New Space Missions  New Space missions can be loosely grouped into five categories. A brief overview of each is intended to  provide the reader insight into the driving business cases.   •Internet from space: Satellite constellations of hundreds to thousands in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) are being pursued to provide internet connectivity with high bandwidth and low latency. •Earth Observation: The purpose is to sell knowledge insights extracted from Earth observations. Constellations of satellites in the tens to hundreds already exist and more are being pursued providing optical imagery, radar imagery, signals monitoring and weather observations to feed new knowledge products. •Internet of Things (IoT) communication: Satellite constellations of tens to hundreds already exist and more are being pursued to provide low bandwidth connectivity specifically for the IoT. •Low Cost Launch: SpaceX has been the first to achieve this goal while several other companies are very close to selling low cost launch opportunities. •Science and Technology demonstrations, typically on CubeSats, are presently being performed with high frequency. Will New Space Become as Big as Projected?  Cynics will say New Space is just a revisit of the mid 90’s when big constellations were successfully built  at low cost but were business failures and New Space is doomed to repeat the past. Optimists and  advocates will say New Space is the next big thing. The outcome is still uncertain, we will only begin to  find out in the year 2020+ time frame as the new constellations materialize or do not materialize and as  business plans succeed or fail. In the meantime, there is considerable enthusiasm and money being  spent providing many smart and creative entrepreneurs and engineers the opportunity to make it work.  Comparison of New Space and Big Space  It is important to compare and contrast New Space and Big Space; we must understand what changes  and what does not change. Table 1 provides a generalized look at this comparison, acknowledging that  every space program is unique and there is a wide spectrum between the extremes of each paradigm.   Table 1. General Comparison of New Space and Big Space  # New Space Big Space  1 Commercially driven Customer driven  2 Government is either uninvolved or handsoff Government sponsored and managed,  except commercial GEO communication  satellites  3 Profit equation:  •High value products derived from space •Using low-cost satellites and launchProfit equation:  •Meet customer requirements at all cost •Cost plus Fixed Fee •Except Geo Communications 4 $100 million satellite is considered very  expensive $100 million satellite is considered very  cheap  5 3-year satellite development is considered slow3-year satellite development is considered fast 6 Moderate capability satellites in high volume High capability satellites in low volume  7 Reliability of business plan Reliability of satellites  8 Space Environment Space Environment  9 Rockets are a rough environment Rockets are a rough environment  10 Streamlined processes Very thorough processes  11 Ignore, adapt or use established standards Mandated use of established standards  12 Why not change? Why change?  NASA/CP—2018-219887 445