For the following quiz questions, provide the correct answer option: Which of the following is CORRECT about the properties of executive functions (EF)?
Question 1 options:


Controlled behaviors require EF


Automatic behaviors require EF


Both controlled and automatic behaviors require EF


Neither controlled nor automatic behaviors require EF

Which of these is a frequently used test of executive functions (EF) involves task-switching, and shifting between paying attention to different dimensions of a stimuli (shapes, colors, and number)?
Question 2 options:


Wisconsin Card Sorting Test


Tower of London


Iowa Gambling Test


Go/No-Go

Which of the following about the sequence of events is CORRECT according to the James-Lange theory?
Question 3 options:


Physiological or bodily reactions -> Sensory stimulus -> Emotional processing


Physiological or bodily reactions -> Emotional processing -> Sensory stimulus


Sensory stimulus -> Physiological or bodily reactions -> Emotion processing


Sensory stimulus -> Emotional processing -> Physiological or bodily reactions






The ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens is thought to be activated in response to which of the following:
Question 4 options:


Social interactions


Food


Reward


All of the above



Which of the following statements about the role of the anterior cingulate in executive functions (EF) is TRUE?
Question 5 options:


Monkeys with lesions in the anterior cingulate may not trouble shoot after making an error


The anterior cingulate detects but does not correct errors


All of the above


The anterior cingulate shows more activity on the error trial than the trial after it

What part of the brain is associated with detection of response conflict?
Question 6 options:


The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex


The anterior cingulate cortex


The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex


The orbitofrontal cortex

Which region of the brain is most likely to be activated when a reward is better than expected?
Question 7 options:


The ventral striatum


The insula


The anterior cingulate


amygdala

A characteristic of emotions is all of the following EXCEPT:
Question 8 options:


Emotions trigger cognitive responses as well as action responses.


Emotions can be either natural or learned responses.


Emotions can be categorized as positive or negative.


Emotions last for a longer time period than moods

What type of intelligence may be MOST compromised by damage to the prefrontal cortex?
Question 9 options:


Social intelligence


Fluid intelligence


Emotional intelligence


Crystallized intelligence

Lesion studies in animals or humans reported that individuals that have damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) ...
Question 10 options:


take higher risk gambles


lose control of movement


cannot recognize feelings of digust


prefer larger rewards offered later over small immediate rewards

Which of the following areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may be important in monitoring and sustained attention?
Question 11 options:


The left lateral PFC


The anterior PFC


The ventromedial PFC


The right lateral PFC

All of the following is thought to be a valid scheme for dividing the executive control in the prefrontal cortex EXCEPT:
Question 12 options:


Dorsal vs. Ventral PFC


Posterior vs. Anterior PFC


Emotional vs. Cognitive Control


Left vs. Right Lateral PFC

The Stroop test (example shown below) where the participant needs to name the color of the ink and ignore the word is an illustration of:

Question 13 options:


Problem solving


Inhibiting habitual response


Task switching


None of the above

Which of the following is CORRECT about the neural basis of theory of mind?
Question 14 options:


Temporal poles are associated with semantic schemas that specify social rules


Acquired lesions in parietal-temporal junction tends to disrupt the ability to represent the mental states of others


Medial frontal lobe is involved in attending to internal states


All of the above


Which of the following is NOT a theory about Autism?
Question 15 options:


Lack of/difficulty with recognizing false beliefs


Memory deficits cause an inability to learn social and emotional cues


Executive functioning deficits causes alternative realities to not be suppressed


Lack of/difficulty with empathizing with others

Which of the following statements about "Hot" versus "Cold" control processes is TRUE?
Question 16 options:


Reward-related stimuli often involve sensory dimensions, whereas cognitive stimuli include money and food.


Cold cognitive control involves primarily the orbitofrontal cortex and associated ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC).


Hot cognitive control involves primarily the lateral PFC.


Hot reward-related stimuli involved money and food where as cold cognitive stimuli relates to sensory dimensions

Which of the following statements is NOT claimed by the constructive emotion theory proposed by Feldman-Barrett and colleagues (2006)?
Question 17 options:


The neural basis of the core affect system is linked to the limbic structures.


Emotions are learned, they are not innate and have no overlap across different cultures.


There is a core affect system into which all emotions tap.


The core affect system is organized along two dimensions: valence (pleasant-unpleasant) and arousal (high-low).





Which of the following statements about task switching is FALSE?
Question 18 options:


People are slower at switching from a hard to an easy task, than vice versa


Switching responses and switching attended stimulus may involve different regions


The limbic system is important for switching attended stimulus


The time taken to switch between tasks is called the "switch cost"

The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in processing the output of what: 
Question 19 options:


body signals (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.) 


reward


language


disgust

Which of the following is FALSE about the role of the amygdala during fear processing?
Question 20 options:


The amygdala is a key hub of fear processing but fear may depend on a wider network.


The amygdala may be involved in reward-based learning as well as fear conditioning.


The amygdala may be associated with coding of emotional intensity.


Patients with damage to the amygdala can ONLY recognize fear but NOT any other emotion







A child was introduced to two characters, Sally and Anne, during a task. Sally put a marble in a basket so that Anne could see. Anne then left the room, and Sally moved the marble to a box. When Anne entered the room, the child was asked: "Where would Anne look for the marble?". This test is designed to probe which of the following abilities:
Question 21 options:


Theory of mind


Emotional Intelligence


Cognitive Control


Gaze inattentiveness

One early theory postulated that a number of anatomical structures work together to form a single "emotional brain". What name was given to collectively describe these brain structures?
Question 22 options:


Geniculo-striate pathway


Thalamo-cortical loop


Kluver-Bucy network


Papez circuit

According to Fellows and Farah (2003), an alternative account to the "somatic marker hypothesis" that explains performance on the Iowa gambling task is:
Question 23 options:


Failure of reversal learning


A general inability to generate a skin conductance response


Additional damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex


Failure of social referencing




Damage to the insula is most likely associated with impairment to recognizing facial and vocal expressions of which emotional category?
Question 24 options:


Sadness


Disgust


Fear


Anger

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is FALSE?
Question 25 options:


Fear expressions activate the amygdala during fMRI experiments more than other expressions.


Amygdala damage in humans impairs recognition of fear expressions in faces and voices.


Patients with lesions to the amygdala fail to show a skin conductance response to unpleasant stimulus but can nevertheless verbally report this association.


The amygdala plays NO role in learning and memory.

In the study by Small et al., (2001), the activity in the brain region that evaluated how rewarding the consumption of chocolate was, gradually transitioned from its medial to its lateral sub-regions as participants consumed increasing amounts of chocolate. One general function of this region is associated with how rewarding the stimulus is within the current context. Which brain region is this?
Question 26 options:


The anterior cingulate cortex


The insular


The orbitofrontal cortex


All of the above



What is TRUE about Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Question 27 options:


Vaccines cause Autism


You can develop Autism at any point in your life and it is NOT something you are born with


Many individuals may have difficulties with social skills, communication, and/or language


Autism is diagnosed using biomarkers observable on an MRI

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the six basic emotional categories according to Ekman (1992)?
Question 28 options:


Shame


Anger


Surprise


Disgust

Which of the following provides evidence for the distinction between "Hot" and "Cold" control processes?
Question 29 options:


Lesions in orbitofrontal cortex in marmosets impair the ability to understand that rewards were switched.


Patients with lesions to the ventromedial frontal cortex failed to learn to avoid bad decks during the Iowa gambling task.


Patients with lesions to the ventromedial frontal cortex did not generate an anticipatory skin conductance response before making a selection from risky decks during the Iowa gambling task.


All of the above



Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex are most likely to show all of the following actions EXCEPT:
Question 30 options:


Actions controlled by speech production


Impulsive actions on irrelevant objects in the environment


Repeating an action that is no longer relevant


Actions automatically driven by habits

Which of the following about Go/No-go test is TRUE?
Question 31 options:


Participants must respond to "no-go trials" but withhold a response to "go trials"


Go/No-go test involves unpredictable switches


Go/No-go test require participants to infer rules


Go/No-go test provides an index of impulsivity in some studies

Which of these are domains in which executive functions (EF) are important?
Question 32 options:


Multi-tasking


Problem solving


Inhibition


All of the above

The executive functions (EF) can be defined as:
Question 33 options:


The ability to override automatic behavior in order to deal with novel situations


The ability to switch flexibly between tasks


The ability to carry out a current task while holding in mind other goals


All of the above


According to the Stuss & Alexander's Theory on hemispheric differences in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), which of the following statements is TRUE?
Question 34 options:


Impaired task-switching performance may be observed after lesions of both the left and right lateral PFC


The right lateral PFC is relatively specialized for task-setting


The left lateral PFC is considered relatively specialized for task monitoring


Patients with the right lateral PFC damage may show much longer switch costs

The tendency for future rewards to have less subjective value than the same reward received now is called:
Question 35 options:


Reverse learning


Set shifting


Reward prediction


Delay discounting