answer this qcm about Genetics correctly:     66. A couple has a child with an isolated hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The following statements are true:
        1. In the case of diseases that are more common in one sex, the risk of recurrence is increased if the proband belongs to the sex that is usually spared;
        2. The risk of the couple having another child with an isolated hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is 50%
        3. Prenatal chromosomal analysis is recommended for the next pregnancy
        4. The recurrence risk is higher when there is more than one affected individual in the family;
        5. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is required for the disease to develop;
        6. The most common aetiology is mitochondrial
        7. Chromosomal analysis is recommended for the child
        8. The most common aetiology is chromosomal
        9. The most common aetiology is multifactorial
        10. Chromosomal analysis is not recommended for the child
    67. A young couple has a child with an isolated heart defect. The following statements are true:
        1. The most common aetiology is multifactorial
        2. Prenatal chromosomal analysis is recommended for the next pregnancy
        3. The recurrence risk is higher when the parents are related (consanguineous marriage)
        4. The risk of the couple having another child with an isolated heart defect is 50%
        5. The most common aetiology is chromosomal
        6. Chromosomal analysis is recommended for the parents
        7. Barr test is not recommended for the child
        8. The recurrence risk is higher when there is more than one affected individual in the family;
        9. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is required for the disease to develop;
        10. Chromosomal analysis is recommended for the child
    68. Multifactorial diseases have several features:
        1. Environmental factors cause a genetic predisposition to disease
        2. They are represented by common adult diseases
        3. They are generated only by monogenic genetic factors
        4. Multifactorial disorders are familial disorders but the distribution of the affected ones within the family does not respect the mendelian pattern
        5. They are generated by the intervention in varying proportions of genetic and environmental factors
        6. They are represented by isolated congenital anomalies
        7. They are represented by common childhood illnesses such as acute bronchopneumonia or acute diarrhoea
        8. Multifactorial disorders have a mendelian pattern of inheritance
        9. They are represented by multiple birth defects
        10. Genetic factors determine a genetic predisposition to disease
    69. A couple has a child with isolated spina bifida:
        1. A chromosomal study is recommended for the child
        2. Genetic factors determine a genetic predisposition to isolated birth defects
        3. Barr test is not recommended for the child
        4. The birth defect has a monogenic inheritance
        5. Supplementing the pregnant woman's diet with alcohol (for the next pregnancy) is recommended
        6. The recurrence risk for the couple (to have another affected child) is 50%
        7. The recurrence risk for the couple (to have another affected child) is 75%
        8. Supplementing the pregnant woman's diet with folic acid (for the next pregnancy) is recommended;
        9. A chromosomal study is not recommended for the child
        10. The birth defect is multifactorial
    70. Examples of multifactorial diseases are:
        1. Osteogenesis imperfecta
        2. Klinefelter syndrome
        3. Toxoplasmosis
        4. Adult polycystic disease
        5. Schizophrenia
        6. Bronchial asthma
        7. Bipolar psychoses
        8. Gastric ulcer
        9. 4p deletion
        10. Hypertension
    71. Examples of multifactorial diseases are:
        1. Most forms of diabetes mellitus
        2. X fragile syndrome
        3. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
        4. Congenital isolated clubfoot
        5. Congenital isolated hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
        6. Cancers of the older adult
        7. Breast cancer caused by BRCA1 gene mutation
        8. Gonadal dysgenesis in Turner syndrome
        9. Most forms of autism
        10. Achondroplasia
    72. Prophylaxis of multifactorial diseases involves:
        1. Avoiding the transformation of genetic predisposition into a disease by controlling harmful environmental factors
        2. Avoidance of teratogenic factors that may cause isolated birth defects
        3. Avoiding harmful environmental factors
        4. Identifying the genetically susceptible individuals
        5. Prenatal screening for chromosomal diseases
        6. Barr test in persons with common diseases of adulthood
        7. Chromosomal analysis in persons with common diseases of adulthood
        8. Identify the pattern of monogenic inheritance by analysing the family tree, as these diseases are known to have familial aggregation
        9. Chromosomal analysis in children with isolated birth defects
        10. Identifying individuals at risk (first-degree relatives of an affected person)
    73. In the case of multifactorial diseases can be identified:
        1. An accurate assessment of the risk of recurrence
        2. Calculating risk involves an empirical assessment
        3. The intervention in varying proportions of genetic and environmental factors
        4. Monogenic familial transmission
        5. Only adult diseases
        6. Isolated birth defects and common diseases of adulthood
        7. Intervention 100% of genetic factors
        8. Family aggregation
        9. The involvement of genetic factors in the aetiology (heritability) is 50% for all the disorders
        10. The involvement of genetic factors in the aetiology (heritability) is variable for different disorders
    74. The cancer cell is characterized by:
        1. Destruction of surrounding tissues is not possible
        2. Absence of angiogenesis
        3. The controlled and discontinuous proliferation
        4. Accelerated apoptosis
        5. Unlimited (immortalization) and continuous proliferation
        6. Neo-angiogenesis (new blood vessels are formed to feed the tumor)
        7. Absent apoptosis (cells do not die)
        8. Invasion capacity ( the tumor extends to neighboring tissues)
        9. Metastasis (the tumor extends to distant tissues using blood & lymph vessels)
        10. Metastasis is not possible
    75. Oncogenes resulting from the mutation of normal genes - proto-oncogenes - have the following characteristics:
        1. Proto-oncogene mutation is active at the cellular level only in homozygous form
        2. Proto-oncogene must be activated to express their oncogenic potential
        3. Proto-oncogene mutation is dominant
        4. In the case of proto-oncogenes, the presence of a single mutant allele is sufficient for the development of cancer
        5. Oncogenes are genes involved in signaling pathways for cell proliferation.
        6. In the case of proto-oncogenes, the presence of two mutant alleles is required for the development of cancer
        7. Proto-oncogene must be inactivated to express their oncogenic potential
        8. Proto-oncogene mutation is recessive
        9. Oncogenes have no role in cell growth
        10. Proto-oncogene mutation is active at the cellular level in heterozygous form