Direct evidence of successful or failed predation is rare in the fossil record but essential for reconstructing extinct food webs. Here, we report the first evidence of a failed predation attempt by a pterosaur on a soft- bodied coleoid cephalopod. A perfectly preserved, fully grown soft-tissue specimen of the octobrachian coleoid Plesioteuthis subovata Rhamphorhynchus muensteri is associated with a tooth of the pterosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago. Examination under ultraviolet light reveals the pterosaur tooth is embedded in the now phosphatised cephalopod soft tissue, which makes a chance association highly improbable. According to its morphology, the tooth likely originates from the anterior to middle region of the upper or lower jaw of a large, osteologically mature individual. We propose the tooth became associated with the coleoid when the Plesioteuthis Rhamphorhynchus pterosaur attacked at or near the water surface. Thus, apparently fed on aquatic animals by grabbing prey whilst flying directly above, or floating upon (less likely), the water surface. It Plesioteuthis remains unclear whether the died from the pterosaur attack or survived for some time with the broken tooth lodged in its mantle. Sinking into oxygen depleted waters explains the exceptional soft tissue preservation.

Hohrenk, L.L., Itzel, F., Baetz, N., Tuerk, J., Vosough, M., Schmidt, T.C., 2020. Comparison of software tools for liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry data processing in nontarget screening of environmental samples. Analytical Chemistry 92, 1898-1907.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04095 The field of high-resolution mass spectrometry has undergone a rapid progress in the last years due to instrumental improvements leading to a higher sensitivity and selectivity of instruments. A variety of qualitative screening approaches, summarized as nontarget screening, have been introduced and have successfully extended the environmental monitoring of organic micropollutants. Several automated data processing workflows have been developed to handle the immense amount of data that are recorded in short time frames by these methods. Most data processing workflows include similar steps, but underlying algorithms and implementation of different processing steps vary. In this study the consistency of data processing with different software tools was investigated. For this purpose, the same raw data files were processed with the software packages MZmine2, enviMass, Compound Discoverer, and XCMS online and resulting feature lists were compared. Results show a low coherence between different processing tools, as overlap of features between all four programs was around 10%, and for each software between 40% and 55% of features did not match with any other program. The implementation of replicate and blank filter was identified as one of the sources of observed divergences. However, there is a need for a better understanding and user instructions on the influence of different algorithms and settings on feature extraction and following filtering steps. In future studies it would be of interest to investigate how final data interpretation is influenced by different processing software. With this work we want to encourage more awareness on data processing as a crucial step in the workflow of nontarget screening.

Holakooei, P., Karimy, A.-H., Saeidi-Anaraki, F., Vaccaro, C., Sabatini, F., Degano, I., Colombini, M.P., 2020. Colourants on the wall paintings of a mediӕval fortress at the mount Sofeh in Isfahan, central Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29, 102065.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X19305012 Colourants on the twelfth century wall paintings excavated at the fortress located on the mount Sofeh in Isfahan, central Iran, were analysed using micro X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF), micro Raman spectroscopy (µ-Raman) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadropole time-of-flight (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF). The results of the analyses showed that gypsum, atacamite, carbon black, orpiment and ultramarine blue were used as white, green, black, yellow and blue pigments, respectively. Moreover, three red colourants including red lead, red vermilion and madder red were identified in the wall paintings. Furthermore, possible sources for the colourants are discussed.

Holert, J., Brown, K., Hashimi, A., Eltis, L.D., Mohn, W.W., 2020. Steryl ester formation and accumulation in steroid-degrading bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 86, e02353-19.