exploitation of CRISPR - Cas systems have stimulated a resurgence in the identification and characterization of anti-phage mechanisms. Bacteriophages use an extensive battery of counter-defence strategies to co-exist in the presence of these diverse phage defence mechanisms. Understanding the dynamics of the interactions between these microorganisms has implications for phage-based therapies, microbial ecology and evolution, and the development of new biotechnological tools. Here we review the spectrum of anti-phage systems and highlight their evasion by bacteriophages.

Han, H., Pang, P., Zhong, N., Luo, Q., Ma, Y., Gao, Y., 2020. The pore characteristics and gas potential of the Jurassic continental shales in the middle-small basins, northwest China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 188, 106873.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920410519312896 Jurassic continental shales were extensively developed in the northwest of China. To characterize and analyze the pores and gas potential of these shales, geochemical, mineralogical, petrophysical, and methane adsorption capacity (MAC) experiments were performed on 10 samples. The results indicated that these shales have a high total organic carbon (TOC) content, low porosity and permeability. Interparticle pores between clay platelets are dominant. Organic matter (OM) pores cannot be observed using scanning electron microscope. The methane adsorption capacity is strong, and it is controlled by TOC content. Strong MAC indicated the shales have an excellent capacity of storing gas. In addition, type III organic matters can generate amount of gas at a lowly mature stage. Therefore, it is speculated that the studied shales have a good gas potential, which is supported by canister desorption results.

Han, R., Lv, J., Huang, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, S., 2019. Pathway for the production of hydroxyl radicals during the microbially mediated redox transformation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides. Environmental Science &Technology 54, 902-910.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06220 The reduction of ferric iron (Fe(III)) to ferrous iron (Fe(II)) by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria is widespread in anaerobic environments. The oxidation of Fe(II) in aerobic environments has been found to • produce hydroxyl radicals ( OH); however, the role of iron-reducing bacteria in the process has not been well Shewanella oneidensis understood. Here, MR-1-mediated redox transformation of four typical iron (oxyhydr)oxides and the production of reactive oxygen species were investigated. The results showed that the • production of OH was mainly determined by the insoluble Fe(II) formed during microbially mediated reduction and also mediated by the mineralogical phase. Moreover, this study for the first time observed the exogenetic • • S. oneidensis iron-independent production of OH by MR-1, and the integrated pathway of OH generation •- during the iron redox process was revealed. Superoxide (O ) was indicated as a key intermediate species that 2 • was produced by both abiotic and biotic pathways, and OHwas generated by both the exogenetic iron- S. oneidensis dependent Fenton-like reaction and exogenetic iron-independent pathways. MR-1 played a pivotal •- role in both the reduction of Fe(III) and the production of O . These findings contribute substantially to our 2 understanding of the generation mechanism of reactive oxygen species at oxidation - reduction boundaries in the environment.

Han, Y., Poetz, S., Mahlstedt, N., Horsfield, B., 2020. On the release of acidic NSO compounds from the oil-mature Barnett Shale using different solvents. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 185, 106605.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920410519310265 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) is continuing to provide new and important insights into the composition of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing (NSO) compounds of shale extracts, but its analytical window is principally determined by the polarity of the solvent used for extraction. Here we compare the selectivity with which DM(dichloromethane: methanol, v/v = 99:1) and an azeotropic solvent mixture ACM (acetone: chloroform: methanol, v/v/v = 38: 32: 30) release NSO-compounds from the