the applications and limitations of cryogenic fracturing technology. Simulation studies, laboratory experiments and field application cases are discussed to evaluate the LN fracturing technology. 2

Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xie, L., Zhao, P., He, B., Ren, L., 2020. Comparative study of porosity test methods for shale. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13, 94.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5086-5 Porosity is important in the assessment of gas shale reservoirs and has been widely tested as a basic characteristic of shale. Different test methods were employed to test the porosity, yet inconsistencies were found among the samples, testing methods, and researches in the Longmaxi Formation of the Sichuan Basin. In this paper, in order to determine the source of the inconsistencies, seven test methods are undertaken and the test results are compared intensely. The results show that the inconsistencies are due to sampling variations, test method limits, and sample sizes. It is suggested to test porosity with a relative big sample and by the method capable of covering a broad test range, to reduce the influence of sampling, testing method limit, and sample size. Furthermore, it needs to notice the test protocol, which can introduce unachieved status. Especially the water saturation has significant effect on shale porosity. In addition, the drying-wetting cycles could induce cracks in shale as well; hence, it is important to store the samples carefully, avoiding artificial porosity.

Hull, P.M., Bornemann, A., Penman, D.E., Henehan, M.J., Norris, R.D., Wilson, P.A., Blum, P., Alegret, L., Batenburg, S.J., Bown, P.R., Bralower, T.J., Cournede, C., Deutsch, A., Donner, B., Friedrich, O., Jehle, S., Kim, H., Kroon, D., Lippert, P.C., Loroch, D., Moebius, I., Moriya, K., Peppe, D.J., Ravizza, G.E., Röhl, U., Schueth, J.D., Sepúlveda, J., Sexton, P.F., Sibert, E.C., Śliwińska, K.K., Summons, R.E., Thomas, E., Westerhold, T., Whiteside, J.H., Yamaguchi, T., Zachos, J.C., 2020. On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 367, 266-272.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/367/6475/266.abstract bstract: The cause of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction is vigorously debated, owing to the occurrence of a very large bolide impact and flood basalt volcanism near the boundary. Disentangling their relative importance is complicated by uncertainty regarding kill mechanisms and the relative timing of volcanogenic outgassing, impact, and extinction. We used carbon cycle modeling and paleotemperature records to constrain the timing of volcanogenic outgassing. We found support for major outgassing beginning and ending distinctly before the impact, with only the impact coinciding with mass extinction and biologically amplified carbon cycle change. Our models show that these extinction-related carbon cycle changes would have allowed the ocean to absorb massive amounts of carbon dioxide, thus limiting the global warming otherwise expected from postextinction volcanism. Editor's Summary: An impact with a dash of volcanism. Around the time of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction et al. that wiped out dinosaurs, there was both a bolide impact and a large amount of volcanism. Hull ran several temperature simulations based on different volcanic outgassing scenarios and compared them with temperature records across the extinction event. The best model fits to the data required most outgassing to occur before the impact. When combined with other lines of evidence, these models support an impact-driven extinction. However, volcanic gases may have played a role in shaping the rise of different species after the extinction event.

Ibrahim, I.M., Konnova, S.A., Sigida, E.N., Lyubun, E.V., Muratova, A.Y., Fedonenko, Y.P., Elbanna, К., 2020. Halobacillus Bioremediation potential of a halophilic sp. strain, EG1HP4QL: exopolysaccharide production, crude oil degradation, and heavy metal tolerance. Extremophiles 24, 157-166.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-019-01143-2 A halophilic bacterial strain, EG1HP4QL, was isolated from a salt sample from Lake Qarun, Fayoum Province, Egypt. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the strain belonged