Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            he effects of aging on specific glands 
 In most glands there is some atrophy & decreased secretion with age. 
 Hormonal alterations are variable & gender-dependent Most apparent in: 
 Glucose homeostasis (Progressive decline in carbohydrate tolerance and 
increasing insulin resistance.) 
 Reproductive function. 
 In women, decreased estrogen (post menopause) & prolactin. 
 In men, decreased testosterone. 
 Calcium metabolism. 
Nursing intervention: 
 Educate elderly client regarding dietary needs and self-testing of blood 
glucose. 
 Further assessment need, monitor laboratory values, paying special 
attention to minerals, such as calcium and sodium levels, and blood glucose. 
 Assess for body temperature, weight, hair distribution or behavioral 
changes, which may indicate endocrine imbalance. 
 
Content 
 
~ 20 ~ 
 
IX. Urinary System: 
 Renal blood vessels become smaller & thicker reducing renal blood flow. 
 Decreased renal blood flow from about 600ml/min (at age 40) to about 
300ml/min (at age 80( 
 Kidney size decreases by 20-30% by age 90  . 
 Decreased GFR.  Typically begins to decline at about age 40.  By age 75 
GFR may be about 50% less than young adult.    
 The kidneys filter the blood more slowly than in younger years. As a result, 
medications remain in the bloodstream longer than they do in younger 
people. That changes in functioning compounds the danger of over-
medication. 
 Overall kidney function, however, remains normal unless there is excessive 
stress on the system. 
 The muscular ureters, urethra & bladder lose tone & elasticity.  The bladder 
may retain urine. This causes incomplete emptying.  
 Decline in bladder capacity from about 500-600mL to about 250ml that less 
urine can be stored in the bladder this causes more frequent urination. 
 The warning period between the urge and actual urination is shortened or 
lost as one age. 
 
Figure (6). Available at www.ccok.adam.com 
Nursing Interventions: 
 Dosages of medicine need to be closely and continuously monitored. 
 Assess for urinary frequency. 
 Assess frequency and timing of episodes of incontinence. 
 
Content 
 
~ 21 ~ 
 Assess for signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection. 
 Teach elderly client kegel exercises. 
 Voiding schedules, asking on a regular basis if they need to use the toilet, 
especially at night. 
X. Reproductive System:  
For male 
 Testosterone decreases, testes become softer & smaller 
 Though fewer viable sperm are produced & their motility decreases, men 
continue to produce enough viable sperm to fertilize ova well into older age. 
 The prostate gland enlarges; this often results in compression of 
the urethra 
which may inhibit the flow of urine. 
For female: 
 The “climacteric” occurs (defined as the period in which reproductive 
capacity decreases (ie, ovarian failure) then finally stops (loss of estrogen 
& progesterone). This is also described as the transition from per menopause 
(~age 40s) to menopaus

            Quiz: