shooting star:
### Dephosphorylated State: High Insulin (Fed State)

During the fed state, high levels of insulin signal the body that nutrients from food are available. Insulin promotes the storage of these nutrients. Dephosphorylation, the removal of phosphate groups from proteins, is a key mechanism by which insulin activates enzymes involved in storing energy. Think of dephosphorylation as unlocking these enzymes’ ability to store the incoming energy. Here’s what happens to specific enzymes when they’re dephosphorylated:

1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK): Activated to speed up glycolysis, converting glucose into pyruvate and producing ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH): Turned on to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle for energy production.
3. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase: Activated to convert acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA, a building block for fat synthesis.
4. HMG CoA Reductase: Key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, allowing the body to create cholesterol for cell membranes and hormones.
5. Glycogen Synthase: Stimulated to convert glucose into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

### Phosphorylated State: Low Insulin (Fasting State)

In contrast, during the fasting state, low levels of insulin indicate that the body should start mobilizing stored energy to maintain blood glucose levels and supply energy. Phosphorylation, the addition of phosphate groups, is how the body signals enzymes to release stored energy. It’s like switching these enzymes into energy-release mode. Here’s how certain enzymes are affected:

1. Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphatase: This enzyme’s activation decreases fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels, slowing down glycolysis and favoring gluconeogenesis (glucose production).
2. PEP Carboxykinase & Pyruvate Carboxylase: Both enzymes are crucial for gluconeogenesis, working to create new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
3. Glycogen Phosphorylase: Activated to break down glycogen into glucose, which can be released into the blood.
4. Hormone-sensitive Lipase: Stimulated to break down stored fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be used for energy.

### Mnemonics and Tips for Remembering:

- Dephosphorylated = Storage Mode (High Insulin, Fed State)
- PPFAGS: Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Fructose, Acetyl CoA Carboxylase, Glycogen synthase, and don’t forget HMG CoA reductase.
- Think “People Prefer Fresh Apples, Grapes, Strawberries” for PPFAGS to recall enzymes activated in the fed state.

- Phosphorylated = Release Mode (Low Insulin, Fasting State)
- FP2PEG: Fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase, PEP Carboxykinase, Pyruvate Carboxylase, Glycogen phosphorylase, and don’t forget Hormone-sensitive lipase.
- Imagine “Fast People Prefer Gatorade” for FP2PEG to help remember enzymes activated in the fasting state.

By associating these enzymes with their function in energy storage or release—and using mnemonics—you can better remember and understand their roles in metabolism under different physiological conditions.

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