"Air Pollution	Major environmental risk to health, causing approximately 2 million premature deaths worldwide per year, with a significant burden in the global South.
Air Pollution	The presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects
Amitav Acharya	Distinguished Professor at the School of International Service, American University, advocating for a Multiplex World Order.
Bandung Conference	A 1955 conference where China initiated close contact with delegates from African and Asian countries, aiming to share CCP's revolutionary experiences and anti-imperialist ideology.
Bandung Conference	A 1955 meeting of Asian and African states, advocating for decolonization and the promotion of economic and cultural cooperation.
Bandung Plus	A proposed new Bandung Conference including previously excluded states, devising updated aspirations and demands of the Global South.
Brandt Line	Visual depiction of the north-south divide based upon per-capita GDP, proposed by former German Chancellor Willy Brandt.
BRICS	Acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a platform for cooperation and exchange between governments.
BRICS Agenda	The expanding focus of BRICS beyond economic diplomacy to address critical areas of international cooperation and challenges.
BRICS Expansion	The potential addition of new member countries to the BRICS group, subject to differing opinions among existing members.
BRICS Expansion Interest	The interest expressed by over 40 countries, including Argentina, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia, to join BRICS, leading to discussions on potential enlargement.
BRICS nations	Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa - an association of major emerging national economies.
BRICS Summit	A meeting of the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa to discuss cooperation and global impact.
Brussels office	Office of the German Marshall Fund located in Brussels, Belgium.
Carbon Footprint	The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
China's Influence	The concern raised by some members, particularly India, about the potential strengthening of China's influence through BRICS expansion.
China's Influence in the Global South	China's increasing presence and impact on developing countries in Africa, the Middle East, and other regions outside the Western sphere.
China's Leadership Role in the Global South	China's efforts to exercise leadership and demonstrate its capacity to share experiences and support the development of countries in the Global South.
Climate Change	Projected to increase the burden of disease in cities of the global South, exacerbating existing health risks.
Climate Vulnerability	The degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change
Coalition of the Willing	A group of UN member states drafting a Resolution to trigger and launch a UN Charter Review Conference, not subject to veto by the P5 members.
Democratization of International Politics	Efforts to promote a more democratic global order, emphasizing inclusivity and non-bipolar international relations.
Deterioration of China's Image	The decline in China's reputation in Western countries, contrasting with its positive perception in the developing world.
Economic Growth	An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services
Equitable	Fair and impartial, ensuring everyone has equal opportunities
European Union	Political and economic union of 27 European countries.
First World	Term used during the Cold War to refer to capitalist, industrial, and democratic countries.
Foreign policy	A government's strategy in dealing with other nations.
G7	A group of the most developed countries, including Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
GDP	Gross Domestic Product, the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.
GDP Distribution	The distribution of global economic output, with 43% concentrated in G7 countries and over a quarter in BRICS countries.
GDP per Capita	A measure of a country's economic output that accounts for its number of people
German Marshall Fund	Think tank that promotes transatlantic cooperation and international understanding.
Global Financial Crisis	A period of severe financial stress affecting the global economy, prompting emerging market members to question the dominance of the US-led financial system.
Global South	Countries outside the traditional power structure dominated by Western nations.
Global South	Countries outside the traditional power structure dominated by Western nations.
Global South	Geographical, geopolitical, historical, and developmental concept, primarily developing countries.
Global South	Low- and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean
Global South	Refers to countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America with a colonial past, high poverty levels, and informality.
Global South Actors	Entities from the Global South, including civic movements and state leaders, working to foster change in the world order.
Group of 20	International forum for governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union.
Group of 77	Coalition of 134 countries primarily considered developing countries, including China and wealthy Gulf states.
Historic independence	Asserting a degree of independence based on historical context and experiences.
Identity and Cohesion	The lack of a distinct identity and cohesion in decision-making, posing challenges for BRICS as a group.
Inclusive	Including or covering all the services, facilities, or items normally expected or required
Industrialization	The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
Infectious Diseases	Remain at high levels due to poor environmental conditions and overcrowding, prevalent in informal settlements and slums in the global South.
Influence Through Party-to-Party Relations	China's strategy of building social and political ties through exchanges, seminars, and summit meetings with African political parties, aiming to expand social capital and influence.
Informal Settlements	Areas where housing is not in compliance with current planning and building regulations
Informality	Characterized by the absence of formality or official procedures
Infrastructure	Basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society
Intra-Urban Inequalities	Rise of inequality, elite enclaves, and growing slums, particularly in the global South.
League of Nations	An international organization founded after World War I to prevent future wars, replaced by the United Nations after World War II.
League of Nations	An international organization founded after World War I to prevent future wars, replaced by the United Nations after World War II.
Liberal World Order	An order promoted by the United States in the 1990s, characterized by rules serving the interests of the West.
Liberal World Order	An order promoted by the United States in the 1990s, characterized by rules serving the interests of the West.
Long-Term Investments in Human Capital	China's focus on long-term investments in human capital, such as scholarships, training programs, and educational exchanges, to shape future political and social ties.
