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 <text>BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
 
 
BLDG 6851 / BCEE 464: Project Cost Estimating  
 
Mid-Term  Report  
 
Group  09 
Last Name  First Name  Student ID  
Karbhari  Meet  40274215  
Gajera  Sajani ben 
Pravinbhai  40255830  
Kumar  Anmol  40262329  
Patel  Shivam  40270919  
Pimparkar  Suchita  40254828  
Ahmed  Faizaan  40293762  
Soni Sahil  40292702  
 
Instructor  
Prof. Po -Han Chen  
Department of Building, Civil & Environmental Engineering  
Concordia University  
Fall 2024  
BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
2 | P a g e  
 Table of Contents  
 
List of figures  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 2 
List of Tables  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 3 
Introduction (Suchita, Shivam)  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 4 
Methodology (Anmol, Faizaan, Sahil) ................................ ................................ ............................  4 
Assumptions/Justifications (Team)  ................................ ................................ .............................  5 
Conceptual Cost Estimation (Suchita, Sahil, Faizaan, Shivam)  ................................ .....................  5 
Work Breakdown Structure (Sajani, Meet)  ................................ ................................ ....................  7 
Elemental Cost Estimation (Sajani, Meet, Anmol)  ................................ ................................ .........  7 
Quantity Takeoff  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................  8 
Excavation (Meet): ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................  8 
Foundation  (Shivam):  ................................ ................................ ................................ .................  9 
Slab on grade ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............................  9 
Interior wall calculation (Sahil):  ................................ ................................ ...............................  14 
Roof Framing (Anmol)  ................................ ................................ ................................ .............  21 
Cost Estimation Processes and Assumptions (Meet)  ................................ ................................ .... 25 
Percentage of Waste, Tax and Overhead (Meet)  ................................ ................................ ...... 25 
References  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 26 
Appendix  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 27 
Appendix A: Work Breakdown Structure ................................ ................................ .................  27 
Appendix B: Phase 1 Calculation  ................................ ................................ .............................  28 
Appendix C: Phase 2 Calculation  ................................ ................................ .............................  29 
 
List of figures   
Figure 1 : RS Means data for sample project  ................................ ................................ ..................  5 
Figure 2 : RS Means data for sample project  ................................ ................................ ..................  5 
Figure 3: Historical Cost Indexes  ................................ ..................  Error! Bookmark not defined.  BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 Figure 4 : Level differences in the basement area  ................................ ................................ ..........  9 
Figure 5: Wall arrangement assumption and Main floor plan  ................................ ......................  11 
Figure 6: EW assumptions  ................................ ................................ ................................ ............  13 
 
List of Tables    
Table 1 : Conceptual Cost Estimation data  ................................ ................................ .....................  5 
Table 2 : Excavation level from the NGL  ................................ ................................ .......................  8 
Table 3: Quantity for Exterior Wall - Basement Floor  ................................ ................................ . 10 
Table 4: Quantity for Exterior Wall - Main Floor  ................................ ................................ ........  13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 Introduction  (Suchita, Shivam)  
This report provides a comprehensive assessment of the cost estimation methodology applied to a 
residential construction project located in North York, Toronto. The report focuses on key aspects 
such as conceptual cost estimation, quantity takeoff, elemental cost estimation, equipment pricing, 
and material pricing, ensuring that each element is analyzed and estimated with precision to meet 
the project’s current financial goals. The primary objective of this analysis is to offer a thorough 
and well -documente d projection of the project’s costs while aligning with industry standards and 
market conditions.  
This project is a residential development in North York, Toronto, designed as building type, 
“Residential – Detached” (2 Storey residential  + basement and garage ) with a total project area of 
5,532 square feet and a livable  space of 1,718.65 square feet.  
Methodology (Anmol, Faizaan, Sahil)  
In the following section  with the different methods of cost estimation , methodology will be 
discussed. Mainly there are three methods which are Conceptual cost estimation, Elemental cost 
estimation and Quantity take -offs. Additionally, all assumptions made during the estimation 
process are outlined, accompanied by justifications that provide reasonable explanations for their 
inclusion.   
In the very beginning stages of a project, conceptual cost estimation was derived because it allows 
to generate an approximate cost range early in the planning phase, even in the absence of detailed 
information.  
After this , a hierarchy structure called WBS  was created according to Uniformat to perform 
elemental  cost estimation because it provides a structured and detailed approach to estimating the 
costs of individual components, such as the superstructure, foundations, finishing, and services. 
This method allows us to break down the project into its core elements, giving us a c learer 
understanding of how costs are distributed across different areas.  
Additionally , we are utilizing quantity take -offs including the RS Means database  to ensure a 
precise and detailed assessment of the materials, components, and labour  required for construction. 
The decision to use quantity take -offs, rather than relying on rough estimates or generalized 
assumptions, is driven by the need for accuracy and control. Accurate quantity take -offs enable us 
to anticipate the exact amount of materials required, avoiding potential shortages or excesses that 
could lead to delays or cost overruns.  
Software such as Bluebeam Revu and Microsoft Excel were used for cost estimation.  These  tools 
allowed us to perform detailed quantity takeoffs, budgeting, and cost analysis with precision and 
efficiency.  
 
 BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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Figure 1 : RS Means data for sample project  Figure 2 : RS Means data for sample project  Assumption s/Justifications  (Team)  
The following are the basic assumptions for the project.  More detailed assumptions will be 
discussed throughout the study.  
• The project has already been awarded following the bidding phase and will be delivered 
using the Design -Bid-Build method.  
• These drawings contain architectural and structural plans. The Owner's project scope also 
includes site preparation and landscaping.  
• The services work package is not incorporated into the WBS due to the absence of MEP -
related drawings . 
• The Services work package is not considered for the calculation of Elemental  estimation 
and Quantity Takeoff.  
• The applied year is 20 24 considering the inflation rate for Q4 of 20 14.  
• The capacity ratio exponent is assumed as 1.00  
Conceptual Cost Estimation (Suchita, Sahil, Faizaan, Shivam)  
For Conceptual cost estimation, the sample project from RS Means database is considered for 
reference  purposes.  Following shows the comparison between proposed and reference building 
data:  
  
 
 
Table 1 : Conceptual Cost Estimation data  
 
 Data  Reference Project  Proposed Project  
Location  Toronto, Ontario  Toronto, Ontario  
Year  2018  2024  
Building 
Type  2 Story Residential with Furnished 
Basement + Garage  2 Story Residential with Furnished 
Basement + Garage  
Total Area  4400 Sq. ft  5534.37 Sq. ft  
Total Cost  $601,935.82  854130.4151  BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 1. Area breakdown for proposed project:
Basement Area:  1338.84 Sq. ft 
Main Floor Area:  1826.52 Sq. ft  
Second Floor Area:  1759.36 Sq. ft  Garage Area:  422.28 Sq. ft 
Front Yard:  158.19 Sq. ft 
Porch:  29.18 Sq. ft 
Total Area = 1338.84 + 1826.52 + 1759.36 + 422.28 + 158.19 + 29.18 =  5534.37 Sq ft  
To calculate the final cost, adjustments must be  done for time and size, as projects vary in these 
areas.  
2. Time Adjustment :  
Since the sample project is from 2018, a time adjustment for 2024 is required based on the 
annualized rate of return.  The annualized  rate of return calculation  is given below. 
i = (FV/ PV) ^ (1/n) – 1 (Estimating Construction Costs” by R.L. Peurifoy and G.D. Oberlender, 
Sixth Edition, McGrawHill, 2013.)  
FV = Index for 
2018 = 215.8  PV = Index for 
2009 = 180.1  n    = 9 Years  i     = annualized 
rate of return
Figure 3 : Historical Cost Indexe s 
Therefore, i = (215.8 / 180.1) ^ (1/9) - 1 = 0.0202965  
Time Adjustment  = Index for 2024 / Index of 2018= 243.45 / 215.8 = 1.1281282
BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
3. Size Adjustment : 
Since the area of reference project and proposed project are different, size /capacity  adjustment  is 
required  to adjust the final cost . This adjustment is based on the capacity ratio exponent. In this 
case, the exponent is assumed as 1.00, which implies the cost would grow linearly with the size. 
When the exponent is less than 1, the cost increases more slowly than the size . 
Size Adjustment = (Area of Proposed building / Area of Reference Project) ^ 1.00 
                           = (5534.37 /4400) ^ 1.00  
                           = 1.257811364  
The above value means that the proposed project (which is larger than the reference project in 
terms of area) results in a cost adjustment factor of 1.257. With t his factor the cost adjustment 
would be linear , meaning the cost would increase directly in proportion to the size of the project.  
Using the cost of reference project and all the adjustment factors, final cost can be calculated as 
follows:  
Final Cost = Total Cost of Reference Project × Time Adjustment × Size Adjustment  
                 = $ 601935.82 * 1.128128277 * 1.257811364  = $ 854130.4151  
The conceptual cost for the proposed project is estimated as $ 854130.4151  
Work Breakdown Structure (Sajani, Meet)  
As Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a straightforward method for cost estimation, it organizes 
the project's deliverables and work components into smaller, more manageable units known as 
work packages, providing a clearer understanding of the work to be pe rformed.  (Sérgio Sequeira, 
2015)  
In this report, WBS  (Work Breakdown Structure) was determined based on the Uniformat system 
for proper understanding of the work packages.  The following WBS built according to the 
CSI/CSC Uniformat system . (CSI, 2024) (refer Appendix A ) 
Elemental Cost Estimation  (Sajani, Meet, Anmol)  
Most elements are defined through the WBS, and elemental cost estimation is performed by 
comparing in -house data from previous projects with the projected costs of the proposed project. 
The proposed project was compared with a similar one in terms of funct ion, design, and location. 
Although the referenced project is slightly smaller, the derived prices were adjusted to a Unit/SQ. 
FT basis to accurately reflect costs during the cost calculation.  
The Elemental cost estimation was performed in two phases. In Phase 1, the reference project was 
analyzed, compiling the final actual cost and deriving prices for each element on a Unit/SQ. FT 
basis. In Phase 2, using the cost data from Phase 1, the final cost  of the proposed project was 
calculated for each element. The information is presented in the table for each phase, structured 
according to the CSI/CSC Uniformat system (CSI, 2024)  
 BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 Phase 1: In house date from previous projects (Elemental  Analysis of a previous Project)  
For Phase 1  elemental cost estimation, the used reference project has 2421.87 SF, gross floor area 
and it was built in February 2021, the final total cost of the project was $ 372,222 . At this point, 
we calculated the ratio (Quantity/GFA), unit rate (Subtotal/Quantity), total cost for each section 
(Sum of section components), and the percentage distribution of each section.  (refer Appendix B)  
Phase 2 : Projected Costs of the proposed projects ( Elemental Estimate for the cost of the future 
project)  
In Phase 2, the elemental cost summary from Phase 1 was used. By multiplying the unit cost by 
the quantity of each element and summing the costs of the components within each element, the 
elemental cost estimate for the project was calculated. At this stag e, a contingency percentage was 
added before determining the final project cost. Since soil conditions had not yet been inspected 
and to protect the budget against unforeseen circumstances such as inflation, project delays, and 
fluctuations in labor and ma terial costs, a 10% contingency was applied, especially as 100% 
Construction Drawings (CD) were already available (Rabbet, 2024) . The estimated final cost of 
the proposed project was $795,898.68, before time adjustment. Since the reference project was 
built in 2021, a time adjustment was necessary, bringing the final project cost to $859,619.24 (Refer 
Appendix C) 
Quantity Takeoff  
Given the time -consuming nature of manually extracting quantities from project drawings and 
specifications, two methods were employed for the quantity takeoff (QTO). A portion of the 
takeoff was conducted manually, while the remainder was measured using th e estimating software 
Bluebeam Revu 2.0 , (Bluebeam, 2024)  which significantly improved the accuracy of the quantity 
measurements . 
After performing both manual and automated QTOs, with the results compiled into an Excel table 
(refer Appendix D). The table was structured according to the Master Format  system, categorizing 
quantities based on material requirements. Selected manual calculations are detailed in the 
following sections, with a demonstration of the software provided in Appendix E. 
Excavation  (Meet):  
The structure has an 8" thick mat foundation across the 20 15 ft² built -up area, including footings 
outside the basement. Excavation was done for the entire area, with calculations performed in 
Bluebeam . The foundation is not parallel to the ground surface due to slight deviations in the soil 
profile, preventing alignment. Table 2 shows levels from NGL. The foundation and excavation 
have a step -down level of 174.53 and a step -up level of 174.33, connected by a 24" x 24" step 
concrete. Figure 4 illustrates the level variations and areas of the lower and step -down base ments.  
Average Level of excavation (m)  175.755  
Lowest level (step down) (m)  174.53  
Lowest level (step -up) (m)  174.33  
Table 2 : Excavation level from the NGL  BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
9 | P a g e  
  
Figure 4 : Level differences in the basement area  
The 3" offset in the drawings was calculated as extra area and added to the total excavation area 
of the foundations.  The excavation quantity for the strip footing, basement area, and columns 
outside the basement, based on the depths from NGL in Table 2, was calculated to be  area*depth 
= 2015 Sq. ft  * 4.674ft = 9418.11 cubic feet  as equal to 348.8188  Cubic Yard   
Foundation  (Shivam):  
The foundation is made up strip footing, isolated footing, combined footing, step footing and the 
offsets in the strip footing, each having precise measurements . For the footings, the estimated total 
concrete volume is 491 ft3. Using the following footing types, this volume is calculated: a square 
footing (F1) of 48 inches by 48 inches and 10 inches deep; a rectangular footing (F3) of 32 inches 
by 60 inches and 8 inches deep; and a strip footing measuring 18 inches by 8 inches.  
We deduct the volume of concrete from the total volume of excavation to get the backfill volume 
needed for the project. 491 ft3 make up the concrete volume, which includes the foundations. The 
entire excavation volume, which reflects the space excavated ou t for the footings, amounts to 
8915.44 ft3. Based on our computation, the backfill volume comes out to be 8424.44 ft3. This 
volume represents the quantity of material required to restore the site and make it ready for further 
work  after the concrete has be en poured and set in the excavated regions surrounding the 
foundations.  
Since it was anticipated that the concrete would only cure at the top face of the footings, the area 
of concrete was estimated as l x b. As a result, the total quantity of curing was determined to be 
737 ft2, and the total cost of curing was determined by RS methods per 100 sq. ft. The entire cure 
cost came to $ 206.77.  
Slab on grade  
According  to drawings, the basement floor will be prepared with a 4" concrete slab over a 3" gravel 
layer. For accurate quantity takeoff, a part -to-whole approach was used, dividing the drawing into 
smaller sections.  
For the 3" thick gravel layer, the quantity is calculated using the formula: Length * Width * 
Thickness, yielding 442.02 ft³.  
For the 4" thick, 20 MPA (~3000 PSI) concrete slab, the same formula is applied to calculate the 
volume.  
The Concrete quantity on the slab on grade for 4” thick is 603.9 ft³ and for curing quantity refer  
Table 5 for detailed breakdown.  
BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 Floor  (ft)  Length (ft)  Width (ft)  Thickness  (ft)  Volume ( ft³) 
Basement  43.25  39.9 0.33 517.7  
3.67 6.3 0.33 6.93 
8 1.64 0.33 3.94 
2.16 2.86 0.33 1.85 
19 12 0.33 68.4 
3.54 4.83 0.33 5.07 
Total Quantity( ft³)    603.9  
 
Walls  (Suchita, Sahil)  
A. Exterior Walls  (Suchita)  
The basement wall assembly comprises a concrete foundation wall extending 4.13 feet in height, 
topped by a concrete block wall rising to a total height of 10 feet. The interior of the wall is finished 
with a stud wall lining. For quantity takeoff purposes, the walls are designated as North, South, 
West, and East.  
Wall  L (Ft)  H (Ft)  Deduction  Total Area (Sq.ft)  
South wall  38.67  10 108.00  278.67  
West Wall  40.52  10 0.00 405.21  
North Wall  58.67  10 45.60  541.07  
East Wall  20.35  10 0.00 203.54  
Table 3: Quantity for Exterior Wall - Basement Floor  
 For the concrete portion of the wall, formwork, concrete quantity and waterproofing for the 
interior and exterior was considered. For the stud wall portion, it consists of components such as 
top and bottom plates, wall studs, gypsum board sheathing, interior insulation, exterior rigid 
insulati on, and headers and trimmers for wall openings.  BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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Figure 5: Wall arrangement  assumption and Main floor plan  
  
Sample Calculation of Basement wall: South Wall  
  
1. Concrete Wall - Assuming C25 Concrete Mix (1:1:2)  
a. Formwork Calculations  
    Total surface area = Length of wall * height of wall  
                                 = 38.67 * 4.13 = 159.70 Sq. Ft.  
 
b. Quantity of Concrete=Length x width x height  
                                     =38.67 * 0.83 * 4.13  
                                     =132.55 Cubic Foot  
2. Concrete Blockwork  
    Number of Blocks = Surface area of wall / Surface area of one block  
                                  = 278.67 / ((8/12) *(24/12)) = 208 Nos  
    (Assuming solid 4''x 8'' x 24'' concrete block including mortar)  
3. Waterproofing interior and exterior:  
    Surface area of wall = 38.67*4.13  
                                     = 159.35 SF  
For exterior waterproofing, a Type A Bitumen membrane is chosen to act as barrier protection      
for the structure. For interior waterproofing, a Type C membrane has been considered.  
4. Studs Calculation (Assuming spacing=1.33’)  
No. of studs required = (Length of the wall / Spacing of studs) + 1  
                                  = (38.67 / 1.33) +1 = 30 Nos  
Quantity in Board feet = No of studs x ((2 x 4) / 12) x 10  
                                     = 30 x ((2 x 4) / 12) x 10 = 200 BF  
(Assuming 2''x4'' lumber, 2 extra studs per corner and 2 studs for each wall opening, Length of the 
stud is 10 ft)  
5. Top and bottom plates  
BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 Length in linear feet = Length of wall x 2  
                                 = 38.67 x 2 = 77.33 LF  
Length in board feet = Length in LF x ((2 x 4) / 12)  
                                 = 77.2 x (2 x 4) / 12)  
                                 = 51.56 BF  
(Assuming 2'' x 4'' lumber and since it is a non -loading bearing wall, one top and one  
bottom plates are considered.)  
6. Gypsum Board  
Total SF of gypsum board required = Length of wall x height of wall  
                                                         = 38.67 x 10 = 386.67 SF  
No of gypsum board required = (Length / 8’) + (Height / 4’)  
                                                = (38.6 / 8) + (10 / 4) = 7 Nos  
(Assuming a gypsum board of size 4’ x 8’)  
7. Interior insulation  
Insulation quantity = (Length x Height) - (deducting openings for W08 two times)  
                               = (38.67 x 10) - (2 x (9 x 6))  
                               = 278.67 SF (Assuming 3.5’’ cavity insulation (R15))  
8. Exterior Rigid Insulation  
Insulation quantity = (Length x Height) - (deducting openings for W08 two times)  
                               = (38.67 x 10) - (2 x (9 x 6))  
                               = 278.67 SF (Assuming 1’’ fiberglass insulation)  
9. Headers (Quantity of Headers) = (Length of opening + 7’’ spacing) x 2  
                                                      = (9+(7/12)) * 2= 38 BF  
The south wall has two W09 windows. (Assuming 2'' x 12'' lumber and 7'' extra space for windows  
and two headers per opening.  
 
10. Sill = (Length of opening + 7’’) x 2  
            = (9+(7/12)) * 2  = 19.17 LF  
            = 19.17 * (2*4/12) = 38.33 BF  
(Assuming 2' 'x 4'' lumber and 7'' extra space for windows and two sills per opening).  
11. Trimmer (Length of Trimmers) = (Sill height + height of opening) x 2  
                                                         = (2 + 6) x 2  = 17 LF  
                                                         = 16 * ((4 X 6) / 12)  = 32 BF 
(Height of W08 is 6’ and Sill height is 2’)  
 
Main Floor Exterior Wall  
The first -floor exterior wall is a wooden stud wall 10’ height with exterior brick veneer cladding. 
The dimensions of exterior walls are calculated using Bluebeam software and required details of 
windows, doors etc. are taken from schedule provided in the drawings . 
 
Wall  L (Ft)  B (Ft)  H (Ft)  Deduction  Total  
South wall  38.60  0.83 10.00  108.00  278.04  
West Wall  43.31  0.83 10.00  66.00  367.13  
North Wall  42.71  0.83 10.00  92.00  335.08  BLDG 6851 | Final Report                                                                                                    Group 9 
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 East Wall  43.17  0.83 10.00  60.00  371.67  
Table 4: Quantity for Exterior Wall - Main Floor  
Sample Calculation of First floor wall: South Wall  
1. Studs Calculation (Assuming spacing=1.33’)  
No. of studs required = (Length of the wall / Spacing of studs) + 1  
                                  = (38.67 / 1.33) +1 = 30 Nos  
Quantity in Board feet = No of studs x ((2 x 4) / 12) x 10  
                                     = 30 x ((2 x 4) / 12) x 10 = 200 BF  
(Assuming 2''x4'' lumber, 2 extra studs per corner and 2 studs for  
each wall opening, Length of the stud is 10 ft)  
2. Top and bottom plates  
Length in linear feet = Length of wall x 2  
                                 = 38.67 x 2 = 77. 21LF  
Length in board feet = Length in LF x ((2 x 6) / 12)  
                                 = 77.2 1 x (2 x 6) / 12)  
                                 = 77.21  BF 
(Assuming 2'' x 6'' lumber and since it is a non -loading bearing wall,  
one top and one  bottom plates are considered.)  
3. Gypsum Board  
Total SF of gypsum board required = Length of wall x height of wall  
                                                         = 38.67 x 10 = 386.67 SF  
No of gypsum board required = (Length / 8’) + (Height / 4’)  
                                                = (38.6 7 / 8) + (10 / 4) = 7 Nos  
(Assuming a gypsum board of size 4’ x 8’)  
 
4. Interior insulation  
Insulation quantity = (Length x Height) - (deducting openings for W08 2Nos. ) 
                               = (38.67 x 10) - (108 Sq.ft. ) 
                               = 278. 04 SF (Assuming 3.5’’ cavity insulation (R15))  
5. Exterior Rigid Insulation  
Insulation quantity = (Length x Height) - (deducting openings for W08 2Nos. ) 
                               = (38.67 x 10) - (108 Sq.ft. ) 
                               = 278. 04 SF (Assuming 1’’ fiberglass insulation)  
6. Headers (Quantity of Headers) = (Length of opening + 7’’ spacing) x 2  
                                                      = (9+(7/12)) * 2  = 38 BF  
The south wall has two W0 8 windows. (Assuming 2'' x 12'' lumber and 7'' extra space for windows 
and two headers per opening.  
7. Sill = (Length of opening + 7’’) x 2  
           = (9+(7/12)) * 2 = 19.17 LF  
           = 19.17 * (2* 6/12) = 19.17  BF 
(Assuming 2' 'x 6'' lumber and 7'' extra space for windows and two sills per opening).  
8. Trimmer (Length of Trimmers) = (Sill height + height of opening) x 2  
                                                       = (2 + 6) x 2 = 1 6 LF  
                                                       = 16 * ((4 X 6) / 12) = 3 2 BF 
Figure 6: EW assumptions   </text>
Assistant: