You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


                                                                       FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 June 19, 2012
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court


    CORA JEAN JECH; CHARLES
    TILLMAN; DUDLEY WHITEHORN;
    JOE HALL; JOANNA BARBARA;
    R. E. YARBROUGH; CODY
    TUCKER; JOHN JOHNSON,
                                                        No. 11-5064
               Plaintiffs-Appellants,         (D.C. No. 4:09-CV-00818-TLW)
                                                        (N.D. Okla.)
    v.

    DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR; KEN
    SALAZAR, Secretary of the Interior;
    BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS;
    LARRY ECHOHAWK, Assistant
    Secretary, Indian Affairs; THE
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Defendants-Appellees.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TYMKOVICH and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, and BRORBY, Senior
Circuit Judge.




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s order dismissing their complaint for

failure to exhaust administrative remedies. They sued the United States of

America, the Department of the Interior (“DOI”) and its Secretary, and the Bureau

of Indian Affairs (“BIA”) and its Secretary. 1 They sought injunctive and

declaratory relief that would require the DOI to conduct the elections for

Principal Chief, Assistant Principal Chief, and Tribal Council of the Mineral

Estate (collectively, “Mineral Estate Officials”) of the Osage Tribe of Indians

(“Osage Tribe”). We affirm.

                                  I. Background

      The underlying facts are not in dispute. Plaintiffs are owners of interests in

the Osage Mineral Estate. These interests, called “headrights,” entitle the owner

to receive mineral revenue distributions from production of the Mineral Estate.

Headright owners are referred to as “shareholders.” Headrights may be owned by

non-Osage; not all Osage own headrights. Headrights pass to the heirs, devisees,

and assigns of the owners. A shareholder may own a fractionalized interest in a

headright or interests in many headrights. Income to a shareholder from the

Mineral Estate is based on his or her headright interests.




1
       The BIA is an agency in the DOI. Woods Petroleum Corp. v. Dep’t of
Interior, 47 F.3d 1032, 1035 (10th Cir. 1995).

                                         -2-
      The Osage Allotment Act of 1906, as amended (“1906 Act”), created the

Mineral Estate, identified the original shareholders, and provided that headrights

would pass to their heirs, devisees, and assigns. See Act of June 28, 1906,

Pub. L. No. 59-820, 34 Stat. 539 (1906). The 1906 Act also prescribed the form

of the Osage Tribal government, including the election of Chiefs and a Tribal

Council. Under the 1906 Act, only shareholders were allowed to vote and the

tribal officials also had to be shareholders. Each voter was entitled to a weighted

ballot based on the value of his or her headright interest.

      In 2004, Congress enacted the Reaffirmation of Certain Rights of the Osage

Tribe, Pub. L. No. 108-431, 118 Stat. 2609 (2004) (“Reaffirmation Act”).

Congress recognized that many people were considered Osage, but under the 1906

Act only shareholders were “members” of the Osage Tribe. The Reaffirmation

Act clarified that “legal membership” in the Osage Tribe meant headright owners,

id. § 1(a)(2) & (3), and reaffirmed “the inherent sovereign right of the Osage

Tribe to determine its own form of government,” id. § 1(b)(2). According to

plaintiffs, the Reaffirmation Act was intended “to clarify the right of all Osage

people to be considered tribal members and self-govern tribal affairs outside the

Mineral[] Estate.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 7.

      Following enactment of the Reaffirmation Act, the Osage Tribe adopted a

new Constitution of the Osage Nation. The new Constitution changed the election

rules to allow all adult members of the Osage Tribe to vote in tribal elections,

                                          -3-
even if they were not headright owners. In addition, tribe members who did not

own headrights could hold tribal office. Concerned that their headrights would be

governed by Mineral Estate Officials who were neither shareholders nor elected

solely by shareholders, various shareholders wrote to the BIA and demanded that

it conduct the 2006 election for the governing body of the Mineral Estate pursuant

to the 1906 Act, i.e., allow only shareholders to vote. See 25 C.F.R. Part 90

(governing DOI’s conduct of Osage elections). The BIA responded by issuing

several letters, all refusing the demands by plaintiff Tillman and others to conduct

the election, stating that the new Osage Constitution was consistent with the

Reaffirmation Act.

      Plaintiffs did not appeal the BIA’s decision to the Interior Board of Indian

Appeals (“IBIA”), but instead filed the underlying lawsuit. They sought a

declaratory judgment and a mandatory injunction to require the DOI to conduct

tribal elections whereby Mineral Estate Officials would be elected only by

shareholders. They claimed that the DOI had the responsibility to administer the

tribal elections and to supervise the ratification of the Osage Constitution. They

asserted that their headright interests were diminished by allowing non-headright

owners to exercise primary control and authority over the Mineral Estate.




                                         -4-
      Defendants moved to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and

(b)(6). 2 A magistrate judge recommended granting defendants’ motion to dismiss

due to plaintiffs’ failure to exhaust administrative remedies. The magistrate judge

reasoned that plaintiffs were required to file an appeal with the IBIA and that

because they failed to do so, “the BIA’s decision [was] not eligible for judicial

review.” Aplt. App. at 330. The district court conducted a de novo review and

adopted the magistrate judge’s recommendation to grant defendants’ motion to

dismiss. Plaintiffs appeal, asserting that the letters from BIA officials represented

final agency action or, alternatively, that exhaustion would have been futile.

                                   II. Analysis

      This court has jurisdiction to review claims for relief other than money

damages against the United States, its agencies, and officers acting in their

official capacity under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). Rural Water

Sewer & Solid Waste Mgmt. v. City of Guthrie, 654 F.3d 1058, 1070 (10th Cir.

2011) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 702); see also Bowen v. Massachusetts, 487 U.S. 879,

893, 910 (1988) (holding APA authorized review of agency action and grant of

relief that was not “money damages”). We may, however, “review only ‘final

agency actions.’” McKeen v. U.S. Forest Serv., 615 F.3d 1244, 1253 (10th Cir.

2010) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 704). “[T]he hallmarks of APA finality” are: (1) the


2
       The motion to dismiss also invoked Rule 12(b)(7) (failure to join a party),
but this rule is not pertinent to the issues presented on appeal.

                                         -5-
agency “determined rights or obligations;” (2) “legal consequences flow” from

the agency action; and (3) the agency action “marks the consummation of the

agency’s decisionmaking process.” Sackett v. EPA, 132 S. Ct. 1367, 1371-72

(2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (ellipsis omitted). In addition, “[t]he

APA’s judicial review provision . . . requires that the person seeking APA review

of final agency action have ‘no other adequate remedy in a court.’” Id. at 1372

(quoting 5 U.S.C. § 704). Dismissals under either Rule 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6) “for

failure to exhaust administrative remedies under the BIA’s regulations . . . are

generally reviewed de novo.” Davis ex rel. Davis v. United States, 343 F.3d

1282, 1294 (10th Cir. 2003); see also id. at 1295 (noting that any findings of

jurisdictional facts are reviewed for clear error).

      “A party must exhaust administrative remedies when a statute or agency

rule dictates that exhaustion is required.” Coosewoon v. Meridian Oil Co.,

25 F.3d 920, 924 (10th Cir. 1994). Pursuant to the DOI’s regulations, “[n]o

decision, which at the time of its rendition is subject to appeal to a superior

authority in the [DOI], shall be considered final so as to constitute Departmental

action subject to judicial review,” absent concerns not applicable here. 25 C.F.R.

§ 2.6(a). Where an official has failed to act, such as failing to conduct elections

for the Mineral Estate Officials as plaintiffs allege, the appeal process requires

the party to file a written request that “the official take the action originally asked

of him/her; (2) [d]escribe the interest adversely affected by the official’s

                                          -6-
inaction;” and (3) state that an appeal shall be filed unless the official takes action

within ten days of his or her receipt of the written request or sets a date by which

action will be taken. 25 C.F.R. § 2.8(a). The official “must respond within ten

days of receipt of the request by either issuing a decision on the merits of the

request or establishing a later date by which a decision shall be made.”

Coosewoon, 25 F.3d at 925 (citing 25 C.F.R. §2.8(b)).

      Plaintiffs acknowledge that they did not follow these appeal procedures.

They assert, however, that the letters from various BIA personnel, as well as the

DOI’s refusal to conduct the 2006 election, qualify as final agency action.

Plaintiffs also complain that the DOI did not conduct the election held in 2010,

but issues concerning that election were not raised in the district court and will

not be addressed here. See ClearOne Commc’ns, Inc. v. Biamp Sys., 653 F.3d

1163, 1182 (10th Cir. 2011) (“This court will generally not consider an argument

that was not raised in the district court.”). Plaintiffs contend that (1) the letters

announced the DOI’s settled agency position, (2) the letter from the Assistant

Secretary of Indian Affairs is final agency action, and (3) the decision set forth in

the letters “was final when rendered because it would not be made inoperative

pending appeal and it was a decision from which legal consequences flow,” Aplt.

Opening Br. at 17.

      It is undisputed that the BIA personnel who wrote to the shareholders

consistently declined to step in and conduct the 2006 election. One of the letters

                                          -7-
was issued by the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs. As the regulations

provide and defendants concede, a letter from the Assistant Secretary can be a

final agency action. See 25 C.F.R. § 2.6(c). Plaintiffs may not now argue,

however, that the Assistant Secretary’s letter constitutes final agency action

pursuant to § 2.6(c), because they did not present this argument to the magistrate

judge. See ClearOne Commc’ns, Inc., 653 F.3d at 1185 (holding party had

waived an issue not raised to the magistrate judge).

         None of the letters explains the BIA’s reasoning for its conclusion that

“[t]he Osage Constitution, adopted by a vote of the Osage people, upholds the

intent and direction of the Congress,” Aplt. App. at 285 (Jan. 28, 2008, letter

from Assistant Secretary–Indian Affairs). Absent an appeal to the IBIA, the DOI

did not explain fully its reasoning, nor was it afforded “an opportunity to correct

[any] errors prior to judicial intervention, thus mooting many issues before they

reach the courts,” St. Regis Paper Co. v. Marshall, 591 F.2d 612, 613 (10th Cir.

1979).

         Plaintiffs rely on authority from the District of Columbia for their claim

that the BIA letters were final agency action because they reflected the settled

position of the DOI and legal consequences flowed from the letters. E.g.,

Seminole Nation of Okla. v. Norton, 223 F. Supp. 2d 122, 126-29, 142

(D.D.C. 2002) (chronicling long and complex administrative history, which

included two agency appeals; concluding that one of many letters issued by the

                                           -8-
BIA was “sufficient to constitute final agency action”). Plaintiffs therefore

contend that they were not required to file an appeal to the IBIA.

      Under the circumstances of this case, we decline to depart from our circuit

authority concerning agency exhaustion. The exhaustion requirement

“‘recognizes the notion, grounded in deference to Congress’ delegation of

authority to coordinate branches of Government, that agencies, not the courts,

ought to have primary responsibility for the programs that Congress has charged

them to administer.’” United Tribe of Shawnee Indians v. United States, 253 F.3d

543, 550 (10th Cir. 2001) (quoting McCarthy v. Madigan, 503 U.S. 140, 145

(1992)). The requirement is particularly forceful “when the action under review

involves exercise of the agency’s discretionary power or when the agency

proceedings in question allow the agency to apply its special expertise.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). As noted, none of the letters from the BIA

provides an analysis of the agency’s position concerning the 1906 Act, the

Reaffirmation Act, the new Constitution of the Osage Nation, or 25 C.F.R.

Part 90. Moreover, the record before us does not include all the letters written to

the BIA, so we cannot ascertain the precise issues the DOI was asked to address. 3




3
      We determine that the letters from the BIA do not constitute final agency
action; therefore, we need not resolve the BIA’s argument that letters addressed to
a non-party cannot satisfy the exhaustion requirement.

                                         -9-
      Plaintiffs further argue that the DOI’s refusal to conduct the 2006 election

was subject to judicial review because the refusal was not made inoperative

pending appeal. See Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137, 154 (1993) (“[W]here the

APA applies, an appeal to a superior agency is a prerequisite to judicial review

only when expressly required by statute or when an agency rule requires appeal

before review and the administrative action is made inoperative pending that

review.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). As the magistrate judge pointed

out, plaintiffs do not explain how the DOI’s refusal to act to conduct the 2006

election could be made inoperative. Aplt. App. at 331-32. Moreover, the

agency’s rules require appeal of the agency’s inaction. See 25 C.F.R. §§ 2.6(a),

2.8; Coosewoon, 25 F.3d at 925 (holding plaintiff was required to comply with

DOI’s administrative appeal requirement to challenge agency’s refusal to act).

      Plaintiffs also contend that even if the BIA letters did not constitute final

agency action, plaintiffs were not required to exhaust administrative remedies

because exhaustion would have been futile. The futility exception may apply

where (1) the agency “lacked the authority or the ability to resolve [the dispute],”

(2) the case presents “purely a question of statutory interpretation,” or (3) “the

court would not benefit from allowing the [agency] to develop a full

administrative record on the issue.” Forest Guardians v. U.S. Forest Serv.,

641 F.3d 423, 433 (10th Cir. 2011) (per curiam).




                                         -10-
      Considering these criteria, we conclude that exhaustion would not be futile.

There is no dispute that the agency had the authority to grant the relief plaintiffs

sought. Plaintiffs focus on the second criterion, arguing that the pivotal issue

concerns the purely legal question of the Reaffirmation Act’s effect on the 1906

Act with respect to the Mineral Estate. But we determine that the third criterion

prevails. Exhaustion “serves the twin purposes of protecting administrative

agency authority and promoting judicial efficiency.” United Tribe of Shawnee

Indians, 253 F.3d at 550 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Exhaustion is

generally required as a matter of preventing premature interference with agency

processes, so that the agency may function efficiently and so that it may have an

opportunity to correct its own errors, to afford the parties and the courts the

benefit of its experience and expertise, and to compile a record which is adequate

for judicial review.” Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 765 (1975). We

conclude that requiring plaintiffs to exhaust their claims would further these

purposes and so would not be futile.

                                III. CONCLUSION

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Bobby R. Baldock
                                                     Circuit Judge

                                         -11-