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2.1	Introduction
Migration from Nigeria to the United Kingdom has been a significant phenomenon in recent decades, with myriad factors contributing to this trend (Adepoju, 2004). Understanding the effects of migration on Nigerian children who have migrated with their parents to the UK is crucial, as these children represent an essential component of both Nigeria’s and the UK’s future growth and development (Graham et al., 2018). This literature review aims to examine a substantial portion of the existing literature related to the effects of migration on Nigerian children, specifically focusing on the social, economic, and psychological impacts.

A considerable body of research has been conducted on international migration from Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries to the UK, focusing on factors influencing migration, the experiences of migrants, and the impacts of migration on both sending and receiving countries (Bakewell, 2008; Rutter et al., 2008). Although a growing number of studies have explored the experiences of African migrant children in Western countries, relatively few have focused explicitly on Nigerian children and their families in the UK (Mazzucato, 2018). Consequently, this literature review seeks to fill this gap by synthesizing the available evidence on the effects of migration on Nigerian children who have migrated with their parents to the UK, and the challenges they face in adapting to their new environment (Rutter et al., 2008).

By examining the existing literature, this review will provide insights into the experiences of Nigerian migrant children, including the economic, social, and psychological effects of migration. Furthermore, it will explore the role of gender in shaping the challenges faced by Nigerian migrant children in the UK. Lastly, it will discuss strategies for overcoming these challenges and harnessing opportunities to support the successful integration and well-being of these children. This review will ultimately contribute to the ongoing development of research and policy dialogue concerning the experiences of Nigerian migrant children in the UK and their families.

Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the subsequent sections will delve into the various dimensions of these children’s experiences, focusing on the social, economic, and psychological impacts. Ultimately, this literature review will shed light on the challenges these children face and highlight opportunities for policy and practice to support their well-being and integration into UK society.

2.2	Migration Trends and Context
Migration trends from Nigeria to the UK have evolved over time, with a wide range of factors contributing to the increasing levels of migration from Nigeria in the past few decades (Adepoju, 2004). Historically, migration from Nigeria to the UK began during the British colonial era, with many Nigerians traveling to the UK for higher education, professional training, or economic opportunities (Okolo & Akhigbe, 2018). However, the nature of migration from Nigeria to the UK has shifted in more recent times, with a growing emphasis on family reunification, skilled labor migration, and an increased number of Nigerian students seeking educational opportunities in the UK (Bakewell, 2008; Oyelere & Asongu, 2019).

Recent statistics reveal an increasing trend, as the number of Nigerian-born individuals living in the UK has nearly doubled between 2001 and 2021, reaching over 250,000 people according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS, 2022). This increase underscores the continued significance of Nigeria as an important source country of migrants to the UK (Adepoju, 2004). The growing presence of Nigerian migrants in the UK highlights the need to better understand the experiences of Nigerian children who migrate with their parents, as their integration and well-being are critical for both Nigeria’s and the UK’s future growth and development (Graham et al., 2018).

2.3	Factors influencing migration from Nigeria to the UK
Migration from Nigeria to the UK can be understood through the lens of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, which influence people’s decisions to leave their home country in search of opportunities abroad (Massey et al., 1993).
2.3.1 Push Factors
Economic factors have consistently been identified as significant drivers of migration from Nigeria to the UK (Adepoju, 2004). High unemployment rates, particularly among young people, and widespread poverty are key economic push factors in Nigeria (Bakewell, 2008). The lack of formal sector job opportunities, coupled with low wages and inadequate social protection, has compelled many Nigerians to seek employment abroad, hoping to improve their standard of living (ILO, 2018). For instance, the oil-rich Niger Delta region, in spite of its wealth, experiences high levels of poverty due to pollution, land degradation, and corruption, which have led to increased out-migration from the area (Al Jazeera, 2015; Ohia, 2013). Educational factors are another crucial push factor influencing migration from Nigeria to the UK (Onume, 2018). Nigeria’s education system, according to Adesina (2018), particularly at the tertiary level, suffers from inadequate funding, infrastructure constraints, frequent strikes, and declining quality. Consequently, many Nigerian students choose to pursue higher education abroad, particularly in well-established UK institutions, with the hope of gaining an internationally recognized qualification that will enhance their job prospects upon return (Oyelere & Asongu, 2019). Security issues have also contributed to the migration of Nigerians to the UK. The ongoing conflict between Boko Haram insurgents and the Nigerian military in the northeastern part of Nigeria, in addition to the Fulani herdsmen insurgency has led to internal and external displacement of millions of people (IDMC, 2020). Furthermore,  Okoli (2017) posits that kidnappings, ethno-religious violence, and political instability have driven many Nigerians to migrate in search of safety and security, with the UK often perceived as a relatively stable destination.

2.3.2 Pull Factors
In addition to the push factors mentioned above, several pull factors make the UK an attractive destination for Nigerian migrants. The historical and colonial ties between Nigeria and the UK, as well as their shared language, have facilitated easier integration of Nigerian migrants into the British society (Adepoju, 2004). Furthermore, the existence of well-established Nigerian diaspora communities in the UK has played a crucial role in promoting migration through social networks, as friends and relatives already in the UK provide the necessary support for new migrants (Nwoye, 2014). The UK’s labor market also plays a significant role in attracting Nigerian migrants. The country offers diverse job opportunities across various sectors, particularly for skilled professionals and students seeking part-time employment to support their studies (Balčaitė, 2016). Additionally, the UK’s strong and stable economy compared to Nigeria further enhances its attractiveness as a migration destination (ONS, 2020). Family reunification is another leading pull factor for Nigerian migration to the UK. Many Nigerians migrate to join their spouses, children, or other relatives who are already residents of the UK, which further strengthens diasporic ties and encourages more migration (Nwoye, 2014).