Проаналізуй ці всі правила, бо точно за ними тобі треба буде зробити переклад, який я надам:
Grammar Categories of the Verbs
1.	 Tenses (Present, Past, Future)
2.	
3.	 Numbers (Singular, Plural)
4.	
5.	 Voices (Active, Passive)
6.	
7.	 Persons (First, second, third)
8.	
9.	 Moods (Indicative, Imperative, Conditional, Subjunctive)
10.	
11.	 Aspects (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous)
12.	
Active Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
to do to be to have to have been
Infinitive to write to be writing to have written to have been writing
Present I write
He writes
We write I am writing
He is writing
We are writing I have written
He has written
We have written I have been writing
He has been writing
We have been writing
Past I wrote (was)
We wrote (were) I was writing
We were writing I had written
We had written I had been writing
We had been writing
Future (will) I will write I will be writing I will have written I will have been writing
Future in (would)
the Past I would write I would be writing I would have written I would have been writing
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
When she came in, I had been waiting for her for two hours.
When she comes, I’ll have been waiting for her for two hours.
What does he normally do in this room? Normally he sleeps in this room. He may sleep in this room.
He can sleep in this room.
He must sleep in this room.
What is she doing now? She is sleeping now. She may be sleeping now.
She can be sleeping now.
She must be sleeping now.
Has she finished breakfast? She has finished breakfast. She may have finished breakfast.
She can have finished breakfast.
She must have finished breakfast.
Has he still been playing chess? He has been still playing chess. He may have been still playing chess.
He can have been still playing chess.
He must have been still playing chess.
Passive Voice
Simple (I) Continuous (IV) be Perfect (III) have Perfect Continuous
Infinitive to be written - to have been written
Present Many letters are written. Many letters are being written. Many letters have been written. -
Past Many letters were written. Many letters were being written. Many letters had been written. -
Future Many letters will be written. - Many letters will have been written. -
Future
in the Past
Many letters would be written. - Many letters would have been written. -
Is the article written? It is written. It may be written.
It can be written.
It must be written.
Has the article been written yet? It has already been written. It may have been written.
It can have been written.
It must have been written.
Infinitives Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Active to write to be writing to have written to have been writing
Passive to be written - to have been written -
He can write many letters a day.
He must write many letters a day.
He must
be writing some letter now.
can
could
may
might
I am glad to see you. I am always glad to see you. I will be glad to see you.
I am glad to have seen him yesterday.
I was glad to see him yesterday. I was glad to have seen him.
I am glad to talk to you. I am always glad to talk to you. I am glad to be talking to you.
I am glad to have talked to you. I am glad to have been talking all this time to you.
I am glad to be invited to your parties. I am glad to have been invited to your party.
I am glad that he sees you. I am glad that he saw you. I was glad that he had seen you.
Sequence of Tenses
He says Simultaneous that he lives. He said Simultaneous that he lived.
He is saying Prior that he lived. He was saying Prior that he had lived.
He has said Subsequent that he will live. He had said Subsequent that he would live.
Future / Future in the Past
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
that you will come that you will be working that you will have finished that you will have been
dancing
that you would come that you would be working that you would have finished that you would have been
dancing
Imperative Mood
I
(thou) йди (go) (Don’t go!) (Don’t be so stupid!)
he нехай йде let him go let him not go
she нехай йде let her go let her not go
it нехай йде let it go let it not go
we йдімо let us go = let’s go let us not go = let’s go
you йдіть go Don’t go! Don’t be so stupid!
they нехай йдуть let them go let them not go
Infinitives
Active
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
to build to be building to have built to have been building
Passive
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
to be built - to have been built -
Conditional Mood
§ 2
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are four kinds of conditional sentences: Conditional 0, Conditional 1, Conditional 2, Conditional 3. Each kind contains a different pair of tenses, though with each type certain variations are possible.
If she comes late, she never has dinner / she doesn’t have dinner.
If she came late, she never had dinner / she didn’t have dinner.
If my brother was at home, we played chess / we used to play chess.
If you studied mathematics well, you needn’t be afraid of the exam.
If you worked a lot last month, you will earn a lot of money too.
I want to talk to your brother. –He is having lunch. –Let’s not disturb him, if he is having lunch!
Come to see me now, if you really want to talk to me!
    Subordinate Clause      Main Clause
Present Present Simple Present Simple
Past Past Simple Past Simple (used to)
Mixed Past Simple Present Simple
Past Simple Future Simple
Imperative Present Continuous Imperative Mood
If she is hungry, she eats everything she can find.
If she was hungry, she ate everything she could find.
If she is hungry, she will eat everything she will find / finds.
    MAIN CLAUSE     SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
0 CONDITIONAL Present Simple /
Past Simple /
Present Simple Present Simple /
Past Simple /
Past Simple
CONDITIONAL ONE Future Simple Present Simple
I don’t know, if she will come tonight. I don’t know, if she comes.
1.	Якщо вона погодиться з моїми думками, я візьму участь у цьому проекті.
2.	Якщо негода закінчиться невдовзі, ми підемо погуляти у парк.
3.	Якщо ти швидко поснідаєш, ти встигнеш на перший автобус.
4.	Вони не дозволять нам залишитися у бібліотеці, якщо їм треба буде закрити її.
5.	Ви знаєте, чи цей автобус вирушатиме о 8.00 ранку?
6.	Я не впевнений, чи вона голосуватиме за нашого кандидата.
7.	Ми не можемо бути певні, чи вони нам заплатять сьогодні. If she agrees with my ideas, I will participate in this project.
If the storm is over soon, we will go for a walk to the park.
If have breakfast fast, you will catch the first bus.
They won’t allow us to stay in the library if they need to close it.
Do you know if this bus will leave at eight a.m.
I am not sure if she will vote for our candidate.
We can’t be sure if they pay us today.
§ 4
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1.
This type of Conditional describes actions, which can take place in future on certain condition. They are quite probable and we do not call them into question. The structure of sentences of that type foresees two parts: a main and subordinate clause. The verb of the main clause is normally in the Future Simple and the one in the subordinate clause is in the Present Simple. Most conditional clauses start with if, they are often called if-clauses.
If he buys this car, he will have many problems. You will never graduate from the college, if you do not attend all lectures.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1.
Future tense with the auxiliary verb WILL in the If-Clause.
There are still three cases in which will is possible in the if-clause:
1.	 We use the auxiliary verb will in the if-clause to achieve a more polite request or suggestion.
2.	
If you will go this way, the manager will receive you immediately.
If you will take a seat over there, the boss is busy at the moment.
If you will be kind enough to fill up this form, I will have your luggage brought to your room.
Pass me the salt, will you! Pass me the salt, if you will!
2. We use the auxiliary verb will in the if-clause, when there is no condition but a consequence.
If you give me one hundred dollars, I will give up smoking.
If it will please you, I will give up smoking.
3. We use the auxiliary verb will in the if-clause, if the subordinate clause contains no condition at all, and a question word WHAT can be used.
If she comes within an hour, we will have dinner.
I don’t know, if she will come tonight. I don’t know, if she comes here.
whether or if
I don’t know, if / whether she will come tonight. I don’t know, if / whether she comes here.
a) Whether is more common, if the alternative is given in the sentence:
Let me know whether / if she will come or not.
b) Whether is used after the verb to discuss:
Let’s discuss now, whether we will go there.
c) Only whether is used after propositions and to- Infinitives:
We need to settle the question of whether we will buy this house.
He still doesn’t know whether to propose her.
d) In structures where whether is a part of composed subject:
Whether we will stay in this hotel is a different matter.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1.
1.	 Other conjunctions: as long as, so long as, provided (that), providing, suppose, supposing, imagine, on condition (that).
2.	
If you are hungry, I will fetch some snacks. = I will fetch some snacks on condition that you are hungry.
I can stop playing piano, on condition that she is really sleeping now.
2.	 In case or if:
3.	
I will go to London if she needs me. I will go to London in case she needs me.
We should insure our houses in case there is a fire. You should call 999 if there is a fire.
Take John’s address with you, in case you have some time to see him.
I will go to see John if I have any time.
I took my swimming suit in case I should have time to go to the pool.
In case of fire, break glass. = If there is a fire, break glass.
3.	 Unless or if … not:
4.	
Unless is a negative form of if and means only if not.
Come in a couple of days if we don’t phone = unless we phone.
I’ll accept the job if the salary isn’t too low = unless the salary is too low.
We often use unless in threats (a) and warnings (b).
(a) Unless he goes home, he’ll be thrown out right now!
(b) She’ll regret later unless she marries him.
However, there are cases in which it is impossible to use unless. Generally unless can be used in sentences that say: “A will happen if it is not stopped by B” and it can’t be used in sentences that say “A will result from B not happening” Compare:
I’ll be back next week unless there is a plane strike (A plane strike will not stop me).
I’ll be quite happy if she does not send us a message. (Why I’ll be happy as a result of her not sending a message). I’ll be astonished if he has no accident. (Why I’ll be astonished as a result of no accident on his way to us).
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1.
1.	 Words with ever: whoever, whatever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever:
2.	
Whoever telephones, I will not answer. Whoever you marry, make sure she can cook.
Whatever you do, I will always like it. Whatever problems you have, I’ll help you.
Whichever tent you take, nobody will scold you. Whenever you come, dinner will be ready.
Wherever you go, I’ll follow you.
However rich people are, they will always want more. However much he eats, he’ll never get fat.
But: I am really very tired, however I will walk further.
2. Phrases with the word “matter”:
No matter who telephones, I will answer. No matter who telephones, I always answer.
No matter what you do, I will approve it. No matter what problems you have, I’ll help you.
No matter which tent you take, nobody will scold you.
No matter when you come, dinner will be ready. No matter where you go, I’ll follow you.
No matter how rich people are, they will want more.
I will eat whatever you give me. I will eat no matter what you give me.
3. It doesn’t matter what you say.
4. Who is that man? Who ever is that man?
What do you think you are doing? What ever do you think you are doing? What the hell do you think you are doing?
How ever did you manage to get the car started? = How on earth did you manage to get the car started?
Should-phrases (більш емоційно забарвлені, ми висловлюємо своє ставлення до того, у що вірите, а в що ні що може не відбутися ) instead of if-phrases (нейтральне):
If you meet him there, tell him, please, we need him. = If you should meet him there (якщо ви часом його зустрінете), tell him, please, we need him. Should you meet him there, tell him, please, we need him.
I’ll get some beer in case John comes. I’ll get some beer in case John should come.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2.
If she came early, she cooked dinner.
If she comes early, she cooks dinner.
If she comes early, she will cook dinner.
Conditional 2
If she came early (Past Simple), she would cook dinner (Future in the Past Simple).
If she were here, she would agree with me.
Were she here, she would agree with me.
If he had some more patience, we would hire him.
Had he some more patience, we would hire him.
If I were to buy a car, I would choose that one.
If I had more money, I would buy a house.
If you left your car here, it would be stolen.
If I were you, I would … = If I were in your shoes/boots, I would …
If ifs and ands were pots and pans.
If she were singing, we would hear her voice.
If she were here, she would be talking by phone as usual.
He doesn’t say if she will come. He didn’t say if she would come.
Subordinate Clause Main Clause
Conditional 1 Present Simple Future Simple
Conditional 2 Past (Simple) Future in the Past (Simple)
Type 2 is used:
1.	When the supposition is contrary to known facts:
If I had a car I’d drive you to London. (But I don’t have any car.)
2.	When we don’t expect the action in the if-clause to take place:
If you sold me this house, I would be the happiest man on the Earth. (But I don’t expect you to sell me your house.)
3.	Some if-clauses can have either of the above meanings:
If he left his bicycle outside someone would steal it.
‘If he left his bicycle’ could imply ‘but he doesn’t’ (present meaning, as in 1 above) or ‘but he doesn’t intend to ‘(future meaning, as in 2). However, the correct meaning is usually clear from the text. Ambiguity of this kind can be avoided by using were + infinitive with to instead of the past tense in type 2. This also makes an event seem more hypothetical:
If you were to sell me this horse, what price would you set for it?
4.	 In a literary style, there can be inverted word order without if. That makes the sentence more expressive:
5.	
Were she my wife, I would go with her anywhere.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2.
    Subordinate Clause      Main Clause
Conditional 1 Present Simple Future Simple
Conditional 2 Past (Simple, Continuous) Future in the Past (Simple, Continuous)
If I had meat, I would cook dinner for you.
If he were having dinner, he would be in the dining room.
If she were here, he would be jumping of joy.
If she had been waiting for us since 2 p.m., she would be very angry.
It’s time // it’s high time / it’s about time
1.	 It’s time + Infinitive (to)
2.	
It’s time to have breakfast. It’s time to stop working. It’s time to watch this film.
2. It’s time for somebody + Infinitive (to)
It’s time for me to have breakfast. It’s time for you to stop working. It’s time for us to watch this film.
3. It’s time somebody + Conditional 2 (Past Simple)
It’s time I had breakfast. It’s time you stopped working. – Нам час припинити працювати It’s time we watched this film. It’s high time he were here. – Давно пора йому бути тут. It’s about time I were in my office. – Мені давно пора бути в офісі.
It’s time we were going home. It’s about time we were washing dishes.
4. It was time // it was high time for somebody + Infinitive (to) or somebody + Conditional 2 (Past Simple)
It was time for us to go home / we went home. – Нам час було йти додому.
There is a slight difference in meaning between the forms. It is time + infinitive merely states that the correct time has arrived; it is time + subject + past tense implies that it is a little late. High can be added to emphasize this idea:
It’s high time we left. – Нам давно пора йти.
Was or were.
As in conditional sentences, were can be used for all persons of be, though was is more common in everyday speech:
It’s time I was / were there. – Мені час бути там.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3.
. Main Clause Subordinate Clause (if)
Conditional 0 General / repeated action Present / Past Simple Present / Past Simple
Conditional 1 Certain single action (Sure) Future Simple Present Simple
Conditional 2 Doubtful action Future in the Past Simple/Continuous Past Simple/Continuous
Conditional 3 Unreal action Future in the Past Perfect Past Perfect
1.	 Якщо я її зустрічаю, я завжди радий. Якщо я її зустрічав, я був завжди радий.
2.	
3.	 Якщо я її зустріну, я буду радий.
4.	
5.	 Якби я її зустрів, я був би радий.
6.	
7.	 Якби я вчора її зустрів, я був би радий.
8.	
Якщо я її зустрічаю, я завжди радий.
Якщо я її зустрічав, я був завжди радий. If I meet her, I am always glad.
If I met her, I was always glad.
Якщо я її зустріну, я буду радий. If I meet her, I will be glad.
Якби я її зустрів, я був би радий. If I met her, I would be glad.
Якби я вчора її зустрів, я був би радий. If I had met her yesterday, I would have been glad.
If she were here, she would help us. = Were she here, she would help us.
If she had been there yesterday, she would have helped us. = Had she been there yesterday, she would have helped us.
§ 11.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3.
The verb in the if-clause of these sentences is in the past perfect tense; the verb in the main clause is in the perfect conditional. The time is past and the condition can’t be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause didn’t happen.
If I had known anything about your arrival, I would have met you at the airport. (But I didn’t know, so I didn’t come.)
In the conditional sentences of this type, there can be also inverted word order without if, like in the conditional sentences of the type 2:
Had I realized what she intended, I would not have wasted my time trying to explain matters to her. Instead of If I had realized…
If she had come three minutes earlier, she would have missed this train all the same.
If she had bought this house earlier, she wouldn’t had stayed in their house.
If he had learnt French, he would have got some job in France.
Якби він вивчив французьку тоді, він би вже отримав роботу у Франції.
Якщо ти вивчиш французьку, ти отримаєш роботу у Франції.
Якби він прийшов вчасно, він би поїв з нами.
If he had come on time, he would have eaten with us.
If he came on time, he would eat us.
(Conditional 2) Were he here now, he wouldn’t allow you to smoke.
(Conditional 3) Had he paid on time, he wouldn’t have had any problem.
Hadn’t they quarrelled before, they wouldn’t have got divorced.
Had he been invited to our party, he wouldn’t have taken offence.
She would have agreed to marry him, if he had been richer.
Would she have agreed to marry him, if he had been richer?
Would she have agreed to marry him, had he been richer?
MIXED CONDITIONAL
            Subordinate Clause      Main Clause
Conditional 1 Present Simple Future Simple
Conditional 2 Past (Simple, Continuous) Future in the Past (Simple, Continuous)
Conditional 3 Past Perfect Future in the Past Perfect
(C3) If you had bought a car, (C2) we wouldn’t need to take a taxi.
(C3) If you had cooked dinner, (C2) we wouldn’t be going to the restaurant now.
(C3) You would have found some better job (дія трапилася в минулому вже і нічого не змінити), (C2) if you were an accountant (теперішнє припущення).
(C3) I would have moved to Paris (я б вже переїхав давно в минулому), (C2) if I knew French (якби я зараз знав).
(C3) I would move to Paris (я б переїхав), (C2) if I knew French (якби я знав французький взагалі).
(C3) I wouldn’t have given up art, (C2) if I had your talent.
A combination of type 2 and 3 is possible. A past condition can have a present or present continuous result:
The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed.
If I had caught the plane, I would be dead now.
     past condition                    present result
If I hadn’t come to the U.S., I would be living with my parents.
     past condition                                      present continuous result 
          
A present condition can have a past result:
                If I were you,            I wouldn’t have left my country.

                         present condition                   past result
Verb forms in hypothetical conditions are back-shifted as in indirect speech. So when we refer to present or future time, the if-clause takes the simple past tense and the main clause the past tense form of the modal. When we refer to past events, the if-clause takes a verb in the past perfect tense and the main clause modal usually takes the past perfect form.
WOULD, COULD or MIGHT
Subordinate Clause Main Clause
Conditional 2 Past (Simple, Continuous) Future in the Past (Simple, Continuous)
Conditional 3 Past Perfect Future in the Past Perfect
If she were here, we would discuss this issue.
If she had been there, we would have discussed that issue.
would (neutral) – could (ability) – might (probability)
If she were here, we could discuss this issue.
If she were here, we might discuss this issue.
If she had been there, we could have discussed that issue.
If she had been there, we might have discussed that issue.
If you had bought some bananas, she could cook some nice dessert for us.
If I knew this district a bit better, I might have gone there myself.
If my children were here together, they might be playing with this toy.
If I hadn’t informed her, she might have been waiting for us since her arrival.
If there were no detailed explication, this idea could be misunderstood.
If there were no detailed explication, this idea could have been misunderstood.
Possible variations of the basic form would:
1.	Variations of the main clause:
(a) Might or could may be used instead of would depending upon the degree of probability:
If you tried again you would succeed. (certain result)
If you tried again you might succeed. (possible result)
If I knew her number I could ring her up. (ability)
Even If, Even Though
Main Clause Subordinate Clause
Conditional 0 (рекурентність - повторюваність) приходити He had dinner
He has dinner if he came on time.
if he comes on time.
Conditional I He will have dinner if he comes on time.
Conditional II He would have dinner if he came on time.
Conditional III He would have had dinner if he had come on time.
1.	 Main Clause     Subordinate Clause
2.	
Conditional 0 He didn’t have dinner
He doesn’t have dinner even if he came on time.
even if he comes on time.
Conditional I He will not have dinner even if he comes on time.
Conditional II He would not have dinner even if he came on time.
Conditional III He would not have had dinner even if he had come on time.
Even though I didn’t know anybody at the party, I enjoyed my time there.
2. Even though and even so as a conjunction however:
Even though he has lived in this city for ten years, he doesn’t know it well.
He has lived in this city for ten years, even though he doesn’t know it well.
He has lived in this city for ten years, even so = however he doesn’t know it well.
He would have had dinner, had he come on time.
He would refuse to come to our party, even if we invited him.
She would forbid you to go there, even if we asked her.
I would have stayed at home all the same / anyway, even if you had invited me to come.
Even if he were here, he wouldn’t help us.
Even if you had bought a car, I wouldn’t agree to go with you.
You wouldn’t have found a job in Norway, even if you knew Norwegian.
EVEN IF / EVEN THOUGH.
In these word combinations even is used to emphasize if or though and it can be used in any type of Conditional clause depending on the sense of it.
1.	Real. Even if describes how something happens, happened or will happen whatever the condition is:
Even if he came too late, he had some meal.
Even though you don’t like this food, you needn’t demonstrate you reluctance.
Even if it rains, we’ll still go for a picnic.
2.	Unreal. Complex sentences with a clause introduced by if / even though are built on the same pattern as sentences of unreal condition:
However even if she were here, she could hardly help us do this job.
Even if I had been in London, I wouldn’t have gone to that museum.
As if / as though (НАЧЕБТО)
It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.
It looks as if/though the sky were going to fall on the ground.
You look as if you have run a lot. You look as if you had seen a ghost.
They look as if they know each other. They look as if they knew each other.
Why are you looking at me as though you knew me? I have never seen you before in my life.
He is behaving as though his mother were not here now.
He looks as if he were drunk. He looks as if he is drunk.
He looked as if he were mad.
She looks as if she would cry.
She was smiling as if (Br. Eng.) = like (Am. Eng.) it was / were her birthday.
AS IF / AS THOUGH
There is no difference between as if and as though.
The tense here depends on whether the comparison is real or unreal:
He speaks as if he were a boss here. (But he is not.)
He speaks as if he is a boss here. (And really is.)
The difference is clearer with obviously unreal comparisons:
You look as if you had just fallen from a tree!
In everyday speech, there is often no obvious difference made. Present and past references are both possible.
2. As if / as though + Past Simple.
The Past Simple can be used after as if / as though to indicate unreality or improbability or doubt in the present:
He behaves as if he owned the place. (But he doesn’t own it or probably we don’t know whether he owns it or not.)
He orders me as if I were his wife. (But I am not.)
The verb preceding as if / as though can be put into a past tense without changing the tense of the subordinate clause:
He talks/talked as if he knew where she was.
3. After as if / as though we use a Past Perfect when referring to an unreal or imaginary action in the past:
He talks/talked about this book as though he had already read it several times. (But he hasn’t or probably we don’t know whether he has or not.)
4. After as if / as though we use would + Infinitive if the action of the clause follows the action of the principal clause:
She began to weep as if her heart would break.
If it were not / had not been for = But for
1.	If she were not a wealthy woman, she wouldn’t live in a mansion like that.
2.	If he hadn’t helped us, we wouldn’t have finished this job yesterday.
3.	If he didn’t support this party, they wouldn’t take part in the elections. If it weren’t for her wealth, she wouldn’t live in a mansion like that.
If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have finished this job yesterday.
If it weren’t for his support of this party, they wouldn’t take part in the elections.
If it weren’t for her wealth, she wouldn’t live in a mansion like that.
If it hadn’t been for his help, we wouldn’t have finished this job yesterday.
If it weren’t for his support of this party, they wouldn’t take part in the elections. But for her wealth, she wouldn’t live in a mansion like that.
But for his help, we wouldn’t have finished this job yesterday.
But for his support of this party, they wouldn’t take part in the elections.
These structures are often used to say that a certain event influenced the situation.
If it were not for his father’s debts, he would be a very rich person.
If it had not been for the snowstorm, our plane would have started on time. Quite often an unreal condition can be expressed in the sentences by means of a special adverbial modifier of condition but for which substitutes the clauses with“if it were not for / if it hadn’t been for”. This can replace if not. It is used in informal language, and should be followed by a noun form:
But for his father’s debts, he would be a very rich person.
But for the snowstorm, our plane would have started on time.
Had Better + Infinitive without TO (Active or Passive)
It’s seven o’clock. I had better put the turkey in the oven.
You had better hurry up, if you want to catch the train.
You had better not discuss it with us. = You’d better not discuss it with us.
He had better been informed in advance.
She had better not been disturbed.
Let’s take John with us. –No, we had better not (take him).
We better go now. I better try again later.
Would Rather + Past Simple (Past Perfect)
I would have a cup of tea rather than coffee.
I prefer to go to sea in September rather than in August.
It’s more important to invest in new machinery rather than to buy the old stuff.
Would you like to stay here? –No, I would rather go.
I would rather you went right now. = I’d rather you went right now.
I would rather she didn’t buy a new car.
I would rather you had gone then.
I would rather she hadn’t bought a new car.
§ 17.
HAD BETTER (INFINITIVE)
Had better. This is a fixed phrase, meaning it is recommended, followed by the bare infinitive. Its meaning is a recommendation for somebody’s behavior in present or in future, not past. There is no idea of comparison despite the word better.
Why am I listening to you, I had better start cooking. (This would be a better thing to do.)
You had better hurry up, if you don’t want to miss your train. (It would be unwise to miss it.)
In recommendations with negations not comes after better before the bare infinitive:
You had better not shout here, when there are other people.
Let’s go to the circus. – No, we had better not.
In a very informal dialogue had may be dropped at all:
They better go now. We better call again later.
Conditional in Simple Exclamatory Sentences
If she were here, we could discuss this issue.
If she had been there, we could have discussed that issue.
If she were singing now, everybody would be listening to her.
If she had been waiting for us that much, she would be very furious.
What about discussing this issue now? –Yes, we could discuss it now.
Why didn’t we discuss this issue yesterday? We could have discussed it then.
If only she were here!
If only she had been there!
If only she were singing now!
If only she hadn’t been waiting for us that much!
If only he weren’t invited so often!
If only he hadn’t been invited then!
If only he would drive more carefully! If only he would be driving more carefully.
If only he would do it for us!
If only he could do it for us!
§ 19.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES AND SIMPLE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES
To express unreality in simple sentences and independent clauses we use modal auxiliaries would / could / might + simple / perfect infinitive. Simple infinitive refers the action to the present or future:
He would be a good carpenter.
Perfect infinitive refers the action to the past:
He would have become a good carpenter.
Only can be placed after if and indicates hope, a wish or regret, according to the tense used with it. This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations.
The form of the Past Indefinite including the form were is used in the following type of exclamatory sentences to express a wish which can’t be fulfilled or regret:
Oh, if only Tom were here! (We’re sorry he isn’t here.)
Oh, if only I knew what to do! (I’m sorry I don’t know what to do.)
In the above examples, reference is made to the present.
With reference to the past the form of the Past Perfect is used to express regret:
Oh, if only you hadn’t said ,’Liar’! (We are sorry you said, ‘Liar”.)
If only + would / could can express
regret about a present action as an alternative to if only + past tense
or a not very hopeful wish concerning the future:
If only he would drive more slowly! ~ We are sorry that he isn’t willing to drive more slowly.
If only the rain would stop! ~ We don’t really expect it to stop.
I wish
Regrets
He is not here. I wish he were here. Шкода, що він не є тут. Past Simple
He is here. I wish he were not here. Шкода, що він є тут. Past Simple
She is singing. I wish she were not singing now. Шкода, що вона зараз співає. Past Continuous
She is not singing. I wish she were singing. Шкода, що вона зараз не співає. Past Continuous
He came late. I wish he had not come late. Шкода, що він запізнився. Past Perfect
He didn’t come late. I wish he had come late. Шкода, що він не запізнився. Past Perfect
He has been waiting for us since 9 a.m. I wish he had not been waiting for us since 9 a.m. Шкода, що він чекає нас з 9 ранку. Past Perfect Continuous
He hasn’t been waiting for us since 9 a.m. I wish he had been waiting for us since 9 a.m. Шкода, що він не чекає на нас з 9 ранку. Past Perfect Continuous
He is going to sell his car. I wish he were not going to sell his car. Шкода, що він збирається продати свою машину. were going
He is not going to sell his car. I wish he were going to sell his car. Шкода, що він не збирається продати свою машину. were going
He is often invited to our meetings. I wish he were not invited to our meetings. Шкода, що його запрошують на наші зустрічі. Past Simple Passive
He is not invited to our meetings. I wish he were invited to our meetings. Шкода, що його не запрошують на наші зустрічі. Past Simple Passive
He was not invited to our meeting. I wish he had been invited to our meeting. Шкода, що його не запросили на нашу зустріч. Past Perfect Passive
He was invited to our meeting. I wish he had not been invited to our meeting. Шкода, що його запросили на нашу зустріч. Past Perfect Passive
He can’t come today. I wish he could come today. Шкода, що він не може сьогодні прийти. Could + Simple Active Infinitive
He couldn’t come yesterday. I wish he could have come. Шкода, що він не міг вчора прийти. Could + Perfect Active Infinitive
He can’t be seen here. I wish he could be seen. Шкода, що його не можна побачити. Could + Simple Passive Infinitive
He could not be seen yesterday. I wish he could have been seen yesterday. Шкода, що його вчора не можна було побачити. Could + Perfect Passive Infinitive
Desires
He always drives carelessly. I wish he would drive carefully this time. От якби він вів машину обережно. would + Simple Active Infinitive
He is not often understood correctly. I wish he would be understood correctly next time. От якби його правильно зрозуміли наступного разу. would + Simple Passive Infinitive
He is sometimes rude with her. I wish he would not be so rude with her this time. От якби він не був таким грубим з нею. would + Simple Active Infinitive
She is sometimes late. I wish she would not be late in future. Добре б, щоб вона не запізнювалась у майбутньому. would + Simple Active Infinitive
They are often absent-minded working with electric devices. I wish they would not be absent-minded in future. Добре, якби вони не були такими неуваж-ними у майбутньому. would + Simple Active Infinitive
I wish
Present Simple I am not rich. I wish I were rich. Past Simple
Present Continuous He is not singing. I wish he were singing. Past Continuous
Present Perfect She has not bought fruit. I wish she had bought fruit. Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous He has been waiting too long. I wish he hadn’t been waiting too long. Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple He brought too much flour. I wish he hadn’t brought too much flour. Past Perfect
Past Perfect He had not sold his house before the war. I wish he had sold his house before the war. Past Perfect
can He can’t play the violin. I wish he could play the violin. could
could + Simple Infinitive He couldn’t come last night. I wish he could have come last night. could + Perfect Infinitive
to be going She is going to dye the hair. I wish she were not going to dye the hair were going
Future Simple She will marry him. I she would not marry him. Future in the Past Simple
Future Perfect He will not have come back by 9 p.m. I wish he would have come back by 9 p.m. Future in the Past Perfect
The Subjunctive Mood
    to come, to go, to do, to have, to be   
    American: Bare Simple Infinitive        British: should + Bare Simple Infinitive
I come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
he come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
she come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
it come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
we come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
you come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
they come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
He ordered to clean the room. He ordered me to clean the room.
He ordered that I (should) clean the room. He ordered that she (should) clean the room.
After
1.	 Verbs order, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, command, recommend, say, tell, write.
2.	
3.	 It is / was + adjectives important, necessary, urgent, vital, essential, recommended, requested, 
4.	
5.	 Nouns: order, request, recommendation, command, suggestion, insistence,
6.	
