Translate the sent legal text line by line in such a way that one Farsi line is on the right side of the table and one line of translation is on the left side of the table and be careful to translate from the beginning to the end of the text without summarizing or omitting any part of the text.act of state An act,often involving force, of the executive of a state, or
committed by an agent of a sovereign power with its prior approval or subsequent
ratification, that affects adversely a person who does not owe allegiance to that
power. The courts have power to decide whether or not particular conductconstitutes such an act, but if it does, they have no jurisdiction to award any
remedy.
actual bodily harm Any hurt or injury calculated to interfere with the health or
comfort of the victim. *Assault causing actual bodily harm is a summary or
indictable offence carrying a maximum punishment of five years' imprisonment.
The hurt need not be serious or permanent in nature, but it must be more than
trifling. It is enough to show that pain or discomfort has been suffered, even
though no bruising is evident. Hysteria brought on as a result of assault is sufficient
for the offence to be proved
actual military service See PRIVILEgED will.
actual notice Knowledge that a person has of rights adverse to his own. If a
purchaser of unregistered land has actual notice of an interest that is not required
to be registered as a land charge, and which will not be overreached on the sale to
him, he will be bound by it. The doctrine of notice plays no part in registered land
where it has been replaced by the rules of registration. See also CoNSTRUCTIVE OTICe:
IMPUTED NOTICE.
actual total loss (in marine insurance) A loss of a ship or cargo in which the
subject matter is destroyed or damaged to such an extent that it can no longer be
or used cargo for its is its the purpose, purpose, subject or or of a when wnen ale the *valued annotg. insured policy, ee, is thn the irretrievably measure measure of of deprived indemnity indemnity of is it. If the the sum ship
fixed by the policy; if the policy is unvalued, the measure of indemnity is the
insurable value of the subject insured. Compare CoNSTRUCTiVe Total loss
actus reus [Latin: a guilty act] The essential element of a crime that must be
proved to secure a conviction, as opposed to the mental state of the accused (see MENS
REA). In most cases the actus reuswill simply be an act (e.g.appropriation of property
is the act of theft) accompanied by specified circumstances (e.g.that the property
belongs to another). Sometimes, however, it may be an *omission to act (le.g. failure
to prevent death may be the actus reusof manslaughter) or it may include a
specified consequence (death resulting within a year being the consequence required
for the actus reusof murder or manslaughter). In certain cases the actus reusmay
simply be a state of affairs rather than an act (e.g. being unfit to drive through
drink or drugs when in charge of a motor vehicle on a road).
actus reus non tacit reum nisi mens sit rea [Latin: an act does not make a
person guilty of his crime unless his mind be also guilty] The maxim that forms the
basis for defining the two elements that must be proved before a person can be
convicted of a crime (see ACTUS REUS; MENS REA).
ad colligenda bona [Latin] To collect the goods. The court may grant *letters of
administration ad colligenda bonato any person to deal with specified property in an
estate when that property might be endangered by delay. For example, if part of the
estate consists of perishable goods the court may grant administration ad colligenda
bonato any suitable person to allow him to sell or otherwise deal with those goods
for the benefit of the estate. This is a limited grant only and ceases on the issue of a
full grant of representation to the persons entitled to deal with the whole estate. In
one case, such a grant was issued to the Official Solicitor on an application by the
Inland Revenue when the executors of the deceased's will delayed applying for
probate.