is there repetitive information and any grammatical mistakes: Astute leadership possesses the power to unite people from disparate backgrounds and varying perspectives, forming a cohesive community capable of working towards a common approach and enabling the continuation of a civilization while shaping its identity. Political leaders are authorities who orchestrate legislation and ensure the sustainability and security of society, often guided by religious beliefs. One could argue that the role of political leaders in Egyptian and Mesopotamian society showcases an apparent discrepancy. Despite both societies having polytheistic religious systems, Egyptian political leaders were inherently revered as divinities, whereas Mesopotamian political leaders were more submissive to religious influences, therefore positioned similarly passive as the people towards supernatural forces, compelling them to become more hands-on when constituting the civilization.
Admittedly, both political systems rely on religion to solidify their authority and share similar political customs. The contrivance, advancement, and construction of sublime monuments, commonly pyramidal stepped temples, elucidate the immense devotion of civilizations to labor and time into religion, hence their worship and piety towards these supernatural forces. The former indicates the necessity of political leaders to incorporate religious aspects as they govern the states.
On the other hand, though predominantly resembling each other in their interdependent systems of politics and religion, Egyptians revered their political leaders, pharaohs, as lineage of deities; whereas Mesopotamian political leaders were subordinate to patron deities and were in charge of interpreting and disseminating their will. As a result, Mesopotamian political leaders were more involved in their constitution. 
Mesopotamian leaders invested greater effort in validating their constitution along the foundation of religion, monitoring thoroughly compared to Egyptian pharaohs, who were rather hands-off. Engraved on a massive pillar, the Code of Hammurabi was a compilation of 282 laws intended to establish norms for commercial interactions and determine the moral justness among Mesopotamian society that citizens were expected to adhere to. The implementation of the law code implicated a relatively superior significance to social order than individual rights, with punishments that could be considered ethically unjust, over expiating for rather trivial misbehaviors. Nevertheless, the unjustly violent law code effectively deters citizens and guarantees them to act in obedience to their political leader. This reflects the stringency of the constitution codified by the political leaders, which effectively solidified their control of the empire, ensured the deference of the people, and fostered an organized and stable society for a sustainable future. Establishing the law code themselves, Mesopotamian political leaders play a noticeable role in surveilling every social hierarchy, presenting their direct involvement in politics. The harsh legislation is rendered by the pious religious belief that situated the people in fear of being punished by gods, whom political leaders had to build a linkage with to enact their constitution. This contrasts with the Egyptian leaders who inherently possess credibility and deterrence among the people who identify themselves as deities.
The Egyptians, on the other hand, were ruled by pharaohs who were viewed as gods themselves, therefore demanding less political governance to monitor the people. Unlike the Mesopotamians whose political leaders were dependent on and therefore inferior to their deities, the Egyptian leaders are rather considered an incorporation of the political, spiritual, and religious master guiding the Egyptians towards prosperity. Massive and elaborate underground mausoleums were established to serve the pharaohs an affluent afterlife. The most famed collection, located on the Nile’s west bank near Luxor, was ‘the Valley of the Kings’. The valley was a royal burial ground for several imminent pharaohs such as Tutankhamun, Seti I, and Ramses II, as well as queens and high priests. Egyptian pharaohs possess absolute power over their men, therefore being able to enforce their men to construct majestic palaces for them during lifetime and opulent pyramids for post life. Considering the immense laborious essence of such architecture, one could note the people’s absolute respect, worship, and obedience to the pharaohs, believing them to possess divine powers by virtue of their status. The architectures greatly showcased how people were under the control of pharaohs who imparted values, established individual expectations, and guided the society as a whole. One could, therefore, argue that pharaohs played the role of a political leader simultaneously as a spiritual master, without the need to monitor from top down, to foster the civilization a promised future.
Mesopotamian and Egyptian political leaders played disparate roles in their societies, where Mesopotamian governors were more hands-on, monitoring the civilization top down, while the political system was more intermingled with religious factors, considering the divinity of pharaohs. Politics is an indispensable component leading the prosperity of a country, and evaluating our very ancient predecessors enables us to appreciate and learn from the rulers and incorporate their strategies into contemporary society.