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Executive Branch
The Executive branch is also referred to as the Government or the Crown.  At the federal level it consists of the Monarch (represented by the Governor General), the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet. The Cabinet is also known as the Ministry. At the provincial/territorial level, the executive branch consists of the monarch (represented by the Lieutenant Governors), the Premiers, and the Cabinet. The role of the executive branch is to plan and implement government policy and take action through various departments and agencies. 

While the Executive Branch cannot create laws (recall, that is the function of the Legislative branch) they CAN create regulations that provide very important details on how those laws should be applied in everyday circumstances.

Statutes (also known as Acts) are laws made by Parliament or the Legislature. They may create new laws or modify existing ones.  are the rules that address the details and practical applications of the law. The powers of the executive branch in forming regulatory laws are limited by the specific acts outlined in . 

Cabinet and Ministries
Governing an entire country, province, or territory is a tremendous amount of work, so the work is divided throughout the executive branch. Once a federal government is elected, the Governor General  appoints a Prime Minister as an overall leader. The Prime Minister, in turn, advises the Governor General on who should be appointed to Cabinet. Cabinet members are selected from the Members of Parliament elected to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister, through the Governor General, assigns each Cabinet Minister a certain federal department to oversee, such as The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, or the Ministry of the Environment, The Ministry of Magic (just kidding!) etc. Together, they run the various federal departments and implement government initiatives. 

Levels of government - Executive Branch

The process is much the same at the provincial and territorial levels. The Lieutenant Governor appoints the Premier as the overall leader who, in turn, advises the Lieutenant Governor who should be appointed to the Cabinet and these cabinet members are assigned various government departments and agencies to oversee. 

The number of ministries fluctuates with different governments. Some of the more prominent Ministries include:

Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Defence
Ministry of the Environment
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs
In theory, the Prime Minister assigns ministers based on their qualifications; however, the PM also considers balancing their Cabinet according age, race, gender, and geographical representation. For that reason, deputy ministers are assigned to each ministry as well. They are selected based on their knowledge, experience, and expertise in the area of the ministry where they will be working.

Consider This
After the most recent 2021 election, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau reassigned several key ministry positions to different members within the Liberal Party. Listen to the new report below and think of your own reasoning as to why he may have made such key changes?


Prime Minister Trudeau shuffles his Cabinet Ministers
Government Agencies and Departments
Governing is further divided into smaller government agencies that fall under the ministries the Cabinet oversees. For example, at the federal level, the Canadian Passport Office falls under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Governmental agencies employ people with specialized expertise or training. Unlike ministerial departments, agencies don't change direction when new governments come into power. Their membership and mandates remain the same regardless of which government is elected.

Civil Servants
Civil Servants complement the Prime Ministers Office (PMO). Whatever statutes are passed, and whatever regulations are developed by ministers, it is up to civil servants to determine how to make them work in everyday life. If the Minister of Transportation says that the speed limit on a road is 80 km/h, the civil service has to ascertain where to obtain the signs, how to put them up, and how to make sure that the traffic police have operating radar detectors. Civil Servants work for government departments, agencies, commissions and other federal organizations. 

Civil servants and Deputy Ministers can have a fair amount of influence. Sometimes Cabinet Ministers and the Civil Service come into conflict when the Cabinet's plans do not match up with what the Civil Service wants to achieve.  Deputy Ministers are never elected, and they're not accountable to Parliament. Politics can be a difficult business.

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