1st, memorize all of this information:


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3
of 41
Because learning changes everything. ®
12: Reproductive
Choices
Your Health Today, 9th Edition
© McGraw Hill LLC
Choosing a Contraceptive Method
About 45% of all pregnancies in the United States
are unintended.
Access to sexual health education and contraceptive
options is considered a human right and the most
effective way to reduce unintended pregnancy.
When women (and their partners) control the timing
and number of pregnancies, abortion rates decrease.
Moreover, women with planned pregnancies are more
likely to receive adequate prenatal care.
3
© McGraw Hill LLC
Which Contraceptive Method Is
Right for You? 1
Considerations:
• Effectiveness.
• Cost.
• Convenience.
• Permanence.
• Safety.
• Protection against STIs.
• Consistency with personal values.
5
© McGraw Hill LLC
Abstinence
Abstinence is the only guaranteed method of
preventing pregnancy and STI transmission.
• In heterosexual couples who have vaginal intercourse and use
no contraceptive method, 85% of the women will become
pregnant in 1 year.
• Abstinence requires control and commitment.
• Both partners should be free from sexual coercion.
7
© McGraw Hill LLC
Long-Acting Reversible
Contraceptive Methods 1
Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs):
collective term for IUDs and implants.
Intrauterine device (IUD): small, T-shaped device
inserted into the uterus.
• Long-acting reversible contraceptive.
• Works by altering the uterine and cervical fluids to reduce the
chance that sperm will move up into the fallopian tubes.
• Women who choose this birth control method are taught how
to check that the IUD is properly located each month.
8
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Figure 12.1 T-shaped IUD correctly positioned in the uterus.
9
© McGraw Hill LLC
Long-Acting Reversible
Contraceptive Methods 2
Contraceptive implant: flexible plastic rod that contains
progesterone inserted under skin of the upper arm that
slowly releases hormones.
• Can be left in place for 3 years.
• The most common side effect is irregular menstruation.
• Many women will then stop having periods altogether.
• The only implant currently available in the U.S. is Nexplanon.
10
© McGraw Hill LLC
Hormonal Contraceptive Methods 1
Hormonal contraceptives deliver hormones to prevent
ovulation and discourage implantation of fertilized ova.
• Prescribed or administered by a health care provider.
• Advantages: effectiveness, ease of use, limited side effects,
and do not permanently affect fertility.
• Disadvantages: no protection against STIs, minor side effects,
rare serious side effects more common in older women.
11
© McGraw Hill LLC
Hormonal Contraceptive Methods 2
Types of hormonal contraceptive methods:
• Implants (discussed previously).
• Birth control pills (oral contraceptives).
• Transdermal patch, releasing hormones via the skin.
• Vaginal contraceptive ring, placed in vagina.
• Injectable contraceptive (Depo-Provera), every 3 months.
No hormonal methods are available for men.
12
© McGraw Hill LLC
Figure 12.2 Rare but serious potential side effects of hormonal contraceptives.
Access the text alternative for slide images.
(LeLu/MediaBakery) 13
© McGraw Hill LLC
Barrier Methods 1
Barrier methods of contraception physically separate
the sperm from the female reproductive tract.
Condoms—male and female—are the only form of
contraception that decreases the risk of STIs.
• Male condom is a sheath rolled down over the erect penis.
• Female condom is a pouch inserted into the vagina.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Barrier Methods 2
Vaginal diaphragm: rubber dome inserted into
the vagina.
Cervical cap: cuplike device that covers the cervix.
To increase effectiveness, the diaphragm and cervical
cap should be used with spermicide, a chemical agent
that kills sperm.
Contraceptive sponge: small foam device presaturated
with the spermicide nonoxynol-9, moistened, and
inserted into the vagina.
15
© McGraw Hill LLC
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods
Fertility awareness–based methods are based on
abstinence during the window of time around
ovulation when a woman is most likely to conceive.
• Standard days method: a calendar-tracking method used only
by women who consistently have a regular cycle that is 26 to
32 days.
• Other methods of determining when ovulation has occurred
are the temperature method, cervical mucus method, and
symptothermal method.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Figure 12.4 Fertility
awareness–based methods.
These methods use the menstrual cycle to determine when
fertilization is likely to occur and when unprotected sexual
intercourse should be avoided. If a woman does not have a 28-day
cycle, the variability in her cycle will be in the part of the cycle
from menstruation to ovulation. Access the text alternative for slide images.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Withdrawal
Withdrawal, or coitus interruptus: the man removes his
penis from the vagina before ejaculating.
• Success is dependent on a man’s ability to tell when he is
about to ejaculate and to have the self-control to withdraw
with impending orgasm.
Because sperm can be present in pre-ejaculate,
this method can fail even if a man withdraws prior
to ejaculation.
This method does not protect against STIs.
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Emergency Contraception 1
Emergency contraception (EC): morning-after pill,
post-sex contraception, backup birth control.
• Reduces the chance of pregnancy by preventing ovulation
and fertilization.
• Most effective if taken within 72 hours and must be taken
within 5 days of unprotected intercourse.
• Useful when another method fails (condom breaks, or
diaphragm or cervical cap slips).
• Useful in cases of forced sex—rape and incest.
• ECs are not an abortogenic (abortion-causing) agent.
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Emergency Contraception 2
Emergency contraception is an important tool in
preventing unintended pregnancy.
• Extremely safe in almost all women.
• Available over the counter.
The progesterone pill forms of EC may be less effective
in women who are overweight or obese.
• Alternative is to insert the copper IUD within 5 days of
unprotected sex—with the advantage that it will provide
ongoing contraception.
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Permanent Contraception
Permanent contraception: surgical procedures that
permanently prevent future pregnancies.
• Vasectomy: male sterilization procedure involving tying off
and severing the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching
the semen.
• Tubal ligation or occlusion: female sterilization procedure
involving severing and tying off or sealing the fallopian tubes
to prevent ova from reaching the uterus.
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Figure 12.5 Vasectomy.
With only local anesthesia needed, this surgical procedure offers
permanent sterilization. A health care professional makes a small incision
or puncture in the scrotum, then ties off and severs the vas deferens, the
duct that carries sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicle, where
sperm would mix with semen.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Figure 12.6 Tubal ligation.
This surgical procedure is often performed via laparoscopy, which involves creating two
small incisions in the abdomen, one for the scope device and the other for the surgical
instruments. The fallopian tubes, through which ova pass from the ovaries to the uterus,
are then severed and tied or sealed. It usually requires only local anesthesia.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Signs of Pregnancy
Prior to the classic sign of pregnancy—missing a
period—there are others:
• Breast tenderness and swelling, fatigue, nausea and vomiting,
light-headedness, mood swings.
Ectopic pregnancy: rare and potentially life-threatening
complication of early pregnancy.
• Signs include severe lower abdominal pain or cramping and
vaginal spotting.
• If you experience these signs, see your physician or go to the
emergency room immediately.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Elective Abortion 1
Since Roe v. Wade (1973), terminating a pregnancy
through elective abortion has been legal in the U.S.
• Distinguished from spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage.
• Some restrictions apply as the pregnancy advances through
three trimesters.
Debate over abortion is one of the most highly charged
political issues of our time.
Fifty-nine percent of women having an abortion have
one or more children already.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Elective Abortion 2
Surgical abortion: surgical removal of the contents of
the uterus to terminate the pregnancy.
• Vacuum aspiration is most common method.
Medical abortion: use of a medication to terminate the
pregnancy.
• Mifepristone (formerly known as RU-486).
• In the U.S., the FDA has imposed restrictions on access to
mifepristone, and many states have implemented further
restrictions on women’s access to safe abortions.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Pregnancy Planning
Events and conditions during pregnancy influence the
child’s development throughout life.
The best time to have a child is influenced by many
factors: educational and career plans, relationship
status, health issues, and others.
The lowest health risk is when women have their
pregnancies between the age of 18 and 35, and when
they space births 18 to 24 months apart.
Male fertility also declines with age.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Prepregnancy Counseling
Prepregnancy counseling typically includes an
evaluation of current health status, health behaviors,
and family health history.
• People who smoke, use drugs, or drink alcohol will be
encouraged to quit before trying to become pregnant.
• Existing health conditions will be treated, and medications
adjusted to the safest options for pregnancy.
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© McGraw Hill LLC 36
Infection and Pregnancy
Women should be up-to-date on routine vaccinations
before pregnancy.
• Especially important are vaccinations for rubella
and hepatitis B.
• Hepatitis B can be transmitted to the child during pregnancy
and delivery (via vertical transmission).
• Some infections during pregnancy—such as toxoplasmosis and
Zika—increase risk of complications for a developing fetus.
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Chronic Health Conditions
Most substances the mother ingests eventually reach
the fetus.
• Teratogens cause physical damage or defects.
Tobacco and alcohol are the most commonly used
drugs during pregnancy.
• Alcohol use is linked to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
• Tobacco use in the home is linked to sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS).
Illicit drugs have a variety of effects on a fetus,
depending on the chemical action of the drug.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Prenatal Care and Delivery Choices
Pregnant women should visit their health care provider
regularly for prenatal care.
• Midwives usually take patients who are at low risk for medical
or pregnancy complications.
• Your family physician may provide pregnancy-related care, and
some deliver babies in birthing centers or hospitals.
• Obstetricians are trained to handle all kinds of pregnancies,
from low risk to high risk.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Complications of Pregnancy
for the Mother 1
U.S. rates of maternal and infant death are higher than
the rates in 16 peer countries.
Mortality is highest in low socioeconomic groups and
among racial minority groups.
Gestational diabetes occurs in some women midway
thought the pregnancy.
• Women with gestational diabetes are advised to exercise,
control their diet, and monitor glucose levels.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Complications of Pregnancy
for the Mother 2
Preeclampsia: dangerous condition characterized by
high blood pressure, fluid retention, possible kidney
and liver damage, and potential fetal death.
• Signs include facial swelling, headaches, blurred vision,
nausea, and vomiting.
• Can progress to eclampsia, a potentially life-threatening
condition marked by seizures and coma.
Preterm or early labor is another complication.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Complications of Pregnancy
for the Child
In a third of fetal deaths, no cause is clearly identified.
• In the other cases, the loss may be related to abnormalities in
the placenta; the fetus being affected by complications in the
mother’s health; or congenital abnormalities of the fetus.
After birth, the leading cause of death are preterm
birth, low birth weight, and SIDS.
There has been a recent increase in Black infant
mortality.
• The rate of death from preterm birth and low birth weight is
four times higher for Black infants than for white infants.
41
© McGraw Hill LLC
Fetal Development 1
Within 30 minutes of fertilization the single-celled
fertilized ovum (zygote) starts to divide.
Week 2 to week 8 is the embryonic period: formation
of embryo, placenta, and amniotic sac.
By 8 weeks, all major body systems and organs are
present in rudimentary form.
By 16 weeks, the sex of the fetus can be readily
determined, and the mother can feel fetal movements.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
Fetal Development 2
By 26 weeks, eyes are open.
At 30 weeks a layer of fat begins forming under
the skin.
The fetus has excellent chance of survival at 36 weeks.
Full term is 38 weeks—40 weeks after the mother’s last
menstrual period.
Full-term babies usually weigh about 7 pounds and are
about 20 inches long.
© McGraw Hill LLC
Diagnosing Problems in a Fetus
About 5% of babies born in the United States have a
disability.
Several tests have been developed to detect
abnormalities in a fetus prior to birth.
• In the first trimester all women are offered screening for
chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome.
• Ultrasound produces a visual image of the fetus in the womb.
• For women at increased risk, amniocentesis and chorionic
villus sampling (CVS) allow sampling of fetal cells for analysis.
44
© McGraw Hill LLC
Labor and Delivery
Labor begins when hormonal changes in the fetus and
the mother cause strong uterine contractions.
• Early first stage: cervix thins and begins to open.
• Second stage: baby moves downward through the pelvis,
cervix, and into the vagina; head emerges, followed by the
shoulders and body.
• Third stage: contractions continue, and placenta (afterbirth)
is expelled.
Certain difficulties for mother and baby suggest use of
a cesarean section (C-section)—a surgical delivery.
45
© McGraw Hill LLC
Figure 12.8 Labor and delivery.
(a) In the first stage of labor, the cervix thins and dilates, ending with
(b) the transition phase. (c) Delivery of the baby occurs in the second
stage. (d) In the third stage, the placenta is expelled.
Access the text alternative for slide images.
46
© McGraw Hill LLC
Newborn Screening
Babies are evaluated at birth to determine whether
they require any medical attention or will need
developmental support later.
The Apgar scale is used as a quick measure of the
baby’s physical condition.
Most babies are pronounced healthy and taken home
within 24 to 48 hours of birth.
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© McGraw Hill LLC
The Postpartum Period 1
The first few weeks or months of parenthood are a
period of profound adjustment as parents learn how to
care for their newborn (or neonate).
Issues for the newborn that deserve attention:
• Growth and nutrition.
• Illness and vaccinations.
• Adjustment.
• Attachment: a deep emotional bond that develops between
an infant and its primary caregivers.
48
© McGraw Hill LLC
The Postpartum Period 2
About 13% of women experience depression in the first
year after giving birth, referred to as postpartum
depression.
• Can be due to hormone changes, broken sleep patterns,
self-doubt, a sense of loss of control, and changes in support
systems.
• Can contribute to feelings of sadness, restlessness, loss of
interest, guilt, difficulty focusing, and withdrawal.
• Effective treatments exist; partners should be aware of signs
and symptoms.
49
© McGraw Hill LLC
In Review
• What are the commonly available contraceptive methods?
• What are the options in the event of unintended
pregnancy?
• What are the options when fertility is a problem?
• What are the basics of prenatal care?
• What happens during prenatal development?
• What happens during labor and delivery?
• What concerns arise during the postpartum period?
50
Because learning changes everything. ®
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.


next, edit this html code to answer each question, keep your answers short

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<p>Chapter 12 Study Outline</p>

<p>Reproductive Choices</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Know all of the vocabulary words for this chapter (bold text words listed in blue at the side of pages)</p>

<p>2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; About _____% of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended. Women who use contraceptives inconsistently or not at all account for _____% of unplanned pregnancies. And _____% of unintended pregnancies end in abortion. However, the availability of safe, effective, and affordable family planning services is consistently associated with decreased abortion rates.&nbsp; (pp. 310-311)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is the only guaranteed method of preventing pregnancy and STIs?&nbsp; (pg. 313)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What does LARC stand for and what are the two types of LARCs?&nbsp; (pp. 313-314)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>For each type of LARC, describe (define) what it is and then how it works to prevent pregnancy.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Besides implants, what are the other four types of hormonal contraceptives?&nbsp; (pg. 314)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fundamentally, how do they work to prevent pregnancy?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;What are their advantages?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;What are their disadvantages?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fundamentally, how do barrier method contraceptives work?&nbsp; (pp. 316-317)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Which are the only ones (out of any contraceptive category) to offer some protection against STIs?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fill out the following table regarding the other three barrier types.</p>

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Type</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Diaphragm</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Cervical Cap</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>Sponge</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>Definition</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>How it works</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>
			<p>How long it should be left in place</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>&nbsp;</p>
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is Toxic Shock Syndrome and why could it be a concern when using female barrier methods?&nbsp; (pg. 317)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What are fertility awareness-based methods?&nbsp; (pp. 317-318)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>What is the timeframe which must be avoided in order to prevent pregnancy? And why does the week before ovulation matter?</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Briefly list the four types of fertility awareness-based methods and what each one tracks in order to determine ovulation.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>9)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What is the withdrawal method and how can it fail even when performed correctly?&nbsp; (pg. 318)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>10)&nbsp; What is &quot;emergency contraception&quot; and how does it work to prevent pregnancy?&nbsp; (pg. 318)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [TRUE/FALSE] &nbsp;Because emergency contraception also terminates existing pregnancies, it can be used as an abortogenic (abortion-causing) agent.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>11)&nbsp; Permanent contraception can be achieved through surgical procedures.</p>

<p>&nbsp;The permanent contraceptive procedure for men is called:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The ducts that are cut and tied/cauterized:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;The permanent contraceptive procedure for women is called:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The ducts that are cut and tied/cauterized:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>12)&nbsp; What are the early signs of a pregnancy?&nbsp; (pp. 320-321)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>What is an ectopic pregnancy and its signs?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>13)&nbsp; What is the difference between open adoption and closed adoption?&nbsp; (pg. 322)</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>14)&nbsp; What is the difference between an elective abortion and a spontaneous abortion?&nbsp; (pg. 322)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>[TRUE/FALSE] &nbsp;The legality of abortion procedures does not alter the rates of women seeking abortion.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>[TRUE/FALSE] &nbsp;In places where safe abortion access is restricted, there&#39;s an association of higher rates of complications and death for women.</p>

<p>What are the only factors that appear to correlate with reduced rates of abortion?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>15)&nbsp; Briefly describe how surgical abortion and medical abortion are performed in order to differentiate them.&nbsp; (pg. 323)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>16)&nbsp; What are some of the reasons why people may need to seek fertility assistance services?&nbsp; (pg. 323)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>17)&nbsp; What is prepregnancy counseling and why is it valuable?&nbsp; (pg. 324)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>18)&nbsp; A woman&#39;s health is intrinsically linked to the baby she is carrying (or will carry). Describe how the following concerns should be met.&nbsp; (pp. 324-326)</p>

<p>Required nutrients:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Foodborne illnesses and contaminants:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Healthy weight gain:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Vaccinations:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Infectious diseases via vertical transmission (define first):</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Infectious diseases via animal vectors:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Chronic health conditions:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Teratogens (define first):</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Exposure to violence/support:</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Tobacco use (include definition of SIDS):</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Alcohol use (include definition of FAS):</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>19)&nbsp; [TRUE/FALSE]&nbsp; U.S. rates of maternal and infant death are higher than the rates in 16 peer countries. Even U.S. women in the highest socioeconomic levels experience worse health outcomes than equivalent groups in other developed countries.&nbsp; (pg. 326)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>20)&nbsp; Approximately ____ to ____% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage.&nbsp; (pg. 327)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>21)&nbsp; When an ovum becomes fertilized, it is then called a ____________.&nbsp; (pg. 327)</p>

<p>If it has embedded in the uterine lining by the end of week 2, then the period from week 2 to week 8 is called:</p>

<p>During this time, the cells have divided into an embryo and two other things. Name and define them.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>The period from week 8 to birth is called:</p>

<p>A baby is considered full term at _____ weeks.</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>22)&nbsp; &nbsp;Briefly describe what happens during each of the three stages of labor.&nbsp; (pg. 329 and Figure 12.8)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>23)&nbsp; &nbsp;What is a cesarean section and why might it be necessary?&nbsp; (pg. 329)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>24)&nbsp; Why do babies have high caloric requirements?&nbsp; (pp. 329-330)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>What are the benefits of breastfeeding/breast milk for the baby and for the mother?</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>25)&nbsp; About 13% of women experience depression in the first year after giving birth. What is this condition called and what are the contributing factors?&nbsp; (pg. 332)</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>&nbsp;</p>

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<p>Your Health Today 2023</p>

<p>C. Kerns-Campbell</p>
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