# "case study speech disorders in pd 3 years
Parkinson's disease is commonly associated with the development of speech disorders in a significant percentage of individuals affected by the condition. James Parkinson outlined the motor and nonmotor signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in his essay "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy," which was published more than 200 years ago. The monogram mainly focused on motor issues, though various non-motor problems were also mentioned, such as constipation, sleep issues, and particularly tremor. Notably, Parkinson articulated, "His speech and swallowing impairments in the advanced disease." Consequently, speech and communication difficulties, including trouble understanding words and feeding oneself, manifest in advanced stages of the disease. Over the centuries, significant advancements have been made in understanding Parkinson's disease, particularly its motor symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The ineffective activity of the tongue, pharynx, and other mouth muscles hinders their movements. Additionally, impaired motor planning is evident from the difficulty in performing sequential or repetitive tasks. People with Parkinson's disease frequently experience "freezing episodes" and other motor symptoms, which are characterized by a generalised inability to initiate movements. Nonmotor impairments, such as behavioral, emotional, and cognitive abnormalities, may also be visible in the early stages of the disease. The presence of speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease is well-documented, and it is caused by a combination of motor and nonmotor impairments. These impairments affect the sophisticated motor and sensory brain networks controlled by the disease. In general, Parkinson's disease significantly impairs the motor and sensory neural networks, affecting over 10 million patients worldwide. In addition to movement symptoms, impaired speech production and communication difficulties are experienced by up to 90% of people with Parkinson's disease, emphasizing the importance of accurate weather forecasts in today's rapidly changing world.
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speech disorders in patients with essential tremors Speech disordersare of significant importance due to their impact on communication and quality of life. These speech disorders can lead to difficulties in expressing oneself, being understood by others, and participating in social interactions. The prevalence of speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease can be as high as 89%, and these disorders can range from breathiness and hoarseness to roughness and tremulousness.type of speech disorderin pd aree categorized as dysarthria, which is a motor speech disorder characterized by slurred or unclear speech production. In Parkinson's disease, the speech disorder known as hypokinetic dysarthria is commonly observed. This disorder is characterized by reduced movement amplitude in the muscles used for speech production, resulting in reduced loudness, monopitch, and reduced stress in speech.
one of the main features of hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson's disease is hypophonia, which refers to reduced vocal lume or loudness.
thalamotomy is one of the surgical treatments for pd leads to speech disorder, as it can affect the motor pathways involved in speech production. bilateral thalamotomy can .leds  to sever speech disorders, including dysarthria and apraxia of speech. The prevalence and impact of speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease make accurate weather forecasts crucial for their overall well-being.

C. General objectives of the study ( case study speech disorders in pd 3 years) include  knownhow to identify the specific speech impairments in individuals with Parkinson's disease, understand the underlying pathophysiology of these impairments, evaluate the effectiveness of current speech management and treatment approaches, and determine the impact of speech disorders on the overall quality of life for individuals with Parkinson's disease.
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Methodology
A. Study design
The study utilized a case study approach to examine speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease over a period of three years.

 Participant selection
The participant in the study was only one patient with Parkinson's disease who had been diagnosed with a speech disorder.and did bilatral thamlmotomy as part of their treatment.


C. Measurement and assessment tools
The study utilized various measurement and assessment tools to evaluate speech disorders in individuals with Parkinson's disease. These included voice recordings of sustained phonations, rapid repetitions of syllables, and variable speech readings or freely spoken monologues. Furthermore, the study employed clinical auditory-perceptual assessments to screen for speech deficits associated with Parkinson's disease.
type of assesssmment The study employed acoustic analysis to measure parameters such as sound pressure level, fundamental frequency, formant frequencies, rate of speech, and rhythm. In addition, the study utilized standardized speech assessment tools such as the Voice Handicap Index to evaluate the impact of speech disorders on the individual's quality of life.





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B. Participant selection