i WRITE THIS PART OF DISSCUSIO AND REVIEWER ASKED ME TO RESPONCE THIS QUESTION "The current study design cannot distinguish between cause and effect. Please make this clear, e.g. in relation to the statement "These abnormalities may represent the negative effects of sleep deficits". NBS-Predict analysis in our study identified the reduced structural connectivity in the group of patients with insomnia mainly in the SM, VAN, DMN, frontoparietal and DAN in the left hemisphere, whereas SM network had the highest number of disconnections. Previous studies showed the association between sleep quality and changes in subregions involved the sensory/somatomotor network (Liu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2020). Moreover, sensory/somatomotor network has shown to be a key network in the male sleep deprivation (Dai et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021). This suggests that structural and functional connectivity in subregions of SM network might be a neuromarker for sleep quality. A study identified mild-to-moderate changes in insomnia patients in working memory, episodic memory, and problem-solving capabilities (Fortier-Brochu and Morin, 2014). Multiple control mechanisms with particular functional characteristics operate complex biological systems (Dosenbach et al., 2008). The complex interaction of different brain regions and large-scale neural networks, including the frontoparietal and DMN, is crucial for information processing during cognitive activities (Dosenbach et al., 2008). Frontoparietal network initiates and modifies top-down control to support executive duties (Spreng et al., 2010). Goal-directed cognitive processes depend on DMN suppression (Dosenbach et al., 2008). Abnormalities of the frontoparietal and default mode network’s functional connectivity in patients with insomnia have been reported (Dong et al., 2018; Xia et al., 2022). According to our connectivity analysis, the pars opercular part of the VA network and the DMN’s parietal part are less connected. Moreover, the decreased connections were also detected between the DMN and SM networks. These abnormalities may represent the negative effects of sleep deficits. Increased whole brain functional connections have reported in patients with insomnia (Bai et al., 2022; Killgore et al., 2013; Li et al., 2017; Pang et al., 2017). Multiple cortical areas, including the primary sensory cortex, salience network, and limbic nodes, are hyperconnected to the DMN in insomnia (Khazaie et al., 2017). This might reflect compensatory changes contributing to the lower structural connectivity reported in the present study. The differences might be because of the diverse methodological approaches, patient sampling, or data quality. A prominent aspect of the present findings is significant left hemisphere lateralization. The left hemisphere has already been pointed out for insomnia, although most studies find bilateral alterations in brain connectivity (Jespersen et al., 2020). However, left hemisphere alterations related to insomnia symptoms have further been reported previously, including a reduced volume of the left orbitofrontal cortex (Altena et al., 2010) and the area bordering the left insula and orbitofrontal cortex (Stoffers et al., 2012). In addition, reduced nodal efficiency of the left insula and putamen has been associated with insomnia (Wu et al., 2018).