Simplify this: Unit 1 Topics  (your major grade for this unit is your culture project)
-Geography 
Movement - humans, information, idealism art, products
Region - formal (boundaries, characteristics), functional, vernacular (perception)
Human
Environment interaction - rely, modify, adapt
Location - absolute or relative
Place - human (language, customs) or physical (landforms)


-Types of Maps
Political (boundaries)
Physical (natural features)
Climate (weather)
Land Use/Resource Map (agriculture)
Elevation (showing height)
Topographic (shape of land)
Cultural (traditions)


-Elements of Civilization
Civilization: complex group of humans who live together in an organized and advanced society
Complex institutions
Advanced cities
Record keeping
Technology
Specialized workers


-Cultural Notes
Culture - Way of life for group of people
Common Practices (Language, symbols, religious beliefs, values, the arts, political beliefs)
Shared understanding (What people eat, clothing, sports, tools, technology, customs, holidays, work)
Social Organization (Family, social class structure, government, economic system, authority)

We learn our culture through:
Media, school, government, friends, family, religious institutes, work place
We can share our cultures (diffusion)
Cultures develop through shared experiences
Neolithic Revolution - agricultural revolution (start to produce instead of gather)


Unit 2 Topics:
Fall of Rome
Rome conquered areas to establish a large empire
Bigger, bigger, bigger... then CRASH

Why?!
-bad leaders
-inflation
-lack of military
-gap between rich and poor

Empire split to East and West
Rome and Byzantium (later called Constantinople) 
Notes from Class


Feudalism (Medieval Period, Dark Ages, for 1,000 years)
Vikings attack → Europeans want help → Lords offer protection

Feudal System (protected people)

Chivalry - defending defenseless, respecting women, code of ethics 
Pope - head of Catholic Church, ruled above the monarch
Review Notes from class



Black Death (1347-1350)
fleas→ rats → bite people → 33% of Europeans killed
People would suffer and die a FAST death
The few who survived didn’t know how to farm
Farmers were rare/valuable so they could ask to be paid more
More $$$ meant they could buy land
Feudalism crumbled 
People started to question church leaders, turn to science
Innovation was on rise, technology was beginning to grow
Notes from class




The Renaissance (rebirth of knowledge, exploration)
1300-1600
Florence Italy - cultural center
REBIRTH of learning, education in areas such as history, philosophy, banking, art, architecture, music, science, writing, poetry, medicine

Leonardo da Vinci was a renaissance man, many talents!
PATRON - gave money to support art
5 major City-States in Italy - 
Milan (northern Italy)
Venice (Doge in charge, merchants trading goods)
Florence (Renaissance, Medici Family)
Papal States (Rome, Pope)
Kingdom of Naples (southern Italy)
Renaissance Slides
Art Slides (4 artists:  Michelangelo, Donatello, da Vinci, Raphael)


More of unit 2 is on the next page…

Unit 2 (continued)
Martin Luther, German monk and professor
1483-1546
Catholic Church → sold indulgences to people $ → people thought they would be forgiven sins and go to Heaven (salvation)
Luther thought The Church was greedy and corrupt by tricking people
Luther believed in FAITH ALONE
He nailed a list of problems and complaints he had with The Church on the front door of the Wittenberg Church (called 95 Theses)
Recant = to take back.  Luther said NO.
The Church thought Luther was a heretic (going against Catholicism) The Church wanted to excommunicate him


The Protestant Reformation
Protest - rebel
Reform - to change
People started to go up against the leaders of The Church and try to change how The Church was behaving
Martin Luther - German monk began to question The Church


Scientific Revolution


Science is still important today because of medicine, climate change, DNA, genes, reducing pollution, enzymes break down plastic → clean water
Scientists changed the world during Scientific Revolution by opening opportunities, motivating people, establishing protocol, expanding medicine
The Church did NOT support scientists because they liked their ideas! The Church thought they were powerful, in control, they did not want questions.
The Church had Galileo killed and Kepler put in prison!


Catholic Reformation - How did The Church try to fix ITSELF internally?
Vernacular so people understand sacraments
Less corrupt

Counter Reformation - How did The Church respond to Luther? Protestants?

