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From the History of Media
In the last century, a revolution in telecommunications has greatly altered communication by providing new media for long distance communication. The first transatlantic two-way radio broadcast occurred in 1906 and led to common communication via analogue and digital media. Analog telecommunications include some radio systems, historical telephony systems, and historical TV broadcast. Digital telecommunications allow for computer-mediated communication, telegraphy and computer networks. Modern communication media now allow for intense long-distance exchanges between larger numbers of people (many-to-many communication via e-mail or Internet forums). On the other hand, many traditional broadcast media and mass media favor one-to-many communication (television, radio, cinema, or social nets). Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model. Broadcasting began with AM radio broadcasting which sprang up spontaneously around 1920. Before this, all forms of electronic communication, radio, telephone, and telegraph, were “one-to-one”, with the message intended for a single recipient. Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting audio and/or video to the general public. Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932) was the earliest form of electronic broadcasting, data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867 not counting. Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of “Theatre Phone” systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming. Radio broadcasting was experimentally used from 1906, commercially from 1920. Audio signals are sent through the air as radio waves from a transmitter, picked up by an antenna and sent to a receiver. Radio stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common radio programs, either in broadcast syndication, simulcast or sub channels. Television broadcasting (telecast) was experimentally delivered from 1925, commercially from the 1930s, an extension of radio including video signals. Cable radio, also called “cable FM”, (from 1928) and cable television (from 1932) both used coaxial cable, originally serving principally as transmission media for programming produced at either radio or television stations, but later expanding into a broad universe of cable-originated channels. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) exists from circa 1974, and satellite radio from circa 1990. They are meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provide a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. Satellite television is very popular nowadays. Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated internet radio.
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