read thsi text and provide an outline in bulelt format no more than 150 words: Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #1)
Bertamini, G., Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., Paolizzi, E., Furlanello, C., & Venuti, P. (2021). Quantifying the child-therapist interaction in ASD intervention: An observational coding system. Brain Sciences, 11(3), 366. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030366


Student name:                                                               Course/section:
Questions	
	Pts
What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)?	     Bertamini et al. (2021) identify a very important gap in autism spectrum disorder intervention research: the lack of quantitative tools to assess the nuances of child–therapist interactions during naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions . Observational methods are prevalent in developmental studies due to their noninvasive nature but are seldom applied to quantify the efficacy of interactions in NDBIs for ASD. The authors of the articles state that the existing observational techniques are either too qualitative or insufficiently granular to capture the connection of various important effective interventions. Their research questions whether a novel observational coding system can reliably quantify interaction variables, detect longitudinal changes, and link interaction profiles with developmental outcomes in ASD therapy. They hypothesize that this coding system will demonstrate reliability and validity, effectively identifying key interaction features associated with favorable developmental trajectories.
	9.0 pts
What participants are used for this study/research? How many?  Race? Gender? Age?  Other demographics?  If insufficient info., specify this.	    The study by Bertamini et al. (2021) involved 24 children diagnosed with ASD, recruited from a clinical population at the Laboratory of Observation Diagnosis and Education of the University of Trento. The participants had a mean age of 38 months with a standard deviation of 10 months. Inclusion criteria mandated a diagnosis of ASD before the age of five, absence of comorbid psychiatric conditions, consistent participation in early intervention without significant interruptions, and a general intelligence quotient above 40 on the Griffith Mental Development Scales—Edition Revised. The socioeconomic status of the families was classified as middle class based on the four factor index of social status. The article does not specify the race or gender distribution of the participants and this tends to limit the ability to generalize findings across various populations.
	9.0 pts
What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations).  NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done.	The video recorded sessions of early intervention with children diagnosed with ASD were analyzed in the article of Bertamini et al. (2021) through the usage of a new of quantitative observational coding system.  . The coding system focused on capturing the structure and dynamics of child–therapist interactions by annotating specific behaviors such as proposals, acceptances, refusals, and shared activities. Each child was assessed at diagnosis (T0) and after approximately one year of intervention (T1). Reliability of the coding scheme was evaluated using Cohen's kappa and intraclass correlation coefficients on 20% of the videos. Convergent and predictive validity were assessed by correlating the coding system's measures with established instruments like the Emotional Availability Scales together with the Griffith Mental Development Scales and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests together with Bayesian factors and regression models to explore changes over time and associations between interaction profiles and developmental outcomes.
	9.0 pts
What were the findings, or research outcomes?  Please quantify if this is given?  Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? 	 The study found that the coding system effectively detected significant changes in child–therapist interaction profiles over time. Specifically, there was an increase in the proportion of child acceptances from 24% at T0 to 29.9% at T1, and a decrease in child withdrawals during interactions from 6% at T0 to 3.9% at T1. The coding system demonstrated strong reliability as the Cohen's kappa values ranged from 0.725 to 0.847. Convergent validity was supported through significant correlations with the EAS subscales of responsiveness and involvement. Predictive models indicated that interaction variables could explain up to 56.9% of the variance in developmental learning rates (adjusted R² = 0.569), suggesting that the coding system could link interaction patterns with developmental outcomes. The hypotheses of the authors regarding the categorization system's reliability and also its validity and utility in capturing meaningful changes associated with ASD interventions tend to be supported by the obtained findings through this research.
	9.0 pts
Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, and its findings?  Were the questions adequately answered?  What suggestions would you make for future research in this area?	A quantitative instrument for analyzing the child therapist interactions is presented in this selected article. This topic makes a substantial contribution to ASD intervention research. The research questions are clearly defined and the rationale is compelling while focusing on the need for objective measures in evaluating NDBIs. The methods are thoroughly described, providing transparency in the coding procedures and statistical analyses. The limitations of the study include a relatively small sample size and the lack of detailed demographic information such as race and gender and this tends to affect the generalizability of the results. The findings adequately address the research questions and demonstrated the effectiveness of the coding system when it comes to apprehending the role of these interactions and its potential predictive power regarding developmental outcomes. For future research, expanding the sample size and making sure that a more variety of participant pool would most likely strengthen the validity of the findings. Integrating several intermediate evaluations may provide a better understanding of the evolution of interaction patterns throughout the intervention and this might resulted in more effective therapy strategies.
	9.0 pts
Quality of writing  and APA Style Citation	   ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE***	5.0 pts
Total Points: 50.0


