You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


Q:

Pandoc generation of pdf from markdown 4th header is rendered differently

I am using pandoc to generate a pdf from some markdown. I am using h1 through h4 via hash symbols. Example h1=#, h4=####. When I generate my document like this:
pandoc input.md -o output.pdf

I get a document where h1, h2 and h3 have a newline after them but h4 does not have a new line. The text starts on the same line as the header (it isn't formatted the same way, but there isn't a newline character between).
I've tried adding spaces after the ####  and adding manual line returns using my editor but nothing seems to work.
Any ideas?

A:

pandoc generates PDFs via LaTeX. In LaTeX, "headers" are generated using the following commands:

\section
\subsection
\subsubsection
\paragraph
\subparagraph

As you can see, a "level four heading" corresponds to the \paragraph command, which is rendered as you describe. There simply isn't a \subsubsubsection command to use.
The only way to get what you want is to redefine the \paragraph command, which is quite tricky. I haven't been able to make it work with Pandoc.

A:

While @tarleb’s answer is surely the best (except that it specifies a
wrong amount of vertical space), here is a “simpler” (by some measure)
but more hacky (in LaTeX terms at least) solution which optionally uses a Pandoc Lua filter or a LaTeX hack but avoids loading another LaTeX package.
We want the LaTeX source to look something like this:
\hypertarget{level-4-heading}{%
\paragraph{Level 4 heading}\label{level-4-heading}}

\hfill

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

This LaTeX looks awful, but if you don’t need to keep or share the LaTeX
source it does what you probably want: a space between the level 4
heading and the paragraph after it equal to the space between a level 3
heading and the paragraph after it.

Here is how it works: since a \hfill on a line on its own is about as
close as you can get to an empty paragraph in LaTeX you get a first
paragraph — the one running in with the heading — containing only
horizontal white space until the end of the line, and then immediately
after a new paragraph — the actual first paragraph after the heading —
with just a normal paragraph space between it and the heading. This
probably also upsets LaTeX’s idea about what a \paragraph should be
like as little as possible.
The “manual” way to do this is as follows:
    #### Level 4 heading

    ````{=latex}
    \hfill
    ````

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

This uses Pandoc’s relatively new raw markup syntax — the “code block”
is actually a raw LaTeX block — but it looks even more awful than the
resulting LaTeX source! It is also a tedious chore to have to insert
this after every level 4 heading. In other words you want to insert that
raw LaTeX automatically, and that can be done with a Lua filter:
    --[======================================================================[

    latex-h4-break.lua - Pandoc filter to get break after a level 4 heading.

    Usage:

        $ pandoc --lua-filter latex-h4-break.lua input.md -o output.pdf

    --]======================================================================]

    -- create it once, use it many times!
    local hfill_block = pandoc.RawBlock('latex', '\\hfill')

    function Header (elem)
        if 4 == elem.level then 
            return { elem, hfill_block }
        else -- ignore headings at other levels!
            return nil 
        end
    end

However you can also do a simple LaTeX hack in a header-includes
metadata block to get the same effect:
    ---
    header-includes: 
      - |
        ``` {=latex}
        \let\originAlParaGraph\paragraph
        \renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{\originAlParaGraph{#1} \hfill}
        ```
    ---

    #### Level 4 heading

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

This works by first creating an “alias” of the \paragraph command and
then redefining the \paragraph command itself, using the alias in the
new definition so that now wherever the LaTeX source created by Pandoc
contains \paragraph{Foo} it is if it instead had contained
\paragraph{Foo} \hfill which does what we want with zero extra
dependencies! (In case you wonder the wacky spelling of the “aliased”
command is to minimize the risk that it collides with anything which
already exists, since the TeX \let command doesn’t check for that. We
certainly don’t want to overwrite any existing command!)
NOTE: If you really should want more or less space than a normal
paragraph break after the heading just add an appropriate \vspace
command after the \hfill: \hfill \vspace{-0.5\parskip}.