In Module 4, we’re focusing on writing that uses logic and avoids bias. When we use logic to build an argument, it’s easy to commit common errors that actually weaken our argument. These errors are commonly referred to as “Logical Fallacies”.  While several types of fallacies exist, let's discuss five common errors (consult the Module 4 required reading for a full explanation of all types of logical fallacies).

The table below defines five types of logical errors with five examples listed below it. As part of your initial post, match the example with the logical error it supports. Then, select two of the examples and rewrite them in order to prevent committing the logical fallacy. Submit an initial post along with one peer response—in your peer response, provide positive feedback on your peer's rewrite. See the ‘What to Include’ section for specific instructions.

NOTE: These examples are not necessarily based on factually correct evidence. Do NOT assume any data in these claims are factually accurate.

Logical Error

The example that best defines the logical error is:

Cherry-Picking: Relies on individual cases (or anecdotal evidence) to support a premise or reason while ignoring other data.

 

Correlation-Causation: If two variables correlate, than variable A must have caused variable B.

 

Missing the Point: The premises or reasons do support a conclusion, but not the conclusion the author reached.

 

Slippery Slope: A chain of reactions may occur that results in a serious consequence, yet not enough evidence is presented to support this chain of reactions.

 

Hasty Generalization: Making assumptions about a whole group (e.g., stereotypes) or a range of cases based on an insufficient sample.

 

Example 1:
In 2014, Colorado became the first state to legally sell marijuana for recreational purposes. In 2015, the state of Colorado observed a decrease in drug-related arrests. This decrease demonstrates that recreational marijuana legalization indeed lowers crime rates. 

Example 2:
If more patients receive a prescription for an opioid pain medication, this will likely increase the number of individuals who develop opioid use disorder. As a result, more individuals will begin using heroin, which will then cause an increase in the use of synthetic opioids like fentanyl. 

Example 3:
Acupuncture therapy in a 40-year-old male alleviated his lower back pain. As a result, acupuncture effectively manages chronic pain. 

Example 4:
Medical marijuana use may effectively manage pain in some patients. We should fully legalize marijuana on a national level, because it will completely end America's opioid epidemic. 

Example 5:
Purdue Pharma, a pharmaceutical company, misrepresented the claims about the risk of drug dependency and addiction with prescription opioids. All pharmaceutical companies that manufacture opioids are greedy and only interested in making money. 

 

What to Include
1. Review the table above that defines five types of logical errors, with five examples listed below it.  Match the example with the logical error it supports - report your answers as part of your initial post.

2. Then, select two of the examples and rewrite them in order to prevent committing the logical fallacy. Include these rewrites as part of your initial post. Did you find any aspect of these rewrites challenging? Elaborate on your response.