Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            e 
body with 
amino acids 
during 
starvation. 
2. Buffering ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ 
action:-they 
share in 
maintenance the 
pH of the body 
constant. 
3. Carriers:
 ﺣﻮاﻣﻞ -
they circulate in 
the blood 
carrying 
minerals, 
vitamins and 
hormones. 
26 
 
-Specific functions of 
the Plasma proteions: 
1. Albumin 
is 
responsible for 
the 
osmotic 
pressure of the 
blood. 
2. Globulins and 
fibrinogens are 
responsible for 
the 
viscosity ﻟﺰوﺟﮫ 
of the blood 
 
Hemostasis 
Definition: -stoppage of bleeding when a blood vessels injured.  
The haemostatic process consists of  
1- Vasoconstriction of the injured blood vessel. 
2- The platelet plug formation: which occurs in the following steps:- 
 
• Platelet adhesion:-where the platelets adhereﺗﻘﺘﺮب  to the exposed 
collagen. 
• Platelet release -the platelets change their shape, send out 
pseudopodia and release their granules. 
27 
 
• Platelet aggregation:-platelets secrete ADP and thromboxane 
A2.These factors make them sticky to each other forming a mass of the 
platelet plug. The plug adheres to the injured vessel with more platelet 
activation and aggregation until the plug is finally enlarged enough to 
stop the bleeding 
3- Clot formation 
 
 
Hemostatic Disorders 
A-Thrombosis (Intravascular Clotting):- 
• -It is the formation of blood clots inside the blood vessels. 
-Causes:- 
1- Blood stasis. 
2- Roughness of the endothelial lining by atherosclerosis. 
3- Increased viscosity of the blood as in dehydration. 
28 
 
4- Increased cellular element of the blood as in polycythaemia or 
thrombocytosis. 
B-Haemorrhagic Diseases:- 
(1)Vitamin K Deficiency:- 
- It leads to deficiency of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X 
- Causes: 
a) Vit. K deficiency in the diet. 
b) Mal-absorption of vit .K due to e.g. obstructive jaundice. 
c) Liver disease. 
- There is prolongation of clotting and prothrombin time with normal 
bleeding time  
(2)Haemophillia:- 
- A hemorrhagic disorder due to deficiency of some of clotting factors. 
- It is a recessive X-linked disorder so that females, in contrast to males are 
not affected. 
There are three types of hemophilia:  
1- Hemophilia A, which occurs due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII 
2-  Hemophilia B, which occurs due to deficiency of clotting factor IX 
3- Hemophilia C, which occurs due to deficiency of factor XI 
- There is prolongation of clotting time with normal bleeding time and 
prothrombin time  
 
(3) Purpura:- 
• It is a bleeding disorder due to either deficient number or quality of the 
blood platelets 
• Deficient number is called thrombocytopenia  
29 
 
• Deficient  quality is called thrombocytasthenia. 
• Cause of purpura:- 
Anticoagulants: 
They used to prevent clotting inside the body  
1- HEPARIN: It is naturally occurring anticoagulant, formed in the body 
by mast cells and basophil leucocytes. It is a sulphated polysaccharide 
with strong acidic properties. its antidote is protamine sulphate  
Mechanism of action   
  -Antiprothrombin, 
antiprothromb

            Quiz: