been shown in many regions to be a source of women's empowerment, financial reserves, an important element for ceremonies, and a contributor to nutrition (Alders et al. 2018). It also represents social benefit and reinforces the relationship between householders (Dumas et al. 2018). Another study in Ethiopia found that as farm size increases, men usually take control, reducing the independence of women (Sambo et al. 2015). In Vietnam, the population is predominantly rural, and small-scale farmers still represent the most common production systems. Demand varies according to cultural events; for example, chickens are highly consumed during the Lunar New Year, and many smallholders only raise chickens for this occasion (Delabouglise et al. 2017). In Southeast Asia, the knowledge and practices of menand women regarding antibiotics differ depending on the context (education, socio-economic factors) (Pham-Duc and Sriparamananthan 2021). Thus, social factors must be taken into account when developing livestock production (Dumas et al. 2018; Sambo et al. 2015). Wefoundthat small scale farms have difficulty complying with the newregulations because they lack the technical capacity to implement them. Indeed, respondents raised that small scale farms in Vietnam have poor farm management practice (biosecurity and density) as it has been reported in a study including key informants' interviews (from governmental authorities, private sector, workers/producers,distributors research andeducationalinstitutions) (Thi Dien et al. 2023). Our respondents reported that poor management combined with the forecast conditions in Vietnam, contribute to higher disease incidence as it has already been shown elsewhere (Delabouglise et al. 2017; 2019). To compensate for the high diseases' incidence, farmers use antibiotics in prevention to secure their production. Thus, respondents reported that farmers were afraid that banning this usage could lead to a loss of income. However, a survey of farmers, retailers, and veterinarians in Cambodia revealed that farms with higher levels of biosecurity used fewer antibiotics (Ornelas-Eusebio et al. 2020). Strengthening biosecurity is a target of the Vietnamese government, which is now developing biosecurity guidelines and projects focusing on biosecurity to improve the training of trainers with the National Agriculture Extension Center. Feed additives and probiotics are common in Vietnam and are necessary supplements, but respondents reported a lack of alternatives to antibiotics and the high price of these products. In our study, the lack of knowledge among farmers and drug sellers, as well as some local authorities, was a barrier to the implementation of the new regulations. Because a lack of awareness of ABU and ABR's broader impact drives ABU (Brunton et al. 2019), many studies have identified education programs as key interventions to improve ABU, which has increased the adoption of the regulations. Some respondents were aware that ABR can have serious consequences for humanhealth,ashighlighted in another study (Pham-Duc et al. 2019) andwe found that reducing the ABR burden could also act as a lever in reducing ABU. Raising awareness already figures among the NAP objectives and has been carried over to the second NAP. In Vietnam, this is achieved through mass media channels, TV programs, or workshops organized at different levels. Respondents stated that, in addition to the communication campaign, more training from local stakeholders was required. Stakeholders must also be aware of the change in regulations, which did not seem to be the case for local stakeholders. According to the respondents, information on new regulations should be disseminated more widely, particularly locally. This could be done by organizing workshops with district or communal veterinarians. Finally, to raise compliance with regulations, relevant stakeholders