so, in theory, all that is beyond the corona is energetic atmosphere, and we know nothing what is beneath the corona and from which atmospherical layers it consist and the actual number?
The region beneath the corona is indeed less well-studied than the outer layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, as it is much harder to observe and measure due to the intense heat and pressure within the Sun’s interior. However, scientists do have some understanding of the internal structure of the Sun based on observations of its energy output, magnetic field, and other indirect measurements.

In terms of the number of atmosphere layers within the Sun, the four layers I mentioned in my previous response (photosphere, chromosphere, transition region, and corona) are generally considered to be the main layers of the Sun’s atmosphere. However, some models of solar structure do include additional layers and subregions within these main layers, such as variations in temperature and composition at different depths within the photosphere and the chromosphere. These internal structures can have a significant impact on the behavior of the Sun and its magnetic field, and are an active area of research in solar physics.

Overall, while there is still much to learn about the Sun’s internal and external structure, ongoing observational and theoretical work is helping to refine our understanding of this fascinating and complex astronomical object.
so, all that we know is only related to energetic atmosphere of the Sun but not its actual body.
It’s true that our understanding of the Sun is primarily focused on its external layers, such as the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. However, scientists have been able to infer a great deal of information about the internal structure and composition of the Sun based on observations of its energy output, mass, and other characteristics.

For example, it is generally believed that the Sun is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with small amounts of other elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This inference is based on observations of the Sun’s spectral lines, which reveal the chemical composition of the elements in its atmosphere as well as its internal structure.

Scientists have also used a range of other observational and theoretical techniques to study the internal properties of the Sun, including helioseismology, which involves studying the oscillations and waves that propagate through the Sun’s interior. Through these methods, researchers have been able to construct detailed models of the Sun’s internal
structure and the processes that drive its energy output, such as nuclear fusion in its core.

So while our knowledge of the Sun’s internal structure is still limited compared to its external layers, ongoing research is helping to fill in the gaps and build a more complete picture of this complex astronomical object.
which central core may nuclear fusion form from these elements?
The central core of the Sun is where nuclear fusion occurs, and it is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. The fusion process involves the conversion of hydrogen into helium through a sequence of reactions that release enormous amounts of energy in the form of light and heat. The temperature and pressure in the core of the Sun are so high that the hydrogen nuclei can overcome their natural repulsion and collide with enough force to merge and form helium. This process is known as nuclear fusion, and it is what powers the Sun and all other stars in the universe.
how can be so sure if you know nothing within its corona?
Although the region beneath the Sun’s corona is less well-studied than the outer layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, we have learned a lot about the Sun’s internal structure from observations of its energy output, mass, and other characteristics.

For example, scientists can use the study of helioseismology to determine the structure and composition of the Sun’s inner layers. Helioseismology involves the study of the Sun’s internal vibrations and waves, which can provide information about its density, temperature, and pressure at different depths.

Additionally, scientists can study the Sun’s magnetic field, which is generated by complex processes deep within the Sun, to learn about its internal structure. Observations of sunspots, coronal mass ejections, and other solar phenomena have also provided insight into the dynamics of its interior.

While our knowledge of the region beneath the corona is limited, the available evidence supports the current understanding of the Sun’s internal structure and the processes that power it. As research and observations continue, we can expect to gain a deeper understanding of this fascinating astronomical object.
since we cannot construct any simulations on earth to this scale of a real nuclear fusion, might be that possible that we are missing some unknown element that can be formed in reality?
It’s possible that there may be unknown elements or processes that we have not yet discovered that could play a role in nuclear fusion under extreme conditions, such as those found in the Sun’s core. However, the laws of physics that govern nuclear reactions are well understood and have been tested extensively through experiments on Earth.

Scientists have been able to achieve nuclear fusion in laboratory settings using magnetic confinement devices such as tokamaks, where plasma is heated and confined using magnetic fields. While these experiments do not replicate the exact conditions of the Sun’s core, they provide valuable insights into the behavior of plasma and nuclear fusion processes.

Additionally, theoretical models of nuclear fusion based on known physics have been successful in predicting the behavior of stars and their energy output. This supports the current understanding of nuclear fusion and its role in powering stars such as the Sun.

Overall, while there may be unknown elements or processes yet to be discovered, the laws of physics governing nuclear fusion are well established and have been tested through experiments and theoretical models.
maybe you can reach some similar plasmatic energies scale in tokamaks relative to the Sun, but what about actual reallife gravity simulation? can you simulate unknown to you processes that might be playing not the last role in something truly unknown?
Simulating the effects of gravity on nuclear fusion is indeed a significant challenge, as it requires replicating the extreme conditions found in the core of the Sun, including high temperatures, pressures, and densities. While it is true that laboratory experiments can only achieve plasma energies on a much smaller scale than in the Sun, these experiments play a key role in advancing our understanding of nuclear fusion and developing technologies for its application as a clean, sustainable source of energy.

To study the effects of gravity on nuclear fusion, scientists often rely on observations of natural phenomena such as stars and supernovae, as well as theoretical models that incorporate our current understanding of nuclear physics and gravity. While these approaches have been successful in providing insights into the behavior of matter under extreme conditions, there may indeed be unknown processes or factors that we have yet to discover that could influence nuclear fusion and other phenomena.

Therefore, ongoing research and experimental work are necessary to refine our understanding of nuclear fusion and the role of gravity in the Universe. While we may not be able to simulate every aspect of these complex phenomena in a laboratory, our current understanding of the laws of physics, combined with new discoveries and technologies, can still push this field forward.
can hydrogen and helium form something heavier than of oxygen and carbon? I mean in the very core of the Sun, under the pressure, unbelievable pressure.
Yes, hydrogen and helium in the core of the Sun can fuse to form elements heavier than oxygen and carbon. In fact, the process of nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun involves a series of reactions that progressively fuse hydrogen nuclei together to form helium nuclei, and then continue to fuse the helium nuclei to form increasingly heavier elements.

Once helium is formed, it can fuse with other helium nuclei to form beryllium and eventually carbon. Carbon can then fuse with helium nuclei to produce oxygen, and so on up the periodic table to form even heavier elements.

Under the extreme pressure and temperature in the Sun’s core, these fusion reactions can occur despite the fact that the elements involved have positive electrical charges that would normally cause them to repel each other. The intense heat and pressure essentially overcome this repulsive force, allowing the positively charged nuclei to get close enough to each other to fuse.

The fusion of hydrogen and helium to form heavier elements is what powers the Sun and other stars, and it is also responsible for producing the majority of the elements we find in the Universe. Hope this helps!