Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

 : كلية الهدى الجامعة المحاضرة رقم4
–  طفيليات
 المرحلة الثانية للعام الدراسي24
-
-  2025
Hemoflagellates:
Including genus: Leishmania and Trypanosoma (blood tissue species): There
are  four  morphological  forms  of  clinical  significance  associated  with  the
hemoflagellates: Amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote and trypomastigote.
General characteristics
1- They live in the blood and tissues of man and other vertebrate hosts and
in the gut of the insect vector.
2- Members of this family have a single nucleus, a kinetoplast and a single
flagellum.
3- Nucleus is round or oval and is situated in the central part of the body.
4- Kineloplast consists of a deeply staining parabasal body and adjacent
dot-Like blepharoplast.
5- The parabasal body and blepharoplast are connected by one or more thin
fiber
6- Flagellum is a thin, hair-like structure, which originate from the
blepharoplast.
7- The portion of the flagellum ,which is inside the body of the parasite and
extends from the blepharoplasl to surface of the body is known as axoneme.
8- A free flagellum at the anterior end traverses on the surface of the
parasite as a narrow undulating membrane.
9- Hemoflagellates exist in two or more of four morphological stages.
The transmission of hemoflagellates
Is accomplished by the bite of an arthropod vector. Flagellate protozoa found
in blood or tissues of human and there are two genera of medical importance
(Leishmania and Trypanosoma). The major difference between these two
genera is that primary diagnostic form found in Leishmania is the amastigote,
whereas that of Trypanosoma is the trypomastigote
1. Amastigotes: It is Roundish to oval in shape, Consist of a nucleus and
kinetoplast. The large single nucleus is typically located off-center .The
dotlike blepharoplast is attached to a small axoneme, this axoneme
extends to the edge of the organism.The single parabasal body is located
adjacent to the blepharoplast.
2. Promastigotes: It is Long and slender in appearance. The large single
nucleus is located in or near the center .The kinetoplast is located in the
anterior end of the organism .A single free flagellum extends anteriorly
from the axoneme.
3. Epimastigotes: It is long and slightly wider than promastigote form.The
large single nucleus is located in posterior end .The kinetoplast located
anterior to the nucleus .Undulating membrane extending half of the body
length .A single free flagellum extends anteriorly from the axoneme.
4. Trypomastigotes: It is C or U shape in stained blood films .Long and
slender in appearance .One nucleus located anterior to the kinetoplast
.The kinetoplast is located in the posterior end of the organism
.Undulating membrane extending entire body length .A single free
flagellum extends anteriorly from the axoneme when present
Genus Leishmania:
The disease caused by Leishmania sp. is called Leishmaniasis .There are many
different species of Leishmania and the disease that they cause. directly linked
to the species of Leishmania with which a person Several species of Leishmania
are pathogenic for man: 1- L. donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-
azar, black disease, dumdum fever); 
2-  L. tropica cause cutaneous  leishmaniasis (oriental  sore,  Delhi  ulcer,
Aleppo, Delhi or Baghdad boil); and 
3- L. braziliensis (also, L. mexicana and L. peruviana) are etiologic agents
of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis .
Life Cycle
Leishmania are transmitted by arthropod. In this case it is a small biting fly
known as a sand fly. Leishmaniae spend part of their life cycle in the gut of the
sandfly, but their life cycle is completed in a vertebrate host. Within the sandfly
gut, the protozoa are carried as  extracellular promastigotes, these parasites
multiply  in  the  gut  and migrate  toward  the  pharynx.  Sandflies  transferred
promastigotes to the vertrebrate host when the sandfly takes a meal blood by
expelling leishmaniae into the bite wound of the mammalian host. From where
they pass into the blood and tissues of the human host.
Figure (12): Life Cycle of leishmamia spp.
Pathogensis and clinical finding
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of genus Different
species of leishmania cause different disease.
A.
L. donovani  causes visceral leishmaniasis also called Kala-azar
and Dum Dum fever.  Spleenomegaly & hepatomegaly the infection is
generalized and the parasite is distributed in the internal organs. The
parasite may also cause a variety of skin lesions (dermal leishmaniasis)
without any visceral manifestations.
Laboratory Diagnosis:
 1. Giemsa-stained slides of blood , bone marrow , lymph node aspirates and 
biopsies of the infected areas for the diagnosis of amastigote forms.
2. Culture of blood, bone marrow and other tissues these samples show the 
promastigote forms.
3. Serological tests.
B. L. tropica: causes tropic sore or Baghdad boil, oriental sore and
cutenaeous
A.
Leishmianiasis. The infection is limited to a local lesion of the skin
and subcutaneous tissues.
Figure  (13):  L.  tropica  and  L.major  amastigote  a-intracellular  b-
intercellular.
Laboratory Diagnosis
1
 .
The specimen of choice for identify the amastigotes of Leishmania 
braziliensis is a biopsy of the infected ulcer
2
 .
Microscopic examination of the Giemsa-stained preparations should 
reveal the typical amastigotes. Promastigotes may be present when the 
sample is collected immediately after introduction into the patient
.
3
 .
Culturing the infected material, which often demonstrated the
promastigote stage
.
4
 .
Serological tests
.
Treatment
Pharmacologic therapies include the following
:
 Pentavalent antimony (sodium stibogluconate or meglumine
antimonate): Used in cutaneous leishmaniasis
 Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome): Effective against pentavalent
antimony ̶ resistant mucocutaneous disease and visceral leishmaniasis
 SubPhylum Apicomplexa
 Coccidia
   
Coccidia are small protozoans (one-celled organisms), which are
members of the class Sporozoa, an exclusively parasitic group that
typically requires alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction in the 
life cycle
.
The coccidia are characterized by a thick walled oocyst stage that is 
typically excreted with the feces. Some coccidia (Cryptosporidium, 
Cyclospora, Isospora) carry out their entire life cycle within the 
intestinal epithelial cells of the host and are transmitted by the fecal-oral 
route. Other coccidia (Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma) have a more 
complicated life cycle involving tissue cysts and multiple hosts (ie, 
heteroxenous)
.
1
 -
Locomotive organelles absent, the flagella present only in male 
game
.
2
 -
Life cycles are complex, with well-developed asexual (which produce
merozoites , some of these merozoites differentiate into macro and 
microgametes) and sexual stages (which produce oocysts
.
3
 -
Sporozoa produce special spore like cells called sporozoites
.
4
 -
It is intracellular parasite with complex cycle alternating between 
humans and mosquitoes as in malaria, while in T.gondii which causes an 
acute infection in human is acquired from cats and other animals
.
5- Have similar independent gametocytes ,the male or microgametocyte 
and female or macrogametocyte. The female produce a single 
macrogamete and the male produce multiple gametes , followling an 
oocyst is formed after fertilization.


Summary :