Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            stops venous and decreases arterial bleeding. Other 
examples of first aid treatment include the pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG), which 
can tamponade lower limb, pelvic and abdominal haemorrhage. The garment increases 
peripheral resistance and so raises the blood pressure. Another example is balloon 
tamponade of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices. The definitive 
management depends upon the cause of bleeding. 
Class II ;
• The deficit is estimated at 15-30% • The replacement 
solution is lactated Ringer's. 
 
• The amount is 3 times the estimated deficit (-3 L). The 3: 1 rule 
serves to replenish the interstitial fluid volume when the crystalloid diffuses out of the 
capillaries. Administration. Two litres are given as a bolus and the 
response is monitored
 
If there is definite improvement: the remaining litre is given 
more slowly followed by the maintenance requirements and 
continued observations (a haematocrit <30 requires blood 
transfusion). 
 
•. If there is moderate improvement, the possibilities are inadequate 
replacement, continuing haemorrhage or myocardial insufficiency. 
 
.Cardiac tamponade and tension pneumothorax must be excluded. 
 
.Blood transfusion is started if bleeding is still active.
 
The management is as for 
• 
Class Ill and IV ;
The 
. 
class II but these patients need blood transfusion
initial volume of transfused blood is that of the 
Failure to improve and 
 
•
 
ml).
2000 
-
1500
(
estimated deficit 
, 
tamponade
tension pneumothorax, cardiac 
indicate 
a rising CVP 
or cardiac failure. If these are excluded and the patient does 
not improve, major thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic injury is 
usually present and calls for immediate operation to control 
the bleeding. Clean blood in the thorax or abdomen can be 
aspirated, anticoagulated and then transfused back into the patient 
Transfusion should 
 
•
saver is available. 
-
(auto transfusion), if a cell
urine 
the 
%, 
30
has reached 
 
haematocrit
continue until the 
to the upper half 
CVP has risen 
and the 
ml/hour, 
50 
output 
of the normal range. 
 
3. Optimize oxygen delivery; Forty 
percent oxygen is given for class II haemorrhage and 
100% for classes Ill and IV. Intubation and 
mechanical ventilation and the use of inotropes 
(dopamine and dobutamine), vasodilators and 
vasopressors may be necessary if raising oxygen carrying 
capacity by blood transfusion does not improve oxygen 
delivery. 
Failure to respond to 
treatment is due to either ;
• Continuous bleeding. 
 
• Pump failure (tension pneumothorax, 
cardiac tamponade, or cardiac contusion). 
 
Pump failure is distinguished by a high 
CVP reading. 
 
• Irreversible shock 


            Quiz: