Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            free of pressor effects.  
It is longer-acting than vasopressin. 
◼ Clinical uses 
➢ Central diabetes insipidus.   
➢ Nocturnal enuresis, or bedwetting, in children.  
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
35 | P a g e  
 
➢ In people with mild hemophilia A   
➢ Desmopressin is administered intranasally.  
• Oxytocin 
Pharmacological actions 
Oxytocic effect:  
✓ oxytocin stimulates the uterine smooth muscles resulting in contraction of the uterus.  
✓ The pregnant uterus is more sensitive to the effect of oxytocin than the non pregnant 
uterus.  
✓ It probably aids in the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. 
On the mammary gland:  
 Oxytocin is very important for the ejection of milk from lactating breast in 
response to suckling stimulation 
On cardiovascular system:  
 Oxytocin in large doses appears to have a transient relaxant effect on vascular 
smooth muscles resulting in decrease in blood pressure, flushing and reflex 
tachycardia. 
Clinical Indications 
➢ Induction and maintenance of labor. 
➢ Control of postpartum bleeding and uterine hypotonia in the third stage of labor. 
Side effects: 
✓ Excess oxytocin may cause violent uterine contractions leading to uterine rupture  
✓ Fetal bradycardia and perhaps fetal or maternal death.  
✓ Anaphylactic and other allergic reactions, nausea, vomiting and pelvic haematoma 
may also occur. 
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
36 | P a g e  
 
Drugs affecting Adrenal Cortical Hormones 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and the medulla  
• Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine 
• Cortex secretes three classes of steroids 
• Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol, which are involved with normal metabolism 
and resistance to stress 
• Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone, regulating salt and water metabolism.   
• Gonadocorticoids (minor amount) e.g. adrenal androgens 
(dehydroepiandrosterone). 
 
                          
        
            
               
            
         
           
        
                
         
         
               
                  
          
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
37 | P a g e  
 
 
 
                                 
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
38 | P a g e  
 
A. Glucocorticoids 
• Cortisol is the principal human glucocorticoid.  
• Normally, its production is diurnal, with a peak early in the morning followed by a 
decline and then a secondary, smaller peak in the late afternoon.  
• Factors such as stress and levels of the circulating steroid influence secretion. 
The effects of cortisol are many and diverse.  
Actions of Glucocorticoids 
1. Promote normal metabolism:  
✓ Glucocorticoids favor gluconeogenesis  
✓ They stimulate protein catab

            Quiz: