You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs September 16, 2014

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. BRENT ALLEN BLYE

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sullivan County
                         No. S50833     R. Jerry Beck, Judge


                   No. E2014-00220-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 30, 2015


A Sullivan County Circuit Court Jury convicted the appellant, Brent Allen Blye, of
possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell, a Class B felony; simple
possession of dihydrocodeinone, a Class A misdemeanor; and simple possession of less than
one-half ounce of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor. The trial court sentenced him as a
Range II, multiple offender to an effective sentence of twelve years in the Tennessee
Department of Correction. In this delayed appeal, the appellant contends that the trial court
erred by refusing to allow him to question a co-defendant about her criminal history; that the
trial court erred by giving, or failing to give, certain jury instructions; and that the trial court
erred by allowing a police detective to testify about the value of the cocaine. The State
concedes that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the simple possession offenses
could be committed with a mens rea of recklessness but contends that the error was harmless.
The State maintains that the trial court committed no other error. Upon review, we conclude
that the trial court erred in its jury instruction regarding the necessary mens rea for the lesser-
included offense of simple possession of cocaine but that the error was harmless. For the
charged offenses of simple possession of dihydrocodeinone and marijuana, we conclude that
the trial court also erred in its instructions on the necessary mens rea and that the error was
not harmless. Therefore, we must reverse those convictions and remand for a new trial.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are Affirmed
                    in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded.

N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OGER A. P AGE and
R OBERT H. M ONTGOMERY, J R., JJ., joined.

Kenneth E. Hill (on appeal), Kingsport, Tennessee, and Perry L. Stout (at trial), Johnson
City, Tennessee, for the appellant, Brent Allen Blye.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel;
Barry Staubus, District Attorney General; and William Harper, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                                I. Factual Background

      On June 22, 2005, the appellant was charged by presentment with count one,
possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine, a Class B felony; count two, possession of
dihydrocodeinone, a Class A misdemeanor; and count three, possession of less than one-half
ounce of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor. At trial, the following evidence was adduced:

             On November 12, 2004, Detective Jason Grant Bellamy of the
             Kingsport Police Department, accompanied by Detective Mark
             Mason and Officer Jeff Kendrick, went to the Comfort Inn in
             Kingsport, Tennessee to look for the [appellant]. When they
             arrived at the hotel, Detective Bellamy asked the staff if the
             [appellant] had rented a room. When the staff told him that the
             [appellant] did not have a room at the hotel, he asked if Savonna
             Collier, who had been seen with the [appellant] and identified as
             his girlfriend, had rented a room. They learned that Ms. Collier
             had rented room 264.

                    Detective Bellamy and the other officers went to room
             264. Ms. Collier answered the door, and after they identified
             themselves, Ms. Collier allowed them to come inside. They
             found the [appellant] asleep on the bed closest to the door,
             wearing only a thin shirt, jeans, and socks. They arrested the
             [appellant]. After the [appellant] was taken from the room, Ms.
             Collier asked Detective Bellamy if he would let the [appellant]
             have his jacket, which had been underneath the [appellant] on
             the bed. Detective Bellamy retrieved the jacket from the bed
             and searched it. Inside the jacket, he found three blue pills
             labeled “Watson 5-4-0” and a prescription bottle filled with
             what appeared to be crack cocaine. Detective Bellamy collected
             the evidence and asked Ms. Collier to accompany him to the
             police station. Ms. Collier complied, and by that time, the
             [appellant] had already left in a patrol car. Once they arrived at
             the police station, Detective Bellamy gave the items retrieved
             from the jacket to Detective Sean Chambers, who identified the

                                            -2-
contents of the pill bottle as cocaine. Detective Chambers spoke
with Ms. Collier, who gave him the key to the hotel room.

        Detective Chambers went to the hotel with Detective
Sergeant Dale Phipps and Detective Steve Hammonds. They
searched Ms. Collier’s room and found several items in the
drawer of the table that was located between the two beds in the
room. Inside the drawer, Detective Chambers found a plastic
bag that contained approximately six other plastic bags. In two
bags, he found plant material. In three bags, he found a white
substance. In another bag, he found tan-colored rocks. He also
found “cash in the amount of $612” and two receipts. Both
receipts referenced the [appellant]. In the storage area
underneath the drawer of the table, Detective Bellamy found
several tan-colored rocks on top of a Comfort Inn notepad. On
the bed closest to the door, he found a cigarette box that
contained a blue pill, labeled “Watson 5-4-0” and a small
amount of plant material. He found a blue shirt on the same
bed, and in the left pocket of the shirt, he found a hand-rolled
cigarette. He continued to search the rest of the room but did
not find anything else. The room did not contain any baggage
or clothing other than the blue shirt found on the bed. The room
also did not contain any crack pipes, straws, or syringes that may
have been used to ingest the drugs found in the room. Detective
Chambers later learned that a razorblade had been found on the
[appellant]. Detective Chambers then went to the hotel office
and retrieved a copy of the registration form, which showed that
the room was registered to Ms. Collier and that two individuals
were staying in the room.

        According to Detective Chambers, the approximate value
of the cocaine found in the hotel room was $3,000. His estimate
was based on the weight of the cocaine and the “going price in
the city of Kingsport.” He stated that the crack rocks that were
found in the room would normally be sold as “individual rocks”
after they were “broken down into smaller quantities.” He also
stated that the crack rocks could be sold as they were found.

      The rocks found in the pill bottle contained cocaine base
and weighed 16.84 grams. The white powder found in the three

                               -3-
               bags contained cocaine and weighed 6.93 grams. The rocks
               found in the other plastic bag contained cocaine base and
               weighed 1.79 grams, .44 grams, and 4.36 grams. The rocks
               found in the storage area of the bedside table contained cocaine
               base and weighed .39 grams. Thus, there was a total of 23.8
               grams of crack rocks, and 6.93 grams of powder cocaine. The
               plant material was tested and found to contain marijuana, and
               the total weight of the plant material was 5.9 grams. The blue
               pills were tested and found to contain Dihydrocodeinone, a
               Schedule III drug.

Brent A. Blye v. State, No. E2012-02626-CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL 3973468, at *1-2 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Knoxville, Aug. 5, 2013); see also State v. Brent Allen Blye, No. E2008-
00976-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 529515, at *5-7 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Feb. 14,
2011).

       At trial, the defense argued that the appellant was in the motel room for reasons other
than dealing drugs and that the drugs belonged to Ms. Collier. The jury rejected the
appellant’s argument and convicted the appellant of the charged offenses. The appellant
pursued a direct appeal; however, he failed to file a timely motion for new trial, and this
court’s review was limited to addressing the sufficiency of the convicting evidence. Blye,
No. E2008-00976-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 529515, at *3-4. Upon concluding that the
evidence was sufficient, this court affirmed the appellant’s convictions.1 Id. at *7.

        Thereafter, the appellant filed a petition for post-conviction relief, which was denied
by the court. On appeal, this court remanded the case to the trial court “to determine
whether, but for counsel’s deficient performance, a motion for new trial would have been
filed raising issues in addition to sufficiency of the evidence.” Blye, No. E2012-02626-
CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL 3973468, at *12. On remand, the trial court found that the appellant
was entitled to a delayed appeal.

        Subsequently, the appellant filed a motion for new trial, raising numerous issues,
including (1) that the trial court erred by refusing to allow the appellant to question Ms.
Collier about her prior convictions and charges; (2) that the trial court erroneously instructed
the jury that they could not consider comments about Ms. Collier as evidence; (3) that the
trial court failed to instruct the jury on various lesser-included offenses; (4) that the trial court
erred by instructing the jury that “possession/casual exchange” required the mens rea of


       1
         Following the direct appeal, the appellant and the State entered into an agreement regarding
sentencing.

                                                 -4-
recklessness; and (5) that the trial court erred by allowing Detective Chambers to testify
about the value of the drugs. The trial court denied the motion, and the appellant timely filed
a notice of appeal.

                                         II. Analysis

                            A. Co-Defendant’s Criminal History

        The appellant first challenges the trial court’s decision to limit his direct examination
of his co-defendant, Ms. Collier. The record reflects that prior to the close of the State’s
proof, defense counsel announced his intention to call Ms. Collier as a defense witness. The
trial court stated that Ms. Collier, who was represented by counsel, might invoke her Fifth
Amendment protection against self-incrimination. Defense counsel argued that he should
be allowed to question Ms. Collier about her prior record for which she had no Fifth
Amendment privilege. Defense counsel explained:

              [T]he prior record concerns prostitution. And the theory being
              that there’s two people in the room. The cocaine has to belong
              to somebody. She rented the room herself in cash. And there
              was no luggage or clothing in the room, so there could be more
              going on in the room than selling dope.

              ....

              [A]s long as I don’t ask her anything that would incriminate her
              to be charged with a crime presently, she’s just another witness
              and answering questions.

       The trial court noted that defense counsel was “correct to a point” but that “there’s got
to be a theory, a legal theory that I can let that type of testimony in. I know where you’re
going. You want to show she’s a prostitute.” Defense counsel clarified, “No. That she has
been in the past.” The trial court stated that the questioning would violate Ms. Collier’s Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination, noting that Ms. Collier could be indicted if she
admitted to prostitution in the motel room.

       The trial court again asked defense counsel to provide a legal basis for questioning
Ms. Collier about her prior criminal history. The court noted that defense counsel could not
question Ms. Collier pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b) because “if this was a
defendant under 404(b) . . . , you can’t use it to show a propensity to commit a crime.”
Defense counsel answered, “I’m really just at a loss[.]” The trial court referred to Tennessee

                                               -5-
Rule of Evidence 404(a) but noted that “this is not the criminal accused we’re dealing with,
and we’re not dealing with a victim” and that “you’re not offering this for impeachment,
you’re offering it as substantive evidence.”

        The trial court held a jury-out hearing so that counsel could question Ms. Collier. The
court noted that her attorney was present. As soon as defense counsel began questioning Ms.
Collier, her counsel immediately objected, advising the court that Ms. Collier would be
invoking her Fifth Amendment right and that “I don’t want her to say anything that touches
the facts of the charges.” The trial court asked Ms. Collier if she intended to invoke her Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination regarding what occurred in the motel room, and
Ms. Collier responded in the affirmative. Defense counsel then asked Ms. Collier how she
met the appellant, and she again invoked her Fifth Amendment right. The trial court stated
that Ms. Collier could invoke the Fifth Amendment because “that shows her association”
with the appellant. Upon further questioning by defense counsel, Ms. Collier acknowledged
that she was arrested in Nevada on March 31, 2004, for “solicitation or engaging in
prostitution” but said that she had never gone to court on that charge. She acknowledged
being arrested in Florida for prostitution on January 28, 2005, and on March 10, 2005, but
denied being convicted of either charge. She also acknowledged that she was arrested in
Florida on a charge of “solicitation . . . of another for lewdness” on March 15, 2005, but said
that she could not recall the disposition of that case. However, her counsel ultimately
conceded that Ms. Collier entered a plea of nolo contendere on April 20, 2005.

       The trial court held that the arrests and conviction that occurred after the instant
offense were inadmissible “because they wouldn’t go to any motive, intent at the time of the
alleged crime.” Furthermore, the trial court said that it failed to discern how the charges
amassed after the instant offenses were relevant. The court observed that the Nevada
prostitution charge occurred before the instant offenses but that Ms. Collier denied being
convicted of the offense. The trial court stated, and defense counsel agreed, that to be
admissible, “[i]t’d have to be the level of a conviction, not just an accusation.”

       Defense counsel maintained that Ms. Collier’s history of prostitution was relevant to
establish “an alternative reason [the appellant] was in the room.” The court responded that
defense counsel’s theory was “pure speculation,” noting that no proof had been introduced
to suggest Ms. Collier was acting as a prostitute on the day of the offense. The court held
that under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 403, admitting proof of Ms. Collier’s arrests and
conviction would confuse the jury; accordingly, the court found that her criminal history was
inadmissible.

      The appellant argues that the trial court erroneously excluded Ms. Collier’s prior
conviction on Fifth Amendment grounds. However, the record belies that contention. The

                                              -6-
court ruled that Ms. Collier could invoke her privilege against self-incrimination regarding
her role in what transpired in the motel room. The trial court then ruled that Ms. Collier’s
prior criminal history was inadmissible because it was irrelevant and, if somehow relevant,
was speculative and confusing to the instant charges.

       Next, the appellant claims that evidence of Ms. Collier’s prostitution was relevant to
his claim that he was in her motel room only to procure her services. He contends that
evidence of her prostitution was the “cornerstone” of his defense and that the trial court’s
excluding the evidence deprived him of his right to present that defense.

        The State argues that “the nature of the [appellant’s] relationship with Ms. Collier has
no bearing on which party owned the drugs recovered.” We disagree with the State.
“‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than
it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401; see also State v. Kennedy, 7 S.W.3d
58, 68 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). At trial, Ms. Collier was identified as the appellant’s
girlfriend, which supported the State’s theory that she and the appellant jointly owned the
drugs. However, if the appellant could show that they did not have a personal relationship
and that he was in her room only as a client, then such evidence would support his defense
that the drugs were hers alone. We note that the trial court also recognized the significance
of Ms. Collier’s relationship with the appellant, ruling that she could invoke her Fifth
Amendment right with regard to how she met the appellant. Therefore, we agree with the
appellant that whether Ms. Collier was acting as a prostitute in the motel room was relevant
to his defense.

        Even relevant evidence, though, “may be excluded if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or
misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403. It is within the trial court’s
discretion to determine whether the proffered evidence is relevant; thus, we will not overturn
the trial court’s decision absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 449
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

       After careful consideration, the trial court found that even if Ms. Collier’s prior arrests
and conviction for prostitution were relevant, their probative value was substantially
outweighed by the potential for confusion of the issues pursuant to Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 403 because “there’s not one scintilla of proof that on the day of this crime [Ms.
Collier] was acting as a prostitute.” We agree with the trial court. Moreover, the appellant
was attempting to use Ms. Collier’s prior criminal history of prostitution as substantive
evidence that she was acting as a prostitute on November 12, 2004, which is specifically

                                               -7-
prohibited by Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(a). See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(a) (providing that
generally “[e]vidence of a person’s character or trait of character is not admissible for the
purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion”). Therefore, we
conclude that the appellant is not entitled to relief.

                                      B. Jury Instructions

        The appellant raises several issues regarding the trial court’s instructions to the jury.
“It is well-settled that a defendant has a constitutional right to a complete and correct charge
of the law, so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the jury on
proper instructions.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 390 (Tenn. 2011). This court “must
review the entire [jury] charge and only invalidate it if, when read as a whole, it fails to fairly
submit the legal issues or misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” Forbes, 918 S.W.2d
at 447. A charge resulting in prejudicial error is one that fails to fairly submit the legal issues
to the jury or misleads the jury about the applicable law. State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346,
352 (Tenn. 1997). “Whether jury instructions are sufficient is a question of law appellate
courts review de novo with no presumption of correctness.” State v. Clark, 452 S.W.3d 268,
295 (Tenn. 2014).

                                    1. Limiting Instruction

      The appellant challenges the trial court’s instruction to the jury regarding how to
consider evidence regarding Ms. Collier at trial. To put the appellant’s complaint in
perspective, we will summarize the lengthy road that led to the contested instruction.

       The record reveals that at the beginning of voir dire, the trial court told the jury that

                       [t]here is a blacked-out portion of the indictment alleging
               there is a co-defendant. You should not worry about that. That
               defendant is not on trial. You should not – as far as whether that
               person may be guilty or not guilty, you won’t be deciding that.
               So unless it[] becomes material . . . in some way under the
               evidence, you should disregard it. It could be that it might be
               mentioned and might be material as to at least who the other
               person [is who was] charged. But you should not worry about
               that at this time. And you won’t be making any decision in
               regards to any alleged co-defendant. . . .

       Thereafter, the jurors were questioned about whether they knew any of the parties
involved in the case or had any potential bias that could impact the case. During the course

                                                -8-
of the questioning, the following colloquy occurred:

                      [Defense counsel:] Also, you know, there – there is a co-
               defendant in this case. And like the judge said, you don’t
               consider her guilt – or his or her guilt in any way whatsoever.
               But there might be . . .

                     [Trial court:] Well, they’re – they’re not trying the co-
               defendant in the . . .

                       The co-defendant is . . . [Ms.] Collier.

                       [Defense counsel:] Yes. Your Honor.

                       [Trial court:] You can ask . . .

                       All right. Now, they’re not trying the co-defendant.

                       [Defense counsel:] Right.

                       [Trial court:] And they’re not to think they are.

                       [Defense counsel:] Right.

                       [Trial court:] So they’re only trying the case of State v.
               Blye.

                       [Defense counsel:] Right. . . .

       After the jury was chosen and sworn, opening statements were given. In particular,
defense counsel stated that the appellant was in the room “for a purpose, but the purpose had
nothing to do with drugs. . . . I think you’ll find that . . . [the appellant] was not . . . in the
best place he could be or doing the greatest thing he could do. But he wasn’t there for the
drugs . . . and didn’t even know about them.”

        During the State’s case-in-chief, the trial court held a bench conference regarding the
admissibility of a laboratory report containing the results of testing conducted on various
substances found in the motel room. During the bench conference, the State informed the
trial court that the original laboratory report mentioned Ms. Collier’s name and requested
permission to introduce a copy with her name redacted. Defense counsel objected, stating,

                                                -9-
“I wouldn’t want it altered, Your Honor.” The court sustained the objection, noting that in
the course of opening statements, defense counsel had taken “the position the – these things
could have belonged to anybody, may have belonged to [Ms.] Collier. It’s pretty well
established at this point that Ms. Collier rented the room.” The court stated that it hoped it
had not misinformed the jury earlier and that the jury could “consider evidence about [Ms.]
Collier if it’s material or relevant. . . . What I was telling the [j]ury, don’t worry about trying
Ms. Collier ‘cause she’s not on trial.” Nevertheless, the court acknowledged that “obviously
Ms. Collier’s going to have some – already has some presence in the lawsuit.” The court
asked whether the parties thought the court had “misinstructed anything,” and defense
counsel stated, “I don’t think so.”

       At that point, the trial court gave the jury the following limiting instruction:

                       If you remember, yesterday we talked about Ms. Collier,
               Savonna Collier, the co-defendant. Now, you’re not trying her.
               She’s not on trial in this case. But there has been – I’ve allowed
               some testimony about her where her name was mentioned. And
               I’ll not try to do any summary of it, but her name has been
               mentioned. You can consider any witness’s testimony for what
               it’s worth – you have to decide what weight to give it – where
               she may be mentioned. You all follow me?

                       Yesterday I just wanted to make sure that you all knew
               you weren’t trying Ms. Collier, because you’re not. But where
               Ms. Collier has been mentioned in the testimony, you can
               consider that evidence for what it’s worth to you. And, of
               course, you all are – the reason I say that to you, you all are the
               trier of facts and the exclusive judges of the evidence. So you
               can’t consider these comments you’ve heard about [Ms.] Collier
               as evidence in the case involving where [the appellant] is
               charged. Does everybody understand that? All right.

        On appeal, the appellant challenges the foregoing limiting instruction, arguing that
“[g]iven the volume of testimony relating to the co-defendant’s involvement and [its] direct
relevance to the question of whether [the appellant] or she was in possession of the drugs,
it was error to inform the jury that they ‘can’t consider these comments [they’ve] heard about
[Ms.] Collier as evidence.’” The State acknowledges that the trial court made “a slip of the
tongue” when it informed the jury, “[Y]ou can’t consider these comments you’ve heard about
[Ms.] Collier as evidence in the case involving where [the appellant] is charged.” However,
the State contends that the instruction, when read in its entirety, properly instructed the jury

                                               -10-
that they “should consider evidence regarding [Ms.] Collier how [they] saw fit but that [they
were] not tasked with determining her guilt.”

       Initially, we note that the appellant did not object to the trial court’s instruction at trial.
Indeed, defense counsel agreed that the trial court had not “misinstructed anything,” arguably
waiving the issue. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a) (providing that “[n]othing in this rule shall be
construed as requiring relief be granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to
take whatever action was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an
error”). Therefore, we may only grant relief in the event of plain error. Tenn. R. App. P.
36(b) (providing that “[w]hen necessary to do substantial justice, [this] court may consider
an error that has affected the substantial rights of a party at any time, even though the error
was not raised in the motion for a new trial or assigned as error on appeal”).

      We should not consider an issue as plain error unless all five of the following factors
are met:

               a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial
               court; b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been
               breached; c) a substantial right of the accused must have been
               adversely affected; d) the accused did not waive the issue for
               tactical reasons; and e) consideration of the error is “necessary
               to do substantial justice.”

State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d 626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (footnotes omitted); see
also State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 283 (Tenn. 2000) (adopting the Adkisson test for
determining plain error). Furthermore, the “plain error must be of such a great magnitude
that it probably changed the outcome of the trial.” Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d at 642 (internal
quotations and citation omitted).

        As we noted earlier, “[j]ury instructions must be reviewed in their entirety. Phrases
may not be examined in isolation.” State v. Rimmer, 250 S.W.3d 12, 31 (Tenn. 2008)
(citation omitted). The limiting instruction, when read as a whole, did not prohibit the jury
from considering the evidence against Ms. Collier; it merely cautioned the jury that Ms.
Collier was not the party on trial. We conclude that the appellant is not entitled to plain error
relief.

                                  2. Lesser-Included Offenses

       The appellant complains that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on
various lesser-included offenses. Specifically, he contends that the trial court failed to

                                                -11-
instruct the jury on attempted simple possession or casual exchange of cocaine; attempted
simple possession or casual exchange of dihydrocodeinone; and attempted simple possession
or casual exchange of marijuana. The State responds that the trial court did not err.

        Initially, we note that the appellant failed to request that the trial court instruct the jury
on any lesser-included offenses. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110(a) provides
that “[w]hen requested by a party in writing prior to the trial judge’s instructions to the jury
in a criminal case, the trial judge shall instruct the jury as to the law of each offense
specifically identified in the request that is a lesser included offense of the offense charged
in the indictment or presentment.” However, “w hen no written request is made by a party
for an instruction on a lesser-included offense, as in this case, the trial court may charge the
lesser-included offense, but a party is not entitled to such an instruction.” Bryant v. State,
460 S.W.3d 513, 523 (Tenn. 2015) (citing State v. Fayne, 451 S.W.3d 362, 370-71 (Tenn.
2014)); see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(b). Moreover, in the absence of a written request,
the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury on a lesser-included offense “‘may not be
presented as a ground for relief either in a motion for a new trial or on appeal.’” Fayne, 451
S.W.3d at 371 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(c)); see also State v. Vasques, 221
S.W.3d 514, 523-24 (Tenn. 2007).

       Our supreme court has cautioned that “[a]s a non-structural constitutional error, the
omission of a lesser-included offense instruction is subject to waiver for purposes of plenary
appellate review when the issue is not timely raised and properly preserved.” State v. Page,
184 S.W.3d 223, 230 (Tenn. 2006). “The waiver of a lesser included offense instruction does
not, however, preclude our consideration of the issue under the doctrine of plain error.”
Fayne, 451 S.W.3d at 230 (citing Page, 184 S.W.3d at 371).

        In the instant case, the appellant not only failed to request lesser-included offense
instructions in writing but also, when given the opportunity by the trial court, failed to object
or request any other instructions. Id. Accordingly, we conclude that the appellant failed to
properly preserve the issue and is entitled to relief only in the event of plain error. Id.;
see Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). To be entitled to plain error relief, the appellant has the burden
of demonstrating that the error “more probably than not affected the judgment or would
result in prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b); State v. Rodriguez, 254
S.W.3d 361, 372 (Tenn. 2008).

        Our supreme court has determined that an offense is a lesser-included offense if “all
of its statutory elements are included within the statutory elements of the offense charged”
or if the offense is “ an attempt to commit the offense charged or an offense that otherwise
meets the definition of lesser-included offense.” State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 466-67


                                                -12-
(Tenn. 1999).2 Generally, a lesser-included offense instruction is proper if “1) the record
contains any evidence that reasonable minds could accept as to the existence of the
lesser-included offense; and 2) the conviction for the lesser-included offense is supported by
legally sufficient evidence.” Bryant, 460 S.W.3d at 523.

       With regard to the indicted offense of possession of cocaine with the intent to sell or
deliver, the trial court instructed the jury on the charged offense and numerous lesser-
included offenses, including simple possession and casual exchange. The trial court did not
give any lesser-included offense instructions for the charged offenses of simple possession
of dihydrocodeinone or marijuana.

        This court has previously said that “casual exchange is not a lesser included offense
of possession of cocaine with the intent to sell.” State v. Nelson, 275 S.W.3d 851, 865
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2008); see also State v. Marvin Harold Dorton, II, No. E2013-01580-
CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 3893363, at *10-11 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Aug. 11, 2014).
Therefore, the trial court did not commit plain error by failing to charge attempted casual
exchange. However, simple possession is a lesser-included offense of possession with the
intent to sell or deliver. See State v. Timothy Wayne Grimes, No. M2001-01460-CCA-R3-
CD, 2002 WL 31373472, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, Oct. 16, 2002).

       When the court determines that an offense is a lesser-included offense, the court must
then determine whether “the record contains any evidence which reasonable minds could
accept as to the lesser included offense . . . view[ing] the evidence liberally in the light most
favorable to the existence of the lesser included offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-18-110(a).
Then, the trial court “shall . . . determine whether the evidence, viewed in this light, is legally
sufficient to support a conviction for the lesser included offense.” Id.; see also Burns, 6
S.W.3d at 469. “Inversely, when this test is not satisfied, no lesser-included offense
instruction is required.” Bryant, 460 S.W.3d at 523-24.


      The State’s theory at trial was that the appellant possessed the drugs. As defense
counsel testified at the post-conviction hearing, the defense’s theory was that the drugs
belonged to Ms. Collier. Blye, No. E2012-02626-CCA-R3-PC, 2013 WL 3973468, at *5.
Based on this “all or nothing” approach, we cannot say that a clear and unequivocal rule was
breached by the failure to instruct the jury on attempted simple possession of cocaine,


        2
          Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-18-110 was amended in 2009 to provide a statutory definition
of the term lesser-included offense; however, that statute is inapplicable here because the offenses occurred
before the effective date of the amendment. See Christopher M. Mimms v. State, No. M2014-01616-CCA-
R3-PC, 2015 WL 3952161, at *6 n.2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, June 29, 2015).

                                                    -13-
attempted simple possession of dihydrocodeinone, or attempted simple possession of
marijuana. See Bryant, 460 S.W.3d at 525-26. Moreover, the record reflects that defense
counsel made a strategic choice not to pursue the lesser-included offense of simple
possession because it would conflict with the theory that Ms. Collier possessed the drugs and
because it would not be believable when the amount of drugs present was considered. Id. at
526. Therefore, the instructions were waived for tactical reasons. Further, given the strength
of the State’s proof against the appellant, we cannot say that the failure to give the
instructions probably changed the outcome of the trial. See State v. Hatcher, 310 S.W.3d
788, 814 (Tenn. 2010). After considering all the Adkisson factors, we conclude that the
court did not commit plain error by failing to instruct on attempted simple possession.


                                          3. Mens Rea


         The appellant contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury that the lesser-
included offenses of simple possession and casual exchange of cocaine could be committed
if he acted recklessly. Similarly, he contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury
that it could find him guilty of simple possession of dihydrocodeinone and simple possession
of marijuana by finding that he acted recklessly. The State argues that any error was
harmless.


       As stated earlier, the appellant did not object to the jury instructions at trial; however,
he raised the mens rea issue in his motion for new trial. O ur supreme court has held that
“[a]n erroneous or inaccurate jury charge, as opposed to an incomplete jury charge, may be
raised for the first time in a motion for a new trial and is not waived by the failure to make
a contemporaneous objection.” State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 48, 58 (Tenn. 2005); see also
Tenn. R. Crim. P. 30(b) (providing that “[c]ounsel’s failure to object does not prejudice the
right of a party to assign the basis of the objection as error in a motion for new trial”).


        It is an offense for a person knowingly to possess a controlled substance with the
intent to sell or deliver. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(4). Likewise, it is generally
an offense for a person knowingly to possess or casually exchange a controlled substance.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-418(a). When instructing the jury on simple possession as a
lesser-included offense of possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell
or deliver, the trial court stated:


               For you to find the [appellant] guilty of simple possession of
               cocaine the State must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt

                                               -14-
              the existence of the following essential elements:


                      1) That the [appellant] either intentionally,
                      knowingly, or recklessly possessed a controlled
                      substance, and;


                      2) That the substance was cocaine, a controlled
                      substance. Cocaine is a Schedule II controlled
                      substance.


(Emphasis added). When charging the jury on simple possession of dihydrocodinone and
simple possession of marijuana, the court again stated that the offense was accomplished if
the appellant “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possessed [the] controlled substance.”
(Emphasis added).


        Our supreme court has recently stated that the “mental state, or ‘mens rea,’ is a
material element of” a charged offense. Clark, 452 S.W.3d at 295. This court has previously
explained that “[w]hen acting recklessly establishes an element, that element is also
established if the defendant acted knowingly. Conversely, when acting knowingly
establishes an element, that element is not established if the defendant acted only recklessly.”
State v. Gilliam, 901 S.W.2d 385, 390 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (citations omitted); see Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-11-301(a)(2).


       We conclude that the trial court erred by including the lesser-culpable mental state of
recklessly for offenses that specifically required a mental state of knowingly. Our supreme
court has held that “the failure to properly instruct the jury on a material element of an
offense is a non-structural constitutional error. When such an error occurs, the conviction
must be reversed unless the State can prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error was
harmless.” Clark, 452 S.W.3d at 295; see also Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).


        The appellant acknowledges that the trial court correctly instructed the jury on the
mental state required for possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell.
Nevertheless, he argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court’s erroneous
instruction that simple possession of cocaine could be accomplished if the person acted
recklessly caused the jury to infer that possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine with the
intent to sell could also be accomplished if the person acted recklessly. We disagree. Our

                                              -15-
supreme court has explained that “[j]urors are presumed to follow the instructions of the
court.” State v. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 494 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91
S.W.3d 247, 279 (Tenn. 2002)). Because the trial court did not err by instructing the jury
regarding the conviction offense, we cannot say that the error in the lesser-included offense
instruction probably changed the outcome of the trial. Accordingly, the appellant is not
entitled to relief.


        Next, the appellant contends that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court
incorrectly instructed the jury that the offenses of possession of dihydrocodeinone and
possession of marijuana could be committed recklessly when the statutory mens rea for the
crimes was that he acted knowingly. The State argues that the error was harmless because
the “evidence overwhelmingly established that the [appellant’s] possession of these
substances was at a minimum knowing and not reckless.” We disagree. We conclude that
because the incorrect jury instruction regarding the appropriate mental state for the crimes
of simple possession of dihydrocodeinone and simple possession of marijuana lessened the
State’s burden of proof, the error was not harmless. Accordingly, we conclude that a new
trial on those charges is warranted.


                                     C. Value of Drugs


       Finally, the appellant contends that the trial court erred by allowing Detective
Chambers to testify about the street value of the cocaine, maintaining that it was expert
testimony and was not supported by the proper foundation. The State responds that the
appellant waived the error by failing to object to the testimony. In the alternative, the State
contends that the proper foundation was established and that the trial court did not err by
allowing Detective Chambers to testify regarding the value of the cocaine.


        As the State noted, the appellant failed to object to the testimony at trial. Moreover,
defense counsel told the trial court, “I don’t really have an objection as to [Detective
Chambers] saying how much the drugs are worth. I mean, that’d be like saying a car
salesman doesn’t know how much cars are worth.” Accordingly, the appellant has waived
the issue. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). Moreover, we discern no plain error. See Tenn. R.
App. P. 36(b).




                                             -16-
                                       III. Conclusion

         In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not err by curtailing defense counsel’s
questioning of Ms. Collier, by giving a limiting instructing about how to consider the
evidence regarding Ms. Collier, and by not instructing the jury on various lesser-included
offenses. We also conclude that the appellant waived any issue concerning Detective
Chambers’s testimony regarding the value of drugs. We conclude, however, that the trial
court erred by instructing the jury that the lesser-included offense of simple possession of
cocaine and the charged offenses of dihydrocodeinone and marijuana could be committed
with a mens rea of recklessly. Because the jury was correctly instructed on count one
regarding the convicted offense of possession of 26 grams or more of cocaine with the intent
to sell or deliver, the failure to instruct properly on the lesser-included offense was harmless.
The error was not harmless, though, as to count two, possession of dihydrocodeinone, and
count three, possession of marijuana. Accordingly, those convictions are reversed, and the
case is remanded for a new trial.


                                                     _________________________________
                                                     NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE




                                              -17-