contaminants, improving transparency and reducing lead risks. Several of these priorities merit particular attention. Investing in drinking water infrastructure is a critical priority. In a 2011 survey, the EPA estimated that $384 billion would be required to fund necessary capital improvement through 2031 in addition to the $271 billion needed for investments in wastewater systems. Raising these staggering sums will require the participation of the public and private sectors, and is particularly problematic for water systems that are small or located in impoverished communities. The EPA recommends that water systems partner with each other to create economies of scale and share managerial expertise, identify best practices for funding, leverage state revolving funds, and build capacity in disadvantaged communities to address the drinking water needs of their populations. The EPA also prioritizes management of unregulated contaminants. To date, the EPA has established National Primary Drinking Water Regulations only for approximately 90 harmful substances or their indicators, even though the universe of potential contaminants ranges in the "tens of thousands." These regulations establish the "maximum contaminant level" i.e., the highest concentration of each regulated substance that is allowed to be present in drinking water systems, or identify treatment techniques that water systems must use. In addition, the EPA has published hundreds of nonenforceable health advisories specifying the concentrations of unregulated substances below which adverse health effects are not anticipated and related and analytical methodologies and treatment technologies. Cyanotoxins produced by algal blooms and certain perfluorinated compounds are among the unregulated chemicals subject to Health Advisories. The EPA plans to establish a risk-based prioritization framework for evaluating new contaminants for regulation that considers, among other things, the exposure of minority and low-income populations to the contaminants. Action items include working with partners to develop innovative techniques to remove multiple contaminants from small drinking water systems at an affordable cost, and encouraging source water protection to prevent contaminants from entering the drinking water system. Coordination among the EPA and state environmental remediation, waste management, clean water and drinking water programs will be critical to the success of source protection efforts. Reducing lead risks through revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is another EPA priority. The LCR requires water systems to sample tap water to determine whether lead concentrations exceed the action level of .015 mg/L in more than 10 percent of the samples collected during the monitoring period. If so, the water system must install corrosion control - treatment or supplement existing treatment with replacement of lead service lines. Potential revisions to the LCR include more aggressive lead service line replacement, public education and enhanced corrosion control and monitoring. Recognizing the corrosion potential of pipes in homes, the revisions may focus on public health objectives such as establishment of a health-based household action level.