The internal environment of the organism. Homeostasis.
The main fluid compartments of the body, their composition.
The osmotic pressure of the body fluids, its significance for fluid exchange between cells and extracellular space. Influence of osmotic pressure changes on the cells state: hyper- and hypohydration. Isotonic solutions.
The oncotic pressure of blood plasma and its significance for fluid exchange between intravascular and interstitial spaces.
Blood functions. Composition of blood.
Blood proteins and their functions.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes). Normal amount of red blood cells and their specific properties. Erythrocytopenia and erythrocytosis.
Red blood cells formation (erythropoiesis) and destruction. The role of erythropoietin, vitamins and other factors. Anemias. Types of hemolysis. Osmotic resistance of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin and its types. Structure, properties and functions of adult hemoglobin (Hb A). Normal amount of hemoglobin in men and women. Color index and its calculation. Mean hemoglobin content in one red blood cell (MCH). Role of iron for hemoglobin formation. Daily requirement in iron and its main sources for the organism.
10. White blood cells (WBC), their total amount. Properties of WBC. Types of leucocytes, their functions. Leucocytosis and leucopenia. Physiological and absolute leucocytosis.
Percentage of leucocytes types (leucocyte formula). Shift of the leucocyte formula. Granular and agranular leucocytes, their functions. Phagocytosis. The concept of cellular and humoral immunity.
Platelets, their structure and functions. Normal amount of platelets. Concept of primary and secondary hemostasis.
Blood types. ABO system antigens and antibodies, their characteristics.
Blood typing in ABO system using standard and monoclonal sera. Transfusion reactions resulting from mismatched blood transfusion. Tests performed before blood preparations transfusion.
Rhesus system of blood antigens, its characteristics. The difference of Rh system from ABO system. Possible reasons of anti-rhesus antibodies formation. Consequences of the first and subsequent transfusions of blood mismatched in Rh system. Blood typing in the Rh system.
Information exchange between the cell and the environment. Concepts: information, signal. Types of signals.
Chemical signaling. Basic types of intercellular communication involving signal molecules, their characteristics.
Classification of molecular receptors. Types of signal molecules (ligands).
Ligand-receptor interactions. Basic ways of signal transmission involving membrane receptors. Second messengers, their function. Ligands acting through membrane receptors.
Intercellular signal transmission involving intracellular receptors. Ligands acting through intracellular receptors.
Basic physiological effects of ligand-receptor interaction at a cellular level.
The endocrine system significance for the organism. The structures of the endocrine system (glands of internal secretion, diffuse elements) and its functions. Participation of the endocrine system in regulation of homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, utilization of energy.
General characteristic and mechanisms of hormone action. The types of hormone mechanism of action depending on hormone’s chemical structure. Receptors for hormones and basic ways of signal transmission to the cell.
The structure and functions of the pituitary gland (hypophysis). Associations between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, their role. Interaction of nervous and humoral mechanisms of functional regulation at a hypothalamic level.
Regulation of the pituitary and hypothalamic hormones secretion. The most common manifestations of pituitary and hypothalamic endocrine functions disorders: diabetes insipidus, acromegaly, etc.
Thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones, mechanisms of their action and their effects. Influence of thyroid hormones on the CNS growth and development. Regulation of hormone secretion. Characteristic manifestations of excessive and insufficient secretion of hormones.
Adrenal glands. Hormones of the three zones of adrenal cortex. Effects and mechanisms of hormones action. Regulation of hormones secretion. The role of glucocorticoids in stress.
Hormones of the adrenal medulla. Effects and mechanisms of hormone action. Regulation of hormone secretion.
The role of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D3 in regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in the organism. Daily needs in calcium, factors affecting it.
Pancreatic hormones and their role in regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Regulation of hormone secretion. Mechanisms of hormone action. The concept of hyper- and hypoglycemia.
Endocrine function of sex glands. Mechanism of hormone action and their effects. Characteristic manifestations of hormones excess and insufficiency.
Participation of endocrine glands in adaptive activity of the organism. General adaptation syndrome and stress: nervous and hormonal mechanisms of their development.