Add Cesare Beccaria to this list: John Locke
- English philosopher 
- tabula rasa: knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses
- wrote Two Treatises of Government
- argued that humans were good enough to govern themselves, and the goal of the government was to protect natural rights to life, liberty, and property (otherwise people would rebel)
- father of British Empiricism and supported a limited government

Montesquieu
- French social commentator and political thinker during Enlightenment
- wrote Spirit of Laws and, with reason, championed the concept of separation of powers, which influenced the American Constitution (praised England's government, too)
- identified three separate groups of people having power in government (judicial, legislative, executive) who would form a system of "checks and balances" and produce separation of powers, which were most conducive to individual liberty 

Voltaire (not KT)

Diderot (not KT)
- compiled and edited his Encyclopedia for other people to access as a source of knowledge, and it was used by philosophes to challenge old French society and spread Enlightenment ideas
- viciously attacked Christianity

physiocrats
- members of a group of French economists
- thought that agriculture was the source of all wealth
- advocated for free trade without government interference governed by natural forces of supply and demand (laissez-faire)

Adam Smith
- Scottish economist and philosopher
- wrote The Wealth of Nations
- discredited mercantilism and advocated for free trade, ruled by natural forces "invisible hand" instead of a government, which should protect its people and fund public works
- claimed that labor was the source of wealth
- laid foundation for economic liberalism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- French philosopher and writer
- said that people were naturally good but can become corrupted by civilization
- people give up some freedoms in exchange laws and government to protect their property
- wrote his treatise The Social Contract, which stated that members of society agreed to be governed according the general will (democracy with active participation, argued against monarchies and inspired French Revolution)
- held to traditional views on women subservience to men based on natural biology
- argued that children should learn with natural experience in Émile

Mary Wollstonecraft
- wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women and is viewed as founder of feminism
- countered Rousseau and argued that woman have innate reason and should not be below men but have equal rights in work, education, and politics

French Salon
- a regular social gathering, with many philosophes and writers attending, that was held by a prominent woman hostess
- there were guest speakers
- allowed women to gain an informal education and share their ideas with the upper classes and affect kings
- fostered intellectual culture

Deism
- the rational belief in a god that created the universe but ceased to supernaturally intervene in its operation or with humanity
- it emerged due the Scientific Revolution, during which thinkers like Newton and Kepler discovered that the universe was governed based on natural, observable laws and challenged old Church dogma that the heavens were separate and Earth was the center of the world

Cesare Beccaria
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