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Historical Context of the Divide


Introduction
The North-South divide dates back to the colonial era, when European powers established empires across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These regions were exploited for their natural resources and labor, while colonial powers structured their economies to benefit their own industries. Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. Colonialism also imposed rigid economic systems and hierarchical social structures that stunted local development and entrenched inequalities, many of which persist today (Kohn & Reddy, 2023).
	European powers such as Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal colonized vast territories in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These colonies were exploited for their natural resources and labor to benefit the colonizing nations. The economic structures imposed were designed to extract wealth rather than foster local development (Daron Acemoglu, 2017).

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Colonialism left a lasting legacy on former colonies, with three primary consequences:  
1. Colonial Mentality  
2. Racism  
3. Discrimination
These consequences continue to define the relationship between former colonies (Global South) and former colonial powers (Global North).



1. Colonial Legacy
1.1 Colonial Mentality
	Colonial mentality refers to the internalized perception that local cultures, traditions, and identities are inferior to those of the former colonizers. This mindset was reinforced by centuries of colonial domination, where indigenous languages, customs, and knowledge were devalued or erased in favor of Western ideals (Decena, A. M., 2014)
During the colonial era, colonizers imposed their culture, language, and religion upon native populations. This cultural imposition was designed to create a class of 'Westernized' elites who would aid in maintaining colonial control. Indigenous languages and traditions were often banned or marginalized (Tobin, 2020)

Example:
The Philippines: Spanish colonizers enforced Catholicism and Spanish language, which led to the diminishing of indigenous spiritual practices and languages. Later, during American rule, English replaced Spanish as the medium of instruction, further erasing indigenous identity (Dana R. H., 2015)

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1.2 Racism
Racism during the colonial period was used as a tool to justify the exploitation of indigenous people. Colonizers viewed themselves as racially superior and placed native populations into a racial hierarchy that dehumanized and marginalized them (Smedley, A., 2024)
Colonial powers created laws and policies that institutionalized racism, granting privileges to the white colonizers while disenfranchising the indigenous populations. These laws perpetuated economic, social, and political inequality by limiting access to education, land ownership, and political participation for native people. 
The North-South divide, a product of colonial exploitation, is characterized by economic disparities between former colonizing powers (Global North) and former colonies (Global South). Systemic racism in former colonies continues to perpetuate these inequalities by limiting access to opportunities for marginalized communities (Banaji et al., 2021).

Example: 
India: British colonial rule deepened the caste system, favoring upper-caste Indians and British-educated elites, while marginalizing lower-caste populations and tribal communities (Heath, B., 2012).

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1.3 Discrimination
Discrimination refers to the unjust treatment of individuals based on their race, ethnicity, or social status. In the colonial era, this was a structural aspect of colonial governance, where native populations were excluded from many rights, such as land ownership, education, and participation in government.
Colonial laws codified discrimination, reinforcing the divide between colonizers and the colonized. Land ownership laws, labor exploitation, and exclusionary educational policies entrenched inequality (Australian Human Rights Commission, 1997).

Example:  
Kenya: British colonizers enacted laws such as the Land Title Ordinance of 1899 that restricted land ownership for native Kenyans, displacing them for the benefit of European settlers, which set the stage for lasting economic inequality (Kenya Land Alliance, n.d.).

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