Following this instruction :
1. Strictly adhere to PEP-8 standards, ensuring code is clean, well-structured, and follows Python's style guide for readability.
2. Use appropriate modules like `typing` for type hints, ensuring code clarity, maintainability, and leveraging Python's standard libraries effectively.
3. Focus on time, space, robustness, scalability; write optimized, efficient code that can handle large datasets and scale seamlessly.
4. Implement comprehensive error handling, catching exceptions gracefully, providing meaningful error messages, and ensuring code robustness under unexpected conditions.
5. Ensure the developer agent writes advanced, maintainable Python code, balancing performance and readability while adhering to best practices.



TASK :user model (torch.nn module) generalised pipeline any model from pytorch module , we apply below algorithm,note activation 8 bit , remaining all 1.5bit follow algorithm

## BitNet b1.58: A Detailed Explanation

BitNet b1.58 is a variant of the BitNet architecture, a type of Transformer model designed for Large Language Models (LLMs). This variant uses a ternary system where each parameter (weight) can be -1, 0, or 1, as opposed to the standard 16-bit floating values (FP16 or BF16) used in conventional LLMs. This results in significant cost reductions in terms of:

*   Latency
*   Memory usage
*   Throughput
*   Energy consumption

while maintaining comparable performance to full-precision models.

### Advantages of BitNet b1.58

*   **Pareto Improvement**: BitNet b1.58 provides a Pareto improvement by reducing inference costs while maintaining model performance. This means it achieves a better balance between cost and performance compared to traditional LLMs.
*   **Simplified Computation**: BitNet b1.58 replaces floating-point operations with integer additions for matrix multiplication, leading to significant energy savings and faster computation.
*   **Reduced Memory Footprint**: It has a lower memory footprint, enabling faster and more efficient loading of weights, and making it suitable for deployment on resource-constrained devices.
*   **Enhanced Modeling Capability**: The introduction of '0' in the weight values allows for explicit feature filtering, improving the model's ability to capture important information.
*   **Open-Source Compatibility**: BitNet b1.58 incorporates LLaMA-alike components (RMSNorm, SwiGLU, rotary embedding), ensuring easy integration with popular open-source LLM frameworks.

### Quantization Function

The key to achieving 1.58-bit precision lies in the quantization function used to constrain the weights to the ternary set {-1, 0, 1}. BitNet b1.58 uses the following quantization function:

**Equation 1:**

$ \tilde{W} = RoundClip(\frac{W}{γ + ϵ} ,−1, 1) $

**Equation 2:**

$RoundClip(x, a, b) = max(a,min(b, round(x))) $

**Equation 3:**

$ γ =  \frac{1}{nm}\sum_{ij} |W_{ij}| $

**Explanation:**

1.  The weight matrix (*W*) is scaled by its average absolute value (*γ*) plus a small constant (*ϵ*).
2.  The *RoundClip* function then rounds each scaled value to the nearest integer within the range of -1 to 1.

This quantization process ensures that the weights are represented using only three values, effectively reducing the model's memory footprint and computational complexity.

### Performance and Cost Comparisons

BitNet b1.58 has been shown to match the performance of full-precision LLaMA LLMs in terms of both perplexity and end-task accuracy, starting from a model size of 3B.

**Key findings:**

*   BitNet b1.58 models are significantly faster and consume less memory than their FP16 LLaMA counterparts across different model sizes. For example, the 70B BitNet b1.58 model is 4.1 times faster than the 70B LLaMA LLM.
*   The energy consumption of BitNet b1.58 models is drastically lower due to the use of integer additions instead of floating-point operations. It saves approximately 71.4 times the energy for matrix multiplication on 7nm chips.
*   BitNet b1.58 models achieve higher throughput by supporting larger batch sizes. The 70B model can handle 11 times the batch size of the 70B LLaMA LLM, leading to an 8.9 times increase in throughput.

These results highlight the significant cost advantages of using BitNet b1.58 without compromising performance.

### Future Applications

The development of BitNet b1.58 has opened up new possibilities for LLM applications, especially in resource-constrained environments:

*   **1-bit Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) LLMs**: BitNet b1.58 can address the high memory consumption and communication overhead challenges associated with MoE models, making them more practical for deployment.
*   **Native Support for Long Sequences**: The reduced memory footprint of BitNet b1.58 allows for handling longer input sequences, which is crucial for tasks requiring extensive context.
*   **LLMs on Edge and Mobile Devices**: The efficient nature of BitNet b1.58 enables the deployment of powerful LLMs on edge and mobile devices, expanding the possibilities for AI applications in these environments.
*   **Specialized Hardware for 1-bit LLMs**: The unique computation paradigm of BitNet b1.58 necessitates the development of new hardware specifically optimized for 1-bit LLMs, potentially leading to even greater efficiency and performance gains.

BitNet b1.58 represents a significant step towards a new era of LLMs that are both powerful and cost-effective. Its innovative approach to model quantization opens up numerous opportunities for research, development, and deployment of LLMs across various domains.



import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch import Tensor
from typing import Optional, Union, Tuple, List, Dict, Any, Callable
import copy
import logging

# Configure logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class QuantizationError(Exception):
    """Custom exception for quantization errors."""
    pass


def round_clip(x: Tensor, a: float, b: float) -> Tensor:
    """
    Rounds the input tensor and clips its values to be within [a, b].

    Args:
        x (Tensor): Input tensor.
        a (float): Minimum clipping value.
        b (float): Maximum clipping value.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Rounded and clipped tensor.
    """
    return torch.clamp(torch.round(x), min=a, max=b)


def compute_gamma(w: Tensor, epsilon: float = 1e-8) -> Tensor:
    """
    Computes the scaling factor gamma for the weight matrix.

    Args:
        w (Tensor): Weight tensor.
        epsilon (float, optional): Small constant to prevent division by zero. Defaults to 1e-8.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Scaling factor gamma.
    """
    try:
        gamma = torch.mean(torch.abs(w)) + epsilon
        return gamma
    except Exception as e:
        logger.error(f"Error computing gamma: {e}")
        raise QuantizationError(f"Error computing gamma: {e}")


def bitnet_b158_quantize_weights(w: Tensor, epsilon: float = 1e-8) -> Tensor:
    """
    Quantizes the weights using the BitNet b1.58 quantization method.

    Args:
        w (Tensor): Original weight tensor.
        epsilon (float, optional): Small constant to prevent division by zero. Defaults to 1e-8.

    Returns:
        Tensor: Quantized weight tensor.
    """
    gamma = compute_gamma(w, epsilon)
    scaled_w = w / gamma
    quantized_w = round_clip(scaled_w, -1.0, 1.0)
    return quantized_w * gamma


class WeightQuantizer:
    """Class to handle weight quantization."""

    def __init__(self, epsilon: float = 1e-8) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the WeightQuantizer.

        Args:
            epsilon (float, optional): Small constant to prevent division by zero. Defaults to 1e-8.
        """
        self.epsilon = epsilon

    def quantize(self, w: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        """
        Quantizes the input weight tensor.

        Args:
            w (Tensor): Weight tensor to quantize.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Quantized weight tensor.
        """
        return bitnet_b158_quantize_weights(w, self.epsilon)


class ActivationQuantizer:
    """Class to handle activation quantization to 8 bits."""

    def __init__(self, num_bits: int = 8) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the ActivationQuantizer.

        Args:
            num_bits (int, optional): Number of bits for quantization. Defaults to 8.
        """
        if not 1 <= num_bits <= 16:
            raise ValueError("num_bits must be between 1 and 16.")
        self.num_bits = num_bits

    def quantize(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        """
        Quantizes the input activation tensor to the specified number of bits.

        Args:
            x (Tensor): Activation tensor to quantize.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Quantized activation tensor.
        """
        try:
            qmin = 0
            qmax = 2 ** self.num_bits - 1
            min_val = x.min()
            max_val = x.max()
            scale = (max_val - min_val) / (qmax - qmin)
            scale = max(scale, 1e-8)  # Prevent division by zero
            zero_point = qmin - torch.round(min_val / scale)
            zero_point = zero_point.clamp(qmin, qmax).int()
            x_quant = torch.clamp(torch.round(x / scale) + zero_point, qmin, qmax)
            x_dequant = (x_quant - zero_point) * scale
            return x_dequant
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error during activation quantization: {e}")
            raise QuantizationError(f"Error during activation quantization: {e}")


class QuantizedLinear(nn.Module):
    """Custom Linear layer with quantized weights."""

    def __init__(self, linear_module: nn.Linear,
                 weight_quantizer: WeightQuantizer,
                 activation_quantizer: ActivationQuantizer) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the QuantizedLinear layer.

        Args:
            linear_module (nn.Linear): Original linear module.
            weight_quantizer (WeightQuantizer): Quantizer for the weights.
            activation_quantizer (ActivationQuantizer): Quantizer for the activations.
        """
        super(QuantizedLinear, self).__init__()
        self.in_features = linear_module.in_features
        self.out_features = linear_module.out_features
        self.bias = linear_module.bias is not None
        if self.bias:
            self.bias_tensor = nn.Parameter(linear_module.bias.data.clone(), requires_grad=True)
        else:
            self.register_parameter('bias_tensor', None)
        self.weight_quantizer = weight_quantizer
        self.activation_quantizer = activation_quantizer
        # Initialize quantized weight
        self.register_buffer('quantized_weight', self.weight_quantizer.quantize(linear_module.weight.data.clone()))

    def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor:
        """
        Forward pass for the QuantizedLinear layer.

        Args:
            input (Tensor): Input tensor.

        Returns:
            Tensor: Output tensor after linear transformation and activation quantization.
        """
        try:
            output = nn.functional.linear(input, self.quantized_weight, self.bias_tensor)
            output = self.activation_quantizer.quantize(output)
            return output
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error in QuantizedLinear forward pass: {e}")
            raise QuantizationError(f"Error in QuantizedLinear forward pass: {e}")


def replace_linear_modules(model: nn.Module,
                           weight_quantizer: WeightQuantizer,
                           activation_quantizer: ActivationQuantizer) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Recursively replaces all nn.Linear modules in the model with QuantizedLinear modules.

    Args:
        model (nn.Module): Original PyTorch model.
        weight_quantizer (WeightQuantizer): Quantizer for the weights.
        activation_quantizer (ActivationQuantizer): Quantizer for the activations.

    Returns:
        nn.Module: Model with quantized Linear layers.
    """
    for name, module in model.named_children():
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
            setattr(model, name, QuantizedLinear(module, weight_quantizer, activation_quantizer))
        else:
            replace_linear_modules(module, weight_quantizer, activation_quantizer)
    return model


class BitNetPipeline:
    """Class to handle the full BitNet b1.58 quantization pipeline."""

    def __init__(self, model: nn.Module) -> None:
        """
        Initializes the BitNetPipeline.

        Args:
            model (nn.Module): The PyTorch model to quantize.
        """
        self.original_model = model
        self.quantized_model = copy.deepcopy(model)
        self.weight_quantizer = WeightQuantizer()
        self.activation_quantizer = ActivationQuantizer()

    def quantize(self) -> nn.Module:
        """
        Applies the quantization pipeline to the model.

        Returns:
            nn.Module: Quantized PyTorch model.
        """
        try:
            self.quantized_model = replace_linear_modules(
                self.quantized_model,
                self.weight_quantizer,
                self.activation_quantizer
            )
            logger.info("Model quantization completed successfully.")
            return self.quantized_model
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error during model quantization: {e}")
            raise QuantizationError(f"Error during model quantization: {e}")


def apply_bitnet_b158_quantization(model: nn.Module) -> nn.Module:
    """
    Applies the BitNet b1.58 quantization pipeline to any PyTorch model.

    Args:
        model (nn.Module): The PyTorch model to quantize.

    Returns:
        nn.Module: Quantized PyTorch model.
    """
    if not isinstance(model, nn.Module):
        raise TypeError("Input model must be an instance of torch.nn.Module.")

    pipeline = BitNetPipeline(model)
    quantized_model = pipeline.quantize()
    return quantized_model


# Example Usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        # Define a sample model
        sample_model = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(128, 256),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Linear(256, 10)
        )

        # Apply BitNet b1.58 quantization
        quantized_sample_model = apply_bitnet_b158_quantization(sample_model)

        # Display the original and quantized model
        print("Original Model:")
        print(sample_model)
        print("\nQuantized Model:")
        print(quantized_sample_model)

    except QuantizationError as qe:
        logger.error(f"Quantization failed: {qe}")
    except Exception as ex:
        logger.error(f"An unexpected error occurred: {ex}")



error: 
2024-12-03 10:01:48.101348: I tensorflow/core/util/port.cc:113] oneDNN custom operations are on. You may see slightly different numerical results due to floating-point round-off errors from different computation orders. To turn them off, set the environment variable `TF_ENABLE_ONEDNN_OPTS=0`.
WARNING:tensorflow:From C:\Users\hemanthk.LAP53-FJS.000\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\keras\src\losses.py:2976: The name tf.losses.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.losses.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy instead.

INFO:numexpr.utils:Note: NumExpr detected 16 cores but "NUMEXPR_MAX_THREADS" not set, so enforcing safe limit of 8.
INFO:numexpr.utils:NumExpr defaulting to 8 threads.
INFO:__main__:Model quantization completed successfully.
Original Model:
GPT2LMHeadModel(
  (transformer): GPT2Model(
    (wte): Embedding(50257, 768)
    (wpe): Embedding(1024, 768)
    (drop): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
    (h): ModuleList(
      (0-11): 12 x GPT2Block(
        (ln_1): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
        (attn): GPT2SdpaAttention(
          (c_attn): Conv1D(nf=2304, nx=768)
          (c_proj): Conv1D(nf=768, nx=768)
          (attn_dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
          (resid_dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
        )
        (ln_2): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
        (mlp): GPT2MLP(
          (c_fc): Conv1D(nf=3072, nx=768)
          (c_proj): Conv1D(nf=768, nx=3072)
          (act): NewGELUActivation()
          (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
        )
      )
    )
    (ln_f): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
  )
  (lm_head): Linear(in_features=768, out_features=50257, bias=False)
)

Quantized Model:
GPT2LMHeadModel(
  (transformer): GPT2Model(
    (wte): Embedding(50257, 768)
    (wpe): Embedding(1024, 768)
    (drop): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
    (h): ModuleList(
      (0-11): 12 x GPT2Block(
        (ln_1): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
        (attn): GPT2SdpaAttention(
          (c_attn): Conv1D(nf=2304, nx=768)
          (c_proj): Conv1D(nf=768, nx=768)
          (attn_dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
          (resid_dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
        )
        (ln_2): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
        (mlp): GPT2MLP(
          (c_fc): Conv1D(nf=3072, nx=768)
          (c_proj): Conv1D(nf=768, nx=3072)
          (act): NewGELUActivation()
          (dropout): Dropout(p=0.1, inplace=False)
        )
      )
    )
    (ln_f): LayerNorm((768,), eps=1e-05, elementwise_affine=True)
  )
  (lm_head): QuantizedLinear()
)
PS E:\LLMS\Fine-tuning>