- - IVC traverses’ diaphragm at T8
- - Thoracic aorta traverses’ diaphragm at T12

## Glands of the mouth:

- - Parotid gland: serous secretions
- o chance of tumor being malignant o chance of tumor being malignant
- - Sublingual gland: mixed secretions of water and mucus
- o chance of tumor being malignant o chance of tumor being malignant
- - Submandibular: mixed secretions of water and mucus
- o between high and low chance of being malignant o between high and low chance of being malignant
- o these glands make secretions that contains alpha amylase which breaks down o these glands make secretions that contains alpha amylase which breaks down carbohydrates. (HY)
- o also contains lysozymes and defensins that are antibacterial. o also contains lysozymes and defensins that are antibacterial.
- o is primary immunoglobulin of saliva (HY) o is primary immunoglobulin of saliva (HY)
- - Parasympathetic innervation of salivary gland: watery mucus because this is better for digestion
- - Sympathetic innervation of salivary gland: thick mucus production
- - Pleiomorphic adenoma – most common benign tumor found in the parotid gland.
- o IX innervates parotid gland. o IX innervates parotid gland.
- o VII passes through parotid gland. So, an adenoma in the parotid gland can o VII passes through parotid gland. So, an adenoma in the parotid gland can compress CN VII and cause Bell’s palsy or facial nerve palsy. (HY)
- - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma – second most common tumor and most common malignant carcinoma.
- - Warthin tumor – not malignant. Second most common benign tumor of the salivary glands.
- - Sjogren’s syndrome – Autoimmune disease of exocrine glands. Problem producing saliva – dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries (no saliva to kill bacteria).
- o anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B) antibodies. o anti-Ro (SS-A) and anti-La (SS-B) antibodies.
- o antibodies can cross the placenta, damage the conducting system, and cause a o antibodies can cross the placenta, damage the conducting system, and cause a 3rd degree heart block in the fetus. (VHY)
- - Sialolithiasis – stones obstructing the glands. Can be painful.
- - Sialadenitis - infection (S. aureus or S. viridans) behind the stone obstruction. What can cause sialadenitis?
- o o
- o dehydration o dehydration
- o syndrome o syndrome
- o o
- o for sialadenitis: give gum or sour candy to produce saliva and flush stone o for sialadenitis: give gum or sour candy to produce saliva and flush stone out.

## Tongue

- - Anterior 2/3rd:
- o taste sensation – pin prick, pain – V3 – mandibular nerve o taste sensation – pin prick, pain – V3 – mandibular nerve
- o taste sensation – CN7 – facial nerve o taste sensation – CN7 – facial nerve
- - Posterior 1/3rd:
- o and special sensation – CN IX (mostly) and CN X (a little bit at the very back) o and special sensation – CN IX (mostly) and CN X (a little bit at the very back)
- - Motor activity – Hypoglossal CN XII
- o intrinsic muscles are CN XII except palatoglossus – innervated by CN X o intrinsic muscles are CN XII except palatoglossus – innervated by CN X
- o injury is tongue deviates towards side of injury (lick the wound) o injury is tongue deviates towards side of injury (lick the wound)