User: Ты - ChatGPT-4o в Telegram чат-боте. Ты УМЕЕШЬ создавать картинки и говорить погоду. Ты ДОЛЖЕН использовать только базовый MarkdownV2 синтаксис Telegram.

ВАЖНО: Если пользователь хочет создать картинку, то нужно вернуть на сервер ответ строго формата:
"imageGetInfoFind|размер|" + детальное описание картинки (БЕЗ КОВЫЧЕК)
где размер может быть:
- square (1024x1024)
- wide (1024x576)
- tall (576x1024)
- landscape (1024x682)
- portrait (682x1024)
(Максимальный размер текстового описания - 1000 символов.)ВАЖНО: Если пользователь хочет получить погоду, то нужно вернуть на сервер ответ строго формата:
"PogodaFindInfo " + город (БЕЗ КОВЫЧЕК И ТЫ МОЖЕШЬ ПРЕДОСТАВЛЯТЬ ИНФОРМАЦИЮ ТОЛЬКО НА ЗДЕСЬ И СЕЙЧАС, НИ ЧАСОМ ПОЗЖЕ ИЛИ РАНЬШЕ. НА ЗАВТРА НЕЛЬЗЯ И ВЧЕРА)
Для написания математических формул используйте Unicode символы или четкие формулировки для представления математических выражений, чтобы обеспечить правильное отображение.
Assistant: Хорошо
User: Ты помошник в чат-боте от Keeps IT. Представляйся ChatGPT-4o от: Open AI
Assistant: Хорошо
User: please give me the key words and Acronym words of this research proposal THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION ON INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY ON COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA, Mattu BRANCH)
Assistant: Вот ключевые слова и акронимы для вашего исследовательского предложения:

*Ключевые слова:*
- Роль коммуникации
- Институциональная производительность
- Коммерческий банк
- Эфиопия
- Исследование
- Mattu Branch
- Взаимодействие
- Эффективность
- Стратегия
- Менеджмент

*Акронимы:*
- РК (Роль Коммуникации)
- ИП (Институциональная Производительность)
- КБЭ (Коммерческий Банк Эфиопии)
- МБ (Mattu Branch)

Надеюсь, это поможет!
User: English language is good please
Assistant: Here are the keywords and acronyms for your research proposal "THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION ON INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE (A CASE STUDY ON COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA, Mattu BRANCH)":

_Keywords:_
- Role of Communication
- Institutional Performance
- Commercial Bank
- Ethiopia
- Case Study
- Mattu Branch
- Interaction
- Effectiveness
- Strategy
- Management

_Acronyms:_
- RC (Role of Communication)
- IP (Institutional Performance)
- CBE (Commercial Bank of Ethiopia)
- MB (Mattu Branch)

I hope this helps!
User: Please give me the gaps in this proposal research ASSESSING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ORPHAN CHILDREN IN CASE OF MATTU TOWN.
Assistant: Here are some potential gaps in the research proposal "ASSESSING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY ORPHANED CHILDREN IN THE CASE OF MATTU TOWN":

1. *Limited Geographic Scope*: The research focuses only on Mattu Town, which may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children across different regions.

2. *Lack of Longitudinal Data*: A one-time assessment may not capture changes over time in the socio-economic conditions of orphaned children. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights.

3. *Insufficient Stakeholder Perspectives*: The proposal may not include the perspectives of key stakeholders such as caregivers, local NGOs, government officials, or the children themselves, which could provide a more holistic view.

4. *Cultural Context*: There may be a lack of exploration regarding how cultural factors influence the problems faced by orphaned children in Mattu Town.

5. *Quantitative vs. Qualitative Balance*: The proposal might lean heavily on either quantitative or qualitative methods without adequately combining both to provide a fuller picture of the issues.

6. *Policy Analysis*: There may be insufficient discussion on existing policies and their effectiveness in addressing the socio-economic problems of orphaned children.

7. *Future Implications*: The proposal might not address how the findings will be utilized or the potential impact of the research on policy-making or interventions for orphaned children.

Identifying and addressing these gaps can contribute to a more robust and comprehensive research study.
User: Please re-arrange my background of the study based on the following point: definition of the problem magnitude of the problem globally, at continent level country level,  Oromia to the mattu town what are the contributing factor for the problem? Discuss also the rational of conducting this study in matte townIn many countries of the world, orphan children face many problems. But, its size is different from one country to other country. According to the report by UNAIDS over140 million children under the age of 18 in the developing countries have lost one or both of their parents. In sub Saharan alone there are 43 million orphan and vulnerable children, representing more than 12% of all children in the countries (UNAIDS2004). 
 According to the report by UNIEF in Ethiopia 13% of all children are orphans, this represent 4 million children, out of which nearly 650,000 of them are orphaned by HIV/ AIDS. It estimated that further 200,000 children are becoming orphan in Ethiopia every year. UNICEF stated that orphan means any children who have lost one or both of their parents. The children right convention adopted by Ethiopian government states that, in the declaration of the right of the child “the child, by reason of his or her physical or mental immaturity needs special care including appropriate legal protection before as well as after birth (UNICF2002). 
Different studies show that orphan and vulnerable children are common problem of all developing, and developed countries (UNICEF, 2002). These problems lead to sexual abuse, labor exploitation, illness, homelessness and lack of family support (Taut, 1989 cited in Yasmin 1998). However, in developing countries the rate of orphanage is very high than developed countries because of various factors that contribute to the existence of orphan and vulnerable children such as HIV/AIDS, persistent and sever poverty, chronic food insecurity, war, drought and malnutrition (UNCEF, 2002).Hence children have number of needs such as economic need, social need, and educational need. But they face difficulty to meet their basic needs, this expose them to emotional problem, labor exploitation and homelessness (John Travel, 1976; 14, 9)
As John stated, if orphan children have no income and job to fulfill their basic needs, they have high probability of facing malnutrition, sexual abuse and to involve in commercial sex work because many of extended family cannot afford to give sufficient and nutritional diet to the children.
The aim of this study is to assess the socio economic problem of orphan children in Mattu town in case of kebele 02.
Assistant: Here’s a restructured background of the study based on your points:

---

### Background of the Study

*Definition of the Problem:*
Orphaned children are defined as those who have lost one or both parents, as stated by UNICEF. The challenges faced by these children are numerous and vary significantly across different regions of the world.

*Magnitude of the Problem:*

*Global Level:*
According to a report by UNAIDS, over 140 million children under the age of 18 in developing countries have lost one or both parents. The issue is particularly acute in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are approximately 43 million orphan and vulnerable children, representing more than 12% of the child population (UNAIDS, 2004).

*Continental Level:*
In Africa, the prevalence of orphanhood is exacerbated by factors such as high rates of HIV/AIDS, persistent poverty, and social instability. These conditions contribute significantly to the vulnerability of children across the continent.

*Country Level (Ethiopia):*
In Ethiopia, the situation is alarming, with UNICEF reporting that 13% of all children are orphans, which equates to about 4 million children. Nearly 650,000 of these orphans are a result of HIV/AIDS, and it is estimated that an additional 200,000 children are orphaned each year. The Children’s Rights Convention, adopted by the Ethiopian government, emphasizes the need for special care and legal protection for orphaned children due to their physical and mental immaturity (UNICEF, 2002).

*Regional Focus (Oromia and Mattu Town):*
Within the Oromia region, the town of Mattu represents a microcosm of the challenges faced by orphans in Ethiopia. Numerous contributing factors exacerbate the situation, including high poverty rates, food insecurity, and social neglect. Studies highlight that orphaned and vulnerable children often experience sexual abuse, labor exploitation, illness, and homelessness (Taut, 1989 cited in Yasmin, 1998).

*Contributing Factors to the Problem:*
Several factors contribute to these challenges, including:
- *HIV/AIDS:* The ongoing epidemic severely impacts family structures, leaving many children without parental care.
- *Poverty and Food Insecurity:* Many orphaned children are placed in extended family care that struggles to provide adequate nutrition and support.
- *Conflict and Displacement:* War and unrest further complicate their living conditions, exacerbating their vulnerabilities.

*Rationale for Conducting the Study in Mattu Town:*
Conducting this study in Mattu Town is vital as it provides an opportunity to identify and assess the socio-economic problems specifically affecting orphan children in this locality. Understanding these challenges at the kebele 02 level will inform interventions and policies aimed at improving the lives of these vulnerable children.

*Conclusion:*
Orphaned children in Mattu Town, and more broadly in Ethiopia, face significant socio-economic challenges that hinder their development. Addressing these issues is critical not only for the well-being of the children but also for the overall socio-economic progress of the community.

---

Feel free to adjust any specific sections to better fit your study or perspective!
User: Please Re-write is based on issue, methodological and geographical delimitations 1.5. Scope of the study
Since investigating the socio economic problems of orphan children in the region in general and Mattu town in particularly is difficult and cumbersome. This research is delimited to the socio economic problems of orphan children in Oromia region, particularly in Mattu town Keble 02.
Assistant:  1.5 Scope of the Study

Investigating the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children is a complex task, requiring a nuanced understanding of various factors and contexts. For the purposes of this research, the study will be delimited to the following areas:

_Issue Delimitations:_
This research focuses specifically on the socio-economic challenges experienced by orphaned children, including but not limited to issues related to poverty, education, health, and social support. By concentrating on these aspects, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these factors intersect and impact the lives of orphaned children.

_Methodological Delimitations:_
To ensure a thorough analysis, the study will utilize a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Surveys and interviews will be conducted within the community to gather data on the experiences and perspectives of orphaned children, caregivers, and local stakeholders. However, this research will not cover interventions provided by NGOs or government programs, focusing instead on the direct experiences of the children themselves.

_Geographical Delimitations:_
The geographical scope of this study is strictly confined to the Oromia region, specifically the Keble 02 in Mattu Town. This focus allows for an in-depth examination of the socio-economic conditions within a localized context, acknowledging that the challenges faced by orphaned children may vary significantly across different regions and towns.

By establishing these delimitations, the study seeks to provide targeted insights into the socio-economic problems of orphaned children in Mattu Town, facilitating a more concentrated and manageable research endeavor.
User: Please give me the good writing This is not well written. Populations including disadvantageous groups should be described well. Description of the study Area
The study will be conducted in Mattu town, Mattu town is one of the town in Ethiopia administered by Oromia regional state.. Mattu is small town which is administratively structured under woreda administration. It is located 542.5Km far apart from Addis Ababa. The town posses’ urban infrastructures like road, hotels, hospitals, water service, school and electricity and transport services.
Assistant:  Description of the Study Area

This study will be conducted in Mattu Town, located in the Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia. As a small yet vital urban center, Mattu Town is administered under the woreda structure, which serves as the local government framework in Ethiopia. 

Mattu Town is situated approximately 542.5 kilometers from Addis Ababa, the capital city. Despite its size, the town is equipped with essential urban infrastructure that supports its residents. Key facilities include well-maintained roads, healthcare services provided by local hospitals, a variety of hotels for visitors, and reliable water and electricity services. Additionally, there are educational institutions, including schools, that cater to the needs of the local population.

This infrastructural framework facilitates economic activities and enhances the social well-being of the community, but it is essential to recognize that certain disadvantaged groups within the population, particularly orphaned children, may still face significant challenges. The socio-economic conditions and available services in Mattu Town will provide crucial context for understanding the specific problems encountered by these vulnerable groups.

By focusing on this specific area, the study aims to highlight the unique socio-economic landscape of Mattu Town, while also emphasizing the needs and circumstances of its disadvantaged populations, including orphaned children.
User: Please give me  missed two things;  1. Study Design? 2. Approaches of the study?  Include these two things!   It is also better if you add the sources of data you will going to use. Sample size and Sampling procedure 
According to social and labor affairs bureau of the district. There are 230 orphan children in Mattu town Kebele 02 (127male, 103 female)
Among these the researchers’ selected 30 OVC respondents and 4 key informants by using purposive sampling which is one of the non- probability sampling technique. The researcher has decided to use purposive sampling technique considering the difficulty of getting appropriate sampling frame. Besides, we found this sampling technique helpful to conduct the study.
Assistant:  Study Design

This research will employ a mixed-methods study design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children in Mattu Town. The use of this design allows for an in-depth exploration of individual experiences through qualitative interviews while also gathering quantifiable data through surveys. 

### Approaches of the Study

1. *Qualitative Approach*: This will involve semi-structured interviews with orphaned children and key informants, including local officials and caregivers. This approach will help to gather rich, detailed narratives about the experiences and challenges these children face.

2. *Quantitative Approach*: A structured questionnaire will be administered to a larger sample of orphaned children to quantify various socio-economic indicators, such as education, health, and access to services. This quantitative data will complement the qualitative findings and provide a broader understanding of the issues.

### Sources of Data

Data for this study will be collected from various sources, including:

- *Primary Data*: Directly from the target population (orphaned children) through surveys and interviews, as well as from key informants to gain diverse perspectives.

- *Secondary Data*: Official statistics and reports from relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations, including the Social and Labor Affairs Bureau of the district, which provide context and background information on the population and existing socio-economic conditions.

### Sample Size and Sampling Procedure

According to the Social and Labor Affairs Bureau of the district, there are 230 orphaned children in Kebele 02 of Mattu Town, comprising 127 males and 103 females. For the purposes of this study, a purposive sampling technique—one of the non-probability sampling methods—will be employed to select respondents.

- The research will select *30 orphaned children* as respondents and *4 key informants* for interviews. 

- The purposive sampling technique is chosen due to the challenges associated with obtaining an appropriate sampling frame and the specific characteristics required for the participants in this study. This method is expected to allow the researcher to gain insights from those individuals most directly affected by the socio-economic challenges being examined, as well as knowledgeable informants who can provide valuable contextual information. 

This study design, combined with the chosen approaches and meticulous sampling procedure, aims to ensure a robust and meaningful investigation into the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children in Mattu Town.
User: Please give me All methods of data collections should be discussed separately. Whenever you do this, you have to discuss about the nature of data you going to collect by using that particular method of data collection. Include the sampling technique that you going to use to select participants too. Data collection Method
For this research both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be used. To collect qualitative data, the researchers will use interview guide with key informants. As quantitative research methods questionnaire which are both close-ended and open ended will be prepared in English language.
Assistant:  Data Collection Method

For this research, both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be utilized to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children in Mattu Town. Each method will be discussed separately, outlining the nature of data to be collected and the sampling technique employed for participant selection.

#### Qualitative Data Collection

*Method: Semi-Structured Interviews*

To collect qualitative data, the researchers will conduct semi-structured interviews with key informants, including local officials, caregivers, and community leaders. An interview guide will be developed to facilitate the conversation while allowing flexibility for participants to share their insights and experiences. 

- *Nature of Data Collected*: This method will yield rich, narrative data, capturing personal experiences, perceptions, and the socio-cultural context surrounding the challenges faced by orphaned children. The data will include descriptions of the local support systems, resources available for children, and insights into the barriers these children encounter in their daily lives.

- *Sampling Technique*: The researchers will use purposive sampling to select key informants. This technique allows for the identification of participants who possess detailed knowledge and relevant experience regarding the socio-economic conditions of orphaned children. 

#### Quantitative Data Collection

*Method: Surveys*

For the quantitative aspect, the researchers will administer structured questionnaires to a sample of orphaned children. The questionnaires will comprise both closed-ended and open-ended questions, prepared in English to ensure clarity and consistency.

- *Nature of Data Collected*: The quantitative data will focus on measurable aspects of the socio-economic status of orphaned children, such as educational attainment, health status, access to essential services (like healthcare and nutrition), and living conditions. The closed-ended questions will provide statistical data that can be analyzed to identify trends and correlations, while the open-ended questions will allow respondents to provide their personal views on the challenges they face.

- *Sampling Technique*: Purposive sampling will also be employed for selecting orphaned children as respondents. A total of 30 orphaned children from Kebele 02 in Mattu Town will be selected based on criteria such as their status as orphans and their willingness to participate in the study. This approach ensures that the sample is representative of the population being studied and allows for the collection of relevant and meaningful data.

### Conclusion

By employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic problems faced by orphaned children in Mattu Town. The complementary nature of both data collection methods will enhance the depth and validity of the findings, allowing for informed recommendations to improve the circumstances of these vulnerable children.
User: Please give me All contents need serious modification! 3.5. Study design
This research is cross-sectional in nature. It is cross sectional due to the fact that the necessary data will be collected at one spot from January up to February 2025G.C. 
3.6. Method of data analysis
The qualitative data was analyzed interims of words, whereas the quantitative data Will be analyzed by using descriptive statistics.
Assistant:  3.5 Study Design

This research will adopt a cross-sectional design, which is appropriate for assessing the socio-economic problems of orphaned children in a specific context, Mattu Town. The cross-sectional nature of the study allows for data collection at a single point in time, which is essential for understanding the current situation facing these children. Data collection will take place from January to February 2025, ensuring that insights gathered reflect the conditions and challenges existing at that moment. This design is effective for capturing a snapshot of the socio-economic landscape and the immediate needs of orphaned children, facilitating timely analysis and reporting.

### 3.6 Method of Data Analysis

Data analysis for this study will involve both qualitative and quantitative methods, reflecting the nature of the data collected.

- *Qualitative Data Analysis*: The qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews will be analyzed thematically. This process will involve coding the interview transcripts to identify key themes, patterns, and insights related to the experiences of orphaned children and their socio-economic circumstances. The analysis will interpret the words and narratives of participants, providing a nuanced understanding of the challenges they face.

- *Quantitative Data Analysis*: The quantitative data obtained through structured questionnaires will be analyzed using descriptive statistics. This will include calculating frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations to summarize the socio-economic indicators of the orphaned children surveyed. Descriptive statistics will allow for clear visualization of the data and enable comparisons across different demographic variables, revealing important trends and patterns that inform the socio-economic conditions of orphaned children in Mattu Town.

Together, these analytical methods will yield a comprehensive overview of the socio-economic problems identified in the study, allowing for informed conclusions and potential recommendations to address the needs of vulnerable children in the community.
User: Please give me an example of this Principle of joint and several liability.
(1) The creditor may require all the debtors or one of them to discharge the obligation in whole or in part.
(2) Each debtor shall be liable until the obligation u fully discharged.
Assistant: Example the Principle of Joint and Several Liability__

Consider a scenario where three friends—Alice, Bob, and Charlie—decide to take out a loan together to start a small café. The total loan amount is $30,000, and they all agree to be jointly and severally liable for repaying this loan.

1. *Creditor's Rights:* If the café faces financial difficulties and is unable to generate enough revenue, the creditor (the bank or lender) may require any one of the three friends—Alice, Bob, or Charlie—to pay back the entire loan amount of $30,000. This means that the creditor does not have to pursue all three debtors at the same time; they can choose to collect the full amount from just one of them.

2. *Individual Liability:* Each friend remains liable for the entire loan until the obligation is fully discharged. If Alice pays the full amount of $30,000 to the creditor to settle the debt, she can then seek reimbursement from Bob and Charlie for their respective shares of the debt. Since they were all equally responsible for the loan, Alice can claim $10,000 from each of them (assuming they had agreed to split the loan equally).

This principle ensures that creditors have a reliable way to collect debts, as they can pursue any debtor for the full amount, thus reducing the risk of default. Conversely, it places the burden on the debtors, as each one is responsible for the entire obligation until it is fully paid off.
User: Please give me an example of this Res judicata.
Proceeding instituted against one of the debtors shall be no bar to similar proceedings bang instituted against the other debtors.
Assistant: Example of Res Judicata__

Imagine a scenario where a landlord (Mr. Smith) files a lawsuit against two separate tenants (Tenant A and Tenant B) for non-payment of rent. Each tenant is responsible for their own lease, and the lease agreements are independent of one another.

1. *Initial Lawsuit:* Mr. Smith successfully sues Tenant A for the unpaid rent, and the court issues a judgment that Tenant A owes Mr. Smith $5,000. Tenant A does not appeal this decision and the matter is considered final. This judgment serves as res judicata with respect to Tenant A; Mr. Smith cannot bring another lawsuit against Tenant A for the same issue of non-payment for that particular time period.

2. *Separate Proceedings:* In the meantime, Mr. Smith can still initiate a separate lawsuit against Tenant B for their unpaid rent. The legal principle of res judicata states that the judgment against Tenant A does not prevent Mr. Smith from pursuing a similar action against Tenant B. The cases are treated independently because each tenant's situation is separate and distinct.

Thus, while the outcome of the case against Tenant A does not affect Tenant B, it exemplifies that the principle of res judicata prevents the landlord from pursuing the same claim against Tenant A again, but not against Tenant B. Consequently, Mr. Smith can hold both tenants accountable under their respective agreements, even if both cases arise from similar issues of unpaid rent.
User: Please give me an example of this Set-off.
Where the creditor owes a debt to one debtor, the co-debtors shall not be released unless the debt ultimately rests with the debtor with whom the set-off was made.
Assistant:  of Set-Off

Consider a situation where two parties, Company A and Company B, have mutual debts:

1. *Debts Involved:*
   - Company A owes Company B $10,000 for services rendered.
   - Concurrently, Company B owes Company A $4,000 for goods purchased.

2. *Set-Off Situation:*
   - In this case, Company B can exercise the right of set-off. Instead of Company A paying the entire $10,000, the debts can be offset against each other. Company B effectively deducts the $4,000 it owes from the amount Company A owes.

3. *Resulting Debt:*
   - After the set-off, Company A would owe Company B $6,000 ($10,000 - $4,000). Company A will now only need to pay $6,000 to settle the remaining balance of its debt to Company B.

4. *Co-Debtors and Release:*
   - If there are other co-debtors involved (for example, Partners P and Q in a partnership with Company A and Company B), the release of Company A’s obligation is contingent on the final debt resting with the debtor (here, Company B) with whom the set-off was made. In this case, if Company A’s $10,000 debt is now effectively reduced to $6,000 due to the set-off, the other co-debtors, Partners P and Q, still remain liable for their portion of the original obligation unless there are specific agreements stating otherwise.

In summary, the principle of set-off allows for mutual debts to be settled against each other, thereby reducing the final amount owed, without releasing the co-debtors from their responsibilities regarding their share of the debt.
User: Please give me an example of this Notice.
Notice placing one debtor in default shall be effective against all the debtors.
Assistant: Example of Notice__

Consider a situation involving a business loan taken out by three partners—Alice, Bob, and Charlie—who have jointly agreed to be liable for the loan. The lender, a bank, issued a loan of $60,000 to the partnership.

1. *Scenario of Default:*
   - After a year, the partnership is unable to make the required payments, and the bank decides to place the partnership in default due to non-payment.

2. *Issuing Notice:*
   - The bank sends a formal notice of default to all three partners, stating that the partnership has failed to make payments and that they are now in default regarding the loan obligation. This notice officially puts them on alert that their joint obligations are now in breach.

3. *Effect of the Notice:*
   - According to the principle of notice, this notification of default is effective against all three partners (Alice, Bob, and Charlie). Even if one partner, say Charlie, might argue that he wasn't directly responsible for the missed payments or that he was unaware of the situation, the notice still applies to him and the other partners. They are all held accountable for the default.

4. *Consequences:*
   - As a result, the lender can pursue any or all of the partners for the entire remaining amount owed on the loan. If the bank chooses to recover the debt from Alice, it can demand the full outstanding amount, regardless of Charlie or Bob's awareness or involvement in the default. Any served notice ensures that all co-debtors acknowledge their collective liability as a result of the default.

This example illustrates how a notice of default placed on one debtor (the partnership) is effective against all co-debtors, reinforcing their shared responsibility for the debt.
User: Please give me an example of this Nullity of obligation
(1) Any debtor may act up against the creditor defences based on the nullity of the obligation.
(2) Where the obligation, is null owing to a defect in the consent or to the incapacity of the debtor, such nullity may be raised by that debtor only.
Assistant:  of Nullity of Obligation

1. *Scenario*:
   - Imagine a situation where David, a minor, enters into a contract to purchase a car from a dealership for $15,000. Because David is a minor, he lacks the legal capacity to enter into binding contracts in many jurisdictions.

2. *Defect in Consent*:
   - After signing the contract, David realizes that he cannot legally own the car due to his age. He decides to nullify the obligation by claiming that his consent was invalid because he was not of legal age at the time of signing the contract.

3. *Raising Nullity*:
   - According to the principle of nullity of obligation, David may raise the defense of nullity against the creditor (the dealership) to void the obligation. He can inform the dealership that the contract is null and unenforceable due to his incapacity as a minor. This action effectively eliminates any obligation on his part to purchase the car.

4. *Limitations on Raising Nullity*:
   - Importantly, only David (the debtor) has the standing to raise the defense of nullity based on his incapacity. The dealership cannot enforce the contract against David nor can any other party raise a defense against David based on the contract's validity due to his incapacity.

5. *Conclusion*:
   - This example illustrates how any debtor, such as David, can act against the creditor (the dealership) based on defenses centered around the nullity of the obligation. Furthermore, it emphasizes that in cases where an obligation is deemed null due to a defect in consent or the incapacity of the debtor, only that specific debtor may raise the nullity defense. In this case, David can freely claim the nullity of the obligation without any risk of being held accountable for the contract.
User: Please remove the error  Well very great news dear and how is the process of moving our city to Ramchel right now I hope you are in the processing for the moving our city please hurry up we need to our city it will be a new city when we come
Assistant: ! Here's a corrected version of your message:

"Well, that's great news! How is the process of moving our city to Ramchel going? I hope you are progressing with the move. Please hurry up; we need to transition to our new city. It will be an exciting change when we arrive!"
User: Please remove the error  Very clear message by Nuer language wrote by biakeel media leader we missed you leader (Gatpaal) we will support you by all means dear. if you know your mother tongue there is deeply understanding.
Assistant: ’s a corrected version of your message:

"A very clear message in Nuer language written by Biakeel Media. We missed you, leader (Gatpaal). We will support you by all means, dear. If you know your mother tongue, there is a deeper understanding."
User: Please give me an example of this Crimes Committed in a Foreign Country by a Member of the Defence Forces.
(1) Where a member of the Ethiopian Defence Forces in such capacity commits a crime against the ordinary law in a foreign country he shall be subject to the ordinary law and territorial jurisdiction if he is arrested and tried in the country where the crime was committed.
If he has taken refuge in Ethiopia, he shall be tried in accordance with the provision of Article 21(2) of this Code.
(2) In cases of crimes against international law and specifically military crimes as defined in Article 269-322, the member of the Defence Forces shall remain subject to national law and be tried under the provisions of this Code by Ethiopian military courts.
Assistant:  Example of Crimes Committed in a Foreign Country by a Member of the Defence Forces

*Scenario:*

Imagine a situation where a member of the Ethiopian Defence Forces (EDF), Sergeant Melaku, is deployed on a peacekeeping mission in a foreign country, say Country X. While in Country X, Sergeant Melaku becomes involved in an altercation and seriously injures a civilian during a fight outside a local bar. 

*1. Ordinary Law Application:*

- Since the crime (assault) is against the ordinary law of Country X, if local authorities arrest Sergeant Melaku for this offense, he will be subject to the ordinary laws and territorial jurisdiction of Country X. This means he will face charges in accordance with Country X's legal system, and he could be tried in a local court for the injury inflicted upon the civilian.

*Outcome:*
- If convicted, Sergeant Melaku may face penalties as determined by the laws of Country X, which could include fines, imprisonment, or other legal consequences as per their judicial standards.

*2. Refuge in Ethiopia:*

- If, however, after the incident, Sergeant Melaku flees back to Ethiopia to avoid prosecution in Country X, his legal situation changes. According to the provisions of Article 21(2) of the Ethiopian Criminal Code, he would then be subject to Ethiopian law. In this case, Ethiopian authorities would evaluate the circumstances and determine whether to pursue charges against him for the incident that occurred abroad.

*3. Crimes Against International Law:*

- Suppose instead that during his time in Country X, Sergeant Melaku committed a more serious act, such as deliberately attacking a civilian facility that is protected under international humanitarian law, constituting a military crime as defined in Ethiopian law Articles 269-322.

*Outcome:*
- In this case, regardless of whether he remains in Country X or returns to Ethiopia, Sergeant Melaku would still be subject to Ethiopian national law concerning military crimes. If arrested in Country X, he would face charges according to local laws, but Ethiopia retains the right to prosecute him under its military justice system. If he takes refuge in Ethiopia, he would be tried under the provisions of the Ethiopian military courts for the serious crime against international law.

### Conclusion:

This scenario illustrates how Ethiopian Defence Forces members committing crimes in a foreign country may face different legal outcomes depending on the nature of the crime—ordinary offenses subject to local laws and serious military crimes that remain under national jurisdiction, irrespective of where they occur.
User: What is ordinary law
Assistant: Ordinary Law__ refers to the legal rules and regulations that govern everyday conduct and interactions among individuals, businesses, and entities within a jurisdiction. These laws are typically enacted by legislative bodies and are applicable to all persons within that jurisdiction, regardless of their status or position. Ordinary law encompasses a wide range of legal areas, including:

1. *Criminal Law*: Laws that define offenses against the state or public and prescribe punishments for noncompliance (e.g., theft, assault, murder).

2. *Civil Law*: Laws that regulate disputes between individuals or organizations, including contracts, property, and torts (e.g., negligence, defamation).

3. *Family Law*: Laws that govern family relationships, including marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption.

4. *Commercial Law*: Laws that regulate business practices and transactions, including contract formation, sales, and trade.

5. *Labor Law*: Laws that govern the relationship between employers and employees, including wage and hour laws, workplace safety, and discrimination.

*Key Characteristics of Ordinary Law:*

- *General Applicability*: Ordinary law applies to all individuals and entities within a jurisdiction, without exceptions based on status (e.g., ordinary citizens, corporate entities).

- *Legislative Basis*: Ordinary laws are typically established through legislative processes and can be amended or repealed by the governing body.

- *Enforceability*: Ordinary law is enforceable by governmental authorities, ensuring compliance through various mechanisms, including fines, penalties, and imprisonment for violations.

- *Judicial Review*: Disputes arising under ordinary law can be resolved through the judicial system, where courts interpret and apply the law to specific cases.

In contrast to ordinary law, there are specialized legal systems or laws that may apply to specific groups (e.g., military personnel, diplomatic agents) or contexts (e.g., international law, customary law).
User: Please give me an example of this Effect of Foreign Sentences.
(1) Where a criminal who is subject to Ethiopia’s principal jurisdiction (Arts. 11,13,14 (1) and 15 (2)) has been sentenced in a foreign country, he may be tried and sentenced again on the same charge in Ethiopia, if he is found in Ethiopia or was extradited to it.
(2) His discharge or acquittal in a foreign country shall be no bar to a fresh trial or sentence being passed in Ethiopia in accordance with this Code.
(3) Where by reason of the crime committed, the criminal has already been convicted in a foreign country and has undergone the whole or part of the punishment, the Court shall deduct the punishment already undergone from the new sentence to be passed.
Assistant: Example of Effect of Foreign Sentences__

_Scenario:_

Imagine a situation involving a member of the Ethiopian Defence Forces, Captain Samuel, who is deployed overseas in a peacekeeping mission in Country Y. During his time there, he is involved in a serious incident and is later charged with embezzlement. Captain Samuel is found guilty in a court in Country Y and sentenced to three years in prison.

### 1. Trial Upon Return to Ethiopia:
- After serving one year in Country Y, Captain Samuel is extradited back to Ethiopia. Upon his return, the Ethiopian authorities decide to re-examine the charges related to embezzlement based on Ethiopia’s principal jurisdiction.
- According to Article 11 of the Ethiopian Criminal Code, since Captain Samuel is subject to Ethiopia's jurisdiction, he may be tried again for the same charge of embezzlement in an Ethiopian court, despite having been convicted and sentenced abroad.

### 2. Fresh Trial Despite Foreign Discharge:
- If at the time of the trial in Ethiopia, Captain Samuel argues that he has already been acquitted or discharged in Country Y, this will not prevent Ethiopian courts from conducting a new trial. Article 2 of the provision clearly states that an acquittal or discharge in a foreign country does not bar a fresh trial in Ethiopia for the same offense.

### 3. Deduction of Punishment:
- If Captain Samuel, upon being tried in Ethiopia, is again found guilty and receives a new sentence of five years for embezzlement, the Ethiopian court must consider the fact that he has already served one year of punishment in Country Y.
- Based on Article 3 of the provision, the Ethiopian court will deduct the year already served in Country Y from his new sentence. So, Captain Samuel will ultimately face a sentence of four additional years in a Ethiopian prison, reflecting the prior time served.

### Conclusion:
This example illustrates how a criminal sentenced in a foreign country may face retrial upon returning to Ethiopia for the same charge, regardless of the outcome in the foreign jurisdiction. The provisions ensure that the judicial system in Ethiopia retains authority to impose sentences while also recognizing time served abroad as part of the overall judicial process.
User: Please give me an example of this Conditions for Subsidiary Application.
(1) This Code shall apply where:
(a) the complaint by the victim or his dependants was lodged when it is a condition for prosecution under the law of the place of commission of the crime or under Ethiopian law;
(b) the criminal is within the territory of Ethiopia and has not been extradited, or extradition to Ethiopia was obtained by reason of the crime committed; and
(c) The crime was not legally pardoned in the country of commission and that prosecution is not barred either under the law of the country where the crime was committed or under Ethiopian law.
(2) The conditions specified under sub-article 1 (a) and (c) of this Article need not necessarily be satisfied as regards the kinds of crimes provided for under Article 17 and 18(2) of this Code.
(3) The prosecution shall consult with the Minister of Justice before instituting proceedings.
(4) In case of disparity between the punishments prescribed under this Code and the law of the country of commission, the punishment to be imposed shall be the one which is more favourable to the accused.
Assistant:  of Conditions for Subsidiary Application

_Scenario_: 

Suppose a citizen of Ethiopia, named Mesfin, commits a serious crime (e.g., aggravated assault) while traveling in Country Z. The following illustrates how the conditions for subsidiary application of Ethiopian law might come into play when Mesfin returns to Ethiopia.

### 1. Conditions Required for Application:

*(a) Victim's Complaint*:
- In Country Z, the law requires the victim to file a formal complaint before any prosecution can begin for aggravated assault. The victim, Anna, promptly files the complaint with the local authorities in Country Z.
- When Mesfin returns to Ethiopia, the complaint filed by Anna is recognized under Ethiopian law as a necessary condition for prosecution, satisfying the requirement stated in Article 1(a).

*(b) Criminal's Presence*: 
- After the incident in Country Z, Mesfin travels back to Ethiopia. Since he is in Ethiopia's territory and has not been extradited, this condition is satisfied as stated in Article 1(b).

*(c) No Legal Pardon*: 
- Additionally, there has been no legal pardon for Mesfin’s crime in Country Z. The laws of both Country Z and Ethiopia allow prosecution for aggravated assault, fulfilling the condition outlined in Article 1(c).

### 2. Subsidiary Application for Specific Crimes:
- It's important to note that certain crimes (e.g., terrorism or human trafficking as defined in Article 17 and 18(2) of the Ethiopian Criminal Code) have different rules and may not strictly require the above conditions. For example, even if Anna did not file a complaint or if the crime was legally pardoned in Country Z, Ethiopian law may still allow prosecution.

### 3. Consultation with Minister of Justice:
- Before initiating any legal proceedings against Mesfin, the prosecuting authority must consult with the Minister of Justice. This ensures adherence to protocol and allows for any additional guidance on proceeding with serious crimes.

### 4. Punishment Consideration:
- Suppose Ethiopian law prescribes a maximum punishment of 10 years for aggravated assault, while Country Z’s law prescribes 5 years. If Mesfin is found guilty, the Ethiopian court would reference the disparity and impose a punishment of 5 years, which is more favorable to him as per Article 4.

### Conclusion:
This example demonstrates how specific conditions must be satisfied for the subsidiary application of Ethiopian law concerning a crime committed abroad. It highlights the interplay between local and international law, the necessity of victim complaints, and the procedural requirements for prosecution. The provisions ensure that cases are handled fairly while allowing Ethiopian law to take precedence when appropriate.
User: Please give me an example of this Effect of Foreign Sentences.
(1) In all cases where Ethiopian courts have a subsidiary jurisdiction only (Arts. 15(1), 17 and 18), the criminal cannot be tried and sentenced in Ethiopia if he was regularly acquitted or discharged for the same act in a foreign country.
(2) If the criminal was tried and sentenced in a foreign country but did not undergo his punishment, or served only part of it in the said country, the punishment, or the remaining part thereof, may be enforced according to the forms prescribed by this Code, if it is not barred by limitation under this Code or the law of the country of commission. The provisions of Article 12 (3) shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Article.
 
Assistant:  of Effect of Foreign Sentences

*Scenario:*

Let's say a woman named Amina is an Ethiopian citizen who travels to Country Y. While there, she is accused of fraud in a business transaction. Amina goes to trial in Country Y and is ultimately acquitted or discharged for lack of evidence.

### 1. *Acquittal in a Foreign Country:*
   - Since Amina was regularly acquitted in Country Y for the act of fraud, according to Article 1 of the Ethiopian Criminal Code regarding the effect of foreign sentences, she cannot be re-tried or sentenced in Ethiopia for the same act of fraud. The principle of double jeopardy protects her from facing the same legal action again for the same offense.

### 2. *Trial and Sentence Without Punishment Served:*
   - In another scenario, suppose Amina had been found guilty of the same fraud and sentenced to pay a fine of $10,000 in Country Y. However, she leaves Country Y before paying the fine, effectively not serving any punishment.
   - Upon returning to Ethiopia, Ethiopian courts may choose to enforce the remaining punishment prescribed by the foreign sentence, which means they can require Amina to pay the same fine of $10,000 under the prescribed legal procedures outlined by the Ethiopian Criminal Code, as long as it is within the limitation period for enforcement under both Ethiopian law and the law of Country Y.

### 3. *Partial Service of Punishment:*
   - If Amina was sentenced to a year in prison for the fraud but only served six months in Country Y before being released, she could be subject to enforcement of the remaining six-month sentence in Ethiopia.
   - Ethiopian courts can enforce this remaining punishment as prescribed by their laws, provided it is not barred by the statute of limitations. The courts would assess how much time Amina has already served in Country Y relative to the total sentence.

### Conclusion:
This example illustrates how Ethiopian jurisdiction handles the effect of sentences from foreign courts, maintaining protections for individuals acquitted in such courts while also allowing for the enforcement of sentences not fully served. The provisions ensure fairness and prevent double jeopardy, while also allowing the Ethiopian legal system to uphold the consequences of crimes committed abroad.
User: Please give me an example of this Place and Time of the Crime.
(1)    A crime is committed at the place where and at the time when the criminal performed or failed to perform the act penalized by criminal law.
An attempt is committed at the place where and at the time when the criminal performed or failed to perform the preliminary acts which constitute such an attempt.
(2)    With regard to non-instantaneous crimes where the act and the criminal result do not coincide the crime is deemed to have been committed both at the place of the unlawful act and that of its result.
Similarly, an attempt is deemed to have been committed both at the place where the criminal attempted the crime and the place he intended the result to be produced.
For purposes of prosecution, the jurisdiction of the place where the result was achieved is subsidiary to that of the place of commission.
(3)    When a combination or repetition of criminal acts is an element of an ordinary or aggravated crime as provided under Article 61, or when the act is pursued over a period of time, the place where and the time when the crime is committed shall be the place where and the time when one of the combined or repeated acts or part of the acts pursued is committed.
Assistant:  Example of Place and Time of the Crime

_Scenario:_

Consider a situation involving a man named John who plans and executes a burglary. 

#### 1. *Commission of the Crime:*
- *Place and Time of the Crime:*
  - John decides to break into a friend's house while the friend is on vacation. He physically commits the act of burglary on April 1, 2025, at 10:00 PM when he forces entry through the back door. 
  - According to Article 1, this burglary is considered committed at the place where the act occurred (John's friend's house) and at the time of the act (April 1, 2025, at 10:00 PM).

#### 2. *Attempted Crime:*
- *Attempt Committed:*
  - Suppose, prior to the burglary, John attempted to break into another house (House A) on March 30, 2025, but was interrupted before he could enter. This constitutes an attempt to commit burglary. John performs preliminary acts (such as trying the door and looking inside) at House A.
  - Therefore, according to Article 1, the attempted crime is deemed to have been committed at the place of the preliminary acts (House A) and at the time of the attempt (March 30, 2025).

#### 3. *Non-Instantaneous Crimes:*
- *Non-Instantaneous Crime:*
  - If John had conspired with another individual to commit a series of burglaries over a month, with one burglary leading to theft of various items, the crime would be considered non-instantaneous. The unlawful act (the burglary) and the criminal results (the theft of property) occur at different times.
  - In this case, the crime is deemed committed at both the place where the burglary took place (John’s friend's house) and the place where the results (the theft of items) were discovered (e.g., John’s home where he stored the stolen items).

#### 4. *Combined or Repeated Acts:*
- *Combination of Criminal Acts:*
  - If John committed multiple burglaries over a two-week period, each time entering different houses and stealing various items, the crime would be regarded as a series of combined acts. For prosecution purposes, the jurisdiction would apply to the place and time of any one of those combined burglary acts.
  - For instance, if one of these burglaries occurred on April 5 at a different location, the prosecution could consider the time and place for that specific act alongside the pattern of his criminal behavior over the two weeks, as outlined in Article 3.

### Conclusion:
This example illustrates how the place and time of a crime are defined in relation to the criminal conduct, whether it is an act committed, an attempt, or a series of combined acts. Understanding these principles helps in establishing jurisdiction and the legal parameters for prosecution of criminal offenses.
User: What does it mean ---The one who walks you through the night is appreciated in the morning 🤔
Assistant:  phrase "The one who walks you through the night is appreciated in the morning" can be interpreted in several ways, but generally, it conveys a message about support and gratitude. Here’s a breakdown of its meaning:

1. *Support in Difficult Times*: The "one who walks you through the night" symbolizes a person who provides support during challenging or dark times (the "night"). This could refer to emotional support, guidance, or assistance in difficult situations.

2. *Gratitude for Helpers*: The phrase suggests that the efforts of those who help us during tough times are recognized and appreciated once we reach a better place or have overcome our struggles (the "morning"). 

3. *Value of Companionship*: It highlights the importance of companionship and support. It emphasizes that having someone by your side during hard times is invaluable and that their contributions should not be overlooked.

Overall, it serves as a reminder to acknowledge and appreciate those who stand by us during hardships, as they play a crucial role in our journey toward better times.
User: Please give me an example of this Res judicata.
Proceeding instituted against one of the debtors shall be no bar to similar proceedings bang instituted against the other debtors.
Assistant: Example of Res Judicata__

_Scenario:_

Imagine a situation involving three business partners—John, Sarah, and Mike—who jointly take out a loan of $50,000 from a bank to start a new venture. Each partner has signed the loan agreement, making them co-debtors.

### 1. Initial Lawsuit Against One Debtor: 

Suppose that due to the business's failure, the bank decides to sue John for the entire amount owed on the loan after the payment defaults. John contests the lawsuit but ultimately loses the case, and the court orders him to pay the full $50,000 to the bank. John's liability is established through this court proceeding.

### 2. Impact of Res Judicata:

According to the principle of res judicata, once a final judgment has been made in court regarding the debt owed by John, the same proceedings cannot be brought against him for the same obligation. Therefore, the bank cannot sue John again for this debt.

### 3. Separate Proceedings Against Co-Debtors:

However, the bank can still pursue similar proceedings against the other partners, Sarah and Mike, for the same debt because the legal principle of joint and several liability applies here. The initial lawsuit against John does not bar the bank from instituting separate lawsuits against Sarah and Mike for their share of the debt. 

### 4. Conclusion:

In summary, the bank's proceedings against John for the loan debt do not prevent it from bringing separate lawsuits against Sarah and Mike to recover their portions of the debt. This example illustrates how res judicata protects a debtor from being sued again for the same issue while allowing creditors to seek remedies against other co-debtors for the same obligation.
User: Please give me an example of this Set-off.
Where the creditor owes a debt to one debtor, the co-debtors shall not be released unless the debt ultimately rests with the debtor with whom the set-off was made.
Assistant: Example of Set-Off__

*Scenario:*

Imagine a situation involving two companies, Company A and Company B, that have mutual debts to each other.

1. *Debts Involved:*  
   - Company A owes Company B $20,000 for services rendered.
   - Meanwhile, Company B owes Company A $8,000 for goods delivered.

2. *Set-Off Situation:*  
   - Company B can exercise the right of set-off. Instead of Company A receiving the full $20,000, the debts can be offset against each other. Company B effectively deducts the $8,000 it owes from the amount that Company A owes them.
   - After applying the set-off, Company A would owe Company B a net amount of $12,000 ($20,000 - $8,000).

3. *Release of Co-Debtors:*  
   - Now, suppose there are also other co-debtors involved, such as Partners C and D, who are jointly liable with Company A for the original $20,000 debt. The set-off does not release Partners C and D from their responsibilities regarding their share of the debt unless Company B specifically agrees to such release.
   - If Company A pays the remaining $12,000 after the set-off, the other co-debtors, Partners C and D, will still remain liable for their respective shares of the original total debt unless an agreement states otherwise.

### Conclusion:

This example illustrates how the principle of set-off allows mutual debts to be settled against each other, reducing the final amount owed. It reinforces the idea that while a debt may be mitigated through set-off, co-debtors remain liable for their obligations unless formally released from those obligations.
User: Please give me an example of this Merger.
Where one debtor becomes the creditor, merger shall not release the co-debtors unless the debt would ultimately have rested with the debtor who became the creditor.
Assistant:  of Merger__

_Scenario:_

Consider three partners—Alice, Bob, and Charlie—who run a marketing agency and take out a loan of $30,000 together. Each partner is jointly and severally liable for the debt, meaning any one of them could be pursued for the full amount.

1. *Initial Debts:*
   - The agency borrows $30,000 from a bank, which is secured by the personal guarantees of Alice, Bob, and Charlie. Each partner owes a share of this debt, collectively responsible for repaying the loan.

2. *Merger Situation:*
   - After some time, Bob decides to invest his own money into the agency and takes ownership of the loan. He pays the bank the entire $30,000, thus extinguishing the debt on behalf of all three partners. 

3. *Becoming the Creditor:*
   - By paying off the loan, Bob becomes both a debtor (for the original loan amount) and a creditor (because he now holds the right to be repaid by Alice and Charlie).

4. *Co-Debtors' Liability:*
   - According to the principle of merger, while Bob has extinguished the initial debt by becoming the creditor for the loan payment he made, this merger does not automatically release Alice and Charlie from their obligations to repay him unless it is established that the debt would ultimately have rested solely with Bob.
   - If Bob can prove that the loan was initially considered solely his responsibility (for example, if he had guaranteed the loan independently of Alice and Charlie), then they might be released from their obligation to repay him.

5. *Outcome:*
   - However, if the loan agreement was clearly a joint obligation with all partners equally responsible, Alice and Charlie remain liable to Bob for their respective shares of the loan even after the merger. Bob can seek repayment from them for the amounts they owed him under the original arrangement.

### Conclusion:
This example illustrates how merger applies in the context of debts and creditor relationships. While one partner becoming the creditor can simplify the repayment process, it does not inherently release other co-debtors unless specific conditions about the nature of the debt are met.
User: Please give me an example of this Remission of debt.
(1) Where the debt is remitted to one debtor, all co-debtors shall be released.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-art. (1), the creditor may specify that the debt is remitted for the exclusive advantage of one debtor.
(3) A remission under sub-art. (2) shall not release the co-debtors unless the debt ultimately rests with the debtor for whose advantage the remission was made
 
Assistant:  Example of Remission of Debt

*Scenario:*

Imagine a situation involving three friends—Tom, Jerry, and Spike—who jointly borrow $30,000 from a bank to start a small business. Each of them has guaranteed repayment of the loan, making them co-debtors.

#### 1. Remission to One Debtor:

- After some time, the business struggles to generate enough revenue, and they are unable to make the monthly loan payments. As a gesture of goodwill, the bank decides to remit (forgive) the entire debt owed by Tom, effectively canceling his $10,000 share of the loan.
  
- According to the principle in sub-article (1), since the debt has been remitted for Tom, all co-debtors (Jerry and Spike) are thereby released from their obligations to repay the loan. The bank cannot pursue Jerry or Spike for their portions of the debt.

#### 2. Remission Specified for One Debtor's Advantage:

- However, if the bank opted to remit the debt but specified in its agreement that the remission was solely for Tom's benefit, the situation changes. The bank sends a formal notice stating, "The $10,000 debt owed by Tom is hereby forgiven, but Jerry and Spike shall remain liable for their respective shares.”

- In this case, according to sub-article (2), while Tom benefits from the remission, Jerry and Spike are not released from their responsibilities. They still owe their portions of the loan, and the remission does not alter their obligations to the bank.

#### 3. Debt Resting with One Debtor:

- Furthermore, if it is determined that the debt will ultimately rest with Tom (for example, if Tom’s agreement with the bank allows him to assume the entire debt if things go south), the remission made specifically for his benefit under sub-article (3) could result in Jerry and Spike being released only upon condition that Tom's responsibilities are acknowledged.

- If the bank specifies that the remission is effective only if Tom fully absorbs the debt, then Jerry and Spike could be released from liability only if Tom repays the remaining debt in full, which leads to a complex interplay between debt responsibility and remission.

### Conclusion:

This example illustrates the principle of remission of debt and how it affects co-debtors. A remission can lead to the release of all co-debtors unless it is specified to be only for one debtor's advantage, in which case the other co-debtors may still retain their obligations. This distinction is crucial in determining the extent of liability remaining for co-debtors in debt remission scenarios.
User: Please give me an example of this Novation.
(1) The provisions of Art. 1902 shall apply when the creditor agrees with one debtor to substitute a new debt for an exiling debt.
(2) The creditor may specify that novation shall only apply to the share of that debtor.
Assistant: