опрацюй цей матеріал. детально. всі види присудків що тут є обовязково. потім напиши "я все запам'ятав", пізніше я дам тобі завданння визначити вид присудка. 

Understanding "It" as a Subject
1. Notional Subject "It":

Represents a Thing or Idea:
"It" can stand in for a specific object or an abstract idea. In this case, "it" acts as a notional subject and often refers back to something mentioned earlier or understood from the context.
Example: "The door opened. It was opened by a young girl."
Points Out or Refers to Something:
"It" can point to a person, thing, or a preceding statement, functioning like "this." This use is similar to when we say "this is."
Example: "It is John." or "It was a large room."
2. Formal Subject "It":

No Specific Referent:
In some sentences, "it" does not stand for any particular thing or person. It simply occupies the subject position to ensure the sentence is gramatically complete.
Types of Formal "It": a. Impersonal "It":
Used for natural phenomena, weather, time, or distance.
Example: "It is raining." or "It is five o'clock."
b. Introductory or Anticipatory "It":
Used to introduce the real subject, which often appears later in the sentence.
Example: "It is important to stay healthy."
c. Emphatic "It":
Used to emphasize a particular part of the sentence.
Example: "It was John who called.





The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. It is grammatically dependent upon the subject.
It usually includes a finite verb that indicates tense, mood, voice, aspect, and sometimes person and number.
Predicates can be simple or compound (according to their structure), and verbal or nominal (according to their meaning)
 
So, we can distinguish the simple verbal predicate, the simple nominal predicate, the compound verbal and the compound nominal.
Compound verbal predicates may be further classified into phasal, modal and of double orientation.
Simple Predicate:
A simple predicate is expressed by a finite verb, either in a simple or compound tense form.
The simple verbal predicate is expressed by:
1)	A finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form (All English tenses in the active and passive voice represent the simple verbal predicate).
•	 She reads a lot.
•	 She is reading now.
•	 She has read this novel.
•	 She has been reading this novel for a month.
•	 They will return soon.
•	 When did life begin on earth?
•	 The letter has been sent off.
•	 We were given a lot of presents yesterday.
•	 By May they will have been living here for 25 years
2)	A verb phrase (a phraseological equivalent of a verb denoting one action). 
We distinguish 2 types of the phraseological predicate. 
•	Phrases denoting single actions: Combines a verb with a noun formed from a verb, often used with an indefinite article. Word combinations of the following type: to have a smoke, to have a swim, to have a run, to give a laugh, to give a push, to take a look, to make a move, to pay a
visit, to have a sleep.
•	Example: He gave a push.
•	Phrases denoting various kinds of actions: Combines verbs with abstract nouns without articles. Word combinations of the following type: to get rid, to get hold. to make use, to take care, to lose sight, to make fun, to pay attention, to make up one's mind, to change one's mind, to take part, etc
•	Example: She made use of her skills.
The Simple Nominal Predicate
is expressed by a noun, or an adjective, or a verbal. It does not contain a link verb, as it shows the incompatibility of the idea expressed by the subject and that expressed by the predicate. Thus in the meaning of the simple nominal predicate there is an implied negation.
Sentences with the simple nominal predicate are always exclamatory.
The simple nominal predicate can be expressed by:
1. A noun:
•	She, a nun!
•	You a bother! Never.
2. An adjective:
•	She, beautiful!
•	He, good-looking!
3. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase:
•	My son to insult a gentleman at my table!
•	 Hercule Poirot to sleep while murder is committed!
4. Participle I or a participial phrase:
•	He spying!
•	She trying to be funny!
Compound Predicate:
Consists of two parts: a finite verb and another speech part (noun, pronoun, adjective, verbal- participle, gerund, infinitive).
The first part shows grammatical categories (person, number, tense, aspect, mood and voice).
The compound predicate can be nominal or verbal.
The Compound Verbal Predicate
The compound verbal predicate can be divided into three types:
•	the compound verbal phasal (aspect) predicate;
•	the compound verbal modal predicate;
•	the compound verbal predicate of double orientation
The Compound Verbal Phasal Predicate
denotes the beginning, duration, repetition or cessation of the action expressed by an infinitive or a gerund. It consists of a phasal verb and an infinitive or a gerund
The phasal verbs of beginning are: to begin, to start, to commence, to set about, to take to, to fall to, to come
	 I come to think that you are right.
	 He took to going to the farm.
The phasal verbs of duration are: to go on, to keep, to continue, to proceed.
She continued translating the text into French.
	 As we continued to laugh his surprise gave way to annoyance.
The phasal verbs of repetition: would, used.
He used to swim a lot.
	 During her leisure hours she would read or walk in the fields.
The phasal verbs of cessation: to stop, to finish, to cease, to give up, to leave of
	He gave up smoking.
The Compound Verbal Modal Predicate  The compound verbal modal predicate consists of a modal part and an infinitive. It shows whether the action expressed by an infinitive is considered as possible, impossible, obligatory, necessary, desirable, planned, certain
The modal part may be expressed by:
•	A modal verb
She should call her mother.
We might visit the museum tomorrow.
They ought to review their notes before the exam.
You must wear a helmet while cycling.
He could solve the problem easily.
•	A modal expression to be + Infinitive, to have + Infinitive. 
I have to work for my living.
•	a modal expression of  nominal nature: (to be able, to be allowed, to be willing, to be going, to be anxious)
They were anxious to cooperate.
 Are you able to walk another two miles?
I am going to visit my friends in Italy
•	A verb with a modal meaning and an infinitive or a gerund (to hope, to expect, to intend, to attempt, to try, to endeavour, to long, to wish, to want, to desire,)
She hopes to travel to Japan next year.
The Compound Verbal Predicate of Double Orientation
The compound verbal predicate of double orientation consists of two parts. The first part is a finite verb which denotes the attitude to, evaluation of, or comment on, the content of the sentence expressed by the speaker or somebody not mentioned in the sentence. The second part denotes the action which is (was/will be) performed by the person / nonperson expressed by the subject. 
	 She is said to have been living abroad for 20 years.
The first part belong to one of the following verb groups:
•	Intransitive verbs of seeming or happening with the general meaning of evaluation in the active voice: to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen, to chance
 He seems to enjoy the concert.
	She appears to be confident during the presentation.
	His theory proved to be correct
 	I happened to be there that night
•	Some verbs in the passive voice: 
Verbs of saying: to say, to report, to state, to declare.
She is said to be a talented musician.
The new policy is reported to have significant benefits.
He is declared to have signed a very important contract.
Verbs of mental activity: to believe, to consider, to expect, to find, to know, to mean, to
think, to understand.
		 She is believed to speak five languages.
		 This restaurant is considered to serve the best pasta in town.
		 They were believed to have sold their cottage.
Verbs of perception: to feel, to hear, to see, to watch.
		 A cold breeze was felt to come from the window.
		 The young girl was seen to leave her flat.
•	Phrases with some modal meaning: to be likely, to be sure, to be certain.
	 They are likely to take part in the conference.
	 He is unlikely to help them.
	 We are certain to come to see you tonight.
Compound Nominal Predicate:
•	Indicates the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject (the book is interesting) or the class of person or things to which this person or thing belongs (she is a teacher)
•	Composed of a link verb and a predicative (nominal part).
Most link verbs to some extent preserve their meaning. The following are the most common of these link verbs: to appear, to get, to grow, to continue, to feel, to keep, to look, to turn, to hold, to prove, to turn out, to loom, to rank, to remain, to run, to seem, to smell, to taste, to fall, to stand, to go, to work.
Verbs like be completely lose meaning and function purely grammatically.
Others keep partial or full meaning while acting as link verbs.
Example: Harris grew more cheerful.
Verbs of Complete Predication: There are some verbs which, though fully preserving their concrete meaning, perform the function of link verbs: they are used with a predicative and form a compound nominal predicate: to lie, to sit, to die, to marry, to return, to leave, to come, to stand, to fall, to go, etc.
Example: The poor woman sat amazed.
Link Verb Groups:
According to their meaning link verbs can be divided into three groups: 
•	Link verbs of being: to be, to feel, to sound, to smell, to taste, to look, to appear, to seem.
My elder sister is a doctor.
You look lovely today.
 He felt better pleased than ever.
They seemed bewildered.
 These flowers smell wonderful.
 Her voice sounded cold and hostile.
 The soup tastes delicious.
 Everything appeared very great.
•	Link verbs of becoming: to become, to grow, to turn, to get, to make.
The younger brother became a famous scientist.
 But she had grown too proud or too passive.
 The girl’s face turned red.
 At his age, he gets nervous.
 The boy will make a great pianist.
•	Link verbs of remaining: to remain, to continue, to keep, to stay.
 His wife sighed and remained silent.
 The dancing continues fast and furious.
 The children kept suspiciously silent.
 He stayed relaxed
Ways of Expressing the Predicative
The predicative can be expressed by:
•	A noun in the common case or in the genitive case.
o	Her father was a sailor.
o	She is a pretty child.
o	The hat is my sister’s.
o	The face was Victoria’s.
•	An adjective or an adjective phrase.
o	They are young and happy.
o	The apples smell good.
o	The music sounded beautiful.
o	She was full of enthusiasm.
•	A pronoun.
o	It was he.
o	That’s him.
o	You are nobody.
o	But she was herself again
•	A numeral (cardinal or ordinal).
o	He is 64.
o	I’m the first.
•	An infinitive or an infinitive phrase.
o	June’s first thought was to run away.
o	The only thing to do is to contact them.
o	My idea was to go there myself.
o	His greatest dream was to have a son.
•	A gerund.
o	My hobby is collecting stamps.
o	The main problem was their being away at the moment.
o	Her favourite sport is skating.
o	His favourite past time was reading detective stories.
•	By Participle II or very seldom Participle I.
o	She was surprised at seeing beautiful roses on her desk.
o	The subject seemed strangely chosen.
o	That sounded quite distressing.
o	It is very distressing to me.
•	A prepositional phrase.
o	They are on our side.
o	The things were outside her experience.
•	A stative.
o	He was wide awake by this time.
o	But I’m afraid I can’t help them.
•	A predicative clause which makes the whole sentence a complex one.
o	That’s what has happened.
Mixed Types of The Compound Predicate
Compound predicates can combine elements of different types.
Thus we can distinguish:
	The compound modal verbal nominal predicate.
o	She must feel better pleased than ever.
o	They couldn’t be happy.
o	He may have been ill then.
o	You can’t have been late for the train.
	The compound modal nominal verbal predicate.
o	Are you able to walk another two miles?
o	We were anxious to cooperate.
The compound phasal nominal predicate.
o	She was beginning to look desperate.
o	George began to be rather ashamed.
	The compound modal phasal predicate.
o	You ought to stop doing that.
o	He can’t continue training.
	The compound nominal predicate of double orientation.
o	She is said to be very ill.
o	They seem to be very tired.
різне орієнтейшн (екшин+проперті)
1-	на дієслово що деноут зе екшин
2-	проперти
link verbs : to die, to live, to lie, to marry, to sit , to stand, to shine
зе фест парт ноушинал зе секонд ис номинал
 The moon was shining cold and bright
They met friends and parted enemics. 
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