Jesuits formed group for foreign missions, university education, secular business, and sometimes politics
For the Greater Glory of God, very serious/disciplined - made VOWS
Wanted to spread their faith all over globe
They had big sugar farms, lots of slaves and made lots of money
They thought it was ok to have slaves because it was saving their souls
They reinvested the money they earned instead of being greedy





Unit 3 Topics (Exploration)  (your test grade for the unit is the Explorer Project)
Age of Exploration Why explore?
Renaissance (individualism, humanism, appreciation of life/education)
Technology
Ideological (salvation, God)
Wealth (God, Gold, Glory)


Life at Sea - Captain Cook’s Health measures teach us about the concerns the sailors had
-disease, chicken pox, scurvy, typhus, syphilis, food poisoning
-small quarters
-no fresh water to drink of bathe, they had water with bacteria and bugs (mosquitos)
-no antiscubortics - no vitamin C from fresh fruit and vegetables
-wet clothes - pneumonia, colds, bacteria


Explorers
-Amerigo Vespucci born in Italy Ferdinand and Isabella promised Columbus that he would be the only merchant to sail to the West Indies.  Promise was broken.  Amerigo started making trips to explore the east coast of South America.  His letters about Native Americans were insightful and people found them interesting. One major finding was that North and South America were separate from Asia. Amerigo created a school for navigators, and developed a new method to determine longitude.
-Prince Henry the Navigator sailed for the Portuguese.  He helped map out the African coast and sailed for the purposes of God and gold. He created schools for explorers
-Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain.  “Discovered” The Americas in 1492 when he landed in the West Indies.  Felt natives in Hispaniola were naive, childlike and easy to convert.
-Bartolomeu Dias Portugal, led the first trip around the Cape of Good Hope, Africa to India. He made it very far, but ended up turning around.
-Vasco da Gama sailed for Portugal, leading the first trip around Africa to India. 
-Ferdinand Magellan sailed for Spain while searching for a Westward route to the Spice Islands. First to circumnavigate the world!
-Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch and was looking for a Northwest passage to India. Sailed up a river in modern day New York, now called the Hudson River.
-Sir Francis Drake sailed for Great Britain. Nicknamed the “Sea Dog” and was a pirate but then knighted because he was so effective. The second person to circumnavigate the world.
-Jacques Cartier/Samuel de Champlain sailed for France.  He explored Canada and claimed it for France.  He was looking for a Northwest Passage.
-Conquistadors are Spanish explorers who were looking for gold.
 -Hernando Cortez sailed for Spain.  He landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztecs under Montezuma.  He conquered land, taking gold back to Spain. A conquistador*
-Francisco Pizarro sailed for Spain. Hetraveled along the Pacific Coast of South America and into Peru while overthrowing the Incas.  A conquistador*


England, France, Spain
New Spain: looking for gold, enslaved many Natives
Opposition to Spanish Rule - Bartolome de las Casas defended the Native Americans and suggested enslaving Africans
New France:  French made positive relations with Natives, sought (wanted) fur
New Portugal:   Northeastern S America and Caribbean, big plantations, brutal to slaves
English Colonies: Colonized much of the east coast, 13 colonies, created overcrowding!
Jamestown  1607- permanent settlement, cash crops to profit (tobacco, cotton)
Plymouth Colony:  Puritans and Separatists - wanted/started a separate/ “purer” church from the Anglican.  Create Mayflower Compact.  Foundation of American self-government


Treatment of Natives
Juan de Solorzano y Pereyra thought Natives should be treated horribly because they were savage like.  He explored for purpose of converting Natives
Bartolome de Las Casas defended the Native Americans, did not like them being mistreated.  He explored for gold.  He thought Africans would make great slaves


Slave Trade
Why Africans?
The were already exposed to European disease, did not know the land, had skin that stood out, and knew about European farming techniques
-Triangular Trade:
Middle Passage was from Africa to America and slaves and gold were exported
Americas exported cash crops to Europe
Europe exported manufactured goods to Africa


Economics
Commercial Revolution - competition for overseas markets
Mercantilism - an economic practice to become self sufficient (money for benefit of Momma)
Export more than you import
Wealth measured with gold and silver
Increased trade, increased inflation
Competition starts wars and imperialism (the desire to build empires)
New economic systems, new banking
Colonies had restriction that caused setbacks, oppression, revolution
Capitalism
Buy stock to make profit $$


Unit 4 Topics (Enlightenment and Revolution) Study Guide (blank copy for practice)
Enlightenment Slides 
Enlightenment Thinkers Enlightenment Thinkers Summary Sheet
Hobbes - lay down your rights (life, liberty, property) to a king, people are evil
Locke - you can’t give up your rights (life, liberty, property), king and people must agree, people are good
Montesquieu - checks and balances, separation of powers, law and order
Rousseau - rich take advantage of poor, there should be no separation of power, religion divides

Effects of Enlightenment - 
reason, liberty, tolerance, individualism, Church and State separate, happiness of citizens
Defend human rights, use of science, modernize politics, democracy, restore literature/art/music, modern schoolings and medicine


