You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


package ebpf

import (
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal"
	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/btf"
	"github.com/cilium/ebpf/internal/unix"

	"golang.org/x/xerrors"
)

// Generic errors returned by BPF syscalls.
var (
	ErrNotExist = xerrors.New("requested object does not exist")
)

// bpfObjName is a null-terminated string made up of
// 'A-Za-z0-9_' characters.
type bpfObjName [unix.BPF_OBJ_NAME_LEN]byte

// newBPFObjName truncates the result if it is too long.
func newBPFObjName(name string) bpfObjName {
	var result bpfObjName
	copy(result[:unix.BPF_OBJ_NAME_LEN-1], name)
	return result
}

func invalidBPFObjNameChar(char rune) bool {
	dotAllowed := objNameAllowsDot() == nil

	switch {
	case char >= 'A' && char <= 'Z':
		fallthrough
	case char >= 'a' && char <= 'z':
		fallthrough
	case char >= '0' && char <= '9':
		fallthrough
	case dotAllowed && char == '.':
		fallthrough
	case char == '_':
		return false
	default:
		return true
	}
}

type bpfMapCreateAttr struct {
	mapType        MapType
	keySize        uint32
	valueSize      uint32
	maxEntries     uint32
	flags          uint32
	innerMapFd     uint32     // since 4.12 56f668dfe00d
	numaNode       uint32     // since 4.14 96eabe7a40aa
	mapName        bpfObjName // since 4.15 ad5b177bd73f
	mapIfIndex     uint32
	btfFd          uint32
	btfKeyTypeID   btf.TypeID
	btfValueTypeID btf.TypeID
}

type bpfMapOpAttr struct {
	mapFd   uint32
	padding uint32
	key     internal.Pointer
	value   internal.Pointer
	flags   uint64
}

type bpfMapInfo struct {
	mapType    uint32
	id         uint32
	keySize    uint32
	valueSize  uint32
	maxEntries uint32
	flags      uint32
	mapName    bpfObjName // since 4.15 ad5b177bd73f
}

type bpfPinObjAttr struct {
	fileName internal.Pointer
	fd       uint32
	padding  uint32
}

type bpfProgLoadAttr struct {
	progType           ProgramType
	insCount           uint32
	instructions       internal.Pointer
	license            internal.Pointer
	logLevel           uint32
	logSize            uint32
	logBuf             internal.Pointer
	kernelVersion      uint32     // since 4.1  2541517c32be
	progFlags          uint32     // since 4.11 e07b98d9bffe
	progName           bpfObjName // since 4.15 067cae47771c
	progIfIndex        uint32     // since 4.15 1f6f4cb7ba21
	expectedAttachType AttachType // since 4.17 5e43f899b03a
	progBTFFd          uint32
	funcInfoRecSize    uint32
	funcInfo           internal.Pointer
	funcInfoCnt        uint32
	lineInfoRecSize    uint32
	lineInfo           internal.Pointer
	lineInfoCnt        uint32
}

type bpfProgInfo struct {
	progType     uint32
	id           uint32
	tag          [unix.BPF_TAG_SIZE]byte
	jitedLen     uint32
	xlatedLen    uint32
	jited        internal.Pointer
	xlated       internal.Pointer
	loadTime     uint64 // since 4.15 cb4d2b3f03d8
	createdByUID uint32
	nrMapIDs     uint32
	mapIds       internal.Pointer
	name         bpfObjName
}

type bpfProgTestRunAttr struct {
	fd          uint32
	retval      uint32
	dataSizeIn  uint32
	dataSizeOut uint32
	dataIn      internal.Pointer
	dataOut     internal.Pointer
	repeat      uint32
	duration    uint32
}

type bpfProgAlterAttr struct {
	targetFd    uint32
	attachBpfFd uint32
	attachType  uint32
	attachFlags uint32
}

type bpfObjGetInfoByFDAttr struct {
	fd      uint32
	infoLen uint32
	info    internal.Pointer // May be either bpfMapInfo or bpfProgInfo
}