He asks that you be here at 5 p.m. He asked that you be here at 5 p.m.
It is important that he understand this idea. It was important that he understand this idea.
He gives no order that I do it today. He gave no order that I should do it today.
It is vital that he should be operated here. It is vital that we should not wait.
THE MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.
It is used in subordinate that-clauses when the main clause contains an expression of demand, proposal, recommendation and so on. The mandative subjunctive may also follow the construction It is important / desirable (etc.) that
This subjunctive use occurs in that-clauses following:
VERBS like: decide, demand, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, suggest
ADJECTIVES like: advisable, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, vital, necessary
NOUNS like: decision, demand, insistence, order, resolution, requirement
66. Open the brackets.
1.	It's necessary that enquiries (to make) before raising the question at the meeting. 2. It is requested that all the library books (to return) before the summer vacation. 3 It's desirable that we (to see) this method in practice first before introducing it into our work. 4. It was suggested that a committee (to set up) to examine such questions. 5. It's necessary that she (to practise) more if she wants to take part in the competitions. 6. It is important that you (to keep) to a diet. 7. It was demanded that the goods (to deliver) to the port by the end of the month 8. It's advisable that you (to take up) sports to keep fit. 9. It is demanded that absolute silence (to keep) during an operation. 10. It is recommended that medical students (to take) a longer course of training before they are sent to work.
• It's necessary that enquiries be made before raising the question at the meeting.
• It is requested that all the library books be returned before the summer vacation.
• It's desirable that we see this method in practice first before introducing it into our work.
• It was suggested that a committee be set up to examine such questions.
• It's necessary that she practise more if she wants to take part in the competitions.
• It is important that you keep to a diet.
• It was demanded that the goods be delivered to the port by the end of the month.
• It's advisable that you take up sports to keep fit.
• It is demanded that absolute silence be kept during an operation.
• It is recommended that medical students take a longer course of training before they are sent to work.
INDICATIVE MOOD - it’s strange that he is in the office now.
Simple active infinitive
Continious active infinitive
Perfect active infinitive
Perfect continuous infinitive
Simple passive infinitive
Perfect passive infinitive
TO have to замінює must
To be to замінює must
The train must / is to arrive at 7.
The Subjunctive Mood - умовний спосіб дієслова в англійській мові. ДЕКІЛЬКА ВИДІВ – спонукання до дії та сумнів до того, що може відбуватися.
to come, to go, to do, to have, to be
American: Bare Simple Infinitive British: should + Bare Simple Infinitive
I come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
he come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
she come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
it come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
we come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
you come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
they come, go, do, have, be should come, go, do, have, be
He ordered to clean the room. He ordered me to clean the room.
He ordered that I (should) clean the room. He ordered that she (should) clean the room.
After
1.	 Verbs order, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, command, recommend, say, tell, write.
2.	
3.	 It is / was + adjectives important, necessary, urgent, vital, essential, recommended, requested, 
4.	
5.	 Nouns: order, request, recommendation, command, suggestion, insistence,
6.	
He asks that you be here at 5 p.m. He asked that you be here at 5 p.m.
It is important that he understand this idea. It was important that he understand this idea.
He gives no order that I do it today. He gave no order that I should do it today.
It is vital that he should be operated here. It is vital that we should not wait.
THE MANDATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.
It is used in subordinate that-clauses when the main clause contains an expression of demand, proposal, recommendation and so on. The mandative subjunctive may also follow the construction It is important / desirable (etc.) that
This subjunctive use occurs in that-clauses following:
VERBS like: decide, demand, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, suggest
ADJECTIVES like: advisable, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, vital, necessary
NOUNS like: decision, demand, insistence, order, resolution, requirement
INDICATIVE MOOD - it’s strange that he is in the office now.
Simple active infinitive
Continious active infinitive
Perfect active infinitive
Perfect continuous infinitive
Simple passive infinitive
Perfect passive infinitive
TO have to замінює must
To be to замінює must
The train must / is to arrive at 7.
Emotional Subjunctive
It’s strange that he lives in a house like that. Дивно, що він живе у такому будинку.
It’s strange that he should live in a house like that. Дивно, щоб він жив у такому будинку.
It’s strange, amazing, unbelievable, hardly imaginable, doubtful, natural, probable, possible,
He is in the office now. He must be in the office now. It’s strange that he should be in the office now.
He is working in the office now. He must be working in the office now. It’s strange that he should be working in the office now.
He came an hour ago. He must have come an hour ago. It’s strange that he should have come an hour ago.
He has been waiting for an hour. He must have been waiting for an hour. It’s strange that he should have been waiting for an hour.
He is often invited to our parties. He must be often invited to our parties. It’s strange that he should be invited to our parties.
He was invited to our party. He must have been invited to our party. It’s strange that he should have been invited to our party.
He is going to propose her. He must be going to propose her. It’s strange that he should be going to propose her.
He has to do it today. He must have to do it today. It’s strange that he should have to do it today.
It’s quite natural that he likes cola. – Цілком природно, що він любить колу.
It’s quite natural that he should like cola. –Цілком природно, щоб він любив колу.
amazing, interesting, shocking, sorry, normal, natural, shameful, doubtful, ridiculous or amazed, shocked, ashamed, to doubt
Subjunctive: should + any Bare Infinitive
She was amused that Charles should want to be a doctor.
It’s ridiculous that you should think of it.
In this case should can be followed by any bare infinitive:
It’s more than strange, that he should be playing chess now.
I am really shocked that he shouldn’t have invited her to dinner
Formulaic Subjunctive
Хай живе Король! – Long live the King!
Боже, бережи Короля! – God save the King!
Хай буде благословенний Бог! – God be praised!
Хай ваше весілля / зустріч буде щасливою! – Be yours a happy marriage / meeting!
Боже, благослови вас! – God bless you!
Боже збав / Не дай Боже… – God forbid / Heaven forbid…
Так і буде / Хай буде так… – So be it / Be it so…
Так би мовити… – As it were…
Як пощастить / Як не пощастить… – As luck would have it / As ill (bad) luck would have it…
Достатньо сказати, що… – Suffice to say that…
Вже не мені… – Far be it from me to…
Будь проклятий / Прокляття… – Curse…
Якщо буде треба… – If need be…
Дай Боже, щоб… – God grant that…
Будь-то X чи будь-то Y… – Be it X or be it Y…
Манери до чорта / Граматика до біса! – Manners be hanged / Grammar be hanged!
Нехай успіх супроводжує вас! – May success attend you! / Success attend you!
На здоров’я вам це! – Much good may it do you!
Нехай у вас буде довге і щасливе життя! – May you have a long and happy life!
Довгих років життя, щоб насолоджуватися цим! – Long may you live to enjoy it!
Що буде, те буде… / Як би там не було… – Come what will / Happen what may… Be this as it may…
Нехай ви обоє будете щасливими! – May you both be happy!
Нехай Новий рік принесе вам усе, чого бажає ваше серце! – May the New Year bring you all your heart desires!
Нехай вона спочиває з миром! – May she rest in peace!
Our Father! Thou art in heaven. Hallowed be Thy name! Thy kingdom come! Thy will be done! - Отче наш! Ти, що є на небесах. Нехай святиться ім’я Твоє! Нехай прийде царство Твоє! Нехай буде воля Твоя!
Let or May
Let him read this book today! Let her cook something new! Let it snow! Let them start earlier tomorrow!
May yours be a happy marriage! May you be always happy! May success attend you!
Non-Conditional WOULD
1.	 Sequence of tenses:
2.	
She said she would do it a bit later.
2. Mild request or requirement:
I want to go home right now. - I would like to go home right now.
I would buy this painting, but it is too expensive.
3. Polite invitation to do something:
If you would wait a minute. If you would take a seat over there.
4. Approximate answer or information:
How much does this painting cost? – It costs two thousand.
How much would this painting cost? –I would say a couple of thousands.
What would be the distance between Tower and your house? – It would be one and a half miles.
When will the performance start? –It would start in several minutes.
I don’t think it is an early arrival. = It wouldn’t be an early arrival.
It wouldn’t be easy to reach the top of that mountain.
Would it be right to come a bit earlier? – I am afraid it wouldn’t.
Imagine, suppose, what if
Imagine he works for this company, then we can’t ask him for this favour.
Imagine he is working now and we’ll disturb him.
Imagine he has already finished eating and we’ll offer him your cake.
Imagine he had come earlier and entered his room.
I have not got an ash-tray. –Suppose I take a saucer?
He couldn’t buy a ticket. –Suppose he had bought it?
What if we invite your sister next week and leave the week later?
What if we invited your sister next week and left the week later?
What if we had invited your sister last week we wouldn’t have been able to go to sea.
Daddy, may I go to play with my friends? – Suppose you did you homework first.
Let’s have a swim! –Suppose there are sharks.
Let’s have a swim! –Suppose there were sharks, would you go anyway?
I had a nice swim there. –Suppose there had been sharks.
I am going to climb up there. –No! What if you slipped?
You were really brave, but what if you had slipped?
To be supposed to [sapoust tu]
You are supposed to start your work at 8 a.m. = You should start your work at 8 a.m.
She was supposed to come to lunch but she didn’t. I wonder, what happened.
Cats are supposed to be afraid of dogs but our cat doesn’t.
You are not supposed to be here till 5 p.m. People under eighteen are not supposed to buy alcoholic drinks.
People supposed [sapouzd] that the Earth is flat.
Sequence of Tenses
He says / is saying / has said he likes / liked / will like your gift.
He said / had said he liked / had liked / would like your gift.
He says he would go there with you. He said he would go there with you.
He says he would have gone there with you. He said he would have gone there with you.
If he came late, he wouldn’t have dinner. I knew that if he came late, he wouldn’t have dinner.
If he had come late, he wouldn’t have had dinner. I knew that if he had come late he wouldn’t have had dinner.
If he comes late, he doesn’t have dinner. I knew that if he came late he didn’t have dinner.
If he comes late, he won’t have dinner. I knew that if he came late he wouldn’t have dinner.
You had better go home. He said you had better go home.
I would rather you didn’t take this table. He said he would rather you didn’t take this table.
It is time your children went to bed. He said it was time your children went to bed.
I wish she were here. He said he wished she were here.
He orders that you come earlier. She said that he ordered that you come earlier.
It is strange that they should believe you. He said it was strange that they should believe you.
Good luck attend you! He said good luck attend you.