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"One of the most vexed questions in the interpretation of Ezekiel remains the identity of Gog. The seventh-century king Gyges of Lydia has often been suggested but is not a convincing candidate. Gyges had been dead over a century by Ezekiel’s time and had never commanded power anything like that attributed to Gog. The only points of connection are the similarity in names and the location of each in (different areas of) Anatolia. Recent scholarship prefers to see Gog as an embodiment of chaos, a designation that suits his role as the ultimate force opposing YHWH’s people and defying his universal sovereignty. A third possibility is that Gog represents Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon, elevated here into an enemy of cosmic significance. Several factors support reading Gog as a cipher for Nebuchadrezzar. First, the role played by Nebuchadrezzar elsewhere in Ezekiel poses serious dissonances within Ezekiel’s overall theological outlook. Nebuchadrezzar is depicted in exclusively positive terms in Ezekiel, as YHWH’s covenant partner (see Ezek 17) and his agent in destroying both Israel and its smaller neighbours (see e.g. Ezek 21:18-23; 26:7-14; 29:17-20). Nebuchadrezzar’s role parallels that played in Isaiah by Assyria, who is employed by YHWH as ‘the rod of [YHWH’s] anger’ against Israel (Isa 10:5-11). In Ezekiel, Babylonia’s role as ally and agent of YHWH reflects the reality of YHWH’s invocation as guarantor of Zedekiah’s vassal-treaty, as well as providing YHWH with a human agent to carry out his warfare in the world. Nebuchadrezzar’s capture of YHWH’s land and destruction of his temple, however, imply the de facto superiority of the Babylonian god Marduk over the Israelite YH WH. ‘These’, say the nations, ‘are the people of the Lord, but they had to leave his land’ (NJPS), a situation that in and of itself defiles YHWH?’s holy name (Ezek 36:20). Nebuchadrezzar’s military superiority together with the implicit supremacy of Marduk over YHWH thus continue to compromise YH WH’s honour despite all claims that the Babylonian monarch acts only as YHWH’s ally or agent. Isaiah had faced the same theological problem in his use of Assyria and resolved it by claiming that ultimately YHWH would punish the over-proud king of Assyria for believing himself YHWH’s conqueror rather than his servant (Isa 10:12—19; 30:19-33). Ezekiel, writing in Babylon, would have had strong reasons to seek a means of predicting YHWH’s triumph over Nebuchadrezzar. As a Babylonian vassal living in Babylonian territory, however, he would have had equally strong reasons for predicting this triumph covertly rather than, as Isaiah had, overtly.

Gog’s true identity as Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon is supported by strong verbal parallels between the description of Gog in chs. 38-9 and depictions of the Babylonian monarch elsewhere in Ezekiel. Like Gog, Nebuchadrezzar is described as coming from ‘the north’ (23:24; 26:7; cf. 38:6, 15; 39:2; Jer 25:9). Both monarchs are rulers over ‘many peoples’ (26:3; 31:11; cf. 38:6, 9) and arrive with horses and riders bearing shield, buckler, and helmet (23:23-4; 26:10; cf 38:4-5) to terrify and devastate their enemies. For Ezekiel the ‘king of kings’ (26:7), leader of ‘the worst of the nations’ (7:24) is Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon. Gog’s title of nesi ro's mesek we tubal (38:2; NRSV ‘the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal’) may point indirectly to Nebuchadrezzar. Traditional designation of Gog as ‘chief prince’ ignores the construct relation, nesi ro's that literally yields ‘prince of the head’, that is, ruler over the leader of Meshech and Tubal. The location of Gog’s home, Magog (cf. Gen 10:2), is unknown, but Meshech and Tubal were regions of north-central Anatolia. Early inthe sixth century Nebuchadrezzar gained control over Cilicia in southern Anatolia, and so functioned as a leader in the region. When a dispute broke out between the Lydians and Medes over control of Meshech and Tubal Nebuchadrezzar’s deputy successfully brokered a peace in the region (Wiseman 1956). Gog’s designation as ‘prince over the leader’ of Meshech and Tubal could thus covertly designate the Babylonian Nebuchadrezzar in his role as the principal powerbroker in northern Anatolia. The final factor pointing to Gog as a cipher for Nebuchadrezzar is the former’s role in YHWH’s vindication and in paving the way for his enthronement in Ezek 43. In 36:2032 YHWH admits that Israel’s exile has caused defilement of the divine name. He therefore announces his intention to act for his name’s sake, to sanctify his name, display his holiness, and gain recognition from the nations. He will then cleanse his people and puta new spirit within them, therebycreating a people worthy of his name. In Ezek 38-9 it is precisely Gog’s defeat that will accomplish YHWH’s self:vindication, removing the stigma of the exile. YHWH will display his holiness (38:16, 23; 39:7, 21-3, 27-8), causing nations to acknowledge his sovereignty. Israel will be cleansed (39:11-16) and gifted with YHWH’s spirit (39:28-9). Gog is the monarch whose power continues to defile YH WH’s name and whose destruction opens the way for YH WH’s re-enthronement. Gog is the enemy who cannot be named but must be overcome: Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon."