WEBVTT

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Hello, I'm Ian from Prepare for Eilts and welcome to our video lesson.

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This is the Grama for Eilts course, we're looking at relative clauses, and in this lesson we're looking

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at relative pronouns.

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Relative pronouns like which, who, whom?

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Who's where and when are examples of complex English?

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If you put a relative clause with relative pronoun into a sentence, then it will be complex.

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And the examiner will be very impressed.

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And relative pronouns and relative clauses can help you in all four parts of the IELTS exam.

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Let's take a look at them and see how they work so we can use which to refer to things.

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And although that is sometimes used in defining relative clauses, which is nearly always a better option

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for you to use here, it's used to refer to the noun subjects.

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Of course, we can use which to refer to a singular or plural or uncountable noun.

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So we could have the subject, the subjects or the information which here the subjects which appear

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to attract the greatest number of students are psychology, mathematics and biology.

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Here is another defining clause.

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Students sometimes complain about boring lessons which seem to go on for ages.

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And here is a non defining clause.

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The figures provided, which referred to a questionnaire carried out in 2001, indicate that shopping

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was far more popular amongst younger adults than older ones.

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Actually, if you look at the noun phrase in red, the figures provided.

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This is a participle clause.

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We are really meaning here.

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The figures which have been provided, the figures which the IRS examiners have provided for us.

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And you might remember that we looked at this type of clause in an earlier lesson.

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And something else that we looked at earlier was using which or pronouns to refer back to a clause such

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as the importance of the teacher is diminished.

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And that's what you can see in this example.

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Let's look at using who and who usually refers to people, so medical practitioners who prescribe too

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many antibiotics are actually making it far more likely that one day we will run out of drugs, which

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work.

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Similarly here, who refers to patients, doctors often have to see patients who are frightened or angry.

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And in this case, it's a non defining clause.

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Doctors who work extremely long hours are sometimes criticized in the media for failing to spot life

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threatening medical conditions.

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Here, too, it refers to people to seargeant and it's non defining surgeons who have received training

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often operate on critically ill patients whose only chance of survival is medical intervention.

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We can also use that, as we mentioned before, and we can use that to refer to people and things in

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defining relative clauses so we can say the Redl.

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Last week I have been reading a book that I found on a train.

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The game that I played most as a child was hockey.

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The teacher that taught me mathematics at school was completely incompetent.

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I would say that the composer that influenced me most were informal and only possible with a defining

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clause.

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And let's look at who's we use, who's when the meaning is possessive.

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So when something belongs to somebody, we would use.

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Who's an example?

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Einstein was a scientist whose theories have had an enormous impact on the way we live.

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So the theories belonged to Einstein.

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So we can use who's to refer to these theories?

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A similar example of us would like to work for a company whose employees are treated fairly and with

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dignity and respect.

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So the employees belong to the company, which treats them fairly.

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Similarly here, pet owners whose animals bite or scratch members of the public are usually held legally

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responsible for what has happened.

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The animals belong to the pet.

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And here the queen, whose father died more than five decades ago, has agreed to pay some forms of

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taxation in the coming years.

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So again, the front to the queen.

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And this is a non defining clause.

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The information we can use, who's in structures like.

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Have a look at whom and whom is often used in very formal structure.

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And we can use it as the object of a verb or after action, prepositions are words like with and without

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of on and in.

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So let's see some examples so we can write.

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Probably not say this is more of a formal style.

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The person whom I saw told me to return later.

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If you were speaking, you would probably see the person who I saw or even the person I saw because

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this whom or who refers to the object of a verb and it's a defining clause.

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So we could leave it up.

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So here I saw the person.

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So the person is the object of the verb.

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And so we can use whom in a very formal setting.

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Another example.

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And if you don't know the name of the person to whom you are writing, it is better to start the letter

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with dear, sir or madam.

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So this is an example of a preposition.

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Again, this is a very formal structure.

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We look at this in the next lesson.

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It's possible UNMIL, in speaking and in informal writing to say if you don't know the name of the person

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who you are writing to.

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So we often put the preposition at the end clause.

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Another example, there are 20 applicants for the job, any of whom could be appointed.

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So any of the applicants could be appointed.

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And again, we using whom here?

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Because it follows a preposition.

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And here the person for whom I bought the jewelry is a close friend.

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You would probably say the person who I bought the jewelry for or even the person I bought the jewelry

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for.

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Because this is defining and it is the object of a verb.

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So we can take it out.

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Another example, the people with whom I work are all competent, but the manager for whom we work lacks

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the necessary skills.

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So, again, we using our position either with or for.

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But we could say the people I work with are competent.

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But the manager we work for lacks the necessary skills.

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So the structure with whom is very formal, very academic, but you could certainly use it in the writing

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test in an essay.

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Let's have a look at when we can use when to make it clear which time we are referring to.

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So television programs which are broadcast at times when young children could be watching, should never

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include gratuitous violence, inappropriate language or any other content which could offend.

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So we use when to refer to times.

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We can use when to refer to days.

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So weekends are for many.

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The only days when they have enough free time to catch up with basic household chores such as cleaning

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and washing clothes.

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And we can use when to refer to periods.

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So in periods when crops fail.

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There is an enormous amount of pressure on families in farming communities.

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Many of them have to sell valuable assets in order to survive.

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We can also use where we use where to make it clear which place we are referring to.

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Most people believe that their home city is the place where they would most like to live.

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Large cities are locations where young people tend to congregate looking for opportunities.

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According to the statistical information given New York is the city where most respondents would prefer

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to live.

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The poorest quality housing is usually in inner cities where the least well-off inhabitants live.

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Here you can see that the last example is non defining.

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And where has a slightly wider use?

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Because we can also use it even when we do not refer to a specific place.

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And we often use where with situation and point.

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So you can see examples here.

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So we are now in a situation where wars and armed conflicts are far more likely than ever before.

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Example with the situation.

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So we are in a situation where almost nobody believes a word which politicians say we can use point

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as well.

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So we have reached a point.

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This is a very common phrase.

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We are at a particular moment in time.

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So we have reached a point where action needs to be taken to combat terrorism.

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We could.

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But it's quite normal to use where.

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So the last example as well.

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We have reached a point where it is no longer safe for people at night.

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It would be possible to use an.

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I need to refer to a reason, reasons why car drivers can lose concentration whilst at the wheel of

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the.

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As far as I am concerned, there are no good reasons why zoos and wildlife parks should remain in existence.

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And there is no reason why pensioners should have to live without heating in the cold winter months.

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As a society, we can surely afford to provide the elderly with adequate warmth.

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So why is really just use with reason and reasons?

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It's very unusual to use.

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Why?

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With any other.

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So we hope you found that useful and that you now have a clearer understanding of when to use these

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pronouns.

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And just how complex you can make your sentences and how impressive they can be.

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So we hope you use them.

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And we also hope to see you soon, because we're going one last aspect of using relative clauses.
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