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Introduction ============ The emergence and global spread of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic was a challenge to control in Xiamen city, Fujian Province, China. This is because the city is situated on the southeast coast of China (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), which is a special economic zone and sub-provincial area, whose planning is directly linked with central government, and it receives a large number of overseas visitors and holds various international conferences each year. ![**Geographic location (in relation to China) and sketch map (based on EPIMAP) of Xiamen city (24.27N, 118.06E), Fujian Province, China**.](1743-422X-9-20-1){#F1} Our prevention and control strategy is different from other countries or regions. The containment strategy was implemented successfully in the early response days and large-scale inoculation with domestic influenza A H1N1 virus cleavage vaccine was conducted rapidly to reduce morbidity. This surveillance data analysis aimed to understand the natural history of this novel influenza A H1N1 and to evaluate the control measures in Xiamen. Accurate determination of epidemiologic parameters can help guide future decision-making for novel infectious diseases. In particular, specific evaluation of control measures such as containment and vaccination against this novel influenza A H1N1 was very important to obtain useful information and experience in controlling an unknown respiratory pathogen. Materials and methods ===================== A confirmed case was defined as a subject with laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A H1N1 virus infection by means of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. We used data from the initial reports of laboratory-confirmed cases to determine the epidemiologic parameters of pandemic H1N1 influenza. The parameters included the incubation period, duration of illness and the reproductive number (R~0~). We evaluated the effectiveness of control measures using descriptive epidemiologic methods. The process of containment was as follows. Suspected cases of fever (≥37.5°C) and acute respiratory symptoms were screened by the Xiamen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, and were transported to the Designated Medical Observational Station for additional testing. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens were collected with the swab technique from all suspect cases who had symptoms resembling those of seasonal influenza, including fever, cough, rhinorrhea, body aches, sore throat, and headache. Specimens were tested for influenza virus at the laboratory with the use of real-time PCR. All positive cases were interviewed to obtain demographic, epidemiologic and clinical information by epidemiologists of Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All close contacts of cases were placed under 7 days\' medical observation by the Community Health Service Centers. Of these, the transmission chain in 23 cases was very clear, and we collected data on their earliest exposure and onset of illness. An immediate epidemiological investigation was carried out by the Emergency Response Department of Xiamen CDC into all outbreaks. All information obtained was reported to the China Information System of Disease Control and Prevention. We were granted access to the China Information System of Disease Control and Prevention data, which included all confirmed cases. We analyzed individual-level data on laboratory-confirmed cases of novel influenza A H1N1 in the province of Fujian, Xiamen, with a reported