import sys
import os
import pennylane as qml
from pennylane import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from sklearn.datasets import load_wine  # 修改为加载Wine数据集
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, MinMaxScaler  # 添加MinMaxScaler用于数据标准化
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use('TkAgg')
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from tensorflow.python.keras.layers import Dense
from example_utils import get_parser
from importance_sampling.training import ConstantTimeImportanceTraining
from pennylane.qnn.keras import KerasLayer

# 重定向stdout以捕获打印输出
class Tee(object):
    def __init__(self, *files):
        self.files = files
    def write(self, obj):
        for f in self.files:
            f.write(obj)
            f.flush()
    def flush(self):
        for f in self.files:
            f.flush()

output_file = open('output.log', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
original_stdout = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = Tee(sys.stdout, output_file)

def save_plot(fig, filename):
    fig.savefig(filename)
    plt.close(fig)

def plot_history(history):
    # 绘制训练和验证准确率
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
    ax.plot(history.history['accuracy'])
    ax.plot(history.history['val_accuracy'])
    ax.set_title('Model Accuracy')
    ax.set_ylabel('Accuracy')
    ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
    ax.legend(['Train', 'Validation'], loc='upper left')
    save_plot(fig, 'accuracy_plot.png')

    # 绘制训练和验证损失
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
    ax.plot(history.history['loss'])
    ax.plot(history.history['val_loss'])
    ax.set_title('Model Loss')
    ax.set_ylabel('Loss')
    ax.set_xlabel('Epoch')
    ax.legend(['Train', 'Validation'], loc='upper left')
    save_plot(fig, 'loss_plot.png')

def calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(history):
    val_accuracies = history.history['val_accuracy']
    mean_accuracy = np.mean(val_accuracies)
    fluctuation = np.sum(np.abs(val_accuracies - mean_accuracy))
    return mean_accuracy, fluctuation

# 定义设备，使用15个量子比特（增加量子比特以适应更多编码组）
# 例如，4个编码组，每组需要2个控制比特，10个数据/旋转比特。
dev = qml.device("default.qubit", wires=15)

def encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3):
    control_values = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 0], [1, 1]]

    for cv, angle_q3_val in zip(control_values, angle_q3):
        # 使用 tf.print 进行调试输出
        tf.print(f"angle_q2: {angle_q2}, angle_q3_val: {angle_q3_val}")

        # 翻转控制比特为0的量子比特，以便使用受控RY门
        for qubit, val in zip(control_qubits, cv):
            if val == 0:
                qml.PauliX(wires=qubit)

        # 对 q2 应用受控 RY 旋转，使用动态 angle_q2
        qml.ctrl(qml.RY, control=control_qubits)(angle_q2, wires=data_qubits['q2'])

        # 对 q3 应用受控 RY 旋转，使用动态 angle_q3_val
        qml.ctrl(qml.RY, control=control_qubits)(angle_q3_val, wires=data_qubits['q3'])

        # 恢复控制比特的原始状态
        for qubit, val in zip(control_qubits, cv):
            if val == 0:
                qml.PauliX(wires=qubit)

def apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2):
    """
    模块化方法，用于应用受控 SWAP 门。

    参数：
    - swap_qubit (int): 作为交换门控制比特的量子比特索引。
    - q_swap1 (int): 受交换操作影响的第一个量子比特索引。
    - q_swap2 (int): 受交换操作影响的第二个量子比特索引。
    """
    # 对 swap_qubit 应用 Hadamard 门
    qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit)

    # 应用受控 SWAP 门
    qml.CSWAP(wires=[swap_qubit, q_swap1, q_swap2])

    # 再次对 swap_qubit 应用 Hadamard 门以恢复控制比特
    qml.Hadamard(wires=swap_qubit)

# 定义一个量子节点 (QNode) 用于训练
@qml.qnode(dev, interface='tf', diff_method='backprop')
def quantum_neural_network(inputs, encoding_weights, rot_weights):
    control_qubits = [0, 1, 2, 3]  # 使用4个控制比特，适应4个编码组

    encoding_data = [
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 4, 'q3': 5}, 'swap_qubit': 6},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 7, 'q3': 8}, 'swap_qubit': 9},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 10, 'q3': 11}, 'swap_qubit': 12},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 13, 'q3': 14}, 'swap_qubit': 15}
    ]

    # 将输入数据映射到 angles_q2
    angles_q2_list = inputs[:4]  # 前4个输入对应4个编码组

    # 将 encoding_weights 映射到 angles_q3
    angles_q3_list = encoding_weights[:, :, :4]  # 假设每个编码组有4个angle_q3值

    # 进行编码
    for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data):
        data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits']
        swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit']

        angle_q2 = angles_q2_list[idx]  # Tensor scalar

        for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0]):
            angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, layer, :]  # Tensor of shape (4,)
            encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values)

    # 应用交换操作
    for data_set in encoding_data:
        swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit']
        data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits']
        apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_qubits['q3'], data_qubits['q2'])

    # 应用 Rot 层
    for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0]):
        for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]):
            rot_angles = rot_weights[layer, qubit, :]  # Tensor of shape (3,)
            qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit)

    # 测量 PauliZ 期望值
    results = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(data_set['swap_qubit'])) for data_set in encoding_data]

    return results

# 定义一个量子节点 (QNode) 用于绘制电路
@qml.qnode(dev)
def quantum_neural_network_draw(inputs, encoding_weights, rot_weights):
    control_qubits = [0, 1, 2, 3]  # 使用4个控制比特，适应4个编码组

    encoding_data = [
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 4, 'q3': 5}, 'swap_qubit': 6},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 7, 'q3': 8}, 'swap_qubit': 9},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 10, 'q3': 11}, 'swap_qubit': 12},
        {'data_qubits': {'q2': 13, 'q3': 14}, 'swap_qubit': 15}
    ]

    # 将输入数据映射到 angles_q2
    angles_q2_list = inputs[:4]  # 前4个输入对应4个编码组

    # 将 encoding_weights 映射到 angles_q3
    angles_q3_list = encoding_weights[:, :, :4]  # 假设每个编码组有4个angle_q3值

    # 进行编码
    for idx, data_set in enumerate(encoding_data):
        data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits']
        swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit']

        angle_q2 = angles_q2_list[idx]  # Tensor scalar

        for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0]):
            angle_q3_values = angles_q3_list[idx, layer, :]  # Tensor of shape (4,)
            encode_group(control_qubits, data_qubits, angle_q2, angle_q3_values)

    # 应用交换操作
    for data_set in encoding_data:
        swap_qubit = data_set['swap_qubit']
        data_qubits = data_set['data_qubits']
        apply_controlled_swap(swap_qubit, data_set['data_qubits']['q3'], data_set['data_qubits']['q2'])

    # 应用 Rot 层
    for layer in range(rot_weights.shape[0]):
        for qubit in range(rot_weights.shape[1]):
            rot_angles = rot_weights[layer, qubit, :]  # Tensor of shape (3,)
            qml.Rot(rot_angles[0], rot_angles[1], rot_angles[2], wires=qubit)

    # 测量 PauliZ 期望值
    results = [qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(data_set['swap_qubit'])) for data_set in encoding_data]

    return results

# 定义一个量子神经网络层
class QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(tf.keras.layers.Layer):
    def __init__(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs):
        super(QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.n_qubits = n_qubits
        self.n_layers = n_layers
        self.num_classes = num_classes

        n_encoding_groups = 4  # 增加编码组数量以适应更多特征

        # 定义编码权重
        self.encoding_weights = self.add_weight(
            shape=(n_encoding_groups, n_layers, 4),  # 4个编码组，每层4个角度
            initializer=tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform(),
            trainable=True,
            name='encoding_weights',
            dtype=tf.float64
        )

        # 定义旋转层权重
        self.rot_weights = self.add_weight(
            shape=(n_layers, n_qubits, 3),  # (n_layers, n_qubits, 3)
            initializer=tf.keras.initializers.GlorotUniform(),
            trainable=True,
            name='rot_weights',
            dtype=tf.float64
        )

    def call(self, inputs):
        # 定义一个函数将单个样本传递给量子节点，并进行类型转换
        def apply_qnode(x):
            x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float64)  # 转换为 float64
            # 传递 encoding_weights 和 rot_weights
            result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights)
            return tf.cast(result, dtype=tf.float32)  # 转换回 float32

        # 使用 tf.map_fn 对每个样本应用量子神经网络
        outputs = tf.map_fn(
            apply_qnode,
            inputs,
            dtype=tf.float32  # 输出类型为 float32
        )
        return outputs

# 定义一个量子神经网络模型
class QuantumNeuralNetwork(tf.keras.Model):
    def __init__(self, n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes, **kwargs):
        super(QuantumNeuralNetwork, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        self.n_qubits = n_qubits
        self.n_layers = n_layers
        self.num_classes = num_classes

        # Quantum layer
        self.quantum_layer = QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer(n_qubits, n_layers, num_classes)

        # Classical layers
        self.dense = Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')

    def call(self, inputs):
        q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs)
        return self.dense(q_output)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = get_parser("Train model on Wine dataset")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    # 加载Wine数据集
    wine = load_wine()
    X = wine['data'].astype(np.float32)
    y = wine['target'].reshape(-1, 1)

    # One-Hot编码目标变量
    encoder = OneHotEncoder(sparse_output=False)
    y = encoder.fit_transform(y).astype(np.float32)

    # 数据标准化到 [0, π] 区间，以适应量子旋转门的角度范围
    scaler = MinMaxScaler(feature_range=(0, np.pi))
    X_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X).astype(np.float32)

    x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
        X_scaled, y, test_size=0.3, random_state=116
    )

    learning_rate = 0.01
    epochs = 100
    batch_size = 8
    num_classes = 3
    n_qubits = 15  # 调整为15个量子比特（增加量子比特以适应更多编码组）
    n_layers = 3  # 保持三层

    model = QuantumNeuralNetwork(
        n_qubits=n_qubits,
        n_layers=n_layers,
        num_classes=num_classes
    )

    optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(learning_rate=learning_rate)

    model.compile(
        optimizer=optimizer,
        loss='categorical_crossentropy',
        metrics=['accuracy']
    )

    def is_quantum_model(model):
        for layer in model.layers:
            if isinstance(layer, QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer):
                return True
        return False

    if is_quantum_model(model):
        print("The model contains a Quantum Neural Network (QNN) layer.")
    else:
        print("The model does not contain a Quantum Neural Network (QNN) layer.")

    print("\nQuantum Circuit Diagram:")
    # 使用 TensorFlow 常量传递参数
    sample_inputs = tf.constant(np.ones(4, dtype=np.float64) * (np.pi / 2))  # 4个输入特征，适应4个编码组
    sample_encoding_weights = tf.constant(np.zeros((4, n_layers, 4), dtype=np.float64))  # encoding_weights
    sample_rot_weights = tf.constant(np.zeros((n_layers, n_qubits, 3), dtype=np.float64))  # rot_weights

    print(qml.draw(quantum_neural_network_draw)(sample_inputs, sample_encoding_weights, sample_rot_weights))  # 使用绘制专用的 QNode

    if args.importance_training:
        wrapped_model = ConstantTimeImportanceTraining(model, score="loss")
        history = wrapped_model.fit(
            x_train, y_train,
            batch_size=batch_size,
            epochs=epochs,
            verbose=1,
            validation_data=(x_test, y_test)
        )
    else:
        history = model.fit(
            x_train, y_train,
            batch_size=batch_size,
            epochs=epochs,
            verbose=1,
            validation_data=(x_test, y_test)
        )

    score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
    print('Test loss:', score[0])
    print('Test accuracy:', score[1])

    mean_accuracy, fluctuation = calculate_accuracy_fluctuation(history)
    print('Mean validation accuracy:', mean_accuracy)
    print('Accuracy fluctuation:', fluctuation)

    plot_history(history)

    # 关闭输出文件并恢复 stdout
    sys.stdout = original_stdout
    output_file.close()

print("脚本执行完成。查看 'output.log' 获取打印输出，查看当前目录获取保存的图表。")
代码出现如下报错
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\examples\wine_renew_usesoftmax_NQNN.py", line 326, in <module>
    history = wrapped_model.fit(
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\importance_sampling\training.py", line 132, in fit
    return self.fit_dataset(
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\importance_sampling\training.py", line 273, in fit_dataset
    loss_value, metrics_results, scores = self.train_batch(x_batch, y_batch, w)
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\importance_sampling\training.py", line 336, in train_batch
    y_pred = self.model.model(x, training=True)
  File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\keras\utils\traceback_utils.py", line 70, in error_handler
    raise e.with_traceback(filtered_tb) from None
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\examples\wine_renew_usesoftmax_NQNN.py", line 260, in call
    q_output = self.quantum_layer(inputs)
  File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\examples\wine_renew_usesoftmax_NQNN.py", line 238, in call
    outputs = tf.map_fn(
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_file6w11ioka.py", line 12, in tf__apply_qnode
    result = ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(quantum_neural_network), (ag__.ld(x), ag__.ld(self).encoding_weights, ag__.ld(self).rot_weights), None, fscope)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_file9aj3yqmq.py", line 41, in tf____call__
    res = ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(self).qtape.execute, (), dict(device=ag__.ld(self).device), fscope)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_file8ta99_x6.py", line 64, in tf__execute
    retval_ = ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(self)._execute, (ag__.ld(params),), dict(device=ag__.ld(device)), fscope)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_filemfv1ivr4.py", line 55, in tf__execute_device
    ag__.if_stmt(ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(isinstance), (ag__.ld(device), ag__.ld(qml).QubitDevice), None, fscope), if_body_1, else_body_1, get_state_1, set_state_1, ('res',), 1)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_filemfv1ivr4.py", line 49, in if_body_1
    res = ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(device).execute, (ag__.ld(self),), None, fscope)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_filen1h2sta6.py", line 228, in tf__execute
    ag__.if_stmt(ag__.not_(do_return), if_body_9, else_body_9, get_state_10, set_state_10, ('do_return', 'retval_', 'self._cache_execute[circuit_hash]', 'self._num_executions', 'self._samples'), 5)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_filen1h2sta6.py", line 83, in if_body_9
    ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(self).check_validity, (ag__.ld(circuit).operations, ag__.ld(circuit).observables), None, fscope)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_fileo_fhd82h.py", line 77, in tf__check_validity
    ag__.for_stmt(ag__.ld(queue), None, loop_body, get_state_3, set_state_3, (), {'iterate_names': 'o'})
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_fileo_fhd82h.py", line 73, in loop_body
    ag__.if_stmt(ag__.not_(ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(self).supports_operation, (ag__.ld(operation_name),), None, fscope)), if_body_2, else_body_2, get_state_2, set_state_2, (), 0)
  File "C:\Users\LIUWEN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\__autograph_generated_fileo_fhd82h.py", line 69, in if_body_2
    raise ag__.converted_call(ag__.ld(DeviceError), (ag__.converted_call('Gate {} not supported on device {}'.format, (ag__.ld(operation_name), ag__.ld(self).short_name), None, fscope),), None, fscope)
pennylane._device.DeviceError: Exception encountered when calling layer "quantum_neural_network_layer" "                 f"(type QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer).

in user code:

    File "C:\代码备份库\importance-sampling-master-wine-QNN-pennylane\examples\wine_renew_usesoftmax_NQNN.py", line 234, in apply_qnode  *
        result = quantum_neural_network(x, self.encoding_weights, self.rot_weights)
    File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\pennylane\qnode.py", line 555, in __call__  *
        res = self.qtape.execute(device=self.device)
    File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\pennylane\tape\tape.py", line 1235, in execute  *
        return self._execute(params, device=device)
    File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\pennylane\tape\tape.py", line 1266, in execute_device  *
        res = device.execute(self)
    File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\pennylane\_qubit_device.py", line 181, in execute  *
        self.check_validity(circuit.operations, circuit.observables)
    File "C:\Users\liuwenjing\.conda\envs\pennylane2\lib\site-packages\pennylane\_device.py", line 670, in check_validity  *
        raise DeviceError(

    DeviceError: Gate ControlledOperation not supported on device default.qubit.tf


Call arguments received by layer "quantum_neural_network_layer" "                 f"(type QuantumNeuralNetworkLayer):
  • inputs=tf.Tensor(shape=(8, 13), dtype=float32)

Process finished with exit code 1
如何解决