Abstract: 

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on technology-mediated goal setting (TMGS) and its impact on performance. The review will commence with a brief overview of the goal-setting theory (GST) proposed by Locke and Latham, followed by an exploration of various technological approaches that have been utilized in implementing GST, including mobile applications, social media, and gamification. Furthermore, the paper will investigate how combining multiple technological approaches to GST and introducing AI-supported algorithms can yield the best results. In conclusion, this paper will highlight the benefits and limitations of TMGS and provide recommendations for future research in this field.

Here is the CSV Table of resources:

Authors,Year,Title,Type,Focus,Methodology / Experiment setup,Keywords,Findings and conclusion,Future directions,Research article,Notes
"Edwin A. Locke
Gary P. Latham",2019,"The Development of Goal Setting Theory:
A Half Century Retrospective",Paper,Development of the goal setting theory,Inductive,"goal setting, motivation, theory building", Intrinsic motivation does not include achievement motivation,"Gathering of more relevant data in order to follow the inductive
method in science",The Development of Goal Setting Theory: A Half Century Retrospective,
"Edwin A. Locke
Gary P. Latham",1990,A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance,Book,How specific and challenging goals lead to improved task performance through increased motivation and effort,Meta-analysis,"goal-setting, task performance, motivation",The theory provides a framework for effective goal-setting and management practices in a variety of settings,Exploring the role of personality variables and individual differences in goal-setting and task performance,Book,
"Carla Strubbia
William Mark Magnus Levack
Rebecca Grainger
Kayoko Takahashi
Kounosuke Tomori",2020,Use of technology in supporting goal setting in rehabilitation for adults: a scoping review,Review article,"Examines literature on the use
of technology for goal setting in adult rehabilitation and the
impact of technology for patient outcomes.", Scoping review ,"limitations, long-term engagement, 27 articles"," Need
for further research","Investigate how
to help people maintain engagement in goal-setting technologies over longer periods of time",Use of technology in supporting goal setting in rehabilitation for adults: a scoping review,
"Pg Mohd Auza’e Pg Arshad
Rohaizat Baharun
Norzaidahwati Zaidin ",2019,Goal-setting Theory (GST) and Gamification Relationship in Increasing Mobile Fitness Apps Engagement: A Conceptual Discussion,Paper, Use of goal-setting theory (GST) and gamification in supporting engagement relationships on on mobile fitness apps,Quantitative ,"gamification, engagement, mobile fitness app",Supports the justification of  goal-setting  theory (GST) and gamification in explaining the user engagement relationship,More academic research in gamification and engagement behavior,Goal-setting Theory (GST) and Gamification Relationship in Increasing Mobile Fitness Apps Engagement: A Conceptual Discussion,

Introduction:

Goal-setting is a popular strategy that has been utilized in a wide range of contexts, including education, sports, business, and personal development. The goal-setting theory (GST) developed by Locke and Latham in the 1960s posits that specific and challenging goals lead to improved performance through increased motivation and effort. Over the years, several technological approaches have been utilized in implementing GST, including mobile applications, social media, and gamification. Technology-mediated goal setting (TMGS) has the potential to provide users with personalized, real-time feedback, increase engagement and motivation, and facilitate the achievement of goals. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on TMGS and its impact on performance. The review will explore various technological approaches that have been utilized in implementing GST, highlight the benefits and limitations of TMGS, and provide recommendations for future research in this field.

The Goal-Setting Theory:

Locke and Latham's goal-setting theory (GST) posits that specific and challenging goals lead to improved performance through increased motivation and effort. The theory suggests that goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) to be effective. The theory also emphasizes the importance of feedback in goal-setting and performance improvement. Locke and Latham proposed four mechanisms through which goal-setting affects performance: 1) directing attention, 2) mobilizing effort, 3) increasing persistence, and 4) fostering the development and use of task-relevant strategies. The theory has been widely applied in various contexts, including education, sports, business, and personal development.

Technological Approaches to Goal-Setting:

Over the years, several technological approaches have been utilized in implementing GST. These include mobile applications, social media, and gamification.

Mobile Applications:

Mobile applications (apps) have become increasingly popular as a tool for setting and achieving goals. These apps provide users with personalized, real-time feedback, reminders, and progress tracking. Some of these apps utilize the SMART framework for goal-setting, while others use other approaches. For example, the app "Habitica" utilizes gamification to incentivize users to achieve their goals. The app turns goal achievement into a game, with users earning points and rewards for completing tasks.

Social Media:

Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have also been utilized in implementing GST. Social media can be used to share goals, progress updates, and receive feedback and support from peers. Research has shown that social support can be a significant predictor of goal achievement. However, social media use can also be a distraction and lead to reduced productivity.

Gamification:

Gamification is the use of game design elements and principles in non-game contexts to motivate and engage users. Gamification has been utilized in implementing GST to incentivize users to achieve their goals. For example, the app "Fitbit" utilizes gamification to encourage users to be more physically active. The app rewards users for achieving their fitness goals and tracks their progress over time.

Combining Technological Approaches to Goal-Setting:

Recent research has shown that combining multiple technological approaches to GST can yield the best results. For example, the app "Fabulous" combines the SMART framework, gamification, and personalized coaching to help users achieve their goals. The app provides users with personalized feedback, reminders, and progress tracking, while also utilizing game design elements to incentivize users to achieve their goals.

AI-supported Algorithms:

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize TMGS. AI-supported algorithms can provide users with personalized feedback, predict potential roadblocks to goal achievement, and suggest strategies to overcome them. For example, the app "Noom" utilizes AI-supported algorithms to provide users with personalized coaching, nutrition advice, and goal tracking. The app also utilizes gamification to incentivize users to stick to their goals by providing rewards and social support. Another example is the AI-powered app "Fabulous" that uses behavioral science and personalized coaching to help users build healthy habits and achieve their goals.

One of the key benefits of AI-supported TMGS is its ability to provide personalized feedback and recommendations. Traditional goal-setting techniques often rely on generic feedback and advice that may not be relevant to the individual's unique circumstances. AI algorithms can analyze user data, such as daily activity levels, sleep patterns, and nutrition intake, to provide tailored recommendations for achieving their goals. This personalized approach can increase motivation and engagement, leading to better goal achievement outcomes.

Furthermore, AI algorithms can predict potential roadblocks to goal achievement and suggest strategies to overcome them. For example, if a user consistently misses their morning workout, an AI-powered app can suggest alternative workout times or activities that better fit the user's schedule and preferences. This proactive approach can help users stay on track and overcome obstacles that may have otherwise derailed their progress.

However, there are also limitations to AI-supported TMGS. One concern is the potential for algorithmic bias, where the algorithms may unintentionally discriminate against certain users based on their demographic or personal characteristics. Another concern is the overreliance on technology, where users may become too dependent on AI algorithms to achieve their goals, leading to a lack of self-efficacy and resilience.

Future Directions:

The existing literature on TMGS provides valuable insights into the potential benefits and limitations of utilizing technology to support goal-setting and achievement. However, there are still many areas that require further investigation.

One area for future research is the integration of multiple technological approaches to TMGS. While individual technological tools, such as mobile apps or gamification, have been shown to be effective in supporting goal achievement, combining multiple tools may yield even better results. For example, a mobile app that utilizes gamification and AI-supported algorithms may provide a more engaging and personalized experience for users, leading to better goal achievement outcomes.

Another area for future research is the long-term sustainability of TMGS. While many studies have shown short-term benefits of utilizing technology to support goal-setting and achievement, there is a lack of research on how to maintain engagement and motivation over longer periods of time. Further investigation is needed to understand how to design and implement TMGS tools that can sustain user engagement and motivation over the long term.

Finally, more research is needed to investigate the potential negative effects of TMGS. While the existing literature has primarily focused on the benefits of utilizing technology to support goal-setting and achievement, there may also be unintended consequences, such as increased stress or decreased self-efficacy, that require further investigation.

Conclusion:

Technology-mediated goal setting (TMGS) has the potential to revolutionize the way we set and achieve our goals. From mobile apps to gamification to AI-supported algorithms, there are a variety of technological approaches that can be utilized to support goal achievement. However, while the existing literature has provided valuable insights into the benefits and limitations of TMGS, there are still many areas that require further investigation.

Overall, TMGS has the potential to be a powerful tool for achieving our goals, but it is important to approach it with caution and ensure that we are utilizing it in a way that is sustainable and personalized to our unique circumstances. By continuing to research and explore the potential of TMGS, we can unlock its full potential and help individuals achieve their full potential.

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