Researchers from Indian Institute of Geomagnetism , Navi Mumbai, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, have developed a global model to predict the ionospheric electron density with larger data coverage—a crucial need for communication and navigation.
Dr. V. Sai Gowtam, with his research supervisor Dr. S. Tulasiram from IIG, has developed a new Artificial Neural Networks based global Ionospheric Model  using long-term ionospheric observations to predict the ionospheric electron density and the peak parameters.
ANNs replicate the processes in the human brain  to solve problems such as pattern recognition, classification, clustering, generalization, linear and nonlinear data fitting, and time series prediction, and very few attempts have been made to model the global ionosphere variability using ANNs.
Tracking the variability of the Ionosphere is important for communication and navigation. The ionospheric variability is greatly influenced by both solar originated processes and the neutral atmosphere origin, therefore, difficult to model. Scientists have tried to model the ionosphere using theoretical and empirical techniques; however, the accurate prediction of electron density is still a challenging task.
In recent years, the Artificial Neural Networks  are showing potential to handle more complex and non-linear problems. Keeping these aspects in mind, a novel machine learning approach was implemented by the IIG team in the ionospheric model development using global ionospheric observations.
The researchers developed a neural network-based global ionospheric model by using an extensive database consisting of nearly two decades of global Digisonde , Global Navigation Satellite System  radio occultation and topside sounders observations. These datasets were processed with various quality control measures to eliminate spurious data points  and prepared for the training. Day number, Universal Time, latitude, longitude, F10.7 index , Kp , magnetic declination, inclination, dip latitude, zonal and meridional neutral winds were taken as inputs in the study. The target  of ANNs is the electron density as a function of altitude for any given location and time. The data was trained with the ANNs using high-performance computer at IIG to develop the ANNIM.
The ANNIM predictions done by the IIG team matched with the incoherent scatter radar and the satellite in situ electron density observations. Further, the ANNIM successfully reproduced large scale anomalies of the ionosphere. The ANNIM also captured the general morphological features of the ionosphere during the disturbed space weather periods, such as geomagnetic storms which occurs when the magnetic cloud originated from Sun ) interacts with the Earth’s magnetosphere
The model developed by IIG researchers may be utilized as a reference model in the ionospheric predictions and has potential applications in calculating the Global Navigation Satellite System  positioning errors.
Figure 1: Architecture of the neural network used in ANNIM development 
Figure 2: The ionospheric electron density as a function of altitude over Indian longitude during March equinox at 12:00 Hrs. as simulated by ANNIM.
[Pubications:1. Sai Gowtam, V., Tulasi Ram, S., Reinisch, B., & Prajapati, A. . A new artificial neural network‐based global three‐dimensional ionospheric model  using long‐term ionospheric observations: Preliminary results. J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 124, 4639– 4657. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026540.
2.Tulasi Ram, S., Sai Gowtam, V., Mitra, A., &Reinisch, B. . The improved two-dimensional artificial neural network-based ionospheric model . J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 123, 5807–5820. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025559.
3.Sai Gowtam, V., &Tulasi Ram, S. . An Artificial Neural Network-based Ionospheric Model to predict NmF2 and hmF2 using long-term data set of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation observations: Preliminary results. J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 122 , 743-11, 755. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024795.
For further details contact:
Dr. Sai Gowtham
saigowtam14@iigs.iigm.res.in, gowtham.physics12[at]gmail[dot]com
7021437686
Dr. Tulasi Ram
tulasi@iigs.iigm.res.in, s.tulasiram[at]gmail[dot]com
7021387015]