You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


                                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                  FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              NOV 3, 2008
                               No. 08-10830                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                         ________________________

                    D. C. Docket No. 06-81090-CV-DTKH

GARY WAYNE GRIMES,


                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                    versus

STEVEN YOOS,
West Palm Beach Police Officer,
RYAN SECORD,
West Palm Beach Police Officer,
AMY SINNOTT,
West Palm Beach Police Officer,


                                                          Defendants-Appellees.

                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Florida
                        _________________________

                             (November 3, 2008)

Before ANDERSON, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

      Gary Wayne Grimes, a Florida state prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the

district court’s grant of Steven Yoos’s, Ryan Secord’s, and Amy Sinnot’s

(collectively, “defendants”) joint motion for summary judgment on Grimes’s pro

se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint. Grimes alleges that he sufficiently showed that the

defendants, all city police officers, lacked probable cause to arrest him and used

excessive force in arresting him. For the reasons set forth below, we remand in

part and affirm in part.

                                       I. Facts

      In his complaint, Grimes explained that he previously was homeless and

alleged that, as he slept near a building one night, he was awoken by a sharp pain

in his upper left arm. A police dog was biting him, and the defendants were

laughing at him and failing to instruct the police dog to release him. One of the

defendants instructed the police dog to “get that homeless shit bag.” Also, another

of the defendants warned Grimes that, if Grimes touched the police dog, the

defendant would “kill [Grimes].” Likewise, another of the defendants told Grimes,

“I hope [the police dog] rip[s] your fuck[ing] arm off.” Eventually, Grimes passed

out from blood loss and pain from the dog’s bite. Later, he was awoken by Secord

slapping him and yelling, “Don’t you fuck[ing] die.” Ultimately, Secord arrested



                                          2
Grimes “for having a small flashlight in [his] pocket,” which Secord called a

“burglary tool.” Grimes spent two weeks in a hospital and three additional weeks

in a jail medical cell. Grimes lost 30% of his arm, which was left grossly

disfigured.

      The defendants filed separate answers denying all allegations. The

defendants also claimed that they (1) used reasonable force to combat Grimes’s

resistance to arrest and to prevent Grimes’s escape and, therefore, did not violate

Grimes’s constitutional rights, (2) had probable cause to arrest Grimes, and

(3) were protected by the doctrine of qualified immunity.

      Grimes filed a motion for summary judgment, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.

56(a), arguing that the defendants did not need to use the above-described force in

apprehending him because he was asleep at the time of the incident and, therefore,

posed no threat of harm or escape. Along with his motion, Grimes submitted, inter

alia, the following exhibits. In Sinnot’s narrative police report, she stated that she

responded to a silent alarm from a certain business. Secord joined her. When they

noticed a broken glass window and glass laying on the ground at the front of the

building, they requested that canine officer Yoos and his police dog also join them.

As Yoos and the police dog cleared the business’ interior, Sinnot shined her

flashlight into the overgrown vegetation southwest of the building and heard a



                                           3
noise coming from that area, which noise she suspected was made by the burglary

perpetrator. Thus, after the building was cleared, she, Secord, and Yoos, without

the police dog, “walk[ed]” that area. They quickly located a recently discarded

cash drawer. They could hear movement in the vegetation south of them. The

vegetation was very thick and “there was no visibility.” Also, they did not know

how many suspects were involved, and a bent fence nearby suggested that the

suspect was, or suspects were, attempting to flee. Thus, Yoos retrieved the police

dog to search the area. Soon, the police dog apprehended Grimes, who was

“concealing himself” in the vegetation. Once the defendants saw that Grimes was

not armed, Yoos instructed the police dog to release Grimes, and Secord

handcuffed Grimes. Sinnot administered first aid to Grimes, and ensured that he

was not bleeding at a life-threatening rate, and paramedics were called to further

attend to Grimes.

      In Secord’s narrative police report, he added that other officers who

responded to the silent alarm and searched the inside of the building determined

that an employee had locked the door to the book keeping room and secured the

cash register kept therein and that someone had subsequently broken into this room

and taken the cash drawer. A cash drawer was located within 25 feet of where

Grimes ultimately was located and apprehended. Upon searching the vegetation



                                          4
after Grimes’s arrest, Secord located a blue bag that contained a hammer,

screwdriver, and chisel. Also, upon searching Grimes incident to his arrest, Secord

located a small yellow flashlight in Grimes’s front left pocket and determined that

it was a burglary tool. At the hospital, Secord asked Grimes what Grimes wished

Secord to do with the aforementioned blue bag. Grimes responded that he wanted

the blue bag to accompany him to the county jail. From this, Secord determined

that the burglary tools contained therein were Grimes’s.

      In Yoos’s narrative police report, he added that when he and the police dog

arrived at the scene, Sinnot informed him of the noises she had heard in the

vegetation. Yoos decided to first clear the building. Before entering, Yoos

announced his and the police dog’s presence and waited a reasonable time for a

response from inside before entering. Although no suspects subsequently were

found in the building, the police dog alerted to some scent therein. The police dog

then was put in Yoos’s police car for a “cool down period.” While they waited for

the police dog to cool down, Sinnot and Yoos approached the area of vegetation to

assess how best to “get [the police dog] into the area.” At that time, Yoos noticed

the aforementioned cash drawer lying on the ground. Yoos then retrieved the

police dog and deployed him into the area. The police dog immediately started to

“work scent.” The police dog followed the scent to a chain link fence. Yoos did



                                          5
not know whether the suspect was on the inside or outside of the fence and so did

not announce his or the police dog’s presence for fear that the suspect might flee.

The police dog continued to work scent and jumped the fence. Yoos had

difficulties following the police dog because of the thickness of the vegetation.

While Yoos was attempting to get through the vegetation, he heard someone

scream to “get the dog.” Yoos immediately followed the voice. When Yoos came

upon Grimes, he determined that Grimes’s hands were clear of any weapons and

that the police dog had control of Grimes and then instructed the police dog to

release Grimes. Secord then arrested Grimes.

      In the version of its policy manual and standards effective at the time of the

incident, the police department instructed that the use of canine force was limited

to instances in which the police officers had probable cause to believe that such

force was necessary to protect the police officers or the public or to apprehend a

suspect who fled or hid when the police officers had probable cause to believe that

the suspect had committed a felony. Before using such force, the police officers

generally were required to give a verbal warning to allow the suspect to surrender.

However, when such a warning would “prove unsafe to the search team or allow

the offender to escape,” the police dog handler conducting the search could decide

not to provide the warning.



                                          6
      The defendants filed a joint response and cross motion for summary

judgment. The defendants argued that their use of canine force was reasonable

because they found an empty cash register and a blue bag containing burglary tools

in the vegetation, had reason to believe that a felony burglary suspect was fleeing

the scene through the vegetation, and had no way of knowing whether this suspect

posed a threat to them. Along with their cross motion, the defendants submitted,

inter alia, the following exhibits. In Grimes’s deposition, he stated that, on the

night of the incident, he drank a six-pack of beer, took four Oxycodone pain pills,

and fell asleep at approximately 10 p.m. in the vegetation. At the time, he

possessed a small black bag, which contained his razor, glasses, toothbrush, and

such, and a Bible and flashlight. He did not possess any other bag. When the

questioning attorney at the deposition asked Grimes if he possessed the

aforementioned blue bag, Grimes refused to respond, stating that he would not

discuss the blue bag because the matter was the subject of a motion to suppress.

Grimes could not say whether he was “moving around or. . . just lying still” at the

time, since he was asleep, but thought it was possible that he was moving around,

based on Sinnott’s statement that she heard noises from the vegetation and the facts

that he was in a lot of pain from a leg injury and was under the influence of

medication and alcohol at the time. In their affidavits, the defendants each stated



                                           7
that, at the time of the incident, he or she believed that Grimes posed a threat to his

and the other officers’ safety.

