Following this instruction :
1. Strictly adhere to PEP-8 standards, ensuring code is clean, well-structured, and follows Python's style guide for readability.
2. Use appropriate modules like `typing` for type hints, ensuring code clarity, maintainability, and leveraging Python's standard libraries effectively.
3. Focus on time, space, robustness, scalability; write optimized, efficient code that can handle large datasets and scale seamlessly.
4. Implement comprehensive error handling, catching exceptions gracefully, providing meaningful error messages, and ensuring code robustness under unexpected conditions.
5. Ensure the developer agent writes advanced, maintainable Python code, balancing performance and readability while adhering to best practices.
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TASK: we have generalised below code , best generalised , scalable, robustness,

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("hf-vision/road-pothole-segmentation")
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

def show_mask(mask, ax, random_color=False):
    if random_color:
        color = np.concatenate([np.random.random(3), np.array([0.6])], axis=0)
    else:
        color = np.array([30/255, 144/255, 255/255, 0.6])
    h, w = mask.shape[-2:]
    mask_image = mask.reshape(h, w, 1) * color.reshape(1, 1, -1)
    ax.imshow(mask_image)

fig, axes = plt.subplots()

axes.imshow(np.array(image))
ground_truth_seg = np.array(example["label"])
show_mask(ground_truth_seg, axes)
axes.title.set_text(f"Ground truth mask")
axes.axis("off")
def get_bounding_box(ground_truth_map):
  # get bounding box from mask
  y_indices, x_indices = np.where(ground_truth_map > 0)
  x_min, x_max = np.min(x_indices), np.max(x_indices)
  y_min, y_max = np.min(y_indices), np.max(y_indices)

  # add perturbation to bounding box coordinates
  H, W = ground_truth_map.shape
  x_min = max(0, x_min - np.random.randint(0, 20))
  x_max = min(W, x_max + np.random.randint(0, 20))
  y_min = max(0, y_min - np.random.randint(0, 20))
  y_max = min(H, y_max + np.random.randint(0, 20))
  bbox = [x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]

  return bbox
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def show_box(box, ax):
    x0, y0 = box[0], box[1]
    w, h = box[2] - box[0], box[3] - box[1]
    ax.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((x0, y0), w, h, edgecolor='green', facecolor=(0,0,0,0), lw=2))

def show_boxes_on_image(raw_image, boxes):
    plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
    plt.imshow(raw_image)
    for box in boxes:
      show_box(box, plt.gca())
    plt.axis('on')
    plt.show()
input_boxes = get_bounding_box(ground_truth_seg)
input_boxes
show_boxes_on_image(image, [input_boxes])
from torch.utils.data import Dataset
import cv2

class SAMDataset(Dataset):
  def __init__(self, dataset, processor):
    self.dataset = dataset
    self.processor = processor

  def __len__(self):
    return len(self.dataset)

  def __getitem__(self, idx):
    item = self.dataset[idx]
    image = item["image"]
    ground_truth_mask = np.array(item["label"])

    # normalize mask
    ground_truth_mask = ground_truth_mask / 255.0

    # get bounding box prompt
    prompt = get_bounding_box(ground_truth_mask)

    # prepare image and prompt for the model
    inputs = self.processor(image, input_boxes=[[prompt]], return_tensors="pt")

    # remove batch dimension which the processor adds by default
    inputs = {k:v.squeeze(0) for k,v in inputs.items()}

    # add ground truth segmentation
    inputs["ground_truth_mask"] = ground_truth_mask

    return inputs
from transformers import SamProcessor

# Load processor from official SAM
processor = SamProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/sam-vit-base")
# Split dataset into training and validation
train_dataset = SAMDataset(dataset=dataset["train"], processor=processor)
validation_dataset = SAMDataset(dataset=dataset["validation"], processor=processor)
# Here we check shape from sample training dataset
example = train_dataset[0]
for k,v in example.items():
  print(k,v.shape)
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

train_dataloader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=2, shuffle=True)
from transformers import SamModel

model = SamModel.from_pretrained("facebook/sam-vit-base")

# make sure we only compute gradients for mask decoder
for name, param in model.named_parameters():
  if name.startswith("vision_encoder") or name.startswith("prompt_encoder"):
    param.requires_grad_(False)
from torch.optim import Adam
import torchvision

# Note: Hyperparameter tuning could improve performance here
optimizer = Adam(model.mask_decoder.parameters(), lr=1e-5, weight_decay=0)
from tqdm import tqdm
from statistics import mean
import torch
from torch.nn.functional import threshold, normalize
from torch import nn


num_epochs = 10

device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
model.to(device)

model.train()
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
    epoch_losses = []
    for batch in tqdm(train_dataloader):

      # forward pass
      outputs = model(pixel_values=batch["pixel_values"].to(device),
                      input_boxes=batch["input_boxes"].to(device),
                      multimask_output=False)

      # compute loss
      predicted_masks = outputs.pred_masks.squeeze(1)
      predicted_masks = nn.functional.interpolate(predicted_masks,
                size=(640, 640),
                mode='bilinear',
                align_corners=False)

      ground_truth_masks = batch["ground_truth_mask"].float().to(device)

      loss = torchvision.ops.sigmoid_focal_loss(predicted_masks, ground_truth_masks.unsqueeze(1), reduction='mean')

      # backward pass (compute gradients of parameters w.r.t. loss)
      optimizer.zero_grad()
      loss.backward()

      # optimize
      optimizer.step()
      epoch_losses.append(loss.item())

    print(f'EPOCH: {epoch}')
    print(f'Mean loss: {mean(epoch_losses)}')
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image

# let's take a random validation example
idx = 4

# load image
image = dataset["validation"][idx]["image"]
image
# get box prompt based on ground truth segmentation map
ground_truth_mask = np.array(dataset["validation"][idx]["label"])
prompt = get_bounding_box(ground_truth_mask)

# prepare image + box prompt for the model
inputs = processor(image, input_boxes=[[prompt]], return_tensors="pt").to(device)
for k,v in inputs.items():
  print(k,v.shape)
model.eval()

# forward pass
with torch.no_grad():
  outputs = model(**inputs, multimask_output=False)
# apply sigmoid
sam_seg_prob = torch.sigmoid(outputs.pred_masks.squeeze(1))

# resize masks to original
sam_seg_prob = nn.functional.interpolate(sam_seg_prob,
                size=(640, 640),
                mode='bilinear',
                align_corners=False)

# convert soft mask to hard mask
sam_seg_prob = sam_seg_prob.cpu().numpy().squeeze()
sam_segmentation_results = (sam_seg_prob > 0.5).astype(np.uint8)
def show_mask(mask, ax, random_color=False):
    if random_color:
        color = np.concatenate([np.random.random(3), np.array([0.6])], axis=0)
    else:
        color = np.array([30/255, 144/255, 255/255, 0.6])
    h, w = mask.shape[-2:]
    mask_image = mask.reshape(h, w, 1) * color.reshape(1, 1, -1)
    ax.imshow(mask_image)

fig, axes = plt.subplots()

axes.imshow(np.array(image))
show_mask(sam_segmentation_results, axes)
axes.title.set_text(f"Predicted mask")
axes.axis("off")
fig, axes = plt.subplots()

axes.imshow(np.array(image))
show_mask(ground_truth_mask, axes)
axes.title.set_text(f"Ground truth mask")
axes.axis("off")