Используй эти слова и переведи предложения с русского на английский! literacy = ability to read and write
rank = to put in a particular class according to importance, value, ability
intrusive = disturbing
versatile = having different uses
customised paper = paper made according to one’s wishes
stranded = helpless, unable to leave a place
transaction = a business deal
elaborate = complicated and carefully planned
 
Reading vocabulary
 
grope = to search with difficulty
assault = an attack
tedious = boring
quaint = attractively unusual and old
merchant vessel = a ship used in trade
bear the flag = to display a flag on a ship
distress call = a signal for help
adrift = not tied to anything, floating
launch = to set into water
enduring = continuing for a long time
legacy = sth that exists now because sth else happened in the past
commonplace = ordinary, usual
relay = to receive a message and pass it on
prudence = good judgement
distorted = (of a signal) unnatural in appearance or sound
infantry = soldiers who fight on foot
artillery = soldiers trained to use large, heavy weapons
come out on top = to be more successful than others; to be in the first position
peck = to strike quickly and repeatedly (e.g. keys in a typewriter)
clatter = a continuous noise caused by objects hitting each other
inaugurate = to introduce, start
wire = to send a telegram
what hath God wrought! = (biblical quotation) what has God done!
recede = to move away from the central position, to gradually disappear
envision = to imagine sth as a possibility
gist = the general meaning
question stem = the main part of a question
laborious = needing much effort
redundant = no longer needed
neglect = to give no or little attention to
strenuous = taking great effort, energy
 
Language Focus
 
beam = to give a big smile
glare = to stare in an angry manner
smirk = to smile in an unpleasant manner because one is pleased with oneself
frown = to draw one’s eyebrows together because one is annoyed, puzzled,
concentrating
wince = to tighten the muscles in the face to show pain, distress, embarrassment
retort = to reply quickly and angrily
shrug = to raise one’s shoulders slightly to express doubt or lack of interest
abruptly = suddenly, unexpectedly
profound = very great, intense
rousing = exciting and encouraging
pertinent = relevant
wall-mounted = attached to the wall
aerial = an antenna
thrust = to push forcefully and suddenly
plug in = to push the plug of an electrical appliance into a socket so that it can
work
nook = a quiet, small, sheltered space
jack = an electrical socket into which phone lines are connected
niche = a hollow area in a wall used to display sth
void = a large empty space
headset = a pair of small headphones used for the telephone or listening to the
radio
reel = a round object on which thread, wire, cinema film, etc can be wound
keypad = a small set of buttons that operate a modern telephone, calculator, etc
switchboard = a place in a company where all the telephone calls are connected
conventional = usually used
retract = to move back or in
recoil = to suddenly move backwards
materialize = to suddenly become visible
contempt = a feeling that sb or sth is not worthy of respect
menacingly = in a threatening way
stern = serious, disapproving
scowl = to look angrily at sb
jeer = to laugh and shout rudely or insultingly at sb/sth
simper = to smile in a silly, unnatural way
growl = to make a deep rough sound in the throat, usually in anger
munch = to chew food noisily
mumble = to speak very quietly and not clearly
muddle = to confuse, mix up things
muster = to gather, collect
gape = to look in surprise (usually with an open mouth)
ogle = to look, especially at a woman, in a way that suggets sexual interest
piercing = very high, sharp and clear in an unpleasant way
yelp = a sudden cry of fear, pain or excitement
shriek = a loud shout in a high voice, made when one is excited or frightened
subtlety = a detail hardly noticeable but important
nuance = a very slight difference in meaning or appearance
minimalist = (of a style) using a small number of simple things
verbose = using more words than necessary
long-winded = saying too much in a boring way
elongated = long and thin
stretched-out = held straight
mutter = to speak in a low voice not easily heard, usually to complain
stutter = to speak with difficulty in producing sounds
splutter = to speak in a quick, confused way producing short unclear sounds
pitch = the height of a speaking voice or musical note
striking = very noticeable or unusual
premises = the land and buildings that a business or institution occupies
in jest = not seriously
not to mince one’s words = to say things directly to sb even if they can hurt or
offend them
on the tip of one’s tongue = used when one is trying hard to remember sth
be all ears = to be ready and eager to listen to sb
mutual acquaintance = sb who is known by two or more people
run for Parliament = to attempt to be elected to Parliament
keep sth under one’s hat = not to divulge information
mum’s the word = used to tell sb or to agree that sth must be kept secret
in strictest confidence = secretly
 
Listening and Speaking
 
scruffy = dirty or untidy
lounge suit = a suit of matching jacket and trousers, sometimes worn for a
special occasion
tie-dye = (of an article of clothing) made by tying knots in it and dyeing it
pin-striped = (of a fabric) with very narrow lines
trench coat = a long loose raincoat with pockets and a belt
bomber jacket = a short jacket gathered at the waist or hips
baggy cords = loose fitting trousers made of corduroy fabric
negligible = too small to be worthy of attention
posture = the way in which sb usually holds their body
multi-lingual = of many languages
lingua franca = a shared language for communication
linguist = a person who studies languages or the way they work
rivalry = competition
exemplify = to be a typical example of
get across = to make sth understood
 
Reading
 
think tank = group of experts brought together to provide solutions to problems
armoured = equipped with sth that provides protection
wiring = a system of wires that supplies electricity to a building
vulnerable (to) = easily attacked, harmed or hurt
conceivable = possible
reduce to tatters = to destroy
node = a point where one thing joins another
wind = to follow a curving or twisting course
intrigue = to fascinate, to interest greatly especially by being unusual
indestructible = impossible to destroy
subscriber = a person who makes regular payments to receive a service
segment = a section; any of the parts into which sth is divided
amid = in the middle of
constellation = a group of similar things or people
get into the act = to participate in sth that was started by sb else, especially for
one’s own benefit
blistering pace = a great speed
upgrade = to improve
confederation = a union of smaller groups, especially established for business
or political reasons
mere = nothing more than
ferocious = extremely quick
bear little resemblance = to be barely similar
seething = here: rapid, uncontrollable
fungal = here: growing rapidly and suddenly
grim = unpleasant, depressing  
command grid = the main system of electric wires which distributes power over
jumbled = mixed up and not in order  
discourse marker = a reference word, time word or linking word which shows
how discourse is constructed  
cohesion = unity of the text based on its surface elements, such as the linking
words  
coherence = a clear and logical connection between different parts of a speech,
text, etc
warp = to change or influence in a bad way
federally subsidised = given money by the government to cover the cost of sth  
stumbling = here: unsteady.
high-capacity = able to do sth to a great degree; powerful  
backbone = the principal support or most substantial element of a group
lord it over sb (idm) = to gain advantage or achieve dominance over sth  
domain = an area of knowledge or interest
barge in = o enter or interrupt forcefully and rudely
mull over = to think about or consider sth carefully for a while
daring = bold in a new or unusual way
supersede = to replace
censor = sb appointed to examine the media and remove anything considered
offensive or politically inappropriate
stockholder = sb who owns shares/stocks of a company
toss = to throw lightly and carelessly
 
English in Use
 
outgoings = financial expenses
cleanse = to clean thoroughly
strike = to cause sb to have a feeling or idea about sth
commend = to praise
assert = to make others recognise sth by behaving firmly and confidently  
electrify = to make sb feel excited  
mischief = behaviour which does slight damage, but is not intended to do
serious harm
convey = to communicate sth to sb
corporate = relating to a business or company
notion = a belief or idea  
off the hook = not put back correctly.
technophobe = sb who is afraid of new developments in technology and tries to
avoid using new inventions  
fad = a fashion or interest which is not likely to last
encroachment = intrusion on the rights, property, etc of another person
dignified = worthy of respect due to calmness, seriousness, grace and control
tumble = to decrease rapidly in value or amount
turmoil = a state of confusion, uncertainty or disorder
prospective = future or possible
cellular phone = (American English) a mobile phone
will = a legal document in which sb states what should be done with their money
and property after their death
run-down = in very poor condition  
appalling = so bad or unpleasant that it is shocking
retain = to keep sth
in succession = following one after the other; in a row
revelation = sth which is made known, especially sth surprising.
smash into sth = to go, drive or hit forcefully against sth solid; to crash into sth
render = to cause sb to be in a particular state
pen = to write
missive = a letter which is official, long or humorous
scribe = a person who made copies of documents before printing was invented
cite = to quote sth; to mention sth as an example
epistolatory = written in the form of letters
tuition = instruction, esp. of individuals or small groups
bureaucracy = all the official rules and procedures of an organisation,
especially complicated and time-consuming ones.
civil service minister = the minister responsible for the various government
departments and employees
overhaul = a complete examination with necessary changes
state form = an official document containing questions and spaces for answers
jargon = technical words and expressions used by particular groups of people
and hard to understand
act upon = to take action as a result of sth
premise = a statement or idea on which sth is based
pivotal = central and important
 
