Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            t may cause damage to the stomach. 
Guidelines for management of UC 
Treatment is selected according to disease location and severity. 
✓ Mild disease: 5-ASA 
✓ moderate UC: 5-ASA is a secondary option. Systemic glucocorticoids is used.  
✓ Severe disease: iv steroids taken for 7-14 days   
• Patients refractory to the above are candidates for colectomy. 
• Patients with toxic megacolon should undergo, treatment with broad-spectrum 
antibiotics, and possibly colectomy.    
o Patients who do not improve on 5-ASA should move on to glucocorticoids. 
o Oral glucocorticoids are typically given for two to four weeks, then gradually tapered 
over the next two months  
Irritable bowel syndrome 
IBD vs. IBS 
 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that may affect over 15% of 
the general population.  
 IBS is a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by chronic abdominal pain and 
altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. 
 It is sometimes referred to as spastic colon, spastic colitis, mucous colitis or nervous 
stomach.  
 IBS should not be confused with other diseases of the bowel such as IBD.   
 IBS is a functional disorder where the function of the bowels may be abnormal but 
no structural abnormalities exist. 
 People with IBD have inflammation, ulcers, and other damage visible inside the 
digestive tract (life threatening disease).  
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
71 | P a g e  
 
 In contrast, there is no damage in IBS, despite symptoms such as cramping, diarrhea, 
and constipation.  
 IBS is much more common but less serious than IBD. 
Causes of IBS 
➢ colon gets hypersensitive, overreacting to mild stimulation. Instead of slow, rhythmic 
muscle movements. The bowel muscles spasm that can cause diarrhea or 
constipation. 
➢ Another theory suggests it may involve chemicals made by the body, such as 
serotonin and gastrin, that control nerve signals between the brain and digestive tract. 
➢ certain bacteria in the bowels can lead to the condition 
➢ Because IBS happens in women much more often than in men, some believe 
hormones may play a role. 
There are 3 types of the condition. There is IBS with constipation (IBS-C) and IBS with 
diarrhea (IBS-D). This is called pain IBS (IBS-M/U). 
 Even in patients with an established diagnosis of IBS, it is important to assess for 
alarm features for which endoscopic evaluation should be considered.  
 Alarm features include the following: 
●More than minimal rectal bleeding 
●Weight loss 
●Unexplained iron deficiency anemia 
●Nocturnal symptoms 
●Family history of selected organic diseases including colorectal cancer, inflammatory 
bowel disease, or celiac sprue (or gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is a chronic disorder of 
the digestive tract that results in an inability to tolerate gliadin, the alcohol-soluble 
fraction of gluten. Gluten is a protein commonly found in wheat, rye) 
Management of IBS 

            Quiz: