Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            nderstand the principles of blood coagulation and its disorders  
3- Recognize the function of RBCs and different types of anemia. 
4-  Identify the types, functions and abnormalities of white blood 
cells 
5- 
 
 
Objectives  
Chapter 2: blood 
 
23 
 
blood 
Definition: Blood is one type of connective tissue CT ( fluid CT). 
         Composition of blood:  
 
 
 
 
 
24 
 
Functions Of the Blood:- 
 
general function  
special  function of its 
component  
 
1. Constitutive 
function:- (
)ﻣﻜﻮن t 
he plasma 
constitutes 5% of 
the body weight. 
• Transport 
function 
(وﺳﯿﻠﮫ  
ﻧﻘﻞ( - 
Respiratory 
gases. 
• Nutrients. 
• waste products. 
• Vitamins, 
hormones and 
enzymes. 
2. Defensive دﻓﺎﻋﯿﮫ 
functions:-by: 
WBCs 
3. Haemostatic 
ﺗﺠﻠﻂfunctions: - to 
stop bleeding and 
Plasma Proteins 
The most important 
plasma proteins are  
1- Albumin           
4- 4.5  gm%  
2- Globulin           
2- 2.5 gm%  
3- Fibrinogen        
0.3 gm%  
4- Prothrombin       
0.1 gm 
 
Site of synthesis  
• Albumin, 
fibrinogen and 
prothrombin are 
synthesized in 
the liver - 
Globulins are 
synthesized in 
lymph node,  
25 
 
formation of blood 
clots. 
4. Homeostatic ﺗﻮازن 
function:- It 
regulates the 
following body 
functions:- 
• Body 
temperature. 
• Body water. 
• The arterial 
blood pressure. 
• The acid base 
balance. 
 
Functions of Plasma 
Proteins:  
• General 
functions Of 
Plasma 
Proteins:- 
1. Nutrition
 ﺗﻐﺬﯾﮫ :-
They supply the 
body with 
amino acids 
during 
starvation. 
2. Buffering ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ 
action:-they 
share in 
maintenance the 
pH of the body 
constant. 
3. Carriers:
 ﺣﻮاﻣﻞ -
they circulate in 
the blood 
carrying 
minerals, 
vitamins and 
hormones. 
26 
 
-Specific functions of 
the Plasma proteions: 
1. Albumin 
is 
responsible for 
the 
osmotic 
pressure of the 
blood. 
2. Globulins and 
fibrinogens are 
responsible for 
the 
viscosity ﻟﺰوﺟﮫ 
of the blood 
 
Hemostasis 
Definition: -stoppage of bleeding when a blood vessels injured.  
The haemostatic process consists of  
1- Vasoconstriction of the injured blood vessel. 
2- The platelet plug formation: which occurs in the following steps:- 
 
• Platelet adhesion:-where the platelets adhereﺗﻘﺘﺮب  to the exposed 
collagen. 
• Platelet release -the platelets change their shape, send out 
pseudopodia and release their granules. 
27 
 
• Platelet aggregation:-platelets secrete ADP and thromboxane 
A2.These factors make them sticky to each other forming a mass of the 
platelet plug. The plug adheres to the injured vessel with more platelet 
activation and aggregation until the plug is finally enlarged enough to 
stop the bleeding 
3- Clot formation 
 
 
Hemostatic Disorders 
A-Thrombosis (Intravascular Clotting):- 
• -It is the formation of blood clots inside the blood vessels. 
-Causes:- 
1- Blood stasis. 
2- Roughness of the endothelial lining by atherosclerosis. 
3- Increased viscosity of the blood as in dehydration. 
28 
 
4- Increased cellular element of the blood as in polycythaemia or 
throm

            Quiz: