Parts of sentences.
Almost every sentence can be divided into certain components which are called parts of the
sentence. Parts of the sentence are usually classified into main and secondary. The main
parts of the sentence are the subject and the prediсate. They constitute the backbone
of the sentence. The secondary parts of the sentence are the object, the attribute,
the apposition and the adverbial modifier. The secondary parts of the
sentence modify the main parts or each other.
Besides these two kinds of sentence components there are so-called independent
elements, that is, elements standing outside the structure of the sentence, and therefore of
lesser importance. The independent elements are parenthesis and direct address.

Word-forms

A word-form is any form of the grammatical paradigm of the word
One-component word-forms are various synthetic forms of the word, while multi-
component word-forms are analytical forms of the word which are composed of оne
or more auxiliary components and one notional component.
Phrases
A phrase is a group of two or more notional words functioning as a whole. Besides notional
words a phrase may contain one or more formal words.
Depending on the relation between its components, phrases may be divided into two kinds:
phrases which are divisible both syntactically and semantically, and phrases which are
indivisible either syntactically or semantically, or both.
Phrases which are divisible both syntactically and semantically
Phrases of this kind contain a headword and one or more word-forms dependent on it. Here the
following kinds of phrases may be distinguished: nominal, verbal, adjectival,
adverbial and statival phrases.

Phrases which are indivisible either syntactically or semantically or both
Phrases of this kind contain two or more notional word-forms used together to designate a person
or a non-person, an action or a quality. Syntactical relations between their components are not
always explicit, and so they are not analysed separately.
Predicative complexes
Predicative complexes differ from phrases in that they have two words with predicative relation
between the nominal and the verbal parts of the phrase. These words in their turn may have one
or more words dependent on them.
Clauses
Clauses, like predicative complexes, contain two words connected predicatively, but unlike
predicative complexes the predicative relation in clauses is expressed explicitly in the
grammatical forms of the subject and the predicate.

Levels of syntactical analysis

Within the sentence we usually distinguish two syntactical levels of analysis, one belonging to
the sentence proper, which is called the sentence level, and one belonging to various phrases
treated as a whole and functioning in the sentence with the same force as separate words. This
level is called the phrase level.
The subject and the predicate belong to the sentence level only. The object, the adverbial
modifier, the attribute, and the apposition may belong either to the sentence level or to the phrase
level.
In other cases objects, adverbial modifiers, attributes and appositions are included in various
phrases within which they are not usually treated separately, the whole phrase functioning as part
of the sentence on the sentence level.

The subject

Every English sentence but the one-member and the imperative one must have a subject. The
subject is one of the two main parts of the, sentence. The most important feature of the subject in
English is that in declarative sentences it normally comes immediately before the
predicate, whereas in questions its position is immediately after an
operator. It means that in English sentences any word or words which occur in these
positions are to be treated as the subject of the sentence.
The subject determines the form of the verbal part of the predicate as regards its number and
person.
Ways of expressing the subject
The subject is expressed by:
1. A noun in the common case (including substantivized adjectives and
participles) or a nominal phrase with a noun.

2. A personal pronoun in the nominative case.
3. Any other noun-pronoun.
4. A numeral (either cardinal or ordinal) or a nominal
phrase with a numeral
5. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase.
6. A gerund or a gerundial phrase.
7. An infinitive or a gerundial predicative complex.
8. Any word or words used as quotations.
9. A clause (then called a subject clause), which makes the
whole sentence a complex one.
Grammatical classification of the subject
From the point of view of its grammatical value the subject may be either notional or formal.
The notional subject denotes or (if expressed by a pronoun) points out a person or a
non-person.
The formal subject neither denotes nor points out any person or non-person and is
only a structural element of the sentence filling the position of the subject. Thus a formal subject
functions only as a position-filler. In English there are two such position-fillers: it and there.

The predicate

The predicate is the second main part of the sentence and its organizing centre, as the object and
nearly all adverbial modifiers are connected with, and dependent on it.
The predicate may be considered from the semantic or from the structural point of view.
Structurally the predicate in English expressed by a finite verb agrees with the subject in number
and person. The only exception to this rule is a compound modal and a simple nominal predicate,
the latter having no verb form at all .
According to the meaning of its components, the predicate may denote an action, a state, a
quality, or an attitude to some action or state ascribed to the subject. These different meanings
find their expression in the structure of the predicate and the lexical meaning of its constituents.

Structural classification of the predicate

From the structural point of view there are two main types of predicate: the simple predicate and
the compound predicate. Both these types may be either nominal or verbal, which gives four
sub-groups: simple verbal, simple nominal, compound verbal, compound nominal. Compound
verbal predicates may be further classified into phasal, modal and of double orientation
Compound nominal predicates may be classified into nominal proper and double nominal.

The simple predicate
The simple verbal predicate

The simple verbal predicate is expressed by:
1. A verb in a synthetic or analytical form.
2. A verb phrase (a phraseological equivalent of a verb denoting one action).
The simple nominal predicate
The simple nominal predicate is expressed by a noun, or an adjective, or a verbal, it does not
contain a link verb, as it shows the incompatibility of the idea expressed by the subject and that
expressed by the predicate; thus in the meaning of the simple nominal predicate there is an
implied negation.

Sentences with the simple nominal predicate are always exclamatory evidently owing to the
implication of a negation or of an evaluation.
The predicate is mostly command off (separated by a comma), but a comma is not regarded as
a strict rule.
These predicates are used in colloquial English, although not frequently.
The simple nominal predicate can be expressed by:
1. A noun.
2. An adjective.
3. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase.
4. Participle I or a participial phrase.
Based on this text answer the questions: 
6. The main sentence parts: the subject and the predicate, their types.

7.  The Secondary Sentence Parts.