You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


# frozen_string_literal: true

module ActiveRecordExtended
  module QueryMethods
    module Json
      JSON_QUERY_METHODS = [
        :select_row_to_json,
        :json_build_object,
        :jsonb_build_object,
        :json_build_literal,
        :jsonb_build_literal,
      ].freeze

      class JsonChain
        include ::ActiveRecordExtended::Utilities::Support
        include ::ActiveRecordExtended::Utilities::OrderBy

        DEFAULT_ALIAS    = '"results"'
        TO_JSONB_OPTIONS = [:array_agg, :distinct, :to_jsonb].to_set.freeze
        ARRAY_OPTIONS    = [:array, true].freeze

        def initialize(scope)
          @scope = scope
        end

        def row_to_json!(**args, &block)
          options = json_object_options(args, except: [:values, :value])
          build_row_to_json(**options, &block)
        end

        def json_build_object!(*args)
          options = json_object_options(args, except: [:values, :cast_with, :order_by])
          build_json_object(Arel::Nodes::JsonBuildObject, **options)
        end

        def jsonb_build_object!(*args)
          options = json_object_options(args, except: [:values, :cast_with, :order_by])
          build_json_object(Arel::Nodes::JsonbBuildObject, **options)
        end

        def json_build_literal!(*args)
          options = json_object_options(args, only: [:values, :col_alias])
          build_json_literal(Arel::Nodes::JsonBuildObject, **options)
        end

        def jsonb_build_literal!(*args)
          options = json_object_options(args, only: [:values, :col_alias])
          build_json_literal(Arel::Nodes::JsonbBuildObject, **options)
        end

        private

        def build_json_literal(arel_klass, values:, col_alias: DEFAULT_ALIAS)
          json_values    = flatten_to_sql(values.to_a) { |value| literal_key(value) }
          col_alias      = double_quote(col_alias)
          json_build_obj = arel_klass.new(json_values)
          @scope.select(nested_alias_escape(json_build_obj, col_alias))
        end

        def build_json_object(arel_klass, from:, key: key_generator, value: nil, col_alias: DEFAULT_ALIAS)
          tbl_alias         = double_quote(key)
          col_alias         = double_quote(col_alias)
          col_key           = literal_key(key)
          col_value         = to_arel_sql(value.presence || tbl_alias)
          json_build_object = arel_klass.new(to_sql_array(col_key, col_value))

          unless /".+"/.match?(col_value)
            warn("`#{col_value}`: the `value` argument should contain a double quoted key reference for safety")
          end

          @scope.select(nested_alias_escape(json_build_object, col_alias)).from(nested_alias_escape(from, tbl_alias))
        end

        def build_row_to_json(from:, **options, &block)
          key         = options[:key]
          row_to_json = ::Arel::Nodes::RowToJson.new(double_quote(key))
          row_to_json = ::Arel::Nodes::ToJsonb.new(row_to_json) if options.dig(:cast_with, :to_jsonb)

          dummy_table = from_clause_constructor(from, key).select(row_to_json)
          dummy_table = dummy_table.instance_eval(&block) if block_given?
          return dummy_table if options[:col_alias].blank?

          query = wrap_row_to_json(dummy_table, options)
          @scope.select(query)
        end

        def wrap_row_to_json(dummy_table, options)
          cast_opts = options[:cast_with]
          col_alias = options[:col_alias]
          order_by  = options[:order_by]

          if cast_opts[:array_agg] || cast_opts[:distinct]
            wrap_with_agg_array(dummy_table, col_alias, order_by: order_by, distinct: cast_opts[:distinct])
          elsif cast_opts[:array]
            wrap_with_array(dummy_table, col_alias, order_by: order_by)
          else
            nested_alias_escape(dummy_table, col_alias)
          end
        end

        # TODO: [V2 release] Drop support for option :cast_as_array in favor of a more versatile :cast_with option
        def json_object_options(args, except: [], only: []) # rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize, Metrics/PerceivedComplexity
          options   = {}
          lean_opts = lambda do |key, &block|
            if only.present?
              options[key] ||= block.call if only.include?(key)
            elsif !except.include?(key)
              options[key] ||= block.call
            end
          end

          flatten_safely(args) do |arg|
            next if arg.nil?

            if arg.is_a?(Hash)
              lean_opts.call(:key)       { arg.delete(:key) || key_generator }
              lean_opts.call(:value)     { arg.delete(:value).presence }
              lean_opts.call(:col_alias) { arg.delete(:as) }
              lean_opts.call(:order_by)  { order_by_expression(arg.delete(:order_by)) }
              lean_opts.call(:from)      { arg.delete(:from).tap { |from_clause| pipe_cte_with!(from_clause) } }
              lean_opts.call(:cast_with) { casting_options(arg.delete(:cast_with) || arg.delete(:cast_as_array)) }
            end

            unless except.include?(:values)
              options[:values] ||= []
              options[:values] << (arg.respond_to?(:to_a) ? arg.to_a : arg)
            end
          end

          options.tap(&:compact!)
        end

        def casting_options(cast_with)
          return {} if cast_with.blank?

          skip_convert = [Symbol, TrueClass, FalseClass]
          Array(cast_with).compact.each_with_object({}) do |arg, options|
            arg                  = arg.to_sym unless skip_convert.include?(arg.class)
            options[:to_jsonb]  |= TO_JSONB_OPTIONS.include?(arg)
            options[:array]     |= ARRAY_OPTIONS.include?(arg)
            options[:array_agg] |= arg == :array_agg
            options[:distinct]  |= arg == :distinct
          end
        end
      end

      # Appends a select statement that contains a subquery that is converted to a json response
      #
      # Arguments:
      #   - from: [String, Arel, or ActiveRecord::Relation] A subquery that can be nested into a ROW_TO_JSON clause
      #
      # Options:
      #   - as: [Symbol or String] (default="results"): What the column will be aliased to
      #
      #   - key: [Symbol or String] (default=[random letter]) What the row clause will be set as.
      #         - This is useful if you would like to add additional mid-level clauses (see mid-level scope example)
      #
      #   - cast_as_array [boolean] (default=false): Determines if the query should be nested inside an Array() function
      #     * Will be deprecated in V2.0 in favor of `cast_with` argument
      #
      #   - cast_with [Symbol or Array of symbols]: Actions to transform your query
      #     * :to_jsonb
      #     * :array
      #     * :array_agg (including just :array with this option will favor :array_agg)
      #     * :distinct  (auto applies :array_agg & :to_jsonb)
      #
      #   - order_by [Symbol or hash]: Applies an ordering operation (similar to ActiveRecord #order)
      #     - NOTE: this option will be ignored if you need to order a DISTINCT Aggregated Array,
      #             since postgres will thrown an error.
      #
      #
      #
      # Examples:
      #   subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id).where("user_id = users.id")
      #   User.select(:name, email).select_row_to_json(subquery, as: :users_groups, cast_as_array: true)
      #     #=> [<#User name:.., email:.., users_groups: [{ name: .., category_id: .. }, ..]]
      #
      #  - Adding mid-level scopes:
      #
      #   subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id)
      #   User.select_row_to_json(subquery, key: :group, cast_as_array: true) do |scope|
      #     scope.where(group: { name: "Nerd Core" })
      #   end
      #    #=>  ```sql
      #       SELECT ARRAY(
      #             SELECT ROW_TO_JSON("group")
      #             FROM(SELECT name, category_id FROM groups) AS group
      #             WHERE group.name = 'Nerd Core'
      #       )
      #    ```
      #
      #
      # - Array of JSONB objects
      #
      #   subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id)
      #   User.select_row_to_json(subquery, key: :group, cast_with: [:array, :to_jsonb]) do |scope|
      #     scope.where(group: { name: "Nerd Core" })
      #   end
      #   #=>  ```sql
      #       SELECT ARRAY(
      #             SELECT TO_JSONB(ROW_TO_JSON("group"))
      #             FROM(SELECT name, category_id FROM groups) AS group
      #             WHERE group.name = 'Nerd Core'
      #       )
      #   ```
      #
      # - Distinct Aggregated Array
      #
      #   subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id)
      #   User.select_row_to_json(subquery, key: :group, cast_with: [:array_agg, :distinct]) do |scope|
      #     scope.where(group: { name: "Nerd Core" })
      #   end
      #   #=>  ```sql
      #      SELECT ARRAY_AGG(DISTINCT (
      #            SELECT TO_JSONB(ROW_TO_JSON("group"))
      #            FROM(SELECT name, category_id FROM groups) AS group
      #            WHERE group.name = 'Nerd Core'
      #      ))
      #   ```
      #
      # - Ordering a Non-aggregated Array
      #
      #  subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id)
      #  User.select_row_to_json(subquery, key: :group, cast_with: :array, order_by: { group: { name: :desc } })
      #  #=>  ```sql
      #     SELECT ARRAY(
      #           SELECT ROW_TO_JSON("group")
      #           FROM(SELECT name, category_id FROM groups) AS group
      #           ORDER BY group.name DESC
      #     )
      #  ```
      #
      # - Ordering an Aggregated Array
      #
      #  Subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id)
      #  User
      #   .joins(:people_groups)
      #  .select_row_to_json(
      #     subquery,
      #     key: :group,
      #     cast_with: :array_agg,
      #     order_by: { people_groups: :category_id }
      #   )
      #   #=>  ```sql
      #     SELECT ARRAY_AGG((
      #           SELECT ROW_TO_JSON("group")
      #           FROM(SELECT name, category_id FROM groups) AS group
      #           ORDER BY group.name DESC
      #     ) ORDER BY people_groups.category_id ASC)
      #   ```
      #
      def select_row_to_json(from = nil, **options, &block)
        from.is_a?(Hash) ? options.merge!(from) : options.reverse_merge!(from: from)
        options.compact!
        raise ArgumentError, "Required to provide a non-nilled from clause" unless options.key?(:from)
        JsonChain.new(spawn).row_to_json!(**options, &block)
      end

      # Creates a json response object that will convert all subquery results into a json compatible response
      #
      # Arguments:
      #   key: [Symbol or String]: What should this response return as
      #   from: [String, Arel, or ActiveRecord::Relation] : A subquery that can be nested into the top-level from clause
      #
      # Options:
      #   - as: [Symbol or String] (default="results"): What the column will be aliased to
      #
      #
      #   - value: [Symbol or String] (defaults=[key]): How the response should handel the json value return
      #
      # Example:
      #
      #   - Generic example:
      #
      #   subquery = Group.select(:name, :category_id).where("user_id = users.id")
      #   User.select(:name, email).select_row_to_json(subquery, as: :users_groups, cast_as_array: true)
      #     #=> [<#User name:.., email:.., users_groups: [{ name: .., category_id: .. }, ..]]
      #
      #  - Setting a custom value:
      #
      #   Before:
      #       subquery = User.select(:name).where(id: 100..110).group(:name)
      #       User.build_json_object(:gang_members, subquery).take.results["gang_members"] #=> nil
      #
      #   After:
      #    User.build_json_object(:gang_members, subquery, value: "COALESCE(array_agg(\"gang_members\"), 'BANG!')")
      #        .take
      #        .results["gang_members"] #=> "BANG!"
      #
      def json_build_object(key, from, **options)
        options[:key]  = key
        options[:from] = from
        JsonChain.new(spawn).json_build_object!(options)
      end

      def jsonb_build_object(key, from, **options)
        options[:key]  = key
        options[:from] = from
        JsonChain.new(spawn).jsonb_build_object!(options)
      end

      # Appends a hash literal to the calling relations response
      #
      # Arguments: Requires an Array or Hash set of values
      #
      # Options:
      #
      #  - as: [Symbol or String] (default="results"): What the column will be aliased to
      #
      # Example:
      #  - Supplying inputs as a Hash
      #      query = User.json_build_literal(number: 1, last_name: "json", pi: 3.14)
      #      query.take.results #=> { "number" => 1, "last_name" => "json", "pi" => 3.14 }
      #
      #  - Supplying inputs as an Array
      #
      #      query = User.json_build_literal(:number, 1, :last_name, "json", :pi, 3.14)
      #      query.take.results #=> { "number" => 1, "last_name" => "json", "pi" => 3.14 }
      #

      def json_build_literal(*args)
        JsonChain.new(spawn).json_build_literal!(args)
      end

      def jsonb_build_literal(*args)
        JsonChain.new(spawn).jsonb_build_literal!(args)
      end
    end
  end
end

ActiveRecord::Relation.prepend(ActiveRecordExtended::QueryMethods::Json)