Translate these following words to Chinese:
The oracle bone inscription is considered the earliest known form of Chinese writing. It was used during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) to record divinations, prayers, and royal events. One of the most significant figures in Shang culture was Cheng Tang, who is also known as King Tang. Based on oracle bone inscriptions, Cheng Tang held a high position in the minds of Shang people, and the king of that time held Cheng Tang in great reverence. In this article, we will explore the influence and role of oracle-bone inscription of Shang Dynasty’s thought and culture about Cheng Tang.

Firstly, it is important to note that Cheng Tang was regarded as the founder of the Shang dynasty. The oracle bone inscriptions reveal that Cheng Tang was a symbol of legitimacy and a powerful figure in Shang society. When the king held ancestral ceremonies, he often began with Cheng Tang, highlighting his importance as the first king of the Shang dynasty.

Secondly, the oracle-bone inscription reveals that Cheng Tang was an important deity for agriculture production and wars in Shang culture. The king frequently held grand and solemn ceremonies for Cheng Tang, using numerous domestic and large beasts, such as cattle, in the ceremonies. The ceremonies for Cheng Tang were also very complex. The king prayed to Cheng Tang for a bountiful harvest in agriculture and for victory in wars against neighboring kingdoms.

Thirdly, the oracle bone inscriptions reveal that Cheng Tang’s influence extended beyond his death. The king held joint ceremonies with Cheng Tang and other ancestors. This suggests that the Shang people believed that Cheng Tang had the power to protect his descendants and their descendants.

Fourthly, the oracle bone inscriptions reveal that the Shang people attributed supernatural powers to Cheng Tang. They believed that he could influence the forces of nature and protect them from any harm. This reveals that Cheng Tang was an important figure in Shang culture, and the Shang people believed in the power of his spirit.

Fifthly, the oracle bone inscriptions provide a glimpse into the religious beliefs of the Shang people. They believed that Cheng Tang had the power to intercede on their behalf with other deities. This reveals that the Shang people believed in a complex pantheon of deities, and that Cheng Tang held significant power among them.

In conclusion, Cheng Tang played a significant role in Shang culture and society. The oracle bone inscriptions reveal that he was a powerful and revered figure, and that the Shang people believed in his ability to protect them. The influence of Cheng Tang extended beyond his death, and the Shang people believed in his ability to intercede on their behalf with other deities. The oracle-bone inscription of Shang Dynasty’s thought and culture about Cheng Tang provides us with a unique insight into the religious beliefs and practices of this fascinating culture.

References:

1. Bagley, Robert. “Shang Archaeology.” Journal of East Asian Archaeology 3, no. 1-2 (2001): 109-147.

2. Chang, Kwang-chih. Shang Civilization. Yale University Press, 1980.

3. Keightley, David N. “The Religious Commitment: Shang Theology.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, 547-652. Cambridge University Press, 1999.

4. Kidder, J. Edward. “The Emergence of the Shang Civilization.” Journal of World Prehistory 1, no. 2 (1987): 235-282.

5. Li, Feng. Landscape And Power In Early China. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

6. Rawson, Jessica. “A Brief Introduction to the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600–1046 BC).” In The British Museum: A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought, 71-78. British Museum Press, 2010.

7. Shaughnessy, Edward L. “Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of the Late Shang Dynasty.” Margaret Chan Memorial Lecture in Chinese Studies. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2000.

8. von Falkenhausen, Lothar. “Bronze Age China.” Annu. rev. Anthropol 36 (2007): 55-75.

9. Wagner, Donald B. “The Formation of the Shang Dynasty: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives.” Journal of Anthropological Research 54, no. 1 (1998): 1-25.

10. Wu, Hung. The Wu Liang Shrine: The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art. Stanford University Press, 1990.