Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            tinue, the death rate exceeds the multiplication rate and the number of living bacteria decreases steadily.



Sterilization and Disinfection:
Sterilization is the killing of all living forms of microbes. 
Disinfection is the destruction or inactivation of most but not necessarily all pathogenic microbes. 
The goal from sterilization and disinfection are :
Achieving accuracy and validity of microbiological tests. 
Safety in laboratory depends on using sterile and aseptic techniques in handling microorganisms. 
Patient’s safety also depends on using proper methods of sterilization on prepare instruments, surgical dressing, intravenous solutions and needles etc. 
Sterilization can be achieved either through physical or chemical ways:
Physical ways of Sterilization:
Includes Heat, Radiation and filtration 
A- HEAT 
Heat is the most efficient method of sterilization; it can be used in two forms; 
 
1- Dry heat
Direct heat; used to sterilize inoculating loops and needles. Heat metal until it has a red glow.
Hot air oven; it is the main ways of sterilization by dry heat. The oven is an isolated double walled metal chamber that is heated by electricity, and has a thermostat which maintains the chamber air constantly at the chosen temperature. A temperature of 160-180 °C for 1 to 2hr. is usually used. This method is used for sterilization of glassware such as, test tubes, Petri dishes, flasks, pipettes and all glass syringes. 
Incineration; this is used for destruction of contaminated material (paper cups, dressings) and bodies of death animals
  
 2- Moist heat 
This method of sterilization kills bacteria by protein denaturation. It is applied as: 
 
Moist heat at a temperature below 100°C: the best example is pasteurization of milk, in which the milk is heated either at 63°C for min. or at 72°C for 20sec. and immediately cooled to below 10°C. This process will destroy all non-spore bacteria such as Myco. Tuberculosis, Br. abortus and various Salmonella that may found on milk. 
Moist heat at a temperature of 100°C: boiling at 100°C for 10min. is sufficient to kill all vegetative bacteria but not all bacteria spores. This method may be used for the disinfection of surgical and medical equipment when sterility is not essential and in emergency, therefore not to be used if better methods are available. 
Moist heat at a temperature above of 100°C: the autoclave
When water is heated in closed vessel under pressure, the boiling point of water will rise above 100°C.
 In the autoclave, the temperature of heated water can reach to 121°C at double atmospheric pressure; the autoclave can be used at this temperature for 20-30min. 
or at 134°C (at 3 atmospheric pressure) for 3- 4min. All organisms and endospores are killed within 15 minutes using the autoclave. 

Autoclaving is the most efficient method of sterilization because of: 
The high temperature reached. 
The high penetrating power of steam under the pressure. 
It liberates large amount of latent heat on its

            Quiz: