answer this pacekt It was 1719, and everyone wanted to get their copy of Daniel Defoe's novel
Robinson Crusoe. By the end of the year, the publisher had to reprint it three times.
Robinson Crusoe was the fictional autobiography of a castaway on the island of
Tobago, off the coast of South America. In the story, Robinson Crusoe sailed from
England in 1651. No sooner than he had set sail, disasters began. First, a storm
wrecked his ship, but that didn't slow down Robinson Crusoe. He got on another
ship and set sail again. Next, pirates took over his ship, but Crusoe escaped.
With the help of a Portuguese ship's captain, he made his way across the ocean
and became a plantation owner in Brazil. He was achieving the dream that many
people aspired to in this era of British colonialism. It was 1659, and Crusoe soon
set sail again, this time on a ship bound for Africa to bring back slaves.
He hadn't traveled far when he was once again shipwrecked. He washed ashore
on the island of Tobago. The island appeared to be deserted, and he saw no other
survivors from the shipwreck. Crusoe gathered what supplies he could from the
ship, including money, food, guns, and gunpowder. He soon found out that the
money was now worthless.
He began his new life of survival on the island. He built a wooden cross, which he used as a calendar by
carving a notch in the wood each day. He built himself a shelter, and he found ways to feed himself. Crusoe
hunted, grew corn, tended grape vines, and raised goats.
As Crusoe lived alone on the island, the years passed. He became a very patient person. He taught a pet parrot
to say a few words. He spent years carving a canoe from a cedar tree trunk. He settled into a quiet routine and
lived alone for twenty-eight years on the island.
Then one day in 1687, Crusoe saw something shocking! He saw a human footprint, not his own, on the sandy
beach!
What could that mean? Had someone arrived? Were there other survivors from his shipwreck so many years
ago? Were there natives living on the island?
Crusoe soon found out, and you will, too, if you read Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe was
one of the first novels in the English language, and its success helped to popularize the new genre of the novel.
These new novels were long fiction stories with realistic characters and real settings. Their plots involved
dramatic conflicts. Their themes addressed important issues.
Defoe's childhood must have prepared him well to write exciting adventure stories. Growing up, he had
witnessed many real life adventures, including the Great Storm of 1703, a hurricane that took the lives of
thousands and left only three homes standing in Defoe's neighborhood. As a young political pamphleteer, he had
experienced both jail and the pillory himself. He had lived through the time of the plague as well as an attack on
London by a fleet of ships sailing up the Thames. Defoe loved to read, too, and he had read true accounts written
by survivors of shipwrecks. He had grown up with big events and dramatic stories.
Luckily for his readers, he took up storytelling. He combined what he knew with what he could imagine to
produce Captain Singleton, Colonel Jack, A Journal of the Plague Years, and one of the most popular novels of
all time, Robinson Crusoe.

Name: edHelper
Daniel Defoe
Questions
1. Robinson Crusoe ______.
A. was published in 1719
B. was one of the first novels written in English
C. both
D. neither
2. Robinson Crusoe was a/an______.
A. pirate
B. character in a novel
C. both
D. neither
3. The setting of the novel Robinson Crusoe is mainly ______.
A. London
B. Tobago
C. England
D. Africa
4. The plot of Robinson Crusoe is mainly about ______.
A. a great storm
B. raising goats
C. surviving a shipwreck
D. building a canoe
5. Before the publication of Robinson Crusoe, ______.
A. few novels had been written in English
B. many novels had been written, but no one bought them
C. authors only wrote non-fiction
D. none of the above
6. For twenty-eight years, Crusoe's only companions on the island were ______.
A. natives of the island
B. other survivors of the shipwreck
C. ship captains and sailors
D. animals and birds
7. Colonel Jack is a ______.
A. book publisher
B. author's name
C. character in Robinson Crusoe
D. title of a novel
8. Elements of a novel such as Robinson Crusoe include ______.
A. plot
B. characters and setting
C. theme
D. all of the above

Name: edHelper
The First Attorney General
By Sharon Fabian
The U.S. attorney general is the head of the Justice Department. He handles legal
matters for the U.S. government. Another duty of the attorney general is to give legal
advice to the president and the other cabinet members. The attorney general is also the
chief law enforcement officer in the United States.
Congress created the job of attorney general in 1789 when it passed the act that
established the president's cabinet. Since each president chooses the members of his
cabinet, George Washington chose the first attorney general. He chose Edmund
Randolph for the job. At first, the attorney general was not ranked as a member of the
cabinet, but Washington wanted Randolph at all of his cabinet meetings to give legal
advice whenever it was needed. Soon, the attorney general became an official member
of the cabinet.
Did you ever wonder how someone gets chosen by the president to be a cabinet member? Of all the people in the
United States, how does the president choose the few that he needs to make up his cabinet? A look at Edmund
Randolph's life can give you some idea of how it might happen.
Edmund Randolph was born in 1753 at Tazewell Hall near Williamsburg, Virginia. He attended William and
Mary College in Williamsburg. Many patriots who went on to become members of the first United States
government were from Virginia, so Randolph probably grew up knowing some of these people, and maybe he went
to college with some more of them.
After college, Randolph studied law, possibly in his father's law office. This gave him the education required to
become an attorney himself. He went on to work in his father's law firm. He had experience working as a lawyer,
too.
In 1775, Randolph was faced with a big decision. The Revolutionary War was beginning. Randolph's family had
always been Loyalists. Most of the members of his family chose to remain loyal to England in the war; when the
war began, they returned to England. Edmund Randolph made a different choice. He chose to be loyal to the new
United States. He stayed in America to fight with the patriots.
During the war, Randolph became an aide to George Washington. This is how he got to know the person who
would later be president. After the war, when he returned to his law practice, he often did legal work for George
Washington.
After the war, Randolph became an important politician himself. He got involved in Virginia state politics, where
he was elected mayor of Williamsburg. Then, he was elected governor of Virginia in 1786. He also became
involved in national politics. Among other roles, he served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He had
worked his way up through a variety of political jobs, and he had shown that he could be an effective leader. When
George Washington needed someone to fill the new job of attorney general, he didn't have to search through
thousands of candidates. He had someone right there who seemed right for the job. Edmund Randolph had all of
the qualifications, and George Washington named him the first attorney general of the United States.

Name: edHelper
The First Attorney General
Questions
1. The leader of the Justice Department is ______.
A. the vice president
B. the governor
C. the attorney general
D. none of the above
2. The Justice Department ______.
A. gives legal advice to the president
B. represents the U.S. in legal matters
C. is the chief law enforcement agency of the U.S.
D. all of the above
3. The position of attorney general was created in ______.
A. 1978
B. 1775
C. 1753
D. 1789
4. Each attorney general is appointed by ______.
A. George Washington
B. the current president
C. Congress
D. none of the above
5. Edmund Randolph had never met George Washington before he was chosen to be the first attorney general.
A. true
B. false
6. Edmund Randolph ______.
A. fought in the Revolutionary War
B. ran for mayor of Williamsburg
C. went to college in Virginia
D. all of the above
7. Edmund Randolph was a/an ______.
A. attorney
B. patriot
C. advisor to the president
D. all of the above
8. Attorney generals today are ______.
A. elected by the voters
B. appointed by justices of the Supreme Court
C. promoted from the Armed Forces
D. none of the above

Name:

edHelper

= 156 meters

Circle the one at B,1. Circle the one at E,7.

163 Darby Street
is at .

120 Hudson Street
is at .

122 Hudson Street
is at .

158 Darby Street
is at .

1 Oakland Avenue
is at .

159 Darby Street
is at .

Name:

edHelper

Which street has a gas station?

Which street has a store?

Circle the building that is located on Oakland
Avenue.

Go to drive from the
house at 122 Hudson Street to the
house at 120 Hudson Street .
[Hint: Use north, south, west, or east.]

