make up a monologue on the topic "What is the age of criminal responsibility? Can it help to reduce the level of crime rate among young people?"  up to 750 words. devision into 5 paragrahpes:
1) intro and the age of criminal resonsibility in different countries and in russia.
2) 2 cases - examples of juveniale delinquency. 2-3 sentences for both cases. serious and light one. or in general words, what they can do
3)  Can the age of criminal responsibility help to reduce the level of crime rate among young people? i believe not. (explain why)
4) what could help young criminals and ppl in general to be more lawful?
5) conclusion

use as much vocabulary from below as possible, but don't repeat them, use by once:
to violate - нарушать
определение: To break a rule or law.
пример: When a driver exceeds speed limits established by law, they are violating those traffic regulations, potentially endangering themselves and others.


to do smth illegal - делать что-то противозаконное
определение: Engaging in activities prohibited by law. 
пример: Downloading copyrighted music, movies, or software without permission is a common illegal activity. This not only violates copyright laws but also harms creators and industries by depriving them of rightful earnings.


unlawful - незаконный
определение: Something not permitted by law. 
пример: Selling alcohol to minors is an example of unlawful behavior. This act is prohibited by law in many countries, aiming to protect young people from the potential harm caused by early alcohol consumption.

to commit a crime/a minor offense - совершить преступление
определение:  To engage in illegal activities, major or minor.
пример: Graffiti without the property owner’s consent is considered a minor offense in many places. While some see it as an art form, legally it is categorized as vandalism, which is a crime against property.

a severe punishment - суровое наказание
определение:A harsh penalty for a serious wrongdoing.
пример: A notable example of severe punishment is the death penalty, applied in certain jurisdictions for heinous crimes such as premeditated murder. It represents the most extreme form of legal sanction.


a sUspect - подозреваемый
определение: A person thought to be guilty of a crime.
пример: In many crime dramas, a typical suspect scenario involves being mistakenly identified in a lineup for a robbery.

to obey the law - подчиняться закону 
определение: Following the rules set by authorities
пример: Filing an income tax return before the deadline is a common way individuals obey the law. This not only fulfills a civic duty but also avoids penalties associated with late or non-submission.

law abiding - законопослушный
определение: Adhering to legal standards.
пример: A person who never drives under the influence of alcohol embodies a law-abiding citizen. Despite the social pressures and opportunities, making the choice to not drive intoxicated shows a commitment to follow the law.

abide law - подчиняться закону
определение: To comply with legal rules.
пример: Serving jury duty when summoned is a civic responsibility and a way to abide by the law. Participation is crucial to the legal system, ensuring that peers fairly judge individuals accused of crimes.

to break the law - нарушить закон
определение: To act against legal codes.
пример: Using a fake ID to enter a nightclub or purchase alcohol is a common example of breaking the law. Though often seen as a rite of passage, it constitutes criminal fraud and identity deception.

преступник/преступление
delinquency  - преступление
определение: Failing to adhere to legal or moral standards.
пример: Not paying taxes on time is a form of delinquency, affecting public services funding.

juvenile delinquency - несовершеннолетний преступник
определение: Illegal behavior by minors. 
пример: Teenagers vandalizing public property showcases juvenile delinquency, leading to community concerns.

a delinquent - преступник
определение: Someone who frequently violates laws or rules.
пример: A person repeatedly caught shoplifting small items from stores is considered a delinquent.

обвинения
to be convicted of a crime - быть обвиненным/осужденным
Определение: To be found guilty by a court of law.
Пример: A man was convicted of burglary after evidence showed he entered a home unlawfully to steal.

to be blamed - быть обвиненным 
Определение: To be held responsible for something bad.
Пример: The CEO was blamed for the company’s financial losses due to poor management and risky decisions.

to be charged with - быть обвиненным
Определение: To formally accuse someone of a crime.
Пример: She was charged with embezzlement after funds went missing from the company’s accounts.

to bring charges to smb -  выносить обвинения
Определение: To formally accuse someone of a crime through legal proceedings.
Пример: Prosecutors decided to bring charges against the politician for corruption and misuse of public funds.

to be acquitted - быть оправданным
Определение: To be formally declared not guilty of a charge.
Пример: After a lengthy trial, the jury acquitted the teacher of all charges, citing lack of convincing evidence.

to be sentenced - быть приговоренным
Определение: To receive a punishment assigned by a court after conviction.
Пример: The convicted fraudster was sentenced to five years in prison and ordered to pay back the stolen money.

to be rehabilitated - быть оправданным
Определение: To undergo a process aimed at reintegrating into society.
Пример: After serving his sentence, he was rehabilitated through a program that included job training and therapy.

