این متن را به انگلیسی خلاصه و چکیده کن :Reflecting and Clarifying
Reflecting is the process of feeding-back to another person your understanding of what has been said. Although reflecting is a specialized skill used within counseling, it can also be applied to a wide range of communication contexts and is a useful skill to learn. 
Reflecting often involves paraphrasing the message communicated to you by the speaker in your own words, capturing the essence of the facts and feelings expressed, and communicating your understanding back to the speaker. It is a useful skill because:
•	You can check that you have understood the message clearly.
•	The speaker gets feedback as to how the message is received.
•	It shows interest in, and respect for, what the other person has to say.
•	You are demonstrating that you are considering the other person’s viewpoint.
See also our pages on Reflecting and Clarifying. 
Summarizing
A summary is an overview of the main points or issues raised. Summarizing can also serve the same purpose as 'reflecting'. However, summarizing allows both parties to review and agree the communication exchanged between them up to that point in time. When used effectively, summaries may also serve as a guide to the next steps forward. 
Closing Communication
The way a communication is closed or ended will, at least in part, determine the way a conversation is remembered. 
A range of subtle, or sometimes not so subtle, signals are used to end an interaction. For example, some people may avoid eye contact, stand up, turn their body away, or use behaviors such as looking at a watch or closing notepads or books. All of these non-verbal actions indicate to the other person that the initiator wishes to end the communication.
Closing an interaction too abruptly may not allow the other person to 'round off' what he or she is saying so you should ensure there is time for winding-up. The closure of an interaction is a good time to make any future arrangements. Last, but not least, this time will no doubt be accompanied by a number of socially acceptable parting gestures.
Effective Speaking
Your voice can reveal as much about your personal history as your appearance.  
The sound of a voice and the content of speech can provide clues to an individual's emotional state and a dialect can indicate their geographic roots.  The voice is unique to the person to whom it belongs.  For instance, if self-esteem is low, it may be reflected by hesitancy in the voice, a shy person may have a quiet voice, but someone who is confident in themselves will be more likely to have command of their voice and clarity of speech. 
This page can help you understand and utilize the full potential of your voice.
Aspects of Effective Speaking
Effective speaking has nothing to do with the outdated concept of 'elocution' where everyone was encouraged to speak in the same 'correct' manner.  Rather, effective speaking concerns being able to speak in a public context with confidence and clarity, whilst at the same time reflecting on your own personality.
Aspects of Effective Speaking
•	Accents.
•	Finding your voice.
•	The effect of breath on voice and speech.
•	Vocal production.
Accents
Regional and ethnic accents are positive; they are part of individual personality. 
Gradually, over the years, through the migration of people and exposure to the media, accents are being broken down and neutralized.  In some ways this is a shame because accents can add a dimension and distinctiveness to voice and emphasize individuality.
It is important to get used to the sound of your own voice.  Most people are more relaxed in a private situation, particularly at home, where there are no pressures to conform to any other social rules and expectations.  This is not the case in public situations when there are all sorts of influences exerted upon the way people speak.
Try recording your own voice in an informal setting, like at home. 
Listen carefully to how you sound in order to become accustomed to your own voice.  
You might also note any aspects of your speech which reduce the overall effectiveness of your message.
 Often people don’t like the sound of their own recorded voice - in the same way that some people don't like photographs of themselves - they can feel embarrassed.

Most of us are not used to hearing our own voices and these feelings are totally normal. Get past the initial, ‘Do I really sound like that?’ stage and develop a better understanding of your voice.
When relaxed you will feel more confident, therefore by listening to your voice at home you will have an idea of how you sound to other people.  Although you cannot hear your voice in the same way that others hear you, you can develop an awareness of its impact on others.  Understanding the physical nature of your voice will give you more control over the way that you use it.
Individuals are all used to using language in an informal way in their everyday lives, but as soon as a hint of formality is suggested, they can become self-conscious and seize up. This becomes especially obvious when speaking in front of strangers in a public setting.
The more you get used to the sound of your voice functioning in a slightly more formal way, the easier it is when doing it 'for real'.  In conversational mode, individuals tend to speak in short phrases, a few at a time.  Reading aloud helps you to become used to the more fluent sound of your voice.
An exercise to help develop your effective speaking skills:
Find a document to read, something about two pages in length - the first few pages of a book would work well.  
Read your document through silently first, then read it aloud in your normal speaking voice.  Don't worry if you stumble or falter, just pick up and continue to the end.  
Now read it a third time, recording your voice if possible and remember:
•	Slow down: It is a natural reaction to want to get it over as fast as possible and this often causes people to stumble over their words.  Speeding up also occurs when you are nervous and usually makes you more difficult to understand.
•	Keep your head up: Try not to tuck your chin into the book as your voice is then addressing the floor.  Hold your book higher and project your voice.
•	Pause occasionally: Let the end of a sentence or the end of a paragraph give you a chance of a small, two or three second rest.  Pauses can be useful for emphasis.
Practice this exercise as often as you can.
Anyone can improve the sound of their voice and the way they speak in a matter of days through a few simple exercises, like the one above.  To improve you will need to maintain a certain commitment and practice regularly for a few minutes.
The Effect of Breath on Voice and Speech
The voice is responsive to emotions and sometimes gets 'blocked', which can prevent or hinder the expression of a range of feelings.  However, it is possible to use physical exercise to help produce a more flexible voice, in the same way that people who use vocal sounds professionally take lessons, to ensure that their voices are kept in a versatile condition and ready to vocalize a range of sounds.
When under stress an individual's breathing pattern will change.  When your muscles are tense you cannot use your lungs to their full capacity, when a person is frightened or nervous, a common symptom is tension in the neck and shoulders.  This occurs because, when under pressure, over-breathing tends to occur.  Plenty of air is inhaled, but with fast breathing there is not enough time to exhale and relax.
Good breathing is essential for two reasons:
1.	By using full lung capacity the breath will support the voice and the voice will become richer, fuller and stronger.  This will benefit individuals who have a small voice and who worry that they cannot be heard when speaking to a group of people.  Volume is controlled in the abdomen not in the throat, so breathing to full strength will allow for greater control of the voice.
2.	Breathing deeply and rhythmically has a calming and therapeutic effect as it releases tension and promotes relaxation.  Individuals who are relaxed are more balanced, receptive and confident.  It is no coincidence that several religions use rhythmic breathing techniques such as meditation, yoga and silent contemplation, and vocal release in the form of chants, mantras or hymn singing as aids to their devotions.  By easing physical tension, mental stress decreases and the mind is effectively freed to follow creative pursuits.
Breathing Exercise
1.	Stand in an easy position with your feet one pace apart, with the knees  ‘unlocked’ and not rigidly pushed back.  Keep spine straight, head balanced and face muscles relaxed.