What should i read to learn this material: Learning objectives statements define what a student needs to be able to do with content knowledge in order to progress through the course. Essential knowledge statements define the required content knowledge associated with each learning objective assessed on the AP Exam. Boundary statements provide guidance to teachers regarding the content boundaries of the AP Physics courses. Boundary statements appear at the end of essential knowledge statements where appropriate. LEARNING OBJECTIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 9.1.A Describe the pressure a gas exerts on its container in terms of atomic motion within that gas. 9.1.A.1 Atoms in a gas collide with and exert forces on other atoms in the gas and with the container in which the gas is contained. 9.1.A.1.i Collisions involving pairs of atoms or an atomandafixedobjectcanbedescribed andanalyzedusingconservationof momentum principles. 9.1.A.1.ii The pressure exerted by a gas on a surface is the ratio of the sum of the magnitudes of the perpendicular components of the forces exerted by the gas’s atoms on the surface to the area of the surface. Relevant equation: 9.1.A.1.iii Pressure exists throughout the gas itself, not just at the boundary between the gas and the container. 9.1.B Describe the temperature of a system in terms of the atomic motion within that system. 9.1.B.1 Thetemperatureofasystemischaracterized by the average kinetic energy of the atoms within that system. 9.1.B.1.i TheMaxwell–Boltzmanndistribution provides a graphical representation of the energies and speeds of atoms at a given temperature. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 9.1.B.1.ii Theroot-mean-squarespeed corresponding to the average kinetic energy for an ideal gas is related to the temperature of the gas by BOUNDARY STATEMENT AP Physics 2 only expects students to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of collisions in one and two dimensions. Students are not expected to know the functional form of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution but are expected to be familiar with how features of the distribution are related to the temperature of the gas. Return to Table of Contents © 2024 College Board AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Course and Exam Description Course Framework V.1 | 30 3 1 K k avg r = = T mv 2 2 B 2 ms. Preface Chapter 1 Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units 1.1 Physics: An Introduction 1.2 Physical Quantities and Units 1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures 1.4 Approximation Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 2 Kinematics Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics 2.1 Displacement 2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems 2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed 2.4 Acceleration 2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension 2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics 2.7 Falling Objects 2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 3 Two-Dimensional Kinematics Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics 3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction 3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods 3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods 3.4 Projectile Motion 3.5 Addition of Velocities Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 4 Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion 4.1 Development of Force Concept 4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia 4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System 4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces 4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces 4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies 4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 5 Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws 5.1 Friction 5.2 Drag Forces 5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation 6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity 6.2 Centripetal Acceleration 6.3 Centripetal Force 6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force 6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation 6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 7 Work, Energy, and Energy Resources Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources 7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition 7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 7.5 Nonconservative Forces 7.6 Conservation of Energy 7.7 Power 7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans 7.9 World Energy Use Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 8 Linear Momentum and Collisions Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions 8.1 Linear Momentum and Force 8.2 Impulse 8.3 Conservation of Momentum 8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions 8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 9 Statics and Torque Introduction to Statics and Torque 9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium 9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium 9.3 Stability 9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies 9.5 Simple Machines 9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum 10.1 Angular Acceleration 10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion 10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia 10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited 10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation 10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions 10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 11 Fluid Statics Introduction to Fluid Statics 11.1 What Is a Fluid? 11.2 Density 11.3 Pressure 11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid 11.5 Pascal’s Principle 11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement 11.7 Archimedes’ Principle 11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action 11.9 Pressures in the Body Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications 12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity 12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law 12.5 The Onset of Turbulence 12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid 12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws 13.1 Temperature 13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 13.3 The Ideal Gas Law 13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature 13.5 Phase Changes 13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods 14.1 Heat 14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity 14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat 14.4 Heat Transfer Methods 14.5 Conduction 14.6 Convection 14.7 Radiation Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 15 Thermodynamics Introduction to Thermodynamics 15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes 15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency 15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated 15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy 15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 16 Oscillatory Motion and Waves Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves 16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited 16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations 16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion 16.4 The Simple Pendulum 16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion 16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion 16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 16.9 Waves 16.10 Superposition and Interference 16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 17 Physics of Hearing Introduction to the Physics of Hearing 17.1 Sound 17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength 17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level 17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms 17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns 17.6 Hearing 17.7 Ultrasound Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field 18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge 18.2 Conductors and Insulators 18.3 Coulomb’s Law 18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited 18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges 18.6 Electric Forces in Biology 18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium 18.8 Applications of Electrostatics Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy 19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference 19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field 19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge 19.4 Equipotential Lines 19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics 19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel 19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 20 Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law 20.1 Current 20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits 20.3 Resistance and Resistivity 20.4 Electric Power and Energy 20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current 20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body 20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 21 Circuits and DC Instruments Introduction to Circuits and DC Instruments 21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel 21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage 21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules 21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters 21.5 Null Measurements 21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 22 Magnetism Introduction to Magnetism 22.1 Magnets 22.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets 22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines 22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field 22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications 22.6 The Hall Effect 22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters 22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law 22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors 22.11 More Applications of Magnetism Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies 23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux 23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law 23.3 Motional Emf 23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping 23.5 Electric Generators 23.6 Back Emf 23.7 Transformers 23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices 23.9 Inductance 23.10 RL Circuits 23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive 23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 24 Electromagnetic Waves Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves 24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed 24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves 24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 25 Geometric Optics Introduction to Geometric Optics 25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light 25.2 The Law of Reflection 25.3 The Law of Refraction 25.4 Total Internal Reflection 25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms 25.6 Image Formation by Lenses 25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 26 Vision and Optical Instruments Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments 26.1 Physics of the Eye 26.2 Vision Correction 26.3 Color and Color Vision 26.4 Microscopes 26.5 Telescopes 26.6 Aberrations Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 27 Wave Optics Introduction to Wave Optics 27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference 27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction 27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment 27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction 27.5 Single Slit Diffraction 27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion 27.7 Thin Film Interference 27.8 Polarization 27.9 Extended Topic Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 28 Special Relativity Introduction to Special Relativity 28.1 Einstein’s Postulates 28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation 28.3 Length Contraction 28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities 28.5 Relativistic Momentum 28.6 Relativistic Energy Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 29 Quantum Physics Introduction to Quantum Physics 29.1 Quantization of Energy 29.2 The Photoelectric Effect 29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 29.4 Photon Momentum 29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality 29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter 29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 30 Atomic Physics Introduction to Atomic Physics 30.1 Discovery of the Atom 30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei 30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications 30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations 30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization 30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization 30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules 30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 31 Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics 31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity 31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors 31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus 31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws 31.5 Half-Life and Activity 31.6 Binding Energy 31.7 Tunneling Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 32 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics 32.1 Diagnostics and Medical Imaging 32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation 32.4 Food Irradiation 32.5 Fusion 32.6 Fission 32.7 Nuclear Weapons Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 33 Particle Physics Introduction to Particle Physics 33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited 33.2 The Four Basic Forces 33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy 33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws 33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is? 33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises Chapter 34 Frontiers of Physics Introduction to Frontiers of Physics 34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics 34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity 34.3 Superstrings 34.4 Dark Matter and Closure 34.5 Complexity and Chaos 34.6 High-temperature Superconductors 34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask Glossary Section Summary Conceptual Questions Problems & Exercises