i want 25 mutiple choice questions  with their model answer below each question aout the following information: Mutations
Codon and its type
• Genetic code is a Dictionary consists of "Genetic words" called CODONS
Each codon consists of three bases (triplet)
There are 6-4 codons.
61 codons code for 20 amino acids found in protein.
3 codons do not code for any amino acid.
Seme Codom
Signal Codone
Type of codon
Start codors
Semecal Then that and for aminn
acid are conse
signal doing prom syateses
are called signal co
For Example ADG, UAA, UAG &
UGA
There am Two types of igual cos
Terminating Cosdos
Inang Con
conti......
"Terminating Codons"
UAA, UAG & UGA are termination codons or nonsense codons & are often referred to as amber, ochre Aopal codons
"Initiating codon"
AUG is the initiation codon. It codes for the first amino acid in all proteins.
At the starting point it codes for methionine in eukaryotes & formyl methionine in prokaryotes
ANTICODON
The base sequence of t RNA which pairs with codon of mRNA during translation is called anticodon
Cuinn
PROPERTIES OF GENETIC CODE
1. Unambiguous. In any organism each codon corresponds to only one amino acid
2. Code is degenerate. There are multiple codons for most amino acids.
3. Universal. Codons are the same for all. organism.
4. Without punctuation. There are no punctuations between trinucleotides.
5. Nonoverlapping. Codons do not overlap each other 
Characteristic of the genetic code
1. Triplet code
2. Comma less
3. Nonoverlapping code
4. The coding dictionary
5. Degenerate code 6. Universality of code
7. Non ambiguous code
8. Chain inition code
9. Chain termination codons
Wobble hypothesis
Crick postalated the wobble hypothesis to account for the degenericy of genetic code. According this hypothesis, the first two bases of a codon pair according to the normal hise pairing mles with the last two hases of the anticodon. Hase-pairing at the third position of a codon is wobble
Wobble Hypothesis
Wobble hypothesis explains degeneracy
• Wobble hypothesis explains the degeneracy of the genetic code, ie, existence of multiple codons for a single amino acid. Although there are 61 codons for amino acids, the number of IRNA is far less (around 40)which is due to wobbling.
CLINIC SIGNIFICANCE
• Mutation can be well explained using the genetic
code
A) Point Mutations
1) Silent
2) Misense
3) Nonsense
B) Frame shift mutations
Types of Mutations
Point mutation: base substitution that may or may not code for a different amino acid
Insertion mutation: one or more bass is inserted into the DNA
Deletion: one or more bases is deleted from the DNA strand 
Types of Mutations.
Point mutation: base substitution that may or may not code for a different amino acid
Insertion mutation: one or more bases is inserted into the DNA strand
Deletion: one or more bases is deleted from the DNA strand
MUTATION
Point mutation
May be Transidon or Transversiontype
Frame-shift mutation
Silent Missense
Nonsense
Deletion
Insertion
Acceptabe
Unacceptable
M
Partially acceptable
Point mutation
Substitution of one base pair by another.
• Transition:
purine to purine
-Transversions:
purine to pyrimidine
Silent Mutations
• Single nucleotide change-A to G, same amino acid is incorporated. Mutation goes unnoticed.
Missense mutations
Single nucleotide change A to C- different amino acid incorporated. Loss of functional capacity of protein
2. Mis-sense
Acceptable
Eg: Normal Hemoglobin A molecule
67 amino acid in beta chain
GUU(Vall
Hb sydney (functionally normal
GCUA
Partially acceptable
Eg: Hbs or sickle cell Haemoglobin
hera cham position
GAG(glutamine)
GUC Valine)
He leads to sickle cell aneна
Unacceptable mutation
Incompatible with normal life
WH
Distal histidine af alpha chain
CAUCAC (die)
UAU UAC (Tyre
Non sense Mutation
Single ucleotide change from Ct T inginerned (lam.KNA neumat by UAG
incompatible with lih
3. Non sense or termination codon mutation
leads to premature termination of the protein
Eg: Thalassemis
Coden 17 of the B-shain
UGG- UGA
Tryptophan (Norseme codon
Frame shift Mutation
thane with the rosastopame of hum
Consequences of frameshift mutation
Insertion or deletion of base in a gene results in an ahered reading frame of the miRNA
A garbled protein-produced.
Insertion
1. Single base additions,
Normal gene
GGTCTCCTCACGCCA
Addition mutation
GGTGCTCCTCACGCCA
CCAGAGGAGUGCGGU Codons
CCACCAGGAGUGCGCU
Pro-Glu-Glu-Cys-Gly Amino acids
Pro-Arg-Gly-Val-Arg
II. Trinucleotide expansion
Huntingtons's chorea
CAG repeated 30 to 300 times
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
III. Duplication.
Ex Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
ABCDEFG
CABCDCDEFO
Deletions
⚫Large gene deletion.
Ex: Alpha-thalassemia.
Deletion of codon
Ex: Cystic fibrosis
Deletion of a single base
Cystic fibrosis
Deletion of phe residue at position 508 in CFTR Gene (chromosome 7)
• Causes improper folding of protein
Defective chloride transport (pancreas,lung testis & sweat glands)