User: 

what makes temperature temperature
Assistant:  ""Temperature" is a measure of how hot or cold something is, which corresponds to the average kinetic energy of the particles (atoms or molecules) in a substance.

Here's what makes temperature *temperature*:

1. **Kinetic Energy of Particles:**  
   Temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles in a material. When particles move faster (vibrate, rotate, or translate), the temperature is higher. When they move slower, the temperature is lower.

2. **Thermal Equilibrium:**  
   Temperature is the property that determines the direction of heat transfer. Heat flows naturally from an object with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperature until both reach the same temperature (thermal equilibrium).

3. **Measurable Quantity:**  
   Temperature is a quantitative property that can be measured using thermometers. It’s expressed in units like degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).

4. **Thermodynamic Definition:**  
   In thermodynamics, temperature is related to the change in internal energy with respect to entropy. It is a fundamental variable that helps describe the state of a system.

In short, temperature is essentially a measure of the average energy of motion of particles in matter, and it governs how heat energy moves between objects.
User: mathematical relationship?
Assistant:  CertainlyCertainly! The mathematical relationship involving temperature depends on the context. Here are some key formulations that relate temperature to physical quantities:

---

### 1. **Temperature and Average Kinetic Energy (Ideal Gas Approximation)**

For an ideal gas, the average kinetic energy of a single particle is proportional to the absolute temperature \( T \):

\[
\langle E_{\text{kin}} \rangle = \frac{3}{2} k_B T
\]

- \( \langle E_{\text{kin}} \rangle \) = average kinetic energy per particle  
- \( k_B \) = Boltzmann constant \(\approx 1.38 \times 10^{-23} \, \text{J/K}\)  
- \( T \) = temperature in Kelvin (K)  

This formula shows temperature as proportional to the average kinetic energy of particles.

---

### 2. **Thermodynamic Definition**

From the laws of thermodynamics:

\[
\frac{1}{T} = \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial U}\right)_V
\]

- \( T \) = temperature  
- \( S \) = entropy  
- \( U \) = internal energy  
- The partial derivative is taken at constant volume \( V \)

This means temperature is the inverse of the rate of change of entropy with respect to internal energy.

---

### 3. **Ideal Gas Law**

For an ideal gas:

\[
PV = nRT
\]

- \( P \) = pressure  
- \( V \) = volume  
- \( n \) = number of moles  
- \( R \) = universal gas constant (\(8.314\, \text{J/(mol·K)}\))  
- \( T \) = temperature in Kelvin  

This law connects temperature with measurable macroscopic properties.

---

### Summary —

- At a microscopic level:  
  \[
  \text{Temperature} \propto \text{Average kinetic energy of particles}
  \]

- At a thermodynamic level:  
  \[
  \frac{1}{T} = \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial U}\right)_V
  \]

- At macroscopic level for gases:  
  \[
  PV = nRT
  \]

If you want, I can expand on any of these relationships!
User: how can it be related to 1/2mv^2
Assistant: