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 have read the famous works of Seneca the
discourses of Epictetus and of course
the meditations of Marcus Aurelius
all of these belong to the Roman stoa
which have some specific characteristics
among other things it is often said that
the Roman stoics have a particular Focus
precisely on ethics and none of this is
surprising and can be pretty easily
explained because indeed it is only the
Roman stoics whose writings have
survived to any significant degree
we don't have any full surviving works
by the early historics or even from the
middle stowa but we have plenty of stuff
from the Romans
so it's only natural that it is these
thinkers that are the most famous and
that the characteristic features of
their writings are the things that most
people associate with stoicism as a
whole even though of course chrysippus
deserves all the love that he can get so
what do the stoics teach in terms of
Ethics well we've already sort of dipped
our toes in it to some degree the quote
attributed to cleanses and sometimes to
Zeno that one's goal or Taylor should be
to live in accordance with nature is at
the core of the stoic life
we now know a bit more what that nature
is with all our knowledge that we've now
gained of stoic physics in particular we
can now sort of rephrase that sentence
to also say to live in accordance with
God or with Zeus to live in accordance
with reason or logos or even to live in
accordance with yourself since all of
these are seen as identical statements
the world is logos and is governed and
shaped by these logos
we as humans are also creatures of logos
or Reason and so for us to live in
agreement with the logos at large with
the whole as it is often called means to
align ourselves with the way nature
works almost to see and approach the
world from the perspective of that
Divine inside from the perspective of
Zeus or God as it were the way to
achieve this is to pursue the only truly
good in this world virtue the stoics
were unique compared to other schools in
that they considered all other good
things in life such as health wealth
reputation and such things as totally
indifferent
none of those things are either good or
bad and none of them in themselves at
least can lead to human happiness
and neither can they of course harm you
or lead to an unhappy life again in
themselves
Health in itself is neither good or bad
and can never lead to happiness for
instance only virtue can
and virtue to the stoics is identified
with knowledge especially knowledge of
things as they are according to the
logos of the universe
all forms of virtue are a can of
knowledge being a good or kind person
which is a virtue is a kind of knowledge
it's based on you knowing that it is
right to be good according to the reason
of the whole this may sound harsh or
weird to you why would you not consider
Health to be a good thing does this mean
that the stoics don't care if if they
are healthy or if they have food to eat
this is a good point and actually a
point that they were very much
criticized for by their opponents at the
time like the Skeptics
but
as you might expect the ideas of
historics aren't so crude while there
were some early stoics that went the
more extreme way crisippers and
basically everyone that followed
basically all the stoics instead held to
the idea that some indifference such as
health or moderate wealth are preferred
indifference it is preferred by a stoic
to be healthy rather than sick and they
will do their best to avoid getting ill
of course this is also in a way
according to Nature to not want to be
sick or that we all of course prefer to
have food on the table rather than to
starve but the stories also recognized
that none of these things although they
are preferred will ever bring happiness
in themselves and they thus remain
indifferent in that sense
it is a somewhat complicated Doctrine
and many of the ancient critics still
didn't buy it but that's the general
idea virtue and knowledge are the only
thing primarily to be sought a virtue
that focuses also primarily on yourself
rather than so so your own virtue so to
say rather than the opinion of others
those of you who have read the
meditations of Marcus Aurelius or the
discourses of Epictetus will recognize
many of these themes constantly they
will remind us to remember death that
death is quickly approaching and can
happen at any time