Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

 of vasospasm 
   d)  Potential for inaccurate blood pressure readings 
   e)  Higher likelihood of allergic reaction to contrast media 
 25-Which of the following blood clotting parameters is assessed by aPTT? 
   a)  Prothrombin time (PT) 
   b)  International Normalized Ratio (INR) 
   c)  Partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 
   d)  Platelet count 
   e)  Fibrinogen level 
 26-What is the significance of assessing renal function before an arterial procedure? 
   a)  To determine the appropriate size of the sheath 
   b)  To evaluate the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy 
   c)  To assess the patient's overall health status 
   d)  To determine the need for pre-medication 
   e)  To assess the risk of bleeding complications 
 27-What is the most common complication associated with vascular closure devices? 
   a)  Infection 
   b)  Hematoma 
   c)  Pseudoaneurysm 
   d)  Arterial thrombosis 
   e)  Distal embolization 
 
 28-Why is it important to avoid puncturing calcified plaques during arterial access? 
   a)  It can damage the needle. 
   b)  It can increase the risk of embolization. 
   c)  It can make it difficult to advance the guidewire. 
   d)  It can cause pain for the patient. 
   e)  All of the above. 
 29-Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of arterial catheterization? 
   a)  Infection 
   b)  Thrombosis 
   c)  Embolism 
   d)  Improved circulation 
   e)  Pseudoaneurysm 
 30-What is the purpose of manual compression after sheath removal? 
   a)  To reduce pain 
   b)  To prevent infection 
   c)  To achieve hemostasis 
   d)  To improve circulation 
   e)  To reduce inflammation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
correct answers to the multiple-choice questions about invasive arterial 
procedures: 
 1- c) Common femoral artery     2-c) INR < 1.5 
 3-e) Ultrasound     4- c) To facilitate catheter insertion 
 5-e) Angioplasty balloon    6-c) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 
 7-c) Palpation    8-c) It allows direct visualization of the vessel. 
 9- c) To secure vascular access and allow device exchange    10- c) 10 French 
 11-b) 2-4 hours (This can vary based on institutional protocols and individual patient factors) 
 12-c) Achieving hemostasis        13- c) Plug-based device 
 14- c) To introduce a sealing material     15- c) Suture-based device 
 16-c) When femoral access is not possible 
      17-b) To prevent blood clotting 
 18-c) Hematoma formation 
 19-c) Pain, pallor, and pulselessness distal to the occlusion 
 20-b) To evaluate for adequate blood flow 
 21- b) Diameter 
 22-d) Hydrophilic coated tip 
 23-b) Reduced friction 
 24- a) Increased risk of bleeding complications 
 25-c) Partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 
 26-b) To evaluate the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy 
 27-b) Hematoma 
 28-e) All of the above. 
 29- d) Improved circulation 
 30-c) To achieve hemostasis 
 
Lec.4 
23 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) based on the 
provided information, with five choices and the correct 
answers indicated:General Complications of Catheter 
Techniques in Diagnostic Angiography MCQs 
 1- What is the most common local complication at the puncture site 
during diagnostic angiography? 
   * a) Arterial thrombus 
   * b) Pseudoaneurysm 
   * c) Haemorrhage/Haematoma 
   * d) Nerve injury 
   * e) Arteriovenous fistula 
   * Correct Answer: c) Hemorrhage/Hematoma 
 2-Which of the following is a risk factor for severe hematoma after 
femoral artery puncture? 
   * a) Small catheter size 
   * b) Low femoral artery puncture 
   * c) Use of antiplatelet medications 
   * d) Short procedure time 
   * e) Use of ultrasound guidance 
   * Correct Answer: c) Use of antiplatelet medications 
 3- What is a potential cause of arterial thrombus during 
catheterization? 
   * a) Proper skin preparation 
   * b) Stripping thrombus from the catheter wall during withdrawal 
   * c) Use of heparinized saline 
   * d) Ultrasound-guided puncture 
   * e) Use of small catheters 
   * Correct Answer: b) Stripping thrombus from the catheter wall 
during withdrawal 
 4-Which catheter type is associated with an increased risk of clot 
formation? 
   * a) Teflon catheters   * b) Polyethylene catheters   * c) Polyurethane 
catheters   * d) Silicone catheters   * e) Hydrophilic catheters 
   * Correct Answer: c) Polyurethane catheters 
 5-Which nerve is at risk of injury during femoral artery puncture? 
   * a) Radial nerve 
   * b) Ulnar nerve 
   * c) Sciatic nerve 
   * d) Femoral nerve 
   * e) Obturator nerve 
   * Correct Answer: d) Femoral nerve 
 6-A pulsatile mass at the puncture site after angiography suggests 
which complication? 
   * a) Arterial thrombus 
   * b) Arteriovenous fistula 
   * c) Pseudoaneurysm 
   * d) Nerve injury 
   * e) Infection 
   * Correct Answer: c) Pseudoaneurysm 
 7- What is the primary method of preventing infection at the 
puncture site? 
   * a) Using large catheters 
   * b) Applying pressure for a short time. 
   * c) Using sterile technique 
   * d) Frequent catheter exchanges* e) Not using post procedure care. 
   * Correct Answer: c) Using sterile technique 
 8-Which complication is more common with brachial artery puncture 
due to the presence of accompanying veins? 
   * a) Pseudoaneurysm 
   * b) Arterial thrombus 
   * c) Arteriovenous fistula 
   * d) Peripheral embolus   * e) Arterial dissection 
   * Correct Answer: c) Arteriovenous fistula 
 9- What is the source of a peripheral embolus during angiography? 
   * a) Dislodged thrombus from the catheter 
   * b) Air bubbles in the contrast medium 
   * c) Cotton fibers from gauze swabs 
   * d) Atherosclerotic plaques 
   * e) Improper skin preparation 
   * Correct Answer: a) Dislodged thrombus from the catheter 
 10-Atheroembolism is more common in which patient population? 
   * a) Pediatric patients 
   * b) Pregnant women 
   * c) Elderly patients   * d) Athletes   * e) Patients with low blood 
pressure. 
   * Correct Answer: c) Elderly patients 
 11- Which guidewire type is recommended to minimize the risk of 
atheroembolism? 
   * a) Straight guidewires 
   * b) Stiff guidewires 
   * c) J-shaped guidewires 
   * d) Coated guidewires 
   * e) Large diameter guidewires 
   * Correct Answer: c) J-shaped guidewires 
 
 12-What is a critical prevention measure for air embolus? 
   * a) Using high-pressure injections 
   * b) Ensuring all connections are tight 
   * c) Using large-bore catheters 
   * d) Rapid catheter exchanges 
   * e) Using cold contrast. 
   * Correct Answer: b) Ensuring all connections are tight 
 13-Cotton fiber embolus can be prevented by: 
   * a) Using a closed perfusion system 
   * b) Using high volumes of contrast 
   * c) Using small catheters 
   * d) Frequent catheter exchanges   * e) Avoiding heparinized saline. 
   * Correct Answer: a) Using a closed perfusion system 
 14-What is a sign of arterial dissection during angiography? 
   * a) Rapid back-bleeding 
   * b) Resistance during guidewire advancement 
   * c) Clear contrast flow 
   * d) Strong distal pulses 
* e) Minimal pain at puncture site 
   * Correct Answer: b) Resistance during guidewire advancement 
 15-Which type of guidewire is preferred to minimize the risk of 
arterial dissection? 
   * a) Stiff guidewires 
   * b) Large diameter guidewires 
   * c) Floppy J-tip guidewires 
   * d) Coated guidewires with stiff tips. 
   * e) Straight stiff guidewires. 
   * Correct Answer: c) Floppy J-tip guidewires 
 16-What is a crucial pre-procedural measure to minimize 
complications? 
   * a) Skipping coagulation profile checks   * b) Using large catheters 
regardless of patient size   * c) Proper patient assessment                              
* d) Avoiding ultrasound guidance   * e) Not checking distal pulses.   * 
Correct Answer: c) Proper patient assessment 
 17-Which intra-procedural measure helps reduce the risk of thrombus 
formation? 
   * a) Frequent catheter exchanges 
   * b) Flushing catheters with heparinized saline 
   * c) Using large volumes of contrast 
   * d) Rapid guidewire manipulation 
   * e) Avoiding test injections. 
   * Correct Answer: b) Flushing catheters with heparinized saline 
 
 18-What is an important post-procedural care step? 
   * a) Avoiding monitoring the puncture site 
   * b) Checking distal pulses 
   * c) Discharging the patient immediately 
   * d) Avoiding compression of the puncture site. 
   * e) Not checking for infection. 
   * Correct Answer: b) Checking distal pulses 
 19-What is the primary method of preventing pseudoaneurysm 
formation? 
   * a) Using large catheters 
   * b) Proper arterial puncture technique 
   * c) Avoiding compression of the puncture site. 
   * d) Frequent catheter exchanges   * e) Using cold contrast. 
   * Correct Answer: b) Proper arterial puncture technique 
 20-Which of the following is a risk factor for infection at the puncture 
site? 
   * a) Proper skin preparation 
   * b) Use of sterile technique 
   * c) Poor sterile technique 
   * d) Use of heparinized saline 

Summary :