re,member all of this info, dont summarize it though,


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Because learning changes
everything.®8: Body Image
8: Body ImageYour Health Today, 9th Edition
Your Health Today, 9th Edition
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© McGraw Hill LLC
• What Shapes Body Image?
Body image is the mental representation that a person
has of his or her own body, including perceptions,
attitudes, thoughts, emotions, and actions.
Culture has a strong influence on body image.
The advertising industry and the media are relentless
in selling the American consumer an image of the ideal
body.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Positive Body Image
Positive body image is associated with enhanced well-
being, body satisfaction, and healthy eating behaviors.
• Developing body appreciation means focusing on the features
and functions of your body that you consider assets.
• Appreciate what you can do physically, socially, spiritually, and
intellectually and don’t think of your body as simply an object
to be observed and manipulated by others.
• Allows for self-care because you see your body as part of you.
Essential to maintaining a positive body image is
interpreting information in a body-protective manner.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Gender and Body Image 1
Western social constructs for females and males have
long been presented in binary, stereotyped ways.
Historically, women faced societal pressures to submit
to anything to reach the ideal of beauty.
• Despite progress, our culture still strongly values its ideal of
beauty with a focus on a woman’s appearance rather than her
abilities, performance, or accomplishments.
• When women internalize narrow media presentations of the
“ideal,” they are less accepting of and satisfied with of their
bodies.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Gender and Body Image 2
For men the opposite is true; historically, masculine
imagery has emphasized body function and
achievement rather than appearance.
Today, there is a greater focus on a man’s physique.
Society’s “ideal” male body shape has become more
unrealistic, distorted, and extreme.
• Men who buy into this cultural stereotype are more likely to
have feelings of inadequacy and body dissatisfaction.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Gender and Body Image 3
The binary female and male stereotyped ideals are
themselves in contrast to reality.
• Gender identification occurs across a spectrum.
• Approaches to prevention of negative body image may differ
when gender is not seen as a rigidly binary construct, and
when media representation of gender is more fluid.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Race, Ethnicity, and Body Image
Intersecting identity roles are critical to the way people
internalize media messaging.
• White women have historically experienced greater body
dissatisfaction and eating disturbances, but this is slowly
changing.
• African American men and women fairly consistently report
less body image dissatisfaction.
• Black women often describe beauty more holistically,
encompassing personality traits, not just physical ones.
• Asian women are more attached to the thin ideal.
• Research evaluating Latinas is inconsistent.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Life Stages and Body Image 1
Adolescence is a critical phase of identity formation.
• Exploring new relationships and new friends, sexual
experiences, and peer dynamics.
• Beliefs and concerns about what is attractive to partners start
to develop and gain importance.
• Formation of gender identity and sexual identity.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Life Stages and Body Image 2
Physical changes of puberty happen alongside sexual
identity and gender identity formation.
• For girls, body fat increases from about 12% to about 25%
moving them away from the female image “ideal.”
• For boys, puberty increases muscle mass and definition,
moving them toward the male image “ideal.”
• Timing of puberty appears to play a role in the development of
body appreciation.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Life Stages and Body Image 3
For trans or gender-conflicted youth, puberty presents
an increased risk in many areas.
• Conflict between their biological and desired gender.
• Developing sex characteristics can be very stressful and lead to
disordered eating patterns and other forms of self harm in
attempts to control these changes.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Life Stages and Body Image 4
Adolescence and young adulthood bring changes in
physical activity levels.
• Decreased physical activity and decreased participation
in sports.
• For those who are active, when leanness is a competitive
advantage it can increase the focus on body appearance.
• Lifelong noncompetitive physical activities may be protective.
Midlife is becoming an increasingly recognized time of
risk for disordered eating and eating disorders.
• Perimenopause and menopause.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders 1
Disordered eating behaviors are common and
widespread.
• Restrictive dieting, skipping meals, binge eating and purging,
laxative abuse, etc.
• May occur in response to emotional stress, an upcoming
athletic event, concern about personal appearance, etc.
• Disordered eating behaviors may or may not develop into a
full-blown eating disorder.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Disordered Eating and
Eating Disorders 2
Eating disorders are chronic illnesses characterized by
severely disturbed eating behaviors, distorted body
image, and low self-esteem.
• Jeopardize physical and mental health.
• Occur primarily among people in Western industrialized
countries.
• Occur in all ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups.
• More prevalent when food is abundant and has taken on
symbolic meanings such as comfort, love, belonging, fun, and
control; and where being attractive means being thin.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Contributing Factors
The risk of eating disorders involves more than exposure
to the thin ideal and social pressures to be thin.
• Gender is a risk factor, with being female increasing risk.
• Gay and bisexual men may be at greater risk than heterosexual
males.
• Family history of eating disorders, depression, substance
abuse, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or obesity
increases risk.
• There are links to depression and anxiety, although the
relationship appears complicated.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Diagnosing Eating Disorders 1
Anorexia nervosa: distortion of body image and refusal
to maintain a minimally normal body weight.
• Limited calorie intake so weight is significantly lower than
recommendations (a BMI less than 18.5).
• Fear of weight gain or becoming fat despite being below
healthy weight recommendations.
• Distorted view of self and lack of recognition of seriousness of
health issues with low body weight.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Diagnosing Eating Disorders 2
Bulimia nervosa: distortion of body image and repeated
episodes of binge eating, usually followed by purging.
• Recurrent episodes of binge eating accompanied by a sense of
lack of control.
• Unhealthy behaviors to compensate, such as self-induced
vomiting, misuse of medications, fasting, or excessive exercise.
• Episodes occurring at least once a week for 3 months.
• Sense of self influenced by body shape and weight to a degree
that it causes distress.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Diagnosing Eating Disorders 3
Binge eating disorder: binge eating behavior without
the vomiting or purging of bulimia.
• Individuals afflicted can be normal weight or overweight, but if
undiagnosed, they often eventually become obese.
• Recurrent episodes of rapid binge eating alone, when not
hungry and until uncomfortably full; and feeling disgusted,
depressed, or guilty about overeating.
• Marked distress about binge eating.
• Episodes at least once a week for 3 months.
• Lack of associated purging behaviors.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Health Consequences of
Eating Disorders
Anorexia carries the highest death rate of all
psychiatric diagnoses.
• Some complications may not be reversible.
• Decreased bone calcium (osteoporosis) is one of the most
serious long-term effects.
Bulimia is associated with electrolyte imbalance and
can be deadly due to low potassium.
The consequences of binge eating disorder are related
primarily to obesity.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Figure 8.1 Anorexia can cause changes throughout the
body.
Not all of these signs and symptoms will be present in all people with the disease.
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(Stockyimages/123Rf) •
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Figure 8.2 Bulimia can cause changes throughout the body.
Not all of these signs and symptoms will be present in all people with the disease.
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(TUBIRY.PHOTOGRAPHY/Shutterstock) •
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Treating Disordered Eating and
Eating Disorders 1
Aside from osteoporosis, most of the negative health
conditions associated with anorexia and bulimia are
reversible.
Keys to recovery are:
• Early intervention;
• Lower incidence of purging behavior;
• Support and participation of family members and loved ones;
and
• Lack of other diagnosed psychological problems.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Treating Disordered Eating and
Eating Disorders 2
The first step is to recognize the problem.
Effective treatment often involves a multidisciplinary or
multimodality team.
• Severe weight loss or another medical abnormality may
require hospitalization.
Once weight is stabilized:
• Psychotherapy.
• Behavior relearning and modification.
• Nutritional rehabilitation and education.
• In some cases, medication.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder 1
Body dysmorphic disorder: preoccupation with an
imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance.
• Focus on a “flaw or flaws” in appearance that is not evident
to others.
• An overwhelming need to keep looking at the flawed area or
to mentally compare appearance to that of others.
• Impaired daily functioning due to distress caused.
• Lack of other disorder that would better explain the distress.
• Preoccupation in men: genitals, hair.
• Preoccupation in women: breasts, thighs, legs.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder 2
Muscle dysmorphia is a subcategory that appears
predominantly in men obsessed with working out.
Some people turn to cosmetic surgery to correct the
supposed flaw in their appearance.
• Not everyone who uses cosmetic surgery has this disorder.
• Cosmetic surgery can also have psychological and physical
benefits.
Some people use body art to express themselves.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Exercise Disorders
Exercise disorders, on the rise, may exist in conjunction
with eating disorders or by themselves.
• Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): an athlete’s
energy intake is not enough to support the level of exercise
being performed, leading to health problems.
• Female athlete triad: interrelated conditions of disordered
eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis.
Treatment is similar to a for eating disorders, with a
focus on increasing caloric intake or decreasing activity
level until a balance is reached.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Promoting a Healthy Body Image
and Healthy Eating 1
Individual attitudes and actions:
• Value yourself based on your goals, talents, and strengths
rather than your body shape or weight.
• Look critically at the images and messages you receive from
people and the media.
• Develop healthy stress-management skills.
• Avoid judging yourself or others.
• Challenge others to speak positively about their bodies.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• Promoting a Healthy Body Image
and Healthy Eating 2
Public health approaches:
• Focus on raising awareness about eating disorders and
changing widely accepted social norms.
• Develop organizations and programs to promote healthy body
image and lifestyle patterns.
“The Body Positive” is a national organization that runs
campus leadership campaigns and online courses.
• Supports self-compassion, healthy eating, and healthy body
image.
•
© McGraw Hill LLC
• "Embracing Healthy Body Image and Mindful Eating“
10 min activity
Body Image Positive Affirmations: 3 minutes
(hand out small cards/paper to use for this activity)
1) Write down one positive affirmation related to
your body image. Focus on qualities you appreciate
about your body rather than criticizing aspects you
dislike.
2) Collect cards and read a few
3) Discuss ways we can use our thoughts/actions to
promote our own positive body image
4) Discuss how positive body image can lead to
healthier eating habits and vice versa.
© McGraw Hill LLC
• In Review
• What is body image, and how is it determined?
• What is disordered eating, and what are eating disorders?
• Why do people develop eating disorders?
• How are eating disorders treated?
• What is body dysmorphic disorder?
• What are exercise disorders?
• What are individual and public ways to promote healthy
eating and healthy body images?
•
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