Course Objectives This course aims at giving students theoretical understanding about the Course Objectives This course aims at giving students theoretical understanding about the Objectives chemical bonding, liquid and solid state and hydrocarbon. :Onsuccessful completion,studentswouldhaveclearunderstandingofthe CourseOutcomes conceptsrelatedtoIonicandcovalentbond.They willlearnaboutthesolidandliquidstateof matter and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

########## Unit 1:Chemical Bonding 14 Lectures

- (i) Ionic bond: General characteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and its limitations. Packing of ions in crystals. Born-Landé equation with derivation. Madelung constant, Born-Haber cycle and its application, Solvation energy.
- (ii) Covalent bond: Lewis structure, Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London approach). Types of hybridization (involving s, p and d orbitals). Resonance and resonance energy, Molecular orbital theory. Molecular orbital diagrams of diatomic and simple polyatomic molecules N , 2 O , C , B , F , CO, NO, and their ions; HCl, BeF , CO , (idea of s-p mixing and orbital 2 2 2 2 2 2 interaction to be given). Formal charge, Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR), shapes of simple molecules and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons, multiple bonding (σ and π bond approach) and bond lengths. Covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan's rules and consequences of polarization. Ionic character in covalent compounds: Bond moment and dipole moment. Percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference.

Unit 2: Liquid and solid-state 14 Lectures 2: Liquid and solid-state 14 Lectures Liquid state: state: Physical properties of liquids; vapour pressure, surface tension and coefficientof viscosity, and their determination. Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension andviscosity.Explanationofcleansingactionofdetergents.Temperaturevariationof viscosity of liquids and comparison with that of gases. Solid state: state: Nature of the solid state, law of constancy of interfacial angles, law of rational indices, miller indices, elementary ideas of symmetry, symmetry elements and symmetry operations, qualitative idea of point and space groups, seven crystal systems and fourteen Bravais lattices; X- ray diffraction, Bragg's law, a simple account of rotating crystal method and powder pattern method. Defects in crystals. Glasses and liquid crystals.

########## Unit 3: Hydrocarbon 17 Lectures

Carbon-CarbonsigmabondsChemistryofalkanes :Formationofalkanes,WurtzReaction, Wurtz-Fittig Reactions, Corey-House reaction, Free radical substitutions: Halogenation - relative reactivity and selectivity. Carbon-Carbon pi bonds: pi bonds: Formation of alkenes by elimination reactions, Wittig reaction, Mechanism of E1, E2, E1cb reactions. Saytzeff and Hofmann eliminations. Reactions of alkenes: Electrophilic additions their mechanisms (Markownikoff/ Anti Markownikoff addition), mechanism of oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration oxidation,ozonolysis, reduction (catalytic and chemical), syn and anti-hydroxylation (oxidation). 1,2- and 1,4- addition reactions in conjugated dienes, and Diels-Alder reaction; Allylic and benzylicbrominationbyNBS andmechanism,e.g.propene, 1-butene,toluene,ethyl benzene.