## PHE:

How do you explain the growth and psychology of fundamentalism?

RC: is an attempt to deny anxieties and uncertainties by reaching for religious RC: is an attempt to deny anxieties and uncertainties by reaching for religious certainty. I saw several fundamentalists in my work at Columbia. They were suffering from some of the somatic manifestations of depression such as insomnia, anorexia, and constipation, and had difficulty in breathing. They refused any sort of personality examinations and only wanted medication. Most did well on the newer antidepressants. I also saw some ex-fundamentalists who had lost their faith and suffered from severe anxiety. They were helped by insight therapy -- uncovering childhood parental influences.

## PHE:

What are your thoughts on the psychology and psychodynamics of violence in our world?

RC: the many different areas where violence is present I have been especially interested in RC: the many different areas where violence is present I have been especially interested in the Balkans -- the breakup of the former Yugoslavia -- and the chronic, endemic nature of the In Defense of violence. More psychological studies on nationalism are needed. In Tro tsky's Terrorism , he argues that the ruling class does not want to leave so you have to force it to leave.

PHE: we meet here in New York City two days after the terrible destruction of the World PHE: we meet here in New York City two days after the terrible destruction of the World Trade Center, how do you understand the psychology of terrorism in our world?

RC: are different forms of terrorism. Marxist ideologies of class war explain the Lenin- RC: are different forms of terrorism. Marxist ideologies of class war explain the Lenin- Trotsky 'Red Terror' of 1918 -1921 and the terror of Stalin, Mao, and Pol Pot. There is the present-day Arab-Israeli terror with its complex causes including the expulsion of Arabs by Israelis and the occupation of their lands. (There is the tendency for Israel to become apartheid state.) There is the Muslim ideology of terror, America as the 'Great Satan,' which was just manifested in the terror we saw here earlier this week. As we learn about these suicide bombers, I see the suicide as secondary to the belief in the ideology. They are like soldiers who accept death as part of the job.

Behind Arab feelings towards the West and Israel is the deep wound of displacement. I have had many contacts with Arab graduate students and Western-educated Arabs who feel they have been dislocated by Israel. Not one of them can accept Israel. You cannot give them the Western answer: that it is a tragedy like the struggles in Troy between Achilles and Hector. They will not a wrong a wrong that they must right accept that. It is . To them the creation of Israel is . They cannot accept it. The absence of Arab leaders willing to attempt compromise is distressing. It looks like unending war and terror for the near future.

PHE: want to conclude with the comment that I think your selection of Charles Darwin as the PHE: want to conclude with the comment that I think your selection of Charles Darwin as the subject for your medical and psychobiographical research was a wonderful choice for both you and for Darwin scholarship.

## RC:

Here I am in my old age and Darwin keeps me young.