Проаналізуй:

cabulary notes
1. The momentum has reached such a level... Тут: розвиток цивілізації досяг
такого рівня... The word “momentum” in this context means “inevitable progress” and
the above offered translation rests completely on the context. The most usual meanings
of this word are:
Momentum, n:
1) physics the quantity of motion of a moving body – швидкість руху, кінетична
енергія, e.g. His momentum rolled him over and over down the incline.
2) impetus gained by movement, fig. strength or continuity derived from an initial
effort – оберти, імпульс, поштовх, рушійна сила, e.g. The reader’s heart beat faster
as the narrative gathered momentum.
Phrases: to gain/gather momentum – набирати силу/обертів, нарощувати
швидкість.
2. Tend, v. The complexity of meanings of this verb in the English language is due
to its homonymous nature. The two homonymous verbs each “tend” to have sets of
different meanings and different origins, although having the same written form. The
first homonym has two basic meanings, the first one of which appears in the text:
Tend, verb 1:
1) apply yourself to the care and service of, look after, cultivate (a plant) –
доглядати, піклуватися, дбати, турбуватися, e.g. Visitors tending the graves,
weeding like patient gardeners.
2) turn the mind, attention, or energies to – приділяти увагу, e.g. You need to
wait for a while, then the doctor will tend to you.
Tend, verb 2:
1) direct a course, move into a particular direction – іти, вести (про дорогу
тощо), e.g. The path tends west around small mountains.
2) be disposed or acquire some quality, state, opinion – схилятися, e.g. His poetry
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tends towards the Byronic.
3) lead to some state, action, result – мати тенденцію, призводити, e.g. Children
tend to dress and talk like the TV characters they admire.
Phrases: to tend to business – вести справи, to tend sheep – пасти вівці.
3. Snapshot, v. Either to literally take a photograph with a camera or
metaphorically to freeze a situation in time in order to study it or just think about it –
зняти фотографію або заморозити в часі. e.g. Although they knew that the situation
had already deteriorated, the United Nations committee snapshot the situation at the
time the riot started.
4. Quaint, adj. Attractively unusual or unfamiliar in character or appearance,
especially in an old-fashioned way, a beloved expression of Americans travelling in
Europe – дивний, незвичайний, e.g. Oh, these thatched cottages are just so quaint!
5. Aspiration, n. The noun should not be confused with its paronym “inspiration”.
Although the word “aspiration” once used to have a meaning that equaled to
“inspiration”, that meaning has become obsolete. The noun “aspiration” currently has
the following main meanings:
1) the action of desiring and striving for something, ambition, an earnest desire –
прагнення, сильне бажання, e.g. Her aspiration was to become a leading singer.
2) the drawing of breath, a sigh, the action of breathing – вдих, дихання, e.g. She
signed with an aspiration so low that it was scarcely audible.
3) the action of aspirating a consonant - придих, e.g. When pronouncing
these consonants don’t forget about aspiration before vowels.
Aspire v – прагнути, домагатися, aspirant n – той, що прагне, домагається
чогось, кандидат, претендент (на духовну посаду); aspiring adj – честолюбний,
aspiringly adv – честолюбно; aspirate п – придиховий приголосний звук, aspirate v
– вимовляти з придихом, aspirator п – апарат штучного дихання.
Inspiration, п.
1) the prompting of the mind to exalting thoughts, to creative activity –
стимулювання, надихання, спонукання, e.g. The success of Prince Henry the
Navigator was an inspiration to other explorers.
2) a thought, an utterance, etc. that is inspired, a sudden brilliant or timely idea –
дар, небесний дар. e.g. Dawney had an inspiration to do something on behalf of our
senior citizens.
3) an inspiring influence, a source of inspiration to others – натхнення,
духовне піднесення, e.g. His counsel and prayer was an inspiration to many.
6. Deprivation, n.
1) loss of something enjoyed or desired – втрата, e.g. Although she listened a lot
to music, she didn’t regard the loss of her mp3 player too much of a deprivation.
2) a deprived condition, hardship – злидні, forced to live in inhospitable
reservations in conditions of severe deprivation.
7. Rat race, n. Competitive modem living, implying stress and a fast pace – пер.
боротьба за виживання, шалений ритм життя, e.g. Не resigned as General
Manager and dropped out of the rat race to become a university lecturer.
8. Environment, п.
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1) the set of circumstances or conditions, especially physical conditions, in which
a person or community lives, works, develops, a thing exists or operates; the external
conditions affecting the life of a plant, or animal. Also, physical conditions viewed in
relation to the possibility of life – довкілля, навколишнє оточення, середовище,
навколишня обстановка, e.g. I wished to remain in the stimulating environment of
Copenhagen. The environment of Jupiter is alien to humans.
2) the region surrounding a place – околиці, оточення, прилегла територія, e.g.
The environment of this loch reminded me of Lake Windemere.
