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The Constitution of the Russian Federation is Russia’s supreme law, passed through a national vote. It 
contains the basic principles of the Russian constitutional system. 
The Constitution: 
 defines the federative structure of the Russian Federation; 
 establishes the principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation; 
 defines the principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial 
branches; 
 establishes equality of ideologies and religions; 
 defines the Russian Federation as a secular state. 
The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a 
citizen, sets their priority when deciding any issues, and proclaims the principle of equality before law 
and court. As for the federative structure, the Constitution contains the list of component units of the 
Russian Federation, covers the issues that are within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and 
those that are within the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.  
Separate articles are devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian 
Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government of the Russian 
Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian Federation. In these articles, the order and the 
terms of appointed and elected officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the 
principle of separation of powers. 
Under the Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full 
authority in the Russian Federation belongs to the President and the bodies of the legislative (two
chamber parliament – Federal Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the 
judicial authorities, which work independently. 
The President of the Russian Federation is the Head of the State; the duties of the President are 
listed, including his status of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. 
The Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation 
upon taking office.  
The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (the Federation Council and the State Duma) 
represents the legislature. The order of electing representatives for these chambers, their competence, 
terms of office are provided by the Constitution.  
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The Government of the Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution 
determines the extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office of 
government officials. 
Judicial power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil, administrative, and criminal 
legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes the principles of independence, irremovability and 
immunity of judges, thus providing for objectiveness and impartiality of the court. 
The system of courts of the Russian Federation consists of:  
 the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; 
 the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation; 
 the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. 
Separate articles are devoted to the Russian Federation Procurator’s Office with functions of 
supervision and control, and the procedure for adoption of Constitutional amendments. The 
Constitution regulates the issues of local self-government, including its authority and sphere of 
activity. 
Transitional and Final provisions regulating the promulgation of the Constitution and its 
enforcement are contained in Part 2 of the Constitution.