Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             used as a sugar substitute  
for diabetics & prevent foods dehydration. 
1)
Mannose is reduced to mannitol: used as osmotic diuresis. 
2)
Fructose is reduced to mannitol & sorbitol. 
3)
Galactose is reduced to galacticol (dulcitol). 
4)
Ribose is reduced to ribitol: a constituent of vit B2 & FAD. 
5)
Xylose is reduced to xylitol: a tooth-friendly, prevents dental caries  
(non-fermentable sugar alcohol) . 
•
It used in making toothpaste, mouth washes & as a sweetener in chewing gums. 
6) Inositol is derived from glucose. 
•
Myoinositol: present in high conc. in heart & muscles (muscles sugar). 
•
Component of a phospholipids (lipositol): mobilization of fat from liver 
•
A precursor of 2nd messenger (PI3): important in hormone action. 
2) Sugar acids 
Produced by oxidation of aldehyde group, or last OH group or both. 
a) 
Aldonic acids: aldehyde group of 
aldose is converted to a carboxyl  
group to form aldonic acid. 
Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid, mannose to mannonic acid &  
galactose 
to galactonic acid. 
b) 
Uronic acids: the last OH C is oxidized to a COOH group, forming  
uronic acid. 
Glucose is oxidized to glucuronic acid. (used 
by the body for  
conjugation with insoluble molecules to make them soluble in water). 
Aldonic & uronic acids can be formed in the body by enzymatic oxidation. 
c) 
Aldaric acids : are dicarbocylic acids produced by oxidation of both 
ends of aldose (aldehyde group & last OH C). 
Glucose is oxidized to glucaric acid (glucosaccharate) & galactose to  
galactarate (mucic acid) 
3) Deoxy sugar 
Sugars that have a H group instead of a OH group. 
1. D-2-deoxyribose 
Found in the backbone structure of DNA. 
2. L-Fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose) 
Found as a constituent of glycoprotein & blood group 
substances. 
3. L-Rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) 
Seen in many glycosides (molecules in which a sugar is bound to non-
CHO moiety). 
4) Amino sugars 
Sugars in which amino group (-NH2) replaces the OH group 
on  the 2nd C atom. 
1. Glucosamine 
•
Found in blood group substances, glycoprotein hormones, heparin &  
hyaluronic acid, & it’s used as safe therapy of osteoarthritis  (degenerative 
arthritis). 
•
Its amino group may be further acetylated → N-acetyl-glucosamine 
2. Galactosamine 
•
Present in chondroitin sulphate of cartilage, bone & tendons & it’s a  
constituent of glycoprotein hormones. 
•
Its amino group → may be further acetylated → N-acetyl-galactosamine. 
3. Mannosamine 
•
Present in neuraminic & sialic acids (N-acetyl neuraminic acid). 
•
Its amino group may be further acetylated → N-acetyl-manosamine. 
5) Amino sugar acids 
N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (sialic acid) 
• Formed by addition of acids to amino sugars. 
Aaddition of pyruvic acid to mannosamine gives neuraminic 
acid &  addition of pyruvic acid to N-acetyl-manosamine gives 
N-acetyl  neuraminic acid (sialic acid). 
• Neuraminc & sialic acids are component of glycosamino-
glycans,  glycoproteins & gangliosides. 
Disaccharides 
are O-glyc

            Quiz: