Make a final project report in which you will develop a qualitative study and submit a paper with the following requirements:

Paper Structure (APA Format Required: title page, headers, citations, references, etc.):
•	Introduction
•	Problem Statement
•	Research Purpose
•	Research Questions/Hypothesis
•	Research Method (e.g., survey, interview, case study, etc.) 
o	Research method chosen and why
o	Target Population/Sampling Procedure
o	Data Collection 
	Describe the process you will use. Include the instrument for your research method, e.g., survey questionnaire, interview protocol, etc.
o	How will you ensure reliability and validity in data collection?
•	Pilot Study 
o	You don’t need to conduct a full-scale study. Just conduct a pilot study with a few subjects/participants to collect some data and obtain feedback on your research design. For example, if you are proposing a survey using random sampling, feel free to ask your family/friends to fill in the survey for you. During/after this process, they may tell you that a particular question doesn’t make sense or isn’t clear. It’s a good idea to ask for their feedback on the survey/questionnaire in the end of the survey. You may also find that the answers you get are very different than what you expect. It could be due to true difference between reality and expectation or the way you ask the questions. This will be a good opportunity for you to examine the reliability and validity and adjust your instrument for the official data collection. Note that you are not required to conduct official data collection in this course.
•	Data analysis plan 
o	How will/did you record/transcribe results?
o	What data analysis method will/did you use to test your hypotheses or answer your research questions?
o	Note: It is fine if you can only list your plan and justify it (e.g., why this data analysis method is chosen) without actual data analysis due to lack of sufficient data.
•	Summarize results and findings 
o	Demographics of your subjects/participants
o	Preliminary analysis results if you have any
•	Lessons Learned from the pilot study
•	Conclusion
 My proposal is a qualitaitve study with Central Question:
 How do healthcare administrators in the United States perceive and navigate the
challenges of implementing value-based care models in their organizations?
Subquestions:
1. What are the key obstacles that healthcare administrators identify when shifting from fee-
for-service to value-based care models?
2. What best practices have administrators developed or adopted to facilitate a successful
transition to value-based care? Procedure Plan
1. Introduction to Qualitative Approach
This study adopts a qualitative research methodology to deeply explore how healthcare administrators in the United States perceive the challenges of implementing value-based care models within their organizations. The qualitative approach is chosen to capture the nuanced experiences and complex decision-making processes inherent in organizational change.
2. Qualitative Design
A phenomenological design will be employed to understand the lived experiences of healthcare administrators. Creswell and Creswell (2018) have explained this design facilitates an in-depth exploration of personal perceptions and strategies related to value-based care implementation.
3. Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity
The researcher, with a background in healthcare management, will engage in reflexivity by maintaining a reflective journal and participating in peer debriefings. This practice acknowledges potential biases and ensures that personal experiences do not skew the interpretation of data.
4. Sampling Strategy
A purposeful sampling strategy will be utilized to select approximately 15-20 healthcare administrators from diverse organizations across the United States. Criteria include a minimum of five years in administrative roles and direct involvement in value-based care initiatives.
5. Recruitment Strategy
Participants will be recruited through professional networks, healthcare conferences, and direct outreach to healthcare institutions. Invitations will provide detailed information about the study, ensuring informed consent and emphasizing confidentiality and voluntary participation.
6. Data Collection Methods
Data will be collected primarily through semi-structured interviews, allowing for flexibility and depth in responses. Additionally, relevant organizational documents and reports on value-based care initiatives will be analyzed to complement interview data.
7. Recording Procedures
Interviews will be audio-recorded with participant consent and transcribed verbatim. Field notes will be taken to capture non-verbal cues and contextual information during interviews.
8. Data Analysis Steps
Data analysis will follow a thematic analysis approach:
Familiarization: Reading and re-reading transcripts to immerse in the data.
Coding: Identifying significant statements and assigning codes.
Theme Development: Grouping related codes to form overarching themes.
Reviewing Themes: Refining themes to ensure they accurately represent the data.
9. Data Representation
Findings will be presented through detailed thematic narratives supported by direct quotes from participants. Diagrams or thematic maps may be used to illustrate relationships between themes.
10. Interpretation and Outcomes
The analysis will integrate existing literature with emergent themes to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and strategies in implementing value-based care. The study aims to contribute to theoretical frameworks and offer practical recommendations for healthcare administrators.
11. Validity and Trustworthiness
Multiple validation strategies will be employed, including member checking (verifying findings with participants), triangulation (using multiple data sources), and maintaining an audit trail to ensure credibility and reliability of the results.
Checklist Evaluation (Table 9.1)
Basic characteristics of qualitative studies mentioned: Yes
Specific type of qualitative design mentioned: Yes (phenomenological)
Researcher’s role/reflexivity addressed: Yes
Purposeful sampling strategy identified: Yes
Clear recruitment strategy mentioned: Yes
Specific data collection forms and rationale given: Yes (semi-structured interviews and document analysis)
Procedures for recording data detailed: Yes (audio recordings, transcriptions)
Data analysis steps identified: Yes (thematic analysis steps)
Data organized for analysis: Yes (transcriptions and coding)
Data reviewed for overall sense: Yes (familiarization step)
Data representation methods mentioned: Yes (thematic narratives, quotes)
Data coded: Yes
Codes developed to identify themes: Yes
Themes interrelated for higher analysis: Yes
Bases for interpreting analysis specified: Yes (literature, research questions)
Outcome of study mentioned: Yes (theoretical contribution, practical recommendations)
Multiple validation strategies cited: Yes (member checking, triangulation, audit trail)
The procedure plan comprehensively addresses all elements outlined in Table 9.1 as Creswell and Creswell (2018) have explained to ensure that a robust and methodologically sound qualitative study is proposed.
Question 4 
Develop a table that lists, in a column on the left, the steps you plan to take to analyze your data. In a column on the right, indicate the steps as they apply directly to your project, the research strategy you plan to use, and data that you have collected.

Steps to Analyze Data
Application to Project
1. Data Familiarization
- Research Strategy: Phenomenological approach
Application: Read and re-read interview transcripts and organizational documents to immerse in the data and understand healthcare administrators' experiences.
2. Transcription
- Data Collected: Audio-recorded interviews
Application: Transcribe all interviews verbatim to prepare for detailed analysis. Ensure accuracy and completeness of transcripts.
3. Initial Coding
- Research Strategy: Thematic Analysis
Application: Identify significant statements and assign initial codes to segments of the transcripts that relate to challenges and strategies in implementing value-based care.
4. Developing Categories/Themes
- Research Strategy: Thematic Analysis
Application: Group related codes into broader categories or themes that capture the core perceptions and navigation strategies of administrators. For example, themes might include "Resource Allocation," "Staff Training," or "Policy Compliance."
5. Reviewing Themes
- Research Strategy: Thematic Analysis
Application: Refine and validate themes by checking them against the data to ensure they accurately represent the participants' experiences. Merge similar themes and discard those that are not supported by the data.
6. Defining and Naming Themes
- Research Strategy: Thematic Analysis
Application: Clearly define each theme and assign descriptive names that reflect the essence of the data, such as "Adaptive Leadership" or "Technological Integration."
7. Data Interpretation
- Research Strategy: Integrative Approach
Application: Interpret the themes in the context of existing literature and the research questions to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and strategies in implementing value-based care.
8. Data Representation
- Research Strategy: Thematic Narratives
Application: Present findings through detailed narratives supported by direct quotes from participants. Use diagrams or thematic maps to illustrate relationships between themes.
9. Validating Findings
- Research Strategy: Multiple Validation Strategies
Application: Conduct member checking by sharing findings with participants for verification, use triangulation by comparing interview data with organizational documents, and maintain an audit trail to ensure transparency and credibility.
10. Reporting Results
- Research Strategy: Phenomenological Reporting
Application: Compile the analysis into a coherent report that includes thematic narratives, supporting quotes, and visual representations. Discuss the implications for theory and practice in healthcare administration.


References
Creswell , J. and Creswell, D. (2018) Research Design. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.