You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */
package org.apache.asterix.metadata.utils;

import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Deque;
import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.apache.asterix.common.exceptions.AsterixException;
import org.apache.asterix.common.exceptions.ErrorCode;
import org.apache.asterix.common.metadata.DataverseName;
import org.apache.asterix.metadata.entities.Dataset;
import org.apache.asterix.metadata.entities.Function;
import org.apache.asterix.metadata.entities.Index;
import org.apache.asterix.om.typecomputer.impl.TypeComputeUtils;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.ARecordType;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.ATypeTag;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.AUnionType;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.IAType;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.TypeSignature;
import org.apache.asterix.om.types.hierachy.ATypeHierarchy;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
import org.apache.hyracks.algebricks.common.exceptions.AlgebricksException;
import org.apache.hyracks.algebricks.common.utils.Pair;

/**
 * Provider utility methods for data types
 */
public class TypeUtil {

    private static final char TYPE_NAME_DELIMITER = '$';

    private static final String DATASET_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX = "$d$t$";

    private static final String FUNCTION_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX = "$f$t$";

    private TypeUtil() {
    }

    /**
     * Merges typed index fields with specified recordType, allowing indexed fields to be optional.
     * I.e. the type { "personId":int32, "name": string, "address" : { "street": string } } with typed indexes
     * on age:int32, address.state:string will be merged into type { "personId":int32, "name": string,
     * "age": int32? "address" : { "street": string, "state": string? } } Used by open indexes to enforce
     * the type of an indexed record
     */
    public static Pair<ARecordType, ARecordType> createEnforcedType(ARecordType recordType, ARecordType metaType,
            List<Index> indexes) throws AlgebricksException {
        IAType enforcedRecordType = recordType;
        ARecordType enforcedMetaType = metaType;
        List<String> subFieldName;
        for (Index index : indexes) {
            if (!index.isSecondaryIndex() || !index.isOverridingKeyFieldTypes()) {
                continue;
            }
            if (index.hasMetaFields()) {
                throw new AlgebricksException("Indexing an open field is only supported on the record part");
            }
            for (int i = 0; i < index.getKeyFieldNames().size(); i++) {
                // keeps track of a record type and a field name in that record type
                Deque<Pair<IAType, String>> nestedTypeStack = new ArrayDeque<>();
                List<String> splits = index.getKeyFieldNames().get(i);
                IAType nestedFieldType = enforcedRecordType;
                boolean openRecords = false;
                String bridgeName = nestedFieldType.getTypeName();
                int j;
                // enforcedRecordType must always be/stay as ARecordType
                validateRecord(enforcedRecordType);
                // build the stack for the enforced type, stack of a mixture of ARecord and AUnion(ARecord) types
                // try to build up to the last record field, e.g. for a.b.c.d.e, build up to and including "d"
                for (j = 1; j < splits.size(); j++) {
                    nestedTypeStack.push(new Pair<>(nestedFieldType, splits.get(j - 1)));
                    bridgeName = nestedFieldType.getTypeName();
                    subFieldName = splits.subList(0, j);
                    nestedFieldType = ((ARecordType) enforcedRecordType).getSubFieldType(subFieldName);
                    if (nestedFieldType == null) {
                        openRecords = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    // nestedFieldType (i.e. nested record field) must be either ARecordType or AUnion(ARecordType)
                    validateNestedRecord(nestedFieldType, subFieldName);
                }
                if (openRecords) {
                    // create the smallest record
                    enforcedRecordType = new ARecordType(splits.get(splits.size() - 2),
                            new String[] { splits.get(splits.size() - 1) },
                            new IAType[] { AUnionType.createUnknownableType(index.getKeyFieldTypes().get(i)) }, true);
                    // create the open part of the nested field
                    for (int k = splits.size() - 3; k > (j - 2); k--) {
                        enforcedRecordType = new ARecordType(splits.get(k), new String[] { splits.get(k + 1) },
                                new IAType[] { AUnionType.createUnknownableType(enforcedRecordType) }, true);
                    }
                    // bridge the gap. Update the parent type to include the new optional field, e.g. c.d.e
                    Pair<IAType, String> gapPair = nestedTypeStack.pop();
                    ARecordType parent = (ARecordType) TypeComputeUtils.getActualType(gapPair.first);

                    // parent type must be "open" to allow inclusion of the non-declared field
                    IAType[] parentFieldTypes = ArrayUtils.addAll(parent.getFieldTypes().clone(),
                            new IAType[] { AUnionType.createUnknownableType(enforcedRecordType) });
                    enforcedRecordType = new ARecordType(bridgeName,
                            ArrayUtils.addAll(parent.getFieldNames(), enforcedRecordType.getTypeName()),
                            parentFieldTypes, true);
                    // make nullable/missable if the original parent was nullable/missable
                    enforcedRecordType = keepUnknown(gapPair.first, (ARecordType) enforcedRecordType);
                } else {
                    // schema is closed all the way to the field. Enforced fields are either null or strongly typed
                    // e.g. nestedFieldType = a.b.c.d
                    ARecordType lastNestedRecord = (ARecordType) TypeComputeUtils.getActualType(nestedFieldType);
                    Map<String, IAType> recordNameTypesMap = TypeUtil.createRecordNameTypeMap(lastNestedRecord);
                    // if a an enforced field already exists and the type is correct
                    IAType enforcedFieldType = recordNameTypesMap.get(splits.get(splits.size() - 1));
                    if (enforcedFieldType != null && enforcedFieldType.getTypeTag() == ATypeTag.UNION
                            && ((AUnionType) enforcedFieldType).isUnknownableType()) {
                        enforcedFieldType = ((AUnionType) enforcedFieldType).getActualType();
                    }
                    if (enforcedFieldType != null && !ATypeHierarchy.canPromote(enforcedFieldType.getTypeTag(),
                            index.getKeyFieldTypes().get(i).getTypeTag())) {
                        throw new AsterixException(ErrorCode.COMPILATION_ERROR,
                                "Cannot enforce field \"" + String.join(".", index.getKeyFieldNames().get(i))
                                        + "\" to have type " + index.getKeyFieldTypes().get(i));
                    }
                    if (enforcedFieldType == null) {
                        recordNameTypesMap.put(splits.get(splits.size() - 1),
                                AUnionType.createUnknownableType(index.getKeyFieldTypes().get(i)));
                    }
                    enforcedRecordType = new ARecordType(lastNestedRecord.getTypeName(),
                            recordNameTypesMap.keySet().toArray(new String[recordNameTypesMap.size()]),
                            recordNameTypesMap.values().toArray(new IAType[recordNameTypesMap.size()]),
                            lastNestedRecord.isOpen());
                    // make nullable/missable if the original nestedFieldType was nullable/missable
                    enforcedRecordType = keepUnknown(nestedFieldType, (ARecordType) enforcedRecordType);
                }

                // Create the enforced type for the nested fields in the schema, from the ground up
                if (!nestedTypeStack.isEmpty()) {
                    while (!nestedTypeStack.isEmpty()) {
                        Pair<IAType, String> nestedType = nestedTypeStack.pop();
                        ARecordType nestedRecType = (ARecordType) TypeComputeUtils.getActualType(nestedType.first);
                        IAType[] nestedRecTypeFieldTypes = nestedRecType.getFieldTypes().clone();
                        nestedRecTypeFieldTypes[nestedRecType.getFieldIndex(nestedType.second)] = enforcedRecordType;
                        enforcedRecordType = new ARecordType(nestedRecType.getTypeName() + "_enforced",
                                nestedRecType.getFieldNames(), nestedRecTypeFieldTypes, nestedRecType.isOpen());
                        // make nullable/missable if the original nestedRecType was nullable/missable
                        enforcedRecordType = keepUnknown(nestedType.first, (ARecordType) enforcedRecordType);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // the final enforcedRecordType built must be ARecordType since the original dataset rec. type can't be nullable
        validateRecord(enforcedRecordType);
        return new Pair<>((ARecordType) enforcedRecordType, enforcedMetaType);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a map from name to type for fields in the passed type
     *
     * @param recordType the type to be mapped
     * @return a map mapping all fields to their types
     */
    private static Map<String, IAType> createRecordNameTypeMap(ARecordType recordType) {
        LinkedHashMap<String, IAType> recordNameTypesMap = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        for (int j = 0; j < recordType.getFieldNames().length; j++) {
            recordNameTypesMap.put(recordType.getFieldNames()[j], recordType.getFieldTypes()[j]);
        }
        return recordNameTypesMap;
    }

    /**
     * Maintains the {@code updatedRecordType} as nullable/missable (?) in case it was originally nullable/missable
     * @param originalRecordType the original record type
     * @param updatedRecordType the original record type being enforced/modified with new non-declared fields included
     * @return {@code updatedRecordType}
     */
    private static IAType keepUnknown(IAType originalRecordType, ARecordType updatedRecordType) {
        if (originalRecordType.getTypeTag() == ATypeTag.UNION) {
            return AUnionType.createUnknownableType(updatedRecordType, updatedRecordType.getTypeName());
        }
        return updatedRecordType;
    }

    /**
     * Makes sure the dataset record type being enforced/modified stays as a pure record type
     * @param enforcedDatasetRecordType the dataset record type enforced and modified by adding the extra fields indexed
     */
    private static void validateRecord(IAType enforcedDatasetRecordType) {
        if (enforcedDatasetRecordType.getTypeTag() != ATypeTag.OBJECT) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("The dataset type must be a record type to be able to build an index");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Makes sure the chain of fields accessed and leading to the indexed field are all valid record types.
     * E.g. for CREATE INDEX idx on ds(a.b.c.d: int) validate that a, b and c are all valid record types (?).
     * @param nestedRecordType the nested record field being accessed
     * @param fieldName the name of the nested record field
     * @throws AsterixException when supplying bad fields, e.g. CREATE INDEX i on ds(a.b: int, a.b.c: int) (mostly
     * for non-declared fields)
     */
    private static void validateNestedRecord(IAType nestedRecordType, List<String> fieldName) throws AsterixException {
        IAType actualType = TypeComputeUtils.getActualType(nestedRecordType);
        if (actualType.getTypeTag() != ATypeTag.OBJECT) {
            String fName = String.join(".", fieldName);
            throw new AsterixException(ErrorCode.COMPILATION_ERROR,
                    "Field accessor is not defined for \"" + fName + "\" of type " + actualType.getTypeTag());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Warning: this is not a general-purpose method.
     * Use only when processing types stored in metadata.
     * Doesn't properly handle ANY, UNION, NULL and MISSING types.
     * Allows {@code null} type reference which will be filled later during type translation.
     */
    public static IAType createQuantifiedType(IAType primeType, boolean nullable, boolean missable) {
        if (primeType != null) {
            switch (primeType.getTypeTag()) {
                case ANY:
                case UNION:
                case NULL:
                case MISSING:
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(primeType.getDisplayName());
            }
        }

        IAType resType = primeType;
        if (nullable && missable) {
            resType = AUnionType.createUnknownableType(resType);
        } else if (nullable) {
            resType = AUnionType.createNullableType(resType);
        } else if (missable) {
            resType = AUnionType.createMissableType(resType);
        }
        return resType;
    }

    public static boolean isReservedInlineTypeName(String typeName) {
        return typeName.length() > 0 && typeName.charAt(0) == TYPE_NAME_DELIMITER;
    }

    public static String createDatasetInlineTypeName(String datasetName, boolean forMetaItemType) {
        char typeChar = forMetaItemType ? 'm' : 'i';
        return DATASET_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX + typeChar + TYPE_NAME_DELIMITER + datasetName;
    }

    public static boolean isDatasetInlineTypeName(Dataset dataset, DataverseName typeDataverseName, String typeName) {
        return isInlineTypeName(dataset.getDataverseName(), typeDataverseName, typeName, DATASET_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX);
    }

    private static boolean isInlineTypeName(DataverseName entityDataverseName, DataverseName typeDataverseName,
            String typeName, String inlineTypePrefix) {
        return entityDataverseName.equals(typeDataverseName) && typeName.startsWith(inlineTypePrefix);
    }

    public static String createFunctionParameterTypeName(String functionName, int arity, int parameterIndex) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(FUNCTION_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX.length() + functionName.length() + 8);
        sb.append(FUNCTION_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX).append(functionName).append(TYPE_NAME_DELIMITER).append(arity);
        if (parameterIndex >= 0) {
            sb.append(TYPE_NAME_DELIMITER).append(parameterIndex);
        } else if (parameterIndex != -1) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.valueOf(parameterIndex));
        } // otherwise it's a return type

        return sb.toString();
    }

    public static boolean isFunctionInlineTypeName(Function function, DataverseName typeDataverseName,
            String typeName) {
        return isInlineTypeName(function.getDataverseName(), typeDataverseName, typeName, FUNCTION_INLINE_TYPE_PREFIX);
    }

    public static String getFullyQualifiedDisplayName(DataverseName dataverseName, String typeName) {
        return dataverseName + "." + typeName;
    }

    /**
     * Inline type names are unique within a function, so we don't need to perform duplicate elimination
     */
    public static List<TypeSignature> getFunctionInlineTypes(Function function) {
        List<TypeSignature> inlineTypes = Collections.emptyList();
        TypeSignature returnType = function.getReturnType();
        if (returnType != null
                && isFunctionInlineTypeName(function, returnType.getDataverseName(), returnType.getName())) {
            inlineTypes = new ArrayList<>();
            inlineTypes.add(returnType);
        }
        List<TypeSignature> parameterTypes = function.getParameterTypes();
        if (parameterTypes != null) {
            for (TypeSignature parameterType : parameterTypes) {
                if (parameterType != null && isFunctionInlineTypeName(function, parameterType.getDataverseName(),
                        parameterType.getName())) {
                    if (inlineTypes.isEmpty()) {
                        inlineTypes = new ArrayList<>();
                    }
                    inlineTypes.add(parameterType);
                }
            }
        }
        return inlineTypes;
    }
}