write an oultine in maximum 100 words in bullet foramt for this text: Wk 1 Discussion: Values and Ethical Decision-Making
The ethical judgements that health care managers make are influenced by their personal beliefs and this acts as a form of internal compass that organisations use to guide their activities and policies. In confronting important ethical challenges, managers rely on their core beliefs to address competing objectives and make decisions consistent with their moral principles. A manager that puts priority on patient autonomy may promote policies that improve informed consent procedures and in this way motivate patients to make choices about their care (Gallego et al, 2020). Alterations in an individual's values or ethics often stem from transforming events, ongoing education, or exposure to novel cultural situations. Interacting with different patient demographics and addressing systemic disparities might require a reevaluation of established assumptions and this would result in the implementation of more inclusive and equitable policies (Haddad et al., 2024). A health care management who previously focuses on efficiency above equity may, upon seeing the consequences of health inequities, transition towards strategies that tackle socioeconomic determinants of health. This progression focuses on the fluidity of ethical frameworks and stresses the need of reflective practice in professional growth. The interaction between personal beliefs and ethical decision-making affects people  behavior and shapes organisational culture and patient outcomes in the healthcare sector.
References
Gallego, J. P., Oliva, Á. D.-J., García-Castilla, F. J., & Muelas, Á. (2020). Relationship Between Basic Human Values and Decision-Making Styles in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 8315. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228315
Haddad, L. M., & Geiger, R. A. (2024). Nursing Ethical Considerations. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526054/
Wk 2 Discussion: Handling Ethical Decisions
As a newly appointed manager in the health care industry, the ability to deal with ethical judgements becomes an essential component of the professional responsibility. The position requires compliance with established ethical standards and promoting an environment where ethical issues are prioritized in everyday operations (Birkholz et al., 2022). In addressing ethical challenges, the manager must harmonies organisational rules with personal integrity to make judgements that prioritise patient care, honour autonomy, and advance justice. Addressing an ethical dilemma requires a contemplative approach that takes into account the diverse effects on stakeholders. For instance, when confronted with a scenario where resource distribution might affect a marginalized patient demographic, the management need to evaluate the ethical tenets of justice and equality (Devik et al., 2020). Participating in transparent discussions with the team, referencing ethical standards, and contemplating possible long-term ramifications are crucial measures in addressing such conflicts. By focusing ethical consideration and clear communication, the manager addresses the current problem and develops a culture of ethical consciousness inside the organisation. Not only does this strategy contribute to the integrity and reputation of the health care facility, but it also helps to establish trust among the members of the team involved.
References
Birkholz, L., Kutschar, P., Kundt, F. S., & Beil-Hildebrand, M. (2022). Ethical decision-making confidence scale for nurse leaders: Psychometric evaluation. Nursing Ethics, 29(4), 988. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330211065847
Devik, S. A., Munkeby, H., Finnanger, M., & Moe, A. (2020). Nurse managers’ perspectives on working with everyday ethics in long-term care. Nursing Ethics, 27(8), 1669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733020935958

Wk 3 Discussion: Business/Organizational Ethics
The basis of health care institutions is comprised of organisational ethics. This is known to have a very important role when it comes to the formation of policies, processes, and the general culture that governs the provision of the care of the patients. Their significance is evident in promoting trust, accountability, and openness, which are important to patient safety and care quality. Ethical frameworks assist health care administrators in making judgements that respect patient dignity and rights while reconciling the important demands that tend to be associated with administrative duties (Dacin et al., 2022). The formulation of these ethical standards must be a joint effort among leadership, clinical personnel, and ethics committees to guarantee their comprehensiveness and alignment with professional duties and community values. My experience in a multidisciplinary team has shown that incorporating multiple viewpoints is crucial for formulating effective ethical norms that tackle real-world issues (Martinez et al., 2020). Assessing these criteria requires a methodical methodology, overseen by committed ethical committees and periodic audits to evaluate compliance and efficacy. Periodic reviews facilitate the identification of areas for improvement and reaffirm a commitment to ethical excellence. The participation of external accrediting organisations, such as The Joint Commission, adds an extra level of oversight and verification, confirming that the organization's ethical procedures are in the line with nationally established standards.
References
Dacin, M. T., Harrison, J. S., Hess, D., Killian, S., & Roloff, J. (2022). Business Versus Ethics? Thoughts on the Future of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 180(3), 863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05241-8
Martínez, C., Skeet, A. G., & Sasia, P. M. (2020). Managing organizational ethics: How ethics becomes pervasive within organizations. Business Horizons, 64(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.09.008





Wk 4 Discussion: Public Health Ethics
Managing triage and coordinating rescue operations in the wake of Hurricane Zara requires an extensive understanding of public health principles. Public health is the collective implication of society to safeguard and improve the health of communities through the implementation of preventative measures and policies. It focuses on population-level treatments, prioritizing collective welfare above individual treatment. Health care organisations enhance public health by including preventive and health promotion into their services (Azari & Borisch, 2023). Subsequent to a catastrophe, a hospital may implement outreach initiatives to provide immunizations and health education to displaced persons, thereby averting disease epidemics. The primary ethical and legal challenge faced by an ER manager is to the allocation of limited resources. Making triage judgements within resource limitations tends to be a worth discussing ethical dilemma. Identifying recipients of emergency care requires a careful consideration of equality, justice, and usefulness, all under significant pressure (Edemekong & Tenny,2024). A transparent form of decision-making process that is based on ethical frameworks and also on legal concepts is required in order to be able to deal with the mentioned issues. The purpose of this approach is to guarantee that actions taken during public health crises are in line not only with the moral responsibilities but also with the regulatory requirements.
References
Azari, R., & Borisch, B. (2023). What is public health? A scoping review. Archives of Public Health, 81, 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01091-6
Edemekong, P. F., & Tenny, S. (2024). Public Health. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470250/


Wk 5 Discussion: Biomedical Ethics
The usage of germline gene editing in human embryos tends to impose important ethical concerns in the field of biomedicine. This is a concept that should be subjected to a proper analysis. The emergence of CRISPR-Cas9 technology allows for accurate modifications to the human genome during the embryonic phase, presenting the possibility of eradicating genetic disorders. This possibility poses significant ethical concerns about the ramifications of altering the human germline. Modifications at this level are inheritable, impacting not just the person but also future generations, hence introducing uncertainty about long-term effects (Charania & Harold, 2022). The potential for off-target effects and inadvertent genetic alterations presents significant safety issues. Moreover, the potential for producing "designer babies" intensifies concerns around eugenics and socio-economic inequalities, since access to these technologies may be restricted to the affluent (Tornini et al.,2023). The management of this problem seems disjointed and inadequate, with international regulatory frameworks exhibiting inconsistency and a lack of enforcement. The contentious issue of genetically modified twins born in China underscores the deficiencies in regulatory monitoring and the pressing need for international agreement on ethical norms. Present efforts by scientific communities and ethical bodies, albeit sincere, are insufficient in keeping pace with technological advancements. For the specific purpose of developing particular regulations that strike a balance between ethical obligation and scientific progress, the area of human gene editing calls for an approach that is more collaborative.
References
Charania, S., & Harold, C. (2022). Introduction: Bioethics. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 95(3), 303.
Tornini, V. A., Politi, S. P., Bruce, L., & Latham, S. R. (2023). Maximizing biomedical research impacts through bioethical considerations. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 16(4), dmm050046. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.050046