Low-Carbon	Relating to or denoting a product or system that has low carbon dioxide emissions
Megacities	Urban agglomerations with a population of over 10 million, experiencing rapid growth in the global South.
Migration	The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling
Monolithic view	A single, uniform perspective or approach.
Multidimensional Poverty	A measure that includes income, education, and access to basic infrastructure to assess poverty
Multiplex World Order	A proposed world order without hegemony, developed by multiple actors, respecting cultural diversity, and featuring a multi-level governance system.
Multipolar World	A world with multiple centers of power, not dominated by a single power or bloc.
Multipolar World Order	A world order with multiple centers of power, not dominated by a single power or bloc.
National Currencies Usage	The promotion of using national currencies of BRICS members in trade and investment, aiming to create an alternative financial system.
New Development Bank (NDB)	An institution established by BRICS to finance development projects in member states, with a focus on local currency usage and no conditionalities.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)	A movement serving the interests of the Global South during the Cold War's US-Soviet competition, framing the Global South's response to major power rivalries.
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)	A movement serving the interests of the Global South during the Cold War's US-Soviet competition, framing the Global South's response to major power rivalries.
Noncommunicable Diseases	Growing rapidly in the global South, linked to changes in living conditions, lifestyle, and urbanization.
Permanent Five (P5)	The five permanent members of the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Permanent Five (P5)	The five permanent members of the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Political Cooperation	The informal partnership among BRICS members to discuss shared interests, with limitations due to diverging national approaches.
Polling Data from Africa and the Middle East	Statistical information gathered from surveys to gauge public opinion and attitudes towards China in these regions.
Positive Impressions of China in Africa	Favorable views of Chinese assistance and influence on the African continent, often attributed to tangible infrastructure projects and goods.
Precarious	Not securely held or in position; dangerously likely to fall or collapse
Regional organizations	Groups through which the Global South can articulate demands and bargain with major powers.
Relevance of BRICS	The continued significance of BRICS despite differences among member states, demonstrated by frequent high-level meetings and impact on global platforms.
Resilient	Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions
Revisionist states	Countries seeking to revise or change the existing international order.
Rules-Based World Order	An order promoted by the United States in the 1990s, characterized by rules serving the interests of the West.
Rules-Based World Order	An order promoted by the United States in the 1990s, characterized by rules serving the interests of the West.
Rural-Urban Migration	The movement of people from the countryside to cities
Second World	Term used during the Cold War to refer to the communist-socialist states.
Social Determinants of Health	Conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, impacting health and well-being, particularly in urban areas of the global South.
Southern Urbanism	Debate on the nature of urbanism in the global South, characterized by higher poverty levels, informality, and weaker governance.
Sustainable Cities	Cities designed to have a minimal impact on the environment and promote a high quality of life for all residents
Sustainable Growth	Economic growth that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Third World	Term used during the Cold War to refer to non-aligned countries or developing countries.
Tim Murithi	Head of the Peacebuilding Interventions Programme, Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, and Professor of African Studies, advocating for a UN Charter Review Conference.
U.N. developing countries	List of 181 jurisdictions as developing countries or territories, according to the U.N.
UN General Assembly (UNGA)	The main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN, with all member states having equal representation.
UN Security Council (UNSC)	A UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with the power to make decisions binding on all member states.
United Nations (UN)	An international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among countries.
United Nations (UN) Charter Review Conference	A mechanism to review the UN Charter, initiated by a majority vote of the UN General Assembly and any seven members of the UNSC, aiming to substantially alter the UN Charter and introduce new provisions.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)	The main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN, with all member states having equal representation.
United Nations Security Council (UNSC)	A UN body responsible for maintaining international peace and security, with the power to make decisions binding on all member states.
United Nations' Role in China's Recognition	The UN's role in recognizing the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its influence in gaining support from independent countries in the late 1960s.
Urban Growth	The rate at which the urban population is increasing in a given area
Urban Population	The population living in urban areas
Urban Services	Services provided to urban residents, including utilities, transportation, and healthcare
Urban Sprawl	Unsustainable expansion of cities in a scattered, low-density form, prevalent in the global South.
Urban-Rural Linkages	Blurred boundaries between urban and rural areas, with urban lifestyles permeating rural areas in the global South.
Urbanization	Increase in the proportion of population living in urban areas, accompanied by social, economic, and institutional changes.
Urbanization	Rapid increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
US Private Sector's Competitive Advantage	Identifying areas where US companies can offer the best contributions in Africa, rather than directly competing with other countries' strengths.
Voice of the Global South Summit	Virtual summit hosted by India, including 125 countries, to address issues facing the Global South.
Vulnerability	The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally
Wealthier Nations	Countries with higher GDP per capita and more developed infrastructure and services
Western Global Financial System	The financial system dominated by Western countries, which BRICS aims to diversify and reform.
World Bank and IMF Reforms	Efforts by BRICS to push for reforms in these institutions, aiming to increase their representation and influence." Based on these terms and definitions, Summarize:



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