про преступников
deviant - девиантный
Definition: Differing from the societal norm in a way that is often frowned upon.
Example: A deviant act could be repeatedly breaking curfew laws, which contradicts societal expectations for lawful behavior.

bizarre - странный
Definition: Extremely strange or unusual.
Example: Wearing a costume to a formal business meeting would be considered a bizarre choice of attire.

odd - странный
Definition: Different from what is usual or expected; strange.
Example: It’s odd to see someone using an umbrella on a sunny day without a cloud in sight.

weird - странный
Definition: Suggesting something supernatural; uncanny.
Example: The sudden cold spots in the room gave it a weird, haunted atmosphere.

outcast/outsider/dropout - аутсайдер
Definition: A person who has been rejected by society or a group.
Example: After dropping out of high school, he felt like an outcast from his peer group, who all continued their education.

to feel lonely/lost/disillusioned/depressed/isolated - быть одиноким, изолированным
Definition: Experiencing feelings of sadness and separation from others.
Example: Moving to a new city left her feeling lonely and isolated, without friends or familiar faces.

alienated - странный, ненормальный
Definition: Feeling estranged or isolated from a group or society.
Example: The company’s new policies alienated its employees, making them feel undervalued and disconnected.

distressed/stressed out - напряженный
Definition: Experiencing anxiety, sorrow, or pain.
Example: The mounting deadlines at work left him feeling seriously stressed out and overwhelmed.

humiliated - униженный
Definition: Made to feel ashamed or foolish.
Example: Being laughed at during the presentation was a humiliating experience for her.

lose hope - потерять надежду
Definition: To give up believing that something good might happen.
Example: After months of job searching with no success, he began to lose hope of finding his dream job.

feel alienation - чувствовать отчуждение
Definition: Experiencing feelings of being isolated and estranged.
Example: Many teenagers feel alienation when they believe their problems are misunderstood by adults.

live a quite & secluded life - жить тихую размеренную жизнь
Definition: Choosing a life away from societal noise and distractions.
Example: After years in the spotlight, the actress decided to live a quiet and secluded life in the countryside.

at odds with society - в противоречии с обществом
Definition: Being in conflict with societal norms or expectations.
Example: His progressive views often put him at odds with the conservative society he lived in.

отношение к таким людям

to be treated with contempt & hatred - относиться с презрением и ненавистью
Definition: To be regarded with deep disrespect and intense dislike.
Example: The whistleblower was treated with contempt and hatred by those who wanted to maintain the status quo.

to be looked down on - чтобы на тебя смотрели свысока
Definition: Considered inferior or inadequate by others.
Example: Highly skilled tradespeople are often unfairly looked down on in societies that prioritize academic achievement.

to be despised/insulted - быть презираемым/оскорбляемым
Definition: To be intensely disliked and disrespected, often openly.
Example: After making controversial remarks, the politician was publicly despised and insulted by many.
 
to be driven into despair - быть доведенным до отчаяния
Definition: Pushed into a state of hopelessness.
Example: Constant rejection from job applications drove him into despair about his future prospects.

to have compassion for - иметь сострадание к
Definition: To feel sympathy and concern for the sufferings or misfortunes of others.
Example: She had great compassion for the homeless, volunteering weekly to help at the shelter.

to condescend to smb - снисходить к кому-л.
Definition: To show feelings of superiority; to patronize.
Example: The manager condescended to her employees by explaining simple tasks they already knew, making them feel undervalued.

norms are accepted - нормы принимаются
Definition: Standard behaviors or rules that are widely recognized and followed within a society.
Example: In many cultures, saying “please” and “thank you” are norms that are accepted and taught from an early age.

time tested - проверенный временем
Definition: Proven to be reliable or satisfactory through a long period.
Example: These time-tested methods of cooking have been passed down for generations, preserving the family’s traditional recipes

to impose tough/tight mesures - применить жесткие меры
Definition: Enforcing strict rules or actions to control a situation.
Example: To combat the rising crime rate, the city decided to impose tough measures, including a curfew and increased police patrols.
to toughen/tighten

1. To cover one’s tracks
- Definition: To conceal one’s activities or whereabouts to avoid detection or blame.
- Russian equivalent: Заметать следы.
- Example: “After realizing he had accidentally sent an email with confidential information to the wrong person, Mark worked quickly to cover his tracks by recalling the email and informing IT to delete any traces of it.”

2. To get caught red-handed
- Definition: To be caught in the act of doing something wrong.
- Russian equivalent: Поймать с поличным.
- Example: “The thief was caught red-handed as he was trying to sneak out with the stolen jewels, leaving no doubt about his guilt.”

3. To have a run-in with the law
- Definition: To have a confrontation or an encounter with law enforcement.
- Russian equivalent: Иметь проблемы с законом.
- Example: “After his run-in with the law for speeding, Jason decided it was time to be more careful and respect traffic regulations.”

4. To keep one’s nose clean
- Definition: To behave properly and avoid trouble.
- Russian equivalent: Держать нос по ветру/не влезать в историю.
- Example: “Knowing that any further trouble could result in severe penalties, he resolved to keep his nose clean and steer clear of any activities that could be deemed illegal.”

5. To make off with smb
- Definition: To escape or run away with someone or something.
- Russian equivalent: Смываться / убежать с чем-либо.
- Example: “The robbers made off with the priceless painting before the police could apprehend them.”

6. To do smth by the book
- Definition: To do something according to the rules or the law.
- Russian equivalent: Действовать по правилам.
- Example: “Despite the urgency of the situation, the officer insisted on doing everything by the book to ensure that no procedures were overlooked.”

7. The long arm of the law
- Definition: The far-reaching power of the legal system to apprehend and punish criminals.
- Russian equivalent: Длинная рука закона.
- Example: “No matter where the fugitive tried to hide, he eventually learned that the long arm of the law was capable of reaching him even in the most distant hideout.”

8. To come clean/ to confess 
- Definition: To confess; to be honest and disclose the full truth.
- Russian equivalent: Признаться, выложить все как есть.
- Example: “Feeling the weight of guilt, Mark decided to come clean to his family about his mistakes in hopes of finding forgiveness.”

9. To fess up
- Definition: Informal version of coming clean; to admit to doing something wrong.
- Russian equivalent: Признаться.
- Example: “After breaking the neighbor’s window, the children knew they had to fess up to avoid getting in more trouble.”

10. To turn oneself in
- Definition: To surrender oneself to authorities voluntarily.
- Russian equivalent: Сдаться в руки правосудия.
- Example: “Realizing he could run no longer, he decided it was time to turn himself in and face the consequences of his actions.”

11. To take the rap for smth
- Definition: To accept blame or punishment for something, often to protect someone else.
- Russian equivalent: Взять вину на себя.
- Example: “Despite not being the one who made the mistake, Jenna took the rap for the team’s failure to prevent any further conflict.”

12. To switch on/ to rat on
- Definition: To betray someone by informing against them to the authorities.
- Russian equivalent: Сдать / доносить.
- Example: “Feeling cornered and desperate, he chose to switch on his partners in exchange for a lighter sentence.”

13. To get off Scott-free
- Definition: To escape punishment or the consequences of one’s actions entirely.
- Russian equivalent: Уйти сухим из воды.
- Example: “Despite the overwhelming evidence against him, the clever manipulations of the legal system allowed him to get off Scott-free.”

14. To get away with murder
- Definition: To do something very wrong or bad and not be punished for it.
- Russian equivalent: Уйти от наказания за серьезное преступление, делать все, что угодно, и оставаться безнаказанным.
- Example: “She’s so charming and persuasive that she seems to get away with murder in her interactions with the teachers.”

15. To get a slap on the wrist
- Definition: To receive a very mild punishment.
- Russian equivalent: Получить символическое наказание.
- Example: “For such a serious infraction, he only got a slap on the wrist, which many thought was far too mild.”

16. To throw the book at smb
- Definition: To punish someone as severely as possible.
- Russian equivalent: Наказать по всей строгости закона.
- Example: “The judge decided to throw the book at the offender to set an example and restrain future crimes.”

17. Eye for an eye/ tooth for a tooth
- Definition: A form of retributive justice where the punishment corresponds closely to the crime.
- Russian equivalent: Око за око, зуб за зуб.
- Example: “The community’s demand for justice after the brutal attack was an eye for an eye, seeking equivalent punishment for the perpetrator.”

18. To crack down on smb
- Definition: To start enforcing rules or laws more strictly.
- Russian equivalent: Принять жесткие меры.
- Example: “The authorities decided to crack down on illegal street racing, implementing stricter penalties and increased patrols.”

19. To turn a blind eye on smth
- Definition: To ignore something and pretend not to see it.
- Russian equivalent: Закрыть глаза на что-то.
- Example: “The manager turned a blind eye to the rule violations in the office, causing resentment among the staff who followed the rules.”

20. To do time
- Definition: To serve a prison sentence.
- Russian equivalent: Отбывать наказание.
- Example: “After being found guilty, he had no choice but to do time and contemplate on his actions.”

21. To be behind bars
- Definition: To be in prison.
- Russian equivalent: Быть за решеткой.
- Example: “The criminal’s reign of terror was over, and he was finally behind bars, where he could no longer pose a threat to society.”

22. Law-abiding
- Definition: Adhering to the law; not breaking any laws.
- Russian equivalent: Законопослушный.
- Example: “As a law-abiding citizen, Maria always makes sure to follow all the traffic regulations to avoid fines and contribute to road safety.”

23. Solicitor
- Definition: A type of lawyer in some jurisdiction who offers legal advice and representation to clients outside of court.
- Russian equivalent: Адвокат (в некоторых юрисдикциях, например, в Великобритании, имеет отличия от barrister).
- Example: “When John decided to buy a house, he hired a solicitor to handle the legal paperwork and ensure the process was carried out correctly.”