Absolutism Slides
Absolute Rulers Absolute Rulers Summary Sheet
Charles I
King Louis XIV - religious, anti-Protestant, loved art/fashion/parties, Versailles, cut tax
Philip II - great education, organized Spanish Armada (fleet), defended Catholicism 
Peter I - basic education, violent, cruel, hated, tortured people
             Wanted Russia to Westernize:  bigger military, secret police, promoted European clothes, expand industry, manufactured goods, built up Navy
Frederick William - religious tolerance, everyone receives basic education, reformed military, no interest in cultural advancement

Enlightened Despots (All wanted to benefit citizens, but still wanted total power as monarch) 
King Frederick II → built military up, writer, loved French culture, believed in having one monarch rule, valued happiness of citizens
Catherine II → equal laws for all, no torture, no punishment until proven guilty
Joseph II → pro religious tolerance (“violence to conscience is harmful”)
Enlightened Despots Summary Sheet

The Seven Years’ War
Great Britain and France
Land struggles over Europe, land struggles over colonies
Great Britain wanted to take $, tax colonies
France wanted to use products and resources (fish, timber, leather, fur) to make profit
Great Britain’s William Pitt → attacks French at sea, fought French, took French forts, captured French trading posts
Treaty ends fighting and there is no more war. 
Result: Britain gets control of India


American Revolution Slides
-Each colony operating independently for their own interest
-Magna Carta limited power of king
-no taxation without representation
-English Bill of Rights inspires US to write our Constitution
-Thomas Paine - we should rule ourselves 
French Revolution Slides
The three estates
Economic Crisis
Weak leadership of King Louis XVI 
Meeting of the Estates—General  May 5, 1789
Enlightenment ideas
3 Estates
1st Estate: Clergy  1% of population
2nd Estate: Nobility   2% of population
3rd Estate: Commoners   97% of population


Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
-written as a list
-creates a set of laws


Declaration of Independence
-written as a letter
-discusses type of government
-Natural rights come from God

Similarities: All men created equal, safety and happiness, define natural rights, unalienable rights, power to the people, liberty, influenced by Enlightenment ideas
King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
$$$ lavish parties, huge palace → they cut off his head → he thinks he’s innocent and calm 
Significance of the Revolution
No more king, monarch, nobility, Catholic Church, Aristocratic tradition 
Declaration of the Rights of Man 
Enlightenment Ideas
Democracy, new order to society, new republic, new laws
People taking destiny into their own hands
Tore apart old feudal ways
Change western civilization
Reign of Terror - Guillotine, over 40,000 executed, lead by Robespierre, Committee of Public Safety, went after “enemies of the Revolution”, country run by fear, leads to corruption and instability, Robespierre later executed.  
Napoleon Bonaparte - Born Corsica, rose to power through the military, coup d etat 1799, Emperor 1804, conquered most of Europe, 3 reasons for down fall-Continental System, Peninsular War, Invasion of Russia-exiled to Elba, returned for 100 Days, final defeat at Waterloo, exiled to St Helena.  


Unit 5 Topics Industrial Revolution
1740s   Why England?  Slideshow  Summary Sheet

Good weather, equipment → grow → feed → breed
More people → more workers → more production
RESOURCES: iron, coal, water (FUEL MACHINES)
More Goods → more money → more investing
More territory → more buyers → more money
What changes were happening?

Handcrafted → MACHINES
Manual → steam engines (greater power)
Farms → Cities
(time) sun → clocks
Isolated → copied others’ ideas (innovation)
Social classes divided up (Lower and Middle class)
Not a lot of pollution → POLLUTION
Other effects:  child labor and abuse 


What was it like living and working during the Industrial Revolution?
Living:
Filthy
Disease ridden
Crowded, overpopulated
Poor, hungry
Few clothes
Little pay
Poor diets
unsanitary
Treatment:
Physically severe
abusive
Little medical attention/help
Overworked, abused
Sweatshops
Trauma
Toxic exposure 
Heat
Dangerous
Long hours
Master:
Greed, money driven
Paid workers $0.10/hour
Worked 6am-6pm
Heartless merciless
Inhumane 
Reckless
Strict discipline
People viewed as disposable
Factories:
Division of Labor
Organization
system

Dangerous
Child abuse
Disregard for health

POLLUTION
TOXINS
DEATH


Positive Effects
Nationalism, railroads connect, travel increases, global trade, more jobs, transportation easier, less labor innovation, more travel, technological advances, industry booms, live longer, healthcare better, more education after this time, wealth
Negative Effects
Pollution, imperialism, stealing ideas, tension, child labor, using all of Earth’s resources too quickly, making weapons in factories, mechanized use of military


Unit 6 - Imperialism
(Africa, India, China, Japan, Latin America)
Why?
Industrial Revolution → factories → make weapons, need resources → CAN take over others

Imperialism Slides 
Why take over?  MOTIVES
Exploratory – gain resources (rubber, tin copper, oil), land and workers
Political – spread your way of governing
Ideological – get more people to think/act like you
Religion – convert to Christianity, change beliefs
Economic – trade, make money

Africa Slides 
European powers wanted resources, workers, trade, money, power, control, to convert, civilize
Africa was not explored - unknown diseases, natives, animals, landscape, climate
Berlin Conference - all powers in Germany meet up to divide Africa, no one in Africa invited 

How did countries keep control? - colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence
         
Cecil Rhodes - diamond industry
Darwin - survival of the fittest
Kipling - anti imperialism
Leopold -from Belgium, controlled the Congo for rubber
How does imperialism impact Africa?
Negative:
African culture is destroyed
Discrimination
Africa does not develop, set back
War
Violence
Positive:
Infrastructure develops
RR, hospitals, education, schools
Technology improves - electricity


British in India 
Sepoy Rebellion Docs
Summary Sheet of Sepoy Rebellion 
Imperialism in China
Latin America


Unit 7: A World at War

WWI took place between 1914 and 1918 
*In on a horse, out on a plane/tank.

Why?   “MANIA”
Militarism   Alliances   Nationalism   Imperialism   Assassination

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria (7 million deaths
Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Italy and USA (9 million deaths)

Assassination: Gavrilo Princip (Serbia) kills Archduke (Austria Hungary)
                         Austria-Hungary gets backed by Germany
                         Serbia gets backed by Russia
                         Germany’s Schlieffen Plan (which fails) calls for an invasion of France
                         Britain declares war

Industrial weapons - kill more people, kill faster!!!
-Artillery guns, machine guns, submarines, trenches, tanks, gatling guns, chemical warfare

Trench Warfare
-trenches were muddy, cold, wet, large, deep, disease ridden, full of rats, devastation, wounded
-men were full of fear, losing sanity, in great danger, bored, expecting to die in there
-Germans build elaborate trenches (thinking the war would last a long time)
-Britain and France built simple trenches that were more simple thinking it would be a short war
West - trench warfare (no land being gained so the new GOAL became to just kill more!)
East - less dense population, easier to break the line,trenches less developed
(STOP here - we are taking a quiz only on the info above this point, not the info below.)

Impact of the War:
10 million deaths, men were shell shocked/jolted, war = hell, drafting men, rationing food, low moral, propaganda, censorship, debt, homeless, role of women shifts, destruction of infrastructure, unemployment.  Germany takes the blame and is left in ruins feeling very angry.

11/11/1918 and ended fighting.
The Big 3 signed the Treaty of Versailles - USA (Wilson), France (Clemenceau), Britain (George)

Russian Revolution
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Russia leaves WWI
Whites vs. Reds - reds liked communism and followed VI Lenin, whites did not
Bolsheviks (followed VI Lenin), Cheka (secret police), USSR (Soviet Union, Communist)



Interwar and WWII
After War - Europe had high unemployment, resentment, anxiety, unstable economies
Germany and Japan - both wanted resources and land
Totalitarian governments came to power and kept power by…
Brainwashing, promised jobs, promoted nationalism and hope, used propaganda 
Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties, & eliminating opposing rivals or political parties 

Fascism- Extreme pride in your country.  Obedience to the government.
No freedoms, especially freedom of speech.  Can own your own businesses
Nazism - Fascism plus racism
Germany under Hitler’s rule - more jobs, nationalism, distrust, fear, turn people in, anti Jewish, women can’t work, lower pay, forced to join Nazi
Appeasement - policy of compromise to avoid war and keep peace
Germany invaded Poland 1939 and WWII Britain declares war
Treaty of Versailles left resentment, imperialism caused tension and dictators rose to power → causes of war

New technology - 
Atomic bomb! Faster and better armed tanks; new long-range bombers; fighter jets; improved hand grenades and flamethrowers
The war was fought in cities and strategically, targeting civilians!
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ends the war

War in Europe
Clear out Africa 
Battle of Britain 			June 1940
US forces land in North Africa 	1942
Battle for Stalingrad			1942-43
Invasion of Normandy		June 6, 1944
Germany surrenders to the Allies	May 7, 1945

War in the Pacific
Pearl Harbor				December 7, 1941
American forces in the Philippines surrender to Japan	May 1942
Island Hopping Strategy		Fall 1943
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	August 1945

How did societies change?
Socially - homeless, unemployment, destruction, death, unstable economies
Politically - countries want more independence and freedom, Cold War
Economically - debt, cost of war was great