Создай Tabik vocabulary из 15 различных слов и слово сочитаний из текста:  Cable tool drilling is a really primitive technique. The basic principle employed in cable tool drilling operating has remained virtually unchanged since 
its inception in China during the early days of the Chinese era. Hole boring is 
achieved by repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy string of drilling tool into 
the bore hole with the bit crushing the rocks into small fragments. Comparatively, much success was not achieved with this because it is time consuming, has a 
very low penetration rate, blowout preventers were not easily adapted and it is 
almost limited to drill consolidate formations.
Vast improvements have been made to the basic ancient Chinese bamboo 
drilling technique. The University of Kansas (1940) highlighted some improvements in rig mechanisms and labor-saving devices. For example, the old 
UNIT 3. HISTORY OF PETROLEUM DRILLING
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spring pole originally operated by the weight and brawn of three or four men 
being replaced with the modern all-steel rig powered with an internal combustion engine, electric motor or steam engine. During this period of mechanical 
advancement, man power is highly needed one way or another in the drilling 
practice. Although each driller has its own peculiar technique in operating the 
cable tool, the good driller is distinguished from the poor one by the footage he 
makes in a given period of time.
A radical change occurred at the turn of the 20th century. The petroleum 
industry saw the birth of the rotary drilling as a standard method of reaching 
oil and gas formations The introduction of the rotary drilling that displaced 
the then very popular cable tool drilling as a standard method for reaching 
oil and gas “traps” down through the formation. Limitations such as downtime due to dull bits, lack of precise vertical or horizontal wells, formation 
fluid leakage during drilling and waste created by drilling mud still persist 
with this state-of-the-art basic mechanical method. In addition, drilling for 
petroleum and gas get increasingly difficult by the day. Nowadays, we are 
required to drill as far as 7620 m, most times, in deep stormy waters in order 
to get a satisfactory volume. Hence the need for a more efficient drilling 
technique still remains a constant goal.
Since the rotary drilling technique birth, major improvements have occurred but in the last couple of decades, the method of drilling has not changed 
at all. The American Oil and Gas Historical Society (2006) summarized the 
basic difference between the rotary and the cable tool drilling technique – instead of repetitive lift and drop of heavy cable tool bits, the rotary drilling introduced the hollow drill stem which enables rock debris to be washed out of the 
bore hole with re-circulating mud while the rotating drill bit cuts deeper. The 
rotary drilling fluid (drilling mud), that is used to circulate out the chipped rock, 
washes the bore hole clean and makes the drilling exercise more efficient. The 
drilling mud equally helps the well against bursting forth unexpectedly. This is 
so because the mud controls the pressure difference between itself in the bore 
hole and that fluid in the formation.
Although the rotary drilling technique has proved very successful, applying 
laser technology in this drilling, which is the newest technology that is already 
at hand, has the potential of displacing both techniques from operation. Experiments on laser drilling were conducted between 1960s and 1970s, but it is only 
very recently that the application of laser technology is directed to drilling petroleum wells. However, a suggestion in 1990 had it that application of laser 
technology in petroleum drilling is not feasible, but this was because the experiments conducted then, in this regard, were made with low powered lasers, less 
than 1 kwt. However, current experiments have proved it otherwise.
Some very significant importance laser drilling would have over conventional rotary drilling method is highlighted. These includes: drilling over 100 
times faster; cutting off downtime due to dull bits; drilling more precise vertical 
and horizontal wells; eliminating formation fluid leakage during drilling; elimi-
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В НЕФТЕГАЗОВОЙ ОТРАСЛИ
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nating wastes created by drilling mud and rock cuttings; cost effectiveness by 
decreasing current drilling times.
A combination of laser and rotary drilling is not out of thought, as this 
would result in an increase in bit life. Other possibilities with the advancement 
of laser technology include: development of down hole drilling machine, laserassigned drill bits, laser-perforation tools and sidetrack and directional laser 
drilling devices. Hence, the thought of applying laser technology being a viable 
option for enhancing the petroleum drilling phase.
Although the use of applying laser technology in petroleum well drilling is 
only a fairly recent development, the improvement so far has shown that it is 
very feasible. The question of whether or not laser can drill rocks has been answered, as there are no available lasers that can destroy or drill through any kind 
of rock formation relatively fast. However, experiments to outline specific 
changes to reservoir characteristics – porosity and permeability changes, as well 
as to what extent will the rock fracture due to lasing should be conducted. Detailed experiments should also be conducted on the impact the varying kinds of 
solid fluid phase and multiphase present in reservoir rocks have on lasing practice. In addition, a 3-D model describing the full laser petroleum well drilling 
process should be developed. With the pace at which researches in this subject 
are yielding positive results, a prototype that would mark a revolutionary 
change in several years’ time will not be a surprise.


Пример: Producing interval
Pressure gage
Flow rate
Recording manometer 
Orifice meter
Orifice well tester
Leak
Radioactive tracers
Producing allowables
нефтеносный интервал; продуктивный интервал
манометр давления
производительность (насоса, компрессора)
регистрирующий манометр
диафрагменный расходомер
диафрагменный расходомер скважины
утечка
радиоактивный индикатор
нефтяная квот