Marcellus Shale was investigated as a storage reservoir for CO , applying CO as an enhanced hydrocarbon 2 2 recovery agent, and examining the CO alteration of the shale as a sealing unit. The investigation was 2 comprised of observing the geochemical interaction of CO and water with two Marcellus Shale samples (MS-1 2 In-situ [silicate-rich] and MS-4 [carbonate-rich]) using various analytical techniques. Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy at geological storage conditions (high temperature and pressure) was used to examine the geochemical interaction of CO (with and without water) and Marcellus Shale. FT-IR results 2 showed that CO interacted physically with the clay and kerogen components of dehydrated Marcellus Shale 2 samples while dissolving in the water layer in the hydrated Marcellus Shale samples to promote carbonate dissolution. Feature relocation scanning electron microscopy was utilized to document the physical changes and the pore alterations based on exposure to CO with and without water. SEM indicated significant carbonate 2 dissolution to the MS-4 sample after exposure to CO and water. Density function theory (DFT) and sorption 2 isotherms were used for pore size analysis and to quantify CO sorption. The results were very different for the 2 two Marcellus Shale samples studied. The MS-4 showed dissolution of carbonate to be a major reaction under hydrated conditions with a loss of mesopore volume from 68% to 40%, while MS-1 often showed an opposite trend. Both the MS-1 and MS- 4 samples showed that significant volume of macropores larger than 200 nm were present. Isotherm results suggested uptake of CO of the MS-4 sample is four times greater than the MS-1 2 sample.

Kwok, H., Yan, J., Brunswick, P., McMaster, M., Evans, M., Kim, M., Helbing, C., van Aggelen, G., Shang, D., 2020. Ultra trace simultaneous determination of 50 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biota using pMRM GC-MS/MS. Environmental Forensics 21, 87-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275922.2019. 1693443

A saponification extraction method with gas chromatography pseudo-MRM (pMRM) mass spectrometry detection was developed for the determination of 50 total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH50, a combination of parent and alkylated homologues) in biota. The method was aimed at monitoring and identification of potential TPAH contaminants in bitumen impacted environments. Alkylated PAHs were determined by multi-level, quantitative calibration using parent PAHs. The developed and thoroughly validated method required only one injection for TPAH50 analysis which represents significant saving of time and expensive authentic alkylated standards. The current method was tested with certified reference mussel tissue NIST 1974c and performed well. In a comparison study, the method reached a limit of quantitation (LOQ) for - 1 the TPAH50 between 0.1 and 0.2 ng g , while the QuEChERs enhanced matrix removal - lipid (EMR) kit - 1 produced by Agilent showed an LOQ of 5 -10 ng g . The current method relied on response factors (RF) for the quantitation of alkylated PAHs determined against parent PAHs. These RFs were shown to be stable and consistent over the course of 1 year, during which over 200 routine environmental biota monitoring samples were analyzed. The environmental biota monitoring samples analyzed include muscle, carcass and liver, with an - 1 average total PAH50 concentration of 13, 90 and 135 ng g , respectively. Results show significant differences in the distributions of 1 ringed, 2 ringed, 3 ringed, 4 ringed, and 5+ ringed TPAHs between the types of biota samples.

Ladant, J.-B., Poulsen, C.J., Fluteau, F., Tabor, C.R., MacLeod, K.G., Martin, E.E., Haynes, S.J., Rostami, M.A., 2020. Paleogeographic controls on the evolution of Late Cretaceous ocean circulation. Climate of the Past Discussions 2020, 1-65.

https://www.clim-past-discuss.net/cp-2019-157/ Understanding of the role of ocean circulation on climate during the Late Cretaceous is contingent on the ability to reconstruct its modes and evolution. Geochemical proxies used to infer modes of past circulation provide conflicting interpretations for the reorganization of the ocean circulation through the Late Cretaceous. Here, we present climate model simulations of the Cenomanian (100.5 -93.9 Ma) and Maastrichtian (72.1-66.1 Ma) stages of the Cretaceous with the CCSM4 earth system model. We focus on intermediate (500 -1500 m) and deep (> 1500 m) ocean circulation, and show that while there is continuous deep -water production in the southwest Pacific, major circulation changes occur between the Cenomanian and Maastrichtian. Opening of the Atlantic and Southern Ocean, in particular, drives a transition from a mostly zonal circulation to enhanced