Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            citriol increases blood phosphorus through stimulation of: 
- Absorption of phosphorus from the intestine. 
- Bone resorption i.e. mobilization of phosphorus from bones. 
- Renal reabsorption by renal tubules. 
Excretion: About 40% of phosphorous leaving the body is eliminated in feces 
and 60% in urine. 
Alterations of plasma phosphate levels: 
A. Hyperphosphatemia: due to: 
- Decreased renal excretion of phosphate as in acute and chronic renal failure. 
58 
 
- Increased body phosphate load results from phosphate-containing laxatives and 
enemas, blood transfusion, massive cell destruction by cytotoxic therapy or tissue 
injuries. 
- Increased renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate as in hypoparathyroidism, 
hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism and growth hormone excess. 
B. Hypophosphatemia: due to: 
- Decreased intestinal absorption of phosphate. 
- Increased urine losses of phosphate. 
- Endogenous shift of inorganic phosphorous from extracellular to 
intracellular fluid. 
Micro-minerals (Trace elements) 
IRON (Fe3+) 
Sources: 
Iron is present in all cells and does not exist in the free state, it but is always 
present in organic combination, usually with proteins under two reversible 
valences,  
- 
The 
best source of iron is organ meats, liver, heart, kidney and spleen. Other sources 
are egg yolk, fish, nuts, dates and beans.  Spinach is a poor source, because of its 
lower content of iron and some iron is bound to phytate. 
Functions of Iron: Iron plays a number of important roles in the body: 
1. As a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, it is required for O2 and CO2 
transport. 
Fe2+, Ferrous ion,  reduced
Fe3+, Ferric ion,  oxidized
oxidation
reduction
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2. As a component of cytochromes and non-heme iron proteins, it is required 
for oxidative phosphorylation. 
3. As a component of the essential enzyme, (lysosomal) myeloperoxidase, it is 
required for phagocytosis and killing of bacteria by neutrophils. 
4. Lactoferrin binds iron in milk, it facilitates the transfer of iron to intestinal 
receptor in the infant.  It also inhibits microbial growth. 
Body Iron: 
- The total body iron of an adult male is 3-5g.  It is distributed as follows: RBCs 
iron (hemoglobin): 66%, tissue iron (33%) and plasma iron 1%. 
Forms of iron: It includes: 
A-  Non-haem iron: i.e., can be used by tissues when there is body need. 
1. Ferritin: It is the main storage form of iron.  Its protein is called apoferritin, 
which can carry 24 atoms of iron to form ferritin.  It presents in iron stores, e.g., 
liver, spleen, bone marrow and intestine. 
2. Hemosiderin: When content of iron is high more than the capacity of 
apoferritin, some of iron is found in granules called hemosiderin. These granules 
are composed of iron, protein (polymerized ferritin) and polysaccharides.  It is an 
aging sign. 
B- Heme iron: It is in the form of hemoproteins, i.e., contained in haem ring, 
e.g.,  
1. Hemoglobin: see hemoglobin in details. 
2.Myoglobin:  It is hemoprotein formed

            Quiz: