Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             of pathologic or 
traumatic conditions. 
Key diagnostic signs include: 
 
1. Color changes associated with demineralization. 
2. Cavitation. 
3. Wear.  
4. Faults and fissures. 
5. Cracks 
Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis 
www.drcube.org Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis 
Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis 
Color changes associated with demineralization 
1 
Color 
changes 
related 
to 
enamel 
demineralization and caries are critical 
diagnostic observations.  
Subsurface enamel porosity from carious 
demineralization is manifested clinically by 
a milky white opacity called (white spot 
lesion); when located on smooth surfaces. 
In 
later 
stages 
of 
caries, 
internal 
demineralization of enamel at the DEJ, 
subsurface cavitation imparts a blue or gray 
color to the overlying enamel. 
www.drcube.org 
Cavitation 
2 
The dentin is affected until enamel breaks 
away to create a cavity, a restoration must 
then be placed.  
If untreated the cavitation expands to 
compromise the structural strength of the 
crown and microorganisms infiltrate into deep 
dentin to affect the vitality of the tooth.  
When the carious lesion extends gingival to 
CEJ as in root caries, isolation, access, and 
gingival 
tissue 
response 
complicate 
the 
restorative procedure. 
www.drcube.org 
Wear 
3 
Enamel is as hard as steel. However, 
enamel will wear because of attrition or 
frictional 
contact 
against 
opposing 
enamel or harder restorative materials 
such as porcelain. Heavy occlusal wear 
is demonstrated when rounded cuspal 
contacts are ground to flat facets. 
Depending on factors such as bruxism, 
malocclusion, age, and diet; cusps may be 
completely lost, and enamel abraded away 
so that dentin is exposed. So, cavity outline 
form should be designed so that the margins 
of restorative materials avoid critical high 
stress areas of occlusal contact. 
www.drcube.org 
Faults and fissures 
4 
A deep fissure is formed by incomplete fusion 
of lobes of cuspal enamel in the developing 
tooth. The resulting narrow clefts provide a 
protected area for acidogenic bacteria.  
Pits and fissures defects are eight times more 
vulnerable to caries than are smooth 
surfaces. Careful observation of enamel 
surrounding 
fissures 
for 
evidence 
of 
demineralization or cavitations’ is necessary to 
determine 
the 
need 
for 
restorative 
intervention. 
www.drcube.org 
Cracks 
5 
Pronounced 
cracks 
that 
extend from developmental 
grooves 
across 
marginal 
ridges to axial walls or from 
the 
margins 
of 
large 
restorations 
may 
cause 
cuspal fracture. When this 
crack 
extends 
through 
dentin or when the patient 
has pain when chewing; the 
tooth requires a restoration 
that 
provide 
complete 
cuspal coverage. 
www.drcube.org 
www.drcube.org 
enamel is highly mineralized crystalline 
structure containing from 95% to 98% 
inorganic matter by weight. Hydroxyapatite, 
in the form of a crystalline lattice, is the 
largest minerals constituent and is present 
90% to 92% by vol

            Quiz: