You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


# Google Cloud Pub/Sub gRPC

@@@ note
Google Cloud Pub/Sub provides many-to-many, asynchronous messaging that decouples senders and receivers.

Further information at the official [Google Cloud documentation website](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/overview).
@@@

This connector communicates to Pub/Sub via the gRPC protocol. The integration between Akka Stream and gRPC is handled by
@extref[Akka gRPC $akka-grpc.version$](akka-grpc:). For a connector that uses HTTP for the communication, take a
look at the alternative @ref[Alpakka Google Cloud Pub/Sub](google-cloud-pub-sub.md) connector.

@@project-info{ projectId="google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc" }

## Artifacts

Akka gRPC uses Akka Discovery internally. Make sure to add Akka Discovery with the same Akka version that the application uses.

@@dependency [sbt,Maven,Gradle] {
  group=com.lightbend.akka
  artifact=akka-stream-alpakka-google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc_$scala.binary.version$
  version=$project.version$
  symbol2=AkkaVersion
  value2=$akka.version$
  group2=com.typesafe.akka
  artifact2=akka-stream_$scala.binary.version$
  version2=AkkaVersion
  group3=com.typesafe.akka
  artifact3=akka-discovery_$scala.binary.version$
  version3=AkkaVersion
}

The table below shows direct dependencies of this module and the second tab shows all libraries it depends on transitively.

@@dependencies { projectId="google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc" }

## Binary compatibility

@@@warning

This connector contains code generated from Protobuf files which is bound to @extref:[Akka gRPC $akka-grpc.version$](akka-grpc:). This makes it @extref:[NOT binary-compatible](akka-grpc:/binary-compatibility.html) with later versions of Akka gRPC.
You can not use a different version of Akka gRPC within the same JVM instance.

@@@

## Build setup

The Alpakka Google Cloud Pub/Sub gRPC library contains the classes generated from [Google's protobuf specification](https://github.com/googleapis/java-pubsub/tree/master/proto-google-cloud-pubsub-v1/).

@@@note { title="ALPN on JDK 8" }

HTTP/2 requires ALPN negotiation, which comes with the JDK starting with
version 8u251.

For older versions of the JDK you will need to load the `jetty-alpn-agent`
yourself, but we recommend upgrading.

@@@

## Configuration

The connector comes with the default settings configured to work with the Google Pub Sub endpoint and uses the default way of
locating credentials by looking at the `GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS` environment variable. Please check
[Google official documentation](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/reference/libraries#setting_up_authentication) for more details
on how to obtain credentials for your application.

The defaults can be changed (for example when testing against the emulator) by tweaking the reference configuration:

reference.conf
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/main/resources/reference.conf)

Test Configuration
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/resources/application.conf)

For more configuration details consider the underlying configuration for @extref:[Akka gRPC](akka-grpc:/client/configuration.html).

A manually initialized @scala[@scaladoc[GrpcPublisher](akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.pubsub.grpc.scaladsl.GrpcPublisher)]@java[@scaladoc[GrpcPublisher](akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.pubsub.grpc.javadsl.GrpcPublisher)] or @scala[@scaladoc[GrpcSubscriber](akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.pubsub.grpc.scaladsl.GrpcSubscriber)]@java[@scaladoc[GrpcSubscriber](akka.stream.alpakka.googlecloud.pubsub.grpc.javadsl.GrpcSubscriber)] can be used by providing it as an attribute to the stream:

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #attributes }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #attributes }

## Publishing 

We first construct a message and then a request using Google's builders. We declare a singleton source which will go via our publishing flow. All messages sent to the flow are published to PubSub.

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #publish-single }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #publish-single }


Similarly to before, we can publish a batch of messages for greater efficiency.

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #publish-fast }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #publish-fast }

## Subscribing

To receive messages from a subscription, there are two options: `StreamingPullRequest`s or synchronous `PullRequest`s.
To decide whether you should use `StreamingPullRequest` or `PullRequest`, see [StreamingPull: Dealing with large backlogs of small messages](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/pull#streamingpull_dealing_with_large_backlogs_of_small_messages) and [Synchronous Pull](https://cloud.google.com/pubsub/docs/pull#synchronous_pull) from Google Cloud PubSub's documentation

### StreamingPullRequest
To receive message from a subscription, first we create a `StreamingPullRequest` with a FQRS of a subscription and
a deadline for acknowledgements in seconds. Google requires that only the first `StreamingPullRequest` has the subscription
and the deadline set. This connector takes care of that and clears up the subscription FQRS and the deadline for subsequent
`StreamingPullRequest` messages.

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #subscribe-stream }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #subscribe-stream }

Here `pollInterval` is the time between `StreamingPullRequest`s are sent when there are no messages in the subscription.

### PullRequest

With `PullRequest`, each request receives a batch of messages, up to a maximum specified by the `maxMessages`.

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #subscribe-sync }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #subscribe-sync }

Here `pollInterval` is the time between `PullRequest` messages.

In order to minimise latency between requests you can set a buffer on the source. The buffer size depends on the usual
number of messages you receive per each request, if you usually receive the maximum number of messages, it's a good idea
to set the buffer size to be the same as the `maxMessages` parameter. Please note that by having a buffer, you are allowing
messages to spend some of their lease time in the buffer, hence reducing the time to process them before the acknowledgement
deadline is reached. This will depend on your acknowledgement deadline and processing time.

### Acknowledge

Messages received from the subscription need to be acknowledged or they will be sent again. To do that create
`AcknowledgeRequest` that contains `ackId`s of the messages to be acknowledged and send them to a sink
created by `GooglePubSub.acknowledge`.

Scala
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/IntegrationSpec.scala) { #acknowledge }

Java
: @@snip (/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/java/docs/javadsl/IntegrationTest.java) { #acknowledge }

## Running the test code

@@@ note
Integration test code requires Google Cloud Pub/Sub emulator running in the background. You can start it quickly using docker:

`docker-compose up -d gcloud-pubsub-client`

This will also run the Pub/Sub admin client that will create topics and subscriptions used by the
integration tests.
@@@

Tests can be started from sbt by running:

sbt
:   ```bash
    > google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/test
    ```

There is also an @github[ExampleApp](/google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/src/test/scala/docs/scaladsl/ExampleApp.scala) that can be used
to test publishing to topics and receiving messages from subscriptions.

To run the example app you will need to configure a project and Pub/Sub in Google Cloud and provide your own credentials.

sbt
:   &#9;

    ```bash
    env GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=/path/to/application/credentials.json sbt

    // receive messages from a subsciptions
    > google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/Test/run subscribe <project-id> <subscription-name>

    // publish a single message to a topic
    > google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/Test/run publish-single <project-id> <topic-name>

    // continually publish a message stream to a topic
    > google-cloud-pub-sub-grpc/Test/run publish-stream <project-id> <topic-name>
    ```