Read the article and evaluate the following claim:
The Hadza, hunter-gathers in Tanzania, have an ideal microbiome. The average American should receive a fecal transplant from a donor Hadza, in order to improve their microbiome and health.

Would you accept a fecal transplant for science? Jeff Leach, a scientist who studies the microbiome of the Hadza, decided to run an experiment on himself. While he was living among the Hadza in Tanzania, he transplanted fecal matter from a Hadza donor to himself even though he was not sick. From studying the Hadza, he knew they had a very diverse microbiome, so he wondered if he would benefit from their microbial diversity, and what would happen to his microbiome over time after a transplant. Do you think this was a good idea?

Should we all have a fecal transplant from a Hadza donor to improve our microbiome?
Researchers have found that the Hadza generally have much less chronic disease, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease, than Americans. Hadza do have a much higher infant mortality rate than Americans, but when Hadza survive to adulthood, they generally live almost as long as Americans, and tend to be healthy until their death in old age.

Table 1 Components of health and longevity in Americans and Hadza


Model Age of Death
Average BMI for Males
Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults
Prevalence of High Blood Pressure in Adults
Americans
85 years
29
 ≅ 10%
＞60%
≅50%
Hadza
72 years
21
 ≅ 1%
＜30%
≅5%

Source: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/obr.12785

Is a diverse microbiome the secret to Hadza's health? Perhaps. For example, studies in mice have shown that gut bacteria play an important role in determining obesity. When a lean mouse is inoculated with the gut bacteria of an obese mouse, the lean mouse can become obese as well. However, a correlation (or relationship) between a diverse microbiome in humans and better health outcomes does not necessarily prove causation (that a diverse microbiome causes better health). There may be many factors that explain the differences in health outcomes between these two groups of people. For example, the Hadza have an extremely different diet than the average American, consuming a large amount of unprocessed plant food.
Additionally, Hadza people have very high activity levels. The average Hadza walks between 5 and 10 miles a day! Their diet and exercise habits may be the cause, or a partial reason behind their lack of chronic disease. Interestingly, most gut bacteria consume plant fiber that they obtain through people’s diet. The average hunter-gather eats up to 150 grams of fiber a day, while the average American eats only 20 grams. Even if a diverse microbial population is a contributing factor to Hadza's health, as soon as someone eats the typical American diet that is missing fiber, the beneficial bacteria may all die off quickly.
Humans and their microbiome have evolved together over time through the process of natural selection. Some scientists have argued that the temporary loss and even the extinction of some of our symbiotic bacteria have made us less fit, because those bacteria once played a role in our health. Symbiotic bacteria do provide nutrition, produce important metabolites, and help regulate our immune system. However, we do not have enough data yet to determine which species of bacteria are essential for health or how to classify an unhealthy versus a healthy microbiome. Although, scientists do consistently find that diversity overall is a positive factor.
There are some risks involved in fecal transplants. The donor, although healthy, may transmit pathogenic bacteria or viruses in their feces that they have developed immunity for, but the recipient has not. For example, the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning in June of 2019 about using fecal transplants. Two patients became very sick and one died from an antibiotic resistant infection from a donor. The FDA suggests that donors must go through extensive screening before their fecal matter is transferred to another person.