ai-aerospace/ams_data_full_2000-2020 huggingface dataset:
PREFACE TheAerospace Mechanisms Symposium (AMS) provides aunique forumforthose activeinthedesign, production anduseofaerospace mechanisms. Amajorfocusis thereporting ofproblems andsolutions associated withthedevelopment andflight certification ofnewmechanisms. Organized bytheMechanisms Education Association, theNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration andLockheed Martin Space Systems Company (LMSSC) sharetheresponsibility forhosting theAMS.Nowinits 35thyear,theAMScontinues tobewellattended, attracting participants fromboththe U.S.andabroad. The35thAMS,hosted bytheAmes Research Center (ARC) inMountain View, California, washeldMay9,10and11,2001.During thesethreedays,25papers were presented. Topics included deployment mechanisms, bearings, actuators, pointing and optical mechanisms, Space Station mechanisms, release mechanisms, andtest equipment. Hardware displays duringthesupplier fairgaveattendees anopportunity to meetwithdevelopers ofcurrent andfuturemechanism components. Thehighquality ofthissymposium isaresultoftheworkofmanypeople, andtheir efforts aregratefully acknowledged. Thisextends tothevoluntary members ofthe symposium organizing committee representing theeightNASAfieldcenters, LMSSC, andtheEuropean Space Agency. Appreciation isalsoextended tothesession chairs, theauthors, andparticularly thepersonnel atARCresponsible forthesymposium arrangements andthepublication oftheseproceedings. Asincere thankyoualsogoes tothesymposium executive committee whoisresponsible fortheyear-to-year management oftheAMS,including paperprocessing andpreparation oftheprogram. Theuseoftradenames ofmanufacturers inthispublication doesnotconstitute an official endorsement ofsuchproducts ormanufacturers, eitherexpressed orimplied, by theNational Aeronautics andSpaceAdministration. iii
SYMPOSIUM SCHEDULE TUESDAY, 8MAY2001 6:30-8:30 CHECK-IN FourPoints-PinotNoirRoom WEDNESDAY, 9MAY2001 8:00 Wednesday Presenters' Breakfast -PetitSirahRoom 8:00 CHECK-IN ANDREFRESHMENTS -GrandBallRoom 9:OO INTRODUCTORY REMARKS RonMancini, HostChairman NASAAmesResearch Center, Mountain View,CA StuartHLoewenthal, General Chairman Lockheed MartinSpaceSystems Company, Sunnyvale, CA CENTER WELCOME Dr.HenryMcDonald, CenterDirector NASAAmesResearch Center, Mountain View,CA 9:3O SESSION I-BEARINGS &TRIBOLOGY Michael Eiden,Session Chair ESA/ESTeC, Noordwijk, TheNetherlands •TheRoleofBearing andScanMechanism LifeTesting inFlightQualification oftheMODIS Instrument StevenVanDyk, Raytheon Systems Company, SantaBarbara, CA;BrianDietz,Moog,Inc., Chatsworth, CA;Kenneth Street,William Jones&MarkJansen, NASAGlennResearch Center, Cleveland, OH;Michael Dube,NyeLubricants, Inc.,NewBedford, MA;RajeevSharma &Roamer Predmore, NASAGoddard SpaceFlightCenter, Greenbelt, MD •DryLubrication ofSpace-Related Tribocomponents withDiamond-Like Carbon Coatings Gabriel Pont,CNES,Toulouse, France; C.Donnet, J.Fontaine, M.Belin&T.LeMogne, LTDS, Ecully,France; Y.Berthier &S.Descartes, LMC,Villeurbanne, France; C.Heau,HEF, Andrezieux-Boutheon, France •EffectofAlternate Solvent Diluents onPFPEPerformance Christopher Dayton &RobertWarden, BallAerospace &Technologies Corporation, Boulder, CO •Improving theRobustness toVibration andTemperature EffectsforaScanner Duplex Ball Bearing Assembly MerrittWebb,Thomas Brewer &Benjamin Joffe,tTTDefense Aerospace/Communications Division, FortWayne, IN 11:30 LUNCH BREAK 1:00 SESSION II-DEPLOY/RETRACT AndyTao,Session Chair TRWSpace&Technology Division, Redondo Beach,CA •Retractable Trunnion PinMechanism Wayne Jermstad &MarkLandeck, NASAJohnson SpaceCenter, Houston, TX •Design oftheX34Speedbrake Mechanism UnderVolume, Stiffness, CostandSchedule Constraints William Kim,OrbitalSciences Corporation, Dulles,VA •DustCoverforaMarsLander SolarCellExperiment ScottChristiansen &KurtLankford, Starsys Research Corporation, Boulder, CO vii
•SRTMMastDamping Subsystem Design andFailureInvestigation JeffreyUmland, JetPropulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA •FlyCastManeuver forShuttle RadarTopography Mission Thomas Trautt,AEC-Able Engineering Company, Goleta, CA 3:30 BREAK 3:45 SESSION III-POSTER PREVIEW DavePutnam, Session Chair Lockheed MartinSpaceSystems Company, Sunnyvale, CA •Development of"Super-Flat" StrainWaveGearing Yoshihide Kiyosawa, Yoshihiro Tanioka &KeijiUeura,Harmonic DriveSystems, Nagano, Japan •ZeroPlayHingeLatch MikeCabiran, Lockheed MartinSpaceOperations, Houston, TX •Non-Metallic HoldDownandRelease foranRFAntenna DavidHernandez, NEAElectronics, Inc.,Chatsworth, CA •Faulttolerant Magnetic Bearing forTurbomachinery Benjamin Choi&Andrew Provenza, NASAGlennResearch Center, Cleveland, OH •Methods forImproving YieldofLiquidSaltBathNitrocarburized 13-8PH SteelComponents IrwinHochler, Aeroflex Laboratories, Farmingdale, NY •WearandCorrosion Resistant PMToolSteelsforAdvanced Bearing Applications BrianHann,P.Kilonsky &M.Sperber, Crucible Compaction MetalsDivision, Oakdale, PA;Dennis Smith,Honeywell Aerospace Electronic Systems, Glendale, AZ •ALow-Shock StageSeparation Mechanism S.VaraPrasad Rao&Deepak Agrawal, Defense Research &Development Laboratory, Hyderabad, India 6:30-9:30 RECEPTION &DISPLAYS ATTHEFOURPOINTS -Champagne Room Invitedcomponent andsoftware suppliers displaycurrent products andprovide tutorials. THURSDAY, 10MAY2001 8:00 Thursday Presenters' Breakfast -PetitSirahRoom 9:00 SESSION IV-ACTUATORS &LATCHES BobNeff,Session Chair SpaceSystems/Loral, PaloAlto,CA •DesignofaHighResolution Hexapod Positioning Mechanism JamieBritt,NASAGoddard SpaceFlightCenter, Greenbelt, MD •Lessons Learned fromtheDesignandImplementation ofaPotentiometer Assembly foran Antenna Pointing Mechanism Application Bradley Arkwright &PietroDiLeonardo, Honeywell Aerospace Electronic Systems, Glendale, AZ; ColinFrancis &Richard Gahart, SpaceSystems/Loral, PaloAlto,CA •MIROCalibration SwitchMechanism JasonSuchman, YukiSalinas &HollyKubo,JetPropulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA •ARobotic Rover-Based DeepDrillerforMarsExploration TomiYlikorpi, Technical Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; G.Visentin, ESA,Noordwijk, The Netherlands; J.Suomela, Helsinki University ofTechnology, Helsinki, Finland •Design andVerification ofSpaceStation EVA-Operated TrussAttachment System Gabriel Katell,TheBoeingCompany, Canoga Park,CA 11:30 LUNCH BREAK viii
1:00 3:00 3:15 3:30SESSION V-SOLAR ARRAYS JasonWakugawa BoeingSatellite Systems Inc,ElSegundo, CA •AFourPanel,Rotating SolarArrayWingfortheTIMED Spacecraft Mechanism Design, Development andTestResults Steven Vernon &DavidPersons, JohnsHopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel MD •Validation ofTSX-5SolarArrayDeployment byCorrelated Simulation andTest BrianGore,TheAerospace Corporation, ElSegundo, CA •MilstarSolarArrayBoomDeployment Thomas Pace&Steven Honodel, Lockheed MartinSpaceSystems Company Sunnyvale, CA •TheCurwin" Design: ANovelSolarArrayConcept forConstellations HenkCruijssen &Gerard Kester, FokkerSpaceBV,Leiden, TheNetherlands BREAK ANNOUNCEMENTS DR.CHARLES COALE AWARD ANNOUNCEMENT EUROPEAN SPACE MECHANISMS &TRIBOLOGY SYMPOSIUM PREVIEW SPECIAL PRESENTATION SOFIA-Stratospheric Observatory ForInfrared Astronomy -AProject Overview NansKunz,SOFIAProject Engineering Manager, NASAAmesResearch Center 5:30-10:30 SYMPOSIUM BANQUET ONSANFRANCISCO BAY 5:30Busesleavehotelparking lot 7:00BayCruise/Dinner 10:00Disembark cruise,boardbusesandreturntothehotel FRIDAY, 11MAY2001 8:00 FridayPresenters' Breakfast -PetitSirahRoom 9:O0 SESSION VI-RELEASE MECHANISMS BrianGore,Session Chair TheAerospace Corporation, ElSegundo, CA •Hitchhiker Marman BandInterconnect Linkage GarySlebzak &GeneBarrett, Swales Aerospace, Inc,Beltsville, MD •TakingCommercial Spacecraft Practices TooFar ChuckLazansky &ScottChristiansen, Starsys Research Corporation, Boulder, CO •DesignandDevelopment ofaMiniature Mechanisms ToolkitforMicroSpacecraft CliffWilley&StuartHill,JohnsHopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD;Brett Huettl,Starsys Research Corporation, Boulder, CO •Design, Development andTesting ofaT-0Environmental Control System Ground Disconnect PaulSchwindt &BruceHardman, NASAKennedy SpaceCenter, FL 11:00 BREAK 11:15 PRESENTATION: AnOverview ofARC William EBerry,Deputy CenterDirector NASAAmesResearch Center 11:45 TECHNICAL SESSIONS CONCLUSION 1:00-3:00 AMESRESEARCH CENTER FACILITY TOUR ix
SYMPOSIUM ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Ronald E.Mancini, HostChairman, NASAARC StuartH.Loewenthal, General Chairman, Lockheed Martin Edward A.Boesiger, Operations Chairman, Lockheed Martin ObieH.Bradley, Jr.,NASALRC Michael J.Eiden,ESA/ESTeC Carlton L.Foster, NASAMSFC Robert L.Fusaro, NASAGRC ClaefF.Hakun, NASAGSFC Christopher P.Hansen, NASAJSC AlanC.Littlefield, NASAKSC Edward C.Litty,JPL FredG.Martwick, NASAARC Stewart C.Meyers, NASAGSFC Martha E.Milton, NASAMSFC FredB.Oswald, NASAGRC MinhPhan,NASAGSFC JohnF.Rogers, NASALRC Donald R.Sevilla, JPL MarkF.Turner, NASAARC JamesJ.Zakrajsek, NASAGRC SYMPOSIUM ADVISORY COMMITTEE H.Mervyn Briscoe, ESA/ESTeC (ret) DavidF.Engelbert, NASAARC(ret) OttoH.Fedor,Lockheed Martin(ret) JohnW.Redmon, Sr.,NASAMSFC(ret) AlfredL.Rinaldo, Lockheed Martin(ret) William C.Schneider, NASAJSC(ret) Bowden W.Ward,Jr.,NASAGSFC(ret)
CONTENTS Symposium Schedule ............................................................................................................................... vii Symposium Organizing andAdvisory Committees .................................................................................... x TheRoleofBearing andScanMechanism LifeTesting inFlightQualification of theMODIS Instrument ................................................................................................................................ 1 StevenVanDyk, BrianDietz,Kenneth Street,William Jones,MarkJansen, Michael Dube;Rajeev Sharma &Roamer Predmore DryLubrication ofSpace-Related Tribocomponents withDiamond-Like Carbon Coatings ..................... 15 Gabriel Pont,C.Donnet, J.Fontaine, M.Belin,T.LeMogne; Y.Berthier S.Descartes; C.Heau EffectofAlternate Solvent Diluents onPFPEPerformance ..................................................................... 25 Christopher Dayton&RobertWarden Improving theRobustness toVibration andTemperature EffectsforaScanner Duplex BallBearing Assembly .............................................................................................................................. 35 MerrittWebb,Thomas Brewer &Benjamin Joffe Retractable Trunnion PinMechanism ...................................................................................................... 47 Wayne Jermstad &MarkLandeck DesignoftheX34Speedbrake Mechanism UnderVolume, Stiffness, Costand Schedule Constraints ................................................................................................................................ 57 William Kim DustCoverforaMarsLander SolarCellExperiment .............................................................................. 71 ScottChristiansen &KurtLankford SRTMMastDamping Subsystem DesignandFailure Investigation ........................................................ 83 Jeffrey Umland FlyCastManeuver forShuttle RadarTopography Mission ...................................................................... 95 Thomas Trautt Development of"Super-Flat" StrainWaveGearing ................................................................................ 109 Yoshihide Kiyosawa, Yoshihiro Tanioka &KeijiUeura ZeroPlayHingeLatch............................................................................................................................ 115 MikeCabiran Non-Metallic HoldDownandRelease foranRFAntenna ...................................................................... 121 DavidHernandez, Jr Faulttolerant Magnetic Bearing forTurbomachinery ............................................................................. 127 Benjamin Choi&Andrew Provenza V
Methods forImproving YieldofLiquidSaltBathNitrocarburized 13-8PH SteelComponents ............... 133 IrwinHochler WearandCorrosion Resistant PMToolSteelsforAdvanced Bearing Applications .............................. 139 BrianHann,P.Kilonsky, Dennis Smith&MSperber ALow-Shock StageSeparation Mechanism .......................................................................................... 145 S.VaraPrasad Rao&Deepak Agrawal DesignofaHighResolution Hexapod Positioning Mechanism .............................................................. 149 JamieBritt Lessons Learned fromtheDesignandImplementation ofaPotentiometer Assembly foranAntenna Pointing Mechanism Application .................................................................................... 163 Bradley Arkwright, PietroDiLeonardo, ColinFrancis &Richard Gahart MIROCalibration SwitchMechanism ..................................................................................................... 179 JasonSuchman, YukiSalinas &HollyKubo ARobotic Rover-Based DeepDrillerforMarsExploration ..................................................................... 185 TomiYlikorpi, G.Visentin; &J.Suomela DesignandVerification ofSpaceStation EVA-Operated TrussAttachment System ............................ 199 Gabriel Katell AFourPanel,Rotating SolarArrayWingfortheTIMED Spacecraft Mechanism Design, Development andTestResults ................................................................................................. 213 Steven Vernon &DavidPersons Validation ofTSX-5SolarArrayDeployment byCorrelated Simulation andTest.................................. 227 BrianGore MilstarSolarArrayBoomDeployment .................................................................................................... 237 Thomas Pace&Steven Honodel The"Curwin" Design: ANovelSolarArrayConcept forConstellations .................................................. 251 HenkCruijssen &Gerard Kester Hitchhiker Marman BandInterconnect Linkage ..................................................................................... 265 GarySlebzak &GeneBarrett TakingCommercial Spacecraft Practices TooFar................................................................................. 275 ChuckLazansky &ScottChristiansen DesignandDevelopment ofaMiniature Mechanisms ToolkitforMicroSpacecraft .............................. 287 CliffWilley,BrettHuettl&StuartHill Design, Development andTesting ofaT-0Environmental Control System Ground Disconnect ..........301 PaulSchwindt &BruceHardman vi
\ Performance Evaluation oftheQualification LifeTestScanMechanism Evaluation ofthelifetestbearings fromStation III(37°Cand50RPM)hadshownsevere degradation (Ref.1).Toregainconfidence intheMODIS scanmechanism beforethelaunchofTERRA/MODIS, a performance evaluation wasconducted onthelike-new engineering model(EM)andthequalification life testmechanism after4.7yearsoftesting. Theperformance ofthetwotestunitswasmeasured byevaluating themotordragtorqueandphaseerror signals. Atthattime(11-1999), theEMscanner hadaccumulated afewhundred thousand cycleswhereas theLTUhadcompleted closetoonemission lifetime, about45.8millioncycles, invacuum testing. Bothscanners testedhadtheirspinaxisvertical withanequivalent inertiadiskattached torepresent the scanner mirroratthetopendofthedrivesystem shaft.Thehardware usedtorecordthedragtorqueand phaseerrorsignals wasaportable dataacquisition system running LabVIEW TMsoftware andalldatawas recorded at250samples persecond. Thesteadystatedragtorques measured ontheMODIS EMandLTUscanner unitswereabout67mN-m (9.4oz-in)and87mN-m(12.2oz-in)respectively, indicating abeginning-of-life andaend-of-life torque margin ofgreater than20.Themoreimportant parameter ofmargin onphaselockforbothunitsisa healthy 200percent. Because ofthedesignsimilarities between theEMandLTUscanner unitsandthe PFMandFM-1MODIS scanners, itwasconcluded thatthePFMandFM-1unitMODIS scanners had sufficient marginforafive-year mission lifeontheTerraandEOS-PM programs. TestResults FromStationIII--50RPMat37°C Bearing lifetestStation Illresultswerereported atthe34thAerospace Mechanisms Symposium (Ref.1). Bearings inthisstation indicated consistent operation wellpast57millionrevolutions untilasuspected heatermalfunction occurred at88millioncycles(Figure 2).Thetestcontinued until144millionrevolutions wereachieved, thenitwasswitched off,anddisassembled.
IMODISBEARINGSCREENING TESTISTATION#3 0.10 0.09 0.08 ,_0.07z0.06 _,0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00LL Figure2.0102030405060708090100110120130140 Cumulative Cycles(Millions) I'-O--'GAUGEIII2--'Z_'-'GAUGE Ill3--'I3--GAUGE Ill1I Torque vs.revolutions forupperpairbearings (1111),middle bearings (1112),and lowerbearings (1113) Performance Evaluation oftheStation IIAndIVScanMechanisms Theseteststations wereanaccelerated lifetestrunning at72RPM(Sta.II),andanoperational speed stationrunning atapproximately 20RPM(Sta.IV).Inordertocompensate forthehigherspeed,heaters wereaddedtotheaccelerated stationtodecrease theviscosity ofthelubricant. Theoriginal planspecified alifetestduration of57millionrevolutions. Afterthebearing lifetestssuccessfully achieved therequired 57millionrevolutions, thetesttorquedatawasreviewed anditwasconcluded thattherewasnoindication offailuresothetestswereallowed tocontinue. Thedecision todisassemble thesetwoteststations wasfinallymadeaftertheoperational teststation surpassed 57millioncycles.Atthetimeofdisassembly, the72RPMstationhadaccumulated 209million cycleswhiletheoperational speedstation hadachieved 68million cycles. Upondisassembly some lubricant discoloration wasobserved butnovisibledamage. Thebottom bearings ofeachpairhadmore lubricant andastickier feelthantheupperbearings. Bearing torqueremained wellbelowtheoperational requirements ofthesystem<13N-m(18oz-in)dragtorquethroughout thelifetest. Average torquedataisshowninFigure3forStation II.Intermittent jittering oftheupperbearing pair housing wasobserved towardtheendoftesting. Torque characterization withandwithoutvisiblevibration isshowninFigures 4and5. 4
IMODISBEARING SCREENING TESTI STATION #2 0.10 0.09 0.08 _"0.07 0.06 0.05"50.04 "0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Figure 3.020 40 60 80100 120 140 160 180 200 Cumulative Cycles(Millions) -"O_GAUGE 112_GAUGE 113-'D-'GAUGE II1I Torque vs.revolutions forupper pairbearings (111),middle bearings (112),and lowerbearings (113) TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS IGAUGE II1 0.11 o°o 0.08 _0.07 v0.06 0.05 E0.04 _-0.03 0.02 0.01 Figure 4.0123456789101112131415 Revolutions Torque characterization forStation IIupper bearing pairwithvisible vibration 5
0.11 0.1 0.09 ,_"0.08z0.07 0.06 =_0.05_r 80.04 _-0.03 0.02 0.01 0JTORQUE CHARACTERISTICSGAUGE112 I I I I I I I I I I 0123456789101112131415 Revolutions Figure5.Torque Characterization forStation IIMiddle Bearings without Vibration Station IVoperated for68millioncyclesat20.3RPMoroperational speed.Thisstationoperated atroom temperature andexhibited vibration thatrandomly affected thebearings atdifferent times.Thevibration wasvisibleandvariedwithintensity. Attimestherewasnovibration notedonanyofthebearings. Torque historyforallbearing pairsappears inFigure6. Uponcompletion of209and68millioncyclesforStations IIandIV,respectively, thestations were disassembled. Photographs weretakenthroughout thedisassembly andinspection process. Ateststation i, MODISBEARING SCREENING TEST| ISTATION #4 0.10 0.09 0.08 _"0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04"E u_0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Figure6.0510152025303540455055606570 Cumulative Cycles(Millions) I-'0--GAUGE IV2--_--GAUGE iV3--D--GAUGE iV11 Torque vs,revolutions forstation IVupperpairbearings (IV1),middle bearings (IV2),andlowerbearings (IV3)
priortodisassembly isshowninFigure7.Thecomplete shaftandallbearing components wereremoved fromtheteststationandtransported toaclass100flowbenchinaclass100,000 cleanroomforfurther inspection. !il..... Figure7.Teststation priortodisassembly Oneofthedisassembled bearings (4-012) isshowninFigure8.Although noteasilyseeninthemacro photograph (Figure 8),darkviscous deposits areseenonthecageandraceways. Ahighermagnification photograph (Figure 9)showsanexample ofthesedeposits inaraceway. Twootherphotographs showing thevariation anddistribution oflubricant withintheraceways appear inFigures 10(greater amount of lubricant) andFigure11 (lesseramount oflubricant). Figure8.Disassembled MODIS 4-012bearing Figure9.Darkened lubricant deposit
Figure10.OnebearingfromStationII withagreateramountoflubricantFigure11.OnebearingfromStationIIwitha lesseramountoflubricant AnalyticalResults Ingeneral, theresultsshowed theballs,retainers, andraceswerestilllubricated andingoodcondition at theendoftest.Thetopbearing assemblies hadlesslubricant inbothstations IIandIVandbottom bearing assemblies hadathicker grease-type residue. Therewasnosignofdrydebrisinanyofthe bearing assemblies. Theoilhaddarkened significantly andwasmoreviscous, almost likehoney.Wear pathswereseenintheracesandonsomeoftheballs.Therewasnosignofelongation intheretainer pockets. However, someslightmetallic debriswasobserved onsomeoftheretainers. Themetallic