Переведи этот текст профессионально на русский: "The Rise of the Mass Press in 19th Century France no highly successful popular newspapers, Le Petit Journal and Le Petit Parisien, had a signijkant role in transforming French public opinion., In the scholar's attempt to evaluate French popular opinion and attitudes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a major device, the study of the daily mass newspaper press, has been curiously neglected. 1 While it is oversimplistic, even presumptuous, to identify completely public with published opinion, the latter, as one important element in the former, ought not be ignored. Considering the role of the mass press in disseminating information to the newly literate populace, the cultural and social importance of the mass press can scarcely be over estimated. Publications resembling the modem newspaper began to appear in France as early as the 17th century but they were strictly regulated and often controlled by the government. This changed in the early years of the French Revolution when complete freedom of the press permitted a wide variety of journals to ap pear. Often these played a major role in inflaming passions and some attained sizable circulations, but they were basically products of the Revolution and thus short-lived. In the decades which followed, the various governments which ruled France usually maintained tight control over the press. Newspapers were usually not intended for mass consump tion; they were doctrinaire and belletris- @The author fonncrly taught history at LaGrange College in Georgia 94 tic and were too expensive for frequent purchase by individuals from the lower socioeconomic stratum of society. But by the middk of the 19th century, the irreversible rise of mass literacy was mating a potentially huge market for publications designed for lower middle and lower class rcaders. The first man to exploit this market successfully on a large scale was Moise Polydore Millaud, an interesting character who had led a varied life as a financier, newspaperman and business promoter prone to get-richquick schemes. * On Feb. 2, 1863, Millaud launched a new venture, the production of a newspaper that sold for only one sou (five centimes or about a penny) instead of the usual three or more. At the time, all political dailies had to pay a stamp tax of six centimes per copy to the Imperial government. Millaud's newspaper, Le Perir Journal, evaded the tax by including articles on almost everything except politics. Under the pseudonym Timothee Trimm, the daily chronicle was written by Leo Lespes, a man " who could take up any subject of history, manners, science, travel and make it attractive and entertaining, as well as instructive for 'A nujor mwn for thu nc$ea u pcrhp the lack of off&l circuhtion tuthth. yc Rmc Dubois. 'Exktctil sur la prrtv franaiv da shtutqua vibbla. " €rude$ de pnw, 327-31 (July 1951). Thia nced to identify the m~u pm an k ovcmm by wing a widc vuiety of unolfidrl IOUKU such u the ANrvmir de la pnw franc& (the tc-allcd yearbook of the French press). contempmry obvmtioru nude in boob and inicka written on the pm. and finurn: upplied by the newpapers tbb. When uaing thac in eonjuwion with ach other. a pattern cmerga which u eoadncnt cnowh to dncrminc the pnnl hierarchy of circulation nta within the French prar For a good exmirution of Millaud's tackgourd yc Rme Ma&kr. Histork de b prrur pmulmnr: De 7hrophrastr Rmodol a la IVr Rcpublique 1631-1945 (Paris: Editiom du Pivou. 1945). pp. 134-8. Downloaded from jmq. sagepub. com at Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan / Royal Institute of Technology on March 10, 2015 Rise of Mass Press in 19th Century France 95 the crowd. ") Serialized novelsf local Parisian news and releases from the government were also included, but the real success of the newspaper was a consequence of its gross sensationalism. Criminal stories, reports on disasters, tales of adventure and hints of scandal filled the columns. While the idea of a penny press was not completely new, the great magnitude of Millaud's enterprise made it a leader in Europe. By May 1865, Le Petit Journal had attained a daily circulation of 2OO, OOO. 5 Millaud employed every tactic his fertile mind could imagine to keep the circulation rates rising. Walls were placarded, advertising the latest serial. The ground floor of the newspaper's ofiice was a gigantic advertisement in itself, having an aquarium, an art gallery and a virtual circus of attractions. A distribution system was established in the provinces."