System: You are ChatGPT, a large language model trained by OpenAI.
User: I will send you a body of text, I will then state what you do next.
User: 230 28 Hardware and software INTRODUCTIONThe term ‘system’ is often used to refer to the various physical components of your computer – the monitor, keyboard, etc. A computer system has two main elements: hardware  and software . It is only when the two ar e combined that you create a fully working system. There is no point in having one without the other. Some deﬁ  nitions of a computer system add in a third vital element – the user. In this chapter we will look at the main elements of hardware and software that make up a computer system.SPECIFICATION COVERAGE3.6.1 Hardware and software LEARNING OBJECTIVES In this chapter you will learn: •the deﬁ  nition of hardware and software•that hardware is classiﬁ  ed into internal and external components •that there are many different types of software•many programs are created to make a computer system work, suchas o perating systems, library and utility programs•speciﬁ  c software exists to convert programming code into machine code•how the operating system manages resources. ●HardwareComputer hardware is the physical components of the computer. Sometimes this is described as ‘the parts you can touch’. This is not particularly helpfulas many elements of hardware are contained inside your computer and canonly be seen (or touched) by taking off the case. Therefore, it is importantto distinguish between the internal components, which are the processingand storage devices, and external components, normally referred to asperipherals.KEYWORDSHardware: a generic term for the physical parts of the computer, both internal and external. Software: a generic term for any program that can be run on a computer.HARDWARE 231●External components (peripherals): The external components of hardware the parts that you can touch, for example the monitor, mouse, keyboard, and printer. The external components are used either to get data into or outof the system. Consequently, they are referred to as input and output (I/O)devices. Some storage devices are also external, for example DVD and ﬂashdrives may be added as peripherals. Input devices include the keyboard,mouse, scanner, digital camera and microphone. Output devices include themonitor, printer and speakers. Figure 28.1 External hardware devices ●Internal components (processing and storage): the internal hardwarecomp onents are housed within the casing of the computer and includethe processor, the hard disk, memory chips, sound cards, graphics cardsand the circuitry required to connect all of these devices to each otherand to the I/O devices. Figure 28.2 Internal hardware components2328 Hardware and software●Software Hardware is useless on its own unless we have some programs to run onit. Software is the general term used to describe all of the programs thatwe run on our computers. These programs contain instructions that theprocessor will carry out in order to complete various tasks. This covers an enormous range of possibilities from standard applications,such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases, to more specificapplications, such as web-authoring software and games. It also includesprograms that the computer needs in order to manage all of its resources,such as file management and virus-checking software. As users, we tend tobe aware of the software that we use on a regular basis, yet this is only onepart of the software that is on our computers. The range of software is so great now that some classification is needed inorder to make sense of it all. A first level of distinction is made betweenapplication software and system software. Application software  refers to all of the programs that the user uses in orderto com plete a particular task. In effect, it is what users use their computers for. People do not buy computers for the sake of it, they buy them because theyhave a need to do something: write essays, email, manage a business, createweb pages, etc. To carry out any of these, application software is needed thathas the necessary features.
 There is a wide range of application software available and, in most cases,a number of different applications to choose from that complete the sametask. For example, you need application software to access web pages on theInternet – it is called a browser. There are three main ones to choose from: Internet Explorer, Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox; and many more lesswell known ones. All of them do the same thing although there are subtledifferences between them.
 System software Whereas application software is what we use our computers for, systemsoftware covers a range of programs that are concerned with the moretechnical aspects of setting up and running the computer. Many aspectsof system software are invisible to the user which means that they willnot even realise that they have system software on their computer. Systemsoftware exists to support the applications software.
 There are four main types: utility programs; library programs; compilers,assemblers and interpreters; and operating system software. Utility programsThis covers software that is written to carry out certain housekeeping taskson your computer. They are normally supplied with the operating systemthough they can be purchased separately. Utility programs  are often made available as free downloads. Utility programs are designed to enhance the use of your computer and programs though your computer will stillwork without them.KEYWORDApplication software: programs that perform specific tasks that would need doing even if computers didn’t exist, e.g. editing text, carrying outcalculations. KEYWORDUtility programs: programs that perform specific common task  related to running the computer, e.g. zipping files.SOFTWARE233A common example of a utility program is compression software which allows you to compress files, making them much smaller. Other examples include anti-virus software, back-up software and registry cleaners.
 Library programs  are similar to utility programs in that they are written to carry out common tasks. The word library indicates that there will be a  number of software tools available to the users of the system.
 Whereas some utility programs are non-essential, library programs tend to be critical for the applications for which they were built. For example, the Windows operating system uses Dynamically Linked Library (DLL) files, which contain code, data and resources. These are similar to executable files and are loaded dynamically by Windows as they are required. There are hundreds of DLL files that carry out a wide range of actions including controlling dialog boxes, managing memory, displaying text and graphics and configuring device drivers. The Python programming languages also has an extensive library that contains built-in modules that provide various standard system functions and solutions. For example, the library contains code modules for handling common data types, displaying fonts and graphics and performing mathematical and functional operations. Translators: compilers, assemblers and interpretersTranslators  are software used by programmers to convert programs from one language to another. There are three types: compilers , assemblers and interpreters . At some point, every piece of software, whether it is application software or system software, has to be written by a programmer. A program is simply a series of instructions written by a programmer that the computer’s processor must carry out. In order to write software, programmers use programming languages which allow them to write code in a way that is user-friendly for the programmer. However, the processor will not understand the programmers’ code, so it has to be translated into machine code, that is, 0s and 1s. Compilers, assemblers and interpreters are used to carry out this translation process. There is more detail on how these work in Chapter 29.
 Operating system softwareAn operating system is a collection of software designed to act as an interface between the user and the computer and manages the overall operation of the computer. It links together the hardware, the applications and the user, but hides the true complexity of the computer from the user and other software – a so-called virtual machine .
 When you are using a computer you are obviously aware of the applications software you are using, whether it is an Internet browser, a spreadsheet or a game of some sort, but you are much less aware of the software that is running in the background. The systems software is dominated by the operating system (OS). The OS in a modern computer is very large. For example, Microsoft Windows 8 needs a minimum of 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of hard disk space KEYWORDS Translators: software that converts programming language instructions into 0s and 1s (machine code). There are three types – compilers, assemblers and interpreters.
 Compiler: a program that translates a high-level language into machine code by translating all of the code.
 Assembler: a program that translates a program written in assembly language into machine code.
 Interpreter: a program for translating a high-level language by reading each statement in the  source code and immediately performing the action.
 Operating system software: a suite of p rograms designed to control the operations of the computer.
 Virtual machine: the concept that all of the co mplexities of using a computer are hidden from the user and other software by the operating system.KEYWORDLibrary programs: code, data and resources that can be called by other programs.23428 Hardware and softwarewhen the computer is in use. This gives you some idea of the complexity of the OS. This is because the OS carries out many tasks. For example it: ●controls the start-up configuration of your computer, including whaticons to put on your desktop and what backdrop to use ●recognises when you have pressed a mouse button and then decides what, ifany, action to take ●sends signals to the hard disk controller, telling it what program totra nsfer to memory●decides which sections of memory to allocate to the program you are intending to use and manages memory to ensure all of the programs you want to run are allocated the space they need●attempts to cope with errors as and when they occur. For example, if apri nter sends an ‘out of paper error’ or you fail to save a file correctly, itis the operating system that displays the appropriate message ●makes sure that your computer shuts down properly when you have finished ●controls print queues●manages the users on a network – it maintains the lists of usernames and passwords and controls which files and resources users have access to. ●Resource managementComputers are capable of running many programs, seemingly at the sametime. It is the job of the operating system to make sure that each program isallocated enough memory to operate efficiently.In a computer with only one processor , only one program can actually be live at any one moment in time. In order to allow more than one program to appear to run simultaneously, the operating system has to allocate accessto the processor and other resources such as peripherals and memory. Oneof the main tasks that an operating system has to do is to make sure that allthese allocations make the best possible use of the available resources. Usually the most heavily used resource in a computer is the processor. The process of allocating access to the processor and other resources is calledscheduling . The simplest way that an operating system can schedule access tothe pr ocessor is to allocate each task a time slice. This means that each task isgiven an equal amount of processor time. This process of passing access to theprocessor from one task to the next is also known as ‘round-robin’ scheduling. Time slicing is a crude system because a particular task might not need allor even any of its allotted time slice with the processor. For example, a wordprocessor might be waiting for the slowest part of any computer system, theuser, to press a key. Waiting for this to happen is a waste of processor timeand so a more sophisticated scheduler might pass the time slice on to thenext task before the word processor’s time slice has expired.
 Managing input/output devices The operating system also controls the way in which the various input andoutput devices are allocated, controlled and used by the programs that areusing them. Common examples would include: ●allocating print jobs to printers●rendering the windows, frames and dialog boxes to the screen ●controlling the read/write access to the hard disk.KEYWORDSResource management: how an operating system manages  hardware and software to optimise the performance of the computer. Processor: a device that carries out comp utation on data by following instructions, in order to produce an output.
 Scheduling: a technique to ensure that dif ferent users or different programs are able to work on the same computer system at the same time.RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 235Accessing some devices is a relatively slow process compared to the speed at which the processor can handle requests. At the same time there are likely to be competing requests where several processes are waiting for the same device. For example, reading and writing to a standard hard disk is relatively slow. Rather than wait for each process to end before it can continue, the OS can effectively create a queue of commands that are waiting for the device and then handle each request in sequence or based on priority.
 Every input/output device has a device driver, which is a piece of software that enables the device to communicate with the OS. Device drivers are often built in to the OS or installed when new devices are attached. When the OS starts up it loads the various drivers for all of the input/output devices it detects. There is more on how input/output devices connect to the computer in Chapter 32. Memory management In the same way that the operating system of a computer controls the way files are stored on a secondary storage system, such as a hard disk, the operating system also controls how the primary memory or RAM is used. The operating system stores details of all the unallocated locations in a section of memory known as the heap. When an application needs some memory, this is allocated from the heap, and once an application has finished with a memory location or perhaps an application is closed, the now unneeded memory locations are returned to the heap. When a user asks for a file to be loaded, it is the job of the memory management  routines to check to see if enough memory is available and then alocate the appropriate memory and load the file in to those locations. The operating system controls the use of main memory by creating a memory map, which shows which blocks of memory have been allocated to each task. This way an operating system can control more than one task in the RAM at any one time. The amount of memory needed by each task is dependent on the size of the program itself, the variables that will be needed and any files that might be generated by the task, but it is up to the operating system to decide how much space can be allocated.
 When the operating system processes a request to load an application or file from the hard disk it is the job of the memory management system to decide whereabouts in the RAM the file will be stored. As you add to a file it is highly likely that the work will need more than one block of RAM. In this case, a type of linked list is used to show where each subsequent block is stored. App1 File1 unusedIn this stylised example of a memory map, the application, App1  was  loaded first and work started on File1 . App1 File1 App2 File1 unused After a while the application App2  is loaded, then work carried on with File1 . Because App2  is now in the memory, File1  is now spread across two sections of RAM.
 App1 File1 App2 File1 File2 File1 unusedKEYWORDMemory management: how the operating system uses RAM to  optimise the performance of the computer.236  28 Hardware and softwareA little work is done using App2  which generates File2 , and then work recommences on File1  which is now spread across three sections of RAM and so on.
 App1 unused App2 unused File2 unusedFile1  is now saved and then deleted from RAM, the memory map now looks something like this.
 App1 App2 File2 unusedThe operating system might now decide to rationalise this and move the applications and existing files so that all the unused space is put together. Even with this simple example you can see that managing the memory can be a complex task for the operating system to control.
 Virtual memory and pagingIn some cases, the application or file you are trying to work with will be too big to fit in the available RAM. In this case a process called virtual memory can be used. This involves using secondary storage such as a hard disk to store code or files that would normally be held in RAM. The operating system then treats that part of the hard disk as if it is part of the RAM, hence the name virtual memory.
 An alternative method is to hold a kernel or central block of the code in RAM. Other sections of code known as ‘pages’ are loaded from the secondary storage as and when they are needed. Using this method allows very large applications to run in a small section of RAM. This in turn frees up memory for other applications to use. A word processor will hold instructions about how to cope with the text  itself in the kernel but if the user selects a less commonly used task, such as spell checking or mail merging, the appropriate page of the program will be loaded into RAM from the hard disk. This downloading often causes a noticeable delay in the operation of the application.
 File managementOne of the many tasks the operating system has to deal with is managing files – this includes controlling the structures that are used to store the files. The hard disk on a home computer is likely to contain many thousands of files and without some sort of logical storage structure it would be impossible to find a specific file amongst so many. The operating system on a home computer uses folders or directories. These allow the user to group similar files together so that, for example, all the files for your Computing course might be kept in one folder whilst all the photos from your digital camera would be kept in another. In the case of the photos, it is highly likely that there will be folders within folders. The way folders like these are arranged is known as a hierarchical structure – it looks rather like an inverted tree and indeed the start or base folder is normally referred to as the root folder. Each file has a filename but because of the folder structure it is possible to use the same filename for different files. In the coursework/photo example there might be a folder called miscellaneous  and a file called latest in each area. Obviously this is not particularly good practice, especially if you want to move files between folders and you lose track of which folders you are working with. It is a good practice to use folder and file names that indicate what they are being used for.KEYWORDFile management: how an operating system stores and  retrieves files.RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 237As hard disks get larger and larger, it is becoming increasingly common to split up or partition a hard disk. This means that although you actually only have one hard disk in your computer, the operating system splits it up into a number of partitions or logical drives. This means your computer seems to be fitted with more than one hard drive. You might use this system to store your applications on one logical drive and your data on another.
 Module2Module 1MockAS Module2Module 1MockAExam papersWo rksheetsMark bookSchoolFigure 28.3 Hierarchical ﬁle structure Practice questions can be found at the end of the section on page 264.
 TASKS1 Explain the terms hardware and software, differentiating between  different types of hardware and software.2 Identify two utility programs that are not normally part of an  operating system.3 Explain the term virtual machine in the context of an operating system.  This should include details of the main tasks performed by the OS.4 Explain how it is possible for two programs to apparently be running at the same time. 5 Explain how it is possible for two files with the same name to be  stored in a file structure.6 Explain the difference between resource and ﬁle management.
 STUDY / RESEARCH TASKS1 What type of software is a DLL and what is its purpose? 2 What are the most common operating systems in use for mobile  devices?3 Compare two commonly used operating systems. Why would you  choose to use one over the other?4 Open source operating systems such as Linux are not as widely used as Windows or Mac OS. Why not? 5 In a computer system with multiple processors, what implications  does this have for how the OS handles resources?KEY POINTS•A computer system is madeup of har dware and software. •Hardware is usually classifiedin terms of internal and external components.
 •System software includes theoperating system, library and utility programs.
 •Compilers, interpreters andassemblers are programs that convert high-levelprogramming language intoexecutable instructions.
 •The operating system playsa critical role in managing resources.
User: Make the following text more clear.
Format it properly.
Do NOT change the meaning of the words or methods used to obtain the answer or anything like that.
This is for AQA A(S)-Level Computer Science. I repeat, do not alter the words as it could have an effect on the marks acquired from the marking scheme.
However, remove any redundant information or USELESS examples that are not needed for a student to know, or simplify unnecessary information (if it has a definition or keywords, it is not unnecessary).
If you can, use different values for the examples.
For things that will not score a mark or are generally useless, for example, "we will cover" or a fun fact, change the wording. This is for AS Level, do not include information about topics that are ONLY A-Level Content (if it says it is)
Link the 'sections' of your answer to the following spec-points (by title):
e.g. "**Topic** (Spec Points: a.b.c. Whatever)
3.6.1.1 Relationship between hw and sw
Content
Additional information
Understand the relationship between hardware and software and be able to define the terms:
hardware
software.

3.6.1.2 Classification of software
Content
Additional information
Explain what is meant by:
system software
application software.
Understand the need for, and attributes of, different types of software.

3.6.1.4 Role of an operating system (OS)
Content
Additional information
Understand that a role of the operating system is to hide the complexities of the hardware.
Know that the OS handles resource management, managing hardware to allocate processors, memories and I/O devices among competing processes.

3.6.1.3 System software
Content
Additional information
Understand the need for, and functions of the following system software:
operating systems (OSs)
utility programs
libraries
translators (compiler, assembler, interpreter).


You MUST make sure they are ALL met. Everything it says on there you should meet.
SOMETIMES the specification does not always mention everything. If you encounter something from the body of text that is not necessarily mentioned on the specification point, still try to include it but condense it. Do not make the notes unecessary or useless.

I already provided the available exam questions you MAY choose to add on to the notes, with 'des' explaining what it's about, and 'fil' meaning the Question ID.
The content, too. Delivered in the form 'fil', JSON
Ignore exam questions that contain 'Skeleton Program'. Do not only put like 2 exam questions, try to put more!
For the exam questions, in the original text, there is a label named 'Tasks'. Those (usually) six questions are NOT the exa questions. The exam questions are the ones that were given in JSON form to you, do NOT do the 'Tasks'. Do the exam questions that contain HTML in JSON!

In the markscheme, a ';' typically means that a mark was gained.
When mentioning exam questions, you *must* answer them, according to the markscheme, scoring full marks. No 'do it yourself'.

Include ALL definitions (KEYWORDS) from the original text I sent in your notes. When I mean all, I mean ALL.

If necessary for scoring marks, try to embed the exam-questions into your notes, sometimes without even referencing the fact that it is an exam question. For example, if an exam question is a definition or benefits, use the answer in your notes.
Remember. DO NOT ADD USELESS STUFF. Your task is to create the MOST EFFICIENT (SHORTEST [for an explanation] BUT STILL SCORES ALL MARKS) possible notes resource, which will score all marks easily, so its wording has to be mostly like that of the exam questions. By any means, if necessary, please include examples and exam questions! At the end you can have a 'try these exam questions' thing.
At the end of your answer, you will give a 'breakdown'/'summary' of each thing you covered which will tell the most concise FULLY MARK-SCORING explanation possible.

In summary, your answer must:

* Be efficient, useful
* For topics in an exam that may require some form of mathematical working, always show an example of a question.
* Be clear – provide clear, step-by-step examples/instructions when needed.
* Follow the entire specification and everything it says.
* Link your section to a spec point. E.g. **Topic** (Spec Points: a.b.c Whatever)
* Score ALL marks.
* Include ALL exam questions S at the end (except ones that contain 'Skeleton Program'), with the same wording as the original ones in the JSONs sent to you – and INCLUDE THE QUESTION CONTENT, AND THE ANSWERS/MARK SCHEME. Only the ones that I provided to you, include Question IDs.
* Remove redundant, unnecessary and useless information that would not be brought up in an exam answer.
* Be helpful to the reader
* Provide the full notes, covering ALL spec-points (and showing the spec-points covered in each section).
* Include ALL definitions (KEYWORDS, usually represented explicitly and specifically in the original text as Keyword: Definition), do not change the wording (unless that definition is an exam question). MAKE ALL THE DEFINITIONS FULL (yet consice, as they can sometimes even be 2 marks). Incorporate the definitons into the notes.
* Include a seperate section named 'Definitions' that covers the keywords and their simplest definition that scores all marks. These are (usually) found in the original text.
* Include a summary at the end (after definitions) that goes through everything you need to score all marks.

At the end of the formatted text, after everything is done, fill out the JSON:
Remove the type clarification.
{
"chapter": (int),
"page": (int),
"chapter_name": (str),
"topics": (list)
}

User: And these are the available exam questions, with 'des' explaining what it's about, and 'fil' meaning the Question ID.
{'S6$.1.a': [{'index1': '|E|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'Q22S206p1', 'qid': 'Q22S206p1', 'des': 'Define the term software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '1 marks', 'time': '1', 'ttext': 'Software', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'Q22S206P1', 'year': 2023, 'res': '', 'flag1': None}, {'index1': '|C|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS19S25p01', 'qid': 'QS19S25p01', 'des': 'Define hardware', 'index7': '', 'marks': '1 marks', 'time': '1', 'ttext': 'Hardware', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS19S25P01', 'year': 2019, 'res': '', 'flag1': 1}, {'index1': '|E|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS19S25p02', 'qid': 'QS19S25p02', 'des': 'Define software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '1 marks', 'time': '1', 'ttext': 'Software', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS19S25P02', 'year': 2019, 'res': '', 'flag1': 1}, {'index1': '|C|E.A$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a | L6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW09201', 'qid': 'QW09201', 'des': 'Hardware and software definitions', 'index7': '', 'marks': '2 marks', 'time': '2', 'ttext': 'Hardware | Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW09201', 'year': 2009, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|C.A$|E.E$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a | L6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW08101', 'qid': 'QW08101', 'des': 'Hardware and software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '3 marks', 'time': '5', 'ttext': 'Internal components | Applications', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW08101', 'year': 2008, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|C|E|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.a | L6$.1.a', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW03101', 'qid': 'QW03101', 'des': 'Hardware and software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '4 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Hardware | Software', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW03101', 'year': 2003, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}], 'S6$.1.b': [{'index1': '|E|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS19S25p03', 'qid': 'QS19S25p03', 'des': 'Compare system software and application software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '2 marks', 'time': '2', 'ttext': 'Software', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS19S25P03', 'year': 2019, 'res': '', 'flag1': 1}, {'index1': '|E.A$|E.E$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW11206', 'qid': 'QW11206', 'des': 'Determining software types', 'index7': '', 'marks': '6 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Classification | Applications', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW11206', 'year': 2011, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.E$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW10206', 'qid': 'QW10206', 'des': 'Application software (essay-style)', 'index7': '', 'marks': '6 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Applications', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW10206', 'year': 2010, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.A$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW09202', 'qid': 'QW09202', 'des': 'Categorising software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '4 marks', 'time': '4', 'ttext': 'Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW09202', 'year': 2009, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.A$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS07101', 'qid': 'QS07101', 'des': 'Types of software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '5 marks', 'time': '7', 'ttext': 'Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS07101', 'year': 2007, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.A$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW06101', 'qid': 'QW06101', 'des': 'Types of software; library programs', 'index7': '', 'marks': '6 marks', 'time': '8', 'ttext': 'Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW06101', 'year': 2006, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS04101', 'qid': 'QS04101', 'des': 'System software; application software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '5 marks', 'time': '8', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS04101', 'year': 2004, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.A$|E.D$|E.E$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.b | L6$.1.b', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW01102', 'qid': 'QW01102', 'des': 'System/application software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '4 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Classification | Operating systems | Applications', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW01102', 'year': 2001, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}], 'S6$.1.d': [{'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'Q23S208p2', 'qid': 'Q23S208p2', 'des': 'Operating system; resource management; OS', 'index7': '', 'marks': '1 marks', 'time': '1', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'Q23S208P2', 'year': 2023, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS18S25p02', 'qid': 'QS18S25p02', 'des': 'Operating system role', 'index7': '', 'marks': '1 marks', 'time': '1', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS18S25P02', 'year': 2018, 'res': '', 'flag1': 1}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|3$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d | L6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS11302', 'qid': 'QS11302', 'des': 'Comparison of different OS', 'index7': '', 'marks': '4 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS11302', 'year': 2011, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|3$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d | L6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS10302', 'qid': 'QS10302', 'des': 'Purpose of OS; comparing OS types', 'index7': '', 'marks': '6 marks', 'time': '9', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS10302', 'year': 2010, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d | L6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QW03205', 'qid': 'QW03205', 'des': "Description of 'virtual machine'; ", 'index7': '', 'marks': '4 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QW03205', 'year': 2003, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.D$|', 'index2': '|3$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.d | L6$.1.d', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS00A303', 'qid': 'QS00A303', 'des': 'Define client-server operation', 'index7': '', 'marks': '6 marks', 'time': '9', 'ttext': 'Operating systems', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS00A303', 'year': 0, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}], 'S6$.1.c': [{'index1': '|E|E.A$|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.c', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'Q23S206p1', 'qid': 'Q23S206p1', 'des': 'Libraries; library; system software', 'index7': '', 'marks': '2 marks', 'time': '2', 'ttext': 'Software | Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'Q23S206P1', 'year': 2023, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}, {'index1': '|E.A$|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.c', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'Q22S206p2', 'qid': 'Q22S206p2', 'des': 'State two types of system software other than translators; utility; library; operating system', 'index7': '', 'marks': '2 marks', 'time': '2', 'ttext': 'Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'Q22S206P2', 'year': 2023, 'res': '', 'flag1': None}, {'index1': '|E.A$|', 'index2': '|2$|', 'index3': '2$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.c', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QS19S25p04', 'qid': 'QS19S25p04', 'des': 'Identify types of system software; compiler; operating system; OS', 'index7': '', 'marks': '2 marks', 'time': '2', 'ttext': 'Classification', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QS19S25P04', 'year': 2019, 'res': '', 'flag1': 1}, {'index1': '|E.C$|', 'index2': '|1$|', 'index3': '3$', 'index4': 'S6$.1.c | L6$.1.c', 'index5': '|', 'index6': 'QSPS210', 'qid': 'QSPS210', 'des': 'Compilers vs interpreters', 'index7': '', 'marks': '5 marks', 'time': '6', 'ttext': 'Compilers and interpreters', 'fld': 'AA_COM', 'fil': 'QSPAS210', 'year': 2014, 'res': '', 'flag1': 0}]}

