Сделай суммаризацию текста. Напиши краткое содержание текста в 15 предложениях. Перед предложениями не пиши их номера и цифры. Вот сам текст: In the modern world, the words “comment” and “to comment” are used primarily to describe the sphere of Internet communication, where a comment is a reactive review (not always neutral) under a post. The word “commentator” is also a frequent one – for example, “sports commentator”. These shades of meaning are highlighted in “The Complete Dictionary of Linguistic Terms” by T.V. Matveeva: “Commentary – clarifications, accompanying remarks regarding an event, fact, concept, or idea. It can be given in the course of the event unfolding (for example, in a TV or radio broadcast of a football match). Commentary is used in all functional styles of speech, however, traditionally the term is actively used in journalism”.
The modern use of the word has pushed its original meaning into the background. Originally commentary (from the Latin commentarius – interpretation) is a genre of philological research, explanatory notes to the text. The Alexandrian philological school in the 3rd–2nd centuries BCE studied Homeric texts and compiled corresponding glosses and scholia. During the Renaissance, commentaries on the Bible and classical texts became widespread. In Russia, commentary began to develop in connection with the publication of monuments of Old Russian and later Russian classical literature. During the flourishing of written book culture, commentaries were regarded as an independent genre and often constituted standalone publications. 
A translation commentary is a translator’s explanation of a translated text or a fragment of it. It is one of the primary methods to compensate for semantic losses during translation and is considered a translation technique [13, p. 176]. The translator's note serves as a crucial link through that enables a connection between the author of the original message and the recipients, who can perceive the information only in the language of the translation [15, p. 39].
A translation commentary, typically presented as footnotes or remarks, can also take the form of an intra-textual message, often accompanied by a note such as “Approx. transl.” or the initials. The commentary contains the translator’s explanations about a particular fragment or the entire text. It allows the translator to clarify concepts that may be difficult for the audience to grasp – whether these are cultural realities rooted in the linguistic continuum of the original author or references entirely external to the language but mediated through it [14, p. 4]. Similarly, a translator may describe the specific challenges encountered during translation, highlight problem areas, and justify the use of particular translation solutions [21]. 
A translation commentary provides additional information crucial for understanding the translated text – information that, for various reasons, cannot be integrated into the main body of the translation. Within translation theory, some scholars regard translation commentary as a form of compensation for translation losses, a process classified as a complex translation transformation [16, p.128].  V.N. Komissarov defines compensation as “a method of translation in which elements of meaning lost during translation of the original are conveyed in the translated text by other means, not necessarily in the same place as in the original”. The “elements of meaning” that are difficult to render in another language are well-documented in translation theory. These include equivalent vocabulary (realities, lacunae, etc.) [18, p.449-450], descriptions of cultural features (such as behavior, holidays, rituals, clothing, and situations) necessary for understanding the text [16, p.128] as well as elements of national associative untranslatability (e.g., in Persian culture, a parrot symbolizes beauty, which may not carry the same connotation in other cultures). This also extends to wordplay, puns, vernacular language, fairy tales, and other culturally specific phenomena requiring explanation [18, p.450]. 
 The translator’s role is not limited to interpreting the original text. They must also adapt certain cultural and linguistic phenomena from the source culture to ensure the text’s meaning is effectively conveyed. When other translation methods fail to fully transmit the original text’s information, translation commentary becomes essential. Comments are particularly necessary for translating words and phrases that rely on the background knowledge of native speakers. Thus, the translator only recreates the text but also situates it within the target culture [18].
The reception of this translation technique varies. While some view it as a less desirable approach, most translation theorists agree that translation commentary is one of the most effective ways to compensate for semantic losses, especially when conveying meaning directly within the text turns out to be impossible. Translation commentary is inherently linguistic and cultural in nature, always oriented towards the context. It helps avoid semantic losses and enables the reader of the translation to gain a deeper understanding of the text [16, p.128].
In conclusion, translation commentary is a valuable tool for explaining cultural or linguistic nuances that are difficult to convey directly in translation. It helps compensate for semantic losses by providing additional context and clarifications, ensuring that the meaning of the original text is accurately communicated to the reader. 
















1.2 Main reasons for incorporating a translation commentary

Beyond the aspects examined in section 1.1, translation commentary is an important component of the translator’s meta-translation activity. By creating a meta-text, the translator facilitates the reader’s engagement [15, p.40] with the key factual material closely related to the information in the translated text [21]. 
Translation comments play a vital role in the realm of meta-translation activities. They are found in both artistic and scientific texts. Below is the summary of the main reasons for incorporating a translation commentary [17, p.3]:
1. Compensation for semantic losses. Translation comments are essential for capturing the nuances of words and phrases that rely heavily on the cultural context of the source language [3, p.1]. While native readers effortlessly absorb these cultural components, foreign readers often encounter challenges in understanding them. Through well-crafted commentary, the translator bridges the gap in historical and cultural awareness, enabling readers – regardless of their linguistic background – to fully engage with the narrative. Commentary serves as a vital tool that allows readers – regardless of their linguistic background – to fully immerse themselves in the narrative, transcending linguistic boundaries. This allows readers to form their own interpretations of characters and events while gaining a deeper appreciation of the author’s intent. Thus, translation comments become a vital bridge between cultures [21].
2. Identification of problem areas in translation. This feature is primarily encountered in scientific texts, particularly in tutorials and textbooks, where precision and clarity are paramount. In such works, translation comments serve as a valuable tool for the translator to elaborate on specific challenges faced during the translation process. By highlighting particular difficulties encountered in the translation process, the translator offers insights into their decision-making process, illuminating the nuances involved in their choices. For instance, when translating a specific scientific term that may have multiple interpretations, the translator can provide comments that clarify their reasoning for selecting one definition over another. Such transparency not only enhances the reader’s comprehension of the text but also deepens their appreciation for the complexities involved in translating scientific discourse [21].
3. Expansion and updating of contextual information. Readers often encounter literature that is available only in the source language, which can present significant challenges in terms of comprehension and contextual understanding. This limitation can be particularly pronounced in specialized fields or regions where certain works have not been translated into other languages. To facilitate their understanding and enhance their engagement, the translator can thoughtfully include references to complementary works by compatriots in the field, updating the literature cited in the main text. This enrichment not only enhances the reader’s experience but also fosters a deeper connection to the source material. Additionally, these connections can stimulate curiosity and encourage further exploration beyond the translated text. Thus, this approach fosters a deeper understanding of the text, encourages engagement with related ideas, and ultimately enriches the literary experience.
In conclusion, translation commentary bridges cultural gaps, clarifies translation challenges, and provides essential context, enhancing the reader’s understanding and engagement with the text.











1.3 Types of translation commentary

Considering that translation commentary is centered around the phenomena of language and culture, it can be categorized into two main types: linguosemiotic and linguocultural comments [6, p.142].
Linguosemiotic translation comments can be further divided according to the triadic model of the linguistic sign, resulting in three categories: semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic translation comments.
Linguocultural translation comments can be split into two subcategories: those that describe specific cultural events and those that arise from differences between the cultures of the original language and the target language. 
1. Semantic comments. These comments analyze and critique the selection of a lexico-semantic variant of a foreign language unit within the context of the target language. The semantic center of the comment is th