You have been hired by a multinational Healthcare company to write a 2000-word report responding to the task below. 
"Identify and analyse causes of labour shortages. Based on your findings, make recommendations about how labour shortages can be reduced."

• You must use the following source in your answer:
Manea, L.D., Virlanuta, F. O. and Muntean, M. C., (2019) ‘Investigating the Causes of the Current Labor Shortage in Romania’, The International Conference ‘The Risk in Contemporary Economy’ (‘Dunarea de Jos’ University. Faculty of Economics), 1(1), pp. 44–
52.

• You must also use at least 5 other sources that you select yourself.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: • You must not focus on just one country or workplace, but you may use specific countries or workplaces as examples.

Introduction (suggested: 300 words)
· Include definitions of any key terms (e.g. labour shortage).
· Include brief relevant background information (e.g. labour shortage statistics).
· Include a statement of aims which summarises the main aims of the report.

Findings (suggested: 1200 words, 300 per subsection)
· Divide the Findings section into 4 subsections. 
The First Subsection
· Your first subsection should have the following subtitle (choose only ONE of the words in italics): Labour Shortages in the Healthcare Industry. 
· In this section, you should write about labour shortages in the chosen industry.

The Other 3 Subsections
· In each of the other 3 subsections, you should write about one cause of labour shortages. It is up to you whether these causes are specific to your chosen industry.
· Each subsection needs a subtitle. You may either write your own subtitles or choose from the subtitles below (in bold). The explanations in (brackets) have been included to help you.

· Immigration (How restrictive immigration policies that stop people from moving to other countries can cause labour shortages. You could consider barriers to work such as qualifications not being recognised abroad, or visa issues.)
· Rising Economic Inactivity (The extent to which people need or choose not to be in paid employment, and how this causes labour shortages. You could consider ideas like the aging population, early retirement and long-term health issues such as long Covid.)
· The Skills Gap (New skills the modern workplace requires, and how a lack of these can cause labour shortages. You could consider how the rapid development of technology and changes in customer demands create new jobs that require new skills.)
· Low Wages (Whether wages tend to be fair and provide a suitable standard of living, and if not, how this can cause labour shortages. You could consider issues such as rising inflation, and whether state benefits can now provide a better quality of life than minimum wage jobs.)
· Cost of Childcare (How high childcare costs can cause labour shortages by encouraging or forcing parents to leave their jobs and become stay-at-home parents. You could consider the type and amount of parental support provided in different countries and how this affects labour shortages in these countries.)
· Lack of Qualified Candidates (How in certain industries such as healthcare, there are often more job vacancies than qualified candidates to fill them. You could consider which industries are most likely to be affected, and why people might choose not to train in these areas e.g. the time commitment or cost of studying.)

· Key ideas should be supported with reliable, relevant source evidence.

Conclusion (suggested: 150 words)
· This should summarise the key points from the Findings section and make it clear what the most important points are.

Recommendations (suggested: 350 words)
· Include an introductory statement explaining the purpose of the section.
· Include three recommendations. Give each one a subtitle. You should create these subtitles yourself.
· Use bullet points (one per recommendation).
· Each recommendation must clearly link to a cause you have already discussed in the Findings.
· Every recommendation should be supported by research.


Use PEEL writing structure all over


Below is a detailed and comprehensive structure for the report

Introduction (300 words)
- Define labour shortage
- Provide relevant background information and statistics on labour shortages globally and across industries
- State the aims of the report: analysing causes of labour shortages and providing recommendations for reducing them

Findings (1200 words)

1. Labour Shortages in the Healthcare Industry (300 words)
- Overview of labour shortages in the healthcare sector
- Specific challenges faced by the industry related to labour shortages
- Use source: Manea, L.D., Virlanuta, F. O. and Muntean, M. C., (2019), and other relevant sources

2. Restrictive Immigration Policies (300 words)
- Explanation of how restrictive immigration policies may contribute to labour shortages
- Discuss barriers to work, including qualifications not being recognised abroad, and visa issues
- Use relevant sources to support the discussion

3. Rising Economic Inactivity (300 words)
- Define and discuss the concept of economic inactivity
- Analyse how aging population, early retirement, and long-term health issues contribute to labour shortages
- Use relevant sources to support the discussion

4. The Skills Gap (300 words)
- Define and discuss the concept of the skills gap
- Analyse how rapid development of technology and changes in customer demands create new jobs requiring new skills, leading to labour shortages
- Use relevant sources to support the discussion

Conclusion (150 words)
- Summarise key points from the Findings section
- Emphasise the most important points and their implications

Recommendations (350 words)

1. Improving Immigration Policies (120 words)
- Introduction to the recommendation
- Suggest policies that promote the recognition of foreign qualifications and ease visa restrictions for skilled workers
- Support the recommendation with research evidence

2. Addressing Economic Inactivity (120 words)
- Introduction to the recommendation
- Suggest policies that target early retirement, provide support for people with long-term health issues, and promote job retention and retraining for older workers
- Support the recommendation with research evidence

3. Bridging the Skills Gap (110 words)
- Introduction to the recommendation
- Suggest industry-specific programs, partnerships between educational institutions and employers, and government-led initiatives to train workers in relevant skills
- Support the recommendation with research

Reference List (Harvard referencing)
- Include all sources cited in the report, following the conventions of Harvard referencing



To this effect, i have written the following;
INTRODUCTION
Labour shortage is a significant challenge faced by various industries globally, which arises due to a gap between the requirement of skilled workers in a sector and the available pool of skilled workers (Manea, Virlanuta, & Muntean, 2019). This issue creates a demand-supply imbalance, leading to unfilled job vacancies and hampering growth potential for businesses and the economy. Statistics on global labour shortage indicate that many countries are currently facing an acute talent crunch, with certain sectors, including healthcare, experiencing particularly severe shortages.

The objective of this report is to analyze the causes of labour shortages, with a focus on the healthcare industry. Yet, it is not limited to this sector alone, and the report aims to explore factors such as restrictive immigration policies, rising economic inactivity, and the skills gap and evaluate how they contribute to the prevalence of labour shortages (Manea et al., 2019). Based on the analysis, the report intends to put forward recommendations to alleviate the issue of labour shortages and improve workforce availability in various industries.

To achieve this, the report draws upon reliable academic research, such as Manea et al. (2019), taking into account multiple perspectives and contexts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Through this investigation, it becomes imperative to identify the factors that contribute to labour shortages, facilitate a discussion on them, and provide viable recommendations for their mitigation to foster economic growth and stability. The key aims of the report can be summarized as follows: 
(1) To comprehend the labour shortage phenomenon in the context of the healthcare industry;
(2) To analyse three significant causes of labour shortages;
(3) To propose research-based recommendations for addressing identified causes (Manea et al., 2019).

By shedding light on these pivotal aspects, this report shall provide useful insights to policymakers, industry leaders, and educational institutions to combat the pressing issue of labour shortages.


FINDINGS
Labour Shortages in the Healthcare Industry

The healthcare industry, a critical sector in societies worldwide, is grappling with the challenges of a pervasive labour shortage. Several factors contribute to the growing concern of labour shortages, which exacerbates healthcare providers’ struggle to maintain staffing levels, ensure patient satisfaction, and fulfill policy requirements (Omar et al., 2020). The labour shortage in the healthcare sector is primarily driven by increasing demand for healthcare services, exacerbated by a consistently expanding patient population and the insufficient number of qualified healthcare professionals needed to address these demands (Manea et al., 2019). In this section, we will delve into the challenges associated with labour shortages in the healthcare sector and the factors driving such shortages in the industry.

One major factor contributing to the labour shortage in healthcare is the aging population. The world’s population is experiencing increased longevity, which drives the demand for healthcare services, placing a heightened burden on the existing healthcare workforce (Bai, 2021). In addition, the healthcare workforce itself is not immune to aging, as a considerable proportion of healthcare professionals advance toward retirement age, further reducing the supply of essential healthcare workers (Manea et al., 2019). This demographic shift acts as a catalyst for the expanding gap between available healthcare personnel and the increasing need for services.

Moreover, educational and training bottlenecks significantly influence the healthcare labour shortage. The healthcare profession requires highly skilled workers who undergo extensive education and training (Nei et al., 2019). However, limitations in capacity and resources at educational institutions, coupled with high tuition costs, may deter prospective healthcare professionals from pursuing qualifications, ultimately exacerbating the staff deficit (De Avila, 2019).

Another element contributing to healthcare labour shortages is the elevated levels of work-related stress and burnout experienced by healthcare professionals (Dyrbye et al., 2020). Healthcare work is inherently demanding, and persistent factors such as long working hours, understaffing, and mounting patient requirements contribute to high levels of burnout (Rotenstein et al., 2018). The resulting job dissatisfaction fosters increased attrition rates among healthcare professionals, further exacerbating labour shortages.

Restrictive Immigration Policies

Restrictive immigration policies serve as a considerable barrier to addressing labor shortages across industries, including healthcare. Immigrants have historically played a crucial role in filling workforce gaps when domestic labor pools are inadequate (Taylor & Walmsley, 2023). However, many countries have introduced stringent immigration policies in recent years, thwarting the influx of skilled professionals, including healthcare workers, and curtailing their ability to alleviate workforce shortfalls (Taylor & Walmsley, 2023).

A primary hurdle resulting from restrictive immigration policies is the non-recognition or devaluation of foreign qualifications and credentials (Ortega & Peri, 2019). In numerous countries, foreign-educated professionals must undergo rigorous local certification and licensing processes to practice within the jurisdiction, which can be time-consuming and expensive (Ruhs, 2022). Consequently, skilled professionals may become disillusioned by these challenges and abandon their ambitions of working abroad, causing a further strain on labor shortages.

Visa restrictions represent another obstacle for potential immigrants seeking employment in countries grappling with labour shortages. Rigorous visa regulations and quotas might reduce the number of visas allocated to skilled workers or impose exceedingly strict criteria for applicants to secure visas (Chellaraj and Maskus, 2018). These restrictions can serve as significant hurdles for international talent intending to supplement the workforce in foreign countries, thus aggravating existing labour shortages.

Overall, restrictive immigration policies contribute to labour shortages by presenting barriers for skilled professionals attempting to work in other nations, specifically concerning healthcare workers. Obstacles include the lack of recognition for foreign qualifications, arduous and costly certification procedures, and limiting visa regulations. Through these hindrances, restrictive immigration policies jeopardize the ability of countries to address labour shortages in critical sectors, such as healthcare, by hindering the international mobility of skilled professionals.







Now, using the PEEL writing structure, in at least 400 words each,  generate the “Rising Economic Inactivity” and “The Skills Gap” sections ensuring the following:
Your report should stay on topic. It should not contain any information that does not help answer the report task. Each section of the report should fulfil its function by following report-writing conventions and doing what the reader expects. Your ideas should be in the appropriate report section (e.g. you should not make recommendations in the Findings). Your report should be analytical, not just descriptive. For example, you could consider the consequences and limitations of the ideas you include. Your ideas should be in a logical order, and the same idea should not be repeated multiple times (although you may refer to ideas you have previously discussed). Each paragraph should have only one main idea, which should be made clear in its
topic sentence. This idea should be well supported (e.g. with explanation or examples). You should use cohesive devices (e.g. “therefore”, “however”) to show the links between your ideas. You should make logical choices about when to do this and
which cohesive devices to use. You should use a large range of sources. Your sources should be complex, thorough, academic and reliable. It should be clear how your source evidence supports your ideas and links to the report task. Your sources must not be earlier than 2018. Your paraphrases and summaries should be frequent and easy to understand. You should use your own words. The meaning of the original source should remain clear. You may include direct quotations, but only when appropriate. You should reference all information from sources accurately. our citations and reference list should follow the conventions of Harvard referencing, as explained here: https://www.citethemrightonline.com. Your vocabulary should be varied and relevant to the report topic. You should use a wide range of grammatical structures. • Accuracy: Your language use should be accurate and natural, with as few errors as possible. Your writing should be easy to understand and should not cause strain (confusion) for the reader. Your writing should follow the conventions of academic style. You should avoid personal language, idioms, emotional language, informal language, rhetorical questions and contractions. Your writing should be precise. You must demonstrate relevant skills and competencies; to be articulate in expressing ideas, an increasing understanding of the theoretical background of their study and the analytic competence to explore it, as well as its relationship, where appropriate, to particular skills.


Ensure to use appropriate In-text citation references (Harvard style) everywhere necessary. Ensure to use the most recent of the most relevant references, not earlier than 2018