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Introduction:
Pursuing effective thermal insulators has been a fundamental aspect of expanding the field of material research, with substantial ramifications for energy preservation and environmental safeguarding. Starlite is a remarkable and mysterious material that stands out among the numerous inventions in this sector. Starlite, created by Maurice Ward, an amateur chemist, in the 1980s, was reputed to possess remarkable heat-resistant characteristics, enabling it to endure and provide insulation against exceedingly high temperatures. The prospective uses of this technology ranged from aerospace engineering to personal protective equipment. 

Nevertheless, after Ward's demise, Starlite's exact formulation and production method were lost, resulting in a void in the field of thermal insulation technology. This work is motivated by Starlite's enigmatic nature and promise to reproduce its characteristics using readily available and environmentally friendly materials. The motivation behind our research stems from the pressing 


necessity to tackle the rising temperatures in the Philippines, which pose a significant environmental and economic burden. PAGASA has documented a concerning average yearly temperature rise of 0.0108 °C. These climate changes emphasize the need for efficient thermal insulation in many industries, such as manufacturing and construction. This is crucial to reduce energy losses and adjust to changing climate circumstances. This research investigates the utilization of ordinary materials to develop a highly efficient thermal insulator while also building upon the achievements of Starlite. Carbon and phosphorus are key components responsible for reproducing Starlite's characteristics, which combine to form a foam-like structure with excellent insulation capabilities. This novel method utilizes human hair for its phosphorus content, in conjunction with maize starch as a carbon source, sodium silicate as a binder, and borax for its mold-resistant properties. This study utilizes a range of concentrations and compositions to conduct through ASTM E119 method to assess the thermal insulation efficacy of the created materials. The results of our study demonstrate that hair, while a fairly ordinary substance, can have a crucial function in thermal insulation. This research has broader ramifications beyond the creation of a basic insulator. It paves the way for the development of materials that have the potential to be flame-retardant. This study not only enhances the field of material science but also pays tribute to the heritage of Starlite, proposing that revolutionary advancements may occasionally be found by examining and reenvisioning prior ideas.

Literature Review
Since the Industrial Revolution, global temperatures have been rising, with most of the warming occurring since 1975. Although the rise in the world's average surface temperature during the pre-industrial era (1880–1900) may appear modest, it has resulted in a large increase in heat accumulation1. In 2023, the planet experienced a string of record-breaking hot days, and the average daily temperature surged to levels never before seen in the modern records kept by two climate organizations in the US and Europe2. The rising heat levels in the Philippines pose health risks and have an economic impact3. In April 2023, the highest computed heat index in the Philippines was 48 degrees Celsius, almost half of the boiling point of water. PAGASA has also noted that there had been an average of 0.0108 °C per year increase in the temperature due to climate change4. Thermal insulation can help global warming by reducing energy losses and heat gains that occur according to climate conditions5. 

Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption in the United States, more than half of which goes toward heating and cooling. With most of the country’s energy still coming from fossil fuels, reducing that energy consumption would have significant climate impacts. Insulation works on a simple concept: it keeps the outside out and the inside in. A well-insulated building is not just good at staying warm; insulation also keeps indoor spaces cool for longer without using any extra energy6. Insulation impedes unwanted airflow in or out of buildings, reducing emissions by making heating and cooling more energy efficient7. Correct thermal insulation is one of the most important measures to prevent global warming and climate change8. Thermal insulation reduces heat transfer between objects of differing temperatures. A thermal insulator is a material that reduces the transfer of heat by introducing a barrier between objects, fluids, or gases.Thermal insulation is used in a wide range of industries and applications. It is used in buildings to reduce heat loss or gain through walls, roofs, and floors9. This helps to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature and reduces energy costs. It is also used in the food and beverage industry to maintain the temperature of food and beverages during processing and storage. This helps to prevent spoilage and maintain product quality9. The petrochemical industry operates in highly demanding environments that require high-temperature insulation solutions10. Thermal insulation is used in pipelines, tanks, and other equipment to maintain the fluid's temperature and prevent heat loss11.: Thermal insulation is used in power plants to reduce heat loss and improve the efficiency of energy generation. This helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lower operating costs. Manufacturing processes also use thermal insulators, to reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency. It is used in boilers, furnaces, and other equipment to reduce fuel consumption and lower operating costs12.
 
