Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

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THEORITICAL BOOK OF 
 
OBSTETRICS & 
GYNECOLOGICAL 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepared by: - 
 
Staff Members of Maternal & Neonatal 
Health Nursing Department- Faculty of 
Nursing – Tanta University
 
For Second Academic Year Students of 
Technical Institute of Nursing
 
 
2024
-
2023
 
 
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:سؤَخ انكهُخ-
 
 
 
انشَبدح وانتًُض فً إستثًبس انًعشفخ فً انتًشَط وتحمُك انتنًُخ انًستذايخ.
 
 
: سسبنخ انكهُخ-
 
 
ًتسع كهُخ انتًشَط 
–
 جبيعخ غنطب 
ًإن ثنبء ثُئخ أكبدًَُخ فبعهخ تؤدي 
ًان تخشَج كىادس يهنُخ 
يتًُضح 
ًف عهىو انتًشَط لبدسح 
ًعه انًنبفسخ 
ًف سىق انعًم 
ًعه انًستىي 
ًانًحه 
ًًُواإلله 
ويىاكجخ انتطىساد انعبنًُخ وتسبهى 
ًف تمذَى انخذيبد انصحُخ نهًجتًع ودفع يسُشح انجحث 
ًًانعه 
ًانتطجُم انًجتكش 
ًف إغبس لُى وتمبنُذ انًجتًع ورنك 
ٍي خالل ثشايج تعهًُُخ حذَثخ وفك 
يعبَُش أكبدًَُخ يعتًذح.
 
 سؤَخ وسسبنخ لسى تًشَط صحخ األو وحذَثٍ انىالدح 
ٍنهعبو انجبيع2022  
-
2021
 
سؤَخ انمسى 
 
 ًانتطهع إنً أٌ َكىٌ لسى تًشَط صحخ األو وحذَثٍ انىالدح يٍ األلسبو انعهًُخ انًتًُضح عه
 ٍيستىٌ انكهُخ يٍ خالل إعذاد يًشض ويًشظه يتًُضٍَ لبدسٍَ عهً انًنبفسخ انفعبنخ ف
 عصش.تكنىنىجُب انًعهىيبد 
سسبنخ انمسى 
 َسعٍ لسى تًشَط صحخ األو وحذَثٍ انىالدح إنٍ إكسبة انطالة انًعهىيبد وانًهبساد
 واالتجبهبد اإلَجبثُخ انالصيخ وانتٍ تًكنهى يٍ تمذَى سعبَخ تًشَعُخ يتطىسح فٍ يجبل صحخ
 انًشأح وحذَثٍ انىالدح وثزنك َسبهى فٍ تطىَش يهنخ انتًشَط وخذيخ انًجتًع وتنًُخ انجُئخ
 كًب أٌ انمسى َسبعذ عهً تنًُخ وتشجُع انمذساد انتعهًُُخ وانجحثُخ انًجنُخ عهً األدنخ
.وانجشاهٍُ نذٌ انطالة وأععبء هُئخ انتذسَس ثًب َتىاكت يع احتُبجبد انًجتًع 
 
 
 
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Table of Content 
No. 
Content 
Page 
1 
Introduction to Obstetrical & Gynecological 
Nursing. 
3 
2 
Anatomy of Female and male reproductive 
systems and female breast. 
8 
3 
Physiology of Menstruation. 
24 
4 
Fertilization and implantation. 
35 
5 
Physiological changes during pregnancy. 
45 
6 
Antenatal care. 
59 
7 
Physiological changes of normal labor. 
65 
8 
Management of normal labor. 
87 
9 
Puerperium. 
96 
10 
Management of puerperium 
102 
11 
Family Planning 
114 
12 
Menstrual disorders  
124 
13 
Infertility 
133 
14 
References. 
141 
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Introduction to Obstetrical & Gynecological Nursing 
Objectives: 
By the end of this lecture the students will be able to:- 
 Define obstetric nursing. 
 Define gynecological nursing. 
 Recognize the common obstetrical terminology. 
 Define birth rate, marriage rate, fertility rate, neonatal death rate, 
fetal death or still birth, perinatal mortality rate, and infant 
mortality rate. 
   Definition of Obstetric nursing: 
- The word “Obstetrics” is derived from the latin verb” Obstare” 
which means “to protect”. 
- It is a branch of nursing science which provided care for women 
during pregnancy, labor & postpartum period until the end of 
puerperium. 
Definition of gynecological nursing : 
- Gyne: is derived from a Greek word: gyn. or gyniakos, which 
mean woman or female, while ology mean study. Thus, 
gynecology means the study of the diseases of the female genital 
tract.  
- It is the branch of nursing, which deals with nursing care provided 
to women with gynecological diseases. 
 
 
 
 
 
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Common obstetrical terminology:  
 
Common obstetrical vital statistics: 
Items 
Definitions 
Fertility rate 
 
It is the number of births per 1000 
women aged 15 - 44 years. 
Neonatal 
 
It is the period from birth through 28th 
days of life. 
Neonatal death rate 
It is the number of neonatal deaths per 
1000 live birth at the first 28th days of 
life.  . 
Fetal death or still birth 
Fetal death inside the uterus at or after 
28th weeks' gestation prior to birth. 
Perinatal mortality rate 
All stillborn infants whose gestational 
age is 28th weeks or more + neonatal 
deaths under 28th day per 1000 births. 
Terms 
Definitions 
Gravida woman 
A woman who is pregnant. 
Gravidity 
Number of pregnancy. 
Primigravida  
A woman who is pregnant for the first time. 
Multigravida  
A woman who has been pregnant more than 
once. 
Nulligravida  
A woman who has never been pregnant. 
Primipara  
A woman who has given birth to only one 
time. 
Multipara  
A woman who has given birth two or more 
times. 
Nullipara  
A woman who has never given birth before.  
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Infant mortality rate 
It is the number of deaths after the first 
28th days of life until the first birthday 
per 1000 live birth. 
Maternal mortality ratio 
It is the number of maternal deaths 
resulting from obstetric related causes 
per 100.000 live births. 
 
Maternal Mortality 
Definition: 
Maternal mortality refers to maternal deaths due to obstetrical causes 
(during pregnancy, delivery, or postpartum) 
Incidence in Egypt: 17/ 100,000 live births in year 2020 statistics. 
 
Main causes of maternal mortality are: 
1. Direct causes 80%.  
 Hemorrhage especially postpartum hemorrhage   
 Pregnancy induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia &eclampsia) 
  Puerperal & post abortive sepsis. 
 Rupture uterus.  
 Obstructed labor.  
 Other factors: pulmonary embolism and anesthesia related 
complication. 
2. Indirect causes 20%.  
 Cardiovascular diseases.  
 Anemia.  
 Infectious diseases.  
 Urological diseases. 
 Hepatitis. 
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 Neurological disorders.  
 Diabetes.  
 Gastrointestinal diseases.  
 Neoplasm.  
 Others.  
Maternal Morbidity: 
Maternal Morbidity is “any health condition attributed to and/or 
aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth that has a negative impact on the 
woman’s wellbeing”. 
Such as: 
- Anemia. 
- Hypertension. 
- Urinary Tract Infection. 
- Infertility. 
- Uterine prolapse. 
- Chronic pain 
-
and mortality: 
Strategies of reducing maternal morbidity 
 
1- Better hospital facilities (structures &equipment). 
2- Adequate skillful hospital staff e.g. doctors, anesthesiologists’, nurses, 
pharmacists, ray technicians, laboratory technicians & workers.   
3- Antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care. 
4- Training of T.B.As. (Traditional birth attendance). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Questions 
I- Define: 
1. Still birth 
2. Maternal mortality ratio 
3. Fertility rate 
4. Primigravida 
5. Nulligravida 
6. Multipara 
 
II- Match: 
 
1- 
Gravida 
A 
A woman who is pregnant. 
2- 
Primipara 
B 
A woman who is in her first 
pregnancy. 
3- 
Multipara   
C 
A woman who has been pregnant 
more than once. 
4- 
Nullipara    
D 
A woman who has never been 
pregnant and is not now pregnant. 
5- 
Nulligravida 
E 
A woman who has given birth to 
only one child. 
6- 
Multigravida 
F 
A woman who has given birth two 
or more times. 
7- 
Primigravida 
G 
A woman who has never given 
birth or who has never had a 
pregnancy progress beyond the 
gestational age of an abortion. 
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Female and Male Reproductive System 
& Female Breast 
Objectives:- 
At the end of the lecture the student will be able to
 
 Explain functions of male and female reproductive organs and the 
breast. 
 Describe the structure of the bony pelvis.  
 Identify the female external and internal reproductive organs. 
 Identify the male reproductive organs. 
 Identify anatomy of the breast. 
 
Reproductive System 
 - The bony pelvis.  
 -  Soft tissues (External and internal female genital organs).  
Bony Pelvis 
Th

Summary :