WHAT TO FOCUS ON FOR EXAM #4 - Europe - CH 12, 13, + EU Test = 100 pts
70 Qs= m/c and t/f 30 = maps (physical, political, peninsula, region + capitals)
· Know the political and physical maps of Europe (p. 263 and 265)
· Know the capitals of each country (the ones from your list of 32 only)
· Know the peninsula map (p. 273) – the names of the 5 major peninsulas as well as the
countries on each (also on the slide show)
· Know the region map (p. 288) - know the 4 regions (location and name) as well as the
countries located on each - this would be a logical way to begin learning the locations of
the countries.
· There will be some key dates that you will need to know for this unit:
476, 1453, 1347, 1517, 1951, 1066, 1215,
· You should be familiar with the video clips we watched:
· Be sure to review the video on the UK (the really fast one)
The Difference between the UK, Great Britain & England Explained (up to 2:25)
Also, the other videos we watched are fair game too:
· Michelangelo’s Bio (1:45): http://youtu.be/qQ98sERHhto
· Michelangelo’s THE David (2:35) http://youtu.be/_u8LDXhFzPo
· Lippizaner Stallions (1st 5:00 min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vY3wmWT-sb8&sns=em
· Go back - review ALL notes and supplement with the textbook (Ch 12 and 13 only)
· You will want to review the intro section and your VOCAB.
· Re-acquaint yourself with the section on climate and veg (ch 12; sec 2) ** you may
want to go back and read these pages: 278-280 + climate map on pg. 266)
· review all notes on GC or in your folder for photos of people or important places
throughout Europe (some of my notes contain pics and maps that your notes do not).
Especially-
● Ch 12; sec 3 notes (HEI)
● Ch 13; sec 3 notes (Northern Europe)
● Ch 13; sec 4 notes (eastern Europe)
● Notes on Michelangelo
· You did Western Europe on your own, so you may want to go back and review that section in
the text: Chapter 13; sec 2 (p, 296-301) - we didn’t do any notes for Western Europe
· We did not cover Ch 14 - we did the activity on the European Union - so you’ll want to make
sure you have a handle on the this organization. Here are the websites we used:
European Union gateway
Easy to read – about the EU | European Union
What is Brexit? The non-Brits’ guide (because it affects you too) | CNN
The pros and cons of EU expansion | The Week
· People: Alexander the great, Michelangelo, Prince Henry the Navigator, the explorers,
Caesars, William the Conqueror, Martin Luther, Gorbachev, Constantine

MAKE FLASH CARDS!!! QUIZLET!! READ!!! REVIEW!!! PLEASE PREPARE FOR THIS
TEST!!!
Practice practice practice practice practice !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Europe : les pays - Map Quiz Game - Seterra
Geography apps on the phone!! (but be aware that the regions might be a little different
and there are some extra countries like Turkey, Belarus, etc)
● use 2 different highlighters…one color for things you aren’t sure about and a 2
nd color
for items you definitely don’t know
● it would be a great idea to make flash cards. TRY IT! (Quizlet or 3 x 5s)
● This is a GUIDE not every test question. You will need to study.
● Focus on your folder and supplement with the book.
● Don’t wait until the night before…start studying a little each night. You should spend NO
LESS than 3 hours in preparation for this exam. Try 30 minutes about 1 week prior to
the exam. Study 30 min each night until the exam. The night before the exam…no
study – just review!
● Many of the multiple choice questions are phrased…”which of the following is
NOT…”
● The True / False Qs are designed to be tricky. READ QUESTIONS CAREFULLY
● GO WITH YOUR FIRST INSTINCT
In addition to the above info, you will find some additional things to study for each section below:
I. Intro + Ch 12; Sec 1& 2 (Physical Geo + Climate)
Intro to Europe! ch 12; sec 1 and 2
** be sure you know Europe’s longest river and Europe’s highest mountain
· You will also want to go back and review the section on Climate (look for info on the Midnight
Sun and the Ice Hotel in Sweden)
· Look on the intro sheet for “extremes” like: tallest, most populated, largest, etc
● Review the info about Scandinavia and their soil (with regards to glaciers)
● You should know the 5 climate zones in Europe
II. Ch 12; Sec 3 – Human Environmental Interaction
HEI - Ch 12; Sec 3
· Review the notes on this section
· Make sure you can visually recognize flevopolder – evidence of land reclamation in the
Netherlands
● Know what the term polder refers to
· Focus on the Netherlands and Venice
III. Ch 13; Sec 1 – Mediterranean Europe
Ch 13; sec 1 - Med Euro
→ remember the changes to the “economy” slide!
· Know about the Renaissance – where it started, key figures, how did it begin?
· Know about exploration – where did it begin? Key figures, importance, etc

Importance / works of Michelangelo
● Why is Octavius important?
IV. Ch 13; Sec 2 – Western Europe
Western Europe
· Know the difference between: Reformation and Renaissance
· What is feudalism
· What is wadlopen
· Lippizaner Stallions - review notes we took
V. Ch 13; Sec 3 – Northern Europe
Chapter 13; sec 3 - N. Europe
· You will need to have a handle on those video notes you took on the FAST UK video
· Be sure you know about the EU, the countries in there, who didn’t join, BREXIT
· You will DEFINITELY want to go on GC (or if you took the notes down) and review the PPT
VI. Ch 13; Sec 4 – Eastern Europe
Ch 13 - sec 4 - E. Europe
· Be familiar with facts on the Holocaust and Communism in Eastern Europe
· Know the Holocaust and how it specifically relates to Poland
● Be familiar with WW1 and WW2
VII. Issues in Europe - The European Union
Be sure to revisit the WebQuest and/or the 4 websites listed at the top of this document
● Be familiar with the predecessor organizations that led to the EU
● How many countries are in the EU
● Basic info about the EU (currency, members, etc)
● What is Brexit?
● What was the treaty of Rome
● Why does the EU exist?
● Original 6 member states


All of the slides:
Intro to Europe:
Europe - the “Peninsula of Peninsulas”
2 sets of peninsulas:
Northern peninsulas:
Scandinavian (Norway and Sweden)
Jutland (Denmark and a little Germany)
Southern peninsulas
Iberian (Spain and Portugal)
Italian (only Italy)
Balkan (see page 273 - 11 countries)
Norway - the land of fjords and rocky soil
MOUNTAINS AND WATER!  Both help and hinder countries in Europe
Mountains can serve as “walls” to keep people apart:
Alps
Apennines
Pyrenees
Carpathian
Balkan
Water allows people and goods to move around
Danube*
Rhine
Seine
Thames
Po
Resources of Europe - not evenly distributed
Poland:   
→ COAL* - produces 97% of EU’s coal in 2022
→ Natural gas
→ copper, silver, lead, etc
→ amber, ample farm land (arable land)
Ireland:
→ PEAT* - damaging to the environment
→ some natural gas and petroleum
→ copper and lead, etc
→ ocean (fishing)

NORWAY - 7th Happiest country but not in the EU!
The 10 Happiest Countries in the World | Condé Nast Traveler 	
Iceland and Norway are the only 2 Nordic countries not in the EU
Norway has access to lots of petroleum in the North Sea
Norway is one of the leading world exporters of crude oil
~38% of Norway is covered by forest
Soil is poorly drained and is quite sandy
~3% arable land
“Crops” = milk (dairy products), eggs, pigs, poultry, beef and sheep meat + cereal grains** and potatoes
Instead of crops - we get sheep and goats...everywhere
Soil of Europe - ~25% arable land (compared to ~11% of the world)
NORTHERN EUROPEAN PLAIN
Extensive lowland area
Stretches over 1000 mi  (from Germany into Russia)
One of the world’s most fertile areas
Highly populated (especially when we discuss Russia)
Much of Europe’s crops are grown here
 Climates of Europe
The 5 MAIN ones:
Marine West Coast - warm summers and cool winters.  Fairly mild temps
→  Northern Spain to Western Poland; S. Scandinavia and British Isles
→ mild because of warm ocean and wind currents; no large mountain chains to block the air

Humid Continental - harsher; warm/hot summers with cold/snowy winters
→ Sweden and Finland and Eastern Europe

Mediterranean - summers are hot and dry with lots of sun; winters are moderate and wet
→ around the Med Sea - Southern Europe - S. Portugal around to Greece
Interesting Phenomenon - the Midnight Sun!
Northern latitudes to the Arctic Circle - Tundra
→  permafrost...like everything is!
→ no trees grow here
→ glaciers

South of Tundra - subarctic
→ very cool and really harshly cold winters
In both places - during the winter, nights (darkness) is lengthy - some days the sun never rises (around Winter Solstice) and in the summer there are days when the sun never sets (around the Summer Solstice)
“The Land of the Midnight Sun”

II. Ch 12; Sec 3 – Human Environmental Interaction
The image shows the process of creating a polder (reclaimed land) in the Netherlands through several steps:

1. First, earthen dikes are built around a selected area of water to create an enclosure.

2. The water within the enclosed area is gradually pumped away and drained.

3. Seawater levels still left in the soil drain gradually as the soil dries out.

4. Once the land emerges, the first crop sown is reeds, which break up soil and is also used for livestock feed.

5. Finally, the dried land can be used to grow many crops, such as Dutch tulips.

The image also shows a traditional Dutch windmill, noting that historically windmills supplied the power used to pump water from these areas. Today, electric pumps are used for this purpose.

The diagram includes references to "SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Graphics" with two discussion points:
1. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION: Why does it take time for polder land to be ready for farming?
2. PLACE: How would the process be different if a polder were made in a place where there is freshwater, not saltwater?

The illustration shows this process through cross-sectional views, with blue water gradually being replaced by green agricultural land in the progression.

FLEVOPOLDER

Established in 1986 - to accommodate the Netherlands growing population
Current population - 317,000
World’s largest artificial island
reclaimed from the Ijsselmeer – an artificial lake created in 1932 from the Zuider Zee – an inland sea which was originally part of the North Sea and closed off to begin land reclamation.  
It is now a freshwater lake fed from the Rhine River.  It is actually the largest lake in Western Europe.
Other places that have done land reclamation include:  San Francisco, New Orleans, 25% of Hong Kong and a few airports are on reclaimed land such as one in Japan and South Korea.  40% of the Netherlands is reclaimed land.
2.  Holding back the sea - Venice, Italy

Venice is made up of about 120 islands and part of the mainland.   The Grand Canal flows between 2 of the main islands.
150 Canals transport people and goods around the city.  
Venice has been around since about 421 AD. 
 It has a great location – at the north end of the Adriatic Sea and trade helped the city to grow.
 Creating Venice was quite a task…many forests in Northern Italy and the surrounding area had to be leveled in order to build the supporting wood structures to hold up the buildings. 
However, the buildings are so heavy that Venice is slowly sinking into the marshy land in which it was built.
Venice is dealing with water pollution – waste, sewage and saltwater are eroding and damage the building foundations.  Flooding is also a problem.  Decaying fish attract flies and smell…
→ BUT!!  Venice has gotten creative!  Check out info on the MOSE system!
3.  Deforestation = Acid Rain in Eastern Europe!
Clearing of forests in Europe has led to major problems.  
For centuries, timber has been used to build structures, used for fuel and even to make charcoal - therefore large forested areas of Europe have been destroyed.
Acid rain is created when sulfur emissions from factories combine with water vapor.  
¼ of Europe’s forests have been affected by acid rain.
Restoring forests that have been destroyed is a long process.  
The key is for European nations to work together to reduce air pollution – this will help stop the assault on the forests.
Ch 13 Sec 1
Mediterranean Europe
WHO,  WHAT,  WHY ????????????
Mediterranean Europe:  Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece
 
Major Accomplishments:  Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Renaissance and Exploration
 
Importance of Geography for this region:   mild climate and Mediterranean Sea


 RICH HISTORY
→ ANCIENT GREECE
because of the mountainous landscape, early villages were isolated from each other and therefore, separate city-states developed.
Athens was one of the most powerful and influential city-states ever!
developed the first democracy
citizens (free men) were able to participate in the making of laws
inspired US government (and others)
Greek philosophy, science, drama and art helped shape modern culture (Aristotle, Plato, Socrates)
 All good things must end.  Conflict/wars weakened Greece - they were finally conquered by Macedonia in 338 BC.  
Alexander the Great conquered much of that region - spreading Greek culture (Hellenism) almost all the way to India.


→ ANCIENT ROME
Greece was declining but Rome was rising (by 275 BC)
It was a republic and citizens elected representatives to rule in their name - similar to the USA.
Rome grew more and more powerful and began conquering vast areas (like the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas).  This was also its downfall.
Over time, Rome moved from a republic to having an emperor (basically an oligarchy):

JULIUS CAESAR and CAESAR AUGUSTUS
JULIUS CAESAR (49-44 BC)  dictator.  Played a critical role in the demise of the Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. “Crossing the Rubicon”... an important move for Caesar....   http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/caesar.htm
He was later assassinated.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar#Assassination
                    						TO
 CAESAR AUGUSTUS (aka Octavius) 27 BC - 14 AD - founded the Roman Empire and was its first emperor.  He was the grand nephew of Julius and became his adopted son after his death.

*  Rome was in charge of modern day Israel - where Jesus was born, lived and died.  In the late 300s AD, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire (thanks to Constantine - the first Christian emperor).

*  By 395 AD, the empire was too big and it split into 2:
      	 the Western Empire:                       	the Eastern Empire (aka Byzantine):
        	*centered on Rome                          	* centered around Constantinople
      	*weakened by constant                      	*continued for the next 1000 years
        	invasions and fell in 476 AD              	*conquered by Ottoman Turks in 1453
                                                                  	   Mehmed II at age 21!!

C.   RENAISSANCE
began in Italy and spread to other parts of Europe
14th - 16th century
The CRUSADES (1096)  (a series of several campaigns by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims) allowed Italian merchants to get rich because they provided the ships to the crusaders.
Florence and Venice became wealthy because of foreign trade and banking.
→ ALL OF THIS allowed people/families/groups to gain wealth that fueled the Renaissance.
 means “rebirth” and began in Florence.  It’s a cultural movement where people began a new appreciation of the arts - literature, painting philosophy, music even religion, science and politics.
Families like the Medici family (starting as an Italian banking family) were wealthy enough to support artists such as Michelangelo and Donatello.  The family also produced 4 Popes!
 →     (Easy to remember - the TMNT:  Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo** and Raphael)
*  Rich did not equal safe:  In 1347, the Plague hit Italy and spread killing an estimated 25 million Europeans (see p. 294-295)
II.    SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 
EXPLORATION  (cover pic)
began in the 1400s as people wanted an alternate route to the East Indies (around Muslim held lands)
PORTUGUESE:  began in 1418 under Prince Henry (the Navigator)
Dias reached Indian Ocean (1488) by going around Africa
Others include:  de Gama and Magellan
 **SPANISH:  King and Queen sponsored Columbus to go to India across the Atlantic and...oops!   What we thought we knew may be wrong:  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg2049ezpko	
--Others to know:  Pizarro*, Cortes*, Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, de Soto
***EXPLORATION ALLOWED BOTH TO ESTABLISH COLONIES, GAIN WEALTH, SPREAD CATHOLICISM AND THEIR LANGUAGES.
III.  CULTURE AND ECONOMY OF THE REGION
ROME - THE GREAT INFLUENCER
 
1.                  LANGUAGE:  As Rome conquered, it spread Latin.  The Romance Languages (Spanish, Italian and Portuguese) have evolved from Latin.
2.                 RELIGION:  2 different branches of Christianity developed in the Roman Empire - Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox (strongly connected to the ancient Christian church)
3.                 ART:  Great buildings (Sistine Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica) in Rome and Roman aqueducts can be found from Spain to Israel.
(also, the Parthenon in Greece and Picasso from Spain)
Thousands take to streets of Pamplona for 2023 running of the bulls

IV.  ECONOMY
*  warm, sunny climate and historical sites = good tourism
*  less industrialized
*  fishing and agriculture historically have been important but now, manufacturing and service industries are growing.
*  Portugal = wine, world’s largest exporter of cork, olive oil
*  Spain = the world’s largest producer of olive oil, machinery and car production
*  Italy = world’s largest exporter of luxury goods (clothing, accessories) + cars
*  Greece = tourism and chemical production, crude oil + marble 
**ALL FOUR ARE IN THE EU

V.   LIFE TODAY

not the most stable governments in recent history
Basque - a minority group in northern Spain wants independence and that has created tension and even terrorist acts
bullfighting is popular in Spain as well as the Running of the Bulls
this region struggles with prosperity and preserving historic places
 
 let’s look at my favorite Ninja Turtle....Michelangelo!

MICHELANGELO -  the genius
1475-1564 - born in Florence, Italy (88 years old)
 
Known for 5 “occupations”:  sculptor, poet, philosopher, architect and painter
*one of the most influential and talented of all the Ninja Turtles (aka - Renaissance artists)
La Pieta      1498-1499

In St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican City.  
One of his earliest works.  Sculpted from marble 
the only work Michelangelo ever signed.  
Has sustained damage during a move and a mentally disturbed man took a hammer and attacked the sculpture in the 1970s.

THE David  
took 3 years to complete.
1501-1504.
about 17 feet tall.  
Also attacked (his hand) with a hammer.

St. Peter’s Basilica   
Was named the head architect of the cathedral at the age of 72.  
Designed the dome you see here.
Died before the dome could be completed.  
It is the tallest dome in the world.  
Cathedral was completed in 1626.
Sistine Chapel  
Painted between 1508-1512 while laying down.  
So influential that it changed the course of Western art.  It is here that they choose a pope.  
It is made up of several panels, but there are 9 sections depicting stories from Genesis -  from the creation of Adam to the fall of man to the story of Noah.

Videos for you to watch
*** Be sure to write down any important facts that you hear!    
Michelangelo’s Bio  (1:45):  http://youtu.be/qQ98sERHhto
 Michelangelo’s THE David (2:35)   http://youtu.be/_u8LDXhFzPo

Just for fun: Sidewalk Chalk Sistine Chapel   2:48   	
Time Lapse Sidewalk Chalk Art - Michelangelo Sistine Chapel Street Painting - Speedpaint
    (Time lapse of 3 days and two night creation)
Western Europe
Ch 13 - Sec 2   p.  296-301
The countries of Western Europe:
France
Luxembourg
Belgium
Netherlands
Germany
Liechtenstein*
Switzerland
Austria
Monaco*

*   we didn’t label on the map but could be used for this activity
Western Europe
A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE Today, the French call Emile Durkheim the father of French sociology (the study of society). But he wasn't always honored. During World War I, some French patriots considered him a disloyal foreigner. Why? Perhaps it was because he had a German last name and came from Lorraine, a region that had switched between French and German rule many times. France and Germany have long had a deep rivalry, based in part on cultural differences.

A History of Cultural Divisions
France and Germany are the dominant countries in Western Europe. They are the two largest countries, and their access to resources, ports, and trade routes helped them to build productive economies.

French culture is strong in France and Monaco; German culture is strong in Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein. Switzerland and the Benelux countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg have their own cultures—but also have been influenced by Germany and France. Western Europe's cultural divisions have historic roots.

ROME TO CHARLEMAGNE
One cultural division, language, dates from ancient times. By 50 B.C., the Roman Empire had conquered the Celtic tribes in what is now France. French is one of the Romance languages that evolved from Latin (Rome's language). But Rome never fully conquered the Germanic tribes that migrated into the lands east of France. Germanic languages are still spoken there.

In the late 700s, a Germanic king, Charlemagne, conquered most of the region. However, his empire began to fall apart soon after his death. Western Europe remained a region of small, competing kingdoms.

Western European History, 800–2000

THE REFORMATION
A religious movement created new differences. During the Renaissance, scholars questioned authority. Some people even began to question the Catholic Church. In 1517, Martin Luther published 95 statements that criticized church practices that he believed were wrong. That began the Reformation, a period when many Christians broke away from the Catholic Church and started Protestant churches. Mutual hostility led Catholics and Protestants to fight religious wars that tore Europe apart.

Today, France is mostly Catholic. The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Germany contain both Protestants and Catholics. In Germany, Protestants live mainly in the north and Catholics in the south of the country.

The Rise of Nation-States
The period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance is called the Middle Ages. During this time, Europeans gradually developed the nation-state, an independent nation of people with a common culture.

NATIONALISM
During the centuries after Rome fell, feudalism gradually developed in Europe. This was a political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land. They gave some land to nobles in exchange for military service by those nobles. Over time, strong kings gained power over feudal lords, and nationalism evolved. Nationalism is the belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share land, culture, and history.

Nationalism often causes groups to want their own countries, so it contributed to the rise of modern nation-states. France was one of the first nation-states. By the late 1600s, French kings held absolute power, which they often used to benefit themselves, not their people. In 1789, the people began a rebellion—the French Revolution. They deposed the king and formed a republic. But in a few years, an army officer named Napoleon Bonaparte seized power. In 1804, he made himself emperor. Napoleon tried to conquer all of Europe but was defeated.

The nation-states of Europe became strong rivals. From the 1600s to 1945, wars repeatedly broke out between France and Austria or between France and the German states (later Germany). Germany did not unify as a nation until 1871. It was one of many European countries affected by a new wave of nationalism in the 1800s.

Western Europe also experienced industrial growth in the 1800s. Industrialism caused European nations to set up colonies in other lands in order to gain raw materials and markets. Many European nations saw each other as rivals in the race to gain colonies. You will learn more about the effects of colonialism as you read this book.

MODERN CONFLICTS
The nationalistic rivalry and competition for colonies among European nations helped cause World War I. The Allied Powers (including France) fought the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and their allies). The Allied Powers won and imposed harsh terms on Germany. German resentment over those terms helped cause World War II, in which Germany, led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, tried to conquer Europe. The Nazis also carried out the Holocaust, a program of mass murder of European Jews and other minorities. In 1945, the Allies defeated Germany.

After the war, Germany was split into two nations. West Germany was allied with non-Communist Europe and the United States. East Germany was allied with the Communist Soviet Union. The capital city of Berlin, located in East Germany, was also divided, cut in two by the Berlin Wall. In 1989, anti-Communist reforms swept Europe, and in response to protests, East Germany opened the Berlin Wall.

In 1990, the two Germanys reunited under a democratic government. In recent years, France and Germany have tried to end the rivalry that so often led to war. These two nations were leaders in the movement toward establishing the European Union.

Economics: Diversity and Luxury
Since the Middle Ages, Western Europe has been rich in agriculture, and in the 1800s, it was one of the first regions to industrialize. The region's economy remains strong because it includes agriculture and manufacturing, plus high-tech and service industries.

Major Industries of France and Germany

AGRICULTURE TO HIGH-TECH
Dairy farming and livestock provide most of the agricultural income in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. These countries produce and export dairy products. In addition, France is the largest producer of agricultural products in Western Europe. Its major crops include wheat, grapes, and vegetables. Western Europe was a leader in developing industry because it was rich in coal and iron ore. Today, the region has three of Europe's top manufacturing nations: France, Germany, and the Netherlands. The maps above show the major industries of France and Germany.

High-tech and service industries are also very important. Electronics is a major product of the Netherlands. Germany also produces electronics, as well as scientific instruments. France has one of the world's fastest passenger trains, the TGV (train a grande vitesse, or high-speed train), and a space program. France also relies heavily on nuclear energy. Nuclear plants produce nearly 75 percent of its electricity. Switzerland specializes in the service industry of banking. One reason for this is that Switzerland refuses to fight in wars, so people believe that money is safer there.

TOURISM AND LUXURY
Because of its varied scenery, mild climate, and historic sites,Western Europe is popular with tourists. Tourism is a major part of the French, Swiss, and Austrian economies.

Western Europe exports luxury goods to the world. For example, some German cars and Swiss watches are considered status symbols. France is famous for its high-fashion clothing and gourmet foods. The Netherlands exports high-quality flower bulbs, such as colorful tulips.

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
One nation in the region, Germany, has had economic problems recently. When Germany reunified, the new nation faced difficulties because the West had a much higher standard of living. East Germany's factories were outdated compared with those in the West, and many shut down. Germany has been working steadily to foster growth in the former East Germany, but progress will take time. By 1998, the East produced only six percent of the nation's exports.

Great Music and Art
Each Western European country has a distinct identity, shaped in part by language and religion. Even with these differences, one thing is true of the region as a whole—it has a strong artistic legacy.

MUSIC
Germany and Austria are famous for music. Johann Sebastian Bach, who wrote music for church services, was German. So was Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed symphonies and other works. He wrote music even after going deaf. Austrian composers include Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who was a child genius.

PAINTING
France and the Netherlands have had many important painters. Jan Van Eyck was a painter from Flanders (a region now divided among France, the Netherlands, and Belgium) who perfected techniques for using oil paints. Jan Vermeer and Rembrandt were Dutch artists who painted with great realism. Major French painters include the impressionist Claude Monet and postimpressionists Paul Cezanne and Paul Gauguin, who paved the way for modern art.

Modern Life
Because of their strong economies, Western Europeans enjoy a high standard of living and generally can afford to buy material goods such as cars and computers. Most Western Europeans live in cities.

CITY LIFE
In general, Western European cities are interesting and pleasant places to live. Most have good public transportation systems. They offer many cultural attractions: movies, concerts, art galleries, and museums. Crime rates are lower than in the United States.

As a rule, Europeans live in smaller homes than Americans do. Because of this, they often socialize in public places. Friends might meet in cafes, sitting at outdoor tables if the weather is nice. Also, most cities have many lovely parks that their citizens regularly enjoy.

One difference between Western Europe and the United States is that Europeans receive more paid vacation time. For example, Germans have about 30 vacation days a year. Vacationing Europeans often leave the city to engage in outdoor activities like biking, hiking, or skiing.

RECENT CONFLICTS
In recent decades, immigration has been a source of conflict here. In the 1980s, increasing numbers of “guest workers” from Yugoslavia and Turkey came to West Germany for jobs. When the German economy declined, some angry Germans committed discrimination and even violence against immigrants. In response, millions of other Germans protested racism.

Austria has also faced tensions. Political leader Joerg Haider made controversial remarks that defended former Nazis and that immigrants found insulting. Many feared a rebirth of racist politics, so in 2000 Haider had to resign as party head—yet he remained a force in Austrian public life.

Northern Europe
Chapter 13;  sec 3
The countries of Northern Europe
another name of this area is…..

ICELAND, DENMARK, NORWAY, SWEDEN, FINLAND + IRELAND AND THE UNITED KINGDOM
THE WORLD’S MOST PEACEFUL COUNTRY IS HERE…CAN YOU GUESS?
Travel news: The world’s most peaceful countries in 2023 | CNN

→ still the same in 2024! 

What is a constituent country (with examples)
A constituent country is…
An area that is part of a sovereign state but is autonomous
These “countries” are part of a larger, unified country but they do have their own legal, cultural and political systems but are not fully independent

Examples???

Other examples include:  Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten (in the Caribbean) are part of the Netherlands   Also, Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
Norway and Svalbard

FACTS:
·        AKA:  United Kingdom, UK, Britain, Great Britain
·        Elizabeth II had been Queen since 1952 - Now it’s King Charles III
·        At the height of their power (1800s), the British Empire controlled ¼ of all land on Earth.
·        6th largest economy; 21st  most populated country  (The Top 10 Economies in the World | Best Countries | U.S. News    2024)
·        made up of 4 co-equal; constituent countries:
o   ENGLAND (largest and most populated; capital is here; “English”)
o   SCOTLAND – “Scottish”
o   Wales – “Welsh”
o   Northern Ireland – “Northern Irish”
·        All citizens are considered “British” citizens of the United Kingdom

Who are the Sami people?
The Sami are…
Indigenous people found in the arctic and subarctic areas of Northern Europe
They emerged about 5,000 years ago - so they predate the Vikings
Their ancestors still live in the area
Vikings and Sami co-existed in some regions but they are different groups of people
HISTORY - the importance of Geography!! 
·       The sea has been important to the development of this area
·       Their history is a series of conquests and movement of different people groups.      
·       The VIKINGS have been an important conquering group…they were scary and took over many areas – such as Britain, Iceland and Greenland.  They even had a settlement in France named after them – Normandy.  William the Conqueror took over England in 1066; Leif Erikson landed in Newfoundland.
·       In spite of some pretty impressive people, the Viking nations never really became a major empire

·       Great Britain, however, built a huge empire and had colonies all over the world.
·       Geography was a huge advantage for GB.   The island was good protection and the people were experienced sailors. (good for trade and exploration as well as developing a strong military).

EXPLORATION
The British empire “began” when John Cabot sailed to North America and claimed it for Britain.
*At its height, it was the largest empire in the world and was the sole global power for over a century
*By 1922 the British Empire held sway over 400+ million people, one-fourth of the world's population at the time. The empire covered more than 13,700,000 sq mi, almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area (see map)
* By the 1800s, GB had colonies in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania.  A positive – this allowed the English language and British culture to spread.

WORLD AFFAIRS
Involved in both World Wars.  After WW2, almost all of its colonies gained independence.  Some of the new countries have experienced great turmoil stemming from colonialism.

”THE IRISH QUESTION” 

·        Protestant English rulers tried to exert power over Irish Catholic citizens – they even took the Irish land and gave it to Scottish and English Protestants.   This left a lot of Irish in poverty and then when the “potato famine” hit in the 1840s, many Irish fled the country.
·       In 1921, Britain divided Ireland in two – The Republic of Ireland (mainly Catholic) and Northern Ireland (mainly Protestant) stayed part of United Kingdom (with England, Scotland and Wales).  Northern Ireland has experienced religious conflict and anti-British violence.

TWO MAJOR BRITISH DEVELOPMENTS THAT INFLUENCED THE WORLD:
Representative government
* a monarchy with a Parliament. 
* parliament grew in power over time and it became more representative
*Magna Carta 1215 – nobles forced the king to sign which gave them more rights and spawned the ideas of trial by jury and no taxation without representation – ideas that spread to the USA and other areas
* Nordic countries also have REP DEM – Iceland has the oldest parliament in the world (since 930) called…..?

ALTHING !
Industrial Revolution
* fueled by iron ore and coal deposits.
* by 1800s, the IR spread elsewhere – Belgium, Germany and the USA!
TODAY’S ECONOMY  -  highly developed and varied
SWEDEN:  pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles and aerospace; exports timber
UNITED KINGDOM:  similar to Sweden, and both produce paper and food products, and pharmaceuticals.  #1 most valued commodity is automobiles
ICELAND:  raw aluminium and fish + fish / marine products
NORWAY: oil and gas (the world’s 4th largest exporter of natural gas)
IRELAND:  pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals

EU members
·        A political and economic union of 27 member states in Europe
·        Same currency beginning in 1999 – Denmark and Sweden have not adopted the EURO and some non EU countries use the euro
·        no passport controls within the 27
·        Single market (free trade; similar taxation system, etc)
·        Not all European countries choose to join     (EX:  Norway – see p. 305)

BREXIT - clever little name for the UK’s departure from the EU
The non-Brits' guide to Brexit (because it affects you too) 
The UK officially left the EU on January 31,  2020 (at 6pm)

CULTURE AND ART
·        A variety of languages are spoken – largely based on migration of different people groups
·        Most are Protestant – only Ireland retained a Catholic majority
·        Some famous artists – Shakespeare – greatest playwright ever; William Wordsworth – poet; Charlotte Bronte – novelist; Hans Christian Andersen – writer (Little Mermaid and the Ugly Duckling)  Famous musicians such as the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, and Led Zeppelin have greatly influenced music for decades!

LIFE   
·        Women have seen much equality (especially in politics)
·        Most people live in cities and have a high standard of living
·        Governments offer many welfare services (like health care and child rearing allowance)…THESE ARE NOT FREE!  They pay high taxes !!
·        The British have their tea, Swedish have the smorgasbords, Finland designed the sauna, Danish concept of hygge
·        Many outdoor sports such as skiing, equestrian sports, Rugby and Cricket (developed by the British)
Would you do this?   Death Dive in Norway - 133 ft  World Record 40.5 Meter Death Jump by Ken Stornes in Norway | TikTok I Am Hip-Hop | Death jump world record by Ken Stones 😳 | Instagram 

And don’t forget the Northern Lights!
Check out these beautiful photographs of the Aurora Borealis (northern lights) and the Aurora Australis (southern lights):

https://capturetheatlas.com/northern-lights-photographer-of-the-year/?mibextid=RtaFA8

Chapter 13 - section 4
Eastern Europe
CONFLICT, COMMUNISM and CHOPIN
COUNTRIES INCLUDE:
Albania, Bosnia/Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Serbia.

 Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was a powerful Islamic state that lasted over 600 years, ruling parts of the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa.
1299 - 1922
Turkey was declared a republic in 1923

Habsburg Empire
The Austria-Hungarian Empire is often associated with the Habsburg Empire, but they are not exactly the same thing; the Habsburg Empire was a larger entity that encompassed not only Austria-Hungary but also other territories, while "Austria-Hungary" refers specifically to the dual monarchy formed by Austria and Hungary after the 1867 Ausgleich (Compromise), which was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty; essentially, the Austria-Hungary period is considered a part of the larger Habsburg Empire history.
Habsburg Empire - 1282-1918
Austro-Hungarian empire - 1867-1918

HISTORY OF EASTERN EUROPE
* location has been an important factor in its history
      	--migration has created diversity-many plains areas have led to frequent invasions
      	--strong empires delayed independence of many areas – many have tried to control this strategic region.

* Ancient Rome controlled the Balkan Peninsula
                	* The Byzantine Empire then took over after Roman Empire split
                	* The Ottoman Empire later gained control
                	* Poland and the Balkan Peninsula have been two areas most in flux

Since Eastern Europe is so ethnically diverse, many groups rebelled against foreign rule – calling for independence.  These ideas led to numerous conflicts throughout Europe.

What is Balkanization?

WORLD WAR 1 – 1914 - 1918
·       “Balkanization” – fighting over control in this area led to the breakup  of territory into smaller units.  These units did not get along with each other
·       This area is also known as “the powder keg of Europe” because so many conflicts have centered on this area

1)  Some Balkan nations (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia) wanted independence from the Ottomans.    	
2) Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia went to war against Ottomans (1912)
3)  Serbia (made up of Slavic people) wanted to free those Slavs under control of the Austria-Hungarian empire.
4) a young Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne (Franz Ferdinand).  This sparked WW1.
5)  Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia…all the allies or friends of each country jumped in to defend…this led to the Great War…the most expansive and brutal war up to that time.
6) the many results of this war included:  Austria-Hungary split, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia** become independent, the Ottomans are replaced by Turkey.   Treaty of Versailles.

WORLD WAR II – 1939-1945

·       Hitler gains control due to the outcome of WW1
·       He invades Poland in 1939 – eventually, everyone’s friends jump in to join the war.
·       Within the war, the Holocaust occurs (12 million+ die as a result) and in the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin has killed over 20 million
·        The Soviet Union sets up Communist governments in many eastern European countries (see maps on p. 312).  They controlled this area for nearly 40 years.  The region is still recovering from this.

Key players of World War II:

Benito Mussolini (top L)

Joseph Stalin (top R)

Adolf Hitler

CHANGES ARE COMING!
·       Mikhail Gorbachev (USSR) began making changes in the late 1980s.
·       Many Eastern European countries got more freedoms but most wanted total independence
·       The late 80s-early 90s saw independence movements in many countries and their COMM gov’ts were overthrown.
·       This created much instability in the area – especially in Yugoslavia – where many ethnic groups were basically thrown together into a country.  Civil war ensued and many were killed during the 1990s.
TRANSITIONING ECONOMIES

·       Traditionally, a farming region then the Soviets built industry there
·       Due to COMM, there was little incentive to be innovative and since all the COMM countries traded with each other – technology lacked and they had difficulty trading with countries outside the COMM bloc.
·       Factories were not efficient – led to pollution
·       When some of the countries moved to a market economy and began private ownership – there were more problems, like inflation, factories closed and unemployment.

ECONOMY cont....
·       Since the 1980s, some countries have made strides in improving their economy and are now doing quite well.
·       For other countries there are still problems:
Outdated equipment, lack of raw materials, lack of skilled labor force
Citizens lack money to invest or purchase high end goods
 Foreign companies are slow to invest in certain areas
Due to the frequent wars in the Balkans, there has been a shortage of workers

CULTURE
·       Much cultural diversity (which has its pros and cons)
·       Several different languages spoken and many different religions practiced (RC, Orthodox, Protestant and Islam are prominent as well as a small minority of Jews – much more numerous before the Holocaust).
·       Folk art is popular – wood carving, pottery and embroidered clothing
·       Folk music as well as some famous composers such as Chopin      
Famous tennis star - Novak Djokovic = Serbian -#5 in world (2024)

LIFE
·       There are many large, old urban cities – such as Prague and Budapest – but the region is less urban than the rest of Europe.
·       Still ethnic tensions in the region (Serbs hate Croats)
·       Antisemitism is still an ongoing issue - especially with recent events in Israel.
·       Discrimination against the Roma/Sinti (or gypsies) is still a reality.
POLAND - much destruction during WW2
Beautiful cities and good food!
WARSAW,  KRAKOW,  LODZ,  LVOV
PIEROGI
A TRAGIC PAST
·       All 6 Nazi death camps were in Poland
·       3,300,000 Jews lived in Poland pre-WW2; after the war over 3 million had been murdered.

Issues in Europe - The European Union

Be sure to revisit the WebQuest and/or the 4 websites listed at the top of this document

● Be familiar with the predecessor organizations that led to the EU

● How many countries are in the EU

● Basic info about the EU (currency, members, etc)

● What is Brexit?

● What was the treaty of Rome

● Why does the EU exist?

● Original 6 member states


VOCAB WORDS (with significance needed to be known as well):
SCANDINAVIA, NORDIC,

HYGGE, CONSTITUENT COUNTRY (with examples), SAMI and ALTHING

Benelux, nationalism, Reformation, Holocaust, feudalism, Berlin Wall
BALKANIZATION, SLAVIC (or Slav),

OTTOMAN EMPIRE, HABSBURG EMPIRE, YUGOSLAVIA, and COMMUNISM

city-state, Renaissance, republic, aqueduct, Crusades


ok so, with all of this study guide and the actual lessons, make a 10 question quiz similar to how the study guide said the questions would be phrased (there's no questions other than t/f or multiple choice)