatichi nond ghenyasathi khoop utsuk konatya gatiche dhvanimadhye bhashantar jhaale; aanee tyach velee jyacha arth salag chaar marganni margkraman karoon munn-haat, drushti, aavaj aanee timpenum. tyache mahamanav aata vyakt kelele aashchary; tyachya najaret bhitiche vatavaran hote. "tumchyasarkhya bhitichya khelanna qaa ekatra aanayache? chehara tikavoon thevanyasathi tumhi kalap kadha; kinwa tumhala ektyane jaanyachi bheeti vatate, tumchya swatachya vaitagala? rakshas! booal." "mastach aahe reey!"radat hotee maahee", mug aamhala apang mhanoon ghetale jaate, agadi apangancha raja? majhya swami, aamche paay aanee haat theek naheet qaa?" "moheen, adhik sunder disana goshti kadhihi valananya manasanni firavalya naheet. pann shahee yoki! madhye aamhala tumchyapudhe nirash vatoo lagate." tyanantar aanakhi kahee dolha badalale gele; jevha tyachya mahamahimane prayatna keela tyachya shareer rachnashastratil tulanatmak tadnya hote qaa heey maheet aahe. pahunyanche. "tulanatmak sharirshastradnya! eka nahee." "aanee raja yoki haah prashna qaa vicharoo shakato?", ashee vicharana babbalanjane kelee. tyanantar pudhil vidhan karnyat aale. tyachya karkirdichya uttaradhat, jevha too tyachya karkirdit adakala hota asey vatat hote raja yokicha aadaraniy purvavarti, khoop jodalela hota eka junya rakhadi dokyachya chimpanzila, eka divas too dhyan kartana disala jungle. rozoko heey tyache naav hote. too atishay gambhir aanee vyaktimatvacha aadar karnara hota; barechase tatvadnya. tyachyasathi, serve gattya aanee murkh vishay hote parichit; tyachya kalat tyane anek khekadyanche nutt fodale hote. aanee mhanoon premat tyachya ektepanamule rozoko hota, tyala anek laach aanee tyala tyachya shilalelya tekadi sodoon jaanyas pravrutt karnyasathi saumya munn valavane, nyayalayachya vichalit karananya gondhalasathi, manavtavadi guha. pann dirghkal, uchch padanvar badhati midali aanee rajgharanyatil lokanna aavadata banavale, jangalatil hrishee tyachi jangale visarla; aanee premachya premat, tyane parat kele vruddha rajache prem. teey thet utkat mitra banale; jevayala aanee ekatra pyayale; thartharnare oth, lamb khilalele, shant bumper; tyanchya serve mageel anubhavanchi tulana karane; aanee tyancha prachar karane lapalele vishay, jyavar ashtjanan vistartat. kaaran jevha tarunyatil aag aanee shevanya nighun jaatat aanee mardy tyacha poshakh paridhan karato kharaa pailu-mug aaplyala krutee naan karata vichar karayala aavadate; vartaman adhik disato bhootkalapeksha aprasangik; mug, aapan asha rakhadi-dadya shodhato swatah; aanee pakshaghat, shravan, cuffon aanee kabare yanche pravachan aayojit qaraa; aamche upasanchalak niyukt qaraa; aamche aavaran aaplya bhovati gola hote, jase qee valatee patrake; aanee pratyek ratri marnyasathi zopa. mug, jug mahan aahe phuge futatat; mug, jivanache dhag zirpatana disatat, swarg ughad karatat aaplya tanalelya dolhyanna; mug, aapan aapale manee sangato aanee pitri-noster kurkur karato; aanee thartharanya uchcharat oradato-"oho! dayalu vha." tarr, raja aanee rozoko. pann teey nehmich asey navhate. tejaswi, anandi sakal, tyanni ghetali jangalat haloohaloo, thartharanya ranga; chimpanzichya hastakalechya vichitra chalanyachya kathyanvar maan dolavane. shant rozokosathi eka delatent-arbarista vansatil eka haushi. kharey tarr, shevati vans banale tyacha chhand. vayanusar ardhya kalasathi, kadhikadhi too tyachya changlya goshti pasarvat asey aarogyadayi sandhyakalchi havah ghenyasathi karmchari aanee haluvarpane paradeshat pravas karat; kahee vela chalanyapeksha too adhik yogya vyayam manla jaato. yaat tyane lavkarach tyacha mitra, raja, yachee suruvat kelee; aanee teey sobat-sobat anekada stutee; kinwa, kathicha thakwa, utaravane; aanee thambavane margavaril angathya chiradanyacha vichar qaraa. tyanche goodh tyanni mojalelya rings; aanee, pratyek ringsathi, tyanchya swatachya varshamadhye dindarshika. aata, samrat chimpanzila itakya jawalun chikatoon gela qee, changla vel, aaplya prajanna bolavane, tyane pramanikpane tyanchyavar aarop keela, qee mrutyuchya velee tyala aanee tyachya vishvasoo mitrala ekach thikani purale jaave kabar. asey ghadale, raja maran pavala; aanee garib rozoko, aata qamee jhaala dusare balpan, sarvat whitepane rudleh-tyaa ratri konihi zopale nahee. hulumulu. tyane kadhihi shareer sodale nahee; aanee shevati, haloohaloo jaat aahe. teen vela tyachya bhovati tyane tyala khalee thewale; jawalach basalela; aanee nishabdapane kalbahya jhaale. rajachya aadeshanche smaran kele gele aanee eka khajinyane teey sweekarle donhi. chandra chandrachya mage gela; aanee lokanni upahas aanee talhya vajavalya betavarche lock mothya pramanat badnam jhaale, qee talavar janmalelya baboonane tyanchya divangat prabhucha cuffon vatoon ghya; jaree tyanni swatah tyachya achetschya bajula vruddha aniamadhye upvas keela. tyanni saral tharavale, aanakhi eka khadda bandhanyacha; aanee tyavar eka unch khadda carn; aanee tethe tyanni aadar kelele avashesh gheuun jaatat. pann yaa vyatyayamule eka dukkhad gondhal nirman jhaala. paar karnyasathi saul aanee jonathan, heey jalad mitra jaree kshinavasthet navhate, tarr teey vegale jhaale. mhanoon iliyam aanee alnah, carpus aanee metacarpus yaa pratyek avasheshat misalale; aanee sambandhit bhag itake samaan aahet qee, sahityik avasheshanpramane beamont aanee flatcher, jeey, konatahi chashma sangu shakat navhata. mhanoon tyanni maghar ghetali; asey houu naye qee tyanni joou unch smarak vadhavala hota, kadachit makadache smaran hoil, rajache nahee. asey kathan; jeey aikoon, majhya swami prasarmadhyamanni bhavyapane maun balgale. pann darbari vakyat, tyala vinavani kelyapramane, hatat asaleli pagadi, asey bolaleh - "raja yoki, jyaa lajit mea adakalo aahe, tyachi mallah khoop chinta vatate. tumche bett fekale gele aahe. kinwa qamee nahee majhe dukkh, qee mea swatah nahee yaar, teey sampavanyasathi. mea radoo shakato qee tulanatmak shareer rachnashastradnya aahet aata itaki sankhya nahee, jitaki yapudhe nishchitpane teey vhayalach havee; jevha tyanchya sevansathi adhik magani asel; shevati, kevha aaj lakho udatt aanee avadnyapurn aatma mothyane aardaorda kartil haravalelya hadanchya hadansathi; davedaranni ladhatana eka hadasathi suruvat karavi garib, korada mankyacha; aanee kutryasarkha, aamhi aamchya swatachya goshtivarun bhandu hadey." tyanantar butkya-pattyanmadhye aanee mothya-pattyanmadhye pravesh keela; varche bhaar vakr shinge; serve pokal, gatbaddh; ratrichya jevanachi ghoshana. matra, 'misshepan mardians' sobat jevayala naan aavadalyane, raja prasarmadhyame halayala khoop vel lagato. pann babbalanja, junya mhanincha hawala dett-"mallah aat maaraa chehara, pann majhya jambhalya nakarat nahee ", tyane tyala tyacha balee denyas pravrutt kele atiaatmavishvas. tyamule mendhyachya shingachya bigulschya bharbharatikhali darbar aanee company pudhe gelee mejavanisathi. madhyabhagi eka lamb, vikhurlela jangali baniyancha khoda hota; eka vishal baniyansarkha tyachya shambhar fandyanvar rengalanare centipid, summ lambiche paay. heey table koradya manechya koshimbirane tayar kele hote; calabash; aanee aakarheen khandak, gumphalelya jangalatoon khodale gele. pahila course kolambicha suup hota, joou mothya clamp-shelmadhye deela jaat asey; dusare, lobster, cuttle-phisha, khekade, cockle, cray-phisha; tisare, taro-vanaspatichi kubadya asaleli mule-kelya, ulatya valanavar shevat, jasha sukshim dukaranchya avichari shepatipramane; aanee god, kharab aakarache kharbooj, murkhanchya dokyansarkhe mothe, spashtapane trasdayak mendutil panyatoon. aata serve pahunyanchya anukool soochanenusar yaa vijetyanchi prashansa karnyat aalee; keval tyanchya chavdar chavasathich navhe tarr tyanchya samamitisathihi. aanee abhyaskramanchya antarane, aamhi sanket deuun kantalalo hoto shirobinduchya asankhya vastunche kautuk karah kharfutichya lakadache dhanushya-payanche mall; hadanche kadve-kadve rapiers; gramps-vertebrache bahoo; vilakshan terrapinchya callipiesche turins; aanee kavatichya canackins baboon. mejwani sampali, anek congies aamhi maghar ghetali. panyachya bajula parat yetana aamhi eka shet paar kele, jithe butke hote yamchya talyanmadhye kaam karane, mulambhovati maatee gola karane, tyala mage khajavane; kutryapramane. serve kahee sajjatene, yokichya sevkane, tri-sashastr butkya vyaktine, aamchyavar upchar kele pratyek naukes jordar tiheri dhaav deuun, eka gauravshali suruvat karnyasathi, radat, "rakshasaho, tumchyabarobar nighun jaa!" tasech heey vagalale jaau naye qee, vimanane utaranyapurvi, vhee-vhee, eka vichitra disana dagadachi hergiri karat, too valavala aanee tyala eka saap sapadala.

murdy/bholyum II/adhyaya lxx bholyum II/adhyaya lxix khanda II/adhyaya lxxi "tinaiwata proves rakhnuhos, yonder rakaka lagi."midia royo;" kunai dukha chhaina yo ramailo bihan! rar ab apangharuko tapuka lagi,-yahansamma kii hulumulu." "pangurharuko tapu?" "oho; kinn hoina? mahi, uniharu clubma kasari ae bhanera bataunuhos."sarma, yo tyo katha thiyo. janmako samayama sabai shishuharulai nashta garne berber prathako viruddhama hunuhos samamit rupma gathan; tara tiniharubata hatauna saman rupma icchuk tee durbhagyapurna praniharu hernuhos; chhimeki samuhaka tapuwasiharu dherai pahile nai apangharuka lagi sharan sthapana gareko thiyo; jahaan tiniharu basthe, afnai niyamharuko adhinma; afnai rajadwara shasit nirvachan; sankshepma, afaile praniharuko ek farak warga gathan gardai. tiniharumathi euta matra pratibandha lagaieko thiyoh kunai pani karanwash uniharule garnu hundaina. uniharulai tokieko tapu chhodnuhos. anie warparka tapuwasiharulai, tyasaile wikrit nashwarko drishya apriya chha, kii ek aparichit awataran gardai hulumulu, euta wilakshan maninthyo. tyasaile, kunai pani samman gardai tiniharubhanda parko kunai pani kurako gyan, apangharu lagbhag thie prithak, jastai hulumulu matra terra-farmako astitwa thiyo. afnai samudayama basobas garne, yee durbhagyapurnaharu, jo anyatha sankhyama thorai rahirahyo, badhyo rar guna bhayo dherai. naha tata pachhilla pustaharule tiniharuma samamitama sudhar gare tiniharuko agadi. chaandai, hammy tapu najik puge. dhakieko, rar chattanharule jhundyaieko; rar, yahan rar tyahan, dhakieko bauna, ghumauro jhadiharu, yo yasaka basindaharuka lagi upayukta thaaun jasto lagyo. awataran garda, hammy ek visham bhidle gherieka thiyaun; rar yasari escort gariyo, hammy bhitri bhagma, tiniharuko prabhu, raja yokiko niwastira gae. kasto drishya! yahan, dui croat jara sanga afailai maddat gardai, ek baunalai hubble gare khutta bina; arko pahile pachhyaieko, ek haat hawama sthira, jastai ek bijuliko rudd; ek tesro, kunai pani bhanda badhi sakriya, sill-jasto, ek flirt garieko flipperharuko jody, rar sath skipping garna gayo; chautho ek maa hup bhayo ekal pinn, pratyek boundma, shirsha jastai ghumaundai, hern; jabki arko, feeler wa pakhaharule susajjit, afailai mathi ghumaeko thiyo euta balma, agadi nai jaminma ball gardai. jigyasu sahaj prawrittika sath, andhaharu hamro chheuma adkie; tiniharuko sath aunlaa bajaundai, bahira rar gunga konharu warnan gardacha, aspashta rar hawama tiwra; rar dhungaharu jastai chattani kholaharu tall ghumdai, skorharu hangeri garneharuko. vivahetar wikriti. sabai gadhako bra ab samanjasyapurna samjhanaharu thie; sabai calibanharu, swargadutharuko rupma. tara hamile uniharulai dieko pratyek herchahma tinawata herchah tiniharule hamilai die. antatah, hammy asabhya dhungaharuko gharaghi rokyaun; kutil banian yasako rafterharu, utkrishta patharule chhalo lagainchha. yati ramble rar yasako yojana aniyamit, yo wisfotle fyaankieko jasto lagyo, anusar rishi mahi, tapuko utpatti. bhitra prawesh garda hamile raja yokilai dekheka thiyaun. aha! ek kushal shasakka sabai awashyakataharuma unko abhawa thiyo. uni bahira rar gunga thie; rar hatiyarharu bachaunuhos, sabai kura bahek ek apariharya trunk rar tauko. unko sampurna mukh yati vishal thiyo, yo afulai nai napieko jasto lagthyo. tara akarheen, yoki jastai asahaya,-हुलुmahmूलुका rajako rupma, uni thie saksham; rajya ek simit rajtantra bhaeko chha, jasko unko mahamahim yo kewal nishkriya rar sajawati tauko thiyo. unka agantukharu agadi badhdai jaanda, uni afno aunlaale gapsap garna thaleh sewakko wyakhya. drutata note garna dherai utsuk kuna gati dhwaniko rupma anuwad garieko thiyo; rar yasako sath ek sath jasko artha lagatar charawata channelharu marfat yasako bato banayo munn-haat, drishti, awaz, rar timpanam. unko mahamanyata ab wyakta bhayo; unko najarharu darae. "tapainharu jasta darlai kinn club garnuhunchha? anuharma rakhnaka lagi tapainlai jhunda lagaunuhos; wa tapainlai afnai wikritiko darr chha, kii tapain eklai zahn daraunuhunchha? rakshasharu! bolnuhos." "mahan oro!"roe mohi", key tyasapachhi hammy apangharuka lagi liinchhaun, dheraidwara pangraharuko raja? hey mera swami, key hamro khutta rar hatharu thik chhainan?" "komahmिलियrarहrarू kahilyai turnerharudwara pariwartan garienan, mahi. tara shahi yoki! bhitra hammy tapainko samunne apamanit mahasus garnabata shanta hunchhaun." tyasapachhi kehi thap tukraharu adanpradan gariyo; jab unko mahamanawale khojyo thaha chha, unko bichma kunai tulanatmak anatomistharu thie kii thienan agantukharu. "tulanatmak shariravigyanavidharu! ek hoina." "anie kinn raja yokile tyo prashna sodhna सक्chhanaha्?"बब्ballnaha्जाले sodhe. tyasapachhi nimna kathan garieko thiyo. afno shasankalko antim bhagma, jab uni afno shasanma dubeko dekhinthe raja yokika adaraniya purwawarti dherai sanlagna thie. euta purano khairo taukoko chimpanjilai, ek dina dhyan gariraheko fela paryo jungle. rojoko unko naam thiyo. uni dherai gambhir thie, rar pakshaprati shraddhashil thie; dherai darshanik. unka lagi, sabai gunda rar jatil vishayaharu thie parichit; afno dinma unle dherai crabbed nataharu todeka thie. anie premma unko timonian ekantata rojoko thiyo, kii yasalai dherai ghusa rar awashyak thiyo usako mossi, pahadlai tyagna prerit garna, naram munn paraune, darbarko wichlit garne uthalputhalka lagi manawatawadi gufa. tara lamo samayasamma, uccha padaharuma badhuwa gariyo, rar shahi manaparne banayo, vanbhumi rishile afno jungle birsanubhayo; rar, premko lagi prem, firta gare wriddha rajako ader. uniharu sidha nai utkat sathi bane; khana khae rar sangai pien; kaanpiraheko othasanga, lamo khichieko, shanta bamparharu; tiniharuka sabai wigatka anubhawharuko tulana; rar tee pracharharu lukeka vishayavastuharu, jasma ashtajan wistar hunchha. jab yuwaharuko ago rar briles bagchha, rar mardile yasako lagaunchha saancho paksha-taba hammy sochna munn paraunchhaun, karya garna hoina; wartaman badhi dekhinchha. vigat bhanda asangat; tyasapachhi, hammy khairo-bhaluharu khojchhaun jastai hammy afai; rar pakshaghat, suneka kuraharu, kafan rar chihanharuko prawachan rakhnuhos; hamra sanrakshakharu niyukta garnuhos; hamro awaranharu hamro waripari bhela hunchhan, ghumauro-panaharu jastai; rar harek raat mern sutna. taba sansar mahan chha bulbula futchha; tyasapachhi, jiwanko badalharu jharchhan jasto dekhinchha, swarga prakat gardacha hamro tanawagrasta ankhaharulai; tyasapachhi, hammy hamro motiharu bhanchhaun, rar पिटrar-nahaोस्टrarहrarू kuro garchhaun; rar kaanpiraheko uchcharanharuma rounchhaun-"oro! dayalu bannuhos." tyasaile, raja rar rojoko. tara tiniharu sadhain yasari thienan. ujyalo, ramailo bihan, tiniharule lie junglema dhilo, darlagdo halla; chimpanjiko hatko kambata vichitra hindne-stickharumathi tauko haldai. sedet rarोjokoका lagi ek thiyo डिलेटेnaha्टे-आrar्बrarिस्टः betma ek shaukia. wastawma, antatah betharu banie usako shauk. umersangai adha duftka lagi, kahilekaahin unle afno ramro failae. saanjhako swasthyaprad hawa linka lagi karmachariharu rar bistarai videshma sawari gare; kahilekaahin hindnubhanda yasalai badhi upayukta wyayam mannu. yasama marney, unle chaandai afna sathi, rajalai suru gare; rar tiniharu chheuma prayaha prance; wa, kathiko thakit, tall jhareko; rar rokna batobhari sadeko, prostate हtata्keyलाहrarूबाrarे sochnuhos. tiniharuko rahasyawadi uniharule ganana gareka aunthiharu; rar, pratyek aunthika lagi, afnai ek warsha calenderharu. ab, rajale chimpanjisanga yati najikbata taange, kii, ramro samaya, afna prajaharulai bolaundai, unle gambhiratapurwak tiniharumathi arop lagae, mrityuko samayama, uu rar usako vishwasi sathilai eutai thaunma gadios bhanera chihan. yo bhayo, raja marey; rar garib rojoko, ab cum bhayo dosro balyakal, sabaibhanda nirashajanak rupma roeh-tyas raat kohi pani sutna sakenan. hulumulu. usale sharira kahilyai chhodeko thiena; rar antatah, bistarai janchha. tinpatak yasako waripari, tinle usalai tall rakhe; najikai basae; rar awajarahit rupma samapta bhayo. rajaka adeshharu samjhaiyo; rar euta bhaltle tiniharulai prapta गऱ्yo. duwai. chandramale chandramalai pachhyae; anie manisharule majak rar tanharu gare. tapuko dherai badnam bhayo, kii besma janmeko babunle garnuparchha tiniharuka diwangat prabhuko kafan baandnuhos; yadyapi tiniharu afaile afno achetko chheuma wriddha aniasma chhito taansieko. tiniharule arko tahkhana nirman garne nirnaya gare; rar yasako mathi euta uccha taha rar tyahan uniharule samman gareka awasheshharu bokchhan. tara yo antarkriya garda euta dukhad bhram utpanna bhayo. parr garnaka lagi saul rar jonathan, kshayama pani yee druta sathiharu vibhajit thienan. yasari pratyek awashesh,-elium rar alnah, carpus rar metacarpus misaera;-rar sambandhit bhagharu yati mildojuldo chhan, kii sahityik awasheshharu jastai beaumont rar flatcher, june thiyo, kunai chashmele batauna sakena. tyasaile, tiniharule tyage; natra uniharule hurkaeko aglo smarak, yasale euta wanarlai samjhan sakchha, rajalai hoina. yasto kathan; june sunera, mera prabhu mediale bhawya mauna rakhe. tara darbari wakyanshama, unlai babali, hatma pagadi, yasari boleh - "raja yoki, mero chinta charam chha, jasma laz lagchha. tapainko tapu fyaankieko chha. naha tata mero dukha cum, kii mahm afai pani hoina manis, yasalai antya garna. mahm rouna sakchhu kii tulanatmak anatomistharu hun ahile yati dherai chhaina, yasapachhi tiniharu nishchit rupma bannuparchha; jab tiniharuko sewaharu ajha badhi anurodhma hunechha; jab, antyama, antim sabai dina, lakhaun mahan rar apamanjanak atmaharule charko swarma hallaunechhan. haraeko kankalharuka lagi; jab dabikartaharu ekka lagi suru hunechhan garib, carrius merudanda; rar, kukur jastai, hammy afnai vishayama jhagada garnechhaun haddiharu." tyasapachhi baman-stewardharu, rar pramukh-domoharu prawesh gare; mathi asar ghumaeko singaharu; sabai gobletharuma khopa bhaeka, samuhabadha; ratiko bhojanko ghoshana gardai. tara, misshepan maarar्डियnahaहrarूसँग khana khaan nachaheko raja mediale sarna dherai chha. tara बब्ballnaha्जाले purano bhanai uddhrit gardai-"malai bhitra parnuhos anuhar, tara mero yam aswikar nagarnuhos ", usalai afno balidan garna prerit garyo dridhata. tyasaile, ramm-sink bigulko fastaune kramama, darbar rar company agadi badhyo bhojma. madhyama jungley baniyanko lamo, wisthapit trunk thiyo; ek vishal jastai yasako sayawata shakhaharuma kral garne centipeed, saman lambaiko lagi khuttaharu. yo table bhuin-ghaantiko laukiko sath sett garieko thiyo; ko wikritiyaan kalabasharu; rar akarheen khaiharu, ganthadar junglebata khodeka. pahilo course jhingako-supe thiyo, june thulo clamp-selharuma parosinchha; dosro, lobster, katal-machha, kansaharu, kokalharu, krey-machha; tesro, taro-botko kunjidar jara-kera, maa wikrit rupma curling anta, upayukta sungurharuko awichalit puchchhar jastai; rar mithai, kharab akarko tarbuj, murkhaharuko tauko jattikai thulo, spashta rupma pidit mastishkama panibata. ab yee bhaindharu sabai pahunaharuko anukul suchanako lagi prashansa gariyo; tiniharuko swadko swadishtataka lagi matra hoina, tara tiniharuko samamitika lagi. rar pathyakramharuko antaralma, hammy sanketharusanga bore bhaeka thiyaun wartuka dherai wastuharuko prashansa garnuhosh mangrove kathko dhanush-khuttako stool; haddiko zig-jyag rapiers; ग्rar्याmahm्पस-भrar्टेब्rarा ko armlet; vichitra terapinko क्यालिपीसko turins; rar khopadiko क्याnahaाkiinahaहrarू babunharu. bhoj samapta bhayo, dherai कnaha्जिसहrarूsangai, hammy pachhi hatdai gayaun. paniko chheuma farkiera, hammy euta khet parr garyaun, jahaan bamanharu thie. yamko ochhyanma kaam gardai, jarako waripari mato jamma gardai, yasalai pachhadi kharonch gardai; kukurko rupma. sabai chijharu tayar chhan, yokiko bhelet, ek tri-sashastra bauna, hamilai upchar garyo euta gaurawashali suruwatka lagi, pratyek dungalai ek jordar triple-push diera, roundai, "timiharusitai januhos, rakshasharu!" naha tata yo bewasta garnuparchha kii yatra suru garnubhanda pahile, bhi-bhi, euta jigyasu dekhine dhungako jasusi gardai, tyasalai ghumaera euta sarpa fela parey.

murdy/bhalium II/adhyaja lXx <unk> khanda 2/adhyaja lxix khanda 2/adhyaja lxxi "pathara paain, tiniti jaaka pru rakhantu."chitkara kallah ganamadhyama;" duhkha naahin ehi subha sakaala! ebong ebe bikalanga dwepa paain,-epariki hulumulo." "bikalanga dweepa?" "aare; kahinki nuhen? mohi, kuhantu semane klabaku kipari aasile."prakrutare, ehi thila barnana. janma samajare samasta shishumananku binash karibara barbara prathaku birodha karantu samamitire gathita; kintu samaana bhabare semananka thaaru apasarana karibaku ichha kare sehi durbhagyajanaka pranimananku dekhantu; eka padoshi gosthira dwepabaseemane bahu purbaru semane jeunthare rahuthile, sethare semane bikalangamananka paain eka ashrajasthala pratistha karithile. nijaswa niamer bashabarti; nijaswa rajanka dwara shasita nirbachana; sankhyepare, nijaswa bhabare eka swatantra berg srusti kare. semananka upare kebala gotie pratibandhaka lagajaithilaha kaunasi kaaran paain semane ehaa kariba uchita nuhen. semananku diajaithiba dwepaku chhadi diantu. ebong akhpakh dwepabaseenku, tenu eka bikruta narbhasankara drushya, jaahaa jane aparichita byakti abataran kariba paain apritikara . hulumulu, eka chamatkara bolly bibechana karajauthila. tenu, kaunasi ekaku sammana deba semananka bahare jaahaa kichhi achhi, shay bishajare gyaana, bikalangamane praiah thile bichhinna, jemiti hulumulu ekamatra terra-ferma thila . nijaswa eka sampradajare baasa karuthiba, ehi durbhagyapurna, jeunmane anyatha, sankhya comm rahithila, brudhi ebong gunita hoithila bahuta. kimba parabarti pidhira samarupatare madhya unnati hoinahin. semananka purbaru. shighra, aame dwepatira nikatatar helu. ekatrita hoi, ebong pathara dwara dali; ebong, ethaare ebong sethare, aachadita . bammon, banka jhipi, ehaa ehara adhibasimananka paain eka upajukta sthana pari laguthila . abataran kariba parey, aame eka bibidha janata dwara gheri rahichhu; ebong ehipari surakhya, aambhemane aabhyantareen maargare semananka prabhu raja jokinka basasthana aadaku galu. kii drushya! ethaare, duiti bammon moola sahita nijaku sahajya curry, eka bamanaku hub kallah bina godare; anyati purbaru pichha kallah, gotie baahu pabanare sthira helah, eka pari bajrapata rudd; eka truteeja, jekaunasi apekhya adhika sakriya, seal pari, eka flirt dui jodi flipper, ebong chaligala; chaturtha jane eka upare hup kallah ekaka pinn, pratyeka boundre, eka shirsha pari bruttakara ghunchuchhi, dekhiba paain; aau eka, anubhaba kimba pakha sahita sajjit, nijaku luchaidela gotie balre, purbaru maati upare boling karantu. kautuhalara saha, andhamane aama parsware atakigale; semananka sahita aanguthi chhalana, badhira ebong boba kone barnana, aspasta ebong bajure tibra; ebong pathara pathara bhali pathara pathara dhaala talaku khasijauchhi, hangama karuthiba lock. baibahika bikruti. samasta gadha 'bra ebe sabu kaliban, debadoota bhabe, susangata smruti thila. tathapi aambhemane semananku deithiba pratyeka drusti paain, semane aambhamananku tinoti drusti dele. sheshare, aame eka asammanajanaka pathara ghara sammukhare atakigalu; bakra banian chamatkara patrare chaparajukta ehara raftergudic. ete rumble ebong ehara yojana aniyamita, ehaa bisphorana dwara phingi diajaithiba pari laguthila, anujai rushi mohi, dwepara utpatti. bhitaraku prabesha curry aame raja jokinku dekhilu. aaa... aaa..! duhkhara bishai je jane dakhya shasakanka samasta aabashyakataare tankara abhaba thila. shay badhira ebong boba thile; ebong astrashastra banchantu, sabukichhi baada dele kintu eka apariharjya kanda ebong munda. ete bishala taa 'rahr samasta-bistruta muhn, nijaku nije gilithiba bhali laguthila. kintu akarheen, asahaiah, yoki bhali,-hulumulur raja bhabe, shay thile sakhyama; rajya eka seemita rajatantra, jaahaa tankara mahamanya ehaa kebala nishkriya ebong alankarika munda thila. taanka atithimane aagaku badhiba sahita, shay niz anguli dwara gapasapare padijaithileh sebaka byakhya karuchanti. ehara drutata bishajare janiba paain atyanta kautuhalara bishai keun gati dhwaneere anubada karajaithila; ebong ekakaleena sahita jahara artha charoti kramagata channell madhyamare ehara rasta tiari karithila munn-haata, drusti, swara, ebong timpanum. ebe tankara mahima prakash paiba atyanta ashcharjyajanaka; taanka drusti bhajankara hoigala. "kahinki aapananka bhali ete bhajara club? mukhaku sambhaliba paain, tumbhamananku pashupalana curr; kimba apana niz ghrunyataku bhaja karanti, je apana ekutia jibaku bhaja karanti? rakhyas! kathaa huantu." "bahuta bhal!"mohi chitkara kallah", taa 'parey aamaku bikalanga paain niajae, bahuta dwara bikalangamankara raja? hey prabhu, ammer goda oh baahu sabu thick naahin kii?" "mohira, adhika aakarshaneeah jinisagudika kebe bii turner dwara ghunchajai naah thila. kintu rajkiah yoki! bhitare aapananka sammukhare aame apamanita anubhaba karu." taa 'parey aau kichhi aakhi binimai hoithila; jetebele tankara mahamanya chesta karithile janichanti, taanka madhyare kaunasi tulanatmaka sharirarachanabid thile kii? atithimane. "tulanatmaka sharira bigyani! gotie bii nuhen." "ebong raja yoki kahinki ehi prashna pacharibe?"babalanja pacharila. ehapare nimnokta bibruti diajaithila. taanka shasanakalara shesh bhagare, jetebele shay taanka shasson kaalare padijaithile. raja jokinka pujya purbasurinka sambandhare bahuta adhika jadita thile. eka puruna dhusara munda thiba chimpanjiku, dine shay dhyana karuthiba dekhibaku milithila jangala. taanka naama thila rojoko. shay atyanta gambhira thile, ebong pakhya prati shradhasheela thile. jane darshanika. taanka paain, samasta ganthi ebong mushal padartha thila parichita; taanka samajare shay aneka crabbed nutt bhangithile . ebong premare taanka tymonian ekakeetwa sahita rojoko thila, je ehaa aneka lanch aabasyaka kare ebong taanka mussy, pahad parswa parityaga karibaku tanku prabartaiba paain naram prabartana, eka darbarar bibhrantikara gandagola paain, janaswarthaheena gumpha. kintu dirgha samai dhari, uccha padabeeku padonnati paithile, ebong rajkiah priya karithile, jangala rushi taanka jangalaku bhuligale; ebong, prem paain prem, ferasta karidele brudha rajanka adara. semane sidhasalakha ghanistha bandhu hoigale; bhojan kale ebong ekathi piele; jhulithiba otha sahita, lamba-tanna, shant bumper; semanankara samasta ateeta abhigyatara tulana; ebong segudiku prachara kariba lukkajita bishajabastu, jaahaa upare astajanan bistara hue . kaaran jetebele joubanara niaan oh jalanta padarthagudika paara hoijae, ebong murdy taa 'rahr agni paridhan kare. prakruta diga-tebe aame chinta karibaku bhalapau, karjya karibaku nuhen; bartamana adhika dekhajae . ateeta thaaru aprasangika; tebe, aame dhusara-dadhi khoju jepariki aame nije; ebong pakhyaghata, shrabana, kavara ebong samadhi bishajare alochana kariba; aambhamanankara dajitwa nirbahakarimananku nijukta karantu; aambhamanankara abaranagudika ambha charipate ekatrita huanti, ghurnajamana patra bhali; ebong pratyeka raatire mrutyu paain shoi ruhantu. tebe, aii dunia mahan budwuda phutijae; taa 'parey, jeebner meghagudika jhaala jharithiba pari janapade, swargaku prakash kare . ammer chapagrasta aakhiku; taa 'parey, aame ammer maniku kahu, ebong paati-nosters ku bachasa karu; ebong kampita uchcharanare kanduchhu-"oro! dajashila huantu." tenu, raja ebong rojoko. kintu semane sabubele ehipari nathile. ujjwala, anandamai sakaala, semane nele dheere dheere, jangalare bichalita heuthiba gandagola; shimpanjira hastashilpara adbhuta chaliba laathi upare munda halaiba . shant rojoko paain eka delatente-aarbaristah bekare jane apeshadara. bastabare, sheshare beta hoigala taanka ruchi. bayasa sahita adhaa duft paain, belebele shay nijara bhal jinishaku bistara karanti . karmachari ebong shant bhabare bideshare jatra karithile, swasthyakara sandhya baaju neba paain; belebele, chaliba apekhya ehaaku adhika upajukta byayam bolly bibechana kariba. ethire shay shighra nijara bandhu, rajanku arambha kale; ebong semane sangare sangare aneka samajare prance; kimba, kathira klanta, talaku olhai; ebong rasta saaraa khyaja heuthiba, prostate hasta upare chinta karantu . semanankara rahasyamai semane ankuragudiku ganana karuthile; ebong, pratyeka ankura paain, nijaswa eka barsha calender. ebe, raja chimpanji sahita ete nibida bhabare bandhi hoigale, je, samai bhal, niz prajamananku dakai shay antarikatara saha semananka upare ehaa aropa kale, mrutyu samajare, tanku ebong taanka biswasta bandhunku gotie sthanare kabara diajiba uchita. samadhi. ehaa ghatigala, raja mrutyubarana kale; ebong gariba rojoko, bartamana hrass paichi dwiteeja balyakala, sabutharu duhkhare kanduthilah-sehi raatire kehi shoi nathile. hulumulo. shay kebe sharira chhadi nathile; ebong sheshare, dheere dheere chaligale. tinithara ehara charipate shay tanku tale pakai dele; nikatabartee hoi; ebong nihshabda bhabe samai samapta hoigala. rajanka nirdeshagudiku maneh rakhajaithila; ebong gotie valta segudiku grahan karithila. ubhaja. chandra chandraku anusarana kallah; ebong lokamane parihas ebong bidrupa dwara ghadile dwepatira bahuta upbad hoithila, je eka bases-janma babun heba uchit semananka mruta prabhunka kabharaku anshidara karantu; jadio semane nije thile brudha aniasare taanka achet parsware druta bhabare tock . semane sidha sankalpa nele, aau eka valta nirmana karibaku; ebong ehaa upare, eka uccha cairn; ebong sethare semane sammanita abashesh bahn karanti . kintu ehi bichyutire eka duhkhada dwandwa dekhadeithila. atikrama kariba paain shaul ebong jonathan, epariki khyajaprapta madhya nathile, ehi druta bandhumane bibhajita hoithile. tenu pratyeka abasheshaku mishai dele,-eliam ebong ulna, carpus ebong metacarpus; ebong anuroopa anshagudika ete samaana, je sahityika abashesh pari beomont ebong flatcher, jaahaa thila, kaunasi chashama kahiparila naahin . tenu semane parityaga kale; nachet semane jeun uccha smarakeeku palana karithile, eka mankadaku smarana karajaipare, rajanku nuhen. epari barnana; jaahaa shuni moe prabhu ganamadhyama bhadra bhabare neerab rahithila . kintu darbarar bakyare, taanka anushochana anujai, babalanja, haatare pagadi, shay ehipari kahileh - "more chinta charam, raja yoki, jeun lajjare aapananka dwepaku phingi diajaichhi. naa moe duhkha comm, je mun nije nuhen manish, ehaaku shesh kariba paain. mun kandi paribi je tulanatmaka sharira bigyanimane bartamana ete sankhyaka nuhen, jepariki ehaa parey semane nischita bhabare heba aabasyaka; jetebele semananka seba adhika anurodhare rahiba; jetebele, sheshare, shesh aaji lakhya lakhya mahan ebong abagyapurna atma jorare chitkara karibe. hozzy jaithiba kankala paain; jetebele dabidaramane pratidwandita karibe gotie paain arambha karibe gariba, chiracharita merudanda; ebong, kukur bhali, aame niz paain ladhibu. haada." taa 'parey bammon-steward ebong mejara-domore prabesha kallah; upara bhaar bahanakaree banka . shinga; samaste gabletare pokta hoi, gostheebhukta; ratribhojana ghoshana. kintu, missheppen mardianamananka sahita bhojan karibaku bhal naah pauthiba raja ganamadhyama thila chalibaku bahuta samai. kintu babalanja, puruna prabadaku uddhruta curry-"mote aaghata curr. muhn, kintu more yamm manah karunahin ", tanku taanka jagya karibaku prabarttaile nisthurata. tenu, raama-hern bigulara bikashare, darbar ebong company aagaku badhila . bhoji paain. kendriah anshati thila eka jangali banijanara eka lamba, sthanabhrasta kanda; eka bishala kanda bhali. ehara shaha shaha shakhare centipid kraling, sama dairghyara sunn goda. ehi tebul ku kataa-galaara sorish sahita prastuta karajaithila; calabas; ebong akarheen parikha, gaanthi jangalaru khanan . pratham pathyakrama thila chingudi-supe, jaahaa budd clamp-selare paribeshana karajaithila; dwiteejatah, lobster, cottle-maacha, kankada, kakal, cray-maacha; truteejatah, tarro-gachara kunchbacked moola-kadalee, bipareet bhabare kunchan shesh, parichadajukta ghushurinka aparibartita lanz pari; ebong mitha, kharap akarara tarbhuj, murkhanka munda pari bishala, spust bhabare jantrana mastishkare thiba jala. bartamana ehi bhiandagudiku samasta atithinka anukula notisare prashansa karajaithila; kebala semanankara swada paain nuhen, barang semanankara samarupata paain . ebong pathyakramara byabadhanare, aame sanketare birakta thilu aneka prakarara bhartur prashansa karantuhu hental kathara dhanu-godajukta mall; hadder jhig-jaag rapiers; gramps-vertebrara armlet; adbhuta . terrapin rahr calypies rahr turin; ebong ehara khopadira kanakin babun. bhoji shesh helah, aneka konji sahita, aame pratyahara kalu. jala-parswaku feriba parey, aame eka khyeta dei galu, jeunthare bamanamane thile. yamm shajya upare kaama kariba, moola charipakhare maati jamaa kariba, ehaaku pachaku scratching; eka kukur bhabare . prastutire thiba samasta jinish, jokinka vellet, eka tri-sashastra bammon, aama sahita chikitsa kallah eka gaurabamai arambha paain, pratyeka dangaku eka zordar tini-push dei, kanduchhi, "hey rakhyasamane, aapanamananka sahita chalijantu!" kimba ehaa baada deba uchita nuhen je jatra arambha karibara thick purbaru, bhi-bhi, eka kautuhalara patharaku guptachar bhabare dekhi, ehaaku ghunchai delah, ebong eka sapaku paila .

mardy/valiam II/adhiaai lxx valiam II/adhiaai lxix valiam II/adhiaai lxxi "tinnon chattanan noon rakkho, chattan laee."media neey raula paaiaa;" koee dukkh naheen iss khushi dee sware! atey hunn apahjan dey tapu laee,-ithon takk kii hulumulu." "apahjan daa tapu?" "haan, kiun naheen? maahi, dasso kii uh club witch kiven aae."saar witch, ih kahani see. janam dey samein saare bacchiaan noon nasht curran dey vahishi rivaaj dey virudh naheen samrupta naal baniaa; parr uhanan toon hataun daa barabar ichha rakkhda haii uhanan mandbhage praniaan noon vekho; ikk guandhi samooh dey tapuvasi bahut pahilan apahjan laee panaah sathapat keeti see; jitthe uh rahinde sunn, aapne khud dey niyaman dey adheen; aapne khud dey raaje duaara shasan keeta jaanda haii chonh; sankhep witch, aapne aap witch praniaan dee ikk vakkhari shreni banauna. unhan utte siraf ikk hii pabandi lagaai gaee seeuuu kise vee caarn karke unhan noon naheen unhan noon saunpe gaye tapu noon chhadd dio. atey aale-duaale dey tapuvasiaan laee, iss laee ikk vigaad manukh daa drish, jiss utte ikk ajnabi utarda haii, noon napsand karda haii hulumulu, ikk shandar manniaa jaanda see. iss laee, kise vee daa sanman karna uhanan toon parey kise vee cheez daa giaan, apahaj lock bahut nede sunn alagg-thalagg, jiven kii hulumulu iklauta taira-farma maujood see. aapne khud dey bhaichare witch rahinde hunn, ih badkismat, joe naheen taan ginti witch ghatt rahi giaa see, vadhiaa atey gunna keeta giaa see bahut. naa hii lagatar peedhiaan neey uhanan utte samrupta witch sudhar keeta uhanan toon pahilan. jaldi hii aseen tapu dey nede pahunch gaye. ikkatha keeta, atey chattanan naal jung keeta; atey, itthe atey utthe, naal dhakkiaa hoiaa baune, modiaan jhadiaan, ih aapne nagrikan laee ikk dhukvin jagha jaapadi see. utarde hoye, aseen ikk bhinn bheed naal ghire hoye see; atey iss tarahan surakhiat, aseen andruni, aapne maalak, raaja yoki dey nivas vall chaley gaye. kinna vadda drish! itthe, doou kattiaan jadahn naal aapne aap dee madad karde hoye, ikk baune noon hatth witch liaa binan lattan dey; ikk horr pahilan pichha keeta giaa, ikk baanh havaa witch sathir, ikk wang bijli dee dundy; ikk tiji, kise vee naalon vadhere sargaram, seel vargi, flirt keeti flipperan dee jodee, atey naal chhadd keey chalee gaee; ikk chautha ikk utte chhaal maarda haii ikalla pinn, harr bnnh 'teey, ikk sikhar wang goal ghumda haii, nazar maaran laee; jadon kii ikk horr, feelaran jaan khambhan naal lais, aapne aap noon modada haii ikk gend witch, pahilan toon hii zameen utte gendbazi crow. utsuk pravirti naal, anneh saade paase dey nede phas gaye; uhanan dey naal ungal chukkna, bolle atey goonge konan daa varnan karde hunn, gunjhaldar atey havaa witch teebar; atey pathran wang pathriliaan khaddan witch dhigde hoye, ank hanjhu maaran vaale hanjhu maar rahey sunn. viaahuta vigaad noon todna. saare gadhe 'barey hunn saariaan yaadan sadbhavanapuran sunn; saare caliban, dootan vajon. firr vee aseen unhan noon harr nazar laee tinn nazaran dittiaan. ant witch, aseen adde pathran dey ikk gharr dey sahmane ruke; tedhe-medhe baniyan shandar pattiaan naal chhatdar iss dey chappdan deeaan tehniaan. iss laee raule-rappe atey iss dee yojna noon aniyamit, ih fatann naal suttiaa hoiaa japda see, anusar rishi maahi, tapu daa mool haii. ander dakhal hunde hoye aseen raaja yoki noon dekhiaa. aah! afsos dee gall haii kii ikk kushal shask deeaan saariaan zaruratan witch uss dee ghaat see. uh bolle atey goonge sunn; atey hathiaar bachao, sabh kujh ghatao parr ikk lazmi taney atey sir. uss daa poora moonh inna vishal see, laggda see kii uh aapne aap noon nigal riha haii. parr aakarhin, bevass jiven kii yoki see,-hulumulu dey raaje vajon, uh see samrath; raaj ikk seemat rajtantar honn karke, jiss vicchon uss dee maharat ih siraf ikk paisiv atey sajawati sir see. jiven hii uss dey mehmann agge vadhe, uh aapniaan unglan naal gallan curran lagg piaa sevak dee viaakhiaa. iss dee gatee noon nott curran laee bahut utsuk kihadi gatee daa anuvad aavaaz witch keeta giaa see; atey naal hii jiss daa arth lagatar chaar chainlan raahin hoiaa munn-hatth, nazar, aavaaz atey timpanum. uss dee maharani neey hunn bahut hairani pragat keeti; uss deeaan nazaran ghabra gaeeaan. "tuhade varge bhaia kiun hunn? tusin, chihre witch rakkhan laee; jaan hoow qee tusin aapni hii ghinauni gall toon darde hoow kii tusin ikalle jaanh toon darde hoow? rakhash! gall crow." "bahut vadhiaa!"roiaa maahi", qee firr saanoon apahjan laee lae jaaiaa jaanda haii, bahut hii apahjan daa raaja? merey prabhu, qee saadiaan lattan atey baahan theek naheen hunn?" "mohin, vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vaa parr shaahi yoki! witch saanoon tuhade sahmane udas mahisus hunda haii." firr kujh horr taktakiaan daa adaan-pardan keeta giaa; jadon uss dee maharani neey koshish keeti pataa haii, qee uss dey witch koee tulnatmak sareer vigiaan sunn mehmann. "tulnatmak sareer vigiaan! ikk vee naheen." "atey raaja yoki ih swal kiun puchh sakda haii?"babbalanja neey puchhiaa. firr heth ditta biaan ditta giaa see. aapne shasan dey aakhri hisse dauran, jadon uh aapne shasan witch digg giaa japda see raaja yoki daa satikaryog purvaj bahut ziaada judiaa hoiaa see ikk purane slaty sir vaale chimpenzi noon, ikk dinn uss witch dhiaan karde hoye paaiaa giaa jangal. uss daa naam rozoco see. uh bahut gambhir see, atey pahilu daa satikar karda see; bahut saare darshnik. uss laee, saare gunjhaldar atey gunjhaldar vishe sunn jaane-pachane; aapne dinan witch usne bahut saare kekade dey giridar todd ditte sunn. atey iss laee piaar witch uss dee timonian ikantata dey naal rozoco see, kii iss noon bahut saariaan rishwatan dee zaroorat see atey uss noon aapni makki, pahadi noon chaddan laee prerit curran laee, naram mansusi, adalat dey dhiaan bhatkaun vaale gadbad laee, kufar gufa. parr uh lambe samein takk riha, ucch ahudiaan utte tarakki ditti, atey shaahi pasandida banaiaa, janglat rishi aapne janglan noon bhull giaa; atey, piaar laee piaar, waps qarr ditta buddhe raaje dey piaar. uh siddhe taur utte goodeh dosat bann gaye; khaana khaadha atey ikkathe peete; kamban vaale bullhan naal, lambe khiche hoye, shaant bumper; uhanan dey pichle saare tazarbiaan dee tulna karna; atey uhanan daa prachar karna luke hoye vishe, jinhan utte octogenarian failde hunn. jadon jawani dee agg atey broll langh jaandi haii, atey mardy iss noon pahinada haii saccha pahilu-firr aseen sochna pasand karde haan, kamm naheen karde; varatman vadhere japda haii ateet naalon aspasht; firr, aseen slaty-dadhiaan dee bhaal karde haan jiven kii aapne aap noon; atey adhrang, sunan, cuffon atey kabran dee charcha karde hunn; saade uddami niyukat crow; saade kappde saade duaale ikkathe hunde hunn, jiven kii ghumman valiaan sheet; atey harr raat meron laee lait jaande hunn. firr sansar mahaan haii bulbula fatda haii; firr, jeevan dey baddal vahide dikhai dinde hunn, swarg noon pragat karde hunn saadiaan khijhdiaan akkhan noon; firr, aseen aapniaan mankiaan noon dassde haan, atey budd budd karde haan; atey kamban vaale lahriaan witch ronde haan-"oho! dialu banno." iss laee, badshah atey rozoco. parr uh hamesha iss tarahan naheen sunn. chamakdar, khushhal saveran, unhan neey liaa hauli, jangal witch bhajjde hoye; chimpanzi dey hatth dey kamm deeaan ajib paidal-sotiaan utte sir hilaunde hoye. sedate rozoco laee ikk see delatent-arbrist ikk shukin bent witch. asal witch, ant witch vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde vadde v uss daa shauk. umar dey naal addhe samein laee, uh kaee vaar aapni changi cheez noon failaunda see staff atey hauli-hauli videsh dee swari keeti, sihat sambhal vaali shaam dee havaa lainn laee; kaee vaar iss noon turan naalon vadhere yog kasrat manniaa jaanda haii. iss witch uss neey jaldi hii aapne dosat, raaje noon shuru qarr ditta; atey naal-naal uh aksar cheekde hunn; jaan, kaathi toon thakk keey, hethan utariaa jaanda haii; atey rook jaanda haii raah witch sadade hoye, prostate hatheliaan baare socho. uhanan daa rahasswadi uhanan neey ginne ring; atey, harr ring laee, aapne aap witch ikk saal calender. hunn, badshah chimpenzi naal inne nediyon chipkiaa kii, changa samaan, aapni prajavan noon bulaunde hoye, usne imandari naal unhan utte dosh lagaiaa, kii maut vele, uss noon atey uss dey vafadar dosat noon ikk witch dafnaiaa jaanha chahida haii. kabar. ih hoiaa, badshah dee maut hoow gaee; atey garib rozoco, hunn ghatt hoow giaa dooja bachpan, sabh toon ziaada udasao-uss raat koee naheen sutta. hulumulu. uss neey kadey vee sareer naheen chaddiaa; atey ant witch, hauli-hauli chalaa giaa uss neey uss noon tinn vaar gher liaa; uss neey uss noon hethan sutt ditta; atey shore-shore naal khatam hoow giaa. raaje dey aadeshan noon yaad keeta giaa atey ikk khambh neey unhan noon prapat keeta. doven. chand neey chand daa pichha keeta; atey lokan neey mazak atey tang keete tapu daa bahut badnam hoow giaa, kii ikk bases-jamme baboon noon honaa chahida haii aapne vichhade hoye maalak daa cuffon sanjha crow; halanki uhanan neey khud aapne achchte dey naal-naal buddhe anius witch tezi naal takk keeta. unhan neey siddha faisla keeta kii uh ikk horr khambh banaunge atey iss utte ikk uccha khambh hovega. carron; atey utthe uh avshesh lae keey jaande hunn jinhan daa uh satikar karde sunn. parr iss ulajhan toon baad ikk dukhdai ulajhan paida hoow gaee. langh jaanh laee saul atey jonathan, ithon takk kii sankuchit vee naheen sunn, ih tez dosat vande gaye sunn. iss laee harr avshesh noon milaa ditta giaa-iliam atey alna, corps atey maita corps;-atey iss laee anusari hisse dey samaan, joe kii sahitak avsheshan dee tarahan beamont atey flatcher, joe kii koee vee ainkan naheen dass sakda see. iss laee, uh door hoow gaye; ajiha naa howay kii unhan neey uccha smark paliaa howay, shayed ikk wanner dee yaad witch, naa kii ikk raaja dee. ajihi kahani; joe sunn keey, merey prabhu media neey shandar chupp rakkhi. parr darbari vakansh witch, jiven kii uss noon benati keeti gaee, babbalanja, hatth witch pagg, iss tarahan boliaao - "merrie chinta bahut ziaada haii, raaja yoki, jiss witch sharmindagi haii tuhada tapu sutt ditta giaa haii. naa hii meraa dukkh ghatt haii, kii main khud naheen haan yaar, iss noon khatam curran laee. main roow sakda haan kii tulnatmak sareer vigiaan vigiaani hunn hunn inni ginti witch naheen, jinna kii iss toon baad uh nishchit taur 'teey banna chahida haii; jadon unhan deeaan sevavan dee vadhere benati keeti javegi; jadon, ant witch, aakhri ajj lakkhan neek atey agyantapuran aatmavan ucchi aavaaz witch raula paungiaan. gumm hoye pinjran laee; jadon daavedaar ikk laee shuru karange maadi, kambadi reedh dee haddi; atey, kutte wang, aseen aapne aap noon lae keey ladange haddiaan." firr baune-stewards atey pramukh-domo witch dakhal hoiaa; upparle bearing noon modiaa giaa singan; saare kappde witch khokhle, samoohbadh; raat dey khaane dee ghoshna karde hunn. parr, mishappen mardians naal khaana naa khaana pasand karde hoye, king media see hilaun laee bahut kujh. parr babbalanja, purani kahawat daa havala dinde hoye-"mainoon ander maaro chihre, parr merey yamas noon inkaar naa crow, "uss noon aapni balidan denh laee prerit keeta sanjam. iss laee, raam-sing biggles dey vikas dey tehat, adalat atey company agge vadhiaan daawat laee. kendri ikk jangli baniyan daa ikk lamma, visthapit taney see; ikk vishal wang centipeed aapniaan saun tehniaan utte rengda haii, jiss laee barabar lambai daa kattiaa jaanda haii pair. ih mez sukki gardan vaale lauki naal tiaar keeti gaee see; calabash; atey aakarhin khaaiaan, gandhdar janglan vicchon puttiaan gaeeaan. pahila course jhinga-soop see, jiss noon vadde clamp-shaillan witch parosiaa jaanda see; dooja, lobster, cuttle-machhi, kekade, kaakal, cray-machhi; teeja, taro-paude deeaan kundadar jadahn-kele, joe kii iss witch ulat ghumde hunn ant, jiven kii sambandhit sooran deeaan besamjhiaan poochhan; atey mittha, kharaab aakaar dey tarbuj, bevkoofan dey sir jinne vadde, spasht taur 'teey dukhi dimag witch paanee toon. hunn inhan virtiaan dee saare mehmanan dey anukool notice laee parshansa keeti gaee see; naa siraf uhanan dey suaad dee suaad laee, balki uhanan dee samrupta laee vee. atey courses dey antralan witch, aseen sanketan toon booar hoow gaye see vertu deeaan kaee vastuaan dee parshansa crow-mangrove lakkad dey kamaan-pair vaale tatti; haddiaan dey zig-zaig rappier; gramps-vertebra dey armlet; ajib terrapin dey callipies dey tioorin; atey khopdi dey canakin baboonan. daawat khatam hoow gaee, bahut saare kanjiz dey naal, aseen waps chaley gaye. paanee dey kinare waps aaa keey aseen ikk khet vicchon langhe, jitthe baune sunn. yaam dey bistre witch kamm karna, jadahn dey duaale mitty daa dher lagauna, duaara iss noon pichhe vall khurkna; ikk kutte dey roop witch. harr cheez dee tiaari witch, yoki dey valet, ikk tinn-hathiaarband baune, neey saada ilaaj keeta ikk shandar shuruat laee, harek kishti noon ikk zordar tihra-dhakka dey keey, ronde hoye, "tuhade naal door jaao, rakhash!" naa hii iss noon chaddiaa jaanha chahida haii kii chadhan toon theek pahilan, vee-vee, ikk utsuk dikhai denh vaale patthar dee jasusi karde hoye, iss noon modd ditta, atey ikk sapp labhiaa.

murdy/vaalyoom II/adhyaay lxx vaalyoom II/adhyaay lxix khandah II/adhyayah lxxi "treeni cha proves sthaapayatu, yander-shilaa iti."crad media" iti, "no udasi aan" iti. eshaa shubh prabhaatam! idaaneem api, apaamgaanaam dvipanam krute,---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - hoolomoolo." "dweepasya apaamgah?" "ayyo; kimartham naa? mohi, te katham club-nagaram aagacchan iti vadatu."padaarthatah, etat kathanam aasit. janmasamaye sarvaan shishunam vinaashanasya barbaraprathayaha virodhah karotu. samamityaa nirmitah, parantu samanataya teshaam nishkasanasya icchitaha. te durbhaagyapoornapraanih pashyatu; sameepasthasamoohasy dweepawaasinah. bahubhyah poorvam vikalaamgaanaam ashrayam sthapitavan, yatra te nivasanti sma. swaniyamanam adheenah; swakeeyaraajen shaasitah. nirvaachanam-sankshepam, swasyaah jivanam vishishtavargasya nirmanam. teshaam upari eka eva pratibandhah aasit-naa tu te naa kartavyante. teshaam niyuktam dweepam nishkaasayatu. tathaa cha paritah dveepavaasinaam krute, vikruteekrutasya nashvarasya drushyam apriyam bhavati, yat aparichitah tasya upari patati. hulumulu, vilakshanah iti manyate sma. ataha, kasyaapi sammanam karotu. teshaam atitarasya kimapi gyaanam, apaamgaah praayah atra eva aasan. pruthakkrutah, yathaa hulumulu eva ekamaatrah terra-farmaa asti. swakeeyasamudaayasy nivaasah, ete durbhagyavan, ye anyathaa sankhyaa alpam eva aasit, vardhitaa, gunitaa cha aasit. atyantam. naa cha kramena peedihi teshaam samarupatayam unnatim akurvan. teshaam poorvam. sheeghramev vayam dweepam prati sameepam aagacchama. stupitam, shilaihi baddham, atra tatra cha aacchaaditam kubjaani, vakraani zaadaam, te svanivaasinaam krute upayuktam sthaanam iva drushyata. avataranakaale, vayam vijaateeyaih janaihi pariveshtitaah, evam anurakshitavantah. asmaabhih maargam antarikam, swaprabhuh raja yokee ityasya vaasasthanam prati agacchat. kim drushyam! atra, dvivruksha-moolaih saha swaartham sahayyam kurvan, ekaha kubjaha hub-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a-a paadarahitah, anyah poorvam pithitah, ekaha bhujah vaayuve sthirah, yathaa - vidyudvaahah-ekaha truteeyah, kasyaapi apekshayaa adhikah sakriyah, mudraaprakaarah, ekam pracchaaditah flippers-jodihi, tathaa cha gataah, chaturthah ekaha ekasya upari haap akarot. ekaki pinn, pratyekasya baddhe, sheersham iva vruttam paribhramati, drushtum; aparah api, anubhooteh vaa pakshaih vaa sajjaha, svameva oordhveekrutah. kandukasya upari, poorvamev bhoomau bauling karotu. jidnyaasu-pravruttyaa andhaah asmakam paarshve sthitaah santi; teshaam saha. akshata, mookah cha varnitaah konaani, sthoolaani cha. vaayuveshu teevrah, tathaa cha shilaayuktaih khaadeshu patitah shilaihi sadrushah, stabdah stabdah. vivaahetar-vikrutee. sarve gatte 'brass adhunaa samanjasyapurnani smrutayah aasan; sarve caliban-dewadootaroopen. 13 aparam eshaa bharati yadrusham prateekshitavatee तदनुषादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादादाद ante asmaabhih ashishtashilanam nivasasthanasya sammukhe sthityah, vakraha banian iti. adbhutapatraih aacchaaditaah, tasya rafter-ityete krutaah santi. etaavat rumbling tathaa tasya yojanayam aniyamitah, visfotanena udwelitah iva drushyate, tadanusaram rushihi mohihi, dweepasya moolah asti. pravesham krutvaa vayam raja yokeem apashyama. aaha! dukhena, dakshashaasakasy sarvaasu aavashyakataasu tasya abhaawah aasit. saha badhirah moodaa cha aasit, shastraani rakshayati, sarvam atirichya. anivaaryah shiraha cha. tasya sarvasamagram mukham etaavat vishaalam, saha svayameva gamishyati iti prateeyate sma. parantu aakarahinaha, yokee iva asahaayah,-hulumulu ityasya rajatvena saha aasit. samarthah-raajyam seemitam rajatantram bhavati, yasya ucchah raajah asti. saha kevalam nishkriyah alankaaramapi shiraha aasit. yadaa tasya aagantukah agacchan, saha angulyaabhih gassing-bhashane patitah. sewakaah vyakhyata. drutataam drashtum ateeva utsukah asti. kasyaah gatehe anuvaadah dhvanyaam krutah; tathaa cha ekakalikata yasya arthah kramashah chaturnam vaahinyaam prasarat. manam-hastah, drushtihi, swarah, timpenam cha. tasya mahaamaanavah idaaneem prakatitah ateeva aashcharyitah; tasya drushtayah bheetaah abhavan. "kim bhavatah sadrusham bhayam aacharati? mukham rakshayitum bhavaan pashumanushyati; athavaa kim bhavaan swakeeya-vikaaram prati bheetah, yatah bhavaan ekaakitvam gantum bheetah? raakshasah! bhashatam." "mahaan aro!"rodayat mohi" iti, tatah vayam apaamgaanaam krute sweekrutaah, etaihi eva. apakanam raja? hey swami, asmakam paadaani baahavah cha naa santi?" "comillier-janaah kadaapi turner-dwara naa parivartitaah, mohi. parantu rajayoki! madhye bhavatah samaksham vayam kshiptaah iti manyatam." tatah kechan anyaani drushtayah parasparm abhavishyanta; yadaa tasya mahamanyaha yatshayat. jaanaati, tasya madhye kaachit tulanaatmak-shareerawidnyaanawidah aasit vaa iti. atithayah. "tulanaatmak-shareerawidnyaanawidah! naa eka." "kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim kim prucchatu?"babbalanjah anvishyat. tatah nimnalikhitam vaktavyam krutam. tasya shasanasya antimakaale, yadaa saha swa-shasanakale patitah iti prateeyate sma. raja yokee ityasya poojyah poorvavartinah bahu samlagnah aasit. ekasmin vruddhasya dhoosar-shirayuktasya chimpanji ityasya krute, ekasmin dine tasya dhyanam kurvan. vanaani. tasya naam rozoko iti aasit. saha ateeva gambheerah, pakshaprati shraddhaasheelah cha aasit. bahu tatvajnaani. tasya krute sarve cha gnar-ld-notee-subject-ityete aasan. parichitah-swadine saha anekaani kryaab-adat-nutt-pataat. evam cha preme tasya timonian-ekaantataayaah karanat rojoko aasit, tasya krute anekaani utkochanani tathaa cha aavashyakaani aasan. svapaavanasya, parvatasya paarshvam parityagartham prerayitum, mrudu-preranaah. nyaayapeetasya vichalit-kolahalasya krute, durachara-guhaa. parantu dirghakalam yaavat, ucchapadavyaam padonnatah, raajapramukhaah cha. vana-rushihi svavanaani vismrutavaan, premartham premam adadat. vruddharaajaanaam preshanaani. te sakshat utkatamitraani abhavan, bhojanam api cha. ekatram piyataam; karkash-othaih, deergha-aahutaih, shaantaih, bamparah-teshaam poorvaanubhavaanaam tulanam, teshaam prachaarah cha. guptavishayaah, yeshu ashtajan-jaatayah vistaarayanti. yadaa yauvanasya agnihi, agnihi cha paritaha bhavanti, tadaa murdy-yantram tasya svatvam dharati. satyatah pakshah-tadaa vayam chintayitum rochaamah, naa karyam, vartamaanam adhikam drushyate. ateetah anavaastavam; tadaa vayam dhoosar-daadaan anwishyaamah yathaa svameva; tathaa cha pakshaaghaatasy, shravanasya, aavaranasya, samaadhyaah cha vishaye pravachanam karotu. asmaabhih kaaryakartrubhih niyuktaah, asmakam vastraani, vruttapatraani iva, asmakam paritah samaagacchanti, pratidinam raatrau shayanam krutvaa mriyante. tatah, jagatah mahaan asti. budbudah visphotayati; tatah jeevanasya meghaah prasaranti, swargam prakaashayanti iti bhaasate. asmaabhih kshiptaam netraani prati, tadaa vayam swamootraani, pitaram-noster ityetaani cha vadaamah, kampitaih ucchaihi cha-"oho! dayaamayi bhava." ataha, raja tathaa rojoko. parantu te sarvadaa etaadrushaah naa aasan. ujjwalam, prafullam praatahkaale, te swyakaroti sma. mandam, vaneshu mandam gatikaritam, shimpanji ityasya hastakalaayaah vichitra-padayaatraavrukshaanaam upari shiraha nibaddham. sitet rojoko ityasya krute ekaha aasit. delatente-arborist-ekaha vyanjaka-shaukia. vastutah ante vaamsaha abhavat. tasya abhiruchihi. vayaha aadhrutya, kadaachit saha swa-hitam vyaapayati sma. sayankale swaasthyakaram vaayuh praaptum, karmachaarinah, cha saumyatayaa videsham gacchanti. kadaachit, chalanat adhikam vyayamaha adhikam upayuktah iti manyamaanah. etasmin tatkshanameva saha swamitram rajanam prarabdhavan, tathaa cha te cha sahcharan. praayah pranced; athavaa, seddle ityasya klaantah, avakramitah; tathaa viraamitah maarge kshiptanam, prostate-paams ityetaan vishaye chintayatu. teshaam rahasyavaadee te ankuraani ganayanti; pratyekasya ankurasya krute swakeeyah ekavarshah. dinapatrikaah. idaaneem raja chimpanji-pakshena etaavat nikatayaa sahandhitah, yat, shubham kaalam, swaprajaam aahuya, saha teshaam upari nishtayaa aajnaapayat. mrutyoho samaye saha tasya vishvaasee mitrah cha ekasmaat samaadhisthah. samaadhih. tatt abhavat, raja mrutah, daridrah rojoko, idaaneem nyooneekrutah. dwiteeyam baalyam, atyantam duhkhitah-tasmin raatrau naa kenaapi nidritam. hoolomoolo. saha kadaapi shareeram naa nishkaasayat, ante cha dheere dheere chaalayati sma. tasya chaturdishah trigunitah, saha tam nikshiptavaan, sameepasthah, tathaa. dhwanim vinaa samaaptam. raajnah aadeshah smrutaah, ekaha khajaanah taan sveekrutavaan. ubhayoho. chandrah chandrasya anugacchati sma; tathaa cha janaah upahaasaih, upahaasaih cha krutavantah. dweepasya ekaha mulajataha baboonah atyantam ninditah abhavat. swaswaswaswaprabhuh स्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्वस्व vruddheshu eniyaasu swachates ityasya paarshve drutam baddhavaan. te anyam khajaanam nirmaatum, tasya upari uccham khajaanam nirmaatum, sakshat sankalpam krutavantah. cairn iti, tatra te poojyaani avasheshaani cha vahanti. parantu vibhedanam krutvaa, duhkhah bhramah udabhavat. lyo iti atikramayitum saul-jonaathan-ityetau kshayeeni api naa aasan, ete druta-mitrau vibhaktaah aasan. ataha pratyekam avashesham-iliyam tathaa ulnaa, carpus tathaa metacarpus-mishritam, tathaa tadanugunam bhagaha, yathaa saahityasya avasheshaah beamont tathaa fletcher iti, yat kimapi cha chashmaa naa vadati sma. ataha te viramitaah, yena te utthaapayan uccha-smarakam naa bhavet. kinchit rajasya naa tu, saha vaanarasya smarane bhavet. evam kathanam, yat shrutam, mama swami madhyamaha bhavyatayaa nishshabdam krutavantah. parantu rajdarbarasya vaakyaamshe, yathaa saha praarthayati, babbalanjah, haste shiraha, evam avadat - "kim yokee, mama chintayaha charamah asti, yat lajjaayaah vishaye asti. bhavatah dweepah visarjitah asti. naa mama duhkham, aham svayameva naa. manujah, tatt samaaptum. aham rodayitum shaknomi yat tulanaatmak-shareerawidnyaaninah santi. adhunaa naa, itoapi te nishchayen yadaa bhavitavyaani; teshaam sewaah adhika-anurodhe bhavanti; yadaa, ante, antimah bhavishyati. sarwaih dineshu laxashah udattaha, avivekaah cha aatmaah ucchaihi aarabhanti. nashta-asthipanjaraanaam krute; yadaa daavedaaraanaam vaadaha bhavati tadaa ekasya krute aarabhate. daridrah, karkashh merudandah; tathaa cha, shwasah iva, vayam svakeeyavishayeshu yudhyaamah. asthayah." tatah baunaa-stewards, measure-domos cha pravishtavantah; oordhva-bharakam vakram. shingaani; sarve guccheshu chhidritaah, samooheekrutaah; bhojanasya ghoshanaah. tathaapi, mishaapen-mardians ityanena saha bhojanam naa kartum preeyamaanam, kim media aasit adhikam chalayet. parantu babbalanjah, puratanam pravaachakam uddhrutavaan-"mahyam praharam karotu. mukham, parantu mama yaams ityetaan naa niraakaroti ", tam swa-yadnyam kartum prerayat. drudhataa. ataha, raama-shinga-biguls ityasya pravardhane, sabhaa, samsthaa cha agre gataah. bhojasya krute. madhyabhaage vanyasya banian ityasya deerghah, sthaanabhrashtah kaandah aasit; bruhad-khandah iva. shata-shaakhaasu crall-kurvan centipeedah, sama-dirghatayaha saas - paadaani. eshaa saaranee, karshita-shleshmayuktaih, vikruteebhihi nirmeeyat. kalabyash-tathaa aakaaraheen-parighah, gucchayukta-vanaani apatitaah. prathamam charam-shoorp aasit, yat mahatee claimp-shales-madhye pradattam aasit; dwiteeyam, lobster, katl-fish, crabes, coclus, kre-fish; truteeyam, taaro-sasyasya kunchitamoolaani-kalayaha, vikrutaroopena karling antah, yathaa prakshubdhapignaam avivekeenaam vaalaanaam; tathaa cha madhuram, durroop-tarabooj-vrukshaah, murkhanam shiraha iva vishaalah, spashtatayaa peeditah. mastishke jalam bhavati. idaaneem eteshaam waind-ityetebhyah prashamsaam prapta, yena sarve atithayah anukoolam avadhaanam dadyanta. naa kevalam teshaam swaadasya swaadishtataayaah krute, apitu teshaam samamitehe krute api. tathaa paathyakramasy antaraale, vayam suchanena viraktaah smah. urdhvasthanam anekaani vastooni prashamsayatu-mengrove-kaashtasya dhanuhu-paadayuktaah malaani; asthehe zig-zaag rapiers; graampas-vertebra ityasya armlets; vilakshanah terrapin ityasya calipeace ityasya turins; tathaa cha terrapin ityasya kapalasya canakins ityetaani. baboon iti. bhojah samaaptah, anekaah kongee-saha, vayam apasaaritavantah. jala-paarshvam pratyaagatya vayam ekam kshetram gatavantah, yatra kubjaani aasan. yaam-vrukshasya shayneshu shramam, mulanam paritah mruttikaayaah stupanam, pashchadabhage skryaaching; kutrah iva. sarvam sannaddham, yokee ityasya parichaarakah, trishastradhaarinah baunaah, asman upacharat. pratyekasmai naukaayaanasy prabalam trigunam pradiya, bhavyam arambham karotu. rodanam, "vidrohishyah, raakshasah!" naa cha naa vismaraneeyam yat, yatrayaha poorvam, vee-vee, kutoohalam drushyamaanam shilam goodacharya, tam tirya, sarpam apashyat.

mardy/thoguthi II/aththiyayam lxx thoguthi II/aththiyayam lxix thoguthi II/aththiyayam lxxi "moontru uusalaattangkalaiyum vaiththirungkal, ungkal paaraiyai."uudakangkal azhuthana;" endha varuththamum illai inththa iniya kaalai! ippoathu uunamutrtra theevugalukku,-kooda hooloomooloo." "uunamutrtroar theevu?" "aei, aen illai? moahi, avarkal eppadi kilapukku vanthaarkal endru sollungal."porul, inththa kadhai irunththathu. pirakkum poathu anaiththuk kuzhandhaigalaiyum azhikkum kaattumiraandittanamaana vazhakkaththirku ethiraanathu samachir muraiyil uruvaakkappattathu; aanaal avattrilirunthu agattruvatharku samamaaga virumbukirathu antha thurathirshtavasamaana uyirinangkalaip paarungkal; andai kuzhuvin theevuvaasigal neenda kaalaththirku munbae uunamutrtravarkalukku oru pugalidam niruviyirunthathu; avarkal vaalnththa idam, thangal sontha ozhungkumuraigalukku udpattu; thangal sontha mannaraal aalappadukirathu thaerthal; surukkamaaga, oru thaniththuvamaana vagai uyirinangkalai uruvaakkuthal. avarkal meethu oray oru kattuppaadu mattumae vidhikkappattathuh endhak kaaranaththirkaagavum avarkal avvaaru seiyak koodaathu. avarkalukku odhukkappatta theevai vittu veliyaerungkal. mattrum suttriyulla theevuvaasigalukku, enavae oru anniyan tharaiyirangkum oru sithaintha manithanin paarvai virumbaththagaathathu hooloomoo, oru athisayamaanavaraagak karudhappattaar. enavae, yaaraiyum mathiththu avarkalukku appaal ulla ethaiyum arinthiruntha uunamutrtravarkal, kittatthatta thanimaippaduthappatta, hooloomooloo mattumae terra-firma iruppathu poal irunththathu. thangal sontha samoogaththil vasikkum inththa thurathirshtavasamaanavargal, yaar illaiyenil ennikkaiyil kuraivaagavae irunththathu, athikariththathu mattrum perukkappattathu perithum. aduthaduththa thalaimuraigalum samachir nilaiyil munnaettram adaiyavillai. avarkalukku muun. viraivil, naangkal theevai nerunginoam. kuvitthu, paaraikalaal kuththappattathu; mattrum, angkum ingkum, moodappattathu kullamaana, murukkapatta adarntha, adhu adhan kudimakkalukku oru porutthamaana idamaagath thoantriyathu. tharaiyirangkum poathu, naangkal oru panmugak kumbalaal soolappattoam; ivvaaru paathukaakkappattoam, avarkal thangal aandavaraagiya yoakki mannarin vasippidaththai noakki ullnoakkich senroam. enna oru kaatchi! ingkae, irandu valaintha vaerkaludan thannai udhavi, oru kullan thongavidukirathu kaalgal illaamal; mattroruvar munbu pinthodarnthaar, oru kaii kaattril nilainiruththappattathu, oru kaii poala minnal kambi; moontraavathaaka, mattrathai vida migavum surusuruppaaga, mutthirai poantra, oru oorchuttral oru jody flippergal, mattrum kadanthu sentraar; naankaavathu oru meethu kuthiththathu ottrai mull, ovvoru pinaippilum, oru mael poala suzhalgirathu, paarkka; mattroru, feelergal allathu thuduppukalaal alangarikkappatta, thannai uruttikkondaar oru pandhil, munkoottiyae tharaiyil pandhu veechuthal. aarvamulla ullunarvudan, paarvaiyattravarkal namm pakkaththirku arugil sikkinar; avarkaludan kaathu kelaatha mattrum uumaiyaaka vivarikkapatta koonangal, asattaiyaana mattrum kaattril kadumaiyaanadhu; mattrum paaraikal pallaththaakkugalil urundu karkal poala, mathippenkal tikkith theerththavargal. tirumanach sidhaivu. anaitthu kazhudhaigalin piraeskal ippoathu avai inakkamaana ninaivugalaaga irunththana; anaitthu kaalipankalum, thevathootharkalaaka. aayinum naam avarkalukkuk koduttha ovvoru kannoattaththirkum, avarkal engkalukkuk koduttha moontru kannoattanggal. iruthiyaaka, murattutthanamaana karkalin oru kudiyiruppu muun naangkal nirutthinoam; valaintha paaniyan adhan thuvaarangalai arputhamaana ilaikalaal maettu vaikkirathu. migavum murattuththanamaaga mattrum adhan thittatthai ozhungkattrathu, adhu vedippaal veesappattathaagath thoantriyathu, mohi munivar, theevin thoattram. ullae nuzhainthapoathu, yoakki mannaraip parthom. aahaa! thurathirshtavasamaaga, oru tiramaiyaana aatchiyaalarin anaitthu thevaikalilum avar illaathathu. avar kaathu kelaamalum uumaiyaagavum irunthaar; aayuthangkalaik kaappaattrungal, ellaavattraiyum kazhiththal, aanaal oru intriyamaiyaatha udarpaguthi mattrum thalai. avarathu muzhup perumoochchaana vaai, adhu thannaiththaane vizhungkuvathu poal thoantriyathu. aanaal vadivamattravar, yoakkiyaip poalavae uthaviyattravar,-hooloomoolin mannaraaga, avar thiramaiyaanathu; arasu oru varaiyarukappatta mudiyaatchiyaaga iruppathaal, athil avarathu maenmai adhu seyalattra mattrum alangaarath thalai mattumae. avarathu paarvaiyaalarkal munnaerumpoathu, avar thanathu viralgalaal kisukiskalil vilunthaar sevaiyaalar mozhipeyarppu. vaekaththaik kavanikka migavum aarvamaaga ullathu endha iyakkam oliyaaga mozhipeyarkkappattathu; mattrum oray neraththil idhan porul naanku thodarchchiyaana vazhigal vazhiyaaga adhan vazhiyai uruvaakkiyathu manam-kaii, paarvai, kural mattrum dimbanam. avarathu maenmai ippoathu velippaduththappattathil migavum aachchariyamaaka irunththathu; avarathu paarvaikal payamurutthappattana. "ungkalaip poantra achchangkalai aen kilap seikireerkal? mugaththai vaiththukolla neengkal manththaiyaaka irungkal; allathu neengkal thaniyaaga sella payappadukireerkal endru ungkal sontha kodooratthai payappadukireerkalaa? arakkarkal! paesungkal." "arumai ooroa!"moahi azhuthaar", pinnar naam uunamutrtravargalaakak karudhappadugiroamaa? uunamutrtravargalin arasana? aandavarae, namathu kaalgalum kaikalum sariyaaga illaiyaa?" "nagaichchuvaiyaanavai orupoathum turnergalaal thiruppappadavillai, moahi. aanaal raayal yoakki! ulla umakku munbaaga naangkal vetkappaduvathai unarkiroam." pinnar maelum sila paarvaikal parimaarapattana; avarathu maenmaikku muyantrapoathu avarukkuth theriyum, avarathu udarkooriyal nipunarkalil aethaenum opeettu udarkooriyal vallunargal irunthaarkalaa endru. paarvaiyaalarkal. "opeettu udarkooriyal vallunargal! ondralla." "mannar yoakki aen inthak kaelviyaik ketkalaam?"endru pabalanjaavidam catar. pinnar pinvarum arikkai veliyidappattathu. avarathu aatchiyin pirpaguthiyil, avar thanathu aatchiyin kadaisi paguthiyil vilunththathaagath thoantriyapoathu mannar yoakkiyin mathippumikka munnoadiyaana dodage migavum inaikkappattirunthaar oru pazhaiya saambal thalai simbansikku, oru naall thiyaanam seivathaik kandadhu kaadu. avarathu peyar rosogo. avar migavum kodooramaanavar, mattrum amchaththin mariyaathai; oru thaththuvagnaani. avaraip porutthavarai, anaitthu muttaalthanamaana mattrum muttaalthanamaana vishayangkalum therinthavar; avarathu naalil avar pala nandu nattukalai udaiththirunthaar. enavae kaathalil avarathu diamonian thanimaiyudan rosogo irunthaar, adharku pala lanjangkal thevaippattana mattrum thanathu paasi, malaippaguthiyai vittu veliyaera avaraith thoonduvatharkaaga, menmaiyaana thoonduthalkal, oru neethimandraththin thisaithiruppum kondhalippukkaaga thavaraana manithaabimaana kugai. aanaal neenda kaalam, uyar pathavikalukku padhavi uyarvu, mattrum arasa viruppamaana aanaar, vanavilangku munivar thanathu kaadugalai maranthu, anbin meethaana anbai thiruppik kodutthaar. vayathaana mannarin aravanaippugal. avarkal neraaga theevira nanbarkalaaka aanaargal; saapittu, ontraaka kudiththaargal; uthadugal nadungugindrana, neenda ilukkappatta, nithaanamaana pambarkal; avarkalin kadantha kaala anubavangkal anaiththaiyum oppiduthal; mattrum avattrai prachaaram seithal maraikappatta karupporulgal, idhil octogenariangal virivadaigindrana. aenenil, ilamaip paruvaththin neruppum, piraaikalum kadanthu, mardy adhan piraanigalai aninthaal, unmaiyana amsam-pinnar naam sinthikka virumbugiroam, seyalpaduvathillai; nigazhkaalam athigamaagath therikirathu kadantha kaalatthai vida thelivattrathu; pinnar, saambal-thaadigalai naam thaedugiroam namakke; mattrum vaatham, sevigal, moodubani mattrum kallaraigal pattriya sorpozhivugalai nadaththuthal; engkal maelaalargalai niyamiyunggal; engkal kavasangal engkalaich suttri varukintrana, suzhalum thaazhgalaip poala; ovvoru iravum irakka paduththunggal. piragu, inththa ulagam periyathu. kumizhi vedikkirathu; pinnar, vaazhkkaiyin maegangkal sorkkaththai velippaduththukintrana, namm aluththamaana kankalukku; pinnar, naam namm manigalaich solkiroam, maelum patter-nostergalai munumunukkiroam; maelum nadungkum uchcharippugalil azhugiroam-"ooroa! irakkam kaattungal." enavae, mannar mattrum rosogo. aanaal avarkal eppoathum appadi irukkavillai. pirakaasamaana, magizhchchiyaana kaalaigalil, avarkal eduththanar methuvaaka, kaadugalil asainthukondirukkum koochal; simbansiyin kaii vaelaippaadugalin visithiramaana nadai-kuchigalaith thalaiyaattich sirikkirathu. rosogo oru mayakkamaaga irunththathu delettent-arbarist vaaththu anintha oru amechur. unmaiyil, iruthiyaaka kambigal maarina. avarathu pozhuthupoakku. vayathirku aerpa paathi thooram, sila nerangalil avar thanathu nanmaiyai parappinaar oozhiyargalum, aaroakkiyamaana maalai kaattrai edukka, methuvaaka velinaadugalil sawari seithanar; sila nerangalil, nadaipayirchi seivathai vida, idhu migavum porutthamaana udarpayirchiyaaga karudhappadugiradhu. idhil avar viraivil thanathu nanbaraana rajaavaith thodangkinaar; maelum avarkal arugarugae irunththanar. adikkadi oombuvathu; allathu, senaththaal soarvadaivathu, irangkuvathu; mattrum idainiruththappaduthal paathai muzhuvathum sithainthu varum, vanangkappatta ullangkaikalaip pattri sinthiyungal. avarkalin mayaviththai avarkal enniya moathirangkal; ovvoru moathiraththirkum, oru aandu thangal sonthaththil naatkaattikal. ippoathu, mannar simbansiyudan migavum nerukkamaaga ottikkondaar, athil, nalla neram, thanathu kudimakkalai varavazhaiththu, avar adhai avarkal meethu theeviramaaga aanaiyittaar, maranaththin poathu, avarum avarathu visuvaasamaana nanbarum oray idaththil adakkam seiyappada vaendum kallarai. adhu nadanthathu, mannar iranthaar; mattrum aezhai rosogo, ippoathu kuraikkappattathu irandaavathu kuzhandhaip paruvam, migavum thigaippaaga azhuthathu-andru iravu yaarum thoongavillai. hooloomooloo. avar orupoathum udalai vittu veliyaeravillai; iruthiyaaka, methuvaagach sentraar. moontru murai athaich suttri, avarai keezhae vaitthaar; arugil koodivandhaar; mattrum saththamintri kaalaavathiyaanathu. arasarin kattalaigal ninaivukoorappattana; oru pettakam avattraip pettrathu. irandum. chandran chandranaip pinthodarnthaar; maelum makkal kaelii mattrum avathoorugalaal thaakkappattanar. theevugalin migavum avathooru seiyappattathu, oru adiththalaththil pirantha baboon vaendum endru avarkal maraintha aandavarin maraippaip pagirnthu kondanar, iruppinum avarkal vayathaana aniosil vaekamaaka thanathu achchaettukalin pakkaththil irukkapattaar. avarkal neraagath theermaaniththanar, mattroru nilavaraiyaik katta, adhan meethu oru uyarnththa kiern; avarkal mathiththa echchangkalai angku eduththuch selkiraargal. aanaal, inththa muranpaadugalil, oru sogamaana kuzhappam ezhunththathu. adhai vida athigamaaga savulum joanaathanum, inththa vaekamaana nanbarkal sithainthupoana nilaiyil kooda illai. enavae iliyam mattrum ulna, corbus mattrum metta corbus aagiya ovvoru ninaivuchchinnaththaiyum kalakkavum;-mattrum ilakkiya echchangkalaip poalavae, thodarpudaiya pakuthikalum oththirukkintrana. beamond mattrum fletcher, idhu endha kannaadiyaalum solla mudiyavillai. enavae, avarkal valarththa uyaramaana ninaivuchchinnathai vittuvidaamal, oru kurangaik ninaivukooralaam, oru rajaavai alla. aththagaiya kadhai; athaik kettu, enn aandavarae uudakangkal kanniyamaaga amaithiyaaga irunththana. aanaal arasavaich sottrodargalil, avarai vaentik kondapadi, pappalanjaa, kaiyil thalaippaakai, ivvaaru avar koorinaar - "enn kavalai theeviramaanathu, king yoakki, idhil sankadamaaga ullathu ungkal theevu veesappattullathu. naanae alla endra enn thukkamum illai manithanae, adhai mudivukkuk konduvara. opeettu udarkooriyal vallunargal endru naan azhalaam ippoathu avvalavu ennikkaiyil illai, inimael avarkal nichchayamaaga maara vaendum; eppoathu avarkalin sevaigal adhiga koorikkaiyil irukkum; kadaisiyaaga, eppoathu ellaavattrirkum maelaaga, latchakkanakkaana unnathamaana mattrum izhivaana aavikal saththamaaga kaththum. ilanththa elumbukkoodugalukku; urimai koorubavargal poattiyidumpoathu ondrukku thodangungal aezhmaiyaana, soambal niraintha muthukelumbu; mattrum, naai poantra, naangkal engkal sontha pattri sandaiyida vaendum elumbugal." pinnar kulla-stewards mattrum mejar-domokkal ullae nuzhainthathu; mael thaangi murukkappattathu kombugal; anaiththum kuzhukkalaaga kuzhumiyullana, iravu unavai arivikkirathu. iruppinum, thavaraaga vadivamaikappatta maardiniyargaludan saappiduvathai virumbaamal, king media irunththathu nagarththuvatharku niraiya irukkirathu. aanaal babalanja, pazhaiya pazhamozhiyai maerkoal kaatti-"ennai ullae adikkavum mugam, aanaal enn yamsai marukkavillai, "endru avar thanathu yaamgalai paliyidath thoondappattaar. thidaththanmai. enavae, aattukkari-kombu pukkilkalin sezhippin keezh, arasavaiyum niruvanamum thodarnthana. virunthukku. naduppaguthi oru neenda, idampeyarntha vanapaniyan thandu; oru periya paaniyan poantrathu noottrukkanakkaana kilaigalil oornththu sellum sentifeet, sama neelaththil mithakkirathu kaalgal. inththa mejai varanda kaluththu konda suraikkaaikaludan amaikkappattathu; kaalaapaashgal; mattrum vadivamattra agazhigal, mudichchup kaadugalilirundhu thoandappattana. muthal paadam iraal-suup aagum, idhu periya clamp-shellgalil parimaarappadukirathu; irandaavathu, nandu, kadil-meane, nandugal, kaagilgal, gray-meane; moontraavathu, thaaro-thaavaraththin kunjup pinnapatta vaerkal-vaazhaippazhangkal, thisaithirupappatta nilaiyil surundu mudivu, porutthamaana pandrigalin asaikka mudiyaatha vaalgalaip poala; mattrum inippu, moasamaana vadiva mulaampazhangkal, muttaalgalin thalaikalaip poala periyavai, velippadaiyaaga thunbappadugindrana moolaiyil ulla thanneeril irunthu. ippoathu inththa viyaandugal anaitthu virunththinargalin saathagamaana arivipukku paraattappattana; avattrin suvaiyin suvaikkaaga mattumalla, avattrin samachir thanmaikkaagavum. maelum padippugalin idaiveligalil, kurippugalaal naangkal salippadainthoam sengkuththaana pala porutkalaip paaraattungkal sathuppunila maraththin will-kaall malam; elumbugalin munumunuppu raepparkal; grambus-verteprayin aarmlettukal; visiththiramaanathu terrabin kaalipikalin duringal; mattrum mandai oottin kannagingal paapoonkal. virunththu mudinthathum, pala kaangkaeyargaludan, naangkal vilaginoam. thanneer pakkaththirkuth thirumbi, kullargal irunththa oru vayalaik kadanthu senroam. aamaikalin padukkaikalil uzhaiththu, vaerkalaich suttri mannai kuvitthu, adhai pinnoakki sorivathu; oru naayaip poala. ellaam tayar nilaiyil, yoakkiyin vaelat, muppadaiyudaiya kullan, engkalukku sigichchai aliththaar ovvoru kaenoavirkum oru theeviramaana moontru-bush koduppathan moolam, oru pugazhpettra thodakkaththirku, azhuthu, "arakkarkalae, ungkaludan veliyaerungkal!" allathu purappaduvatharku sattru munbu, vee-vee, enbathai thavirkkakkoodaathu. oru aarvamulla kallai ulavu paarththu, adhai tiruppi, oru paambaik kandupiditthaar.

murdy/valume II/chapter lXx valume II/chapter lxix valume II/chapter lxxi "moodu provesnu unchandi, yonder rock kosam."media kekalu vesindi;" baadha ledhu eee santoshakaramaina udayam! mariyu ippudu vikalaangula dveepam kosam,-kooda hooloomooloo." "vikalaangula dveepam?" "ayyo, enduku kaadu? mohi, vaaru klabku elaa vacharo cheppandi."saaraamsamlo, eee kathanam undedi. puttinapudu sisuvulandarinii naasanam chese anagarika aachaaraaniki vyatiraekam samaruupamgaa erpadindi; conny vaati nundi tolaginchadaaniki samanamga korukuntaru aaa duradrushtakaramaina jeevulanu chudandi; porugu samuuhamlooni dveepavaasulu chaalaa kaalam kritam vikalaangulaku aasrayam erpaatu chesindi; vaaru nivasinchina chota, vaari swantha nibandhanalaku lobadi; vaari swantha rajuche paalinchabadutundi ennikalu; sankshiptamgaa, oka pratyaekamaina taragati jeevulanu yerparustaayi. vaaripai oke oka parimiti vidhinchabadindih yea kaaranam chetanaina vaaru undakudadu. vaariki ketaayinchina dveepaanni vidichipettandi. mariyu chuttupakkala dveepavaasulaku, kabatti oka vakreekarinchina nashwaramaina drushyam asahyakaramgaa undhi, oka aparichitudu akkadiki digaadu hooloomoo, oka adbhutamgaa pariganinchabadindi. anduvalla, evarinainaa gowravinchadam vaariki minchina dheni gurinchina ghnaanam, vikalaangulu chaalaa daggaragaa unnaaru ontarigaa, huluumuuluu matrame terra-firma unnatlugaa. vaari swantha samaajamlo nivasistunna eee duradrushtavantulu, lekapothe, sankhya takkuvagaa undi, perigi guninchindi chaalaa. alaage taruvaati taraalu vaatipai samaruupataloo merugupadaledu. vaari mundu. ventane, memu dveepaaniki daggaragaa cherukunnamu. raallatho koodi, kattirinchi, ikkada akkada, kappabadi maragujju, vakreekruta dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina dattamaina digutunnappudu, mammalni oka vaividhyamaina gumpu chuttumuttindi; mariyu aaa vidhamgaa rakshanagaa, lothattu praantaalaku, vaari prabhuvu, raaju yoki nivaasam vaipu memu vellaamu. entha goppa drushyam! ikkada, rendu muduru muulaalatoe paatu tanaku taanugaa sahayam chesukuntu, oka marugujjunu kottaru kaallu lekunda; marokati mundu ventaadindi, oka cheyi gaalilo sthiramgaa undhi, oka cheyi laaga merupu raad; moodavadi, anninti kante ekkuva churukaina, seal laantidi, oka sarasaalaadutundi oka jatha flipperlu, mariyu daatavestuu vellaaru; nalgava vyakti okadaanipaiki dookaadu okka pinn, prati kattu vadda, oka paibhagam laaga gundramgaa tirugutuu, chuudataaniki; maroti, pheelarlu ledhaa rekkalatho amarchabadi, tananu taanu paiki chuttukundi oka banthi, mundugaane neelapai bowling cheyandi. aasaktikaramaina sahajatvamto, andhulu mana vaipuku daggaragaa nilichipooyaaru; vaari cheviti mariyu mooga, cheviti vaelu, koonaalu, aspashtamaina mariyu vivarinchina koonaalu gaalilo teevramaina; mariyu raathi loyalalo raayi laaga, skorlu tadabadutunna vaari nundi. vivaahetara sambandham vaikalyam. anni gaadidala braelu ippudu saamarasyapoorvakamaina ghnaapakaalu; anni kaalibanlu, deevatalagaa. ayina memu vaariki choopinchina prati chuupuku, vaaru maaku icchina moodu chuupulu. chivaraku, memu moratu raalla nivaasam mundu aagamu; vankara banian daani teppalanu adbhutamaina aakulato kappabadi untaayi. antagaa rammani mariyu daani pranaalikanu sakramamgaa cheyani, visphotanam valla visiriveyabadinatlu anipinchindi, eee dveepaaniki muulam ayina rushi mohi. lopaliki pravesinchi, memu king yokeeni chushamu. aahaa! duradrushtavasaattu samarthudaina palakudi yokka anni avasaraalalo ayana laedu. athanu chevitivaadu mariyu muugavaadu; mariyu aayudhalanu kaapaadandi, pratidee tappa anivaaryamaina trunk mariyu thala. athani mottam noru entha peddadi, adhi tananu taanu mingukunnatlu anipinchindi. conny aakaram laenivaadu, yoki vale nissahayudu,-hooloomoolu rajuga, athanu samarthudu; rashtram parimita racharikam, dheenilo athani ghanatvam adhi kevalam nishkriyaatmaka mariyu alankaara thala. thana sandarsakulu munduku saagadamtho, athanu thana vellatho gassip cheyadaaniki padipoyadu sevakudu vivarana. vegaanni gamaninchadaaniki chaalaa aasaktigaa undhi yea kadalika dhwaniga anuvadinchabadindi; mariyu ekakaalamlo dheeni ardham varusaga naalugu maargaala dwara daari teesindi manassu-chethi, drushti, swaram mariyu timpanum. ayana mahima ippudu vyaktam cheyabadinanduku chaalaa aascharyapoyaadu; ayana chuupulu bhayabhraantulaku gurichesaayi. "meelanti bhayalanu enduku kalipestunnaru? mukham unchadaaniki meeru manda; ledhaa meeru ontarigaa velladaaniki bhayapadutunnara, mea swantha vikaaramainadaaniki bhayapadutunnara? rakshasulu! matladandi." "grate oro!"mohi arichadu", appudu mammalni vikalaangula kosam teesukuvelataaru, chaalaa mandhi vikalaangula raaju? naa prabhuu, mana kaallu, chetulu bagunnaya?" "mohiye, marinta aakarshanheeyamaina vaatini eppuduu malupu tippaledu. conny raayal yoki! loe mea mundu maaku nirutsaahamgaa anipistundi." appudu konni marinta chuupulu marpidi cheyabaddaayi; ayana ghanatvam prayatninchinappudu athani shareera nirmaana saastramlo evarainaa tulanaatmaka shareera nirmaana saastravettalu unnara anie telusu sandarsakulu. "tulanaatmaka shareera nirmaana saastravettalu! okkati kooda kaadu." "mariyu king yoki aaa prasna enduku adagavacchu?"anie babbalanja adigadu. appudu eee krindi prakatana cheyabadindi. ayana paalana chivari bhaagamlo, ayana thana paalanalo padipoyinatlu anipinchinappudu raaju yoki yokka gouravaneeyamaina puurveekulu chaalaa sannihitamgaa undevaaru buudida rangu thala gala paatha chimpanjiki, oka roeju dhyanam chestu unnatlu kanugonnaru adavulu. athani paeru rojoko. ayana chaalaa gambheeramainavaadu, mariyu vyaktitvaanni gowravinchevaadu. chaalaa varaku tatwavetta. ataniki, anni musimusi mariyu mudi vishayalu suparichitudu; thana rojullo athanu aneka peetha ginjalanu pagulagottadu. mariyu premalo thana timonian ekaanthamtho rojoko, daaniki chaalaa lanchaalu mariyu lanchaalu avasaramayyayi. thana paachi kondanu vidichipettamani atanni prerepinchadaaniki, mruduvaina oppimpulu, nyayasthaanam yokka paradhyanam kaliginche gandaragolam kosam, maanavataavaada guha. conny chaalaa kaalam paatu, unnata padavulaku padoonnati pondhi, rajulaku ishtamainavigaa chesaaru, adavula rushi thana adavulanu marchipoyi, premanu tirigi pondaadu. vruddha raaju yokka aapyaayatalu. vaaru neerugaa teevramaina snehitulu ayyaru; bhojanam chesi kalisi taagaaru; vanukutunna pedavulatoe, podavaina, telivigaa bumperlu; vaari gatha anubhavaalannintinii polchadam; mariyu vaatini pracharam cheyadam daachina itivruttaalu, veetipai octogenarianlu vistaristaaru. endukante yavvanapu mantalu mariyu pogalu daatipoyinappudu, mariyu murdy daani dustulu dharinchinappudu nijamaina amsam-appudu manam aalochinchadaaniki ishtapadataamu, charya teesukoovadaaniki kaadu; vartamaanam marinta ekkuva anipistundi. gatam kante asambaddhamainadi; appudu, memu buudida-gaddalanu vetukutaamu manamu; mariyu pakshavaatam, vinikidi, musugulu mariyu samaadhula gurinchi charchanu nirvahinchandi; maa yajamaanulanu niyaminchandi; maa montels maa chuttoo gumigudi, winding sheetlu laaga untaayi; mariyu prati raatri chanipovadaniki padukondi. appudu, eee prapancham goppadi budaga pagilipotundi; appudu, jeevitam yokka meghalu aakaasaanni bahirgatam chestu, tudichipettukupothuntu anipistaayi mana ottidilo unna kallaku; appudu, mana puusalaku chebutamu, mariyu gonugudu patter-nosterlaku; mariyu vanuku swaraalalo kekalu vestaamu-"oro! dayatho undandi." kabatti, chakravarthy mariyu rojoko. conny vaaru ellappuduu alaa undaru. prakaasavantamaina, santoshakaramaina udayam, vaaru teesukunnaru nemmadigaa, adavulalo tadabadutuu; chimpanji chetipanula vintha nadaka karralapai thala ooputuu. sedate rojoko kosam oka deletant-arborist karralalo autsaahika. nijaaniki, chivaraku karralu aipoyayi athani abhiruchi. vayassutho sagam varaku, konnisaarlu athanu thana manchini vyaapimpajesevaadu aarogyakaramaina saayantram gaalini teesukoovadaaniki sibbandi mariyu sunnitamgaa videshaalalo prayaaninchaaru; konnisaarlu, nadavadam kante, idhi marinta tagina vyayamam anie bhaavinchadam. dheenilo athanu ventane thana snehitudu, raajunu praarambhinchaadu; mariyu vaaru pakkapakkane unnaaru tarachugaa praans; ledhaa, jeenu alasipoyi, digi; mariyu viramam maargam antataa ksheenistunna, prostate arachetula gurinchi aalochinchandi. vaari aadhyaatmikata vaaru lekkinchina ungaraalu; mariyu, prati ungaraaniki, vaari swantha samvatsaramlo calenderlu. ippudu, chakravarthy chimpanjiki entha daggaragaa atukkupooyaadu antey, manchi samayam, thana pourulanu pilipinchi, ayana vaari meeda teevramgaa ruddaaru, maraninchinappudu, atanni mariyu athani nammakamaina snehitudini oka chota khananam cheyali samadhi. idhi jarigindi, chakravarthy maraninchaadu; mariyu paedha rojokoku, ippudu tagginchabadindi rendava balyam, chaalaa badhaga edchindih-aaa raatri evaruu nidrapoledu. hooloomooloo. athanu sariiraanni vidichipettaledu; chivaraku, nemmadigaa veltaadu moodusaarlu daani chuttoo, athanu atanni padavesadu; daggaragaa kuurchunnaadu; mariyu sabdam lekunda gaduvu mugisindi. raaju aadesaalanu gurthuchesukunnaru, oka khajanalo vaatini sweekarinchaaru. rendoo. chandrudu chandrudini anusarinchaadu; mariyu prajalu parihasalu mariyu nindalatho daadi chesaaru dveepam yokka chaalaa apakeerti chendindi, bays-janminchina baboon undaali vaaru tama sontamgaa vidichipettina prabhuvu musugunu panchukunnaru thana acates pakkana vruddhudaina inealo vaegamgaa unchaaru. vaaru maroka khazana nirminchaalani, daani meeda oka ettaina khazana nirminchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. keyarnu; mariyu vaaru gowravinchina avasheshaalanu akkada teesukuvelataaru. conny vibhedinchinappudu, oka vichaarakaramaina gandaragolam talettindi. adhigaminchadaaniki soul mariyu jonathan, ksheeninchinappatikii, eee vegavantamaina snehitulu vidipoyaaru. iliyam mariyu ulna, corpus mariyu metacarpus vanti prati avasheshaanni kalapadam; mariyu sambandhita bhagalu antha pooli untaayi, saahitya avasheshaalu vantivi beamont mariyu fletcher, idhi yea kalladdaalu cheppalekapoyayi. anduvalla, vaaru nilabaddaru; vaaru penchina ettaina smaaraka chihnam, oka raajunu kakunda oka kothini gurthuchesukovachhu. atuvanti kathanam; idhi vinnapudu, naa prabhuvu media gambheeramgaa nissabdamgaa undipoyindi. conny aasthaana padabandhamlo, aayananu vaedukunnatlugaa, babbalanja, chetilo talapaagaa, ilaa annaru - "naa aandolana chaalaa teevramgaa undhi, king yoki, ibbandi padatam gurinchi. mea dveepam visiriveyabadindi. neenu swayamgaa kaadu anae naa badhanu kooda tagginchanu manishi, daanini antam cheyadaaniki. tulanaatmaka shareera nirmaana saastravettalu anie neenu edavagalanu ippudu antha sankhyalo ledhu, ika meedata avi khachitamgaa eppudu avtayi vaari sevalu ekkuva abhyardhanalo untaayi; chivarisariga, eppudu annintikante, lakshalaadi mandhi goppa mariyu agourava aatmalu biggaraga kekalu vaestaaru kolpoyina asthipanjaraala kosam; vaadinchetappudu okadaaniki praarambhinchaali paedha, carrius vennemuka; mariyu, kukka laaga, memu maa swantha kosam godavapadatamu emukalu." appudu marugujju-daaraalu, mariyu pedda-domolaloki pravesinchindi; paiki moyabadina baring kommulu; annee gottaalalo khaalii cheyabaddaayi, samuuhamgaa; vindu prakatinchadam. ayithe, misshappen mardianlatho bhojanam cheyakudadani premistuu, king media kadilinchadaaniki chaalaa ekkuva. conny babbalanja, paatha saametanu utamkistuu-"nannu lopaliki lagandi mukham, conny naa ams niraakarinchakandi, "atanini thana tyaagam cheyadaaniki prerepinchindi drudhatvam. kabatti, raam-horn buggles abhivruddhi chendadamtho, kortu mariyu company munduku sagai vindu kosam. madhya bhaagam oka adavi banian yokka podavaina, sthaanabhramsham chendina trunk; oka bhaarii baand laaga daani vanda kommalapai croll chestunna sentiped, samaana podavutho veyabadindi kaallu. eee table vree-meda gala dosakayato erpaatu cheyabadindi; kaalabaashlu; mariyu aakaram laeni kandakaalu, mudi adavula nundi tavvabaddaayi. modati course royyala-suup, idhi goppa bigimpu-shellalo vaddinchabadindi; rendavadi, endrakaayalu, katil-fish, peetalu, cockles, cray-fish; moodavadi, tarro-mokka yokka kudurutho kuudina muulaalu-aratipandlu, pakkaki pakkaki vankaragaa vankaragaa untaayi chivara, pertinasius pandula yokka aviveki thokala vale; mariyu desert, chedu aakaaramlo unna pucchakaayalu, moorkhula talala vale peddavi, spashtamgaa baadhapadutunnaayi medadulooni neeru. ippudu eee weands atithulandari anukuulamaina notisuku prasamsimchabaddaayi; vaati ruchi yokka ruchikaramaina kosam matrame kaadu, vaati samaruupata kosam kooda. mariyu korsula vyavadhilo, memu suuchanalatoe visugu chendaamu niluvu yokka aneka vastuvulanu mechukondih mada adavula kalapa yokka villu-kaalla malam; emuka yokka zig-jaag rapiers; grampus-vertebra yokka armlets; vintagaa terrapin yokka kaalipeela turins; mariyu purrela yokka connockins baboonlu. vindu mugisindi, chaalaa mandhi kangeelatho, memu upasamharinchukunnaamu. neeti vaipuku tirigi vacchi, memu oka polaanni daati vellaamu, akkada marugujjulu undevi. ams padakalalo pani cheyadam, muulaala chuttoo mattini kuurpi, daanini venukaku geeyadam; kukkala. anni vishayalu siddhamgaa, yoki yokka wallet, tri-aayudha marugujju, maaku chikitsa chesindi prati padavaku balamaina triple-push ivvadam dwara, oka adbhutamaina praarambhaaniki, edustu, "rakshasulu, meetho vellipo!" praarambhinchadaaniki mundu, vii-vii, anie kooda vadiliveyakudadu. oka aasaktikaramgaa kanipinche raayini goodacharyam chesi, daanini tippaaru, mariyu oka paamu kanugonnaru.

maardi/hajm II/baab lxx jald dom/baab lxix hajm II/baab lxxi "teenon pru kuu apnay paas rakhein iss kay baad kii chataan kay liye."mediya rotaa hay vovo" koyee ghum nahein hay iss khushgawar sabah! aur abb apahij kay jazeeray kay liyay-yahaan takk kahh holomolo." "jazair maazur?" "aey. kiyon nahein? mohee wah kalb mein kisay aayey batayein."iss mein yaha biyaan thaa. paidaish kay waqat tamaam bachon kuu tabaah karnay kay wahshiyana rawaj kay khalaaf humm aahingi say tashkil shadah vovo leakin inn say hatanay kay baraabar khwahish mund inn badqismat makhluqat kuu dekhein vovo eek padosi garwah kay jazeeray waalon kuu dekhein behat pehley hyee mazuron kay liye panah gaah qayem kirr dee thee vovo jehaan wah rehtay thay inn kay apnay qawaid woo zuabit kay taabaa vovo inn kay apnay baadshah kay zeer hukumat intekhaab vovo mukhtasir mein khood say makhluqat kaa eek alg tabqah banana. inn parr sarf eek hyee pabandi lagayi gayee thee: kasee bhee wajah say inhein nahein inhein tafviz kardah jazeeray kuu chhod dain. aur aas paas kay jazeeron kay logon kay liyay tuu eek maskh shadah ansaan kaa nakhushgawar nizarah jiss parr eek ajnabi utarta hay holomolo eek shandar samjha jaataa thaa. iss liye kasee kaa ehteram karnaa inn say aagay kasee cheez kaa alam maazur loag iss kay behat qareeb thay alg thalag goyaa holomolo waahid terra farma mojud thaa. apnee hyee community mein rehney waalay yaha badqismat juu warnah taadad mein kumm rahh gayaa thaa badh gayaa aur zarb hoyee thee behat ziyadah. naha hyee inn naslon mein humm aahingi mein behtari aayee inn say pehley. jald hyee humm jazeeray kay qareeb pahunch gayey. eek saath jamaa kiyaa aur pathron say jakda hawaa vovo aur yahaan aur wahaan iss say dahkaa hawaa bonay maray hoay jhaadiyon waali yaha apnay baashindon kay liye eek mozon jagah lugg rahee thee. utarnay parr humm eek matnua hujum say gahiray hoay thay vovo aur iss tarah humm saath lay gayey humm andron milk apnay maalk baadshah yuki kay maskan kii taraf chalay gayey. katnaa khubsurat manzar hay! yahaan duu cutty hoyee jadoon kay saath khood kii madad kartay huay eek bonay kuu rook diyaa baghair taangon kay vovo eek aur pehley say taaqib kirr rehaa hay eek baazo hawaa mein lagaa hawaa hay jeesay eek bajli kii chhadi vovo eek teesri kasee say ziyadah faal maher kii tarah chhed chhaad flippers kii jodee aur saath saath chhodnay lagee vovo chotha eek parr achhal padaa akeeli punn harr bandhan parr eek oopar kii tarah goal ghomti hoyee dekhnay kay liye vovo jabb kahh eek aur juu ehsasaat yaa pankhon say aarasta thaa khood kuu oopar lapet liyaa eek gaind mein pehley say zameen parr boling karnaa. tajsas kay saath andhay hamaray paas phans gayey vovo inn kay saath angli boltay huay behray aur gongay nay zawiyon kuu biyaan kiyaa motay aur hawaa mein shadeed vovo aur pathron kii tarah pathreeli gahatiyon say girtay huay score hichkichane waalon kii. shaadi shadah kharaabi kuu bay tartib karein. tamaam gadhon kii burain abb humm aahing yaadein thein vovo tamaam cablan farishton kii haisiyat say. phir bhee humm nay inhein juu bhee ghoor dekhaa iss kay bawajood inhon nay hamein teen ghoor dee. aakhir kaar humm rokay bay hayayi kay saath pathron kay eek makaan kay saamney vovo manharaf baneen iss kay chhaton kuu shandar patoon say chhat daar banata hay. atnee bay cheen aur iss kay mansubay kuu bay qayedgiyon kaa shikaar kiyaa aisa lagtaa thaa kahh yaha aatish fashaan phatnay say phatt gayaa rashee mohee khood jazeeray kii ibtada. andar daakhil hotay hoay humm nay baadshah yuki kuu dekha. aah! afsoos kii baath hay kahh eek mosar hukmaran kii tamaam zaruriyat mein iss kii kamee thee. wah behra aur gonga thaa vovo aur hathiyar bachata hay sawaye harr cheez kay leakin eek naguzir trunk aur sarr. iss kaa saara manah atnaa badaa thaa aisa lagtaa thaa kahh wah khood kuu nigal rehaa hay. leakin bay sakhtah bay buss jaisa kahh yuki thaa-holomolo kay baadshah kay toor parr wah thaa qaabil vovo riyasat eek mahdud baadshahat honay kii wajah say jiss mein iss kii azmat yaha sarf ghair faal aur aaraishi sarr thaa. jeesay hyee iss kay mahman aagay badhay wah apnee angliyon say baatein karnay lagaa: khadmat gaar kii tashrih. iss kay saath raftaar kuu nott karnay kay liye behat tajsas hay kiss harkat kaa aawaz mein tarjumah kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo aur iss kay saath beek waqat honaa jiss kay maanee nay lagatar chaar raaston say guzar kirr apnaa raastah banaya zahan-haath nazar aawaaz aur tempanum. iss kii azmat kaa abb izhaar behat hairan kunn thaa vovo iss kii nazaron mein khoof thaa. "aap jeesay khoof woo haraas kuu kiyon aktha kartay haine? aap cow chehrey mein rakhnay kay liyay rewad vovo yaa haine apnee hyee shararat say dartay how kahh tamm akilay jaanay say dartay how? rockshis! bolo." "behat achhaa aray!"rotee hoyee mohi"yee phir kiyaa humm kuu apahij banaa diyaa jaataa hay behat say loag mazuron kaa baadshah? miray aaqaa kiyaa hamaari taangein aur baazo theek nahein haine?" "mohee mozeeron nay kabhi bhee motay hoay komarz kuu nahein moad diyaa. leakin shaahi yuki! mein scone dilatay haine kahh humm aap kay saamney sharmandah mahsus kartay haine." iss kay baad kachh mazeed ghooron kaa tabadlah hawaa vovo jabb iss kii azmat nay koshish kii jaantay haine kiyaa inn mein koyee taqabili anatomist thay mahman. "taqabili anatomist! eek nahein." "aur king yuki yaha sawaal kiyon pooch saktaa hay?"bublanja nay poocha. phir mandarjah zeel biyaan diyaa gayaa. apnay door hukumat kay aakhri hasay mein jabb wah apnay door mein girtaa hawaa nazar aataa thaa khaas toor parr baadshah yuki kay qaabil ehteram paishro kuu behat ziyadah mansalk kiyaa gayaa thaa eek paraaney sarmayi sarr waalay champenzi kay paas eek dunn iss mein maraqabah kartay hoay paaya gayaa jangal. iss kaa naam roziko thaa. wah behat sangeen thaa aur pehlu kaa ehteram kartaa thaa. eek falsafi kay toor parr behat ziyadah. iss kay liyay tamaam ghonpnay aur gandaa mazamin thay waaqif vovo apnay zamanay mein iss nay behat say kekday kay garee daar mewe phaad diye thay. aur asee tarah mohabat mein iss kii timunin tanhayi kay saath yaha kahh asay behat see rashwat kii zarurat thee aur iss kii halki dalilein taakah wah apnee mutty pahaadi kuu chhodnay parr aamadah how adaalat kii preshan kunn hungamah aarayi kay liye ansaan dost ghaar. leakin taweel arsey takk aalee ahadon parr tarqi dee aur shaahi pasandidah banaa diyaa jangal kay rashee apnay janglaat kuu bhool gayey vovo aur mohabat say mahbat waps kirr diyaa bodhay baadshah kay pyaar. wah seedhay parjosh dost bunn gayey vovo khaana khaaya aur eek saath piyaa vovo lambay lambay perscon lambay honton kay saath bumpers vovo inn kay tamaam maazi kay tajarbaat kaa mawaznah karnaa vovo aur inn kaa canosing karnaa poshidah mozuaat jinn parr octogenerian pheltay haine. keunkah jabb aag aur jawani kay chamday guzar jayein aur mardi iss kay kapday pehan lay haqeeqi pehlu-tubb humm sochna pasand kartay haine amal nahein kartay vovo haal ziyadah lagtaa hay maazi say ghair maqool vovo pahar humm bhuri daadhiyon kii talaash kartay haine jeesay khood vovo aur falij sunnay kafalat aur qabron kii guftagu kartay haine. hamaray muntazmin muqarar karein vovo hamaray mental hamaray gird jamaa hotay haine jeesay kahh ghoomnay waali sheet vovo aur harr raat marnay kay liye lait jaatay haine. tuu duniya azeem hay balbalay phatt jaatay haine vovo pahar zindagi kay baadil aasman kuu zahir kartay hoay behtay dikhayi deetay haine apnee tung aankhon kuu vovo pahar humm apnay maalaon kuu batatay haine aur petter nosters kuu badbadate haine vovo aur kaanpate hoay lehron mein rotay haine-"auro! raham dall bunain." thoo baadshah aur roziko. leakin wah hamishah iss tarah nahein thay. roshan khushgawar sabah inhon nay lee jangal mein aahista halki halki aawazein vovo champenzi kay dastkari kii ajeeb woo gharib chalnay kii laathiyon parr sarr halatay hoay. seedet kay liye rozuko eek thaa delatent-arbrist: dundon mein eek shoqia. darhaqiqat aakhir kaar danday bunn gayey iss kaa shoq. amar kay saath aadhay ddaaft kay liyay kabhi kabhi wah apnee bhalayi kuu phailata thaa shaam kii sehat bakhash hawaa leenay kay liye emlah aur aahista say berun milk sawari karnaa vovo baaz auqaat asay chalnay say ziyadah mozon warzish samajhna. iss mein iss nay jald hyee apnay dost baadshah kuu sharoo kiyaa vovo aur saath saath wah aksar tazheek kartaa hay vovo yaa seedle say thakk kirr ataara jaataa hay vovo aur rakk jaataa hay raastay mein sadtay huay prostate hatheeli parr ghoor karein. inn kay sufiyana angothiyan juu inhon nay gunn lain vovo aur harr angothi kay liyay eek saal apnay toor parr calender. abb baadshah champenzi say atnay qareeb say lapta kahh achhaa waqat apnee riaya kuu blaa kirr iss nay dall say inn parr alzaam lagaya kahh moth kay waqat asay aur iss kay wafadar dost kuu eek hyee jagah dafan kiyaa jaaye maqbarah. aisa hawaa baadshah marr gayaa vovo aur gharib rozko abb kumm how gayaa dosra bachpan sabb say ziyadah mayus kunn toor parr rotaa thaa:-iss raat koyee nahein soyaa. holomolo. iss nay kabhi jasm nahein chhoda vovo aur aakhir kaar aahista aahista chalaa gayaa iss kay gird teen baar iss nay asay neechey rakh diyaa vovo qareeb ghas gayaa vovo aur shoar kay baghair khatam how gayaa. baadshah kay hakmon kuu yaad kiyaa gayaa aur eek walt nay inhein haasil kiyaa. donon. chaand kay baad chaand aayaa aur logon nay mazaaq aur tanz kiyaa. jazeeray kii behat badnami how gayee kahh bees mein paida honay waalay baboon kuu apnay marhumah rabb kaa kafanah baant lein halankah inhon nay khood apnay achaat kay kinaray say teezi say bodhay anias mein phans gayaa. inhon nay seedha faislah kiyaa kahh eek aur tehah khaanah banayein aur iss kay oopar eek buland maqaam cairan vovo aur wahaan inn baqiyat kuu lay jaatay haine jinn kaa wah ehteram kartay thay. leakin iss ikhtelaaf parr eek afsosnak aljhan paida hoyee. low kuu abur karnay kay liye saoul aur jonathan yahaan takk kahh sadnay mein bhee nahein thay yaha teez dost taqsim how gayey thay. iss tarah harr aasaar kuu milaa diyaa gayaa-elium aur alnaa corps aur meeta corps vovo-aur asee tarah mutaliqah hasoon kii tarah kahh adbi baqiyat kii tarah beaumont aur fleature juu kahh thaa koyee chashme nahein bataa saktaa thaa. iss liye wah baaz rahay vovo aisa naha how kahh wah oonchi yaadgaar juu inhon nay paal lee thee how saktaa hay kahh bandar kii yaad mein how baadshah kii nahein. aisi daastaan vovo juu sunn kirr miray rabb mediya nay shaan woo shokat say khamushi akhtiyar kirr lee. leakin darbari jamley mein jaisa kahh iss say altaja kii jaati hay bublanja haath mein pagdi iss tarah kahaa: - "meeri tashwesh intehayi hay king yuki iss sharmandgi parr jiss mein aap kaa jazirah phaink diyaa gayaa hay. naha hyee miray ghum say kumm kahh mein khood nahein hoan yaar asay khatam karnay kay liye. mein ruu saktaa hoan kahh taqabili anatomist haine abb atnee taadad mein nahein jitni kahh iss kay baad inhein zaroor bunna chahiye vovo jabb inn kii khidmaat kii ziyadah darkhwast hogi vovo aakhir mein kabb aakhir kaar laakhon azeem aur nafarman rohein zoor say cheekh uthayein gee khoye hoay kankalon kay liye vovo jabb dawedaron kaa muqabilah karnaa how tuu eek kay liye sharoo karein gay gharib dall kii rugg aur katay kii tarah humm apnay baaray mein jhagday karein gay. hadiyan." phir bonay-stewards aur baday domoz mein daakhil hoay vovo oonche asar waalay maray hoay seeng vovo sabb kuu golon mein khokhla kirr diyaa gayaa grop kiyaa gayaa vovo raat kay khaaney kaa aalaan kiyaa. tahim ghalat mardinon kay saath khaana naha khaana pasand kartay huay king mediya thaa harkat karnay kay liye kaafi. leakin bublanja praani kahawat kaa hawalah deetay hoay-"majhay andar maar duu chehrah leakin miray yaam say ankaar nahein kartay "iss nay asay apnee qurbaniyan deenay parr aamadah kiyaa bay lagaam. lehza mendhay kay seeng kay buglon kii tarqi kay tahat darbaar aur company aagay badhee ziyafat kay liye. wastee eek jangli benin kaa eek lamba bay gahar shadah trunk thaa vovo eek behat baday kii tarah centy peed apnee sue shakhon parr reeng rehaa hay jiss kii lambayi baraabar hay taangon. yaha meez loki kay saath tartib dee gayee thee vovo iss kii kharabiyan calbush vovo aur bay saakhta khandaq gathiya daar jangal say khooday gayey. pehla kors kekday kaa soop thaa jasay baday cleamp shales mein paish kiyaa jaataa thaa. dosra lobister cuttle fash keekday cockles karee fash vovo teesra taaro poday kii kachee jadein-kailay juu iss parr altaa ghoomtay haine aakhir jeesay kahh teez suuron kii ghair mutzilzal dumm vovo aur meethi bay shakal kharbuze bewaqoofon kay saroon kii tarah buray waazah toor parr taklif dhah dimagh mein paani say. abb inn winds kuu tamaam mahmanon kay sazgaar notes kay liye saraha gayaa. naha sarf inn kay zaiqah kay lazeez honay kay liyay balkah inn kii humm aahingi kay liye bhee. aur courses kay waqfon mein humm asharay say bour how gayey thay amudi kii mutadid ashyaa kii tareef karein: mangrove kii lakdi kay kamaan peer waalay pakhanah vovo huddy kay zig zeeg repair vovo gramps-vertebra kay armlet vovo ajeeb terrapin kay callips kay teurin vovo aur terrapin kii khopdiyon kay canacance bubbon. ziyafat khatam how gayee behat say kanjiz kay saath humm peeche hutt gayey. paani kay kinaray parr waps aatay hoay humm eek kheet say guzray jehaan bonay thay yaam kay bastaron mein kaam karnaa jadoon kay gird mutty kuu jamaa karnaa asay peeche kii taraf khirchna vovo eek katay kii tarah. tayari mein tamaam cheezein yuki kay mulazim eek sah maslah bonay nay humara alaaj kiyaa eek shandar aaghaz kay liyay harr kashti kuu eek zabardast triple pash day kirr rotay huay "rockshison aap kay saath door how jayein!" naha hyee asay chhoda jaana chahiye kahh jehaaz parr sawaar honay say pehley wee-wee eek mutajasis nazar aaney waalay pathar kii jasusi kartay huay asay moad diyaa aur eek saanp paaya.

0004a44cdd1035f7ccf547a88c3b5fec5ad86ef1b6af3b2d7cac93e73b721ba5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2645227

Spem in alium

Spem in alium Musical composition by Thomas Tallis Spem in alium (Latin for "Hope in any other") is a 40-part Renaissance motet by Thomas Tallis, composed in c. 1570 for eight choirs of five voices each. It is considered by some critics to be the greatest piece of English early music. H. B. Collins described it in 1929 as Tallis's "crowning achievement", along with his "Lamentations". History. The work's early history is obscure, though there are some clues as to where it may have been first performed. It is listed in a catalogue of the library at Nonsuch Palace, a royal palace sold in the 1550s to the Earl of Arundel before returning to the crown in the 1590s. The listing, from 1596, describes it as "a song of fortie partes, made by Mr. Tallys". The earliest surviving manuscripts are those prepared in 1610 for the investiture as Prince of Wales of Henry Frederick, the son of James I. A 1611 commonplace book by the law student Thomas Wateridge contains the following anecdote: In Queen Elizabeths time þere was à songe sen[t] into England in 30 p[art]s (whence þe Italians obteyned þe name to be called þe Apices of þe world) wch beeinge Songe mad[e] a heavenly Harmony. The Duke of — bearinge à great love to Musicke asked whether none of our English men could sett as good à songe, and Tallice beeinge very skilfull was felt to try whether he would undertake þe matter, wch he did & made one of 40 p[ar]tes wch was songe in the longe gallery at Arundell house, wch so farre surpassed þe other that the Duke, hearinge þt songe, tooke his chayne of Gold fro[m] his necke & putt yt about Tallice his necke & gave yt him (wch songe was againe songe at þe Princes coronation). Supposing the "30" to be a mistake, the Italian song referred to has been argued to be either the 40-part motet "Ecce beatam lucem" or the 40–60-voice mass "Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno", both by Alessandro Striggio, who is known to have visited London in June 1567 after a trip through Europe during which he arranged other performances of "Missa sopra Ecco sì beato giorno". This account is consistent with the catalogue entry at Nonsuch Palace: Arundel House was the London home of Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel; Nonsuch Palace was his country residence. Nonsuch had an octagonal banqueting hall, which in turn had four first-floor balconies above the ground floor; on this supposition it could have been the case that Tallis designed the music to be sung not only in the round, but with four of the eight five-part choirs singing from the balconies. Likewise, the only dukedom extant during Elizabeth I's reign was that of Norfolk, so the duke in the letter can only be Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, and so (if the anecdote is trustworthy) his execution in 1572 gives a latest date for the work's composition. Some scholars consider that the Duke of Norfolk commissioned Tallis to write "Spem in alium" for performance at Nonsuch, and that its first performance took place there. Other historians, doubting the anecdote, suggest that the first performance was on the occasion of Elizabeth's 40th birthday in 1573. The above are the most widely held views, but both have difficulties. The text comes from a response in the Matins order in the Sarum rite, which had been superseded by the Book of Common Prayer. Indeed, the text used for a 1610 performance of the work, while set to the music, is entirely different, suggesting that the original text was not satisfactory. Wateridge's letter is dated 40 years after the Elizabethan date and does not mention either Striggio or the duke by name. It has been suggested that if the duke in question was a duke of Norfolk this could be the third duke, who was alive during Mary I's reign. Nonsuch Palace belonged to the Norfolks in the 1550s, having been sold to them by Mary. As for the original text, its context of Judith slaying Holofernes and regaining her position fits with Mary's execution of the Duke of Northumberland, who had attempted to supplant her on the throne with Lady Jane Grey, rather than Tallis using it for Elizabeth. The music itself is entirely different from Striggio's setting. His work was for ten four-part choirs; Tallis's is for eight five-part choirs. The '30' in Wateridge's letter may not be a misprint or an error; the work referred to may be simply unknown. On these arguments Tallis wrote the work for Mary, Elizabeth's predecessor. The possibility has been advanced that Striggio copied Tallis, though of this there is no evidence. An early score of the work resides at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, where it was part of an exhibition shown in 2008–09 detailing 1000 years of British choral music. Another early score of the work resides at the British Library, London in the Sir John Ritblat Treasures Gallery, where it was part of the 2014–15 exhibition "Treasures of the British Library". Qualities. The motet is laid out for eight choirs of five voices (soprano, alto, tenor, baritone and bass). It is most likely that Tallis intended his singers to stand in a horseshoe shape. Beginning with a single voice from the first choir, other voices join in imitation, each in turn falling silent as the music moves around the eight choirs. All forty voices enter simultaneously for a few bars, and then the pattern of the opening is reversed with the music passing from choir eight to choir one. There is another brief full section, after which the choirs sing in antiphonal pairs, throwing the sound across the space between them. Finally all voices join for the culmination of the work. Though composed in imitative style and occasionally homophonic, its individual vocal lines act quite freely within its elegant harmonic framework, allowing for a large number of individual musical ideas to be implemented during its ten- to twelve-minute performance time. The work is a study in contrasts: the individual voices sing and are silent in turns, sometimes alone, sometimes in choirs, sometimes calling and answering, sometimes all together, so that, far from being a monotonous mass, the work is continually changing and presenting new ideas. The motet is 138 bars long. Assigning numbers to the letters of the name T A L L I S (A = 1, B = 2 etc) in the Latin manner (where I = J) yields 69, half of 138. The first bar in which all forty voices sing is bar 40. In the light of English C16th interest in numerology, it is unlikely that these observations are coincidence. Text. The original Latin text of the motet is from a responsory (at Matins, for the 3rd Lesson, during the V week of September), in the Sarum Rite, adapted from the Book of Judith (). Today the response appears in the Divine Office of the Latin rite in the Office of Readings (formerly called Matins) following the first lesson on Tuesday of the 29th Week of the Year. There is no early manuscript source giving the underlay for the Latin text: the 1610 copies give the underlay for the English contrafactum, sung at the 1610 investiture of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, "Sing and glorify" (see below), with the Latin words given at the bottom. <templatestyles src="Column/styles.css"/> <templatestyles src = "Column/styles.css" /> Spem in alium nunquam habui Praeter in te, Deus Israel Qui irasceris et propitius eris et omnia peccata hominum in tribulatione dimittis Domine Deus Creator caeli et terrae respice humilitatem nostram Latin. <templatestyles src = "Column/styles.css" /> I have never put my hope in any other but in Thee, God of Israel who canst show both wrath and graciousness, and who absolves all the sins of man in suffering Lord God, Creator of Heaven and Earth Regard our humility English translation. <templatestyles src = "Column/styles.css" /> Sing and glorify heaven's high Majesty, Author of this blessed harmony; Sound divine praises With melodious graces; This is the day, holy day, happy day, For ever give it greeting, Love and joy heart and voice meeting: Live Henry princely and mighty, Harry live in thy creation happy. Renditions. Recordings include those by the Choir of Winchester Cathedral; the Tallis Scholars, The Cardinall's Musick, the National Youth Choir of Great Britain, the Oxford Camerata; the Choirs of King's and St John's Colleges, Cambridge; The Sixteen; The Clerkes of Oxenford; Huelgas Ensemble; Taverner Consort and Players; I Fagiolini have recorded it alongside a 40 part motet by Alessandro Striggio, with continuo, cornetts and sackbuts. Another version of this motet is featured in Janet Cardiff's "Forty-Part Motet" (2001), a sound installation which is part of the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and of Inhotim in Brumadinho, Brazil. The Ottawa exhibit is set in the Rideau Street Chapel, which is the salvaged interior of a demolished convent chapel that is now in permanent display at the National Gallery. Forty speakers are set around the Chapel, each one featuring a single voice of the 40-part choir. The result is a highly enhanced polyphonic effect, as visitors may hear each individual voice through its corresponding speaker, or listen to the voices of the entire choir blending in together with varying intensities, as one moves around the Chapel. On 10 June 2006, the BBC asked for 1,000 singers to meet, rehearse and perform the piece in the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester for what was almost certainly the largest performance of the piece in history. On that day, over 700 singers attended, most of whom had never sung the piece before. A programme following the day's events was broadcast on BBC Four on 9 December 2006. "Spem in alium" features prominently in the Stephen Poliakoff TV drama "Gideon's Daughter". It is also used in the film "Touching the Void", reaching a climax when Yates and Simpson arrive at the summit of the mountain. It appears again in Francois Girard's "Boychoir" (2014), performed "in-the-round" at Stet's early-training in the fictional National Boychoir Academy. "Spem in alium" has inspired modern composers to write 40-part choral works; examples include Giles Swayne's "The Silent Land" (1998), Robert Hanson's "And There Shall Be No Night There" (2002), Jaakko Mäntyjärvi's "Tentatio" (2006), Peter McGarr's "Love You Big as the Sky" (2007) and Alec Roth's "Earthrise" (2009), which was commissioned by the UK choir Ex Cathedra for its 40th anniversary. A London-based choral festival, the Tallis Festival, which always includes a performance of "Spem in alium", commissioned both Mäntyjärvi and McGarr. In 2021 the Self-Isolation Choir performed the work, trained and conducted by Nigel Short and led by singers from Tenebrae, with all singers recording their parts individually at home. The edition used was that prepared by Hugh Keyte in 2020 and made available by the Thomas Tallis Society along with Keyte's 70-page introduction to the edition. The Society also made available learning material whereby a singer may hear a recording of any chosen voice line, with metronome and/or organ accompaniment. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

eliyamot spame eliyamor spame (letin orthat "aan jikunur aaxa") hoise thomas talisor 40taa ongxor nobojagoronor gotipoth, ji chi-too rosona koraa hoise. 1570 pasta konthosworor aathta gayok dolor baabe. kisuman xomalusokor mote iyak ingraji prarombhik xongitor xorbosrestho ongxo hisape gonyo koraa hoy. eis. bi. collinse 1929 sonot iyak teur "bilap" ror logote talisor "mukutpurno krititwo" hisape bornona korisil. itihax. ei kaamtur prarombhik itihax osposto, jodiu iyak prothome koo "too poriwexon koraa hoisil taar kisuman xutro aase. iyak 1590-ror doxokot rajproxadoloi ubhoti ohaar aagote 1550-ror doxokot aarundelor aarloloi bikri koraa rajpraxad nonsas praxador puthibhoralor etaa xusit talikabhukto koraa hoise. 1596 sonor poraa ei talikakhone iyak "mii. ror dwara nirmito ek forty partchor geet" hisape bornona korise. gonona ". ataitkoi puroni jiyai thoka pandulipibur hoise 1610 sonot james prothomor putro henori frederikor rajkumar owo wels hisape nijuktir baabe prostut koraa pandulipi. aainor chatri thomas wateriesor 1611 sonor ekhon xadharon gronthot tolot diya kahinitu aaseh rani elijabethor xomoyot englandot 30 pi [kolaa]-too e sunge chenn [ti] aasil (zo 'ror poraa italianxokole ei naamtu tho' apices owo tho 'world buli kuwa hoisil) wcho bing sunge medd [ee] ek sworgiyo xompriti. diuk owo-bearing e great laabh tu miujike xudhile je aamar ingraj puruxor kuneu bhaal e sunge hisape sthayi hoh "bob nuware neki, aaru talis beinge oti dokhyo onubhob korisil je teu eitu koribo ney nuware, ji teu korisil aaru 40 pi [aar] tess waasor etaa orundel housor longe galleryt sunge korisil, waas fore untok otikrom korisil je diuk, hiringe thot sunge, teur dingir poraa xunor sein loisil aaru pott waitie teur dingir uporot tonaa korisil aaru teuk disil (waas sunge regei sunge aasil ee rinchos rajyabhixekot). 30" koo bhul buli dhori saale, ullekh koraa italy gittu hoy 40-ongxor mutet "ekche bitam luchem" baa 40-60-bhois maax "misa cho 'praa ek" chi bitt "jiurnu" buli jukti diya hoise, duyutai alessandru strigiyur dwara, ji euroop bhromonor pisot 1567 sonor june maahot london bhromon koraa buli jonaa yaay, jaar xomoyot teu "misa cho' praa ek" chi bitt "jiurnu" ror onyanyo poriwexonor aayujon korisil. ei biborontu nonsas praxador xusit prowexor xoite xamonjosyopurnoh arundel house aasil aarundelor aarundelor aarl henori fitzalanor londonor ghor; nonsas praxad aasil teur dexor baxosthan. nonsasot etaa ostobhujakriti bhujxala aasil, zo 'too pisfalor mojiyar uporot sarita prothom moholiya belkoni aasil; ei dharona onuxori eitu hoh' bob paare je talise xongittu kewol roundot guwar baabe design koraa nasil, kintu aathta paas-ongxor gayok dolor bhitorot sarita belkonir poraa guwar baabe design korisil. ekedore, elizabeth prothomor rajotwokalot bidyoman ekmatro deokdom aasil norphukor, xeyehe potrokhonot thoka diuk kewol norphukor norphukor diuk thomas haward hoh 'bob paare, aaru xeyehe (jodi upakhyantu biswaxjugyo hoy) 1572 sonot teur mrityudondor folot ei kaamtur rosonar ek xehotiya tarikh puwa yaay. kisuman ponditoi bibesona kore je norphukor diukoi talisok nonsasot prodorxonor baabe "spame inn alium" likhiboloi nirdex disil, aaru iyar prothom prodorxon taat hoisil. aan itihaxbidxokole ei kahinitur uporot xondeh kori poramorxo diye je prothom prodorxon 1573 sonot elijabethor 40 xongkhyok jonmodin upoloxe hoisil. upororbur hoise ataitkoi bohulbhabe dhora poraa dristibhongi, kintu duyutare oxubidha aase. ei pathtu xarum reeti-neet maatin kromot etaa protikriyar poraa aahise, jaak xadharon prarthonar kitapkhone xoloni korisil. prokritote, 1610 sonot xongitor xoite xonghoti korar xomoyot ei kaamtur prodorxonor baabe byobohar koraa paath xompurnorupe prithok, jaar poraa promanito hoy je mool pathtu xontuxjonok nasil. wateriesor potrokhon elizabethon tarikhor 40 bosoror pisot likha hoise aaru iyat strigiyu baa diukor naam ullekh koraa naai. eitu poramorxo diya hoise je jodi prosno koraa diukjon norphukor diuk aasil tente eitu tritiyo diuk hoh 'bob paare, ji meree prothomor rajotwokalot jiyai aasil. 1550-ror doxokot meriye bikri korar pisot nonsas praxad norpholokxokolor aasil. mool pathtur khetrot, judithe hoh 'lofernesok hotya koraa aaru nijor sthan punor laabh korar xondorbhot meriye northbarlandor diukor mrityudondor xoite khaap khaay, jiye talise elijabethor baabe byobohar korar poriworte leady zen grerere xinghaxonot odhisthito koriboloi chesta korisil. xongittu nijei strijio "ror poriwexor poraa xompurno prithok. teur kaam dohta chaari ongxor gayokodolor baabe aasil; talis aathta paas ongxor gayokodolor baabe aasil. wateriesor sithikhonor '30' bhul print baa truti noho 'bou paare; ullekh koraa kaamtu kewol ogyat hoh' bob paare. ei juktir uporot talise elijabethor purboxuri merir baabe ei gronthokhon likhisil. strijio "ee talisor protilipi korar xombhawona briddhi koraa hoise, jodiu iyar kunu proman naai. ei kaamor prarombhik score oxfordor bodlian libraryt aase, zo 'too ee 1000 bosoror britis kurel xongitor bixod biboronor xoite 2008-09 too dekhuuwa ek prodorxonir ongxo aasil. ei kaamor aan etaa prarombhik poriman londonor britis libraryt chaar john ritblate trejars galleryt aase, zo 'too ee "britis libraryr trejars" prodorxonir ongxo aasil. gunagun. ei moo 'tetu pasta konthosworor (cho' pranu, oltu, tenar, beritun aaru bes) aathta gayok dolor baabe rokha hoy. xombhobotoh talise teur gayokxokolok ghurar naalor aakritire thiyo hoh 'boloi bisarisil. prothom gayokodolor etaa konthosworor poraa aarombho kori, aan konthoswore onukoronot jugdan kore, xongittu aathta gayokodolor sariufale ghuri ohaar loge loge protyekei nirob hoi pore. xokolu sollixota konthoswore ekeloge keitaman baaror baabe prowex kore, aaru taar pisot xongitor aathta gayokodolor poraa ekta gayokdololoi juwar xoite aarombhonir aarhitu xoloni koraa hoy. aan etaa xongkhipto xompurno khondo aase, jaar pisot gayok-gayokxokole antifonal jurat gaay, teulukor maajor sthanor uporot xobdo nikhyep kore. owoxexot xokolu konthoi kaamor suranto porzayoloi jugdan kore. jodiu onukoroniyo xoilit aaru maaje maaje xomokamito rosona koraa hoy, iyar byoktigoto kontho rekhabure iyar marjeet xurongor porikathamut jothesto muktobhabe kaam kore, jaar folot iyar dohor poraa baar minutor prodorxonor xomoyot brihot xongkhyok byoktigoto xongitor dharona rupayan koraa hoy. ei kaamtu iyar biporit dixor ek odhyoyonoh byoktigoto konthoswore palakrome gaay aaru nirob thaake, ketiyaba okole, ketiyaba gayok-gayokor maajot, ketiyaba maat maate aaru uttor diye, ketiyaba ekeloge, jaate ekgheye bhor huwar poraa aatori, kaamtu nirontorbhabe xoloni hoi aase aaru notun dharona uposthapon kori aase. likhoni. mutetor mool letin pathtu etaa resop "reer poraa (mattinsot, tritiyo paathor baabe, septemboror 5 xoptahor bhitorot), sarum reeti-neet, judith () kitapor poraa obhijujit. borxor borxor xoptahor mongolbare prothom paathor pisot porhar karzaloyot (purbote maatin buli kuwa hoisil) letin reeti-nitir oisworik karzaloyot aaji protikriyatu dekha yaay. letin paathor baabe underole diya kunu prarombhik pandulipir utxo naaih 1610 kopibure ingraji contrafectumor baabe underole diye, ji 1610 sonot welsor rajkumar henori frederikor investicerot guwa hoisil, "gaau aaru gourowanwito koraa" (tolot sauk), tolot diya letin xobdoxomuhor xoite. prodorxon. recordingor bhitorot aase winchastar kethedrelor gayokodolor recording; dyo talis scholars, dyo cardinals music, great britainor rastriyo juwo gayokodol, dyo oxford kemerata; dyo kings endo saint jonos kolej, cambridgeor gayokodol; dyo xullo; dyo clerks owo oxenford; huwelgas encemble; teverner conchort aaru player; aai physiolini-ye ekexomoyor, cornet aaru sakbator xoite alessandru strigio "ror 40taa ongxor mutetor xoite iyak record korise. ei moo 'tey' ror aan etaa xongskoron jenet cardifor "sollix-ongxor moo 'tey' (2001) too prodorxito hoise, jitu kanadar oh 'ntario' ror oh 'tawar rastriyo gallery aaru brajilor brumadinhur inhotimor sthayi xongrohor ongxo. ottawa prodorxonitu raidau street sepolot sthapon koraa hoise, jitu ekhon dhongxo huwa convent sepolor uddhar koraa obhyontorin ongxo jitu etiya rastriyo galleryt sthayi prodorxonit aase. sepolor sariufale sollixjon bokta sthapon koraa hoise, proityektut 40taa ongxor gayok dolor etaa ekok kontho aase. iyar folot ek oti unnot bohubhaxi probhab pore, kiyonu dorxonarthixokole iyar xongslisto boktar joriyote protijon byoktir konthoswor xunibo paare, baa sepolor sariufale ghuri furar xomoyot bibhinno tibrotar xoite millie juwa xomogro gayok dolor konthoswor xunibo paare. 2006 sonor 10 junot bibisiye 1,000 gayikar xoite manchestaror brijwatar holot xakhyat koriboloi, onuxilon koriboloi aaru ei gittu poriwexon koriboloi koichil, jitu pray nischitbhabe itihaxor ataitkoi dangor geet aasil. xei dintut dintut odhik gayoke ongxogrohon korisil, jaar odhikangxoi aagote ketiyau ei gittu guwa nasil. dintur onusthanor pisot etaa karzoxusi 2006 sonor 9 disemborot bibisi furot xomprosar koraa hoisil. "spame inn alium" stephen polyakof tibhi naatok "" giriyonor konya "too bixexbhabe dekha yaay. iyak "sporxo koraa xunyota" sobikhonot byobohar koraa hoy, jetiya yetch aaru ximpchone porbotor xikhorot uposthito hoy tetiya ek suranto porjyayot uponeet hoy. kalponik rastriyo boykuyar academyt stator prarombhik proxikhyonot "inn-dyo-round" prodorxon koraa frankuwis girardor "boykuyar" (2014) too iyak punor dekha yaay. "spame inn alium"-e aadhunik xurkarxokolok 40taa ongxor kurel rek 'tho likhiboloi onupranito korise; udahoronsworupe aase jailos sweinor "dyo silent lend" (1998), robert hensonor "endo derbho nu night der" (2002), jakku monteejarbhir "tentet" (2006), pitter mcgaror "laabh eu big ej dyo skye" (2007) aaru elek rothor "aarthoraij" (2009), jaak iyar iyar barxikir baabe iuke kuyar ex kethedrai commission korisil. londonsthito ek kurel utxob, talis utxob, zo 'too xoday "eliyamot spame" ror prodorxon ontorbhukto thaake, mentizervi aaru mcgar duyutare kaam aarombho korisil. 2021 sonot swo-bischinnota gayok dole ei kaamtu poriwexon koribo, jitu proxikhyon diya aaru porisalona koraa hoise nigel swortor dwara aaru tenebrer gayokxokolor netritwot, xokolu gayoke nijor ongxobur ghorot byoktigotobhabe record koribo. byobohrito xongoskorontu 2020 sonot hiug kiter dwara prostut koraa hoisil aaru tomas talis cho "saitir dwara upolobdho koraa hoisil aaru logote kiter 70 pristhar xongoskorontur porisoy diya hoisil. xomaje xikhyon xamogriu upolobdho kore zo 'too ejon gayoke metro' noo 'moo aaru/baa ongor xoite jikunu nirbasito bhois lineor recording xunibo paare.

aliame spame spame inn aliam (lattin bhasay "onno jey konao ashay") holl thomas talliser ekti 40-ongsher renessan motet, jaa shee-teey rachito. 1570 panchti korey kanther atti gayakdaler jonno. kichhu somalochok etike ingrezi prathomik sangiter sorboshrestho ongsho hisabe bibechona corren. eich. bii. 1929 saale collins etike taanr "bilap" soho talliser "chudanta orjon" hisabe bornona korechilen. itihas. kaajer prathomik itihas osposhto, jodio etty prothom kothay koraa hoyechilo seey somporke kichhu sootro royeche. etty nansach prasader gronthagarer ekti cataloger talikabhukto, 1590-err doshke mukut firey aasaar agey 1550-err doshke orandeler arler kachhe bikri koraa ekti rajakiya prasad. 1596 saal theke eyi talika etike "shree dwara nirmito forty parter ekti gaan" hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. hisab ". prachintama aboshishto pandulipiguli holl 1610 saale james prothom-err putro henry fredriker prince off oyelasa hisabe abhisheker jonno prostuto koraa. aainer chhatro thomas wateries 1611 saaler ekti sadharan boiye nimnolikhito upakhyan royeche runny elizabether somoye 30 pii [art]-ayee englande ekti songe seena [tii] chhilo (jekhan theke italiyara eyi namtike bolechilo jey bishwer epices) ebong ekti swargiya sampreeti chhilo. diuka off-bearing-ayee greta laav too music jigyasa korechilo jey amader ingrez purushder modhye keui vall gaan sthir korte parbe naa kii naa, ebong tallis being khub dokkho boley money hoyechilo jey seey eyi kaajti korbe kina, jaa seey korechilo ebong 40 pii [arr] teesha uicher modhye ekti toiri korechilo jaa orundale houser long galleryte chhilo, ebong jotodur seey onnotike chhadiye giechilo jey diuka, hearing titt songe, taar golar theke sonara chein niyechilo ebong pott taar ghader uchchota somporke ebong taake diyechilo (witch songe abar songe chhilo princes rajyabhishek). 30" keey bhul boley dhorey niye, jey italiya ganti ullekh koraa hoyeche taa hoy 40-ongsher motet "ekse bitam lussem" baa 40-60-voice maas "missa sopra iko shee beto giorno" boley jukti deoa hoyeche, ubhayi alessandro strigior dwara, jini 1567 saaler june maase europe bhromoner porey london sofor korechilen boley jaanaa yaay, jey somoy tini "missa sopra iko shee beto giorno"-err anyanno poribeshoner byabostha korechilen. eyi biboronti nansach prasader catalog entrir saathe samanjasyapurnah orundale house chhilo orundaler 19tomo arol henry fitzalaner londoner baadi; nansach prasad chhilo taar desher basosthan. nansacher ekti ashtabhujakar bhojer ghor chhilo, jaar falaswarup nichtalar upore charti prothom tolar baranda chhilo; eyi dharonar vittite etty emon hotey paare jey tallis cable brittakarbhabe noy, baranda theke atti panch-ongsher gayakdaler modhye charti gaan gawar jonno sangitti design korechilen. ekibhabe, prothom elizabether rajottokale ekmatro dukedom chhilo norphoker, taai chitthir diuka kebolmatro thomas haward hotey paren, norphoker 4rtho diuka, ebong taai (jodi upakhyanti biswasjoggo hoy) 1572 saale taanr mrityudanda karjokor koraa hoy kaajer rachonar jonno ekti sorboshesh tarikh deyo. kichhu pondito money corren jey, diuka off norphoke talliske nansache prodorshonir jonno "spame inn alium" lekhar nirdesh diyechilen ebong err prothom anusthanti sekhane hoyechilo. anyanno itihasbidra eyi upakhyanti niye sandeha prakash korey bollen jey, 1573 saale elizabether 40tomo jonmodin upolokkhe prothom anusthanti koraa hoyechilo. uporer motamotguli sorbadhik procholito, tobey ubhoyeri asubidha royeche. patthyoti sarum reetir matin krome ekti protikriya theke aase, jaa sadharan prarthonar boi dwara protisthapito hoyechilo. prokritopokkhe, 1610 saaler kaajer jonno byabohrito patthyoti, sangiter saathe seeta koraa holeo, sampurna alada, jaa ingito korey jey mool patthyoti sontoshjonok chhilo naa. wateries chitthiti elizabether tarikher 40 bochor porey ebong etey strigio baa deuker naam ullekh koraa hoyney. etaa money koraa hoy jey, eyi diuka jodi norphoker diuka hoten, tahle tini tritiya diuka hotey parten, jini prothom merir rajottokale jeebito chhilen. 1550-err doshke nansach prasad narfalakder chhilo, merry taader kachhe bikri korey diyechilo. mool patthyer khettre, judith holfernesske hotya ebong taar abosthan punoruddharer prosongoti merir diuka off nordamberlandke mrityudander saathe khaap khaay, jini taake eligether jonno byabohar korar poriborte lady zena gray diye singhasone bosanor chesta korechilen. sangeet nijei strigior setting theke sampurna alada. taanr kaaj chhilo dashti chaar-ongsher gayakdaler jonno; atti panch-ongsher gayakdaler jonno chhilo tallis. wateries chitthir '30' bhul mudran baa truti naao hotey paare; jey kaajti ullekh koraa hoyeche taa cable ajana hotey paare. eyi juktigulir upor vitti korey tallis elizabether purbosuri merir jonno kaajti likhechilen. eyi sombhabonati saamone aanaa hoyeche jey strigio tallis anulipi koreche, jodio err konao proman nei. kaajer prathomik score oxforder bodlian libraryte royeche, jekhane etty 1000 bochorer british coral sangiter bishad biboron 2008-09-ayee prodorshito ekti prodorshonir ongsho chhilo. kaajer arekti prathomik score londoner british libraryte syara john ritblat treasure galleryte royeche, jekhane etty "british library treasure" prodorshonir ongsho chhilo. gunabali. panchti kanther (soprano, alto, tenor, barritone ebong bases) atti gayakdaler jonno moteti sthapon koraa hoyeche. sombhoboto, tallis taanr gayakder ghodar naaler akare dandate cheyechilen. prothom gayakdaler ekti ekok kontho diye shuru korey, anyanno kanthaswar onukorone jog deyo, protiti gaan atti gayakdaler charpashe choley yawar saathe saathe nirab hoye yaay. samasta challishti kanthaswar koyekti baarer jonno ekoi saathe probesh korey ebong tarpore gayakdal theke gayakdal eka-ayee sangiter saathe udwodhoni patternti biporito hoy. arekti sangkhipto purno bibhag royeche, jaar porey gaikdalguli antiphonal jodaay gaan gaay, taader modhye sthan judey shobdo nikkhep korey. abosheshe samasta kanthaswar kaajer chudanta porjaye jog deyo. jodio anukaraniya shoilite ebong majhe majhe somokamibhabe rachito, err swatantra kanthaswarer lineguli taar marjit surer kathamor modhye besh swadhinbhabe kaaj korey, jaar foley dosho theke barro minuter performancer samaykale bipul sankhyak prithak sangiter dharonaguli bastobayito hoy. kaajti ekti boiporitter adhyayanah prithak kanthaswarguli gaan gaay ebong palakrame nirab thaake, kokhono ekaa, kokhono gayakdalgulite, kokhono qala ebong uttor deyo, kokhono kokhono eksathe, jaate, ekgheye bhor haoya theke doore, kaajti kromagoto poribortito hoy ebong notun dharonaguli uposthapon korey. lekha. moteter mool lattin patthyoti ekti protikriya theke (mattinse, 3yoy patther jonno, september 5maum saptahe), sarum ritite, judith boi theke abhijojito. bochorer 29tomo saptaher mangalbar prothom patther porr aaz patther office (purbe mattin naame porichito) lattin reetir oissorik office protikriyati prodorshito hoy. lattin patthyer underley deoar jonno konao prathomik pandulipi utso neih 1610 coppy ingrezi contrafactumer underley deyo, jaa 1610 saale prince off wellser henry fredriker investiture gaoa hoyechilo, "gaan ebong gaurab" (neeche dekhun), neeche deoa lattin shabdaguli soho. uposthapona. recordinger modhye royeche winchester cathedraler gayakdal; dya tallis scholar, dya cardinal 'shha music, greta brittener jatiya jubo gayakdal, dya oxford camerata; dya kings anned seenta johns college, cambridger gayakdal; dya shole; dya clerks off oxenford; huelgas ensemble; teverner consort ebong player; aaee fagiolini etty alisandro strigior 40 ongsher moteter pashapashi record korechen, continio, cornett ebong sacott soho. eyi moteter arekti sanskaran janette cardifer "challish-ongsher motete" (2001) prodorshito hoyeche, ekti shobdo inastaleshana jaa autoa, ontario, kanadar kanadar jatiya gallery ebong braziler brumadinhote inhotimer sthayi sangraher ongsho. autoa prodorshoniti raidau strita chyapele sthapon koraa hoyeche, jaa ekti dhongsoprapto convent chyapeler uddharkrito abhyantar jaa ekhon jatiya galleryte sthayibhabe prodorshito hoy. chyapeler charpashe challish john bokta sthapon koraa hoyeche, jaar prottektite 40-ongsher gayakdaler ekti ekok kontho royeche. falaswarup ekti atyanta bordhito bohubhashi prabhab, kaaron dorshokra taar sangshlishto boktar madhyome protiti prithak kanthaswar shunte paren, baa chyapeler charpashe ghorar somoy bivinno tibrotar saathe mishrito somogro gayakdaler kanthaswar shunte paren. 2006 saaler 10ee june, bbc 1,000 john gayakke bridgewater holl, manchestere eyi ganti korar jonno anurodh korey, jaa pray nischitovabei itihaser sabcheye borh gaan chhilo. seii deane, 700 jonero beshi gayak uposthito chhilen, jaader beshirbhagi agey kokhono ganti geyenni. 2006 saaler 9ee december bbc phore-ayee diner anusthangulir porr ekti anusthan somprocharito hoy. "spame inn alium" stephen polyacoff tibhi natok "" gideoner konna ""-teey bishistobhabe prodorshito hoyeche. etty "sporshokator shunnota" chhobiteo byabohrito hoy, jokhon eates ebong simpson porboter chuday pouchai tokhon etty ekti chudanta porjaye pouchai. etty abar francois girarder "boycoir" (2014)-ayee prodorshito hoy, jaa kalponik jatiya boycoir academyte stater prathomik proshikkhone "inn-dya-round" poribeshito hoyechilo. "spame inn alium" adhunik surkarder 40-ongsher coral kaaj likhte anupranito koreche; udahoronsorup royeche zyles soener "" dya silent lanned "" (1998), robbert hansoner "" anned deyar noo night deyar "" (2002), jacco mantizervir "" tentatio "" (2006), pitter mcgar "" laav eu bigg ayaja dya skye "" (2007) ebong alek rother "" arthraiz "" (2009), jaa juktorajyer gayakdal eksa cathedra 40tomo barshikite kamishana koraa hoyechilo. london-vittik ekti dolgoto utsab, dya tallis festival, jekhane sarbada "spame inn alium"-err ekti anusthan antarbhukta thaake, jaa montizervi ebong mcgar ubhayi chaalu korey. 2021 saale swa-bichchinnota gayakdal kaajti sampadan korbe, jaa proshikkhito ebong porichalito hobey nigel short dwara ebong tenebrer gayakder netritte, samasta gaekra barite prithokbhabe taader ongsho record korben. byabohrito sangaskaranti 2020 saale hyug kitte dwara prostuto koraa hoyechilo ebong sangaskarantir 70 pristhar bhumika soho thomas tallis society dwara upolobdho koraa hoyechilo. samiti shikkhar upadano upolobdho korey jaar madhyome ekjon gayak metronom ebong/athoba ongo sangato soho jey konao nirbachito voice liner recording shunte paren.

eleeyamma spam eleeyamma spam ("anya koipanma aashaa" maate lattin) aee thomas tollis dwara 40-bhaagnu punarujjivan motet chhe, jeey see maan rachaayel chhe. 1570 paanch-paanch avaajona aath gaayakvrund maate. ketlaak vivechako tene angreji praarambhik sangeetno sauthee mahaan bhaag maane chhe. aech. bii. collinse collinse tene temnaa "vilaap" saathe, tollisni "sarvoch seeddhi" tareeke varnavi hatee. itihas. aaa kaaryano praarambhik itihas aspasht chhe, joke teey kyaan pratham karvaamaa aavyu hashe tenaa ketlaak sanketo chhe. teey nonsach payless khaatena pustakaalayni soochima soochibaddh chhe, jeey jeey daykama taaj parr paachha fartaa pahelaa hato daykama arnal off aralne vechvaamaa aavelo shaahee mahel chhe. chhe soochima tene "shree dwara banaavel forty partsna geet" tareeke varnavama aavyu chhe. ganatareeo ". sauthee juunii hayaat hastprato aee chhe jeey james prathamnaa putra henry fredriknaa prince off wells tareeke jeey taiyar karvaamaa aavee hatee. kayadana vidhyarthi thomas waterjeej dwara dwara lakhaayela saamanya pustakma neecheno kisso chheh raanee elizabethna samayma englandma 30 pii [aart] maan aek songe seena [tii] hatoo (jyanthi italian lokoae tene naam aapyu hatoo jene theey episis off theey worled kahevama aave chhe) aneey beeing songe meeyd [ee] aek svargeey samvadita hatee. duke off-bearing aee greta lava too musicay puchhyu keey shun aapana koee pann angrej maanso saaraa aneey songe tareeke sthaayi thaee shaktaa nathee, aneey tollis beeingne khoob jaj kooshal anubhavaayo keey shun teey aaa kaama haath dharshe keey qema, tene shun karyoo aneey 40 pii [aar] maanthi aek banaavyu jeey orandela houseni longa galleryma songe hatoo, jeey duke, hearing tht songe, tenee gardanmathi sonaani cheena leedhi aneey putt tenee garadanne uncho karyo aneey tene aapyo (doubluech songe fareethi songe hato teey princena rajyabhishekma). 30" neey bhool ganataa, ullekheet italian geetane 40-bhaagnu motet "axe beatum lucem" athavaa 40-60-voice maas "missa sopra iko see beato giorno" hovani daleel karvaamaa aavee chhe, banne alessandro strigio dwara, jemane europeni suffer pachhi juuna 1567 maan londonni mulakat leedhi hovaanu jaanitu chhe, jeey darmiyan temane "missa sopra iko see beato giorno" naa anya pradarshanonu aayojan karyoo hatoo. aaa ahewal nonsach pelesamaa soochi entry saathe susangat chheh arundel house londonma henry fitzalannu ghar hatoo, arundelnaa arundelnaa earl; nonsach payless temnu deshnu nivassthan hatoo. nonasachmaa aek ashtakon bankwitting holl hato, jemaa ground floreni upar pratham maalnee chaar balkneeo hatee; aaa dhaarnaa parr aevu bunny shake keey tollise sangeetne maatra roundma jaj nahee, parantu paanch bhagni aathmathi chaar gaayakvrund saathe balknimathi gaava maate design karyoo hatoo. tevee jaj reete, elizabeth prathamnaa shaasan darmiyan astitvamaa rahelu ekmatra dukedam norphoknu hatoo, tethee patramaa duke maatra thomas hovarda hoi shake chhe, norphokna chothaa duke, aneey tethee (jooe tuchako vishvasneey hoya too) 1572 maan tenee faansi kaarynee rachnani naveentam taarikh aape chhe. ketlaak vidhyano maane chhe keey duke off norphoke nonsach khaate pradarshan maate "spam ina eliyam" lakhvaa maate tollisne niyukt karyoo hatoo aneey tenu pratham pradarshan tyaan thayu hatoo. anya itihaaskaaro, aaa tuchka parr shankaa kartaa, soochave chhe keey pratham pradarshan pradarshan elizabethna elizabethna janmadivasnaa prasange karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. uparokt sauthee vyaapak reete manvama aavtaa mantavyo chhe, parantu bannemaa mushkeleeo chhe. aaa lakhaan saaram vidhimaa maatin krammaa pratisadmathi aave chhe, jene saamanya prathnana pustak dwara hataavi devaamaa aavyu hatoo. kharekhar, jeey sangeet parr aadharit krutee maate vaparaayel lakhaan sampurnpane alag chhe, jeey soochave chhe keey mool lakhaan santoshkarak nahotu. votarajno patra elizabethan taarikhnaa 40 varsh pachhino chhe aneey temaa strigio athavaa dukeno naamthi ullekh nathee. aevu suchavvama aavyu chhe keey jooe duke off norphokno duke hoya too aaa trijo duke hoi shake chhe, jeey meerii prathamnaa shaasan darmiyan jivant hato. hato daykama nonsach payless norpholkno hato, jeey meerii dwara temne vechvaamaa aavyo hato. mool lakhanni vaat kareeae too, judith dwara holofernsnee hatyaa aneey teneenu sthaan paachhu melavvaano sandarbh mereena duke off northumberlandnee faansi saathe bandhbese chhe, jemane elizabeth maate teno upyog karvaane badale lady jaine grey saathe sinhasana parr tene badalvaano prayaas karyo hato. sangeet pote jaj strigiona settingthi sampurnpane alag chhe. temnu kaama dass chaar bhagna gaayakvrund maate hatoo; tollis aath paanch bhagna gaayakvrund maate chhe. votarajnaa patramaa '30' khotee chhaap athavaa bhool naa pann hoi shake; ullekheet kaary fakt agnaat hoi shake chhe. aaa daleelo parr tallise elizabethna purogami meerii maate aaa krutee lakhee hatee. aevee shakyata aagad vadhee chhe keey strigio tollisni nakal curry chhe, joke aanaa koee puraava nathee. aaa kaaryano praarambhik sqora oxfordnaa bodliyan pustakalayma chhe, jyaan teey 1000 varshnaa british samooh sangeetni vigatvaar maahitee 2008-09 maan darshavvama aavela pradarshanno bhaag hato. aaa kaaryano beejo praarambhik sqora british library, londonma surr john ritblate trazers galleryma chhe, jyaan teey "british libraryna khajaana" pradarshanno bhaag hato. guno. aaa motet paanch avaajo (sopraano, alto, tenara, barriton aneey baas) naa aath gaayakvrund maate taiyar karvaamaa aave chhe. teey mote bhaage sambhav chhe keey tollisno irado temnaa gaayakone ghodaani naalnaa aakarma ubhaa rahevaano hato. pratham gaayakvrundnaa aek jaj avaajthee sharoo kareene, anya avaajo anookaranma jodaay chhe, darek avaaj aath gaayakvrundni aaspaas sangeetni farate fartaa hoya tyaare choop thaee jaay chhe. badhaa chaalis avaajo thodaa baar maate aek saathe pravesh karey chhe, aneey pachhi gaayakvrund aaththi gaayakvrund aek taraf jataa sangeet saathe sharuaatni pattern ultavi devaamaa aave chhe. tyaan aek anya sankshipt sampoorn vibhag chhe, jeey pachhi gaayakvrund veerodhi jodeemaa gaay chhe, temnee vachcheni jagyama avaaj fenke chhe. aakhare badhaa avaajo kaamnee parakashtha maate jodaay chhe. anookaran shailima aneey kyarek-kyarek homophonic hovaa chhataa, tenee vyaktigat kanthya rekhaao tenaa bhavya harmonic malkhama ekdam muktapane kaary karey chhe, jeey tenaa dasthee baar-minutena pradarshan samay darmiyan motee sankhyama vyaktigat sangeetnaa vichaarone amalmaa mukvani manjuri aape chhe. aaa kaary tenaathi vipareet aek abhyaas chheh vyaktigat avaajo gaade chhe aneey vaarafarti shaant rahe chhe, kyarek ekalaa, kyarek gaayakvrundma, kyarek bolaave chhe aneey javaab aape chhe, kyarek badhaa saathe maleene, jethee, aekveedh samooh banvathi door, kaary satat badalaatu rahe chhe aneey navaa vichaaro rajoo karey chhe. lakhaan. motetno mool lattin lakhaan judith () naa pustakmathi svikarvama aavela saaram vidhimaa, pratisadmathi (mattins khaate, trija paath maate, septembernaa vee saptah darmiyan) chhe. aaje varshnaa varshnaa athvadiyana mangalvaare pratham paath pachhi vaanchannee kachereema (agau mattins tareeke odakhaata) lattin vidhini daivi kachereema pratisaad dekhaay chhe. lattin lakhaan maate neecheni bajuae koee praarambhik hastprat srot nathih nathih nakalo angreji contrefectum maate neecheni bajuae aape chhe, jeey jeey prince off wells henry fredriknaa bhashanma gavaayu hatoo, "gaao aneey gaurav aapo" (neeche juo), jemaa lattin shabdo neeche aapvama aavyaa chhe. prastutio. recordingsmaa winchester cathedralnaa gaayakvrund dwara recordingsno samaavesh thaay chhe; tollis vidhyano, cardinal music, greta britananaa raashtriy yuvaa gaayakvrund, oxford camerta; kings aneey saint johnni kolejonaa gaayakvrund, cambridge; sola; oxenfordnaa kaarkuno; huelgass samooh; visheenee patnee aneey khelaadeeo; aaee fegioliniae tene satat, cornet aneey secbuts saathe alessandro strigio dwara 40 bhagni motet saathe reqorda karyoo chhe. aaa motetnu beeju sanskaran genet cardifna "chaalis-bhaag motet" (2001) maan darshavvama aavyu chhe, jeey sound installation chhe jeey ottava, ontario, kenedama kenedani raashtriy gallery aneey brumadinho, brazilma inotimna kaayamee sangrahno bhaag chhe. ottava pradarshan raidau street chepalma gothavvama aavyu chhe, jeey todee padvama aavela convent chepalnu bachaavelu aantarik chhe jeey havey raashtriy galleryma kaayamee pradarshanmaa chhe. chappelni aaspaas chaalis vaktaao gothavvama aavyaa chhe, darekmaa 40 bhagni gaayakvrundno aek jaj avaaj chhe. parinam aee khoob jaj unnat bahubhashi assar chhe, kaaran keey mulaakaatio darek vyaktigat avaajne tenaa anuroop vaktaa dwara sambhali shake chhe, athavaa samagr gaayakvrundnaa avaajone viveedh tivrataa saathe mishreet curry shake chhe, kaaran keey koee vyaktee chappelni aaspaas farey chhe. 10 juuna december roj, bbca 1,000 gaayakone bridgewater holl, manchesterma aaa geetane malvaa, rehearsal karvaa aneey rajoo karvaa maate kahyoo, jeey lagbhag chokkaspane itihaasmaa aaa gitanu sauthee motoo pradarshan hatoo. teey divase, 700 thee vadhu gaayakoae haajari aapee hatee, jemathi motabhagna gaayakoae aaa geet pahelaa kyaarey gaayu nahotu. divasni ghatanao pachhino aek kaarykram 9 december december roj bbc phora parr prasaarit karvaamaa aavyo hato. "spam ina eliyam" stephen polyacoff tivi naatak "" gideeyonni deekari "" maan mukhyatve jovaa maley chhe ". teno upyog "shunyataane sparsha" karatee filmmaan pann thaay chhe, jeey jyaare yates aneey simpson parvatni toach parr pahonche chhe tyaare parakashthae pahonche chhe. teey fareethi francois girardna "boycoir" (2014) maan dekhaay chhe, jene kaalpaneek raashtriy boycoir academyma stateni praarambhik taalimma "ina-dhaa-round" pradarshan karyoo hatoo. "spam ina eliyam" aee aadhunik sangitkaarone 40-bhagni samooh rachnaao lakhvaa maate prereet karyaa chhe; udaharanoma gills swennee "" dhaa silent lanned "" (1998), roobert hensonni "" anned deyar noow night deyar "" (2002), jacco mentijarvini "" tentasio "" (2006), pieter mcgarni "" lava yuu bigg aez dhaa skye "" (2007) aneey elek rothnee "" arthurize "" (2009) noow samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey yuke gaayakvrund bhutpurv cathedra dwara tenee tenee varshgaanth maate sharoo karvaamaa aavee hatee ". london stheet aek samooh utsav, tollis utsav, jemaa hammesha "spam ina eliyam" noon pradarshan saamel hoya chhe, tene mentijarvi aneey mcgar bannene sharoo karyaa hataa. hataa swa-algataanu gaayakvrund kaary karashe, jeey nigel shorta dwara prashikshit aneey sanchaalit karvaamaa aavashe aneey tenbrenaa gaayako dwara sanchaalit karvaamaa aavashe, jemaa tamaam gaayako temnaa bhagone ghare vyaktigat reete reqorda karashe. upyogmaa levaati aavrutti 2020 maan hyug keete dwara taiyar karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey thomas tellis sosayati dwara aavruttina 70 paanana parichay saathe uplabdh karavvama aavee hatee. sosayati shikhvani samagri pann uplabdh karaave chhe, jemaa gaayak metronome aneey/athavaa anga saath saathe koipan pasand karelee avaajnee ranking sambhali shake chhe.

alium mein spame alium mein spame ("kissy bhee anya mein aashaa" key liye lattin) thomas tollis dwara 40-bhaag punarjagaran motet haye, joe see mein rachit haye. 1570 pratyek mein paanch awazon key aathh gayakon key liye. ise kuchh alochakon dwara angreji praarambhik sangeet kaa sabse badaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye. aich. bee. collins ney 1929 mein ise apane "vilaap" key saath-saath tollis kii "nirnaayak upalabdhi" key roop mein varnit kiya. itihas. iss kaary kaa praarambhik itihas aspasht haye, halanki kuchh surag hain kii yeh pahali baar kahaan kiya gayaa hoga. yeh gair-shaahi mahal mein pustakalaya kii soochi mein soochibaddh haye, ack shaahi mahal jise 1550 key dashak mein mukut parr lautane seey pahale arundel key earl koo becha gayaa thaa. 1596 seey soochi mein ise shree dwara banaae gaye forty parts key geet key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. telle. sabse purani bachee hui paandulipiyaan way hain joe 1610 mein james aaee key bete heinry fredrick key rajkumar key roop mein nivesh key liye taiyar kii gaee theen. kaanoon key chhaatr thomas waters kii 1611 kii ack samanya pustak mein nimnalikhit upakhyan haih raani elizabeth key samay mein 30 pee [kalaa] mein ingland mein aeye songe saine [tii] thaa (jahan seey italians ney unhein duniya key epises kahaa jaataa haye) ack swargiya sadbhaav thaa. duke off-bearing aeye grate lava too music ney poochha kii kyaa hamaare angreji purushon mein seey koee bhee achchha aeye song key roop mein buss naheen sakata haye, aur tollis beeing koo bahut kushal mahsoos kiya gayaa kii kyaa vaha yeh kaam karega, aur usane 40 pee [ar] mein seey ack banaaya [ar] joe arundel house mein long gallery mein song thaa, joe kii itna door thaa kii duke, hearing thutt songe, ney apani gardan seey soney kii chaay lii aur usey apani gardan key baare mein putt kiya aur usey diyaa (doubleuch songe phir seey they song aitt dha princess coronation). 30" koo ack galati maanate hue, jiss italvi geet kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, vaha yaa tou 40-bhaag vaalaa motet "axe beatom lusum" yaa 40-60-voyce maas "missa sopra iko see beeto giorno" honey kaa tark diyaa gayaa haye, donon hii alessandro strigio dwara, joe europe key madhyam seey ack yatra key baad juuna 1567 mein landan kaa daura karane key liye jaane jaate hain, jisake dauran unhone "missa sopra iko see beeto giorno" key anya pradarshanon kii vyavastha kii thee. yeh vivaran nonsuch palace mein soochi pravishti key anuroop haih arundel house heinry fitzlan kaa landan ghar thaa, arundel kaa 19vaan earl; nonsuch palace unakaa desh kaa nivaas thaa. gair-vishisht logon key liye ack ashtakoniya bhoj kaksh thaa, jisamen ground flore key oopar pahali manjil kii chaar balkani theen; iss dhaarana parr yeh mamla hoe sakata thaa kii sangeet koo naa kewal goal mein gaaya jaae, balki aathh mein seey chaar paanch-bhaag vaale gaayak mandal balkani seey gaate hue gaaye jaaen. isi tarah, elizabeth pratham key shasankal key dauran ekmatra dukedom norphoke kaa thaa, isaliye patra mein duke kewal thomas howard, norphoke key chauthe duke hoe sakate hain, aur isaliye (yadi upakhyan bharosemand haye) 1572 mein unake nishpaadan seey kaam kii rachana key liye ack navintam tithi milati haye. kuchh vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii duke off norphoke ney nonsuch mein pradarshan key liye "spame inn alium" likhane key liye tollis koo niyukt kiya, aur iska pahala pradarshan vahaan huaa. anya itihaskaron ney iss upakhyan parr sandeh karate hue sujhaav diyaa kii pahala pradarshan 1573 mein elizabeth key 40vein janmadin key avsar parr kiya gayaa thaa. uparokt sabse vyaapak roop seey aayojit vichaar hain, lekin donon mein kathinaaiyaan hain. paath saram sanskar mein mattin crum mein ack pratikriya seey aataa haye, jise samanya prarthana kii pustak dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. vaastav mein, sangeet key liye sett kiye gaye kaam key 1610 pradarshan key liye upayog kiya gayaa paath poori tarah seey alag haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii mool paath santoshjanak naheen thaa. waters kaa patra elizabethan kii tarikh key 40 saal baad kaa haye aur isamen strigio yaa duke kaa naam naheen haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yadi duke norphoke kaa duke thaa tou yeh teesara duke hoe sakata haye, joe mairi aaee key shasankal key dauran jeevit thaa. 1550 key dashak mein gair-shaahi mahal norpholks kaa thaa, jise mairi ney unhein betch diyaa thaa. mool paath key liye, judith dwara holofern koo maarne aur apani sthiti koo phir seey praapt karane kaa sandarbh mairi key duke off northumberland key nishpaadan key saath fitt baithata haye, jisane elizabeth key liye iska upayog karane key bajaay lady jaine gray key saath simhaasan parr usey pratisthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. sangeet swayam strigio kii setting seey poori tarah seey alag haye. unakaa kaam duss chaar-bhaag vaale gayakon key liye thaa; tollis aathh paanch-bhaag vaale gayakon key liye haye. waters key patra mein '30' galat mudran yaa truti naheen hoe sakati haye; sandarbhit kaary kewal agyaat hoe sakata haye. inn tarkon parr tollis ney mairi, elizabeth key poorvavarti key liye kaam likhaa. iss sambhavana koo aage badhaaya gayaa haye kii strigio ney nakal kii haye, halanki iska koee saboot naheen haye. iss kaam kaa praarambhik score bodlion library, oxford mein haye, jahan yeh 1000 varshon key british coral sangeet kaa vivaran dete hue 2008-09 mein dikhaai gaee ack pradarshani kaa hissa thaa. iss kaam kaa ack aur praarambhik score british pustakalaya, landan mein surr johnn ritblat treasures gallery mein haye, jahan yeh "british pustakalaya key khajaane" kii pradarshani kaa hissa thaa. guna. paanch awazon (soprano, alto, tenner, barritone aur baas) key aathh gayakon key liye motet rakhaa gayaa haye. yeh sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii unake gayakon kaa irada ghode kii naal key aakar mein khade honey kaa thaa. pahale gaayak mandal seey ack hii aavaaj key saath shuru karate hue, anya aavaazen anukaran mein shamil hoe jaati hain, pratyek baari mein chup hoe jaati haye kyonki sangeet aathh gaayak mandaliyon key chaaron or ghoomata haye. sabhi chaalees aavaazen kuchh baar key liye ack saath pravesh karati hain, aur phir udghaatan kaa pattern gaayak-mandal seey gaayak-mandal mein sangeet key saath ulat jaataa haye. ack aur sankshipt poorna khand haye, jisake baad gaayak mandal virodhi jode mein gaate hain, joe unake beach kii jagah parr dhwani fenkate hain. anta mein sabhi aavaajen kaam kii parinati key liye shamil hoti hain. haalaanki anukaran shally mein aur kabhi-kabhi homophonic mein rachit, isaki vyaktigat mukhar panktiyaan apane suruchipurna harmonic dhaanche key bheetar kaafee swatantra roop seey kaary karati hain, jisase isake duss seey baarah minut key pradarshan samay key dauran badee sankhya mein vyaktigat sangeet vichaaron koo lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. kaam isake vipareet ack adhyayan haih vyaktigat aavaajen baari-baari seey gaati hain aur chup rahati hain, kabhi akele, kabhi gaayak mandal mein, kabhi coll karati hain aur jawab detee hain, kabhi-kabhi sabhi ack saath, taaki, ack neeras dravyamaan honey seey door, kaam lagaatar badal rhaa haye aur nae vichaaron koo prastut curr rhaa haye. paath. motet kaa mool lattin paath ack pratikriya (mattin mein, teesare paath key liye, sitambar key vee saptah key dauran), saram sanskar mein haye, joe judith () kii pustak seey anukoolit haye. aaj varsh key 29vein saptah key mangalwar koo pahale paath key baad padhane key karyalaya (jise pahale mattins kahaa jaataa thaa) mein lattin sanskar key divya karyalaya mein pratikriya dikhaai detee haye. lattin paath key liye underley dene vaalaa koee praarambhik pandulipi srot naheen haih 1610 pratiyaan angreji contrafactum key liye underley detee hain, jise 1610 mein prince off wells, heinry fredrick key nivesh mein gaaya gayaa thaa, "gaaen aur mahimamandit karein" (neeche dekhein), lattin shabdon key saath neeche diyaa gayaa haye. prastutiyaan. recording mein winchester cathedral key gaayak mandal dwara kiye gaye record shamil hain; tollis vidwan, cardinol sangeet, grate britten key rashtriya yuva gaayak mandal, oxford camerata; kings aur sent johns colleges key gaayak mandal, cambridge; solah; oxenford key clerk; huelgas samooh; teverner consort aur khilaadi; aaee physiolini ney ise nirantarta, cornets aur saigat key saath alessandro straggio dwara 40 bhaag motet key saath record kiya haye. iss motet kaa ack anya sanskaran genet cardiff key "chaalees-bhaag motet" (2001) mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, ack dhwani sthaapana joe otawa, ontario, kanada mein kanada kii rashtriya gallery aur brumadinho, brazil mein inhotim key sthaayi sangrah kaa hissa haye. ottawa pradarshani raidau street chappel mein sthaapit haye, joe ack dhwast convent chappel kaa bachaa huaa aantarik hissa haye joe abb rashtriya gallery mein sthaayi pradarshan mein haye. chappel key chaaron or chaalees vaktaaon koo rakhaa gayaa haye, jinamen seey pratyek mein 40-bhaag vaale gaayak mandal kii ack hii aavaaj haye. parinam ack atyadhik unnat bahubhashi prabhaav haye, kyonki agantuk pratyek vyaktigat aavaaj koo apane sambandhit vaktaa key madhyam seey suna sakate hain, yaa vibhinn teevrataon key saath ack saath mishrit poore gaayak mandal kii awazon koo suna sakate hain, kyonki koee vyakti chappel key chaaron or ghoomata haye. 10 juuna 2006 koo, bee. bee. see. ney 1,000 gayakon seey milane, abhyaas karane aur brijwater holl, manchester mein iss geet koo prastut karane key liye kahaa, joe lagbhag nishchit roop seey itihas mein iss geet kaa sabse badaa pradarshan thaa. usa dinn, 700 seey adhik gayakon ney bhaag liya, jinamen seey adhikansh ney pahale kabhi yeh geet naheen gaaya thaa. dinn key karyakramon key baad ack karyakram 9 disambar 2006 koo bbc phore parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. "spame inn alium" stephen polyacoff tv naatak "" gideon kii betty "" mein pramukhta seey dikhaai detaa haye. iska upayog film "shoonya koo chhoone" mein bhee kiya jaataa haye, joe kii parvat key shikhar parr yates aur simpson key pahunchane parr charmotkarsh parr pahunch jaataa haye. yeh phir seey francois girard key "bicoir" (2014) mein dikhaai detaa haye, joe kaalpanik rashtriya bicoir akadami mein state key praarambhik prashikshan mein "inn-dha-round" pradarshan kartaa haye. "spame inn alium" ney aadhunik sangeetkaron koo 40-bhaag vaale saamoohik kaary likhane key liye prerit kiya haye; udaharanon mein jaails swen kii "dha silent laind" (1998), robert hanson kii "aur vahaan koee raat naheen hogi" (2002), jacco montizarvi kii "tentasio" (2006), peater mcgur kii "lava yuu bigg aij dha skye" (2007) aur alek roth kii "arthurize" (2009) shamil hain, jise yuke gaayak mandal ney apani 40veen varshgaanth key liye commission kiya thaa. landan sthit ack coral utsav, tollis utsav, jisamen hamesha "spame inn alium" kaa pradarshan shamil hotaa haye, donon koo shuru kiya gayaa haye. 2021 mein swa-algaav gaayak mandal kaary kaa pradarshan karega, jise prashikshit aur nigel short dwara sanchaalit kiya jaayega aur jiska netritva tenbray key gayakon dwara kiya jaayega, jisamen sabhi gaayak apane bhaagon koo ghar parr vyaktigat roop seey record karenge. upayog kiya gayaa sanskaran 2020 mein hyug keete dwara taiyar kiya gayaa haye aur thomas tollis society dwara keete key 70-prishth parichay key saath upalabdh karaaya gayaa haye. samaaj seekhane kii samagri bhee upalabdh karaata haye jisake dwara ack gaayak kissy bhee chuni hui aavaaj kii recording suna sakata haye, jisamen metronome aur/yaa anga sangat hoe.

aliyamnalli spem aliyamnalli spem (lattin bhasheyalli "bere yaavude aashe") embudu thamus tallis bareda 40 bhagagala punarujjeevanada motet aagiddu, idannu sii. yalli rachisalaagide. rachisalaagide talaa aidu dhwanigala entu gaayakavrundagalige. idannu kelavu vimarshakaru inglish arambhika sangeetada shreshtha tunuku endu pariganisiddaare. etch. bii. collins idannu idannu tanna "vilapa" gala jotege, tallisna "atyunnata sadhane" endu bannisidaru. itihaasa. ee krutiya arambhika itihaasavu aspashtavagide, aadaroo idannu modalu ellie pradarshisalaagide embudara bagge kelavu sulivugalive. idannu 1590rahra dasakadalli kireetakke maraluva modalu arundelna arlge 1550rahra dasakadalli maaratavaada rajamanetanada aramaneyaada nansach aramaneya granthaalayada catalognalli patti maadalaagide. 1596rahra pattiyu idannu "shree. avaru maadida forty parts haadu" endu vivarisuttade. lekkagalu ". ulidiruva atyanta haleya hastapratigalu hastapratigalu james james maganaada henry fredericna walesna rajakumaranagi adhikarakkagi siddhapadisidavugalaagive. kaanoonu vidyarthi thamus watergies avara 1611rahra saamaanya pustakavu ee kelagina upaakhyaanavannu olagondideh raani elizabeth avara kaaladalli, 30 pii [art] galalli englendnalli aa saange sen [tii] ittu (allinda itaaliyangalu ee hesarannu thee apices off thee worled endu kareyuttaare) mattu beeing saange myaad [ii] ondu swargeeya saamarasya. duke off-baring aa grate love tuu music namma inglish purusharalli yaaroo uttamavaada aa saange annu hondalu sadhyavillave endu kelidaru, mattu tallis beeing avaru tumba kaushalyapoornaraagiddaru, avaru adannu kaigolluttareye endu prayatnisalu bhavisidaru, avaru maadida mattu 40 p [ar] tess doubleuch annu arundel housnalliruva laange galleryalli maadidaru, maadidaru 30" annu tappu endu bhavisi, ullekhisalaada italian haadannu 40-bhagagala motet "exe beatum lussem" athawa 40-60-voyce maas "missa sopra eko sii beato giorno" endu vaadisalaagide, eradoo alessandro striggio avarinda, avaru europe pravaasada nantara zoon 1567 ralli londonge bheti niididdaru endu tilidubandide, ee samayadalli avaru "missa sopra eko sii beato giorno" naa itara pradarshanagalannu airpadisidaru. ee vivaraneyu nansuch aramaneyallina catalog namoodinondige sthiravagideh arundel house arundelna 19neey earl henry fitzalan avara london nivaasavaagittu; nansuch aramaneyu avara halligaadina nivaasavaagittu. ashtabhujaakrutiya autanakootada sabhaanganavannu hondirada ee tandavu nelamahadi mele naalku modala mahadia baalkanigalannu hondittu; ee uheya prakara, sangeetavannu suttinalli hadalu matravallade, balkanigalinda haaduva entu aidu-bhagagala gaayakavrundagalalli naalkannu hadalu vinyaasagolisirabahudu. anteye, elizabeth I rahra aalvikeyalli astitvadallidda ekaika dukedem narphoknaddagittu, aaddarinda patradalliruva duke thamus hovard, norphocna 4 neey duke agirabahudu, mattu aaddarinda (upaakhyaanavu vishvaasaarhavaagiddare) 1572 ralli avana maranadandaneyu krutiya samyojanege ittichina dinankavannu niiduttade. duke off norphoke avaru nansachnalli pradarshanakkagi "spem inn alium" bareyalu tollis avarannu niyojisidaru mattu adara modala pradarshanavu alliye nadeyitu endu kelavu vidvaamsaru pariganisuttaare. itara itihaasakaararu, ee dantakatheyannu anumanisutta, anumanisutta elizabeth avara 40neey janmadinada sandarbhadalli modala pradarshanavannu nidalaagittu endu soochisuttaare. melinavugalu atyanta vyaapakavaagi prachalitadalliruva abhipraayagalaagive, aadare iveradoo tondaregalannu hondive. saamaanya prarthaneya pustakavu raddugolisidda sarum vidhiyallina mattin kramadallina pratikriyeyinda ee pathyavu bandide. vaastavaagi, 1610rahra krutiya pradarshanakke balasida pathyavu, sangeetakke hondisidaaga, sampoornavaagi vibhinnavaagide, idu moola pathyavu truptikaravagilla endu soochisuttade. watergies avara patravu elizabeth dinankada 40 varshagala nantara bandide mattu striggio athawa duke hesarannu ullekhisilla. ee duke norphocna duke agiddare, aata moorane duke agirabahudu, aata merrie I rahra aalvikeyalli jivantavagiddaru endu soochisalaagide. 1550rahra dasakadalli merrie avarige marata maadida ee aramaneyu norpholkgalige seriddaagittu. moola pathyakke sambandhisidante, judit holofernsnannu kondu tanna sthaanavannu marali padeyuva sandarbhavu merrie avara duke off northumberlandna maranadandanege hondikolluttade, avaru elijabetgaagi adannu balasuva badalu lady jaine greyondige simhaasanada mele avalannu badalisalu prayatnisidaru. sangeetavu swatah striggiona settingginta sampoornavaagi bhinnavagide. avara kelasavu hattu naalku-bhagagala gaayakavrundagalige aagittu; entu aidu-bhagagala gaayakavrundagalige tallis aagide. watergies avara patradalliruva '30' tappaada mudrana athawa doshavagirade irabahudu; ullekhisalaada krutiyu saralavagi ajnaatavaagirabahudu. ee vaadagala mele, elijabetna poorvavartiyaada merigaagi tallis ee krutiyannu baredaru. striggio avaru tallis annu nakalisuva saadhyateyannu hechchisalaagide, aadaagyoo idakke yaavude puravegalilla. ee krutiya arambhika ankanavu oxfordn bodlian granthaalayadallide, allie idu 1000 varshagala british gaayanada sangeetavannu vivarisuva 2008-09 nalli torisalaada pradarshanada bhagavagittu. ee krutiya mattondu arambhika ankavu london british granthaalayadalli surr zaan ritblat treasures galleryallide, allie idu "british granthaalayada nidhigalu" emba 2014-15 pradarshanada bhagavagittu. gunagalu. aidu dhwanigala (soprano, alto, tenar, barritone mattu baas) entu gaayakavrundagalige motet annu haakalaagide. bahushah tanna gayakaru kudure naaleya akaaradalli nillabekendu tollis uddeshisiddirabahudu. modala gayakavrundada onde dhwaniyinda praarambhisi, itara dhwanigalu anukaraneyalli seruttave, sangeetavu entu gayakavrundagala sutta chalisuvaga pratiyondoo mounavaguttave. ellah nalavattu dhwanigalu kelavu baargalige ekakaaladalli praveshisuttave, mattu nantara gaayanada maadariyu gaayakavrundadinda gayakavrundakke haaduhoguva sangeetadondige himmukhavaaguttade. mattondu sankshipta purna vibhagavide, adara nantara gayakavrundagalu antiponal jodigalalli haaduttave, avugala naduvina jaagadaadyanta dhwaniyannu eseyuttave. antimavagi ellah dhwanigalu kelasada parakashthegagi seruttave. anukaranaatmaka shailiyalli mattu sandarbhikavagi homophonicanalli samyojisalaagiddaroo, adara vaiyaktika gayana saalugalu adara sogasaada svaramelada choukattinolage saakashtu muktavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave, idu adara hattarinda hanneradu nimishagala pradarshanada samayadalli hecchina sankhyeya vaiyaktika sangeetada vichaaragalannu kaaryagatagolisalu anuvu maadikoduttade. ee krutiyu vyatiriktavagi ondu adhyayanavagideh vaiyaktika dhwanigalu haaduttave mattu saradigalalli mounavaagiruttave, kelavomme ekangiyagi, kelavomme gaayakavrundagalalli, kelavomme karey mattu uttarisuvudu, kelavomme ottaagi, idarindaagi, neerasa samoohavaagiruvudakkinta hechchaagi, krutiyu nirantaravagi badalaaguttide mattu hosa aalochanegalannu prastutapadisuttide. pathya. motetna moola lattin pathyavu judit pustakadinda alavadisikonda saram samskaaradalli (september 5rahra vaaradalli 3neey pathakkagi mattingalalli) pratikriyeyinda bandide. indu varshada 29neey vaarada mangalavaaradandu modala paathada nantara oduva kacheriyalliruva (hinde mattin endu kareyalaaguttittu) lattin vidhiya daivika kacheriyalli pratikriye kaanisikolluttade. lattin pathyakke underlay needuva yaavude arambhika hastaprati moolavillah 1610 pratigalu inglish contrafactumge underlay annu niiduttave, idannu 1610 ralli prince off walesna henry frederic avara investiturenalli haadalaayitu, "hoddy mattu vaibhaveekarisi" (kelage nodi), lattin padagalannu kelabhagadalli nidalaagide. prastutigalu. winchester cathedraln gayakavrundada dhwanimudranagalu serive; dhii tallis scholars, dhii cardinals music, dhii national yooth gaayar off grate britton, dhii oxford camerata; dhii kings und saint johns kaalejugala gayakavrundagalu, cambridge; dhii sikwer; dhii clerk off oxenford; huelgass samooha; towerner sangaati mattu aatagaararu; aii fagiolini idannu alessandro striggio avara 40 bhagagala motetnondige record maadiddaare, contino, kaarnetgalu mattu syaakbatgalondige. ee motetna mattondu aavruttiyannu johnet cardiffan "nalavattu-bhagagala motet" (2001) nalli pradarshisalaagide, idu ottawa, ontario, kenadaadalliruva kenadaada rashtriya gallery mattu brazilna brumadinhodalliruva inotimna shaashvata sangrahada bhagavagide. ottawa pradarshanavannu raidou streat chapelnalli sthaapisalaagide, idu eega rashtriya galleryalli shaashvata pradarshanadalliruva kedavalaada convent chapelna rakshisalpatta olabhaagavaagide. 40-bhagagala gayakavrundada onde dhwaniyannu olagondiruva nalavattu bhashanakararannu prarthana mandirada suttaloo irisalaagide. idara parinaamavaagi hecchu vardhita bahusvarada parinama untaaguttade, ekendare sandarshakaru pratiyobbara dhwaniyannu adara anugunavaada bhashanakarara moolaka kelabahudu, athawa chapelna suttaloo chalisuvaga, vividha tivrategalondige samyojisuva idee gayakavrundada dhwanigalannu kelabahudu. 10 zoon 2006 randu, bbcu 1,000 gayakarannu manchestern bridgewater haalnalli ee tunukannu bheti maadalu, purvaabhyaasa maadalu mattu pradarshisalu kelikonditu, idu bahuteka khachitavaagi itihaasadalli ee tunukina atidodda pradarshanavagide. aaa dina, dina hecchu gayakaru bhagavahisiddaru, avaralli hechchinavaru ee haadannu hindendoo haadiralilla. aaa dinada karyakramagala nantarada kaaryakramavannu bbc fornalli 2006rahra december december prasara maadalaayitu. "spem inn alium" stephen polyakaf duradarshana nataka "" gideon magalu "" nalli pramukhavaagi kanisikondide ". idannu "shoonyavannu sparshisuvudu" emba chalanachitradalloo balasalaaguttade, yates mattu simpson parvatada shikharavannu talupidaaga idu parakashtheyannu taluputtade. idu francois girardna "bicoir" (2014) nalli matte kaanisikolluttade, kaalpanika rashtriya bicoir academiyalli stetna arambhika tarabetiyalli "inn-dhii-round" pradarshana needitu. "spem inn alium" aadhunika samyojakarige 40-bhagagala gayana krutigalannu bareyalu prerepiside; udaaharanegalalli gails swine avara "" dhii silent land "" (1998), robbert hanson avara "" und dher noow nait dher "" (2002), jacco montizarvi avara "" tentatio "" (2006), peater mcgarravara "" love yuu bigg aus dhii skye "" (2007) mattu alek roath avara "" arthrais "" (2009), idannu yuke gayaka maaji cathedrada 40 neey vaarshikotsavakkaagi niyojisalaayitu ". london moolada coral utsavavaada, yavagalu "spem inn alium" pradarshanavannu olagondiruva tallis utsavavu, montizarvi mattu mcgur eradannoo niyojisitu. niyojisitu swayam-pratyekata gayakavrundavu, nigel shortninda tarabeti padeda mattu nadesalpatta ee kelasavannu pradarshisuttade mattu tenebrea gayakaru idara netrutva vahisuttaare, ellah gayakaru tamma bhagagalannu maneyalli pratyekavagi dhwanimudrana maaduttaare. ee aavruttiyannu aavruttiyannu hyoog keat siddhapadisiddu, thamus tollis society keatna 70 putagala parichayadondige labhyavaguvante maadide. gayakanu metronome mattu/athawa angaangada jotegaarikeyondige yaavude aayda dhwanipathada dhwanimudranawannu keluva moolaka kalika saamagrigalannu saha samajavu labhyavaagisuttade.

eliyammadhye spame eliyammadhil spame (lattinmadhye 'itar konatyahi aashemadhye') haah thomas tallischa 40 bhagancha punarujjivan motet aahe, joou see madhye rachala gela aahe. 1570 pratyeki paach aavajanchya aath gayakvrundansathi. kahee samikshakanni yala ingraji suruvatichya sangitacha sarvat motha bhag manale aahe. etch. buub. collins yanni 1929 madhye tyache varnan tyanchya vilapansah tallischi 'sarvoch kamgiri' asey kele. itihas. yaa kamacha prarambhik itihas aspasht aahe, jaree too pratham kuthe sadar karnyat aala asava yabaddal kahee sanket aahet. 1590 chya dashakat mukutavar parat yenyapurvi 1550 chya dashakat arundelchya earlala vikala gelela shahee rajwada, nonsuch palace yetheel granthalayachya soochimadhye tyachi yadee aahe. 1596 salchya yaa yadeet, shree. yanni tayar kelele 'forty partsche gaane' asey tyache varnan kele aahe. ganite ". james pahila yacha mulga heinry frederickchya velsachya rajkumar mhanoon niyuktisathi 1610 madhye tayar keleli sarvat junie shillak asaleli hastalikhite aahet. kayadyacha vidyarthi thomas waterjijne lihilelya 1611 chya samanya pustakamadhye khaleel upakhyan aaheh ranee elizabethchya kalat englandmadhye 30 pii [aart] madhye eka songe saine [tii] hote (jyatoon italian lokanni yaa nawala they epises auph they world asey mhatale) aanee beeing songe madd [eae] eka swargiy susanvad. duke auph-bearing aii gret love too musicne vicharale qee aamche konihi ingraj purush changle aanee sunder asey sthayik houu shakat naheet qaa, aanee tallis beeing khoop kushal hote qee too heey kaam haatee gheil qee nahee heey prayatna karnyasathi, tyane kele aanee 40 paiki eka [ar] tess whrrndl hausachya long gallerymadhye songe kele, डब्ल्यूएचआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआरआर 30" hii chook aahe asey gruheet dharoon, ullekh kelele italian gaane ektar 40-bhaganche motet "exe beatum lussem" kinwa 40-60-voice maas "misa sopra iko see beato giorno" assa yuktivad keela gela aahe, donhihi alessandro strigio yanni kele aahet, jyanni juuna 1567 madhye europechya pravasanantar londonla bhet dilee hotee, jyaa darmyan tyanni "misa sopra iko see beato giorno" chya itar sadarikarananchi vyavastha kelee hotee. haah ahwal nonsuch palacechya catalog entricy susangat aaheh arundel haus heey arundelchya 19 vya earl heinry fitzalanche londonche ghar hote; nonsuch palace heey tyache deshi nivassthan hote. asha prakarche nasalele eka ashtakoniy mejwani sabhagruh hote, jyat khalchya majalyavar pahilya majlyavaril chaar balkani hotya; yaa gruhitkanusar asey houu shakate qee, sangeet keval feritach navhe tarr balkanitun paach bhaganchya aathpaiki chaar gayakvrundanni gayale jaave yasathi tallisne rachana kelee asavi. tyachpramane, elizabeth pahilachya karkirdit astitvat asalele ekmev dukedam norphokeche hote, mhanoon patratil duke keval thomas howard, norphokcha chautha duke asoo shakato aanee mhanoon (jarr aakhyayika vishvasarh asel tarr) 1572 madheel tyachya fashichi tarikh yaa granthachya rachnesathi navintam tarikh dete. kahee vidwan asey manatat qee duke auph norphokene tallisla nonschya sadarikaranasathi 'spame inn eliyam' lihinyas sangitale aanee tyachi pahili sadarikaran tethe jhaali. yaa upakhyanavar shanka ghenare itar itihaskar asey suchavatat qee, 1573 madhye elizabethchya 40 vya vadhadivsachya nimittane pahile sadarikaran jhaale hote. vareel matey sarvat vyapakpane gruheet dharali jaatat, parantu donhimadhye adachani aahet. haah majkoor saram vidhinmadhil mateen kramane dilelya pratisadatun aala aahe, jyache sthan samanya prathanechya pustakane ghetale hote. kharey tarr, 1610chya kalakrutichya sadarikaranasathi vaparlela majkoor, sangitavar seet keela asatana, purnapane vegala aahe, jeey soochit karate qee mool majkoor samadhankarak navhata. watergeche patra elizabethan tarkhechya 40 varshannantarche aahe aanee tyat struggio kinwa dukeche naav nahee. asey suchavale gele aahe qee jarr sambandhit duke haah norphokcha duke asel tarr haah tisra duke asoo shakato, joou merrie I chya karkirdit jiwant hota. 1550 chya dashakat norpholkscha assa rajwada navhata, joou mereene tyanna vikala hota. mool majkurachya babatit, judithne holofernschee hatya kelee aanee tiche sthan parat midvanyacha sandarbh mereene northumberlandchya dukechya fashishi julato, jyane teela elizabethsathi vaparnyaivaji lady jaine grene sinhasanavar basavanyacha prayatna keela hota. sangeet swatach strigiochya mandanipeksha purnapane vegale aahe. tyanche kaam daha chaar-bhaganchya gayakvrundasathi hote; tallis aath paach-bhaganchya gayakvrundansathi aahe. waterjijchya patratil '30' heey chukiche chhap kinwa truti asoo shakat nahee; sandarbhit kelele kaam fakt adnyat asoo shakate. yaa yuktivadanvar, elizabethchya purvavarti merisathi, tollisne heey kaam lihile. strigione tallischi nakkal kelee asanyachi shakyata pudhe dhakalali gelee aahe, matra yacha konatahi purava nahee. yaa kamache prarambhik guna oxfordchya bodelian granthalayat aahet, jithe teey 1000 varshanchya british samoohsangitatil tapshilvar mahitee asalelya 'id1' madhye dakhavalelya pradarshanacha bhag hote. yaa kamache aanakhi eka prarambhik guna londonchya british granthalayat surr johnn ritblat trazers gallerymadhye aahet, jithe teey 'british libraryche khajinya' yaa pradarshanacha bhag hote. guna. paach aavajanchya (soprano, aulto, tenner, baritone aanee baas) aath gayakvrundansathi motet tayar kele jaate. bahudha, tallischa tyachya gayakanna ghodyachya nalyachya aakarat ubhe rahanyacha hetu hota. pahilya gayakvrundatil ekach aavajapasun suruvat karoon, itar aavaj anukaranat sameel hotat, aath gayakvrundanchya bhovati sangeet firat asatana pratyekjan gup hoto. serve chalis aavaj kahee barsathi ekach velee pravesh karatat aanee nantar aathvya gayakvrundapasun eka gayakvrundakade jaananya sangitasah udghatanachi rachana ulatali jaate. aanakhi eka sankshipt purn vibhag aahe, jyanantar gayakvrund tyanchya darmyanchya jaaget aavaj fekoon, antiphonal jodyanmadhye gatat. shevati serve aavaj kamachya samaptisathi sameel hotat. anukaran shailit aanee kadhikadhi samalingi shailit rachalelya asalya taree, tyachya vaiyaktik swararesha tyachya mohak swarmeliy chaukatit agadi muktapane karya karatat, jyamule tyachya daha teey baaraa minitanchya sadarikaran kalavadhit mothya sankhyene vaiyaktik sangeet kalpana amalat aanata yetat. heey kaam yaulat eka abhyas aaheh vaiyaktik aavaj gatat aanee valsarat gup asatat, kadhee ekte, kadhee gayakvrundat, kadhee bolatat aanee uttar detat, kadhee sagale ekatra, jenekarun, neeras vastuman asanyaivaji, kaam satat badalat rahate aanee naveen kalpana sadar karat asate. majkoor. motetcha mool lattin majkoor pratisadatun (mattinsmadhye, tisya dhadyasathi, septemberchya 5 vya aathvadyat), saram sanskaratil aahe, joou judithchya pustakatoon swikarla gela aahe. aaj varshachya 29 vya aathvadyachya mangalvari pahilya dhadyanantar vachan karyalayatil (purvi mattin mhanoon olakhale jaanare) lattin vidhichya daivi karyalayat pratisad disun yeto. lattin majkuracha antarbhav denara konatahi prarambhik hastalikhit srot naheeh 1610 pratinmadhye ingraji contrafactumsathy antarbhav deela aahe, joou wellscha rajkumar heinry frederickchya 1610chya investituremadhye gayala gela hota, talashi lattin shabdansah 'gaa aanee gaurav qaraa' (khalee pahaa). sadarikaran. dhvanimudrananmadhye winchester cathedralchya gayakvrundatil dhvanimudranancha samavesh aahe; daad tallis scholars, daad cardinol music, daad national youth gayakvrund gret britton, daad auxford camerta; daad kings andd seent johns college, cambridgeche gayakvrund; daad solara; daad clerk auph auxenford; huelgaz samooh; tevernorchi patni aanee kheladu; aay physiolini teey alessandro strigiochya 40 bhaganchya motetsobat, satatya, cornet aanee sackbuts dhwanimudrit kele aahe. yaa motetchi aanakhi eka aavrutti janette cardifchya 'chalis-bhag motet' (2001) madhye darshavili gelee aahe, jee autawa, auntario, canada yetheel canadachya rashtriy dalanachya aanee brumadinho, brazilmadhil innotimchya kayamswarupi sangrahanacha bhag aahe. ottawa pradarshan rayadau street chappelmadhe seet kele aahe, jeey padnyat aalelya convent chappelche bachavalele aateel bhag aahe jeey aata rashtriy gallerymadhye kayamswarupi pradarshit kele aahe. prathanagruhachya bhovati chalis vakte basavale jaatat, pratyekamadhye 40 bhaganchya gayakvrundacha ekach aavaj asato. yacha parinam mhanje eka atyant vardhit bahubhashi prabhav aahe, kaaran abhyagatanna pratyek vaiyaktik aavaj tyachya sambandhit vaktyadvare aikoo yeto kinwa ekhadi vyakti prathanagruhachya bhovati firat asatana, vegvegalya tivratesah misalanare sampoorn gayakvrundache aavaj aikoo yetat. 10 juuna 2006 roji, bbcne 1,000 gayakanna bridgewater holl, manchestermadhye haah tukada bhetanyasathi, sarav karnyasathi aanee sadar karnyasathi sangitale, jeey jawaljawal nishchitpane itihasatil sarvat mothe sadarikaran hote. tyaa divashi, 700 hoon adhik gayak upasthit hote, jyapaiki bahutekanni yapurvi kadhihi haah tukada gayala navhata. tyaa divasachya karyakramanantarcha eka karyakram 9 december 2006 roji bbc forvar prasarit karnyat aala. "spame inn eliyam' heey stephen polyacoff durchitravanivaril natak 'gideonchi mulgi' madhye thalakpane dakhavale aahe. spersion daad void' yaa chitrapatatahi yacha vapar keela jaato, jevha yets aanee simpson parvatachya shikharavar pohochatat tevha teey charmotkarshavar pohochatat. kalpanik rashtriy bicoir akadamimadhye statechya prarambhik prashikshanat 'inn-daad-raund' sadar kelelya francois girardchya 'bicoir' (2014) madhye too punha disato. "spame inn eliyam" neey aadhunik sangitkaranna 40 bhaganchi sangeet rachana lihinyas prerit kele aahe; udaharananmadhye gills swenchi "daad silent land" (1998), robbert hansonchi "andd dear noow nite dear" (2002), jakko mantijarvichi "tentatio" (2006), pieter mcgurchi "love yuu bigg aij daad skye" (2007) aanee elek rothchi "artharaij" (2009) yancha samavesh aahe, jee yooke gayakvrundane tyachya 40 vya vardhapan dinanimitt suru kelee hotee. london sthit eka samooh utsav, daad tallis festival, jyamadhye nehmich 'spame inn eliyam' chey sadarikaran samavisht asate, tyane 'mantijarvi' aanee 'mcgar' yaa donhi goshti suru kelya. 2021 madhye swa-vilgikaran gayakvrund heey karya sadar karel, jeey nigel shortdware prashikshit aanee aayojit kele jaeel aanee tenebremadhil gayakanchya netrutvakhali serve gayak tyanchya bhaganche vaiyaktikaritya gharee dhwanimudran kartil. vaparleli aavrutti 2020 madhye hyoog kitene tayar kelee aanee thomas tallis societyne kitechya aavruttichya 70 pananchya parichayasah upalabdh karoon dilee. society shikanyasathi sahitya dekhil upalabdh karoon dete, jyamadhye gayak konatyahi nivadalelya aavajachya oliche dhwanimudran, metronome aanee/kinwa avyav sangatsah aikoo shakato.

aliumma spame aliumma spame (latinma "kunai pani anyama asha") thomas talisdwara rachit 40-bhagko punarjagaran motet how, see maa rachana garieko how. 1570 pratyek paanch awajko atha gayakharuka lagi. yasalai kehi alochakharule angreji prarambhik sangitko sabaibhanda thulo ansh manchan. etch. bee. collinsle sann 1929 maa yasalai afno "wilap" sangasangai tallisko "mukut upalabdhi" ko rupma warnan gare. itihas. kamko prarambhik itihas aspashta chha, yadyapi yo pahilo patak kahan pradarshan garieko huna sakchha bhanne bare kehi sanketharu chhan. yo 1590 ko dashakma mukutma farkanu aghi 1550 ko dashakma arandalko arlalai bechieko shahi darbar, nonasach darbarko pustakalayako catalogma suchibadha chha. sann 1596 dekhi yass suchile yasalai "shridwara banaieko forty partsko geet" ko rupma warnan gardacha. gananaharu ". james prathamka chhora heinry fredrikko welsko rajkumarko rupma sann 1610 maa laganika lagi tayar garieka sabaibhanda purana baanki pandulipiharu hun. kanunka vidyarthi thomas wateriesko sann 1611 ko samanya pustakma nimna upakhyan samawesh chhah rani elizabethko samayama 30 pee [kala] maa englandma ae songe sayne [tea] thiyo (jahanbata tee italionharule tee namalai the epises aff the world bhaninchha) wa bing songe myad [eae] ek swargiya sadbhawa. duke aff-bearing ae great labh too musicle sodhe kii key hamra angrej purushharu madhye kohi pani ramro ae songeko rupma basobas garna sakdainan, rar tallis bing dherai kushal mahasus gariyo kii usale key garne bhanera prayas garna mahasus garyo, unle key gare rar 40 p [ar] teswch madhye ek banae june arundel hausako longe galleryma songe thiyo, Wch yati tadhama gayo kii duke, hearing that songe, afno ghantibata [m] sunko chenn lie rar putt yutle afno ghaantiko uchai bare rar usalai die (Wch sange feri songe thiyo rajkumarko rajyabhishekma). 30" lai galti mandai, ullekha garieko italian geet yaa tata 40-bhagko motet "exe bittom lussem" wa 40-60-bhwaisa mass "missa sopra iko sii bito giorno" bhaeko tarka garieko chha, duwai alessandro strigiyodwara, jo june 1567 maa yuropko yatra pachhi london bhraman gareko thiyo bhanera chininchha jasma unle "missa sopra iko sii bito giorno" ko anya pradarshanharuko wyawastha gare. yo vivaran nonasach darbarma catalog prawishtisanga mail khanchhah arundel house arunadelko 19 aun earl heinry fitzlanko londonko ghar thiyo; nanasach darbar unko deshko niwas thiyo. nanasachma euta ashtakoniya bhoj hull thiyo, jasma bhutalko mathi charawata pahilo talla balakaniharu thie; yass anumanma yo yasto huna sakthyo kii tallisle sangitlai golma matra nabhai atha paanch-bhagko gayakharu madhye charle balkanibata gaune gari design gareko thiyo. tyasai gari, elizabeth prathamko shasankalma awasthit ek matra ducodom norafokko thiyo, tyasaile patrama duke kewal thomas haward huna sakchhan, norafokko chautho duke, rar tyasaile (yadi upakhyan bharapardo chha bhane) 1572 maa unko mrityudandale kamko rachanako lagi navinatam miti dinchha. kehi vidwanharu manchan kii duke aff norafokle talislai nonasachma pradarshanka lagi "spame inn alium" lekhna adesh die, rar yasako pahilo pradarshan tyahan bhaeko thiyo. anya itihaskarharule ukta upakhyanmathi shanka wyakta gardai pahilo prastuti sann 1573 maa elizabethko 40 aun janmadinko awasarma bhaeko sujhau dinchhan. mathika sabaibhanda wyapak rupma ayojit vicharharu hun, tara duwaima kathinaiharu chhan. path saram sanskarma matin kramama pratikriyabata aunchha, june samanya prarthanako pustakdwara pratisthapit garieko thiyo. wastawma, kamko 1610 pradarshanka lagi prayog garieko path, sangitma sett garda, purna rupma farak chha, jasle muel path santoshajanak thiena bhanne sujhawa dinchha. waterajko patra elizbathan miti bhaeko 40 warshapachhi lekhieko how rar yasama strigio wa dukeko naam ullekha garieko chhaina. yadi prashnama duke norafokko duke thiyo bhane yo tesro duke huna sakchha, jo merry prathamko shasankalma jiwit thiyo. gaira-mahal darbar 1550 ko dashakma norefolksko thiyo, jaslai merile uniharulai becheko thiyo. muel pathko rupma, judithle holofernsko hatya garne rar unko sthiti punah prapta garne yasako sandarbha meriko duke aff northamberlandko mrityudandasanga milcha, jasle unlai elizabathka lagi prayog garne tallisko satta leady zen gresanga sinhasanma pratisthapan garne prayas gareko thiyo. sangit afai strigioko setingbhanda purna rupma farak chha. unko kaam das chaar-bhagko gayak-samuhaka lagi thiyo; tallis atha paanch-bhagko gayak-samuhaharuka lagi how. waterajko patrama '30' galat chhap wa truti nahun sakchha; ullekha garieko kaam kewal agyat huna sakchha. yee tarkaharuma tallisle elizabethka purwawarti merika lagi kaam lekhe. strigiole tallis pratilipi gareko sambhawana agadi badheko chha, yadyapi yasako kunai praman chhaina. kamko prarambhik score bodlian pustakalaya, oxfordma rahanchha, jahaan yo 2008-09 maa dekhaieko pradarshaniko hissa thiyo jasma 1000 warshako britis coral sangitko vivaran diieko thiyo. kamko arko prarambhik score britis library, londonko sear john ritblatt trazers galleryma chha, jahaan yo 2014-15 pradarshani "britis libraryko khajana" ko hissa thiyo. gunharu. motet panchwata awazharu (soprano, alto, tenner, baritone rar bass) kaa athawata gayak-samuhaharuka lagi rakhieko chha. sambhawatah tallisle afna gayakharulai ghodako nalko akarma khada garna chaheko thiyo. pahilo gayakwargako ekal awazbata suru garera, anya awazharu nakkalma samel hunchhan, pratyek swar atha gayakwargako waripari sangit ghumdai jaanda mauna hunchha. sabai chalis awazharu kehi barharuka lagi ekaisath prawesh garchhan, rar tyasapachhi udghatanko dhancha gayak tolly athabata gayak tolly ekma sardai sangitsanga ulto hunchha. tyahan arko sankshipta purna khanda chha, tyasapachhi gayakharule antifonal jodiharuma gaunchhan, tiniharu bichko thaunbhari awaz fyankchhan. antatah sabai awazharu kamko samapanka lagi samel hunchhan. yadyapi anukaran shaili rar kahilekaahin homophonicma rachana garieko chha, yasako wyaktigat swar lineharule yasako suruchipurna harmonic dhanchabhitra dherai swatantra rupma karya gardacha, jasle yasako dasdekhi bahra minetko pradarshan samayama thulo sankhyama wyaktigat sangitik vicharharu karyanwayan garna anumati dinchha. kaam viparit rupma ek adhyayan hoh wyaktigat awazharu gaunchhan rar paloma chup hunchhan, kahilekaahin eklai, kahilekaahin gayak mandalima, kahilekaahin cull rar jawaf dinchhan, kahilekaahin sabai sangai, taaki, niras drawyaman hunuko satta, kaam nirantar pariwartan bhairaheko chha rar nayan vicharharu prastut gardaicha. path. motetko muel lattin path judithko pustak () batt anukulit saram sanskarma, ek pratikriya (mattinsma, tesro pathka lagi, septemberko v haptako samayama) batt how. az warshako 29 aun haptako mangalbar pahilo pathapachhi pathanko karyalayama (pahile mattin bhaninchha) lattin sanskarko ishwariya karyalayama pratikriya dekha pardachha. lattin pathka lagi underle dine kunai prarambhik pandulipi srota chhainah 1610 pratilipiharule angreji contrafactomka lagi underle dinchha, june welska rajkumar heinry fredrikko 1610 investiturema gaieko thiyo, "gaunuhos rar mahimamandan garnuhos" (tall hernuhos), lattin shabdaharu tall diieko chha. prastuti. recordingharuma wincester cathedralko gayakdwara garieka recordharu samawesh chhan; tallis scholerharu, cardinalko sangit, great brittenko rashtriya yuwa gayak, oxford camerata; kings rar cent john collegeharuko gayak, cambridge; sohra; oxenfordka clerkharu; huelgas samuha; teverner concert rar kheladiharu; aie fagiolinile yasalai alessandro strigiyodwara 40 bhag motetko sathama record gareka chhan, contino, cornett rar sackbutsko sath. yass motetko arko sanskaran genet cardifko "chalis-bhag motet" (2001) maa chitrit garieko chha, ek dhwani sthapana june otawa, ontario, canadama canadako rashtriya gallery rar brumadinho, brazilma inhotimko sthayi sangrahako hissa how. otawa pradarshani raidau street chappelma sett garieko chha, june dhwasta convent chyapalko uddhar garieko bhitri bhag how june ahile rashtriya galleryma sthayi pradarshanma chha. 40 zana waktaharu chapelko waripari sett garieka chhan, pratyekma 40 bhagko gayakko ekal awaz chha. parinam ek atyadhik unnat bahubhashi prabhawa how, kinki agantukharule pratyek wyaktigat awaz yasako sambandhit wakta marfat sunna sakchhan, wa sampurna gayakko awaz sunna sakchhan june vibhinna tiwrataharusanga mildojuldo chha, jab kohi chapel waripari ghumchha. 10 june 2006 maa, bibisile 1,000 gayakharulai brijwater hull, manchesterma tukra bhetna, abhyas garna rar pradarshan garna agraha garyo june lagbhag nishchit rupma itihasma tukra ko sabaibhanda thulo pradarshan thiyo. tyas dina, 700 bhanda badhi gayakharu upasthit thie, jasmadhye adhikanshale pahile kahilyai geet gaeka thienan. dinko karyakramharu pachhiko euta karyakram 9 december 2006 maa bbc forma prasaran garieko thiyo. "spame inn alium" stephen polyakaf tivi drama "" gideonki chhori "" maa pramukh rupma dekha pardachha. yo "shunyalai chhune" chalchitrama pani prayog garinchha, jab yates rar simpson parwatko shikharma pugchhan. yo francois girardko "bwayakoyar" (2014) maa feri dekha pardachha, kalpanik rashtriya bwayakoyar ekedemyma stateko prarambhik prashikshanma "inn-da-round" pradarshan gariyo. "spame inn alium" ley adhunik sangitkarharulai 40-bhagko samuha rachanaharu lekhna prerit gareko chha; udaharanharuma jails swenko "da silent land" (1998), robert hansonko "anned deyar no night deyar" (2002), jakko mantijarviko "tentatio" (2006), pieter mcgarko "labh yu bigg age da skye" (2007) rar alek rothko "artharaij" (2009) samawesh chha, june yuke gayak purva cathedrale yasako 40 aun warshikotsawka lagi commission gareko thiyo. londonma adharit coral festival, tallis festival, jasma sadhain "spame inn alium" ko pradarshan samawesh hunchha, jasle montesservy rar mcgar duwailai commission garyo. sann 2021 maa self-isolation gayak mandalile tenebreka gayakharuko netritwama naigal certdwara prashikshit rar sanchalit kaam pradarshan garnechha, jasma sabai gayakharule wyaktigat rupma gharma afno bhag record garnechan. prayog garieko sanskaran sann 2020 maa hug kitedwara tayar garieko how rar thomas tallis societydwara sanskaranko 70 prishthako parichayasangai upalabdha garaieko how. samajle sikai samagri pani upalabdha garaunchha jasma ek gayakle metronum rar/wa anga sangatko sath kunai pani chhanauta garieko awaz lineko recording sunna sakchha.

alijamare spame aliam ray spame (lattin paain "anya kaunasi aasha") heuchhi thamas talisanka dwara 40-anshara nabajagarana motet, sii ray rachna . 1570 pratyeka panchti swarara athati gajaka dala paain. keteka samalochaka ehaaku prarambhika ingraji sangeetara sarbashrestha ansha bolly bibechana karanti . etch. bii. 1929 masihare collins ehaaku taanka "bilapa" sahita talisanka "mukut saphalata" bhabare barnana karithile. itihas. ehi karjyara prarambhika itihas aspasta, jadio ehaa keunthare pratham thara paain karajaithila shay bishajare kichhi sutra achhi . ehaa anah-prasadara library eka suchire talikabhukta hoichhi, 1590 dashakare mukutaku feriba purbaru 1550 dashakare arandelara arlanku bikri hoithiba eka rajprasad . 1596 masihar ehi talikare ehaaku "shreenka dwara prastuta forty partsra eka geeta" bhabe barnana karajaichi. bolly ganana karanti. sarbapracheena banchithiba pandulipigudika heuchhi james 1manka putra henry fredariknka prince off wels bhabare nibesh paain 1610 ray prastuta . ine chhatra thomas waterijnka dwara 1611 masihare likhita eka sadharana pustakare nimnalikhita upakhyana rahichhih raanee elijabethanka samajare, englandare 30 pii. [kalaa] ray eka songe saine [tii] thila (jeuntharu italyamane ehi naamaku 'they epises off they warld' bolly abhihita karithile) witch binge songe madd [ee] eka swargeeja samanjasya . diuka off-bijaring'-'myujiku bahuta bhalapaiba'-shay pacharile je ammer kaunasi ingreja purush ete bhal 'aii songe' sthira kariparibe naahin kii, ebong 'tallis bing' bahuta kushali anubhaba kale je shay ehi karjya karibe kii naahin, jaahaa shay karithile ebong 40 pii. [aarr] tays wach madhyaru gotie tiari karithile jaahaa arundel houser lang gyalereere thila, ebong anyatiku ete doora atikrama karithile je diuka, 'hiringe thutt songe', taanka galaru [emm] sunara chenn neithile ebong 'putt white' taanka galare uchchata bishajare kahithile ebong tanku yeat (wick songe 'ray puni songe' thila princes rajyabhishekare) deithile. 30" ku eka bhul bolly dharinei, jeun italiah geetaku ullekha karajaichi taaha 40-ansha bisista motet "ikse bitam lussem" kimba 40-60-bhaes maas "missa sopra eco sii beto giorno" bolly jukti karajaichi, ubhaja alessandro strijionka dwara, jieki europe bhraman parey june 1567 ray london gasta karithiba janaa, jeunthire shay "missa sopra eco sii beto giorno" rahr anyanya pradarshan ayojan karithile. ehi bibaraneeti anah-ajogya prasadare suchi prabesha sahita samanjasyapurnaha arandel house landanare 19tama earl henry phitajalananka ghara thila; anah-ajogya prasad taanka deshar basasthana thila. anah-bisista byaktimananka paain eka astabhujakara bhoji hull thila, jeunthire tala mahla upare charoti pratham mahla balconi thila; ehi anumana upare ehaa hoipare je tally kebala roundre nuhen, barang athati pancha-bhaga gajaka dala madhyaru chariti balakoniru gaiba paain sangeetaku design karithile . sehipari, elizabeth-1manka shasson kaalare ekamatra deukdom narphokanka thila, tenu chithire thiba diuka kebala narfokar 4rtha diuka thamas haward hoiparanti, ebong tenu (jadi upakhyanati biswasaneeja) 1572ray tankara fashi karjyara rachna paain eka sadyatama tarikh deithae. keteka bidwana bichara karanti je dick off norphoc talisanku 'nonesch' ray pradarshan paain 'spame inn aliam' lekhiba paain nirdesh deithile, ebong ehara pratham pradarshan sethare hoithila . anya aitihasikamane ehi kahani upare sandeha prakash curry matabyakta karichanti je pratham pradarshan 1573 masihare elijabethanka 40tama janmadina absarare hoithila. uparokta matagudika sarbadhika byapaka bhabe gruheeta, kintu ubhajare asubidha rahichhi. ehi pathyati sarum reetineetire mattin kramare eka pratikrijaru aasichhi, jaahaa sadharana prarthana pustaka dwara sthanita hoithila . bastabare, 1610 masihare ehi karjyara pradarshan paain byabahruta lekha, sangeeta sahita sett hoithiba bele, sampurna bhinna, jaahaa suchita kare je moola lekha santoshajanaka nathila . waterjanka chithiti elizabethan tarikh parey 40 barsha tarikh atte ebong ethire struggio kimba dick naama ullekha naahin . ehaa suchita hoichhi je jadi prashnare thiba dick narfokar dick thile, tebe ehaa truteeja dick hoipare, jieki merrie prathamanka shasson kaalare jeebita thile. 1550 dashakare, marijamanka dwara bikri karajaithiba anah-prasad narafolkmanankara thila. moola pathya bishajare kahibaku gale, judith holopharnasanku hatya kariba ebong taanka sthitiku punarbara hassel karibara prasanga mereenka dick off narthambarlyandnka fashi sahita mela khauchhi, jie tanku elijabethanka paain tollis byabahara kariba paribarte ledi zen grenka saha singhasanare sthanita karibaku chesta karithile. sangeetati nije strijionka seting thaaru sampurna bhinna . tankara karjya dashati chaari-bhaga gajaka dala paain thila; athati pancha-bhaga gajaka dala paain tallis. waterjanka chithire thiba '30' eka bhul mudrana kimba truti hoinapare; ullekha karajaithiba karjya kebala agyata hoipare . ehi jukti aadhaarare tallis elijabethanka purbasuri mereenka paain ehi rachna lekhithile. ehi sambhabanaku aagaku badhajaichhi je strigio talisku nakal karichhi, jadio ehara kaunasi pramana naahin . ehi karjyara prarambhika score oxforder bodlian laibrereere rahichhi, jeunthare ehaa 1000 barshar british coral sangeetara bibaraneere 2008-09 ray pradarshita eka pradarshanira ansha thila . ehi karjyara anya eka prarambhika score londner british laibrereere saar zohn ritblat tragers gyalereere rahichhi, jeunthare ehaa "british library tragers" rahr 2014-15 pradarshani ansha thila . gunamana. motet panchti swara (soprano, alto, tenor, baritone ebong baas) rahr athati gajaka dala paain rakhajaichhi . sambhabatah, taanka gajakamane eka aswa naal aakarare thia heba paain talisanka uddeshya thila. pratham gajakamandalara gotie swarare arambha curry, anya swara anukaranare joga dianti, pratyeka neerab hoi jaanti jetebele sangeeta athati gajakamandalara charipakhare gati kare . samasta chalisha swara ekasangare kichhi baara paain prabesha karanti, ebong taa 'parey gajaka dala aatharu gajaka gosthi ekaku jiba sahita udaghatanira dhancha bipareet hoithae . aau eka sankhipta purna bibhaga achhi, jaahaa parey gajaka dalagudika semananka madhyare thiba sthana saaraa dhwani phingi, antifonal jodire gaana karanti . sheshare samasta swara karjyara samapti paain joga dianti . jadio anukaranatmaka saileere ebong belebele samalingeere rachita, ehara byaktigata kantha dhadi ehara marjeet suratmaka dhancha madhyare besh mukta bhabare karjya kare, jaahaa ehara dasharu baara minute pradarshan samajare bahu sankhyaka byaktigata sangeeta bicharaku karjyakaree karibaku anumathi die . ehi karjyati heuchhi eka baiparitya adhyajanah byaktigata swaragudika geeta gaanti ebong palata palata neerab ruhanti, belebele ekutia, belebele gajakamandalare, belebele dakanti ebong uttara dianti, belebele samaste ekathi, jahaphalare, eka ekagheda gana heba paribarte, karjya kramagata bhabare paribartana heuchhi ebong nutan chintadhara upasthapana karuchhi . lekha. motetra moola latin pathya eka pratikrija (mattinsre, truteeja paath paain, septembarara bhi saptahare), sarum reetire, judith pustakaru grahan karajaichi. aaji barshar 29tama saptahara mangalabara deane pratham paath parey paath (purbaru mattin kuhajauthila) karjyalajare lattin reetira dibya karjyalajare pratikrija dekhajae . latin pathya paain antarnihita pradan karuthiba kaunasi prarambhika pandulipi utsa naahinh 1610 kapi ingraji contrafactom paain antarnihita pradan kare, jaahaa 1610 ray prince off welsnka henry fredariknka investicharare gaana karajaithila, "geeta ebong gauraba" (tale dekhantu), tale diajaithiba latin sabda sahita . upasthapana. recording madhyare antarbhukta rahichhi winchestara cathedralara gajaka gosthi; tallis scholar, cardinalnka music, great brittener jatiah juba gajaka gosthi, oxford camerat; kings ebong cent zohn college, cambridger gajaka gosthi; shohal; oxenfordra clerk; huelgas samooha; tevernera consort ebong khelali; aai phagiolini ehaaku alisandro strijionka 40 bhaga motet sahita record karichanti, jaahaa kantinyu, cornet ebong sakabat sahita . ehi motetra anya eka sanskarana genet cardifnka "chalisha-bhaga motet" (2001) ray pradarshita hoichhi, eka sound installation jaahaa otawa, ontario, kanadara kanadara jatiah gallery ebong brazilara brumadinhore inhotim rahr sthajee sangrahara ansha . otawa pradarshani raidau street chapelare sthapita hoichhi, jaahaa eka dhwansa hoithiba convent chapelara uddhara hoithiba aabhyantareen jaahaa bartamana jatiah gyalereere sthajee pradarshanare achhi . church charipate chalisha john bakta achanti, pratyekare 40 bhagara gajaka dalara gotie swara rahichhi. ehara parinam heuchhi eka atyadhika bardhita bahubhashi prabhaba, kaaran paridarshakamane pratyeka byaktira swaraku ehara anuroopa baktanka madhyamare shuni paranti, kimba jane chappel charipate buliba samajare, bibhinna tibrata sahita mishrit samagra gajaka dalara swaraku shuni paranti . 10 june 2006 ray, bibisi 1,000 gajakanku brijwatara hull, manchestarare ehi khandaku bhetiba, abhyasa kariba ebong pradarshan karibaku kahila jaahaa praiah nischita bhabare itihasara sarbabruhata pradarshan thila . sehi deane, 700 ru adhika gajaka joga deithile, jeunmananka madhyaru adhikansha purbaru kebe ehi geeta gaai nathile. dinara karjyakram parey eka karjyakram 9 december 2006 ray bibisi phorare prasarita hoithila . "spame inn aliam" stephen polyacoff tibhi drama "" gidionnka jhia "" ray pramukh bhabare pradarshita hoichhi . shunyasthanaku chhuinba" chalachitrare madhya ehaa byabahruta hoichhi, jetebele yets ebong simpson parbata shikharare pahanchanti . ehaa punithare phrankois girardanka "baikojara" (2014) ray dekhajaithae, jaahaa kalpanika jatiah baikojara ekademire stetnka prarambhika prashikhyanare "inn-daa-round" pradarshan karithila . "spame inn aliam" adhunika sangeetakaramananku 40 bhaga bisista sangeeta rachna lekhibaku prerana deichi; udaharanagudika madhyare rahichhi jailas swennka "" daa silent land "" (1998), robart hanasanka "" anded deyar noe night derr "" (2002), jacco mantijaravinka "" tentatio "" (2006), pieter mcgarra "" labh jayu bigg aas daa skye "" (2007) ebong alek rothnka "arthorise" (2009), jaahaa juke gajakamandalara purbatana cathedrara 40tama barshiki absarare arambha hoithila. landanare ajojita eka coral festival, 'tallis festival', jeunthire sarbada 'spame inn aliam' rahr pradarshan antarbhukta, ubhaja mantijarabhi ebong mcgarra ayojan karithila. 2021 ray aatma-bichinnata gajaka dala ehi karjya pradarshan kariba, jaahaa nigel cert dwara talim ebong parichalita ebong tenebrera gajakamananka netrutware, samasta gajaka ghare byaktigata bhabare semanankara ansha record karibe . byabahruta sanskaranati heuchhi 2020 ray hugg keat dwara prastuta ebong sanskaranare keetra 70 prusthara parichai sahita thamas tallis society dwara upalabdha karajaithila . society madhya sikhyana samagri upalabdha karaithae jeunthire jane gajaka metronum ebong/kimba anga sangata sahita jekaunasi manoneet bhaes liner recording shuni paribe .

aliam witch spame eliam witch spame ("kise horr witch umeed" laee latini) thamas tellis duaara ikk 40-hisse daa punarjagaran motet haii, joe see witch baniaa haii. 1570 panj-panj aavazan dey atth gaikan laee. iss noon kujh aalochakan duaara angrezi mudhle sangeet daa sabh toon vadda hissa manniaa jaanda haii. aich. bee. collins neey 1929 witch iss noon aapne "sog" dey naal-naal tellis dee "mukkh prapati" dassiaa. itihaas. kamm daa shuruati itihaas aspasht haii, halanki iss baare kujh surag hunn kii ih pahili vaar kitthe keeta giaa see. ih gair-shaahi mahil vikhe library dee suchi witch suchibadh haii, ikk shaahi mahil 1550 dey dahake witch arnal aaf aral noon 1590 dey dahake witch taaj witch waps aaunn toon pahilan vechiaa giaa see. suchi witch, 1596 toon, iss noon "forty parts daa ikk geet, shriman duaara banaiaa giaa haii. ankade". sabh toon puraniaan bachiaan hoiaan hatth-likhtan uh hunn joe 1610 witch james I dey puttar hannery fredrik dey prince aaf wells dey roop witch nivesh laee tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. kanoon dey vidiaarthi thamas waters dee 1611 dee ikk aam kitaab witch heth ditta kissa haiyav maharani elizabeth dey samein witch england witch 30 pee [qalaa] witch ikk songe saine [tii] see (jithon italian lokan neey ih naam rakkhiaa see kii uhanan noon sansar dey episus kiha jaanda haii) atey beeing songe maid [ee] ikk swargi sadbhavna see. diook aaf-bearing aii gret lava too music neey puchhiaa kii qee saade angrezi aadmiaan vicchon koee vee inna changa geet naheen bnaa sakda, atey tellis beeing bahut kushal mahisus keeta giaa kii qee uh ih kamm karega, jiss neey usne keeta atey 40 pee [aar] tess vicchon ikk noon arandel haaoos dee long gallery witch songe banaiaa, joe kii inna door see kii diook, hearing thatt songe neey aapni gardan toon sone dee chenn lae laee atey putt neey aapni gardan noon lagbhag uccha qarr liaa atey usnoon ditta (watch songe reehi songe see). 30" noon ikk galti mannade hoye, jiss italvi geet daa havala ditta giaa haii, uss noon jaan taan 40-hisse daa motet "aikse beatom lusam" jaan 40-60-voice maas "missa sopra eco see beeto giorno" dassiaa giaa haii, doven alessandro stragio duaara, joe yoorap dee yaatra toon baad juun 1567 witch london daa daura curran laee jaane jaande hunn, jiss dauran unhan neey "missa sopra iko see beeto giorno" dey horr pardarshan daa parbandh keeta see. ih birtant nansuch palace witch suchi-suchi entary dey anukool haiyav arndall haaoos arndall dey 19ven aral hannery fitzlen daa london gharr see; nansuch palace uss daa desh nivas see. iss tarahan dey gair-atth-manzila daawat haal witch, jiss witch hethli manzal dey uppar chaar pahili manzal deeaan balconian sunn; iss manniaa jaanda haii kii ih ajiha mamla hoow sakda see kii tellis neey sangeet noon naa siraf goal witch gaaun laee tiaar keeta see, balki balconi toon gaaun vaale atth panj-hisse vaale gaikan vicchon chaar dey naal. isey tarahan, elizabeth pahile dey shasan dauran maujood iklauta dukedom norphok daa see, iss laee chitthi witch diook siraf thamas haward hoow sakda haii, norphok daa chautha diook, atey iss laee (jey kissa bharoseyog haii) 1572 witch uss dee fansi rachna dee navintam mitee dindi haii. kujh vidwan mannade hunn kii norphoc dey diook neey tellis noon nansach vikhe pardarshan laee "eliam witch spame" likhan laee kiha see, atey ih kii iss dee pahili peshkari utthe hoee see. horr itihaskar, kisse utte shakk karde hoye, sujhaa dinde hunn kii pahili peshkari 1573 witch elizabeth dey 40ven janam dinn dey mauke utte keeti gaee see. uppar dasse gaye vichaar sabh toon vaddh viaapak hunn, parr dovan witch mushkilan hunn. paath saaram rasam witch mateen kram witch ikk pratikiriaa toon aaunda haii, jiss noon aam prarthna dee kitaab duaara hataa ditta giaa see. darasal, kamm dey 1610 dey pardarshan laee vartiaa giaa paath, jadon kii sangeet laee sett keeta giaa haii, puurii tarahan vakkhra haii, ih sujhaa dinda haii kii mool paath tasallibakhsh naheen see. waters dee chitthi elizabethan mitee toon 40 saal baad dee haii atey iss witch naa taan struggio jaan diook daa naam haii. ih sujhaa ditta giaa haii kii jey swal witch diook norphok daa diook see taan ih teeja diook hoow sakda haii, joe mairi pahile dey shasan dauran jiuunda see. 1550 dey dahake witch gair-mahil norpholux naal sabandhat see, jiss noon mairi neey unhan noon wetch ditta see. jithon takk mool paath dee gall haii, judith duaara holoferns noon maaran atey uss dee sathiti noon mudd prapat curran daa sandrabh mairi duaara north umberland dey diook dee fansi dey naal fitt baithda haii, jiss neey uss noon lady jaine grey naal gaddi utte bithan dee koshish keeti see, naa kii tellis neey iss noon elizabeth laee vartiaa see. sangeet aapne aap witch struggio dee setting toon puurii tarahan vakkhra haii. uss daa kamm dass chaar-hissiaan vaale gaikan laee see; tellis atth panj-hissiaan vaale gaikan laee haii. waters dey pattar witch '30' galat print jaan galti naheen hoow sakadi; jiss kamm daa havala ditta giaa haii uh siraf anjaan hoow sakda haii. inhan dalilan utte tellis neey mairi, elizabeth dee puravgami laee kamm likhiaa. iss sambhavna noon agge vadhaiaa giaa haii kii strigio neey tellis dee nakal keeti haii, halanki iss daa koee saboot naheen haii. kamm daa shuruati ank bodlian library, oxford witch haii, jitthe ih british coral sangeet dey 1000 saalan daa verva dinde hoye 2008-09 witch dikhai gaee ikk pardarshani daa hissa see. kamm daa ikk horr shuruati ank british library, london witch sarr jauhan ritbalat trazer gallery witch haii, jitthe ih "british library dey khazaniaan" dee pardarshani daa hissa see. gunn. motet panj aavazan (soprano, alto, tenner, baritone atey baas) dey atth gaikan laee rakkhiaa giaa haii. ih sabh toon vaddh sambhavna haii kii tellis neey aapne gaikan noon ghode dee nakk dee shakal witch khadah curran daa irada keeta see. pahile gaika dee ikk aavaaz naal shuru hunde hoye, horr aavazan nakal witch shamal hoow jandiaan hunn, harr ikk chupp hoow jaanda haii kiunki sangeet atth gaika dey duaale ghumda haii. saariaan chaali aavazan kujh baaran laee ikko samein dakhal hundiaan hunn, atey firr udghatni dey pattern noon gaika atth toon gaika ikk vall jaanh vaale sangeet naal ulta ditta jaanda haii. ikk horr sankhep poora bhaag haii, jiss toon baad gaika antifonal jodiaan witch gaunde hunn, joe uhanan dey vichkaar dee jagha witch aavaaz suttde hunn. ant witch saariaan aavazan kamm dee samapati laee shamal hundiaan hunn. halanki iss deeaan viaktigat aavazan aapniaan shandar harmonic dhanche dey ander kaafi sutantar taur 'teey kamm kardiaan hunn, iss dey dass toon baaran mint dey pardarshan dey samein dauran vaddi ginti witch viaktigat sangeet vicharan noon lagu curran dee aagiaa dindiaan hunn. kamm iss dey ulat ikk adhiaen haiyav viaktigat aavazan gaundiaan hunn atey vaari-vaari chupp rahindiaan hunn, kaee vaar ikalliaan, kaee vaar gaikan witch, kaee vaar qaal atey jawab dindiaan hunn, kaee vaar ikkathe, taan joe, ikk neeras punj honn dee door, kamm nirantar badal riha haii atey navein vichaar pesh qarr riha haii. paath. motet daa asal latini paath ikk jawab (mattins witch, teeje paath laee, satambar dey 5 hafte dauran), saaram reet witch haii, joe kii judith dee kitaab () toon liaa giaa haii. ajj saal dey 29ven hafte dey mangalwar noon pahile paath toon baad padhan dey daftar (pahilan mattins kiha jaanda see) witch latini rasam dey braham daftar witch pratikiriaa dikhai dindi haii. latini paath laee underley denh vaala koee shuruati hatth-likhat sarot naheen haiyav 1610 kapiaan angrezi conterfectum laee underley dindiaan hunn, joe kii 1610 witch prince aaf wells, hannery fredrik dey investiture witch gaaeeaan gaeeaan sunn, "gao atey mehmamai crow" (hethan dekho), jiss witch hethan ditte gaye latini shabad hunn. peshkari. recordingan witch winchester cathedral dey gaika duaara shamal hunn; tellis scholar, cardinal sangeet, gret britten dey rashtari yuva gaika, oxford camerata; kings atey cent johns kaljan dey gaika, cambridge; solan; oxenford dey clerk; huelgas samooh; towerner consort atey khidari; aaee fagiolini neey iss noon alessandro stragio duaara 40 hisse dey motet dey naal ricard keeta haii, jiss witch contino, carnets atey scubbets shamal hunn. iss motet daa ikk horr sanskaran genette cardiff dey "chaali-bhaag motet" (2001) witch pradarshit keeta giaa haii, ikk sound instalation joe kii otawa, ontario, canada witch canada dee rashtari gallery atey brumedino, braazeel witch innotim dey sathayi sangrah daa hissa haii. otawa pardarshani raidaoo street chappel witch sathapat keeti gaee haii, joe kii ikk dhahiaa hoiaa convent chappel daa bachaiaa hoiaa andruni hissa haii joe hunn rashtari gallery witch sathayi pardarshani witch haii. chappel dey duaale chaali bulara sathapat keete gaye hunn, harek witch 40-hisse vaale gaika dee ikk aavaaz haii. natija ikk bahut hii vadhee hoee bahu-bhaav prabhav haii, kiunki sailani harek viaktigat aavaaz noon isade anusari bulara duaara sunn sakde hunn, jaan vakkh-vakkh teebartavan dey naal mill keey samuche gaika deeaan aavazan noon sunn sakde hunn, jiven kii koee chappel dey duaale ghumda haii. 10 juun 2006 noon, bee. bee. see. neey 1,000 gaikan noon brijwater haal, manchester witch iss tukde noon milann, abhiaas curran atey pardarshan curran laee kiha joe lagbhag nishchit taur 'teey itihaas witch iss tukde dee sabh toon vaddi peshkari see. uss dinn, 700 toon vaddh gaikan neey hissa liaa, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar neey pahilan kadey ih geet naheen gaaiaa see. dinn dey samagman toon baad ikk program 9 dasambar 2006 noon bee. bee. see. fore utte prasarit keeta giaa see. "eliam witch spame" stephen polyacoff tii. vee. drama "gideon dee dhee" witch pramukhta naal dikhai dinda haii. iss dee varton film "chhuhan vaali khhaali" witch vee keeti gaee haii, jadon yates atey simpson pahaad dey sikhar 'teey pahunchade hunn taan ih sikhar' teey pahunch jaanda haii. ih francois girard dey "buaekoir" (2014) witch dubara dikhai dinda haii, jiss neey kalpanik rashtari buaekoir academy witch stat dee shuruati sikhlai witch "inn-dha-raoond" pardarshan keeta. "spame inn aliam" neey aadhunik sangeetkaran noon 40-hissiaan vaale coral kamm likhan laee prerit keeta haii; udaharnan witch gills swen dee "" dha silent lend "" (1998), robbert hanson dee "" atey koee raat naheen hovegi "(2002), jaco mentijarvi dee" "tentatio" "(2006), pieter mcgar dee" "lava yuu bigg aiz dha sakai" "(2007) atey alek roth dee" "arthraiz" "(2009) shamal hunn, jiss noon yuke gaika aiks cathedra duaara iss dee 40 veen varehgandh laee commission keeta giaa see. london-adharat ikk coral tiuhar, tellis tiuhar, jiss witch hamesha "eliam witch spame" dee peshkari shamal hundi haii, neey mantijarvi atey mcgar dovan noon chalu keeta. saal 2021 witch sway-alagg-thalagg gaika kamm daa pardarshan karegi, jiss noon nigal shaart duaara sikhlai ditti gaee atey sanchalit keeta giaa atey iss dee agvai tenbrey dey gaikan duaara keeti gaee, jiss witch saare gaeek aapne hissiaan noon gharr witch viaktigat taur 'teey ricard karange. vartiaa giaa sanskaran uh haii joe 2020 witch hugg keete duaara tiaar keeta giaa see atey thamas tellis suciety duaara keete dey sanskaran dee 70-panniaan dee jaanh-pachanh dey naal upalbadh karvaiaa giaa see. suciety sikkhan dee samaggari vee upalbadh karvaundi haii jiss naal ikk gaeek kise vee chunhi hoee aavaaz line dee recording noon metronome atey/jaan anga dee sangat naal sunn sakda haii.

alium madhye spem spem inn elium (lattin-bhashayam "anyeshu asha" iti arthah) iti thaamas-tallis ityanena rachitam 40 bhaageeyam punarjaagaran-motet asti, yat sii-bhashayam rachitam asti. 1570 tame varshe pancha dhwanyaah ashta-gayakavrundanam krute. kechan vimarshakah idam aangl-praarambhik-sangeetasy shreshtatamam khandam iti manyante. haha. kha. collins ityayam 1929 tame varshe swasya "vilaapaih" saha, tallis ityasya "mukuta-upalabdhihi" iti varnayat. itihaasah. asya krutyaah praarambhikah itihaasah aspashtah asti, yadyapi prathamam kutra nishpaaditam iti kechan soochikaah santi. 1590 tame dashake kireetam pratyaagantum poorvam 1550 tame dashake arandel-ityasya earl-ityasmai vikreetasya rajaprasadasya naansach-prasadasya pustakaalayasy suchipatre etat soocheebaddham asti. 1596 tamavarshaat, suchyam, "shridwara nirmitam forty parts ityasya geetam" iti varnitam. ganitam ". prachinatamani avashishtaani paandulipayah santi yaani 1610 tame varshe james-1 ityasya putrasya henry-fredrick ityasya wells ityasya rajakumarasya rupena pratishtaapanaaya sajjaani aasan. 1611 tame varshe vidhi-chaatrasya thaamas wateridge ityasya samanya-pustake nimnalikhitam vruttaantam vartate. raajnyaah elizabeth-varyasya kaale 30 pee [art] ess madhye england-deshe e songe senn [tea] aasit (yasmaat italian-janaah the-apises aaf the-world iti naam prayuktavantah) cha beeying songe myaad [ee] iti swargasya saamanjasyam. duke-aaf-bering-e gret-lava-too-music, prushtavaan yat asmakam aangl-purusheshu kashchit api uttamm-e-songe iti sthaatum naa shaknoti vaa iti, tathaa tallis-beeying-ityayam atyantam kushalm prateeyate sma yat saha tatt karyam sampaadayishyati vaa iti, yat saha krutavaan tathaa araundel-gruhasya long-gyalarimadhye 40 pee [aar] tess-vich iti ekam songe iti nirmaati, yat etaavat anyam padam atikramayat yat duke, hearing-titt-songe, swaswarnasya chenn-svasvennena [emm], putt-vait-svasvenena ucche, tathaa yout-dett (vich-songe, reege songe iti rajakumarasya rajyabhisheke). 30" iti dosham manya, ullekhitam italian-geetam 40-bhaageeyam motet "esse beetam lusem" athavaa 40-60-vaays maas "missaa sopraa iko sii beeto giorno" iti tarkitam asti, ubhau api alessandro strigio ityanena, yah europe-pravaasasya anantaram 1567 joon-maase landan-nagaram gatavaan iti dnyaayate, yasmin saha "missaa sopraa iko sii beeto giorno" ityasya anyapradarshaneshu aayojayat. etat vivaranam naanasach-prasadasya soochee-pravishtinaa anuroopam asti-araundel-gruham araundel-nagarasya 19 tame earl-henry-fitzalan ityasya landan-nivaasah aasit; naanasach-prasadaha tasya deshavaasah aasit. naansach ityasmin ashtakoneeyah bhojagruhah aasit, yasmin prushtatalasya upari chaturnam prathamatalasy balakani aasit; asmin anumanasya aadhaaren, naa kevalam vruttaroopena, apitu ashteshu panchabhaageshu chaturnam gaayakavrundaih balakani-madhye gaayitum, tallis ityanena sangeetasy rachanaa krutaa syaat. tathaiva, prathama-elizabeth ityasya shasanakale vidyamaanah ekamaatrah duke-edm narphok ityasya aasit, ataha patrasya duke kevalam thaamas howard, narphok ityasya chaturthah duke eva bhavitum arhati, ataha (yadi upakhyanam vishvasaneeyam asti) 1572 tame varshe tasya mrutyudandah krutyaah rachanaayaah naveenatamam dinaankam pradadaati. kechan vidvaamsaha manyante yat duke aaf narphok ityanena tallis ityenam naansach ityasmin pradarshanartham "spem inn elium" iti lekhitum niyuktam, tasya prathamam pradarshanm tatra abhavat iti. anyaani itihaasadnyaah, upakhyanam shankayan, soochayanti yat prathamam pradarshanm 1573 tame varshe elizabeth-varyasya 40 tame janmadine aasit iti. upari ullikhitaani mataani sarvaadhikam prachalitaani santi, parantu ubhayoho kashtaani santi. saarum-vidhyaam maatin-kramasya pratikriyayaha karanat ayam granthah asti, yah samanya-praarthan-pustakadwara pratisthaapitah aasit. vastutah, 1610 tame varshe krutasya pradarshanartham prayuktah granthah, sangeetasy krute sajjaha bhavati chet, sarvathaa bhinnah asti, yena mulagranthah santoshajanakah naa aasit iti suchitam bhavati. wateridge ityasya patram elizabethan-dinaankasya 40 varshaanaam anantaram asti, tathaa cha strigio athavaa duke ityasya naam naa ullikhati. yadi duke aaf narphok iti duke aasit tarhi ayam truteeyah duke bhavitum arhati iti soochitam asti, yah merry prathamasya shasanakale jeevati aasit. 1550 tame dashake norpholks-jananam asammanaprasadaha aasit, yat merry ityanena teshaam krute vikreetam aasit. moolagranthe, judith-dwara holoferns-ityasya vadhasya, tasyaah sthaanam punahpraapteh cha sandarbhah, merry-varyasya duke-aaf-northamberlyand ityasya mrutyudande saha yojayati, yah tasyaah sthaane leady zen grey ityanena simhaasanam sthaapayitum prayatat, naa tu tallis-varyena, elizabeth-krute tasya upayogam krutam. sangeetam eva strigio ityasya setting-taha sarvathaa bhinnam asti. tasya kaaryam dash-chaturnam bhaganam gayakavrundanam krute aasit; tallis-geetam ashta-pancha-bhaganam gayakavrundanam krute asti. wateridge ityasya akshare '30' iti aksharam naa tu apamudritam vaa dosham vaa syaat; yat karyam nirdeshitam asti tatt kevalam adnyaatam eva syaat. eteshu tarkaanaam aadhaaren tallis ityayam elizabeth ityasya poorvavartee merry ityasyaah krute krutim alikhat. strigio ityanena tallis ityasya pratilipihi krutah iti sambhavyata adhunaa pravartita asti, yadyapi asya kimapi pramaanam naasti. asya krutyaah prarambhikam ankam oxford-nagarasya bodlian-pustakaalaye asti, yatra etat 1000 varshaanaam british-samohasangeetasy vivaranam darshayitasya pradarshane bhaagah aasit. asya krutyaah anyah praarambhikah ankah landan-nagarasya british-pustakaalaye saar-jaan-ritblat-treasures-gallery ityatra asti, yatra etat "british-pustakaalayasy treasures" iti 2014-15 pradarshane bhaagah aasit. gunavisheshaah. motet panchadhvanisankhyaam (sopraano, alto, tenner, bariton, baas) ashta-gayakavrundanam krute sthaapitam asti. sambhawatah tallis ityasya gayakanam uddeshyam ashwanaukaakaarah iti aasit. prathamasya gaayakavrundasya ekena dhvanyaa aarabhy anye cha swarah anukarane sammilitaah bhavanti, yathaa sangeetasy ashta-gayakavrundanam paritah gatihi bhavati tathaa cha pratyekam nishshabdam bhavati. kechan baar-krute sarve chaturshu dhwanayah ekasamaye pravishanti, tatah gaayanavrundah ashtatah gaayanavrundah ekam prati gacchan sangeetasy aarambhasy swaroopam vyutkramitam bhavati. aparah sankshiptah poornah khandah asti, yasya anantaram gaayakavrundah pratidhwani-yugmeshu gaayanti, teshaam madhye sthaane dhwanim praavartayanti. ante sarve swarah karyasya paraakaashtaayai saha-yojayanti. yadyapi anukaraniyashailya, kadaachit homophonic-shailiyaa cha rachitam, tathaapi asya vyaktigata-swara-panktayah swasaundaryapoorna-swara-samrachanaayaah antah muktaroopena karyam kurvanti, yena tasya dash-dvaadasha-nimesha-pradarshana-samaye bahusankhyayaha vyaktigata-sangeeta-vicharan kaaryaanvayitum shakyate. etat krutihi vairuddhyapoornah adhyayanm asti-vyaktigata-swarah gaaha, palateeroopen nishshabdah, kadaachit ekaki, kadaachit gaayakavrundah, kadaachit aahvayanti, uttaram cha dadati, kadaachit sarve militvaa, yena ekataanah samoohah iti naa bhutva, krutihi nirantaram parivartitaa, nutanan vicharan prastooy cha bhavati. paatham. motet ityasya mool-lattin-granthah, judith-pustakaat () sveekrutya, saram-vidhi-anugunam, pratikriyaatmak-granthaat (mattins-madhye, truteeya-paathasya krute, september-masasya vee-saptaahe) asti. adya varshasya 29 tame saptaahe mangalavaasare prathamapaatasya anantaram pathanakaaryaalaye (poorvam mattin iti namna prasidhah) lattin-samskrutehe divyakaaryaalaye pratikriyaa drushyate. lattin-granthasya adhorekham daatum praarambhik-pandulipyaha srotah naasti-1610 pratishu aangl-contrafactum ityasya adhorekhah asti, yat 1610 tame varshe prince aaf wells ityasya heinry fredrick ityasya investiture ityasmin gaayitam, "sing and glorify" (adhah pashyantu) iti, lattin-bhashayaha padaani adhah dattaani santi. prastuteekaranam. abhilekheshu winchester-kethedral-nagarasya gaayakavrundasya dhwanimudrikaah antarbhavanti; da tallis-scholars, da cardinal-music, da national-yoot-gaayakavrundah gret-britton, da-oxford-camerata; da-kings-aand-sent-johns-mahaavidyaalayasya gaayakavrundah, kembridge; da-shohrah; da-clerks-aaf-oxford; hyulgas-encemb; teverner-concert-player-aii-faagiyolinee iti, elessandro strigio ityanena 40 bhaagayuktena motet-ityanena saha, conteeno, carnett-tathaa saakbat-ityetaih saha dhvanimudritam asti. asya motet ityasya anyah samskaranah genet cardiff ityasya "forty-paart motet" (2001) ityasmin darshitah asti, yah dhwani-sthaapanah asti, yah oottaavaa, ontario, kenada-deshasya kenada-deshasya rashtriya-gallery ityasya, brazil-deshasya brumaadinho-nagarasya innotim-ityasya cha sthayisangrahasya bhaagah asti. oottaavaa-pradarshanm raido-street-chaapal ityatra sthaapitam asti, yat dhvamsasya convent-chaapal ityasya rakshitm antarikam bhaagam asti, yat adhunaa rashtriya-gallery-madhye sthayee-pradarshanm bhavati. praarthanaapeetasya paritah chaturshu vaktaarah sthaapitaah santi, pratyekasmin 40 bhaganam gaayakavrundasya ekasyaah dhwanyaah cha asti. parinaamah atyantam vardhitah bahuswar-prabhaawah asti, yatah aagantukah pratyekasya swaram tasya anuroopa-vaktuhu madhyamena shrutum shaknoti, athavaa sampornasya gaayakavrundasya swaraan vividha-tivratanam sangamanena shrutum shaknoti, yadaa kashchan prarthana-mandirasya paritah paribhramati. 2006 joon 10 dinaanke, bee. bee. see. ityanena 1,000 gaayakaah militum, abhyaasam kartum, manchestar-nagarasya bridjwaater-haal-madhye tasya geetam pradarshayitum cha praarthitaah, yat praayah nishchitataya itihasasya krutyaah bruhattamam pradarshanam aasit. tasmin dine 700 taha adhikaah gaayakaah upasthitau aasan, yeshu adhikaamshaah poorvam kadaapi geetam naa gaayan. dinasya karyakramanam anantaram ekaha kaaryakramah 2006 december 9 dinaanke bee. bee. see.-fore ityatra prasaaritah. "spem inn elium" iti chalacchitram stephen-poliacoff-dooradarshan-naatake "gideon-ityasya putree" ityasmin pramukhatayaa drushyate. sparshana da voyid" iti chalachchitre api asya upayogah bhavati, yadaa yets tathaa simpson cha parwatah shikharam praaptaah tadaa charamotkarsham prapnuyat. francois girard ityasya "bicoir" (2014) ityasmin etat punah drushyate, yat kaalpanik-rashtriya-bicoir-akadami ityasmin state ityasya praarambhik-prashikshanasy "inn-da-raund" ityasmin pradarshanm karoti sma. "spem inn elium" iti aadhunik-sangitakaran 40 bhagiya-samooh-rachanaah likhitum prerayati; udaaharanaani santi galls swen ityasya "da sailent lyand" (1998), rabert hanson ityasya "end der no nait der" (2002), jaakko mantijaarvee ityasya "tentasio" (2006), peater makgaarr ityasya "love yu bigg aas da skai" (2007), elek roth ityasya "arthrais" (2009), yat yooke-gaayakavrundasya bhootapoorv-kethedra ityanena tasya 40 tama-vaarshikotsavasya krute niyojitam aasit. landan-nagare sthite coral-utsavah, da-tallis-utsavah, yasmin sarvadaa "spem inn elium" ityasya pradarshanm bhavati, saha mantijaarvee tathaa makgaarr ityetayoho ayojanam krutavaan. 2021 tame varshe swa-pruthaka-gaayakavrundah naigal-laghu-gayakena prashikshitam, sanchaalitam cha karyam pradarshayati, tena tenebre-ityasya gaayakaih netrutvam cha kriyate, yatra sarve gaayakaah swabhagan gruhe eva vyaktigataroopen dhvanimudrayanti. prayuktam samskaranam 2020 tame varshe hyoo keete ityanena nirmitam, thaamas-tallis-society ityanena, keete ityasya samskaranasya 70 prushtaanaam parichayena saha upalabhyat. samaajah shikshanasaamagri api upalabhyte, yena gaayakah metronam tathaa/athavaa anga-sangatanena saha kasyaapi nirvaachitasya dhwani-panktyaah dhwanimudranam shrutum shaknoti.

aliyaththil spem aliyaththil spem (latheen mozhiyil "vaeru endha nambikkaiyilum") enbathu thamas dallis ezhuthiya 40-pakuthi marumalarchi iyakkamaagum, idhu chii ill iyatrtrappattullathu. 1570-ainthu kuralgal konda ettu paadagar kulukkalukku. sila vimarsagargalaal idhu aangkila aarambagaala isaiyin migapperiya paguthiyaaga karudhappadugiradhu. ech. pii. 1929 aam aandil collins idhai thanathu "pulambalkaludan" dolisin "mudisoottu saathanai" endru vivaritthaar. varalaaru. inthap padaippin aarambagaala varalaaru thelivattrathu, iruppinum idhu muthanmuthalil engku nigazhththappattirukkalaam enbatharkaana sila thadayangal ullana. idhu 1590 kazhil kireedam thirumbuvatharku munbu 1550 kazhil arandalin erlukku virkapatta arasa aranmanaiyana noansak aranmanayil ulla noolagaththin pattiyalil pattiyalidappattullathu. 1596 muthal inththa pattiyal, "thiru. avarkalaal uruvaakkappatta forty bards paadal" endru vivarikkirathu. enngal ". 1610 aam aandil muthalaam james magan hendri fredericin wales ilavarasaraaka pathaviyaerpatharkaaka thayaarikkappatta kaiyezhuththup pirathikal thaan enjchiyirukkum aarambagaala kaiyezhuththup pirathikal aagum. satta maanavar thamas wateridge ezhuthiya 1611 aam aandu podhup puththagaththil pinvarum kadhai ullathu raani elisabeththin kaalaththil englaanththil 30 p [kalai] kazhil oru sankeen chenn [t] irunththathu (angkirunthu iththaaliyargal inththa peyarai thii abisus off thii world endru azhaiththanar) oru sorkka nallinakkam. tuke off-barroring aee grade love duu music, engkal aangkilaeya aangal yaaraalum nalla oru paadaththai amaikka mudiyumaa endru catar, maelum dallis beeying migavum thiramaiyaanavaraaga unarappattaar, avar athaich seiwara endru muyarchi seithaar, avar 40 p [ar] tess chaach aarandel havusil ulla lange caloryil irunththathu, adhu mattrondrai vida athigamaaga irunththathu, tuke, hearing thth sange, thanathu kazhuththil irunthu [m] thangaththin saayanai eduththu, butt whide thanathu kaluththai uyarththi, avarukkuk kodutthaar (vach sange meendum songe irunthaar ilavarasargalin mudisoottalil). 30" oru thavaru endru karudhinaal, kurippidapatta itaaliya paadal 40-pakuthi motet "exay peedam loosam" allathu 40-60-kural vegujana "misa sobra ego chii beato jeorno" endru vaathidappattullathu, ivai irandum alessandro strigioval ezhuthappattullana, avar juun 1567 ill iropa muzhuvathum oru payanaththirkup piragu landanukku vijayam seithathaaga ariyappadugirathu, idhan poathu avar "misa sobra ego chii beato jeorno" inn pira nigazhchchigalai aerpaadu seithaar. inththa pathivu naansuch aranmanayil ulla attavanai ulleettudan oththuppoakirathu arandel havus enbathu landanil ulla hendri fitzalan illamaaga irunththathu, idhu arandalin 19 vadhu earl aagum; naansuch aranmanai avarathu naattu illamaaga irunththathu. idhu poantra oru arangkil oru enkoana virunththu mandapam irunththathu, idhu tharai thalaththirku maelae naanku muthal maadi paalkanigalaik kondirundhadhu; inththa anumaanaththin paeril, tollis isaiyai suttril mattumallaamal, ettu ainthu pakuthi paatakarkalil naanku paer paalkanigalilirunthu paadum vagaiyil vadivamaiththirukalaam. idhaepoal, muthalaam elisabeththin aatchiyin poathu irunththa oray ilavarasar norbok aavaar, enavae kadithaththil ulla ilavarasar norbokkin 4 vadhu ilavarasar thamas hovard mattumae irukka mudiyum, enavae (kadhai nambagamaanathaaga irunthaal) 1572 ill avarathu maranathandanai padaippin thoguppukkaana sameepathiya thaethiyai alikkirathu. norfok ilavarasar dallisai "spem inn aliyam" ezhutha uttaravittaar endrum adhan muthal nigazhchchi angkuthaan nadanthathu endrum sila arinyarkal karudhugindranar. mattra varalaattraasiriyarkal, inththa kadhaiyai santhekikkaiyil, muthal nigazhchchi 1573 ill elisabeththin 40 vadhu piranthanaalai munittu nadanthathu endru koorugindranar. maerkooriya karuththukkal migavum paravalaaka ullana, aanaal irandirkum sikkalkal ullana. inththa urai saarum sadangkil maattin varisaiyil oru pathililirunthu varukirathu, idhu podhuvaana praarththanai puththagaththaal maattrappattathu. unmaiyil, 1610 aam aandu padaippin seyalthiranukkaaga payanpaduththappatta urai, isaiyil amaikkappattirukkumpoa, muttrilum vaerupattathu, idhu asal urai thirupthikaramaaga illai enbathaik kurikkirathu. wateridgin kadidham elisabeth thaethikku 40 aandugalukkup piragu ullathu, maelum strigio allathu tuke peyaraik kuripidavillai. kelvikkuriya ilavarasar norbokkin ilavarasaraaka irunthaal, avar moontraavathu ilavarasaraaka irukkalaam endru koorappadugiradhu, avar maeri I inn aatchiyin poathu uyirudan irunthaar. 1550kazhil norphox makkalukkuch sonthamaana aranmanai maeri avarkalaal virkappattathu. asal uraiyaip porutthavarai, judit holofernsike kondru thanathu nilaiyai meetteduppathu pattriya adhan soozhal, elisabeththukku dallis payanpaduththuvathai vida, laedi jaine graevudan simmaasanaththil amara muyarchiththa northamberland duke maeri thookkiliduvathudan porunthukirathu. isaiyae strigiovin amaippilirunthu muttrilum vaerupattathu. avarathu padaippugal paththu naanku pakuthi paatakarkalukkaanavai; dallis ettu ainthu pakuthi paatakarkalukkaanathu. wateridgin kadithaththil ulla '30' oru thavaraana achchidal allathu pizhaiyaaga irukkaathu; kurippidapatta vaelai verumanae ariyappadaathathaaka irukkalaam. inththa vaathangkalin adippadaiyil elisabethin munnoadiyaana maerikkaaka dallis inththa padaippai ezhuthinaar. strigio dallisai nagaleduththatharkaana saaththiyam maempattullathu, iruppinum idharku endha aathaaramum illai. inthap padaippin aarambagaala isaip pathivu oxportil ulla potlion noolagaththil ullathu, angku idhu 1000 aandukaala british isaikkuzhuvin isaiyai vivarikkum 2008-09 ill kaattapatta kankaatchiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. inthap padaippin mattroru aarambagaala mathippen landanil ulla british noolagaththil charr john ridd plaat pokkishangkal kaatchiyagaththil ullathu, angku idhu "british noolagaththin pokkishangkal" endra 2014-15 kankaatchiyin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. gunangal. ainthu kuralgal (sobrano, alto, danner, paritone mattrum baas) konda ettu paatakarkalukku motet amaikkappattullathu. avarathu paatakarkal kudhirai narkali vadivaththil nirka vaendum endru dallis ninaitthirukkalaam. muthal paadagar kuzhuvil irunthu oru kuralil thodangi, mattra kuralgal pinpattruvathil saerugindrana, isai ettu paadagar kuzhukkalaich suttri nagarumpoathu ovvondrum amaithiyaaga vizhugindrana. anaitthu naarpathu kuralgalum oru sila paarkalukku oray neraththil nuzhaigindrana, pinnar thodakkaththin vadivam isaikkuzhuvil irunthu ettukku paadagar ondrukku sellum isaiyudan thalaikeezhaaga maarukirathu. mattroru surukkamaana muzhu pirivu ullathu, adhan piragu paatakarkal antifonal joadigalil paadugiraargal, avattrukku idaiyilaana idaiveli muzhuvathum oliyai veesukiraargal. iruthiyaaka anaitthu kuralgalum paniyin uchchakkattaththirku saerugindrana. pinpattrakkoodiya paaniyilum, eppoathaavathu orinachchaerkkai paaniyilum iyatrtrappattaalum, adhan thanipatta kural varigal adhan nerththiyaana haarmonik kattamaippirkul migavum suthanthiramaaga seyalpadugindrana, idhu adhan paththu muthal pannirandu nimida seyalthiran neraththil aeraalamaana thanipatta isai yoasanaikalai seyalpaduththa anumathikkirathu. padaippu enbathu muranpaadugalil oru aaivu thanipatta kuralgal paadugindrana, sila nerangalil thaniyaaga, sila nerangalil paadagar kuzhukkalil, sila nerangalil alaippu mattrum pathil, sila nerangalil anaiththum ontraaka, ithanaal, oru salipaana vegujanamaaga iruppatharku pathilaaka, vaelai thodarnthu maarikkondae irukkirathu mattrum puthiya yoasanaikalai valangkukirathu. urai. moadattin asal latheen urai oru pathililirunthu (mattins, 3 vadhu paadaththirku, septumber vaaraththin poathu), saaram sadangkil, judit puththagaththilirunthu thazhuvi edukkappattullathu. aandin 29 vadhu vaaraththin sevvaayandru muthal paadaththaith thodarnthu vaasippu aluvalagaththil (munbu mattins endru azhaikkappattathu) latheen sadangkin theiveega aluvalagaththil intru pathil thoandrugirathu. latheen uraiyin adippaguthikku munththaiya kaiyezhuththup pirathi aathaaram ethuvum illaif 1610 pirathikal aangkila contrafactumcana adippaguthi kodukkindrana, idhu 1610 ill wales ilavarasar hendri frederic inn muthaleettil paadappattathu, "paadungkal mattrum magimaippaduththungal" (keezhae kaanka), latheen sorkal keezhae kodukkappattullana. thoguppukal. winchester cathetraline paadagar kuzhuvin pathivukal adangkum; dallis arinyarkal, cardinol isai, grade brittanin thaesiya ilaignar paadagar, oxfordu camerata; kings mattrum saint johns kalloorigalin paatakarkal, cambridge; pathinaaru; accenford ezhuththargal; huvelkas kuzhumam; unavaga thunai mattrum veerargal; aii fajiolini adhai alessantro strychiovin 40 pakuthi moattettudan pathivu seithullaar, thodarchchiyaana, kaarnettukal mattrum sagpat. inththa motettin mattroru pathippu johnet cardiffin "naarpathu pakuthi motet" (2001) ill idampettrullathu, idhu kanadaavin ottawa, onrariyoa, kanadaavil ulla kanadaavin thaesiya calory mattrum brazilin prumadinoavil ulla inodymine niranthara sekarippin oru paguthiyaagum. ottawa kankaatchi rhydo theru devalayaththil amaikkappattullathu, idhu ippoathu thaesiya kaatchiyagaththil niranthara kaatchikku vaikkapattulla oru idikappatta convent devalayaththin meetkappatta utpuramaagum. naarpathu paechchaalarkal devaalayaththaich suttri amaikkappattullanar, ovvondrum 40-pakuthi paatakarkalin ottraik kuralaik kondullana. idhan vilaivaaga migavum maempatta panmugath thoattram aerpadukirathu, aenenil paarvaiyaalarkal ovvoru thanipatta kuralaiyum athanudan thodarpudaiya paechchaalar moolam ketkalaam, allathu devaalayaththaich suttri oruvar nagarumpoathu, vevvaeru theevirangaludan kalakkum muzhu paatakarin kuralgalaiyum ketkalaam. juun 10,2006 andru, ppc 1,000 paatakarkalai monsesteril ulla bridge watter haalil santhikkavum, oththigai seiyavum, paadalai nigazhththavum kaettukkondadhu, idhu kittatthatta nichchayamaaga varalaattril inththa paadalin migapperiya nigazhchchiyaagum. andru, 700 kkum maerpatta paatakarkal kalandhu kondanar, avarkalil perumpaaloar idharku munbu inthap paadalaip paadiyathillai. andraiya nigazhvugalaith thodarnthu oru nigazhchchi disambar 9,2006 andru ppc foaril oliparappappattathu. "stephen boliacoff tholaikaatchi naadagamaana" "kideon magal" "ill" "spem inn aliyam" "mukkiyamaaga idampettrullathu". vetrtridaththaith thoduvathu" endra padaththilum idhu payanpaduththappadukirathu, yates mattrum simpson malaiyin uchikku varumpoathu oru climaxai adaikiraargal. idhu meendum francois crardin "paaikkoair" (2014) ill thoandrugirathu, idhu karpanaiyaana thaesiya paaikkoair akaadamiyil steatin aaramba payirchiyil "suttril" nigazhththappattathu. "spem inn aliyam" naveena isaiyamaippaalargalai 40-pakuthi kuzhup padaippugalai ezhuthath thoondiyullathu; eduththukkaattukalil kills swein "" thii silent land "" (1998), robbert hanson "" andd terr noow nite therr "" (2002), jacco mandijarviyin "" dentasio "" (2006), piittar mccurrin "" love yuu bick aus thii skai "" (2007) mattrum alek rohtin "" erthrise "" (2009) aagiyavai adangkum, idhu adhan 40 vadhu aandu vizhaavirkaaga englaanthu paadagar munnaal katheetraavaal niyamikkappattathu ". landanai thalamaagak konda oru kuzhuma thiruvilaa, dallis thiruvilaa, eppoathum "spem inn aliyam" nigazhchchiyai ulladakkiyathu, idhu mandijarvi mattrum mccar aagiya irandaiyum niyamiththathu. 2021 aam aandil suya thanimaippadutthal paadagar panii, nigel shord moolam payirchi pettru nadatthappadum mattrum denaprevaich saerntha paatakarkalaal vazhinadaththappadum, anaitthu paatakarkalum thangal pakuthikalai veettil thaniththaniyaaga pathivu seivaargal. payanpaduththappatta pathippu 2020 aam aandil huck keette thayaariththu thamas dollis societial keettaeyin 70 pakka arimugaththudan kidaiththathu. oru paadagar thernthedukkappatta endha kural variyaiyum metronome mattrum/allathu uruppu thunai moolam pathivu seivathaik kaetkum vagaiyil karral porulaiyum sangam valangkukirathu.

alium loe spem aliyamlo spem (laatinlo "edainaa itara aasha") anedi thamus tullis rachinchina 40-bhagala punarujjeevanodyama motet, idhi c loe koorchabadindi. 1570loe aidu swaraalatoe kuudina enimidi gayaka brundaalu. dheenini kontamandi vimarsakulu aangla prarambha sangeetamlo goppa bhaagamgaa bhaavistaaru. hetch. bii. collins 1929loe dheenini thana "vilaapaalato paatu tallis yokka" atyunnata vijayam "gaa abhivarninchaaru. charitra. eee pani yokka prarambha charitra aspashtamgaa undhi, ayithe idhi modata ekkada pradarsinchabadindane daanipai konni aadharalu unnaayi. idhi 1590laloe kiriitaaniki tirigi raakamundu 1550laloe arundel yokka earl kuu vikrayinchina raajapraasaadamaina nansach palesloni library ketalaglo jabita cheyabadindi. 1596 nundi eee jabita dheenini "mister chesina forty parts paata" gaa varninchindi. lekkalu ". modati james kumarudaina henry frederic yokka wales yuvarajuga padaveekaalam kosam 1610loe tayaaru chesinavi manugadalo unna mottamodati vraatapratulu. nyaya vidyaarthi thamus wateridge raasina 1611 common plays pustakamlo eee krindi katha undih raani elizabeth kaalamlo 30 p [kala] laloe inglaandloki eah saange seen [t] vachindi (italianlu eee paerunu thee apices off thee varald anie pilicheevaaru) witch beeying saange myaad [e] oka swarga samarasyam. duke off-baring eah grate love tuu music maa aangleya purushulu evaruu manchi saangnu sthiraparachalera anie adigaru, mariyu tollis beeying chaalaa naipunhyam kaligina vyaktigaa bhavinchabaddadu, athanu 40 p [ar] tess [ar] loe okadaanni arundel house looni lange gallerylo saange chesadu, athanu daanini entha dhooram chesado, duke, hearinge thet songe, thana meda nundi [m] bangaaram yokka chain teesukunnadu mariyu putt thana medanu ettukunnadu mariyu ataniki yitt icchaadu (witch songe tirigi saange gaa unnadu dhi princess pattabhishekam). 30" nuu porapatuga bhaavinchi, suuchimchina italian paata 40-bhagala motet "ex beatum lusum" ledhaa 40-60-vois maas "missa sopra eko sii beato giorno" anie vaadinchabadindi, rendoo alessandro strigio chetha cheyabaddaayi, athanu juun 1567loe airopa paryatana tarvaata london sandarsinchinatlu telisindi, eee samayamlo athanu "missa sopra eko sii beato giorno" yokka itara pradarsanalanu erpaatu chesaadu. eee kathanam nansuch pales looni ketalog entreeki anugunamgaa undih arundel house anedi arundel yokka 19va earl ayina henry fitzalan yokka london nivaasam; nansuch pales athani desheeya nivaasam. naan-saach loe oka ashtabhujakara vindu haall undedi, idhi ground floor paina naalugu modati antastu baalkaneelanu kaligi undedi; eee ooha prakaram, sangeetaanni roundloo matrame kakunda, enimidi aidu bhagala gayaka brundaalalo naalugu baalkaneela nundi padela roopondinchi undavacchu. adevidhamgaa, elizabeth I paalanalo unna ekaika dukedem norphoke, kabatti lekhaloni duke thamus howard, norphoke yokka 4 va duke matrame kaavacchu, kabatti (katha nammadaginadi ayithe) 1572 loe athani maranasiksha rachanaku taja teedeeni istundi. kontamandi panditulu duke off norphoke nansach vadda pradarsana kosam "spem inn alium" vraayadaaniki tollisnu niyaminchaadani, daani modati pradarsana akkade jarigindani bhaavistaaru. itara charitrakaarulu, eee kathanu anumaanistuu, modati pradarsana 1573loe elizabeth 40va puttinaroju sandarbhamgaa jarigindani suuchistunnaaru. paina perkonnavi atyanta vistrutamgaa pariganinchabade abhiprayalu, conny rendintikee ibbandulu unnaayi. eee vachanam sarram aacharamlo mattin kramamlo pratispandana nundi vachindi, idhi saadhaarana praarthana pustakam dwara bharti cheyabadindi. nijaaniki, 1610loe rachana yokka pradarsana kosam upayoginchina vachanam, sangeethaaniki amarchinapudu, puurtigaa bhinnamgaa untundi, idhi asalu vachanam santruptikaramgaa ledani suuchistumdi. watergedge raasina lekha elizabeth thedhee tarvaata 40 samvatsaraala naatidi mariyu indulo strigio ledhaa duke paeru prastaavinchabadaledu. prashnaarthakamaina duke norphoke duke ayithe, idhi maerii I paalanalo sajeevamgaa unna moodava duke kaavacchu anie soochinchabadindi. maerii vaariki vikrayinchina eee pales 1550laloe norpholklaku chendinadi. asalu grandham vishayaanikosthe, judit holofernsnu champi, thana sthaanaanni tirigi pondadam yokka sandarbham maerii duke off northamberlandku maranasikshato saripotundi, aame elizabeth kosam tallis daanini upayoginchakundaa laedii jaine gretho simhaasanampai aamenu bharti cheyadaaniki prayatninchindi. sangeetam kooda strigio neepadhyaaniki puurtigaa bhinnamgaa untundi. athani pani padhi naalugu bhagala gayaka brundaala kosam; enimidi aidu bhagala gayaka brundaala kosam tallis. watergedge lekhaloni '30' tappugaa mudrinchabadinaa ledhaa lopam kakapovachhu; suuchimchina pani kevalam teliyanidi kaavacchu. eee vaadanalapai tollis elizabeth puurveekuraalu maerii kosam eee rachananu raasaaru. strigio tollisnu coppy chese avakaasam undhi, ayithe dheeniki etuvanti aadharalu laevu. eee rachana yokka prarambha score oxfordloni bodlian librarylo undhi, ikkada idhi 1000 samvatsaraala british brunda sangeetaanni vivarinche 2008-09 loe chuupina pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa undhi. eee rachana yokka maroka prarambha score landanlooni british librarylo surr zaan ritblat treasers gallerylo undhi, idhi "british library yokka treasers" pradarsanalo bhaagamgaa undhi. lakshanaalu. aidu swaraala (soprano, alto, taynor, baritone mariyu baas) enimidi gayaka brundaala kosam motet erpaatu cheyabadindi. thana gayakulu gurrapu naala aakaaramlo nilabadaalani tallis uddesinchi undavacchu. modati gayaka brundam nundi oke swaramtho praarambhinchi, itara swaraalu anukaranalo chaerataayi, sangeetam enimidi gayaka brundaala chuttoo kadulutunnappudu prati okkati nissabdamgaa untundi. nalabhai swaraalu okesari konni baarla kosam pravesistaayi, aapai sangeetam enimidi gayakula nundi oka gayakula varaku velladamtho prarambha namuunaa tiragabadutundi. maroka sankshipta puurti vibhagam undhi, aaa taruvaata gayaka brundaalu antiphonal jatalalo paadataayi, vaati madhya unna khaalii antataa dhwanini visurutaayi. chivaraku anni swaraalu pani yokka paraakaashta kosam chaerataayi. anukarana shaililo mariyu appudappudu swalinga samparkamtho kuurchabadinappatikii, daani vyaktigata swara panktulu daani sogasaina swara vyavasthalo chaalaa swechchagaa panicheestaayi, dheeni padhi nundi pannendu nimishala pradarsana samayamlo pedda sankhyalo vyaktigata sangeeta aalochanalanu amalu cheyadaaniki veelu kalpistundi. eee rachana viruddhamgaa oka adhyayanam vyaktigata swaraalu paadataayi mariyu malupulu tirugutuu nissabdamgaa untaayi, konnisaarlu ontarigaa, konnisaarlu gayaka brundaalalo, konnisaarlu coll cheyadam mariyu samadhanam ivvadam, konnisaarlu annee kalisi, tadwara, maarpuleni samuuhamgaa undataaniki dhooramgaa, pani nirantaram maarutuu untundi mariyu kotta aalochanalanu pradarsistundi. vachanamu. motet yokka asalu latin vachanam judit () pustakam nundi sweekarinchabadina saram aacharamlo, pratispandana nundi (mattin vadda, 3 va paatham kosam, september v vaaramlo). eee roeju samvatsaram 29va vaaram mangalavaaram modati paatham taruvaata pathanaala karyalayamlo (gatamlo maatinlu anie piluvabade) latin aacharam yokka daivika karyalayamlo pratispandana kanipistundi. latin vachananiki underley ichhe prarambha manuscript muulam leduh 1610 kaapeelu aangla contrafactum kosam underlaynu istayi, idhi 1610loe wales yuvaraju henry frederic yokka investiturelo paadabadindi, diguvana latin padaalatoe "paadandi mariyu keertinchandi" (krinda chudandi). pradarsanalu. recordinglalo winchester cathedral yokka gayaka brundam chesinavi unnaayi; tallis scholars, cardinals music, grate britton yokka jaateeya yuva gayaka brundam, oxford camerata; kings mariyu seyint johns kalaasaalala gayaka brundam, cambridge; padahaaru; oxenford yokka clerks; huelgass samishti; tavernor bhaarya mariyu aatagaallu; ii fagiolini dheenini alessandro strigio yokka 40 bhagala motetto paatu, kantino, cornets mariyu saakbatsto record chesaaru. eee motet yokka maroka version johnet cardiff yokka "nalabhai-bhagala motet" (2001) loe pradarsinchabadindi, idhi ottava, antario, kenadaaloni kenada jaateeya gallery mariyu brazilloni brumadinholoni inotim yokka shaashwata sekaranalo bhaagamaina sound installation. ottava pradarsana raidou veedhi chaapello erpaatu cheyabadindi, idhi koolchiveyabadina convent chappel yokka rakshinchabadina lopali bhaagam, idhi ippudu jaateeya gallerylo shaashwata pradarsanalo undhi. 40 mandhi gayakula oke swaraanni kaligi unna prati okkati, praarthanaa mandiram chuttoo nalabhai mandhi vaktalu untaaru. phalitamgaa atyanta merugaina bahuswara prabhavam untundi, endukante sandarsakulu prati okka swaraanni daani sambandhita speaker dwara vinavacchu ledhaa chappel chuttoo kadulutunnappudu, vividha teevratatoo militam ayye mottam gayaka brundam yokka swaraalanu vinavacchu. 10 juun 2006naa, manchesterlo bridgewater haallo eee patanu kalavadaniki, sadhana cheyadaaniki mariyu pradarsinchadaaniki 1,000 mandhi gayakulanu bbc korindi, idhi daadaapu khachitamgaa charitralo eee paata yokka atipedda pradarsana. aaa roeju, 700 mandiki paiga gayakulu hajarayyaru, veerilo ekkuva mandhi intaku mundennadoo eee patanu paadaledu. aaa roeju kaaryakramaala taruvaata oka karyakramam bbc phore loe 9 december 2006naa prasaram cheyabadindi. "spem inn alium" anedi stephen polyacoff tv drama "" gideon kumarte "" loe pramukhamgaa kanipistundi ". idhi "shoonyatanu taakadam" chitramlo kooda upayoginchabadutundi, yates mariyu simpson parvatam yokka sikharaaniki cherukunnappudu climax cherukuntaaru. idhi francois girard yokka "bicoir" (2014) loe mallee kanipistundi, idhi kalpita jaateeya bicoir academylo stet yokka prarambha sikshanalo "inn-dhi-round" pradarsinchabadindi. "spem inn alium" aadhunika swarakartalanu 40 bhagala brunda rachanalanu vraayadaaniki prerepinchindi; udaaharanalalo gails swayne yokka "" dhi sailent land "" (1998), robbert hanson yokka "" und dher noo nait dher "" (2002), jacco montezarvi yokka "" tentasio "" (2006), peater mcgur yokka "" love yuu bigg yaz dhi skye "" (2007) mariyu alek roth yokka "" arthraiz "" (2009), dheenini yuke gayaka brundam maajee cathedra 40va vaarshikotsavam kosam niyaminchindi ". londonku chendina brunda utsavam, tullis festival, indulo ellappuduu "spem inn alium" pradarsana untundi, idhi montezarvi mariyu mcgur rendintinee praarambhinchindi. 2021loe sweeya-ontaritanam gayaka brundam panini pradarsistundi, nigel short sikshana icchi nirvahistundi mariyu tenebray nundi gayakula naayakatvamlo, gayakulandaru intlo vyaktigatamgaa vaari bhaagaalanu record chestaaru. upayoginchina edition 2020loe hyoog keat tayaaru chesi, thamus tollis society dwara 70 paejeela edition parichayamtho paatu andubaatulo unchabadindi. eee sangham oka gayakudu metronome mariyu/ledhaa orgaon thodugaa edainaa enchukunna vois line recordingnu vinadaniki veelugaa abhyasa saamagrini kooda andubaatulo unchutundi.

elium mein speem elium mein speem (laatini mein "kasee aur mein ameed") thamas tolls kaa 40 hasoon parr mushtamil nishatah saaniya kaa motet hay juu see mein tashkil diyaa gayaa hay. 1570 paanch aawazon kay aath quires kay liye. asay kachh naqdin angrezi ibtadayi mausiqi kaa sabb say badaa hasah samajhte haine. aich. bub. colance nay 1929 mein asay apnay "maatam" kay saath tolls kii "tajposhi kii kamiyabi" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa. tareekh. kaam kii ibtadayi tareekh mubham hay halankah iss kay baaray mein kachh asharay mojud haine kahh yaha pehli baar kahaan anjaam diyaa gayaa thaa. yaha ghair mamuli mahal mein library kay catalog mein darj hay eek shaahi mahal juu 1550 kii dahayi mein taaj mein waps aaney say pehley aral aaf aarondal kuu farokhat kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1596 say iss fehrist mein asay "forty parts kaa eek gaana mister kay zariah banaya gayaa hay. hasaab ". qadeem tareen zindah bach jaanay waalay makhtutat wah haine juu 1610 mein jaims awal kay betay hunry frederk kay prince aaf wells kii haisiyat say sarmayah kaaree kay liye tayaar kiye gayey thay. qanoon kay taalib alam thamas waterge kii 1611 kii eek aam kitaab mein darj zeel qasey shaamil haine: malkah alzabth kay zamanay mein england mein 30 pee [aart] mein eek songay seen [tye] thaa (jehaan say atalvi loag iss naam kuu thay apsees aaf thee world kehtay haine) aur wah eek aasmani humm aahingi thee. ddiok aaf-barring aey great low tuu music nay poocha kahh kiyaa hamaray angrez mardon mein say koyee bhee atnaa achhaa aur songi qayem nahein kirr saktaa aur tolls benning kuu behat hunner mund mahsus kiyaa gayaa kahh aayaa wah yaha kaam anjaam day gaa jiss nay iss nay kiyaa aur 40 pee [aar] mein say eek banaya juu arvindale house kii laang gallery mein songi thaa jiss nay dosray kuu atnaa peeche chhod diyaa kahh ddiok hairing thatt songi nay apnee girdan say sonay kii chayeen lee aur putt nay apnee girdan kuu lamba kiyaa aur asay diyaa (dabliyo aich songi dobarah songi thee juu prences tajposhi mein thee). 30" kuu ghalti samajhte huay jiss atalvi gaaney kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa hay asay yaa tuu 40 hasoon kaa motet "acci betam losam" yaa 40-60-waais maas "masaa sopra aiko see beto jewarno" qaraar diyaa gayaa hay donon alessandro strague kay zariah juu europ kay doray kay baad joone 1567 mein landan kaa dorah karnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay jiss kay doraan iss nay "masaa sopra aiko see beto jewarno" kii deegar performans kaa ahtamam kiyaa thaa. yaha biyaan nansik mahal mein catalog andraj say mutabiqat rakhta hay: arondal house landan mein hunry fitzlan kaa gahar thaa juu arondal kaa 19 waan aral thaa vovo nansik mahal iss kii milki rehaish gaah thee. ghair mamuli mein eek octignal ziyafat haal thaa jiss kay natijay mein nichli manzal kay oopar pehli manzal kii chaar balkoni thein. iss mafruzay parr yaha muamilah how saktaa thaa kahh tollies nay mausiqi kuu naha sarf round mein gaaya jaaye balkah balkoni say gaaney waalay aath mein say chaar paanch hasoon waalay quires kay saath design kiyaa how. asee tarah alzabth awal kay door hukumat mein waahid deocudum mojud thaa juu norphok kaa thaa lehza khath mein ddiok sarf thamas howard how saktaa hay juu norphok kaa chotha ddiok hay aur iss liye (agar qasbah qaabil aetemad hay) 1572 mein iss kii phansi kaam kii tashkil kii taazah tareen tareekh deeti hay. kachh elmaa kaa khayaal hay kahh ddiok aaf norphok nay tolls kuu nansik mein karkardgi kay liye "speem inn eliam" likhnay kaa hakam diyaa aur yaha kahh iss kii pehli performans wahein hoyee. dosray morkheen iss qasey parr shakk kartay huay tajweez kartay haine kahh pehli performans 1573 mein alzabth kii 40 wein salgrah kay moqaa parr hoyee thee. mandarjah baala sabb say ziyadah wasee paimanay parr paaye jaanay waalay khayalat haine leakin donon mein mashkalaat haine. mutan saroom rasm mein mateen kay tartib mein eek jawaab say aataa hay jasay aam duaa kii kitaab nay khatam kirr diyaa thaa. darhaqiqat kaam kii 1610 kii karkardgi kay liye istemaal honay waala mutan jabb kahh mausiqi parr seet kiyaa gayaa hay balkal mukhtalif hay jiss say patah chalta hay kahh asl mutan tasli bakhash nahein thaa. waterge kaa khath alzabth kii tareekh kay 40 saal baad kaa hay aur iss mein naha tuu strague yaa ddiok kaa naam hay. yaha tajweez kiyaa gayaa hay kahh agar zeer bahas ddiok norphok kaa ddiok thaa tuu yaha teesra ddiok how saktaa hay juu meeri awal kay door hukumat mein zindah thaa. ghair mamuli mahal 1550 kii dahayi mein norpholics kaa thaa jasay meeri nay inhein farokhat kirr diyaa thaa. jehaan takk asl mutan kaa taaluq hay iss kaa jodath kay holoferenz kuu qatal karnay aur iss kii position kuu dobarah haasil karnay kaa seyaq woo sabaaq meeri kii ddiok aaf northamberland kii phansi kay saath fitt bethta hay jiss nay asay leady jaine giray kay saath takht parr bathanay kii koshish kii thee bajaye iss kay kahh tolls asay alzabth kay liye istemaal karay. mausiqi khood strague kay maahul say balkal mukhtalif hay. inn kaa kaam duss chaar hasoon waalay quires kay liye thaa vovo tolls aath paanch hasoon waalay quires kay liye hay. waterge kay khath mein '30' ghalat print yaa ghalti nahein how sakti hay vovo jiss kaam kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa hay wah mahaz namalum how saktaa hay. inn dilayal parr tolls nay yaha kaam alzabth kii paishro mareem kay liye likhaa. iss baath kaa amkaan badhaa diyaa gayaa hay kahh strague nay tolls kii nql kii hay halankah iss kaa koyee sabut nahein hay. iss kaam kaa ibtadayi score bodleen library oxford mein hay jehaan yaha eek numaish kaa hasah thaa juu 2008-09 mein dikhayi gayee thee jiss mein 1000 saal kii bartanvi koral mausiqi kii tafsil dee gayee thee. iss kaam kaa eek aur ibtadayi score british library landan mein sarr jaan rutbult treasers gallery mein hay jehaan yaha "british library kay khazanon" kii numaish kaa hasah thaa. khususiyat. motet paanch aawazon (soperno aulto tenor baritone aur baas) kay aath quires kay liye rakhaa gayaa hay. yaha sabb say ziyadah amkaan hay kahh tolls nay apnay gulukaron kuu ghad kii naali kii shakal mein khadaa karnay kaa aradah kiyaa thaa. pehli koyar kii eek hyee aawaz say sharoo kartay huay dosri aawazein nql mein shaamil how jaati haine harr eek iss kay natijay mein khamush how jaataa hay jabb mausiqi aath koyar kay gird ghomti hay. tamaam chalis aawazein chand salakhon kay liye beek waqat daakhil hoti haine aur phir iftatahi andaaz kuu koyar aath say koyar eek kii taraf jaanay waali mausiqi kay saath altaa kirr diyaa jaataa hay. eek aur mukhtasir makmal hasah hay jiss kay baad quires antifonal jodon mein gaatay haine aur aawaz kuu inn kay darmiyan kii jagah parr phainktay haine. aakhir kaar tamaam aawazein kaam kay ikhtatam kay liye shaamil hoti haine. agarcha nql andaaz mein aur kabhi kabhaar humm jans parsat andaaz mein tashkil dee gayee hay iss kii infiradi suutee linein apnay khubsurat harmonk freem wark kay andar kaafi aazadana toor parr kaam karti haine jiss say iss kay duss say baarah mint kay performans kay waqat kay doraan infiradi mausiqi kay khayalat kii eek bury taadad kuu naafiz karnay kii ajazat milti hay. kaam iss kay barakas eek mutalah hay: infiradi aawazein baari baari gaatay aur khamush rehtay haine kabhi akeelay kabhi koyar mein kabhi kaal kartay aur jawaab deetay haine kabhi sabb mill kirr taakah eek yaksaniyat waali jamaat honay kii bajaye kaam muslisil badal rehaa hay aur nayey khayalat paish kirr rehaa hay. mutan. motet kaa asl laatini mutan eek responsory say hay (metanz mein teesre sabq kay liyay satambar kay wee haftay kay doraan)yee saroom rasm mein juu kitaab jodath () say dahaal liyaa gayaa hay. aaj saal kay 29 wein haftay kay mangal kuu pehley sabq kay baad padhnay kay daftar (jasay pehley meaton kahaa jaataa thaa) mein laatini rasm kay alhee daftar mein jawaab zahir hotaa hay. laatini mutan kay liye zeer tartib deenay waala koyee ibtadayi makhtutat kaa zariah nahein hay: 1610 kaapiyan angrezi contra factum kay liye zeer ahatah deeti haine juu 1610 mein prince aaf wells hunry frederk kay investiture mein gaaye gayey thay "gaana aur jalaal deena" (neechey dekhein)yee jiss mein laatini alfaz neechey diye gayey haine. paishkash. recording mein winchister cathedral kay koyar kii recording shaamil haine. tolls scholars cardinal music great bartaniah kay national youth koyar oxford camerhata vovo kangaz aur sent jaanz colleges kay koyar camberge vovo solah vovo oxenford kay clerk vovo hoyalgas kaa majmuah vovo sharaab khaanah kii shareek hayaat aur khilaadi vovo aayee fagiolini nay asay alessandro strague kay 40 hasoon kay motet kay saath record kiyaa hay jiss mein taslasal corrents aur sockbuts shaamil haine. iss motet kaa eek aur warzan genate carduff kay "forty paart motet" (2001) mein numayan hay juu eek sound instalation hay juu otawa oontario canada mein canada kii national gallery aur brazeel kay bromadinho mein anotium kay mustaqil majmuah kaa hasah hay. otawa kii numaish rydo strait cheepal mein tartib dee gayee hay juu eek manhadam shadah convent cheepal kaa mahfuz androni hasah hay juu abb qomi gallery mein mustaqil numaish mein hay. cheepal kay ard gird chalis specker rakhay gayey haine harr eek mein 40 hasoon waalay koyar kii eek hyee aawaz hay. natijah eek intehayi behatar kaseer aljehti asar hay keunkah zaireen harr eek kii aawaz kuu iss kay mutaliqah specker kay zariye sunn saktay haine yaa jabb koyee cheepal kay gird ghomta hay tuu mukhtalif shadton kay saath mill kirr puray koyar kii aawazein sunn saktay haine. 10 joone 2006 cow bee bee see nay 1,000 gulukaron say barj waater haall manchister mein iss takday say milnay mashq karnay aur paish karnay kay liye kahaa juu taqriba yaqeeni toor parr tareekh kii sabb say bury performans thee. iss dunn 700 say ziyadah gulukaron nay sharkat kii jinn mein say beshtar nay pehley kabhi yaha gaana nahein gaaya thaa. iss dunn kay waaqiaat kay baad eek prograam 9 dasambar 2006 kuu bee bee see four parr nashar kiyaa gayaa. "speem inn elium" stephan polycof tye wee dramah "gadeen kii betty" mein numayan toor parr numayan hay. asay film "chhotay hoay khalaa" mein bhee istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay jabb yaats aur simpson pahaad kii chooti parr pahunchtay haine tuu yaha arooj parr pahunch jaataa hay. yaha francois girard kay "bawaae koyar" (2014) mein dobarah zahir hotaa hay jiss nay afsanvi national bawaae koyar academy mein steat kii ibtadayi tarbiyat mein "inn dee round" karkardgi kaa mazahirah kiyaa. "speem inn elium" nay jadeed mausiqaron kuu 40 hasoon parr mushtamil koral kaam likhnay kii targhib dee hay. misalon mein jailis sween kii "dee sylent lend" (1998)yee raabart hanson kii "aind dayer night door" (2002)yee jaako montegervi kii "tentitive" (2006)yee petter mcgar kii "low yuu bugg aiz dee iskayi" (2007) aur aleek roth kii "arth raiz" (2009) shaamil haine jasay yukay koyar aiks cathedra nay apnee 40 wein salgrah kay liye commission kiyaa thaa. landan mein qayem eek koral festival tolls festival jiss mein hamishah "speem inn elium" kii performans shaamil hoti hay nay mentagervi aur mcgar donon kuu commission kiyaa. 2021 mein seilf isolation koyar kaam anjaam day gaa jiss kii tarbiyat aur anaqad naigal shaart kay zariye kiyaa jaaye gaa aur iss kii qayadat tenbry kay gulukaron kay zariye kii jaaye gee jiss mein tamaam gulukaar gahar parr infiradi toor parr apnay hasay record karein gay. istemaal shadah edition wah hay jasay 2020 mein hugg keaty nay tayaar kiyaa thaa aur thamas tolls society nay keaty kay 70 safhaat kay edition kay taaruf kay saath dastiyaab karaya thaa. society taleemi mawaad bhee dastiyaab karaati hay jiss kay zariye eek gulukaar metronome aur/yaa aizaa kay saath kasee bhee muntakhib kardah suutee line kii recording sunn saktaa hay.

0004a8dcbf6addb1d9312c1efa6e231c2ee9d3bfc644ef2b4c8b6488d854d18d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31657777

Robert's Western World

Robert's Western World Bar and country music venue in Nashville, Tennessee Robert's Western World is a honky tonk located on lower Broadway in Nashville, Tennessee. Robert's Western World continues to host local and up-and-coming country music talent. The band BR549 which gained local and national press from its four-hour nightly gig at Robert's Western World went on to open for country greats, George Strait, Faith Hill and Tim McGraw. Despite these accomplishments, the band never made it big with the mainstream country audience. However, BR549 released an album in 1996 titled "Live From Robert's" which was a compilation of original work as well as cover songs recorded in Robert's Western World. On October 15, 2010, Robert's Western World hosted the "Bluegrass on Broadway" presented by C. F. Martin & Company, which kicked off the annual International Bluegrass Music Association in Nashville. This event showcases bluegrass music and its artists to the public. History. The building that houses Robert's Western World was used as a warehouse, office space for river merchants, and a variety of other purposes until the late 1950s. Steel guitar players Shot Jackson and Buddy Emmons bought the venue and named it Sho-Bud Steel Guitar Company. The steel guitar shop manufactured and sold steel guitars and other musical instruments until the early 1980s. When lower Broadway hit on hard times in the early 1980s, the building was converted to a liquor store until the early 1990s when Robert Moore bought and converted it into a western apparel store named Robert's Rhinestone Western Wear. After the lower Broadway area rebounded, Mr. Moore added live entertainment, food, and beer. In 1999, Jesse Lee Jones bought Robert's from Robert Moore as dedication to preserve the title "the home of traditional country music" on lower Broadway. As of 2011, Jones's band Brazilbilly plays Friday and Saturday nights as the house band. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

robertor poschimiya biswo roberts western world hoise tenchesir naswobhilor nimno broadweat owosthito etaa honky tonk. robertor poschimiya biswoi sthaniyo aaru aagotiya dexor xongit protibhar aayujon obyahot rakhise. roberts western worldot chaari ghontar nixar gigor poraa sthaniyo aaru rastriyo xongbad madhyom laabh koraa bendo bi. aar. 549 dexor mohan kheluwoi, jorjo strait, faith hill aaru team mekogro 'ror baabe mukoli hoisil. ei xafolyoxomuhor swotweu bende mulxutir dexor dorxokor xoite ketiyau dangor huwa nasil. obosye, bi. aar. 549-e 1996 sonot "live from roberts" xirxok etaa elbam mukoli korisil jitu robertor poschimiya biswot record koraa mool kaamor logote proschod gitor xongkolon aasil. 2010 sonor 15 octoborot robertor poschimiya biswoi chi-ror dwara prodorxito "broadway-too bluegrass" aayujon korisil. ef. martin endo company, iyar folot naswilot barxik antohrastriyo bluegrass xongit xongsthar xusona hoisil. ei onusthanot bluegrass xongit aaru iyar xilpixokole jonoxadharonor aagot prodorxon kore. itihax. robertor poschimiya prithibi thoka ottalikak 1950 sonor xexoloike gudam, nodee byowoxayixokolor baabe karzaloyor sthan aaru onyanyo bibhinno uddesyor baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. steel gitter badokxokole swot jackchon aaru bondhu emonse sthantu kroy korisil aaru iyak swo '-baad steel gitter company buli naamkoron korisil. 1980 sonor aarombhoniloike steel gitter dukankhone steel gitter aaru onyanyo badyojontro nirman aaru bikri korisil. 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite jetiya nimno broadway kothin xomoyot akranto hoisil tetiya 1990-ror doxokor aarombhonite robert mure ei ottalikak roberts reinstone western weyar naamor ekhon poschimiya xaaj-puchakor dukanoloi rupantorit korar aagoloike ei ottalikak xurar dukanoloi rupantorit koraa hoisil. nimno broadway onchol punor briddhi huwar pisot, mii. mure live monuronjon, khadyo aaru biyor jug korisil. 1999 sonot jese lee jonse robert muror poraa roberts kroy korisil aaru nimno broadweat "poromporagot dex xongitor griho" upadhitu xongrokhyon koriboloi xomorpito hoi aase. 2011 sonoloike, jonsor bendo brajilbiliye xukrobar aaru xonibare nixa house bendo hisape bojuwa hoy.

robarter paschatto bishwa robarter poschima bishwa holl tennessi-rawr nashviller nimno broadwaite abosthito ekti honkey tonk. robarter poschima bishwa sthaniya ebong poroborti deshiya sangiter protibhar ayojan korey choleche. robarter poschima bishwe chaar ghantar raater gig theke sthaniya ebong jatiya sangbad madhyam arjankari banned br 549 desher mohan kheload, george strait, faith hill ebong team mcgrowr jonno unmukto hoyechilo. eyi safalya sotteo, bandti kokhonyi muldhara desher dorshokder kachhe borh akaar dharon korte pareni. zaihok, br 549 1996 saale "live from roberts" naame ekti album prakash korey jaa robarter poschima bishwe record koraa mool kaajer pashapashi prochchod gaaner sangkalan chhilo. 2010 saaler 15ee octobor robarter poschima bishwa shee dwara uposthapito "broadwaite bluegrass" ayojan korey. eff. martin anned company, etty nashville barshik antorjatik bluegrass sangeet samitir suchona korey. eyi anusthanti jonosadharoner kachhe bluegrass sangeet ebong err shilpider prodorshon korey. itihas. robarter poschima bishwer abashsthol bhabanti 1950-err doshoker sheshbhag porjonto gudamghar, nodee byabosayider jonno officer jaiga ebong anyanno bivinno uddeshye byabohrito hoto. steeler gitter badok jacksonke gully korey ebong bondhu emonra venuity kiney neyo ebong err naam deyo shoe-budd still gitter company. ispat gitter dokanti 1980-err doshoker godar dick porjonto ispat gitter ebong anyanno badyojontro toiri oo bikri koroto. 1980-err doshoker godar dike jokhon nimno broadway kathin somoye aghat haane, tokhon 1990-err doshoker godar dike robbert moor bhabanti kiney robarter reinestone western oyeyara naame ekti poschima poshaker dokane rupantarita korar agey porjonto bhabanti ekti moder dokane rupantarita hoyechilo. nimno broadway elaka punra briddhi pawar porr, mih. moor sarasari binodan, khabar ebong bear jog korechen. 1999 saale, jesha ly johns robbert murer kachh theke roberts kinechilen ebong nimno broadwaite "oitijjobahi deshiya sangiter baadi" upadhi sanrakkhaner jonno nibedito. 2011 saaler hisabe jonser banned brazilbilly shukrobar ebong shanibar raate house banned hisabe khele.

robertnee pashchimi dunia robertnee pashchimi dunia aee tennessina neshvilemaa neechala broadway parr stheet honkey tonk chhe. robertnee pashchimi dunia sthaaneek aneey aagaami deshee sangeetni pratibhaane hoosta karvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe. robertnee pashchimi duniyama tenaa chaar kalaaknaa ratrina pradarshanthi sthaaneek aneey raashtriy presa melavnaar benned bii. aar. 549 deshnaa mahaan khelaadeeo, george strait, faith hill aneey tima mcgrow maate khulyu. aaa seeddhio hovaa chhataa, bende deshnaa mukhya pravaahnaa prexako saathe kyaarey motoo pradarshan karyoo nathee. jooe keey, bii. aar. 549aee 1996maan "live phroma roobert" sheershak dharaavtu aek album bahaar paadyu hatoo, jeey mool kaaryanu sankalan hatoo temaj robertnaa pashchimi vishvamaa reqorda karaayela cover geeto pann hataa. 15 october, 2010naa roj, robertnee pashchimi dunia see dwara prastut "bluegrass ona broadway" noon aayojan karyoo hatoo. aef. martin anned kampani, aaa neshvilemaa vaarshik aantarrashtriy bluegrass sangeet sangathanni sharuaat curry. aaa kaarykram bluegrass sangeet aneey tenaa kalakarone jaaher janata samaksh rajoo karey chhe. itihas. jeey imarat robertnee pashchimi duniyaane aashray aape chhe teno upyog 1950naa daykana anta sudhee warehouse, nadeena vepaareeo maate officeni jagya aneey anya viveedh hetuo maate thato hato. steel gitaar vagadnaraoae jaiksonne golee maaree aneey dost ammonse sthal khareedhyu aneey tenu naam shho-budd steel gitaar kampani raakhyu. steel gitaarnee dukan 1980naa daaykaani sharuaat sudhee steel gitaar aneey anya sangeetna saadhanonu utpaadan aneey vechaan karatee hatee. 1980naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa jyaare neechala broadway parr mushkeleeno saamno karvo padyo tyaare 1990naa daaykaani sharuaat sudhee aaa imaaratne daaruni dukaanmaa rupantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaare roobert moore aaa imarat khareedi hatee aneey tene robertnaa reinestone westarn vair naamnee pashchimi vastroni dukaanmaa rupantarit curry hatee. neechala broadway vistaar pharii valyaa pachhi, shree. moore jivant manoranjan, khoraak aneey bear umeryu. 1999maan, jessy lii jonse roobert moor pasethi robertnee khareedi curry hatee aneey teey neechala broadway parr "paramparagat deshee sangeetnu ghar" sheershak jaalvi raakhvaa maate samarpeet chhe. 2011 sudhimaa jonsnaa benned brazilbilly shukravaar aneey shanivaarni raatne house benned tareeke vagaadtaa hataa.

robbert kii paschimi duniya robbert kii paschimi duniya nashville, tenacy mein nichale broadway parr sthit ack honkey taank haye. robbert kii paschimi duniya sthaaniya aur aaney vaale deshi sangeet pratibhaon kii mejbani karna jaari rakhti haye. baind bee. aar. 549, jisane robbert kii paschimi duniya mein apane chaar ghante key raat key karyakram seey sthaaniya aur rashtriya press praapt kiya, desh key mahaan logon, george strait, faith hill aur tima mcgra key liye khula. inn uplabdhiyon key bavjood, baind ney kabhi bhee mukhyadhara key desh key darshakon key saath ise badaa naheen banaaya. haalaanki, bee. aar. 549 ney 1996 mein "live from robert" naamak ack album jaari kiya joe mool kaam key saath-saath robbert kii paschimi duniya mein record kiye gaye cover geeton kaa sankalan thaa. 15 octuber, 2010 koo, robbert kii paschimi duniya ney see dwara prastut "bluegrass onn broadway" kii mejbani kii. aff. martin aind company ney nashville mein vaarshik antarrashtriya bluegrass sangeet sangh kii shuruat kii. iss karyakram mein bluegrass sangeet aur isake kalakaron koo janata key saamane pradarshit kiya jaataa haye. itihas. jiss imarat mein robbert kii paschimi duniya haye, uska upayog 1950 key dashak key anta taka ack godam, nadee vyapariyon key liye karyalaya sthaan aur vibhinn anya uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. steel gitar vaadakon ney jackson koo goli maar dee aur dost ammons ney sthal koo khareed liya aur iska naam show-budd steel gitar company rakhaa. steel gitar kii dukaan ney 1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka steel gitar aur anya sangeet vaadyayantron kaa nirmaan aur bikri kii. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein jaba nichale broadway parr mushkil samay aaya tou 1990 key dashak kii shuruat taka imarat koo sharaab kii dukaan mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba robbert moor ney imarat koo kharidkar robbert key reinestone western wear naamak ack paschimi paridhan dukaan mein badal diyaa thaa. nichale chaude kshetra key phir seey badhane key baad, shree. moor ney live manoranjan, bhojan aur bear koo jodaa. 1999 mein, jesse lii johns ney robbert moor seey robert kharida aur nichale broadway parr "paaramparik deshi sangeet kaa ghar" sheershak koo sanrakshit karane key liye samarpit kiya gayaa haye. 2011 taka johns kaa baind brazilabili shukravaar aur shaniwar kii raaton koo house baind key roop mein bajaata haye.

robbertn pashchatya prapancha robbertn pashchatya prapanchavu tenessia nyashvilleya kela braadveyalliruva ondu honkey tonk aagide. robbertn pashchimatya jagattu sthaliya mattu mumbaruva halligaadina sangeeta pratibhegalannu atithya vahisuvudannu munduvareside. robbertn pashchimatya jagattinalli tanna naalku gantegala ratriya pradarshanadinda sthaliya mattu rashtriya madhyamagalannu galisida byaand aadaagyoo, kantri grates, georg strite, faith hill mattu tim mekgraagalige tereyitu. ee sadhanegala horataagiyoo, byaand mukhyavahiniya deshada prekshakarondige doddadannu madalilla. aadaagyoo, aadaagyoo br549 "live frum robbert 's" emba shirshikeya album annu bidugade maaditu, idu robbertn pashchimatya jagattinalli dhwanimudritawaada moola kruti mattu cover haadugala sankalanavagittu. october 15,2010 randu, robbert avara pashchimatya jagattu sii prastutapadisida "bluegrass aun broadway" annu ayojisitu. eff. martin & kampani, idu nashvilleyalli varshika antararashtriya bluegrass sangeeta sanghavannu praarambhisitu. ee kaaryakramavu bluegrass sangeeta mattu adara kalavidarannu saarvajanikarige pradarshisuttade. itihaasa. robbertn pashchimatya jagattannu hondiruva kattadavannu 1950rahra dashakada antyadavarege ugraanavaagi, nadhi vyaapaarigalige kacheri sthalavagi mattu itara vividha uddeshagaligaagi balasalaaguttittu. ukkina guitar vaadakaru jackson mattu sneehita emmons annu hodedaru mattu sthalavannu khareedisidaru mattu adannu show-budd steel guitar kampani endu hesarisidaru. ukkina guitar angadiu 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadavarege ukkina gitaargalu mattu itara sangeeta vaadyagalannu tayarisi marata maaditu. 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli kelabhaagada broadway kashtada samayadalli bandaaga, 1990rahra dashakada aarambhadavarege ee kattadavannu madyada angadiyagi parivartisalaayitu, aaga robbert moor ee kattadavannu khareedisi robbertn reinstone western ware emba hesarina pashchimatya udupu angadiyagi parivartisidaru. kelabhaagada agalavaada pradeshavu marukalisida nantara, shree. moor live manaranjane, aahara mattu bear annu serisidaru. serisidaru, jesse lea johns robbert moorninda robbert 's annu khareedisidaru mattu kela broadwayalli "saampradaayika halligaadina sangeetada maney" emba shirshikeyannu samrakshisalu samarpisalaagide. 2011rahra hottige johnsna byaand brazilbilly shukravara mattu shaniwara ratrigalannu house byaand aagi nudisuttade.

robarttinte paashchaathyalokam tennessiyile naashvilleyile lover broadwayil sthithi cheiyunna oru honkey tongaanu robarttinte paashchaathyalokam. robarttinte paashchaathyalokam praadeshikavum varanirikkunnathumaaya naadan sangeetha prathibhakalkk aathidheyathvam vahikkunnath thudarunnu. robarttinte paashchaathyalokatthe naalu manikkoor rathrikaala paripaadikalil ninnu praadeshikavum deseeyavumaaya pathrangal nediya baandaaya bii. aarr. 549, raajyathile mahanmaaraaya jorjju strait, faith hill, timm mcgrow ennivarkkaayi thurannu. eee nettangal undaayirunnittum, mukhyadharaa raajya prekshakarumaayi baand orikkalum valia prakadanam kaazhchavechilla. ennirunnaalum, 1996-ll bii. aarr. 549 "live phram roberts" enna peril oru aalbam puratthirakki, ithu robarttinte paashchaathya lokath record cheytha yadhaartha kruthikaludeyum cover gaanangaludeyum samaahaaramaayirunnu. 2010 october 15nuu sii avatharippicha "bluegrass oonn broadway" robarttinte paashchaathyalokam aathidheyathvam vahichu. eph. martin & kambani, ithu naashvilleyil vaarshika anthaaraashtra bluegrass music association aarambhichu. eee paripadi bluegrass samgeethavum athinte kalakaaranmaarum pothujanagalkk munnil pradarshippikkunnu. charithram. robarttinte paashchaathyalokam sthithicheyyunna kettidam 1950kalude avasaanam vare oru warehouseayum nadeekkachavadakkaarkkulla oafees sthalamaayum mattu pala aavasyangalkkaayum upayogichirunnu. steel gitaar vaadakar jaxone vedivechu, buddy emmons vedhi vaangukayum athinu shhow-budd steel gitaar kambani ennu peridukayum cheythu. steel gitaar shope 1980 kalude arambham vare steel gittaarukalum mattu samgeethopakaranangalum nirmmikkukayum vilkkukayum cheythu. 1980 kalude thudakkathil lover broadway dushkaramaaya samayangalil athiyappol 1990 kalude arambham vare kettidam oru madyavilppanashaalayaayi parivartthanam cheyyappettu, appol roobert muur kettidam vaangi roberts rainston vestten ware enna peril oru paashchaathya vasthrakkachavadashaala aakki maatti. thaazhnna broadway pradesham thirichuvannathinu sesham, misttar. muur thalsamaya vinodam, bhakshanam, bear enniva chertthu. 1999-ll, jessy liie johns roobert mooril ninnu roberts vaangi, lover broadwayil "parambaraagatha naadan samgeethathinte veedu" enna padavi samrakshikkunnathinaayi samarppichirikkunnu. 2011 leeii kanakkanusarichu jonsinte baandaaya brazilbilly velliyazhchayum shaniyazhchayum ratri house bandai kalikkunnu.

robertche pashchatya jug robertche pashchimatya jug heey nashville, tenacy yetheel khalchya rund margavar sthit eka honkey tonk aahe. robertchya pashchimatya jagaat sthanik aanee varr yenanya deshi sangeet pratibhanche yajmanpad kayam aahe. robertchya pashchimatya jagaat ratri chaar taas chalana karyakramatun sthanik aanee rashtriy prasarmadhyamandhye pravesh midavanara bii. aar. 549 haah band pudhe deshantil mahan kalakar, george strait, faith hiill aanee team mcgra yanchyasathi khula jhaala. hii kamgiri karoonahi, bandney mukhya pravahatil deshi prekshakansah kadhihi mothe sthan midavale nahee. tathapi, bii. aar. 549 neey 1996 madhye 'live fraum robbert' sha 'navacha eka sangrah prasiddha keela, joou mool kamacha tasech robertchya pashchimatya jagaat nondavalelya mukhprushth ganyancha sangrah hota. 15 aktoobar 2010 roji, robertchya pashchimatya jagane see. yanni sadar kelelya 'bluegrass aun broadway' chey aayojan kele. eff. martin andd company, yamule nashville yethe varshik aantarrashtriy bluegrass sangeet sanghatanechi suruvat jhaali. yaa karyakramat bluegrass sangeet aanee tyateel kalakaranche lokansamor sadarikaran kele jaate. itihas. jyaa imaratit robertche pashchimatya jug aahe, tee imarat 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhaparyant godam, nadee vyapanyansathi karyalayin jaaga aanee itar vividh karanansathi vaparali jaat hotee. steel gitar vajavana lokanni jacksonla golee marley aanee buddy emmonsney heey thikan vikat ghetale aanee tyala shhow-budd steel gitar company asey naav dile. steel gitarchya dukanane 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant steel gitar aanee itar sangeet vadyanchi nirmiti aanee vikri kelee. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila jevha khalchya broadwaver katheen kaal aala tevha 1990 chya dashakachya suruvatiparyant imaratiche rupantar daruchya dukanat karnyat aale hote, jevha robbert moorne tee vikat ghetali aanee imaratiche rupantar robertchya reinstone western ware navachya pashchatya kapadyanchya dukanat kele. khalchya rundmargache kshetra punha rulavar aalyanantar, shree. muur yanni thet manoranjan, ann aanee bearchi bharr ghatali. 1999 madhye, jessy lii jonsane robbert murkadoon robbert vikat ghetale aanee khalchya broadwaver 'paramparik deshi sangitache ghar' hii padvi jatan karnyasathi samarpit kele aahe. 2011 paryant johnscha band brazilbilly shukravar aanee shaniwari ratri haus band mhanoon khelato.

robertko paschimi sansar robertko paschimi sansar tennesiko nasabhilko tallo broadwema awasthit euta hunky tonk how. robertko paschimi sansarle sthaniya rar up rar aaundai gareko deshi sangit pratibhaharulai host garna jaari rakhchha. robertko paschimi sansarma chaar ghantako ratiko gigbata sthaniya rar rashtriya press prapta garne banned biar 549 deshka mahanharu, george strait, faith hill rar team mcgraca lagi khulyo. yee upalabdhiharuka bawajud, bandley mukhyadharaka deshka darshakharusanga yasalai kahilyai thulo banauna sakena. yadyapi, biar 549 ley sann 1996 maa "robertbata laibh" shirshakko album jaari garyo june robertko paschimi sansarma record garieko maulik karyaka sathai kabhar githaruko sankalan thiyo. october 15,2010 maa, robertko paschimi sansarle see dwara prastut "bluegrass unn broadway" ko ayojana bikri. ef. martin anned company, yasale nasabhilma warshik antarrashtriya bluegrass sangit sanghako suruwat garyo. yass karyakramle bluegrass sangit rar yasaka kalakarharulai janatama pradarshan gardacha. itihas. robertko paschimi sansarlai rakhne bhawanlai godam, nadi wyapariharuka lagi karyalaya sthan rar anya vibhinna uddeshyaka lagi 1950 ko dashakko antyasamma prayog garieko thiyo. stilka gitar wadakharule jacksonlai goli hane rar buddy ammonsle sthal kine rar yasalai soe-budd still gitar company naam die. still gitar pasalle sann 1980 ko dashakko surusamma still gitar rar anya sangitik upkaranharu nirman rar bikri bikri. sann 1980 ko dashakko prarambhama jab tallo broadway kathina samayama heat bhayo taba bhawanlai 1990 ko dashakko surusamma raksiko pasalma rupantaran garieko thiyo jab robert murle bhawan kine rar robertko rhinestone western wear namak paschimi paridhan pasalma rupantaran gare. tallo broadway khetra punah bound bhaepachi, shree. murle pratyaksha manoranjan, khana rar bear thape. sann 1999 maa, jais lea jonsle robert murbata robert kineka thie rar tallo broadwema "paramparagat deshi sangitko ghar" shirshak sanrakshan garna samarpit garieko chha. sann 2011 samma jonsko banned brazilbilile shukrabar rar shanibar ratlai house bandko rupma khelchha.

rabartanka paschatya dunia rabartanka paschatya biswa heuchhi tenesi, nasabhilara nimna bradawere abasthita eka hanki tonka . rabartanka paschatya dunia sthaniah ebong upara ebong agami deshi sangeeta pratibhamananku host kariba jaari rakhichhi . rabartanka paschatya duniaare ehara chaari ghantara ratrikalina karjyakramaru sthaniah ebong jatiah press hassel karithiba banned br 549 deshar mahan khelali, george strait, faith hill ebong team mcgranka paain kholila . ehi saphalata satwe, bandti kebe bii mukhyadharara deshar darshakanka saha ehaaku budd curry parinathila . tebe, bii. aarr. 549 1996 masihare "live frum roberts" shirshaka eka album prakash karithila, jaahaa moola karjya tatha rabartanka paschatya duniaare record hoithiba prachada geetara eka sankalana thila. october 15,2010 ray, rabartanka paschatya biswa sii dwara upasthapita "bluegrass aun broadway" ayojan karithila . aif. martin anded company, ehaa nasabhilare barshika antarjatija bluegrass music association arambha karithila . ehi karjyakramare bluegrass sangeeta ebong ehara kalakaramane janasadharananka sammukhare pradarshita huanti . itihas. rabartanka paschatya jagataku dhaaran karuthiba ehi attalikati 1950 dashkar seshabhaga parjyanta eka godam, nadee byabasajeenka paain karjyalaja sthana ebong anyanya bibhinna uddeshyare byabahruta heuthila . still gitara badakamane jyaksananku guli karithile ebong buddy emmons ehi sthanatiku kinithile ebong ehara naama rakhithile soe-budd still gitara company. 1980 dashkar prarambha parjyanta still gitara dokan still gitara ebong anyanya badyajantra utpadana ebong bikrai karithila . 1980 dashkar prarambhare jetebele nimna broadway kathina samajare aaghata karithila, setebele 1990 dashkar prarambha parjyanta ehi attalika eka mudd dokanare rupantarita hoithila, jetebele robert murr ehi attalikatiku kini roberts reinstone westarna wejara namaka eka paschatya poshaka dokanare parinata karithile. nimna broadway anchala punarbara brudhi paiba parey, mea. moor jibanta manoranjan, khadya ebong biara joga karithile. 1999 masihare, jays ly johnes robert murnka thaaru roberts kinithile ebong nimna bradawere "paramparika deshi sangeetara ghara" upadhi sanrakhyana paain utsargeekruta hoithile. 2011 masiha suddha jonsanka banned brazilabili sukrabara ebong shanibara raatire houses banned bhabe abhinai karithae.

robbert daa pachmi sansar robbert dee pachmi dunia nashville, tensi witch hethle broadway utte sathit ikk honkey tonk haii. robbert dee pachmi dunia sathanak atey uppar atey aaunn vaale desh sangeet pratibha dee mezbani karna jaari rakkhdi haii. baind bee. aar. 549 jiss neey robbert dey pachmi sansar witch aapne chaar ghante dey raat dey pardarshan toon sathanak atey rashtari presses prapat keeti, desh dey mahaan lokan, jaaraj strait, faith hill atey timm mcgra laee khulhiaa. inhan prapatiaan dey bavjood, baind neey kadey vee mukkh dhaara dey desh dey darshakan naal vadda pardarshan naheen keeta. halanki, bee. aar. 549 neey 1996 witch "live fraum roberts" sirlekh vaali ikk album jaari keeti joe mool kamm dey naal-naal robbert dey pachmi sansar witch ricard keete gaye cover geetan daa sangrah see. 15 aktubar, 2010 noon, robbert dey pachmi sansar neey see duaara pesh keete gaye "bluegrass aana broadway" dee mezbani keeti. eff. martin aind company neey nashville witch salana antarashtari bluegrass sangeet association dee shuruat keeti. iss program witch janata noon bluegrass sangeet atey iss dey kalakaran noon pradarshit keeta jaanda haii. itihaas. ih imaarat jiss witch robbert dee pachmi dunia haii, 1950 dey dahake dey akheer takk ikk warehouse, nadee dey vapariaan laee daftar dee jagha atey kaee horr udeshan laee varti jaandi see. steel gitar vadkan neey jackson noon shaat keeta atey baddi ammons neey sathaan noon khareed liaa atey iss daa naam show-budd steel gitar company rakkhiaa. steel gitar dee dukan neey 1980 dey dahake dey arambh takk steel gitar atey horr sangeet yantran daa nirman atey vikri keeti. jadon 1980 dey dahake dey arambh witch hethle broadway noon mushkal samiaan witch maariaa giaa taan imaarat noon 1990 dey dahake dey arambh takk ikk sharab dee dukan witch badliaa giaa see jadon robert moor neey imaarat noon khareed keey ikk pachmi kappde dee dukan witch badal ditta jiss daa naam roberts reinston western ware see. hethle broadway khetar dey mudd ubbharan toon baad, shriman. moor neey live manoranjan, bhojan atey beear shamal keeti. sann 1999 witch, jessy lee johns neey robbert moor toon robertz kharidiaa atey hethle broadway utte "ravaiti desh sangeet daa gharr" dey sirlekh noon surakhiat rakkhan laee samarpit keeta giaa haii. 2011 takk jonas daa baind brazilabli shukkarwar atey shanivar deeaan raatan noon haaoos baind vajon khedada haii.

rabert ityasya paashchatyalokah rabert-ityasya paashchatyalokah ekaha honkey tonk asti yah tennessy-nagarasya naashville-nagarasya nimna-vishaal-maarge sthitah asti. rabert ityasya paashchaty-jagatah sthaniyanam, unnatanam, agatyamananam cha desheeyodyaana-pratibhanam aatitheyatvam nirantaram karoti. rabert-ityasya paashchaty-jagate raatrau chaturvaaram yaavat pradarshanm krutvaa sthaniyam rashtriyam cha patrikaa-madhyamam praaptam bee. aar. 549 iti vaadyavrundah agre desha-shreshtaanaam krute, jaarj strait, feyt hill, timm mcgra ityaadibhyah udghaatitah. eteshaam upalabdhaah satsu api, mukhyadharayaha deshaprekshakaih saha bend kadaapi mahatim naa krutavatee. parantu, bii. aar. 549 ityanena 1996 tame varshe "laiv frum rabert 's" iti sheershakam ekam aalbam prakaashitam, yat rabert ityasya paashchaty-jagate abhilekhitaanaam mool-krutinaam, aavaranagitanam cha sangrahanam aasit. october 15,2010 dinaanke, rabert ityasya paashchaty-jagatah see ityanena prastutah "bluegrass aan broadway" iti ayojanam krutavaan. cha. martin and kampanee ityanena, nashville-nagare vaarshikam antarashtriyam bluegrass-sangeeta-sangham praarabdham. asmin kaaryakrame bluegrass-sangeetam, tasya kalakaraha cha janaan prati pradarshitaah bhavanti. itihaasah. rabert ityasya paashchatyalokasy nivaasah iti bhavanam 1950 tamasya dashakasy ante yaavat godaamaroopen, nadee-vyaparinam karyalayasthanaroopena, anyaih vividhaihi prayojanaih cha upayujyate sma. steel-gitaar-vaadakaah jackson-ityasya shoot-krutavantah, tathaa cha buddy-emmons ityeshaa cha tatt sthalam kritva sho-budd-steel-gitaar-kampanee iti namakaranam krutavantah. 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhaparyantam steel-gitaar-shaap-samsthayaa steel-gitaar-vaadyaani anyaani vaadyayantraani cha nirmitaani, vikreeyantaani cha. 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe yadaa nimna-broadway-kshetrasya kashtakaalah abhavat tadaa 1990 tamasya dashakasy aarambhaparyantam etat bhavanam madya-bhandaram rupena parivartitam aasit, yadaa rabert moor ityanena bhavantam kritva rabert-ranstone-western-verr iti namna paashchaty-vastra-bhandaram rupena parivartitam. nimna-vistruta-kshetrasya punah vruddhihi abhavat, shree. moore, tatsamay-manoranjanam, bhojanam, bear cha yojayat. 1999 tame varshe, jesse lee johns ityayam rabert moor ityatah rabert-ityasya pustakam krinaat, tathaa cha nimna-broadway ityatra "paaramparika-deshee-sangeetasy gruham" iti upaadhim samrakshayitum samarpitah asti. 2011 tamavarshaparyantam, johns ityasya bend-brazil-billie iti shukravaasare shanivaasare cha raatrau house-bend-rupena pradarshati.

robartin merkaththiya ulagam robartin merkaththiya ulagam enbathu dennessy, nashvillil ulla keezh agalappaathaiyil amainthulla oru haangki tonk aagum. robartin merkaththiya ulagam ulloor mattrum varavirukkum naattuppura isai thiramaikalai thodarnthu valangkukirathu. robartin merkaththiya ulagil naanku manii naera iravu naera nigazhchchiyilirunthu ulloor mattrum thaesiya paththirigaigalaip pettra pr 549 isaikkuzhu, naattin periyavarkal, jaarj neerinai, faith hiill mattrum dimm mccra aakiyoarukkuth thirakkappattathu. inththa saathanaigal irunththapoathilum, isaikkuzhu pirathaana naattu paarvaiyaalargaludan adhai perithaaga uruvaakkavillai. iruppinum, pr549 1996 aam aandil "live frum robberts" endra thalaippil oru aalpaththai veliyittathu, idhu robartin merkaththiya ulagil pathivu seiyappatta asal padaippugal mattrum kavar paadalkalin thoguppaagum. october 15,2010 andru, robartin merkaththiya ulagam chii valangkiya "broadwayil blue gross" aii nadaththiyathu. eff. martin & kambeni, idhu nashvillil varudaanthira sarvadesa bluegrass isai sangaththaith thodangiyathu. inththa nigazhvu neelakattai isai mattrum adhan kalaignargalai podhumakkalukku kaatchippaduththukirathu. varalaaru. robartin merkaththiya ulagaththaik konda kattidam 1950 kalin pirpaguthi varai oru kidangaagavum, nadhi vanikarkalukkaana aluvalaga idamaagavum, palvaeru nokkangkalukkaagavum payanpaduththappattathu. efku kittar isaikkalainarkal jacksonai sudugiraargal mattrum freddy emons antha idaththai vaangki adharku show-butt efku kittar niruvanam endru peyarittanar. efku kittar kadai 1980 kalin murpaguthi varai efku kittar mattrum pira isaikkaruvigalai thayaariththu vitrtrathu. 1980kalin murpaguthiyil kuraindha agalappaathai kadinamaana kaalangalil thaakkiyapoathu, 1990kalin murpaguthiyil robbert muur vaangki, kattidaththai robartin reinstone western vaer endra peyaril oru merkaththiya aadaik kadaiyaaga maattrum varai kattidam oru mathukkadaiyaaga maattrappattathu. keezh agalappaathai pakuthi meendu vantha piragu, thiru. muur neradi pozhuthupoakku, unavu mattrum peer aagiyavattraich serththaar. 1999 aam aandil, jessy liie johns robbert mooridamirunthu robbertai vaankinaar, maelum keezh broadwayil "paarambariya naattuppura isaiyin thaayagam" endra pattaththaip paathukaappatharkaaka arppanikkappattullaar. 2011 aam aandu nilavarappadi johns isaikkuzhu brazil billie vellikkilamai mattrum sanikkizhamai iravugal havus isaikkuzhuvaaga vilaiyaadugirathu.

robbert yokka paaschaatya prapancham robbert yokka paaschaatya prapancham anedi tennissiloni nashvillelo diguva broadvelo unna hankey tonk. robbert yokka paaschaatya prapancham sthaanika mariyu raboye desheeya sangeeta pratibhaku aatidhyam ivvadam konasagistondi. robbert yokka paaschaatya prapanchamlo naalugu gantala raatri pradarsana nundi sthaanika mariyu jaateeya patrikalanu pondina byaand br549 desheeya goppalu, georg strait, faith hill mariyu tim mcgra kosam teravabadindi. eee vijayalu saadhinchinappatikii, byaand pradhana sravanti desheeya prekshakulato peddagaa munduku saagaledu. ayithe, br549 1996loe "live frum robbert 's" anae paerutoe oka albumnu vidudala chesindi, idhi robbert yokka paaschaatya prapanchamlo record cheyabadina asalu rachana mariyu cover paatala sankalanam. october 15,2010naa, robbert yokka paaschaatya prapancham sii samarpinchina "bluegrass aann broadway" kuu aatidhyam ichindi. eff. martin & company, idhi nashvillelo vaarshika antarjaateeya bluegrass music associationku naandi palikindi. eee karyakramam bluegrass sangeetam mariyu daani kalaakaarulanu prajalaku pradarsistundi. charitra. robbert yokka paaschaatya prapanchaanni kaligi unna eee bhavananni 1950la chivari varaku giddangigaa, nadhee vyaapaarulaku karyalaya sthalamgaa mariyu vividha itara prayojanaala kosam upayoginchaaru. steel guitar playerlu jackson nuu chitreekarinchaaru mariyu buddy emmons vedikanu konugolu chesi daaniki show-budd steel guitar company anie paeru pettaru. ukku guitar dukaanam 1980la prarambham varaku ukku guitarlu mariyu itara sangeeta vaayidyaalanu tayaaru chesi vikrayinchindi. 1980la praarambhamlo diguva broadway kashtakaalamlo debbatinnappudu, 1990la prarambham varaku eee bhavananni madyam dukaanamgaa marcharu, appudu robbert moor aaa bhavananni konugolu chesi robbert yokka reinstone westran ware anae paaschaatya dustula dukaanamgaa marcharu. diguva broadway praantam tirigi punjukunna taruvaata, mister. moore pratyaksha vinodam, aaharam mariyu beerunu jodinchaaru. 1999loe, jesse lii johns robbert moor nundi robertnu konugolu chesi, diguva broadvelo "saampradaaya desheeya sangeethaaniki nilayam" anae birudunu parirakshinchadaaniki ankitam chesaaru. 2011 natiki johns yokka byaand brazilbilly sukravaaram mariyu sanivaaram raatrulu house bandga aadutundi.

raabart kii maghrabi duniya raabart kii maghrabi duniya eek haank tonk hay juu neshweel tenneesi mein nichley braad way parr waaqa hay. raabart kii maghrabi duniya maqami aur aaney waalay milki mausiqi kay hunner mund afraad kii mezbani jaari rakhay hoay hay. bend bee aar 549 jiss nay raabart kii maghrabi duniya mein apnay chaar ghantay kay nightly geeg say maqami aur qomi prais haasil kiyaa milk kay azeem adakaron jaarj aabnaye fest hull aur tumm meek giraa kay liye khill gayaa. inn kamyabiyon kay bawajood bend nay kabhi bhee markazi dhaaray kay milki saamayin kay saath badaa maqaam haasil nahein kiyaa. tahim bee aar 549 nay 1996 mein "laiyo fraam roberts" kay anwaan say eek album jaari kiyaa juu asl kaam kay saath saath raabart kii maghrabi duniya mein record kiye gayey sarwaraq gaanon kii taleef thee. 15 aktobar 2010 kuu raabart kii maghrabi duniya nay see kay zariah paish kardah "blue graas aann braad way" kii mezbani kii. aif. maartan aind company iss nay neshweel mein salanah beenn alaqwami blue graas music aisosi aishan kaa aaghaz kiyaa. iss taqrib mein blue graas mausiqi aur iss kay funkaron kuu awaam kay saamney paish kiyaa jaataa hay. tareekh. wah emarat jiss mein raabart kii maghrabi duniya mojud thee 1950 kii dahayi kay aakhir takk godaam daryaa kay tajiron kay liye daftar kii jagah aur mukhtalif deegar maqasid kay liye istemaal hoti thee. steel gataar bajanay waalon nay jackson kuu golee maar dee aur buddy emmens nay maqaam khareed liyaa aur asay show budd steel gataar company kaa naam diyaa. steel gataar kii dakaan nay 1980 kii dahayi kay awail takk steel gataar aur deegar mausiqi kay aalat tayaar aur farokhat kiye. jabb 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein nichley braad way parr mashkal waqat aayaa tuu 1990 kii dahayi kay awail takk emarat kuu sharaab kii dakaan mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa jabb raabart morr nay emarat kuu khareed kirr raabart kay rhinistone western veer kay naam say eek maghrabi malbusaat kii dakaan mein tabdil kirr diyaa. nichley braad way kay elaqay mein dobarah izafah honay kay baad mister. morr nay braah raast tafrih khaana aur bayer shaamil kii. 1999 mein jaisi lee jonaz nay raabart morr say raabart kharida aur nichley braad way parr "rawayati milki mausiqi kaa gahar" kay anwaan kuu mahfuz rakhnay kay liye waqaf kiyaa gayaa hay. 2011 takk jonaz kaa bend brazeel bully jamaah aur haftah kii raaton kuu house bend kay toor parr kheelta hay.

0004aaed7665c392fc05884db106c558c617cfef8e36367b320d50cf433225b6

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=8695933

lemọmu

lemọmu Yoruba. Etymology. , ultimately from . .

lemumu iyuruba. byutpotti. , owoxexot poraa. .

ioroba. byutpatti. , shesh porjonto theke. .

tame tamara maate aek alag jaj rasto pasand karoo. vyutpatti. , aakhare. .

lemomo yoruba. vyutpatti. , antatah seey. .

neevu nimmondige iruttiri. vyutpatti. , antimavagi. .

lemo yuroba. padavyuthpathishaasthram. , aathyanthikamayi. .

yurebatil eka. vyutpatti. , shevati pasoon. .

yoruba maa ek mahina. wyutpatti. antatahbata. .

moe 'maha yoruba. byutpatti. , sheshare thaaru. ..

lamomo yorba. shabdawali. , ant witch. .

lemomo yoruba. vyutpattih. antatah, ityatah. .

lemomo yoruba. sorpirappiyal. iruthiyil irunthu. .

lemo euroba. vyutpatti. , chivaraku nundi. .

tamm say mohabat crow. siftiyat. yee balaakhir say. .

0004acde0dc5c8ab009d466b7eff8f0335b51e5faccdc46f8b71b5982bd014ef

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30643437

Journal of Management Studies

Journal of Management Studies The Journal of Management Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1963 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies. The journal publishes both conceptual and empirical papers in the field of management. Specific areas of focus include, organizational theory and behaviour, strategic management, human resource management, and cross-cultural comparisons of organizational effectiveness. The current General Editors are Chris Wickert (VU Amsterdam), Caroline Gatrell (University of Liverpool Management School), and Daniel Muzio (University of York). Abstracting and indexing. The "Journal of Management Studies" is abstracted and indexed in the Social Sciences Citation Index, Scopus, ProQuest, EBSCO, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Research Papers in Economics, and Emerald Management Reviews. The "Journal of Management Studies"' ISI Journal Citation Reports 2022 Impact factor is 10.5, with a ranking of 15/155 in the category 'Business (Social Science)' and 16/227 in the category 'Management (Social Science)'. The journal was rated as an "A*" publication in the "Business and Management" category of the Australia Business Deans Council rankings and as a "Category 1" journal in the CNRS rankings. JMS Awards. JMS awards prizes each year to recognise noteworthy contributions to the journal: These awards are announced and presented at a reception at the annual Academy of Management conference. Grigor McClelland Dissertation Award. In 2011 the "Journal of Management Studies" launched the annual Grigor McClelland Dissertation Award, named after the journal's founding editor. The prize recognises authors who have published particularly innovative management scholarship in their PhD thesis. The winning author receives £5,000. The award is sponsored by the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies, and presented at the annual conference of the European Group for Organizational Studies. The Award "aims to promote and recognize innovative PhD research in management and organization studies" and "does not specify any preferences towards topics or methods". The Award's "primary focus is to recognize and award doctoral research that is expansive and imaginative in that it covers significantly new terrain or counters existing thinking within management and organisational research". The Society for the Advancement of Management Studies (SAMS). The Journal of Management Studies is governed by a charity named the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies (SAMS), initially founded by Grigor McClelland in 1953 for this specific purpose. Since its foundation, it has considerably expanded its remit, in collaboration with the journal: it organises regular conferences, delivers awards, and co-operate with other bodies such as the British Academy of Management to award grants such as the SAMS/BAM Research and Capacity Building Grants. There are 17 trustees of the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies - including Bill Harley (chair), Sabina Siebert (deputy chair), Robert Blackburn (treasurer), Elena Antonacopoulou, Julia Balogun (the dean of the University of Liverpool School of Management), Andrew Corbett, Joep Cornelissen, Rick Delbridge, Timothy Devinney, Annabelle Gawer, Paula Jarzabkowski, Wendy Loretto (dean of the University of Edinburgh Business School), Terry McNulty, Klaus Meyer, Thomas Roulet, Bill Starbuck, Christos Tsinopoulos. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

journal owo management stodies dyo journal owo management stodies hoise 1963 sonot protistha koraa ek xomoniya-porzaluchona koraa xoikhyik journal aaru iyak porisalona odhyoyonor ogrogotir baabe cho "saitir hoi waili-blackwelle prokax kore. alusonikhone byowosthaponar khetrot dharonagot aaru obhigyotagot duyuta gowexona potro prokax kore. gurutwo diyar nirdisto khetroxomuhor bhitorot aase, xangothonik totwo aaru aasoron, kouxologot byowosthapona, manob xompod byowosthapona, aaru xangothonik karjyokoritar antoxangskritik tulona. bortomanor xadharon xompadokxokol hoise crich wickert (bhu amsterdam), kerulin gatrell (university owo libharpul management skool), aaru daniel mujio "(university owo eork). bimurto aaru xusikoron. journal owo management stodies" ror bimurto aaru xusikoron koraa hoise xamajik bigyanor uddhriti xusokangkot, scopus, prokwest, ebosku, cambridge boigyanik bimurto, orthonitir gowexona potro, aaru panna byowosthapona porzaluchonat. journal owo management stodies"-ror aai. ess. aai. journal cytationor protibedon onuxori 2018 sonor probhab kaarok hoise <aai. di. 1>, 'byoboxai' shrenit <aai. di. 2> aaru 'byowosthapona' shrenit <aai. di. 3> rankingor xoite. alusonikhonor 5 bosoriya probhab kaarok 7.924 aase. alusonikhon australia byowoxayik dinn porixodor rankingor "byoboxai aaru byowosthapona" shrenit "e *" prokax aaru chi. eno. aar. ess rankingto "shreni 1" alusoni hisape rating diya hoisil. je. em. ess. botaa. je. em. ess.-e proti bosore alusonikhonot ullekhjugyo obodanok swikriti diboloi puroskar prodan koreh barxik academy owo management xonmilonot ek aadoroni onusthanot ei botaa ghuxona aaru prodan koraa hoy. grigor mcclelland gowexona potro. 2011 sonot "journal owo management stodies"-e barxik grigger mcclelland disertation botaa aarombho korisil, jitu journalor protisthapok xompadokor naamere naamkoron koraa hoisil. ei botatuwe teulukor paisdi thixilot bixexbhabe udbhawonimulok byowosthapona britti prokax koraa lekhokxokolok swikriti diye. bijoyi lekhoke 5,000 pound laabh kore. ei botaa byowosthapona odhyoyonor ogrogotir baabe cho "saitir dwara pristhopuxokota koraa hoy, aaru xangothonik odhyoyonor baabe europiyo gutor barxik xonmilonot uposthapon koraa hoy. ei botar lokhyo hoise "byowosthapona aaru xongothon odhyoyonot udbhawonimulok paisdi gowexonar prosar aaru swikriti diya" aaru "bixoy baa poddhotir proti kunu ogradhikar nirdharon nokore". ei botar "prathomik gurutwo hoise doctorate gowexonar swikriti aaru botaa prodan koraa ji bistrito aaru kolponaxil zo 'too ee ullekhjugyobhabe notun bhukhondo xamori loy baa byowosthapona aaru xangothonik gowexonar bhitorot bidyoman sintadharak protihot kore". porisalona odhyoyonor ogrogotir baabe xomiti (sems). journal owo management stodies cho "saiti for dyo advancement owo management stodies (sems) naamor etaa datobyo xongsthar dwara porisalito hoy, jitu prothomote ei nirdisto uddesyor baabe 1953 sonot grigger mcclellande protistha korisil. iyar protisthar pisore poraa, ee alusonikhonor xohojugitat iyar remitt jothesto porimane xomproxarito koriseh ee niyomiya xonmilonor aayujon kore, botaa prodan kore, aaru britis academy owo managementor dore onyanyo xongsthar xoite xohojugita kori sems/baam gowexona aaru khyomota nirman onudanor dore onudan prodan kore. byowosthapona odhyoyonor ogrogotir baabe xomitir 17 john nyaxi aase-bill harley (odhyokhyo), xabina chibert (upo odhyokhyo), robert blackburn (khojanosi), elena antonakupoulu, julia balugun (university owo libharpul skool owo managementor dinn), endru corbett, joyep cornelisen, rick delbrij, timuthi debhini, annabel gaawer, paula jarjabkuvosky, wendy luretu (edinberg biswobidyaloyor byowoxayik bidyaloyor dinn), terry mcnulty, clouse meyar, thomas rulet, bill starbok, christ 'cho chinn' lo 'poch.

journal off management studies dya journal off management studies ekti piar-reviewed academic journal jaa 1963 saale protisthito hoyechilo ebong management studieser aggrogotir jonno societyr pokkho theke uili-blackwell dwara prokashito hoy. journalti byabosthaponar khettre dharonagoto ebong obhiggotagoto ubhoy gobeshonapotroi prakash korey. fokaser nirdishto khetrogulir modhye royeche, sangathanik totto ebong acharan, kaushalgata byabosthapona, manabsampad byabosthapona ebong sangathanik karjokaritar antoshangskritik tulna. bortoman sadharan sompadok hollen criss wickert (bhu amsterdam), caroline gattrell (university off liverpul management school) ebong daniel mujio (university off eork). bimurtokoron ebong suchikaran. journal off management studies" bimurto ebong samajik bigyaner uddhriti suchak, scopus, proquest, ebsco, cambridge boigyanik bimurto, orthonitir gobeshona potro ebong panna byabosthapona porjalochonai suchibhukto koraa hoyeche. journal off management studies'-err 'aisi journal citation reports 2018'-err prabhab factor holl holl byabosa 'bibhage 14/147 ebong' byabosthapona 'bibhage 16/217 ranking soho. journaltir 5 bochorer prabhab factor 7.924. journaltike australia bijnes dinn council rankinger "byabosa oo porichalona" bibhage "ayee *" prokashona hisabe ebong cnrs rankingye "bibhag 1" journal hisabe reeta deoa hoyechilo. jeey. emm. esha puraskar. journale ullekhjoggo abodaner sikritiswarup proti bochor jeey. emm. esha puraskar pradan koreh barshik academy off management conference ekti abhyarthanai eyi puraskarguli ghoshana koraa hoy ebong pradan koraa hoy. grigor mcclelland gobeshonamulok probondho puraskar. 2011 saale "journal off management studies" barshik grigor mcclelland gobeshonamulok puraskar chaalu korey, jaa journaler protisthata sampadoker naame namkaran koraa hoyeche. eyi puroskarti seisob lekhokder swikriti deyo jaanra taander paechd thissise biseshbhabe udbhaboni porichalon britti prakash korechen. vijayi lekhok 5,000 pound paan. puroskarti porichalona adhyayaner aggrogotir jonno society dwara sponsor koraa hoy ebong sangathanik adhyayaner jonno europea gosthir barshik sommelone uposthapon koraa hoy. eyi puroskarer lakkhya holl "byabosthapona oo sangathanik gobeshonai udbhaboni paechd gobeshonar prochar oo swikriti deoa" ebong "vishay baa poddhotir proti konao pochondo nirdishto korey naa". eyi puroskarer "prathomik lakkhya holl emon doctoral gobeshonake swikriti deoa ebong puroskrito koraa jaa bistrito ebong kalpanapraban, kaaron etey ullekhjoggobhabe notun bhukhanda baa byabosthapona oo sangathanik gobeshonar modhye vidyaman chintabhabnar birodhita koraa hoyeche. society phara dya advancement off management studies (sams). journal off management studies society phara dya advancement off management studies (sams) naame ekti datobbo sangostha dwara porichalito hoy, jaa prathomikbhabe eyi nirdishto uddeshye 1953 saale grigor mcclelland dwara protisthito hoyechilo. protisthar porr theke, etty journaler sahojogitai taar remitke jotheshto prosarito koreche etty niyamita sommeloner ayojan korey, puraskar pradan korey ebong british academy off managementer moto anyanno sangosthagulir saathe sahojogita korey sams/baam gobeshona ebong sokkhomota briddhir onudaner moto anudan pradan korey. porichalona adhyayaner aggrogotir jonno societyr 17 john trusty royechen-jaar modhye royechen bill harley (cheyara), sabina cibert (deputi cheyara), robbert blackburn (treasurer), elena antonacopolu, julia balogun (university off liverpul school off managementer dinn), andru corbett, joep cornellison, rick delbridge, timothi devini, annabel gawar, polla zarzabkovsky, oyendi loretto (edinberg bijnes school bishwobidyaloyer dinn), terry mcnulty, clause mayer, thomas rullet, bill starbuck, christos sinolopes.

journal off management studies journal off management studies aee pier-reviewed shaikshanik journal chhe jenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey teey sosayati vatee veelee-blackwell dwara management studiesnee pragatee maate prakashit karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa journal vyavsthaapannaa kshetramaa vaichaarik aneey prayogmulak banne kaagado prakashit karey chhe. dhyaan kendrit karvaanaa chokkas kshetroma sangathhanaatmak siddhaant aneey vartan, vyuhaatmak vyavsthaapan, manav sansadhan vyavsthaapan aneey sangathhanaatmak asarkaraktani aantar-saanskrutik sarkhaamaneeono samaavesh thaay chhe. vartmaan saamanya sampadakoma criss wickert (voo amsterdam), kerolin gattrell (university off liverpool management school) aneey daniel muzio (university off york) chhe. amoort aneey anukramanika. journal off management studies" aee amoort chhe aneey saamaajik vigyaan citation index, scopus, proqvesta, ibsco, cambridge vaignanik abstract, arthshashtrama sanshodhan patro aneey nilmani vyavsthaapan samikshaoma anukrameet chhe. journal off management studies" 'aaee. aesa. aaee. journal citation ahevaalo 2018 assar pareebal 5.839 chhe, jemaa' vyavsaay 'shreneema 14/147 aneey' vyavsthaapan 'shreneema 16/217 noon ranking chhe. journalma 5 varshnu prabhaav pareebal 7.924 chhe. journalne australiana business deans council rankingni "business anned management" shreneema "a *" prakaashan tareeke aneey Cnrs rankingma "shrenee 1" journal tareeke pann rait karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. jeey. aema. aesa. puraskaaro. journalma nondhpaatra yogadaanne maanyata aapvaa maate darr varshe jeey. aema. aesa. puraskaaro aape chheh aaa puraskaaroni jaaherat karvaamaa aave chhe aneey vaarshik academy off management parishadma swaagat samarambhma rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. grigor mcclelland mahanibandh puraskar. puraskar "journal off management studies" aee vaarshik grigor mcclelland mahanibandh puraskar sharoo karyo, jenu naam journalna sthaapak sampadakna naam parthee rakhvama aavyu hatoo. aaa puraskar aevaa lekhakone maanyata aape chhe jemane temnaa phd thisisma khaas kareene naveen vyavsthaapan shishyavrutee prakashit curry chhe. vijeta lekhakne £5,000 maley chhe. aaa puraskar vyavsthaapan abhyasni pragatee maate sosayati dwara prayojit chhe, aneey sangathhanaatmak abhyaas maate european juthnee vaarshik parishadma rajoo karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa puraskaarno udesh "vyavsthaapan aneey sansthaana abhyasma naveen piaech. dii. sanshodhanne protsaahan aapvaano aneey tene maanyata aapvaano chhe" aneey "vishhayo athavaa paddhateeo pratyeni koipan pasandgiono ullekh karatu nathee". aaa puraskaarnu "praathmeek dhyaan aevaa doctorate sanshodhanne odakhvaa aneey puraskar aapvaanu chhe jeey vyaapak aneey kalpanashil hoya chhe jemaa teey nondhpaatra reete navaa bhupradeshne aavari leey chhe athavaa vyavsthaapan aneey sangathhanaatmak sanshodhanmaa pravartmaan vichaarone pratihat karey chhe". management studies (same) nee pragatee maate sosayati. journal off management studies sosayati phora dhaa advancement off management studies (same) naamnee charity dwara sanchaalit chhe, jenee sthaapnaa sharuaatmaa aaa chokkas hetu maate 1953 maan grigor mcclelland dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. tenee sthaapnaa thaee tyaarthi, tene journalna sahyogthi tenaa remitne nondhpaatra reete vistrut karyoo chheh teey niyameet parishado aayojit karey chhe, puraskaaro aape chhe aneey british academy off management jevee anya sansthao saathe sames/baam sanshodhan aneey kshamata nirmaan anudaan jevee anudaan aapvaa maate sahkaar aape chhe. vyavsthaapan abhyasni pragatee maate societyna 17 trusty chhe-jemaa bill harley (adhyaksh), sabinaa seabert (nayab adhyaksh), roobert blackburn (khajanchi), elena antoncopaulo, julia balogun (liverpul school off management universityna deane), andrew corbett, jopa cornellison, rick delbridge, teamothy devinni, annabel gaavar, paulaa zarzabkovsky, vendi loreto (edinberg business school universityna deane), terry mcnulty, clouse mayer, thomas rullet, bill starbuck, christos tsinopolosno samaavesh thaay chhe.

