Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            and Raloxifene 
Estrogen 
Effect 
reduce the formation and activation of osteoclasts and thereby slow bone loss. 
Raloxifene 
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
54 | P a g e  
 
Effect 
increases bone density in postmenopausal women and decreases vertebral 
fractures in women with osteoporosis. 
III) Denosumab 
Denosumab offers an entirely new approach to the treatment of osteoporosis through the 
inactivation of gene transcription required for osteoclast viability and function. 
route 
subcutaneous injection once every 6 months  
Use 
for the treatment of osteoporosis. 
IV) 
Calcitonin 
Forms 
not reliably absorbed from the gut and must be administered parenterally 
or by nasal inhalation 
Products 
1. Salmon calcitonin has been available for a number of years 
2. recombinant human calcitonin is also available 
 Salmon calcitonin is 50 to 100 times more potent than human 
calcitonin. 
Clinical 
Uses 
Because of its ability to inhibit osteoclast activity and decrease bone 
turnover, calcitonin is used to treat osteoporosis, Paget disease of bone, and 
hypercalcemia. 
 
 
V) 
Teriparatide 
It’s 
Newer type of drug available to treat osteoporosis. (In Hypocalcemia) 
Chemically 
recombinant form of human PTH that consists of the 34 biologically active 
amino acids of the hormone 
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
55 | P a g e  
 
Use 
1. Indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis 
who are at high risk for bone fracture 
2. Indicated to increase bone mass in hypogonadal men who are at high risk 
for fracture, such as those undergoing gonadotropin-releasing hormone 
therapy for prostate cancer.  
VI) 
Strontium ranelate 
➢ Another treatment option for the prevention of osteoporosis.  
➢ After oral administration, strontium is laid down on the surface of newly formed bone 
where it decreases osteoclastic activity and reduces bone resorption.  
VII) Fluoride 
Sodium 
fluoride 
used to prevent tooth decay and dental caries 
Idea 
➢ Fluoride is stored in bone and teeth where it replaces the hydroxyl 
group in calcium phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite) to form 
fluorapatite.  
 
➢ Fluorapatite deposited on the tooth surface is more resistant to erosion 
than is hydroxyapatite. 
 
 
 
Pharmacological Treatment of anemia/ 
Types of Anemia 
↓  RBC production 
Iron-deficiency 
anemia 
(IDA)  
AI/ACD anemia  
Anemia of inflammation and 
chronic disease 
 
Pharmacology-2          Dietitian Program         2024-2025                Prof Dr Manar A Nader
 
 
56 | P a g e  
 
Nutritional 
deficiencies:  
iron, vitamin B12 and 
folic acid  
o ↓  iron → ↓  Hb 
synthesis 
→↓ 
RBC 
production. 
o ↓ Folic acid and 
vitamin B12 ( required 
for the formation of 
DNA)→ 
↓ 
DNA 
synthesis 
→↓ 
RBC 
production   
Diets poor in iron 
 • ↓ absorption:   
A)  Intestinal conditions:  
1) inflammatory bowel 
disease,  
2

            Quiz: