Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             clotting factor VIII 
2-  Hemophilia B, which occurs due to deficiency of clotting factor IX 
3- Hemophilia C, which occurs due to deficiency of factor XI 
- There is prolongation of clotting time with normal bleeding time and 
prothrombin time  
 
(3) Purpura:- 
• It is a bleeding disorder due to either deficient number or quality of the 
blood platelets 
• Deficient number is called thrombocytopenia  
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• Deficient  quality is called thrombocytasthenia. 
• Cause of purpura:- 
Anticoagulants: 
They used to prevent clotting inside the body  
1- HEPARIN: It is naturally occurring anticoagulant, formed in the body 
by mast cells and basophil leucocytes. It is a sulphated polysaccharide 
with strong acidic properties. its antidote is protamine sulphate  
Mechanism of action   
  -Antiprothrombin, 
antiprothrombin 
activator, 
antithrombin 
and 
fibrinolytic. 
2- COUMARIN DERIVATIVES As dicumarol and warfarin. 
There origin from plants and compete with vitamin K in the liver leading to 
inhibition of synthesis of factors II,VII, IX and X. its antidote is vitamin K 
 
White Blood Cells (WBCs) 
 
v These are the defensive cells of the blood. 
v Normal count of the WBCs =4000-11,000 cell/mm3. 
v They are synthesized in the bone marrow. Their life span ranges from hours 
to one day 
v There are 3 types of the granular leukocytes neutrophil, eosinophil and 
basophils 
v There are 2 types of the agranular leukocytes; lymphocytes and the 
monocytes 
30 
 
v 
 
Function of white blood cells 
Neutrophils 
Esinophil 
Basophil 
Monocyte 
Lymphocyte: 
(first line of 
defense )  
anti-
inflammatory 
against 
bacterial 
infection by 
phagocytosis 
body defense 
against 
parasitic 
infestation 
Anti-
allergic 
CONTAIN  
HISTAMINE 
anti-
inflammatory 
against 
bacterial 
infection by 
phagocytosis 
(macrophage): 
(very strong) 
second line 
(malaria, 
brucllosis) 
B lymphocyte and 
T lymphocyte 
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(formation of 
antibodies) 
 
 
Red blood cells (RBCs) 
 
 
 
• RBCs are non-nucleated circular biconcave discs. 
• The normal RBCs count is 5 million/ mm3. 
 
The life span of the RBCs is 120 days formed in bone marrow  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32 
 
 
Erythropoiesis (Formation of the RBCs) 
 
• In adult life, the RBCs are formed in the bone marrow. 
 
 
 
 
 
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Functions of the RBCs:- 
A- Functions of the membrane 
1. Allow passage of RBCs through narrow capillaries (Plastic not elastic) 
2. The biconcave membrane gives large surface area for gas exchange  
3. Has selective permeability to ions. 
4. Keeps HB and carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme inside them. 
B- Functions of haemoglobin  
1. Carriage of gases 
2. Buffering action 
 
Anemias 
Definition:- decrease of the number of the RBCs or decrease heamoglobin 
percent than normal. 
 
 
34 
 
• Normal Hb% in male 13-16 gm/dl  
                          female 12-14 gm/dl  
Types of anemia  
Anemia can be classified according to the size and Hb content of each RBC 
to:  
1. Normocytic normochromic  
2. Microcytic 

            Quiz: