напиши статью для википедии на русском: Citadel LLC (formerly known as Citadel Investment Group, LLC) is an American multinational hedge fund and financial services company. Founded in 1990 by Ken Griffin, it has more than $58 billion in assets under management as of January 2024. The company has over 2,800 employees,[4] with corporate headquarters in Miami, Florida,[5][3]: 1  and offices throughout North America, Asia, and Europe. Founder, CEO and Co-CIO Griffin owns approximately 85% of the firm.[6] As of December 2022, Citadel is one of the most profitable hedge funds in the world, posting $74 billion in net gains since its inception in 1990, making it the most successful hedge fund in history, according to CNBC.[7][8]

Citadel LLC is a separate entity from the market maker Citadel Securities, although both were founded and are owned by Griffin.[9]

History
Kenneth Griffin started his trading career out of his dorm room at Harvard University in 1987, trading convertible bonds.[10] As a sophomore, he hooked a satellite dish to the roof of his dormitory.[11] After graduating with a degree in economics, Griffin joined Chicago-based hedge fund Glenwood Partners. Citadel was started with $4.6 million in capital.[12] Citadel was originally named Wellington Financial Group after its flagship fund. The company name was changed to Citadel in 1994. Within eight years, the firm had more than $2 billion in assets under management.[13]

In 1998, Citadel started requiring investors to accept terms that "significantly restrict[ed] their ability to withdraw their capital", according to Institutional Investor.[13] When hedge fund Long Term Capital Management collapsed later that year, Citadel's capital lockdown made it "a rare buyer, as desperate hedge funds unloaded bond inventory".[13] In 2006, Citadel and JP Morgan Chase took over the energy portfolio and division of failed hedge fund Amaranth Advisors, which had suffered a 65% ($6 billion) loss in assets.[14] In November 2006 Citadel issued $2 billion of investment grade bonds to borrow money at a lower rate than it would otherwise be able to.[15]

In 2001, Griffin began recruiting the energy traders from Enron the day after it collapsed for a new business including "a team of traders, meteorologists and researchers" building amongst the industries biggest energy trading groups at the time.[12]

In 2007, Citadel invested $2.5 billion in E-Trade. This transaction included acquiring E-Trade's securitized subprime mortgages, collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and second lien loans, as well as 12.5% senior unsecured notes, and 84,687,686 shares of common stock (equal to 19.99% of the then currently outstanding shares). Citadel received a seat on the board of directors.[16][17] Citadel sold its remaining stake in E*Trade in 2013.[18]

During the financial crisis of 2007–2008, for 10 months, Griffin barred his investors from withdrawing money, attracting criticism.[19][20] At the peak of the crisis, the firm was losing "hundreds of millions of dollars each week".[21] It was leveraged 7:1 and the biggest funds at Citadel finished 2008 down 55%. However, they rebounded with a 62% return in 2009.[22]

On January 17, 2012, Citadel's flagship funds, Citadel Kensington Global Strategies Fund Ltd and Citadel Wellington LLC, crossed their respective high watermarks, earning back the 50% of assets lost during the 2008 financial crisis.[23] Having made up the losses, Citadel could once again charge client fees for managing their money and take a percentage of profits.[23] Citadel under Griffin's leadership was reported as differentiating from hedge funds rivals post-2008 financial crisis with an "aggressive expansion".[24] Starting at the beginning of 2014, over an 18 months period the hedge fund's assets under management increased $10 billion; from $16 billion to $26 billion as a result of "a 29% rise for its main hedge funds and a flow of new cash".[24] In January 2020, Citadel Securities paid a $97 million settlement to China, after Chinese regulators ended a long-standing investigation into Citadel and other companies.[25]

During the coronavirus pandemic Citadel LLC created a "bubble" for a class of 100 interns by renting out a luxury resort in Wisconsin.[26][27][28]

In January 2021, Citadel and Point72 Asset Management invested $2.75 billion in Melvin Capital, after Melvin Capital lost 53% of its value owing to the GameStop short squeeze.[29][30][31][32]

In a letter to employees on June 23, 2022, Griffin announced they would be moving their headquarters to Miami, Florida, due to a more favorable business climate and increased crime complaints in Chicago.[33][34][35]

In December 2022, Citadel signed a deal with Vornado Realty Trust and Rudin Management Co. to master lease a new $1.2 billion, 1,500 feet (460 m) office tower to be constructed on Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan to serve as Citadel's new New York City headquarters.[36]