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average, survey participants perceive their communities to be working better together to solve problems and that there is more respect for elders and leaders compared to before the trial started. Child wellbeing change wellbeing change was measured with a 3-point scale assessing whether, in the past three years, there had been an increase (‘more’), no change (‘about the same’) or a decrease (‘less’) in a particular outcome. Responses to four single-item measures of child wellbeing (healthy eating, child activity, happiness and respect for elders) were analysed separately. Since these are categorical (rather than continuous) measures, it is possible to look at proportions of responses in each category. Overall, more people perceived positive change (compared to no change or negative change) for the following aspects of child wellbeing change: healthy eating (more = 51.2%, same = 38.7%, less = 10.0%), child activity (more = 62.3%, same = 26.8%, less = 10.9%), and happiness (more = 54.9%, same = 36.5%, less = 8.6%). However, perceptions were more ambivalent regarding respect for elders (more = 28.5%, same = 33.0%, less = 38.5%). Community improvement improvement and personal improvement were measured with a 3-point scale, assessing whether for the community, or for the respondent personally, things were generally ‘on the way up’, ‘the same’, or ‘on the way down’. The responses on this measure indicate that both community life and personal life are on the way up and improving for a large proportion of survey respondents (community: way up = 58.9%, same = 34.7%, way down = 6.5%; personal: way up = 56.1%, same = 41.4%, way down = 2.5%). Based on understandings of efficacy and collective efficacy (see above) the perception that there had been personal and community improvement during the period of the trial could in and of itself be important in leading to increased efforts for improvement in the future.

######## Table 5.4 Scale formation details and descriptive statistics for the key perceptions of change variables

Variable name	Items	Alpha	n	Mean	SD
Community Engagement scale (5-point scale)	People are working better to fix problems now than they were 3 years ago Things are changing because people are willing to put in an effort to make this community better for themselves and their families	.762	536	3.65	1.02
Leadership change (5-point scale)	People show more respect for elders and leaders now than 3 years ago	n/a	568	3.19	1.33
Child wellbeing (3-point scale)	In the past 3 years have you noticed any change in children in terms of food?	n/a	582	2.38	0.68
In the past 3 years have you noticed any change in children in terms of their levels of activity?	n/a	582	2.52	0.68
In the past 3 years have you noticed any change in children in terms of happiness?	n/a	582	2.46	0.65
In the past 3 years have you noticed any change in children in terms of respect?	n/a	582	1.88	0.80
Community Improvement	Thinking about all these questions and thinking about you community, do you think the community is on the way up, way down, or has stayed the same?	n/a	572	2.52	0.61
Personal Improvement	What about you? Do you think things are on the way up, way down or still much the same?	n/a	569	2.51	0.55

########## n/a = not applicable

#### 5.6.3 variables—current behaviour and attitude measures 5.6.3 variables—current behaviour and attitude measures

Participants reported a relatively high level of current reported behaviours and attitudes (all means well above the midpoint of the relevant scale) that are in line with aspirational norms endorsed by the trial. Table 5.5 shows that these include self-reported wellbeing, seeking health support, home living and community engagement. In all cases, a higher score is used to

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