You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


Q:

BUG: Scheduling while atomic RAID_LAZY_WRITE/102/0x00000205

I am developing a raid system and I am getting following BUG when I issue lots of parallel IO. I am not able to figure out how to go about debugging this dump. It's evident here that RAID_LAZY_WRITE thread is trying to schedule while it has locked the CPU but I am not able to trace it exactly how and why it's happening. As I don't acquire any lock to issue IO to block layer.
I enabled spin lock debugging and lock dependency checking so that I could get detailed debug info. Here is the whole dump which I got, please provide me tips, ideas on
how to analyze and debug using this dump.
BUG: scheduling while atomic: RAID_LAZY_WRITE/102/0x00000205
no locks held by RAID_LAZY_WRITE/102.

Showing all locks held in the system:

=============================================

Pid: 102, comm:      RAID_LAZY_WRITE
CPU: 0    Not tainted  (2.6.24 #274)
PC is at add_preempt_count+0xa0/0xbc
LR is at raid_write_stripe+0x388/0x544
pc : [<c004b014>]    lr : [<c015a83c>]    psr: 80000013
sp : cfc63ec4  ip : cfc63ed4  fp : cfc63ed0
r10: cf5ce118  r9 : 00000001  r8 : 000000b4
r7 : 00000001  r6 : cf403cd8  r5 : cfc62000  r4 : 00000002
r3 : 00000001  r2 : 00000001  r1 : cfc62000  r0 : 00000001
Flags: Nzcv  IRQs on  FIQs on  Mode SVC_32  ISA ARM  Segment kernel
Control: 0000397f  Table: 0f558000  DAC: 00000017
[<c0039fa0>] (show_regs+0x0/0x4c) from [<c004ae14>] (__schedule_bug+0x54/0x68)
 r4:cfc9b0a0
[<c004adc0>] (__schedule_bug+0x0/0x68) from [<c029747c>] (schedule+0x74/0x2f4)
 r5:cfc9b0a0 r4:c034d13c
[<c0297408>] (schedule+0x0/0x2f4) from [<c029772c>] (io_schedule+0x30/0x54)
[<c02976fc>] (io_schedule+0x0/0x54) from [<c012e214>]
(get_request_wait+0xac/0x140)
 r4:00000000
[<c012e168>] (get_request_wait+0x0/0x140) from [<c012e864>]
(__make_request+0x478/0x544)
[<c012e3ec>] (__make_request+0x0/0x544) from [<c012c3d0>]
(generic_make_request+0x2a8/0x2f0)
[<c012c128>] (generic_make_request+0x0/0x2f0) from [<c0168858>]
(raid_submit_disk_io+0x348/0x37c)
[<c0168510>] (raid_submit_disk_io+0x0/0x37c) from [<c016be24>]
(perform_raid5_ops+0xdc8/0x1100)
[<c016b05c>] (perform_raid5_ops+0x0/0x1100) from [<c016c594>]
(raid5_RCW_postXOR+0x438/0x4c4)
[<c016c15c>] (raid5_RCW_postXOR+0x0/0x4c4) from [<c016cb8c>]
(raid5_xor_completed+0x2a4/0x3b0)
[<c016c8e8>] (raid5_xor_completed+0x0/0x3b0) from [<c01fb3a4>]
(iop_adma_run_tx_complete_actions+0x64/0xe8)
[<c01fb340>] (iop_adma_run_tx_complete_actions+0x0/0xe8) from
[<c01fb720>] (__iop_adma_slot_cleanup+0x2f8/0x3c0)
 r8:c0352f24 r7:00000000 r6:00000000 r5:00000000 r4:cf4faa7c
[<c01fb428>] (__iop_adma_slot_cleanup+0x0/0x3c0) from [<c01fb7f8>]
(iop_adma_tasklet+0x10/0x14)
[<c01fb7e8>] (iop_adma_tasklet+0x0/0x14) from [<c0057204>]
(run_timer_softirq+0x17c/0x208)
[<c0057088>] (run_timer_softirq+0x0/0x208) from [<c0053268>]
(__do_softirq+0x64/0xd0)
[<c0053204>] (__do_softirq+0x0/0xd0) from [<c005331c>] (irq_exit+0x48/0x5c)
[<c00532d4>] (irq_exit+0x0/0x5c) from [<c0038048>]
(__exception_text_start+0x48/0x60)
[<c0038000>] (__exception_text_start+0x0/0x60) from [<c0038ab0>]
(__irq_svc+0x50/0x7c)
Exception stack(0xcfc63e7c to 0xcfc63ec4)
3e60:                                                                00000001
3e80: cfc62000 00000001 00000001 00000002 cfc62000 cf403cd8 00000001 000000b4
3ea0: 00000001 cf5ce118 cfc63ed0 cfc63ed4 cfc63ec4 c015a83c c004b014 80000013
3ec0: ffffffff
 r6:00000020 r5:cfc63eb0 r4:ffffffff
[<c004af74>] (add_preempt_count+0x0/0xbc) from [<c015a83c>]
(raid_write_stripe+0x388/0x544)
[<c015a4b4>] (raid_write_stripe+0x0/0x544) from [<c015fc44>]
(raid_lazy_writer+0x4c4/0x6b8)
[<c015f780>] (raid_lazy_writer+0x0/0x6b8) from [<c0159528>]
(raid_thread_daemon+0x140/0x15c)
[<c01593e8>] (raid_thread_daemon+0x0/0x15c) from [<c0062c78>]
(kthread+0x58/0x90)
[<c0062c20>] (kthread+0x0/0x90) from [<c0051284>] (do_exit+0x0/0x764)
 r6:00000000 r5:00000000 r4:00000000

BUG: spinlock cpu recursion on CPU#0, RAID_DAEMON/101
 lock: cf4faae0, .magic: dead4ead, .owner: RAID_LAZY_WRITE/102, .owner_cpu: 0
[<c032a9d0>] (dump_stack+0x0/0x14) from [<c0141c90>] (spin_bug+0x90/0xa4)
[<c0141c00>] (spin_bug+0x0/0xa4) from [<c0141e08>] (_raw_spin_lock+0x68/0x15c)
 r5:c01fb378 r4:cf4faae0
[<c0141da0>] (_raw_spin_lock+0x0/0x15c) from [<c0298ec8>]
(_spin_lock_bh+0x4c/0x54)
[<c0298e7c>] (_spin_lock_bh+0x0/0x54) from [<c01fb378>]
(iop_adma_run_tx_complete_actions+0x38/0xe8)
 r5:00000000 r4:cf4faa7c
[<c01fb340>] (iop_adma_run_tx_complete_actions+0x0/0xe8) from
[<c01fb720>] (__iop_adma_slot_cleanup+0x2f8/0x3c0)
 r8:00000001 r7:00000000 r6:00000000 r5:00000000 r4:cf4faa7c
[<c01fb428>] (__iop_adma_slot_cleanup+0x0/0x3c0) from [<c01fb7f8>]
(iop_adma_tasklet+0x10/0x14)
[<c01fb7e8>] (iop_adma_tasklet+0x0/0x14) from [<c0052e30>]
(tasklet_action+0x8c/0xe4)
[<c0052da4>] (tasklet_action+0x0/0xe4) from [<c0053268>]
(__do_softirq+0x64/0xd0)
 r6:0000000a r5:00000001 r4:c0351f44
[<c0053204>] (__do_softirq+0x0/0xd0) from [<c005331c>] (irq_exit+0x48/0x5c)
[<c00532d4>] (irq_exit+0x0/0x5c) from [<c0038048>]
(__exception_text_start+0x48/0x60)
[<c0038000>] (__exception_text_start+0x0/0x60) from [<c0038ab0>]
(__irq_svc+0x50/0x7c)
Exception stack(0xcfcb1e64 to 0xcfcb1eac)
1e60:          cf652404 00000001 ffffffff 00000001 cf652404 40000013 c0417bec
1e80: 7fffffff cea81d88 00000000 cf6523e0 cfcb1ec0 cfcb1eac cfcb1eac c0298d00
1ea0: c0298d04 60000013 ffffffff
 r6:00000064 r5:cfcb1e98 r4:ffffffff
[<c0298cd4>] (_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x0/0x54) from [<c015c344>]
(raid_read_stripe+0x204/0x560)
 r5:00000008 r4:cf652404
[<c015c140>] (raid_read_stripe+0x0/0x560) from [<c01602bc>]
(raid_daemon+0x1d4/0x1110)
[<c01600e8>] (raid_daemon+0x0/0x1110) from [<c0159528>]
(raid_thread_daemon+0x140/0x15c)
[<c01593e8>] (raid_thread_daemon+0x0/0x15c) from [<c0062c78>]
(kthread+0x58/0x90)
[<c0062c20>] (kthread+0x0/0x90) from [<c0051284>] (do_exit+0x0/0x764)
 r6:00000000 r5:00000000 r4:00000000

Thank you.
Regards,
<PRESIDIO_ANONYMIZED_PERSON>
http://VikashKumar.com/

A:

I resolved my problem by calling "kmalloc(sizeof(struct mystruct), GFP_ATOMIC)" instead of "kmalloc(sizeof(struct mystruct), GFP_KERNEL)". This is a good article about atomicity : http://kerneltrap.org/node/435
I'm sorry if my comments are not helping you, Vikash, but I try to help since the bug of "schedeling while atomic" disturbed me a lot.
Regards, babanjida

A:

The issue seems to be the invocation of block layer API (generic_make_request) from the softirq context which is actually the callback of another IO or a XOR operation. 
Apparently, the callbacks are being invoked in timer context, as it's seen from the call stack, which is an interrupt and we cannot sleep in interrupt context, hence the bug. 
 However this needs to be validated yet and I will update this thread as soon as I do that. Till then I welcome you to provide your comments on this. 
I have validated this and calling block IO api(generic_make_request) from a soft irq thread (read callback) is a bad idea. That results in Scheduling while atomic BUG. 
I have offloaded that task to another thread now and that works absolutely fine.
Thank you.
Regards,
Vikash