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Language Death


https://www.statista.com/chart/3862/countries-with-the-most-spoken-languages/
3

Language Shift
Gradual process of minority language community using only majority language.

3 Generation Effect:
1st Generation
2nd Generation 
3rd Generation
4th Generation: reclaim language?

What happens if everyone shifts?
Generation 1.25
Generation 1.5
Generation 1.75

Language Death
52% = 20 languages
Mandarin, Spanish, English, Hindi, Arabic, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Japanese, Punjabi 

96% of languages = 4% of speakers

3,340 (47%) = <10,000 speakers

Language Death
Threatened
used by all generations but losing speakers
15.1%  (1,075)

Endangered
 no children speakers
6.4%  (456)

Moribund
no children speakers
no speakers of child-bearing years
12.9% (916)




Lose by the next generation:  19.3%,  1,372
6

Language Death

Language Death
Most Endangerment:
Australian Aboriginal: 70/90
North America: 155/175

Fewest Languages: Europe
Most Languages: Africa/Asia
Papua New Guinea


Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.

Chulym
Coal in Novokuznek

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.
3. Social Factors
Peer Pressure
Family/Friends

School/Teasing: Welsh Not
Sounds ‘classy’: English in Singapore

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.
3. Social Factors
Peer Pressure
Family/Friends
4.  Political Factors
Government Pressure
Government Support

Kikuyu in English-speaking Kenya

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.
3. Social Factors
Peer Pressure
Family/Friends
4.  Political Factors
Government Pressure
Government Support
5.  School
Requires Majority
Teaches Minority

Indian Boarding Schools
1879
1970’s: 60,000 students

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.
3. Social Factors
Peer Pressure
Family/Friends
4.  Political Factors
Government Pressure
Government Support
5.  School
Requires Majority
Teaches Minority
6.  Size of Minority Group
Small
Large
100,000 = safe?
<10,000 = endangered?

Why Language Death?
Shift
Preserve
1.  Demographic Factors
Urban
Rural
2.  Economic Factors
Jobs in Majority Lang.
Jobs in Minority Lang.
3. Social Factors
Peer Pressure
Family/Friends
4.  Political Factors
Government Pressure
Government Support
5.  School
Requires Majority
Teaches Minority
6.  Size of Minority Group
Small
Large
7.  Intermarriage
With Majority
Only Minority
8.  Loss of population

Why Language Death?
July 17, 1998: earthquake in Papua New Guinea




Disease in the Americas
96% of population died
100 million 🡪 1 million

Arop
Warapu
1980s
1700
1602
after
1200
1102

Australia vs. Papua New Guinea
One Nation-State
English = dominant
no official language
education
government
Industrialized

Australia vs. Papua New Guinea
Tribal
English and Tok Pisin
no official language
no education
weak government
Hunter/Gatherer

Why Language Death?

Papua New Guinea

Australia
living:	       	838
dead:	       	12
fine:	       		694  82%
endangered:   	108   13%
dying:	        	36     4%
living:	      	213
dead:	      	177
fine:	     		37    17%
endangered:  	35    16%
dying:	      	141   66%


Language Revitalization
Hebrew
died: 400-500 A.D.
today: 9 million speakers
7 million in Israel & the other 2 million from Israel

Newspapers starting 1783
liturgical language
associated with Zionism
official language of Israel
medium of education



Language Revitalization
Money
documentation/standardization
materials
teachers
Positive Attitudes
government recognition
medium of education
cultural/ethnic associations
Understand the speed of language death

Language Revitalization: Welsh
Endangered:
mid 1800’s:  66% of Wales
1980s: 18%
Today: 20%   590,890

Official Status
1993
government jobs: bilingual
compulsory subject; 525 medium of education schools
Welsh Culture
Television and Music
Eisteddfod


Language Revitalization: Hawaiian
<.1% of Hawaii

official status 
some medium of education
strong positive associations
code switching is popular

Language Death
Very Dire…  
50% loss in next 100 yrs
96% of languages = 4% of population

To Revive:
Money
Positive Attitudes
Understand the speed of language death