1. Classification of Sentences According to the Number
of Predicative Lines
According to the number of predicative lines sentences are classified into simple, composite and semi-composite. The simple sentence
is built up by one predicative line, while the composite sentence is
built up by two or more predicative lines. As a polypredicative construction, the composite sentence, from the referential point of view,
reflects a few elementary situations as a unity.
2. Compound Sentence
The compound sentence is based on parataxis, i.e. coordination.
By coordination the clauses in the composite sentence are arranged
as units of syntactically equal rank. The position of the coordinate
360 Seminars on Theoretical English Grammar Seminar 13. Composite Sentence 361
clause is always rigidly fixed and it serves as one of the differential
features of coordination as such.
It is usual to single out the following types of semantic relations
between coordinative clauses: copulative, adversative, disjunctive,
causal, consequential, and resultative.
Coordinating connectors are divided into proper and semi-functional, the latter revealing adverbial features.
3. Complex Sentence
The complex sentence is based on hypotaxis, i.e. subordination. By
subordination the principal clause positionally dominates the subordinate clause making up with it a semantico-syntactic unity. The subordinate clause can be joined to the principal clause either by a subordinating connector, or, with some types of clauses, asyndetically.
Subordinate clauses can be classified on different principles: either functional, or categorial.
In accord with the functional principle, subordinate clauses are
classified on the analogy of the positional parts of the simple sentence. As a result of this classification, subordinate clauses are classed
into subject, predicative, object, attributive, and adverbial.
The categorial classification is aimed at revealing the inherent
nominative properties of the subordinate clauses irrespective of their
immediate position in the sentence.
According to their integral features all subordinate clauses are
divided into four generalized types: clauses of primary nominal positions, clauses of secondary nominal positions, clauses of adverbial
positions, clauses of parenthetical positions.
4. Semi-Composite Sentence and Its Types
Semi-composite sentences are sentences in which one predicative
line is represented by a semi-predicative construction. Semi-composite sentences are divided into semi-complex and semi-compound according to the type of relations between the semi-clause and the main
clause - subordinative and coordinative, respectively.
The semi-complex sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up
on the principle of subordination. It is derived from minimum two
base sentences, one matrix and one insert. In the process of semicomplexing, the insert sentence is transformed into a partially depredicated construction which is embedded in one of the syntactic positions of the matrix sentence. In the resulting construction, the matrix
sentence becomes its dominant (main) part and the insert sentence,
its subordinate semi-clause.
The semi-complex sentences fall into a number of subtypes. Their
basic division is dependent on the character of predicative fusion:
this may be effected either by the process of position-sharing (wordsharing), or by the process of direct linear expansion. The sentences
based on position-sharing fall into those of subject-sharing and those
of object-sharing. The sentences based on semi-predicative linear expansion fall into those of attributive complication, adverbial complication, and nominal-phrase complication. Each subtype is related to
a definite complex sentence (pleni-complex sentence) as its explicit
structural prototype.
The semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built
up on the principle of coordination. The structure of the semi-compound sentence is derivationally to be traced back to minimum two
base sentences having an identical element belonging to one or both
of their principal syntactic positions, i.e. either the subject, or the
predicate, or both. According to the process of semi-compounding,
coordinative fusion can be either syndetic or asyndetic. Thus, from
the formal point of view, a sentence possessing coordinated notional
parts of immediately sentential reference (directly related to its predicative line) is to be treated as semi-compound. But different structural types of syntactic coordination even of direct sentential reference (coordinated subjects, predicates, objects, adverbial modifiers)
display very different implications as regards semi-compounding composition of sentences.
Baseed on this text, answer the following questions:
8. Compound Sentences.

9. Complex Sentences.

10. Mixed type of composite sentences.