Starlite is an intumescent material invented by British hairdresser and amateur chemist Maurice Ward during the 1970s13. It is said to be able to withstand and insulate from extreme heat and has been rigorously tested by independent organizations. Live demonstrations on Tomorrow's World and the BBC Radio 4 in 1990 showed that an egg coated in Starlite could remain raw and cool enough to be picked up with a bare hand, even after five minutes under the flame of a blowtorch14. Starlite has the potential to revolutionize industries, save lives, and change the course of human history15. However, its main use appears to be as a flame retardant. Testing of modern composite materials enhanced with Starlite could expand the range of potential applications. Its potential applications include Flame retardant coatings that could protect satellites from laser weapons, shields on tanks that could fend off heat from a nuclear blast, insulation for spacecraft and other vehicles, fire-resistant clothing, fire-resistant building materials, heat-resistant coatings for electronics, and heat-resistant coatings for engines and other machinery15. The researcher discovered this material through youtube videos and documentaries. The material is already very unavailable to the public nowadays so the researcher decided to utilize this and used Starlite as a basis for the thermal insulator. 

When heat is applied to Starlite, the material chars, which creates an expanding low-density carbon foam that's highly heat resistant16. The surface of the Starlite would burn and turn black, and it would also bubble up. This carbon foam is incredibly insulating and does not retain heat, which is why you can touch even the burned surface almost instantly after removing it from the heat source17. In the video of Ben Cusick,18 he explains that the two key components of replicating Starlite is a carbon contributor and a material that fills the carbon with bubbles, generating foam. Additionally, he also states that this carbon foam generator are usually materials containing phosphorus; this information is based off the materials used in intumescent paint. The phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst that speeds up the carbon production when heated. With this information, the researcher decided to utilize the phosphorus content in human hair. Salons in the US, Canada, and Europe generate human hair waste in large amounts, with an estimated 31.5 tons a day being tossed out in the US and Canada alone19. However, hair possesses many useful properties that make it a shame to throw it away simply. It can be recycled through various ways, such as: Mopping up oil spills; hair can be woven into mats that are used to absorb oil spills. In a 2018 study, it was found that buffers made of recycled human hair could adsorb 0.84 grams of crude oil onto its surface for every gram of hair19; Fertilizer: hair is rich in nitrogen, making it an ideal fertilizer for local and industrial composting. It can be used in composting and gardening to provide plant nutrients 20. Building materials: Human hair can be combined with a unique binding material to create a particleboard-like sheet that can be used as a wood alternative21. The following are only few of the many ways hair is recycled. In this study, human hair is recycled by serving as a carbon foam generator for the thermal insulator.   

A study on the loss of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and nitrogen in hair from the scalp of women reported a mean content of 13.6 ± 2.02 mg of phosphorus per 100 g of hair22. This information is utilized in the study. Furthermore, the carbon contributor used in this study is corn starch. Corn starch is a carbohydrate extracted from corn kernels. It comprises chains of carbon molecules, to which citric acids are added to form a long-chain polymer, giving us the basic unit for manufacturing plastic23. Cornstarch production has low net emissions due to the carbon consumed by the corn plant while growing, making it a net carbon-neutral material23. Corn starch is also an ingredient that’s easy to accumulate and is often found at home. The researcher considered this while choosing their variable. 

The video,18 mentioned that to create a material that could withstand lower temperatures and not just really high temperatures, it must have an ingredient that could lower the density and thermal conductivity of non-carbonized intumescent materials since the material is only carbonized when exposed to high temperatures. This includes fumed silica, glass micro balloons, and phenolic resin. The ingredient chosen by the researcher is sodium silicate. Sodium silicate, also known as water glass, contains sodium oxide (Na2O) and silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) that form a glassy solid. It is a colorless glassy or crystalline solid, or white powder, and is readily soluble in water, producing alkaline solutions24. Sodium silicate is not difficult to obtain and it is used as a binder in many applications25. This study, sodium silicate will also be used as a binder and it’s low thermal conductivity is made use of26. Lastly, in the video,18 borax is used to avoid molding; the researcher also replicated this method. Borax is a powdery white substance that is also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate. It is a salt, a hydrated or anhydrous borate of sodium, with the chemical formula Na2H20B4O1727. Borax can be used to prevent and kill mold growth. Borax kills mold because of its high pH, which makes the environment inhospitable for mold spores28. Borax is a natural cleaning product that is chemical-free and does not emit dangerous fumes like other mold killers. Borax is commonly used worldwide, and it is part of daily life materials that is found typically at houses. The researcher took that into account while looking for their variables. 

This study aims to create a thermal insulator with the same properties as Starlite, using intumescence (swelling up when heated, thus protecting the material underneath or sealing a gap in the event of a fire). Utilizing Ben Cusick’s video18 as basis, the researcher can develop this idea: recycling hair for its phosphorus content and adding corn starch as a carbon contributor. The researcher aims to apply practical applications with the product, as mentioned earlier15. This study will help with thermal insulation in construction, industrial purposes, and advancing technology.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical foundation of this study is based on the convergence of material science, environmental sustainability, and inventive problem-solving. This framework's core revolves around thermal insulation, which is crucial in conserving energy and regulating the climate. This is particularly significant given the increasing global temperatures. The framework is centered around the historical context of Starlite, a remarkable yet forgotten innovation in thermal insulation that acts as a catalyst for investigating alternate materials possessing comparable characteristics.

Figure 1. Investigation of Starlite thermal insulation properties as the goal of this study
The fundamental elements of this investigation consisted of four crucial constituents: human hair as a phosphorus supplier, corn starch as a carbon contributor, sodium silicate as a binder, and borax for mold resistance. Each of these materials is selected based on its distinct qualities and the possibility of synergy when combined. The framework incorporates principles derived from chemistry, specifically the reaction mechanisms that generate foam-like structures and insulating qualities when various materials combine. The framework also encompasses the crucial subjects of environmental effects and sustainability. The selection of materials, such as human hair, demonstrates a dedication to employing sustainable and easily accessible resources, addressing environmental issues, and advocating for environmentally friendly solutions. The practical application part of the framework is provided by experimental techniques, which include the radiant panel test. This methodology is essential for statistically evaluating the thermal insulating capabilities of the fabricated material and comparing its efficacy across different concentrations and compositions.

Features and Specifications 
"Starbrite," a novel thermal insulator, is an inventive homage to the lost supermaterial "Starlite," uniquely combining human hair, corn starch, sodium silicate, and borax. This inventive mix, sterilized and precisely measured, is molded into solid blocks, offering a sustainable and effective insulation solution. Inspired by Ben Cusik's methods, the process involves a meticulous preparation of these components in varying ratios across five different treatments, each rigorously tested against a cement board control for its insulating prowess. This approach capitalizes on the unique properties of each material: hair for phosphorus, corn starch as a carbon source, sodium silicate for binding, and borax for mold resistance. Starbrite stands out in its potential for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, demonstrating a blend of innovative material science and practical application in addressing global thermal insulation challenges.

Market Trends and Opportunities
The market trends for thermal insulation materials are increasingly favoring sustainable and cost-effective solutions, making the invention of "Starbrite" particularly timely and relevant. The primary materials used in Starbrite – corn starch, human hair, and borax – are commonplace and frequently found in households and carry the advantage of being cost-effective. In the Philippines, where this research is contextualized, the affordability of these materials is evident. Corn starch is priced between 20 to 30 Php per 100 grams, while borax, a staple in many homes for its varied uses, is available at approximately 60 Php per kilogram in local bodegas. Sodium silicate, though slightly more expensive at around 65 Php per kilogram, remains within a reasonable price range. The most innovative aspect of this invention is the use of human hair, which can be sourced cost-effectively, if not freely, from local salons and barber shops. This creative recycling not only reduces costs but also contributes to waste reduction.

The potential market opportunities for Starbrite are vast, especially in regions like the Philippines, where the need for affordable and efficient thermal insulation is escalating due to increasing temperatures and energy costs. The total cost of creating Starbrite, estimated at around 155 Php, is significantly reduced to just about 65 Php when considering the ready availability of corn starch and borax in typical households. This cost-effective production, combined with the growing global emphasis on sustainable building materials, positions Starbrite as a compelling option for both residential and industrial applications. The simplicity of the production process and the accessibility of the materials further broaden its appeal, potentially attracting DIY enthusiasts and small-scale producers. Starbrite is an innovative solution with substantial practical and commercial promise in a market where environmental consciousness and cost-efficiency are increasingly valued.

Objectives
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

What is the mean temperature after testing for each of varying proportions ingredients of Starbrite 
What is the mean temperature after testing for commercial thermal insulators?
Is there a significant difference between Starbrite and commercial insulators regarding thermal insulation properties?

The researcher set the following hypotheses:
H0= There is no significant difference between Starbrite and commercial insulators in terms of thermal insulation properties
Ha= There is a significant difference between Starbrite and commercial insulators in terms of thermal insulation properties


certain parts:
Current state of the issue/problem
Current and Conventional Practices in Addressing the Issue
Research gap
Contribution of the present study in addressing the research gap
Background information on variables and materials and methods