prabandhan adhyayan kii patrika prabandhan adhyayan patrika ack sahakarmi-sameeksha kii gaee shaikshanik patrika haye jise 1963 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur ise prabandhan adhyayan kii pragati key liye samaaj kii or seey villie-blackwell dwara prakaashit kiya jaataa haye. patrika prabandhan key kshetra mein vaichaarik aur anubhavjanya donon shodh patra prakaashit karati haye. dhyaan kendrit karane key vishisht kshetron mein sangathanaatmak siddhant aur vyavhaar, ranneetik prabandhan, maanav sansaadhan prabandhan aur sangathanaatmak prabhavsheelta kii antar-saanskritik tulanaa shamil hain. vartamaan samanya sampaadak criss wickert (vu amsterdam), carolin gattrell (liverpool prabandhan vidyalaya vishvavidyalaya) aur daniel muzio (york vishvavidyalaya) hain. saar aur anukraman. prabandhan adhyayanon kii patrika" koo samajik vigyaan uddharan soochkaank, scopus, proquest, ibsco, cambridge vaigyaanik saar, arthshastra mein shodh patra aur panna prabandhan sameekshaon mein amoort aur anukramit kiya gayaa haye. prabandhan adhyayan kii patrika" 'aaee. aiss. aaee. patrika uddharan report 2018 prabhaav kaarak 5.839 haye, jisamen' vyavasaay 'shreni mein 14/147 aur' prabandhan 'shreni mein 16/217 kii shreni haye. patrika mein 5 saal kaa prabhaav kaarak 7.924 haye. patrika koo australia business deane council ranking kii "vyavasaay aur prabandhan" shreni mein "aeye *" prakaashan key roop mein aur see. aine. aar. aiss ranking mein "shreni 1" patrika key roop mein bhee mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa. jey. aim. aiss. puraskar. patrika mein ullekhaniya yogdan koo maanyata dene key liye pratyek varsh jey. aim. aiss. puraskar pradaan kartaa haih inn puraskaron kii ghoshana kii jaati haye aur vaarshik prabandhan akadami sammelan mein ack swaagat samaroh mein prastut kiye jaate hain. grigor mcclelland shodh prabandh puraskar. 2011 mein "journal off management studies" ney vaarshik grigger mcclelland shodh prabandh puraskar shuru kiya, jiska naam patrika key sansthaapak sampaadak key naam parr rakhaa gayaa. puraskar una lekhakon koo maanyata detaa haye jinhone apane phd thesis mein vishesh roop seey naveen prabandhan chhatravritti prakaashit kii haye. vijeta lekhak koo 5,000 pound milate hain. puraskar prabandhan adhyayan kii pragati key liye samaaj dwara praayojit haye, aur sangathanaatmak adhyayan key liye europeeya samooh key vaarshik sammelan mein prastut kiya jaataa haye. puraskar kaa uddeshya prabandhan aur sangathan adhyayanon mein naveen phd anusandhaan koo badhaava denaa aur pahachaanana haye aur "vishayon yaa tarikon key prati koee vareeyata nirdisht naheen kartaa haye. puraskar kaa "praathamik dhyaan doctorate anusandhaan koo pahachaanana aur puraskrit karna haye joe vyaapak aur kalpanashil haye jisamen yeh mahatvapurna roop seey nae bhoobhaag yaa prabandhan aur sangathanaatmak anusandhaan key bheetar maujooda soch koo shamil kartaa haye. prabandhan adhyayan (sams) kii pragati key liye samaaj. prabandhan adhyayan kii patrika prabandhan adhyayan (sams) kii pragati key liye samaaj naamak ack daan dwara shaasit haye, jisaki sthaapana shuru mein iss vishisht uddeshya key liye 1953 mein grigger mcclelland dwara kii gaee thee. apani sthaapana key baad seey, isane patrika key sahyog seey apane bhugtan kaa kaafee vistaar kiya haih yeh niyamit sammelanon kaa ayojan kartaa haye, puraskar pradaan kartaa haye, aur british prabandhan akadami jaise anya nikaayon key saath sahyog kartaa haye taaki sams/baam anusandhaan aur kshamata nirmaan anudan jaise anudan pradaan kiye jaa sakein. prabandhan adhyayan kii pragati key liye samaaj key 17 nyasi hain-jinamen bill harley (adhyaksh), sabina seabert (upa adhyaksh), robert blackburn (khajanchi), elena antoncopaulo, julia balogun (vishvavidyalaya key liverpool school off management key deane), aur cru corbett, joep cornelison, rick delbridge, timothi devinni, annabel gawar, paula zarzabowski, vendi loretto (edinberg business school vishvavidyalaya key deane), terry mcnulty, clouse meyer, thomas rullet, bill starbuck, christos tsinopolos shamil hain.

journal off management studies journal off management studies embudu 1963ralli sthaapaneyaada peer-reviewed shaikshanika journal aagiddu, idannu society paravagi vile-blackwell avaru nirvahanaa adhyayanagala pragatigaagi prakatisiddaare. niyatakaalikavu nirvahanaa kshetradalli parikalpana mattu prayogika prabandhagalannu prakatisuttade. samsthika siddhaanta mattu nadavalike, kaaryatantrada nirvahane, manava sampanmoola nirvahane mattu samsthika parinaamakaaritvada antara-saamskrutika holikegalu kendrikrutavaada nirdishta kshetragalaagive. prastuta saamaanya sampadakarendare criss wickert (vu amsterdam), caroline gattrell (university off liverpool management school), mattu daniel mujio (university off yark). amoortate mattu suchyanka. journal off management studies" annu amoortavaagi mattu samajika vignaanagala ullekha suchyanka, scopus, proquest, ebsco, cambridge vaignaanika saaraamshagalu, arthashaastradallina samshodhanaa prabandhagalu mattu pachche nirvahanaa vimarsegalalli soochyankagolisalaagide. journal off management studies" 'aies journal citation varadigalu 2018 rahra parinaamada amshavu' vevahaara 'vibhagadalli 14/147 mattu' nirvahane 'vibhagadalli 16/217 shreyankavannu hondide. journal 5 varshagala prabhaavada amshavaada 7.924 annu hondide. journal annu aastreliyaada bisiness deanes council shreyankagala "bisiness und management" vibhagadalli "aa *" prakatane mattu cnrs shreyankagalalli "1neey varga" journal endu rait maadalaagide. zhe. emm. ess. prashastigalu. zhe. emm. ess. niyatakaalikakke needida gamanarha kodugegalannu gurutisalu prati varsha bahumaanagalannu niiduttadeh varshika academy off management sammelanadalli ee prashastigalannu ghooshisalaaguttade mattu nidalaaguttade. grigger mcclelland prabandha prashasti. 2011ralli "journal off management studies" varshika grigger mcclelland prabandha prashastiyannu praarambhisitu, idannu journaln samsthaapaka sampadakara hesarannu idalaagide. ee prashastiyu tamma phd prabandhadalli visheshavaagi naveena nirvahanaa vidyaarthivetanavannu prakatisida lekhakarannu gurutisuttade. vijeta lekhakanu £5,000 padeyuttaane. ee prashastiyannu nirvahanaa adhyayanagala pragatigaagi sosaitiyinda prayojisalaguttade mattu samsthika adhyayanagaligaagi european gumpina varshika sammelanadalli prastutapadisalaaguttade. ee prashastiyu "nirvahane mattu samsthika adyayanagalalli naveena phd samshoodhaneyannu uttejisuva mattu gurutisuva guriyannu hondide" mattu "vishayagalu athawa vidhaanagala bagge yaavude aadyategalannu nirdishtapadisuvudilla". gamanarhavagi hosa bhoopradeshavannu olagondiruva mattu nirvahane mattu samsthika samshoodhaneyolage astitvadalliruva chintaneyannu edurisuvantaha vistaaravaada mattu kalpanaashilavaada doctorate samshoodhaneyannu gurutisuvudu mattu prashasti niiduvudu ee prashastiya praathamika gamanavagide". society phaar dhii advancement off management studies (sams). journal off management studies annu society phaar dhii advancement off management studies (sams) emba datti samstheyu nirvahisuttade, idannu aarambhadalli ee nirdishta uddeshakkagi 1953 ralli grigger mcclelland sthaapisidaru. adara sthaapaneyaadaagininda, idu niyatakaalikada sahayogadondige tanna ravaaneyannu gananeeyavaagi vistarisideh idu niyamitavagi sammelanagalannu ayojisuttade, prashastigalannu niiduttade mattu sams/byam samshoodhane mattu samarthya vruddhi anudaanagalantaha anudaanagalannu needalu british academy off myaanejmentnantaha itara samsthegalondige sahakarisuttade. bill harley (adhyaksha), sabina seabert (upa adhyaksha), robbert blackburn (khajanchi), elena antonakopoulou, julia balogan (university off liverpool school off managementna deane), andrew corbett, jope cornelisen, rick delbridge, timothy devinni, annabelle gawar, paula zarzabkovsky, vendi loretto (edinberg bisiness school vishvavidyaalayada deane), terri mcnulty, classes mayer, thamus roulet, bill starbuck, christos tsinopos seridante nirvahanaa adhyayanagala pragatigaagi society 17 trustigaliddaare.

jenal oof maanejment stadees 1963ll sthaapithamaaya jenal oof maanejment stadees maanejment padanangalude purogathikkaayi sosaitiye prathinidheekarichu villi-blackwell prasidheekaricha oru piyar-reviewed academic jenalaanu. maanejment mekhalayil ashayaparavum anubhavaparavumaya prabandhangal jenal prasidheekarikkunnu. samghadanaa sidhaanthavum perumattavum, thanthraparamaaya maanejment, maanava vibhavasheshi maanejment, samghadanaa falapraapthiyude vividha saamskaarika thaarathamyangal enniva shradha kendreekarikkunna prathyeka mekhalakalaanu. kriss wickert (vuu aamstardaam), carolin gatrell (yooniversitti oof livarpool maanejment school), danielle musio (yooniversitti oof york) ennivaraanu nilavile general edittarmaar. amoorthavum soochikayum. jenal oof maanejment stadees" amoorthamaakkukayum soshyal sciences saiteshan indux, scopus, prokvest, ebsco, kembridge scientific abstraakts, economicsile gaveshana prabandhangal, marathakam maanejment avalokanangal ennivayil soochikayilaakkukayum cheiyunnu. jenal oof maanejment stadees' 'isi jenal saiteshan report cheiyunnu 2018 impact factor 5.839 aanu,' bisinus 'vibhaagathil 14/147 ranking' maanejment 'vibhaagathil 16/217 ranking undu. jenalinu 5 varshathe ephakt factor undu. austreliya bisinus deans kaunsil rankinginte "bisinus aandu maanejment" vibhaagathil "eiii *" prasidheekaranamaayum cnrs rankingle "kattagari 1" jenalaayum jenaline rettucheythu. jeey. emm. ezz avaardukal. jenalilekkulla sradheyamaaya sambhaavanakale amgeekarikkunnathinaayi jms ellah varshavum sammanangal nalkunnu vaarshika akkadami oof maanejment konfaransil nadakkunna sweekaranathilaanu eee avaardukal prakhyapikkukayum sammanikkukayum cheiyunnathu. grigger mccaleland prabandhathinulla puraskaaram. 2011-ll jenal oof maanejment stadees jenalinte sthaapaka edittarude perilulla vaarshika grigger mccaleland desertation award aarambhichu. avarude phd theesisil prathyekichu noothana maanejment scholarship prasidheekaricha ezhuthukaare eee sammanam amgeekarikkunnu. vijayiyaya rachayithaavin 5,000 poundu labhikkunnu. maanejment padanangalude purogathikkaayi sosaitti sponsor cheiyunna award, europian grouppinte oorganaiseshanal padanangalude vaarshika konfaransil avatharippikkunnu. maanejmentilum oorganaiseshan padanangalilum noothana phd gaveshanam prolsaahippikkaanum amgeekarikkaanum lakshyamidunna" award "vishayangalilekko reethikalilekko oru mungananakalum vyakthamakkunnilla". vipulavum saangalppikavumaaya doctoral gaveshanathe amgeekarikkukayum award nalkukayum cheyyuka ennathaanu avaardinte praadhamika shradha, athil ganyamaayi puthiya bhoopradesam ulkkollunnu allengil maanejmentilum samghadanaa gaveshanathilum nilavilulla chinthakale ethirkkunnu". sosaitti phoor dhii advaansment oof maanejment stadees (sams). 1953 ll grigger mccaleland sthaapicha sosaitti phoor dhii advaansment oof maanejment stadees (sams) enna chaarittiyaan jenal oof maanejment stadees niyanthrikkunnath. athinte adithara muthal, jenalumaayi sahakarichu ithu athinte panam ganyamaayi vipuleekarichu ithu pathivayi konfaransukal samghadippikkukayum avaardukal nalkukayum britiish akkadami oof maanejment polulla mattu sthaapanangalumaayi sahakarichu sams/baam gaveshanam, sheshi vardhippikkal graantukal enniva nalkunnu. maanejment padanatthinte purogathikkaayi sosaittiyil 17 trasttikalundu-bill harley (cheyar), sabeena seabert (deputy cheyar), roobert blackbane (treasurer), elana antonakopoulo, juuliya baalogan (yooniversitti oof livarpool school oof maanejment deane), andrew corbet, jope cornelisen, rick delbridge, timothi devinni, annabelli gaavar, poula jharsabkovsky, vendi loretto (eddinberg bisinus school sarvakalaashaalayude deane), terry mcnulty, klaas mayer, thomas raulattu, bill staarbakk, christos sinopos.

vyavasthapan abhyasache niyatkalik daad journal auph management studies heey 1963 madhye sthapan jhalele samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelele shaikshanik niyatkalik aahe aanee vyavasthapan abhyasachya pragatisathi societychya vatine viilii-blackwellne prakashit kele aahe. niyatkalik vyavasthapan kshetrat sankalpanatmak aanee anubhavjanya asha donhi prakarchya shodhanibandh prakashit karate. laksh kendrit karnyachya vishisht kshetranmadhye sanghatanatmak siddhant aanee vartan, dhoranatmak vyavasthapan, manushyabal vyavasthapan aanee sanghatanatmak parinamkaraktechi aantar-sanskrutik tulana yancha samavesh hoto. sadhyache sarchitanis khris wickert (woo amsterdam), carolin gattrell (university auph liverpool management school) aanee daniele mujio (university auph york) aahet. amoort aanee anukramanika. vyavasthapan abhyasache niyatkalik" heey samajshastra sandarbh nirdeshank, scopus, proquest, ibsco, cambridge vaidnyanik saransh, arthshastratil sanshodhan lekh aanee panne vyavasthapan punravlokananmadhye amoort aanee anukramit kele aahe. journal auph management studies' chya aay. ess. aay. journal citation ahavalanusar 2018 chaa prabhav ghatak 5.839 aahe, jyamadhye 'vyavasay' shreneet 14/147 aanee 'vyavasthapan' shreneet 16/217 kramvari aahe. yaa niyatkalikala 5 varshancha prabhav ghatak 7.924 aahe. yaa niyatkalikala austreliya business deanes council kramvaritil "vyavasay aanee vyavasthapan" shrenitil "aaa *" prakashan aanee see. aine. aar. ess. kramvaritil "shreni 1" journal mhanoon dekhil moolyankan karnyat aale hote. jeey. emm. ess. puraskar. niyatkalikatil ullekhaneey yogdanala manyata denyasathi jeey. emm. ess. darvarshi bakshise pradan karateh varshik vyavasthapan akadamichya parishadet swagat samarambhat heey puraskar jaheer kele jaatat aanee pradan kele jaatat. grigor mcclelland prabandh puraskar. 2011 madhye 'journal auph management studies' neey varshik grigor mcclelland prabandh puraskar suru keela, jyala niyatkalikachya sansthapak sampadakache naav denyat aale. haah puraskar, tyanchya ph. dii. prabandhat visheshtah navinyapurn vyavasthapan shishyavrutti prakashit kelelya lekhakanna manyata deto. vijeta lekhkala £5,000 midatat. haah puraskar vyavasthapan abhyasachya pragatisathi sosayatidvare prayojit keela jaato aanee sanghatanatmak abhyasasathi european gatachya varshik parishadet sadar keela jaato. yaa puraskarache uddisht "vyavasthapan aanee sansthatmak abhyasatil navinyapurn ph. dii. sanshodhanala protsahan dene aanee manyata dene" aanee "vishay kinwa paddhatimbaddal konatihi pradhanye nirdisht karane nahee". yaa puraskarache prathamik laksh, 'mothya pramanavar naveen kshetracha samavesh asalelya aanee vyavasthapan aanee sanghatanatmak sanshodhanat vidyaman vicharancha pratikar pratikar vyapak aanee kalpanashil doctorate sanshodhanala manyata dene aanee tyanna puraskar dene' heey aahe. vyavasthapan abhyasachya pragatisathi sanstha (sams). journal auph management studies heey society phaur daad advancement auph management studies (sams) navachya dharmaday sansthedvare niyantrit kele jaate, jyachi sthapana suruvatila grigor mcclelland yanni 1953 madhye yaa vishisht uddeshasathi kelee hotee. tyachya sthapanepasun, niyatkalikachya sahkaryane tyane tyachya pathvanicha lakshaniy vistar keela aaheh tee niyamit parishadanche aayojan karate, puraskar dete aanee sams/baam sanshodhan aanee kshamata nirmiti anudan yasarkhe anudan denyasathi british academy auph managementsarkhya itar sansthanna sahkarya karate. vyavasthapan abhyasachya pragatisathi societyche 17 vishvast aahet-jyat biil harley (adhyaksh), sabina seabert (upadhyaksh), robbert blackburn (khajindar), elena antonacopaulo, julia balogun (university auph liverpool school auph managementche adhishthata), andrew corbett, joep cornellison, rick delbridge, timothi devinni, enabel gauver, paula jarzabkovsky, vendi lauretto (edinberg business school vidyapithache adhishthata), terry mcnulty, clouse meyer, thomas rullet, biil starbuck, khristos tsinopolos yancha samavesh aahe.

journal aff management studies journal aff management studies ek sahakarmi-samiksha garieko shaikshik journal how june 1963 maa sthapit bhaeko thiyo rar wyawasthapan adhyayanko pragatiko lagi samajko tarfabata willy-blackweldwara prakashit garieko chha. journalle wyawasthapanko kshetrama awadharanatmak rar anubhawajanya duwai kagajatharu prakashit gardacha. dhyan kendrit garne wishishta kshetraharuma, sangathanatmak siddhanta rar wyawahar, rannitik wyawasthapan, manav sansadhan wyawasthapan, rar sangathanatmak prabhawkaritako antar-sanskritik tulanaharu samawesh chhan. wartaman samanya sampadakharu criss wickert (woo amsterdam), caroline gatrell (university aff liverpul management schol), rar daniel mujio (university aff york) hun. amurta rar anukramanika. wyawasthapan adhyayanko journal" amurta chha rar samajik vigyan uddharan suchkank, scopus, proquest, ibsco, cambridge vaigyanik amurta, arthashastrama anusandhan patraharu, rar pannah wyawasthapan samikshaharuma anukramit chha. journal aff management studies" 'isi journal cytation report 2018 prabhawa karak 5.839 how, jasma 14/147 shreni' wyawasaya 'maa rar 16/217 shreni' wyawasthapan 'maa shrenibadha chha. journalma 7.924 ko 5-warshako prabhawa karak chha. jarnallai australia business dinn council shrenikaranko "wyawasaya rar wyawasthapan" shrenima "a *" prakashanko rupma rar CNRS shrenikaranma "shreni 1" journalko rupma mulyankan garieko thiyo. jms puraskar. journalma ullekhaniya yogadanlai manyata dina jmsle pratyek warsha puraskarharu pradan gardachhah yee puraskarharu warshik ekedemy aff management sammelanma swagat samarohma ghoshana rar prastut garinchha. grigor mccleland shodh prabandha puraskar. sann 2011 maa "journal aff management studies" ley journalko sansthapak sampadakko namama warshik grigor mccleland shodh prabandha puraskar suru garyo. puraskarle afno phd thisisma vishesh gari naveen wyawasthapan chhatrawritti prakashit garne lekhakharulai manyata dinchha. vijeta lekhakle £5,000 prapta gardacha. puraskar wyawasthapan adhyayanko pragatiko lagi samajdwara prayojit chha, rar sangathanatmak adhyayanka lagi europeli samuhako warshik sammelanma prastut garinchha. puraskarko uddeshya "wyawasthapan rar sangathan adhyayanma naveen phd anusandhanlai prawardhan rar manyata dine" rar "vishaya wa widhiharutarfa kunai prathamiktaharu nirdishta gardaina. puraskarko "prathamik dhyan bhaneko wistrit rar kalpanashil doctorate anusandhanlai pahichan rar puraskar dinu how jasma yasale mahatwapurna rupma nayan bhubhaglai sametchha wa wyawasthapan rar sangathanatmak anusandhan bhitra awasthit sochlai pratirodh gardacha. wyawasthapan adhyayanko pragatika lagi samaj (sams). journal aff management stadijlai society ferr da advancement aff management studies (sams) namak paropkari sansthadwara shasit garinchha, suruma yass wishishta uddeshyaka lagi 1953 maa grigor mcclelandwara sthapana garieko thiyo. yasako sthapana bhaedekhi, yasale journalko sahakaryama afno remitlai ullekhaniya rupma wistar gareko chhah yasale niyamit sammelanharu ayojana gardacha, puraskarharu pradan gardacha, rar british ekedemy aff management jasta anya nikayaharusanga sahayog gardacha jastai sams/bamm anusandhan rar kshamata nirman anudan jasta anudanharu pradan garna. wyawasthapan adhyayanko pragatiko lagi societyka 17 zana nyasiharu chhan-bill harley (adhyaksha), sabina cibert (upadhyaksha), robert blackburn (khajano), alena antoncopaulo, julia balogun (university aff liverpul schol aff managementka dinn), endru corbett, jope carnelison, rick delbridge, timothi devinni, annabel gawar, paula zarzabkowski, wendy loreto (edinberg business schol vishwavidyalayaka dinn), terry mcnulty, clause meyer, thomas rulette, bill starbuck, christos sinolopos.

journal off management studies daa journal off management studies' heuchhi eka sahakarmee-samikhya karajaithiba academic journal jaahaa 1963 ray sthapita hoithila ebong management stadira agragati paain society tarapharu wili-blackwell dwara prakashita . ehi patrika parichalana khetrare ubhaja dharanagata ebong abhigyatagata kagajpatra prakash karithae. dhyana kendreet karibara nirdista khetragudika madhyare rahichhi, sangathanika siddhanta ebong acharan, rananaitika parichalana, manab sambala parichalana, ebong sangathanika prabhabara aantahsangskrutika tulana. barttamanara sadharana sampadakamane heuchhanti criss wickert (bhu amsterdam), carolin gattrell (liverpul management skula biswabidyalaja), ebong daniel mujio (yarka biswabidyalaja). bimurta ebong suchikarana. parichalana adhyajana patrika" ku samajika bigyana citation index, scopes, proquest, ibsco, cambridge baigyanika bimurta, arthaneetire gabeshana patra ebong pannah parichalana samikhyare bimurta ebong anukramita karajaichi. journal off management studies "' aai. ess. aai. journal citation report 2018 prabhaba karaka heuchhi 'aai. dii. 1",' byabasai "bargare 'aai. dii. 3" ebong' parichalana "bargare 'aai. dii. 2" rahr manyata sahita. ehi patrikara 5 barshar prabhaba karaka heuchhi 7.924. ehi patrikaku astrelia byabasai dinn parishad rankingara "byabasai ebong parichalana" bargare "a *" prakashan ebong sii. enn. aarr. ess. rankingare "berg 1" patrika bhabare madhya manyata diajaithila. jay. emm. ess. puraskara. jarnalaku ullekhaneeah abadanaku swekruti deba paain jay. emm. ess. pratibarsha puraskara pradan karithaeh barshika ekademy off management sammilaneere eka swagata samarohare ehi puraskara ghoshana ebong pradan karajae . grigger mcclelland gabeshanatmaka prabandha puraskara. 2011 ray "journal off management studies" barshika grigger mcclelland gabeshanatmaka puraskara arambha karithila, jaahaa jarnalara pratisthata sampadakanka naamare namit . ehi puraskara sehi lekhakamananku swekruti deithae jeunmane semananka ph. dii. thisisare bisesh curry abhinaba parichalana brutti prakash karichanti. bijeta lekhakanku 5,000 pound milithae. parichalana adhyajanara agragati paain society dwara ehi puraskara prajojita hoithae, ebong europeah gosthira sangathanika adhyajana paain barshika sammilaneere upasthapita hoithae. ehi puraskarara uddeshya heuchhi "parichalana ebong sangathana adhyajanare abhinaba ph. dii. gabeshanaku prostahita kariba ebong swekruti deba" ebong "bishai kimba paddhati prati kaunasi pasanda nirdista kare naahin". ehi puraskarara "prathamika dhyana heuchhi doctorate gabeshanaku swekruti deba ebong puraskruta kariba jaahaa byapaka ebong kalpanashila kaaran ehaa ullekhaneeah bhabare nutan bhukhandaku antarbhukta kare kimba parichalana ebong sangathanika gabeshana madhyare bidyamana chintadharaku pratihata kare" . society pharr dee advancement off management studies (sams). journal off management studies society phara dee advancement off management studies (sams) namaka eka databya sanstha dwara parichalita, jaahaa prathame ehi nirdista uddeshyare 1953 ray grigger mcclellandanka dwara sthapita hoithila . ehara pratistha paratharu, ehaa journal sahajogare ehara remitku yathesta bistara karichhih ehaa nijamita sammilani ayojan kare, puraskara pradan kare ebong british ekademy off management pari anya sanstha sahita sahjog kare jaahaa saam/baam gabeshana ebong khyamata nirmana anudan pari anudan pradan kare . parichalana adhyajanare unnati paain societyre 17 john trusty achanti-bill harley (cheyara), sabina cibert (deputi cheyara), robert blackburn (trazer), elena antonakopoulu, julia balogan (liverpul skul off managementer dinn), andru corbett, jope karnelisen, rick delbridge, timothi debhini, annabel gawer, paula jarajabakovsky, wendi loretto (edinburg business schooler dinn), terry mcnality, clause meyara, thamas rulet, bill starbock, christos sinolopos.

parbandhan adhiaen daa journal journal aaf management studies ikk ikk akadamik journal haii joe 1963 witch sathapit keeta giaa see atey parbandhan adhiaenan dee unnati laee suciety dee tarfon villie-blackwell duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. ih journal parbandhan dey khetar witch sankalpik atey anubhavi doven paper prakashit karda haii. dhiaan kendrit curran dey vishesh khetran witch sangathnatmak sidhant atey vivhaar, rannitak parbandhan, manukkhi sarot parbandhan atey sangathnatmak prabhav dee antar-sabheyacharak tulna shamal haii. maujuda general sampadak criss wickert (voo amsterdam), carolin gattrell (liverpool parbandhan school university) atey daniel muzio (university aaf yarak) hunn. abstract atey indexing. parbandhan adhiaenan daa rasala" smajik vigiaan havala soochkank, scopes, prokust, ibsco, cambridge vigiaanak abstract, arth shastar witch khoj pattar atey panne parbandhan samikhiaavan witch sankhep atey suchibadh haii. journal aaf management studies" 'aaee. aiss. aaee. journal citation reports 2018 prabhav kaarak 5.839 haii, jiss witch shreni' carobar 'witch 14/147 atey shreni' parbandhan 'witch 16/217 dee darjabandi haii. journal daa 5 saal daa prabhav kaarak 7.924 haii. journal noon australia busions deane consul ranking dee "busions aind management" shreni witch ikk "aii *" parkashan atey cnrs ranking witch ikk "shreni 1" journal vajon vee darja ditta giaa see. jey. aimm. aiss. puraskar. jey. aimm. aiss. harr saal journal witch mahattavpuran yogdan noon maanta denh laee puraskar dinda haiyav inhan puraskaran daa ailaan atey peshkari salana academy aaf management conferences witch ikk suagat samaroh witch keeti jaandi haii. grigor mcclelland khoj nibandh puraskar. saal 2011 witch "journal aaf management studies" neey salana grigor mcclelland khoj nibandh puraskar dee shuruat keeti, jisda naam journal dey sansthapak sampadak dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. ih puraskar uhanan lekhakan noon maanta dinda haii jinhan neey aapne phd thesis witch vishesh taur 'teey navintakari parbandhan scholarship prakashit keeti haii. jetu lekhak noon £5,000 milde hunn. puraskar parbandhan adhiaenan dee unnati laee suciety duaara spancer keeta jaanda haii, atey sangathnatmak adhiaenan laee european samooh dee salana conferences witch pesh keeta jaanda haii. puraskar daa udesh parbandhan atey sangathan dey adhiaenan witch navintakari phd khoj noon utshahit karna atey maanta denna haii atey "vishiaan jaan tarikiaan pratee koee tarjih nirdharat naheen karda haii. puraskar daa "mukkh dhiaan doctorate khoj noon maanta denna atey puraskar denna haii joe vistrit atey kalpanasheel haii jiss witch ih mahattavpuran taur 'teey navein khetar noon cover karda haii jaan parbandhan atey sangathnatmak khoj dey ander maujuda soch daa mukabala karda haii. parbandhan adhiaen dee unnati laee suciety (sams). journal aaf management studies noon suciety phaar dii advancement aaf management studies (sams) namak ikk charity duaara niyantrit keeta jaanda haii, jiss dee shuruat iss vishesh udesh laee 1953 witch grigor mcclelland duaara keeti gaee see. aapni neenh toon baad, iss neey journal dey sahiyog naal aapne paise daa kaafi vistaar keeta haiyav ih niyamat conferences daa ayojan karda haii, puraskar pardan karda haii, atey british academy aaf management vargiaan horr sansthavan naal sahiyog karda haii taan joe sams/baam khoj atey samratha nirman grantan vargiaan grantan pardan keetiaan jaa sakann. parbandhan adhiaen dee unnati laee suciety dey 17 trusty hunn-jinhan witch bill harley (chair), sabina seabert (dipty chair), robbert blackburn (khazanchi), elena antonacopolu, julia balogun (liverpool school aaf management university dee deane), aindrioo carbett, joep carnelison, rick delbridge, timothy devinni, annabel gaar, paula jarzabkovsky, vendy loretto (edinberg busions school university dey deane), terry mcnulty, clouse mayer, thamas rullet, bill starbuck, christos tsinolopos shamal hunn.

prabandha adhyayan patrikaa da journal aaf management studies iti samavayaska-samikshita-shaikshanik-patrikaa asti yaa 1963 tame varshe sthaapitah aasit, tathaa cha vyavasthaapan-adhyayanasya pragatihi saadhayitum society ityasya pakshatah vilee-blackwell ityanena prakashita asti. niyatakalikam prabandhakshetre avadhaaranaatmak-anubhavajanya-patraani cha prakaashayati. kendrikrutanam vishishteshu kshetreshu, sangatanaatmakasiddhaantam vyavahaarah cha, tantratmakaprabandhanam, manavasamsadhanaprabandhanam, sangatanaatmak-prabhavashilatayaha antara-saamskrutika-tulanam cha antarbhavanti. vartamaanaah samanya-sampaadakaah criss wickert (vu amsterdam), carolin gattrell (university aaf liverpool management school), daniel muzio (university aaf yaark) cha santi. saaraamsham tathaa anukramanikaa. journal aaf management studies" iti saamaajikavigyaanasya uddharanasuchika, scopus, proquest, eebsko, kembridge vaidnyaanik-saaraamshaha, arthashaastrasya shodhapatraani, panne-vyavasthaapan-sameekshaasu cha amoortam anukramitam cha asti. journal aaf management studies" iti 'aii. ess. aii. journal satation' iti 2018 tamavarshasya prabhaava-kaarakam 'vyavasaay' iti varge 'aii. dii. 3' iti shrenyaah, 'vyavasthaapan' iti varge 'aii. dii. 2' iti shrenyaah cha asti iti soochayati. asya patrikaayaah 5 varsheeya-prabhaava-kaarakah 7.924 asti. australia-vaanijya-deans-parishad-shreninam "vyaapaar-vyavasthaapan-shrenee" madhye "a *" iti prakaashanam iti, tathaa cha Cnrs-shreninam "shrenee-1" iti patrikaa iti cha asya niyatakaalikasy mulyankanam krutam. jey. emm. ess. puraskaarah. jey. emm. ess. prativarsham patrikaayaam ullekhaneeyam yogadam ankayitum puraskaran pradadaati. ete puraskaaraah vaarshik-akadami-aaf-management-sammelanasy svaagata-kaaryakrame ghoshitaah, prastutah cha bhavanti. grigger-mcclellyand-shodha prabandha-puraskaarah. 2011 tame varshe "journal aaf management studies" ityeshaa vaarshikam grigger-mcclellyand-shodha prabandha-puraskaram praarabdhavatee, yasya naam patrikaayaah samsthaapak-sampaadakasya namna asti. puraskaarah tebhyah lekhakan ankayati ye swasya pee. ech. dee. shodha prabandhe visheshatayaa navapravartanaprabandhana-vidvattaam prakaashitavantah. vijetam lekhakah £5,000 praaptam bhavati. prabandha adhyayanasya pragatyartham society ityanena prayojitam puraskaram, sanghatan adhyayanartham yooropeeyasamoohasy vaarshikasammelane cha pradadaati. puraskaarasy uddeshyam "prabandhane tathaa sangathane adhyayankshetre cha naveenasya pee. ech. dee. anusandhaanasya prachaarah, parichayah cha" iti asti, "vishayasya vaa paddhatehe vaa vishaye kimapi pradhanyam naa nirdishtam" iti cha asti. puraskaarasy "prathamikam kendram asti, vistaarakam kalpanashilam cha doctorate-samshodhanam ankya, puraskaram daatum cha, yasmin mahattvapoornam nootanam bhubhagam vaa prabandhana-sangatanaatmak-anusandhaanasya vidyamaan-chintanam prativartayati. vyavasthaapan-adhyayanasya pragati-samitihi (ess. e. emm. ess.). journal aaf management studies iti samsthaa, prathame 1953 tame varshe grigger-mcclellyand ityanena asya vishishtaay sthapita, da-society faar da-advaamsment-studies (sams) iti namna daatrutvasamsthayaa niyantritaa asti. samsthapanakalat eva, niyatakaalikasy sahayogena, swasya preshanasya vistaarah krutah asti-etat niyamitaan sammelanan aayojayati, puraskaran pradadaati, british-akadami-aaf-management ityadeen anyaih samsthaih saha sahayogam krutvaa sams/baam-anusandhaanam, kshamata-nirmaana-anudaanam ityadeen anudanan pradadaati. prabandha adhyayanasya pragatiartham societyaah 17 nyaasinah santi-yathaa bill harley (adhyakshah), sabina cebert (upadhyakshah), rabert blackburn (khajaanaadaarah), elenaa entonaakopaulo, julia baalogan (university aaf liverpool school aaf management ityasya dean), endroo carbett, jope carnelison, rick delbridge, timothy devinne, enaabele gaavar, paulaa jaarazaabkovski, vendee loreto (university aaf edinberg bisiness school ityasya dean), terry mcnulty, class meyar, thaamas roolet, bill starbuck, christos tsinopos cha.

maelaanmai aaivugal idhazh maelaanmai aaivugal idhazh enbathu 1963 aam aandil niruvapatta saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta kalvi idhazhaagum, idhu maelaanmai aaivugalin munnaettraththirkaaka samoogaththin saarbaaga villie-blackwell enbavaraal veliyidappadugirathu. inththa idhazh nirvaagath thuraiyil karutthiyal mattrum anubavak katturaigal irandaiyum veliyidugirathu. niruvanak koatpaadu mattrum nadaththai, mooloabaaya maelaanmai, manitha vala maelaanmai mattrum niruvana seyalthiranin kurukku kalaachaara oppeedugal aagiyavai kavanam seluththum kuripitta paguthigalaakum. tharpoothaiya podhu aasiriyargal chriss wickert (vuu amsterdam), caroline cattrell (palkalaikkazhaga liverpool maelaanmai palli) mattrum daniel mushio (palkalaikkazhaga yark) aavar. surukka mattrum kuriyeedu. maelaanmai aaivugalin idhazh" surukkamaaga samooga ariviyal maerkoal kuriyeedu, scopus, brockwest, epsco, cambridge ariviyal surukkangkal, porulaathaaraththil aaraaychchik katturaigal mattrum maragatha maelaanmai mathippuraigalil kuriyidappattullathu. maelaanmai aaivugalin idhazh" 2018 thaakkak kaarani 5.839 endru ISI journal maerkoal therivikkirathu, idhil 'vanigam' pirivil 14/147 mattrum 'maelaanmai' pirivil 16/217 tharavarisaippaduththappattu. idhazh 5 aandu thaakkak karaniyaana 7.924 aik kondullathu. australian vaniga deanes council tharavarisaiyin "vaniga mattrum maelaanmai" pirivil "a *" veliyeedaagavum, cnrs tharavarisaiyil "vagai 1" idhazhaagavum inththa idhazh mathippidappattathu. jms viruthugal. jms ovvoru aandum paththirigaiyil kurippidatthakka pankalippukalai angkeekarippatharkaaga parisugalai vazhangkukirathu inththa viruthugal aanduthoarum nadaiperum akaadami off management maanaatil arivikkapattu vazhangkappadugindrana. grigor mcclelland aaivuk katturai viruthu. 2011 aam aandil "maelaanmai aaivugal idhazh" varudaanthira grigor mcclelland aaivuk katturaiyai arimugappaduththiyathu, idhu idhazhin niruvana aasiriyarin peyaraal peyaridappattathu. kurippaaga puthumaiyaana maelaanmai uthaviththogaiyai thangal munaivar patta aaivarikkaiyil veliyitta ezhuththaalargalai inththa parisu angkeekarikkirathu. vettri pettra ezhuththaalar 5,000 pavundugalaip perukiraar. inththa viruthu maelaanmai aaivugalin munnaettraththirkaaka samoogaththaal nidhiyudhavi seiyappadugirathu, maelum niruvana aaivugalukkaana iroappiya kuzhuvin varudaanthira maanaatil vazhangkappadukirathu. inththa viruthu "maelaanmai mattrum niruvana aaivugalil puthumaiyaana pht aaraaychchiyai ookkuvippathaiyum angkeekarippathaiyum nokkamaagak kondullathu" mattrum "thalaippukal allathu muraigalil endha viruppangkalaiyum kuripidavillai". inththa viruthin "muthanmai kavanam, virivaagavum karpanaiyaanathaagavum irukkum munaivar aaraaychchiyai angkeekariththu vazhangkuvathaagum, idhu kurippidatthakka vagaiyil puthiya nilaparappai ulladakkiyathu allathu maelaanmai mattrum niruvana aaraaychchikkul irukkum sinthanaiyai ethirkkirathu". maelaanmai aaivugalin munnaettraththirkaana sangam (sams). maelaanmai aaivugal idhazh, aarambaththil inththa kuripitta nokkaththirkaaga 1953 aam aandil grigor mcclelland enbavaraal niruvapatta maelaanmai aaivugalin munnaettraththirkaana sangam (sams) endra thondu niruvanatthaal nirvagikkappadukirathu. adhan adiththalaththilirunthu, idhu paththirigaiyudan inainthu adhan panatthaith kanisamaaga virivupaduththiyullathu idhu valakkamaana maanaadugalai aerpaadu seikirathu, virudhugalai valangkukirathu, maelum british akaadami off management poantra pira amaippugaludan inainthu sams/paem aaraaichi mattrum thiran maempaattu maaniyangkal poantra maaniyangkalai valangkukirathu. pill haarli (thalaivar), sabeena seibert (thunaith thalaivar), robbert blackburn (porulaalar), elena antonagoboulo, juulia palogan (palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaimai nirvaagi), andrew corbett, joob cornelison, rick delbridge, demothy devinni, annabelle kaavar, bavula jharsabkovsky, vendi loreto (edinburgh vanigap palliyin palkalaikkazhagaththin thalaivar), terri mccanelty, classes mayer, thamas rowlett, pill starbuck, christos dysinolophos ullitta 17 arangkaavalargal nirvaagap padippugalin munnaettraththirkaaka sangaththil ullanar.

journal off management studies journal off management studies anedi 1963loe sthaapinchabadina peer-reviewed academic journal, dheenini management studies purogati kosam society tarapuna vilae-blockwell prachurinchaaru. eee patrika nirvahana rangamlo sambhaavita mariyu anubhavika patraalanu prachuristundi. samsthaagata siddhaantam mariyu pravartana, vyuuhaatmaka nirvahana, maanava vanarula nirvahana mariyu samsthaagata prabhavam yokka saamskrutika poolikalu vanti nirdishta rangaalapai drushti kendrikaristaru. prastuta saadhaarana sampaadakulu criss wickert (vu amsterdam), carolin guttrell (university off liverpool management school), mariyu daniel mujio (university off yark). saaraamsam mariyu suuchika. journal off management studies" anedi saanghika saastraala citation index, scopus, proquest, ebsco, cambridge scientific obstracts, economicslo parisoedhanaa patraalu mariyu paccha nirvahana sameekshalalo sangrahinchabadindi mariyu suuchika cheyabadindi. journal off management studies" 'isi journal citation nivedikalu 2018 prabhava karakam 5.839,' vyaparam 'vibhaagamlo 14/147 mariyu' nirvahana 'vibhaagamlo 16/217 rankingtho undhi. journal 5 samvatsaraala prabhava karakanni kaligi undhi, idhi 7.924. journal australia business deans council rankingsloni "business und management" vibhaagamlo "a *" prachuranagaa mariyu CNRS rankingslo "ketagiri 1" jarnalga kooda rate cheyabadindi. jms avaardulu. journal kuu gurtinchadagina rachanalanu gurtinchadaaniki jms prati samvatsaram bahumatulu istundih vaarshika academy off management conferencelo eee avaardulanu prakatinchi, pradaanam chestaaru. grigger mcclelland disertation avaardu. 2011loe "journal off management studies" vaarshika grigger mcclelland disertation avaardunu praarambhinchindi, dheeniki journal vyavasthaapaka sampadakudi paeru pettaru. eee bahumati vaari pihechdi thesislo pratyaekamgaa vinootna nirvahana scholarshipnu prachurinchina rachayitalanu gurtistundi. vijaeta rachayita £5,000 andukuntaaru. nirvahana adhyayanala purogati kosam societyche spaansar cheyabadina eee avaardu, samsthaagata adhyayanala kosam european group vaarshika samavesamlo samarpinchabadutundi. eee avaardu "nirvahana mariyu samstha adhyayanaalalo vinootna pihechdi parisoedhananu prothsahinchadam mariyu gurtinchadam" lakshyamgaa pettukundi mariyu "vishayalu ledhaa paddhatula patla etuvanti praadhaanyatalanu paerkonadu". avaardu yokka "praadhamika drushti vistrutamaina mariyu oohaatmakamaina doctoral parisoedhananu gurtinchadam mariyu pradaanam cheyadam, idhi gananeeyamgaa kotta bhoobhaganni kaligi untundi ledhaa nirvahana mariyu samsthaagata parisoedhanaloo unna aalochananu nirodhistundi". society pharr dhi advancement off management studies (shams). journal off management studiesnu society pharr dhi advancement off management studies (shams) anae swachchanda samstha nirvahistundi, dheenini modatlo eee nirdishta prayojanam kosam 1953loe grigger mcclelland sthaapinchaaru. daani punaadi nundi, idhi journal sahakaaramtho daani chellimpunu gananeeyamgaa vistarinchindih idhi kramam tappakunda samavesalanu nirvahistundi, avaardulanu andistundi mariyu british academy off management vanti itara samsthalatho kalisi shams/baam parisoedhana mariyu saamarthyaanni pempondinche grantlu vanti graantlanu pradaanam chestundi. nirvahana adhyayanala purogati kosam societylo 17 mandhi dharmakartalu unnaaru-veerilo bill harley (chair), sabina seabert (deputy chair), robbert blockburn (koshadhikari), elena antonakopoulu, julia balogan (university off liverpool school off management deane), andrew carbett, jope carnelisen, rick delbridge, timothy devinnie, annabelle gaavar, paula zarzabkovsky, vendy loretto (university off edinberg business school deane), terrie mcnulty, class mayer, thamus roulet, bill starbuck, christos tsinopolos unnaaru.

journal aaf mangement studies journal aaf mangement studies eek humm martabah jaizah leenay waala taleemi jaridah hay juu 1963 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asay walee bleek weel nay society kii jaanib say mangement studies kii tarqi kay liye shaye kiyaa hay. jaridah intezam kay shobay mein tasvarati aur tajarbati donon maqalay shaye kartaa hay. taujah kay makhsus shoabon mein tanzimi nazariyah aur tarz amal strategic mangement insani wasail kaa intezam aur tanzimi taasir kay beenn alsaqafati mawaznah shaamil haine. maujudah general editors curse wakeert (wow amsterdam)yee carolin gateral (university aaf leuropol mangement school)yee aur denail museo (university aaf yark) haine. tajridi aur indexing. journal aaf mangement studies" kuu tajridi aur samaji aloom kay hawalah jaat index scopus provest absco camberge sciency tajridi muashiyat mein tehqiqi makhalay aur zamray kay intezam kay jaizon mein index kiyaa gayaa hay. journal aaf mangement studies" 'aayee aiss aayee journal citation report 2018 impact factor 5.839 hay jiss kii darjah bundi' buznis 'kay zamray mein 14/147 aur' mangement 'kay zamray mein 16/217 hay. jareede mein 5 saalah asar ansar 7.924 hay. iss jareede kuu australia buznis deane konsal kii darjah bundi kay "buznis aind mangement" zamray mein "a *" ashaat aur see aine aar aiss kii darjah bundi mein "zamrah 1" jareede kay toor parr bhee darjah diyaa gayaa thaa. jay ayem aiss ewards. jareede mein qaabil zakar sharakat kuu tasleem karnay kay liye jay ayem aiss harr saal anaamaat deeta hay: inn ewards kaa aalaan kiyaa jaataa hay aur salanah academy aaf mangement conference mein eek isteqbaliya mein paish kiyaa jaataa hay. gregor macley lend maqalah aiward. 2011 mein "journal aaf mangement studies" nay salanah gregor meek klee lend maqalah aiward kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss kaa naam jareede kay baanee editor kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. yaha anaam inn masnafeen kuu tasleem kartaa hay jinhon nay apnay pee aich ddee theesas mein khaas toor parr akhtarayi mangement scholarship shaye kii hay. jeetnay waalay masnaf kuu 5,000 pound miltay haine. yaha aiward society kii taraf say mangement studies kii tarqi kay liye sponsor kiyaa jaataa hay aur europi grop kii salanah conference baraye tanzimi mutaliat mein paish kiyaa jaataa hay. iss aiward kaa maqsad "mangement aur tanzimi mutaliat mein jadeed pee aich ddee tehqeeq kuu farogh deena aur tasleem karnaa hay" aur "mozuaat yaa tareeqon kay tayein kasee bhee tarjihaat kii wazahat nahein kartaa hay. aiward kii "bunyadi taujah doctorate kii tehqeeq kuu tasleem karnaa aur aiward deena hay juu wasee aur takhilati hay jiss mein yaha numayan toor parr nayey elaqay kaa ahatah kartaa hay yaa intezamiya aur tanzimi tehqeeq kay andar maujudah soch kaa muqabilah kartaa hay. society faar dee advancement aaf mangement studies (seams). journal aaf mangement studies kaa intezam society faar dee advancement aaf mangement studies (seams) naami eek khairati idaarey kay zariye kiyaa jaataa hay jiss kii bunyaad ibtadayi toor parr iss makhsus maqsad kay liye 1953 mein gregor meek klee lend nay rakhee thee. apnee bunyaad kay baad say iss nay jareede kay taawan say apnay remait kuu kaafi badhaya hay: yaha baqayedah conferences kaa ahtamam kartaa hay ewards farahim kartaa hay aur british academy aaf mangement jeesay deegar idaaron kay saath taawan kartaa hay taakah seams/baam recerch aur salahiyat saazi grants jaisi grants dee jaa sakein. intezamiya kii taleem kii tarqi kay liye society kay 17 trusti haine-jinn mein bull haarlay (chair)yee sabina sebert (dipty chair)yee raabart bleek burn (khazanchi)yee elena antonacopolo joliya blogan (leuropol school aaf mangement university kii deane)yee andrev carbet joupe carnelson rakk dail burge tamothi deviny ainabil goyar paola jarzabkowski wendy laureto (university aaf edinberg buznis school kay deane)yee terry mcnealy clows mear thamas rolet bull staar buck christos tsinopos shaamil haine.