In this work, a new method to evaluate the reaction kinetics of different stimulation fluids with carbonate rocks was introduced. NMR diffusion measurements were used to determine the acid diffusion coefficient and the acid tortuous path inside carbonate rocks. Reaction kinetics can also be evaluated using rotating disk apparatus (RDA) in which a disc is rotated in the bulk fluid at different rotational speeds. RDA does not represent the actual, restricted acid diffusion that takes place in the porous media because only the surface of the rock is exposed to the reaction and the acid is not confined in the porous media. NMR diffusion measurements can accurately describe and determine the acid restricted diffusion in porous media. The diffusion coefficient of the acid is a crucial term in describing the reaction kinetics of acids with carbonate rocks. It is also used to predict the optimum injection rate required during the acidizing treatment and the soaking time for different fluids required to remove scales and deposits in the wellbore. The restricted diffusion was determined for different fluids such as GLDA chelating agent, HEDTA chelating agent, and EDTA chelating agent. Core flooding experiments for each fluid were conducted to determine the optimum injection rate. NMR restricted diffusion measurements then were conducted to determine the restricted diffusion and in turn to determine the optimum injection rate. The optimum injection rate estimated from the NMR was compared to that from the core flooding experiments. The results were a good match showing that NMRis a suitable, reliable, and robust method to evaluate reaction kinetics of different fluids with carbonate rocks.

Enayat, S., Tran, M.K., Salpekar, D., Kabbani, M.A., Babu, G., Ajayan, P.M., Vargas, F.M., 2020. From crude oil production nuisance to promising energy storage material: Development of high-performance asphaltene- derived supercapacitors. Fuel 263, 116641.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236119319957 Supercapacitors require the use of electrode materials exhibiting high surface area, thermal and environmental stability, low cost and good conductivity. Asphaltene, an undesired and problematic fraction of crude oil production, is one such cost-effective material that when activated, can provide desirable properties to be used in energy storage devices. In this work, a new and simple method to chemically activate asphaltene was designed using commercially available melamine sponges as a template to form an interconnected porous 2 - 1 carbon network. The asphaltene derived carbon showed a surface area as high as 3868 m g , and - 1 electrochemical capacitance in a standard aqueous electrolyte as high as 197.3F g has been realized. After testing the asphaltene electrode-based supercapacitor device for 10,000 cycles, 89.9% of its capacitance was retained, indicating good stability for an energy storage device. Additionally, the use of asphaltene electrodes with 'wa ter-in- salt' electrolyte showed potential for higher voltage supercapacitors operating up to 2.5 V, with - 1 an energy density of 31Wh kg . These results suggest that what is currently considered an undesirable fraction of the crude oil, which has a tendency to deposit in wellbores, pipelines, and downstream facilities can be repurposed into a desirable material with remarkable properties for energy storage.

Epuh, E.E., Joshua, E.O., 2020. Modeling of porosity and permeability for hydrocarbon exploration: A case study of Gongola arm of the Upper Benue Trough. Journal of African Earth Sciences 162, 103646.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X19303012 Irreducible water saturation is one of the fundamental parameters in characterizing hydrocarbon formations, playing key role in volumetric and recovery calculations and permeability definition within a reservoir. The determination of the reservoir permeability using the irreducible water saturation in a shaly sand transition zone has been problematic due to the presence of the bound water saturation. In this research, a model was developed based on the Coates and Dagan permeability model formulation using the dual water model parameters. In this model formulation using the three models, a sensitivity coefficient for conditioning the permeability field at the transition zone was introduced. The sensitivity factor is a quotient function of bound water saturation and the total water saturation. The localized nature of the well data in the determination of the depositional architecture (porosity and permeability) were extrapolated away from or interpolated between acquisition locations using the areal coverage provided by seismic data. The analysis of the well information from the Kolmani River showed that the hydrocarbon lies at depth between 2071m and 2194m (Cenomenian-Turonian Yolde formation). The acoustic map within the reservoir shows the occurrence of dense uniform marine shales and sandstones. It also shows the depositional process has been uniform and sequential. High density clastic materials were also