Summarize the below findings:

 Nepal has taken steps to integrate gender perspectives into national policies related to internet development, such as the National ICT Policy 2015 and the Digital Nepal Framework 2019. These policies recognize the importance of equal access to ICTs for women and girls and include measures to promote their participation and address gender inequality. However, there is a need for more specific provisions addressing the unique needs and interests of women and girls in internet development.

In terms of senior policymaking positions in government concerned with ICTs/Internet, the current Communication and Information Technology Minister is a woman representative. However, the representation of women in other key bodies and agencies, such as the NTA and NITC, is limited.

Data on ICT access and use is available in Nepal, but there is limited disaggregation by sex, making it difficult to understand the gender dimensions of ICT access and use. This lack of sex-disaggregated data hinders the design of effective policies and programs to address gender-specific challenges and opportunities.

While efforts have been made to monitor women’s inclusion in strategies for internet access and use, the national mechanisms for monitoring this inclusion are still limited. More comprehensive mechanisms are needed to ensure gender equality and women’s empowerment in the field of internet development.

Overall, Nepal has made progress in recognizing the importance of gender inclusion in internet development but more work is needed to effectively incorporate the interests and needs of women and girls in national strategies and policies, ensure adequate representation of women in policymaking positions, improve data disaggregation by sex, and establish robust monitoring mechanisms for women’s inclusion in internet access and use strategies.

In summary, Nepal experiences a gender digital divide in internet access and use. Women in Nepal are less likely to own a mobile phone and have lower rates of internet use compared to men. However, the available data does not indicate whether this divide is growing, stable, or diminishing.

Social and cultural barriers play a significant role in limiting women’s ability to access and use the internet in Nepal. Factors such as lower literacy rates among women, higher poverty rates, social norms restricting mobility and online activities, and concerns about safety contribute to these barriers.

Data on women’s participation in the use of online services, such as social media networks, mobile financial and online banking services, e-government services, and electronic shopping services, are not available disaggregated by sex. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the extent of participation by women and men in these services.

Nepal has a legal framework in place to protect women and girls against online gender-based harassment and violence. Various acts and regulations criminalize different forms of online harassment. However, studies indicate high incidences of online violence against women, including women journalists, and there is a need for further government, law enforcement, and judicial action to provide effective protection. Currently, there are no specific online services dedicated to protecting women against online gender-based harassment, although helpline services like the National Women Commission’s helpline number (1145) provide support to women affected by gender-based harassment and violence.

Overall, addressing the gender digital divide, tackling social and cultural barriers, improving data disaggregation, strengthening legal protection, and providing targeted support services are crucial steps to ensure women’s equal access and participation in the digital realm in Nepal.

In summary, the proportion of women in STEM training and employment in Nepal is relatively low, but there are indications of slow growth in the education sector at the graduate level. Enrollment of women in STEM courses is still significantly lower compared to men. In terms of STEM employment, only a small percentage of women are employed in the ICT sector.

Data on the proportion of women in senior management positions in Internet/communication businesses at the national level are not available. However, given the overall low level of female employment in Nepal, it can be assumed that the representation of women in these positions is likely to be relatively low as well.

There are no known restrictions on online information about reproductive and sexual health in Nepal. The Ministry of Health and Population and other health organizations have developed websites and mobile apps to provide information and education on reproductive and sexual health. However, the ease of access to this information may vary depending on factors such as internet access and literacy levels. Additionally, the availability of this information in local languages is limited, and the extent of use of these online resources is not well-documented.

In conclusion, while there are efforts to provide accurate information about reproductive and sexual health online in Nepal, there are still challenges in terms of accessibility and availability in local languages.

XB.1: While the government has not conducted surveys specifically addressing children’s use of the internet, non-government organizations like ChildSafeNet, UNICEF, and ECPAT Luxembourg have conducted research and surveys on protecting children online in Nepal. These studies assess vulnerabilities, threats, policies, and response mechanisms related to online harms and the protection of children and young people.

XB.2: Official data on the proportion of children aged 5 to 18 using the internet in Nepal is not available. However, according to surveys by UNICEF and ChildSafeNet, the majority of internet users in Nepal access the internet through mobile devices. Additionally, a study conducted in Kathmandu valley in 2020 found that a high percentage of 13-17-year-olds and 18-24-year-olds owned mobile devices/computers.

XB.3: Information on how children perceive and use the internet in Nepal is not explicitly mentioned in the provided context.

XB.4: Nepal has legal frameworks such as the Constitution and the Act relating to children that protect the rights of children, including protection from violence. The Muluki Criminal Code contains provisions for the protection of children from sexual abuse and exploitation, but it does not explicitly mention online protection. In 2019, the Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) issued Online Child Safety Directives, which address the safety of children on the internet. However, the implementation of existing laws and policies is weak due to resource constraints, capacity issues, and a lack of political will. Nepal lacks a comprehensive and effective legal and policy framework specifically tailored to protect the interests of children online.

Regarding the data provided on cyber-related crimes, the Central Cyber Bureau of Nepal Police reported a total of 4683 victims of cyber-related crimes during the fiscal year 2078/2079. The data includes male and female children as victims, along with adult victims of both genders and others.

In conclusion, while there are some efforts to protect children online in Nepal, there is a need for further development of comprehensive legal and policy frameworks and stronger implementation mechanisms. Data specifically addressing children’s perception and use of the internet in Nepal is not explicitly mentioned in the provided context.

XB.5: In Nepal, among public schools, around 51% have computers, and approximately 33% of respondents in a survey reported having broadband internet in schools at their local level. Additionally, about 32% of public schools have internet connectivity for IT-based studies, and approximately 5,299 community schools have broadband service. However, there is also a significant percentage of respondents (42.25%) who reported the absence of broadband internet in schools at their local level.

XB.6: The government of Nepal supports digital dimensions of media and information literacy through various initiatives. The Center for Education and Human Resource Development (CEHRD) provides a learning portal with resources for students and teachers, including professional development resources for teachers. The government promotes open educational resources through initiatives like the eLearning portal and the NCED virtual learning program. Several private sector organizations also contribute to the promotion of open educational resources in Nepal. The National Education Policy 2019 includes provisions for the development of open educational resources, and the Ministry of Education has developed a strategic framework for an Integrated Education Management System (IEMS) to enhance the use of digital educational resources. However, specific government programs addressing digital literacy and Internet safety for children are limited. There is also a lack of available online services to support children’s use of the Internet and provide child protection services.

In summary, while there are efforts to provide computer and internet access in schools in Nepal, there is room for improvement. The government and educational institutions support digital dimensions of media and information literacy to some extent, but more comprehensive programs and online services to support children’s safe and effective use of the Internet are needed.

XC.1: Nepal has several policies and frameworks that effectively incorporate ICTs, broadband, and the internet into national and sectoral development strategies. The “National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy, 2072” and the “Telecommunication Policy, 2060” outline plans for the development of ICT infrastructure and services, including broadband and internet access. The Digital Nepal Framework focuses on accelerating digitization in various sectors such as agriculture, health, education, and finance. Additionally, specific sectors like education, agriculture, and health have policies and strategies that incorporate ICTs, broadband, and the internet to improve service delivery and productivity.

XC.2: Nepal currently lacks a national policy on e-waste management. Although the Environment Protection Act, 2019 addresses environmental protection, there are no specific regulations or guidelines regarding e-waste management. The Nepal Telecommunications Authority conducted a study highlighting the need for e-waste laws and policies, but no legislation has been implemented. E-waste collection rates are low, with no formal sector companies collecting or purchasing e-waste. Improper disposal practices, such as burning or disposing of e-waste in dustbins or nearby sites, are common.

XC.3: Nepal has a National Statistics Office (NSO) responsible for statistical activities, including monitoring the development of the internet and its impact on society. The NSO coordinates statistical activities and represents Nepal in international forums. Other agencies, such as the Nepal Rastra Bank and the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development, also produce relevant statistics. The Nepal Telecommunications Authority regularly publishes statistical monitoring reports on internet access and use. The government agencies, including the Nepal Telecommunications Authority and the Department of Information Technology, work on policy development and implementation related to the internet and information technology in Nepal.

In summary, while Nepal has comprehensive policies and frameworks for ICTs, broadband, and the internet, there is a need for a national policy on e-waste management. Monitoring and assessment arrangements for the development of the internet and its impact on society are in place, facilitated by the National Statistics Office and relevant government agencies. However, further efforts are required to address e-waste management and ensure effective implementation of policies and strategies.

XC.4: The government of Nepal has a long-term strategy to address new developments in information technology and incorporates them into development. The Digital Nepal Framework promotes digitalization and innovation, and multi-stakeholder participation is encouraged. The government collaborates with private sector companies, civil society, and other stakeholders. The National Innovation Center has been established to promote research and development in emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence.

XC.5: In terms of major online services, the Economic Survey 2021/22 provides data on various aspects. In banking and financial services, there are millions of mobile banking users, internet banking service users, and a significant number of deposit and loan accounts. Online learning services, online health services, and online shopping services are not specifically mentioned in the provided information.

XC.6: The proportion of public service facilities with internet access varies across different sectors. In primary schools, out of 26,454 public schools, around 8,676 have internet connectivity for Information Technology-based studies. Libraries in Nepal have seen a significant increase in internet facilities, with 54.2% of libraries having internet access. Health clinics show progress as well, with 55% of health facilities having a computer with internet access, a significant increase compared to previous years.

Overall, while Nepal has made progress in incorporating information technology into various sectors and improving internet access in public service facilities, there are still areas for improvement, particularly in expanding internet access and ICT use in schools, libraries, and health clinics.

XD.1: Nepal has implemented the Cybersecurity Bylaw, 2020, which includes provisions for general security standards, infrastructure/network security, core system security, data security/privacy, CERT/incident response, and cybersecurity awareness. Additionally, the government produced a draft National Cyber Security Policy in 2021, aiming to protect critical infrastructure and enhance cybersecurity capabilities. The Nepal Telecommunications Authority (NTA) is developing a CERT team to address cyber-attacks in the telecom and ICT sectors.

XD.2: Nepal has a legal framework for the investigation of cybercrime and other crimes involving computer systems. The Electronic Transactions Act 2063 is used to regulate cybercrimes, with sections addressing various offenses and penalties. The Nepal Police has a dedicated cyber bureau task force to handle cybercrimes. Data from the Central Cyber Bureau of the Nepal Police shows an increasing number of FIRs (First Information Reports) filed under cybercrime in recent years.

Overall, Nepal has taken steps to establish a national cybersecurity strategy, engage stakeholders, and address cybercrimes through legal frameworks and dedicated task forces. However, the effectiveness and implementation of these measures would require further assessment.


XD.3: Nepal does not have specific consumer rights protection for e-commerce customers. However, the Consumer Protection Act 2075 (2018) aims to protect consumer rights, including those engaged in e-commerce. An e-commerce bill has been drafted but is yet to be passed by the parliament. The Central Cyber Bureau of Nepal Police has received a significant number of complaints related to social media platforms and online fraud. A survey shows that a majority of respondents feel there is inadequate legal protection against online fraud and cybercrime in e-commerce in Nepal.

XD.4: Nepal has experienced significant breaches of cybersecurity in the past three years, including hacking incidents targeting government websites, financial institutions, and online platforms. These breaches have resulted in data leaks, theft, and disruptions to services. Some notable incidents include the hacking of government websites, the SWIFT system hack of a bank, and the data breach of an e-commerce firm. A survey indicates that a significant number of respondents believe that online activities have been impacted by cybersecurity issues, and there are concerns about the safety of the internet in Nepal.

Overall, Nepal faces challenges in terms of consumer rights protection in e-commerce and has witnessed significant cybersecurity breaches in recent years. The need for stronger legal frameworks, enforcement measures, and public awareness regarding online fraud and cybercrime is evident.

Summary:

XD.5: There is limited information available regarding the awareness of individuals and businesses about cybersecurity and their actions to reduce risks to security and privacy in Nepal. The government has provided cyber drill training to the National Cyber Emergency Rescue Team (NCERT) members and some IT staff. However, data on the number of personnel with cybersecurity skills, business awareness and contingency plans, and the use of malware protection and encryption services is not available. A survey indicates that a portion of respondents use security measures on their devices, but there is a lack of government programs for public awareness of internet security.

XE.1: Nepal has national policies and legal frameworks in place to address legal and ethical challenges raised by the usage of the internet. These frameworks aim to promote and protect human rights, including provisions against hate speech, incitement to violence, and discrimination, both online and offline. However, there have been reports of misuse of these frameworks by the government to target individuals critical of government policies. Effective implementation and enforcement of these frameworks are crucial.

XE.3: The majority of respondents in a survey perceive the overall impact of the internet in their lives as positive, while a smaller percentage perceive it as negative. There is no further breakdown of perceptions by sex available in the provided information.

Overall, Nepal has legal and policy frameworks in place to address legal and ethical challenges raised by the internet. However, there is a need for effective implementation and enforcement of these frameworks. The perception of the internet’s benefits and risks is predominantly positive among the surveyed individuals.


Summary:

XE.4: Currently, there are no specific reporting mechanisms for online harassment or abuse provided by online service providers in Nepal. Victims of online harassment and abuse can report incidents directly to the Nepal Police Cyber Bureau, which is responsible for investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes. However, challenges exist, such as underreporting due to fear, lack of awareness about reporting mechanisms, and limited trust in law enforcement agencies. There is a need for greater awareness and capacity-building to effectively address online harassment and abuse. According to a survey, a portion of respondents reported experiencing online harassment and abuse, while others were unaware of the reporting process.

XE.5: The national law in Nepal does not explicitly define the term “cybercrime.” However, the Electronic Transaction Act 2063 includes provisions that indirectly cover various categories of cyber-related crimes, such as unauthorized access to computer materials, damage to computer systems, publication of illegal material in electronic form, fraud committed on computers, and others.

Overall, there are some legal provisions in place to address cyber-related crimes, but specific reporting mechanisms for online harassment or abuse by online service providers are currently lacking in Nepal.