type bpfGetFDByIDAttr struct {
	id   uint32
	next uint32
}

type bpfMapFreezeAttr struct {
	mapFd uint32
}

type bpfObjGetNextIDAttr struct {
	startID   uint32
	nextID    uint32
	openFlags uint32
}

func bpfProgLoad(attr *bpfProgLoadAttr) (*internal.FD, error) {
	for {
		fd, err := internal.BPF(_ProgLoad, unsafe.Pointer(attr), unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
		// As of ~4.20 the verifier can be interrupted by a signal,
		// and returns EAGAIN in that case.
		if err == unix.EAGAIN {
			continue
		}

		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}

		return internal.NewFD(uint32(fd)), nil
	}
}

func bpfProgAlter(cmd int, attr *bpfProgAlterAttr) error {
	_, err := internal.BPF(cmd, unsafe.Pointer(attr), unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
	return err
}

func bpfMapCreate(attr *bpfMapCreateAttr) (*internal.FD, error) {
	fd, err := internal.BPF(_MapCreate, unsafe.Pointer(attr), unsafe.Sizeof(*attr))
	if xerrors.Is(err, os.ErrPermission) {
		return nil, xerrors.New("permission denied or insufficient rlimit to lock memory for map")
	}

	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return internal.NewFD(uint32(fd)), nil
}

var haveNestedMaps = internal.FeatureTest("nested maps", "4.12", func() bool {
	inner, err := bpfMapCreate(&bpfMapCreateAttr{
		mapType:    Array,
		keySize:    4,
		valueSize:  4,
		maxEntries: 1,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	defer inner.Close()

	innerFd, _ := inner.Value()
	nested, err := bpfMapCreate(&bpfMapCreateAttr{
		mapType:    ArrayOfMaps,
		keySize:    4,
		valueSize:  4,
		maxEntries: 1,
		innerMapFd: innerFd,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	_ = nested.Close()
	return true
})

var haveMapMutabilityModifiers = internal.FeatureTest("read- and write-only maps", "5.2", func() bool {
	// This checks BPF_F_RDONLY_PROG and BPF_F_WRONLY_PROG. Since
	// BPF_MAP_FREEZE appeared in 5.2 as well we don't do a separate check.
	m, err := bpfMapCreate(&bpfMapCreateAttr{
		mapType:    Array,
		keySize:    4,
		valueSize:  4,
		maxEntries: 1,
		flags:      unix.BPF_F_RDONLY_PROG,
	})
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}
	_ = m.Close()
	return true
})

func bpfMapLookupElem(m *internal.FD, key, valueOut internal.Pointer) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapOpAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
		key:   key,
		value: valueOut,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapLookupElem, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return wrapMapError(err)
}

func bpfMapLookupAndDelete(m *internal.FD, key, valueOut internal.Pointer) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapOpAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
		key:   key,
		value: valueOut,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapLookupAndDeleteElem, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return wrapMapError(err)
}

func bpfMapUpdateElem(m *internal.FD, key, valueOut internal.Pointer, flags uint64) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapOpAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
		key:   key,
		value: valueOut,
		flags: flags,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapUpdateElem, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return wrapMapError(err)
}

func bpfMapDeleteElem(m *internal.FD, key internal.Pointer) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapOpAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
		key:   key,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapDeleteElem, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return wrapMapError(err)
}

func bpfMapGetNextKey(m *internal.FD, key, nextKeyOut internal.Pointer) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapOpAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
		key:   key,
		value: nextKeyOut,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapGetNextKey, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return wrapMapError(err)
}

func objGetNextID(cmd int, start uint32) (uint32, error) {
	attr := bpfObjGetNextIDAttr{
		startID: start,
	}
	_, err := internal.BPF(cmd, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return attr.nextID, wrapObjError(err)
}

func wrapObjError(err error) error {
	if err == nil {
		return nil
	}
	if xerrors.Is(err, unix.ENOENT) {
		return xerrors.Errorf("%w", ErrNotExist)
	}

	return xerrors.New(err.Error())
}

func wrapMapError(err error) error {
	if err == nil {
		return nil
	}

	if xerrors.Is(err, unix.ENOENT) {
		return ErrKeyNotExist
	}

	if xerrors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
		return ErrKeyExist
	}

	return xerrors.New(err.Error())
}

func bpfMapFreeze(m *internal.FD) error {
	fd, err := m.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	attr := bpfMapFreezeAttr{
		mapFd: fd,
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_MapFreeze, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return err
}

const bpfFSType = 0xcafe4a11

func bpfPinObject(fileName string, fd *internal.FD) error {
	dirName := filepath.Dir(fileName)
	var statfs unix.Statfs_t
	if err := unix.Statfs(dirName, &statfs); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if uint64(statfs.Type) != bpfFSType {
		return xerrors.Errorf("%s is not on a bpf filesystem", fileName)
	}

	value, err := fd.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	_, err = internal.BPF(_ObjPin, unsafe.Pointer(&bpfPinObjAttr{
		fileName: internal.NewStringPointer(fileName),
		fd:       value,
	}), 16)
	if err != nil {
		return xerrors.Errorf("pin object %s: %w", fileName, err)
	}
	return nil
}

func bpfGetObject(fileName string) (*internal.FD, error) {
	ptr, err := internal.BPF(_ObjGet, unsafe.Pointer(&bpfPinObjAttr{
		fileName: internal.NewStringPointer(fileName),
	}), 16)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("get object %s: %w", fileName, err)
	}
	return internal.NewFD(uint32(ptr)), nil
}

func bpfGetObjectInfoByFD(fd *internal.FD, info unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) error {
	value, err := fd.Value()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// available from 4.13
	attr := bpfObjGetInfoByFDAttr{
		fd:      value,
		infoLen: uint32(size),
		info:    internal.NewPointer(info),
	}
	_, err = internal.BPF(_ObjGetInfoByFD, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	if err != nil {
		return xerrors.Errorf("fd %d: %w", fd, err)
	}
	return nil
}

func bpfGetProgInfoByFD(fd *internal.FD) (*bpfProgInfo, error) {
	var info bpfProgInfo
	if err := bpfGetObjectInfoByFD(fd, unsafe.Pointer(&info), unsafe.Sizeof(info)); err != nil {
		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("can't get program info: %w", err)
	}
	return &info, nil
}

func bpfGetMapInfoByFD(fd *internal.FD) (*bpfMapInfo, error) {
	var info bpfMapInfo
	err := bpfGetObjectInfoByFD(fd, unsafe.Pointer(&info), unsafe.Sizeof(info))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("can't get map info: %w", err)
	}
	return &info, nil
}

var haveObjName = internal.FeatureTest("object names", "4.15", func() bool {
	attr := bpfMapCreateAttr{
		mapType:    Array,
		keySize:    4,
		valueSize:  4,
		maxEntries: 1,
		mapName:    newBPFObjName("feature_test"),
	}

	fd, err := bpfMapCreate(&attr)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	_ = fd.Close()
	return true
})

var objNameAllowsDot = internal.FeatureTest("dot in object names", "5.2", func() bool {
	if err := haveObjName(); err != nil {
		return false
	}

	attr := bpfMapCreateAttr{
		mapType:    Array,
		keySize:    4,
		valueSize:  4,
		maxEntries: 1,
		mapName:    newBPFObjName(".test"),
	}

	fd, err := bpfMapCreate(&attr)
	if err != nil {
		return false
	}

	_ = fd.Close()
	return true
})

func bpfObjGetFDByID(cmd int, id uint32) (*internal.FD, error) {
	attr := bpfGetFDByIDAttr{
		id: id,
	}
	ptr, err := internal.BPF(cmd, unsafe.Pointer(&attr), unsafe.Sizeof(attr))
	return internal.NewFD(uint32(ptr)), wrapObjError(err)
}