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3 Datasets
This study assesses advanced language models in addressing agriculture-related questions by utilizing three distinct
datasets with different formats, each originating from three major crop producer countries.
3.1 Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) Exam
During which stage of plant growth is an above-normal rainfall conducive to pod and stem
blight as well as Phomopsis seed decay?
a) Flowering
b) Pod filling
c) Early vegetative
d) Mid vegetative
Answer: b) Pod filling
Listing 1: Adapted CEU question example, requiring specialized knowledge about Pod and Stem Blight and Phomopsis
Seed Decay of Soybean.
The Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) Exam is a comprehensive evaluation program designed to assess the competency
of agricultural professionals in agronomy and crop advising (Adviser, 2022). The CCA certification ensures that
crop advisers possess the necessary knowledge and skills to provide accurate and reliable advice to farmers and other
stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The certification process involves passing two exams: the International CCA
Exam, which focuses on general agronomic principles, and a Local Board Exam tailored to specific regional conditions
and regulations. To maintain their CCA certification, crop advisers are required to participate in continuing education
activities and earn Continuing Education Units (CEUs) credits. These CEUs demonstrate that the advisers are staying
up to date with the latest developments in agronomy and are committed to lifelong learning. A specific number of CEUs
must be earned within a designated time frame to maintain the certification. The questions used for this evaluation are
based on Continuing Education Unit (CEU) materials and not the actual Certified Crop Adviser (CCA) certification
tests. The purpose of using CEU questions in this study is solely to assess the GPT models’ ability to provide valuable
insights and assistance in the specialized domain of agriculture, and not to replicate or undermine the CCA certification
process.
The Crop Protection Network (CPN) is an excellent resource for CCAs seeking to earn CEUs. The CPN offers a
variety of online quizzes related to continuing education units’ credits1
. These quizzes cover a wide range of topics in
agronomy and crop management, such as disease management, pest control, nutrient management, and environmental
stewardship. By participating in these quizzes and earning CEUs, CCAs can ensure that they remain knowledgeable and
competent in their field, providing the best possible guidance to farmers and contributing to the overall sustainability
and productivity of the agricultural sector.
The adapted CEU question example provided in Listing 1 highlights the specialized knowledge required to answer
questions related to specific crop diseases, such as pod and stem blight and phomopsis seed decay of soybean.
3.2 EMBRAPA Dataset
In this study, we use an extensive dataset, "500 Perguntas 500 Respostas - Embrapa/SCT" (500 Questions 500 Answers
- Embrapa/SCT), provided by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) (Embrapa, 2022). This
dataset consists of a series of books containing questions and answers related to various aspects of crop cultivation and
management in Brazil. These questions have been formulated by a diverse group of stakeholders, including producers,
farmers, and farming associations, and are accompanied by responses from Embrapa specialists. Unlike CCA exams,
the questions in this dataset are not presented in a multiple-choice format but as general text-based inquiries, requiring a
deeper understanding of the subject matter to generate accurate and relevant answers.
The use of this robust dataset presents a unique opportunity to examine the effectiveness of advanced language models
in answering domain-specific questions accurately and contextually. By rigorously evaluating LLM’s performance
on the Embrapa dataset, our goal is to explore the potential of artificial intelligence in providing reliable and efficient
1
https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/cca-ceu-quizzes
4
GPT-4 as an Agronomist Assistant? Answering Agriculture Exams Using Large Language Models
What are the symptoms and damages caused by the gall nematode in citrus plants?
Answer: The symptoms of the gall nematode in citrus plants include dysfunctionin the roots,
leading to smaller leaf size and marked chlorosis. This resultsin a reduction in production.
The growth of the main root may be paralyzed,causing a proliferation of lateral roots. In
severe infections, the plant maydie before the nematode completes its cycle. However, not all
citrus species are susceptible to this nematode, so it is essential to identify the species
and monitor it in the soil and roots.
Listing 2: Example of an adapted question from the Embrapa dataset, focusing on the symptoms and damages caused
by the gall nematode in citrus plants.
solutions to real-world agricultural challenges. Through this analysis, we aim to bridge the gap between state-of-the-art
technology and sustainable agricultural practices, ultimately contributing to the improvement of agricultural productivity
and resource management on a global scale.
Listing 2 illustrates an example of an adapted question from the Embrapa dataset, demonstrating the challenges of
verifying the correctness of answers in this context. Since the dataset’s questions are not multiple-choice and often
have no single correct answer, assessing the accuracy of responses can be subjective. This highlights the importance of
understanding the nuances of agricultural topics and the expertise required to evaluate the relevance and correctness of
AI-generated answers. The Embrapa dataset, translated as "500 Questions 500 Answers," not only targets agronomists
but also serves as a valuable resource for farmers. It encompasses a wide range of topics essential to both groups,
contributing to the overall knowledge base and fostering sustainable agricultural practices.
3.3 AgriExams Questions
Which directorate/institute of ICAR coordinates/organizes Parthenium Awareness
Week in India during the month of August each year?
a) ICAR-DWR, Jabalpur
b) ICAR-IARI, New Delhi
c) ICAR-CSSRI, Karnal
d) ICAR-IIFSR Modipuram
Answer: a) ICAR-DWR, Jabalpur
Listing 3: Adapted AgriExam question example, highlighting the multiple-choice style and focus on Indian agriculture.
The AgriExam dataset features a wide range of questions from various agriculture-related exams, primarily focusing
on Indian agriculture (Exam, 2022). These questions are collected from different entrance exams, including those for
prestigious institutions like JNKVV (Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya) and RVSKVV (Rajmata Vijayaraje
Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya). The questions are designed to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding of
diverse agricultural topics, ranging from crop production and soil science to agricultural economics and extension, with
a specific focus on India’s farming practices and conditions.
Listing 3 shows an example of a multiple-choice question style adapted from the AgriExam dataset. Note that this is not
the exact question from the source but serves as a representation of the question style. The questions often structured as
multiple-choice or descriptive questions, requiring test-takers to demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter.
In this paper, we evaluated only the Agriexams multiple-choice questions. Additionally, the questions may focus on the
application of scientific principles to real-world agricultural challenges, particularly those relevant to Indian agriculture,
thereby encouraging problem-solving and critical thinking skills.