User: Сделай анатацию
Assistant: Конечно! Пожалуйста, предоставьте текст или тему, для которой вы хотите, чтобы я сделал аннотацию, и я с радостью помогу!
User: ягудх [lerigks] и гортань, глотка
adult [cdrit) я взрослый, совершен-
нолетний
supply [so pla1] и снабжать, обеспе-
чивать; и снабжение, обеспечение
complex / kompleks) a сложный
by mesas (mi:nz) of посредством, при
помоЩИ
attach [e'tæt/] v (to) прикреплять (к)
esophagus (L'sofagas) n пищевод
Intestines [in testinz) n pl. кишечник,
Lesson 2
varlous ['vcarias) а различный
nucleus ['nju:kires) n ядро
both ….. and [boul
Так И .., И ... и ...
and) c/ Kan
disturb [dis tob] у нарушать
source (so:s и источник
subject (sab'dgekt) у подчинять, поу.
вергать воздействию
subject ['sabdgikt] и предмет, тема
reach (rit/) достигать
Упражнения
Упражнение 1. Прочтите следующие слова в единственном и множествен.
ном числе:
ед. число
nucleus [nju:klas)
nucleolus [nju:khalas]
trabecula [tra bekjula)
fascia ['ferfia)
vertebra ['va:tabra]
мн. число
- nuclei (ar)
- nucleoli far
- trabeculae [i:)
- fasciae [i:]
- vertebrae [i:]
as well (as).
Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения со словосочетаниями
3. You are to know physiology as well as anatomy.
Упражнение 3. Просмотрите текст В (время - 10 мин). 1) Скажите, каково
строение поперечно-полосатых и гладких мышечных тканей. 2) Найдите
предложения, где употребляются: а) глаголы-сказуемые в форме Continuous;
б) слова that (those). 3) Переведите эти предложения.
Text B
Skeletal and Smooth Muscles
Muscles are the active part of the motor appáratus: their contractions
are producing various movements, when they are active. Functionally we
divide all muscles into two groups: voluntary and involuntary muscles.
Voluntary muscles consist of striated muscle tissue and contract by
the will of the man. This group includes all the muscles of the head,
62 • Leaming to Understand a Medical Text
trunk and extremities, i.e., the skeletal muscles, as well as those of some
internal organs (tongue, larynx, etc.). The skeletal muscles are the or-
gans of the muscular system. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles
in the human organism: in adults they make up about two-fiths of the
total body weight. Each skeletal muscle has an arterial, venous, lym-
phatic and nervous supply. Muscles must always act in groups.
Skeletal muscles are complex in structure. They consist of muscle
fibres of different length (up to 12 cm); the fibres are usually parallel to
each other and are united (соединены) in bundles. Each muscle con-
tains many such bundles. There are tendons at the ends of muscles by
means of which they are bound (связаны) to bones.
Smooth muscles form the muscular coat of internal organs such as
esophagus, stomach and intestines, bladder, uterus and so on. They also
form a part of the capsule and the trabeculae of the spleen; they are
present as single cells or as little cylindrical bundles of cells in the skin.
They also form the walls of arteries, veins and some of the larger lym-
phatics. Smooth muscles are not rich in blood vessels, as are striated
muscles. A smooth muscle is capable of spontaneous contraction and
can contract in two ways. Firstly, individual cells may contract com-
pletely and secondly, a wave of contractions may pass from one end of
the muscle to another. Smooth muscle cells are usually elongated cells.
In the skin and intestines they are long and thin, but in the arteries they
are short and thick. They vary in length from 12-15 mm in small blood
vessels to 0,5 mm in the human uterus but their average length in an
organ such as the intestine is about 200 m. These cells have an oval
nucleus that encloses nucleoli, and when the cell is contracting the
nucleus may become folded or twisted.j
Muscles have both motor and sensory nerve fibres. Impulses (signals)
about the state of the muscle reach the brain along the sensory fibres.
The nerve impulses which cause the muscle to contract come from the
brain along the motor fibres. Injury to the nerves which innervate mus-
cles causes disturbances in voluntary movements (muscular paralysis).
Упражненне 5. Прочтите каждое суждение. Найдите в тексте предложения,
более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите их.
1. The skeletal muscles are the organs of muscles system. 2. Skeletal
muscles are complex in structure. 3. Smooth muscles form the muscular
coat of internal organs, blood vessels and skin. 4. Smooth muscles are
capable of contraction. 5. Smooth muscle cells have some characteristic
features. 6. Muscles have nerve fibres.
Assistant: