weight of religion. That caused Darwin to suffer feelings of guilt and he adapted to it in many ways. This point is not original with me -- the Darwin scholar Jim Moore has shown it. In his life at Down, in many ways he took on the identity of a 'squarson' -- a squire and a country parson. He took on the duties of a clergyman because he understood them well, having trained to be a clergyman.

PHE: you give some examples of what duties he would exercise at Down? How many PHE: you give some examples of what duties he would exercise at Down? How many years was he there?

RC: was at Down for his last 40 years, 1842-1882, most of his adult life. (He died at the age RC: was at Down for his last 40 years, 1842-1882, most of his adult life. (He died at the age of 72.) He became friends with one of the clergymen there, who would ask his advice on various problems in the village. He contributed to the Down school, served as a magistrate viewing legal cases, and formed various clubs, such as the Down Friendly Club in which he advised people on how to look for medical treatment and how to save their money to assure themselves a decent burial. He contributed to any local charity. As he made more money from his books and his investments, he became a philanthropist like his father. There were many philanthropies that Darwin supported. They are very interesting in what they show about Darwin the de facto clergyman. He gave to Christian missionary societies in Africa and Tierra del Fuego steadily, throughout his life. Darwin was a great believer in the civilizing effects of Christianity and the work of Christian missionaries. Also, he would always give sums of money to people he knew who were in financial difficulties when they wrote to them. He gave particularly to needy scientists. When a German scientist in Brazil suffered losses from a flood, Darwin gave him a large sum of money.

What is the importance of childhood to psychohistory?

## PHE:

RC: is important but it is not always easy to locate the child in the adult. Darwin is an RC: is important but it is not always easy to locate the child in the adult. Darwin is an example. John Bowlby argued that Darwin's failure to mourn the death of his mother when he was eight influenced his later illness. I think this is questionable. After eight, Darwin was cared for by his loving sisters who were mother surrogates. I think a more evident impact on the adult is his early defiance. He wrote that before he entered a room with his sister Caroline, he said to himself, ''What will she blame me for now?' and I made myself dogged so as not to care what Autobiography she might say.' ( , p. 22) I think this early example of his being 'dogged' and opposing a person's command to him is important.

PHE: think you are right to emphasis this point. I think it was crucial to his being able to stay PHE: think you are right to emphasis this point. I think it was crucial to his being able to stay Dogged with his mission. , to me, implies not an open defiance but crouching down like a dog, a passive-aggressive type of defiance which seems to fit his character because he so wanted to please.

RC: early disobedience partly accounts for his adult trait of defiance in support of unpopular RC: early disobedience partly accounts for his adult trait of defiance in support of unpopular ideas.