متن زیر به فارسی ترجمه شود اما به این شکل که از اول متن تا انتها یک خط انگلیسی نوشته شود یک خط فارسی و این موضوع تا انتها در ترجمه رعابت شود ،In most common law countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative law judge, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. There are also many non-legal jobs which legal training is good preparation for, such as corporate executive, government administrator, investment banker, entrepreneur, or journalist. In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields..
In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained. For example, unlike their American counterparts, it is difficult for German judges to leave the bench and become advocates in private practice. Another interesting example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all judiciary officials were graduates of an elite professional school for judges. Although the French judiciary has begun experimenting with the Anglo American model of appointing judges from accomplished advocates, the few advocates who have actually joined the bench this way are looked down upon by their colleagues who have taken the traditional route to judicial office. In a few civil law countries, such as Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously bifurcated.
9- What would the possible topic be for the above passage?
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G
6
C
G
C
6
6
G
G
6
1
G
1) Boundaries between Types of Lawyer
3) Lawyers in common or civil Law countries
2) Responsibilities and careers of a Lawyer 4) Anglo-American Model of Appointing Judges
10- That lawyers can do the job of a prosecutor, judge, arbitrator, law professor, etc. in most common law countries in addition to private practice is indicative of the fact that they..........
1) have fused professions
2) have a lot of choices in their careers
3) can practice all these careers simultaneously
4) can use their degree as a foundation for careers in other fields
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11- What does administrative law in line 3 refer to? Law concerned with..........
1) the expenditure of money or effort for future benefits
2) the executive authority and the bodies associated with it
3) the branch of government which deals with judicial matters
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4) prosecuting cases on behalf of a government and its people
12- The author in the first paragraph regards corporate executive, government administrator, investment banker, entrepreneur, or journalist as the careers which...........
1) legal education is a good background for
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2) has nothing to do with legal education at all
3) law students choose in developing countries to make a living
C
C
C
C
4) a law student can never practice even in developing countries like India
13- One can infer from the above passage that the boundaries between various sorts of lawyers are ......... law countries.
1) not carefully defined in most civil
6
2) carefully specified in most common
3) obliviously demarcated in most civil
4) not precisely determined in most common
1
C
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مدرسان شریف رتبه یک کارشناسی ارشد
73
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14- One can infer from the passage that......... in private practice. 1) German judges can leave the bench and become advocates 2) German advocates can leave their profession and become a judge 3) American judges can abandon the bench and become advocates 4) American advocates can abandon their career and become a judge 15- The expression in countries like Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously bifurcated means that in these countries
1) everyone within it can easily change roles and arenas 2) advocates actually join the bench and become judges 3) everyone within it cannot easily change roles and arenas 4) advocates cannot actually join the bench and become judges
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