Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            onization:
Notes:
An atom with incompletely filled outer shell is electrically unbalanced and attempts to capture an electron from an adjacent atom.
If the atom gains an electron, it has more electron than proton and therefore is negatively charged.
The atom that loses an electron has more protons and hence has a positive charge.
 An atom that gains or loses an electron and become electrically unbalance knows as ion. 
An ion (definition): is an atom or subatomic particle with a positive or negative charge.  
Radiation:
Q: What is the radiation?
A:  Radiation (definition):  is the process of emission, propagation and transmission of high energy in a space in the form of waves or stream of particles.
Classification of radiation: 
Radiation can be classified according to the power of ionization into:
Ionizing radiation:  is a radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom.  Example: X-ray , gamma ray, cosmic ray.
Ionizing radiation classified into two groups:
Corpuscular (particulate) radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation (high energy electromagnetic radiation only).

Non-ionizing radiation: radiation associated with insufficient energy to remove electron from an atom (low energy electromagnetic radiation). Example: ultraviolet, infrared, visible light and radio waves. 
Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
Q: What is the electromagnetic radiation?
A: Electromagnetic radiation Represent:
The motion of pure energy in the form of photons through a space as a combination of both electrical and magnetic fields (waves).
Both field are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of the photon. 
Photons with shorter wavelength     have higher energy. 
C (velocity of light) = λ (wave length) x f (frequency). 
E (photon energy) = h (planks constant) x f (frequency). 


E    ,   f     ,  λ





Rontgen ray = X-ray:
Discovery of x radiation 
Selective penetration and differential absorption:
X-rays are differentially absorbed by Materials they pass through (they have a selective penetration and absorption power). 
More dense materials like an amalgam restoration will absorb more x-ray (called radioapaque: appear light/white) than less dense materials like skin tissue (called radiolucent: appear dark/black), this characteristic allows us to see images on x-ray film. 
X-ray production
X-rays are produced within the X-ray machine, also known as an X-ray tube. No external radioactive material is involved.
Radiographers can change the current and voltage settings on the X-ray machine in order to manipulate the properties of the X-ray beam produced. 
Different X-ray beam spectra are applied to different body parts. 
X-rays are generated via interactions of the accelerated electrons with electrons of tungsten nuclei within the tube anode. 
There are two types of X-ray generated: characteristic radiation and bremsstrahlung radiation. 
Direct and indirect action of radiation:
In direct action: the free electrons re

            Quiz: