Answer the following questions.



1. Describe the differences between Clojure and Java.



2. Explain the concept of immutability in Clojure.
Immutability means nothing can change, everything is permanent. Functions, values, data, and so on will always exist in the same form. This means that the same input into the same function will always result in the same steps and the same output. The advantage of this is that there can be no unexpected values, and it is possible to refer to things "as they were before". 


3. How do you handle concurrency in Clojure?
Concurrency is handled by multiple functions - futures, promises, derefs, puts, takes, async and channels. With futures and promises, a new thread is generated for each future. Async is limited to the number of processor cores plus two, and functions do not generate new threads - this results in less overhead though it may be limiting.


4. What is the difference between a ref and an atom in Clojure?



5. What is the purpose of the Clojure macro system?



6. How do you debug a Clojure application?



7. What is the difference between a function and a macro in Clojure?



8. How do you handle errors in Clojure?
Errors are handled in a similar way to Java, with a try-catch arrangement. 
;; However, errors get passed up the stack for the next thing to deal with.


9. What is the difference between a vector and a list in Clojure?



10. Explain the concept of lazy evaluation in Clojure.
Lazy evaluation means that the function does not have to run completely. A lazy evaluating function will only generate a block of results at a time up to the point that is needed. Rather than evaluating everything, lazy evaluating functions are preferable to use in most situations unless you really need all of the values immediately.





1. What are the benefits of Clojure? 


2. What are the cons of Clojure? 


3. What functions are used in Clojure? 


4. What are some variables in Clojure? 


5. What is Clojure REPL and why is it used? 


6. Explain the difference between a lazy and an eager sequence. 


7. Define Map in Clojure. 


8. Explain agents in Conjure. 


9. Explain special variables. 


10. Explain atoms.








1. Can you explain the main differences between Clojure and other Lisp dialects?


2. What is a persistent data structure, and what are the benefits of using them in Clojure?


3. How does Clojure handle immutability and state management?


4. Can you describe the role of the Software Transactional Memory (STM) system in Clojure?


5. What are Clojure’s protocols, and how do they differ from Java’s interfaces?


6. Explain “code as data” and how it relates to the concept of macros in Clojure.


7. What are some common use cases for using multimethods in Clojure?


8. What is a REPL, and how is it used in Clojure development?


9. Describe the differences between the ‘let’, ‘letfn’, and ‘binding’ forms.


10. How do you manage side-effects in functional programming with Clojure?



ClojureScript:

11. What are the main differences between Clojure and ClojureScript?


12. How does ClojureScript interact with the JavaScript ecosystem?


13. Can you compile ClojureScript to be compatible with Node.js? If so, how?


14. What are the available options for state management in ClojureScript?


15. What tools are typically used to set up a ClojureScript development environment?


16. How does ClojureScript handle interoperation with native JavaScript APIs?


17. In ClojureScript, what is the equivalent of React’s JSX?


18. Explain how the ‘core.async’ library works in ClojureScript for managing asynchronous operations.


19. What debugging techniques are available for ClojureScript developers?


20. How would you go about optimizing ClojureScript code for production?



Common Libraries:


21. What is Leiningen, and how is it used in managing Clojure projects?


22. How is the Ring library used to create web applications in Clojure?


23. Describe how you would use the Datomic database with Clojure.


24. What is the purpose of the Compojure library in the Clojure ecosystem?


25. Discuss the ways in which the ‘core.logic’ library can be used in a Clojure application.


26. What is the ‘core.match’ library, and how does it enhance pattern matching in Clojure?


27. How do you incorporate the ‘hiccup’ library to generate HTML in Clojure web projects?


28. What is the Prismatic Schema library, and why might you use it in Clojure?


29. Explain the purpose of the ‘cljs-http’ library in a ClojureScript application.


30. Describe the use cases for the ‘re-frame’ library in ClojureScript applications.



Coding and Practical Problem-Solving:


31. Can you demonstrate how to implement a basic REST API using Clojure and Ring?


32. Write a Clojure function that takes an argument and returns its Fibonacci sequence equivalent.


33. How would you build a simple counter component using Reagent in ClojureScript?


34. Provide an example of a macro you’ve written and explain what problem it solved.


35. Given a list of maps, write a Clojure function that groups them by a specific key.


36. Show me an example of how you might optimize a recursive function in Clojure.


37. Describe how you would implement a simple middleware in a web application using Ring.


38. How would you approach testing a piece of Clojure/ClojureScript code?


39. Write a ClojureScript function that debounces a series of rapid events, such as button clicks.


40. Discuss the approach you would take to convert a JSON object to a Clojure map, considering keys should be converted to Clojure keywords.