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Since its inception, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have been technologies that entities ranging from great powers to non-state actors have desired to weaponize in a variety of ways (Ellis & Grzegorzewski, 2021). Recently, the availability of AI/ML technologies has become relatively easy for anyone to access and use for little to no cost and with little to no training. This ease of access has allowed nefarious actors to manipulate the information space with misinformation and disinformation (Botha & Pieterse, 2020), creating another layer of friction in the operational environment with which the joint force and Special Operations Forces (SOF) must contend. In an era where information has become a potent weapon, employing cutting-edge technologies like AI and machine learning ML is essential for maintaining strategic advantages which is why {thesis} SOF must prioritize education on recognizing misinformation and disinformation and embrace AI/ML-enabled capabilities because this will develop resilience and promote resistance to adversarial misinformation and disinformation campaigns.
Environment
Current Environment
Understanding the current operational environment is crucial for USSOF to effectively integrate AI/ML technologies. The impact of AI/ML on the speed at which misinformation can be created and spread is profound. Recent advancements in AI/ML allow adversaries to generate disinformation rapidly, challenging SOF to keep pace with this technological evolution However, AI/ML-enabled capabilities also present opportunities to promote resistance to disinformation by enhancing detection and analysis processes. Within the Special Operations Enterprise (SOE) and SOF, developing resilience to misinformation and disinformation remains a critical priority, necessitating a multifaceted strategy that integrates technology with human cognitive capabilities.
Strategic guidance provides a framework for integrating these technologies. For instance, the Special Operations Forces Vision & Strategy states, “SOF will prioritize investments in data management, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-enabling technologies, and quantum computing as the force continues to lead in fielding new technologies and concepts required to compete effectively” (Maier & Clarke, 2022, p. 7). The commitment to invest in those technologies underscores the SOE’s senior leaders’ recognition of the critical role that AI/ML will play in future operations. General Clarke (2019) also said, “We will exploit revolutionary technological inflection points. Artificial intelligence, machine learning (AI/ML), and cloud computing are demonstrating the potential to bring leap-ahead capabilities” (p. 2). These quotes highlight the strategic priorities that inform USSOF’s approach to leveraging AI/ML technologies.
There is good reason for top military leaders to incorporate AI/ML into their strategic priorities since U.S. adversaries’ use of those technologies have already shown the potential for having destabilizing effects. Foreign governments, such as China, Russia, and Iran, are known to deploy bots, a type of AI, to spread disinformation online. In 2016, prior to the U.S. presidential elections which pitted Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump against each other, bots were largely responsible for spreading the “Pizzagate” story which claimed that the Clintons were involved in a pedophilia ring. This may have been part of a Russian attempt to influence elections and undermine Americans’ confidence in the democratic system in alignment with Russian President Vladimir Putin’s stated goals (Otis, 2020). The use of deepfakes, such as the fabricated video of President Donald Trump urging Belgium to withdraw from the Paris climate agreement, exemplifies how AI-generated content can serve as a vehicle for misinformation (Botha & Pieterse, 2020). This phenomenon illustrates a broader trend where adversaries exploit cutting-edge technology to shape public opinion and weaken societal cohesion. The introduction of social bots into the digital sphere has exponentially increased the volume and reach of disinformation making it easier for bad actors to have a more widespread impact. Based on studies in 2017 to 2018, researchers found that there were about 23 million social bots (AI-powered bots designed to interact with social media platforms in ways like humans) on Twitter, accounting for about 8.5% of total users and about two-thirds of total tweets (Hajli et al., 2022).
The now ubiquitous nature of AI/ML capabilities means that there are far-reaching implications for many of the different aspects of the operational environment. Examples above show how spreading political misinformation on social media using chat bots accelerates the rate at which people consume that misinformation leading to a sharpening divide among the target audience and creating distrust in the political system (Purdy, 2004). This in turn can harm the economy as misinformation and disinformation creates uncertainty and disruption in business operations leading to supply chain disruptions and unsustainable business operations (Akhtar et al., 2023). 
In the social sphere, governments can use AI/ML technology to manipulate their populations. For example, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is interested in using generative AI to carry out highly tailored, personalized information operations against small groups and individuals and to create or reenforce information bubbles “with the intention of undermining the influence of mainstream values, further polarizing and dividing society” (Beauchamp-Mustafaga, 2024, p. 7). AI and ML impacts on the information space are not limited to government manipulation of populations through social media. Violent extremist organizations (VEOs) have the potential to use generative AI for propaganda and disinformation creation. VEOs can use models like ChatGPT to create propaganda storylines and Midjourney to create the accompanying images as well as combine ChatGPT with deepfakes to create short-form videos (Lakomy, 2023). They are even leveraging these capabilities to create videogames and music to reach and radicalize new audiences (Siegel & Doty, 2023).
There are obvious military applications as well. Governments can use AI to generate realistic deepfakes in an attempt to influence the actions of enemy combatants as in the instance of a Russian deepfake video posted to social media that showed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky directing Ukrainian soldiers to surrender to Russian forces (Staff, 2022). Although the examples thus far have all been negative, it is important to remember that AI and ML are tools that can have positive uses when users choose to use them that way. Thinking specifically about how the U. S. may use the technology, AI/ML can provide the military an information advantage by, “enabling decision-making; protecting soldiers and the Army’s information; educating and informing domestic audiences; informing and influencing foreign audiences; and conducting information warfare” (Luckenbaugh, 2023, para. 5).
Desired State
Given the current environment, leadership within the SOE should work towards {desired state} an environment where SOF is able to apply advanced AI/ML-enabled capabilities to resist and remain resilient against misinformation and disinformation to maintain a competitive edge in the information space. This environment would include a SOE that embraces AI/ML-enabled capabilities to counter misinformation and disinformation and actively recruits tech savvy service members. The SOE would also be comprised of a joint force which is educated on identifying misinformation and disinformation, receives regular professional development and training in AI/ML through increased partnership with the civilian sector tech industry. Additionally, the enterprise would include a dedicated counter disinformation/misinformation task force which utilizes AI-driven sentiment analysis to gauge public opinion and counter misinformation, has real-time monitoring and intervention strategies to neutralize disinformation actors, and tailored communication strategies to educate and inform specific demographic groups.
Problem
Challenges
There will be challenges the SOE must overcome to bridge the gap between the current and desired state. The foremost challenge will be overcoming organizational culture and inertia which new technologies and methodologies within traditional military structures can impede the effective integration of AI/ML capabilities in misinformation countermeasures. A close second will be keeping up with continual innovations which will require adaptive systems and frequent updates. The fast pace of AI/ML advancements presents a challenge in effectively integrating these emerging technologies into existing SOF infrastructure and operations. Finally, unhampered by much of the bureaucracy and ethical considerations with which USSOF must contend, U. S. adversaries are able to exploit rapid advancements in AI/ML technologies often outpacing the technological capabilities currently available within SOF, creating a persistent capability gap.
Opportunities
	Fortunately, there are also opportunities on which the SOE can capitalize. One opportunity is the continuous development in the fields of AI and machine learning which present ongoing opportunities to adopt cutting-edge technologies for real-time monitoring and analysis of misinformation. Second is existing specialized educational programs and training resources in AI/ML, both within military training institutions and in civilian academic institutions, which provides a pathway for upskilling SOF personnel. Finally, there are existing programs like SOFWERX and Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) already focus collaborations with private tech companies and research institutions focused on AI/ML innovations which offer a substantial foundation for expanding SOF’s capabilities
The question then is {problem statement} how can SOF effectively integrate cutting-edge AI/ML technologies to counter misinformation and disinformation, overcoming technological capability gaps and organizational inertia, while leveraging existing technology partnerships and educational programs? 
Approach
Successfully addressing challenges and capitalizing on opportunities requires a comprehensive approach in which {Approach Statement} USSOCOM will establish specialized centers of excellence (CoE), adopt Agile integration frameworks, and enhance training programs, while leveraging existing collaboration initiatives and educational opportunities. This approach makes up the three lines of effort (LOE) under which the SOE can work to achieve the desired state. 
LOE 1, establish AI/ML CoEs, will entail developing dedicated centers within SOF focused on continuous AI/ML advancements, rapid prototyping, and integration. The CoEs will address the persistent capability gaps by serving as epicenters for research and development. These centers will ensure SOF remains at the forefront of technological advancements through continuous monitoring and collaboration with tech leaders and academia. By focusing on innovation and rapid prototyping, the CoE will not only counter the rapid tech advancements by adversaries but also drive a cultural shift within the organization by showcasing the tangible benefits of AI/ML technologies. Furthermore, the CoE can streamline partnerships with private tech firms and educational institutions, enhancing SOF’s capacity to develop tailored solutions and equip personnel with cutting-edge skills through specialized training programs.
LOE 2, adopt Agile integration frameworks, will include implementing iterative and adaptive systems for seamless integration of AI/ML technologies within existing SOF infrastructure and operations. This integration will facilitate the swift assimilation of emerging AI/ML technologies into SOF’s existing infrastructure. Agile methodologies like Scrum or Kanban will enable cross-functional teams to iterate quickly, ensuring the adaptability of SOF systems to the fast-paced technological environment (Gorgadze, 2021). This approach addresses both the challenge of keeping up with rapid innovations and the necessity for seamless integration within traditional military structures. Agile practices, complemented by DevOps, will also bolster collaboration with initiatives like SOFWERX and the Defense Innovation Unit, creating a streamlined path for rapid prototyping and operational deployment(Kendall et al., 2023).
LOE 3, enhance training and collaboration initiatives, requires expanding AI/ML training programs and fostering partnerships with private tech companies, research institutions, and educational providers to keep SOF personnel at the forefront of technology. Enhancing training and collaboration initiatives will play a crucial role in overcoming organizational inertia. By providing comprehensive training programs and fostering partnerships with universities and research institutions, SOF can upskill its personnel, thereby closing technological capability gaps and fostering a workforce that embraces new technological concepts. Initiatives like SOFWERX and DIU will serve as innovation hubs where SOF members engage with industry experts, gain insights into the latest AI/ML applications, and collectively push the boundaries of what can be achieved with these technologies.
The SOE must also keep ethics in mind while implementing this strategy. Ethically, integrating AI/ML strategies requires adherence to principle-based ethics, including laws of armed conflict and core military values, to ensure actions reflect legal and ethical standards. This comprehensive, ethically informed approach equips USSOF to navigate the evolving information landscape, ensuring national security and democratic integrity. Virtue ethics, emphasizing character and moral wisdom, play a crucial role in ensuring the responsible use of powerful technologies within military operations (Kem, n.d.).
Conclusion
The strategic integration of AI/ML within the SOE represents an opportunity to confront the evolving challenges posed by misinformation and disinformation. {thesis} SOF must prioritize education on recognizing misinformation and disinformation and embrace AI/ML-enabled capabilities because this will develop resilience and promote resistance to adversarial misinformation and disinformation campaigns. By fostering innovation, advancing educational initiatives, and maintaining ethical standards, SOF can secure an information advantage, safeguarding military operations against digital threats. This balanced approach ensures that AI/ML tools are not only technologically advanced but also ethically aligned, mitigating risks of misuse and enhancing public and stakeholder confidence. As USSOF continues to invest in AI/ML research and development, and collaborates strategically with industry leaders, it is well-positioned to anticipate threats, enhance operational readiness, and uphold democratic values. This comprehensive strategy not only strengthens operational capabilities but also reinforces USSOF’s role as a global leader in promoting peace and stability, ensuring national security and global resilience in an era of digital conflict.