You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


/*
 * Copyright 2020 Confluent Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Confluent Community License (the "License"; you may not use
 * this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
 * License at
 *
 * http://www.confluent.io/confluent-community-license
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
 */

package io.confluent.ksql.test.driver;

import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import io.confluent.kafka.schemaregistry.client.MockSchemaRegistryClient;
import io.confluent.ksql.GenericRow;
import io.confluent.ksql.KsqlExecutionContext.ExecuteResult;
import io.confluent.ksql.ServiceInfo;
import io.confluent.ksql.config.SessionConfig;
import io.confluent.ksql.engine.KsqlEngine;
import io.confluent.ksql.engine.generic.GenericRecordFactory;
import io.confluent.ksql.engine.generic.KsqlGenericRecord;
import io.confluent.ksql.format.DefaultFormatInjector;
import io.confluent.ksql.logging.processing.NoopProcessingLogContext;
import io.confluent.ksql.metastore.MetaStoreImpl;
import io.confluent.ksql.metastore.model.DataSource;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.AssertTable;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.KsqlParser.ParsedStatement;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.KsqlParser.PreparedStatement;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.AssertStatement;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.AssertStream;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.AssertTombstone;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.AssertValues;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.CreateAsSelect;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.CreateSource;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.InsertValues;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.SetProperty;
import io.confluent.ksql.parser.tree.UnsetProperty;
import io.confluent.ksql.properties.PropertyOverrider;
import io.confluent.ksql.query.id.SequentialQueryIdGenerator;
import io.confluent.ksql.schema.ksql.PersistenceSchema;
import io.confluent.ksql.schema.utils.FormatOptions;
import io.confluent.ksql.serde.GenericKeySerDe;
import io.confluent.ksql.serde.GenericRowSerDe;
import io.confluent.ksql.services.FakeKafkaTopicClient;
import io.confluent.ksql.services.ServiceContext;
import io.confluent.ksql.services.TestServiceContext;
import io.confluent.ksql.statement.ConfiguredStatement;
import io.confluent.ksql.statement.Injector;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.KsqlTestException;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.driver.TestDriverPipeline.TopicInfo;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.parser.SqlTestLoader;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.parser.TestDirective;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.parser.TestStatement;
import io.confluent.ksql.test.tools.TestFunctionRegistry;
import io.confluent.ksql.util.KsqlConfig;
import io.confluent.ksql.util.KsqlException;
import io.confluent.ksql.util.PersistentQueryMetadata;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serde;
import org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Struct;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.StreamsConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.Topology;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.TopologyTestDriver;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class KsqlTesterTest {

  private static final String TEST_DIR = "/sql-tests";

  private static final ImmutableMap<String, Object> BASE_CONFIG = ImmutableMap
      .<String, Object>builder()
      .put(ConsumerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, "localhost:0")
      .put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_COMMIT_INTERVAL_MS_CONFIG, 0)
      .put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_OFFSET_RESET_CONFIG, "earliest")
      .put(StreamsConfig.CACHE_MAX_BYTES_BUFFERING_CONFIG, 0)
      .put(StreamsConfig.MAX_TASK_IDLE_MS_CONFIG, 0L)
      .put(KsqlConfig.KSQL_SERVICE_ID_CONFIG, "some.ksql.service.id")
      .build();

  @Rule
  public final TemporaryFolder tmpFolder = TemporaryFolder.builder().build();

  // parameterized
  private final Path file;
  private final List<TestStatement> statements;

  // initialized in setUp
  private ServiceContext serviceContext;
  private KsqlEngine engine;
  private KsqlConfig config;
  private Injector formatInjector;
  private TestDriverPipeline driverPipeline;
  private FakeKafkaTopicClient topicClient;

  // populated during run
  private Map<String, Object> overrides;

  // populated during execution to handle the expected exception
  // scenario - don't use Matchers because they do not create very
  // user friendly error messages
  private Class<? extends Throwable> expectedException;
  private String expectedMessage;

  @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{0}")
  public static Object[][] data() throws IOException {
    final Path testDir = Paths.get(KsqlTesterTest.class.getResource(TEST_DIR).getFile());
    final SqlTestLoader loader = new SqlTestLoader(testDir);
    return loader.load()
        .map(test -> new Object[]{
            "(" + test.getFile().getParent().toFile().getName()
                + "/" + test.getFile().toFile().getName() + ") "
                + test.getName(),
            test.getFile(),
            test.getStatements()})
        .toArray(Object[][]::new);
  }

  public KsqlTesterTest(final String testCase, final Path file, final List<TestStatement> statements) {
    this.file = Objects.requireNonNull(file, "file");
    this.statements = statements;
  }

