Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            gypt: Opportunities and Obstacles". Carnegie Endowment for 
International Peace.  
Shalby, Ahmed; Elshemy, Mohamed; Zeidan, Bakenaz A. (September 
2020). "Assessment of climate change impacts on water quality parameters of 
Lake 
Burullus, 
Egypt". Environmental 
Science 
and 
Pollution 
Research. 27 (26): 32157–32178. Bibcode:2020ESPR...2732157S. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46 
 
 
 
CHAPTER FIVE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  WHAT IS DISASTER 
 
 
Definitions: 
 
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Disaster: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a disaster as 
 “a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external 
assistance”.  
It is also defined as any event, typically occurring suddenly, that causes damage, 
ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health 
services, and which exceeds the capacity of the affected community on a scale 
sufficient to require outside assistance  
Emergency is a state in which normal procedures are suspended and extra-
ordinary measures are taken in order to avert a disaster.  
 
Hazard is a rare or extreme event in the natural or human made environment 
that adversely affects human life, property or activity to the extent of causing a 
disaster.  
Mitigation: is permanent reduction of the risk of a disaster. Primary mitigation 
refers to reducing the resistance of the hazard and reducing vulnerability. 
Secondary mitigation refers to reducing the effects of the hazard (preparedness). 
 
Prevention is defined as those activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon 
or potential hazard from having harmful effects on  
 
 
 
 
either people or economic 
assets. Prevention planning is based on two issues: hazard identification 
(identifying the actual threats facing a community) and vulnerability assessment 
(evaluating the risk and capacity of a community to handle the consequences of 
the disaster). Disaster prevention refers to measures taken to eliminate the root- 
causes that make people vulnerable to disaster  
 
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Preparedness: Are the measures that ensure the organized mobilization of 
personnel, funds, equipments, and supplies within a safe environment for 
effective relief.Disaster preparedness is building up of capacities before a 
disaster situation prevails inorder to reduce impacts. Its measures include inter 
alia, availability of food reserve, emergency reserve fund, seed reserve, health 
facilities, warning systems, logistical infrastructure, relief manual, and shelves 
of projects  
Types Of Disasters 
Disasters are broadly divided into two types comprising natural and man made 
(technological) disasters 
Natural disasters 
Natural disasters occur as the result of action of the natural forces and tend to be 
accepted as unfortunate, but inevitable. The natural disasters result from forces of 
climate and geology. Natural disasters are perhaps the most “unexpected” and 
costly overall in terms of loss of human lives and resources. In the last few years, 
natural disaste

            Quiz: