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§ 9. Will.

Will is hardly ever a purely modal verb. It generally combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.

The modal verb will expresses volition, intention on the part of the Speaker, or insistence.

1. Volition, intention.

In most cases this meaning is rendered in Russian by emphatic intonation, but sometimes the verb хотеть is used. It is used with all Persons but mostly with the first person.

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162 Part I. Accidence

"What is this? Who is this? Turn this man out. Clear the office!" cried Mr. Fang. "I will speak," cried the man. "I will not be turned out..." (Dickens) — «Что это? Кто это? Выставьте этого чело века за дверь! Очистите помещение!» закричал мистер Фанг. «Нет, я буду говорить! крикнул человек. Меня не выставят!»

Besides, since happiness is irrevocably denied me, I have a

right to get pleasure out of life: and I will get it, cost what it may (E. Brontë) - Кроме того, раз счастье для меня невозможно я вправе получать от жизни удовольствия; и я буду получать их, чего бы это ни стоило.

Tell Mr. Osborne it is a cowardly letter, sir, a cowardly letter - | will not answer it. (Thackeray) - Скажите мистеру Осборну, что это трусливое письмо, сэр, трусливое; я на него не отвечу.

Very often will is used after the conjunction if in conditional clauses where it retains its modal meaning, that of volition.

You may laugh if you will but I was sure I should see her there. (E. Bronte) - Можете смеяться, если хотите, но я был уверен, что встречу ее там.

The modal verb will is used in polite requests.

Will you have a cup of tea?

Will you give me a piece of bread, for I am very hungry? (Ch. Brontë)

2. Persistence referring to the present or to the future.

"Don't tell me." "But I will tell you," repeated Sikes. (Dickens) - «Не говорите мне про это». «А я все равно скажу», — повторил Сайкс.

She begins to act very strangely. She will not speak, she will not eat; finally she dies. (Maugham) Она начинает вести себя очень странно. Она не желает говорить, она не желает есть. наконец, она умирает.

It's no use trying to open the door, it will not open. Нечего стараться открыть эту дверь она все равно не откроется.

3. Prediction referring to the present or to no particular time (in timeless statements).

That'll be the postman (on hearing the doorbell ring).

Oil will float on water.

§ 10. Would.

Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall. But while the latter has acquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will. Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past.

1. Volition.

In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.

She was going away and would not say where she was going. (Dreiser) - Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда едет.

2. Persistence.

I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it. Я просил его на хлопать дверью, а он все продолжал хлопать. Several times Eckerman tried to get away, but Goethe would not let him go. (Maugham) HНесколько раз Эккерман пытался уйти, но Гёте ни за что не отпускал его.

Would is used to describe things that often happened in the past. It is very close to used to in these cases, but it is more formal and needs to be associated with a time indicator.

When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was fine, we would all get up early and go for a swim.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things in the same way as will (see § 9), but in this use would is more common than will.

and that was all he could see, for the sedan doors wouldn't open and the blinds wouldn't pull up. (Dickens) ... и это бы- ло все, что ему было видно, ибо двери портшеза никак не открывались и занавеси никак не поднимались.

3. Would is used in polite requests, offers or invitations.

164 Part I. Accidence

Would you open the door for me, please?

Would you like to have a sandwich?

It is more polite than will in this meaning.

It is used in speaking about habits.

She will listen to music, alone in her room, for hours.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things when the speaker is annoyed at something and speaks about a thing or a phenomenon of nature as if it possessed a will of its own (there is an element of per- sonification here).