I have a post-doctorate dissertation to write on the topic "The Effect of Digitalization on Transaction Banking in the UK"
Part of The research proposal is below

As more organisations and institutions, including commercial banks, seek to adopt better and more efficient methods of serving their consumers, digitalization plays a crucial role in this process. It is crucial to stress that, despite the obvious shift to digitally based methods of service supply and delivery, certain financial institutions continue to find the entire digitization process to be difficult and burdensome. (Carbo - Valverde, 2017). Information and communication technology have benefited the financial sector, notably by supporting banking services, enhancing risk management, and boosting productivity, claim Abbasi and Weigand (2017), Financial institutions' habit of digitizing their services gives service delivery a new direction and improves client satisfaction due to the diversity in services offered. The banking industry and its working conditions has transformed thanks to digitalization. The fact that financial services have been automated for some time must be acknowledged, however, a more drastic transformation might have been hesitant as a result of most banking institutions were attempting to maintain their traditional financial modes of services (IFC, 2017). In order to reach customers and offer them access to manage their own financial needs, Internet banking and mobile banking have emerged as the two most efficient platforms as a result of digitalization in the banking sector (Deutsche Bank, 2016). Internet banking and mobile banking have emerged as the most frequent and effective platforms for connecting with clients and providing them with access to manage their own financial needs. It is indisputable that the use of mobile banking services for bill payment, which accounts for a person's banking activities, has contributed to the effects of digitalization on the UK's transaction banking industry. The creative approaches to attaining clients are becoming less expensive and labour-intensive than the conventional ones (Wright, 2017). Utilizing fresh electronic platforms (e-banking, virtual banking), banking firms can offer new service channels while simultaneously lowering operational costs by using fewer physical locations and employees. This is known as a dual function (Deng, 2019). Because of this, the banking industry invests three times as much in IT as all other industries combined according to (PRESSE, 2020). In the banking sector, business models are being examined. New technology, disruptive innovation, and digitalization are transforming established corporate models and procedures. Banks must modify their business strategies to alter how they communicate with customers, handle middle and back-office tasks, and more in order to be successful and be prepared for the future. (Czielsa, 2014). Thus, this study seeks to critically explore the effects of digitalization on transaction banking in the UK.


8. Brief review of relevant literature (Approximately 1,000 words) with a minimum of 6 key publications should be cited. (Critically evaluate recent and relevant research that has addressed similar issues to those covered in your objectives)
Although the commercial bank digitization process is significant, it is still vital to have hard copies of documents that have been digitally transformed on hand and to have manual processes for carrying out banking operations provided by banks in case the automated systems fail. Satyendra (2016) asserts that the digitization process is a sequential one that is modelled after the tasks of effectively achieving its purpose, access, and management. Additionally, he provided a list of several digitization methods, some of which are as follows:
Getting the project started and the initiation process: This covers the early preparations taken prior to the digitization process, such as buying the appropriate equipment, training the necessary staff, and hiring them to create the necessary digital information.
choosing which records and activities to digitise: In order to prepare for digitalization, some hard papers are then sifted and chosen. In this step, deadlines for completing certain tasks related to the digitization process are also specified. There would not be a need to alter the document's physical formats if manual procedures had never been employed.
The actual process of putting all required equipment in place and transforming the documents into a machine-readable format is called conversion.
Editing, Access and Maintenance: This entails reviewing already-digitized records for faults, making the access points user-friendly, and establishing appropriate procedures and strategies for routine maintenance. To prevent data loss or a complete system crash, it is crucial to keep in mind that maintenance is essential when digitalization operations are implemented.
There is no doubting the huge and positive influence that commercial banks' digitalization services have had on their own success as well as the performance of their clients and consumers. Here are some of these influences:
The integration of digital technology into commercial banks' service delivery has greatly reduced poverty (Maxima & Kim, 2018). Due to the financial system's mobile communication capabilities made possible by the advancement of digitization, customers can open bank accounts without physically being present in the bank (Nyangosi, Nyangau,Nyariki, and Nyangau, 2014; Happiest 
Mind, 2014; Piirainen (2016) and Ortstad and Sonono (2017). Customers are urged and advertised to open bank accounts because they are aware that they may conduct financial transactions with a few mouse clicks or by using mobile devices, saving them the time and stress of visiting banks and other financial institutions. A 2016 Harigaya survey found that "as a result of the digital revolution in financial institutions, approximately 30% of time was saved during financial deposits and approximately 70% of time was saved during withdrawals." Because commercial banks are now more accessible because to digitalization, more people are saving money and, over time, poverty has declined (Gonzalez-Paramo, 2017). Improved financial services have also been made possible by commercial banks' transition to digitalization. Information and communication technologies are being used to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the financial services provided to customers. A database makes it simple to generate, store, and retrieve information about customers and transactions. This reduces the amount of paperwork that commercial banks must manage. The digital transformation has made the process of opening accounts for new consumers, screening prospective customers for new accounts, and processing loans exceedingly simple, effective, and efficient (Gonzalez-Paramo, 2017). Unquestionable ease in how financial activities are carried out has been brought about by digitalization. Commercial banks generally perform better as a result of the digitalization process. They use ICT equipment and tools that increase their comfort and convenience without lowering the calibre of the services they receive (Harigaya, 2016). One illustration is the use of computer systems to check the payer and payee information (name, passport photo, etc.) when transactions are made. Over time, this raises efficiency, reduces fraud and errors, and boosts effectiveness. Digitalization has also made it feasible for cutting-edge benefits like online shopping, online banking, automated teller machine services, internet transfers, mobile banking, etc. (Forest and Rose, 2015), since it is abundantly clear in (Akinbode, Adegbuyi, Kehinde, Agboola, & Olokundun, 2019). Customers surely take advantage of the flexibility to do transactions via internet and mobile banking while unwinding in their homes, places of business, or even while travelling. According to Harigaya (2016), the use of digital technology has produced a trustworthy platform for the quick and affordable purchase of products and services, thereby improving the global payment environment. Commercial banks view their consumers and clients as the foundation of their business, thus how those people are informed about the financial services they are receiving cannot be treated lightly. In the UK, the process of digitization has improved commercial banks' ability to manage customer relationships, which will eventually raise their sales and revenue levels. Carletti's (2017) research, which indicated that "the institutions who followed a successful digitalization strategy were able to raise their sales and 
revenue by 4% to 16% through the instruments of enhanced client engagement," provided further evidence of this notion. As a result, banks may now engage with their consumers in better, quicker, less expensive, and more effective ways. Utilizing text messages, emails, phone conversations, and social media discussions are a few of these communication methods. Commercial banks' digitalization efforts have improved record-keeping procedures as well. Records are more efficiently organized, saved, and retrievable on computer systems. In contrast to when banking activities weren't digitized, it is now simple to get records that are as old as feasible with a mouse click. Though digitalization has a favourable impact on commercial banks' performance, it is crucial to remember that there are still some negative effects visible. A common issue is the surge in cyber- frauds and cybercrimes committed in commercial institutions. Tech-savvy individuals who use their mobile devices and online tools to conduct theft and fraud. Some employees of commercial banks also utilise their access to the databases containing the banks' information to easily manipulate the computer systems and carry out frauds that might go undetected. Two more detrimental outcomes of commercial banks' digitalization process that have an impact on performance are data protection and data loss. Most acquired information on transactions, customers, loans, and other matters is stored on computers or other digital storage devices, which are susceptible to viruses and other harmful attacks and may eventually cause data loss if a repair is not found right after. (Gonzalez- Paramo, 2017). This is a detrimental consequence that might have an impact on how well commercial banks perform.
9. Provide a concise outline of research methodology, including justification for choices. Please ensure each sub section is completed (Approximately 500 words).
Research Strategy
Quantitative research will be applied for this investigation. Quantitative research is the methodical analysis of phenomena using the collection of numerical data and the application of mathematical, statistical, or computational techniques. A range of techniques, including surveys, historical data, records, archives, and other sources, can be used to acquire quantitative information (Gorard, 2008).
Additionally, the study will employ the positivism paradigm research approach, which promotes statistical analysis and includes additional techniques like inferential statistics, hypothesis testing, mathematical justification, experimental and quasi-experimental design randomization, blinding, structured protocols, and questionnaires with a restricted range of prearranged responses (Lee,
2011). The time and resource savings offered using statistical data is the primary advantage of this research methodology. When collecting and evaluating data (Bryman, 2001, p. 20). The adoption of this method will ensure that the researcher spends less time and effort discussing his findings because the descriptions and analysis of the research are based on statistical data. Quantitative data will be collected from respondents using a questionnaire survey, and descriptive and inferential statistics will be utilised to critically analyse the results.
Research Design
A good solution to the research topic is provided by the research design, which is the general approach I took to bring many study components together logically and convincingly. It is an approach to obtain, evaluate, and comprehend facts. This study will employ a survey research design, delivering survey questions using an online platform in order to gather participant replies (Qualtrics). For the study, a total of 100 people will respond. Participants in the poll will be current staff members of several UK commercial banks. The employees will provide information on how digitalization has impacted transaction banking and performance, which will be used to help with data collection. 80 respondents will be included in the study's sample, chosen at random using, survey questionnaires will be utilised as the data collection methods, using a 5-point Likert-type scale with choices for replies like strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree. In order to quickly summarise and organise the data in a meaningful way, the researcher will then utilise descriptive and inferential statistics to examine the quantitative data received from respondents. The results of the content analysis of the quantitative data will be presented along with the descriptive findings. This study design methodology is employed because it is inexpensive, offers a wide range of sources for collecting response data, and is especially safe because it safeguards the respondent.









The Introduction section of the dissertation is written below

1.1	Background to the Study 
In all industries, digital is the new business language. Banking, like other businesses, is undergoing a global shift toward digitalization. To preserve a competitive advantage and give the most effective service to their customers, banks of all types in several countries are investing in digital innovations because most banks in UK have  grown significantly in terms of digitalization in recent years, as it is  a tool for customer retention due to improved transactional banking (Jagtap, 2018). Digitalization, according to Dholm (2019), is defined as the process of converting analogue information into a digital representation. 

Digitalization refers to the use of digital technologies and capabilities by an organization to move to a digital business by adjusting business models, operational practices and the creation of new services (Behr, 2016; Dasho et al., 2016; Schmidt et al., 2017). According to Shetty et al. (2019), digitalization is a complete spectrum of advancements in the banking sector. In UK, the banks who have adopted digitalization perform exceptionally well compared to those that do not embrace it. Through digitalization, customers have a better experience when doing banking transactions.

 Most banks in UK have different web- and mobile-based applications to perform traditional banking activities such as money deposits, withdrawals, and transfers, checking/saving account management, applying for financial products, loan management, bill pay and account services amongst others (Seshadripuram, 2020). A significant number of banking transactions are now carried out on most people's computer or mobile phone. The plethora of possibilities, plus the saving of time and cost, and the ease of use of these applications constantly grants them a share of conventional banking channels (bank branches). Also, through these applications, the owners-customers are allowed to have real-time information about the valuation of their investment products, the banks' reward programs and the expenses they have incurred through digital media to receive more favorable tax treatment. 

The aforementioned benefits make mobile banking more and more attractive bank customers who have digital devices that aids the usage of these applications.  It should be noted that digitalization in of banking transactions is now part of the culture of banks in UK. According to Sloboda et al (2018), the digitalization in banking sector offers multiple benefits for both organizations (banking institutions) and their customers. The benefits that banks derived include reduction in operating costs, risk management and control methods, as well as being able to offer products and services in the market with improved quality. Customers using digital banking services can reduce the time between transactions and complete them securely. 

Banking services are made accessible to people living in remote areas without the physical presence of the banks. However, despite all the benefits of digitalization to banks and its customers, it can be argued that customers have been mostly affected when carrying out their banking transactions with the advent of digitalization. Problems of failed transaction have increased more in the digitalization era. Bank customers have lose a lot of their hard earned money to fraudster as a result of this innovation. All this and many more is the reason why most people question the credibility of digitalization in the banking sector. It is on this note that the study sought to investigate the effect of digitalization on transaction banking in the UK. 


1.2	Statement of the Problem  
According to Seshadripuram (2020),traditional transactional banking services such as money deposits, withdrawals, and transfers, checking/saving account management, applying for financial products, loan management, bill pay and account services amongst others  that digitalization offer to people are associated with different challenges. ATMs and mobile banking which are used as sources of banking tend to affect the overall mood of the people in utilizing transaction banking services. Pappu and Saranya (2018) complained that ATM machines used in doing different banking transactions have been deducting money from customers' accounts even when ATM machines do not dispense cash. 

However the issue of customer's privacy is mentioned to be at stake when using the bank account. The issues of hacking customer's passwords remain to be a challenge to the digital user. The digital banking industry is exposed to various numbers of cyber-attacks which makes security an increasingly important issue. Kato (2019) opine that, internet fraudster pretend to be bank officers and send false email or text messages to customers who are using digitalized banking service asking customers to validate their recent purchase by selecting the provided link in the text message. Such links take customers to fake accounts used by hackers to collect useful information. 

The digital banking industry is exposed to various numbers of cyber-attacks which makes security an increasingly important issue. Banks need to be prepared with security measures such as virus controls, password protection, intrusion detection along with continuous updates of their technical systems (Shahrokhi, 2008, p.392). The new digital services that the banks are providing requires more extensive technical solutions which is safe and secure but also guarantees a good functionality. In addition, this technical architecture needs to be integrated with the banks legacy to create a common thread with the banks existing systems (Shahrokhi, 2008, p.392). 

Another challenge the bank industry is facing with the digitalization is the trust issue according to Mukherjee and Nath (2003, p.5-6). One of the main findings in the study of Mukherjee and Nath (2003) revealed that trust is significant for customers' commitment in online banking. To manage a new market with a digital approach in the banking industry is a far more complex issue than just creating a digital strategy and handle the competition. As customers move online, the banks have to meet their customers' new needs, but the problem is that most banks are not ready to do that yet (Olanrewaju, 2013). 

However, Mukherjee and Nath (2003) opine that some banks in UK struggle with issues related to safety and security when integrating new digital developments into their systems, as well as dealing with increasingly fierce competition in the financial markets with some companies. The preeminent struggles for these banks are their lack of ability to keep up with the rapidly increasing competitive development and to quickly conform to the customers ever changing demands, mainly due to their old, established IT-systems and organizational structures. Having seen that, the study thought it important to investigate the impact of digitalization on transaction banking in the UK.

1.3	Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to critically investigate the impact of digitalization on transaction banking in the UK. Specifically, the study seeks to achieve the following objectives; 
i. 	Investigate the effects of digitalization on transaction banking
ii.	Examine the influence of digitalization tools used by the bank on transaction banking.
iii.	To assess the impact of transaction banking digitalization on customer satisfaction

1.4.	Research Questions
i. 	What are the effects of digitalization on transaction banking?
ii.	What is the influence of digitalization tools used by the bank on transaction banking?
iii.	What is the impact of transaction banking digitalization on customer satisfaction?

1.5.	Research Hypotheses 
i. 	Digitalization has no significant effect on transaction banking.
ii.	Digitalization tools used by the bank has no influence on transaction banking
iii.	There is no significant impact of transaction banking digitalization on customer satisfaction

1.6.	Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study investigates the impact of digitalization on transaction banking. The study will be conducted In UK with a concentration of the workers in various banks in United Kingdom. The issues that will be addressed in the study are issues that are related to digitalization and transaction banking. Staff of commercial in UK will be the only respondents for the study while online well-structured questionnaire which are in 5 likert response scale will be used as the main instrument for data collection.  These will cut across different socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, age, marital status, working experience amongst other.  

1.7. 	Significance of the Study
The result of this study will be of importance to banks especially banks in UK in embracing digitalization at its fullest so that their customer will have a better experience when using their services and also be able to competitive in the banking industry. It will help banking institution all over the world to expand their digital banking services to bank users who depend on digital banking in accessing bank accounts, loan services and other bank services. However, the study will also help other financial institutions on how to modify their business strategies in order to align with the new technological development. The society will also benefit from this study as it will reveal the importance of digitalization and the real reason why it must be incorporated or integrated to individual businesses, government owned institutions and other non-profit organization. The study is also useful to policy makers in formulating policies that guide financial industries in the provision of digital services. Lastly it acts as a baseline to other scholars who intend carry out studies of the same or related nature.

1.8. 	Operationalisation of Concepts
Digital
An electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states positive and non-positive. Positive is expressed as 1 while non-positive is expressed as 0.
Digitalization
Digitalization refers to the use of digital technologies and capabilities by an organization to move to a digital business by adjusting business models, operational practices and the creation of new services, with both impacting on customer and employee interactions. 
Customer Satisfaction 
It is defined as the measurement that determines how well company products (goods and services) meet customer expectations. 
Transaction
It is a complete agreement between a buyer and a seller to exchange goods, services, or financial assets in return for money. 
Banks 
A bank is a financial institution where people and businesses keep their money and other valuable things
Transaction Banking
It can be defined as the set of instruments and services that a bank offers to trading partners to financially support their reciprocal exchange of goods such as trade, monetary flow such as cash and commercial paper such as exchange. 
1.9. 	Plan of the Study 
This entire study is organized in five chapters. Chapter one is made up of background of the study, statement of the problem, research objective, research questions, research hypotheses, significant of the study, scope and delimitation of the study, operationalization of the concept and plan of the study. The Chapter two present the conceptual review, empirical review and the theoretical review of the literature. Chapter three of the study contains the research methodology which includes research design, study population, study area, sample size, methods used in data collection, methods used in analysis, validity and reliability of the study, ethical considerations and limitation of the study. Chapter Four contains  analysis and interpretations of data with the study discussion while Chapter Five presents the summary of findings, conclusion, recommendation and area for further studies.



Below is the structure for the literature review
I. Introduction (150 words)
- Briefly introduce the topic of the literature review: digitalization in transaction banking in the UK
- Set the context and explain why understanding the effects of digitalization is important
- List the key objectives of the literature review

II. Defining Digitalization and Transaction Banking (300 words)
- Define digitalization and its relevance in the banking sector
- Define transaction banking and its importance in the UK financial sector

III. Key Authors and Theories on Digitalization and Banking (600 words)
- Identify key authors who have made significant contributions to the understanding of digitalization in the banking sector
- Summarize their theoretical frameworks and key findings

IV. The Rise of Digitalization in Banking (550 words)
- Describe the historical development of digitalization in transaction banking
- Discuss the factors driving the adoption of digital technologies in the banking sector
- Identify notable examples of digitalization in other industries that have influenced transaction banking

V. Impacts of Digitalization on Transaction Banking (1600 words)
A. Efficiency and Productivity
- Discuss how digitalization has improved efficiency in transaction banking processes
- Analyze the impact of digitalization on productivity in the banking sector
B. Customer Experience and Satisfaction
- Explore how digitalization has transformed the customer experience in transaction banking
- Evaluate the link between digitalization and customer satisfaction in the banking sector
C. Innovation and Competition
- Discuss the innovations in transaction banking spurred by digitalization
- Analyze the impact of digitalization on the competitive landscape of transaction banking in the UK
D. Risk Management and Security
- Examine the challenges of digitalization in terms of risk management in transaction banking
- Explore the issue of cybersecurity and data privacy in digital banking operations
E. Regulatory and Compliance Implications
- Evaluate the impact of digitalization on regulatory and compliance requirements in transaction banking
- Discuss key regulatory changes and challenges in the context of digital banking

VI. Barriers and Challenges of Digitalization in Transaction Banking (600 words)
- Identify the main barriers and challenges banks face when adopting digital technologies in transaction banking
- Analyze the implications of these challenges for banks, customers, and regulators

VII. Future Trends and Opportunities in Digital Transaction Banking (500 words)
- Discuss emerging technologies and trends that have the potential to shape the future of transaction banking
- Evaluate the opportunities and challenges these trends pose for banks, customers, and regulators

VIII. Conclusion (300 words)
- Summarize the key findings of the literature review
- Discuss the implications of digitalization in transaction banking for banks, customers, and regulators
- Identify areas for future research and investigation in digital transaction banking





Now, as detailed and comprehensive as possible, generate the “Innovation and Competition" and "Risk Management and Security" sub-sections of the Literature Review, ensuring it includes all necessary details and worthy of post-doctoral honours. Also, ensure to use proper Harvard style of in-text citations everywhere appropriate, using only the most recent out of the most appropriate references. Ensure your response is original and is in the best possible way.

Here are some clear guidelines to follow when writing the literature review:

-Search for relevant literature. Use a variety of sources, including academic journals, books, and government websites. Be sure to evaluate the quality of your sources before including them in your review.
-Read and evaluate the sources. Take notes on the key points of each source. Be sure to consider the author's credentials, the purpose of the source, and the methods used.
-Analyze, interpret, and discuss the findings and conclusions of the sources you selected. What do the sources say about your topic? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence? What are the implications of the findings?
-Organize your review in a logical way. You may want to organize your review by topic, by author, or by date.
-Write in a clear and concise style. Use transition words and phrases to help your readers follow your argument.
-Use proper citations. Be sure to cite all of your sources in Harvard format.

Ensure your response shows all of the following

* Be selective. Don't just include every source that you find. Choose the sources that are most relevant to your topic and that provide the most reliable information.
* Be critical. Don't just accept everything that you read. Evaluate the sources carefully and be prepared to challenge their conclusions.
* Be objective. Don't let your own biases influence your interpretation of the literature.
* Be comprehensive. Don't just focus on the sources that support your own point of view. Be sure to consider all sides of the issue.
* Be timely. Make sure that your review includes the most recent research on your topic.