South Street is
of Hudson Street.
Oakland Avenue is
of Richmond Street.

Write the total distance to go from the
house at 122 Hudson Street to the
house at 122 Hudson Street .

Write the total distance to go from the
store at 1 Oakland Avenue to the
house at 7 Oakland Avenue .

Write directions to get from the house at 120 Hudson Street to the house at 122 Hudson Street.

Write directions to get from the house at 136 Richmond Street to the house at 133 Richmond Street.

Name: edHelper
George Washington's Teeth
By Joyce Furstenau
Did you ever wonder why President George Washington looks so serious in
all his portraits? Some historians suggest it may have been because his teeth hurt.
Washington had a long history of illnesses. He had bouts with smallpox,
pleurisy, malaria, flu, and possibly even rheumatic fever. Unfortunately, one of
the most frequent 18th century treatments for illness was calomel (also called
mercurous chloride). This medicine was supposed to help rid people of germs or
"impurities" in their system. But if it was given in large enough doses, a patient
could end up losing both his hair and his teeth. As a result, Washington took
plenty of calomel because of his illnesses. Some historians wonder if the
medicine was the cause of his bad teeth. No one knows for sure.
Washington actually took better care of his teeth than most colonists of that
time. He brushed them daily using tooth powder as well as mouthwash. It is clear
from his letters, diaries, and journals that his teeth were a constant problem.
Washington was said to have told John Adams that his dental problems were a
result of cracking too many nuts with his teeth. Washington's toilet set is
presently on display at Mount Vernon. It contains a silver toothbrush, a tongue scraper, and a silver tooth powder
case.
Washington lost his first adult tooth at the age of twenty-two. He was often in pain from toothaches. He either
had inflamed gums, infected teeth, or dentures that did not fit properly. Tooth pain bothered him almost
constantly while he commanded the Continental Army.
Some have suggested that his tooth pain might have been responsible for his bad temper. One can only
imagine trying to endure painful discomfort for weeks at a time before another tooth had to be pulled.
By the time he became president, he had only one of his own teeth left. As a result, he began wearing false
teeth, or dentures. Throughout his lifetime, Washington had several sets of dentures. None of them were made of
wood as some believed. Many of these did not fit well or were extremely uncomfortable.
The set he was wearing when he became president in 1789 was made from elephant and hippopotamus ivory.
The ivory was used for the dental plate. Real human teeth and cow teeth were inserted into the plate. The
inauguration dentures were held together with gold springs. No wonder he looked uncomfortable in his portraits.
The dentist who made these dentures was John Greenwood. After a particularly difficult struggle with his
dentures, Washington sent this note to Greenwood along with his broken dentures:
"The teeth herewith enclosed have, by degrees, worked loose; and, at length, two or three of them have given
away altogether. I would thank you for returning them as soon as possible for although I now make use of
another set, they are both uneasy in the mouth and bulge my lips out in such a manner as to make them appear
considerably swelled."
Washington also wrote to Greenwood for advice on how to clean stains such as port wine from his dentures.
Images of President Washington throughout his life appear to reflect his ongoing dental problems.
Washington's grim-faced portrait on the dollar bill does not reflect the true character of our first president. We
now understand that, despite agonizing pain at times, George Washington stepped up to the plate for his country
throughout his entire life.

Name: edHelper
George Washington's Teeth
Questions
1. Why did George Washington take calomel medications?
A. He took it to help him think.
B. He took it for illnesses.
C. He took it for his teeth.
D. He was addicted to it.
2. Where can Washington's toilet set be seen today?

3. George Washington's dentures were made of wood.
A. true
B. false
4. George Washington's dentures were made of which of these materials?
A. wood
B. plastic
C. bones
D. ivory
5. Who was John Greenwood?

6. What was sent along with the letter to Dr. Greenwood?
A. Washington's photo
B. Washington's broken dentures
C. Washington's hat
D. Washington's toothbrush