 
Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2)
Ames, J. L., Morgan, E. H., Onaiwu, M. G., Qian, Y., Massolo, M. L., & Croen, L. A. (2022). Racial/ethnic differences in psychiatric and medical diagnoses among autistic adults. Autism in Adulthood: Challenges and Management, 4(4), 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0083


Student name:                                                               Course/section:
Questions	
	Pts
What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)?	The research addresses an essential gap in understanding health disparities at the intersection of autism and race and ethnicity in adult populations. Previous research mostly focused on racial and ethnic disparities in diagnostic services for autistic children and through this they revealed systemic barriers in access to care. The study recognizes that autistic individuals experience higher rates of medical and psychiatric conditions compared to non-autistic populations, with these health trajectories emerging in childhood and persisting into adulthood. The researchers hypothesized the presence of differences in health diagnoses by race/ethnicity within the autistic population, consistent with existing evidence of racial/ethnic disparities observed in autistic children and general populations. The study also uses an intersectional framework that recognizes how multiple forms of marginalization compound health inequities. The researchers aimed to examine racial/ethnic differences in psychiatric and medical diagnoses among various populations of insured autistic adults within Kaiser Permanente Northern California.

	9.0 pts
What participants are used for this study/research? How many?  Race? Gender? Age?  Other demographics?  If insufficient info., specify this.	    The study examined 1,507 autistic adults and 15,070 non-autistic adults from Kaiser Permanente Northern California's membership between 2008 and 2012. The racial/ethnic composition comprised 46% White, 17% Hispanic, 16% Asian, 7% Black, and 14% other race/ethnicity. Among autistic adults specifically, the distribution showed higher representation of White individuals at 65.6% compared to 44% in the non-autistic cohort. The sample demographics revealed younger mean ages among Hispanic and Asian autistic adults at 24.8 and 25.2 years respectively, while White autistic adults averaged 30.7 years. The study population reflected a gender disparity with a predominance of males. With respect to their insurance status, Medicaid was utilized by 25% of autistic adults, with a higher proportion of Black autistic adults at 33.9%. Approximately 25-30% of the population of the San Francisco and Sacramento metropolitan areas was represented in the research context.


	9.0 pts
What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations).  NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done.	The researchers employed a detailed methodological approach using electronic health records from Kaiser Permanente Northern California to examine physician-documented medical and psychiatric diagnoses between 2008 and 2012. The study utilized modified Poisson regression in order to be able to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios, controlling for age, sex, length of membership, and insurance payer. The analysis proceeded through multiple comparative layers, first examining differences between autistic and non-autistic adults within racial/ethnic groups, then analyzing variations across racial/ethnic groups within autistic and non-autistic cohorts. The researchers investigated intersectional effects through interaction models, employing both multiplicative and additive scales. They calculated the relative excess risk due to interaction using the delta method for confidence intervals, with an alpha of 0.05 for statistical significance assessment.

	9.0 pts
What were the findings, or research outcomes?  Please quantify if this is given?  Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? 	The research revealed significant disparities in health diagnoses across racial/ethnic groups among autistic adults. White autistic adults demonstrated the highest prevalence of psychiatric conditions at 59.8%, contrasting with Black autistic adults at 38.4%. The study identified lower rates of psychiatric diagnoses among Hispanic, Black, and Asian autistic adults compared to their White counterparts. Medical conditions showed varied patterns, with Black and Hispanic autistic adults experiencing higher rates of obesity, while Black autistic adults specifically showed elevated rates of hypertension and diabetes but lower prevalence of autoimmune and sleep disorders. The interaction models revealed that Black autistic adults faced disproportionate challenges in receiving mental health and autoimmune diagnoses while showing higher vulnerability to hypertension. These findings supported the initial hypothesis regarding racial/ethnic disparities in health diagnoses among autistic adults.
	9.0 pts
Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, and its findings?  Were the questions adequately answered?  What suggestions would you make for future research in this area?	The study represents a significant contribution to understanding health disparities in autistic populations through its extensive examination of intersectional effects between autism and race/ethnicity. The research demonstrates methodological rigor through its large sample size the population, and sophisticated statistical analysis using both multiplicative and additive interaction models. The study design benefits from examining an insured population within a single healthcare system, reducing confounding variables related to insurance access. It is worth noting the fact that the limitations arises in the broad categorization of racial and ethnic groups and this potentially masks important within-group variations. The reliance on electronic health records for diagnosis identification introduces potential bias in how conditions are recognized and documented across different demographic groups. Future research should incorporate qualitative methods to explore barriers to care, examine specific conditions within diagnostic categories, and investigate social determinants beyond racial/ethnic categories.	9.0 pts
Quality of writing  and APA Style Citation	     ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE***	5.0 pts
Total Points: 50.0

 
Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3)
Radev, S., Freeth, M., & Thompson, A. R. (2024). "I’m not just being difficult . . . I’m finding it difficult": A qualitative approach to understanding experiences of autistic parents when interacting with statutory services regarding their autistic child. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 28(6), 1394–1404. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613231212794

Student name:                                                               Course/section:
Questions	
	Pts
What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)?	The research addresses a very important gap in autism literature by investigating autistic parents' interactions with statutory services regarding their autistic children. While extensive research exists on non-autistic parents of autistic children, the experiences of autistic parents themselves is a subject that is not frequently approached in literature. Genetic factors significantly influence autism occurrence within families, making it very important to understand autistic parents' perspectives. The study acknowledges that autistic parents often possess greater autism knowledge than professionals yet face challenges with their concerns being taken seriously. Previous research indicates autistic individuals experience stigma leading to social isolation and increased masking behaviors. The SPACE framework emphasizes considering sensory needs, predictability, acceptance, communication, and empathy when supporting autistic individuals. The research aims to understand autistic parents' lived experiences when interacting with statutory services for their autistic children to enhance support for autistic families.
	9.0 pts
What participants are used for this study/research? How many?  Race? Gender? Age?  Other demographics?  If insufficient info., specify this.	    The study recruited ten participants through purposive sampling via social media and the Autistica research database. All participants were women with a mean age of 46 years, predominantly White British, and well-educated. The research employed specific inclusion criteria requiring participants to be over 18 years old, fluent in English, have a formal autism diagnosis, and parent an autistic child attending mainstream school. Exclusion criteria encompassed non-UK residents, parents of children not in mainstream education, and those with co-occurring intellectual disabilities. The first author who is an autistic parent of an autistic child also conducted semi-structured interviews that lasted between 48 to 92 minutes. The researcher disclosed their diagnosis during recruitment, potentially facilitating more open participant disclosures. Recognizing demographic limits, the research also states that younger parents together with those diagnosed in childhood, and fathers with autism were not included.


	9.0 pts
What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations).  NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done.	The research employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis through semi-structured interviews, incorporating a double-hermeneutic process where participants interpret their experiences during interviews, followed by researcher interpretation during analysis. The research team maintained ethical standards through approval from Cardiff University School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee. Community involvement strengthened the methodology through consultation with two autistic parents pre-recruitment, resulting in interview schedule refinements and removal of potentially problematic terminology. The first author maintained a reflective log throughout to minimize personal experience bias. Interviews conducted via telephone or video calls used a primary interview schedule designed to elicit lived experiences without leading participants. The analytic approach followed known IPA criteria, that included not only proper transcript analysis but also exploratory notes on descriptive, linguistic, and conceptual components, interpretive coding, and cross-case analysis in order to be able to determine any patterns through the usage of conceptual mapping.
	9.0 pts
What were the findings, or research outcomes?  Please quantify if this is given?  Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? 	The study was able to identify two key superordinate themes that characterise autistic parents interactions with statutory services.  One of the theme identified systemic issues rather than individual professional shortcomings and this highlights participants' experiences of dismissal and inadequate support within an unjust system requiring constant advocacy. The second theme exposed feelings of judgment and stigmatization, particularly through negative language use and insufficient professional training in autism understanding. Participants expressed mixed experiences in regard to the diagnosis disclosure, with some finding empowerment while others feared judgment. The research also demonstrated similarities with non-autistic parents' experiences regarding system navigation challenges, yet revealed unique difficulties faced by autistic parents, including heightened sensitivity to systemic injustice and stigma concerns. The findings supported the SPACE framework's recommendations, particularly regarding predictability in service delivery and acceptance in diagnosis disclosure situations.
	9.0 pts
Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, and its findings?  Were the questions adequately answered?  What suggestions would you make for future research in this area?	Careful participant selection together with systematic analysis procedures and detailed data are all indicative of the methodological rigour of this selected research . The inclusion of community involvement and researcher positionality strengthens the study's credibility. The findings provide valuable insights into autistic parents' unique challenges when interfacing with statutory services. Demographic limitations restrict generalizability, particularly the exclusion of male perspectives and younger parents. Future research should expand participant diversity and explore experiences across different age groups and genders. The study effectively highlights the need for improved professional training and system-level changes to better support autistic families. The research successfully maintains academic rigor while providing practical implications for service improvement, suggesting co-developed training programs with autistic adults and implementation of strength-based approaches to autism understanding.
	9.0 pts
Quality of writing  and APA Style Citation	     ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE***	5.0 pts
Total Points: 50.0