What should i read to learn this material:
Learning objectives statements define what a student needs to be
able to do with content knowledge in order to progress through the
course.
Essential knowledge statements define the required content
knowledge associated with each learning objective assessed on
the AP Exam.
Boundary statements provide guidance to teachers regarding
the content boundaries of the AP Physics courses. Boundary
statements appear at the end of essential knowledge statements
where appropriate.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 9.1.A Describe the pressure a gas exerts on its container in terms of atomic motion within that gas. 9.1.A.1 Atoms in a gas collide with and exert forces on other atoms in the gas and with the container in which the gas is contained. 9.1.A.1.i Collisions involving pairs of atoms or an atomandafixedobjectcanbedescribed andanalyzedusingconservationof momentum principles. 9.1.A.1.ii The pressure exerted by a gas on a surface is the ratio of the sum of the magnitudes of the perpendicular components of the forces exerted by the gas’s atoms on the surface to the area of the surface. Relevant equation: 9.1.A.1.iii Pressure exists throughout the gas itself, not just at the boundary between the gas and the container.
9.1.B Describe the temperature of a system in terms of the atomic motion within that system. 9.1.B.1 Thetemperatureofasystemischaracterized by the average kinetic energy of the atoms within that system. 9.1.B.1.i TheMaxwell–Boltzmanndistribution provides a graphical representation of the energies and speeds of atoms at a given temperature.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE 9.1.B.1.ii Theroot-mean-squarespeed corresponding to the average kinetic energy for an ideal gas is related to the temperature of the gas by BOUNDARY STATEMENT AP Physics 2 only expects students to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of collisions in one and two dimensions. Students are not expected to know the functional form of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution but are expected to be familiar with how features of the distribution are related to the temperature of the gas. Return to Table of Contents © 2024 College Board AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Course and Exam Description Course Framework V.1 | 30 3 1 K k avg r = = T mv 2 2 B 2 ms.
Preface
Chapter 1  Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units
1.1 Physics: An Introduction
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
1.4 Approximation
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 2  Kinematics
Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.1 Displacement
2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.7 Falling Objects
2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 3  Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics
3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
3.4 Projectile Motion
3.5 Addition of Velocities
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 4  Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.1 Development of Force Concept
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies
4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 5  Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws
5.1 Friction
5.2 Drag Forces
5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 6  Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
6.3 Centripetal Force
6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 7  Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.5 Nonconservative Forces
7.6 Conservation of Energy
7.7 Power
7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
7.9 World Energy Use
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 8  Linear Momentum and Collisions
Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions
8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
8.2 Impulse
8.3 Conservation of Momentum
8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 9  Statics and Torque
Introduction to Statics and Torque
9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium
9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.3 Stability
9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.5 Simple Machines
9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 10  Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
10.1 Angular Acceleration
10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion
10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 11  Fluid Statics
Introduction to Fluid Statics
11.1 What Is a Fluid?
11.2 Density
11.3 Pressure
11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
11.9 Pressures in the Body
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 12  Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 13  Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
13.1 Temperature
13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.5 Phase Changes
13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 14  Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
14.1 Heat
14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.4 Heat Transfer Methods
14.5 Conduction
14.6 Convection
14.7 Radiation
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 15  Thermodynamics
Introduction to Thermodynamics
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 16  Oscillatory Motion and Waves
Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations
16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
16.4 The Simple Pendulum
16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.9 Waves
16.10 Superposition and Interference
16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 17  Physics of Hearing
Introduction to the Physics of Hearing
17.1 Sound
17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.6 Hearing
17.7 Ultrasound
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 18  Electric Charge and Electric Field
Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field
18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
18.2 Conductors and Insulators
18.3 Coulomb’s Law
18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
18.6 Electric Forces in Biology
18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
18.8 Applications of Electrostatics
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 19  Electric Potential and Electric Field
Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy
19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.4 Equipotential Lines
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 20  Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
20.1 Current
20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
20.4 Electric Power and Energy
20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 21  Circuits and DC Instruments
Introduction to Circuits and DC Instruments
21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.5 Null Measurements
21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 22  Magnetism
Introduction to Magnetism
22.1 Magnets
22.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
22.6 The Hall Effect
22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 23  Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies
23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
23.3 Motional Emf
23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.5 Electric Generators
23.6 Back Emf
23.7 Transformers
23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9 Inductance
23.10 RL Circuits
23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 24  Electromagnetic Waves
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves
24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 25  Geometric Optics
Introduction to Geometric Optics
25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light
25.2 The Law of Reflection
25.3 The Law of Refraction
25.4 Total Internal Reflection
25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 26  Vision and Optical Instruments
Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments
26.1 Physics of the Eye
26.2 Vision Correction
26.3 Color and Color Vision
26.4 Microscopes
26.5 Telescopes
26.6 Aberrations
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 27  Wave Optics
Introduction to Wave Optics
27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
27.7 Thin Film Interference
27.8 Polarization
27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 28  Special Relativity
Introduction to Special Relativity
28.1 Einstein’s Postulates
28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
28.3 Length Contraction
28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.5 Relativistic Momentum
28.6 Relativistic Energy
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 29  Quantum Physics
Introduction to Quantum Physics
29.1 Quantization of Energy
29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.4 Photon Momentum
29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality
29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 30  Atomic Physics
Introduction to Atomic Physics
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 31  Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity
31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.5 Half-Life and Activity
31.6 Binding Energy
31.7 Tunneling
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 32  Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics
32.1 Diagnostics and Medical Imaging
32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.4 Food Irradiation
32.5 Fusion
32.6 Fission
32.7 Nuclear Weapons
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 33  Particle Physics
Introduction to Particle Physics
33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
33.2 The Four Basic Forces
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises
Chapter 34  Frontiers of Physics
Introduction to Frontiers of Physics
34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.3 Superstrings
34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
34.5 Complexity and Chaos
34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask
Glossary
Section Summary
Conceptual Questions
Problems & Exercises