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 servant, be laughed at by those you meet;
come off worse than others in everything,
in magistracies, in honors, in courts of judicature.
When you have considered all these things
round, approach, if you please; if, by parting
with them, you have a mind to purchase equanimity,
freedom, and tranquillity.”
End quote.
The next one is Chrysippus, who is often regarded
the greatest of all Stoics.
Chrysippus made great contributions to Stoic
philosophy; particularly in regards to the
Stoic system of propositional logic.
He was quite an industrious man, having written
more than 700 volumes.
Unfortunately, none of them survived.
Chrysippus further expanded on the Stoic system
of ethics, and followed the idea that living
a happy life is the end goal which all of
our actions should be geared towards.
And to reach this goal, we should examine
the universe to find out what’s good and bad.
Or how he put it:
“To live in accordance with one’s experience
of the things which come about by nature”
From this view, the Stoics gave birth to a
system that differentiates between virtue,
vice and everything that’s in between, and
concluded that living virtuously means living
happily, and living viciously means living
unhappily.
One of the cardinal Stoic virtues is ‘courage’
(as opposed to ‘cowardice’, which the
Stoics consider a vice).
Courage can be considered an essential element
of building Stoic fortitude.
Oftentimes, the path of virtue requires us
to face our fears, and go through pain instead
of avoiding it.
Courage allows us to make the right choices,
and reach our goals despite the obstacles
that lay on our path.
Typical everyday vices are quick fixes.
Using substances immoderately, or replacing
challenging tasks by easily digestible pleasures,
are ways in which we cower away from difficult
situations.
The problem is that vices bring short term
pleasure, that is immediately followed by
the misery of not reaching our long-term goals,
of gambling away opportunities we’re too
afraid to take, and the inevitable low that
follows from doing something that isn’t
good for us and our environment, which often
manifests in shame and guilt.
Virtue, on the other hand, may involve temporary
discomfort, but the long-term satisfaction
we gain is absolutely worth the struggle.
Therefore, we could see virtue as a star in
the sky that we continuously aim for.
And by anchoring ourselves in a goal that
transcends pain and pleasure, it’s much
easier not to falter in the face of adversity.
This mindset requires an indifference towards
the external situation we’re in, not letting
it overshadow our faculty of choice.
Thus we focus primarily on our own actions,
and whether or not they’re virtuous.
What’s happening around us comes secondary,
as it’s a matter of fate, which is beyond
our control.
I quote:
“If I knew that it was fated for me to be
sick, I would even wish for it; for the foot
also, if it had intelligence, would volunteer
to get muddy.”
End quote.
Sickness to the body, or whatever else may
overcome us, doesn’t impede our ability to act.
According to the Stoics, what happens is how
nature has intended it to be, so we shouldn’t
wish for things to happen differently; instead,
we should accept it and do what’s best in
that given situation.
This accepting position towards fate, and
how this benefits fortitude, brings us to
the next Stoic philosopher and once emperor
of Rome:
(4) Marcus Aurelius
As the leader of the world’s largest empire,
Marcus Aurelius knew exactly how harsh life can be.
Rome was not only in continuous war with its
enemies; it was also struck by the plague.
And on top of that, Marcus suffered various
illnesses, and a betrayal by his wife Faustina.
Also, to cope with all the difficult people
he faced on a daily basis, he invented a Stoic
exercise called the ‘negative visualization’
that fortifies the mind by adjusting our expectations.
In the eleventh book of his meditations, Marcus
encourages himself to live virtuously, without
being stopped by the people that stand in
his way.
Not everyone wants the best for us, and some
try to sabotage us.
But regardless of what they do, we can’t
blame them for our faults, as they’re unable
to affect our ability to choose.
Thus, we are responsible for our own choices.
I quote:
“Someone despises me.
That’s their problem.
Mine: not to do or say anything despicable.
Someone hates me.
Their problem.
Mine: to be patient and cheerful with everyone,
including them.
Ready to show them their mistake.
Not spitefully, or to show off my own self-control,
but in an honest, upright way.”
End quote.
To summarize:
Seneca advised us to let go of our ideals
about how the world should be, and, instead,
take it how it is.
Also, he told us that we cannot live well,
if we don’t know how to die well.
Thus, we shouldn’t close our eyes for misfortune;
instead we should expect it, and see it as
a part of life.
Epictetus told us that the things beyond our
control are weak and slavish, so they’re
unreliable factors to base our happiness upon.
It’s better to be indifferent towards anything
independent of our own will.
These things are inferior to what’s truly
in our power: our own actions.
Chrysippus, the greatest of all Stoics, further
developed the Stoic system of ethics, showing
us that a happy life is a virtuous life.
Courage is one of the cardinal virtues, meaning
that we must be willing to endure discomfort
and face our fears, in order to live well.
If we choose to engage in vices instead, we
may experience short-term pleasure, but this
will lead to unhappiness in the long run.
Marcus Aurelius wrote in his meditations that
no matter how severe the external circumstances
are; they won’t impede our ability to choose.
Therefore, we can’t blame other people for