[brief] Miss. 2014), aff’d, 791 F.3d 625 (5th Cir. 2015) .31 Croft v. Westmoreland Cnty. Child. & Youth Servs., 103 F.3d 1123 (3d Cir. 1997) ....................................................................... 28 D.C.M.M. v. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct. in & for Cnty. of Clark, No. 87207, 2023 WL 5837974 (Nev. Sept. 8, 2023) ..................................... 12, 15 Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Org., 142 S. Ct. 2228 (2022) ............................................................................... 24, 26 Doe v. Dickenson, 615 F. Supp. 2d 1002 (D. Ariz. 2009) ............................................................ 20 Doe v. Heck, 327 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 2003) .................................................................21 Doe v. Horne, No. CV-23-00185-TUC-JGZ, 2023 WL 4661831 (D. Ariz. July 20, 2023) .......10 Edmo v. Corizon, Inc., 935 F.3d 757 (9th Cir. 2019)  ........................................................................10  Fields v. Palmdale Sch. Dist. (PSD), 447 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2006)  .....................................................................18  Fields v. Palmdale Sch. Dist., 427 F.3d 1197 (9th Cir. 2005)  .....................................................................18  Fraternal Ord. of Police, Lodge No. 5 v. City of Philadelphia, 812 F.2d 105 (3d Cir. 1987)  ....................................................................... 26, 27  Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 141 S. Ct. 1868 (2021)  ..................................................................................29  Gade v. Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n, 505 U.S. 88 (1992)  ...................................................................................... 7, 23 Garden State Equal. v. Dow, 216 N.J. 314 (2013)  ....................................................................................31  Gruenke v. Seip, 225 F.3d 290 (3d Cir. 2000)  ....................................................................... 8, 17, 19 H.L. v. Matheson, 450 U.S. 398 (1981)  .............................................................................................................. 17, 25 Horizon Health Center v. Felicissimo, 135 N.J. 126 (1994)  ......................................................................................................................  7 Jenkins v. Jenkins, No. 03-08-CV-037, 2008 WL 483312 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 19, 2008)  ...........................................  31  Kanuszewski v. Michigan Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 927 F.3d 396 (6th Cir. 2019) .........................................................................................................  9 Kelson v. City of Springfield, 767 F.2d 651 (9th Cir. 1985)  .......................................................................................................  19 Koe v. Noggle, No. 1:23-CV-2904-SEG, 2023 WL 5339281 (N.D. Ga. Aug. 20, 2023) .........................  10 Lamb v. Norwood, 899 F.3d 1159 (10th Cir. 2018) .....................................................................................................  10 Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) ....................................................................................................................  24 Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, (1967) .......................................................................................................................  24 Mahanoy Area Sch. Dist. v. B.L, 141 S. Ct. 2038 (2021)