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Health Care in the UK
The renowned war-time leader and Prime Minister Winston Churchill, after almost 50 years, is still in British people’s minds and head and shoulders above any other British iconic personality. 
So why was it that after WWII ended and a general election was called, Winston Churchill, a Conservative, lost? Instead, a socialist Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, was elected as the Labour Party won by a landslide. Probably the most significant factor that gave him such popularity was the work of a Welshman, Nye Bevan, who championed the creation of the Welfare State, which provided more generous unemployment benefit, sickness benefit, maternity and widows benefits and better state pensions, all funded by compulsory contributions from employer and employee. 
But the most important part of the Welfare State was the creation of a National Health Service (NHS) which gave essentially free medical care to everybody. As Minister of Health, Nye Bevan succeeded in introducing the NHS in 1948 and medical care was now the same for all, irrespective of their wealth. 
The NHS works on the principle that all UK residents have the right to be on the patient list of a General Practitioner, GP, usually local to them but of the choice of the individual. In recent decades, this right has been extended to all EU citizens who may be placed temporarily on a patient list. Such lists are administered by the Family Practitioners’ Committee so that no GP has too many potential patients, while at the same time receiving an annual bonus, in addition to their salary, depending on the number of people on their list. These GPs receive patients in their surgeries, which normally contain three or four GPs on average, a nurse, an administrator, and a receptionist. Consultation is almost always by appointment and a busy practice may ask patients to book up to 4-5 days in advance. 
Almost all medicines, with the exception of simple over-the-counter products, need a doctor’s prescription before the pharmacist will supply them and in the UK all drugs, irrespective of price, are supplied by pharmacists after a payment of a “prescription charge’. In 2005, this standard charge was £6.50, then about UAH 70 . To avoid penalising those who may be less able to pay, many categories of patients are exempt from prescription charges, such as pensioners, pregnant women, disabled people, the un- employed or those on low income. In the case of emergency or serious illness, there are two options available to a UK resident. If they are very ill, then they can request a home visit by their GP or delegated substitute who may be ”on call”, as all GPs have to have some time off, and emergency home visits are most likely at night. If the situation is more serious, then an ambulance can be called by dialling 999, which should arrive within minutes, or the GP making a home visit may decide to hospitalize a patient and they will then call out an ambulance. If a GP is away on a course or on holiday then their place is taken temporarily by a ‘locum’.
Hospitals in the UK are usually large and divided into “in-patients” and “out-patients”. Someone needing serious attention will be booked in as an in-patient, given a bed and assigned a course of treatment.
Others will come to the hospital themselves as out-patients, either as the result of an accident, to what used to be called a Casualty Department but is now called A&E (accident and emergency), or as a referral by a GP. There they will be treated and sent on their way home, unless a doctor decides they need to be hospitalized and they are admitted as in-patients. Prescription charges do not apply to either in-patients or out-patients, and all care and medicines are free. Those referred to see a Specialist by a GP are those who have a problem that the GP is concerned about and feels that the patient needs a more expert level of care. So a puzzling, chronic throat condition may be referred to an Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist at an out-patients’ department of a hospital. In such a case, the appointment is requested by the GP. 
Most of the doctors working as GPs have worked in hospitals, either as a junior House Doctor (generalist) as part of their medical training to get their MD qualification, or as a senior House Doctor after qualification, to obtain some of the experience needed for a GP. House Doctors, especially junior ones, traditionally work very long hours for relatively little pay and those that survive the course tend to have learnt a lot. 
All this is funded by National Insurance (NT) contributions, by both employers and by those in work from their pay-packets and from the standard prescription charge paid by those who can afford it. Many employers give their elite employees “paid health care” through some organization such as BUPA, but this does not actually affect their health care on the whole. Almost all medical care is carried out by the NHS but BUPA (or other such patients) may have, in the case of hospitalization, a private room with luxury facilities or even an assigned nurse, the extras being paid for by the ‘private health care’ organization. 
Of course, although some countries such as Canada, Sweden, Ukraine and Britain have a National Health Service, others such as the USA have a medical insurance system that pays for health care for each individual, as and when needed. Those individuals that don’t have insurance may find it extremely difficult to obtain health care at all in those countries where cash or insurance is needed. Just ask any sick person waiting for care whether their wallet or their health is the first priority and see what answer you get!