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13: Infectious Diseases
Your Health Today, 8th Edition
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The Process of Infection
Infection: disease or condition caused by a
microorganism.
• Microorganisms are the tiniest living organisms on earth that
eat, reproduce, and die.
Infection is considered an illness or disease if it
interferes with your usual lifestyle or shortens
your life.
The process often follows a typical course, with the
length of each stage depending on the pathogen, an
infectious agent capable of causing disease.
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Figure 13.1 Stages of infection.
Exposure: organism enters body.
1. Incubation period (no symptoms).
2. Prodromal period (vague sense of not being well).
3. Invasive phase (full-blown illness).
4. Acme (peak of disease): either the immune system gains
control, medical treatment occurs, or death ensues.
5. Decline phase (symptoms brought under control).
6. Convalescent phase (body is repairing damage).
7. Sequelae (remaining symptoms the body can’t repair).
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The Chain of Infection 1
Chain of infection: the process by which an infectious
agent, or pathogen, passes from one organism to
another.
Pathogens often live in large communities, called
reservoirs.
• Some cannot survive in the environment and require a
living host.
• To cause infection, they must have a portal of exit from the
reservoir or host, and a portal of entry into a new host.
• If the transfer from the reservoir or host is carried out by an
insect or animal, that organism is called a vector.
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The Chain of Infection 2
• Breaking the chain of
infection at any point can
either increase or
decrease the risk of
infection.
• Virulence: speed and
intensity with which a
pathogen is likely to cause
an infection.
• Epidemic: widespread
outbreak of a disease that
affects many people.
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Figure 13.2 The Chain of infection.
Breaking the chain at any point decreases the risk of infection.
1. Susceptible host has factors that influence risk of infection, such as burns.
2. Infectious agent or pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus.
3. Reservoir, where the organism survives, such as in a human.
4. Portal of exit, how the organism leaves, such as via blood.
5. Mode of transmission, how it spreads, such as by direct contact.
6. Portal of entry, how it enters a new host, such as through broken skin.
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Pathogens 1
Viruses are tiny pathogens consisting of a genome
(DNA or RNA) and protein covering.
• Infects a host cell by binding to its receptors and injecting its
genetic material into the cell.
• Some integrate themselves into a cell’s DNA and alter the
growth pattern—which can lead to the development of a
tumor or cancer.
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are spherical,
rodlike, or spiral in shape.
• Bacteria are an important part of the human microbiome.
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Pathogens 2
Prions are organisms believed to consist entirely
of protein.
• They are found in brain tissue and appear to alter the function
or shape of other proteins when they infect a cell.
Fungi are single-celled or multicelled organisms.
• There are many types, including yeasts and molds, and they
are found everywhere.
Helminths are parasitic worms that live on or in host.
• Large compared to other infectious agents.
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Pathogens 3
Protozoa are single-celled organisms that generally live
independently of host.
• Leading cause of disease and death in Africa, Asia, and
Central and South America.
• May be transmitted by contaminated water, feces, food, air,
sexual contact, or a vector—such as the mosquito.
Ectoparasites are complex organisms that usually live
on the host’s skin.
• Feed on the host’s tissue or blood.
• Frequently vectors for serious infectious diseases.
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Figure 13.3 Main types of pathogens and common examples.
Fungi, helminths, and protozoa are part of a larger grouping called eukaryotes.
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The Body’s Defenses:
External Barriers
Physical barriers:
• Skin is the body’s first line of defense.
• Nasal passages and ear canals are protected by hair.
• Lungs are protected by the cough reflex and cilia.
Chemical barriers:
• Saliva contains proteins that break down bacteria.
• Stomach acids, difficult for most organisms to survive.
• Small intestines contain bile and enzymes that break down
pathogens.
• Vagina is slightly acidic, discouraging the growth of
abnormal bacteria.
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The Body’s Defenses:
The Immune System
Immune system: complex set of cells, chemicals, and
processes that protects the body against pathogens
when they succeed in entering the body.
• Innate immune system: part of the immune system designed
to rapidly dispose of pathogens in a nonspecific manner.
• Acquired immune system: highly specialized response that
recognizes specific targets.
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The Innate Immune System
Acute inflammatory response: the body’s initial
reaction to tissue damage, bringing blood to the site of
injury or infection.
Cells of the innate immune system:
• Neutrophils and macrophages: white blood cells that travel to
areas of infection or tissue damage and digest damaged cells,
foreign particles, and bacteria.
• Natural killer cells: white blood cells that recognize and
destroy virus-infected cells or those that have become
cancerous.
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The Acquired Immune System 1
Your acquired (or adaptive) immune system develops
as you are exposed to potential infections and
vaccinations.
Lymphocytes: white blood cells that circulate in the
bloodstream and lymphatic system.
• If lymphocytes encounter an antigen—a marker on the surface
of a foreign substance—they rapidly duplicate and “turn on”
their specific function.
• Two main types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells.
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The Acquired Immune System 2
T cells monitor events inside cells.
• Helper T cells “read” cells’ infection messages and trigger
production of killer T cells and B cells.
• Killer T cells attack and kill foreign cells and infected
body cells.
• Suppressor T cells slow down and halt the immune response
when the threat has been handled.
B cells monitor the blood and tissue fluids.
• When they encounter a specific antigen, they mature and
produce antibodies: proteins that bind to specific antigens
and trigger their destruction.
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Immunity
After surviving infection by a pathogen, you often
acquire immunity to any future infections by the same
pathogen.
• B and T cells become memory cells when exposed to an
infectious agent, allowing recognition and quick action to
destroy the invader.
Vaccine: preparation of weakened or killed
microorganisms administered to confer immunity.
• Protects you by stimulating an immune response.
• Protects society by shrinking the reservoir of infectious agents.
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Risk Factors for Infection 1
• Controllable risk factors:
• Eating a balanced diet.
• Exercising.
• Getting enough sleep.
• Managing stress properly.
• Receiving vaccinations,
when available.
• Maintaining good hygiene.
• Protecting skin from
damage.
• Avoiding tobacco and
environmental tobacco
smoke.
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Risk Factors for Infection 2
Uncontrollable risk factors:
Age.
• There is higher risk at both ends of the lifespan.
• Infants have passive immunity—temporary immunity from
antibodies in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Genetics.
• Uncontrollable sociocultural factors.
• Overcrowded living environments.
• Poverty.
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Changing Patterns in
Infectious Disease
Because of the dramatic declines in the death rate from
infectious diseases during the 20th the U.S. surgeon
general in 1969 declared that it was time to close the
book on infectious diseases.
He was wrong.
• Within a little more than 10 years, HIV was causing perplexity
and alarm in hospitals in several U.S. cities.
• Today there are new infections such as SARS-CoV-2, changes in
patterns of old ones, and antibiotic resistance in still others.
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Food-Related Pathogen Transmission
More than 250 organisms are associated with
food-related illnesses.
The complexity of the U.S. food system means most
foods travel a thousand miles or more before reaching
the table.
• Risk of contaminated food is increased.
• Number of people that can be infected is increased.
• Difficulty of tracking infection back to the source also
increases.
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Behavior-Related Pathogen
Transmission
Travel: SARS-CoV-2, which was first detected in
December 2019 and rapidly spread around the world.
Sexual behavior: three key factors in exposure to an STI
are partner variables, personal susceptibility variables,
and sex act variables.
Illicit drug use: Use of contaminated needles and
syringes; hepatitis C.
Climate change: changing patterns of disease,
especially water-borne and vector-borne diseases.
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Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic: drug that works by killing or preventing the
growth of bacteria.
Antibiotic resistance: the ability of bacteria to adapt
and grow in the presence of antibiotics.
Two factors are believed to account for antibiotic
resistance:
• Frequency with which resistant genes arise naturally among
bacteria through mutation.
• Inappropriate use of antibiotics in health care, home care, and
food production.
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Vaccination Controversies
• As vaccine-prevented
diseases become less
common, people begin to
question the necessity and
safety of the vaccines.
• Serious reactions to
currently recommended
vaccinations are very rare.
• If rates of vaccination drop,
the likelihood of a disease
recurrence increases.
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Global Infectious Diseases
Four leading causes of global infectious disease
mortality:
Pneumonia: infection of the lungs or lower respiratory
tract; can be viral or bacterial.
Diarrhea: kills an estimated 499,000 children per year.
Tuberculosis: world’s most common infectious disease.
• Latent infection: not currently active but could reactivate.
Malaria: mosquito-borne disease that caused 405,000
deaths in 2018, mostly among young children.
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Infectious Diseases on Campus
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will significantly alter how
campuses operate for potentially years to come.
Pertussis (whooping cough): infection of the respiratory
tract that is highly contagious.
Staphylococcus aureus skin infections: from a common
bacterium carried on the skin or in the noses of healthy
people.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs): most common bacterial
infection in women.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are spread
predominantly through sexual contact.
• Preferred terminology over sexually transmitted disease (STD),
