summarize the following literature for research article .2.1.1.Child Abuse and it’s Types & Implications
2.1.1.1.Child Abuse 
As per World Health Organization (WHO), child abuse refers to any kind of mal-treatment towards children which induces or has potential to inflict harm to the physical or physiological development of a child. [ Child Maltreatment, World Health Organization. Accessed from http://www.who.int/topics/child_abuse/en/  Accessed on April 12, 2007 ] Though variations do exist in terms of definitions being opted by academicians and health care professional related to defining child abuse (Wyatt & Peters, 1986) yet, attempts have also been made to elaborate the different definitions of abuse so that, the understanding towards this thematic area of concern and work could be increased (Wilson, 1991). 
2.1.1.2.Types of Child Abuse
There are four major types[ Types of Child Abuse, Healthy Place for your Mental Health. Accessed from http://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/child-abuse-information/types-child-abuse/   Accessed on April 12, 2017 ] of Child Abuse as shown in the figure below: 

Figure 1: Major Types of Child Abuse
2.1.1.3.Child Sexual Abuse and Types 
As per WHO[ World Health Organization ], Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) refers to participation of a person below the age of 18 in any sexual instance which is beyond the level of comprehension of a that child or he or she is can not give his or her informed consent for that. It also include those instances for which either the child is not prepared developmentally (physically and physiologically), cannot provide his or her consent or is a type of activity that is against the prevailing or the values & taboos of the community. These instances could include but not limited to indulging or compelling or a child in any sexual activity against the laws, using child by exploiting him or her in child prostitution or similar sexual practices that are unlawful. (WHO, 1999). 
There are two main types[ Sexual Abuse, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Accessed from https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/child-sexual-abuse/ Accessed on April 12, 2017 ] of Child Sexual Abuse, which are given in the figure below: 
As per RAINN[ Child Sexual Abuse, Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. Accessed from https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse Accessed on April 13, 2017 ], the child sexual abuse doesn’t necessarily need to include physical contact as well with the victim. Therefore, exhibiting one’s genital organs or exposing one’s self to a child, sharing with or forcing to see pornographic material with a minor all comes under the head of Non-Contact child sexual abuse.  
The Contact Abuse can include range of behaviors including fondling of minor’s genital organs or forcing him or her to do it for the perpetuator forcefully or without the conscious will of the minor, masturbation, sexual intercourse (both vaginal or anal), oral sex, exhibitionism and voyeurism. (CFCA Resource Sheet) (Krishnan et. al., 2017)
2.1.1.4.Implications of Child Sexual Abuse 
The happenings which are traumatic in nature induce a significant have a sensory impact on the children encounter (Bellis & Zisk 2014). Sexual Abuse is an example of one such form. Such events may result in smashing away children’s sense of self accompanied with fear inducing stimulus, by dreadful visual arousals, elevated noises, aggressive movements, and additional sensations connected with an irregular frightening event (Rabinovitch et. al., 2015). 
2.1.1.5.Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse in Pakistan 

2.1.2.Parenting, CSE and Protection of Children 
2.1.2.1.Parenting 
The significance of crucial role of parents in the development of children cannot be overlooked. (Sigel, McGillicuddy & Goodnow 2014).  Further, parenting of children are one of the deciding factors on child’s part and are the detriment of child’s psychosocial and biological behavior patterns stretching on his or her entire lifespan (Bornstein & Bradley, 2014). 
2.1.2.2.Comprehensive Sexuality Education
CSE has gained quite a lot of support internationally, and a strong evidence base also supports it.  The IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation) explains as: “Educating children about matters regarding sexuality and how it is expressed.[ Comprehensive sexuality education. Accessed from http://www.gsdrc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/HDQ1226.pdf  Accessed on April 14, 2017]
2.1.2.3.Role of Parents in Providing CSE
It is easier for parents to converse about subject of sexuality at a young age thus creating a large basis to further build on (McGuire, 1996 Cohen, P. 1994.) Probably one of the areas of life which we know very little about is Sex. And what so ever we know in small portions is through fellows, acquaintances, sex books and friends (Hoshi, 1987; Tjaden, 1988; Kumar, 1993)[ Accessed through
 http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-07-0-000-000-2005-Web/Anth-07-3-161-236-2005-Abst-PDF/Anth-07-3-197-199-2005-261-Mahajan-P/Anth-07-3-197-199-2005-261-Mahajan-P-Full-Text.pdf  Accessed on April 2017, ] 
2.1.2.3.1.Role of Parents in Protecting Children from Sexual Abuse
The main responsibility regarding the welfare and the safety of children is on parents.[ , Accessed through
 https://www.virtusonline.org/virtus/ParentHandbook.pdf  Accessed on April 2017] Strong Self-esteem is one of the most significant factor in order to protect your children. Give them importance and show them that they are valued. If they need to talk, be by their side and truth-fully answer their difficult questions[ Accessed through
 http://www.tulir.org/takestovillage.htm ].
2.1.3.Electronic Media and Sexual Abuse 
2.1.3.1.Role of Media in Providing CSE
Youngsters occasionally use mass media to gain information related to sex (Sutton et al. 2002), only limited youth television serials portray any  risks and responsibilities related to it for example use of contraceptives, pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections etc. and these  shows rarely portray sexual themes like prevention, precaution, and negative effects (Cope-Farrar and Kunkel 2002). A few researchers have theorized function of media like a “super-peer” which have provided teens with procedures related to acting in romantic manner and dealing with sexual situations and accelerate  sexual activity (Brown, Halpern, and L’Engle 2005).[ A Media Literacy Education Approach to Teaching Adolescents Comprehensive Sexual Health Education, Accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4828968/ Accessed on April 15, 2017
]
2.1.3.2.Portrayal of Child Abuse on Electronic Media
Various forms of media collectively contribute to the cultural and social changes in the society (Gentikow, 2015). Talking about news media, together with giving coverage to other crimes, a considerable attention is being given to news stories pertaining to children particularly related to sex and aggression (Vandebosch et. al, 2013) (Haddon & Stald, 2009). With reference to framing i.e. the way these news items are portrayed, some evidence of moral panic framing has also been yielded (Burger, & Koetsenruijter 2008). The deeper digging down shows that in such cases, the news media appears to focus on children and youth as both ‘victims’ as well as ‘perpetrators’ where, even the severe results of such attempts in the form of suicide or suicidal attempts by the victims are also reported (Pérez et. al., 2013) These adverse effects on the victims of sexual abuse have been confirmed in various researches. (Easton, Renner & Leary, 2013),(Sigurdardottir, Halldorsdottir & Bender 2014). However, be it news media or entertainment media, the way these news are framed may have an effect on peoples’ perception i.e. perception of viewers that the extent to which they are aware about a certain issue and how the exposure to these framed news and entertainment media items affect their knowledge, attitude and practices about a certain problem (De Vreese, 2005). 
2.1.3.3.Portrayal of Child Sexual Abuse on Electronic Media and Ethics
PCEJ (Pakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism) is now a days gaining a more focus by the nation’s media, mostly electronic media, regarding child sexual abuse, which is generally ignored or often is a topic which is covered insensitively.
The increase in highlighting CSA is because of the ‘Kasur Incident’ which was broadcasted in August 2015. In it many boys were abused sexually a hundred of times covering a period of many years from 2009 to 2015. Many of the victimized boys and their brave families came forward and exposed this huge scandal even though they were at the huge risk of being threatened. The society, government and media are obligated to give them help and provide them with justice and also give protection to their reputations, rights, and lives.
The electronic media has shown readiness to broadcast this scandal with the intention of providing justice by finding the perpetrators and exposing and punishing them. This is something that should receive praise and be admired.
However, the troublesome matter is the fact that media take liberties in giving coverage to these sexual abuse cases which in fact harms the innocent children that are not able to protect themselves from the negative effects of such news and are victimized even further if their case takes a rough turn and is not adequately covered. Thus media should be cautious when reporting such news.  
The opinion of PCEJ is that media practitioners and professionals are required to fulfill their professional duty of acting as guardians for public interest by adhering to best practices of ethical and professional journalism especially while reporting cases regarding issues of Child Sexual Abuse. These are the best practices based on ethical and professional journalism, and a set areas that should be focused areas and their related Do’s and Don’ts that media should consider and apply while issuing reports regarding issued of Child sexual abuse :
1.PRIVACY: The child sexual abuse victims and survivors identities and identities of their family members must NOT be exposed under any conditions. The things that must not be exposed are visuals, names of victims and survivors and their relatives or their address and pictures of their house, school and offices.
2.SENSATIONALISM: child sexual abuse cases must be reported sensitively. The opposite of sensitivity is Sensationalism. Generous details of the case or graphic explanations of events must NOT be broadcasted, dramatized or publicized. Intrusive and repetitive questions should be avoided while interviewing of Child Sexual Abuse victims. Sensitive language shoud be used when reporting Child Sexual Abuse cases.
3.CLARITY: A clear distinction of opinions and facts should be there. These shouldn’t be mixed or presented interchangeably. Opinions are also facts but original facts is that of information that can be verified independently like many of cases of Child Sexual Abuse exist is not a fact but merely an opinion whereas registry of 9 cases with Kasur police is indeed a fact as it can be checked from police.
4.PERSPECTIVE: As Child Sexual Abuse is sensitive problem thus it remains a taboo to be presented in social reporting. It is the responsibility of media to give coverage to this issue in a manner that helps in generating well informed discussion. So to make this happen work should be done to accept social, private, official and administrative points regarding this issue due to the fact that the victims and their relatives might not be able to describe and narrate the issue. This will lead to a larger picture being provided and a broader perspective thus allowing more rational discussions to occur.
5.FOLLOW-UP: these scandals or special cases are opportunities to gain attention of many stakeholders so tackling of this critical problem can occur through collaborative measures. This will only occur if the media is regular in providing follow-up about these scandals and issues in its discussions, news and views.
6.EDUCATION: As media is supposed to guard public interest, it is also required to guard rights of Child Sexual Abuse victims and their relatives. It should help in protect their interests by taking help from professionals like health, advocacy and psychological experts. This could be done through increasing public awareness regarding the deeper negativity that surrounds the failure of protecting our smaller citizens and youth. So Media must help in educating the children as well as their teachers, parents, and various stakeholders about the preventive and also the after victimization measures so that child sexual abuse victims are reduced and protected.
7.REFORM: Thus media can also help start support for reforming governing structures in order aid families, children, and the whole society so that they can deal effectively with sexual abuse issue through fostering of reporting and discussing policy and legal structures with stakeholders also work on the justice system and which can contribute a lot to these reforms.[ Basic Ethical Guide on Reporting Child Sexual Abuse Issues on Media ]
2.1.3.4.Portrayal of Child Sexual Abuse on News Media 
In 2015, A Gang of criminals which was involved in cases of child abuse came in light in a village in city Kasur. This news was like a blast in the media and country, because the gang was doing this criminal activity from 10 years, they are not only involve in child abuse but with this they are involve Child pornography, they have more than 25 members in there gang. 280 is the number of the victims which came in front of the media. The media portrayal of the incident was very sufficient. Even the police was changing their statements day by day but media did what is according to it responsibility. Still now after 16 months media talk on this scandal. This scandal was the biggest one In Pakistan history. Before this, people cannot think that in villages this can also happen. The gang was blackmailing the parents of the children and making their pornographic videos. News media give this news a special place, with this they also wrote awareness articles. 

2.1.3.5.Portrayal of Child Sexual Abuse on Entertainment Media 
Udaari, is television series of cable channel Hum TV, which was aired from April 10, 2016 to September 25, 2016. The play had been co-produced  by Momina Duraid, the creative head of Hum TV together with Kashaf Foundation.[ Kashaf Foundation is Lahore based organization and is stated as country’s first ever specialized micro-finance institution ] 
This drama series had been penned by Farhat Ishtiaq and direction of this series had been done by Muhammad Ehteshamuddin. 
The plot of the drama series focused on the portrayal of socially and economically marginalized segments of society where, the aim was to highlighted deep rooted associated problems of a typical Pakistani society like child sexual abuse, retaliation by parents in opting music as a career, lengthy interrogations by typical police and blind supporters/workers of politicians where, the drama series has taken entertainment media to a whole new level by breaking myths, stereotypes and taboos which cause hindrance in the solution of these problems. 



Original Names 	Names in Drama Series Udaari 	Characters in Drama Series Udaari
Ms. Hina Altaf Khan	Zeb-un-Nisa Parveiz / Zebo (Komal)	Child sexual abuse survivor and daughter of Sajjo/Tahira 
Ms. Samiya Mumtaz	Sajida Bibi (Sajjo/Tahira)	Entrepreneur and mother of survivor of child sexual abuse Zebo
Mr. Ahsan Khan	Imtiaz Ali Sheikh	Perpetrator of child sexual abuse, step father of Zebo and second husband of Tahira 
Ms. Bushra Ansari	Rasheeda Bibi (Sheedan)	A folk singer and mother of Meera
Mr. Farhan Saeed	Taimoor Arshad (Arsh)	Singer and lawyer
Ms. Urwa Hocane	Meera Majid	Singer, daughter of Sheedan and friend of Zebo 
Table 1: Quick Overview of Caste of Drama Serial Udaari of HUM TV 
This television play as it got twist from 6th episode from a portrayal of traditional village to that of a revealing of character of Imtiaz and his bad intentions towards his step daughter Zebo and with this, this drama series became topic of discussion all across the country. The bold, unusual and contentious theme of TV series Udaari not only resulted in leaving a resounding impact upon its viewers but also made parents conscious towards the protection of their children from sexual abuse. 
The TV series left a significant impact on the viewers due to touching a bitter reality of our society contrary to routine themes of entertainment channels showing extra-marital affairs, love triangles or glamorized romance. Instead, with a very strong screenplay, the drama series highlighted the issues of child abuse and women empowerment. 
However, the quick analysis of the key themes which are being portrayed on entertainment TV due to the fact that families are the viewers of prime time shows, they constitute traditional and widely accepted themes. This is the reason that who are either not used to out of box thinking, not imagining the prevalence rates of child sexual abuse in the country, not familiar with the consequences of child sexual abuse on the psychological & physiological well-being of the victim of sexual abuse and lack of acceptance among the viewers to watch other than the traditional themes in prime time resulted in lodging of complaints in Pakistan Electronic Media Regularity Authority (PEMRA)[ PEMRA is national level and government owned regulatory body in Pakistan for regularizing electronic media content. It stands for ‘Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Accessed from http://www.pemra.gov.pk/  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ]. The portrayal of child sexual abuse, pedophilia[ Pedophilia is characterized with act of having sexual activity or fantasizing it generally with the children who are either 13 or below this age Accessed from https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/pedophilia  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] and incest[ Incest refers to sexual activity between close relatives or between the family members  Accessed from https://patient.info/doctor/incest  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] resulting in issuing ‘show cause’[ Show Cause is a type of court in which, court asks a party to give justification against a specific reported action  Accessed from http://www.hrhelpboard.com/contract-n-letters/show-cause-notice/80  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] notice to the HUM TV which was however rescinded owing backlash on this action of PEMRA specially on social media. 
The HUM TV series Udaari raised and highlighted grim realities of our society like ‘victim shaming’[ Victim Blaming refers to blaming the victim of crime himself or herself being responsible for the crime either completely or partially ] with reference to sexual abuse. Further, the TV series has very beautifully given the message of telling the child sexual abuse’s victim in empathetic manner that “You have no reason to feel embarrassed or ashamed. It is the rapist who ought to be ashamed and not you. You are a survivor, not a victim!”[ Udari: A Bold Tale of Triumph and Survival, Abbas. Accessed from https://www.youlinmagazine.com/story/drama-serial-udaari-review/Njc3?pageid=story&articleid=Njc3  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] Further, the play very esthetically paired the concept of ‘parenting’[ Parenting refers to act of raising a child or children being parents or guardians Accessed from https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/parenting  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] and ‘women empowerment’ [ Women Empowerment refers to enabling women to take part in economic activity and achieving sustainable development, UN Women’s Women Empowerment Principles. Accessed from http://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/businesses-and-foundations/womens-empowerment-principles  Accessed on April 11, 2017 ] by giving overall a positive message and a ray of hope to child abuse survivors. [ Breaking new ground: there's more to Udaari than just child sexual abuse, Accessed from https://images.dawn.com/news/1175371 Accessed on April 10, 2017]
2.1.4.Effects of Media Exposure on Viewers 
2.1.4.1.Effects of Heavy and Light TV Viewing on Viewers  
The effects of exposure to media on heavy and light viewers and the way they alter the beliefs and perceptions of their viewers have been established by numerous researches (Perse & Lambe, 2016) together with causing effect on their patterns of social interaction (Greenfield, 2014). Further, different kinds of demographic characteristics of viewers when intermingle with peculiar characteristics of personality drive heavy or light viewing and thus, casting impact accordingly by affecting knowledge, attitude and practices of the viewers about a certain issue (Kubey & Csikszentmihalyi, 2013). Additionally, the cultivation of fear among the viewers as a result of exposure to violence in prime TV dramas has also been established. (Jamieson & Daniel, 2014).  Further, ‘dysphoria’[* Dysphoria refers to condition associated to uneasiness or generalized feelings of dissatisfaction towards life] as a result of heavy TV viewing has also been reported. (Kubey & Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). 
2.1.4.2.Media Cultivating Fears   
The famous line, ‘when it bleeds, it will lead,’ is a popular idea which determines whether a crime is news worthy. But if reporting crime overemphasizes dangers of vicious crime, researchers suggest that this might lead to public having an overstated fear of crime” (McQuivey 1997). “Usually crime related to Domestic and child abuse is not mentioned. It’s is difficult to make child abuse an agenda”. It is reported that “Media Reports usually follow atypical patterns, which mostly include rape by stranger rapes, in the night, or somebody waiting outside in a corner to ambush and attack an innocent victim. But this is usually not the case. As we all know that many rapes are done by familiar people. Usually Women have more chances to be abused and raped within the remits of their homes[ The Mean world syndrome Accessed from http://www.svj.hvu.nl/mediahype/risk4/page2.htm Accessed on April 15, 2017.].