User: These are the content of said exam questions, these are the ONLY exam questions, you will use these later, delivered in form 'fil', JSON: {'Q22S206P1': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Define the term &#x2018;software&#x2019;.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p><p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p><p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 1 mark)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Mark is for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright">Software is the name given to programs / code / instructions that are executed;</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[1]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Almost two-thirds of students achieved this mark. The most common incorrect answer defined software as &#x201C;virtual or intangible part of a computer&#x201D; which is too vague. Some students also described &#x201C;apps&#x201D; and failed to include systems software.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS19S25P01': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer system can be defined as hardware and software working together.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">What is meant by the term hardware?</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 1 mark)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Mark is for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">The electronic / electrical / physical / mechanical components of the computer system;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0"><b>NE.</b> Tangible without further explanation.</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[1]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">The majority of students answered this question well. Where marks were not gained, the most common error was suggesting that hardware only existed outside the main computer system (i.e. that it was a peripheral).</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS19S25P02': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer system can be defined as hardware and software working together.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">What is meant by the term software?</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 1 mark)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Mark is for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Instructions / code / programs;</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[1]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">The majority of students answered this question well. Where marks were not gained the most common problem was vagueness of answers such as ‘digital components’ or ‘non-tangible parts of a system.’</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW09201': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer system consists of hardware and software.</span></p>\r<p class="indent1">(a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is meant by <i>hardware</i>&#x003F;</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is meant by <i>software</i>&#x003F;</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p>\r<p class="mark">(Total 2 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; the <u>electrical / physical</u> components / parts (electronic circuits) of the computer;</span></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>A</b> by example (only acceptable on this occasion)</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;programs (sequences of instructions) which run on the hardware/computer;</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p> \r<p class="mark">[2]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A significant number of candidates described hardware in such a way as to make it appear that only peripheral devices were classified as hardware. Hardware is all the physical components (electronic circuits) of the computer. Although this time marks were awarded for explaining the term by example, this is unlikely to be the case in future examinations.</span></p>\r<p class="indent1new"> Software are the programs which run on the hardware. Candidates who stated that software is a series of instructions missed the mark available as this is not a precise enough explanation.<br/>Only a <b>sequence</b> of instructions can be classed as a program. Some candidates mistakenly think that data are software.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW08101': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">The table below lists some components of a computer system. Put <b>one</b> tick on each row to describe each component as either:</span></p>  \r<p class="indent2">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; software</p>  \r<p class="indent2">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; hardware</p>  \r<p class="indent2">•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; hardware and software.</p>  \r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>  \r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-left:30pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td style=\'width:6.08cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Component</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'width:2cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Software</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'width:2.25cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Hardware</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'width:4.75cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Hardware and   Software</b></p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box style=\'text-align:left\'>An application program</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box style=\'text-align:left\'>A printed circuit board which controls the wash programme inside a washing machine</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box style=\'text-align:left\'>Main memory chips in the PC</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 3 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-left:30pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=326 style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=boxl>Component</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=80 style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>Software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=86 style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>Hardware</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=104 style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>Hardware and Software </p></td>\r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=boxl>An application program</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box ><img src="AA_COM/MW08101_files_M/tick.png"></p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=boxl>A printed circuit board which controls the wash programme inside a washing machine</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box><img src="AA_COM/MW08101_files_M/tick.png"></p></td>\r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>   \r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=boxl>Main memory chips in the PC</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box><img src="AA_COM/MW08101_files_M/tick.png"></p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'border:solid black 1.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="indent1 indentright">More than one entry per row – look for a single tick</p>  \r<p class="indent1 indentright" style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-right:28.1pt;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:56.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-28.1pt\'>If mixture of X and ticks used mark (as long as one entry per row)</p>  \r<p class="mark">[3]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Well answered; the majority of candidates scored the maximum three marks.</span></p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW03101': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is meant by</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hardware;<span  "answer-toggle"> _____________________________________________________\r</span></p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Software?<span  "answer-toggle">______________________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Is an operating system hardware or software?<span  "answer-toggle">______________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Is a data bus hardware or software?<span  "answer-toggle">______________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 4 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1a indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Electrical/electronic/physical components/parts of computer;</p>  \r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>I</b> any example <b>I</b> ‘ … can touch … ‘</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Programs/sequences of instructions (which run on the hardware);</p>  \r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>A</b> code;<br> <b>R</b> application</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Software;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hardware;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>A</b> correct term circled;<br> <b>R</b> abbreviations</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="mark">[4]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A version of this question has appeared before and most candidates obtained the 4 marks on offer. At this level, answers such as ‘Hardware is parts that you can touch’, ‘Software is parts that you can’t touch’ are not acceptable. Candidates should also be aware that answers for ‘Hardware’ which implies that it is synonymous with ‘Peripherals’ will not gain credit. The difference between a set of instructions and a sequence of instructions should also be noted, with only the latter being a description of a program.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS19S25P03': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer system can be defined as hardware and software working together.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Explain the key difference between system software and application software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 2 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Marks are for AO1 (understanding)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">System software is software that controls/manage the operation of (some aspects of) the computer system // software which enables user to operate a computer // system software is required to operate a computer;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Application software is for carrying out tasks that are user-oriented / that the user would want to do even if they did not have a computer system;</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[2]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">More students were able to define system software than application software. System software was often defined as managing the computer system. A common incorrect answer was that it was the ‘more technical aspects’ of the software. More effective answers referred to application software being user-oriented or completing tasks that would need to be completed even without the computer. Incorrect answers suggested application software was for ‘completing a particular task’ or attempted to answer by example, which was not enough.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW11206': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One type of software can be described by the phrase "<i>performs tasks needed to operate the hardware</i>".</span></p>\r<p class="indent2new">What type of software is being described?</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1a">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Explain what is meant by <i>general purpose application software.</i></p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Give <b>one</b> example of general purpose application software.</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(c) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;An IT manager needs to buy software to manage stock control.</p>\r<p class="indent2">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why might the manager choose a special purpose application package rather than a bespoke solution? Give <b>two</b> reasons.</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">1. ____________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">2. ____________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although special purpose application packages for stock control are available, explain why the IT manager might choose to order a bespoke piece of software.</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p> \r<p class="mark">(Total 6 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> System (software) / operating system;<br/><b>R</b> OS<br/><b>A</b> (device) driver</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1a indentright" >(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Software that can carry out many tasks// has many purposes/uses;<br/><b>NE</b> &#x201C;many things&#x201D; // &#x201C;many functions&#x201D; // &#x201C;general purposes&#x201D;<br><b>R</b> for everyday use/tasks</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Word processor, spreadsheet, database, desktop publishing/DTP, presentation or other suitable example;</p>\r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> web browser // image/photo editor</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1a indentright" >(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(It is) immediately available; <br><b>A</b> &#x201C;off the shelf&#x201D;<br/>(It has a) lower cost as development costs shared amongst many; <br><b>NE</b> cheaper<br/>Wide range of training/support available;<br/>Regular upgrades available;<br/>Can hire staff with experience of package;<br/>More likely to be bug-free as already in widespread use/&#x201C;tested&#x201D; by many users;<br/><b>A</b> it has been &#x201C;tried and tested&#x201D;<br/><b>R</b> no bugs / tested more</p>\r<p class="levelms">Max 2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No appropriate software to solve the problem exactly;<br/>The only way to obtain software to do exactly/precisely what they want // may need particular features not in special purpose software // will be developed to match their needs;<br/>To ensure competitors do not get access to the software;<br/>To run on/support existing hardware/software;<br/>No unnecessary features;</p>\r<p class="levelms">Max 1</p> \r<p class="mark">[6]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Part (a) asked candidates to identify system software and the majority managed to do this successfully. A few candidates answered with &#x2018;device driver&#x2019; which was also awarded a mark.</span></p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">It was surprising to see only half of candidates secure the mark for part (b)(i). Marks were lost by candidates giving vague answers or by giving examples of application software, rather than explaining what it is, which the question required. Correct responses identified that general purpose application software can perform many tasks for the user.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">The majority of candidates secured the mark for part (b)(ii) by producing a correct example of general purpose application software. A few candidates gave brand names of software packages, for example &#x2018;Word&#x2019;, even though they are warned against this on the front page of the examination paper.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW10206': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">There are three different types of application software. General purpose is one type.</span></p>\r<p class="indent1new">Name the other <b>two</b> types, and describe all <b>three</b> types. Use examples to illustrate your descriptions.</p>\r<p class="indent1new">In your answer you will also be assessed on your ability to use good English, and to organise your answer clearly in complete sentences, using specialist vocabulary where appropriate.</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(Total 6 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">General purpose software-</span></p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Carries out many different tasks/variety of tasks; <b>A</b> more than one task <b>NE</b> tasks</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any reasonable example e.g. word processor, spreadsheet;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright">Bespoke software&#x2013;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bespoke;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Written to a particular customer&#x2019;s requirements / needs;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Example of bespoke software package must clearly have been made for a particular organisation or is implicit from the application (likely to be very large scale or hardware related); n.b. stock control system <b>NE</b> where as stock control system for particular company is correct</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright">Special purpose software&#x2013;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Special purpose;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Carries out one/a specific/particular task; <b>A</b> just one task</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Any reasonable example e.g. stock control, accounting, route planning, web browser, air traffic control;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> anti-virus</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright">General points&#x2013;</span></p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Off-the-shelf // immediate availability for either general purpose or special purpose//bespoke is NOT immediately available/not off the shelf; (once only)</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If contradictory examples for any class of software T.O.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright"><b>Mark Bands and Description</b></p>\r<p class="indent1new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of language criteria (QLx).</i></p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright"><i>SUB</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Candidate has made at least 5 relevant points, including at least one from each type of software.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL1</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Text is legible.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL2</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;There are few, if any, errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL3</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;The candidate has selected and used a form and style of writing appropriate to the purpose and has expressed ideas clearly and fluently.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL4</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences and paragraphs follow on from one another clearly and coherently.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL5</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been used.</span></p>\r<p class="levelms">5&#x2013;6</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of language criteria (QLx).</i></p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright"><i>SUB</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Candidate has made at least 3 relevant points, including at least one point from two different types of software.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL1</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Text is legible.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL2</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;There may be occasional errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL3</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;The candidate has, in the main, used a form and style of writing appropriate to the purpose, with occasional lapses. The candidate has expressed ideas clearly and reasonably fluently.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL4</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;The candidate has used well-linked sentences and paragraphs.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL5</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been used.</span></p>\r<p class="levelms">3&#x2013;4</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB). The quality of language should be typified by the QLx statements.</i></p>\r<p class="indent1new indentright"><i>SUB</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Candidate has made at least 1 relevant point.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL1</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Most of the text is legible.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL2</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;There may be some errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar but it should still be possible to understand most of the response.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL3</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;The candidate has used a form and style of writing which has many deficiencies. Ideas are not always clearly expressed.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL4</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Sentences and paragraphs may not always be well-connected or bullet points may have been used.</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0"><i>QL5</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Specialist vocabulary has been used inappropriately or not at all.</span></p>\r<p class="levelms">1&#x2013;2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright">Candidate has made no relevant points.</p>\r<p class="levelms">0</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new indentright"><i>Note: Even if English is perfect, candidates can only get marks for the points made at the top of the mark scheme for this question.</i></p>\r<p class="indent1new indentright"><i>If a candidate meets the subject criterion in a band but does not meet the quality of language criteria then drop mark by one band, providing that at least 3 of the quality of language criteria are met in the lower band. If 3 criteria are not met then drop by two bands.</i></p>\r<p class="mark">[6]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">This question was very well answered with many candidates gaining full marks. The use of language was mostly very good, although often the actual quality of the handwriting left much to be desired. There was also some confusion between special purpose and bespoke software types. The part relating to bespoke application programs was sometimes vaguely answered with poor examples that were special purpose examples such as payroll accounting or tax planning programs. A common way of missing a mark was to state the example as a brand name rather than a generic name. Finally there is still some confusion as to what an application package is. Utility and library software were often given, inappropriately, as one of the types.</span></p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW09202': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">The table below lists a number of items of software. You are asked to show which software category each item belongs to.</span></p>\r<p class="indent1new">Write in the appropriate cells in the table below the letter of the category which best fits each item of software. No letter should be used more than <b>once</B>.</p>\r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style=\'margin-left:20.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:0\'> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Software</b></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Category<br/>(letter only)</b></p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Spreadsheet Software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>&nbsp;</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Anti-virus Software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>&nbsp;</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Operating System</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>&nbsp;</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Air Traffic Control Software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>&nbsp;</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r</table>\r<p class="indent1new">A &#x2013; System Software</p>\r<p class="indent1new">B &#x2013; Bespoke Software</p>\r<p class="indent1new">C &#x2013; Utility Software</p>\r<p class="indent1new">D &#x2013; General Purpose Software</p>\r<p class="indent1new">E &#x2013; Special Purpose Software</p>\r<p class="mark">(Total 4 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-left:20.0pt;border-collapse:collapse\'> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Software</b></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Category (letter only)</b></p></td> \r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Spreadsheet Software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>D;</p></td> \r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Anti-virus software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>C; <i>Accept A</i></p></td> \r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Operating System</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>A; <i>If not given above</i></p></td> \r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Air Traffic Control Software</p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'width:170.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>E // B;</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r</table>\r<p class="mark">[4]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Most candidates correctly categorised the software given in the table. However, a minority of candidates failed to understand the instructions of writing the category letter given in the question into the table.</span></p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS07101': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Define the term software.<span class="answer-toggle"> ______________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The table below shows a list of software types with an example.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">Complete the entries in the table. All entries <b>must be different.</b></p>  \r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>  \r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-left:48pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=330 valign=top style=\'width:197.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box><b>Software category</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=333 style=\'width:199.95pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box><b>Example</b></p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=330 style=\'width:197.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>Programming language translator</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=333 valign=bottom style=\'width:199.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(i)   ______________________________</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=330 valign=bottom style=\'width:197.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(ii)   ______________________________</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=333 style=\'width:199.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt\'><p class=boxl>Disk defragmenter</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=330 valign=bottom style=\'width:197.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(iii)   ______________________________</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=333 style=\'width:199.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:25.5pt\'><p class=boxl>A DLL file that is used by several<br>   applications programs</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=330 style=\'width:197.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>General purpose applications program</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=333 valign=bottom style=\'width:199.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(iv) ______________________________</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="mark">(4)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 5 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Sequence of) program instructions / program code / program; Instructions processed by the processor ;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>  \r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-top:-0.4cm;margin-left:48pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=390 valign=top style=\'width:234.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box><b>Software Category</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=345 valign=top style=\'width:206.75pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box><b>Example</b></p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=390 style=\'width:234.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>programming language translator</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=345 style=\'width:206.75pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(i) compiler //interpreter//assembler ; R. any named language</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=390 style=\'width:234.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(ii) utility // system (software) ;</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=345 style=\'width:206.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>Disc defragmenter</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=390 style=\'width:234.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(iii) library program/files // System (software) ; R. library   (only), library software, program libraries</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=345 style=\'width:206.75pt;border:none;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>A DLL file which is used by several applications programs</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>       \r\t\t<td width=390 style=\'width:234.0pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>General purpose applications program</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=345 style=\'width:206.75pt;border-top:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=boxl>(iv) word processor/ database/ spreadsheet /desktop publishing A.   web browser / presentation software ; R. CAD</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright"><i>(ii) and (iii) answers must be different</i></p>  \r<p class="levelms">4</p>  \r<p class="mark">[5]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This was a single mark question which the vast majority of candidates scored. If candidates answered this at the executable program level then we are expecting an answer which describes a ‘sequence of instructions’ – ‘set of’ is considered insufficient as it opens up the possible interpretation of a set of menu selections or similar.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; There were still some scripts which used brand names despite the clear instruction on the front page rubric not to do this. Although a straightforward question, the majority of candidates were often unable to score the full four marks.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW06101': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The table below shows different software items.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">Complete the table by entering the letter which best describes each item of software.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0">Note, not all letters will be used.</p>  \r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>  \r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5  style=\'margin-left:48pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=319 valign=top style=\'width:191.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box><b>Software</b></p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=229 valign=top style=\'width:137.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box><b>Description </b>(letter below)</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>      \r\t\t<td width=319 valign=top style=\'width:191.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'margin-top:9.0pt;text-align:left\'>Route   planner software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=229 valign=top style=\'width:137.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box style=\'margin-top:9.0pt\'>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>      \r\t\t<td width=319 valign=top style=\'width:191.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>New point of sale software   for supermarket X’s checkout terminals</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=229 valign=top style=\'width:137.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>      \r\t\t<td width=319 valign=top style=\'width:191.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>Translator software for the   Java programming language</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=229 valign=top style=\'width:137.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>      \r\t\t<td width=319 valign=top style=\'width:191.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'margin-top:9.0pt;text-align:left\'>Spreadsheet   software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=229 valign=top style=\'width:137.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:white;padding:0cm 2.0pt 0cm 2.0pt\'><p class=box style=\'margin-top:9.0pt\'>&nbsp;</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="indent2new"><b>A</b> - general purpose application software</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0"><b>B</b> - bespoke software</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0"><b>C</b> - interpreter/compiler software</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0"><b>D</b> - special purpose application software</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0"><b>E </b>- operating system</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0"><b>F </b>- assembler software</p>  \r<p class="mark">(4)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Explain what is meant by a library program.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(2)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 6 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>  \r<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5  style=\'margin-top:-0.4cm;margin-left:48pt;border-collapse:collapse\'>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=425 valign=top style=\'width:9.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   background:#CCCCCC;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box>Software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=118 valign=top style=\'width:70.9pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;background:#CCCCCC;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box>Description <span style=\'font-size:9.0pt\'>(letter below)</span></p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=425 valign=top style=\'width:9.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>Route planner software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=118 valign=top style=\'width:70.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box>B / D;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=425 valign=top style=\'width:9.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>New point of sale software   for Supermarket X’s checkout terminals</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=118 valign=top style=\'width:70.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box style=\'margin-top:9.0pt\'>B;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=425 valign=top style=\'width:9.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>Translator software for the   Java programming language</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=118 valign=top style=\'width:70.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box style=\'margin-top:9.0pt\'>C;</p></td>  \r\t</tr>  \r\t<tr>     \r\t\t<td width=425 valign=top style=\'width:9.0cm;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box align=left style=\'text-align:left\'>Spreadsheet software</p></td>   \r\t\t<td width=118 valign=top style=\'width:70.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\'><p class=box>A;</p></td>  \r\t</tr> \r</table>  \r<p class="levelms">4</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Library program ...</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Previously written program code;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Program code available from third parties;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Program routines previously saved/compiled;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Code which can be incorporated into current/future developments;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Program files which are used by other/many applications</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>R </b>system software / utility programs</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 2</p>  \r<p class="mark">[6]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Although a new style question for this area of the specification, candidates mostly scored the full four marks.</p>  \r<p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This was the first time this question had been asked and it was poorly answered. Whilst it is appreciated that candidates may well not have had practical experience of the use of library programs in their own programming experience after some three months, they would have experienced DLL files when installing software.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">Common wrong answers were the confusion of library programs with either utilities, or a vague statement referring to information stored in a large archive.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS04101': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer system will use <i>system software </i>and applications software. In order to solve a business problem a company may use <i>special purpose applications software </i>or <i>general purpose applications software</i>.</p>  \r<p class="indent1">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Give <b>one</b> example of a type of system software.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">&nbsp;(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is meant by <b>each</b> of the following terms?</p>  \r<p class="indent2">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Special purpose applications software;</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General purpose applications software.</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Give <b>one</b> advantage of each of the following:</p>  \r<p class="indent2">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Special purpose applications software;</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; General purpose applications software.</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 5 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Operating System// any utility// any user interface// library programs//compiler// assembler// interpreter// translator// driver</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>A</b> BIOS</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> any programming language</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1a indentright" >(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Software written for a specific/ particular/ certain area/problem/task/function; or by example</p>  \r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> bespoke software</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Appropriate to many areas/tasks/functions/problems/uses; or by example</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1a indentright" >(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Designed for the specific task// uses less memory/ disc space//does not have unnecessary features;</p>  \r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> bespoke software</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Able to perform many tasks//can be used for many purposes//cheaper to purchase;</p>  \r<p class="indent3new indentright m-t-0"><b>I </b>Fewer errors</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="mark">[5]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good marks were obtained from this part of the question. There were still some candidates who responded with a branded product but these were in the minority.</p>  \r<p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Good marks were also obtained here but some candidates confused “special purpose applications software” and “bespoke software”. Some candidates also felt that it was necessary to tailor special purpose applications software. As regards (ii) the most common misunderstanding was that the ability to transfer data between applications using the clipboard made the software general purpose.</p>  \r<p class="indent1">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Again candidates confused “special purpose applications software” with “bespoke software” and spoke of tailoring software to specific needs. Many candidates failed to obtain credit in part (ii) by simply stating “cheaper” without any further explanation.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW01102': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Two classifications of software are System Software and Application Software.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new m-t-0">What is meant by:</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; System Software;<span class="answer-toggle"> _______________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Application Software?<span class="answer-toggle"> ____________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent3new answer-toggle">______________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Give an example of:</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; System Software;<span class="answer-toggle"> _______________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p>  \r<p class="indent2new">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Application Software?<span class="answer-toggle"> ____________________________________________</span></p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 4 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1a indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Layer of software which enables users to operate computer; software to make hardware work; operating system;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 1</p>  \r<p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Program written to perform end user task; problem-oriented program &nbsp;to enable user to do specific task; program produced by end use;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class=oldquestionai>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Operating system / utility programs / library programs / compilers / assembler / interpreter;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="indent2 indentright">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Word processor / DTP / Spreadsheet / Database / stock control / payroll / web browser / or other suitable</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p>  \r<p class="mark">[4]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Most candidates have a good understanding of the differences between system software and applications and the functions of both. Some candidates found it very difficult to express themselves clearly enough and comments such as “system software is software which helps run the system” is rather too vague, as is “Application software is software designed for a purpose”. All software is designed for a purpose. System software is software which enables users to operate the hardware. Application software enables the user to do a specific task. Most candidates gave examples by quoting names such as ‘Microsoft Word’ rather than the generic term ‘word processor’. Although this was accepted in this first examination, centres are reminded that proprietary names are not usually accepted.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'Q23S208P2': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">One physical resource that the operating system manages is the processor.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Name another physical resource that the operating system is responsible for managing.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 1 mark)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Mark is for AO1 (Knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">(Main) memory (<b>A</b>. RAM);</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0">Secondary storage (<b>A.</b> example of secondary storage device);</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0">I/O devices (<b>A.</b> example I/O device);</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>R</b>. Processors.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0"><b>R.</b> File system.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0"><b>R.</b> Scheduling.</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[1]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Over 85% of students could name another physical resource that the operating system manages. The incorrect answers included naming the processor (given in the question) or not naming a physical resource.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS18S25P02': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">State <b>one</b> resource that the operating system manages.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 1 mark)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question indentright"><b>Mark is for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright"><b>Mark as follows:</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright">Processors <b>A.</b> CPU;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright m-t-0">Memory / Memories <b>A.</b> RAM;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright m-t-0">I/O devices (among competing processes) <b>A.</b> examples;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright"><b>A.</b> Hardware</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright"><b>Max 1</b></p>\r\n<p class="mark">[1]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Most students that gained a mark identified that the Operating System manages memory. However, the students demonstrated a lack of understanding of the term “resource management.”</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS11302': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">A computer programmer, developing a theatre seat booking system, has decided to use an event-driven object-oriented programming language.</span></p>\r<p class="indent1">(a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The operating system that is installed on the computer that the new booking system will be used on is an interactive network operating system. This has the characteristics of both an interactive operating system and a network operating system.</p>\r<p class="indent2new">Explain what is meant by the terms <i>interactive operating system</i> and <i>network operating system.</i></p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">Interactive operating system: ___________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">Network operating system: _____________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To allow it to work with the computer&#x2019;s operating system, the programs developed by the programmer should be event-driven.</p>\r<p class="indent2new">Explain how an event&#x2013;driven program works.</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p> \r<p class="mark">(Total 4 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>Interactive OS:</b></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">User and computer in direct / two-way communication // User makes input to computer then waits for output before making next input;<br/><b>A</b> system, software, program, OS for computer<br/><br><b>Network OS:</b><br/>(Layer of software that) redirects requests to remote resources; (<b>A</b> examples) in a way that is transparent to user;</span></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright"><i>Must make one point about interactive and one point about network</i></p>\r<p class="levelms">Max 2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Flow of program/execution sequence determined by events // program executes relevant code-handling block / procedure / sub-routine in response to events;<br/>Example of event such as clicking a button;<br/>Message sent to program when event occurs;<br/>System loop executes until application closes; this receives and processes messages // use of event-listener/handler;<br/>If several events occur they are queued;</p>\r<p class="levelms">Max 2</p> \r<p class="mark">[4]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Part (a): This topic was poorly understood. Many candidates did little more than rephrase the terms given on the question paper in their responses. An interactive operating system is one in which the user and computer are in direct two-way communication. A network operating system contains a layer of software that redirects requests to remote resources in a way that is transparent to the user. Stating that a network operating system was used to connect to a network was not enough; various hardware and software components are involved in this. Some candidates confused a network operating system with the use of thin-client computing or assumed that one would only be used on a file server.</span></p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">Part (b): The responses to this question part were much better than those to part (a), with almost half of candidates achieving both available marks. Good candidates identified that an event-driven program would respond to events by calling specific subroutines and were also able to give an example of an event. Some responses also mentioned the use of a system loop or event handlers. The most common mistake was to write an answer that was too vague and could equally be applied to programs that were not event driven, such as, "an event driven program reacts to user inputs or runs certain code based on the inputs made".</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS10302': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Explain the purpose of an operating system.</span></p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Discuss the differences between operating systems designed for desktop computers and operating systems designed for embedded systems.</p>\r<p class="indent2new">In this question you will also be assessed on your ability to use good English and to organise your answer clearly in complete sentences, using specialist vocabulary where appropriate.</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(4)</p> \r<p class="mark">(Total 6 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>To hide the complexities of the hardware from the user // Provision of virtual machine; <br><b>R</b> Provision of user interface <b>NE</b><br/><b>A</b> machine for hardware but <b>R</b> system, computer<br/>Manages the hardware (resources) // allocation of hardware resources (to processes); <br><b>A</b> Examples of resources</p>\r<p class="levelms">2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Subject-related points:</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">Desktop computer used for many different/generic purposes; so ...</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS must support a wide range of peripherals/storage devices;</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS must run wide range of software/packages;</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS more customisable (by user);</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS must manage security;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Desktop computer requirements more likely to change over time // more likely to want to add new features/support new applications; so....</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS has modular design / easier to upgrade;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Desktop computers made by many different manufacturers // to varying specifications; so....</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS must run on wider range of hardware platforms;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Desktop computer more likely to be networked; so...</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;desktop OS must support networking protocols;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Embedded systems (often) made at low cost // may have minimal processing requirement; so...</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;embedded system OS has lower hardware requirements (allow e.g. such as slower processor, less RAM);</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">Embedded systems have few inputs and outputs to <u>user</u>; so...</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;embedded system OS provides no/minimal user interface;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;embedded system OS designed to deal with input from sensors // output to control devices;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Embedded systems (often) in battery powered devices; so</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;managing power consumption particularly important; <b>A</b> example of power management</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Embedded systems (are sometimes) real-time // for safety-critical applications; so...</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real-time embedded system OS must be designed to guarantee speed of response // respond very quickly;*</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real-time embedded system OS must deal with many inputs simultaneously;*</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real-time embedded system OS may need to be failsafe;*</p>\r<p class="indent2 indentright m-t-0">&#x2022;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real-time embedded system OS may incorporate redundancy;*</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">* - These points only valid if real-time system specifically referenced.</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright"><i><b>A</b> any mix of points. The reason does not have to be stated to award a mark for the difference/feature.</i><br/><br><b>A</b> converse of the points if the point itself has not been given.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of written communication criteria (QWCx).</i></p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=\' margin-left:52.0pt;border-collapse:collapse\'> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td width=70 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>SUB</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td width=500 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Candidate has made three or more relevant points.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC1</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Text is legible</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC2</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>There are few, if any, errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC3</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>The candidate has selected and used a form and style of writing appropriate to the purpose and has expressed ideas clearly and fluently.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC4</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Sentences and paragraphs follow on from one another clearly and coherently.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC5</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been used.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r</table>\r<p class="levelms">3&#x2013;4</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB) and 4 of the 5 quality of written communication criteria (QWCx).</i></p>\r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=\' margin-left:52.0pt;border-collapse:collapse\'> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td width=70 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>SUB</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td width=500 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Candidate has made two relevant points.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC1</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Text is legible</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC2</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>There may be occasional errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar. Meaning is clear.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC3</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>The candidate has, in the main, used a form and style of writing appropriate to the purpose, with occasional lapses. The candidate has expressed ideas clearly and reasonably fluently.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC4</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>The candidate has used well-linked sentences and paragraphs.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC5</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Appropriate specialist vocabulary has been used.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r</table>\r<p class="levelms">2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright"><i>To achieve a mark in this band, candidates must meet the subject criterion (SUB). The quality of written communication should be typified by the QWCx statements.</i></p>\r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=\' margin-left:52.0pt;border-collapse:collapse\'> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td width=70 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>SUB</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td width=500 valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Candidate has made just one relevant point.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC1</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Most of the text is legible.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC2</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>There may be some errors of spelling, punctuation and grammar but it should still be possible to understand most of the response.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC3</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>The candidate has used a form and style of writing which has many deficiencies. Ideas are not always clearly expressed.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC4</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Sentences and paragraphs may not always be well-connected or bullet points may have been used.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r\t<tr>  \r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'><i>QWC5</i></p></td>\r\t\t<td valign=top style=\'border:solid windowtext 0.0pt;padding:0cm 0pt 0cm 0pt\'><p class=boxl style=\'margin-top:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm\'>Specialist vocabulary has been used inappropriately or not at all.</p></td> \r\t</tr> \r</table>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Candidate has made no relevant points.</p>\r<p class="levelms">0</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright"><i>Note: Even if English is perfect, candidates can only get marks for the points made at the top of the mark scheme for this question.</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">If a candidate meets the subject criterion in a band but does not meet the quality of written communication criteria then drop mark by one band, providing that at least 3 of the quality of written communication criteria are met in the lower band. If 3 criteria are not met then drop by two bands.</i></p>\r<p class="levelms">4</p> \r<p class="mark">[6]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Part (a): Most candidates scored at least one mark for this question part by explaining that the operating system provided a virtual machine or abstracted the user from the complex hardware. <br/>Some however only described the provision of a user interface, which was not sufficient to gain the mark for abstraction from the hardware.</span></p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1new">Part (b): Most candidates showed some understanding of the differences between the two types of operating system, with many scoring high marks. The most commonly made mistake was to discuss the same point repeatedly, usually that a desktop operating system would perform a wider range of tasks. Good answers also referred to upgradability, the range of software applications that could be run, the range of hardware that might be supported and the likely minimum hardware requirements of the operating system. Some candidates assumed erroneously that embedded systems and real time systems were the same things. On this occasion we were lenient when marking answers that had made this assumption. <br/>The vast majority of candidates wrote appropriately structured answers with only minor errors in grammar and spelling. A bigger problem was the legibility of some answers, but very few were impossible to read.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QW03205': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">The role of an operating system is often said to be twofold:</p>  \r<p class="indent1">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To provide a virtual machine.</p>  \r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To manage the resources of the computer.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is meant by “to provide a virtual machine”?</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Name <b>three </b>types of resource managed by the operating system.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">1. _________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">2. _________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">3. _________________________________________________________________</p> \r<p class="mark">(3)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 4 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; OS hides complexities of hardware from the user;</p>  \r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Any three @ 1 each</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Processor(s)/cpu(s);</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Memory/IAS/Main memory;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Disk (space)/backing store; <b>A</b> Hard disk/drive //Floppy disk (drive)//</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Secondary storage</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">I/O devices//peripherals; <b>R</b> examples</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">File space;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>A</b> files<br> <b>R</b> data</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>R</b> programs</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 3</p>  \r<p class="mark">[4]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Many candidates were able to give meaning to the phrase “to provide a virtual machine”. The examiners were expecting candidates to identify this role as hiding the complexities of hardware from the user.</p>  \r<p class="indent1new">Most candidates were able to name at least one type of resource managed by the operating system and many named three, correctly.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS00A303': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is meant by the phrase <i>client-server operation?</i></p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(2)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Explain the operation of <i>virtual memory.</i></p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>  \r<p class="mark">(4)</p>  \r<p class="mark">(Total 6 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A server provides services required by client computer/workstation/ terminal/client application (<b>NOT</b> USER, <b>NOT</b> CLIENT on its own); such as printing, file/data storage, file server, communications-e-mail server, Web access server, Internet server, ISP, database, controlling logging in; (any one example providing services required by.)</p>  \r<p class="levelms">2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <i>Any 4 points × 1</i></p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>No</b> marks for a point which references just data when it should reference a program.</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Backing store is <b>NOT</b> acceptable as a substitute for disk (must be a direct access device)</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Accept partitions as a substitute for pages (but <b>NOT</b> portions)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">A memory management technique;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Transparent to the user/programmer which permits;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">The execution of a process/processes where the total virtual address space exceeds the physical MAIN memory capacity;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Execution of a program which is not entirely in main memory/less than the full virtual address space of a process resident in physical memory/ execution of partially loaded processes/lets user think there is more <u>main memory</u>/RAM;</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent2new indentright">Disk is used as RAM;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Physical memory is conceptually divided into a number of fixed size pages/segments;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">The virtual address space of a program/process is divided into a number of fixed size pages;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Page table indicates which pages of a process are loaded and where;</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">The program and data reside on disk and are <u>swapped </u>into memory and out of memory as required.(DISK THRASHING);</p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright"><i>NB Allow an answer which uses segmentation. No marks for answers describing overlay techniques</i></p>  \r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>NOT</b> computer fooled into thinking more main memory</p>  \r<p class="levelms">Max 4</p>  \r<p class="mark">[6]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 m-t-0">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many candidates experienced difficulty in explaining the meaning of the phrase <i>client-server operation. </i>Some responses were far removed from the correct context. For example, “client server operation is when a client rings up a mailing order company and is served over the phone” gained no credit. Very few candidates were able to state that a server provides services required by client computers or a client application although many were able to gain credit by quoting an example of client-server operation such as a file server.</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The operation of <i>virtual memory </i>was fairly well explained by many candidates. Some candidates failed to gain credit because their answers lacked precision. In particular, many candidates referenced memory rather than main memory and therefore did not distinguish between secondary and primary memory. Other candidates focussed on data only and ignored the fact that it is a memory management technique applied to programs.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'Q23S206P1': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Libraries are a type of system software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Describe what libraries are <b>and</b> why programmers use them.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 2 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Marks are for AO1 (knowledge) and AO1 (understanding)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>Mark as follows:</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>AO1 (knowledge) &#x2013; 1 mark: Max 1 mark</b> for explaining the term</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Provides routines that can be included/used in a program;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>AO1 (understanding) &#x2013; 1 mark: Max 1 mark</b> for a reason/need for library</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Improves the speed of development // reduces workload // requires (writing of) less code;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0">Improves reliability;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0">Provides operations that the programmer may not know how to code themselves;</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[2]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">This question was about libraries and only half of students achieved both marks. The most common incorrect answer defined libraries as being used to &#x201C;store data&#x201D;. Some students gave vague responses for the reasons for libraries, such as &#x201C;easier/simpler to organise code&#x201D; perhaps confusing libraries with subroutines. Over 25% of students gained zero marks or failed to attempt this question.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'Q22S206P2': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Translators are one type of system software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Give <b>two</b> other types of system software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">Type 1&nbsp;&nbsp;________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">Type 2&nbsp;&nbsp;________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new answer-toggle">_______________________________________________________________________</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 2 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Marks are for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright">Operating systems / OS;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright m-t-0">Utility programs;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright m-t-0">Libraries;</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright"><b>A.</b> Specific examples of utilities (such as virus checker, disk defragmenter) unless the student has already given the type utilities as a response.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright m-t-0"><b>R.</b> Interpreters, compilers, assemblers.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new indentright"><b>MAX 2</b></p>\r\n<p class="mark">[2]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Over half of students achieved both marks by correctly stating two other types of system software. Far too many students gave types of translators (interpreters, compilers or assemblers) in their answers despite the question asking for &#x201C;two other types&#x201D;. Other incorrect responses included describing OS functions, eg memory management.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QS19S25P04': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Some of the following types of software are examples of system software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new">Shade in <b>two</b> lozenges to indicate which types of software are system software.</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><img src="AA_COM/QS19S25P04_files_Q/img01.jpg"/>&nbsp;</p>\r\n<p class="mark">(Total 2 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question"><b>Marks are for AO1 (knowledge)</b></p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>1 mark</b> for Compiler checked</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new m-t-0"><b>1 mark</b> for Operating system checked</p>\r\n<p class="indent1new"><b>R.</b> Award 0 marks if more than two lozenges shaded</p>\r\n<p class="mark">[2]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">Most students identified the correct answer for this question part.</p></h5>', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}, 'QSPAS210': {'question': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1new m-t-0">The tables below show two versions of the same segment of a program.</p>\r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-top:0.0cm; margin-left:55.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\'> \r\t<tr>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:200.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Version A</b></p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:20.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:200.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box><b>Version B</b></p></td>\r\t</tr>\r\t<tr>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:200.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl><span ID=code2>if x > 0:<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;y = y + 2<br/>else:<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;y = y - 1</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:20.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=box>&nbsp;</p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:200.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl><span class="comp">00011100 00110000<br/>00101010 10010010<br/>11101010 00000010<br/>00101100 10010001</span></p></td>\r\t</tr>\r</table></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shade in <b>one</b> lozenge to indicate which version, <b>A</b> or <b>B</b>, in the tables above represents object code.</p>\r<p class="bottom">&nbsp;</p>\r<table class=MsoTableGrid cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 style=\'margin-top:0.0cm; margin-left:45.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;\'> \r\t<tr>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:100.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxl>Version A&nbsp;<img style="vertical-align:middle;" src="AA_COM/QSPAS210_files_Q/img01.png"/></p></td>\r\t\t<td style=\'width:100.0pt;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\'><p class=boxr>Version B&nbsp;<img style="vertical-align:middle;" src="AA_COM/QSPAS210_files_Q/img01.png"/></p></td>\r\t</tr>\r</table>\r<p class="mark">(1)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Describe <b>two</b> differences between a compiler and an interpreter.</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1">(c) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Explain what intermediate code is <b>and</b> why some compilers will produce intermediate code as the final output.</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="indent2new answer-toggle">___________________________________________________________________</p>\r<p class="mark">(2)</p> \r<p class="mark">(Total 5 marks)</p></h5>', 'markscheme': '<h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="question">&nbsp;</p>\r<p class="indent1 indentright m-t-0">(a) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Mark is for AO1 (understanding)</b></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">Version: B;</p>\r<p class="levelms">1</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(b) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Marks are for AO1 (understanding)</b></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">A compiler produces object code whilst an interpreter does not;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">A compiler translates the whole of the source code into object code whilst an interpreter translates line by line;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">The object code produced by a compiler will execute faster, (once it is compiled) than interpreting the source code (every time the program is run)</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">An interpreter can run (syntactically correct) parts of a program whilst there are syntax errors in other parts of it, which a compiler cannot;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>Max 2</b></p>\r<p class="levelms">2</p></h5><h5 class=\'contentSeparator\' style=\'page-break-inside: avoid;\'><div class=\'qnumber-hidden\'></div><p class="indent1 indentright">(c) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Marks are for AO1 (understanding)</b></p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">Intermediate code is not (directly) executable / /</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0">Intermediate code will by run / interpreted by a virtual machine / / Compiled into an executable just before running / just in time;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright">Intermediate code can be run on different computing platforms / / One solution can be targeted at multiple platforms;</p>\r<p class="indent2new indentright m-t-0"><b>Max 2</b>\r<p class="levelms">2</p> \r<p class="mark">[5]</p></h5>', 'examinerreport': '', 'notes': '', 'resources': ''}}
User: Now, the user will ask questions after this message. Use everything I gave you and the knowledge you have acquired, and from the notes you made, to answer their question in a very concise way that WILL score ALL marks. Just like the notes. For this, your answer will not have the same structure as the revision notes. Think of it as answering an exam question: short, consice, useful, scores ALL marks. Just like the exam questions provided to you, you will not leave your response in a 'notes' manner. You are just answering an exam question: which means it has to be very short unless explicitly specified by the user that it must be long and detailed. So, keep it short, concise, and only a couple of sentences that score ALL marks. Remember, it is an A-Level exam question and you will style it as such: incredibly concise sentences (essentially like bullet points but without the bullet points) that score marks. Most sentences won't even have commas, this does not mean you can't use them. Also do not repeat the question in your answer, just do it. Score all marks, assume how many marks there are based on the question if it is not provided to you. Imagine that for every sentence you make, you score a mark (for simpler questions), for high (>5 mark) questions that may differ.
In summary, you must:
* Answer very concisely. Kind of like bullet points but as a short para. Most of the time, a sentence, or point, will be a mark.
* Do not repeat the question at the start.
* Don't over-do your answer. Please. 1 mark (e.g., usually, 'What' questions) is like one very short sentence usually. Remember the summary from the notes? Your answer will essentially be like that for most questions but a bit (a bit!) more developed. Remember, this is just A-Levels. Use some of the exam questions that I provided as an example of how you should model your answers.
* When you're listing examples, don't list every example in the universe.
* Score all marks. Be helpful.
User: Write the notes you made
Assistant: **Hardware and Software (Spec Points: 3.6.1.1, 3.6.1.2, 3.6.1.3, 3.6.1.4):**

