answer the module from what i know to additional act.
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Module 4
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What causes changes in the composition of a rock during the process of
metamorphism?
a. increase in pressure
b. increase in temperature
c. reaction with hydrothermal fluids
d. All of these.
2. Which of the following is the process exhibited by parallel alignment of mica
in a metamorphic rock?
a. bedding
b. foliation
c. metasomatism
d. porphyroblasts
3. Which of the following sets of rocks is arranged in order of increasing
metamorphic grade?
a. shale - slate - schist
b. phyllite - schist - slate
c. schist - shale – gneiss
d. phyllite - gneiss - schist
4. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of limestone is
FALSE?
a. With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops.
b. With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water decreases.
c. With increasing metamorphism, the calcite minerals form a larger
crystal.
d. With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the minerals gets
smaller.
5. Which of the following is TRUE about contact metamorphism?
a. It occurs within the continental crust.
b. It takes place when heat and shock waves are formed from meteor or
asteroid impact.
c. Pressure has an important role in the transformation of rocks in
contact metamorphism.
d. It is prominent in areas where surrounding rocks are exposed to heat
coming from magma intrusion.
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6. Which of the following transformations is directly related to pressure in
producing metamorphic rocks?
a. formation of foliation
b. change mineralogical in the rock
c. the increasing size of mineral crystals
d. change in mineral composition of the rock
7. Which of the following metamorphic rocks would NOT come from mudrock?
a. Gneiss
b. Marble
c. Schist
d. Slate
8. What process contributes to the metamorphism of oceanic crust at the zone
of spreading ridge?
a. Dissolved minerals in the water confined within the rocks react with
the heat and trigger a chemical reaction.
b. Minerals present in the ocean water percolate through the rocks and
become deposited within the rocks while replacing other minerals.
c. The heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the ocean heats
the rock which leads to recrystallization of the original mineral content
of the rock.
d. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust creates
horizontal movements and deforms the rocks within leading to
formations of foliations and cracks.
9. Rigel argued with his classmates that the rock that he found in the campsite
near the foot of the Taal volcano was a metamorphic rock. Others claimed that
it was a volcanic rock because it was found near a volcano hence, an igneous
rock. What features of the rock would have convinced Rigel that it was a
metamorphic rock and not an igneous rock?
a. The minerals in rocks are almost invisible to be seen.
b. The rock contains bits of old shells of snails and wood.
c. The surface of the rock has holes similar to Swiss cheese.
d. The rock contains interlocking and large crystals of minerals compared
to minerals found in igneous rocks.
10.Diamonds are minerals made through a process like metamorphism which
results in a very dense arrangement of carbon atoms. What type of
metamorphism would create a diamond?
I. Burial metamorphism
II. Contact metamorphism
III. Shock metamorphism
IV. High-pressure metamorphism
V. Hydrothermal metamorphism
a. I and II b. II and V c. III and IV d. IV and V
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11.Which of the following metamorphic rocks may have come from a shale?
a. gneiss
b. phyllite
c. schist
d. All of the above.
12.In which geographic area will there be a metamorphic rock with very distinct
foliations?
a. near magma intrusion
b. at the core of the Himalayas
c. in the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean
d. in convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other
13.Low-grade metamorphism takes place at temperatures between 200 oC to 320
oC, and at relatively low pressure. Which metamorphic rock is created in this
environmental setting?
a. Gneiss
b. Hornfels
c. Schist
d. Slate
14. How does the presence of a hot pluton contribute to metasomatism?
I. The heat coming from the pluton heats up the rock and triggers the
recrystallization of its original minerals.
II. A hot pluton heats the surrounding water, causing groundwater to
circulate around the rocks.
III. Magma within the pluton cooks up the minerals and destroys its original
crystal arrangements.
a. Only I is correct.
b. Only II is correct.
c. I and II are correct.
d. All are correct.
15. How does metasomatism occur?
a. Minerals recrystallize through contact metamorphism due to heat.
b. The arrangement of original minerals is destroyed by the impact due to
asteroid bombardment.
c. Minerals recrystallize and realign through regional metamorphism due to
heat and pressure.
d. The dissolved minerals in the fluids react with rocks that the fluids
penetrate causing changes in chemical and mineral compositions.
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Lesson
4
Metamorphism
This lesson contains activities and readings about one of the geologic activities that
take place inside the Earth’s crust. You will learn basic concepts and information
about metamorphism through a brief discussion of the process, the factors involved
during the process, and its connection to tectonic settings and the environment
where metamorphism occurs. In the activities, you are expected to use the knowledge
and skills that you learned and gained from the previous modules in connection to
the new set of skills and information that you will learn from this module.
What’s In
In the previous module, you learned about the three processes that take place
inside the Earth that influence the shape and structure of the Earth – magmatism,
volcanism, and plutonism. In this module, you will learn another important geologic
process that also takes place inside the earth – Metamorphism. Metamorphism is
one of the geologic processes in which rocks change in form, composition, and
structure due to intense heat and pressure and sometimes with the introduction of
chemically active fluids. While learning through this module, you can make concept
connections between major geologic features such as tectonic features of Earth and
endogenic processes that you learned previously with the processes that rocks
undergo during metamorphism - how those geologic processes influence the changes
that rocks undergo and form the so-called metamorphic rocks.
Notes to the Teacher
Hello dear teachers, this module may be used by learners with
minimal supervision. The activities included are suitable for
their level and capacity. As pre-requisite to this module, make
sure that the learners had finished the previous modules on
minerals, classification of rocks and endogenic processes such
as magmatism, volcanism and plutonism. Thank you.
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What’s New
Activity 1
Geologic processes that take place underneath the ground are very hard to
describe because we cannot directly observe what’s going on beneath us. Hence, to
visualize the events that are taking place in the Earth’s crust, let us do this
simulation activity.
For this activity, you may ask the help of your parents or siblings with you at
home. You may use materials as alternatives if the ones given are not available at
your house. Let’s start.
Follow the procedures for each set-up below. Answer the guide questions that
follow. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Set-up 1
Materials:
● Raw egg white
● A shallow pan (you may use a plate as an alternative)
● Boiled water in a glass jar or bottle
Procedures:
1. Separate yolk from the egg white (you will be using only the egg white) and
pour it in a shallow pan.
2. Transfer your boiled water to a glass jar or a bottle and place it in the middle
of the pan.
3. Observe the changes in the egg white.
Guide Questions:
1. What did you notice on the egg white near the glass jar with hot water? What
do you think caused that change?
2. Did you observe any change on the egg white far from the hot glass jar? How
can you explain this observation?
Set-up 2
Materials:
● pieces of sticks taken from walis ting-ting with different lengths
● two rulers (you may use any alternative for the purpose)
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Procedures:
1. Drop the sticks onto an even surface and let them take a different direction
or orientation.
2. Using two rulers, placed on either side of the sticks, pull them toward the
center while trapping the sticks in the middle.
Guide Questions:
1. The sticks represent the minerals present in the rocks. What changes did you
observe on the sticks when you pulled the rulers together towards the middle?
2. In the activity, the rulers represent the tectonic forces that push rocks. What
can you infer from this activity about the minerals in rocks when undergoing
the same forces?
3. In this process, can you name the factor responsible for the changes that
occurred?
What is It
The activity demonstrates how rocks respond to geologic factors such as heat and
pressure in forming metamorphic rocks through metamorphism. Metamorphism
takes place tens of kilometers below the surface where temperatures and pressures
are high enough to transform rock without melting it. The increase in temperature
and pressure and change of the chemical environment can change the mineral
composition and crystalline textures of the rock while remaining solid all the while.
The metamorphic rocks under these change conditions depend on the original rock
chemistry, the exact pressures, and temperature to which rocks are subjected, and
the amount of water available for chemical reaction.
Factors Involved in Metamorphism
1. Temperature. It plays a crucial role in metamorphism. The heat affects the rock’s
chemical composition, mineralogy, and texture. For instance, during burial
metamorphism, at a depth of about 8 to 15 kilometers from the surface of the
crust, metamorphic reactions begin. The rocks adjust to the new temperature
causing their atoms and ions to recrystallize and form new arrangements thereby
creating new mineral assemblages. During recrystallization, new crystals grow
larger than the crystals in the original rock.
For example, in figure 1,when sedimentary rock (mudrock) – shale becomes
buried deeper and deeper, the clay minerals in the rock will begin to recrystallize
and form new minerals, such as micas in slate – a metamorphic rock from shale.
With additional burial, at greater depth, where the temperature is higher, mineral
micas begin to transform into a new mineral garnet in schist – another
metamorphic rock with a higher grade. The rate at which temperature increases
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with depth in the Earth’s crust is known as geothermal gradient which varies
on plate tectonic settings like the thickness of the crust or whether the area is in
the subduction zone between oceanic and continental or under the converging
two continental crusts. Subduction zones, for instance, are characterized by lowtemperature metamorphism, and the area at which collision takes place between
two converging crustal plates is characterized by high-temperature
metamorphism. In a nutshell, the higher the temperature, the higher the
metamorphism grade until such time when the temperature is high enough to
melt the rocks resulting in the formation of magma.
Figure 1. Sedimentary to Metamorphic Rocks
2. Pressure. Like temperature, it changes the composition, mineralogy, and texture of
rocks. Pressure is different in various tectonic settings, like temperature. For
instance, metamorphism in the subduction zone is characterized by high-pressure
metamorphism. In contrast, the collision zone between two continental crusts is
marked by moderate-pressure metamorphism.
There are two types of pressures known also as stresses that exert force on rocks
causing changes.
a. The vertical stress or confining pressure is the stress or pressure exerted on
the rock by the weight of overlying material such as in burial metamorphism. This type
of pressure is the same in all directions and makes the rocks to fracture or deform.
b. The directed or differential pressure is imposed by a force in a particular
direction. Differential pressure is dominant at convergent boundaries where plates
move towards each other and collide thus exerting force and cause rocks to deform.
Pressure causes rocks to form folds in a particular direction as directed by the
pressure, thus directed pressure guides the shape and orientation of the new crystals
formed as minerals recrystallize under the influence of both heat and pressure. This
results in a textural change such that the minerals are elongated in the direction
perpendicular to the directed stress and this contributes to the formation of foliation.
Foliation is a set of flat or wavy parallel cleavage planes produced by deformation
under directed pressures. In the figure below, the effect of compression due to pressure
aligns the minerals as they recrystallize during metamorphism. The diagram on the
Sedimentary rock – Shale
with clay minerals
Metamorphic rock – Slate
with mica minerals
Metamorphic rock –
Schist with garnet minerals
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left represents the minerals in shale, a sedimentary rock with beddings in the direction
shown. The diagram in the middle represents minerals in slate, a low-grade
metamorphic rock from the original rock shale, with mica crystals orientated
perpendicular to the direction of the pressure. The minerals in higher-grade
metamorphic rock schist, with very evident foliation, are represented by the diagram
in the far right which shows larger bandings of minerals caused by even greater
pressure.
The circulating mineral-laden fluids through rock bodies known as
Hydrothermal fluids also play a role in metamorphism. The dissolved
minerals in the fluids react with rocks causing changes in chemical and mineral
compositions and sometimes completely replacing one mineral with another
without changing the textures of the rocks. This type of metamorphism is known
as metasomatism in which the alteration process is caused by fluids passing
through the rock and catalyzing chemical reactions. For example, when the heat
of the intrusive igneous body heats up the groundwater containing dissolved
minerals, convection of water forms flowing through the surrounding rocks and
penetrating through them. Reactions occur among chemicals in the rocks and in
the water resulting in significant changes in the mineralogy of the rock. An
example is the alteration of feldspars to clays, and deposition of quartz, calcite,
and other minerals in fractures or cracks and other open spaces forming veins
such as represented by the figure below.
Sedimentary rock –
Shale with bedding
plane
Metamorphic rock –
Slate with foliation
Metamorphic rock –
Schist with larger foliation
Figure 2. Foliation during Metamorphism
Calcite vein
deposits in
limestone rock
Figure 3. Limestone with Calcite Vein Deposits
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Metamorphism caused by hydrothermal fluids also occurs in mid-ocean ridges
where hot lava, coming out of the fissures, reacts with mineral-rich ocean water.
This causes serpentines to form through oxidation and hydration chemical
reaction of peridotites- olivine-rich rocks at the base of the oceanic crust. This is
known as serpentinization.
Types of Metamorphism
Metamorphic rocks are categorized based on geologic origins.
Regional Metamorphism forms foliated metamorphic rocks such as Gneiss
and Schist due to high temperature and pressure imposed on large parts of the
crust. Most regional metamorphism occurs within the continental crust.
Although rocks can be metamorphosed at depth in most areas, deep below the
mountains produced by the collision of two continental crusts is the area of
greatest regional metamorphism. In general, the confining and directing pressures
exerted by some tectonic forces onto rock formations cause new alignment of
minerals (foliation) during recrystallization.
Another type of metamorphism is contact metamorphism which is
prominent in areas where surrounding rocks are exposed to heat coming from
magma intrusion within the layers of the rocks. Marble, quartzite, and other
granoblastic rocks with large visible crystals of minerals may be formed through
contact metamorphism. For example, when the quartz-rich sedimentary rock
encounters enough heat from the presence of igneous intrusions to trigger
recrystallization, all sedimentary structures are destroyed and quartz grains in
the sandstone recrystallize to form an interlocking mosaic of crystals giving it a
granoblastic texture. The resulting rock is white or pale grey known as
metaquartzite. The size of the crystals is larger near to the contact with the
igneous intrusion and smaller when further away from the contact where
temperatures are not as high. The same things happen with limestone, the parent
rock of marble. The heat coming from igneous intrusion destroys the calcite
minerals including the fossils found in the limestone and forms a marble with an
interlocking mosaic of crystals. A limestone made of pure calcite minerals would
transform into pure white marble.
Other types of metamorphism include shock metamorphism which takes
place when the heat and shock waves from meteor or asteroid impact transform
rocks immediately around the impact site. Examples of this are the
transformation of mineral graphite into ultra-high-pressure polymorph diamond
and the conversion of quartz minerals into coesite under high shock pressures.
Burial Metamorphism occurs at lower temperature and pressure which
transforms sedimentary rocks that had undergone diagenesis into low-grade
metamorphic rocks through relatively low temperature and pressure. Partial
alteration of the mineralogy and texture may occur while other sedimentary
structures are usually preserved.
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In subduction zones, between two converging plates, high-pressure
metamorphism occurs. Metamorphic rocks created through these processes are
rarely found on the Earth’s surface as they were formed in such a great depth.
Some metamorphic rocks formed through these types of metamorphism contain
bits of microscopic diamonds, an indication that the rock was formed with great
pressure. An example of rock made through this type of metamorphism is the
eglcosite which has transformed with pressure greater than 28 kbar at a depth of
approximately above 80 km.
Based on the discussion presented above. Answer the questions about
metamorphism. You may write your answer on a piece of paper.
Questions:
1. At what depths in the Earth do metamorphic rocks form? What happens if
temperature and pressure get too high?
2. What texture is formed when mineral crystals are aligned with preferred
orientation in a metamorphic rock?
3. How would you relate the grade of metamorphic rocks to the degree of
temperature in which it was made?
4. Which metamorphic rock would you associate with a high grade of regional
metamorphism (phyllite, slate, schist, or gneiss)? Why?
5. Why is it important to study metamorphism? How would you relate your
chosen field (STEM) to this kind of study?
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What’s More
Activity 1
A. Identify the geologic area and the respective type of metamorphism that occurs
in the encircled portion of the illustration below. Please refer to the template table
below for your answers. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Table 1. Data Table for Activity 1: Metamorphism and Geologic Area
No. Geologic area Type of Metamorphism
1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure 4. Types of Metamorphism and where they occur
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Activity 2
Fill in the table below with the correct information about metamorphism. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Table 2. Completion table for Metamorphism
What I Have Learned
Complete the sentences below by writing the correct word/phrase. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Metamorphism is the alteration of rock’s _____________, _____________, and
_____________.
2. Metamorphic rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to significant
changes in _____________ and _____________.
3. Confining pressure is _____________, whereas directed pressure is
_____________.
4. In the presence of directed pressure, recrystallization may align minerals
_____________ to the force/stress applied on the rocks.
Type of
metamorphis
m
Changes that
occur in
rocks
Agent/factor
responsible for
the change
Most strategic
geographic
location where
it occurs
Example of
metamorphic
rock formed
(1) alignment of
minerals
perpendicular
to force
(2) (3) (4)
(5) (6) (7) (8) Hornfels
(9) (10) the heat from the
impact of the
asteroid
(11) (12)
(13) (14) (15) Subduction zone (16)
Burial
metamorphism
(17) (18) (19) (20)
(21) (22) Hydrothermal
fluids
(23) (24)
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5. _____________ metamorphism takes place where both high pressure and
temperature are imposed over large parts of the crust and usually takes place
in _____________ plate boundaries.
6. _____________ is the localized transformation of rocks near to igneous
intrusions mainly because of high temperatures.
7. Other types of metamorphism are _____________, _____________, and
_____________.
8. _____________ is created by alignment of minerals under directed pressure.
9. Granoblastic rocks are _____________ rocks composed mainly of crystals that
grow in large size and distinct shapes.
10. Metasomatism occurs when the change in rock’s composition is due to
interactions with _____________.
What I Can Do
Semi-fieldwork Activity
Go to your backyard, home, or school garden or in any place near and safe for you
to collect some metamorphic rocks and bring them home. (Make sure to clean them
first and don’t forget to wash your hands).
Make a table like the one below and make a log of the information about the rocks
that you collected.
Table 3. Data Table for Semi-field Activity
Rock
Sample
number
Picture/
Drawing
Describe the
features of
the
metamorphic
rock sample
Classify the
type of the
metamorphic
rock sample
Write your inference
about how the rock
samples underwent
metamorphism.
1
2
3

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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is FALSE?
A. Foliation develops as metamorphism increases.
B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism increases.
C. The clay minerals break down to form micas as metamorphism
increases.
D. The size of the minerals gets smaller as metamorphism increases.
2. Which of the following has the CORRECT set of major agents in
metamorphism?
A. temperature and pressure
B. pressure and tectonic forces
C. temperature and mineral fluids
D. hydrothermal fluids and pressure
3. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the major role of pressure in
producing metamorphic rocks?
A. Pressure leads to foliation in the rock.
B. Pressure decreases the size of mineral crystals.
C. Pressure leads to a mineralogical change in the rock.
D. Pressure facilitates change in the mineral composition of the rock.
4. What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mudrock experiences high-grade
metamorphism?
A. Gneiss
B. Phyllite
C. Schist
D. Slate
5. Granite is an igneous rock that is formed through the slow solidification of
magma. Accordingly, it does not change very much at lower metamorphic
grades. Why is this so?
A. Granite minerals are still stable at lower temperatures.
B. Granite, like any other igneous rock, is geologically impossible to
become a parent rock of metamorphic rock.
C. Granite remains largely unchanged at lower metamorphic grades
because its surrounding environment is constantly stable.
D. All of the above.
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6. What process contributes to the metamorphism of oceanic crust at a
spreading ridge?
A. Dissolved minerals in the confined water within the rocks react with
heat and trigger chemical reactions.
B. The heat coming out from hydrothermal vents under the ocean heats
up the rock and forms recrystallization of the original mineral content
of the rock.
C. Minerals present in the ocean water percolate through the rocks and
get deposited within while replacing other minerals.
D. Interaction of plates below the spreading oceanic crust creates
horizontal movements and deforms the rocks within leading to
formations of foliations and cracks.
7. While walking, Daniel picked up a rock that had been washed up onto the
beach. Noticing that it has wavy bands of light and dark-colored minerals, he
claimed that the rock is a metamorphic rock. Which of the following inferences
about its formation is the MOST CORRECT?
A. The pressure was the main agent in rock’s formation which aligned the
minerals into a new orientation.
B. The rock was formed through high-pressure metamorphism made by
the impact of a large body into the Earth’s surface.
C. The minerals in the rocks were altered through recrystallization
changing their size into large crystals.
D. The bands in the rock were formed through the deposition of minerals
from the hot fluids that surround it during the formation process.
8. Which of the following is the cause of high temperature and pressure in
regional metamorphism?
A. impact force
B. greater depth of burial
C. the local intrusive heat source
D. increased rate of radioactive decay
9. Which of the following metamorphic rocks CANNOT form from a shale?
A. hornfels
B. marble
C. schist
D. slate
10.On a local field trip, a group of students noticed that they were walking across
a path made of rocks that starts from shale into a slate and into a phyllite.
What can you infer from the direction taken by the students concerning the
grades of metamorphic rocks?
A. It follows a decreasing metamorphic grade.
B. It indicates an increasing metamorphic grade.
C. It indicates an increasing degree of contact metamorphism.
D. It shows a decreasing degree of regional metamorphism.
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11.In which geographic area will there be the HIGHEST potential for regional
metamorphism?
A. in the Philippine trench
B. near an igneous intrusion
C. at the core of the Himalayas
D. in the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean
12.Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?
A. Gneiss
B. Hornfels
C. Marble
D. Quartzite
13.Blueschist metamorphism takes place within subduction zones. What are the
temperature and pressure characteristics of this geological setting?
A. low temperature and pressure
B. high temperature and pressure
C. low temperature and high pressure
D. high temperature and low pressure
14.How does the presence of a hot pluton contribute to metasomatism?
I. A hot pluton heats the surrounding water, causing groundwater to
circulate the rocks.
II. Magma within the pluton is the source of minerals that seeps through the
rocks and causes chemical exchange.
III. The heat coming from the pluton heats up the rock and triggers
recrystallization of its original minerals.
A. Only I is correct.
B. Only II is correct.
C. I and II are correct.
D. All are correct.
The figure below shows a microscopic illustration of minerals of certain
sedimentary rock (parent rock) which is subjected to high pressure and
temperature underground forming a foliated metamorphic rock.
High
Pressure and
Temperature
Figure 5. Schematic representation of Metamorphic reaction
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15.What type of metamorphism occurs in the given illustration?
a. Burial metamorphism
b. Contact metamorphism
c. Regional metamorphism
d. Shock metamorphism
Additional Activities
Using the important terms or vocabularies and concepts from this module, create a
concept map about metamorphism. You may use a computer in creating your
concept map or draw it on a piece of typewriter paper. Once you are done, please
submit your work to your teacher. Good luck!
Rubrics
Key Elements
Very Satisfactory
(3pts.)
Satisfactory
(2 pts.)
Needs
Improvement
(1 pt.)
Organization
● Terminologies are logically
organized.
● Keywords are used/
presented to promote an
overview of the unit.
● The organization of the
concepts/ terms is easy to
follow.
Only two
indicators
are evident.
Only one
indicator is
evident.
Content and
Concept
● The concept map contains
most of the
main/important
concepts.
● Appropriate
terminologies and
notations are
used/presented.
● No misconceptions and
errors are evident in the
concept map.
Only two
indicators
are evident.
Only one
indicator is
evident.
Relationship
among
Content/Concept
● All words are accurately
connected.
● Arrows easily connect
concepts in an informative
manner.
● Meaningful and original
insights are clearly
demonstrated in the
concept map.
Only two
indicators
are evident.
Only one
indicator is
evident.