  @Before
  public void setUp() {
    final MockSchemaRegistryClient srClient = new MockSchemaRegistryClient();
    this.topicClient = new FakeKafkaTopicClient();
    this.serviceContext = TestServiceContext.create(topicClient, () -> srClient);
    this.config = new KsqlConfig(BASE_CONFIG);
    this.formatInjector = new DefaultFormatInjector();

    final MetaStoreImpl metaStore = new MetaStoreImpl(TestFunctionRegistry.INSTANCE.get());
    this.engine = new KsqlEngine(
        serviceContext,
        NoopProcessingLogContext.INSTANCE,
        metaStore,
        ServiceInfo.create(config),
        new SequentialQueryIdGenerator()
    );

    this.expectedException = null;
    this.expectedMessage = null;

    this.overrides = new HashMap<>();
    this.driverPipeline = new TestDriverPipeline();
  }

  @After
  public void close() {
    engine.close(true);
    serviceContext.close();
  }

  @Test
  public void test() {
    for (final TestStatement testStatement : statements) {
      try {
        testStatement.consume(this::execute, this::doAssert, this::directive);
      } catch (final Throwable e) {
        handleExpectedException(testStatement, e);
        return;
      }
    }

    if (expectedException != null || expectedMessage != null) {
      final String clazz = expectedException == null ? "<any>" : expectedException.getName();
      final String msg = expectedMessage == null ? "<any>" : expectedMessage;
      throw new KsqlTestException(
          Iterables.getLast(statements),
          file,
          "Did not get expected exception of type " + clazz + " with message " + msg
      );
    }
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private void execute(final ParsedStatement parsedStatement) {
    final PreparedStatement<?> engineStatement = engine.prepare(parsedStatement);
    final ConfiguredStatement<?> configured = ConfiguredStatement
        .of(engineStatement, SessionConfig.of(config, overrides));

    createTopics(engineStatement);

    if (engineStatement.getStatement() instanceof InsertValues) {
      pipeInput((ConfiguredStatement<InsertValues>) configured);
      return;
    } else if (engineStatement.getStatement() instanceof SetProperty) {
      PropertyOverrider.set((ConfiguredStatement<SetProperty>) configured, overrides);
      return;
    } else if (engineStatement.getStatement() instanceof UnsetProperty) {
      PropertyOverrider.unset((ConfiguredStatement<UnsetProperty>) configured, overrides);
      return;
    }

    final ConfiguredStatement<?> injected = formatInjector.inject(configured);
    final ExecuteResult result = engine.execute(
        serviceContext,
        injected);

    // is DDL statement
    if (!result.getQuery().isPresent()) {
      return;
    }

    final PersistentQueryMetadata query = (PersistentQueryMetadata) result.getQuery().get();
    final Topology topology = query.getTopology();
    final Properties properties = new Properties();
    properties.putAll(query.getStreamsProperties());
    properties.put(StreamsConfig.STATE_DIR_CONFIG, tmpFolder.getRoot().getAbsolutePath());

    final TopologyTestDriver driver = new TopologyTestDriver(topology, properties);
    query.onStop(deleteState -> closeDriver(driver, properties, deleteState));

    final List<TopicInfo> inputTopics = query
        .getSourceNames()
        .stream()
        .map(sn -> engine.getMetaStore().getSource(sn))
        .map(ds -> new TopicInfo(ds.getKafkaTopicName(), keySerde(ds), valueSerde(ds)))
        .collect(Collectors.toList());

    final DataSource output = engine.getMetaStore().getSource(query.getSinkName());
    final TopicInfo outputInfo = new TopicInfo(
        output.getKafkaTopicName(),
        keySerde(output),
        valueSerde(output)
    );

    driverPipeline.addDriver(driver, inputTopics, outputInfo);
  }

  private void closeDriver(
      final TopologyTestDriver driver,
      final Properties properties,
      final boolean deleteState
  ) {
    // this is a hack that lets us close the driver (releasing the lock on the state
    // directory) without actually cleaning up the resources. This essentially simulates
    // the behavior we have in QueryMetadata#close vs QueryMetadata#stop
    //
    // in production we have the additional safeguard of changelog topics, but the
    // test driver doesn't support pre-loading state stores from changelog topics,
    // so we're stuck with the solution of preserving the state store
    final String appId = properties.getProperty(StreamsConfig.APPLICATION_ID_CONFIG);
    final File stateDir = tmpFolder.getRoot().toPath().resolve(appId).toFile();
    final File tmp = tmpFolder.getRoot().toPath().resolve("tmp_" + appId).toFile();

    try {
      if (!deleteState && stateDir.exists()) {
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(stateDir, tmp);
      }

      driver.close();