Writing
 
tremendously = extremely.
indispensable = absolutely essential  
drop = to omit sb or sth  
purist = a person who is against any incorrect or unconventional use of
language
abbreviation = a shortened form of a word
deprive of = to take sth away from sb
take (all) precautions = to do sth in advance to secure oneself or to avoid
problems
inclusion = the act of making a person or thing part of sth else
thought-provoking = causing people to think seriously about certain matters.
columnist = a person who writes a regular article for a newspaper or magazine
light-hearted = not serious; amusing and entertaining
colloquial = informal and conversational, more suitable for speech than writing
 
UNIT 2. THE HAPPIEST DAYS OF YOUR LIFE?
 
Lead-in vocabulary
 
foundation = a basis of sth  
civics = a study of the rights and duties of citizens  
interpersonal = concerning relationships between people
enhance = to improve, increase  
 
Reading vocabulary
 
outburst = a sudden expression of emotions
ignorance = lack of knowledge  
make fair grades = to obtain fairly good marks  
clique = a group of people who spend time together and don’t allow others to
join them  
sullen = bad-tempered and moody
fly into a rage = to suddenly become very angry
stunned = extremely surprised
livid = extremely angry
curt  = abrupt and rather rude
begrudging  = reluctant, unwilling
punctuate  = to occur at regular intervals  
shrug = raising the shoulders slightly to show indifference or ignorance
wary = distrustful, expecting sth bad to happen  
well up  = (of tears) to rise up to the surface  
unversed in sth  = not knowing much about sth  
fight or flight = a natural human reaction of either using force or running away
in a dangerous situation
pull away  = to move away
amplify  = to increase strength or intensity    
notion  = an idea, belief
steer away from  = to stay or to lead gently away from  
reflective  = thinking deeply about sth  
impose  = to inflict  
a foregone conclusion = sth that is certain to happen
diminish  = to reduce in size  
come to grips with sb/sth (idm) = to begin to deal with sb/sth  
unclench  = to open up
peer = a person of the same age or status as sb else
counselling session  = a meeting with a professional who gives advice about a
problem  
ridicule  = to poke fun at sb or sth, to mock sb  
bully  = to use force or threats to make sb do sth.
snappy  = sharp, unfriendly  
introspective = examining one’s own feelings and thoughts  
quote  = to repeat what sb has said or written  
italics  = letters which slope to the right  
 
Language Focus vocabulary
 
overseer = a supervisor of other people’s work  
supervisor  = a university teacher who helps students write their theses
illegible  = so unclear that it cannot be read  
tutor  = a private teacher  
don = a lecturer, particularly at Oxford or Cambridge University in England  
dean  = the head of a university faculty  
referee  = a person giving references to sb applying for a job  
arbitrator  = an independent person appointed to settle a dispute  
grader  = a person who marks students’ exam papers  
assessor  = a person who judges the performance of sb else  
objectivity  = basing one’s opinion on facts and not on personal information  
frostbite  = injury to body parts due to freezing  
apprentice  = a trainee  
undergraduate  = a student who hasn’t yet obtained a degree  
post-graduate  = a student who already obtained a degree and studies for a
further qualification, such as a master’s  
toddler  = a young child who is learning to walk  
entrant = a person recently admitted to university  
archives = historical sources of information  
register = to put one’s name on a list, to officially join  
query  = a question  
in instalments = (of payments) in small sums of money at regular intervals  
allocate  = to give  
play truant (idm) = to stay away from school without permission  
expel = to dismiss  
reprimand  = to criticise sb for their behaviour or actions  
cite  = to mention sth as an example or proof  
acknowledge  = to recognise  
wholesale  = totally, completely  
sustain  = to maintain  
acquainted  = familiar  
bear with  = to be patient, to listen carefully for a moment  
coincide  = to happen at the same time  
plead with sb  = to ask in an intense and emotional way  
succumb to sth  = to give in to sth  
by virtue of (idm) = because of  
burn the midnight oil (idm) = to stay up very late in order to study or work  
live on a shoestring (idm) = to live using very little money  
down-and-out  = a tramp  
suss out  = to work out  
calculus  = a branch of advanced mathematics  
in the same league (idm) = on the same level  
bookworm  = sb keen on reading  
sloppy  = careless  
avid  = enthusiastic  
operational  = functioning well  
staff-student = here: including both university staff and students  
curfew  = official rules (e.g. on a campus) forbidding noisy activities at night or
leaving the place when it’s too late  
hall of residence  = a building with rooms or flats in universities or colleges for
students to live in  
reservations  = a feeling of uncertainty  
budget  = the amount of money available
recreational  = entertaining  
underused  = not used enough  
agenda  = a list of items to be discussed at a meeting  
 
Listening and Speaking vocabulary
 
cushion = to protect  
adequate  = satisfactory  
misconception  = a popular but wrong idea  
download  = to transfer to or from a computer
portable  = easily carried or moved  
awkward  = difficult to manage  
engrossed  = absorbed  
assess  = to evaluate  
unjust  = unfair  
liken  = to compare  
prospects  = possibilities that sth will happen  
constitute  = to be part of
 
Reading vocabulary
 
bursary  = scholarship  
launch  = to establish, initiate  
eligible  = qualified, entitled to sth  
subsequent  = following sth  
potential  = abilities that can be further developed  
obstinately  = stubbornly  
diminutive  = very small  
dizzying heights = a very high level  
appeal = to make a serious request  
damned = (informal) used to emphasise what one is saying or doing when one
is angry or frustrated  
verbalised  = expressed orally  
patronise  = to behave in a superior way towards sb
tantalisingly  = temptingly close but beyond reach  
speculation  = guessing  
amphibians  = animals that can live on land and in water  primate  = a member
of the group of mammals that includes humans, apes and monkeys  
primatologist  = a person who studies primates  
inadequacy  = a failing  
dismiss  = to reject as unimportant  
philistine  = a person who is ignorant of the arts  
indictment = an accusation  
sorely  = very much, seriously  
strictures on sb/sth  = severe criticism
reign  = to rule Queen Elizabeth has reigned for 50 years.
rectify  = to correct  
 
English in Use vocabulary
 
stanza  = one of the parts into which a poem is divided
daffodil  = a yellow spring flower with a tube-like centre and a long stem.
girlie stuff  = things suitable for girls and women
inadvertently  = unintentionally  
scorn  = to reject in a contemptuous way
precede  = to come before sth else  
replicate  = to copy
conscript  = to enlist for compulsory military service  
at a/the tender age  = at a very young age  
ditty  = a short light-hearted song or poem
inspectorate = a body that ensures that rules are obeyed  
numeracy  = the ability to do basic mathematical operations, such as counting  
efficacy  = effectiveness, especially of a medicine  
admissible  = allowed  
conspicuous  = easily noticed  
compromising  = happy to accept a situation which isn’t perfect  
audible = loud enough to be heard  
settling  = calming  
revocable = that can be cancelled  
reducible  = that can be simplified  
resistible = not tempting  
resolute = determined  
legible  = clear enough to be read  
be silhouetted = to be visible as a dark shape against a lighter background  
assemble = to gather  
hint  = an indirect suggestion  
tissue = soft paper for blowing one’s nose  
congestion  = blocking of the nose which hinders breathing  
apprenticeship = a period of time spent working with sb who has a skill in
order to learn that skill  
under the tutelage of = instructed by sb, usually a person of high authority  
commerce = trading  
bound to be = certain to be  
superintendent  = a supervisor  
turf = short grass and the surface layer of soil under it, held together by its roots
exposure to sth  = experience of sth  
commitment  = dedication  
 
Writing vocabulary
 
swag  = things that were stolen; here: a great number of sth
pressing = urgent, that cannot be postponed  
vocational  = relating to an occupation
curriculum  = courses taught in a school, university or college
embark on = to start doing sth new
eradicate  = to get rid of sth
reflect  = to show
decline  = a reduction in quality, importance or quantity  
suspend  = to stop sb from attending school temporarily
prime  = the most important thing  
utmost  = greatest  
alleviate  = to make less severe  
combat  = to fight, stop from happening
outcome  = a result, consequence
in demand = very popular, needed
labour market  = the jobs available
offender  = sb who breaks the law
brainstorm  = to discuss ideas and suggestions  
shortage = lack of sth
accommodate  = to provide help
grant  = the money given by the government for a particular purpose
outline  = to explain in a general way
cutback = a reduction in sth
under-stocked  = not having enough of sth
renovation  = a repair, improvement, return to former good condition
bulk  = the most of an amount
priority  = a thing treated as most important  
enrolment  = registering as a student on a course
resolve  = to find a solution
disruption  = an interruption of sth
implement = to carry out
implication = a likely consequence of sth
stick one’s nose in sth (idm) = to interfere, get involved with sth that is not
one’s concern outweigh  = to be more important than sth else
stem from  = to originate from
pumpkin = a large, round orange vegetable with thick skin  
illiterate  = not knowing how to read or write
humiliate  = to say or do sth to make sb feel ashamed or stupid  
grade  = to arrange (coursebooks, reading materials, etc) according to the level
of difficulty  
in terms of = considering the aspect of
 
portion = a part
propped up  = supported (e.g. with pillows)
stitch  = to sew
elbow  = the arm of a chair
tenderly = in a gentle and caring way  
vanity  = great pride
remembrance  = a memory of sth or sb  
prayer  = the act of speaking to God, or the words spoken when speaking to
God
grave  = quiet and serious
make allowance(s) for sb/sth (idm) = to take sth into account in your
decisions, plans or actions  
trifling  = small and unimportant  
unrestrained  = expressing feelings openly and easily; here: feeling at ease,
allowing for spontaneity  
ardently = with extremely strong feelings about sth or sb  
timid  = shy and nervous, having no courage or confidence  
frock  = (old-fashioned) a woman’s or girl’s dress  
recollect  = to remember
austere  = strict and serious  
day boarder = a student that stays at school during the day only and doesn’t
sleep there  
stiff  = formal, not friendly  
rejoicings  = celebrations  
confide in  = to tell sb a secret  
vacant expression = a blank expression which implies that sb doesn’t
understand sth or isn’t thinking about anything  
perceptive  = good at noticing or realising things that are not obvious  
bearable  = able to be accepted or endured  
unrequited  = (of feelings) not returned, not mutual  
condescending  = disapproving of sb’s behaviour; patronising  
self-righteous  = being sure (often falsely) that one is right and morally superior  
unaffectionate  = not showing any love or fondness to others
withhold  = (formal) not to give sb what they want.
well disposed  = likely to agree or support sb  
indignant  = shocked or angry because sth is unfair or unjust
self-deprecating  = critical of oneself or representing oneself in a modest,
lighthearted way  
apprehensive  = afraid that sth bad will happen
 
visual aid = a thing you can look at to help you understand sth or remember
information (e.g. films, models, slides)
unwittingly  = doing sth or getting involved in sth without realising it  
relevant  = important or significant in a situation
 
extract  = a part of a book or piece of writing
coverage  = the reporting of sth (e.g. the news)
update  = the latest information on sth вот сами предложения! Многие женщины отказываются довольствоваться ролью домохозяйки
На этой неделе нам пришлось поработать сверхурочно, чтобы уложиться в ки. В интересах фирмы было выгодно продать товар не позднее конца месяца.
Как показало исследование, многие люди ценят возможность личностного ста, комфортную рабочую обстановку и финансовое вознаграждение за высокую ботоспособность.
Почти половину сотрудников компании уволят в ближайшее время в рамках роекта по сокращению штата.
1. Она подала заявление об уходе после ссоры с начальником. Она не могла смириться с тем, что ее отчитали за то, чего она не делала.