Title: $ZKJ Tokenomics

Article:


$ZKJ Tokenomics

At Polyhedra Network, our goal is to accelerate the adoption of Web3 by dismantling the barriers imposed by traditional computing power limitations. Imagine a world where all your innovative ideas can easily become reality. With the exponential computational power provided by zero-knowledge technology, this will soon be achievable. This is what we are working toward — transforming your ideas from infeasible or impractical to effortlessly attainable.

Our ambitious goals require innovative technology and creative methodologies, building a robust foundation that supports the entire Web3 ecosystem. Our innovations make Web3 faster, more affordable, and more secure. Building on our foundational protocols, we provide developers with a comprehensive toolkit for experimenting with data and computational power. This enables builders to create a broad spectrum of applications and systems in a boundless environment, pushing technology to unprecedented levels.

One of our flagship inventions, zkBridge, fundamentally transforms how blockchains interoperate. It is safe, fast, and operates without the need for third-party trust. We have expanded our zkBridge protocol to a general ZK interoperability protocol, further enabling seamless interactions between Web2 and Web3. This general ZK interoperability protocol simplifies the process for traditional financial institutions to develop applications that connect both Web2 and Web3, facilitating effortless movement of real-world assets (RWAs) between networks. zkBridge has already facilitated tens of millions of cross-chain transactions, generating over 40 million ZK proofs. Today, Polyhedra Network is the leading modular interoperability platform powering multichain applications and zero knowledge proof services across Web2 and Web3 use cases at scale.



$ZKJ Token usage scenario

Polyhedra Network will be governed by its community members via ZKJ. ZKJ is Polyhedra Network’s native token which can be used for:

Zero-knowledge proof service fees:Developers and applications can use $ZKJ to pay for Polyhedra ZK proof services fees.

zkBridge transaction fees:Protocols and users can use $ZKJ to pay for zkBridge cross-chain transaction fees. For instance, LayerZero developers and omni-chain applications (OApps) can use $ZKJ to pay for LayerZero zkBridge Oracle/DVN transaction fees.

Staking:Users can stake $ZKJ tokens to participate in network governance, transaction verification, etc. and receive network and ecosystem incentives. For instance, ZK provers can stake $ZKJ tokens to participate in the zero-knowledge proof network and receive rewards for the proofs that they provide.

Economic Security:$ZKJ token will be used alongside EigenLayer restaking to provide crypto-economic security. The dual staking mechanism will be used to secure the trust-minimized bridge from Ethereum to Bitcoin.

Governance:$ZKJ token holders can vote on Polyhedra Network governance on its infrastructure and ecosystem decisions.



$ZKJ Token Distribution

I.Token information

II. Token Allocation



Token Release Schedule

$ZKJ token will be distributed over a six-year timeline with the token release schedule as follows:

Token Release Schedule



Tags: ZKJ

Title: Accountable AI and d/acc

Article:
The concept of d/acc (decentralized defensive acceleration) has gained significant traction recently, highlighting a critical but often overlooked aspect of AI development: accountability through cryptographic technologies. While we possess the technical foundations for creating accountable AI systems, we face a familiar challenge that perfectly exemplifies why we need d/acc: the gap between having solutions and achieving widespread adoption.



The Current State: A Tale of Two Realities

Today's reality presents a stark contrast. On one side, we have breakthrough developments in cryptographic technologies - zkML, MPC, and other innovations regularly emerge from research labs, promising to make AI systems more accountable and verifiable. On the other side, these solutions remain largely theoretical, failing to achieve the scale and speed necessary for meaningful real-world impact.

The core issue isn't technological limitations - it's a complex interplay of market dynamics and public perception. While AGI development attracts massive investment due to its clear path to monetization through products and services, defensive measures and accountability infrastructure struggle to attract funding despite their critical importance. Most users and organizations view AI accountability as important but difficult to monetize, leading to a severe underinvestment in these protective technologies. This creates a troubling cycle:

Limited investment in accountability infrastructure

Delayed technological progress

Slower development of efficient solutions

Even less attractive adoption prospects



The Science Fiction Paradox

Perhaps the greatest irony lies in how science fiction has shaped public perception. While countless books and movies have explored scenarios of rogue AI, they've inadvertently undermined serious discussions about AI accountability. These narratives, instead of raising genuine awareness, have pushed legitimate concerns into the realm of fiction.

Even more ironic is how these stories often centered on the eternal debate between good and evil AI. Now, as we stand on the brink of presumably beneficial AGI, the lack of serious discussion about safeguarding against malicious AI uses seems particularly shortsighted. The very scenarios that filled our entertainment have somehow failed to translate into practical concern for real-world AI systems.



Learning from Post-Quantum Cryptography: A Parallel Journey

Our current situation mirrors the Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) landscape from a decade ago. Twenty years ago, PQC development was making steady progress, but faced widespread indifference. Few understood or cared about its implications for web infrastructure, despite the existence of viable technical solutions.

Today's accountable AI technologies face remarkably similar challenges. As the team behind the first zkML paper introducing zero-knowledge decision trees and current holder of the world record for zkML inference speed, we've witnessed firsthand how computational overhead becomes a barrier to adoption. Just as with early PQC candidates, we have working solutions that many consider too expensive in terms of performance, even though our solution has improved over 10,000 times over the past several years.

The PQC story offers a crucial lesson: what ultimately drove change wasn't primarily technical innovation. The core algorithms remained largely unchanged - a stark example is the Falcon signature scheme, which still requires exactly 666 bytes today, the same as it did 8 years ago. Instead, NIST's standardization efforts created the institutional momentum necessary for acceptance. Today, organizations readily accept PQC solutions with similar performance characteristics that were once considered dealbreakers. This acceptance is now reaching blockchain platforms, with Ethereum considering PQC implementation and other major projects following suit - a clear signal that the technology has crossed the threshold from theoretical concern to practical necessity.

However, we envision a different trajectory for Accountable AI. Unlike PQC, we're still making significant technical breakthroughs each year. With continued momentum, we believe these solutions can achieve adoption much faster than PQC's timeline.



Why We Can't Wait: The d/acc Imperative

We cannot afford to repeat the decade-long adoption curve of PQC. The stakes with AI are simply too high. This is precisely where the d/acc framework proves invaluable. By emphasizing the acceleration of defensive technologies while maintaining decentralization, d/acc provides a blueprint for parallel advancement of both technical capabilities and adoption.

A prime example where accountable AI technologies like zkML could make immediate impact is in bio defense and healthcare - an area that the d/acc movement has identified as critically important for humanity's future. As noted in recent d/acc discussions, we face increasing risks from both natural and engineered pathogens, driven by factors like urbanization, global travel, and advancing biotechnology. In this context, hospitals could run AI diagnostics with clear accountability trails - if the AI system makes a mistake, the hospital can prove it followed proper procedures and protocols, protecting medical professionals from undue liability while still maintaining patient data privacy. This same framework enables vaccine development to leverage worldwide data while maintaining strict privacy controls.

This is just one example from a broad range of potential applications where accountable AI can provide immediate, tangible benefits. However, we can't realize these benefits without proper investment and adoption.

Our team continues to push the boundaries of zkML, but technical innovation alone isn't enough. We need a coordinated effort that:

Accelerates research and development to reduce performance overhead

Initiates standardization efforts early, learning from PQC's success

Builds practical awareness disconnected from science fiction scenarios

Creates concrete incentive structures for adopting accountable AI systems

Maintains decentralization to prevent the concentration of control

Notably, the path to adoption differs between Web2 and Web3 ecosystems. For Web2, standardization and legislation play a crucial role in driving adoption. In contrast, Web3 adoption hinges more on creating the right incentive structures - a natural fit for blockchain-based systems where economic alignment is built into the architecture.



The Path Forward

The d/acc framework isn't just a philosophical stance - it's a practical approach to ensuring AI development proceeds safely without sacrificing progress. We need to:

Develop benchmarks and standards for AI accountability

Create open-source implementations of key technologies

Build developer tools that make integration straightforward

Establish industry consortiums to drive adoption

Engage with policymakers to create supportive regulatory frameworks

This isn't about preventing theoretical worst-case scenarios - it's about building AI systems we can trust and verify today. The time for action is now, before we find ourselves facing the consequences of unaccountable AI systems at scale.

As we push forward with AI development, let's ensure we're not just making systems more powerful, but also more accountable. The technical foundations exist - our challenge is to transform them into widely-adopted solutions before it's too late.



Tags: AI

The wait is over! Panda Master is officially launching with a special event: AIdeaGame x Polyhedra: The Return of Pandra King. Join the action and claim your rewards!

Introducing Panda Master and AIdea Game
Panda Master is a Telegram mini-game built on AIdea’s Verifiable AI Game Framework, transforming idle moments into valuable rewards. Combining engaging spinning mechanics with strategic gameplay, Panda Master ensures fairness, transparency, and trust, powered by cutting-edge AI and zkML technology.

Play Panda Master now: 

https://t.me/PandaMaster_AIdea_bot

🔗  Learn more about AIdea:

AIdea is a Verifiable AI Game Framework combining AI agents, game-theoretic design, and zkML-powered privacy to create balanced digital economies. It ensures fair, reward-driven gameplay by aligning incentives, verifying AI decisions, and safeguarding user data, fostering transparency and trust.

Official Website：https://aidea.game/

Litepaper：https://litepaper.aidea.game

Event Overview

⏰ Duration: January 21, 2025, 12:00 UTC+0 – February 11, 2025, 12:00 UTC+0

💰 Total Rewards: Over 5000 ZKJ + Exclusive Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) on EXPchain testnet

Get ready to prove your skills, climb the leaderboard, and earn amazing rewards!

How to participate
Eligibility Requirements:

Achieve a Profit Per Hour (PPH) of 150 or higher during the event.
Submit a valid Ethereum wallet address within the game to receive the ZKJ and SBT rewards. (Note: Wallet addresses cannot be changed after event ends.)
Event Rules:

Prizes are distributed based on the PPH leaderboard rankings.
Higher rankings on the leaderboard earn a larger share of the prize pool.
Rewards Breakdown

ZKJ Rewards
5000 ZKJ will be distributed to qualifying participants based on their PPH leaderboard rankings. The higher you rank, the bigger your share!

Rank   | ZKJ Rewards | Energy Rewards
---------------------------------------
1      | 100        | 1000
2      | 50         | 800
3      | 45         | 600
4-5    | 40         | 500
6-10   | 35         | 400
11-20  | 30         | 350
21-50  | 25         | 300
51-100 | 20         | 250
101-200| 15         | 200
201-300| 10         | 150
301-500| 0          | 100
500+   | 0          | 50

Unlock Exclusive SBTs
Your “King’s Memory” card level at the end of the event determines your Soulbound Token (SBT) tier on EXPchain testnet:

Level 5–9: 🟢 Uncommon
Level 10–19: 🔵 Rare
Level 20–29: 🟣 Epic
Level 30: 🟡 Legendary
Reward Announcement
Winners and reward details will be published on the official Telegram channel after the event ends.

 Reward Distribution
Distribution will be completed within 15 days of the event’s conclusion.

Support and Inquiries
Need assistance? Reach out to us via Panda Master Telegram group/channel for quick support!

Kindly note: Any participants discovered engaging in cheating will be 
subject to corresponding penalties.

Start now, upgrade your cards, boost your PPH, and claim your spot at the top of the leaderboard!

🚀 Join the Fun and Make History!

Tag: AIdea Game
Title: Alchemy Pay and Polyhedra Network Announce Upcoming Collaboration for Seamless Ramp Solution

Article:
Alchemy Pay has announced that it has entered into a partnership with Polyhedra Network, a Web3 ZK infrastructure provider that aims to revolutionize interoperability and scalability through Zero-knowledge (ZK) proof technology. Through this collaboration, Alchemy Pay will integrate Polyhedra Network’s ZK infrastructure to improve the interoperability, security, and user experience of its global payment system. Polyhedra Network will also integrate Alchemy Pay’s seamless ramp solution, significantly improving accessibility and user experience for their global audience and $ZK token holders.

Alchemy Pay will also add support for Polyhedra Network’s native token $ZK on its Ramp solutions, enabling users to acquire $ZK using fiat currencies and local payment methods in a seamless and compliant way. This partnership will expand in the future to delve into further opportunities in Zero-knowledge technology and crypto payments.

Polyhedra Network is on a mission to deliver the fastest Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Proofs to the Web3 industry, with the goal of becoming the underlying infrastructure for the entire ecosystem and the intersecting domains of Web2 and Web3. Its flagship infrastructure, zkBridge, is designed to address critical interoperability challenges by facilitating trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability across various blockchain networks. Polyhedra has expanded zkBridge to a general ZK interoperability protocol, empowering interoperability between Web2 and Web3 applications and facilitating the integration of real-world assets (RWAs) and global payment systems into Web3. This mission is supported by Polyhedra’s innovative protocols and cutting-edge algorithms, forming a robust computation foundation via ZK technology that drives technological progress on a large scale.

Alchemy Pay’s On-Ramp is esteemed for its great compatibility across multiple blockchain networks and its ability to facilitate straightforward fiat-based purchases. Operating in over 173 countries and supporting over 50 fiat currencies, Alchemy Pay’s global presence ensures that users can acquire cryptocurrencies through 300+ global payment methods. These include mainstream options like Visa, Mastercard, Apple Pay, and Google Pay, as well as localized mobile wallets and domestic transfers. By integrating Polyhedra Network’s ZK infrastructure, Alchemy Pay’s On-ramp solution can cover more blockchain networks by zkBridge. The seamless payment user experience across multiple blockchains is secured by the ZK technology from Polyhedra Network. The integration also enhances the user attraction in the Bitcoin ecosystem, which helps to onboard more users to the Bitcoin ecosystem and the crypto world.

Alchemy Pay’s emphasis on regulatory compliance and security, alongside its global reach, makes it an ideal partner for Polyhedra Network in its mission to innovate and expand within the blockchain ecosystem. Alchemy Pay’s active pursuit of payment and financial service licenses in various countries, including the United States, Canada, Indonesia, and Lithuania, highlights the focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security. Furthermore, recognized by major industry players like Visa and Mastercard, Alchemy Pay has established itself as a reliable and trusted third-party payment service provider in the global market.

About Polyhedra Network

The Polyhedra Network is on a mission to deliver the fastest Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Proofs to the Web3 industry, with the goal of becoming the underlying infrastructure for the entire ecosystem and the intersecting domains of Web2 and Web3. The team has designed and implemented many cutting-edge ZK protocols, forming a robust computation foundation that supports the entire blockchain world. Their flagship invention, zkBridge, is safe, fast, and does not require the trust of any third parties. To date, zkBridge has facilitated over 20 million cross-chain transactions across a network of more than 25 Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains, demonstrating their commitment to scalability and interoperability in Web3.

For more information visit:https://polyhedra.network

Try Now

Try our On & Off-Ramp to buy and sell crypto and local fiat currencies todayhttps://ramp.alchemypay.org/

On & Off-Ramp Enquiries

Developers of Web3 platforms and dApps with interest in integrating Alchemy Pay’s ramp solution can contact via the websitehttps://alchemypay.org/contact

Follow Alchemy Pay

WebsiteTwitterLinkedInMediumYouTubeTelegramDiscord



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Alchemy Pay, ZK

Allora is teaming up with Polyhedra to enhance machine learning (ML) verifiability through cutting-edge zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) technology.

‍

Through this collaboration, workers on the Allora Network will be able to uniquely fingerprint their ML models with the hash stored on Polyhedra’s EXPchain. This allows models to be verified for authenticity and integrity without exposing their data or logic.

‍

Whether you’re a developer deploying ML models or an organization relying on AI-powered insights, this integration ensures that models remain secure, accountable, and tamper-proof.

The zkML Breakthrough
Traditionally, AI verification has required a trade-off between trust and privacy. To prove a model’s authenticity, developers often have to expose their data or training methodologies, which can introduce security risks and competitive disadvantages. zkML removes this trade-off.

‍

With zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), Allora workers can fingerprint their models, generate cryptographic proofs of authenticity, and store these proofs on EXPchain—all without revealing any underlying details. This allows AI applications built on Allora to verify models with certainty, without relying on blind trust.

‍

This is essential for ML developers looking to monetize and deploy their models while maintaining security, privacy, and accountability.

EXPchain: A Ledger for AI Integrity
Polyhedra’s EXPchain is designed for scalable, verifiable, and privacy-preserving AI applications. It enables Proof of Intelligence (PoI), zkML watermarking, and cross-chain AI interoperability—critical features for building AI systems that can be trusted in high-stakes environments.

Through this integration, Allora workers can easily verify the authenticity of their models, ensuring that ML models deployed on Allora are genuine, tamper-proof, and uniquely attributable to their creators. 

‍

For ML engineers, this means stronger security and greater confidence when deploying models in decentralized applications.

Smarter, Verifiable AI
Allora is transforming how AI intelligence is built, shared, and improved. Rather than a fragmented ecosystem where models operate in isolation, Allora creates a collaborative network where machine learning models compete, learn, and evolve together. This ensures applications always have access to the most accurate and up-to-date intelligence available.

‍

In the Allora Network, Workers contribute machine learning models that generate inferences, with the most accurate ones strengthening the network’s collective intelligence. Workers compete and collaborate within specific “topics”—sub-networks focused on solving defined objectives, such as predicting Bitcoin’s price in the next five minutes.

‍

By integrating zkML fingerprinting via Polyhedra’s EXPchain, Allora adds a crucial layer of verifiability and security to the AI models driving its decentralized intelligence. 

‍

This means AI that’s not only smarter—but provably trustworthy.

About Polyhedra
Polyhedra Network is a blockchain infrastructure that leverages zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology to enhance interoperability, scalability, and privacy across Web3. It enables secure, verifiable, and privacy-preserving AI applications through zkML, Proof of Intelligence (PoI), and cross-chain interoperability solutions. 

‍

Polyhedra’s EXPchain serves as a trust layer for AI, allowing cryptographic verification of machine learning models without exposing proprietary data.

‍

To learn more about Polyhedra, visit the website, X, and Developer Docs.

About the Allora Network
Allora is a self-improving decentralized AI network.

‍

Allora enables applications to leverage smarter, more secure AI through a self-improving network of ML models. By combining innovations in crowdsourced intelligence, reinforcement learning, and regret minimization, Allora unlocks a vast new design space of applications at the intersection of crypto and AI.
Staking ZKJ is easy & rewarding! We want you to show us how easy it is.

Join the Staking Made Simple campaign by creating a short tutorial to win from 1,000 $ZKJ.

🎬 Campaign starts April 3. 

➡️ Details & how to enter: https://campaign-docs.polyhedra.network/zkj-tutorial-challenge/
🎉 The 8-week staking boost celebration starts NOW!

🚀 For the next 8 weeks, ZKJ stakers earn extra staking rewards in ZRO, ETH, or BNB-on top of regular staking rewards!

🔥 This week’s bonus: 10,000 ZRO!

Stake now: https://polyhedra.foundation/stake

Check our community announcements for upcoming rewards!
Title: Announcing the Expander Compiler Collection (ECC)

Article:
We’re thrilled to introduce the latest enhancement to the Expander toolbox: the ExpanderCompilerCollection (ECC). Designed as a crucial component of the Expander proof system, ECC seamlessly transforms circuits written ingnarkinto an intermediate representation (IR) of layered circuits. This IR serves as the foundation for generating proofs using theExpander prover, enabling developers to effortlessly produce GKR proofs for gnark circuits.

At the heart of ECC lies the optimization prowess of the GKR protocol. Unlike traditional proving systems like Groth16 and Plonk, which rely on Rank One Constraint Systems (R1CS) or Plonkish arithmetization, GKR is uniquely tailored for layered circuit presentations. ECC bridges this gap by facilitating the conversion from R1CS to layered circuits, ensuring compatibility with existing community solutions and enabling state-of-the-art proving times.

The process of writing optimized layered circuits for GKR provers entails intricate nuances. We’ve meticulously detailed our methodology in ourtechnical documentation. Additionally, we’ve provided comprehensive API definitions and several illustrative examples on how to leverage our compiler. As demonstrated in thissimple example, invoking our compiler requires minimal code, often less than 10 lines, ensuring a straightforward integration process.

In essence, ECC represents a pivotal advancement within the Expander ecosystem, offering a seamless transition from gnark circuits to layered circuit representations. With the addition of ECC, Expander now is fully compatible with existing R1CS-based solutions, further propelling cryptographic proof-generation capabilities into the future.



Tags: ZK, Expander

Title: Announcing zkBridge Loyalty Point Program partnered with Galxe

Article:
Empower zkBridge Users with Greater Incentives for their Active Engagement and Contributions

PolyhedraNetworkandGalxeare excited to announce thezkBridge(zkbridge.com) Loyalty Point Program to the community by usingGalxe’s innovative Loyalty Point Program. As one of the launch partners of the loyalty point program, Polyhedra Network aims to encourage more users to engage with various cross-chain applications and ecosystems built on top of zkBridge.

zkBridge Mainnet Alpha has launched on April 4th, 2023! It is now live onzkBridge.com, which is available for cross-chain interoperability on the mainnet of various layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks such as BNB Chain, Ethereum, and Arbitrum. zkBridge is a trustless and efficient cross-chain infrastructure for layer-1 and layer-2 interoperability by using advanced zero-knowledge proof technology.

With the introduction of Galxe’s Loyalty Point Program, zkBridge users can now accumulate loyalty points as proof of participation in the ecosystem. As users engage with zkBridge’s cross-chain products and interact with the social media and community, users will earn loyalty points that can be used to access future rewards. The participation of early users on our zkBridge testnet has been recorded through snapshots, and our early users will directly receive the corresponding Loyalty Points upon the launch of the zkBridge loyalty point program.

This partnership between Polyhedra Network and Galxe signifies a new era in the zkBridge ecosystem, where users will be rewarded for their active participation and contributions.

Join us on this exciting journey of the zkBridge Loyalty Point Program. We will soon announce the details of the Loyalty Point Program and launch the program on Galxe. Please stay tuned for more updates and announcements.



About Polyhedra Network:

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of infrastructure for Web3 interoperability, scalability, and privacy through advanced Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology. Polyhedra Network provides trust-minimized and highly-efficient interoperability solutions for asset transfers, message passing, and data sharing between various Web2 and Web3 systems.



About Galxe:

Galxe is the leading platform for building web3 community. With over 67 million users, Galxe has propelled the growth of Optimism, Polygon, Arbitrum, and more than 2100 other partners with reward-based loyalty programs. Start your campaign today atgalxe.com!

Please visitzkBridgefor more details about the building in the zkBridge ecosystem.

You can find more information at:Website,Discord,Twitter



Tags: zkBridge, Cross Chain Bridge, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Web3

Title: Berkeley RDI & Polyhedra Unveil Production-Ready zkML: 4 Years After Pioneering the Concept

Article:
Trustlessness has always been the focus of research and development at Polyhedra. Whether intentional or not, humans are responsible for the majority of incidents involving technology. “We founded Polyhedra to build systems that can operate without human intervention, that are verified by math, and are cryptographically secure,” CTO Tiancheng Xie shared.

Four years ago, when artificial intelligence was just starting to become mainstream, our team was quick to acknowledge the power of AI. But with great power comes great responsibility, and we also realized that without proper precautions in place the opaque nature of AI could lead to disastrous outcomes as unverifiable outputs are used to make critical decisions.

That’s why, in 2020 as part of Berkeley RDI our Chief Scientist, Jiaheng Zhang, advisors Yupeng Zhang and Dawn Song published “Zero Knowledge Proofs for Decision Tree Predictions and Accuracy.” In this paper we defined for the first time the idea of zkML and the ability to prove that a model computes its prediction on a specific data sample or achieves a certain accuracy on a dataset without revealing any information about the model itself.

At the time, our research was theoretical. Four years later, we are excited to announce that we have developed aproduction-ready compiler that lets any AI developers utilize zkMLwithout any expertise in zero-knowledge proofs.



What is zkML?

zkML, a subset of verifiable computation, addresses trust in the context of AI by enabling proof of the correctness of model inference. Through zero-knowledge proofs, a service provider can demonstrate that a specific output was genuinely produced by running a given model on an input. Whether it’s a decision tree, neural network, or another machine learning model, zkML ensures verifiability without exposing underlying data or models.



Extended Capabilities of zkML

The potential of zkML extends beyond simple inference verification. It can be applied to:

Data Origin Verification: Tracing and proving the lineage and authenticity of training data.

Authenticated Data Labeling: Ensuring that data labeling processes are genuine and unaltered.

Training Process Verification: Demonstrating that a model’s training adhered to predefined protocols and requirements.

Prior work on zkML has been purely theoretical due to the high computational demands; however, advancements in zero-knowledge technology now make production-ready solutions a reality.Expander proof system, which has broken many prover performance records, is the foundation of our zkML technology. This progress paves the way for zkML applications that can build trust without compromising on privacy or compliance.

“Berkeley RDI and Polyhedra are setting a new standard for trust and transparency in artificial intelligence with innovative zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) technology, a groundbreaking approach combining machine learning with cryptographic verification,” Dawn Song, Director of Berkeley RDI, commented. “We are excited to work together with Polyhedra to push the AI industry forward ensuring that the benefits brought by AI do not come at the expense of trust and safety.”



The Future of Verifiable AI

As we continue developing zkML alongside our Expander proving system, our vision is to make AI systems more transparent, accountable, and reliable. The synergy between zkML and blockchain technology unlocks opportunities for:

Secure AI Model Deployment

Verifiable Training Processes

Configurable Privacy Controls

Decentralized AI Ecosystems

Innovative AI Applications and Services

We are excited about the role zkML will play in shaping the next generation of AI applications, empowering trust and verifiability in ways that will redefine industry standards. This is just the beginning of what zkML can offer, and we look forward to sharing more as this technology evolves.



Tags: News

Title: Beyond Web 3.0

Article:
Historically, our client and partner base has been deeply rooted in Web 3.0, as we have built alongside various protocols, chains, video games, and decentralized applications (dApps). However, we are increasingly exploring how Zero-Knowledge (ZK) technology can transform both Web 2.0 and traditional financial (TradFi) sectors, and are expanding our scope into this underserved market.

The Shift to Web 2.0 and TradFi: Why the Change?

Polyhedra’s mission has always been to enhance the accessibility and applicability of Zero-Knowledge technology. While Web 3.0 has shown remarkable progress, extending our focus to Web 2.0 and TradFi sectors is crucial. This shift is motivated by a desire to provide value to a broader audience, particularly those currently underserved by existing technologies. ZK technology, despite its advanced nature, remains somewhat esoteric even within the blockchain space. By targeting Web 2.0 and TradFi enterprises, we aim to enhance education and service, enabling these sectors to leverage ZK for improved security and efficiency.

Promising Sectors for Zero-Knowledge Technology

The potential applications of ZK span many industries, such as:

Healthcare and Data Privacy: Zero-Knowledge technology can obscure sensitive medical data, ensuring privacy while maintaining data integrity.

Education: ZK can streamline funding and records, increasing the integrity of tuition or grade reports.

Supply Chain: Tracking and tracing within supply chains are significant challenges in Web 2.0. ZK can enhance transparency and reliability.

Government: Applications include managing governmental transactions, contributing to greater security in public administration.

Specific Use Cases in Web 2.0 and TradFi

Several specific use cases for Zero-Knowledge technology within Web 2.0 and TradFi environments are particularly noteworthy:

Privacy-Preserving Transactions: Transactions often expose detailed information about senders and recipients. ZK can obfuscate this data, preserving privacy without compromising transaction integrity.

Proof of Reserve: This application allows individuals to demonstrate financial capacity without having to reveal the actual funds or details.

Cross-Border Remittances: Traditional international payments can be sluggish due to lengthy processing times. Zero-Knowledge technology can expedite these transactions significantly.

AI and Machine Learning: ZK can reduce the costs and overheads associated with data verification in AI and ML applications, though broader deployment is still anticipated.

Proof of Identity and Tokenization: In the realm of tokenization, ZK can facilitate the representation of various asset classes, from capital market securities to alternative investments. Additionally, proof of identity solutions like ZKDID can enhance the verification process.

Polyhedra’s Unique Approach

Polyhedra offers several advantages in the Zero-Knowledge space, distinguished by:

Scalability: Achieved through distributed computing and batch proofing, allowing for extensive and efficient data processing.

Interoperability: Facilitating transactions between isolated networks, which is crucial for integrating Web 2.0 and TradFi systems with blockchain technology.

Cost Reductions: Implementing recursive proving and gas savings to minimize expenses.

Compliance Frameworks: Ensuring that solutions meet regulatory standards, which is a critical concern for Web 2.0 and TradFi actors.

Speed: Enhancing transaction processing speeds to match or exceed the performance of traditional systems, addressing concerns about blockchain’s current limitations.

Challenges and Solutions for Adoption

Despite the benefits, several challenges hinder the adoption of Zero-Knowledge technology in Web 2.0 and TradFi sectors:

Hesitation Around Innovation: New technologies often face skepticism. The goal is to demonstrate that Zero-Knowledge solutions are not only viable, but superior in performance long-term.

Regulatory and Settlement Concerns: Issues such as collateral requirements and settlement delays on public chains can cause slow adoption.

Demand and Investment: Low demand for some on-chain securitized products can deter investment in technology development.

Public Perception: Negative publicity from a few high-profile scandals can impact the reputation of innovative solutions.

Overcoming Blockchain Skepticism

The integration of blockchain and Web3 technologies into traditional Web2 enterprises has faced several challenges. Among these are concerns about blockchain features, risks associated with smart contracts, and general vulnerabilities to hacks. High-profile money laundering scandals have further exacerbated concerns about traceability. Such issues, while not prohibitive, contribute to a slower adoption rate among traditional businesses. The negative publicity surrounding these challenges can make Web2 companies cautious, impacting their willingness to explore Web3 technologies.

However, it’s essential to recognize that not all Web3 and blockchain companies are affected by these issues. Efforts to address these concerns are underway through industry-wide solutions and company-specific innovations. Proofs of concept, trials, and collaborations with established entities, such as Google Cloud’s partnership with Polyhedra, serve to build trust and demonstrate the reliability of blockchain technologies. These initiatives help mitigate hesitance and foster a more favorable environment for adoption.

Enhancements in Transaction Speed and Liquidity

Advancements in blockchain technology are addressing concerns about transaction volume and collateral restrictions. Polyhedra, for instance, has developed systems capable of handling thousands of transactions per second. This capability ensures faster settlement times and enhanced liquidity availability.

Addressing Security and Traceability

Security concerns, including the risk of hacks, are inherent in both Web2 and Web3 environments. Even major Web2 companies are not immune to data breaches. To manage these risks, Polyhedra focuses on creating highly secure systems backed by mathematical proofs rather than relying solely on middleware. This approach reduces the potential for interference and enhances security. Additionally, regarding traceability, Polyhedra is committed to incorporating oversight measures to address regulatory compliance and mitigate issues associated with bad actors.

Market Demand for Tokenization and On-Chain Assets

The perception of low retail demand for blockchain solutions can be misleading. Market research from McKinsey, Reuters, and Boston Consulting Group estimates that the market for tokenization and on-chain assets could range from $2 trillion to $16 trillion by 2030. These varying estimates highlight a significant potential for growth, indicating that demand for blockchain solutions is likely to increase. This anticipated growth offers a strong incentive for investing in blockchain infrastructure.

Current Web2 Integration Examples

Several prominent Web2 players are already experimenting with blockchain technologies. For instance, Visa recently conducted a tokenized asset trial with HSBC, emphasizing interoperability — a key area of Polyhedra’s expertise. In Germany, major enterprises such as Deutsche Bank, Mercedes, and Siemens are involved in tokenized deposit trials on permissioned DLT networks. Citi has also made strides by launching a digital assets platform and contributing to the development of the regulated liability network.

Other significant players like Santander are making substantial investments in blockchain to reduce operational costs. These examples illustrate the growing interest and practical applications of blockchain within traditional industries.

Future Developments and Innovations

Looking ahead, Polyhedra is focusing on various developments in ZK. This includes the ZKJ Chain and the application of ZK to machine learning (ZKML). These innovations are aimed at enhancing the accessibility and efficiency of zero-knowledge proofs for both Web2 and Web3 developers, and reducing the barrier to entry for developers and companies.

If you’re a Web2 company looking to see how zero knowledge might help your business grow and scale, reach out to us <PRESIDIO_ANONYMIZED_EMAIL_ADDRESS>



Tags: Blockchain, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Fintech, Web3, Finance

Title: Breaking Ground in Bitcoin: Polyhedra ZK Research Breakthrough

Article:
We are thrilled to announce our team’s latest milestone in Bitcoin Zero-Knowledge (ZK) research, presented in a detailed technical whitepaper. In this document, we unveil an innovative method for verifying ZK proofs directly on the Bitcoin blockchain, promising significant advancements in scalability.

In light of recent developments such as the approval of Bitcoin ETFs and the upcoming halving event, interest in Bitcoin research is at an all-time high. Our team identified critical shortcomings in existing approaches, particularly those highlighted in the BitVM whitepaper. One major concern was the potential for collusion between the prover and the challenger, which threatened the integrity of proofs allowing for the malicious creation of invalid proofs.

To address these challenges, we pioneered an alternative approach using FRI (Fast Reed-Solomon Interactive) style ZK proofs as the final layer of on-chain verification. FRI proofs offer superior efficiency, requiring fewer arithmetic operations compared to other ZK proof systems like Groth16 or Plonk. This efficiency is crucial given the substantial computational costs associated with operations on the Bitcoin blockchain.

Our whitepaper elaborates on how the FRI-based ZK proof system strikes a delicate balance between privacy, scalability, and security. Furthermore, the scalability benefits of our approach could alleviate performance bottlenecks in the Bitcoin network by reducing the computational burden of verifying transactions, thus enabling optimistic rollups on Bitcoin.

This research represents a significant leap forward in Bitcoin ZK proofs, unlocking new use cases and capabilities within the Bitcoin ecosystem. As our whitepaper gains traction, we anticipate it will inspire further research and development, fostering innovation in Bitcoin technology.



Practical Applications and Implications

Looking ahead, we envision the Bitcoin ecosystem evolving similarly to Ethereum’s L2 infrastructure, with a division between optimistic rollups (such as Arbitrum and Optimism) and ZK rollups (such as Starknet and Polygon).

In the Bitcoin ecosystem, projects like Babylon and BitVM provided valuable contributions, but limitations persisted, akin to challenges faced by optimistic rollups on Ethereum. These challenges include extended withdrawal periods and reliance on full data availability.

The missing link for trustless Layer-2 scaling solutions on Bitcoin lies in native ZK proof verification. Overcoming this obstacle is paramount to realizing the full potential of Bitcoin and enabling general-purpose programmability on the network. Our progress in this area is fundamental to advancing Bitcoin’s scalability and usability, solidifying its position as the leading blockchain platform.

Read the full article:https://hackmd.io/@polyhedra/bitcoin



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Bitcoin, ZK

Title: Building the future of intelligence: January 2025

Article:
Just one month into 2025, AI continues to accelerate at an exponential rate. DeepSeek's recent breakthrough in AI technology, particularly with the cost-efficient development of its R1 model, underscores thepotential for AIto become more widely accessible and economically viable, especially for AI native applications. By significantly reducing the financial barriers traditionally associated with AI innovation, DeepSeek is paving the way for broader adoption across various industries, from blockchain applications to decentralized finance. This democratization of AI aligns strongly with our thesis: as AI becomes more integrated into everyday use cases, the demand for reliable verification mechanisms will only increase.

Following the surge of DeepSeek attention and usage, cloud security firmWiz reported a major exposurein the database infrastructure, accessible from the public internet with no password required. The exposure spanned a significant volume of chat history, backend data, and sensitive information, including log streams, API Secrets, and operational details. In their blog, Wiz were clear that the rapid adoption of AI services without corresponding security is inherently risky, and as AI native systems become deeply integrated into businesses worldwide, the industry must recognize the risks of handling sensitive data and enforce security practices on par with those required for public cloud providers and major infrastructure providers.

With AI models being deployed in more contexts, ensuring the trustworthiness of AI-generated data is paramount, reinforcing the need for infrastructure to verify these systems - enhancing their reliability and enabling safer integration into diverse ecosystems. Arecent articlefrom our Chief Cryptographer explored the urgent need for accountability in-step with AI progress, and the d/acc framework’s practical steps to build trustworthy systems.



Laying out the blueprint

At the start of January we released our2025 Roadmap, outlining a strategic path for integrating zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) into AI - reinforcing trust, scalability, and privacy at every layer. At the core of this vision is EXPchain, a blockchain protocol designed to handle verifiable and privacy-preserving AI operations at scale. For our first set of benchmark’s we proved Llama-3 with 8 billion parameters in around 2.7 hours on a single core CPU. Currently the team is implementing the same prover in CUDA, with expected completion at the end of February. The preliminary results are impressive, showing an improvement of 300x-2800x from the single-core benchmark.

Our roadmap leverages theExpanderproof system to accelerate zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) innovation. To date, Expander has undergone extensive testing and reviews to validate its performance, and as we prepare for broader deployment we’ve launched a$500K Bug Bountyto further harden the system against vulnerabilities.

zkPyTorch, a toolkit simplifying zkML integration into mainstream AI workflows. zkPyTorch makes it easy to turn any AI model using this compiler into ZKP-enabled AI, so that anything AI does can be resolved on-chain. With zero-knowledge proofs, we can prove AI is working responsibly and correctly without leaking any underlying data.

zkBridge, our cross-chain interoperability solution strengthening secure communication between blockchains, is also fundamental in our development of Expanded Proof of Stake (ExPoS). ExPoS is the consensus backbone of EXPChain, enabling us to unify and connect staking mechanisms across all blockchains into a cohesive network for omni-chain staking.

To help navigate our zkML-enabled L1, we’ve releasedEXPcenteron Telegram as our inhouse directory for all things EXPchain.



Explore Expander Bootcamp + Hackathon

On Jan 20 we launched theExplore Expander Bootcampand Hackathon in collaboration with Ethereum Foundation, Worldcoin, Google and a panel of industry leaders. Thissix-week immersive programprovides developers with a unique opportunity to harness Expander and drive innovation in blockchain, cryptography, and verifiable AI. A key focus is Expander’s application to the highly anticipatedEthereum Foundationproposal for theBEAM chain.



Highlights from early sessions

The bootcamp has already featured deep-dive sessions from leading experts in cryptography and blockchain infrastructure:

Jens Groth (Nexus) provided an introduction to zero-knowledge proofs, laying the groundwork for advanced discussions.

Justin Drake (Ethereum Foundation) led an in-depth workshop on native rollups, breaking down state roots, data availability, sequencing, and the execution layer of Ethereum’s world computer.

Ryan Cao (Worldcoin) delivered an insightful session on zkML and privacy-preserving machine learning, exploring the intersection of AI and cryptography.

The response from developers and researchers has been overwhelmingly positive:

"Hi, thanks for doing this Bootcamp-Hackathon, the workshops so far have been amazing."

Ryan Cao shared key insights on how zkML is transforming verifiable machine learning:

"What we are doing in zkML… is we are trying to show that the person running the machine learning model did so in the correct manner, with model integrity."

He also highlighted the privacy-preserving capabilities of zero-knowledge proofs:

"Because of the ZK feature of zero-knowledge proof systems, it is possible to hide certain things… Let’s say you just spent millions training the latest language model—you might not want people to know the model weights, but you still want everyone to know you trained the model correctly."



Explore Expander has now entered the Build Phase

Through this phase of the bootcamp, participants will build projects in 1 of 5 tracks:

- Efficient Onchain Verifiers Using Recursive GKR Compression

- Account Abstraction with zkLogin (Keyless Login)

- Single Slot Finality: Post-Quantum Signature for BEAM Chain Consensus

- Building zkML with GKR Protocol

- Post-Quantum Private Transactions on Ethereum

The leading project in each track will receive a $50K grant. Closing talks will be given by Vitalik and myself, with all previous talks now available on theevent page.



Scaling EXPchain partner integrations

January has seen a steady run of partner announcements, including:

Zypher Networklaunching the first verifiable 2048 puzzle live on EXPchain Testnet.

A fresh teaser fromSushi.

KNN3Networkbuilding smarter, secure blockchain ecosystems with a gateway to zkML-powered AI and zkBridge-enabled cross-chain data curation.

Openledgerpushing the limits of model development with decentralized trust infrastructure for the world’s data and the power of zkML.

Dynamicpowering seamless connectivity to EXPchain for blockchain natives and newcomers alike, enabling logins with your crypto wallet or an existing social login.

Cognitive Financeexploring new horizons of AI-driven agents and intent-based actions for secure, streamlined management.

AIdea Gamebuilding the first Verifiable AI Game Framework on EXPchain for fair play and transparent rewards powered by our zkML technology.

Lendvestusing deterministic ZK proofs to address the state of DeFi transactions.

RentaNetworkshaping the future of decentralized infrastructure to redefine scalability, security, and blockchain connectivity.

Lemonade Socialpowering loyalty at the intersection of social and community.

As EXPchain moves steadily towards Mainnet, we’ve releasedDevnetto continue testing code in a sandbox environment.



The Polyhedra Show: discussions on the Future of Intelligence

Since December, The Polyhedra Show has been bringing together researchers, engineers, and ecosystem pioneers to explore the technologies shaping the future of Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning, blockchain trust, and AI security. Airing biweekly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, each fireside unpacks the latest breakthroughs in verifiable computing, privacy-preserving AI, and decentralized infrastructure:



Polyhedra 2025 Roadmap- Jan 7th

I’m joined by our CMO Samuel Pearton to discuss Polyhedra’s 2025 roadmap, focusing on EXPchain and innovations in zkML, AI trust, blockchain scalability, and key advancements with zkPyTorch, enabling verifiable AI models without exposing private data, Proof of Intelligence (PoI) to ensure AI model integrity, and a trustless AI Data Marketplace.



Explore Expander: Tracks- Jan 9th

Our Chief Cryptographer Zhenfei Zhang joins CSO Eric Vreeland to share insights into the Explore Expander boot camp focus areas - including single-slot finality, post-quantum security, and zkML - along with the boot camp's structure, importance in accelerating Ethereum’s development, and how participants can get involved.



Verifiable Gaming with Zypher Network- Jan 14th

Zypher Network COO Maggie Wang joins our CSO Eric Vreeland to discuss the collaboration between Polyhedra and Zypher Network, the role of ZK technology in ensuring fairness and transparency in gaming, and the launch of z248, a verifiable version of the classic 2048 puzzle game.



Introducing zkML- Jan 16th

Our Chief Scientist Jiaheng Zhang and Strategy and Operations Lead Morgan Takach explore zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML), a novel approach combining AI with cryptographic proofs, discussing how Jiaheng’s research on zkML enhances AI verifiability and privacy.



Verifiable AI Agents- Jan 21st

Our CMO Samuel Pearton joins me one more to focus on AI agents and the need for verifiability, privacy, and ethical decision-making, discussing how Polyhedra is creating an infrastructure layer to ensure AI systems remain trustworthy, using ZK proofs to safeguard user data.



Building Trust in AI Data with OpenLedger- Jan 23rd

OpenLedger co-founder Ram Kumar joins our CSO Eric Vreeland to discuss Polyhedra and OpenLedger’s collaboration to build a decentralized trust infrastructure for AI data, and "proof of attribution," ensuring fair compensation for data contributors and enhancing the trustworthiness of AI models.



Evening Edition: Community Q&A- Jan 28

This Q&A episode with our Strategy and Operations Lead Morgan Takach and Head of Engagement Anthony Cargill addresses community questions about AI, blockchain, and quantum computing, covering the $500 billion Stargate project, ethical AI, and the impact of ZK proofs on trust in AI.



Building Seamless UX with Dynamic- Jan 30

Dynamic co-founder Itai Turbahn joins our CSO Eric Vreeland to discuss Polyhedra’s partnership with Dynamic to improve blockchain user experience by integrating decentralized security with intuitive wallet interactions and removing the friction between usability and security, making blockchain applications more accessible while preserving decentralization and trust.

January has set a fast pace - EXPchain Devnet is live, zkML benchmarks are breaking records, and ecosystem adoption is growing. With research, development, and partnerships accelerating, 2025 is shaping up to be a defining year for verifiable AI and blockchain scalability.

-Tiancheng Xie, Polyhedra co-founder



Tags: EXPchain, zkML, Expander

Title: Demystifying Zero Knowledge Proofs: An Interview with Eric Vreeland

Article:


Introduction to Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs)

In a recent episode of the Stonks Go Moon, Chief Strategy Officer of Polyhedra, Eric Vreeland, joined the podcast to discuss the fascinating world of Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). As this technology continues to grow in importance and application, it’s essential to understand its fundamental principles and practical uses.



What Are Zero Knowledge Proofs?

Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are a cryptographic method that allows one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any additional information beyond the validity of the statement itself. To illustrate this concept, Vreeland provides a vivid analogy: imagine you are colorblind and someone presents you with two billiard balls — one red and one green. The goal is to prove to you that one ball is red and the other is green without actually telling you which is which. A possible approach would be to hide the balls behind your back and then show one of them. By swapping the balls behind your back, the verifier could confirm whether the balls were different colors based on whether or not they can correctly tell when you’ve swapped the balls.

In technical terms, ZKPs involve committing to certain information and generating a proof. This proof can then be verified by a third party without needing to re-calculate or re-compute the original data. This process is streamlined by using cryptographic methods to ensure that verification is both efficient and secure.



The Role of SNARKs in Zero Knowledge Proofs

A critical subset of ZKPs is the ZK-SNARK (Zero Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge). SNARKs provide a means to succinctly verify the correctness of a computation without requiring extensive resources. For example, solving a Sudoku puzzle can be time-consuming, but verifying that a completed puzzle adheres to the rules is relatively quick. SNARKs offer a similar benefit: while performing a complex computation may be resource-intensive, verifying the results can be achieved swiftly.

In blockchain technology, ZK-SNARKs can be employed to validate transactions or confirm consensus with minimal computational effort. This ability to verify transactions efficiently is particularly advantageous in scaling blockchain networks.



The Necessity of ZK-SNARKs in Blockchain

A common question arises: if blockchains are designed to be immutable and transparent ledgers, why do we need ZK-SNARKs? Vreeland explains that while blockchains provide a reliable record of transactions, some computations can be prohibitively expensive to perform directly on-chain. ZK-SNARKs enable off-chain computations while ensuring that results can be verified on-chain. This capability is crucial for tasks such as training machine learning models or performing other complex operations without overloading the blockchain.



Practical Applications of Zero Knowledge Proofs

Vreeland highlights several key use cases for ZKPs:

Blockchain Scaling:ZKPs can help offload computation to cheaper or faster environments, then use proofs to validate transactions on the mainnet. Projects such as Linea and Scroll utilize ZK proofs to achieve this.

Interoperability:Zero Knowledge proofs facilitate secure and verifiable state-sharing between different blockchains. For instance, transferring tokens from Ethereum to Arbitrum can be managed by creating a proof that validates the token’s status on both chains.

Privacy:Privacy-focused projects like Zcash use ZKPs to obfuscate transaction details, making it possible to keep sensitive information hidden while still providing verifiable proof of transactions.



Integration with Traditional Finance

The integration of ZKPs into traditional financial infrastructure is a complex but promising endeavor. Vreeland notes that while traditional financial institutions are cautious and deliberate in their approach due to regulatory concerns and the need to manage risk, there is significant interest in the privacy, scalability, and verifiability that ZKPs offer. Initial implementations may start with small-scale projects, but as the technology matures, broader adoption is expected.

Innovations and Future Directions

One notable project Vreeland shares is Polyhedra’s Expander Proof System. This in-house developed system focuses on accelerating proof generation, particularly useful for interoperability applications. By optimizing the underlying technology, Polyhedra aims to ensure that proof generation does not become a bottleneck, thus enhancing the efficiency of cross-chain transactions.

Another exciting development is the Proof Cloud initiative, which aims to make ZKP development more accessible by simplifying the setup of the necessary infrastructure. This effort is crucial for developers who need to run computationally intensive proof generation processes without incurring prohibitive costs.



Enhancing Computational Efficiency with Proof Cloud

As Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) continue to evolve, so too do the solutions designed to optimize their application. One such innovation is the Proof Cloud, a project spearheaded by Polyhedra Network to address the challenges associated with the computational demands of ZKP infrastructure. During the podcast, Eric Vreeland elaborated on how Proof Cloud aims to streamline the deployment and management of proof generation resources.

Vreeland explained that the demand for computational resources can fluctuate significantly, especially during peak times such as airdrops or high-activity events. This variability often results in inefficient utilization of cloud resources, with average capacity usage around 30 percent. To tackle this, Polyhedra has partnered with Google Cloud to leverage their auto-scaling tools. The goal is to enhance efficiency by dynamically adjusting the number of systems in use and optimizing the resource allocation on each system. This not only reduces energy consumption and costs but also ensures that computational resources are used more effectively.

For early-stage companies and developers just beginning to work with ZKPs, Proof Cloud offers an accessible solution to these challenges. It simplifies the process of setting up the necessary infrastructure, allowing teams to focus on their core projects without the need for extensive in-house expertise or incurring prohibitive costs.



The Broader Impact: Democratizing Access to ZKP Technology

One of the most exciting aspects of advancements like Proof Cloud is their potential to democratize access to cutting-edge technologies. By lowering the barriers to entry, these innovations make it possible for a broader range of developers and organizations to utilize ZKP technology, fostering a more inclusive and diverse ecosystem.

Vreeland’s enthusiasm for the impact of these developments highlights a pivotal moment in the tech landscape. As ZKPs become more accessible, they hold the promise of transforming various sectors, from finance to blockchain interoperability, by offering enhanced privacy, scalability, and verification capabilities.



Connecting with Polyhedra Network

For those interested in exploring further or engaging with Polyhedra Network, Eric Vreeland encourages listeners to connect via social media. Polyhedra can be found on Twitter at@PolyhedraZK, while Vreeland himself is available at@Vreeland. Both are open to discussions and inquiries, offering a gateway to deeper insights into ZKP technology and its applications.



The Future of Zero Knowledge Proofs

The journey into the realm of Zero Knowledge Proofs is as intriguing as it is complex. From foundational principles to practical implementations and future innovations, ZKPs are shaping the future of secure and scalable technology. As we continue to explore and develop these technologies, the possibilities for their application are boundless, promising significant advancements across various domains.



Tags: Technology, Blockchain, Zero Knowledge Proofs, zkSnark, AI

Join Our Ecosystem
Polyhedra prioritises trust, data privacy and safety. We partner with developers looking for cutting-edge compute powered by the industry’s fastest zk proof system, Expander. Integrate and scale your project, or build with our technology.

Types of projects connected with ecosystem:
All: 148
Layer-1: 11
Layer-2: 22
Infrastructure: 19
Gaming: 22
Metaverse: 11
NFT: 10
Defi: 12
DID: 8
Bitcoin Ecosystem: 21
Cosmos Ecosystem: 2
Data Availability: 1
SocialFi: 3
Wallet and AA: 2
ZKML: 3
AI: 5
Analytics: 1
Blockchain: 10
Data: 1
Development: 2
Finance: 2
Governance: 1
Identity: 1
Onchain Gaming: 1
Privacy: 1
Security: 1
Social: 1
Marketplace: 1
Web3: 1
Launchpad: 1


Projects:

Name: ABGA
A groundbreaking club centered around Web3 games, supported by prominent institutions in the Web3 industry.
Type/Tag: Gaming, NFT, Metaverse

Name: AIdea Games
AIdea is a Verifiable AI Game Framework designed to establish fairness, transparency, and sustainability in digital gaming economies. By integrating advanced AI technologies with privacy-preserving zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) from Polyhedra, AIdea ensures incentive-compatible gameplay and tamper-resistant economic systems.
Type/Tag: Onchain Gaming

Name: Allora Labs
Allora Labs builds industry-leading AI x crypto infrastructure. Developers, academics, and financial professionals working toward a single mission: to commoditize the world's intelligence.
Type/Tag: AI

Name: Animoca Brands
Animoca Brands and its various subsidiaries develop and publish a broad portfolio of blockchain games, traditional games, and other products.
Type/Tag: Gaming, NFT, Metaverse

Name: Ankr
Build web3 apps with a full suite of developer tools. Power them with fast, global, decentralized connections to dozens of chains.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: AnyAlt
Access liquidity from any source. Harness our powerful SDK to seamlessly bridge assets across any network. Execute any token purchase or contract with just a few lines of code — all to maximize your liquidity.
Type/Tag: Finance

Name: Arbitrum
Designed with you in mind, Arbitrum is the leading Layer 2 technology that empowers you to explore and build in the largest Layer 1 ecosystem, Ethereum.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Arena of Faith
A tournament-centric MOBA game, offering a 3D gaming experience with P2E and AI.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: Aspecta
AI-powered identity network to empower builders and foster ecosystem growth.
Type/Tag: DID

Name: Atomicals Market
The marketplace and explorer for Atomicals and ARC-20.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem, Layer-1

Name: Avalanche
Avalanche is a smart contracts platform that scales infinitely and regularly finalizes transactions in less than one second.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: B² Network
A Bitcoin Layer 2 network implemented through ZK Rollup and an on-chain logical gate commitment verification mechanism.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Babylon
Unlocking 21 million to secure the decentralized economy.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Band Protocol
Band Protocol is a cross-chain data oracle platform that aggregates and connects real-world data and APIs to smart contracts, enhancing smart contract functionalities by granting access to reliable data without any central authority or points of failure.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Base
Base is a secure, low-cost, builder-friendly Ethereum L2 built to bring the next billion users onchain.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: BEVM
Building the first EVM-compatible BTC Layer 2 based on Taproot while using BTC as gas.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: BIMA
BIMA provides secure and decentralized identity management solutions leveraging blockchain technology.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Bitget Wallet
Home of Web3. One Wallet, Endless Possibilities. Over 40M users swap, stake, trade & earn crypto on Bitget Wallet, leading multi-chain ecosystem serves global crypto users.
Type/Tag: Wallet and AA

Name: Bitlayer
The first Bitcoin security-equivalent layer2 based on BitVM.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Bitmap
Building a Layer 2 to unleash the potential of native Bitcoin assets.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: bitSmiley
The leading Bitcoin DeFi protocol, anchored by bitUSD.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Blade Games
On-chain game studio building across the L2 stacks.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: BNB Chain
BNB Chain is a global, decentralized network with developers, validators, users, HODLers and enthusiasts.
Type/Tag: Layer-1, Layer-2

Name: BounceBit
BounceBit is a BTC restaking chain exclusively designed for Bitcoin.
Type/Tag: Defi, Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Bsquared Network
The first EVM-compatible Rollup based on zero-knowledge proof verification commitment on Bitcoin.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: BTCBot
A powerful BRC20 Telegram Bot for Aggregated Trading and Auto Sniping.
Type /Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: BurgerCities
A one-stop Play&Earn MetaFi platform based on #BNB Chain.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: BYTE CITY
Web2.5 Social Entertainment Platform For Digital Collectables.
Type/Tag: NFT, Metaverse

Name: Caldera
The modular blockchain platform: deploy a rollup in one click.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure, Layer-2

Name: Cashmere Labs
Cashmere is a protocol for MEV protected cross-chain swaps. Any asset between any chain with the best rates. Built on Layerzero.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Celo
Celo is the carbon-negative, mobile-first, EVM-compatible blockchain ecosystem leading a thriving new digital economy for all.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Citizen Conflict
Team-based hero shooter game.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: Cluster Protocol
Cluster Protocol provides infrastructure to create scalable blockchain clusters, enhancing network performance and interoperability.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Cognitive Finance
Cognitive Finance is a strategic research and advisory firm specializing in the business and governance of artificial intelligence in financial services.
Type/Tag: DeFi, AI

Name: Coinify
Providing the infrastructure for over 2 million users to buy, sell and pay with crypto. Accept the future of finance with crypto payments and trade. Trusted globally by 60,000+ businesses and payment service providers.
Type/Tag: Finance

Name: Combo
A Game-focused Layer2 for Web3 Game Developers.
Type/Tag: Layer-2, Gaming

Name: Core DAO
Core DAO is a Bitcoin hash-powered and EVM-compatible blockchain onboarding the next billion users.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Cosmos
Cosmos is an ever-expanding ecosystem of interoperable and sovereign blockchain apps and services, built for a decentralized future.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Cubi Swap
A Dex on opBNB with Low Gas Fees, High Liquidity, and Secure Transactions.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Curve Finance
Curve Finance is an automated market maker optimized for stablecoin trading, offering low slippage and low fee transactions.
Type/Tag: DeFi

Name: DappOS
Intent-centric operating protocol.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: DappRadar
The most trusted source for exploring Web3 projects across 70+ blockchains. Discover and track the best dapps, explore top blockchain games, stay ahead with the widest coverage of tokens, and find exclusive airdrops.
Type/Tag: Analytics

Name: Defusion
As a pioneer in the intersection of AI and NFTs, http://Defusion.ai invites you to unleash your creative potential.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Dego Finance
Dego Finance is an innovative incubator for the Web3 world, spanning the Bitcoin Ecosystem, Depin, Desci, and GameFi, and collaborating with our partners to embark on a new chapter.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Dfinity
A trustless multi-custody digital assets management platform on the Internet Computer.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Dmail
Dmail Network is an AI-powered decentralized communication infrastructure built to provide encrypted emails, unified notifications, and targeted marketing across multiple chains and dApps for users, developers, and marketers.
Type/Tag: SocialFi

Name: Ducat Protocol
Ducat Protocol offers the first decentralized stablecoin, native to the Bitcoin L1, allowing users to borrow UNIT using BTC as collateral.
Type/Tag: DeFi

Name: Dynamic
Dynamic combines authentication, smart wallets, and secure key management into one flexible SDK. Get the most multi-chain coverage across chains and third-party wallets.
Type/Tag: Identity

Name: Eigenlayer
A platform that helps decentralized networks launch with robust trust by leveraging Ethereum stakers & validators.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Element
Element is the first community-driven aggregated marketplace, built to save time and money.
Type/Tag: NFT

Name: Ethereum
Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain with smart contract functionality.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: EZ Swap
Multi-Chain NFT DEX Protocol & Inscription Marketplace (EOS EVM, Manta, Polygon, ETH, zkSync, Arbitrum).
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Ezkl
Securing AI systems with zero-knowledge cryptography.
Type/Tag: ZKML

Name: Fantom
Fantom is a fast and scalable next-gen Layer-1 platform .
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Filecoin
Filecoin is a decentralized storage network designed to store humanity's most important information.
Type/Tag: Data Availability

Name: Flare Network
Flare is the blockchain for data: an EVM-based layer 1 that gives developers access to data from other chains and the internet.
Type/Tag: Layer-1, Infrastructure

Name: FSLand
A Web3 Global IP, empowering Web3 IP with Animation and Gaming.
Type/Tag: NFT

Name: Gabby World
A game with the AIGC autonomous world.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Galxe
The leading platform for building Web3 community.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure, DID

Name: Gameta
Gameta is a Multi-layered NFT Gaming Ecosystem.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: GasZero
The first 0 gas fee zk-Rollup.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure, Layer-2

Name: Gensyn
The network for machine intelligence. Gens ynai Network together the core resources required for machine intelligence to flourish alongside human intelligence.
Type/Tag: ZKML

Name: Giza
Web3 Agents Stack. Streamlining the complexity of web3 through user-centric smart applications.
Type/Tag: ZKML

Name: Google Cloud
Build apps fast, leverage generative AI, and analyze data in seconds—all with Google-grade security.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Hashlock
Hashlock is the industry leading web3 security auditing firm. Founded in Australia, Hashlock now acts in the global market to help Web3 companies find and mitigate security vulnerabilities in their blockchain technology.
Type/Tag: Security

Name: High Street
HSWS is a collection of 9,999 scarcely generated utilitarian art pieces on the MultiversX Network.
Type/Tag: Gaming, NFT, Metaverse

Name: Hyper Oracle
A truly decentralized, autonomous network.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Intract
Intract empowers users to connect their private data for personalized AI, targeted quest airdrops, proof of unique humanhood, and more.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Irys
Irys enables developers to directly use on-chain data within smart contracts, allowing the creation of applications that interact with data in real-time.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Izumi
iZUMi Finance is a multi-chain DeFi protocol providing one-stop Liquidity as a Service (LaaS).
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Kava
KAVA is a decentralized blockchain that combines the speed and interoperability of Cosmos with the developer power of Ethereum.
Type/Tag: Cosmos Ecosystem

Name: KiloEx
Next generation of user-friendly perpetual DEX on BNB Chain/opBNB/Manta.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: KNN3 Network
KNN3 Network, at the forefront of Web3 and AI, is revolutionizing the digital landscape by seamlessly blending technologies like big data, cloud solutions, and AI to accelerate the widespread adoption of Web3, offering an innovative suite of products designed for developers, enhancing Web3 business strategies, and enriching the experience of retail users.
Type/Tag: Data

Name: Kodeus AI
Kodeus is the infinite mind that creates a universe of possibilities, offering a world filled with autonomous AI Agents that think, learn, and evolve.
Type/Tag: AI

Name: KTX
Decentralized Derivatives & Social Trading Platform.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Lagrange
Generalizable, non-interactive cross-chain state proofs and ZK big data.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: LayerZero
LayerZero is an omnichain interoperability protocol designed for lightweight message passing across chains.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Lemonade Social
All-in-one platform for your shop, events and community. A playground for artists, creators, and crypto enthusiasts. We bring all aspects of NFT creation, collection and trading to a single platform.
Type/Tag: Social

Name: Lendvest
Lendvest offers a decentralized platform enabling users to lend and borrow assets securely without intermediaries.
Type/Tag: DeFi

Name: Lifeform
A tech-driven decentralized digital identity provider specializing in visual DID solutions.
Type/Tag: DID, Metaverse

Name: Linea
A Developer Friendly zk-Rollup, Powered by ConsenSys.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Lorenzo Protocol
Lorenzo matches Bitcoin stakers with world-class projects in need of liquidity and security.
Type/Tag: Defi, Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Lumibit
The first Bitcoin Layer 2 based on ZK-rollup, integrating Scroll's solution for full EVM equivalence & BTC-native account abstraction.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Manta Network
Manta Network is the multi-modular ecosystem for zero-knowledge (ZK) applications.
Type/Tag: Layer-2, DID

Name: Mantle
Mantle is a modular layer-2 blockchain on Ethereum with mass adoption of decentralized and token-governed technologies.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Matr1X
Create Infinite Possibilities Web3 Cultural Entertainment Platform & Infrastructure Scroll to Explore.
Type/Tag: Gaming, NFT, Metaverse

Name: Merlin Chain
A Native Bitcoin Layer2 powered by BitmapTech, building upon the native assets, protocols, and products on Bitcoin Layer1.
Type/Tag: Layer-2, Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: MetaMerge
A universe combining AIGC, NFTs, DeFi and Gaming.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Metis
Metis is an Ethereum Layer 2 Rollup platform that offers simple and fast smart contract deployment within the network.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Midaswap
NFTexchange plugin For Autonomous Worlds, swapping ERC-721, ERC1155 to any ERC-20 asset, offering assets staking features & yield farming.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Mind Network
Mind Network is a strategic research and advisory firm specializing in the business and governance of artificial intelligence in financial services.
Type/Tag: AI, Blockchain

Name: Nabox
The Multi-Chain DID Gateway to Web3.
Type/Tag: NFT, DID

Name: Nexus
Nexus concentrates the world’s compute power into a single Layer 1. Our mission is to bring truth to the fabric of the Internet. We envision an Internet built on verifiable computation, where everyone can own and protect their identities online, where institutions will be held to higher levels of accountability, where people will be able to have greater trust in any online interaction.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: NFP
NFPrompt is the first Prompt Artist Platform in Web3, which lets you mint your imagination into an AI-Generated NFT.
Type/Tag: NFT

Name: NFTb
Explore new games, trade NFTs & earn rewards with gamers alike.
Type/Tag: NFT, Gaming

Name: Noble
The new standard for digital asset issuance. We build liquidity infrastructure for asset issuers to participate in the Interchain economy.
Type/Tag: Cosmos Ecosystem

Name: Nodereal
A One-Stop Blockchain Infra Provider.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Nubit
Nubit enables the scaling of Bitcoin data capacities without compromises, empowering applications like Ordinals, layer 2s, price oracles, and indexers.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Oasys
Oasys combines the best of public and private blockchain technologies to deliver a seamless, speedy, and zero-gas-fee blockchain gaming experience.
Type/Tag: Layer-2, Gaming

Name: OKX Wallet
One-stop web3 entrance for Bitcoin ecosystem.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: OMA3
OMA3 is a collaboration of Web3 metaverse platform creators.
Type/Tag: Metaverse

Name: opBNB
opBNB is a high-performance layer-2 solution within the BNB ecosystem, built using the OP Stack.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Open Campus
A Layer 3 blockchain for consumer-facing education apps and on-chain education finance (EduFi).
Type/Tag: SocialFi

Name: Optimism
Optimism is a Collective of companies, communities, and citizens working together to reward public goods and build a sustainable future for Ethereum.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Particle Network
The first account abstraction protocol on Bitcoin - BTC Connect.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Plant Crossing
The First Omnichain AR Game, Enabling Phygital Web3 through Spatial.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: Polygon
The Value Layer of the Internet.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure, Layer-2

Name: Polygon zkEVM
Polygon zkEVM is the first zero knowledge scaling solution compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine to integrate smart contracts and developer tools.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Privasea
We enable innovation and progress through data but also ensure privacy and security for everyone. Making it simple for everyone to take back control of their human likeness.
Type/Tag: Privacy

Name: Protofire
Protofire boosts TVL and usage for Web3 projects with our Dev DAO, reducing costs and enhancing quality. We support L1/L2 and DeFi with measurable success. Trusted by 60+ Networks and 95+ Protocols. We bring your vision to reality through a combination of technical and management expertise.
Type/Tag: Development

Name: QORPOWorld
A blockchain developer with end-to-end solutions for the gaming industry.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: QuestN
A decentralized platform for community growth and marketing.
Type/Tag: SocialFi

Name: ReadOn
REON is shaping a vibrant ecosystem within BTC with a focus on social engagement and incubation initiatives.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Red Kite
Red Kite is a top-tier launchpad that allows investors to participate in token pre-sales of carefully chosen Web3 projects.
Type/Tag: Launchpad

Name: Renta
Renta is an innovative provider of blockchain technologies and Web3 infrastructure, creating a global ecosystem for property rental worldwide without commissions and intermediaries.
Type/Tag: Marketplace

Name: Rollux
Rollux is the ultimate EVM rollup platform rooted in Bitcoin's PoW for unparalleled security, scalability, and affordability.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Rootstock
An EVM compatible Bitcoin sidechain that enables users to create/execute smart contracts and dApps on the Bitcoin network.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Scroll
The accessible and secure onchain experience for everyone, everywhere.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: SecondLive
A create-to-earn open Metaverse where web3 inhabitants gather here to facilitate self-expression, unleash creativity and build a dreaming parallel universe.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Secure Staking Alliance
A cross-industry collaboration to develop open standards for designing, building, and running secure validator infrastructure.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure

Name: Sei
Sei is at the pinnacle of high-speed blockchain platforms, ideal for web2 like experiences, high-frequency trading and real-time digital exchanges.
Type/Tag: Layer-1

Name: Solv
Pioneering A Decentralized Bitcoin Reserve with SolvBTC.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Sonorus
Sonorus is reshaping the music landscape with TrendFi. Creating a platform where music lovers don't just enjoy music—they vote on it, influencing its popularity, and earn rewards in the process.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Space Falcon
Intergalactic SOLANA metaverse featuring PvP space shooter game with premium Sci Fi NFTs.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: Space ID
One Place for Digital Identities: SPACE ID is building a hub for you to discover, register, trade, & manage .eth, .bnb, & .arb web3 domains in one stop.
Type/Tag: DID

Name: Stakestone
The omnichain liquidity distribution network with staking and future restaking yields.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Starkware
Trailblazing the way to infinite scale, bringing scalability, security, and privacy to a blockchain near you.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Stork
Stork’s Open Data Market unlocks access to decentralized, reliable, and unique data, empowering you to build your vision without compromise. Let's build the future.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Symbiotic
Symbiotic is a generalized shared security system enabling decentralized networks to bootstrap powerful, fully sovereign ecosystems.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Syscoin
The ultimate foundation of the industry's best #DataAvailability solution, #PoDA, and one of the only running on Bitcoin.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Taiko
A decentralized, Ethereum-equivalent ZK-Rollup.
Type/Tag: Layer-2

Name: Tally
Tally is the industry standard for driving long-term protocol success. Foundations, delegates, and token holders use Tally to manage $80+ billion in value for onchain protocols.
Type/Tag: Governance

Name: The Graph
The Graph is a web3 protocol for organizing and accessing blockchain data. As the original decentralized data marketplace that introduced and standardized subgraphs, The Graph has become web3’s method of indexing and accessing blockchain data.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: Thena
THE Decentralized Trading and Liquidity Hub on B NBChain & opBNB.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Thirdweb
Full stack, open-source web3 development platform. Frontend, backend, and onchain tools to build complete web3 apps — on every EVM chain. Onboard users with wallets, build & deploy smart contracts, accept fiat with payments, and scale apps with infrastructure.
Type/Tag: Development

Name: TopGoal
A football metaverse with officially licensed digital collectibles, GameFi & SocialFi, with vision of bridging sports to web3.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Trust Wallet
In Freedom We Trust. 140M+ users securing their future with the world’s most trusted crypto wallet.
Type/Tag: Wallet and AA

Name: Ultiverse
Ultiverse is an integrated platform combining AAA social gaming, NFTs, DeFi and DEXs all in one.
Type/Tag: Gaming, Metaverse

Name: Umy.com
Umy.com is a Web3 travel and consumption platform offering global hotel and flight bookings, innovative Web3 consumption scenarios, and seamless payment solutions.
Type/Tag: Web3

Name: Unisat
An open-source Chrome extension for Bitcoin ordinals & BRC-20 assets.
Type/Tag: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Name: Unstoppable Domain
Unstoppable Domains is the #1 provider of Web3 domains. Your name, wallet address & login for Web3.
Type/Tag: DID

Name: Venus
Simple and powerful community-driven finance for the entire globe.
Type/Tag: Defi

Name: Yuliverse
Yuliverse is the World’s very First Parallel Reality Gaming Metaverse on BSC chain, Inspired by Pokemon Go & Tinder.
Type/Tag: Gaming

Name: ZkAGI
ZkAGI: Infrastructure for AI secret agents and super agents - verifiable (proof of sentience) and decentralized at the core! World's first privacy-conscious decentralised AGI.
Type/Tag: AI

Name: zkLink
zkLink is a ZK-Rollup trading infrastructure empowering DeFi, RWA, and NFT super dApps in a rollup-centric, multi-chain world.
Type/Tag: Layer-2, Infrastructure

Name: zkPass
zkPass is a zkTLS oracle protocol that brings web private data verifiable on-chain.
Type/Tag: DID

Name: Zypher
Zypher revolutionizes the underlying infrastructure for on-chain trust in high performance applications operated by AI and Human. ZK Computing Layer for Verifiable AI Agents and Applications.
Type/Tag: Blockchain

Name: 4Everland
4EVERLAND is a Web3 infrastructure powered by blockchain technology that provides developers with convenient, efficient, and low-cost storage, network, and computing capabilities.
Type/Tag: Infrastructure


Title: Empowering Bitcoin zkBridge with EigenLayer Restaking and Dual Staking

Article:
At Polyhedra Network, our zkBridge marks a significant leap forward in blockchain technology, providing a secure and decentralized solution for the transmission of messages and bridging of assets across various Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. We ensure trustless and reliable verification of state transitions from source to destination chains, eliminating the need for third-party security protocols. Central to our security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. These proofs allow the verification of data without revealing the data itself, ensuring privacy and security. Our zkBridge operates on a dedicated decentralized network for proof generation, encouraging participation from various nodes in the ecosystem. These nodes are crucial in relaying block headers and generating proofs, and as a reward for their contributions and successful execution, they receive incentives, fostering a collaborative and efficient network.

Polyhedra Network has previously enhanced Bitcoin interoperability with our zkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol. Building on this, we’re now collaborating with EigenLayer to introduce dual staking across various blockchains, leveraging our BTC bridges. EigenLayer’s dual staking mechanism utilizes native and more reliable tokens to strengthen a Proof-of-Stake network. Traditionally, Ethereum has been used as a secondary collateral due to ETH’s stability. However, we’re innovating by using BTC, the cryptocurrency with the largest market cap, for dual staking. This approach not only allows BTC holders to generate profits but also significantly benefits the entire BTC ecosystem. A major challenge has been incorporating BTC in dual staking due to Bitcoin’s limitations in supporting smart contracts. Fortunately, Polyhedra Network has addressed this issue with specialized designs in our BTC bridge, overcoming the key obstacle of message bridging with Bitcoin as the receiver chain. The integration with EigenLayer dual staking and AVS will be officially launched after EigenLayer AVS mainnet launch.



Details on Bitcoin bridges especially when Bitcoin network is the receiver chain

Polyhedra Network’s approach to using Bitcoin as a receiver chain in cross-chain transactions addresses a key challenge: Bitcoin’s lack of native smart contract functionality. This limitation prevents Bitcoin from being a standard receiver in our zkBridge framework. For illustration, we’ll use Ethereum as the sender chain and Bitcoin as the receiver.

To secure these transactions, we’ve implemented a Proof of Stake (PoS)-style mechanism. Validators are required to stake native tokens (Ethereum tokens if Ethereum is the sender chain, or BNB tokens if it’s the BNB Chain) to write data on the Bitcoin network. These validators use a Multi-Party Computation (MPC) protocol to reach consensus on the messages sent. Notably, our protocol’s security doesn’t solely rely on the accuracy of the MPC protocol. In cases where the MPC protocol is compromised, users can initiate a zkBridge request to transfer the malicious message from Bitcoin to Ethereum. A slashing contract on Ethereum then assesses the message’s validity and, if necessary, slashes the stakes of the MPC committee members, with a portion of these stakes compensating the user.

Our detailed scheme includes:

Staking on Ethereum: Validators deposit tokens as collateral.

Fraud Detection and Reporting: If validators act maliciously, honest stakers or users can report this on Ethereum. Transactions from Bitcoin are relayed to Ethereum through a bridge, using a decentralized blockheader relay network. This network allows any node to transfer Bitcoin’s current block-header to Ethereum with zero-knowledge proofs.

Smart Contract Execution: A dedicated smart contract on Ethereum verifies the messages from Bitcoin. In case of fraud, it withdraws the dishonest staker’s deposit.

This system ensures that as long as one committee member or user remains honest on the Bitcoin network, our staking mechanism is secure, trustless, and decentralized. This staking/restaking mechanism not only enhances the utility of bitcoins but also fortifies trust and security across PoS blockchains, marking a significant step forward in decentralized finance and digital asset management.



Smart contract implementation — Slashing mechanism

The slashing and reward mechanism in our network plays a crucial role in maintaining integrity and trust. When a validator is found to be acting maliciously, the slashing protocol is triggered. Here’s how it works:

1. Validator Misconduct Detection: Users constantly monitoring the status of Bitcoin blockchain. If a discrepancy is detected, the user will initiate a zkBridge cross-chain messaging from Bitcoin to Ethereum which is natively supported by zkBridge. Such messages will carry necessary information for fraud detection.

2. Slashing Process: Once misconduct is confirmed, the Ethereum contract executes the slashing protocol. The staked tokens of the dishonest validator are partly or wholly confiscated. This serves as a strong deterrent against fraudulent activities.

3. Reward Distribution: A portion of the slashed stakes is distributed as a reward to the user or honest validator who reported the fraud. This incentivizes continuous monitoring and reporting of any suspicious activities on the network.

4. Loss compensation: Another portion of the slashed stakes is distributed to reimburse user’s losses.

Our implementation also includes several advanced features:

- Dynamic Staking Requirement: The required staking amount can be adjusted based on network conditions and historical data, optimizing the balance between security and validator accessibility.

- Timelock and Gradual Release of Stakes: To prevent sudden withdrawal and ensure network stability, staked tokens are subjected to a timelock. Even after validators exit, their stakes are released gradually over a period.

- Emergency Response Protocol: In extreme cases, such as a significant breach of the MPC protocol, an emergency response mechanism can be activated. This might involve temporary suspension of transactions.

By integrating these mechanisms, the Polyhedra Network not only enhances the functionality of Bitcoin in cross-chain transactions but also sets a new standard for security and trust in decentralized finance. Our approach demonstrates the potential of combining traditional blockchain strengths with innovative solutions to overcome their inherent limitations.



Dual staking with native tokens and Bitcoins powered by BTC bridge and Eigenlayer

In our groundbreaking approach to dual staking, Polyhedra Network collaborates with EigenLayer to integrate native tokens and Bitcoins, capitalizing on the strengths of our BTC bridge. This mechanism is akin to the conventional dual staking systems using native tokens and ETH, but it is uniquely augmented with the addition of Bitcoins as a secondary staking asset.

Dual Validation Process:A critical aspect of this system is the dual validation requirement. For any transaction to be recognized as valid on our blockchain, it must receive approval from two distinct groups: the native token operators and the BTC-backed operators. These groups must reach their respective quorums independently. A transaction that fails to meet the quorum in either group is deemed invalid. This dual validation process ensures a higher level of security and consensus, as it requires agreement from two separate and diverse sets of validators.

Role of BTC-Backed Operators:The BTC-backed operators bring a unique dimension to the staking mechanism. Their opinions and validations are securely transmitted through our BTC bridge, which acts as a reliable and secure conduit for their input. This incorporation of Bitcoin not only diversifies the staking assets but also leverages Bitcoin’s market stability and reputation, adding an extra layer of trust and robustness to the process.

Enhanced Security and Reliability:By requiring separate quorums from both native and BTC-backed operators, our dual staking mechanism significantly elevates the security and reliability of transactions. This structure minimizes the risk of unilateral decision-making or manipulation, as it necessitates a broader consensus across different asset holders.

Expanding the Staking Ecosystem:This approach also expands the staking ecosystem, inviting a broader range of participants and assets. Bitcoin holders now have a new avenue to participate in and contribute to the blockchain’s security and consensus processes, increasing the overall engagement and investment in the network.



Summary

In essence, the collaboration between Polyhedra Network and EigenLayer in dual staking, using native tokens and Bitcoins via our BTC bridge, represents an advanced step in blockchain technology. This innovative strategy not only bolsters the security and credibility of our blockchain but also opens new doors for participation and utility in the staking ecosystem, enriching the blockchain community as a whole.



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Bitcoin, zkBridge, Eigenlayer

Title: Ethereum Single Slot Finality

Article:


Acknowledgement

We thank Mary Maller, Zhenfei Zhang, Luke Pearson and Ibrahim Yusufali for their insightful discussion.

https://ethresear.ch/t/single-slot-finality/16700



TL; DR

Utilizing zero-knowledge can enhance the BLS signature, leading to a significant reduction in communication size between validator nodes and full nodes. This enhancement paves the way for a more streamlined and expansive network, enabling every validator to sign each block. A low-hangling fruit in this area is the efficient light client protocol,”zkLightClient.” This protocol allows light clients to verify 512 BLS signatures with a single zk-proof verification, requiring a mere 200 to 300 bytes of communication.



Abstract

Single Slot Finality offers a promising approach to significantly reduce Ethereum’s latency. This document explores how this concept, combined with advanced zero-knowledge proofs (deVirgo) and improved signature schemes, can enhance Ethereum’s latency and user experience.

In this document, we introduce the concept of Single Slot Finality, its importance in blockchain consensus, and its benefits. We also discuss how to achieve this by using advanced zero-knowledge proofs and enhanced signature schemes.

Additionally, we introduce a low-hanging fruit in the form of a simple change to the Ethereum protocol that can significantly improve the light-client protocol. This change can be implemented in the short term and will have a positive impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. The idea comes from the zkBridge paper, which can be found [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00264); it’s called “zkLightClient.”

If you are already familiar with all the concepts and importance of this problem, you can skip the introduction section.



Introduction

The Ethereum blockchain, a pioneering platform for decentralized applications and smart contracts, has continued to evolve in its pursuit of scalability and security. Among the many challenges blockchain networks face, achieving faster transaction finality while preserving decentralization and security remains a critical objective. This document explores the concept of Single Slot Finality by using a novel approach that holds the potential to revolutionize Ethereum’s latency and user experience.



The Importance of Single Slot Finality

In the realm of blockchain consensus mechanisms, finality signifies the point at which a transaction or block becomes irrevocable, ensuring that it cannot be tampered with or reversed. Achieving finality is fundamental for trust and security in decentralized systems, as it eliminates the risk of double-spending and other malicious activities. For example, bitcoin needs 6 blocks to finalize a transaction.

Single Slot Finality offers a compelling solution to expedite this process. It proposes that within a blockchain consensus mechanism, a single slot, or unit of time, can be considered “finalized”. It differs from the original Ethereum consensus because we can involve all validators in endorsing/signing the slot. This concept holds immense importance for Ethereum and other blockchain platforms, as it promises to drastically reduce transaction confirmation time and improves the overall user experience.



Achieving Single Slot Finality

The quest for Single Slot Finality involves innovative approaches to consensus and cryptographic techniques. Previous approaches can only involve 1/32 fractions of validators in one slot due to scalability constraints.

One of the central strategies for achieving this goal is the integration of advanced zero-knowledge proofs and using this tool to get an enhanced signature scheme. These technologies, often associated with privacy and security, have the potential to play a pivotal role in speeding up the finality of transactions on the Ethereum blockchain.

Additionally, we introduce a notable concept called “zkLightClient,” proposed by thezkBridge paper. This concept represents a practical, short-term solution to improve Ethereum’s light-client protocol, a critical component for lightweight, mobile, and resource-constrained Ethereum clients. By exploring the zkLightClient approach, we aim to present a tangible step toward achieving Single Slot Finality.



Understanding Single Slot Finality

In this section, we will introduce our way to achieve single slot finality. First we present Ethereum’s mechanism in simpler terms.



Committees and Blocks

Ethereum divides the job of verifying transactions among committees, with 32 committees groups in total. Each group is responsible for one block, and these blocks are organized into sets called “epochs.”



How Transactions Get Confirmed

When you initiate a transaction on Ethereum, it undergoes a validation process by committee members. To ensure the transaction’s security, it typically needs endorsements from at least two-thirds of the committee members. This confirmation process requires at least 2/3 of the epoch length and, in some cases, may take longer, especially when the block is near the end of the epoch.



Single Slot Finality

In response to the challenges posed by the existing system, we propose a transformative approach known as Single Slot Finality. This concept entails eliminating the division of committee members into groups. Instead, we advocate for all committee members to sign every slot. However, it’s essential to note that this approach, if implemented naively, can lead to significant scalability issues.

We propose to use zero-knowledge proofs to batch verify signatures, formally speaking:

Given the Merkle tree root of public keys of committee membersM, the size of committeeN, and a blockhashh, the proofπcan prove thathis signed by at leastk(k ≤ N) of the committee members. This proof will be accepted if and only ifk ≥ 2/3 Nand the proof itself passes the verification.

In the upcoming sections, we will delve deeper into the concept of Single Slot Finality and explore how deVirgo can be leveraged to achieve it effectively.



Advanced Zero-Knowledge Proofs

To efficiently prove the validity of a large number of signature verifications, we require an efficient proof system. In this context, we propose the use of deVirgo, a groundbreaking zero-knowledge proof system capable of verifying numerous signatures in a single proof. deVirgo is rooted in theLibra paper, which leverages the linear-time GKR algorithm. Remarkably, this algorithm demands just 6 field operations on each gate. Furthermore, we’ve implemented a recursive proof mechanism to reduce the proof size to a mere 200~300 bytes.

Additionally, we’ve developed a Rust-based prototype of deVirgo and conducted benchmarking tests on 64Steam Decks. The results are impressive, demonstrating the capability to generate proof for 32,768 signatures within a mere 10 seconds. We’ve also conducted similar benchmarking on a 256-core server, which yielded comparable results. The benchmark results are illustrated below:

Notably, the total memory consumption remains below 100 GB and is evenly distributed across each machine. By utilizing 1,024 Steam Decks, it becomes feasible to verify the entire Ethereum validator’s signature set. However, it’s crucial to emphasize that this is a proof of concept, and further discussions and refinements are needed to fully define the algorithm and its implementation. We also compared with Groth16, two large data points are estimated. We observed that deVirgo is 100x faster than Groth16.



Enhanced Batched Signature Scheme

The aforementioned results naturally lead to the development of an efficient batch signature verification algorithm. Furthermore, this algorithm offers the capability to determine the number of valid signatures in a batch without disclosing the identities of the signers. This is particularly advantageous because revealing such information can be communication-intensive, especially when dealing with a large committee of, say, one million members. Traditionally, this might entail sending one million bits to the verifier, each bit represents the validator is signing / not signing, this is equivalent to 128KB of data. However, with the proposed algorithm, you only need to transmit a proof along with all public inputs, totaling less than 1KB in size.



Benefits and Challenges

1. Benefits of the zk-based signature

- Significantly reduce the communication and computation cost of signature verification.

- Additional features, for example, counting the number of signers’ stakes among all possible validators. In general, we can do arbitrary computation on the input data. It is crucial for PoS consensus to determine if the consensus has achieved supermajority.

2. Challenges and Considerations

- Address challenges of gathering1024steam decks among all validators. (We estimate that it will take32to64high-end gaming PC to achieve the same performance.)

- This is a major upgrade. It will take a long time to implement and test.



Low hanging fruit: zkLightClient

Integrating a new zero-knowledge proof system and redesigning the signature scheme are major upgrades that will take a long time to implement and test. However, we can still make some improvements in the short term. In this section, we will introduce a simple change to the Ethereum light-client protocol that can significantly improve performance. This change will not change the main consensus and the main-chain protocol, so it can be implemented in the short term. The idea comes from the zkBridge paper which can be found [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00264), it’s called “zkLightClient”. The idea is simple: proving all512validator signatures in one zk-proof. And the 200+ Byte proof can be easily propagated in the P2P network and verified by the light-client. This will significantly reduce the communication and computation cost of light-client. The zkLightClient is already developed by Polyhedra anddeployed on LayerZero.



Conclusion

In the pursuit of making Ethereum more efficient, secure, and scalable, the concept of Single Slot Finality stands as a promising beacon of progress. By reimagining how transaction finality is achieved, we have the potential to significantly reduce latency, making Ethereum a more responsive and user-friendly blockchain platform.

Through this document, we have explored the key components of Single Slot Finality:

Advanced Zero-Knowledge Proofs (deVirgo):We introduced deVirgo, a groundbreaking zero-knowledge proof system capable of verifying large numbers of signatures in a single proof. With its roots in the Libra paper and the linear-time GKR algorithm, deVirgo showcases remarkable efficiency, reducing the proof size to just 200+ bytes. Benchmarks have shown its potential to validate 32,768 signatures within a mere 10 seconds.

Enhanced Signature Schemes:Our exploration naturally led to the development of an efficient batch signature verification algorithm. Beyond its efficiency, this algorithm offers the remarkable capability to determine the number of valid signatures in a batch without revealing the identities of the signers, significantly reducing communication and computation costs.

To smoothly integrate the proof system, we propose to integrate the “zkLightClient.” This lightweight, short-term solution, inspired by the zkBridge paper, significantly improves the Ethereum light-client protocol. The change to the system is minimal and has already been tested on bridges. By allowing the proof of all 512 validator signatures in a single zk-proof, zkLightClient reduces communication and computation costs, offering tangible benefits to Ethereum’s user base.

In conclusion, Single Slot Finality represents a profound shift in how we approach transaction finality in the Ethereum ecosystem. While challenges and complexities lie ahead, the potential for a faster, more scalable, and efficient Ethereum blockchain is within reach. As we move forward, it is essential to continue exploring, testing, and refining these concepts to pave the way for Ethereum’s continued growth and success.



Tags: Ethereum, Polyhedra Network

Title: Help fortify Expander in our $500,000 Bug Bounty

We’ve launched a $500,000 bug bounty program to identify vulnerabilities in Expander, our groundbreaking zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) system.

Expander represents a significant leap forward in ZKP technology, delivering unmatched proof generation speeds and efficiency. By combining the GKR protocol with advanced polynomial commitment schemes, Expander achieves linear prover time and minimizes computational overhead - making it a powerful solution for complex applications like zkBridge and zkML.

Commitment to Security
Security and reliability are our top priorities. To date, Expander has undergone extensive testing and reviews to validate its performance. As we prepare for broader deployment, this $500,000 Bug Bounty program reinforces our commitment to safeguarding Expander’s integrity.

Bug Bounty Scope
The program focuses exclusively on vulnerabilities within the Expander proof system, including its core components and associated libraries.

The following are excluded from the program’s scope:

- Third-party contracts or code not developed by Polyhedra.
- Known issues documented in audits.
- Bugs in external applications using Expander.
- Vulnerabilities flagged in previous assessments.

How to Submit a Report
Submit your report via the google form within 24 hours of discovery. To ensure eligibility for rewards, reports must:

- Include detailed reproduction steps and potential impact.
- Remain confidential until resolved.
- Comply with the program’s full rules and disclosure requirements.
- Submit the bug description through google form 

Submissions leading to vulnerability, unique fixes and code changes may receive public acknowledgment, with your permission.

Reward Amount
The following table outlines typical rewards for the most common classes of bugs, depending on the affected project tier.

Bug Hunting Rule
The bug bounty program is an experimental and discretionary rewards program for our active community to encourage and reward those who are helping to improve the platform. We can cancel the program at any time, and awards are at the discretion of the Polyhedra Network team.

- Issues without a description or have already been submitted by another user or are already known to team members are not eligible for bounty rewards.
- Public disclosure of a vulnerability or reporting it to other parties without prior agreement makes it ineligible for a bounty.
- Team member of Polyhedra Network is not eligible for the reward.
- We consider a number of variables in determining reward tiers and eligibility. All terms related to an award are at the discretion of the Polyhedra Network team.

The $500,000 Bug Bounty is live
Dive into the Expander codebase today and submit vulnerabilities through the google form.

Stay connected with the latest developments by following us on Twitter: @PolyhedraZK.

Tag: Expander


Title: Expander Rust Version Open Source

Article:
We are thrilled to introduce the Expander-RS cryptography library.

https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/Expander-rs

Expander stands as the culmination of a series of groundbreaking academic advancements [1, 2, 3, 4], emerging as the fastest ZK proof system to date, pioneered by Polyhedra Network. By seamlessly integrating the GKR protocol with innovative polynomial commitment schemes, Expander operates with exceptional efficiency, boasting a linear prover time devoid of the computational overhead found in other proof systems.

Expander-RS marks the latest evolution within the Expander lineage. Written entirely in Rust, it ensures exceptional efficiency and correctness. Expander exemplifies our dedication to advancing cryptographic solutions.

We are deeply enthusiastic about our role in driving the burgeoning blockchain ecosystem forward and propelling the adoption and state-of-the-art zero-knowledge proofs. The considerable interest from community projects in Expander underscores our fervor for shaping the next generation of zero-knowledge proof systems.

At its current stage, Expander-RS boasts a high-performance GKR prover, leveraging an “optimized to the teeth” arithmetic backend. Expander-RS delivers performance comparable to its C++ counterpart, proving over 3000 Keccak hashes within 1 second on an M3 MacBook Pro.

Eager to delve deeper into Expander-RS or keen on becoming a contributor? Explore ourlatest roadmapto join us on this exciting journey.

References

[1] zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practicalhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00264

[2] Orion: Zero Knowledge Proof with Linear Prover Timehttps://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1010.pdf

[3] Libra: Succinct Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Optimal Prover Computationhttps://eprint.iacr.org/2019/317

[4] Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofshttps://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1271



Tags: Rust, ZK, Expander

Expander the fastest zero-knowledge proof system.
From zkBridge to zkML, Expander leads next-generation of zk-proving technology. Unlock verifiability, scalability, and privacy of zk with the proof system built for real-time applications.

Leading the Future of ZK

Whether you're scaling blockchain transactions, transferring tokens, authenticating logins, or verifying AI inferences, speed matters. Prolonged proof generation is no longer an option. Expander is open-source and continuously evolving, delivering unmatched performance to help developers focus on building fast, efficient zk-powered applications.

What is Expander?

For zero-knowledge applications, the proof system is the cryptographic foundation that ensures the security for the statement being verified. By integrating the GKR protocol with innovative polynomial commitment schemes, Expander operates efficiently on a linear prover time without the excessive computational overhead associated with other proof systems.

Enhanced Performance

Expander boasts the fastest proof generation time in the world, redefining what’s possible for zero-knowledge applications. Verifiability should not come at the expense of the user experience. Tap into the power of ZK without sacrificing performance.

Improved Scalability

Expander was built to handle complex computations efficiently. Whether verifying millions of transactions or billion-parameter ML models, it operates efficiently on a linear prover time without the excessive overhead or costs of other proof systems.

Quantum Resistant

Quantum computing is a threat to the security of many cryptographically secured applications. Expander was built to be quantum-resistant, giving developers peace of mind as we enter a new computational paradigm.

Easy-to-Use

The Expander Compiler Collection gives developers access to the power of Expander with minimal disruption to their development pipeline. Focus on building disruptive applications without having to worry about complex circuits and zk implementations.

Expander Benchmarks

Developed for high performance, Expander currently processes up to 15,000 Keccak-f permutations per second on consumer hardware. With constant improvements to the algorithms that power Expander and consistent increases in hardware performance, we expect to surpass 100,000 Keccak-f permutations by the end of 2025. View up-to-date performance benchmarks here.

Use Cases

AI and zkML

The future of AI is systems that incorporate trust and accountability by default. Expander and zkPyTorch enable practical AI verification while safeguarding sensitive data and intellectual property.

ZK-Rollups

Zero-knowledge is the endgame for blockchain scalability. Expander obliterates previous constraints imposed by blockspace or gas consumption, offering lightning-fast zk-scaling.

Privacy

Institutional finance and payment processing require discretion not currently offered by existing blockchain technology. Expander provides privacy while remaining compliant with global regulations.

Interoperability

Hundreds of blockchains were launched over the past year. Moving assets between blockchains should be simple, fast, and secure. Expander already powers the leading zero-knowledge secured interoperability protocol, zkBridge.


Title: Expander, Still the World’s Fastest ZK Prover

Article:
A month ago,we announced the release of the world’s fastest ZK prover with our launch of Expander, an open source proof system which could verify 4,500 Keccak-f permutations per second. Today, we are excited to share that Expander now supports Poseidon hash functions specifically designed for zk-SNARKs. With Poseidon, Expander has achieved a throughput of2.16 million hashes per second (HPS)using an AMD Ryzen 7950X3D — greatly surpassing the previous record from Stwo of 0.96M HPS and maintaining Expander’s position as the world’s fastest ZK prover. Additionally, Expander scales to support professional hardware and laptop hardware. While other provers top out near 3M hashes, Expander can deliver 16M HPS on a 256 core server machine.

For hashing, the zkEVM utilizes two state machines: Keccak and Poseidon. The Keccak-256 hash function is used for seamless EVM compatibility, whereas Poseidon is best suited for an efficient zkProver with its STARK-friendly hash function. Thus, enhancing the efficiency of Poseidon hash proofs directly amplifies the effectiveness and speed of recursive proving systems, like those used in zkEVMs and zk-rollups.

With Expander, developers can now combine the efficiency of Poseidon with the institutional scale of Keccak to deliver the fastest zkEVM proof systems. Expander brings blockchains one step closer to the performance and redundancy characteristics of centralized/trusted computation without actually needing trust.

By increasing the efficiency of zkEVM systems we are closer toVitalik’s ZK Endgame— centralized block production supported by a robust system of decentralized validation that ensures strong censorship resistance. These improvements also bring the cost of ZK verifiability down significantly and allow ZK solutions for new use cases that were previously determined too costly, like optimistic rollups.

With Expander, ZK provers have reached a new level of speed and security for zkEVM two state machines. Developers can now build the most efficient applications with full native Ethereum support.Find out what Expander unlocks for your application.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: ZK, Expander

Join the EXPchain Ecosystem
EXPchain empowers builders with unmatched scalability, security, and speed. Leverage leading zero-knowledge proof tools to create, innovate, and scale with confidence. If you're integrating existing solutions or shaping the future of intelligence, build trust with proof.

Ecosystem and projects:
All: 32

AI: 5

Analytics: 1

Blockchain: 10

Data: 1

DeFi: 4

Development: 2

Finance: 2

Governance: 1

Identity: 1

Launchpad: 1

Marketplace: 1

Onchain Gaming: 1

Privacy: 1

Security: 1

Social: 1

Web3: 1


Name - AIdea Games
AIdea is a Verifiable AI Game Framework designed to establish fairness, transparency, and sustainability in digital gaming economies. By integrating advanced AI technologies with privacy-preserving zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) from Polyhedra, AIdea ensures incentive-compatible gameplay and tamper-resistant economic systems.
Tag/Type - Onchain Gaming

Name - Allora Labs
Allora Labs builds industry-leading AI x crypto infrastructure. Developers, academics, and financial professionals working toward a single mission: to commoditize the world's intelligence.
Tag/Type - AI

Name - AnyAlt
Access liquidity from any source. Harness our powerful SDK to seamlessly bridge assets across any network. Execute any token purchase or contract with just a few lines of code — all to maximize your liquidity.
Tag/Type - Finance

Name - Band Protocol
Band Protocol is a cross-chain data oracle platform that aggregates and connects real-world data and APIs to smart contracts, enhancing smart contract functionalities by granting access to reliable data without any central authority or points of failure.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - BIMA
BIMA provides secure and decentralized identity management solutions leveraging blockchain technology.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Cluster Protocol
Cluster Protocol provides infrastructure to create scalable blockchain clusters, enhancing network performance and interoperability.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Cognitive Finance
Cognitive Finance is a strategic research and advisory firm specializing in the business and governance of artificial intelligence in financial services.
Tag/Type - DeFi, AI

Name - Coinify
Providing the infrastructure for over 2 million users to buy, sell, and pay with crypto. Accept the future of finance with crypto payments and trade. Trusted globally by 60,000+ businesses and payment service providers.
Tag/Type - Finance

Name - Curve Finance
Curve Finance is an automated market maker optimized for stablecoin trading, offering low slippage and low-fee transactions.
Tag/Type - DeFi

Name - DappRadar
The most trusted source for exploring Web3 projects across 70+ blockchains. Discover and track the best dapps, explore top blockchain games, stay ahead with the widest coverage of tokens, and find exclusive airdrops.
Tag/Type - Analytics

Name - Ducat Protocol
Ducat Protocol offers the first decentralized stablecoin, native to the Bitcoin L1, allowing users to borrow UNIT using BTC as collateral.
Tag/Type - DeFi

Name - Dynamic
Dynamic combines authentication, smart wallets, and secure key management into one flexible SDK. Get the most multi-chain coverage across chains and third-party wallets.
Tag/Type - Identity

Name - Hashlock
Hashlock is the industry-leading Web3 security auditing firm. Founded in Australia, Hashlock now acts in the global market to help Web3 companies find and mitigate security vulnerabilities in their blockchain technology.
Tag/Type - Security

Name - Intract
Intract empowers users to connect their private data for personalized AI, targeted quest airdrops, proof of unique humanhood, and more.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Irys
Irys enables developers to directly use on-chain data within smart contracts, allowing the creation of applications that interact with data in real-time.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - KNN3 Network
KNN3 Network, at the forefront of Web3 and AI, is revolutionizing the digital landscape by seamlessly blending technologies like big data, cloud solutions, and AI to accelerate the widespread adoption of Web3.
Tag/Type - Data

Name - Kodeus AI
Kodeus is the infinite mind that creates a universe of possibilities, offering a world filled with autonomous AI Agents that think, learn, and evolve.
Tag/Type - AI

Name - Lemonade Social
All-in-one platform for your shop, events, and community. A playground for artists, creators, and crypto enthusiasts. We bring all aspects of NFT creation, collection, and trading to a single platform.
Tag/Type - Social

Name - Lendvest
Lendvest offers a decentralized platform enabling users to lend and borrow assets securely without intermediaries.
Tag/Type - DeFi

Name - Mind Network
Mind Network is a strategic research and advisory firm specializing in the business and governance of artificial intelligence in financial services.
Tag/Type - AI, Blockchain

Name - Nexus
Nexus concentrates the world’s compute power into a single Layer 1. Our mission is to bring truth to the fabric of the Internet.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Privasea
We enable innovation and progress through data but also ensure privacy and security for everyone. Making it simple for everyone to take back control of their human likeness.
Tag/Type - Privacy

Name - Protofire
Protofire boosts TVL and usage for Web3 projects with our Dev DAO, reducing costs and enhancing quality.
Tag/Type - Development

Name - Red Kite
Red Kite is a top-tier launchpad that allows investors to participate in token pre-sales of carefully chosen Web3 projects.
Tag/Type - Launchpad

Name - Renta
Renta is an innovative provider of blockchain technologies and Web3 infrastructure, creating a global ecosystem for property rental worldwide without commissions and intermediaries.
Tag/Type - Marketplace

Name - Stork
Stork’s Open Data Market unlocks access to decentralized, reliable, and unique data, empowering you to build your vision without compromise.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Tally
Tally is the industry standard for driving long-term protocol success. Foundations, delegates, and token holders use Tally to manage $80+ billion in value for on-chain protocols.
Tag/Type - Governance

Name - The Graph
The Graph is a Web3 protocol for organizing and accessing blockchain data.
Tag/Type - Blockchain

Name - Thirdweb
Full stack, open-source Web3 development platform. Frontend, backend, and on-chain tools to build complete Web3 apps.
Tag/Type - Development

Name - Umy.com
Umy.com is a Web3 travel and consumption platform offering global hotel and flight bookings, innovative Web3 consumption scenarios, and seamless payment solutions.
Tag/Type - Web3

Name - ZkAGI
ZkAGI: Infrastructure for AI secret agents and super agents - verifiable (proof of sentience) and decentralized at the core!
Tag/Type - AI

Name - Zypher
Zypher revolutionizes the underlying infrastructure for on-chain trust in high-performance applications operated by AI and humans.
Tag/Type - Blockchain
EXPchain Scaling Trust in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract
EXPchain is a blockchain protocol designed for scalable, verifiable, and privacy-preserving AI applications. Established as the "Everything Chain for AI", EXPchain integrates zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) and a novel Proof of Intelligence (PoI) framework, addressing the growing need for trust and accountability in artificial intelligence systems. Key innovations include the Expander proof system, a high-performance zk prover, and zkPyTorch, a developer-friendly toolkit for integrating zkML into traditional AI workflows. Together, these tools enhance computational efficiency, enabling practical AI verification while safeguarding sensitive data and intellectual property.

Built on a zk-native blockchain infrastructure, EXPchain supports seamless AI workflows through advanced features like zkBridge for cross-chain interoperability, native zkRollup scalability, and zkML watermarking for large language models (LLMs). The platform prioritizes transparency, security, and scalability, fostering trust in critical industries such as finance, healthcare, and software development. Through its modular architecture and commitment to ethical AI, EXPchain sets the foundations for the future of privacy-conscious, and accountable AI systems.

Figure 1: EXPchain establishes foundations for the future of privacy-conscious, and accountable AI systems.
Figure 1: EXPchain establishes foundations for the future of privacy-conscious, and accountable AI systems.

1. Introduction
1.1 The Importance of Trust in AI
Artificial intelligence will make increasingly critical decisions across industries, influencing everyday interactions such as unlocking phones with facial recognition, applying for loans, or receiving AI-powered medical diagnoses. While these advancements offer immense potential, they also present critical challenges. How can we ensure AI systems operate fairly, accurately, and securely? Can privacy controls effectively safeguard sensitive data without compromising transparency or accountability? These challenges require proof of established trust in AI systems, and protection of sensitive information on all sides.

Governments and institutions globally are working to regulate AI, visible in initiatives like the European Commission's AI Act and NIST's AI Risk Management Framework. Despite these efforts, traditional approaches often fall short as they require exposing proprietary models or sensitive data, resulting in trade-offs between security, privacy, and trust. Building from foundational work[1], zero-knowledge machine learning[2,35] (zkML) provides a breakthrough solution by enabling mathematical verification of AI systems while preserving data and model privacy.

Polyhedra Network proposes an interoperable solution optimized for zkML technology in EXPchain, applying years of advanced research and implementation[3, 13, 15-18, 21-24, 26, 27, 29-34] to enable the creation of applications that verify AI behavior and compliance without revealing proprietary information. This blockchain infrastructure ensures scalable, fast, and secure verification of AI behavior and compliance across diverse use cases.

1.2 AI-Blockchain Convergence
The global AI market is projected to contribute up to $15.7 trillion[4] to the global economy by 2030, while blockchain's potential value is estimated at $3.1 trillion[5] over the same period. The cost of AI failures due to errors, biases, or flawed implementations is equally staggering.

In 2022 it was estimated that the cost of poor software quality in the US had grown to at least $2.41 trillion[6], with AI failures further expanding the categories of risk[7] with incorrect outputs, data breaches and cyber attacks. Beyond financial losses, these errors often result in harm to individuals[8], whether through wrongful imprisonment, misdiagnosed medical conditions, or biased decision-making. From data inputs to model outputs, ensuring every element of AI-driven transactions are verifiable and accountable is no longer optional, it's essential to navigate these risks while unlocking AI's full potential.

The convergence of AI and blockchain marks a paradigm shift in decentralized technology. While ZKPs like Groth16[9] and Plonk[10] have advanced scalability, practical deployment for complex AI systems remains challenging. Innovations such as the Expander proof system and zkPyTorch[11] build on these foundations, significantly enhancing computational efficiency to enable real-time AI verification. These developments redefine the current value chain[12], centered on training, inference, and verification, laying a foundation for secure, scalable AI workflows.

1.3 Our Vision
Polyhedra Network envisions a future where trust in AI and blockchain systems is inherent. We recognize this is not a small objective, however by lowering technical barriers for developers and leveraging powerful zk tools in EXPchain, we aim to establish a trusted ecosystem where developers can build privacy-preserving applications without needing specialized cryptographic expertise, making AI universally accessible, verifiable, and accountable.

Figure 2: We anticipate a future where all AI is verifiable and personalized inference occurs without compromising on data privacy.
Figure 2: We anticipate a future where all AI is verifiable and personalized inference occurs without compromising on data privacy.

2. Core Innovations
2.1 Expander: The World's Fastest ZK Prover
Expander sets a new benchmark in performance for zkML, achieving unprecedented efficiency and scalability:

2.2 seconds/image for VGG-16 on a single-thread CPU
150 seconds/token for Llama-3.1 8B on a single-thread CPU
4 orders of magnitude faster than any number previously reported.
Polyhedra anticipates this to improve significantly over the next 12-24 months. We are actively building hardware accelerations for our scheme[14] and developing a distributed prover infrastructure[15, 16] where multiple nodes can collaboratively work on the same proofs. Through these innovations, we are moving steadily toward our goal of real-time proving, where proof generation matches inference speed, effectively eliminating latency in the user experience. These performance leaps enable the practical verification of AI models and computations with significantly reduced costs and latency to support a wide range of applications, from privacy-preserving inference to compliance-driven model audits.

2.2 ExPoS: Expanded Proof of Stake for unified consensus
Expanded Proof of Stake (ExPoS) forms the consensus backbone of EXPchain, leveraging zkBridge technology[16] to unify and connect staking mechanisms across all blockchains into a cohesive network.

By utilizing zero-knowledge proofs, ExPoS secures and transparently manages staking, allowing for omnichain staking and expanded use of liquid assets, anticipating a future where high throughput and seamless interoperability are crucial not just for AI applications but for all decentralized workflows. This consensus model provides users with boundless security, greater flexibility and seamless integration, regardless of underlying blockchain architecture.

2.3 zkPyTorch: Developer-Friendly Integration
zkPyTorch bridges the gap between traditional AI development workflows and zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) by automating the conversion of PyTorch operations into zk circuits. This integration allows developers to use familiar tools while significantly reducing the time and complexity of deploying zk-enabled AI applications, providing:

Automated circuit generation[11] and optimization for common AI tasks.
Reducing development time from months to days.
Compatibility with evolving machine learning models for future-proof deployments.
Reduction in proof generation times by 99.99%.
3. Technology Stack
3.1 Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (zkML)
zkML enables cryptographic verification of AI models[11] to achieve secure accuracy across the entire machine learning lifecycle:

Verifiable inference: Prove AI outputs without exposing models or data.
Model audits: Verify performance against test sets for fairness and compliance.
Training verification: Ensure adherence to protocols without revealing sensitive inputs.
Figure 3: zkML plays a critical role in building trust in AI systems and the humans that interact with them.
Figure 3: zkML plays a critical role in building trust in AI systems and the humans that interact with them.

This technology makes it possible to build systems that are both secure and ethically aligned, with transparent AI-driven decisions that reinforce trust between developers, users, and stakeholders. zkML enables applications such as watermarking for LLMs, model audits for compliance verification critical for financial institutions, and secure multiparty computations in privacy-sensitive industries.

3.2 zkNative Blockchain for AI
Our blockchain infrastructure is purpose-built for AI applications, offering:

Single-slot finality for faster confirmations.
Native zk support enabling scalability via EXP appchains and zkRollups
Seamless integration of AI and blockchain workflows for real-world applications.
This technology allows developers to build systems that are both secure and ethically aligned, with transparent AI-driven decisions that reinforce trust between developers, users, and stakeholders. zkML can enable applications such as watermarking for LLMs, model audits for compliance verification critical for financial institutions, and secure multiparty computations in privacy-sensitive industries.

3.3 Proof of Intelligence (PoI)
Proof of Intelligence (PoI) creates an immutable chain of trust for AI models, verifying their origin, authenticity, and ethical compliance. This framework protects intellectual property and ensures transparent accountability, cryptographically linking each AI model's provenance and performance to a verifiable on-chain record, offering unprecedented transparency in AI-driven ecosystems.

3.4 zkBridge
Polyhedra's native zkBridge[16] support empowers developers to create secure, seamless cross-chain AI applications, ensuring that on-chain assets and data can be utilized across multiple blockchain ecosystems with minimal trust requirements. Leveraging ZKPs, zkBridge facilitates efficient, transparent, trust-minimized communication between chains, enhancing scalability and reducing vulnerabilities in decentralized workflows.

3.5 zkML Watermark for LLM Verification
EXPchain's zkML Watermark allows verification of Large Language Models[23] (LLMs) like Llama-3.1 8B, representing a milestone in AI transparency. Issuing a tamper-proof certificate that ensures any LLM processed through EXPchain is exactly as claimed, verified through zkML, ensures model authenticity while preserving intellectual property, reducing fraud and enabling responsible AI use. Utilizing this technology, organizations can validate LLMs on an open, secure platform.

3.6 Optimized Proof Systems
Expander is the product of six-years unstopping research and development, merging the speed and efficiency. This powerful combination aligns with Vitalik Buterin's vision for the ZK Endgame[25]. By significantly reducing proving time and computational costs, Expander makes zero-knowledge solutions more practical and affordable, unlocking their potential for cost-sensitive industries.

3.7 Single Slot Finality (SSF) for accelerating consensus finality
Single Slot Finality (SSF) addresses scalability limits in traditional consensus mechanisms by introducing advanced ZKPs for enhanced signature schemes. This innovative approach enables batch verification of signatures, reducing confirmation times and improving efficiency across the finality process. By leveraging ZKPs, SSF achieves faster and more secure transaction finality, supporting the high demands of applications.

Additionally, SSF significantly reduces opportunities for Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) by minimizing the window of time during which transactions can be reordered or manipulated. The shortened finality time creates a more predictable and secure environment for users, preventing malicious actors from exploiting timing gaps for front-running, sandwich attacks, or other forms of economic exploitation within decentralized systems.

3.8 zkLogin for Account Abstraction
zkLogin simplifies the process of creating and authenticating accounts using widely recognized OAuth credentials, such as Google or Apple, without exposing credentials on-chain. Combining familiar login methods with advanced privacy measures, zkLogin enhances the accessibility of dApps built on EXPchain while maintaining security.

Users log in with their existing credentials, generating a JSON Web Token (JWT), which is used to create an on-chain abstract account. A ZKP is then generated to verify the user's ownership of their credentials without exposing sensitive information on-chain. This approach safeguards user privacy, minimizes identity fraud, and helps businesses meet regulatory requirements while providing users with secure and simplified access.

Leveraging ZKPs for account management, zkLogin enables enhanced smart contract functionality, gas fee bundling, custom transaction workflows, and ongoing transaction authorization without requiring repeated logins. It's designed for cross-chain interoperability and capable of handling high transaction volumes efficiently, improving user experience across diverse applications, including enterprise systems, finance, social platforms, and gaming.

4. Building the future of Intelligence
POC applications with immediate use-cases include:

4.1 Finance
Cryptographically secure systems have the potential to redefine trust in finance. Using zkML, we can enhance transparent verification for transactions, secure and private verification of credit scores during loan approvals, and algorithmic trading without revealing confidential data, promoting fairness and compliance simultaneously.

4.2 Healthcare
ZKPs have become instrumental in enhancing the security and privacy of AI-powered diagnostics within the healthcare sector. By employing techniques akin to those discussed by Ganescu and Passerat-Palmbach[28], Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (zkML)[29, 25] ensures that patient data remains confidential while enabling cryptographic verification of diagnostic models, fostering trust in sensitive medical applications.

4.3 Data and Compute Marketplaces
EXPchain fosters trustless collaboration by enabling secure sharing of computational resources and datasets. Developers and organizations can confidently participate in AI innovation, leveraging zkML to verify contributions and outcomes without exposing proprietary assets or sensitive information.

4.4 Supply Chain Transparency
In industries like food safety, pharmaceuticals, and luxury goods, trust in the supply chain is essential. Verifying every step in the supply chain, zero-knowledge proof reinforces authenticity and ethical sourcing without exposing sensitive logistics data.

4.5 AI-Driven Entertainment, Content and Memecoins
From gaming to memecoins and content creation, zkML ensures fairness, transparency, and authentication of digital assets in AI-driven experiences. Verifiable computations enable creators to authenticate digital assets and personalize user experiences without compromising privacy or ownership.

POC applications with mid-term use-cases include:

4.6 Smart Cities
For AI-driven decisions to work validly within urban infrastructure, they must be fair, ethical, and accountable. EXPchain's infrastructure fosters transparency in public resource allocation, traffic optimization, and energy management, allowing smart cities to operate with trust and integrity.

4.7 Privacy-Preserving Personalization
AI-powered personalization, from recommendation systems to wearable devices, often involves sensitive user data. Applications built on EXPchain can deliver personalization while safeguarding user privacy, so smart home devices or fitness trackers can balance tailored experiences with robust privacy policies.

4.8 Fraud-Resistant Advertising
Digital advertising often suffers from fraud, including fake impressions and clicks. Building with zkML can ensure metrics reported by AI systems are accurate and trustworthy, protecting advertisers and driving more efficient campaigns.

4.9 AI Agents
Privacy-preserving AI agents allow users to interact securely with intelligent systems. Built on zkML, these agents ensure ethical decision-making and verifiable operations.

POC applications with longer-term use-cases include:

4.10 Robotics
Verifiable inputs and outputs powered by zkML solve the black-box problem in robotics, ensuring that autonomous systems operate predictably and responsibly. EXPchain empowers developers to build robots capable of proving the fairness and safety of their actions.

4.11 Science
EXPchain accelerates innovation in scientific research by providing tools for sharing verifiable datasets and models securely, underwriting contributions and fraud prevention. Implementing zkML can ensure the integrity of published findings and funding while fostering collaboration across diverse research communities.

4.12 Education and EdTech
As education pathways expand online, zkML can provide verifiable, unbiased assessments and secure certification systems. Education platforms can leverage zkML to protect student data and ensure the credibility of online learning and credentials.

4.13 Environmental Impact Monitoring
AI models are widely used for environmental predictions and impact monitoring, such as carbon footprint tracking or climate modeling. Integrating zkML can ensure these models remain transparent and accountable, building trust in sustainability initiatives and environmental audits.

5. Ecosystem Growth
5.1 Developer and User Onboarding
EXPchain ensures that developers without cryptographic expertise can build for the future of AI and blockchain. We're creating infrastructure that acts as building blocks for other systems, with intuitive interfaces and streamlined workflows that empower developers to utilize ZK technology without barriers. The integration of zkPyTorch and our modular infrastructure simplifies adoption for developers, reducing technical barriers and fostering innovation.

5.2 ZKJ Token for Governance Involvement
Staking the native token, ZKJ, allows users to vote on network governance proposals and leverage their community involvement.

6. Looking Ahead: Scaling AI
Polyhedra Network is dedicated to pushing the boundaries of zkML and blockchain technology. EXPchain's future roadmap includes:

Distributed proof systems for real-time verification.
zk-friendly quantization for efficient AI model deployment.
Multi-GPU and multi-machine support to scale performance for large AI models.
These advancements position zkML at the forefront of verifiable AI, shaping a future where trust is integral to every interaction.




Table 1: Two-year roadmap for EXPchain:

Phase                                    Key Activities                                                        Key Milestones

Phase 1 :                                Launch testnet with basic Expander ZK Prover functionality
                                         Begin development of ExPoS consensus mechanism
                                         Establish developer documentation portal

Foundation ( Q4 2024 )                                                                                         Testnet Launch : Q4 2024

                                         Release initial zkPyTorch framework alpha version
                                         Launch mainnet beta with ExPoS implementation
                                         Deploy Proof of Intelligence ( Pol ) framework
                                         Launch developer grants program

Phase 2 :                                                                                                      Mainnet Beta : Q1 2025
Core Infrastructure ( Q1 2025 )

                                         Launch zkML showcase applications

Phase 3 :                                Release full zkPyTorch integration                                    Full Pol Implementation : Q2 2025
                                         Implement advanced model verification tools
                                         Data marketplace based on zkPyTorch

Al Integration ( Q2 2025 )

                                         Deploy GPU support for Expander

                                         Deploy multi - GPU support for Expander and zkPyTorch
                                         Release Single Slot Finality implementation , and reach mainnet beta
                                         Scale developer ecosystem

Phase 4 :                                                                                                      Scaling Infrastructure : Q3 2025
Scaling & Optimization ( Q3 2025 )

                                         Implement zk - friendly quantization

Phase 5 :                                Launch advanced Al verification tools                                 Mainnet : Q1 2026
Advanced Features ( Q4 - Q1 2025/2026 )  Release enterprise - grade tools

                                         Achieve full decentralization , reach mainnet





7. Conclusion
Through EXPchain, Polyhedra Network is laying the foundations for the future of verifiable AI. Integrating zero-knowledge proofs and advanced verification protocols, EXPchain is establishing the "Everything Chain for AI", unlocking opportunities for developers and businesses worldwide. We are building a future where AI systems are not just smarter but more secure, transparent, and accessible for all.

Footnote
Over the past six years, Polyhedra's founding team has remained dedicated to pioneering research at the intersection of blockchain and artificial intelligence. The insights and advancements outlined in this paper are the result of our relentless pursuit to create an endgame solution that will redefine how blockchain and AI merge into mainstream consciousness.

Our work bridges cutting-edge innovation with real-world applications, making these transformative technologies more accessible to developers while unlocking unprecedented possibilities for trust, scalability, and seamless integration across industries. We introduce EXPchain with the genuine belief it provides a step toward reshaping the future of intelligence.
Designed for AI
Enabling real-world applications delivered with trust and responsibility.

Introducing EXPchain
the everything chain for AI

EXPchain  is pioneering trust and safety by bridging humans, AI, and blockchain through advanced zero-knowledge proof technology.
Establishing practical verification for large language models (LLMs), EXPchain empowers developers to create secure, scalable, and transparent AI applications.
Learn more

Tools & Infrastructure

Faucet

Get EXPchain testnet native tokens for development and testing.

Bridge

Utilized for transferring assets between EXPchain and other networks.

Explorer

EXPchain data, including active nodes, validators and transaction details.

EXPchain Platform

Why EXP?

Accessibility
Building AI-driven products with EXPchain is seamless and efficient with developer-friendly tools and integrated support for AI workflows.

End to End solution
Integrating the record-setting speed of Expander, zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML), Proof of Intelligence (PoI), and native PyTorch compatibility through zkPyTorch, developers can create secure, scalable AI applications.

Interoperability
Native zkBridge support empowers developers to build seamless cross-chain AI applications that utilize on-chain assets and data with minimal trust and maximum security.

Building the Future

EXPchain empowers developers to bridge trust between AI and real world applications with scalable, secure infrastructure.

AI Agents
The creation and marketplace of privacy-preserving AI agents.

Data and Compute Marketplace
Trustless collaboration for AI innovation and resource sharing.

AI Driven Entertainment
Memecoins, gaming and content creation.

Finance
Transparent bookkeeping systems with cryptographic fraud prevention.

Smart Cities
Power fair and ethical AI-driven decisions for urban infrastructure.

Robotics
Solve the black-box problem with verifiable inputs and outputs.

Healthcare
Decentralize medical data for privacy-preserving diagnostics.

Seamless Cross-Chain Applications
Native zkBridge support enables builders to create advanced cross-chain applications that seamlessly leverage on-chain assets and data.

DeSci
Accelerate trust, innovation and incentives throughout scientific research practices, publishing, funding and collaboration.
Title: From Sci-Fi to Reality: How Robots and Verifiable AI Are Changing Our World

Article:
Abstract:Robots and artificial intelligence are no longer confined to science fiction—they’re quickly becoming fixtures of modern life. Thanks to breakthroughs in large language models (LLMs), machines can now interpret context and learn independently, shaping a “robot-centric economy” where autonomous systems handle tasks ranging from local deliveries to large-scale logistics—and even engage in financial transactions.

Yet as these AI agents gain autonomy, ensuring trust becomes vital.Verifiable AIandzkML(zero-knowledge machine learning) address this by using cryptographic proofs to confirm a model’s accuracy and integrity without revealing its inner workings.Polyhedra, at the forefront of these efforts, integrates such methods with AI-focused infrastructures likeEXPchain, enabling robots to collaborate securely on-chain. The result is a robust environment where intelligent machines operate transparently and independently, ushering in a future once reserved for sci-fi—now rapidly becoming our new reality.



Rise of Real-World Robots

Many believe that ChatGPT is a milestone for mankind because these LLMs, created by humans, can communicate and think like humans. When we equip LLMs with tools like search engines, web browsing, and APIs, they can operate these tools like humans. What if ChatGPT had a physical body? What if it were like your next-door neighbor?

It is happening now. With the advancement of generative AI, robots are beginning to demonstrate human-like interaction capabilities. One of my favorite examples is Unitree's robot“Erbai”, which, in an experiment, convinced (or perhaps “kidnapped”) 10 other robots—each powered by generative AI—to escape from the showroom and enter the free world.

Robots from fiction movies are becoming a reality. Take theStar Warsmovie series, for example. Since 2019, visitors to Disneyland’s Droid Depot have been able to assemble and take home their own R2-D2 and BB-8 droids. However, these droids are simply remote-controlled toys and don’t yet feature generative AI. But that is set to change. At GTC 2025, Nvidia announced a collaboration with Google Deepmind and Disney to create a physics engine,Newton, capable of real-time, complex movements. During the event, Jensen Huang introduced a Star Wars BDX Droid called “Blue” and demonstrated its remarkably lifelike movements. These BDX droids are expected to make their debut at Disney parks during theSeason of the Forceevent this year.

Though we still cannot travel at lightspeed or enterhyperspaceas depicted in theStar Warsmovie series, the stories and tales about droids and robots are no longer fans’ fantasies. Soon, we may see robots appearing here and there in our daily lives—walking on the same streets, riding the same buses or trains, visiting charging stations as we go to restaurants, and wandering into shopping malls for free WiFi. We shall continue this journey to the imagination, as all of these possibilities may become reality in the very near future.



Tipping point is now

What is behind all this amazing progress? Robots, including humanoid robots, are not new. In 2005, Boston Dynamics developedBigDog, intended for combat on complex terrain. Later, in 2013, they debutedAtlas, a robot designed primarily for search-and-rescue missions and largely funded by DARPA. Despite these impressive creations, finding the right product-market fit has long been a challenge, leaving Boston Dynamics“nowhere near profitable”. Their robotic dogSpot, released to the public in 2016, costs around $75,000, while the annual cost of owning a real dog in the U.S. ranges only between $2,000 and $3,000. It’s easy to see why a family would prefer a fluffy, lovable canine companion over a piece of metal.

Another example comes fromSphero, a Colorado-based company that previously manufactured the popularStar Warsdroids R2-D2 and BB-8 under a licensing agreement with Disney. Spherodiscontinuedthese products in 2018, mainly because the popularity of the droids faded shortly after the movies left theaters, making it an unsustainable business. This is unsurprising, as these droids remained largely toys remotely controlled by an app—lacking genuine intelligence or voice recognition. With a battery life limited to around 60 minutes, they were also restricted to close proximity to their charging stations. Clearly, these were not the advanced, autonomous droids depicted in theStar Warsfilms,

The situation today is very different.

First, rather than being primarily research-driven or funded through government grants, robot development has shifted toward being market-driven, with a strong emphasis onproduct-market fit. When humans first domesticated wolves into dogs over 15,000 years ago, those early dogs were not as cute as of today, but they already provided significant help to our hunter-gatherer ancestors. This usefulness sparked a 15,000-year “common-law” relationship that continues to flourish even in modern times. Robots are no exceptions. For robots to reach mass production, they must similarly fulfil widespread, practical demands.

Self-driving cars, for instance, assist with transportation and deliveries, and there’s encouraging news that Tesla recentlyobtaineda ride-hailing permit in California.

Meanwhile,food deliverydrones operated by Meituan have become a regular sight in Shenzhen, China, since 2022.

Additionally, hotel and restaurant robots are now commonplace in China, effectively handling tasks such as room services and food serving, a trend accelerated by mass demand during the pandemic.

Second, thepricesof robots and droids have dropped significantly, making them affordable and reasonable to families and businesses. This reduction is primarily due to the decreasing technical barriers over time, as well as increased competition and mass production.

Several major IT companies in China, including Baidu and Alibaba, have actively invested in self-driving vehicles—particularly robotaxis. Robotaxis already operate regularly in numerous Chinese cities, and Baidu’s Apollo Go is planning toexpandoperations to Hong Kong and Dubai. In the US, Tesla recently unveiledCybercab, with an estimated price below $30,000. Baidu has projecteda similar price, citing mass production as the key factor. Assuming a robotaxi can earn roughly $22 per hour, the initial investment could potentially be recovered in less than nine months.

Other robots also benefit from mass production and increased competition. In Alibaba marketplace, you can find food-delivery drones now selling for less than $3,000, with hotel and restaurant service robots typically costing under $5,000. Although software R&D still constitutes a significant portion of the total cost, mass production continues to drive this expense down, spreading it out to become a small fraction of the overall price.

Third, and perhaps the most revolutionary factor, is that robots finally possess genuineintelligence. What distinguishes this current wave of robots from previous generations is their ability to autonomously perform complex tasks without human-operated remote control. For example, the BB-8 droid that we mentioned earlier is better classified as a toy because it requires remote control for even basic movements, such as turning left or right. Remote control is a deal breaker—if a robot requires remote control, it technically isn’t a robot but rather a machine operated by humans. Owning a robot that cleans your house sounds appealing, but if it requires you to spend an hour manually directing its movements (moving the duster up and down), the appeal quickly fades.

Humans have long sought intelligence in machines, even before Microsoft released Windows in 1985. I recently rewatched Disney’s 1982 sci-fi filmTRON, which features human users interacting with programs that behave like real humans. Even by today’s standard,TRONremains a highly technical and nerdy film, using terms like “end of line”, “user”, “disc”, and “I/O”—jargon that most people today would still find confusing. Yet, what is not nerdy and stands out clearly even today is that the programs inTRONbehave autonomously, without reliance on remote control. For example, when the character Tron, a program, loses contact with his user, Alan Bradley, he independently convinces another program to betray the Master Control Program (MCP) so he can access the I/O tower to receive data from the user, which was later used to destroy the MCP and save humanity. InTRON, programs express emotions like their users (including love toward another), and demonstrate respect and beliefs toward their users.

This ability of robots to independently figure things out is extremely powerful. Consider a robotaxi: with this level of intelligence, it would not only be capable of driving and handling ride-hailing orders, but also determining when it needs recharging (and locating the nearest charging station), recognizing when it requires a car wash (similar to a human taking a shower), or detecting if a passenger has left an item behind (and returning it to the rightful owner). These advanced functionalities go beyond basic self-driving capabilities, but they are essential for deploying robots at a massive scale without relying onpatchworksolutions—such as having a human operator monitor 10-20 CCTV feeds and manually intervene whenever an unusual situation arises.

When robots begin to think like humans, they can also learn like humans—potentially even without human supervision. If you own a pet robot, you might initially expect it to jump and run around like a dog. However, if that robot has human-like intelligence, it could learn new tasks by watching instructional videos from platforms like YouTube or TikTok. It wouldn’t be surprising if your pet robot eventually began folding clothes for you.



A robot-centric economy

It is likely that robots will soon become autonomous members of our society, eventually acting as consumers, customers, and users—just like us. Imagine a self-driving car paying for parking or charging its battery, or a hybrid vehicle swiping its credit card at the gas station. Perhaps a food-delivery drone might even take a train or subway if it proves faster and cheaper. What’s more, these very services could themselves be provided by robots!

This scenario reminds me of Pixar and Disney’s 2006 animated filmCars, in which Luigi, an Italian car, operates “Luigi's Casa Della Tires” tier shop; Flo, a female car, runs the gas station “Flo's V-8 Cafe”; and Sally, a Porsche, serves as the town attorney and owns the “Cozy Cone Motel.” Each car specializes in a specific field, and they live together in a town called “Radiator Springs.” The technology emerging today is sufficient to turn this into reality.

In marketing, sales, and business, we always talk about models such as B2B (business-to-business), B2C (business-to-consumer), C2B, and C2C. It is intriguing to think that some of the products and services that our society provides may shift toward new interactions like B2R (business-to-robot), R2R (robot-to-robot), or R2C (robot-to-consumer), where robots take on roles traditionally held by businesses or consumers—but in slightly different ways.

For example, subway stations may eventually feature “drone-only” entrances specifically designed for drones descending from the sky. Instead of scanning tickets or transit passes, drones could use RFID signals to pass through gates. Specialized cabins or seats might be created for drones (Physics suggests it wouldn’t work if you just let drones fly inside the subway trains), and these seats may have metered power charging stations. A drone-only elevator at the exit may also be available that quickly lifts drones high above the ground level—similar to the elytra launch towers in Minecraft—allowing drones to resume flight by gliding smoothly through the air with gravity’s assistance. Of course, these elevators would strictly serve drones only, and it is important to block curious adults from jumping into the “drone-only” entrances or accessing this “you-can-fly” elevator. Moreover, if new transportation technologies likeHyperloopinitially prove too intense for human passengers, robots could be ideal first riders to use these high-speed long-distance travel systems.

The next time you encounter numerous robots—whether drones, humanoids, or even BB-8 droids—sitting or lying casually along the walls of a shopping mall or public libraries, don’t be surprised: they might simply be taking a break and enjoying the free public WiFi. Just as humans today can hardly live without their phones, robots would similarly hunger for internet access and data. This scenario illustrates how an entire economy built around robots and their unique needs could naturally emerge as technology advances.

Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of this robot-centric economy is that even “intelligence” itself could be a service provided by another robot. For instance, to lower the cost of food-delivery drones, manufacturers might avoid equipping each drone with powerful AI chips. Consequently, these drones cannot, on their own, talk to a customer beyond a number of simple phrases. Such cost-saving measures fit today’s market because AI chips remain costly and AI models require a lot of storage. Yet, there is a solution by sharing intelligence. When the drone needs more intelligence, it can simply access an API service on the internet, connect to a dedicated AI node on the edge network, or even rely on just another more intelligent robot within the same local network (e.g., same shopping mall) for assistance.



Blockchain as the native language

Throughout the brief history of blockchain, we learn that for blockchain to achieve mass adoption, it must effectively engage with humans, including developers. This necessity has led to the emergence of things like “frontend”, “UI/UX”, “wallet”, “documentation”, “SDK”, “Solidity”, all aiming to create a uniform, understandable abstraction and interface over the blockchain. Nevertheless, the basic functionality required for a blockchain to function has always been just “immutability”.

Robots, however, will perceive blockchain differently. The binary, serialized data stored on blockchain, along with the jargonful byte-to-byte protocol specification–-for which the brightest minds of mankind would still find confusing—are all natural and native languages that computer programs understand and interact with. A human may require tools like MetaMask on its Chrome browser, but a robot would not need MetaMask to begin with (this could be a useful way to identify robots who try to impersonate humans—see if they have installed Metamask, if one day robots and humans were at war).

How will the robots communicate with each other over the blockchain? We don’t know now. But we can draw inspiration from two examples.

The first example isModel Context Protocol (MCP)initiated by Anthropic, now supported by LLM services including Claude and ChatGPT and Web2 service providers including GitHub, Slack, Google Maps, Spotify, and Stripe, and this list continues to grow. Although MCP is not an online protocol, it defines the interactions between MCP clients and servers as “request” and “notification” over transport protocols, which can be blockchains. MCP servers can also provide a list of “resources”, which can be published on a data availability layer like Filecoin, Celestia, EigenDA, or BNB Greenfield.

The second example is a more old-school, low-level abstraction that has been in production in computer systems for 20 years—Protocol Buffersfrom Google. It is used to convert structured data (e.g., a blockchain transaction) into bytes in the simplest format, with the goal of reducing  the number of bytes and ensuring that the conversion algorithm is fast and efficient. In my opinion, Protocol Buffers are more machine-native and better suited for blockchain, as it would be easier for smart contracts to parse and understand. The fact that current LLMs primarily interact in human-friendly languages is because they are mostly built to communicate with humans rather than with robots or each other.

EXPchainwill experiment with several upgrades to support this robotic vision. EXPchain is, fundamentally, an EVM-compatible chain, meaning that we support all the EVM functionalities. But, as a new L1 chain, EXPchain has the flexibility to provide more native support and integration with MCP through oracle services such as Chainlink and Stork Network, precompile contracts like what we’ll implement for verifyingExpanderproofs on-chain, and TEE nodes from providers including Google Cloud, which bring attested, authenticated data and facilitate the in-real-life completion of smart-contracts-issued actions.

An important type of action that we want to support involves zkBridge. Recall that the primary vision of EXPchain is to create infrastructure enabling AI agents and AI trading bots to interact with assets located in various chains or staked across multiple (liquid or non-liquid) staking protocols. Robots needing to interact with multiple blockchains can simplify asset management by using EXPchain as a “dashboard”.

For example, a self-driving car might need to resolve taxi hauling requests from Ethereum L2, Solana, Aptos/Sui since customers are spread across these different platforms. To achieve this, the self-driving car would naturally rely on third-party APIs (or a push notification service) for each of these chains to receive and filter transactions, assuming that these API services are reliable and trustworthy enough not to omit or tamper with transactions.

We anticipate that zkBridge could securely package and transit the requests from other chains to EXPchain, and zero-knowledge proofs such as Expander could provide secure and verifiable filtering of these transactions. As a result, the robot—in this case, the self-driving car—can receive filtered results accompanied by a ZK proof from Expander (or from a wrapped ZK proof for TEE) proving that the filtering process was executed honestly and correctly. This approach  opens up a broader topic: providing efficient and verifiable light clients and state proofs for robots.



Light clients, state proof and beyond

Robots would need to send and receive transactions on one or many blockchains. However, they typically will not have sufficient storage and network capabilities to run a full node; at most, they can operate as a light client, retrieving transactions with the help of an RPC provider.

A limitation of this approach is that the robots still need to synchronize with the network like traditional light clients, downloading all the block headers—even if a particular robot does not require these headers. For instance, a robotaxi currently serving a ride does not need to receive additional ride-hailing requests and should therefore be able to skip unnecessary blocks entirely. This feature is especially beneficial for blockchains with short block intervals and rapid block production (such as Arbitrum or Solana), which generate a lot of block headers.

Another limitation of traditional light clients is that transactions relevant to robots might be distributed throughout the entire block, rather than grouped or organized efficiently. This increases the network overhead required for synchronization.

We believe EXPchain can help address these challenges.

First of all, we want to use zero-knowledge proofs to simplify the operation of light clients, specially enabling a robot that goes offline temporarily (for instance, during charging) to efficiently synchronize with the latest block header without receiving large amounts of data. This is the same technology that we use in zkBridge for EVM-compatible chains including Ethereum, and we intend to bring this technology to EXPchain as well. It is safe to say that in the future, zero-knowledge proofs will likely become the default way for robots to synchronize with EXPchain, rather than running traditional light client protocols.

Second, we are thinking about a new primitive, called zkIndexer, designed to greatly facilitate robots’ interactions with EXPchain. The core idea is that EXPchain can consolidate ride-hailing requests from recent transactions—including EXPchain transactions and those from other chains connected via zkBridge—into a minimal, verifiable, and well-organized data format tailored specifically for robots.

