کلمات مهم این متن ها را دربیاور و هرکدام را در خط جداگانه بنویس و فقط ترجمه کلمه را مقابل آن بنویس

Reflecting and Clarifying
Reflecting is the process of feeding-back to another person your understanding of what has been said. Although reflecting is a specialized skill used within counseling, it can also be applied to a wide range of communication contexts and is a useful skill to learn. 
Reflecting often involves paraphrasing the message communicated to you by the speaker in your own words, capturing the essence of the facts and feelings expressed, and communicating your understanding back to the speaker. It is a useful skill because:
•	You can check that you have understood the message clearly.
•	The speaker gets feedback as to how the message is received.
•	It shows interest in, and respect for, what the other person has to say.
•	You are demonstrating that you are considering the other person’s viewpoint.
See also our pages on Reflecting and Clarifying. 
Summarizing
A summary is an overview of the main points or issues raised. Summarizing can also serve the same purpose as 'reflecting'. However, summarizing allows both parties to review and agree the communication exchanged between them up to that point in time. When used effectively, summaries may also serve as a guide to the next steps forward. 
Closing Communication
The way a communication is closed or ended will, at least in part, determine the way a conversation is remembered. 
A range of subtle, or sometimes not so subtle, signals are used to end an interaction. For example, some people may avoid eye contact, stand up, turn their body away, or use behaviors such as looking at a watch or closing notepads or books. All of these non-verbal actions indicate to the other person that the initiator wishes to end the communication.
Closing an interaction too abruptly may not allow the other person to 'round off' what he or she is saying so you should ensure there is time for winding-up. The closure of an interaction is a good time to make any future arrangements. Last, but not least, this time will no doubt be accompanied by a number of socially acceptable parting gestures.
Effective Speaking	
Your voice can reveal as much about your personal history as your appearance.  
The sound of a voice and the content of speech can provide clues to an individual's emotional state and a dialect can indicate their geographic roots.  The voice is unique to the person to whom it belongs.  For instance, if self-esteem is low, it may be reflected by hesitancy in the voice, a shy person may have a quiet voice, but someone who is confident in themselves will be more likely to have command of their voice and clarity of speech. 
This page can help you understand and utilize the full potential of your voice.
Aspects of Effective Speaking
Effective speaking has nothing to do with the outdated concept of 'elocution' where everyone was encouraged to speak in the same 'correct' manner.  Rather, effective speaking concerns being able to speak in a public context with confidence and clarity, whilst at the same time reflecting on your own personality.
Aspects of Effective Speaking
•	Accents.
•	Finding your voice.
•	The effect of breath on voice and speech.
•	Vocal production.
Accents
Regional and ethnic accents are positive; they are part of individual personality. 
Gradually, over the years, through the migration of people and exposure to the media, accents are being broken down and neutralized.  In some ways this is a shame because accents can add a dimension and distinctiveness to voice and emphasize individuality.
It is important to get used to the sound of your own voice.  Most people are more relaxed in a private situation, particularly at home, where there are no pressures to conform to any other social rules and expectations.  This is not the case in public situations when there are all sorts of influences exerted upon the way people speak.
Try recording your own voice in an informal setting, like at home. 
Listen carefully to how you sound in order to become accustomed to your own voice.  
You might also note any aspects of your speech which reduce the overall effectiveness of your message.
 Often people don’t like the sound of their own recorded voice - in the same way that some people don't like photographs of themselves - they can feel embarrassed.