outcomes. Children and Youth Services Review, 29(8), 1021- 1034.	or mental impairment, this investigation assessed the long-term psychological effects of risk factors associated with being in foster care. By focusing on the recovery process within the resilience framework, the investigation addressed the impact of risk and protective factors on self-esteem, overall mental health, and the number of psychiatric diagnoses in foster care.	a greater likelihood of mental health diagnoses persisting into adulthood. Most notably, when evaluating the long- term effect of specific risk factors associated with foster care (e.g., child abuse and neglect and placement experiences), alongside services designed to enhance and develop protective factors, the risk factors' effect was negligible on adult psychological outcomes.
Anctil, T., Mccubbin, L., O’brien, K., Pecora, P., & Anderson- Harumi, C. (2007). Predictors of adult quality of life for foster care alumni with physical and/or psychiatric disabilities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(10), 1087-1100.	USA: Quantitative study. First, outcomes for foster care alumni with and without physical and psychiatric disabilities (N = 1,087) were compared according to quality of life variables. Second, using only participants with disabilities (N = 578), stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine whether risk and protective factors were associated with specific outcomes.	Alumni with disabilities had significantly lower economic (p = .020) and health (p = .001) outcomes; and reported lower educational attainment (p = .002), more difficulty paying monthly bills (p = .026), more psychiatric diagnoses (p = .006), lower self-esteem (p = .013), and worse physical health (p = .001) than those without disabilities. For alumni with disabilities, receiving special education services and experiencing sexual abuse while in foster care were significant risk factors for poor self-esteem; conversely, receiving services and resources that prepared foster care alumni for leaving foster care (e.g., protective factors) predicted better outcomes.
Baker, C. (2007) Disabled children’s experience of permanency in the looked after system. British Journal of Social Work, 37, 1173-1188.	England: longitudinal study of disabled children’s experiences of permanency in the care system followed the care career trajectories of disabled foster children over three years. Longitudinal data mainly drawn from postal questionnaires, completed by social workers, family placement workers and carers, was collected at three points in time on foster children of all ages who were identified in seven local authorities in England. The first phase of the study involved the examination of a cohort of 596 children who were looked after on a	The study found that the majority of disabled young people over 18 were in independent living (59%). Interestingly, 34% of the disabled young people over 18 had remained with their foster carer (as either a foster or adoptive placement) compared to 10% of non-disabled young people who had slightly higher rates of return to birth family (11% for non- disabled group and 7% of disabled young people) and much higher rates of independent living (79%), particularly in comparison to young people defined as ‘learning impaired’ (Baker, 2007: 1182). In terms of achieving permanency regarding stability of placement, those young people who were labelled as ‘clearly disabled’ fared better than those whose disability was classed as ‘contested’ who were more likely to have