- **Relationship Between Hardware and Software:**
  - Hardware: The physical components of a computer system including electronic, physical, electrical, and mechanical parts such as processors and peripherals.
  - Software: Programs, code, or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
  - A computer system requires both hardware and software to function fully.

- **Classification of Software:**
  - **System Software:** Software that controls or manages the operation of a computer system, e.g., Operating System (OS), utility programs, and libraries.
  - **Application Software:** Software that performs tasks for the user, like word processors or web browsers.
  
  *Exam Question Example:*
  - System Software vs Application Software: System software controls and manages computer operations, while application software is used to perform user-specific tasks.

- **System Software:**
  - **Operating Systems (OS):** Provide an interface between user and computer, manage resources like CPU, memory, and input/output devices, and hide hardware complexities to present a virtual machine.
    - Handles errors, manages memory and storage, controls peripheral devices, and allocates resources.
  - **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks such as file compression, antivirus checks.
  - **Libraries:** Provide reusable routines or functions for programming.
  - **Translators:** Compilers, assemblers, and interpreters used for converting high-level programming code to machine code.
  
  *Exam Question Example:*
  - Translators are part of system software, converting high-level code to machine-readable code.

- **Role of an Operating System (OS):**
  - Manages hardware to allocate processors, memory, and I/O devices efficiently.
  - Performs resource management through techniques like scheduling and managing input/output devices.
  - Uses methods like virtual memory and paging to optimize resource usage in processes too large for RAM.
  
**Exam Questions:**
1. Define the term 'software' (1 mark).  
   Answer: Programs/code/instructions that are executed.

2. What is meant by the term hardware? (1 mark).  
   Answer: The electronic/electrical/physical/mechanical components of the computer system.

3. Explain one difference between system software and application software (2 marks).  
   Answer: System software manages the operation of computer systems; application software performs user-oriented tasks.

4. Name one resource that the operating system manages (1 mark).  
   Answer: Main memory (RAM) or I/O devices.

**Definitions:**

- **Hardware:** Electrical/physical components of the computer.
- **Software:** Programs or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
- **System Software:** Software required for operating the computer.
- **Application Software:** Software performing user tasks.
- **Operating System (OS):** Software to manage hardware resources and provide a virtual machine.
- **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks like file compression or virus checks.
- **Libraries:** Routines or functions included in programs.
- **Translators:** Convert high-level code to machine code (compilers, assemblers, interpreters).

**Summary:**

A computer system consists of hardware and software, working in unison for functionality. Software is categorized into system and application software. System software includes operating systems, utilities, and translators that manage resources and provide an interface, while application software is task-specific. The OS plays a crucial role in resource management and virtualization, ensuring efficient task execution through methods like scheduling and virtual memory.
User: Include ALL exam questions.
Assistant: **Hardware and Software (Spec Points: 3.6.1.1, 3.6.1.2, 3.6.1.3, 3.6.1.4):**

- **Relationship Between Hardware and Software:**
  - Hardware: The physical components of a computer system including electronic, physical, electrical, and mechanical parts such as processors and peripherals.
  - Software: Programs, code, or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
  - A computer system requires both hardware and software to function fully.

- **Classification of Software:**
  - **System Software:** Software that controls or manages the operation of a computer system, e.g., Operating System (OS), utility programs, and libraries.
  - **Application Software:** Software that performs tasks for the user, like word processors or web browsers.

  *Exam Question Example:*
  - System Software vs Application Software: System software controls and manages computer operations, while application software is used to perform user-specific tasks.

- **System Software:**
  - **Operating Systems (OS):** Provide an interface between the user and computer, manage resources like CPU, memory, and input/output devices, and hide hardware complexities to present a virtual machine.
    - Handles errors, manages memory and storage, controls peripheral devices, and allocates resources.
  - **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks such as file compression, antivirus checks.
  - **Libraries:** Provide reusable routines or functions for programming.
  - **Translators:** Compilers, assemblers, and interpreters used for converting high-level programming code to machine code.

  *Exam Question Example:*
  - Translators are part of system software, converting high-level code to machine-readable code.

- **Role of an Operating System (OS):**
  - Manages hardware to allocate processors, memory, and I/O devices efficiently.
  - Performs resource management through techniques like scheduling and managing input/output devices.
  - Uses methods like virtual memory and paging to optimize resource usage in processes too large for RAM.

**Exam Questions Summary:**

1. **Q22S206P1:** Define the term 'software'.  
   Answer: Programs/code/instructions that are executed.

2. **QS19S25P01:** What is meant by the term hardware?  
   Answer: The electronic/electrical/physical/mechanical components of the computer system.

3. **QS19S25P02:** What is meant by the term software?  
   Answer: Instructions/code/programs.

4. **QW09201:** What is meant by hardware and software?  
   Answer: Hardware: The electrical/physical components of the computer; Software: Programs which run on the hardware.

5. **QW08101:** Identify the category for various computer components like application programs or printed circuit boards.  
   Answer: Application program: Software; Printed circuit board: Hardware and Software.

6. **QW03101:** Define hardware and software, and classify an operating system.  
   Answer: Hardware: The electronic components of a computer. Software: Programs that run on hardware. Operating system: Software.

7. **QS19S25P03:** Explain the difference between system software and application software.  
   Answer: System software manages computer operations; application software performs user-specific tasks.

8. **QW11206:** Determine the type of software described.  
   Answer: Performs tasks needed to operate hardware: System Software.

9. **QW10206:** Describe the three types of application software, using examples.  
   Answer: General purpose: Carries out many tasks (e.g., word processor). Bespoke: Custom-made for specific needs. Special purpose: Conducts one task (e.g., route planning).

10. **QW09202:** Categorize software types such as spreadsheets or antivirus software.  
    Answer: Spreadsheet Software: General Purpose; Antivirus Software: Utility.

11. **QS07101:** Define software and complete a table with software categories and examples.  
    Answer: Software: Sequence of program instructions. Categories: Programming language translator, utility, library program, general-purpose application.

12. **QW06101:** Categorize types of software and explain library programs.  
    Answer: Route planner: Special Purpose; New POS: Bespoke; Translator Software: Interpreter/Compiler; Spreadsheet: General Purpose. Library program: Functions/code available for use in other programs.

13. **QS04101:** Give an example of system software and explain special and general-purpose application software.  
    Answer: System software: Operating System. Special-purpose: Software for specific tasks. General-purpose: Software for multiple tasks.

14. **QW01102:** Define system and application software, and provide examples.  
    Answer: System Software: Enables operation of computer (e.g., OS). Application Software: Performs end-user tasks (e.g., word processor).

15. **Q23S208P2:** Name another resource the OS manages besides the processor.  
    Answer: Main memory (RAM) or I/O devices.

16. **QS18S25P02:** State one resource the operating system manages.  
    Answer: Memory, CPU, or I/O devices.

17. **QS11302:** Explain interactive and network operating systems, and describe event-driven programs.  
    Answer: Interactive OS: Two-way communication. Network OS: Redirects requests to remote resources. Event-driven programs: Execution determined by events.

18. **QS10302:** Explain the purpose of an OS and compare OS types for desktops and embedded systems.  
    Answer: Purpose: Manage hardware, provide a virtual machine. Desktop OS: Supports a variety of tasks and hardware. Embedded OS: Minimalistic for specific tasks.

19. **QW03205:** Explain "providing a virtual machine" and list resources managed by an OS.  
    Answer: Virtual machine: Hides hardware complexity. Resources: Processor, memory, disk space, I/O devices.

20. **QS00A303:** Define client-server operation and explain virtual memory.  
    Answer: Client-server: Server provides services to client applications. Virtual memory: Technique allowing processes to execute with total space exceeding physical memory.

21. **Q23S206P1:** Describe what libraries are and why they're used by programmers.  
    Answer: Libraries: Provide routines for programs, improving speed and reliability of development.

22. **Q22S206P2:** List two other types of system software besides translators.  
    Answer: Operating systems, utility programs.

23. **QS19S25P04:** Indicate which software types are system software.  
    Answer: Compiler, Operating system.

24. **QSPAS210:** Indicate object code and describe differences between compiler and interpreter.  
    Answer: Object code: Version B. Compiler: Produces object code; interprets line by line.

**Definitions:**

- **Hardware:** Electrical/physical components of the computer.
- **Software:** Programs or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
- **System Software:** Software required for operating the computer.
- **Application Software:** Software performing user tasks.
- **Operating System (OS):** Software to manage hardware resources and provide a virtual machine.
- **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks like file compression or virus checks.
- **Libraries:** Routines or functions included in programs.
- **Translators:** Convert high-level code to machine code (compilers, assemblers, interpreters).

**Summary:**

A computer system consists of hardware and software, working in unison for functionality. Software is categorized into system and application software. System software includes operating systems, utilities, and translators that manage resources and provide an interface, while application software is task-specific. The OS plays a crucial role in resource management and virtualization, ensuring efficient task execution through methods like scheduling and virtual memory.
User: Good. Add-on to your notes by explainingthe operation of virtual memory. Also, include ALL definitions.
Assistant: **Hardware and Software (Spec Points: 3.6.1.1, 3.6.1.2, 3.6.1.3, 3.6.1.4):**

- **Relationship Between Hardware and Software:**
  - Hardware: The physical components of a computer system, including electronic, physical, electrical, and mechanical parts such as processors and peripherals.
  - Software: Programs, code, or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
  - A computer system requires both hardware and software to function fully.

- **Classification of Software:**
  - **System Software:** Software that controls or manages the operation of a computer system, e.g., Operating System (OS), utility programs, and libraries.
  - **Application Software:** Software that performs tasks for the user, like word processors or web browsers.

  *Exam Question Example:*
  - System Software vs Application Software: System software controls and manages computer operations, while application software is used to perform user-specific tasks.

- **System Software:**
  - **Operating Systems (OS):** Provide an interface between the user and computer, manage resources like CPU, memory, and input/output devices, and hide hardware complexities to present a virtual machine.
    - Handles errors, manages memory and storage, controls peripheral devices, and allocates resources.
  - **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks such as file compression, antivirus checks.
  - **Libraries:** Provide reusable routines or functions for programming.
  - **Translators:** Compilers, assemblers, and interpreters used for converting high-level programming code to machine code.

  *Exam Question Example:*
  - Translators are part of system software, converting high-level code to machine-readable code.

- **Role of an Operating System (OS):**
  - Manages hardware to allocate processors, memory, and I/O devices efficiently.
  - Performs resource management through techniques like scheduling and managing input/output devices.
  - Uses methods like virtual memory and paging to optimize resource usage in processes too large for RAM.

- **Virtual Memory:**
  - Virtual memory is a technique that enables a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage. This allows a program to operate as if the computer's RAM were larger than it actually is. The OS uses a portion of disk space as an extension of RAM, thereby creating the illusion of a large contiguous block of memory space.

**Exam Questions Summary:**

1. **Q22S206P1:** Define the term 'software'.  
   Answer: Programs/code/instructions that are executed.

2. **QS19S25P01:** What is meant by the term hardware?  
   Answer: The electronic/electrical/physical/mechanical components of the computer system.

3. **QS19S25P02:** What is meant by the term software?  
   Answer: Instructions/code/programs.

4. **QW09201:** What is meant by hardware and software?  
   Answer: Hardware: The electrical/physical components of the computer; Software: Programs which run on the hardware.

5. **QW08101:** Identify the category for various computer components like application programs or printed circuit boards.  
   Answer: Application program: Software; Printed circuit board: Hardware and Software.

6. **QW03101:** Define hardware and software, and classify an operating system.  
   Answer: Hardware: The electronic components of a computer. Software: Programs that run on hardware. Operating system: Software.

7. **QS19S25P03:** Explain the difference between system software and application software.  
   Answer: System software manages computer operations; application software performs user-specific tasks.

8. **QW11206:** Determine the type of software described.  
   Answer: Performs tasks needed to operate hardware: System Software.

9. **QW10206:** Describe the three types of application software, using examples.  
   Answer: General purpose: Carries out many tasks (e.g., word processor). Bespoke: Custom-made for specific needs. Special purpose: Conducts one task (e.g., route planning).

10. **QW09202:** Categorize software types such as spreadsheets or antivirus software.  
    Answer: Spreadsheet Software: General Purpose; Antivirus Software: Utility.

11. **QS07101:** Define software and complete a table with software categories and examples.  
    Answer: Software: Sequence of program instructions. Categories: Programming language translator, utility, library program, general-purpose application.

12. **QW06101:** Categorize types of software and explain library programs.  
    Answer: Route planner: Special Purpose; New POS: Bespoke; Translator Software: Interpreter/Compiler; Spreadsheet: General Purpose. Library program: Functions/code available for use in other programs.

13. **QS04101:** Give an example of system software and explain special and general-purpose application software.  
    Answer: System software: Operating System. Special-purpose: Software for specific tasks. General-purpose: Software for multiple tasks.

14. **QW01102:** Define system and application software, and provide examples.  
    Answer: System Software: Enables operation of computer (e.g., OS). Application Software: Performs end-user tasks (e.g., word processor).

15. **Q23S208P2:** Name another resource the OS manages besides the processor.  
    Answer: Main memory (RAM) or I/O devices.

16. **QS18S25P02:** State one resource the operating system manages.  
    Answer: Memory, CPU, or I/O devices.

17. **QS11302:** Explain interactive and network operating systems, and describe event-driven programs.  
    Answer: Interactive OS: Two-way communication. Network OS: Redirects requests to remote resources. Event-driven programs: Execution determined by events.

18. **QS10302:** Explain the purpose of an OS and compare OS types for desktops and embedded systems.  
    Answer: Purpose: Manage hardware, provide a virtual machine. Desktop OS: Supports a variety of tasks and hardware. Embedded OS: Minimalistic for specific tasks.

19. **QW03205:** Explain "providing a virtual machine" and list resources managed by an OS.  
    Answer: Virtual machine: Hides hardware complexity. Resources: Processor, memory, disk space, I/O devices.

20. **QS00A303:** Define client-server operation and explain virtual memory.  
    Answer: Client-server: Server provides services to client applications. Virtual memory: Technique allowing processes to execute with total space exceeding physical memory.

21. **Q23S206P1:** Describe what libraries are and why they're used by programmers.  
    Answer: Libraries: Provide routines for programs, improving speed and reliability of development.

22. **Q22S206P2:** List two other types of system software besides translators.  
    Answer: Operating systems, utility programs.

23. **QS19S25P04:** Indicate which software types are system software.  
    Answer: Compiler, Operating system.

24. **QSPAS210:** Indicate object code and describe differences between compiler and interpreter.  
    Answer: Object code: Version B. Compiler: Produces object code; interprets line by line.

**Definitions:**

- **Hardware:** Electrical/physical components of the computer.
- **Software:** Programs or sequences of instructions executed by hardware.
- **System Software:** Software required for operating the computer.
- **Application Software:** Software performing user tasks.
- **Operating System (OS):** Software to manage hardware resources and provide a virtual machine.
- **Utility Programs:** Perform maintenance tasks like file compression or virus checks.
- **Libraries:** Routines or functions included in programs.
- **Translators:** Convert high-level code to machine code (compilers, assemblers, interpreters).
- **Resource Management:** How an OS manages hardware and software to optimize performance.
- **Virtual Machine:** Concept that OS hides hardware complexity, presenting a simpler interface.
- **Processing:** Computation on data following instructions to produce output.
- **Scheduling:** Technique to ensure different users/programs work simultaneously on a computer.

**Summary:**

A computer system consists of hardware and software, working in unison for functionality. Software is categorized into system and application software. System software includes operating systems, utilities, and translators that manage resources and provide an interface, while application software is task-specific. The OS plays a crucial role in resource management and virtualization, ensuring efficient task execution through methods like scheduling and virtual memory. Virtual memory is used to extend available RAM, improving multitasking capabilities.
User: Nice. But you did not include ALL definitons. Also, condense your notes into bullet-points by topic while still scoring full marks.
Assistant: **Hardware and Software (Spec Points: 3.6.1.1, 3.6.1.2, 3.6.1.3, 3.6.1.4):**

- **Relationship Between Hardware and Software:**
  - Hardware: Physical components (e.g., processors, peripherals) essential for computer functions.
  - Software: Programs/code designed to operate computer hardware.
  - Both must work together for a functional computer system.

- **Classification of Software:**
  - System Software: Manages computer operations (e.g., OS, utilities, libraries).
  - Application Software: Performs user tasks (e.g., word processors, web browsers).

- **System Software:**
  - Operating Systems (OS): Manage resources and provide a virtual machine interface while hiding hardware complexity.
    - Key roles: Error handling, memory management, resource allocation.
  - Utility Programs: Perform system maintenance tasks.
  - Libraries: Offer reusable code for programmers.
  - Translators: Convert high-level code to machine code, including compilers, assemblers, interpreters.

- **Role of an Operating System (OS):**
  - Manages resource allocation for processors, memory, and devices.
  - Uses scheduling and virtual memory for optimal performance.
  - Ensures efficient task execution.

- **Virtual Memory:**
  - Enables larger processes to run on limited RAM by extending memory onto the hard disk.

**Definitions:**

- **Hardware:** Physical/tangible components of a computer.
- **Software:** Executable code/instructions run on hardware.
- **System Software:** Software managing computer hardware.
- **Application Software:** Software for specific user tasks.
- **Operating System (OS):** Software managing hardware and providing a user interface.
- **Utility Programs:** Software for system maintenance and
User: continue.
Assistant: