with the exception of the hydrocarbon distillation residue, indicating that the sulfur remained labile even after biomass pyrolysis. Catalysis in two stages (80 °C, then 200 °C) eliminated benzene and produced naphtha and/or tetralin, which can be used to improve combustibility of jet fuels.

Ellwood, B.B., Nestell, G.P., Lan, L.T.P., Nestell, M.K., Tomkin, J.H., Ratcliffe, K.T., Wang, W.-H., Rowe, H., Nguyen, T.D., Nguyen, C.T., Dang, T.H., 2020. The Permian - Triassic boundary Lung Cam expanded section, Vietnam, as a high-resolution proxy for the GSSP at Meishan, China. Geological Magazine 157, 65-79.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000566 The Lung Cam expanded stratigraphic succession in Vietnam is correlated herein to the Meishan D section in China, the GSSP for the Permian - Triassic boundary. The first appearance datum of the conodont Hindeodus parvus at Meishan defines the Permian - Triassic boundary, and using published graphic correlation, the Permian - Triassic boundary level has been projected into the Lung Cam section. Using time-series analysis of ∼ magnetic susceptibility (χ) data, it is determined that H. parvus arrived at Lung Cam 18 kyr before the ∼ Permian - Triassic boundary. Data indicate that the Lung Cam section is expanded by 90 %relative to the GSSP section at Meishan. Given the expanded Lung Cam section, it is possible to resolve the timing of significant events during the Permian - Triassic transition with high precision. These events include major ∼ ∼ stepped extinctions, beginning at 135 kyr and ending at 110 kyr below the Permian - Triassic boundary, with ∼ a duration of 25 kyr, followed by deposition of Lung Cam ash Bed + 13, which is equivalent to Siberian Traps volcanism is graphically correlated to a precession Time-series model, placing onset of this major volcanic ∼ event at ~242 kyr before the PTB. The Meishan Beds 25 and 26, at 100 kyr before the Permian - Triassic boundary. In addition, the elemental geochemical, carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy susceptibility datasets from Lung Cam allow good correlation to other Permian - Triassic boundary succession. These datasets are helpful when the conodont biostratigraphy is poorly known in sections with problems such as lithofacies variability, or is undefined, owing possibly to lithofacies exclusions, anoxia or ∼ for other reasons. The Lung Pu Permian - Triassic boundary section, 45 km from Lung Cam, is used to test these problems.

Elmaadawy, K.G., 2020. Thermal maturity modelling for the pre-Miocene source rocks in Ras Garra area, Suez rift Basin, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 163, 103746.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19304017 The main potential source rocks in the Ras Garra area of the Suez rift Basin are thought to be the pre-Miocene formations, Duwi, Esna, and Thebes, from the oldest to youngest. The total organic carbon content (TOC) ranges from 6.0 to 7.0 wt %, suggesting very good hydrocarbon generative potential. The hydrogen index (HI) ranges from 600 to 700 mg HC/g TOC and the kerogen is of type I/II. Burial and thermal maturity modelling indicates that the pre-Miocene source rocks started the oil generation as early mature stage in Langhian (14.3 Ma), and mid-mature stage in Pleistocene (2.4 Ma). The early mature stage is characterized by the depth to maturity of 1400 m, burial maximum temperature up to 87 °C and vitrinite reflectance (VR) up to 0.7% Ro. The mid-mature stage is characterized by the depth to maturity of 3007 m, burial maximum temperature up to 120 °C and vitrinite reflectance up to 0.75% Ro. The hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history is divided into two phases and Duwi source rock passed the second phase of hydrocarbon generation, and expulsion with transformation ratio (TR) of 29%. From 0.8 Ma until the present, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rates have been increased and the generated and expelled hydrocarbons are mainly oil with minor gases. The results show that the most important factor affecting the maturity of the source rocks and hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rates is the durations of early and mid-mature stages.

Elsayed, M., Mahmoud, M., El-Husseiny, A., Kamal, M.S., Al-Garadi, K., 2019. A new method to evaluate reaction kinetics of acids with carbonate rocks using NMR diffusion measurements. Energy &Fuels 34, 787- 797.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b03784