You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


Among the diseases transmitted from animals to humans, rabies is the deadliest in both \[[@B1]\]. Rabies is caused by the rabies virus (RABV), belonging to the genus *Lyssavirus* in the family *Rhabdoviridae* \[[@B2]\]. Since the first animal rabies case was identified in Korea in 1907, a number of animal rabies cases had been reported in several species until 1984 \[[@B3]\]. No rabies cases were identified between 1985 and 1992. However, a dog that fought a raccoon dog (*Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis*) in 1993 was diagnosed with rabies. Subsequently, the number of animal rabies cases in both domestic and wild animals increased around the de-militarized zone in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, South Korea. After finding out that the raccoon dog was a host for rabies, the Korean government sought ways to reduce wildlife-mediated rabies \[[@B4]\]. In 2000, the government found that oral bait vaccines were effective in reducing rabies in wildlife and two oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) had been commercialized in Europe: SAG2 (Street Alabama Gif) and vaccinia RABV glycoprotein (VRG, Merial, Lyon, France) vaccines. After testing both ORVs in raccoon dogs, the VRG vaccine was selected for use in South Korea starting in 2000. The amount of VRG vaccine distributed has increased annually, and 99 million bait vaccines in 2018 had been spread. The number of rabies cases peaked at 78 cases in 2002 and decreased gradually until 2013. No rabies has occurred in South Korea since 2014 \[[@B4]\]. Despite that the rabies bait vaccine has contributed to the reduction in rabies cases, it has been required to investigate the immune status of raccoon dogs to prevent rabies re-emergence. In this study, we caught raccoon dogs living in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces, where the rabies bait vaccine has been distributed, and investigated the rabies immune status of the raccoon dogs.

To survey the RABV immune status of wild raccoon dogs residing in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces where the VRG has been distributed, animals were caught using catch traps (Boryeong, Korea), neck scoops, and control poles from January 2017 to June 2018. The body of captured raccoon dogs was measured and a microchip was inserted into the captured raccood dogs to identify individuals, and blood was collected from a cephalic or jugular vein. The coagulated blood was centrifuged at 3,000×g for 10 minutes to separate serum, which was stored at −20°C until used.

The virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titer against RABV was measured using a fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test \[[@B5]\]. Briefly, a dog reference serum sample positive for RABV was purchased from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, and the VNA titer was adjusted to 0.5 IU/mL for use as a positive control. The sample from each raccoon dog was diluted in three fold with positive and negative serum samples. Then, standard RABV, the CVS-11 strain, was added to each microplate well at approximately 100 FAID~50~/50 µL. After a 1-hour incubation at 37°C, 50 µL of a suspension containing 4×10^5^ BHK-21 cells/mL (ATCC CCL-10) were added to each well, and the plates were cultured under the same conditions for 72 hours. The plates were allowed to stand in cold acetone for 30 minutes to fix the BHK-21 cells and then reacted with a specific monoclonal antibody against RABV for 45 minutes at 37°C after rinsing three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2). Then, the plates were stained with FITC-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG+IgM. After washing with PBS, the specific fluorescence in the BHK-21 cells infected with RABV was observed at 400× under a fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). After comparing the results with those of the RABV-positive reference standard, the VNA titers (IU/mL) were determined. The chi-square test was used to analyze differences in seroprevalence stratified by geographic region. Statistical significance was defined by p\<0.05.

In total, 146 raccoon dogs were caught in 13 counties in Gyeonggi (59) and 14 counties in Gangwon (87). Gangneung (34) and Suwon (13) were the counties where the most raccoon dogs were captured in Gyeonggi and Gangwon, respectively. The body weight, height, and length of 111 raccoon dogs were measured, with averages of 3.75 kg, 21.2 cm, and 31.4 cm, respectively ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The larger the body size and the older the raccoon dog, the more likely it is to take the bait vaccine. This is becasuse the VRG block (33 mm×33 mm×20 mm) consistng of fishmeal bait, wax and plasitc sachets is unfamiliar to young raccoon dogs that are difficult to swaloow \[[@B6]\]. The raccoon dogs caught in Gangwon were on average heavier, taller, and longer than those caught in Gyeonggi. [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} shows the RABV seropositive rates. The average seropositive rate for RABV was 13.7% overall. The regional seropositivity for raccoon dogs was 25.0% (1/4) in Gwangju, 15.4% (2/13) in Suwon, 14.3% (1/7) in Gwangmyeong, and 9.1% (1/11) in Yongin County, Gyeonggi Province, and 100% (2/2) in Sokcho, 28.6% (2/7) in Cheorwon, 20.0% (1/5) each in Hongcheon and Hwacheon, 17.6% (6/34) in Gangneung, and 15.0% (3/20) in Chuncheon County, Gangwon Province. No seropositive animals were found in Gapyeong, Gunpo, Seongnam, Ansan, Osan, Incheon, Pyeongtaek, or Hwaseong counties in Gyeonggi Province or in Donghae, Yanggu, Yangyang, Yeongwol, Wonju, Jeongseon, Pyeongchang, or Hoengseong counties in Gangwon Province. More raccoon dogs were seropositive in Gangwon Province (17.2%; 15/87) compared with Gyeonggi Province (8.5%; 5/59). Among the raccoon dogs captured in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces, the mean VNA titers of the raccoon dogs seropositive for RABV were 0.57 and 14.2 IU/mL, respectively.

ORVs have been used to prevent wildlife-mediated rabies. As of 2019, there are four commercial ORVs for raccoons, foxes, and raccoon dogs: SAG2 (Street Alabama Gif), recombinat vacciniavirus (VRG), recombinant adenovirus (ONRAB) and recombinant rabies virus (SPBN GASGAS: Rabitec) in the world. The ONRAB (Artemis Technologies, Guelph, ON, Canada) was licensed for use with free-ranging striped skunks in Canada and efficacy of the ONRAB was demonstrated in the raccoon. The Rabitec containing a recombinant rabies virus engineered with a reverse genetic system was registered as a bait vaccine for red fox and raccoon dog in Germany in 2017 \[[@B7]\]. The VRG vaccine was developed in the 1980s and has been used in Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Israel, and North America for coyotes, foxes, and raccoons \[[@B8]\]. In France, the VRG bait vaccine was used from 1990 to 2005, and rabies has not occurred there since 1996. Belgium and Luxembourg also began distributing VRG vaccine by air in the early 1990s and continued until 2002 or 2003. These two countries were declared free of fox rabies in 2001 \[[@B9]\]. In the United States, VRG was approved as a rabies bait vaccine for raccoons in 1997 and is continuously distributed once a year (August-September) \[[@B10]\]. Like the countries mentioned above, South Korea has been distributing VRG vaccines to two rabies-risk provinces since 2000. This policy suggests that ORVs led to the non-occurrence of wildlife rabies. Despite no animal rabies occurring in Korea, a serological survey to investigate the rabies immune status of raccoon dogs in the two provinces where the VRG vaccine has been distributed is an important tool for evaluating the success of the ORV program.

In this study, we measured the rabies VNA titers in raccoon dogs caught in areas where the rabies bait vaccine has been distributed. Of the 146 raccoon dogs examined, 13.7% (20/146) expressed rabies antibodies as a result of distributing the VRG bait. The seropositivity of Korean raccoon dogs in this study was lower than the rate (40%) reported in 2012 \[[@B11]\] and that (38%) in the United States in 2013 \[[@B12]\]. There may be several reasons for the low seropositivity in raccoon dogs. First, the level of rabies antibodies peaks 4-6 weeks after oral vaccination and then begins to decline \[[@B13]\]. The samples collected 6 weeks after ingesting the bait vaccine may reflect the rabies immune status. Second, there are several ways to deliver the bait to target animals. Most countries that have adopted ORV programs use airplanes and helicopters \[[@B6]\]. However, the VRG vaccine has been distributed by hand placement around farms by people with local geographical knowledge. Consequently, discrepancies between the distribution area and capture site may affect the serological survey. In addition, fewer raccoon dogs were seropositive in Gyeonggi Province (8.5%) than in Gangwon (17.2%), indicating that the amount of bait distributed annually can affect the seroprevalence rate. As shown in [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, 2.5 times more bait was distributed in Gangwon than in Gyeonggi.

In conclusion, rabies can be prevented if animals have a blood VNA titer ≥0.5 IU/mL \[[@B14]\]. Only 13.7% of the raccoon dogs caught in the two provinces in this study had protective VNA titers, and this seropositivity was significantly lower than the 40% surveyed in the two mentioned provinces in 2012 \[[@B11]\], suggesting that the current ORV program should be improved to enhance immunity against rabies in Korean raccoon dogs. Application of a new bait vaccine might be required, as Canada replaced the VRG vaccine with ONRAB based on a comparison of bait vaccine performance and the United States has also conducted field trials of the ONRAB vaccine from 2012 to 2014 \[[@B15]\]. Second, it is necessary to implement regulations related to re-establishing regions at risk for rabies and a buffer zone near the de-militarized zone. A national rabies control program using an improved ORV may lead to the declaration that South Korea is rabies free.

![Amount of rabies bait vaccine distributed since 2000 in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. Data on the annual dose of bait vaccine were collected from the Planning and Implementation of Livestock Prevention Project issued by the Korean government.](cevr-8-132-g001){#F1}

###### Mean body weight, height, and length of the Korean raccoon dogs caught in the regions at risk for rabies

![](cevr-8-132-i001)

  Province          Body weight (kg)   Height (cm^2^)   Length (cm^2^)
  ----------------- ------------------ ---------------- ----------------
  Gyeonggi (31)     3.45 ± 0.85        20.27 ± 3.49     29.42 ± 4.33
  Gangwon (80)      3.87 ± 0.97        21.53 ± 3.25     32.17 ± 5.43
  Total (111)^a)^   3.75 ± 0.96        21.18 ± 3.33     31.40 ± 5.28

^a)^The value in parentheses is the number of raccoon dogs captured. The difference (35) between the number of serum samples and number of body measurements is due to the poor accuracy of the physical measurements performed after blood collection.

###### Regional distribution of RABV seropositivity in raccoon dogs caught in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces

![](cevr-8-132-i002)

                       VNA titer (IU/mL)               No. of positive/tested (%)
  -------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------
  County in Gyeonggi                                   
   Gapyeong            \-                              0/4 (0.0)
   Gwangmyeong         0.87                            1/7 (14.3)
   Gwangju             0.5                             1/4 (25.0)
   Gunpo               \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Seongnam            \-                              0/2 (0.0)
   Suwon               0.5, 0.5                        2/13 (15.4)
   Ansan               \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Osan                \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Yongin              0.5                             1/11 (9.1)
   Pyeongtaek          \-                              0/7 (0.0)
   Pocheon             \-                              0/3 (0.0)
   Hwaseong            \-                              0/4 (0.0)
   Incheon             \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Total               0.57                            5/59 (8.5)
  County in Gangwon                                    
   Gangneung           0.5, 1.5, 7.9, 1.5, 0.87, 1.5   6/34 (17.6)
   Donghae             \-                              0/3 (0.0)
   Sokcho              0.5, 1.5                        2/2 (100)
   Yanggu              \-                              0/2 (0.0)
   Yangyang            \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Yeongwol            \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Wonju               \-                              0/2 (0.0)
   Jeongseon           \-                              0/1 (0.0)
   Cheorwon            23.9, 0.5                       2/7 (28.6)
   Chuncheon           4.6, 0.5, 41.6                  3/20 (15.0)
   Pyeongchang         \-                              0/0 (0.0)
   Hongcheon           0002                            1/5 (20.0)
   Hwacheon            125                             1/5 (20.0)
   Hoengseong          \-                              0/2 (0.0)
   Total               0014.2                          15/87 (17.2)

RABV, rabies virus; VNA, virus-neutralizing antibody.