      if (tmp.exists()) {
        FileUtils.copyDirectory(tmp, stateDir);
        FileUtils.deleteDirectory(tmp);
      }
    } catch (final IOException e) {
      throw new KsqlException(e);
    }
  }

  private void createTopics(final PreparedStatement<?> engineStatement) {
    if (engineStatement.getStatement() instanceof CreateSource) {
      final CreateSource statement = (CreateSource) engineStatement.getStatement();
      topicClient.preconditionTopicExists(
          statement.getProperties().getKafkaTopic(),
          statement.getProperties().getPartitions().orElse(1),
          statement.getProperties().getReplicas().orElse((short) 1),
          ImmutableMap.of()
      );
    } else if (engineStatement.getStatement() instanceof CreateAsSelect) {
      final CreateAsSelect statement = (CreateAsSelect) engineStatement.getStatement();
      topicClient.preconditionTopicExists(
          statement.getProperties().getKafkaTopic()
              .orElse(statement.getName().toString(FormatOptions.noEscape()).toUpperCase()),
          statement.getProperties().getPartitions().orElse(1),
          statement.getProperties().getReplicas().orElse((short) 1),
          ImmutableMap.of()
      );
    }
  }

  private void pipeInput(final ConfiguredStatement<InsertValues> statement) {
    final InsertValues insertValues = statement.getStatement();
    final DataSource dataSource = engine.getMetaStore().getSource(insertValues.getTarget());
    if (dataSource == null) {
      throw new KsqlException("Unknown data source " + insertValues.getTarget());
    }

    final KsqlGenericRecord record = new GenericRecordFactory(
        config, engine.getMetaStore(), System::currentTimeMillis
    ).build(
        insertValues.getColumns(),
        insertValues.getValues(),
        dataSource.getSchema(),
        dataSource.getDataSourceType()
    );
    driverPipeline.pipeInput(
        dataSource.getKafkaTopicName(),
        record.key,
        record.value,
        record.ts
    );
  }

  private void doAssert(final AssertStatement statement) {
    if (statement instanceof AssertValues) {
      AssertExecutor.assertValues(engine, config, (AssertValues) statement, driverPipeline);
    } else if (statement instanceof AssertTombstone) {
      AssertExecutor.assertTombstone(engine, config, (AssertTombstone) statement, driverPipeline);
    } else if (statement instanceof AssertStream) {
      AssertExecutor.assertStream(engine, config, ((AssertStream) statement));
    } else if (statement instanceof AssertTable) {
      AssertExecutor.assertTable(engine, config, ((AssertTable) statement));
    }
  }

  private Serde<Struct> keySerde(final DataSource sinkSource) {
    final PersistenceSchema schema = PersistenceSchema.from(
        sinkSource.getSchema().key(),
        sinkSource.getSerdeOptions().keyFeatures()
    );

    return new GenericKeySerDe().create(
        sinkSource.getKsqlTopic().getKeyFormat().getFormatInfo(),
        schema,
        config,
        serviceContext.getSchemaRegistryClientFactory(),
        "",
        NoopProcessingLogContext.INSTANCE
    );
  }

  private Serde<GenericRow> valueSerde(final DataSource sinkSource) {
    return GenericRowSerDe.from(
        sinkSource.getKsqlTopic().getValueFormat().getFormatInfo(),
        PersistenceSchema.from(
            sinkSource.getSchema().value(),
            sinkSource.getSerdeOptions().valueFeatures()),
        config,
        serviceContext.getSchemaRegistryClientFactory(),
        "",
        NoopProcessingLogContext.INSTANCE
    );
  }

  private void directive(final TestDirective directive) {
    try {
      switch (directive.getType()) {
        case EXPECTED_ERROR:
          handleExpectedClass(directive);
          break;
        case EXPECTED_MESSAGE:
          handleExpectedMessage(directive);
          break;
        default:
      }
    } catch (final Exception e) {
      throw new KsqlException("Failed to handle directive " + directive, e);
    }
  }

  private void handleExpectedException(final TestStatement testStatement, final Throwable e) {
    if (expectedException == null && expectedMessage == null) {
      throw new KsqlTestException(testStatement, file, e);
    }

    if (!e.getMessage().contains(expectedMessage)) {
      throw new KsqlTestException(
          testStatement,
          file,
          "Expected exception with message \"" + expectedMessage + "\" but got " + e);
    }

    if (!expectedException.isInstance(e)) {
      throw new KsqlTestException(
          testStatement,
          file,
          "Expected exception with class " + expectedException + " but got " + e);
    }
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private void handleExpectedClass(final TestDirective directive) throws ClassNotFoundException {
    expectedException = (Class<? extends Exception>) Class.forName(directive.getContents());
  }

  private void handleExpectedMessage(final TestDirective directive) {
    expectedMessage = directive.getContents();
  }
}