переведи текст
Malware is short for malicious software, meaning software that can be used
to compromise computer functions, steal data, bypass access controls, or otherwise cause harm to the host computer. The text will define several of the most 
common types of malware: viruses, worms, adware, spyware, Trojan horses, 
bots, bugs, ransomware and rootkits.
Computer Virus
A virus is a form of malware that is capable of copying itself and spreading 
to other computers. Viruses often spread to other computers by attaching themselves to various programs and executing code when a user launches one of those
infected programs. Viruses can also spread through script files, documents, and 
cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in web apps. Viruses can be used to steal 
information, harm host computers and networks, create botnets, steal money, 
render advertisements, and more.
261
Worm
Computer worms are among the most common types of malware. They 
spread over computer networks by exploiting operating system vulnerabilities.
Worms typically cause harm to their host networks by consuming bandwidth 
and overloading web servers. Computer worms can also contain “payloads” that 
damage host computers. Payloads are pieces of code written to perform actions 
on affected computers beyond simply spreading the worm. Payloads are commonly designed to steal data, delete files, or create botnets. Computer worms 
can be classified as a type of computer virus, but there are several characteristics 
that distinguish computer worms from regular viruses. A major difference is that 
computer worms have the ability to self-replicate and spread independently 
while viruses rely on human activity to spread (running a program, opening a 
file, etc). Worms often spread by sending mass emails with infected attachments 
to users’ contacts.
Adware
Adware (short for advertising-supported software) is a type of malware that 
automatically delivers advertisements. Common examples of adware include 
pop-up ads on websites and advertisements that are displayed by software. 
Software and applications usually offer “free” versions that come bundled with 
adware. Most adware is sponsored or authored by advertisers and serves as a 
revenue generating tool. While some adware is solely designed to deliver advertisements, it is not uncommon for adware to come bundled with spyware that is 
capable of tracking user activity and stealing information. Due to the added 
capabilities of spyware, adware/spyware bundles are significantly more 
dangerous than adware on its own.
Spyware
Spyware is a type of malware that functions by spying on user activity 
without their knowledge. These spying capabilities can include activity monitoring,
collecting keystrokes, data harvesting (account information, logins, financial data), and more. Spyware often has additional capabilities as well, ranging from 
modifying security settings of software or browsers to interfering with network 
connections. Spyware spreads by exploiting software vulnerabilities, bundling 
itself with legitimate software, or in Trojans.
Trojan horse
A Trojan horse, commonly known as a “Trojan”, is a type of malware that 
disguises itself as a normal file or program to trick users into downloading and 
installing malware. A Trojan can give a malicious party remote access to an 
infected computer. Once an attacker has access to an infected computer, it is 
possible for the attacker to steal data (logins, financial data, electronic money), 
262
install more malware, modify files, monitor user activity (screen watching, 
keylogging, etc.), use the computer in botnets, and anonymize internet activity 
by the attacker.
Bot
Bots are software programs created to automatically perform specific operations. While some bots are created for relatively harmless purposes (video gaming, 
internet auctions, online contests, etc.), it is becoming increasingly common to 
see bots being used maliciously. Bots can be used in botnets (collections of 
computers to be controlled by third parties) for DDoS attacks, as spam bots that 
render advertisements on websites, as web spiders that scrape server data, and 
for distributing malware disguised as popular search items on download sites. 
Websites can guard against bots with CAPTCHA tests that verify users as human.
Bug
In the context of software, a bug is a flaw producing an undesired outcome. 
These flaws are usually the result of human error and typically exist in the source 
code or compilers of a program. Minor bugs only slightly affect a program’s 
behavior and as a result can go for long periods of time before being discovered. 
More significant bugs can cause crashing or freezing. Security bugs are the most 
severe type of bugs and can allow attackers to bypass user authentication, 
override access privileges, or steal data. Bugs can be prevented with developer 
education, quality control, and code analysis tools.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a form of malware that essentially holds a computer system 
captive while demanding a ransom. The malware restricts user access to the 
computer either by encrypting files on the hard drive or locking down the system 
and displaying messages that are intended to force the user to pay the malware 
creator to remove the restrictions and regain access to their computer. Ransomware typically spreads like a normal computer worm ending up on a computer 
via a downloaded file or through some other vulnerability in a network service.
Rootkit
A rootkit is a type of malicious software designed to remotely access or 
control a computer without being detected by users or security programs. Once a 
rootkit has been installed it is possible for the malicious party behind the rootkit 
to remotely execute files, access/steal information, modify system configurations, alter software (especially any security software that could detect the rootkit), install concealed malware, or control the computer as part of a botnet. 
Rootkit prevention, detection, and removal can be difficult due to their stealthy 
operation. Because a rootkit continually hides its presence, typical security 
products are not effective in detecting and removing rootkits. As a result, rootkit 
detection relies on manual methods such as monitoring computer behavior for 
263
irregular activity, signature scanning, and storage dump analysis. Organizations 
and users can protect themselves from rootkits by regularly patching vulnerabilities 
in software, applications, and operating systems, updating virus definitions,
avoiding suspicious downloads, and performing static analysis scans.