Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             land because it 
had been degraded (through natural disasters, war or over-exploitation) and could 
not sustain them.  
• Communicable diseases 
 
o Infectious disease outbreaks usually occur in the post impact and recovery 
phases and not during the acute phase. 
o The risks of epidemics increase; however, if drought, famine, and large 
displacements of people are involved.. 
• Climatic exposure 
 
• Extremes of both heat and cold can cause potentially fatal illnesses, e.g. heat stress 
or hypothermia, as well as increasing death rates from heart and respiratory diseases. 
• In cities, stagnant weather conditions can trap both warm air and air pollutants -- 
leading to smog episodes with significant 
health impacts. 
These effects can be significant. For example abnormally high temperatures in 
Europe in the summer of 2003 were associated with at least 27,000 more deaths 
than the equivalent period in previous years 
Food shortage and malnutrition 
 (e.g. extensive flooding, prolonged drought, or gradual change in climate) or 
armed conflicts. In fact, in conflict areas food procurement and distribution have 
been used as 
a weapon of war.  
 
Mental Health 
Post traumatic stress disorder: 
 
70 
 
 
 
Each disaster presents a slightly different profile of emotional 
trauma. However, 
some trends are predictable. All persons involved 
 
with a disaster will suffer to some degree from the emotional trauma. 
Human-
created disasters seem to cause a more intense reaction than those of natural 
occurrence. The most consistent positive predictor of significant symptoms is the 
degree of direct involvement in the disaster. 
Risk factors for post traumatic stress disorder development 
after disaster: 
 
▪ 
intense exposure to death and injury 
▪ 
exposure of survivors to dead bodies 
▪ 
overwhelming life threatening danger 
▪ 
unexpected or first exposure to disaster 
▪ 
intense initial phase (prolonged stress) 
▪ 
manmade disaster with no warning 
▪ 
high impact ratios 
▪ 
dependence on outside agencies 
▪ 
exposure to prolonged stress. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
71 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CHAPTER EIGHT  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
DISASTER  MANAGEMENT 
 
The 4 Phases of Disaster Management 
72 
 
 
 
 
• Mitigation 
• Preparedness 
• Response 
• recovery 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Four Phases of Emergency Management 
Mitigation 
Preventing future 
emergencies or 
Includes any activities that prevent an emergency, reduce 
the chance of an emergency happening, or reduce the 
damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.  
73 
 
 
 
minimizing their 
effects 
 
Buying flood and fire insurance for your home is a 
mitigation activity.  
Mitigation activities take place before and after 
emergencies. 
 
Preparedness 
Preparing to handle 
an emergency 
 
Includes plans or preparations made to save lives and to 
help response and rescue operations.  
Evacuation plans and stocking food and water are both 
examples of preparedness.  
Preparedness activities take place b

            Quiz: