Osteoporosis is often connected to the activity of a class of cells known as osteoclasts. Which one of the following is the primary function of osteoclasts?
Question 1Answer

A.
Mineralisation

B.
Producing anti-inflammatory cytokines

C.
Building bone matrices

D.
Formation of bone marrow

E.
Reabsorption of bone

Question 2
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Minoxidil is a drug which causes vasodilation via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Which one of the following is a side-effect of minoxidil which has been exploited as a cosmetic treatment?
Question 2Answer

A.
Hypertension

B.
Hypertrichosis

C.
Cerebral oedema

D.
Hyponatraemia

E.
Hyperemesis

Question 3
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In heart failure, patients often experience peripheral oedema. Which one of the following could contribute to peripheral oedema?
Question 3Answer

A.
Increased protein in the plasma

B.
A fall in capillary hydrostatic pressure

C.
A fall in venous pressure

D.
A rise in capillary hydrostatic pressure

E.
A fall in circulating fluid volume

Question 4
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Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into which one of the following?
Question 4Answer

A.
Acini

B.
Capillaries

C.
Synapses

D.
Lymph nodes

E.
Alveoli

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The hormone glucagon mediates signal transduction by binding to a G-protein coupled receptor that propagates a cellular signal through the production of which one of the following second messenger molecules?

Question 5Answer

A.
Diacyl glycerol


B.
Inositol trisphosphate


C.
Nitric oxide


D.
Calcium ion


E.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate


Question 6
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Tumour suppressor genes require two mutation ‘hits’, thus affecting both of the alleles to inactivate their function. Which one of the following is the type of mutations that occur in these genes?

Question 6Answer

A.
Loss-of-function


B.
Gain-of-function


C.
Dominant


D.
Mutation leading to over expression


E.
Chromosomal rearrangement


Question 7
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One key hallmark of ageing is loss of proteostasis.

Which one of the following statements about proteostasis in aging C. elegans is FALSE?

Question 7Answer

A.
Wild type worms have increased levels of misfolded protein as they age

B.
Wild type worms have higher levels of native proteins than Age1 mutants

C.
Wild type worms have decreased levels of protein chaperones as they age

D.
Age1 mutant worms form fewer inclusion bodies as they age

E.
Age1 mutant worms have fewer misfolded proteins as they age

Question 8
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The following steps represent stages in the development of a tumour.

Which one of the following is the CORRECT order that these stages occur?

Question 8Answer

A.
initiation, progression, promotion, metastasis


B.
progression, promotion, initiation, metastasis


C.
initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis


D.
promotion, initiation, progression, metastasis


E.
metastasis, promotion, initiation, progression


Question 9
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Which one of the following correctly describes the process of angiogenesis in tumour development?
Question 9Answer

A.
Growth of blood vessels that allows tumour cells to pass certain checkpoints in the cell cycle

B.
Movement of cancer cells through the body inducing the production of more red blood cells

C.
Growth of blood vessels that provides the tumour with nutrients and oxygen

D.
Growth of blood vessels to bring in more immune cells to the tumour

E.
Movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another to spread the tumour to a new location

Question 10
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Chronic deep brain stimulation can be used to manage symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Which one of the following are the target regions where the stimulating electrodes are typically implanted?

Question 10Answer

A.
The caudate putamen and the globus pallidus


B.
The substantia nigra and the sub-thalamic nucleus


C.
The globus pallidus interna and the sub-thalamic nucleus


D.
The substantia nigra and the striatum


E.
The substantia nigra pars compacta and the motor cortex


Question 11
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Which of the following is one of the hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease?
Question 11Answer

A.
Lewy bodies intrusions in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta

B.
Depleted levels of melanin

C.
Lewy bodies intrusions in mitochondria of the substantia nigra pars compacta

D.
Loss of cholinergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta

E.
Loss of dopaminergic astrocytes in the substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 12
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Which one of the following best describes the kind of mutant alleles of the C. elegans gene age-1 that result in its longevity phenotype?

Question 12Answer

A.
A partial loss of function allele

B.
A complete loss of function allele (a null allele)

C.
A gene-duplication allele

D.
An ectopically expressed allele

E.
A constitutively active gain-of-function allele