#### Figure 2

Credible allegations of electronic voting machine 'glitches' that materially impacted specific races began to emerge in 2002 just as the HAVA act was put into place to replace hand counting and paper ballots.

- 1. In the Alabama 2002 general election, machines made by Election Systems and Software (ES&S) flipped the governor's race. Six thousand three hundred Baldwin County electronic votes mysteriously disappeared after the polls had closed and everyone had gone home. Democrat Don Siegelman's victory was handed to Republican Bob Riley, and the recount Siegelman requested was denied. Six months after the election, the vendor shrugged. 'Something happened. I don't have enough intelligence to say exactly what,' said Ma rk Kelley of ES&S.
- 2. In the 2002 general election, a computer miscount overturned the House District 11 result in Wayne County, North Carolina. Incorrect programming caused machines to skip several thousand party line votes, both Republican and Democratic. Fixing the error turned up 5,500 more votes and reversed the election for state representative.
- 3. Voting machines failed to tally 'yes' votes on the 2002 school bond issue in Gretna, Nebraska. This error gave the false impression that the measure had failed miserably, but it actually passed by a 2 to 1 margin. Responsibility for the errors was attributed to ES&S, the Omaha company that had provided the ballots and the machines.
- 4. In the November 2002 general election in Scurry County, Texas, poll workers got suspicious about a landslide victory for two Republican commissioner candidates. Told that a 'bad chip' was to blame, they had a new computer chip flown in and also counted the votes by hand - and found out that Democrats actually had won by wide margins, overturning the election.
- 5. By 2004, explicit evidence that electronic voting machines were susceptible to intentional manipulation, and that malicious actors sought to exploit this vulnerability, became public. In that year, cyber expert Clint Curtis testified under oath before the House Judiciary Committee that he had previously been hired to create a program that would change the results of an election without leaving any trace of the change.
- 6. In 2006, a team of computer scientists at Princeton University analyzed the Diebold AccuVote-TS voting machine, then one of the most widely deployed electronic voting platforms in the United States. They found, 'Malicious software running on a single voting machine can steal votes with little risk of detection. The malicious software can modify all of the records, audit logs, and counters kept by the voting machine, so that even careful forensic examination of these records will find nothing amiss.
- 7. In 2015 the Brennan Center for Justice issued a report listing two and a half-page of instances of issues with voting machines, including a 2014 investigation which found 'voters in Virginia Beach observed that when they selected one candidate, the machine would register their selection for a different candidate.'
- 8. In 2019 a group of election security experts found 'nearly three dozen backend election systems in 10 states connected to the internet over the last year,' including in 'critical swing states' Wisconsin, Michigan, and Florida. Some of the jurisdictions 'were not aware that their systems were online' and were 'publicly saying that their systems were never connected to the internet because they didn't know differently.
- 9. Electronic voting machines are also vulnerable to malicious manipulation through illicit software installed on their component parts during the manufacturing process. The Congressional Task Force on Election Security's Final Report in January 2018 stated, 'many jurisdictions are using voting machines that are highly vulnerable to an outside attack,' in part because 'many machines have foreign - made internal parts.' Therefore, ''[A] hacker's point-of entry into an entire make or model of voting machine could happen well before that voting machine rolls off the production line
- 10. In a March 21, 2018 hearing held by the Senate Intelligence Committee relating to potential foreign interference in the 2016 election, Senator Ron Wyden warned that: Forty-three percent of American voters use voting machines that researchers have found have serious security flaws including backdoors. These companies are accountable to no one. They won't answer basic questions about their cyber security practices and the biggest companies won't answer any questions at all.
- 11. Retired Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Michael Gableman conducted an investigation of the 2020 election in Wisconsin at the direction of the Wisconsin Assembly. Gableman issued a report in March 2022 noting that 'at