      Grimes filed a response arguing that the defendants did not have probable

cause to arrest him. He was asleep in the vegetation at the time and his possession

of burglary tools was insufficient without any evidence that he had used them.

Also, he never stated that he owned the blue bag or the tools inside. Grimes also

argued that the defendants did not have reason to use force in apprehending him

and failed to give the appropriate warning before searching the vegetation. Along

with his response, Grimes submitted, inter alia, the following exhibits. In Yoos’s

deposition, taken in connection with Grimes’s criminal trial, Yoos stated that, at

the time of his apprehension, Yoos saw a blue “knapsack” in the area. In his

answers to Grimes’s interrogatories, Secord stated that the aforementioned blue

bag was discovered before Grimes was arrested.

      A magistrate judge recommended denying Grimes’s motion for summary

judgment and granting the defendants’ cross motion for summary judgment. The

magistrate first stated that “[t]he sole claim against [the defendants] is that they

used, or permitted use of excessive force during Grimes’ . . . arrest, by allowing a

K-9 police dog to bite him while he was asleep.” The magistrate then reasoned

that the defendants had used reasonable force. They perceived movement in the



                                            8
vegetation and believed, therefore, that the felony suspect was hiding there.

Because of the vegetation, the police officers could not see this suspect and could

not know if the suspect was armed, such that they feared for their safety. Thus,

Yoos deployed the police dog. After the police dog apprehended Grimes, Yoos

immediately determined that Grimes did not pose a threat and instructed the police

dog to release Grimes. Thus, the force exerted on Grimes was limited in duration

and did not result in substantial physical harm to Grimes. The fact that Yoos did

not give a verbal warning before deploying the police dog did not alter this

conclusion. The police department’s policy manual and standards gave Yoos the

discretion not to give a warning if he believed the suspect or suspects would flee,

and no binding case law held that this action was “per se objectively

unreasonable.” Also, because Yoos’s actions did not violate a clearly established

statutory or constitutional right, of which a reasonable person would be aware, he

was entitled to qualified immunity for his use of force. Furthermore, because

Yoos’s use of canine force was reasonable, there was no need for Secord and

Sinnot to intervene to stop the use of force.

      Grimes objected to the magistrate’s report that the magistrate failed to

address Grimes’s argument that the police officers did not state why they were

arresting him at the time of the police dog attack and only arrested him for



                                           9
possession of burglary tools after frisking him incident to the original arrest.

      The district court conducted an independent review and adopted and

affirmed the magistrate’s reasoning and conclusion.

                                 II. Law & Analysis

      We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying

the same standard as the district court and viewing all evidence and factual

inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Burton v. Tampa Housing Authority, 271 F.3d 1274, 1276-77

(11th Cir. 2001). To prevail on a civil rights action under § 1983, a plaintiff must

show that he or she was deprived of a federal right by a person acting under color

of state law. Griffin v. City of Opa-Locka, 261 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001).

                                 A. Probable Cause

      We have held that “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard

than pleadings drafted by attorneys and [must], therefore, be liberally construed.”

Boxer X v. Harris, 437 F.3d 1107, 1110 (11th Cir. 2006) (regarding claim brought

pursuant to § 1983). Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, a police officer must

have probable cause to make a warrantless arrest. Rodriguez v. Farrell, 280 F.3d

1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2002). Probable cause to arrest exists when law enforcement

officials have facts and circumstances within their knowledge sufficient to warrant



                                           10
a reasonable belief that the suspect had committed or was committing a crime.

United States v. Floyd, 281 F.3d 1346, 1348 (11th Cir. 2002).

       Initially, we note that the district court did not actually grant summary

judgment on Grimes’s probable-cause claim. Rather, both the magistrate and the

district court failed to acknowledge this claim, focusing instead on Grimes’s

excessive-force claim. Thus, the question before us is whether Grimes sufficiently

raised this claim before the district court, such that it erred in failing to address this

matter.

       Although neither the magistrate or district court acknowledged as much,

Grimes sufficiently raised a probable cause argument before the district court.

Granted, Grimes did not specifically state in his § 1983 complaint or in his motion

for summary judgment that the defendants had no reason to arrest him, and the

defendants did not address probable cause in their cross motion for summary

judgment. However, Grimes implied in his complaint that the evidence on which

Secord arrested him was paltry, stating that Secord arrested him only “for having a

small flashlight in [his] pocket.” Also, in Grimes’s response to the defendants’

cross motion for summary judgment, he specifically argued that the defendants

lacked probable cause to arrest him and asserted that he was asleep in the

vegetation at the time of the incident and that his possession of tools that might be



                                            11
used in a burglary was insufficient cause for arrest for burglary absent evidence

that he used them for this purpose. Giving these pleadings the appropriate liberal

reading, the magistrate should have realized that Grimes was arguing that the

defendants not only used excessive force in arresting him, but lacked probable

cause to arrest him at all. See Boxer X, 437 F.3d at 1110.

       Furthermore, even were the aforementioned pleadings insufficient to put the

magistrate on notice of Grimes’s intent to raise a probable-cause argument,

Grimes’s specifically referenced this claim in his objections to the magistrate’s

report and asserted that the magistrate erred in ignoring it. Giving this pleading

even a strict reading, the district court should have realized that Grimes was

challenging the grounds of his arrest. See id.1 Moreover, in the defendants’

answers, they specifically argued that they had probable cause to arrest Grimes,

such that they clearly had the opportunity to defend themselves against this claim.

Therefore, Grimes put the magistrate and district court on notice of this argument,

and the district court erred in failing to acknowledge it.

       Thus, the district court has not considered the above facts as they relate to a

finding of probable cause. We note that whether probable cause existed is not


       1
         The probable-cause question was not subsumed by the excessive-force claim. See
Hadley v. Gutierrez, 526 F.3d 1324, 1329 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding that “a genuine ‘excessive
force’ claim relates to the manner in which an arrest was carried out, independent of whether law
enforcement had the power to arrest”).

                                               12
clear from these facts. Specifically, the record is not consistent with regard to

when the defendants became aware of the blue bag containing burglary tools. In

his narrative police report, Secord stated that he found the blue bag after Grimes’s

arrest. In his answers to interrogatories, however, Secord stated that he found the

blue bag before Grimes’s arrest. Moreover, in his deposition, Yoos stated that he

found the blue bag at the same time as Grimes’s arrest. Given these discrepancies,

the district court is in the best position to analyze Grimes’s probable-cause

argument. The district court may well find that the defendants had probable cause

or were protected by qualified immunity, but nevertheless is in the best position to

consider these matters in the first instance. Accordingly, we remand the case to the

district court to consider this matter in the first instance. See Schwier v. Cox, 340

F.3d 1284, 1292-94 (11th Cir. 2003) (remanding in a § 1983 case where the district

court granted summary judgment for an erroneous reason and therefore failed to

consider certain of the plaintiff’s arguments, thinking them moot).

                                 B. Excessive Force

      Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, a police officer must not use excessive

force in the course of an arrest. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388, 394-95,

109 S.Ct. 1865, 1867-68, 1871, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). Likewise, a police

officer with the ability to do so must intervene to stop another police officer’s use



                                          13
of excessive force. Priester v. City of Riviera Beach, Fla., 208 F.3d 919, 924-25

(11th Cir. 2000). The Supreme Court has held that, in addressing such a claim, a

police officer’s use of force should be reviewed for “objective reasonableness.”

Graham, 490 U.S. at 395, 109 S.Ct. at 1871. The Supreme Court instructed that

“[d]etermining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is ‘reasonable’

under the Fourth Amendment requires a careful balancing of ‘the nature and

quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests’ against

the countervailing governmental interests at stake.” Id. at 396, 109 S.Ct. at 1871.

The Supreme Court also instructed that proper application of this standard

“requires careful attention to the facts and circumstances of each particular case,

including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an

immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively

resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Id., 109 S.Ct. at 1872.

Finally, the Supreme Court has held that the review for reasonableness must be

done “without regard to [the police officers’] underlying intent or motivation,” as

“[a]n officer’s evil intentions will not make a Fourth Amendment violation out of

an objectively reasonable use of force.” Id. at 396-97, 109 S.Ct. at 1872.

      In a civil rights action under § 1983, however, the doctrine of qualified

immunity might shield the defendants from liability. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald,



                                           14
457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). Pursuant to this

doctrine, “government officials performing discretionary functions generally are

shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person

would have known.” Id. Under this standard, once a defendant establishes that he

was acting within his discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to

show that qualified immunity is not appropriate. Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d

1340, 1346 (11th Cir. 2002). To do so, the plaintiff first must demonstrate that the

defendant violated his constitutional rights. Id. The plaintiff then must

demonstrate that the “right was clearly established.” Id.

      Regarding the clearly established prong, we have held that, “[f]or a

constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours ‘must be sufficiently clear

that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that

right.” Willingham v. Loughnan, 321 F.3d 1299, 1301 (11th Cir. 2003) (emphasis

in original). Such ‘fair notice’ may be given by (1) a clear statute or constitutional

provision, (2) caselaw that is factually on point, or (3) general principles of law

combined with the severity of the conduct. See Vinyard, 311 F.3d 1350-52.

Indeed, we explained that “preexisting, factually similar cases are–not always, but

(in our experience) usually–needed to demonstrate that officials were fairly warned



                                           15
that their application of force violated the victim’s constitutional rights.”

Willingham v. Loughnan, 321 F.3d 1299, 1303 (11th Cir. 2003). We recognized,

however, that a police officer’s conduct may be “so far beyond the hazy border

between excessive and acceptable force that [he or she] had to know [that he or

she] was violating the Constitution even without caselaw on point.” Id. As an

example of a case in which the constitutional right was found to be clearly

established by way of the severity of the conduct alone, we cited Priester. In that

case, we explained:

      Plaintiff was a suspect in the burglary of a golf shop. Approximately
      $20 of snacks and crackers were stolen. When the police discovered
      Plaintiff, he submitted immediately to the police. When ordered by
      Defendant Wheeler to get down on the ground, Plaintiff complied.
      There was no confusion. Plaintiff did not pose a threat of bodily harm
      to the officers or to anyone else. And, he was not attempting to flee or
      to resist arrest. On Plaintiff's version of the facts, which we must
      accept, Defendant Wheeler ordered and allowed his dog to attack and
      bite Plaintiff; threatened to kill Plaintiff when Plaintiff kicked the dog
      in an effort to resist the unprovoked attack; and let the dog attack
      Plaintiff for at least two minutes.

Priester, 208 F.3d at 927. On those facts, we held that “no particularized

preexisting case law was necessary for it to be clearly established that what

Defendant Wheeler did violated Plaintiff's constitutional right to be free from the

excessive use of force,” as “[n]o reasonable police officer could believe that this

force was permissible given these straightforward circumstances.” Id.



                                           16
      The record demonstrates that the district court did not err in granting the

defendants’ cross motion for summary judgment on the excessive force claim. See

Burton, 271 F.3d at 1276-77. Specifically, the record demonstrates that Yoos’s use

of canine force was objectively reasonable. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 395, 109

S.Ct. at 1871. From Sinnot’s and Yoos’s police reports, it appears that the

defendants had reason to believe that the serious felony crime of burglary had

recently occurred, as Sinnot stated that she found a freshly broken window upon

arriving at the building and Yoos stated that his police dog alerted to fresh human

scent in the building.

      Also, from Sinnot’s and Yoos’s police reports, it appears that the defendants

had reason to believe that the perpetrator was in the area of vegetation near the

building, as Sinnot stated that she heard movement there and Sinnot and Yoos

stated that they both saw an empty cash drawer in that area. Furthermore, from

Sinnot’s police report and the defendants’ affidavits, it appears that the defendants

had reason to believe that Grimes may pose a risk to their safety, as Sinnot stated

that the vegetation was thick and the visibility low, such that they could not see

who was in the bushes and whether he or she was armed, and the defendants each

attested that they were concerned for their safety.

      Finally, from Sinnot’s police report, it appears that the defendants had



                                          17
reason to believe that Grimes was trying to flee, as Sinnot stated that she could

hear movement in the vegetation and that a chain link fence nearby was bent,

suggesting that someone had bent it in an effort to clear it. Therefore, the record

demonstrates that the defendants could have reasonably believed that force was

necessary because an unknown number of felony suspects were in a concealed area

and were attempting to evade police apprehension. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396,

109 S.Ct. at 1872.

      The fact that Yoos failed to warn Grimes of his and the police dog’s

presence does not alter the conclusion that the use of force was objectively

reasonable. The city’s policy manual and standards provided an exception to the

warning requirement for situations in which warning might “allow the offender to

escape.” Yoos stated in his police report that he did not give a warning because he

did not know whether the suspect was on the inside or outside of the fence and did

not want the suspect to flee. Also, the alleged statements made by the defendants

during the incident do not alter the conclusion that the use of force was objectively

reasonable, as the defendants’ subjective intentions or thoughts are irrelevant to the

inquiry. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396-97, 109 S.Ct. at 1872. Thus, pursuant to the

record, Yoos did not use excessive canine force, and Secord and Sinnot did not

unlawfully fail to intervene to stop the use of excessive force. See Graham, 490



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U.S. at 388, 394-95, 109 S.Ct. at 1867-68, 1871; Priester, 208 F.3d at 924-25.2

       Even assuming that the defendants’ conduct was not objectively reasonable,

such that it arguably violated Grimes’s constitutional right against the use of

excessive force, the defendants were protected from liability by the doctrine of

qualified immunity. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. at 2738. As stated

above, the parties do not dispute that the defendants were acting in their

discretionary authority. However, Grimes’s constitutional right against the type of

force used in the situation in question was not clearly established. See Vinyard,

311 F.3d at 1346. Grimes has not provided, and independent research does not

reveal, a statute or constitutional provision or specific case barring the type of force

used in the situation in question. See id. at 1350-52.

       Also, it does not appear that the defendants’ conduct was so egregious as to

be clearly impermissible. See Vinyard, 311 F.3d at 1346. Although we addressed

allegedly excessive canine force in Priester, this case does not provide a case on

point or reason to find that the defendants’ conduct here was sufficiently severe.

See Priester, 208 F.3d at 927. The facts of that case are distinguishable from the



       2
         The defendants also submitted photographs of the scene. On appeal, Grimes also
argues that the photographs were outdated, such that the district court erred in relying on them.
However, the fact that the photographs submitted by the defendants may have been outdated
does not alter the conclusion that the use of force was objectively reasonable, as the
aforementioned analysis of the reasonableness of the defendants’ conduct rests in no part on
these photographs.

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instant case, as the plaintiff in that case immediately surrendered to the police

officers and was attacked by the police dog for approximately two minutes, while

Grimes was concealed in bushes and, therefore, not instructed to surrender, and

Yoos stated that he ordered the police dog to release Grimes immediately. See id.

Thus, because they did not violate a clearly established constitutional right in using

canine force to apprehend Grimes, the defendants are protected by the doctrine of

qualified immunity. See Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818, 102 S.Ct. at 2738. Accordingly,

we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment as to this matter.

      REMANDED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART.




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