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User: Query: what is the meaning of life ?

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Timestamp: 2024-09-22 06:39:23 || [{'title': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy', 'summary': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy...', 'url': 'https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/', 'extracted_content': 'Entry Contents Bibliography Academic Tools Friends PDF Preview Author and Citation Info Back to Top The Meaning of Life Many major historical figures in philosophy have provided an answer to\nthe question of what, if anything, makes life meaningful, although\nthey typically have not put it in these terms (with such talk having\narisen only in the past 250 years or so, on which see\xa0Landau\n1997). Consider, for instance, Aristotle on the human function,\nAquinas on the beatific vision, and Kant on the highest good.\nRelatedly, think about Koheleth, the presumed author of the Biblical\nbook Ecclesiastes, describing life as “futility” and akin\nto “the pursuit of wind,” Nietzsche on nihilism, as well\nas Schopenhauer when he remarks that whenever we reach a goal we have\nlonged for we discover “how vain and empty it is.” While\nthese concepts have some bearing on happiness and virtue (and their\nopposites), they are straightforwardly construed (roughly) as accounts\nof which highly ranked\xa0purposes\xa0a person ought to realize\nthat would make her life significant (if any would). Despite the venerable pedigree, it is only since the 1980s or so that\na distinct field of the meaning of life has been established in\nAnglo-American-Australasian philosophy, on which this survey focuses,\nand it is only in the past 20 years that debate with real depth and\nintricacy has appeared. Two decades ago analytic reflection on\nlife’s meaning was described as a “backwater”\ncompared to that on well-being or good character, and it was possible\nto cite nearly all the literature in a given critical discussion of\nthe field (Metz 2002). Neither is true any longer.\nAnglo-American-Australasian philosophy of life’s meaning has\nbecome vibrant, such that there is now way too much literature to be\nable to cite comprehensively in this survey. To obtain focus, it tends\nto discuss books, influential essays, and more recent works, and it\nleaves aside contributions from other philosophical traditions (such\nas the Continenta'}, {'title': 'Meaning of life - Wikipedia', 'summary': 'Meaning of life - Wikipedia...', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life', 'extracted_content': 'Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Small Standard Large Standard Wide Automatic Light Dark Create account Log in Create account Log in Contributions Talk Contents (Top) 1 Origin of the expression 2 Origin of the question 3 Scientific inquiry and perspectives Toggle Scientific inquiry and perspectives subsection 3.1 Psychological significance and value in life 3.2 Origin and nature of biological life 3.3 Origins and ultimate fate of the universe 3.4 Scientific questions about the mind 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.5 Nature of meaning in life 3.1 Psychological significance and value in life 3.2 Origin and nature of biological life 3.3 Origins and ultimate fate of the universe 3.4 Scientific questions about the mind 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.5 Nature of meaning in life 4 Western philosophical perspectives Toggle Western philosophical perspectives subsection 4.1 Ancient Greek philosophy 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.2 Enlightenment philosophy 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.3 19th-century philosophy 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.4 20th-century philosophy 4.4.1 Pragmatism 4.4.2 Theism 4.4.3 Existentialism 4.4.4 Absurdism 4.4.5 Secular humanism 4.4.6 Logical positivism 4.4.7 Postmodernism 4.4.8 Naturalistic pantheism 4.4.9 Embodied cognition 4.1 Ancient Greek philosophy 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.2 Enlightenment philosophy 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.3 19th-century philosophy 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.4 20th-century philosophy 4.4.1 Pragmatism 4.4.2 Theism 4.4.3 Existentialism 4.4.4 Absurdism 4.4.5 Secular humanism 4.4.6 Logical positivism 4.4.7'}, {'title': 'Sens de la vie — Wikipédia', 'summary': 'Sens de la vie — Wikipédia...', 'url': 'https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens_de_la_vie', 'extracted_content': "Accueil Portails thématiques Article au hasard Contact Débuter sur Wikipédia Aide Communauté Modifications récentes Faire un don Petite Standard Grande Standard Large Automatique Clair Sombre Créer un compte Se connecter Créer un compte Se connecter Contributions Discussion Sommaire Début 1 Notion de «\xa0sens\xa0» 2 En religion Afficher\u202f/\u202fmasquer la sous-section En religion 2.1 Selon le judaïsme 2.2 Selon le christianisme 2.3 Selon l'Islam 2.4 Selon le bouddhisme et l'hindouisme 2.1 Selon le judaïsme 2.2 Selon le christianisme 2.3 Selon l'Islam 2.4 Selon le bouddhisme et l'hindouisme 3 En philosophie Afficher\u202f/\u202fmasquer la sous-section En philosophie 3.1 Utilitarisme 3.2 Morale kantienne 3.3 Nihilisme 3.4 Existentialisme 3.1 Utilitarisme 3.2 Morale kantienne 3.3 Nihilisme 3.4 Existentialisme 4 Dans la culture populaire 5 Notes et références Afficher\u202f/\u202fmasquer la sous-section Notes et références 5.1 Notes 5.2 Références 5.3 Bibliographie 5.4 Articles connexes 5.1 Notes 5.2 Références 5.3 Bibliographie 5.4 Articles connexes Sens de la vie Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi עברית हिन्दी Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano 日本語 한국어 Latina Lingua Franca Nova Lietuvių Latviešu Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Rumantsch Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Kiswahili ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Українська Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Discussion Lire Modifier Modifier le code Voir l’historique Lire Modifier Modifier le code Voir l’historique Pages liées Suivi des pages liées Téléverser un fichier Pages spéciales Lien permanent Informations sur la page Citer cette page Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Élément Wikidata Développer Modifier les liens interlangues Créer un livre Télécharger comme PDF Version imprimable Wikimedia Commons Cet article concerne le concept du sens de la vie."}]
Timestamp: 2024-09-22 06:39:59 || [{'title': 'Meaning of life - Wikipedia', 'summary': 'Meaning of life - Wikipedia...', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life', 'extracted_content': 'Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Small Standard Large Standard Wide Automatic Light Dark Create account Log in Create account Log in Contributions Talk Contents (Top) 1 Origin of the expression 2 Origin of the question 3 Scientific inquiry and perspectives Toggle Scientific inquiry and perspectives subsection 3.1 Psychological significance and value in life 3.2 Origin and nature of biological life 3.3 Origins and ultimate fate of the universe 3.4 Scientific questions about the mind 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.5 Nature of meaning in life 3.1 Psychological significance and value in life 3.2 Origin and nature of biological life 3.3 Origins and ultimate fate of the universe 3.4 Scientific questions about the mind 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.4.1 Parapsychology 3.5 Nature of meaning in life 4 Western philosophical perspectives Toggle Western philosophical perspectives subsection 4.1 Ancient Greek philosophy 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.2 Enlightenment philosophy 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.3 19th-century philosophy 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.4 20th-century philosophy 4.4.1 Pragmatism 4.4.2 Theism 4.4.3 Existentialism 4.4.4 Absurdism 4.4.5 Secular humanism 4.4.6 Logical positivism 4.4.7 Postmodernism 4.4.8 Naturalistic pantheism 4.4.9 Embodied cognition 4.1 Ancient Greek philosophy 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.1.1 Platonism 4.1.2 Aristotelianism 4.1.3 Cynicism 4.1.4 Cyrenaicism 4.1.5 Epicureanism 4.1.6 Stoicism 4.2 Enlightenment philosophy 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.2.1 Kantianism 4.3 19th-century philosophy 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.3.1 Utilitarianism 4.3.2 Nihilism 4.4 20th-century philosophy 4.4.1 Pragmatism 4.4.2 Theism 4.4.3 Existentialism 4.4.4 Absurdism 4.4.5 Secular humanism 4.4.6 Logical positivism 4.4.7'}, {'title': 'Existence | Definition, Theories, Being, & Facts | Britannica', 'summary': 'Existence | Definition, Theories, Being, & Facts | Britannica...', 'url': 'https://www.britannica.com/topic/existence', 'extracted_content': 'existence existence ,  in metaphysics , that which applies neutrally to all and only those things that are real. Metaphysicians have had a great deal to say about the existence or nonexistence of various things or categories of things, such as God, the soul , a mind-independent or external world , abstract or ideal forms and other universals , possible but not actual objects or worlds , individual essences,\xa0and free will . They have had less to say, however, about existence itself—that is, about the content of the concept of existence or about the meaning of the word existence . They have said enough, however, to make possible a taxonomy of theories of existence. Such a taxonomy can be presented as a list of pairs of opposed or contradictory theses about the nature of existence. 1. Some metaphysicians have affirmed, and others have denied, that existence is the same as being. It may seem obvious that “Mountains higher than Mont Blanc exist” and “There are mountains higher than Mont Blanc” are two ways of saying the same thing. But some metaphysicians believe that there are things that do not exist— fictional characters, for example, or the Greco-Roman gods and goddesses . Their position is that, although such things certainly do not exist, the fact that there are such things implies that they have being. If something can “be” without existing, they argue, then existence and being must be distinguished. 1. Some metaphysicians have affirmed, and others have denied, that existence is the same as being. It may seem obvious that “Mountains higher than Mont Blanc exist” and “There are mountains higher than Mont Blanc” are two ways of saying the same thing. But some metaphysicians believe that there are things that do not exist— fictional characters, for example, or the Greco-Roman gods and goddesses . Their position is that, although such things certainly do not exist, the fact that there are such things implies that they have being. If something can “be” without existing'}, {'title': 'Existence - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy', 'summary': 'Existence - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy...', 'url': 'https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existence/', 'extracted_content': 'Entry Contents Bibliography Academic Tools Friends PDF Preview Author and Citation Info Back to Top Existence Existence raises deep and important problems in metaphysics,\nphilosophy of language, and philosophical logic. Many of the issues\ncan be organized around the following two questions: Is existence\na property of individuals? and Assuming that existence is a\nproperty of individuals, are there individuals that lack it? What does it mean to ask if existence is a property? A full answer to\nthis question requires a general theory of properties, which is well\nbeyond the scope of this article. But we can briefly sketch the\nlandscape to set up our discussion of existence. (See the entries on properties and substance for deeper discussion.) Properties contrast with individuals. This\ndistinction can be explicated using the instantiation relation. My cat\ninstantiates the property of being hungry, as that is a way he is. As\nmy cat is himself an individual, he is not instantiated by\nanything. So, while properties also instantiate—the property of\nbeing red, for example, has the property of being a color—only\nproperties are instantiated; individuals only instantiate. Our first\nquestion is whether existence is instantiated and, if so, whether it\nis instantiated by individuals like Obama, my chair, and the fig tree\nin my backyard. Do individuals, in addition to ordinary properties\nlike being hungry, being human, being comfortable to sit in, and\nneeding more water, instantiate a property expressed by the English\nverb ‘exists’? There is a debate in the literature on properties between the abundant\nconception of properties, according to which there is a property\ncorresponding to every natural language predicate and, more generally,\nevery class of individuals, and the sparse conception of properties,\naccording to which a predicate expresses a property only if the\nobjects that predicate is true of resemble one another in an intrinsic\nway. If the abundant conception is true, then our'}]
Timestamp: 2024-09-22 06:40:36 || [{'title': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy', 'summary': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy...', 'url': 'https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/', 'extracted_content': 'Entry Contents Bibliography Academic Tools Friends PDF Preview Author and Citation Info Back to Top The Meaning of Life Many major historical figures in philosophy have provided an answer to\nthe question of what, if anything, makes life meaningful, although\nthey typically have not put it in these terms (with such talk having\narisen only in the past 250 years or so, on which see\xa0Landau\n1997). Consider, for instance, Aristotle on the human function,\nAquinas on the beatific vision, and Kant on the highest good.\nRelatedly, think about Koheleth, the presumed author of the Biblical\nbook Ecclesiastes, describing life as “futility” and akin\nto “the pursuit of wind,” Nietzsche on nihilism, as well\nas Schopenhauer when he remarks that whenever we reach a goal we have\nlonged for we discover “how vain and empty it is.” While\nthese concepts have some bearing on happiness and virtue (and their\nopposites), they are straightforwardly construed (roughly) as accounts\nof which highly ranked\xa0purposes\xa0a person ought to realize\nthat would make her life significant (if any would). Despite the venerable pedigree, it is only since the 1980s or so that\na distinct field of the meaning of life has been established in\nAnglo-American-Australasian philosophy, on which this survey focuses,\nand it is only in the past 20 years that debate with real depth and\nintricacy has appeared. Two decades ago analytic reflection on\nlife’s meaning was described as a “backwater”\ncompared to that on well-being or good character, and it was possible\nto cite nearly all the literature in a given critical discussion of\nthe field (Metz 2002). Neither is true any longer.\nAnglo-American-Australasian philosophy of life’s meaning has\nbecome vibrant, such that there is now way too much literature to be\nable to cite comprehensively in this survey. To obtain focus, it tends\nto discuss books, influential essays, and more recent works, and it\nleaves aside contributions from other philosophical traditions (such\nas the Continenta'}, {'title': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy', 'summary': 'The Meaning of Life - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy...', 'url': 'https://plato.stanford.edu/archivES/FALL2017/Entries/life-meaning/', 'extracted_content': "Entry Contents Bibliography Academic Tools Friends PDF Preview Author and Citation Info Back to Top The Meaning of Life Many major historical figures in philosophy have provided an answer to\nthe question of what, if anything, makes life meaningful, although\nthey typically have not put it in these terms. Consider, for instance,\nAristotle on the human function, Aquinas on the beatific vision, and\nKant on the highest good. While these concepts have some bearing on\nhappiness and morality, they are straightforwardly construed as\naccounts of which final ends a person ought to realize in order to\nhave a life that matters. Despite the venerable pedigree, it is only\nin the last 50 years or so that something approaching a distinct field\non the meaning of life has been established in Anglo-American\nphilosophy, and it is only in the last 30 years that debate with real\ndepth has appeared. Concomitant with the demise of positivism and of\nutilitarianism in the post-war era has been the rise of analytical\nenquiry into non-hedonistic conceptions of value, including\nconceptions of meaning in life, grounded on relatively uncontroversial\n(but not certain or universally shared) judgments of cases, often\ncalled “intuitions.” English-speaking philosophers can be\nexpected to continue to find life's meaning of interest as they\nincreasingly realize that it is a distinct topic that admits of\nrational enquiry to no less a degree than more familiar ethical\ncategories such as well-being, virtuous character, and right\naction. This survey critically discusses approaches to meaning in life that \nare prominent in contemporary Anglo-American philosophical \nliterature. To provide context, sometimes it mentions other texts, \ne.g., in Continental philosophy or from before the 20 th century. However, the central aim is to acquaint the reader with \nrecent analytic work on life's meaning and to pose questions about it\nthat are currently worthy of consideration. When the topic of the meaning of life comes u"}, {'title': 'The Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives', 'summary': 'The Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives...', 'url': 'https://iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/', 'extracted_content': 'The Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives Depending on whom one asks, the question, “What is the meaning of life?” is either the most profound question of human existence or else nothing more than a nonsensical request built on conceptual confusion, much like, “What does the color red taste like?” or “What is heavier than the heaviest object?” Ask a non-philosopher, “What do philosophers discuss?” and a likely answer will be, “The meaning of life.” Ask the same question of a philosopher within the analytic tradition, and you will rarely get this answer. The sources of suspicion about the question within analytic philosophy , especially in earlier periods, are varied. First, the question of life’s meaning is conceptually challenging because of terms like “the” “meaning” and “life,” and especially given the grammatical form in which they are arranged. Second, it is often asked with transcendent, spiritual, or religious assumptions at the fore about what the world “should” be like in order for there to be a meaning of life. In so far as the question is entangled with such ideas, the worry is that even if the concept of a meaning of life is coherent, there likely is not one. Despite such suspicions and relative disinterest in the question of life’s meaning among analytic philosophers for a large part of the twentieth century, there is a growing body of work on the topic over roughly the last two decades. Much of this work focuses on developing and defending theories of meaning in life (see Section 2.d. for more on the distinction between meaning in life and the meaning of life) via conceptual analyses of the necessary and sufficient conditions for meaningful life. A smaller, though no less important, subset of work in this growing field focuses on why we even use “meaning” in the first place to voice our questions and concerns about central facets of the human condition. This article surveys important trajectories in discussions of life’s meaning within co'}]
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