answer this qcm about genetics correct:     127. The following statements regarding genetic counselling in Robertsonian translocations are true:
        1. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between homologous chromosomes 13/13 has a 100% risk of abnormal children
        2. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 13/21 may have children with trisomy 13
        3. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between homologous 21/21 has a 0% chance of a healthy child
        4. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 13/14 may have miscarriages with monosomy 13
        5. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 13/14 may have children with trisomy 13
        6. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 15/21 has a 100% risk of abnormal children
        7. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between homologous chromosomes 21/21 may have normal children (75%)
        8. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 13/15 has a 100% risk of abnormal children
        9. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes 14/21 has a 100% risk of abnormal children
        10. A woman with a robertsonian translocation between homologous chromosomes 13/13 has a 10% risk of abnormal children
    128. The following statements regarding genetic counselling in X-linked recessive disorders are true:
        1. A healthy female with an affected father is 100% heterozygote
        2. An affected female is 50% heterozygote
        3. Males are hemizygotes
        4. A healthy female with an affected son is 25% heterozygote
        5. A healthy female with an affected father is 50% heterozygote
        6. Only males can be heterozygotes
        7. The risk to be heterozygotes is 2/3 for sisters of a heterozygote female (healthy parents)
        8. Only females can be heterozygotes
        9. A healthy female with an affected son is 100% heterozygote
        10. The risk to be heterozygotes is ½ for sisters of a heterozygote female (healthy parents)
    129. Which of the following are features of isolated congenital anomalies?
        1. They represent mendelian diseases;
        2. They represent mitochondrial diseases;
        3. Are structural abnormalities of organs or anatomical regions;
        4. They are produced after birth;
        5. They are present at birth;
        6. They are produced during pregnancy;
        7. They can be diagnosed at birth or later;
        8. They are always inherited from an affected parent;
        9. They represent multifactorial diseases;
        10. It is always associated with a high risk of recurrence;
    130. Which of the following is correct for congenital anomalies?
        1. They can be balanced and unbalanced;
        2. They are produced during pregnancy;
        3. It affects 75% of adults;
        4. All cases are sporadic;
        5. They are a common cause of infant mortality;
        6. It is a major public health problem;
        7. They often have serious consequences;
        8. The causative agents are always chromosomal anomalies;
        9. They are anomalies that always heal spontaneously;
        10. Affects 3-5% of newborns;
    131. Which of the following statements about the pathogenic mechanism of birth defects are true?
        1. Deformities and dysplasia are fetopathies;
        2. Can be classified into embryopathies and fetopathies;
        3. Deformities and disruptions are fetopathies;
        4. They are only produced in the first trimester of pregnancy;
        5. They can be produced by teratogenic factors;
        6. Can be produced during the entire pregnancy;
        7. Malformations and dysplasias are not embryopathies;
        8. Malformations and dysplasias are embryopathies;
        9. Malformations and disruptions are not fetopathies;
        10. They are always produced by nondisjunction;
    132. Which of the following statements is correct for malformations?
        1. They are produced by external compression which decreases blood flow;
        2. The risk of recurrence depends on the mother's age;
        3. They do not occur by differentiation abnormalities;
        4. Produced by an intrinsic process of abnormal development;
        5. The risk of recurrence depends on the causative agent
        6. Together with dysplasia, they are classified as fetopathies;
        7. It does not heal spontaneously;
        8. They can be isolated and multiple;
        9. A typical example is a congenital clubfoot;
        10. They are embryopathies;
    133. Which of the following birth defects are examples of malformations?
        1. Cleft palate;
        2. Ventricular septal defect;
        3. Congenital clubfoot;
        4. Achondroplasia;
        5. Polydactyly;
        6. Cleft lip;
        7. Coarctation of the aorta;
        8. Amniotic band disease;
        9. Ectodermal dysplasia;
        10. Intestinal atresia;
    134. Which of the following birth defects are not examples of malformations?
        1. Cleft lip;
        2. Achondroplasia;
        3. Polydactyly;
        4. Ventricular septal defect;
        5. Anencephaly;
        6. Intestinal atresia;
        7. Spina bifida;
        8. Thanatophoric dysplasia;
        9. Amniotic band disease;
        10. Congenital clubfoot;
    135. Which of the following statements about disruption are true?
        1. The main causes are genetic;
        2. They're fetopathies;
        3. Intestinal atresia is one example;
        4. They're embryopathies
        5. A typical example is a congenital clubfoot;
        6. The production mechanism is intrinsic;
        7. The initial organ develops normally;
        8. It does not heal spontaneously;
        9. The risk of recurrence is high (if the cause is removed);
        10. They are produced by external compression which decreases blood flow;
    136. Which of the following statements about disruption is not true?
        1. Secondary destruction of a normal structure;
        2. The cleft palate is one example;
        3. The production mechanism is extrinsic;
        4. The organ develops abnormally from the start;
        5. It heals spontaneously;
        6. The risk of recurrence is low (if the cause is removed);
        7. They are produced by external compression which deforms the segment;
        8. A typical example is amniotic band disease;
        9. In most cases the causes are nongenetic;
        10. They are embryopathies;
    137. Which of the following conditions are examples of birth defects?
        1. Amniotic band disease;
        2. Color blindness;
        3. Obesity;
        4. Hemophilia;
        5. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (due to Rh incompatibility);
        6. Ectodermal dysplasia;
        7. Cleft palate;
        8. Club foot;
        9. Syndactyly;
        10. Intellectual disability;
    138. Which of the following statements about deformation is true?
        1. A typical example is a congenital clubfoot;
        2. They produce primary destruction of an abnormal structure (amniotic band disease);
        3. They're fetopathies;
        4. The initial organ develops normally;
        5. The risk of recurrence is high (if the cause is removed);
        6. The production mechanism is intrinsic;
        7. They can sometimes heal spontaneously;
        8. Intestinal atresia is one example;
        9. They are always produced by genetic causes;
        10. It often generates phenotypic effects that are not very severe;
    139. Which of the following statements about deformation is not true?
        1. In most cases the causes are nongenetic;
        2. It never heals spontaneously;
        3. Achondroplasia is an example of deformation;
        4. The risk of recurrence is low (if the cause is removed);
        5. The organ develops abnormally from the start;
        6. They are produced by external compression which decreases blood flow in the affected anatomical region;
        7. They are embryopathies;
        8. The production mechanism is extrinsic;
        9. Generates a secondary modification of a normal structure;
        10. A typical example is a congenital clubfoot;
    140. Which of the following causes can lead to fetal deformities?
        1. Uterine malformation;
        2. Lack of folic acid;
        3. Genetic causes, such as trisomy 21, because Down syndrome is characterized by flattened facies;
        4. Twin pregnancy;
        5. Amniotic bands;
        6. Maternal diabetes;
        7. Infantile uterus;
        8. Maternal alcohol consumption;
        9. Large fetus (macrosomia);
        10. A small amount of amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios);