KEY STUDY TOPIC
Flashbulb Memory: Cognitive Approaches
AUTHOR
Sharot et al. (2007) - biological basis of flashbulb memory


Procedure & Results


The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of biological factors on flashbulb memories.
This quasi-experiment was conducted three years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in Manhattan. The sample was made up of 24 participants who were in New York City on that day.  The participants were recruited through advertisements. They provided informed consent and were compensated for their participation.
Participants were put into an fMRI.  While in the scanner, they were presented with word cues on a screen. The list of words is listed in the chart below.  In addition, the word "Summer" or "September" was projected along with this word in order to have the participant link the word to either summer holidays or the events of 9-11. Participants’ brain activity was observed while they recalled the event. The memories of personal events from the summer served as a baseline of brain activity for evaluating the nature of 9/11 memories.


After the brain scanning session, participants were asked to rate their memories for vividness, detail, confidence in accuracy, and arousal. Participants were also asked to write a description of their personal memories. Only half of the participants reported having what would be called "flashbulb memories" of the event - that is, a greater sense of detail and strong confidence in the accuracy of the memory. Those that did report having flashbulb memories also reported that they were closer to the World Trade Centre on the day of the terrorist attack. Participants closer to the World Trade Centre also included more specific details in their written memories.
Sharot and her team found that the activation of the amygdala for the participants who were downtown was higher when they recalled memories of the terrorist attack than when they recalled events from the preceding summer, whereas those participants who were further away from the event had equal levels of response in the amygdala when recalling both events. The strength of amygdala activation at retrieval was shown to correlate with flashbulb memories. These results suggest that close personal experience may be critical in engaging the neural mechanisms that produce the vivid memories characteristic of flashbulb memory.




Evaluation
The study is correlational and does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
The environment of the fMRI and the task that the participants are asked to do is highly artificial - and thus low in ecological validity. However, because of the nature of the task, demand characteristics are not possible.
Although the study demonstrates the role of the amygdala as a result of proximity to the event, it does not explain why some people have vivid memories after seeing the events on television or the Internet.
The sample size is small and culturally biased. Research indicates that individualistic cultures are more likely to have flashbulb memories than collectivistic cultures.  This makes the findings difficult to generalize.






based on this, answer this




Topic/Research Title


Name of author(s)


Publication date


Name of the journal





1.
Research Aim:
Understand the purpose of the study. What is the researcher trying to investigate?


2.
Hypothesis: 
Identify the hypothesis or predictions made by the researchers.


3.
Methodology




Participants: Note the sample size, demographics, and selection method.




Design: Understand whether the study is experimental, correlational, longitudinal, etc.




Procedures: Look at how the study was conducted, including any materials or tasks used.


4.
Results
Focus on the main findings. What data was collected, and what were the key outcomes?


5.
Conclusion: 
Analyze the interpretations made by the researchers. Do they support the hypothesis?


6. 
Limitations: 
Consider any weaknesses or limitations of the study, such as sample bias or methodological flaws.


7. 
Ethical Considerations
Pay attention to how the study addressed ethical issues, such as consent and confidentiality.


8. 
Application: 
Think about how the findings can be applied in real-world contexts or relate to psychological theories.


9. 
Critical Evaluation:
Reflect on the study's strengths and weaknesses. How does it contribute to existing knowledge in psychology?


10.
Additional comments/notes (if any)