debris wasnoticed onlyonstationIV. Raman andInfrared analyses ofthelubricant indicated thestandard signature fornon-degraded Pennzane. XPS,SEM,andEDAXshowed thenormal elemental composition for440Csteel.Themost striking demonstration oflubricant degradation wasobserved insomebearings asathickened lubricant deposit withalmostgrease likeinconsistency. Thesedeposits occurred onbothracesandonthecage. FortheSECanalysis, thecageswereallweighted andthenextracted usingtetrahydrofuran (THF).The solution wasthenconcentrated andinjected intoasizeexclusion chromatograph. Anexample from bearing 4-012appears inFigure12.Thedetector signalisplottedasafunction ofmolecular weight(MW). Several peaksareevident. Thenegative peaksatlowMWareinjection peaks.Thepeakat195,which occurs inallsamples, isanartifact fromapreservative inthemobile phase(THF). Thenextpeak represents thedegraded Pennzane compound. ThehigherMWpeakatabout1300represents the primary Pennzane material aswellasacontribution fromtheleadnapthanate. ThebroadhighMWpeak centered about18,000represents polymerized lubricant. ThishighMWpeakdoesnotoccurinunused samples. Theweightofextracted lubricant variedfrombearing tobearing withthesmallest amount beingabout9 mgfromcage4-015and49mgfromcage4-002A. Thiscompares tothenominal amount of75mg impregnated atbuildup.Inaddition, darkresidues wereobserved oncages4-002A, 4-005A, 4-006A and 4-015A. Photographs forthesetwocagesafterTHFextraction appear inFigures 13aand13b.
8OO0 7000 60,00 5000 4000 3000 20,00 1000 OC'O 000 Figure 12.,/BHT Artifact Pennzane + PbNapthenate \ HighMW_ Product I I \ L, Ii S,oo iooo +_oo 2o0o 2soo3o0o35!o0 40o04s.oomoo Ss:ooeo.00 Mmnutes Sizeexclusion chromatogram fromextracted lubricant fromcage 4-012 (a) (b) Figure13.Photograph ofextracted cagefrom4-002A (a)and4-015A (b) 9
DuetotheLTUscannertestvacuumapparatus, itwasnotpossible toperform thephaselocktestsfor comparison totheEMdata.Nonetheless, basedonphaseerroranddragtorquemeasurements therewas goodconfidence thatthelifetestunit,aftergreater thanonemission life,hadnosignificant difference in measurable parameters andtherefore hasgoodcorrelation inmarginforphaselockequivalent totheEM unitmeasured data. 0.16 0.14 0.12 Z v0.1 o _-0.08 121 0.06MODIS EMScanner DragTorque Measurement MeanDrag=0.067N-m 0.04 0.02 0 Figure 14.5 10 15 Time(seconds) MODIS EMScanner Steady StateDragTorque MODIS EMScanner PhaseError g 8.............................. *...................... i.......................................................................................................... 7.............................. •...................... ,.......................................................................................................... 6.............................................................................................................................................................. .......................... .,...................... _.......................... j.......................... ...................................................... 2.............................. :l1............................. 0............................. -2 _i i i i i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time(seconds) Figure15.MODIS EMScanner PhaseError"o >,-4 oi- "'3 ¢- (3. 11
MODISEMScanner PhaseLockTest,5Attempts l ! t l I ! I 10 20 30 Time(seconds)50 Figure16.MODISEMScanner PhaseLockTest1 Ei Z v o f- £3 -0.2 0MODISEMScanner PhaseLockTest,3Attempts I i 5 10 15 20 Time(seconds) Figure17.MODISEMScanner PhaseLockTest225 3O 12