2024-10-02 13:49
Status:
Tags: [[Entrance Exam]]

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# Reading Comprehension 
## Critical Reading
1. **Reading Comprehension:**
    - **Main Idea:** Find it in the topic sentence; look for the central thought.
    - **Inference:** Base conclusions on the text, not personal knowledge.
    - **Retention:** Remember key details like names and dates.
2. **Literary Devices(figurative expressions):**
    1. **Simile:**
	    - **Definition:** A figure of speech that directly compares two different things, typically using "like" or "as."
	    - **Example:** "Her smile was as bright as the sun."
	2. **Metaphor:**
	    - **Definition:** A figure of speech that implies a comparison between two unlike things by stating one thing is another.
	    - **Example:** "Time is a thief."
	3. **Synecdoche:**
	    - **Definition:** A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or vice versa.
	    - **Example:** "All hands on deck." (Hands represent people.)
	4. **Personification:**
	    - **Definition:** A figure of speech where human qualities are attributed to animals, inanimate objects, or ideas.
	    - **Example:** "The wind whispered through the trees."
	5. **Metonymy:**
	    - **Definition:** A figure of speech where one word or phrase is substituted with another with which it's closely associated.
	    - **Example:** "The White House issued a statement." (The White House represents the U.S. President or their administration.)
	6. **Hyperbole:**
	    - **Definition:** An exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally, used for emphasis or effect.
	    - **Example:** "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."
3. **Organizing Ideas:**
    - **Coherence:** Ensure sentences logically flow.
    - **Patterns:** Use chronological, spatial, climactic, or topical order.
    1. **Chronological Order:**
	    - **Definition:** Arranges items, events, or ideas in the sequence they occur in time.
	    - **Uses:** Commonly used in narration, process essays, and historical accounts.
	    - **Clues/Transitions:** Next, then, the following day, before, after, eventually.
	    - **Example:** "First, the caterpillar hatches. Then, it forms a chrysalis. Finally, it emerges as a butterfly."
	2. **Spatial Order:**
	    - **Definition:** Organizes information based on physical location or layout.
	    - **Uses:** Descriptions of places, objects, or scenes.
	    - **Clues/Transitions:** Nearby, to the left, above, below, next to.
	    - **Example:** "The bedroom is organized with the bed in the center, a nightstand to the right, and a dresser opposite the bed."
	3. **Climactic Order (Order of Importance):**
	    - **Definition:** Arranges ideas or items from least to most important or vice versa.
	    - **Uses:** Persuasive essays, argumentative writing, speeches.
	    - **Clues/Transitions:** More importantly, most significantly, above all, lastly.
	    - **Example:** "The event raised awareness about climate change, attracted numerous supporters, and, most importantly, led to policy changes."
	    - psychological order: more important at start & end 43125
	1. **Topical Order:**
	    - **Definition:** Organizes information based on categories or topics that arise from the subject matter.
	    - **Uses:** Reports, essays, and analyses focusing on various aspects of a topic.
	    - **Clues/Transitions:** Another aspect, additionally, furthermore, according to topic.
	    - **Example:** "The study explores several factors: economic impact, social implications, and environmental effects."
4. **Unity & Conciseness:**
    - Identify irrelevant sentences that don't support the main idea.
# Essay Writing
## Critical Analysis

| Question Type             | What it's asking you                                                     | Strategies                                                   | Sample Questions                                                                       |
| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Purpose                   | Explain why the passage/word was written                                 | Reflect; identify tone                                       | The overall purpose of the passage is to... The author mentions ___ to suggest that... |
| Central idea              | Thesis statement / conflict in the passage                               | Skim                                                         | Which of the following is the best title for this passage?                             |
| Secondary idea            | Points from individual paragraphs/sentences                              | Scan (facts, details, examples)                              | The ___ mentioned in paragraph ___ are those of ...                                    |
| Inference                 | Draw conclusions based on the ideas                                      | Think of logical implications                                | With which of the following statements would the author give?                          |
| Tone                      | Describe the author's attitude in the text                               | Find key words/ideas that convey the mood                    | Paragraph ___ conveys a tone of ...                                                    |
| Word or phrase in context | Give the meaning as used in the passage                                  | Re-read the sentence and replace it with the choices         | In line ___, the word ___ means...                                                     |
| Structure or device       | Identify devices used (e.g. simile, metaphor, logic, irony, etc.)        | Familiarize                                                  | Which of the ff. devices is used in the paragraph?                                     |
| Location                  | Where you can read the passage (e.g. editorial, business magazine, etc.) | Consider tone (formal or informal, objective or opinionated) | Where would this passage/chart most likely be found?                                   |
| Detail                    | Facts in the passage (e.g. dates, names, places, etc.)                   | Scan the passage and look for the question's keywords        | When was he born?                                                                      |

### Language Proficiency: Identification of Errors
What to do
- Look at the non-underlined words first
- Determine common errors
	- Verbs: tenses and S-V agreement
	- Pronoun-antecedent agreement
	- Parallelism Compiled by Nikko Angelo S. Carisma
	- Double negatives and redundancy (double comparative, etc.)
	- Adjective-adverb confusion (ex. bad vs. badly)
	- Shifts in collective nouns
	- Indefinite pronouns = singular (ex. anybody, each, neither, everyone, etc.)
- No error? It's okay!
### Other Language Proficiency Tests
Idioms
- Read up on common idioms from good sources
- Notice figures of speech in different written words 
Paragraph Completion and Logical Organization
- Scan choices: Know the simple story and topic sentence 
Increasing Vocabulary 
Divide and Conquer Strategy
- Identify prefixes, suffixes, root words and context clues
Common Prefixes

| Prefix            | Meaning         | Examples                       |
| ----------------- | --------------- | ------------------------------ |
| anti-             | against         | antonym                        |
| bi- / tri-        | two, three      | bicycle, triathlon             |
| equi-             | equal           | equilibrium                    |
| mis- / non- / un- | wrong, not      | mislead, nonstop, unbelievable |
| trans             | across, through | translucent, transient         |
Common Suffixes

| Suffix        | Meaning             | Examples           |
| ------------- | ------------------- | ------------------ |
| -able / -ible | capable             | portable, sensible |
| -er / -or     | one who             | actor, skater      |
| -escent       | becoming            | adolescent         |
| -ish          | like                | boyish             |
| -ward         | in the direction of | backward           |
Verbal Analogy
- Determine relationship of the first pair immediately
- Eliminate choices with a different pattern/order/relationship
- Choose the closest relationship to the first pair 
Kinds of Relationships (Can be found in the Test Survival Kit)
- Synonyms/Antonyms + parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, etc.)
- Cause and effect 
- Classification (ex. animal : group of animals) 
	- A list of animals and their collective nouns may be found here:
		- http://www.thealmightyguru.com/Pointless/AnimalGroups.html
- Object-action

TIPS IN WRITING AN ESSAY
- Always remember to answer the question given to you. Never veer away from the question, let alone change the question given to you; else, you'll receive a grade of ZERO for that matter.
- Don't start your essay with a "Yes" or "No".
- It is recommended to write in this format for more impressive results: 
	- Intro - include some background info, and state the premise of the question: The THESIS STATEMENT. One recommendation is to present the thesis statement as an indirect question.
	- Body - must include the following: 
		- Your response and your explanation
		- Some examples and further explanation to support your arguments
	- Conclusion - this is a recap of your previous arguments, worded differently from the way the Body is written. This should leave an impression on the evaluator.
- The following MUST be observed VERY CAREFULLY:
	- Proper capitalization of letters and proper usage of writing symbols
	- Subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement
	- Consistency in logic
	- Proper use of conjunctions
	- Parallelism of the sentence components (consistency in the structure of phrases and clauses)
- Watch out for any error in grammatical structure, including misplaced and/or dangling modifiers. Most of the students tend to overlook such errors. 
- REFRAIN FROM STARTING A SENTENCE WITH A COORDINATING CONJUCTION!!! PRETTY PLEASE! You're not writing a paper for a creative writing class.
	- If a coordinating conjunction is to be followed by an independent clause, it is implied that there MUST be independent clause before that coordinating conjunction.
- The evaluators will show no mercy. Don't forget EVEN THE BASICS OF YOUR WRITING SKILLS!! If writing sentences with all letters capitalized is your style, you're in SERIOUS TROUBLE!
- Write in print. AVOID CURSIVE WRITING!!! 
- Don't use the pronouns of the second person if the question is about YOUR OPINION. You are not asked to tell anything directed to the reader. Use the first-person perspective (I, we, etc.) 
Exercise: 
1. Write a lie about yourself. The lie MUST be believable. 
2. Prompt: "A little inaccuracy saves a world of explanation." --C.E.Ayers 
Assignment: 
Is it always essential to tell the truth, or are there circumstances in which it is better to lie? Plan your response, and then write an essay...
# Grammar
**Focus:** Parts of Speech and Grammar for Exam Preparation
1. **Nouns:**
    - **Types:** Proper (specific, capitalized) and Common (general).
    - **Other Types:** Collective (e.g., team) and Abstract (e.g., loyalty).
    - **Qualities:** Person (first, second, third), Number (singular/plural), Gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), Case (nominative, possessive, objective).
	### Case:
	1. **Nominative (Subjective)**: The form used for the subject of a sentence.
	    - Examples: "I", "You", "He", "She", "It", "We", "They"
	1. **Possessive**: Shows ownership or possession.
	    - Examples: "My", "Your", "His", "Her", "Its", "Our", "Their"
	1. **Objective**: The form used for the object of a verb or preposition.
	    - Examples: "Me", "You", "Him", "Her", "It", "Us", "Them"
		### Nominative Case
		The nominative case primarily identifies nouns or pronouns as subjects of sentences, but it also encompasses other roles:
	1. **Subject**: The noun or pronoun doing the action or being described.
	    - Example: "She runs fast."
	1. **Predicate Nominative (Subject Complement)**: A noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.
	    - Example: "He is a teacher."
	1. **Nominative of Address**: A noun used to directly address someone or something.
	    - Example: "John, please come here."
	1. **Nominative in Apposition**: A noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun and has the same case.
	    - Example: "My brother, a doctor, lives in New York."
	1. **Appositive**: A noun or noun phrase placed next to another noun to explain or identify it. Appositives take the same case as the nouns they rename.
	    - Example: "The writer, an avid traveler, writes about his journeys."
	1. **Nominative of Exclamation**: A noun or pronoun used in exclamatory expressions.
	    - Example: "Wow, what a beautiful day!"
	### Possessive Case
	The possessive case indicates ownership or possession. Nouns and pronouns in this case show who or what owns something.
	- **Examples with Pronouns**: "My", "Your", "His", "Her", "Its", "Our", "Their"
	- **Examples with Nouns**: "John's book", "Children's toys", "The cat's tail"
	### Objective Case
	The objective case is used for nouns or pronouns that function as objects in sentences
	1. **Direct Object**: Receives the action of a transitive verb.
	    - Example: "She hugged him."
	1. **Object of a Preposition**: The noun or pronoun following a preposition to complete a prepositional phrase.
	    - Example: "She sat next to him."
	1. **Objective in Apposition**: Similar to nominative in apposition, but applies to objects.
	    - Example: "I saw my friend, the artist, at the gallery."
	1. **Indirect Object**: Tells to whom or for whom the action of a verb is done.
	    - Example: "She gave him a gift."
	1. **Adverbial Objective**: A noun or pronoun that acts as an adverb in the sentence.
	    - Example: "She walked home."
	1. **Retained Object**: Occurs in passive constructions where a direct object remains.
	    - Example in active: "They gave him an award."
	    - Example in passive: "He was given an award."
	1. **Objective Complement**: A noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows and modifies or refers to a direct object.
	    - Example: "They elected her president."
	1. **Cognate Object**: An object that is etymologically related to the verb.
	    - Example: "He lived a good life."
1. **Person:**
    - Refers to the perspective from which a sentence is written.
    - **First Person:** The speaker or writer (e.g., I, we).
    - **Second Person:** The one being addressed (e.g., you).
    - **Third Person:** The one being spoken about (e.g., he, she, it, they).
2. **Number:**
    - Indicates whether a noun, pronoun, or verb is singular or plural.
    - **Singular:** Refers to one person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., cat).
    - **Plural:** Refers to more than one (e.g., cats).
3. **Gender:**
    - Represents the sex of a noun or pronoun.
    - **Masculine:** Male entities (e.g., him, actor).
    - **Feminine:** Female entities (e.g., her, actress).
    - **Neuter:** Inanimate objects or entities without gender (e.g., it, table).
4. **Case:**
    - Shows the function of a noun or pronoun within a sentence.
    - **Nominative Case:** Used for subjects and subject complements.
        - **Example:** He runs fast. (subject)
    - **Possessive Case:** Indicates ownership.
        - **Example:** Her coat is warm.
    - **Objective Case:** Used for objects of verbs and prepositions.
        - **Example:** The teacher praised him. (object of verb)
5. **Pronouns:**
    - **Personal:** Replace persons or things (I, you, he, etc.).
    - **Compound Personal:** Forms with -self/-selves (myself, ourselves).
    - **Interrogative/Relative:** Who, which, what, etc.
    - **Possessive Forms:** My, mine, your, yours, etc.
    - **Agreement:** Match in person, number, and gender with antecedents.
6. **Adjectives:**
    - **Types:** Descriptive (e.g., frilly) and Limiting (articles, numeral, pronominal).
    - **Order:** Determiner, observation, size, age, color, origin, material, qualifier.
    - **Degrees:** Positive, Comparative, Superlative (e.g., sad, sadder, saddest).
7. **Verbs:**
    - **Types:** Action (transitive, intransitive), Linking, Helping (auxiliary).
    - **Forms:** Regular (work/worked), Irregular (go/went/gone).
    - **Voice:** Active (doer) vs. Passive (receiver).
    - **Tenses:** Simple (past, present, future) and Compound (present perfect, etc.).
    - **Mood:** Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive.
8. **Adverbs:**
    - **Types:** Manner, Place, Frequency, Degree, Time, Purpose.
    - **Comparison:** Regular (-er/-est), Irregular (well/better/best).
    - **Position:** Flexible (before/after verbs, etc.).
9. **Prepositions:**
    - **Function:** Show relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word.
    - **Common Examples:** In, on, at, by, for, from.
    - **Usage Rules:** E.g., "between" (two) vs. "among" (more than two).
10. **Conjunctions:**
    - **Types:** Coordinating (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), Subordinating (because, if, while).
    - **Correlative:** Either...or, neither...nor, etc.
    - **Usage:** Connect clauses and elements in sentences.
11. **Interjections:**
    - **Function:** Express emotions or exclamations (Oh! Wow!).
    - **Usage:** Often set off by exclamation points.

**Miscellaneous Tips:**
- Subject-verb agreement with collective nouns, special cases, and compound subjects.
- Proper use of "shall/will," "good/well," "fewer/less."
- Importance of consistent use of conjunctions and prepositions.

# Vocabulary

fix my notes for me please and DO NOT CHANGE OR REMOVE ANYTHING.