Analyse the information, because after you will do exercises:

Comments
1. “Fellow of the Institute”. A Fellow is a formal designation for a member of a
learned society or academic body. Член наукового товариства або установи.
2. May Day. One of the most important pagan fertility festivals was May Day,
which is still celebrated in a “cute” manner today in Britain and some European
countries. Traditions include nominating a “May Queen”, a “May King” and dancing
around a maypole. This festival was later subsumed by the International Socialist
Organization. Травневе свято.
3. Maypole or May tree. The symbol around which villagers danced, during part
of the May Day celebration. Травневе дерево.
4. Morris Dancers. A ritualized form of folk-dancing dating back to the 15th
century. Виконавці народних танців.
5. Beltane, n. An ancient Gaelic festival celebrated around 1st May, the exact date
depending on the position of the sun. Белтейн.
6. New-Year’s-Resolution diet. It is traditional on 1st January in some countries to
97
make a resolution to improve something that is seen as not good enough, especially in
behaviour or habits. After over-eating over Christmas, many people vow to go on a diet.
Зарок дотримуватися дієти, який дається на новий рік.
7. Goths. In contemporary society, this is a social group or subculture that tends to
dress all in black, listen to Gothic Rock music, wear military boots, etc. Готи,
прихильники готичного року.
8. New-Agers. A generic term for many contemporary subcultures, linked by
beliefs in “alternative spirituality” or “alternative religion”. Представники напрямку
“нового віку”.
9. Modern druids. Druids were ancient Celtic priests. One of the more specific
New Age groups base their belief system on some interpretations of what Druid
religions may have been. Сучасні друїди.
10. Crufts. The largest national dog show in the UK. Крафтс.
11. BMF. British Motorcycle Federation. Британська федерація
мотоциклістів.


Vocabulary notes
1. Disinhibited, participle. AmE: to be freed from inhibitions – inhibitions are
those behaviours that repress many desires felt to be unseemly or undesirable.
Нестриманий, безперешкодний, беззаборонний, непригнічений, вільний.
The word is not part of Anglo-English but is sometimes borrowed from American
English to be used in academic writing. In American English, for example: On her
birthday she felt disinhibited because her parents weren’t present. The equivalent in
Anglo-English: On her birthday she acted in an uninhibited manner, as her parents
weren’t there.
Inhibit, v.
1) hinder, prevent, restrain- перешкоджати, стримувати, пригнічувати, e.g. Her
very presence inhibited any kind of conversation.
2) forbid a person to do something – забороняти, e.g. As one of the conditions of
parole, he was inhibited from going to bars or nightclubs.
Der.:inhibition, n – затримка, гальмування, стримування, прешкоджання,
заборона, inhibitor п – інгібітор, inhibited participle – заборонений, затриманий,
приглушений, загальмований.
Syn.: to prevent – to stop something from happening, to obstruct – to place
obstacles in the way, to encumber – to burden with something relatively ill-defined or
abstract, to hinder – to get in the way of something, to impede - to stand in the way, to
hamper – to make more difficult, to bar – to prohibit or prevent, to handicap – to burden
with something specific.
3. Calendrical/calendric, adj. Rare adjectives, only normally used in highly
specific academic writing. They are derived from the word ‘calendar’. Календарний,
e.g. A very complex calendrical calculation is made to determine the date of Easter.
4. Communion, n. Used in one of three main meanings, in the text it is used as
formal communication in a ritual manner. Спілкування. The other meanings include:
101
1) generalized communication in an abstract sense – спілкування, e.g. She always
felt revitalized after a period of communion with nature.
2) (more fully Holy Communion) a formal church ceremony – причастя, e.g. He
went to Communion as often as he could.
5. Rites, n. Normally used in a religious context in set phrases but is used here as a
specific Social Science term to describe a ritualistic way of doing something.
The Catholic Church uses the word to formally describe the ceremonies, prayers or
functions of any religious body – обряд, церемонія, ритуал, e.g. The rites of the
Catholic Mass seem very strange to most Protestants. It is also used to describe a period
of significant change - церемонія посвяти, e.g. Most people regard puberty as one of
the rites of passage of young people.
Comb.: the rites of hospitality – обряд гостинності, funeral rites/the Last Rites –
похоронний обряд/ритуал, the rite of passage – обряд посвяти, the rites of Spring –
весняні обряди.
6. Dreadlocks, n. A hairstyle of tight braids, in which the head is covered with
them hanging down loose. Африканські коски. e.g. Most Rastafarians wear dreadlocks
and the hairstyle has very much become associated with that religion.
7. Counterculture, n. Today a popular term adopted from anthropology that
describes a set of social norms and beliefs that are contrary to established society, or the
group of people that live in such a way. Альтернативна культура. Неформали, e.g.
Opponents of the Vietnam War formed a significant counterculture during the 1970s.
8. Juxtaposition, n. The placing of two or more things side by side. Безпосереднє
сусідство, стикання, накладання, зіставлення, e.g. То her artistic sense, the
juxtaposition of red shoes and a lilac handbag was horrible.
Syn.: comparison – placing items literally or metaphorically side-by-side in order
to make decisions or judgments about them, contrast – to select the differences between
things being considered, adjacency – the way that items may be placed or found literally
next to one another, proximity – to be in the general area of a selected item.
9. Effigy, n. A representation usually of a person in the form of a sculptured figure
or a dummy. Зображення, фігурка (людини тощо), e.g. The most common effigies
seen today are in Waxworks museums.
Comb.: bum in effigy – спалити чиюсь фігурку (як символічне покарання того,
кого вона зображує), hang in effigy- повісити чиєсь зображення або фігурку (як
символічне покарання), e.g. Guy Fawkes is to this day burned in effigy on the 5th of
November in Britain.
10. Sanitized, participle.
1) lit. that which is cleaned to be free of germs or microbes – просанований (від
санація), продезинфікований, знезаражений, e.g. Many hotels place “Sanitized for
your health and comfort” notices over a toilet after the chambermaid has been.
2) fig. that which has unpleasant or disturbing or secret elements removed –
облагороджений, оброблений, пом’якшений, з видаленими неприємними або
секретними елементами, e.g. The film presents a less sanitized version of the war. To
sanitize negative features ... To sanitize a hard disk...
11. Subculture, n. A group or class within a culture or even a counterculture, often
102
having beliefs that conflict with or differ from the main group. Субкультура, e.g. The
photographer was sent to take shots of the latest celebrities of the rock subculture.
12. Tribal, adj.
1) lit. characteristic of a member of an ethnic group or division – родовий,
племінний, e.g. Tribal sovereignty has been described in detail by George W. Bush
during many interviews.
2) in academic writing characterized by the tendency to form groups or by strong
group loyalty – груповий, e.g. Organizational politics is frequently described in tribal
terms.
12. Adherent, n. Used figuratively to describe somebody who ‘attaches’
themselves to a group. Прихильник, послідовник.
Syn.: fan – short for ‘fanatic’, someone who is emotionally very much in favour of
something or somebody, supporter – someone who gives their help or encouragement,
follower – someone who follows a leader, faith, rule of conduct, etc., disciple – a
follower who believes absolutely in something, admirer – someone who looks
positively at someone or something, ally – a formally defined supporter of a cause.
Ant.: dropout – someone who refuses to do what is expected of them, renegade –
someone who abandons their religious or political beliefs, defector – a person who
changes sides, deserter – someone who runs away from an environment, especially in
the military, rebel – someone who wants to change the established order.
13. Mundane, adj. Pertaining to everyday life, dull, routine – буденний,
щоденний, рутинний, e.g. He got very bored with many of the mundane aspects of his
job. Also pertaining to this world – світський, мирський, земний, e.g. We may live
mundane lives, but we can all dream of the stars.
14. Hidebound, adj. Constrained by ideas or beliefs that seem to be unable to be
changed – обмежений, з вузьким світоглядом, закоснілий. e.g. His hidebound
attitude to so many everyday activities began to seriously irritate his wife.
15. Free-for-all, n. A game, contest or discussion that is unrestricted and generally
without rules – букв, загальна бійка, сутичка, перен. гра без правил, e.g. After the
referee sent off a player for no good reason, the game descended into a free-for-all.
16. To let your hair down.
1) fig (colloq.) relax from rules and restraints, cease to be formal and enjoy
yourself, often in an uninhibited fashion- розслабитися, e.g. It’ll be great when he
decides to let his hair down and join the rest of us for some light-hearted entertainment
after the meeting.
2) lit. release the hair from a style in which it is held on the top of the head –
розпустити волосся, e.g. After a long day at work, she changed into her jeans and let
her hair down.
17. Remission, n. Here used figuratively as a specific academic term to describe
the temporary freeing of a person from certain cultural norms or constraints. Ремісія,
послаблення.
1) a respite; a release from captivity – тимчасове звільнення (від покарання),
e.g. The prison warden decided to give her a remission of sentence.
2) medicine temporary lessening of symptoms – зменшення, послаблення болю,
103
ремісія, e.g. His cancer had gone into remission, but the respite was brief.
18. Nano-remission, n. The author’s neologism, invented to explain the point of
her argument. “Nano” is literally a factor of one thousand-millionth and so a tiny
amount. “Nano” is now being used in many sciences to describe extreme
miniaturization, e.g. nanotechnology.
19. Let your guard down. To relax, to lower defenses. Розслабитися, e.g. In the
last few minutes of the football match, the home team let its guard down and conceded a
goal.
20. Subvert, v. To disturb or overthrow a government, cultural norm or societal
attitude. Скидати, повалити, підірвати (монархію, уряд, устої суспільства тощо),
e.g. Nothing so much strengthens any government as an unsuccessful endeavour to
subvert it.
21. Indulgence, n. Gratification of another’s desires or humour, the fact of being
gratified. Потурання, поблажливість, терпимість, толерантність. e.g. Her mother’s
indulgence of her baby was getting on her nerves.
22. Indulge, v. Treat a person with excessive kindness, gratify or humour this
person’s desires. Потурати, ставитися поблажливо, e.g. Mary-Lou was terribly
spoiled because her parents indulged her every whim.
23. Indulgent, adj. That allows himself or someone else to receive additional
pleasure by the removal of constraints. Поблажливий, терпимий, толерантний, e.g.
He let his son act in an indulgent manner when they went to the sea-side every now and
again.
24. Ingrained, adj. In the inmost texture, deeply rooted. Що проникає, просочує,
в’їлося. Притаманний, характерний, e.g. His dislike of liver and onions was deeply
ingrained.