24. Defendant
- Definition: An individual, company, or institution sued or accused in a court of law.
- Russian equivalent: Ответчик / подсудимый.
- Example: “The defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges and awaited the opportunity to present his case in court.”

25. Jury
- Definition: A group of people sworn to render a verdict in a trial, based on evidence presented to them in court.
- Russian equivalent: Присяжные.
- Example: “The jury listened carefully to both sides of the story, deliberated for hours, and finally reached a unanimous decision.”

26. Offender
- Definition: A person who commits an illegal act.
- Russian equivalent: Преступник / правонарушитель.
- Example: “The offender was captured by the police shortly after the robbery, bringing relief to the worried community.”

27. Victim
- Definition: A person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action.
- Russian equivalent: Жертва.
- Example: “The victims of the fraud scheme were promised full compensation after the perpetrator was brought to justice.”

28. Barrister
- Definition: A lawyer in some countries who is qualified to plead cases in higher courts.
- Russian equivalent: Адвокат, имеющий право выступать в высших судах.
- Example: “The barrister wore a wig and gown, as is the tradition in British courtrooms, and presented his client’s appeal with persuasive arguments.”

29. Judge
- Definition: An official appointed to decide cases in a court of law.
- Russian equivalent: Судья.
- Example: “The judge carefully considered all evidence before making a ruling that would change the course of the trial.”

30. Witness
- Definition: A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place.
- Russian equivalent: Свидетель.
- Example: “As the only witness to the incident, her testimony was crucial in shedding light on the circumstances of the case.”

landing our own big fish - smth powerful or important in some way
revulsion - a sense of disgust and loathing.
on the go - very active or busy, in process
dead on my feet - very tired but still standing, working, etc
scuttle - a metal container with a handle, used to fetch and store coal for a domestic fire.OR the part of a car's bodywork between the windscreen and the bonnet.
slipped out - to leave a place without being noticed
en route - on the way to that place
click bait - content whose main purpose is to attract attention and encourage visitors to click on a link to a particular web page.
remains upbeat -  positive and cheerful : happy and hopeful.
screw up the shot - to make a mistake, or to spoil something

1. When the going gets tough, the tough get going. 
Meaning: This means that when a situation becomes difficult, strong people are able to step up and handle it.
Russian equivalent: Когда дело касается жизни, настоящие мужчины вступают в бой.

2. People in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. 
Meaning: This saying advises against criticizing others when you have vulnerabilities that can be criticized as well.
Russian equivalent: В чужой глаз заметить соринку, а в своём бревна не замечать. (Literal: To notice a speck in someone else’s eye and not a log in your own.)

3. When in Rome,  do as the Romans do. 
Meaning: This implies that one should adapt to the customs of the places they visit or live in.
Russian equivalent: В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят. (Literal: Don’t go to another monastery with your own charter.)

4. If you can’t beat them, join them. 
Meaning: If you can’t defeat your opponents or opposition, it might be better to align with them instead.
Russian equivalent: Если не можешь победить их, присоединяйся к ним. (Literal translation, the concept is understood similarly in Russian.)

5. It takes all sorts to make a world. 
Meaning: This saying highlights the diversity of people and their differing personalities, emphasizing the importance of each.
Russian equivalent: На вкус и цвет товарищей нет. (Literal: Everyone has different tastes.)

6. The early bird catches the worm. 
Meaning: This means that individuals who start something early or are proactive are more likely to succeed.
Russian equivalent: Кто рано встаёт, тому Бог подаёт. (Literal: He who wakes up early is given by God.)

7. Never look a gift horse in the mouth. 
Meaning: Don’t be ungrateful when you receive a gift; don’t overly scrutinize a gift or favor.
Russian equivalent: Дарёному коню в зубы не смотрят. (Literal translation, the saying is directly equivalent.)

8. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it. 
Meaning: If something is functioning well, there’s no need to alter or meddle with it.
Russian equivalent: Что работает, то не трогай. (Literal: What works, don’t touch.)

9. Too many cooks spoil the broth. 
Meaning: This suggests that if too many people are involved in a task or project, it may not turn out well due to overcomplication or lack of coordination.
Russian equivalent: У семи нянек дитя без глазу. (Literal: A child of seven nannies is without an eye.)

10. Every cloud has a silver lining. 
Meaning: This is used to convey that even in bad situations, there can be something positive or hopeful.
Russian equivalent: Нет худа без добра. (Literal: There’s no bad without good.)

11. The grass is always greener on the other side. 
Meaning: People often envy the conditions of others, thinking they’re better off, without knowing the full details.
Russian equivalent: У соседа трава зеленее. (Literal: The neighbor’s grass is greener.)

12. Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. 
Meaning: Don’t make plans based on future events that might not even happen.
Russian equivalent: Не говори «гоп», пока не перепрыгнешь. (Literal: Don’t say “hop” until you’ve jumped over.)
1. Speculation - спекуляции
English definition: The forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence.
Example: Amidst the turmoil in the financial markets, speculation was rampant as investors guessed wildly about the central bank’s next move. Analysts speculated on various outcomes, but without concrete data, their discussions were rooted more in conjecture than in reliable forecasts.

2. Record - запись
English definition: An official document that records important facts or events.
Example: The archaeologist’s record of the excavation included detailed notes, meticulously drawn maps, and photographs. These records would serve as a crucial reference for researchers and were instrumental in piecing together the history of the ancient settlement.

3. To exert pressure - оказывать давление
English definition: To use authority or power to influence or affect someone’s actions or decisions.
Example: The international community started to exert pressure on the country’s government, calling for immediate action on human rights reforms. Through a combination of economic sanctions and diplomatic negotiations, they aimed to bring about change in the nation’s policies.

4. Information warfare - информационная война
English definition: The use and management of information to gain a competitive advantage over adversaries, typically involving the manipulation or destruction of data.
Example: During the cyber conflict, both nations engaged in information warfare, with hackers infiltrating systems to steal sensitive data, planting false information, and deploying malware to disrupt the other side’s critical infrastructure.

5. To be prone to smth - быть склонным к чему либо
English definition: To have a natural tendency or disposition to something, usually a negative attribute or event.
Example: The low-lying coastal city was prone to flooding, especially during the hurricane season. To address this vulnerability, the local government invested heavily in building protective levees and improving the drainage systems.

6. To be prejudiced against smth - быть предубежденным
English definition: To have an unreasonable preconceived preference or dislike based on stereotypes rather than actual experience or evidence.
Example: Despite Jane’s extensive qualifications, she felt that the hiring committee was prejudiced against her because of her age, and she worried this bias would prevent her from landing her dream job at the advertising agency.

7. To be heavily censored - подвергнуться жёсткой цензуре
English definition: To have expression or information suppressed or edited to a significant degree by a regulatory authority.
Example: The filmmaker discovered that his documentary would be heavily censored before it could be released to the public; all politically sensitive scenes would need to be cut to avoid upsetting the status quo and challenging the government’s narrative.

8. To perceive/perceiption - воспринимать, восприятие
English definition: To become aware of, know, or identify by means of the senses; an understanding, insight, or awareness gained through the senses.
Example: The artist hoped that viewers would perceive her new installation as a commentary on the impermanence of memory. Their perception of the ephemeral materials and fading images would hopefully spark a poignant reflection on the fleeting nature of life.

9. Invade/intrude - вмешиваться, вторгаться
English definition: To enter without permission or welcome; to encroach or interrupt inappropriately.
Example: During the private function, several fans tried to invade the VIP area to get a closer look at the celebrity guests, completely disregarding the intrusion this would cause and the discomfort it would inflict on those in attendance.

10. To impose an opinion on (imposition) - навязывать
English definition: To forcefully or unwillingly press one’s beliefs or views upon another.
Example: In the classroom, Mr. Thompson was known to impose his opinions on the students, often stifling debate and discouraging them from forming their own ideas. This approach to teaching was in stark contrast with Ms. Lee, who encouraged open discussion and critical thinking.

11. Undesirable - нежелательный
English definition: Not wanted or desired; often because of being harmful, objectionable, or inappropriate.
Example: Because of its highly undesirable side effects, the drug was taken off the market. Patients reported severe reactions that led to the medical community questioning its safety and demanding its removal from pharmacy shelves.

12. To make a pledge - пообещать (когда речь о политиках)
English definition: To make a serious promise or agreement, especially a public or official one.
Example: During the global summit on climate change, the world leaders made a pledge to reduce their countries’ carbon emissions by 40% over the next two decades. This ambitious pledge was a critical step in the collective effort to combat the impact of global warming.

13. Moral standards- Моральные стандарты
English definition: Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
Example: In the company, employees are expected to uphold high moral standards, ensuring they act ethically, treat each other with respect, and make decisions that do not compromise the firm’s integrity. When a manager faces a conflict of interest, adhering to these moral standards requires disclosing the situation and recusing themselves from related decision-making processes.

14. Perverted- Извращённый
English definition: Having been changed so much from its original state as to be completely altered or become unnatural or abnormal.
Example: The criminal’s actions were not just illegal but truly perverted, as he manipulated the trust of those around him for his own twisted satisfaction. Society often shuns such deviant behaviors because they so grossly violate our collective sense of what is naturally acceptable and moral.

15. Banned- Запрещённый
English definition: Officially or legally prohibited; forbidden by law, rule, or other authority.
Example: After the discovery that the substance was linked to serious health risks, it was banned from use in food products. The new legislation came into effect immediately, obligating manufacturers to reformulate their recipes without the harmful ingredient and ensuring consumer safety was no longer compromised.

16. Masquerading- Под маской, маскировка
English definition: Pretending to be someone one is not, or to have qualities one does not possess, often to deceive others.
Example: The spy was masquerading as a diplomat, attending high-profile events and gathering sensitive information. His entire persona was fabricated, from his name down to his supposed background, allowing him to navigate the political circles undetected, all the while passing on secret communications to his handlers.

17. Unscrupulous- Беспринципный
English definition: Having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair.
Example: The unscrupulous CEO embezzled millions from the company, exploiting loopholes in financial regulations and betraying the trust of all stakeholders. Her actions, driven by greed, inevitably led to the collapse of the once reputable corporation and the loss of hundreds of jobs.

18. Counter-productive- Контрпродуктивный
English definition: Having the opposite of the desired effect or hindering the achievement of a goal.
Example: Micromanaging the team proved to be counter-productive, as it stifled creativity and fostered an environment of distrust and frustration. Rather than improving productivity and quality as intended, it led to a decline in morale and an increase in turnover, which hurt the project’s progress.

19. Excessive- Чрезмерный
English definition: More than is necessary, reasonable, or permissible.
Example: The company’s excessive focus on cost-cutting, while initially boosting profits, eventually backfired. The quality of their products suffered, customer satisfaction plummeted, and the brand’s once stellar reputation was tarnished, demonstrating how an excessive emphasis on short-term gains can result in long-term losses.

20. Degrades- Унижает
English definition: To reduce in dignity or estimation; to belittle or bring into disrepute.
Example: The constant criticism from the manager not only degrades employees’ self-worth but also demoralizes the entire team. When individuals feel undervalued or humiliated, they are less likely to perform at their best, leading to a workplace that lacks inspiration and collaboration.

21. Safeguards- Меры защиты
English definition: Measures taken to protect against possible danger, damage, loss, or injury.
Example: The engineers built robust safeguards into the software system, including encrypted data storage, strong password requirements, and regular security audits, to protect against data breaches and ensure the privacy and security of user information.

22. Infringes- Нарушает
English definition: Actively violate a right or law.
Example: The new surveillance policy of the company infringes on employees’ rights to privacy, as it involves monitoring of personal emails and phone calls. There is a growing discontent among the workforce, as many believe their personal space is being unfairly encroached upon without valid justification.

23. Corrupting- Разлагающий
English definition: Cause to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain; to spoil or degrade.
Example: The politician’s corrupting influence was felt throughout the city’s administration, with bribes and kickbacks becoming a common practice for securing contracts and favors. This illicit behavior eroded the public’s trust and undermined the principles of transparent and fair governance.

24. Gratuitous- Необоснованный
English definition: Uncalled for; lacking good reason; unwarranted.
Example: The film faced criticism for its gratuitous use of violence, which many viewers found to be excessive and unnecessary for the plot’s progression. Instead of enhancing the narrative, these scenes were seen as an exploitation of shock value, drawing attention away from the storyline and characters.

25. Reporter - репортер
English definition: A person who reports news for a newspaper, magazine, radio, or television.
Example: The reporter spent weeks investigating the story before it was finally published, revealing significant political corruption.

26. Paparazzo - папарацци
English definition: A freelance photographer who pursues celebrities to get photographs of them, often without regard for their privacy.
Example: The movie star was constantly hounded by a swarm of paparazzi, desperate to capture every moment of her private life for the tabloids.

27. Editor - редактор
English definition: A person who is in charge of the content and final production of a newspaper, magazine, or multi-author blog, ensuring the quality and accuracy of the material.
Example: The editor meticulously reviewed each article for the upcoming issue, making sure that the facts were double-checked and the writing was clear and engaging.

28. Producer - продюсер
English definition: A person responsible for the financial and managerial aspects of the making of a film, play, television program, or other entertainment productions.
Example: The producer oversaw every aspect of the film’s production, from casting to budgeting, ensuring that the project stayed on time and on budget.

29. Blogger - блоггер
English definition: Someone who writes regularly for an online journal or website, typically providing commentary or news on a particular subject.
Example: The food blogger visited restaurants across the city, sharing her culinary adventures and recipes with a growing audience of enthusiastic readers.

30. Correspondent - корреспондент
English definition: A journalist who sends news reports or commentary from a remote or specified location, often for a particular section of the press.
Example: As a foreign correspondent, she was stationed in the Middle East, providing in-depth coverage of the ongoing conflict for her newspaper’s international section.

31. Anchor - ведущий (anchorman) / ведущая (anchorwoman)
English definition: A main presenter of a television or radio news program who coordinates and unifies the program’s content and presentation.
Example: The seasoned anchor delivered the evening news with a calm demeanor, guiding viewers through the day’s events with clarity and poise.

32. Moderator - модератор
English definition: A person who presides over a discussion, debate, or interview, ensuring that the rules are followed and that the discourse remains orderly and fair.
Example: The moderator skillfully navigated the political debate, ensuring that each candidate had an equal opportunity to speak and respond to questions.

33. Columnist - колумнист
English definition: A writer who regularly contributes a column to a newspaper, magazine, or website, usually providing personal commentary, opinion, or specialized information.
Example: The columnist’s weekly piece on environmental issues was both thought-provoking and informative, drawing attention to climate change’s pressing concerns.

34. Feeling helpless - чувствовать себя бессильным
English definition: Having a sense of powerlessness or inability to affect one’s situation or surroundings.
Example: After the hurricane hit, many residents felt helpless, faced with the destruction of their homes and the daunting task of rebuilding their lives.

35. Power is concentrated in the hands of too few media barons - власть сконцентрирована в руках слишком немногих медиа-магнатов
English definition: Control and influence over the media are held by a small number of powerful individuals, which can affect the diversity and impartiality of information presented to the public.
Example: Critics argue that when power is concentrated in the hands of too few media barons, journalistic independence is threatened, and the media landscape becomes less democratic.

36. Content, keep up with - довольный, следить за чем-то (in context)
English definition: To be satisfied and make an effort to stay informed about certain topics or events, without necessarily seeking comprehensive knowledge.
Example: I’m quite content to just keep up with bits and pieces of news via social media, rather than delving deep into every story.

37. Foreign affairs - международные отношения
English definition: Matters concerning the relationships between nations, including diplomacy, international trade, and conflicts.
Example: The foreign affairs correspondent analyzed the implications of the new trade agreement between the neighboring countries.

38. Overseas - за границей
English definition: In or to a foreign country, especially one across the sea.
Example: He was excited about his new assignment working overseas, which would give him a chance to experience different cultures and work environments.

39. Suppress - подавлять
English definition: To forcibly put an end to or inhibit something, such as information, a rebellion, or a feeling.
Example: The authorities attempted to suppress the spread of the information by blocking internet access during the protests.

40. Citizen - гражданин
English definition: A legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.
Example: As a citizen, she felt it was her duty to vote in the election and have a say in the future of her country.

41. Rolling 24-hour news - круглосуточные новости
English definition: A continuous, uninterrupted broadcast of news updates that is available 24 hours a day, providing up-to-the-minute reporting on events as they happen.
Example: The rolling 24-hour news channel covered the breaking news story throughout the night, keeping viewers informed of every new development.

42. Get totally hooked on - полностью подсесть на что-то
English definition: To become completely engrossed or addicted to something, typically an activity or a habit.
Example: Once she started watching the new drama series, she got totally hooked on it and binge-watched the entire season over the weekend.

43. Speculation - спекуляции
English definition: The forming of a theory or conjecture without firm evidence.
Example: There was much speculation about the CEO’s sudden resignation, but no hard facts were available to the public.

44. Hard facts - неоспоримые факты
English definition: Reliable pieces of information that are indisputable and based on evidence.
Example: The journalist made sure to differentiate between rumors and hard facts while writing the report on the scandal.

45. Follow the news - следить за новостями
English definition: To regularly watch, read, or listen to reports about current events.
Example: Even on vacation, he made it a point to follow the news, keeping abreast of the latest political developments.

46. Seek publicity - добиваться публичности
English definition: To attempt to attract the attention of the media and the public, often to promote oneself or one’s cause.
Example: The startup company sought publicity by launching a viral marketing campaign online.

47. Hold a press conference - провести пресс-конференцию
English definition: To organize and conduct a meeting with members of the press to make an announcement or answer questions.
Example: The mayor decided to hold a press conference to address the concerns raised by the recent housing study.

48. Go to press - идти в печать
English definition: To start the process of printing a publication, such as a book, newspaper, or magazine.
Example: The final draft of the article was approved and ready to go to press in time for the morning edition.

49. Make the headlines - попасть в заголовки
English definition: To be featured prominently in the news, usually as the subject of a significant or sensational story.
Example: The actress made the headlines when she announced her surprise retirement from the film industry.

50. Sue for libel - подать иск за клевету
English definition: To take legal action against someone for making a false and damaging statement in written form.
Example: The politician decided to sue the newspaper for libel after they published unfounded accusations about his personal life.

51. Hit the front page - попасть на первую страницу
English definition: To become the leading story in a newspaper, often implying the story’s importance or sensational nature.
Example: The whistleblower’s revelations hit the front page, causing a nationwide debate over government surveillance.

52. Receive a lot of coverage - получить широкую огласку
English definition: To be reported on extensively by the media.
Example: The charity event received a lot of coverage, helping to increase awareness and donations for the cause.

53. Run a story - опубликовать статью
English definition: To publish a news report or article.
Example: After verifying the sources’ credibility, the editor agreed to run the story about the environmental crisis in the river basin.

54. Issue a press release - выпустить пресс-релиз
English definition: To distribute a written statement to the press, supplying information or an official comment.
Example: The company issued a press release announcing the launch of its innovative new smartphone.

55. To leak out - Стать известным 
Definition: Information becomes known to the public.
Example: The CEO’s resignation leaked out before the official announcement, causing a stir in the media.

56. Off the record - Не для печати
Definition: Information not meant to be publicly disclosed or attributed.
Example: She shared her honest opinion off the record, hoping it wouldn’t be quoted by the journalist.


57. A household name - Имя нарицательное 
Definition: A person or thing that is well known by the public.
Example: With her latest hit song, the young singer became a household name almost overnight.

58. To stir something up - Поднять шумиху 
Definition: To cause trouble or create a disturbance.
Example: His controversial tweet stirred up a debate that lasted for days across various social platforms.

59. Cast doubt on something - Бросить тень сомнения 
Definition: To cause others to question the truth or reliability of something.
Example: The new evidence cast doubt on the suspect’s alibi, leading to further investigation.

60. Sweep something under the carpet - Замести следы
Definition: To hide or ignore a problem or piece of information that is embarrassing or damaging.
Example: The company tried to sweep the safety violations under the carpet, but the whistleblowers spoke up.

61. Come to light =  Выйти в свет
Definition: To become known or apparent.
Example: After years of silence, the truth about the scandal finally came to light through an anonymous leak.

62. Go too far - Зайти слишком далеко 
Definition: To exceed the limits of what is acceptable or appropriate.
Example: In his attempt to be funny, he went too far with his comments and offended the audience.

63. Speak out (against)- Высказаться против 
Definition: Express one’s disapproval or dissent openly and publicly.
Example: Activists spoke out against the deforestation, organizing rallies and online campaigns.


64. Mud sticks - завязнуть в грязи
Definition: Negative allegations or slander tend to be remembered and believed, whether they are true or not.
Example: Despite being cleared of charges, the politician’s reputation suffered; mud sticks, as they say.

65. To surf the net/web - серфить интернет
Definition: To spend time on the internet looking for information or for entertainment.
Example: After dinner, I usually spend an hour surfing the net to catch up on the day’s news.


66. Get your wires crossed - путать, недопонять друг друга
Definition: To become confused about what someone else is saying or to misunderstand each other.
Example: We got our wires crossed about the time for the meeting, so I arrived an hour early.


67. To take by storm -взять штурмом
Definition: To quickly gain widespread popularity or acclaim; to win over a group of people very decisively.
Example: The new Broadway musical took the critics by storm and received rave reviews.

68. To go viral - стать вирусным
Definition: For a video, image, or piece of information to spread rapidly through the population by being frequently shared with numerous individuals online.
Example: The funny cat video went viral within days, garnering millions of views on social media.

69. Behind closed doors - за закрытыми дверями
Definition: Done in private or without public knowledge, often implying secrecy.
Example: The government negotiations were conducted behind closed doors, so the media could only speculate about the discussions.

70. To pull the wool over someone’s eyes - вешать лапшу на уши
Definition: To deceive or trick someone by telling lies or presenting false information.
Example: He tried to pull the wool over her eyes with a fake excuse, but she soon discovered the truth.

71. To raise/leave the curtain - открывать занавес
Definition: Originally from theater, meaning to begin a performance or to reveal something that was hidden or secret.
Example: The company will raise the curtain on their new product line at the press conference tomorrow.

72. No news is good news - нет новостей - хорошие новости
Definition: The lack of news or updates can imply that things are going well and no bad occurrences have taken place.
Example: I haven’t heard back from the doctor, but I guess no news is good news.

73. A corporate whistle-blower - корпоративный доносчик
Definition: An employee who exposes illegal or unethical behavior within their organization to the public or to authorities.
Example: The corporate whistle-blower risked her job by reporting the company’s financial misconduct to the authorities.

1. A safe pair of hands - Надежные руки
   - Definition: A trustworthy and capable person.
   - Example: "We need someone with safe hands to help us finish this project."
2. Give me a hand - Подай мне руку
   - Definition: To ask for assistance or support from someone.
   - Example: "I can't lift this box by myself. Give me a hand, please."
3. Got my hands full - очень занят
   - Definition: Being extremely busy or overwhelmed with tasks.
   - Example: "I can't take on a new project, my hands are already full."
4. Hand in hand - за ручку
   - Definition: To work or proceed together in a cooperative or united manner.
   - Example: "We need to work hand in hand to achieve our goal."
5. Hands are tied - Руки связаны
   - Definition: Being unable to take action or make decisions due to external constraints.
   - Example: "I wish I could help, but my hands are tied in this situation."
6. On hand - Под рукой/на связи
   - Definition: Nearby or readily available.
   - Example: "I needed some paper, and it was already on hand."
7. Time on my hands - Время в избытке
   - Definition: Having a lot of free time with few obligations or responsibilities.
   - Example: "I have plenty of time at the seaside to read books I've been wanting to read for a while."
8. Turn her hand to anything - Уметь делать все подряд
 - Definition: Being versatile, able to do many different things competently.  
 - Example: "She is so talented that she can handle any kind of work. She can turn her hand to anything."