because often there are no symptoms.
• Primary pathogens: viruses and bacteria.
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HIV/AIDS 1
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks cells
of the immune system, especially macrophages and
CD4 cells (a subcategory of helper T cells).
• Uses the cell’s DNA to replicate itself.
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HIV/AIDS 2
Course of the disease:
Early symptoms are easily mistaken for other infections.
Eventually the immune system can no longer function
fully, signaling the onset of acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
Opportunistic infections produce symptoms.
• Rapid weight loss.
• Cough.
• Night sweats.
• Diarrhea.
• Rashes or skin blemishes.
• Memory loss.
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HIV/AIDS 3
Methods of transmission:
• Sexual conduct.
• Injection drug use.
• Contact with infected blood or body fluids.
• Mother-to-child, or vertical, transmission.
Universal precautions are taken in health care settings.
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Figure 13.7 Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV in 2018.
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Source: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2019). UNAIDS data 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/UNAIDS_data_2019.pdf
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HIV Testing
Many kinds of tests can now be done.
• CDC recommends testing at least once for anyone between
the ages of 13 and 64.
HIV testing is particularly recommended if you:
• Have more than one sex partner;
• Are a man who has sex with men;
• Are getting tested for other STIs; or
• Use intravenous drugs.
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Management of HIV/AIDS
Antiretroviral agents do not cure the infection, but they
slow the rate of replication and destruction, prolonging
life and improving quality of life.
Drug cocktails: complicated drug combinations that
combat the development of resistant viral strains.
• Complexity, cost, and risk of side effects increase.
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HIV/AIDS Prevention
• Reducing the risk of
infection:
• Vaccine trials are under way.
• Adult male circumcision.
• Empowering women.
• New prevention strategies
continue to be developed.
• Treatment as prevention.
• Postexposure prophylaxis.
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis
(PrEP).
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Bacterial STIs
Chlamydia: most common bacterial STI; young women
at greatest risk.
Gonorrhea: highest rates in young women; rates in
Blacks 4.4 times higher than whites.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): infection of uterus,
fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries.
Syphilis: if untreated, can lead to serious complications.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV): alteration of the normal
vaginal flora.
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Viral STIs 1
Human papillomavirus (HPV):
• Most common STI in the U.S; more than 100 strains, 40 of
which infect the genital areas.
• HPV is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, usually through
penetrative vaginal or anal sex, but it can be transmitted with
oral sex and from woman to woman.
• Most women with HPV are diagnosed through screening with
the Papanicolaou smear (Pap test).
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Genital Warts
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Viral STIs 2
Genital herpes:
• Two strains of herpes simplex virus are HSV-1 and HSV-2.
• HSV-2 is associated with a higher likelihood of recurrent
symptoms than HSV-1.
• No cure; prevention particularly important.
Hepatitis—inflammation of the liver:
• Most common viral causes are hepatitis A, B, and C.
• A safe and effective vaccine is available for hepatitis A and B.
• Most hepatitis B infections in the U.S. are sexually transmitted.
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Genital Herpes Sores
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Other STIs
Trichomoniasis: caused by a protozoan; transmitted
from person to person by sexual activity.
Candidiasis: vaginal yeast infection.
Pubic lice and scabies: in adults, most often sexually
transmitted.
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Prevention of Infectious Diseases 1
Support your immune system by adopting healthy
lifestyle practices.
Cover your cough.
Avoid touching your face or mouth.
Get an annual flu shot and booster vaccines as
recommended.
Minimize your use of antibiotics.
If exposed, minimize chances of passing it on.
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Prevention of Infectious Diseases 2
Practice the ABCDs of STI prevention:
• A for abstain: Abstain from sex until you are ready for a
long-term relationship, and abstain between relationships.
• B for be faithful: Be faithful and maintain a monogamous
relationship.
• C for condoms: Use condoms.
• D for detection: Promote detection by being tested and
following recommended screening guidelines.
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Prevention of Infectious Diseases 3
When you travel, learn about potential infections at
your destination.
Take steps to prevent new diseases from taking hold in
your community.
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Review
• What causes infection, and how does the body protect
itself from infectious diseases?
• How are infectious diseases changing?
• What are the most common infectious diseases?
• What are the most serious and most common sexually
transmitted infections?
• How can infectious diseases be prevented?
43
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.


next, edit this html code to answer each question, keep your answers short

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	<title>Chapter 8</title>
</head>
<body lang="EN-US" style="word-wrap:break-word;text-justify-trim:punctuation">
<p>Chapter 13 Study Outline</p>

<p>Infectious Diseases</p>

<p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Know all of the vocabulary words for this chapter (bold text words listed in blue at the side of pages)</p>

<p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define an infection.&nbsp; (pp. 338-339)</p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define the chain of infection.</p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; List the stages in the chain of infection, using Figure 13.2. Jot down a few notes/examples for each stage &nbsp;&nbsp; to help understand and remember them.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define a pathogen.&nbsp; (pg. 338)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define a vector.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; List the five mentioned factors that determine the extent and spread of an infection.&nbsp; (pg. 339)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Complete the following table on pathogens.&nbsp; (pp. 339-341 and Figure 13.3)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Class of Pathogen</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Description</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Pathway of Infection</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Examples</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>HIV, the common cold, HPV, SARS-CoV-2, Polio</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Single-celled organisms that are spherical, rodlike, or spiral; can also be a mutually-beneficial part of a human&#39;s microbiome</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>The ingestion of infected brain/nerve tissue</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Exposure to spores in the environment or the transfer of overgrowth from one part of the body to another</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Roundworms, flukes, tapeworms</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Single-celled organisms that can generally live independently of a host</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Ectoparasites</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Describe how the physical barriers of the body defend against pathogens.&nbsp; (pg. 341)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Describe how the chemical barriers of the body defend against pathogens.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define what the immune system is in general.&nbsp; (pg. 341)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>How do the innate immune system and the acquired immune system differ?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The innate immune system utilizes an acute inflammatory response, phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), and natural killer cells. Describe what each of these does.&nbsp; (pp. 341-342)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>9)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The acquired immune system utilizes lymphocytes (helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, and B cells). Describe what each of these does.&nbsp; (pg. 342)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>10)&nbsp; Define an antigen.&nbsp; (pg. 342)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Define an antibody. Don&#39;t confuse the two!</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>11)&nbsp; Phagocytes, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes are all _________ blood cells.&nbsp; (pg. 342)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>12)&nbsp; Define immunity and how memory cells play a role in it. (pg. 342)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>13)&nbsp; Describe how &quot;herd&quot; immunity works.&nbsp; (pp. 343-344)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>14)&nbsp; What is passive immunity?&nbsp; (pg. 344)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>15)&nbsp; What are examples of controllable risk factors for infection?&nbsp; (pp. 344-345)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What are examples of uncontrollable risk factors for infection?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>16)&nbsp; Autoimmune diseases and allergies are two instances when the immune system malfunctions. How do they differ, namely in what is targeted for attack?&nbsp; (pg. 345)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>17)&nbsp; How do short-term and long-term stress affect the immune system?&nbsp; (pp. 345-346)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>18)&nbsp; Name the five general categories of pathogen transmission patterns as mentioned in the textbook.</p>

<p>(the headers and sub-headers under &quot;Changing Patterns in Infectious Disease,&quot; pp. 346-351)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>19)&nbsp; What is an antibiotic? Give the definition as well as the name of the first one discovered.&nbsp; (pp.351-352)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is antibiotic resistance?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is antimicrobial resistance?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What are the two factors believed to account for increasing bacterial resistance? Why?</p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>20)&nbsp; What are the four leading causes of infectious disease mortality around the world?&nbsp; (pg. 353) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

<p>21)&nbsp; What does the acronym &quot;STI&quot; stand for and why is its use preferred over &quot;STD&quot;?&nbsp; (pg. 359)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>22)&nbsp; Complete the following table on STIs.&nbsp; (pp. 359-369 and Table 13.2)</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Name of STI</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Class of Pathogen</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Method(s) of Transmission</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Major Health Consequence(s)</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Treatment</p>

			<p>(if any)</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Prevention</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>HIV/AIDS</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Chlamydia</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Gonorrhea</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Syphilis</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV)</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Genital herpes</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Hepatitis</p>

			<p>A and B</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Trichomoniasis</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Pubic lice and scabies</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>23)&nbsp; What is pelvic inflammatory disease? Does it affect men or women? Also make sure that you included PID as a major health consequence for the two correct STIs in the previous table.&nbsp; (pp. 363-367)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>24)&nbsp; What are the key steps you can take to reduce your overall risk for infectious diseases and their spread?&nbsp; (italicized points on pp. 369-370)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Your Health Today 2023</p>

<p>C. Kerns-Campbell</p>
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