Assignment: Write a case study essay on philosophy, addressing the ethics of virtue, utilitarianism, and deontology. Several conditions must be met:
1. Identify the problem outlined in the case;
2. identify the key ethical concepts and their principles;
3. answer the questions posed in the case;
4. Argue and state your position.
Case # 1
Note to the ANRI (Association of Scientific Editors and Publishers) ethics committee on compliance by medical journals with the Declaration of Helsinki
The fundamental international document governing the ethical principles of medical research involving human subjects is the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association. This document contains the principles formulated earlier in the Nuremberg Code following the trial of fascist sadistic doctors. All other international documents on research ethics (ICMJE, WAME, COPE, etc.) refer in one way or another to the Declaration of Helsinki. Since 2008, the following requirements have been included in the Helsinki Declaration:
35. Every study with human subjects as research subjects must be registered in a publicly available database before the
the first subject is included. [...] Reports of research conducted in violation of the principles set forth in this Declaration should not be accepted for publication.
22. The design and execution of each study involving human subjects should be clearly described and justified in the research protocol.
23. The protocol should be sent to the appropriate ethics committee for review, comment, recommendation and approval before the study begins. Such a committee must be transparent in its activities, independent of the investigator, sponsor and any other inappropriate influence, and must be properly qualified.
The creation and development of clinical trial protocol registries was initially conceived as a way to counteract publication bias - preferential publication of positive results and concealment of negative ones. However, by 2004, strong evidence had already accumulated that the very fact of disclosing study design limits the ability of researchers and sponsors to manipulate data. As a result, the disclosure of information about the planned criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions has led to a dramatic decrease in the number of trials with "positive" results. All of this led to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors calling for the refusal to publish studies with unregistered protocols, starting in 2005. 
An overwhelming number of medical journals began to follow this policy. Two years later this initiative was supported by the European and North American legislators: there was a fixed requirement that in order to register pharmaceuticals it was necessary to publicly disclose information about the planned protocols of drug trials. The standard of the minimum set of data subject to disclosure was approved (at first it was a list of 20 items, later four more were added to them). These standards were recorded in the WHO policy, which organized a worldwide network of registries of clinical trial protocols with a unified protocol of work. Currently, this network includes registries of the European Union, USA, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Australia, South Korea, Iran, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Peru and the Pan African Registry.
A preliminary analysis of 200 randomly selected publications from 20 Russian medical journals showed that the requirements of the Helsinki Declaration are not observed in most cases, although at the declarative level, such requirements are contained in almost all journals in the Rules for Authors. The situation varies from article to article and is obviously not related to the journal policy, but rather to the initiative of the authors.
Journal editors are afraid to tighten the requirements - there is a great chance of losing a portfolio due to the outflow of manuscripts to less demanding editions. Only simultaneous unification of requirements in all leading medical journals can solve the problem. This requires coordinated efforts to unify the publication practices of the leading Russian medical journals, similar to what happened in 2004 at the initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.
Questions: 1. In your opinion, are academic journals responsible for ethical regulation of experiments performed on people? 2. What ethical principles should guide editors when accepting publications in medical journals for publication? What ethical principles should guide the authors of publications? 3. Can we talk about the existence of "gray zones" in this case study? Can editorial boards accept articles for publication until 2022 that do not contain reports of clinical trials conducted without ethics committee approval and that do not have pre-registered protocols in internationally recognized WHO partner registries?