You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


[Cite as Pinnacle Condominiums Unit Owners' Assn. v. 701 Lakeside, L.L.C., 2011-Ohio-5505.]


                Court of Appeals of Ohio
                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA


                             JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
                                      No. 96554




                   PINNACLE CONDOMINIUMS UNIT
                       OWNERS’ ASSOCIATION
                                                         PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT

                                                   vs.

                          701 LAKESIDE, LLC, ET AL.
                                                         DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES




                                          JUDGMENT:
                                           AFFIRMED


                                     Civil Appeal from the
                            Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                     Case No. CV-703063

        BEFORE: Keough, J., S. Gallagher, P.J., and E. Gallagher, J.

        RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: October 27, 2011
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Robert E. Kmiecik
Kevin M. Fields
Kaman & Cusimano, LLC
50 Public Square
Suite 2000
Cleveland, OH 44113

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES

John J. Ricotta
The Standard Building
1370 Ontario Street
Suite 1810
Cleveland, OH 44113




KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, J.:

      {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Pinnacle Condominiums Unit Owners’ Association

(“the Association”), appeals the trial court’s judgment staying proceedings and

compelling arbitration. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                               I

      {¶ 2} The Association is a nonprofit corporation organized to provide a corporate

entity for the owners of 80 condominium units located in a building known as the

Pinnacle Property at 701 Lakeside Avenue in Cleveland.            Pinnacle 701, LLC (the

“Developer”), owned the real property upon which the condominiums were built and was

the developer for the project. 701 Lakeside, LLC (the “Garage Owner”), owns and

operates two levels of a parking garage located directly beneath the condominiums.
      {¶ 3} The Developer built the Pinnacle Property on top of an existing parking

garage and added three additional levels to the parking garage to provide parking for

Pinnacle Property condominium owners. The condominium owners enter the parking

garage through an automated gate and travel up the lower two levels of the parking

garage to reach their parking spaces, which are located on the third, fourth, and fifth

levels of the parking garage.   Residents of the Cloak Factory Condominium, located at

635 Lakeside Avenue, use the second level of the parking garage for their parking spaces.

      {¶ 4} In 2004, the Garage Owner and the Developer executed a reciprocal

easement and operating agreement (“REA”) that granted various easements to the Garage

Owner and future Pinnacle Property owners to use the gates, ramps, stairwells, elevators,

and other components of the Pinnacle Property, and defined the corresponding obligations

to contribute to certain expenses associated with the easements.

      {¶ 5} It was unclear under the REA whether arbitration to resolve disputes related

to the REA was dependent upon the agreement of the parties or mandatory. Section

13.1 of the REA provided that “[w]henever a dispute shall arise among the Owners of the

Parcels in connection with the terms, covenants, rights, obligations, easements and/or

agreements contained in this REA * * * the matters in dispute may be arbitrated, upon

the agreement of all parties involved, in accordance with the procedures set forth in

Article 14 hereof. Where required in a specific section of this REA, however, arbitration

shall be mandatory.” (Emphasis added.)

      {¶ 6} Section 14.1 of the REA stated that “[a]ll disputes arising out of or in any
way connected with this REA shall be subject to binding arbitration. The Owner (or

any other person or entity entitled to do so) demanding arbitration shall specify in writing

the reason for the arbitration, stating with specificity the section of this REA under which

arbitration is demanded and the dispute between the Owners, and forward such demand to

the Owner against whom arbitration is sought.            Upon receipt of the demand for

arbitration, the dispute shall be at issue, provided a copy of such demand shall have been

filed with the American Arbitration Association.” (Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 7} In 2005, the Garage Owner and Developer executed an agreement that

amended various sections of the REA (“Amended REA”). As pertinent to this case, the

Amended REA replaced Section 13.1 of the REA in its entirety with the following

language to make clear that binding arbitration of disputes was mandatory: “Whenever a

dispute shall arise among the Owners of the Parcels in connection with the terms,

covenants, rights, obligations, easements, and/or agreements contained in this REA, * * *

the matters in dispute shall be arbitrated in accordance with the procedures set forth in

Article 14 hereof if such disputed matters are not resolved upon the agreement of all

parties involved.”

       {¶ 8} Section 14.1 of the REA was amended to provide that “[a]ll disputes arising

out of or in any way connected with this REA which are not resolved upon the agreement

of all parties involved shall be subject to binding arbitration.”

       {¶ 9} Also in 2005, the Developer executed an agreement that granted easements

to the Cloak Factory Condominium and its occupants for the use of certain recreational
facilities and terraces located on the Pinnacle Property.

       {¶ 10} On September 2, 2009, the Association filed suit against the Garage Owner,

the Developer, 635 Lakeside, LLC (also known as the Cloak Factory Condominium), and

the Cloak Factory Condominium Unit Owners’ Association (“appellees”).                   The

Association asserted claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, declaratory

judgment, preliminary and permanent injunction related to various easement agreements

between the parties under the REA. Appellees subsequently answered the complaint and

asserted counterclaims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment.

       {¶ 11} On October 8, 2009, the Association filed a motion for a temporary

restraining order in which it asked the trial court to restrain the Garage Owner from

denying its members access to the elevator on the first floor of the garage. The trial court

subsequently granted the Association’s motion and ordered that the Garage Owner

immediately remove the padlocks on the elevators.

       {¶ 12} On November 2, 2009, the trial court held a hearing regarding the

Association’s request for a preliminary injunction. On December 1, 2009, the trial court

issued a journal entry and opinion granting the Association’s request for a preliminary

injunction and ordering appellees to refrain from denying Pinnacle residents access to the

elevators during the pendency of the lawsuit.

       {¶ 13} On December 9, 2009, the Association filed its answer to appellees’

counterclaims and posted a $1,000 bond in association with the preliminary injunction.

       {¶ 14} The trial court held a case management conference on February 1, 2010
and a telephonic conference on June 22, 2010, at which it set dates for discovery cutoff,

dispositive motions, and trial. The trial court subsequently granted the Association’s

motion to file an amended complaint to include an additional claim against Pinnacle 701,

LLC. Appellees filed an amended answer and counterclaims on August 16, 2010.

       {¶ 15} On August 24, 2010, the court referred the case to business mediation,

which took place on October 29, 2010, but was unsuccesful.             At the final pretrial

conference on December 15, 2010, the court extended the discovery and dispositive

motion deadlines to January 28, 2011 and rescheduled the trial to March 28, 2011.

       {¶ 16} On January 3, 2011, appellees filed a motion to stay the case and compel

arbitration as required by the Amended REA. The Association opposed the motion and

filed a motion for summary judgment.

       {¶ 17} On February 22, 2011, the trial court granted appellees’ motion, stayed the

proceedings, and referred the matter to binding arbitration. The Association appeals

from this order.

                                                 II

       {¶ 18} In its single assignment of error, Pinnacle contends that the trial court erred

in compelling arbitration because appellees waived their right to insist upon arbitration.

       {¶ 19} Like any other contractual right, the right to arbitration may be waived.

Rock v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. (1992), 79 Ohio App.3d 126, 128,

606 N.E.2d 1054. But in light of Ohio’s strong policy in favor of arbitration, waiver of

the right to arbitrate is not to be lightly inferred. Griffith v. Linton (1998), 130 Ohio
App.3d 746, 751, 721 N.E.2d 146. A party asserting waiver must prove the waiving

party (1) knew of the existing right to arbitrate; and (2) acted inconsistently with that

right.    Checksmart v. Morgan, 8th Dist. No. 80856, 2003-Ohio-163, ¶22.                “‘The

essential question is whether, based upon the totality of the circumstances, the party

seeking arbitration has acted inconsistently with the right to arbitrate.’” Id., quoting

Wishnosky v. Star-Lite Bldg. & Dev. Co. (Sept. 7, 2000), 8th Dist. No. 77245.

         {¶ 20} Among the factors a court may consider in determining whether the totality

of circumstances supports a finding of waiver are:           (1) whether the party seeking

arbitration invoked the jurisdiction of the trial court by filing a complaint, counterclaim,

or third-party complaint without asking for a stay of proceedings; (2) the delay, if any, by

the party seeking arbitration in requesting a stay of proceedings or an order compelling

arbitration; (3) the extent to which the party seeking arbitration participated in the

litigation, including the status of discovery, dispositive motions, and the trial date; and (4)

any prejudice to the non-moving party due to the moving party’s prior inconsistent

actions. U.S. Bank, N.A. v. Wilkens, 8th Dist. No. 93088, 2010-Ohio-262, ¶31, citing

Phillips v. Lee Homes, Inc. (Feb. 17, 1994), 8th Dist. No. 64353.

         {¶ 21} The question of waiver is usually a fact-driven issue and an appellate court

will not reverse the trial court’s decision absent a showing of abuse of discretion.

Featherstone v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 159 Ohio App.3d 27,

2004-Ohio-5953, 822 N.E.2d 841, ¶10. A court abuses its discretion when its decision is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore (1983), 5 Ohio
St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140.

       {¶ 22} The Association argues that appellees invoked the jurisdiction of the court

by asserting counterclaims against the Association, despite their knowledge of the

mandatory arbitration provision. It further contends that appellees actively participated

in the litigation by, among other things, attending hearings and offering witnesses and

exhibits regarding the Association’s request for a temporary restraining order, and

exchanging written discovery.

       {¶ 23} Further, the Association contends that prior to filing the lawsuit, it

demanded arbitration in accordance with Section 14.1 of the REA in a letter dated April

3, 2009. In its written response, appellees asserted that the Association was required to

advise them in writing of the specific language in the REA that it was disputing. The

Association sent additional correspondence dated June 29, 2009, in which it specified the

particular provision of the REA upon which it demanded arbitration and requested a

mutually convenient date for the arbitration.      When appellees did not respond, the

Association filed suit.

       {¶ 24} The Association contends that in light of this correspondence, appellees

clearly had notice of the arbitration provision.

       {¶ 25} Appellees respond that it was unclear under the REA whether arbitration

was mandatory or required the agreement of the parties, and they did not know about the

mandatory arbitration provision of the Amended REA until shortly before they filed their

motion for stay and compelling arbitration. Appellees insist that upon learning that
arbitration was mandatory, they immediately filed their motion for stay.

      {¶ 26} The record, however, refutes appellees’ assertion. The record reflects that

the Association filed its complaint on September 2, 2009. The next day, it filed complete

copies of the documents referenced in its complaint. Those documents included the

REA, the Amended REA, and the easement and use agreement between Pinnacle 701,

LLC and 635 Lakeside, LLC. Therefore, as of September 3, 2009, both the Association

and appellees were on notice that under the Amended REA, binding arbitration of their

dispute was mandatory.

      {¶ 27} We are curious why the Association filed suit if, as evidenced by its

correspondence to appellees, it wanted arbitration. Because appellees’ consent to its

request for arbitration was not necessary under the Amended REA, the Association could

have simply filed for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association. Similarly,

because appellees were on notice as of September 3, 2009, that arbitration of any dispute

was subject to mandatory, binding arbitration, their assertion that they only learned that

arbitration was mandatory shortly before filing their motion for stay on January 3, 2011

seems doubtful.

      {¶ 28} Nevertheless, this court finds no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s

judgment staying the matter and compelling arbitration some 16 months after the case

was filed.   Both parties were on notice immediately upon filing suit that binding

arbitration was mandatory under the Amended REA. Thus, the Association’s assertion

that appellees waived their right to arbitration by participating in the litigation seems
rather disingenuous.     Further, the parties had not engaged in extensive litigation

regarding the merits of the Association’s claims when the trial court stayed the case. The

record demonstrates that the majority of activity between the Association’s filing of suit

and the court’s referral to arbitration consisted of litigating the Association’s request for a

temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction and participating in business

mediation. Further, discovery was not yet complete, as evidenced by the trial court’s

order in December 2010 after the final pretrial extending the discovery deadline and

rescheduling the trial. Under these circumstances, the trial court’s judgment staying the

proceedings and referring the matter to binding arbitration was not unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable.

       {¶ 29} Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Appellant’s assignment of error is overruled.

       Affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.




KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, JUDGE
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR