Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

ession of stratification
Function 
secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
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ﻇﻬﺎريﻋﻤﻮديﻣﻄﺒﻖﻛﺎذب
وﺻﻒ
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺗﻨﺸﺄﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي -
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔﻓﻘﻂﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﻤﻲ -
ﻗﺪﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﺧﻼﻳﺎﻛﺄﺳﻴﺔ وأﻫﺪابﺗﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ –
ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻨﻮىﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎتﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ-
ﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ -
وﻇﻴﻔﺔ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻤﺨﺎط؛ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاب
Pseudostratified Columnar 
Epithelium
Locations
Non-ciliated type 
Ducts of male 
reproductive tubes 
Ducts of large glands
Ciliated variety 
Lines trachea and most of 
upper respiratory tract
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اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ
ﻧﻮعﻏﻴﺮﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ •
ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺬﻛﻮر أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻹﻧﺠﺎب-
ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة -
اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲ -
ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ-
اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي
Stratified Epithelia
Contain two or more layers of cells
Regenerate from below
Major role is protection
Are named according to the shape of cells at 
apical layer
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ﺗﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
اﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ -
اﻟﺪور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ-
ﺗﺘﻢﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎﺣﺴﺐﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﻴﺔ -
ﻇﻬﺎريﻣﻄﺒﻖ
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Description
Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar 
Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for protection
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وﺻﻒ-
ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ – ﻃﺒﻘﺎتﻋﺪﻳﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺗﻈﻬﺮﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﻜﻌﺐ أوﻋﻤﻮدي -
اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ - اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ -
ﺿﻬﺎريﺣﺮﺷﻔﻲﻣﻄﺒﻖ
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Specific types 
Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin 
Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body openings
Function
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Location 
Keratinized – forms epidermis
Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and 
vagina
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ﻲ
.ﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻴﺮاﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ –
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔﻣﻴﺘﺔ وﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﺮاﺗﻴﻦ - 
ﻏﻴﺮﻛﻴﺮاﺗﻴﻨﻲ -
ﻳﺸﻜﻞﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ رﻃﺒﺔﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت اﻟﺠﺴﻢ –
ﻳﺤﻤﻲ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ:اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮة - ﻣﺘﻘﺮن -
ﻳﺸﻜﻞﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺮيء واﻟﻔﻢ واﻟﻤﻬﺒﻞ - ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﻘﺮن -
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Non-keratinized vs. Keratinized
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Transitional Epithelium
Description 
Basal cells usually cuboidal or columnar
Superficial cells dome-shaped or squamous
Function
stretches and permits distension of urinary bladder
Location 
Lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of urethra  
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اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
وﺻﻒ
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔﻋﺎدةﺗﻜﻮنﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔ أوﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ -
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔﻣﻘﺒﺒﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ أوﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ -
اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔﺗﻤﺘﺪ وﺗﺴﻤﺢﺑﺘﻤﺪد اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ
ﻣﻮﻗﻊﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺐ واﻟﻤﺜﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ وﺟﺰءﻣﻦﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺒﻮل
Transitional Epithelium
Relaxed state
Stretched state
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Epithelial Surface Features
Apical surface features 
Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma 
membrane
Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
Maximize surface area across which small molecules 
enter or leave
Act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
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ﻣﻴﺰات اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻈﻬﺎري
ﻣﻴﺰات اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﻤﻲ *
اﻣﺘﺪاداتﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻹﺻﺒﻊﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ – اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻓﻴﻠﻲ -
ﻛﺜﺮةﻓﻲﻇﻬﺎرة اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ واﻟﻜﻠﻰ -
ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺘﻲﺗﺪﺧﻞ أوﺗﺨﺮجﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة-
ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻛﻤﻘﺎﺑﺾﺻﻠﺒﺔﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ -
Epithelial Surface Features
Apical surface features
Cilia – whip-like, highly motile extensions of 
apical surface membranes
Contains a core of nine pairs of microtubules 
encircling one middle pair
Axoneme – a set of microtubules
Each pair of microtubules – arranged in a doublet 
Microtubules in cilia – arranged similarly to 
cytoplasmic organelles called centrioles
Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
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ﻣﻴﺰات اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻈﻬﺎري
ﻣﻼﻣﺢ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﻤﻲ -
ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔﻟﻸﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﻴﺔ،اﻣﺘﺪاداتﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﺴﻮط - اﻷﻫﺪاب -
ﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﺗﺴﻌﺔ أزواجﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔﺗﺤﻴﻂﺑﺰوج -
وﺳﻄﻲ واﺣﺪ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ - أﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻢ-
ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔﻓﻲﺷﻜﻞﻣﺰدوج – ﻛﻞ زوجﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ -
ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪﻟﻠﻌﻀﻴﺎت - اﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔﻓﻲ اﻷﻫﺪاب -
اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﻳﻜﺰات
ﻓﻲﻣﻮﺟﺎتﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ – ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻷﻫﺪاب -
A Cilium
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Connective Tissue
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Main classes
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood
Components of connective tissue:
Cells (varies according to tissue)
Matrix
Fibers (varies according to tissue)
Ground substance (varies according to tissue)
dermatin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratin  sulfate, chondroitin 
sulfate…
Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme
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اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم
اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻷﻛﺜﺮﺗﻨﻮﻋًﺎ ووﻓﺮة
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ
اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ •
ﻏﻀﺮوف•
أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم •
دم•
:ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم
(ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ) اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ-
ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ-
(ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ) اﻷﻟﻴﺎف
(ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ) اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ •
ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت،ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﺮاﺗﻴﻦ،ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻟﻮروﻧﻴﻚ،ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت دﻳﺮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ •
اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺪروﻳﺘﻴﻦ
اﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ – اﻷﺻﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك
Classes of Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Model 
Areolar connective tissue
Underlies epithelial tissue
Surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
Has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues 
Borders all other tissues in the body 
Structures within areolar connective tissue allow:
Support and binding of other tissues
Holding body fluids
Defending body against infection
Storing nutrients as fat
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ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ
اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻬﻠﻠﻲ*
ﻳﻜﻤﻦ وراء اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ •
ﻳﺤﻴﻂﺑﺎﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ •
ﻟﺪﻳﻪﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔﻣﻊ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى •
ﻳﺤﺪﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻷﺧﺮى •
:ﺗﺴﻤﺢ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻲﺑﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ *
دﻋﻢ ورﺑﻂ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى •
اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظﺑﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ •
اﻟﺪﻓﺎعﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢﺿﺪ اﻟﻌﺪوى •
ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔﻋﻠﻰﺷﻜﻞ دﻫﻮن •
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar
Reticular
Adipose
Dense Connective Tissue
Regular
Irregular
Elastic
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اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ
 (ﺷﻔﺎف)اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿﺔ
اﻟﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ-
ﺷﺒﻜﻲ -
اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ-
اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ
ﻋﺎدي-
ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ -
ﻣﻄﺎط -
Areolar Connective Tissue
Description 
Gel-like matrix with:
all three fiber types (collagen, reticular, elastic) for support
Ground substance is made up by glycoproteins also made and screted by the 
fibroblasts.
Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
Function 
Wraps and cushions organs
Holds and conveys tissue fluid
Important role in inflammation Main battlefield in fight against infection
Defenders gather at infection sites
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
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اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎم اﻟﻬﻠﻠﻲ
وﺻﻒ
ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻬﻼمﻣﻊ
ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻢ (اﻟﻤﺮن،اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ،اﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ) ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ -
.ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔﻣﻦﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎتﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔﻳﺘﻢﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ وإﻓﺮازﻫﺎﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ -
ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء،اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻨﺔ،اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﻴﺔ،اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ – اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
وﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﻳﻠﻒ ووﺳﺎﺋﺪ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء •
ﻳﺤﻤﻞ وﻳﻨﻘﻞﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ •
دورﻣﻬﻢﻓﻲ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎتﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔﻓﻲﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪوى •
ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺪاﻓﻌﻮنﻓﻲﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ
اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ •
ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ •
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﺪﻳﻨﺔ •
واﻟﺤﻤﻀﺎت،اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ،اﻟﻌﺪﻻت •
Areolar Connective Tissue
Location 
Widely distributed under epithelia
Packages organs
Surrounds capillaries
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Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ -
ﻣﻮزﻋﺔﻋﻠﻰﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة •
ﺣﺰم اﻷﺟﻬﺰة •
ﻳﺤﻴﻂﺑﺎﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ •
Adipose Tissue
Description 
Closely packed adipocytes 
Have nucleus pushed to one 
side by fat droplet Function
Provides reserve food fuel
Insulates against heat loss
Supports and protects 
organs
Location
Under skin 
Around kidneys 
Behind eyeballs, within 
abdomen and in breasts
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Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor
اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﺤﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ - وﺻﻒ
ﻫﻞﺗﻢ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻨﻮاة إﻟﻰ واﺣﺪة-
وﻇﻴﻔﺔﻗﻄﺮات اﻟﺪﻫﻮنﺟﻨﺒًﺎ إﻟﻰﺟﻨﺐ
ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻮﻗﻮد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ-
ﻋﺎزلﺿﺪﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺤﺮارة -
ﻳﺪﻋﻢ وﻳﺤﻤﻲ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء -
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ •
ﺣﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻰ •
داﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺪﻳﻴﻦ،ﺧﻠﻒﻣﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻮن •
Reticular Connective Tissue
Description – network of 
reticular fibers in loose 
ground substance
Function – form a soft, 
internal skeleton 
(stroma) – supports 
other cell types
Location – lymphoid 
organs 
Lymph nodes, bone 
marrow, and spleen
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Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor
اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎمﺷﺒﻜﻲ
ﺷﺒﻜﺔﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻴﺎف اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔﻓﻲﻣﺎدة أرﺿﻴﺔﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿﺔ - اﻟﻮﺻﻒ
اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
(ﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎ) ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﻫﻴﻜﻞﻋﻈﻤﻲ

Summary :