[brief] [...] [...]  [...]  Attorneys for Defendant/Third-Party Plaintiff/Respondent, [...] Of Counsel and on the Brief: [...], ESQUIRE (Atty ID # 029861985)  Email: [...]  [...], ESQUIRE (Atty ID # 020141995)  Email: [...]  TABLE OF CONTENTS  Page(s)  APPENDIX  TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................  iii  TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................ iv  PRELIMINARY STATEMENT .................................................................  1  A. Old Case Law  Treating Municipal Water Supply as a “Proprietary” Function is No Longer Good Law ...........................................  1 B. [...]’s Claims Are Disguised Tort Claims .....................................  3 STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................  4  A. National Park’s Supply of Water to Borough Residents ....................... 4 B. Government Regulation of Public Water Supply ....................................  4 C. National Park’s Detection of PFNA in Excess of the MCL .................  5 D. Design and Construction of the GAC Treatment System ......................  7 E.  The Treatment System Resolved the PFNA MCL Exceedances ..........  9  F. [...]’s Complaint .......................................................................  9 PROCEDURAL HISTORY .......................................................................  10 LEGAL ARGUMENT .............................................................................  14  POINT I - THE TRIAL COURT CORRECTLY RULED THAT NICHOLSON’S COMPLAINT LACKED MERIT AS A MATTER OF LAW (Pa949-953).  ....14  A.  The Standard of Review ..................................................................  14  B.  No Proprietary/Contractual Relationship Exists Between [...] and the Borough .................................................................  15  1.  Potable Water is a Public Trust Resource, Not a Commercial Commodity .................................................................................. 16  2.  Municipal Distribution of Potable Water is an Essential Government Function.........................................................18  3.  Municipal Charges to Defray the Expense of Water Supply Services Do Not Constitute a Commercial “Sale” of a Good or Service..............................................................................20  4.  Case Law Discussing Municipal Supply of Water as a Proprietary Function is Outdated and Distinguishable...............22  a.  The Cases Upon Which [...] Relies Originated to Provide a Basis for Municipalities to Recover Unpaid Water Charges..................................................................................22  b.  The Concept of Municipal Supply of Water as a “Proprietary” “Sale” is No Longer Valid.  .....................................25  c.  The Supreme Court’s Holding that Municipal Water Service is a Governmental Function...........................................29  C.  [...] Properly Granted Summary Judgment Dismissing [...]’s Complaint............................................32  D.  The Court Did Not Grant Summary Judgment  Prematurely.  ...............34  POINT II - NICHOLSON’S CLAIMS, HAD THEY BEEN BROUGHT UNDER THE TORT CLAIMS ACT, WOULD HAVE BEEN BARRED (Pa949).  .........36  A.  [...]’s Claims are Disguised Tort Claims, Which Were Barred by the Tort Claims Act.........................................................36  1.  [...]’s Claims Are Quintessential Products  Liability Claims..............................................................................37  2.  [...] Cannot Avoid the Tort Claims Act Bar by Recasting His Claims as Breach of an Implied Contract...............38  B.  The Borough Never Waived Its Tort Claims Act Defense......................41  POINT III - THE COURT CORRECTLY DISMISSED NICHOLSON’S MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION (Pa953.)  .........................................................43  CONCLUSION  .........................................................................................................................................................46