Syn.: surroundings,
habitat - the natural environment characteristically occupied by a particular
animal, plant, organism;
conditions – circumstances especially necessary for a thing’s existence;
circumstances - the material, logical or other environmental conditions;
milieu – an environment, social surroundings, a social class, or group of people
with a shared outlook;
element – the natural surroundings of an organism, the facts or conditions
involved in a situation;
medium – the substance, in which an organism lives or is cultured, someone’s
usual social settings;
background – fig. the prevailing circumstances, information about a broad basis
on which more particular matters may be considered;
setting – immediate surrounding, a place or time in or at which a play, scene, etc.,
is represented as happening;
atmosphere – fig. mental or moral environment, a pervading tone or mood.
9. Surrounding, n.
1) the action or fact of surrounding or encompassing someone or something –
оточення, поглинання (як процес), e.g. The general decided that surrounding the
enemy troops was the next step.
2) pl. those things that surround or are in the vicinity of a person or thing, the
conditions affecting a person or thing – середовище, оточення, околиці, e.g. It‘s
always more interesting to observe an animal in its natural surroundings.
10. Up-market adj. Relating to or suitable for the more expensive end of the
market, of superior quality, fig. with a higher intellectual content – елітний, дорогий,
вищої якості (в т. ч. інтелектуальної), e.g. The four-room apartments in the
Pechersk area will always be up-market from two-room apartments in Podil. Sibelius
would always be up-market from Christine Aguilera.
Down-market, adj. Relating to the cheaper end of the market, cheap, with popular
appeal – недорогий, розрахований на масового споживача, e.g. Sony decided to
launch a down-market product in that niche to increase turnover.
These terms should not be contused with the AmE terms uptown and downtown
which are almost never used in AngloE. Uptown is that part of an American city or
town where the best residential property is located and is usually a suburban area. By
connotation, it may also mean ‘sophisticated, prosperous’ or ‘elegant’. Downtown
refers to the more central parts or the main business area of an American city or town.
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The worst areas of cities are usually called ghettos or slums.
11. Development, n.
1) the action or process of developing, evolution, growth, maturation – розвиток,
зростання, вдосконалення, еволюція, e.g. This stage of natural development is the
outcome of environmental necessity.
2) a result of developing, a developed form or product, an addition, a stage of
advancement – результат (розвитку), розробка, e.g. A butterfly is the development of
a grub. A map with many further developments will be added to the volume.
3) the action of developing a photograph – проявка, e.g. The development process
was ruined when he opened the door.
4) the action of developing land etc., so as to realize its potential, speculative
building, a developed site, a new housing estate – забудова, e.g. The small
development of just two dozen detached homes is attractively laid out to give a
“village” atmosphere.
5) economic advancement or industrialization of a country, not previously
developed – розвиток, e.g. Many African countries lack sufficient funds and skills to
undertake the massive task of development after independence.
Comb.: ribbon development – стрічкова забудова, radial development –
радіальна забудова; development area – район інтенсивного економічного
розвитку.
12. Probe, v.
1) examine or look into closely, to investigate, to interrogate closely – детально
розібратися, розслідувати, досліджувати, e.g. Let others probe the mystery if they
can.
2) explore, examine with a probe – зондувати, e.g. She jumped as the doctor
probed her ear.
Probe, n. Зонд, щуп, автоматична науково-дослідна станція, зондування,
розслідування, e.g. The Mars Probe, Beagle 2, crashed on landing and failed to
operate.
13. Ultimate, adj. This adjective belongs to those difficult words for translation,
which do not have a dominant dictionary equivalent and should be in each case
translated based on the context. Its meanings and possible Ukrainian equivalents
include:
1) beyond all others, final, absolute (of a decision etc.) – остаточний, кінцевий,
найбільший, найважливіший, e.g. I consented to wait for their ultimate decision. His
ultimate goal was to play for the National team.
2) coming to the end of the process, occurring last – кінцевий, останній,
остаточний, крайній, e.g. Ultimate success will require luck and patience.
3) fundamental, primary, beyond which no advance can be made – основний,
фундаментальний, остаточний, e.g. The ultimate answer to the origin of life may
never be found. The ultimate moral law for many religious people must be the will of
God.
4) constituting a result or conclusion, eventual, resultant – остаточний, кінцевий,
e.g. The ultimate result of the election after the endless re-runs elected the centrist
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candidate.
5) designating the maximum possible strength, resistance, etc., of an object,
beyond which it breaks – максимальний, граничний, критичний, e.g. The ultimate
stress characteristics of aircraft components are critical to safety requirements.
14. Telecommuter, n. A person who works from home, communicating with the
company’s head office by Internet, phone and fax. Надомник, надомниця, людина,
яка виконує доручену їй справу вдома, спілкуючись з офісом за допомогою
Інтернету та інших сучасних засобів телекомунікаційного зв’язку.
15. Clog, v.
1) impede, encumber, hamper, hinder – перешкоджати, заважати, обтяжувати,
e.g. The whole flotilla would be clogged by the slowness of the sailing vessels.
2) obstruct or encumber by stickiness – засмічувати(ся), забруднювати(ся),
забивати(ся), e.g. Her boots were clogged with mud.
3) fill up as to hinder free passage, action, or function – заповнюватися,
забиватися, бути переповненим/перевантаженим, e.g. The tube was clogged up with
dirt.
Clog, n. A heavy shoe or overshoe with a wooden sole, a type traditionally worn in
the Netherlands – черевики на дерев’яній підошві, сабо. e.g. In the late ‘60s it
became fashionable for a few years for both sexes to wear clogs.
Comb.\ clog-dance – народний танець, де виконавці відбивають такт
черевиками на дерев’яній подошві.
16. Biodiversity, п. The diversity of plant and animal life – біорозмаїття. e.g. The
canopy of a tropical rain forest is the best example of biodiversity.
17. Incidence, n. The range or scope of something, the extent of a thing’s
influence; especially the frequency of an occurrence of a phenomenon – сфера
поширення дії, охоплення або частотність явища, кількість випадків, e.g. There
were battles in Parliament about the incidence of taxation on different sections of the
community. Studies have shown a high incidence of alcoholism in the parents of female
alcoholics.
18. Phase out, v. To remove, eliminate gradually or in planned stages, disappear
gradually – поступово зменшувати, забирати, викорінювати, знищувати, знімати з
озброєння, e.g. The old model was phased out gradually as the new-generation
technology established itself.
19. Discharge, n,v. Here used in the meaning of “something that is got rid of, the
result of sending, pouring out” and can be translated as “викиди, витоки
(промислові)”. In this context synonymous to “waste”. Other main meanings of the
noun deriving from the correspondent verbal meanings include:
1) freeing from obligation, accusation or blame, release from a position/ custody,
dismissal from employment – звільнення від обов’язку, з роботи, з ув’язнення,
сплата боргу, e.g. Mary’s responsibilities were not discharged until she finished
washing the dishes. When business got bad, three of us were discharged from our jobs.
2) firing a weapon or missile – розрядження, постріл, залп. e.g. The unharmed
rabbit ran off into the woods after the gun discharged.
3) freeing from a load, unloading (a ship), removing a cargo – розвантажування,
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e.g. The discharge of the vessel was finished.
4) recognition of the fulfilment of an obligation or duty – визнання завершення
служби, звільнення, відставка, e.g. Не was given an honourable discharge after the
military campaign.
5) substance that is emitted from a wound or diseased organ – виділення,
секреція, e.g. The discharge showed that he was seriously ill.
6) the release of electricity from a charged object – розрядка, розряд, e.g. The
discharge from the electrical generator burned the operator.
20. Waste, n.
1) unusable material left after the process of manufacture, thrown aside as
worthless after the completion of the process, the use of consumer goods – відходи,
вирізки, обрізки, обривки, e.g. Nuclear waste, industrial waste, radioactive waste;
metal waste – металобрухт; waste paper – макулатура.
2) useless expenditure or consumption, extravagant or ineffectual use (of money,
time, goods, effort) – розтрачання, марна витрата, марнотратство, перевитрата, e.g.
It’s a waste of time talking to someone who does nothing but lie.
3) rubbish – сміття, бруд, нечистоти, e.g. Please put all your waste in the bins
before leaving.
4) a devastated region (usually with -land) – спустошена земля, e.g. After the
mines were closed down, the area became a wasteland.
Comb.: to go to waste – витрачати даремно.
Syn.: discharge,
rubbish (mostly AngloE) – rejected and useless matter of any kind; garbage/trash
(mostly AmE) – domestic waste, household refuse; refuse (mostly AngloE) – that which
is thrown away or rejected as worthless, including organic matter, foodstuffs;
junk – second hand or discarded articles or objects of little or no use or value;
litter – odds and ends of discarded material lying around, straw-rushed, grain used
as an absorbent;
effluent – a stream or liquid flowing out, waste discharged from an industrial
process, sewage tank;
debris – the remains of anything broken down or destroyed, wreckage, ruins.
Comb.: waste-basket – корзинка для сміття (паперу тощо), waste bin/ rubbish
bin – цеберко для сміття (під мийкою), dust-bin AngloE!trash can AmE – бак для
сміття (на вулиці); wheelie-bin – бак для сміття на коліщатках (на вулиці), waste
disposal – знищення відходів, waste disposal unit – електричний пристрій для
подрібнення харчових відходів перед їх зливом у каналізацію (встановлюється
під мийкою), waste disposal chute – сміттєпровід, waste tip – смітник,
сміттєзвалище, waste utilization – використання відходів, waste material/waste
product – відходи виробництва.
21. Pristine, adj. Here used in the meaning “uncorrupted, unspoilt, undamaged, as
if brand-new” – чистий, незіпсований. e.g. I took a pristine sheet of paper. The other
meaning which is now very rarely used is “relating to the earliest period, original,
primitive, ancient” – старовинний, стародавній, первозданний, первісний,
колишній, e.g. She retained her pristine naivety.
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Syn.: unblemished/spotless/immaculate/undefiled – having no physical or moral
blemish or stain;
unscarred – bearing no scars or marks;
brand-new – absolutely new;
unmarred – not ruined, whole;
pure – physically and morally clean;
unspoiled – not worsened in character or value;
untouched – not affected physically, left intact, not modified;
virgin – not yet used or taken, unexplored;
uncorrupted – not influenced by bribes.