i want only one question   in each flash card .
Brain Tumors Classification
Gliomas are tumors originating from {{c1::glial cells}}.
A subtype of glioma that originates from astrocytes is called {{c1::Astrocytoma}}.
{{c1::Oligodendroglioma}} is a type of glioma.
{{c1::Ependymoma}} is a type of glioma that arises from ependymal cells.
{{c1::Choroid Plexus Tumors}} originate from the {{c2::choroid plexus}} in the brain.
Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors contain {{c1::neuronal elements}}.
Examples of neuronal/glioneuronal tumors include {{c1::Gangliogliomas}} and {{c2::Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors}}.
Embryonal Tumors include tumors like {{c1::Medulloblastoma}}.
{{c1::Meningeal Tumors}} arise from the {{c2::meninges}}.
Familial Tumor Syndromes often involve tumors associated with genetic conditions such as {{c1::Neurofibromatoses}}, {{c2::Tuberous Sclerosis Complex}}, and {{c3::Von Hippel-Lindau Disease}}.
{{c1::Metastatic Brain Tumors}} commonly originate from primary sites including {{c2::lung}}, {{c3::breast}}, {{c4::skin (melanoma)}}, {{c5::kidney}}, and the {{c6::gastrointestinal tract}}.
Peripheral Nerve Damage Patterns
Demyelinating Neuropathy targets {{c1::Schwann cells}} and {{c2::myelin sheaths}} but preserves {{c3::axons}}.
Acute Axonal Injury involves degeneration of {{c1::distal axons}} and their myelin sheaths, leading to {{c2::atrophy of affected muscle fibers}}.
In Axonal Regeneration, new axons are remyelinated by {{c1::Schwann cells}}, but internodes are {{c2::shorter}} and myelin is {{c3::thinner}}.
Remyelination in Demyelinating Disease results in new internodes that are {{c1::shorter}} and {{c2::thinner}}.
Classification of Peripheral Nerve Tumors
Schwannomas are {{c1::benign}} tumors originating from {{c2::Schwann cells}}.
Schwannomas are often part of {{c1::Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)}} due to mutations in the {{c2::NF2 gene}} (merlin).
Histological features of Schwannomas include encapsulation, {{c1::nuclear palisading}} (Antoni A and B patterns), and {{c2::Verocay bodies}}.
Neurofibromas are {{c1::benign}}, heterogeneous tumors containing Schwann cells, perineurial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, and {{c2::CD34+ spindle cells}}.
Neurofibromas are associated with {{c1::Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)}}.
Growth patterns of Neurofibromas include {{c1::superficial cutaneous neurofibromas}} (often pedunculated), {{c2::diffuse neurofibromas}} (plaque-like), and {{c3::plexiform neurofibromas}}.
Plexiform Neurofibromas are typically associated with {{c1::NF1}}.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNSTs) are high-grade tumors often arising in {{c1::NF1}} patients as a transformation of {{c2::plexiform neurofibromas}}.
MPNSTs can also occur as {{c1::sporadic cases}}.
Key Differences: Schwannomas vs. Neurofibromas
Schwannomas are often associated with {{c1::NF2}}, whereas Neurofibromas are typically {{c2::NF1-associated}}.
Schwannomas are usually {{c1::encapsulated}}, while Neurofibromas are {{c2::encased within the nerve}}.
Schwannomas have a {{c1::biphasic}} cellularity with Antoni A and B areas, whereas Neurofibromas have {{c2::uniphasic, low to moderate cellularity}}.
{{c1::Nuclear palisading}} is present in Schwannomas but {{c2::absent}} in Neurofibromas.
The growth pattern of Schwannomas is an {{c1::eccentric mass}} around the nerve, while Neurofibromas have a {{c2::fusiform, involving the whole nerve}} pattern.
Familial Tumor Syndromes
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is an {{c1::autosomal dominant}} disorder with a prevalence of {{c2::1 in 3000}}.
NF1 is associated with tumors such as {{c1::Neurofibromas}}, {{c2::MPNSTs}}, {{c3::Optic gliomas}}, other {{c4::glial tumors}}, {{c5::Hamartomas}}, and {{c6::Pheochromocytomas}}.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) is {{c1::less common}} than NF1.
NF2 is characterized by bilateral {{c1::eighth nerve schwannomas}}, multiple {{c2::meningiomas}}, and {{c3::spinal ependymomas}}.
Additional Flashcards
Gliomas include several subtypes such as Astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, and {{c1::Ependymoma}}.
Medulloblastoma is classified under {{c1::Embryonal Tumors}}.
Gangliogliomas are examples of {{c1::Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors}}.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumors fall under the category of {{c1::Neuronal/Glioneuronal Tumors}}.
Verocay bodies are a histological feature of {{c1::Schwannomas}}.
Antoni A and B patterns are associated with the histology of {{c1::Schwannomas}}.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) can lead to the development of {{c1::Optic gliomas}}.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is one of the genetic syndromes associated with {{c1::Familial Tumor Syndromes}}.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease is another genetic condition linked to {{c1::Familial Tumor Syndromes}}.
Schwann cells are the origin of {{c1::Schwannomas}}.
In Demyelinating Neuropathy, which structures are preserved? {{c1::Axons}} are preserved.
The NF2 gene encodes for a protein known as {{c1::merlin}}.
Diffuse neurofibromas present in a {{c1::plaque-like}} growth pattern.
Superficial cutaneous neurofibromas are often {{c1::pedunculated}}.
Multiple meningiomas are a characteristic feature of {{c1::Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)}}.
Spinal ependymomas are commonly seen in patients with {{c1::NF2}}.
Pheochromocytomas are associated with {{c1::Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)}}.