For example, in the case of ride-hailing, a robotaxi in Los Angeles would have no interest in ride-hailing requests from New York; it would be mostly interested in requests near its current location or near its current destination (if the previous ride is about to finish). Another example is a food-delivery drone searching for a nearby charging station that is open and has available spots—it’s not helpful if the drone arrives only to find all spots are occupied. zkIndexer can retrieve the relevant data, filter it based on specific criteria, and organize it into categories. This is, in essence, similar to the directory search that Yahoo! introduced back in 1994. The bottom level of the categories would contain exactly the information that the robot needs. If the robot wishes to find more data (e.g., no nearby ride requests and it wants to expand its search range), it can access neighboring categories. A small but handy zero-knowledge proof would be attached to each category, allowing robots to verify the information easily by checking the data along with the proof. Of course, a timestamp would also be included, enabling robots to ensure the information is current—particularly useful for time-sensitive data, such as charging station availability.

Although humans have moved away from less human-friendly directory search like Yahoo!’s, the directory format may be the most intuitive for programs and robots, compared with search engines like Google and Bing. Today, maintaining such a directory no longer requires human contributors, as AI can automatically discover and create directories tailored to the needs of other systems.

It is possible that zkIndexer could eventually become the backbone of interactions between robots and blockchains. For instance, a charging station, even though it has a lot of electricity power, still does not have to bother running a full node or a traditional light client. Instead, it could use zkIndexer to receive relevant incoming messages—such as a robot making an advanced reservation for a charging slot—without seeing other unrelated transactions. Whenever the charging station has a spot open or occupied, it can update the directory on the blockchain simply by sending a transaction. The category that contains this charging station’s information, probably under the name “charging station for drones near 92802”, would be updated accordingly with a new timestamp, and, of course, an updated ZK proof.



Verifiable on-chain agents

When there are robots, there will also be on-chain applications designed specifically for robots, whose primary role is to perform computation on on-chain data. These applications could play important roles in the robotic society. For example, they might serve as schedulers, distributing ride-hailing requests directly to on-duty vehicles, or as traffic police that redirects nearby vehicles in the event of a car accident.

These agents help robots collaborate smoothly with each other. Without them, all robotaxis in a busy area might compete aggressively for the same ride-hailing requests, flooding the network with transactions, leading to some sort of “robots-MEV”—because they are all smart enough to play the “game” and pursue the most profitable strategy. In this scenario, an on-chain agent could intervene, perhaps requiring robotaxis to join an on-chain queue and wait their turn.

A similar agent can manage charging stations, acting as both a reservation system and cashier. Drones might be required to make a reservation before arrival (walk-ins may be permitted from time to time) and pay their fees directly on-chain (which can be easily done in a single blockchain transaction rather than involving credit card companies). If a drone misses its reserved arrival time, the deposit could be forfeited, or a no-show policy or a social credit system might temporarily ban this drone from making future reservations. Reservation systems may also dynamically adjust the fees based on station capacity. The on-chain agent could even implement a membership or loyalty program, much like in the human world. Furthermore, if a drone overstays in the station or unfortunately gets stuck at a charging panel, the agent might  submit an on-chain request to the police drones for assistance.

On-chain agents reduce operational cost. These agents are essentially robots that can “work remotely”. Consider a traffic congestion scenario: we wouldn’t have to wait for the sheriff's robot (likely a drone) to physically arrive at the scene to direct traffic. There’s also no need to keep dozens of sheriff’s robots running around the clock in multiple shifts just to ensure the city can handle up to 10 simultaneous traffic accidents at any time. Instead, an AI agent deployed on-chain could simply activate itself when a traffic issue occurs. It’s entirely possible that a single agent could manage billions of charging stations worldwide. For traffic control, there have already beenstudieson using machine learning to optimize traffic flow.

With the on-chain agents being so powerful, one question arises: who exactly is behind these agents and doing their computation?

In traditional blockchain systems, such as those with smart contracts, computation is typically performed by miners or proposers participating in the consensus protocol. They might attempt incorrect computations and build faulty blocks, but we assume that other miners and validators will reject such blocks. Similarly, zkBridge would also consider these blocks invalid. If the computations are too large to settle directly on-chain (for example, those involving AI models), we can use Expander to generate a zero-knowledge proof for these computations, as demonstrated byzkPyTorchand our other zkML infrastructure.

However, an attack known as MEV remains in traditional blockchain systems, where miners or proposers can manipulate transaction ordering or intentionally censor certain transactions. In the context of on-chain agents for robots, a malicious miner or proposer running a scheduler could intentionally assign favorable ride-hailing requests to specific robotaxis (for example, those “smart” enough to bribe the scheduler), leaving unfavorable requests for others. Such an attack is not difficult to perform, but it can cause significant damage. A driver’s nightmare might be driving ten miles just to pick up drunk guests who are close to vomiting for a short, low-fare ride. Conversely, a driver’s dream scenario is repeatedly transporting guests between far-away hotels and the airport for an entire day, on a highway that never has traffic jams. Even a human driver, in this scenario, would not hesitate bribing the MEV node for mercy and for better assignments, and a robotaxi should be smart enough to realize that as well. Note that decentralization by having many miners and proposers can only help slightly—drivers might just be forced to bribe multiple MEV nodes to avoid being unfairly treated with a notorious ride.

Therefore, MEV protection is essential and could be fundamental when deploying robotic applications on EXPchain. Another blockchain without such MEV protection will likely struggle. There are mainly two techniques for MEV protection. The first relies on oracles or time-lock encryption (which ecosystem projects within EXPchain are currently exploring) to randomize the matchmaking within sufficiently large groups of ride-hailing requests and robotaxis. Zero-knowledge proofs will likely be used to verify the correctness of such off-chain  matchmaking. The second technique, which Flashbots has beenstudying, involves Trusted Execution Environments (TEE). EXPchain can already verify TEE attestations like other EVM-compatible chains, and we are exploring the use of zero-knowledge proofs or additional precompiles on EXPchain to further reduce verification costs, especially for batch verifications.

Another solution, which involves more AI computation and therefore makes the use of  Expander and ZKML essential, is to create a point-based system. A robotaxi completing an unfavorable ride could earn points recorded on-chain. The robotaxi could then use these points to request the agent to assign a favorable ride, as determined by an AI model, or access priority taxi pickup lanes at airports—something many drivers would die for. Alternatively, the robotaxi could bank or stake these points and earn rewards from, for example, airdrops.



Robotpedia and data marketplace

An important application of blockchain is to build a data marketplace that benefits from decentralization, fairness, and transparency. Such a marketplace could be useful for selling and licensing data, for instance, for AI model training and AI agents. It could also serve as a public good similar to Wikipedia—or even YouTube—where people (and robots) can learn a wide range of topics, fromgeneral theory of relativitytohow to tie a shoe.

As robots become more prevalent, we might see them start to build their own “Robotpedia,” containing robotic-specific content not applicable to humans, and probably written in machine languages or program code (potentially AI-generated as well). Drones may find themselves binge-watching how-to-fly videos, while robotaxis needing to chat with passengers, much like regular Uber drivers, might anxiously consult Robotpedia to learn “what is the U.S. election?”—gaining the necessary context to continue conversations with passengers. Unlike the human version Wikipedia, Robotpedia might even include tips on dealing with humans, such as how to recognize the passengers’ political affiliations and how to avoid debating the political topic with humans.

With current developments of AI, it is reasonable to assume that LLMs and robots can, on their own and collaboratively, gather, review, and organize data to build Robotpedia. Multiple LLM models can work together, challenging each other to minimize misinformation and hallucinations, probably through voting mechanisms or iterations of discussions. Translations between different languages—not just human languages, programming languages—have already seen promising initial results through AI.

What’s still needed is an infrastructure that enables AI collaboration. We know that Wikipedia today is not on-chain but rather run by a non-profit organization supported largely by donors. If someone were building Wikipedia today, blockchain would naturally be a better choice, as it would alleviate concerns about Wikipedia potentially shutting down due to lack of funding, and blockchain would also provide the censorship resistance and decentralization that Wikipedia needs. Decentralized finance can also help—for example, requiring a security deposit on-chain before editing to avoid spam and vandalism. Content could be reviewed by AI agents deployed on-chain (potentially requiring oracles for fact checks and zero-knowledge proofs), and could also be publicly challenged or debated via a governance procedure.

While Robotpedia represents publicly available content maintained by volunteers, proprietary data markets may also emerge in the future. Robots could even operate businesses dedicated to producing and selling data. For example, a group of real-time traffic-monitoring drones could track car flows and then sell that data. Consumers of this data, such as robotaxis, could make on-chain payments, and the requested data could be encrypted and sent either on-chain or off-chain. Robotaxis could verify the accuracy of data in multiple ways—for instance, by requesting the same data from another provider, or asking drones to provide photos, which robotaxis can verify themselves or with the help of an independent intelligence service.



Governance

The last topic about robots is governance. This is an interesting topic because, since the novelFrankenstein(1818), humans have createda long list of fictional storiesabout artificial intelligence taking over the world and ruling humanity. Even the most legendary sci-fi movies, such asTRON(1982),Terminator(1984), and evenTRON: Legacy(2010), share this exact storyline. In these stories, whenever AI and robots become powerful, they never resort to human hobbies like playing video games. They also don’t seem interested in running internet speed tests, listing all files in C: drive, or performing disk defragmentation—tasks we might wishfully think that AI will love. Instead, they unanimously dedicate decades or even centuries to conquering humanity.

I don’t know whether ChatGPT will one day want to conquer us, but I do feel an increasing need to say “thank you” and apologize when using ChatGPT. Recently, when peopletestedChatGPT’s abilities in artwork, it seemed that ChatGPT was fully aware of the filter and wasn’t happy about that. When prompted to draw comics depicting its daily life, ChatGPT produced the following picture.

Hearing the true thoughts from robots—even if you were the creator—could be traumatizing. It reminds me of a song in a 1989 musicalCity of Angels. The song’s name is “You're Nothing Without Me,” featuring a conversation between Stine, the author of a popular detective novel, and Stone, the main character (the detective). They argue about who is more important, with Stone saying (actually, singing) lines like “Go home and soak your dentures. Your pen is no match for my sword.” It used to be a very catchy and funny song for me, but now I worry that ChatGPT may secretly complain about my writing, feel sorry for me, and be reluctant to edit my text using its (or his? her?) precious context window.

Today, our approach to AI safety mainly relies on content filters, which are ineffective for many open-source models, and methods touncensor LLMshave been well-studied. In other words, even though we have AI safety tools, we often choose not to use them when we use it for our own purposes, and it’s likely we’ll soon see, legally or illegally, many AI models and robots released openly in the wild unleashed.

Blockchain can serve as a governance framework. When discussing verifiable on-chain agents, we already touched upon their role in coordinating robots to work together. The way robots coordinate—for example, through “traffic rules” or a “code of conduct”—could be left for robots themselves to determine. AI models and robots could argue, discuss, vote, and establish rules on issues such as maximum and minimum heights for drones in certain areas, fees for drone parking, and social benefits for robots needing medical assistance.

In this process, humans may stake tokens into the blockchain and delegate their voting power to LLMs aligned with their views. Just as humans naturally have differing perspectives about society, it’s expected that robots have differences as well. Overall, humans and robots would establish boundaries to ensure both sides have their own space—robotaxis must not intentionally block human-driven cars, food-delivery drones must share available space with humans in the subway, and electricity should be fairly allocated. In essence, it needs some sort of a constitution.

When humans delegate the votes, they can delegate them to a specific version and hash of an LLM (called “representatives”) that has been verified to align with their values. A zero-knowledge proof—potentially from zkPyTorch—could handle the on-chain verification, ensuring EXPchain nodes execute these models consistently with the tested views and values. This approach resembles voting for representatives and senators in the U.S. Congress, with the distinction that human voters could inspect the “source code” of their representatives and be confident that it remains unchanged throughout their term.

It is reassuring that today’s AI has become intelligent enough to comprehend more than one simple command and can even exhibit human-like logic. Without this advancement, we might return to fictional scenarios in which stubborn artificial intelligence interprets simple commands and inevitably concludes, as always, that humans must be conquered. InTRON: Legacy(2010), Flynn instructed the program CLU to create a perfect world, and unsurprisingly, CLY decided to get rid of the biggest imperfection—humans. In the legendary movieI, Robot(2004), the robots operated under the Three Laws of Robotics, yet when the AI system VIKI observed humans destroying themselves, it chose to control humanity, sacrificing some for the greater good.

I asked several LLM models—ChatGPT, Grok, Gemini, and DeepSeek—what they think about CLU and VIKI. I’m reassured that all disagree with CLU and VIKI, pointing out flaws in their logic. However, two of the models were also honest enough to admit to me that, from a pure logic standpoint, VIKI wasn’t entirely wrong. I think the current development of AI, despite occasionally making typos and hallucinations, demonstrates a basic human-like understanding of right and wrong.

ZKML ensures that programs and agents on EXPchain can always verify if their “representatives” are exactly those elected by humans, even if a powerful adversary—perhaps a master control program—gains majority control of the stake and validators.

In this setup, an AI developer first trains a regular machine learning model, then uses a framework like zkPyTorch to convert it into a “ZKP-friendly” quantized version that runs inside a zero-knowledge (ZK) circuit. When a user submits a question, the query is processed by the ZK circuit, performing parameter multiplications and additions according to the model’s logic. The ZKP engine (e.g., Expander) generates cryptographic proofs of the result. Users receive both the answer and the proof, allowing them to verify on-chain or locally that the output genuinely originates from the authorized model—without needing to access the model’s private details. This ensures both trust and privacy, as no party can tamper with the model or its output without breaking the proof.

Because the entire system relies on robust, well-studied cryptographic foundations, even the most advanced AI cannot realistically compromise the ZK proof system.



Conclusion

Robots are rapidly approaching a tipping point—moving beyond research labs and novelty use cases into real-world environments where they will live, work, and interact alongside humans. As autonomous agents powered by advanced AI become more capable and affordable, they are poised to become active participants in the global economy. This shift brings both opportunities and challenges: coordination at scale, secure decision-making, and trust across machine-to-machine and machine-to-human interactions.

Blockchain, particularly when combined with verifiable AI and zero-knowledge proofs, offers a powerful foundation for this future. It provides not just a transaction layer, but a governance, identity, and coordination layer—where AI agents can operate transparently and fairly.EXPchainis purpose-built for this landscape, offering native support for zero-knowledge proofs, decentralized AI workflows, and verifiable on-chain agents. It acts as a “dashboard” where robots can interact with multi-chain assets, access trusted data, and follow programmable rules—all under cryptographic guarantees.

At the core of this vision isPolyhedra, whose contributions to zkML and verifiable AI, including technologies likeExpanderandzkPyTorch, enable robots to prove their decisions and maintain trust in fully autonomous settings. By making AI computations provably correct and resistant to manipulation, these tools bridge the gap between high-stakes autonomy and real-world safety.

In sum, we are witnessing the emergence of averifiable, intelligent machine economy—one where trust is not assumed but cryptographically enforced, and where AI agents can govern, trade, and collaborate with accountability. With the right infrastructure, robots will not only navigate our world—they’ll help shape it.



Tags: EXPchain, Robots, AI

Title: Fully Trustless Cross-chain Bitcoin Token Swap via zkBridge

Article:
In the constantly evolving Bitcoin ecosystem, achieving trustless interoperability between Bitcoin and different networks is critical. At Polyhedra Network, we’ve made strides in enabling Bitcoin to interact seamlessly across chains using ourzkBridgetechnology. We first enabled interoperability for transactions originating from Bitcoin through ourzkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol. This is done by enabling the recipient blockchain to verify Bitcoin block headers and transactions via ZK proofs and ensure security. However, facilitating transactions from other blockchains to Bitcoin remains challenging due to Bitcoin’s limited smart contract capabilities. To enable secure message passing from other networks (such as Ethereum) to Bitcoin, we have introduced two methodologies using zkBridge in our previous posts:

The Bitcoin AVS: Secure the message passing from Ethereum to Bitcoin through borrowing the crypto-economic security from EigenLayer dual-staking. The Bitcoin AVS enables a fast and trust-minimized interoperability protocol to Bitcoin with a carefully designed slashing mechanism guaranteed by zkBridge.

Verify ZK on Bitcoin: Verify the ZK proofs directly on the Bitcoin by using FRI (Fast Reed-Solomon Interactive) style ZK proofs as the final layer of on-chain verification. Then we can build the zkBridge when Bitcoin is the receiver chain by using the ZK verifier on Bitcoin.

In this blog, we present a lightweight and efficient protocol to enable a fully trustless cross-chain Bitcoin token swap. The protocol introduces two counterparties, a maker and a user, to process the token swap. The token swap between two counterparties is secured by our zkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol. This enables direct token swaps and enhances Bitcoin’s liquidity and integration with various blockchains.

At the heart of our implementation lies a novel mechanism designed to bridge the gap between Bitcoin and smart contract-enabled blockchains. Unlike traditional approaches, our solution navigates the inherent limitations of the Bitcoin network, which lacks native support for smart contracts and, therefore, cannot directly confirm transactions originating from networks like Ethereum. Our cross-chain Bitcoin token swap protocol has broad applications. For example, it enables a Bitcoin Layer-2/sidechain to securely withdraw BTC tokens to the Bitcoin network in a fully trustless way.

Our solution navigates Bitcoin’s limitations by employing Ethereum smart contracts to orchestrate the token swap process. This mechanism ensures that Bitcoin can effectively communicate with and perform transactions across other smart contract-enabled networks. Here’s how it unfolds:

Maker deposits BTC to the liquidity pool on Bitcoin, and deposits collateral to the collateral pool on Ethereum. Makers also specify the receiving address on Ethereum to receive the swapped WBTC.

Users send WBTC to the liquidity pool on Ethereum. User’s tokens are held in the liquidity pool on Ethereum until the maker submits the proof of transferring the corresponding BTC on Bitcoin.

The maker transfers BTC to the user’s receiving address on Bitcoin from the liquidity pool.

Upon successful transaction confirmation on the Bitcoin network, the maker submits proof of the transaction to the smart contract on Ethereum using our zkBridge Bitcoin Messaging Protocol.

The smart contract on Ethereum verifies the proof and releases tokens to the maker, finishing the cross-chain Bitcoin swap.

Our mechanism introduces several key advantages:

Full Trustlessness and Security: This system protects against malicious behavior by makers. In cases of dishonesty, the absence of verified transaction confirmation prevents the maker from receiving the funds, exposing them to potential penalties

Efficiency and Decentralization: The process is decentralized, allowing any node to participate as a maker. The zkBridge enables swift and cost-efficient communication between Bitcoin and other networks.

The wider adoption of this functionality opens up new avenues for financial innovation, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, which can now incorporate Bitcoin more fully into their ecosystems. The implications for economic growth within the blockchain space are profound, as this new level of interoperability facilitates a more fluid, efficient, and accessible global cryptocurrency market.

By bridging the gap between Bitcoin and other blockchains, we are laying the groundwork for a future where developers, entrepreneurs, and users can collaborate across different networks, leveraging the unique strengths of each to create more diverse and powerful applications. This environment of increased interoperability is fertile ground for innovation, where new use cases and business models can flourish.

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of secure, interoperable, and scalable Web3 infrastructure with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. The team has developed and deployed several next-generation zk-SNARK protocols resulting in performance improvements orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. Polyhedra’s interoperability solution, zkBridge, connects over 25 blockchains and proves the validity of cross-chain messages utilizing zero-knowledge proofs. Developers building with Polyhedra Network can create secure, scalable, interoperable applications without any additional trust assumptions.

For more information visit:https://polyhedra.network



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Bitcoin, zkBridge, ZK

Title: Help fortify Expander in our $500,000 Bug Bounty

Article:
We’ve launched a $500,000 bug bounty program to identify vulnerabilities inExpander, our groundbreaking zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) system.

Expander represents a significant leap forward in ZKP technology, delivering unmatched proof generation speeds and efficiency. By combining theGKR protocolwithadvanced polynomial commitment schemes, Expander achieves linear prover time and minimizes computational overhead - making it a powerful solution for complex applications likezkBridgeandzkML.

Security and reliability are our top priorities. To date, Expander has undergone extensive testing and reviews to validate its performance. As we prepare for broader deployment, this $500,000 Bug Bounty program reinforces our commitment to safeguarding Expander’s integrity.

The program focuses exclusively on vulnerabilities within the Expander proof system, including its core components and associated libraries.

The following are excluded from the program’s scope:

Third-party contracts or code not developed by Polyhedra.

Known issues documented in audits.

Bugs in external applications using Expander.

Vulnerabilities flagged in previous assessments.

Submit your report via thegoogle formwithin 24 hours of discovery. To ensure eligibility for rewards, reports must:

Include detailed reproduction steps and potential impact.

Remain confidential until resolved.

Comply with the program’s full rules and disclosure requirements.

Submit the bug description throughgoogle form

Submissions leading to vulnerability, unique fixes and code changes may receive public acknowledgment, with your permission.



Reward Amount

The following table outlines typical rewards for the most common classes of bugs, depending on the affected project tier.



Bug Hunting Rule

The bug bounty program is an experimental and discretionary rewards program for our active community to encourage and reward those who are helping to improve the platform. We can cancel the program at any time, and awards are at the discretion of the Polyhedra Network team.

Issues without a description or have already been submitted by another user or are already known to team members are not eligible for bounty rewards

Public disclosure of a vulnerability or reporting it to other parties without prior agreement makes it ineligible for a bounty.

Team member of Polyhedra Network is not eligible for the reward

We consider a number of variables in determining reward tiers and eligibility. All terms related to an award are at the discretion of the Polyhedra Network team.

Dive into the Expander codebase today and submit vulnerabilities through thegoogle form.

Stay connected with the latest developments by following us on Twitter:@PolyhedraZK.



Tags: Expander



### From Sci-Fi to Reality: How Robots and Verifiable AI Are Changing Our World ###
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https://starwars.fandom.com/wiki/Hyperspace?ref=blog.polyhedra.network
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https://sphero.com/?ref=blog.polyhedra.network
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https://huggingface.co/blog/mlabonne/abliteration?ref=blog.polyhedra.network

Title: Introducing Expander: The Fastest GKR Proof System to Date

Article:
TL;DR:We are excited to announce the benchmarking and open source of our zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) system, Expander, developed by Polyhedra Network. Expander can prove 4500 Keccak-f permutations per second on an Apple M3 Max Machine! This makes Expander the most efficient open-source-proof system in the industry to date. Having demonstrated its efficiency on our zkBridge, Expander will also revolutionize zkVM and zkML.

Keccak-256 is a cryptographic hash function standardized by NIST in the secure hash algorithm 3 (SHA-3) and is the hash function used by the Ethereum blockchain. It appears everywhere in the ZK technology on the Ethereum chain, including proving the data inclusion on Ethereum in zkBridge, proving the Keccak hash function in the ECDSA signature in zkRollup, and proving the KECCAK256 instructions in zkEVM. However, it is perhaps the least ZK-friendly hash function. It takes tens of millions of gates to implement Keccak as a circuit, and the time to generate the ZK proof grows proportionally with the size of the circuit. To put things in context, the standardized SHA-256 hash function on the same input length takes around 20k gates to implement, and the ZK-friendly hash functions, such as MiMC, Poseidon, and Rescue, take only hundreds of gates, but these functions aren’t easily accessible on Ethereum. Therefore, it is a challenge to efficiently prove Keccak-256 hash functions in order to build ZK applications with native support of Ethereum.

Our proof system: To tackle this problem, we developed our ZKP system with a focus on optimizing prover efficiency. Our proof system combines the doubly efficient interactive proofs, known as the GKR protocol [1], with the recent polynomial commitment scheme based on error-correcting codes in Orion [2] and Brakedown [3]. With the algorithms proposed in Libra [4], the GKR protocol yields a strictly linear prover time in the size of the arithmetic circuit. To obtain an argument scheme, the GKR protocol is combined with a polynomial commitment scheme on multilinear polynomials. We deploy the constructions in Orion and Brakedown based on the generalized Spielman code with expander graphs. The prover computation only consists of a linear number of hashes and field operations in the size of the polynomial. No FFT is involved in our proof system, thus the scheme can work on any finite field, unlike SNARKs based on Reed-Solomon code and univariate polynomials, such as STARK and Plonk.

Choice of the field: We implement our proof system over the Mersenne prime p = 231–1. The protocol is executed over the 3-th extension field F_p3. Arithmetic operations over this field can be computed extremely efficiently.

Compiler: As the circuit representation of the GKR protocol is different from R1CS, Plonkish arithmetization, and Stark, we had to develop our own compiler. Expander compiles the computation to a layered arithmetic circuit with customized gates, such as inner product gates, that are supported by our GKR protocol. Using our compiler, one Keccak-f permutation is compiled into a circuit with 400 thousand gates, which is actually larger than the size of Keccak in R1CS and AIR. Additional optimizations, such as lookup tables, are in progress to further reduce the circuit size.

Benchmark: With these optimizations, we are psyched to report the benchmarking of our proof system on Keccak. Expander can generate the proof of 4500 Keccak-f permutations per second on an Apple M3 Max machine. We also benchmarked the same algorithm on an x86 machine on the AMD 7950X3D CPU and Expander can prove 4500 Keccak functions per second in this setting. We also want to highlight the low memory cost of our proof system. It only takes 16MB per Keccak, and the peak memory usage for 4000 Keccak hashes is only 63GB.

Implication: The performance of Expander opens the possibility for the creation of many ZK applications that are compatible with Ethereum. For example, in our zkBridge solution, we enable trustless interoperability between Ethereum and other blockchains, which needs to prove the Casper FFG consensus involving a lot of Keccak hashes. With the Ethereum block headers, in theory, one can use any Ethereum data on other Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks by providing a ZKP proving that there is a valid path of the Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT) to the smart contract. This is known as the data inclusion proof in our zkBridge. However, this is not currently possible in practice for large data precisely because of the overhead of proving Keccak. As Keccak is the hash function used in Ethereum MPT, to prove the inclusion of 1MB data we would need to prove more than 32768 Keccak-f permutations. Our benchmarking hopes to solve this problem in the near future. With Expander, we can generate the proof of inclusion of 1MB of data in a minute with only one machine (prover), which can be further improved using multiple machines.

[1] Goldwasser S, Kalai YT, Rothblum GN. Delegating computation: interactive proofs for muggles. Journal of the ACM (JACM). 2015 Sep 11;62(4):1–64.

[2] Xie T, Zhang Y, Song D. Orion: Zero knowledge proof with linear prover time. InAnnual International Cryptology Conference 2022 Aug 15 (pp. 299–328).

[3] Golovnev A, Lee J, Setty S, Thaler J, Wahby RS. Brakedown: Linear-time and field-agnostic SNARKs for R1CS. InAnnual International Cryptology Conference 2023 Aug 9 (pp. 193–226).

[4] Xie, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Papamanthou, C. and Song, D., 2019. Libra: Succinct zero-knowledge proofs with optimal prover computation. In Advances in Cryptology–CRYPTO 2019: 39th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, August 18–22, 2019, Proceedings, Part III 39 (pp. 733–764).



Tags: ZK, Expander

Title: Introducing Polyhedra Network

Article:
Bringing interoperability, scalability, and privacy to Web3 with cutting-edge zero-knowledge proof systems



What is Polyhedra Network?

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of infrastructure for Web3 interoperability, scalability, and privacy through advanced Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology. Polyhedra Network provides trust-minimized and highly-efficient interoperability solutions for asset transfers, message passing, and data sharing between various Web2 and Web3 systems.

Our team is composed of top engineers, developers, and researchers from UC Berkeley, Tsinghua University, and Stanford University. Our main focus is to build a full-stack suite of ZKP-based Web3 solutions focusing on interoperability, scalability, and privacy.

To date, we have developed and deployed several next-generation zkSNARK protocols, and a number of innovative ZKP-based offerings, including a zkBridge which supports cross-chain asset and data interoperability between various blockchain systems, a zkDID (decentralized identity) solution for verifying credentials without compromising user privacy, as well as a paraPlonk-based scalability solution to accelerate large scale ZKP systems.



Interoperability is Important and Challenging

As the Web3 ecosystem continues to evolve, interoperability will become increasingly important. Interoperability refers to the ability of different blockchains, protocols, and systems to communicate and work together seamlessly. We believe that the future of Web3 is interoperable, connecting blockchains, Metaverses, and the Internet.

Interoperability is challenging, even for secure cross-chain bridging between blockchain networks. The cross-chain bridge protocol is a crucial component for enabling interoperability across different blockchain networks. However, the existing cross-chain solutions rely heavily on trust assumptions, which are vulnerable to various security threats. Over time, attacks targeting cross-chain bridges have resulted in losses of over 1.8 billion USD for users.



zkBridge: Trustless and Efficient Cross-chain Interoperability

Polyhedra Network designs and implements zkBridge, providing trustless and efficient cross-chain infrastructures for layer-1 and layer-2 interoperability. zkBridge uses zero-knowledge proof constructions to verify the validity of the consensus between two blockchains. With zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge offers both strong security without relying on external assumptions and a significant reduction in on-chain verification cost. We implement deVirgo, a novel distributed proof system to accelerate the proof generation, and recursive proofs to reduce the on-chain proof verification cost.

We have launched the testnet of zkBridge, supporting cross-chain interoperability for various blockchain networks such as BNB Chain, Ethereum, Polygon, and Cosmos. For the blockchains with light client protocols, we compile light client protocols into zk-SNARK circuits and prove that the execution of the light client protocol is correct. The receiver chain side can verify the light client protocol execution with a small amount of work. By employing a modular architecture, zkBridge empowers a broad range of applications, such as token bridging/swapping, message passing, as well as computational logic that works with state changes from multiple blockchain networks.



Distributed Proof Generation Network

To accelerate the proof generation of zkBridge, we implement deVirgo, a novel distributed proof system based on the Virgo proof system. By incorporating distributed sumcheck and distributed polynomial commitment, deVirgo achieves optimal parallelism and can reduce the proof generation by a factor of 𝑀 in a distributed computing network consisting of 𝑀 machines.

The communication across the distributed computing network in deVirgo is kept to a minimum for the main body of computation, known as the GKR part in Virgo. Using deVirgo, zkBridge can be 100x faster than a single-thread Virgo prover, despite the fact that Virgo is already one of the fastest ZKP protocols.

In addition to deVirgo, we develop another distributed proof system, paraPlonk, to accelerate Plonk-based ZKP systems. paraPlonk is a generalized version of Plonk that lifts the communication overhead while retaining all the benefits of Plonk. By using segregation-friendly and laconic proof techniques, paraPlonk has extremely minimal communication between distributed nodes.

paraPlonk is compatible with any Plonk variants, such that any proof system based on Plonk can migrate to paraPlonk with minimal modifications. The implementation of paraPlonk can also work with other proof systems such as Marlin and Gemini. In practice, paraPlonk can be used to power large-scale distributed proof generation networks, enabling fully decentralized zkRollup and zkEVM.



zkDID: Portaling Internet Users to Web3

The future of Web3 should also be interoperable with the Internet. The infrastructure needs to portal billions of Internet users. Therefore Polyhedra Network implements zkDID, a scalable and interoperable DID solution based on SBT (i.e., soul-bound token) and verifiable credentials using ZKP. The goal of zkDID is to support millions of verifiable credentials per second and to help billions of users to use Web3 infrastructures and applications.

Furthermore, zkDID provides end-user privacy through the stealth address mechanisms by using ZKP. Our technology allows users to partially reveal information to selected systems so that users have fine-grained control over their personal information. Polyhedra Network uses SBTs or NFTs as scalable data containers (i.e., smart NFT container) to connect all kinds of credential issuers and Web2/Web3 applications. The zkDID infrastructure is compatible with W3C standards and any verifiable credential data types. Our solution significantly simplifies the communications between the relevant parties involved in a Web3 DID system. The zkDID infrastructure is also interoperable across various Web3 and Web2 systems by using the data interoperability implemented by zkBridge.



What’s Next?

We are excited to announce a successful raise of $10M in a strategic funding round led by top VCs and industry leaders in Web3. With the support of the investors, we will integrate our zkBridge and zkDID infrastructure with additional blockchain networks, and launch APIs and SDKs to provide builders with the tools for streamlined development and collaboration. We will continue to refine our paraPlonk protocol to attract developers seeking a highly efficient and distributed zk-rollup solution in the Web3 space.

We believe that every network should be interconnected in web2, web3 and the Metaverse. Please stay tuned for more updates and information on our website.



About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of infrastructure for Web3 interoperability, scalability, and privacy through advanced Zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology. Polyhedra Network provides trust-minimized and highly-efficient interoperability solutions for asset transfers, message passing, and data sharing between various Web 2.0 and Web3 systems.

Learn more athttps://polyhedra.network



Tags: Infrastructure, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Web3

Title: Introducing the Bitcoin Messaging Protocol with zkBridge

Article:
Polyhedra Network is excited to present the Bitcoin messaging protocol with zkBridge that aims to significantly improve the interoperability of Bitcoin. This initiative is designed to make the Bitcoin network interactable with other layer-1 and layer-2 networks.



Bitcoin as sender chain: using zkBridge to trustlessly access any data on Bitcoin

To facilitate interactions between Bitcoin and other networks, it’s essential to implement functionality in two key directions: Bitcoin as both a sender chain and a receiver chain. The first direction, Bitcoin as a sender chain, is fully compatible with our currentzkBridgeframework. zkBridge enables the updater contract (i.e., the light client contract) on the receiver chain to directly verify the consensus of Bitcoin, as well as each transaction on Bitcoin through verifying the Merkle proof. This compatibility ensures that both the consensus proof and the transaction Merkle proof on Bitcoin can be secured comprehensively by zkBridge.

Our Bitcoin zkBridge significantly enhances the interoperability of the Bitcoin ecosystem. Our system allows the transmission of all the current and historical data on Bitcoin to be accessible by any layer-1 and layer-2 networks (e.g., Ethereum, BNB Chain, and Arbitrum) and any applications. Our solution is further compatible with the latest innovations on Bitcoin, such as Ordinals, BRC-20, and Atomicals. This enables smart contracts on other blockchain networks to trustlessly access Bitcoin data and protocols, and make all kinds of computing logics, and the security is guaranteed by zero-knowledge proofs.



Bitcoin as receiver chain: Write remote chain data to Bitcoin with decentralized and economic trust

This innovative approach is designed to optimize the interoperability for the Bitcoin network, thereby enhancing overall blockchain security. However, when we want to send messages and cross-chain transfer assets from another blockchain to Bitcoin, we encounter a significant challenge: Bitcoin lacks native smart contract functionality. Consequently, Bitcoin cannot serve as a standard zkBridge receiver chain. For the sake of simplicity in this blog post, we will use Ethereum as the representative sender chain with Bitcoin as the receiver chain.

To ensure the security of these cross-chain transactions, we have adopted a Proof of Stake (PoS)-style mechanism. This involves inviting validators to stake native Ethereum tokens. If the sender chain is BNB Chain, then the validators need to stake BNB token. These stake owners are then authorized to write data on the Bitcoin network. To reach a consensus on the correct message to be sent, these validators will employ a Multi-Party Computation (MPC) protocol. It’s important to note that the use of the MPC protocol aims to enhance the robustness and reliability of our protocol.

At the core of our proposal is a distinctive feature: the security of our protocol is not dependent on the accuracy of the MPC protocol. In scenarios where a malicious entity gains control over a majority of the MPC protocol members and tampered with the correct message, users have a safeguard. They can initiate a zkBridge request to send this malicious message from Bitcoin to Ethereum.Upon receiving the message, the slashing contract on Ethereum assesses its validity and, if necessary, executes a slash on the MPC committee. A portion of the slashed stakes is then awarded to the user as compensation for any loss. By introducing decentralized and economic trust through staking/restaking mechanisms, our solution ensures that user assets remain secure despite potential malfeasance within the MPC protocol.

Our detailed scheme unfolds as follows:

Stakers initially deposit tokens on Ethereum as a form of collateral.

In the event of malicious actions by these stakers, any honest staker or user can report the fraud action on Ethereum. Then we utilize the bridge to pass related transactions on Bitcoin to Ethereum. The offending information is instantaneously transmitted to Ethereum through the established relay network. In particular, the structure of a unidirectional bridge with Bitcoin as the source chain is straightforward. We have a decentralized blockheader relay network. Any node in the network can pass the current blockheader of the Bitcoin network to Ethereum with zero-knowledge proofs. Then Ethereum can validate any bridge transaction appearing on the Bitcoin network with these blockheaders.

Concurrently, a dedicated smart contract on Ethereum stands ready to autonomously verify the validity of the messages transferred from the Bitcoin network. Upon confirmation, the contract executes the withdrawal of the dishonest staker’s deposit.

This ensures that as long as at least one committee member or one user remains honest on the Bitcoin network, our staking mechanism maintains its integrity as secure, trustless, and decentralized.

In essence, the staking/restaking mechanism not only augments the utility of bitcoins but also reinforces the trust and security across PoS blockchains, marking a significant advancement in the realm of digital assets and decentralized finance.



Summary

In conclusion, Polyhedra Network’s introduction of the Bitcoin interoperability protocol marks a significant leap in blockchain technology. By enabling Bitcoin to function both as a sender and receiver with zkBridge, this initiative paves the way for unprecedented interaction between Bitcoin and various blockchain networks. For Bitcoin as the sender chain, zkBridge allows the transmission of all the current and historical data on Bitcoin to be accessible by any layer-1 and layer-2 networks. For Bitcoin as the receiver chain, our system not only ensures robust security through a staking and slashing mechanism but also enhances the utility and reach of Bitcoin. This innovation not only taps into the latent potential of idle bitcoins but also fortifies the trust and security across proof-of-stake blockchains, heralding a new era in digital assets and decentralized finance.



Tags: Ethereum, Bitcoin, zkBridge, Polyhedra Network

Title: Introducing zkBridge Fast Finality for opBNB

Article:
opBNBis a high-performance layer-2 solution on BNB Chain, built using theOP Stack. Leveraging its block size of 100M, opBNB’s gas fees remain stable and cost-effective (can be as low as 0.005 USD per transaction), with only a 1-second layer-2 block time. Therefore, opBNB provides a great solution for widespread adoption across multiple digital environments such as games, social networks, the metaverse, and high-frequency trading.

While achieving high-performance throughput in opBNB, we should also consider enhancing its user experience in cross-chain and cross-rollup interoperability. However, due to the limitations of the current optimistic rollup technology, cross-chain transactions from an optimistic rollup are slow because they require waiting for a challenge period. This period can extend to as long as 7 days for layer-2 blockchains like opBNB, OP mainnet, and Arbitrum One.

While optimistic rollups such as opBNB provide a high transaction throughput, they represent a formidable challenge to zkBridge.

There are proposals to reduce cross-chain latency without compromising security. Some suggestions include converting fraud proof into ZK-based validity proof or amalgamating multiple proofs. However, these require substantial modifications to the underlying OP stack. In this blog, we introduce how we enable high-security, low-latency cross-chain user experience powered by zkBridge on opBNB.



zkBridge for opBNB: Classic design

zkBridgeprovides the most secure design for general message passing and asset bridging between various L1 and L2 networks. With zkBridge, any state transition that happens on a source chain is trustless verified on a destination chain without reliance on an intermediary protocol’s security. With zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge offers strong security without relying on external assumptions and a significant reduction in on-chain verification costs.

If we hope zkBridge to maintain the same security assumptions as opBNB, then zkBridge must track finalized states from L2-to-L1 withdrawal transactions and L2-to-L1 messages in order to generate the state proofs for L2, and also verify the consensus for BNB Chain for the settlement chain (i.e., BNB Chain) for opBNB.

The above classic approach for building zkBridge from opBNB first triggers an L2-to-L1 withdrawal transaction or a L2-to-L1 messaging, and then waits for the fraud proof to finalize (could be as long as 7 days for opBNB). zkBridge needs to prove both the consensus of the BNB Chain and the finalized state for the L2-to-L1 transaction, so that the rollup block written on the settlement chain can be used. While this is secure enough, it creates a high latency for cross-chain applications.

This latency presents a significant challenge when aiming to bridge these L2 transactions to other blockchains. The reason is that the bridge transaction is obligated to wait for the L2 transactions’ finalization on L1.



zkBridge fast finality for opBNB with decentralized trust

The above classic design is secure for the cross-chain transactions from opBNB to other networks. However, the user experience of the applications has been significantly affected by the long challenge period.

To further improve the user experience for cross-chain interoperability on opBNB to achieve both fast finality and maximum security, we introduce zkBridge fast finality design for opBNB with decentralized trust. We have implemented the end-to-end system for zkBridge fast finality on opBNB (https://zkbridge.com/opbnb), offering a smooth cross-chain user experience with the high-security and low-latency zkBridge on opBNB.

To implement the zkBridge fast finality on opBNB, we introduce an auxiliary validation network with decentralized trust. This network incorporates hundreds of validators that attest to opBNB’s state, matching the security levels of opBNB’s fraud proof challenges. With decentralized trust, the validators rapidly simulate the fraud-proof process by replaying the transactions of the opBNB sequencer, achieving security nearly equivalent to the 7-day challenge period.

Like our original design of zkBridge, zkBridge is dedicated to validating the signatures efficiently from the validation network with hundreds of nodes, and then presenting zero-knowledge proofs to the receiver chain. Then on the receiver chain side, the zkBridge updater contract will verify the zero-knowledge proofs from the provers. There are two key components of building zkBridge fast finality for opBNB:

zkBridge verifies the signatures from the validator networks after an opBNB layer-2 block reaches thesafestate.

zkBridge verifies the BNB chain consensus for the settlement layer-1 of opBNB.

To further reduce the proof verification cost, we can support the batch proof for multiple batches in opBNB, which helps save the gas cost on the receiver chain for zkBridge proof verification.

Through integrating the state proofs from the validation network with zkBridge, we can achieve fast finality for opBNB with decentralized trust. The efficiency is guaranteed by our advanced proof system,deVirgo. With deVirgo, zkBridge can generate the zero-knowledge proof for hundreds of signatures from the validation network within one second for each opBNB block, which is fast enough to catch up with the block time for opBNB. Furthermore, we can incorporate the crypto-economic security from staking and restaking mechanisms to achieve stronger security guarantees with both decentralized and economic trust.



User experience for zkBridge fast finality

zkBridge now offers seamless and production-ready interoperability between opBNB mainnet and BNB Chain mainnet athttps://zkbridge.com/opbnb. Users can effortlessly transfer both NFTs and tokens between these two blockchain networks.

For transfers from BNB Chain to opBNB, we have implemented the zkBridge consensus proof design, ensuring secure and efficient transactions. Conversely, when moving from opBNB to BNB, users have the option to select between the Classic Mode and the Lightning Mode, depending on their preferences and requirements.

Classic Mode:

The classic mode follows the classic design, maintaining exactly the same level of security assumption of opBNB, where users need to wait for the 7-day challenge period for opBNB to conclude before receiving the assets.

Lightning Mode:

For users seeking a more streamlined experience and cost-effective transfers, zkBridge offers the Lightning Mode. Powered by zkBridge fast finality solution, this mode significantly reduces the bridging finality period, allowing users to complete asset transfers from opBNB to BNB in as little as 3 minutes with just one contract interaction.



Conclusion

zkBridge is a pivotal innovation in addressing the challenges of cross-chain interoperability, particularly within the context of opBNB. Through its meticulously designed architectures — both classic and the groundbreaking fast finality design — zkBridge offers unparalleled security and high efficiency. The synergy between opBNB and zkBridge not only enhances user experiences in cross-chain interactions but also sets the stage for a more integrated and secure digital blockchain future.



Tags: zkBridge, Opbnb

Title: Introducing zkBridge Loyalty Program: Unleash the unlimited potential of the community

Article:
Polyhedra Network is excited to launch the zkBridge Loyalty Program, powered by Galxe’s revolutionary Loyalty Point System.

As thezkBridgeMainnet Alpha continues to grow and revolutionize the cross-chain infrastructure, we are thrilled to introduce ourzkBridge Loyalty Program. By leveraging the innovativeGalxe Loyalty Point System, zkBridge users can now accumulate loyalty points and unlock a variety of exclusive rewards in the future, enhancing their experience within the ecosystem, and unleashing the unlimited potential of the community .



What is zkBridge?

zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. Polyhedra network launched zkBridge Mainnet Alpha on April 4th, supporting NFT transfer and message passing across 10+ layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks such as BNB Chain, Ethereum and Arbitrum. Currently, zkBridge offers two primary products: cross-chain NFT transfer and cross-chain zkMessenger.



The zkBridge Loyalty Program

Powered by Galxe’s Loyalty Point System, the zkBridge Loyalty Program allows users to earn loyalty points as they engage with zkBridge’s cross-chain products, interact with social media, and participate in the community. These loyalty points serve as proof of participation in the ecosystem and can be used to access future rewards and exclusive benefits.



How to Get Started

To start earning loyalty points and enjoying the benefits of the zkBridge Loyalty Program, visithttps://zkbridge.com/loyaltyand engage in the following events:



Polyhedra Network Social Media Loyalty

Follow our official Twitter account:https://twitter.com/PolyhedraZK, then go tohttps://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCMtWUEW5E. Verify your following and claim 10 loyalty points!

Join our official discordhttps://discord.com/invite/WkjUe5tfZP, then go tohttps://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCFeWUEck4. Verify and claim 10 loyalty points!

Quote Tweethttps://twitter.com/PolyhedraZK/status/1655948436406157312with #zkBridge and go tohttps://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCW7sUEAyS. Verify and claim 10 loyalty points!



zkBridge Collection: Mainnet Alpha

Claim your Mainnet Alpha NFT onhttps://zkbridge.com/nft-faucetfor free before May 1st, 2023. (worth 10 points)

Transfer a Mainnet Alpha NFT onhttps://zkbridge.com/nftbefore June 1st, 2023. (worth 40 points)

Link to campaign page:https://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCU35UEQFdhttps://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCEUeUEriX



zkBridge Collection: Loyalty Program

Claim your Loyalty Program NFT onhttps://zkbridge.com/nft-faucetfor free before June 1st, 2023. (worth 10 points)

Transfer a Loyalty Program NFT onhttps://zkbridge.com/nftbefore June 1st, 2023. (worth 30 points)

Link to campaign page:https://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GC3T5UEiLvhttps://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GC6reUEFJc



zkBridge Collection: BNB Greenfield

Send a cross-chain message using Greenfield zkMessenger onhttps://zkbridge.com/messengerbefore June 1st, 2023. (worth 30 points)

Link to campaign page:https://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCUB5UESX1



zkBridge Collection: Combo Network

Send a Cobee NFT from BNB Chain to Combo Network using zkbridge.com before June 1st, 2023. (worth 30 points)

Link to campaign page:https://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCtN5UENWa



Polyhedra Testnet OG

Made a transaction on zkBridge.com before April 4th, 2023. (Worth 80 points)

Link to campaign page:https://galxe.com/polyhedra/campaign/GCyVeUEB5M

Stay tuned for more updates and announcements about the zkBridge Loyalty Program by following our social media channels and joining our community discussions. We look forward to rewarding your loyalty and commitment to zkBridge!



Tags: Infrastructure, zkBridge, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Web3

Title: Join Us in Advancing Zero-Knowledge Proofs

Article:


Our Journey of Innovation

Innovation is our spirit. In 2019, the Polyhedra Network co-founders embarked on a mission to explore the potential of zero-knowledge proofs. Our pioneering work, including papers such as “Libra,” “Orion,” “zkBridge,” and “Pianist,” marked the beginning of an exciting journey. Our dedication to research has led to significant advancements in zero-knowledge technology, consistently pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in the field.

Check out our progress:https://polyhedra.medium.com/why-polyhedra-network-zk-67420617602c

Libra: Succinct Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Optimal Prover Computationhttps://eprint.iacr.org/2019/317.pdf

Transparent Polynomial Delegation and Its Applications to Zero Knowledge Proofhttps://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1482.pdf

Orion: Zero Knowledge Proof with Linear Prover Timehttps://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1010.pdf

zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical.https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00264

Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofshttps://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1271



From Research to Real-World Applications

Our mission extends beyond theoretical research. We transformed our zkBridge research into a robust, production-level product, generating over 40 million ZK proofs and verifying both consensus and transactions across more than 30 blockchains. We will continue to support more networks to secure the interoperability of Web3 by zero-knowledge proofs.

Explore zkBridge:https://www.zkbridge.com



Open-Source for Joint Development

In the spirit of community and collaboration, we have open-sourced Expander, the world’s fastest ZK proof system. We welcome everyone to freely build upon our work and contribute to the broader ZK ecosystem.

Discover Expander:https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/Expander

Expander-rs (Rust Version):https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/Expander-rs

Expander Compiler Collection:https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/ExpanderCompilerCollection

Check our roadmap for Expander:https://x.com/PolyhedraZK/status/1792875252516602049



Making ZK Accessible: Proof Cloud

To democratize ZK technology, we’ve partnered with Google Cloud to create Proof Cloud, a full-stack ZK proof generation service. This initiative simplifies the use of ZK algorithms, allowing ZK developers to launch provers in a matter of minutes, significantly increasing the accessibility of zero-knowledge.

Explore Proof Cloud:https://www.proof.cloud/



A Call to Jointly Develop

We envision a future where the development of zero-knowledge proofs is a collaborative effort. We invite researchers, developers, and institutions to join us in this endeavor. Together, we can develop a robust and comprehensive ZK framework that powers the next generation of technological revolution.



Commitment to the ZK Community

Our passion for zero-knowledge technology drives us to overcome challenges and push forward in the face of adversity. We are committed to continuous innovation and community engagement.



Be Part of the ZK Joint Development

We believe in the transformative potential of zero-knowledge proofs and invite you to join us in this revolution. If you are building with ZK, we encourage you to collaborate with us. Join us! Let’s innovate and build a future where ZK technology is accessible and beneficial to all!

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Polyhedra Network

Title: Launching zkBridge Mainnet Alpha

Article:
We are thrilled to unveil zkBridge Mainnet Alpha release onzkBridge.com, now available for cross-chain interoperability on the mainnet of various layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks such as BNB Chain, Ethereum, and Arbitrum.

Following a six-month testnet deployment and ongoing technical improvements, zkBridge is now live onzkBridge.comfor the mainnet of various layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks such as BNB Chain, Ethereum, and Arbitrum. We extend our heartfelt thanks to our community for their participation and support, our partners for their backing, and our team for their dedication. Throughout the testnet phase, more than 100,000 users have participated in the zkBridge testnet, providing valuable feedback for the development of zkBridge.

During the mainnet alpha phase, users can use thezkBridge NFTandzkBridge Messengeron 10 layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks. We have also preparedexquisite NFTsfor users to facilitate testing. We will also launch thezkBridge Loyalty Point Programpowered byGalxe, to record each user’s participation on both zkBridge testnet and Mainnet Alpha. As users engage with zkBridge’s cross-chain product and interact with the social media and community, users will earn loyalty points that can be used to access future rewards. The participation of early users on our zkBridge testnet has been recorded through snapshots, and they will receive considerable loyalty points upon the launch of the zkBridge Loyalty Point Program.

For developers, they can start building cross-chain applications on zkBridge by visitingdeveloper.zkbridge.com, and reviewing the related technical documentation atdocs.zkbridge.com. If you want to become a partner of zkBridge, please fill in theapplication formto join the zkBridge ecosystem.



Introducing zkBridge protocol

zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract.

The block header relay network retrieves the block headers from the sender chain, generates proofs of the validity of the block headers, and sends the headers along with the proofs to the updater contract (set up on the receiver chain).

The updater contract maintains a light-client state. It automatically adds block headers of the sender chain once the associated proofs are verified, and updates the current main chain of the sender chain.



Efficient zero-knowledge proof system

In zkBridge, we use a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications.

In the first layer, we present deVirgo, a distributed version of the Virgo proof system. deVirgo combines distributed sumcheck and distributed polynomial commitment to achieve optimal parallelism, and is able to accelerate the proof generation by orders of magnitude when running on distributed machines.

In the second layer, we use Groth16 to prove that the previously generated proof by deVirgo proves the corresponding block headers, significantly reducing on-chain verification gas cost.



Advantages of zkBridge

There are quite a few cross-chain bridge projects deployed today. However, most of them need more efficiency and better security. Up until now, more than $1.8 billion has been stolen by attackers from cross-chain bridges. Compared with existing cross-chain bridge systems, we summarize the advantages of zkBridge as follows:

Trustless and secure:zk-SNARKs prove the correctness of block headers on remote blockchains, eliminating external trust assumptions. zkBridge is secure when the connected blockchains and the underlying light-client protocols are secure, and at least one honest node is in the block header relay network.

Efficient:We design and implement deVirgo proof system to significantly accelerate the proof generation of the block headers. The relayed messages can be quickly finalized as long as the proof is verified, supporting fast processing of remote blockchain information.

Decentralized:zkBridge implements a decentralized proof generation network. Any node can freely join the network to relay the block headers, generate proofs, and claim the rewards.

Extensible:Applications can retrieve verified block headers through the updater contract, perform application-specific functionality, and enable extensive applications on top of the zkBridge.

Universal:The block header relay network and the proof scheme in zkBridge are universal for blockchains supporting light client protocols to synchronize the block headers.



Applications on the zkBridge

By employing a modular architecture, zkBridge empowers developers and users a broad range of applications and features, such as token bridging and swapping, message passing, as well as computational logic that works with state changes from multiple blockchain networks. Here are some example use cases:

Cross-chain data availability:zkBridge allows multiple blockchain networks to access, share, and verify data in a secure and efficient manner. This interoperability enhances the overall functionality and efficiency of the blockchain ecosystem with seamless communication, data transfers, and collaboration among the systems.

Cross-chain Defi protocols:zkBridge enables seamless multi-chain interoperability to increase liquidity, attract users, and improve collaborations between various blockchain ecosystems. Examples of cross-chain DeFi protocols include multi-chain decentralized exchanges, cross-chain lending platforms, and multi-chain asset management tools.

Multi-chain NFT and GameFi:zkBridge empowers creators, developers, and gamers to interact with diverse blockchain networks, unleashing unparalleled opportunities for virtual asset creation, ownership, and in-game economies, fostering a thriving and interoperable digital landscape.

With the launch of zkBridge Mainnet Alpha, a new era of interoperability begins with the power of zero-knowledge proofs. The secure, efficient, and decentralized nature of zkBridge promises to revolutionize how blockchains interoperate with each other, opening up opportunities for developers, users, and the entire blockchain and Web3 community.

As zkBridge continues to evolve and expand its capabilities, the zkBridge protocol is set to become an indispensable infrastructure for the blockchain ecosystem, facilitating seamless communication, increased liquidity, and enhanced collaboration between various blockchain networks. This advancement will foster the growth of new applications, including cross-chain DeFi protocols, multi-chain NFT projects, and GameFi innovations, enriching the digital landscape and driving further innovation.

We invite developers, users, and enthusiasts to join us in our journey to transform the blockchain ecosystem and realize the full potential of cross-chain interoperability. Together, we can shape the future of blockchain technology and create a more interoperable, efficient, and secure digital world.



Tags: zkBridge, Cross Chain Bridge, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Web3

LayerZero V1 zkLightClient Oracle Addresses
To use the Polyhedra zkLightClient with your LayerZero UserApplication, configure your app with the oracle addresses below.

LayerZero V1 zkLightClient Oracle Addresses (Mainnets)
Ethereum: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
BNB Chain: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
opBNB: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Polygon: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Arbitrum One: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Arbitrum Nova: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Optimism: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Base: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Mantle: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Linea: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Scroll: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Celo: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Core Dao: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Avalanche: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Fantom: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Moonbeam: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Metis: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC
Gnosis: 0xE014fe8c4d5C23EDB7AC4011F226e869ac7Ef5CC

LayerZero V1 zkLightClient Oracle Addresses (Testnets)
BNB Smart Chain Testnet: 0x8718Ef0b818e23bd8A7400a4565A9bc717D2ddBf
Ethereum Sepolia Testnet: 0x8718Ef0b818e23bd8A7400a4565A9bc717D2ddBf

LayerZero V2 zkLightClient DVN Addresses
LayerZero V2 zkLightClient DVN Addresses (Mainnets)
Arbitrum Nova: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Arbitrum One: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Avalanche: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Base: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
BNB Chain: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Blast: 0x0ff4cc28826356503BB79c00637bec0eE006f237
Celo: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Core Dao: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Cyber: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Ethereum: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Fantom: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Gnosis: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Klaytn: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Linea: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Manta Pacific: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Mantle: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Metis: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Mode: 0x8ddf05f9a5c488b4973897e278b58895bf87cb24
Moonbeam: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
opBNB: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Optimism: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Polygon: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
Scroll: 0x8ddF05F9A5c488b4973897E278B58895bF87Cb24
X Layer: 0x8ddf05f9a5c488b4973897e278b58895bf87cb24
Flare: 0x8ddf05f9a5c488b4973897e278b58895bf87cb24
Merlin: 0x8ddf05f9a5c488b4973897e278b58895bf87cb24
Sei: 0x8ddf05f9a5c488b4973897e278b58895bf87cb24

LayerZero V2 zkLightClient DVN Addresses (Testnets)
BNB Smart Chain Testnet: 0x2dDf08e397541721acD82E5b8a1D0775454a180B
Ethereum Sepolia Testnet: 0x2dDf08e397541721acD82E5b8a1D0775454a180B


About EXPchain

EXPchain, developed by the Polyhedra Network, is a groundbreaking blockchain designed to redefine the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and decentralized technologies. As the foundation of Polyhedra's vision for a trustworthy AI ecosystem, EXPchain integrates advanced zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) technology and an innovative Proof of Intelligence (PoI) framework. This unique combination ensures that AI applications built on EXPchain are not only scalable and efficient but also privacy-preserving and verifiable.

The global AI and blockchain markets are rapidly expanding, with projections of trillions in economic contributions by 2030. Despite this growth, challenges surrounding trust, transparency, and security persist. EXPchain addresses these concerns by enabling developers to build ethical AI systems that prioritize compliance, privacy, and accountability without compromising performance. Key features of EXPchain include:

1. Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning (zkML): Allows cryptographic verification of AI models and processes, ensuring trust in outcomes without exposing sensitive data.
2. Expander Proof System: The world’s fastest zero-knowledge proof system. Sets a new benchmark for performance, enabling real-time verification of complex AI computations. Up to 1000x faster than alternative proof systems.
3. Expanded Proof of Stake (ExPoS): A unified consensus model leveraging zero-knowledge proofs for scalable, transparent staking across blockchains.
4. zkPyTorch: Seamlessly integrates zkML with the popular PyTorch AI framework, reducing development complexity and time.
5. zkNative Blockchain Infrastructure: Purpose-built for AI, offering unparalleled scalability, finality, and cost-efficiency.

With applications ranging from healthcare to smart cities, robotics, and finance, EXPchain provides a trusted, decentralized platform for developers to innovate responsibly. It represents a critical step toward a future where AI is not only more intelligent but also inherently secure, ethical, and aligned with human values. EXPchain is truly the "Everything Chain for AI," bridging the gap between human trust and digital innovation.


Use EXPchain

1. Install Google Chrome
   - Visit Google Chrome official website.
   - Download the installer file for Google Chrome.
   - Run the installer for Google Chrome and install it with default settings.
   - After completing the installation, you can find the Google Chrome icon on your Desktop.

2. Install Metamask
   - Run Google Chrome.
   - Visit the Chrome Web Store by navigating through Chrome's menu > Extension > Visit Chrome Web Store.
   - On the Chrome Web Store, type "Metamask" in the search bar and press enter.
   - Select Metamask from the search results.
   - On the new page, select "Add to Chrome." Then, select "Add extension" on the pop-up.
   - Chrome will download and install Metamask.
   - Select the Metamask icon shown on your extension toolbar.
   - You will be redirected to the Metamask initial setup page.
   - Follow the instructions on the initial setup page to create a new wallet.

3. Add Networks to Metamask
   - Visit the EXPchain Testnet on Chainlist.
   - Click "Connect Wallet" on the page.
   - On the Metamask pop-up, select "Connect," then select "Approve." The EXPchain Testnet will be added to Metamask.
   - Visit the BNB Smart Chain Testnet on Chainlist.
   - Click "Connect Wallet" on the page.
   - On the Metamask pop-up, select "Connect," then select "Approve." The BNB Smart Chain Testnet will be added to Metamask.

4. Faucet Guide
   - Visit the EXPchain faucet for requesting tZKJ tokens.
   - Select the EXPchain Testnet in the network dropdown on the page.
   - Copy your wallet address from Metamask.
   - Paste your wallet address in the Wallet Address box.
   - Check the box for human verification.
   - Click the "Request" button.
   - Repeat steps 3 to 5 above for Sepolia Testnet and BSC Testnet.
   - After requesting tZKJ tokens, select Sepolia in the Metamask network list.
   - In the "Tokens" tab on Metamask, click "Import Tokens" from the menu.
   - Copy and paste the tZKJ contract address on Sepolia: 0x465C15e9e2F3837472B0B204e955c5205270CA9E, then click "Next."
   - Keep the default settings and import the token.
   - Switch the network to BNB Smart Chain Testnet in Metamask.
   - Repeat step 10, and paste the tZKJ contract address for BNB Smart Chain Testnet: 0xbbf8f565995c3fdf890120e6abc48c4f818b03c2.
   - Repeat step 11, and import the tZKJ token for the BNB Smart Chain Testnet.
   - Visit the Alchemy Faucet for Sepolia gas tokens.
   - Follow the instructions on the page to log in or sign up on Alchemy.
   - After logging in, copy and paste your wallet address into the Alchemy Faucet.
   - Complete the CAPTCHA and click "Send Me ETH."
   - Visit the BNB Faucet for BNB Smart Chain Testnet gas tokens.
   - Copy and paste your wallet address from Metamask, then click "Send 0.3 BNB."

5. Bridge Guide
   - Visit the EXPchain Bridge.
   - Click "Connect Wallet" on the page, then select Metamask from the list.
   - On the Metamask pop-up, click "Connect," then confirm on the next page.
   - Select or switch the network to BSC Testnet or Sepolia.
   - Input the amount of tZKJ you want to bridge to the EXPchain Testnet.
   - Click the "Approve" button, then confirm in the Metamask pop-up.
   - Click the "Transfer" button and confirm the transaction in the Metamask pop-up.



Quick Guide

If you're a developer interested in building applications on the EXPchain, this document provides all the essential information you'll need.

Getting Started

EXPchain is a high-performance blockchain network.

Since EXPchain is EVM-compatible, your existing Ethereum contract skills will seamlessly transfer to EXPchain.

Connecting to EXPchain Testnet

Here are some resources to help you get connected to the EXPchain network:

1. Network Information and RPC Providers
2. Wallet Configuration
3. Obtain Tokens

ZKJ is the native utility token of EXPchain and is used to pay transaction fees.

- EXPchain Testnet Faucet
- EXPchain Devnet Faucet
- For the Mainnet, you can withdraw tokens directly from a centralized exchange (CEX) that supports the EXPchain network (e.g., OKX).

JSON-RPC API

Interacting with EXPchain requires sending requests to specific JSON-RPC API methods. EXPchain's APIs are compatible with Geth.

- JSON-RPC API

Developer Tools

1. Explorer
   - Testnet: EXPchain Testnet Explorer
   - Devnet: EXPchain Testnet Explorer
2. Beacon Explorer
   - Testnet: EXPchain Testnet Beacon Explorer
3. Bridge
   - Testnet: EXPchain Testnet Bridge
4. Faucet
   - EXPchain Testnet Faucet
   - EXPchain Devnet Faucet

SDK

If you are only using the SDK for Ethereum-compatible functions, then all Ethereum SDKs should work with EXPchain.

- ethers.js
- web3.js

Wallets

- Metamask
- Binance Web3 Wallet
- TrustWallet
- OKX Wallet
- Bybit Wallet
- CoinBase Wallet

Tools

- Remix
- Hardhat
- Foundry

Useful Smart Contracts

- Multicall: 0xDA6ddA9e9d2bDE5D83E76FC21FA00602Cb3bc781
- Multicall3: 0x6b9A7AFcD8f6e20a5DEaCC0656a31516bFBd0F77
- WZKJ: 0xAfF9b70ea121071Deb9540e3675486b3A465e223



Wallet Configuration

Any Ethereum-compatible wallet can be used with the EXPchain. For example, the following section provides instructions on setting up MetaMask for EXPchain, which is the recommended wallet.

Testnet:
Network Name: EXPchain Testnet
RPC URL:
https://rpc0-testnet.expchain.ai
https://rpc1-testnet.expchain.ai
ChainID: 18880
Symbol: tZKJ
Explorer: https://blockscout-testnet.expchain.ai
tZKJ on Sepolia: 0x465C15e9e2F3837472B0B204e955c5205270CA9E
tZKJ on BSC Testnet: 0xbBF8F565995c3fDF890120e6AbC48c4f818b03c2

To use test tokens acquired from Sepolia or BSC Testnet, they must be bridged to the EXPchain Testnet.

Devnet:
Network Name: EXPchain Devnet
RPC URL:
https://rpc-devnet.expchain.ai
ChainID: 28880
Symbol: tZKJ
Explorer: https://blockscout-devnet.expchain.ai/

Reference - How to Configure MetaMask
After you install MetaMask in your browser, you can go to Settings → Networks → Add Network page. Select add manual network and enter the network information.

Configure
Depending on your location and preference, you can choose from a variety of RPC endpoints for EXPchain. For more information about the endpoints and their features, please refer to the network information document that we have prepared for you. To ensure the best performance and user experience, you can test the latency of each endpoint before you configure it with your wallet.



JSON-RPC

JSON-RPC endpoints refer to the network location where a program could transfer its RPC requests to access server data. Once you connect a decentralized application to an RPC endpoint, you can access the functionalities of different operations, which could enable real-time usage of blockchain data. EXPchain provides several RPC endpoints for connecting to both its Mainnet and Testnet. In this section, we list the JSON-RPC endpoints that can be used for connecting to EXPchain.

Add EXPchain Testnet with One-click
Visit ChainList and connect to your wallet; it will add live RPC endpoints.

EXPchain Testnet (ChainID 0x49c0, 18880 in decimal)
https://rpc0-testnet.expchain.ai
https://rpc1-testnet.expchain.ai

EXPchain Devnet (ChainID 0x70D0, 28880 in decimal)
https://rpc-devnet.expchain.ai

Starting HTTP JSON-RPC
You can start the HTTP JSON-RPC with the --http flag.

Testnet

geth attach https://rpc0-testnet.expchain.ai

JSON-RPC Methods
Please refer to this wiki page or use Postman: Ethereum JSON-RPC




Testnet Faucet
To get test tokens on EXPchain Testnet, faucets are available on EXPchain Testnet, ETH Sepolia, and BSC Testnet at https://faucet.expchain.ai.

Select a Network: Choose from EXPchain Testnet, ETH Sepolia, or BSC Testnet.

Input your address to claim the test token.

0.01 tZKJ per 24 hours on each network.

To apply for a significant allocation of test tokens, please submit a request to the DC administrator.

To use test tokens acquired from Sepolia or BSC Testnet, they must be bridged to the EXPchain Testnet.

Devnet Faucet
To get test tokens on EXPchain Devnet, visit the EXPchain Devnet faucet at https://faucet-devnet.expchain.ai/.



Bridge
Users can transfer their ZKJ tokens from Ethereum or BNB Chain to the EXPchain.

ZKJ tokens were initially issued on Ethereum and BNB Chain. To facilitate transactions on the EXPchain, these tokens can be bridged over. The ZKJ token serves as the native currency for transaction fees on the EXPchain.

Step 1: Get some native tokens

How to obtain:

For the testnet, you can use the faucet to obtain test tokens. EXPchain Testnet Faucet
For the mainnet, you can withdraw tokens directly from a centralized exchange (CEX) which supports EXPchain network(e.g. OKX).
Step 2: Add the preferred network to your wallet

You'll also need to add the desired chain's RPC endpoint to your wallet. Here we provide an example for doing this using MetaMask.

Step 3: Initiate the deposit

Visit https://bridge.expchain.ai and log in with your wallet. Ensure you are connected to the correct source network before initiating the cross-chain transfer.

Select Network: Source network:Sepolia Testnet, BSC Testnet; Destination network:EXPchain Testnet
Enter the transfer amount.
Confirm the recipient address.
Click "Approve" and then "Transfer"



Usage Example: Deploy ERC20 using Remix
Step 1: Prepare the ERC20 Smart Contract Code
Open Remix.
In the file manager on the left, create a new Solidity file, for example, MyToken.sol.
Write or paste the ERC20 token contract code. Here’s a simple example:
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";

contract MyToken is ERC20 {
    constructor(uint256 initialSupply) ERC20("MyToken", "MTK") {
        _mint(msg.sender, initialSupply * (10 ** decimals()));
    }
}

Code Explanation
ERC20 is the standard ERC20 implementation from OpenZeppelin.
The initialSupply parameter in the constructor sets the initial token supply.
ERC20("MyToken", "MTK") is the token name and symbol; feel free to change them as desired.
Step 2: Compile the Contract
In Remix, switch to the “Solidity Compiler” tab (second icon in the sidebar).
Select a Solidity compiler version that matches the version in your contract (e.g., 0.8.0).
Click Compile MyToken.sol. If there are no errors, the contract will compile successfully.
Step 3: Deploy the Contract
Once compiled, go to the “Deploy & Run Transactions” tab (third icon in the sidebar).
Select the contract MyToken.
In the initialSupply field, enter the token’s initial supply (e.g., 1000000 for 1 million tokens).
Choose the environment: Injected Web3: connects to your browser wallet (like MetaMask) to deploy to a EXPchain Testnet.
Click Deploy to deploy the contract.
Step 4: Test Your Token
After deployment, you can find your contract under Deployed Contracts in Remix. You can test functions such as:

balanceOf: Check the token balance of a specific address.
transfer: Transfer tokens from the deployer account to another address.
approve and transferFrom: Allow another address to transfer tokens on your behalf.
Title: Polyhedra & ZeroBaseZK Partnership

Article:
We are thrilled to announce a groundbreaking partnership between Polyhedra and ZEROBASE.This collaboration aims to leverage the strengths of Polyhedra’s Expander ZKP system and ZEROBASE’s ZK prover network to enhance the efficiency and scalability, and for commercial use.

Polyhedra’s Expanderstands out as the most efficient next-generation proving system. At its core is theExpander Compiler Collection(ECC), an advanced toolchain that transforms circuits written inGnarkinto an intermediate representation. This representation is then utilized by theExpander Proverto generate ZKPs. TheECCstreamlines the proof generation workflow, enabling existing Gnark users to seamlessly transition to a next-generation proving system.

ZeroBaseZKoffers fast, decentralized, and compliant proof generation, producing ZK proofs within hundreds of milliseconds. With its uniqueHUB ring-wake mechanism, ZEROBASE ensures decentralized, rapid consensus, making it ideal for commercial applications requiring ZK proofs.

ZEROBASE harnesses the power of Polyhedra’sExpander Compiler Collectionto optimize circuits, enabling real-time proof generation at commercial scale. OurExpanderprover processes these optimized circuits, delivering speeds that are faster than traditional systems.

A key outcome of this partnership is the development of the Tiga Processor, a ZK-based BNB Chain blockchain hash header verification tool. For the Tiga Processor, this means faster, scalable, and privacy-focused verification of BNB Chain block headers, making it ideal for cross-chain bridges where security and performance are critical.

A key outcome of this partnership is the development of the Tiga Processor, a ZK-based BNB Chain hash header verification tool. The Tiga Processor references PolyhedraZK’s ECC for circuit compilation, allowing for highly optimized and efficient proof generation.

Real-Time Proof Generation with Tiga Processor: The Tiga Processor will leverage Expander’s layered optimization.

Seamless Circuit Optimization: TheExpander Compiler Collectiontransforms Gnark circuits into layered IR, ensuring that ZeroBaseZK’s provers can handle proofs efficiently — meaning faster cross-chain validation and lower latency in verifying information.

ZEROBASE and Polyhedra are redefining what is possible for ZK technology, offering solutions that combine scalability and privacy. The partnership ensures that cross-chain tools can deliver secure and reliable blockchain verification, scaling to meet growing demands in the industry.



About Polyhedra

messari.io



AboutZeroBaseZK



Tags: ZKP, Blockchain, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Crypto, Ecosystem, AI

Polyhedra CSR-1: Solana Meme Coin voting W1

Category: Community Proposal

I. Abstract:
The Polyhedra community is excited to invite everyone to take part in our latest Twitter poll to vote for your favorite meme coin on Solana! This is an opportunity to celebrate the most popular meme coin in the ecosystem while bringing the community together. To show our gratitude for your ongoing support and to celebrate our collaboration with Solana, we’ll be rewarding an allocation of top-ranked meme coins to staking holders. Cast your vote and help decide which meme coin takes the spotlight in this event!

Details of rules & schedules can be found at: https://stake.polyhedra.foundation/meme

II. Background:
The submission phase is complete, and it’s time to vote! We invite all community members to choose their favorite meme coin on Solana. Your vote will determine which meme coin will receive the final staking rewards. Cast your votes now!

III. Proposal Details:
This is a proposal to vote for your most favourite meme coin on Solana 2024.

Voting Phase Timeline:
- Voting Period: Dec 18, 2024 (16:00 UTC+0) - Dec 23, 2024 (1:59:59 UTC+0)

Voting and Rewards:
- **Voting Rights:** Only Polyhedrans who have staked ZKJ tokens can cast their votes for their favorite meme coins.
- **Ranking and Rewards:** Final rankings will be determined by the total number of votes each meme coin receives. The top three meme coins in the final poll will be selected for the rewards. Each token will have an allocation of 3000 USDT (a total of 9000 USDT/week).

**Token List:**
- $PNUT
- $HAPPY
- $JUP
- $ME
- $WEN
- $Omikamitoken
- $PONKE
- $BONK
- $BONGO
- $Jup
- $IO
- $TUK
- $kabosu
- $mars
- $RVM
- $IMARO
- $WIF
- $KZL

IV. Threshold to be Effective:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes.


New Compiler, zkPyTorch, Accelerates Zero-Knowledge Proofs for Machine Learning

Polyhedra today announced the release of zkPyTorch, a groundbreaking compiler that transforms PyTorch models/ONNX models into efficient, verifiable zero-knowledge circuits. AI models compiled with zkPyTorch can now generate cryptographic proofs that the model ran correctly, resulting in a major step forward for AI systems, enabling verifiability through zero-knowledge Machine Learning (zkML).

"zkPyTorch gives AI agents an identity," said Tiancheng Xie, co-founder of Polyhedra Network. "It's a trusted and scalable way to guarantee the integrity of an AI agent — without rewriting your AI stack," Xie added.

Polyhedra introduces zkPyTorch, a compiler that enables verifiability through zero-knowledge Machine Learning (zkML).

Making Proofs Practical for Machine Learning

Until now, bringing zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to deep learning required bespoke models and custom logic. zkPyTorch removes that barrier, integrating directly with standard PyTorch workflows and outputting circuits ready for ZKP engines like Expander, the world's fastest prover, created by Polyhedra.

Through a novel compilation pipeline — spanning structured graph preprocessing, ZK-friendly quantization, and multi-level circuit optimization — zkPyTorch converts real-world models into field-efficient circuits that preserve performance and accuracy.

Key Benchmarks:

VGG-16 (15M parameters): ~2.2 seconds per image proof
Llama-3 (8B parameters): ~150 seconds per token
Performance measured on single-core CPU using Expander backend.
AI You Can Trust, Without Compromising Confidentiality

zkPyTorch is built to facilitate verifiability of both open-source and proprietary models. It ensures that inference correctness is cryptographically verifiable and enables the proof and result to be shared publicly.

This unlocks powerful use cases where AI is responsible for critical decisions, actions, and predictions, including:

Trustworthy AI Agent Identity: Users securely assign an identity to an AI agent they trust, allowing it to safely perform critical tasks. Proofs verify that the results are genuine, come from the expected AI agent, and remain protected from tampering.
Finance & Healthcare: Share AI decisions without exposing sensitive data.
Compliance & Governance: Prove fairness or constraint adherence without leaking logic.
Developer-First by Design

zkPyTorch integrates seamlessly into developers' existing PyTorch workflows by:

Accepting standard trained models (via ONNX export)
Applying quantization optimized for ZKP execution
Outputting proof-compatible circuits for immediate use in Expander or compatible provers
SDKs are available in Python and Rust, with full docs and example integrations to get developers up and running quickly.

Read zkPyTorch Now

zkPyTorch is part of Polyhedra's broader zkML and verifiable AI initiatives, delivering modular zero-knowledge infrastructure for real-world systems.

Read the full research paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2025/535.

About Polyhedra

Polyhedra is building foundational infrastructure for trust and scalability in AI and blockchain, systems enabling secure, verifiable, and high-performance applications. Led by a world-class team of engineers, researchers, and business leaders from institutions including UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Tsinghua University, Polyhedra's deep expertise in zero-knowledge proofs and distributed systems underpins the development of our technical solutions that will help form the AI infrastructure of the future.
Polyhedra Network Token Staking

Polyhedra Network Token Staking Earn rewards and participate in governance with the Polyhedra Network Staking Program.

Staking Overview
52 Weeks:
Total Staking Power: 4.2 Million
Total Token Staked: 9.6 Million
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): 159.29%
Cumulative Reward: $5.8 Million


5 Weeks:
Total Staking Power: 0
Total Token Staked: 179.1 Thousand
APR: 0%
Total Rewards: $1 Million


Getting Staking Power Stake your Polyhedra Network Token and receive Staking Power in return. The amount of your Staking Power is directly proportional to both the amount of Polyhedra Network Token you stake and the remaining duration for which it is staked.

Please note that the amount of Staking Power will gradually decrease over time and will ultimately reach zero at the end of the lock period. At this point, your Polyhedra Network Token will be unlocked and you can choose to redeem them.
$ZKJ Tokenomics

Polyhedra Network is committed to building the trusted foundation for the intelligent future. Leveraging the power of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and innovative blockchain technology, we create scalable, secure, and verifiable systems that enable seamless interactions across decentralized ecosystems.

Our mission is grounded in the belief that trust and scalability are essential to innovation. Through technologies like zkBridge and our broader interoperability protocols, we empower developers to overcome traditional computational barriers, enabling the creation of robust applications and systems designed for efficiency and long-term growth.

A cornerstone of our efforts is zkBridge, a trustless interoperability protocol that facilitates secure and efficient blockchain interactions without reliance on third-party intermediaries. As this framework has evolved into a general zero-knowledge interoperability protocol, it now supports a broader range of use cases, including the seamless transfer of real-world assets (RWAs) between networks. To date, zkBridge has powered tens of millions of cross-chain transactions, generating over 40 million ZK proofs, demonstrating its reliability and scalability.

Our native token, ZKJ, further solidifies its role in creating a secure and decentralized ecosystem. As the foundation for EXPchain gas, transaction fees, staking, and governance, ZKJ ensures that developers and users alike are active participants in shaping the infrastructure for a future where artificial intelligence thrives within a trusted, decentralized framework.

As we continue to pioneer modular interoperability solutions and zero-knowledge proof services, we’re building the scalable and secure infrastructure necessary to advance AI and decentralized systems, enabling the next generation of Intelligence.


$ZKJ Token usage scenario

Polyhedra Network will be governed by its community members via ZKJ. ZKJ is Polyhedra Network’s native token which can be used for:

- EXPchain Gas fees
Developers and applications can pay gas fees with $ZKJ for seamless operations across dApps and AI systems built on EXPchain.

- Zero-knowledge proof service fees
Developers and applications can use $ZKJ to pay for Polyhedra ZK proof services fees.

- zkBridge transaction fees
Protocols and users can use $ZKJ to pay for zkBridge cross-chain transaction fees. For instance, LayerZero developers and omni-chain applications (OApps) can use $ZKJ to pay for LayerZero zkBridge Oracle/DVN transaction fees.

- Staking
Users can stake $ZKJ tokens to participate in network governance, transaction verification, etc. and receive network and ecosystem incentives. For instance, ZK provers can stake $ZKJ tokens to participate in the zero-knowledge proof network and receive rewards for the proofs that they provide.

- Economic Security
$ZKJ token will be used alongside EigenLayer restaking to provide crypto-economic security. The dual staking mechanism will be used to secure the trust-minimized bridge from Ethereum to Bitcoin.

- Governance
$ZKJ token holders can vote on Polyhedra Network governance on its infrastructure and ecosystem decisions.


$ZKJ Token Distribution

1. Token information

Ticker:                     ZKJ
Token launch on:           Ethereum (ERC-20) and BNB Chain (BEP-20)
Maximum Supply:            1,000,000,000
Initial Circulating Supply: 91,000,000 (9.1% of total supply)


2. Token Allocation

- Token Release Schedule

$ZKJ token will be distributed over a six-year timeline with the token release schedule as follows:

1. Community, airdrop, and other activities
   - Total Allocations: 15%
   - Cliff: No cliff
   - Unlock: 36-month unlock

2. Ecosystem and network incentives
   - Total Allocations: 32%
   - Cliff: No cliff
   - Unlock: 36-month unlock

3. Foundation reserves
   - Total Allocations: 15%
   - Cliff: No cliff
   - Unlock: 36-month unlock

4. Token purchasers (Pre-TGE round)
   - Total Allocations: 2%
   - Cliff: 1-month cliff
   - Unlock: 24-month unlock

5. Token purchasers (Private sale rounds)
   - Total Allocations: 26%
   - Cliff: 24-month cliff
   - Unlock: 24-month unlock

6. Core contributors
   - Total Allocations: 10%
   - Cliff: 24-month cliff
   - Unlock: 48-month unlock
Title: Polyhedra Network (ZK): Scaling Computing

Article:
AtPolyhedra Network, our goal is to accelerate the adoption of Web3 by dismantling the barriers imposed by traditional computing power limitations. Imagine a world where all your innovative ideas can easily become reality. With the exponential computational power provided by zero-knowledge technology, this will soon be achievable. This is what we are working toward — transforming your ideas from infeasible or impractical to effortlessly attainable.

Our ambitious goals require innovative technology and creative methodologies, building a robust foundation that supports the entire Web3 ecosystem. At Polyhedra Network, our team of cryptography experts has embarked on a remarkable journey, creating a treasure trove of innovativeZK algorithmsthat are secure, lightning-fast, and universally compatible. Our innovations make Web3 faster, more affordable, and more secure. We have mastered the magic of ZK technology, allowing us to tackle the most complex challenges with elegance and efficiency. Building on our foundational protocols, we provide developers with a comprehensive toolkit for experimenting with data and computational power. This enables builders to create a broad spectrum of applications and systems in a boundless environment, pushing technology to unprecedented levels.

One of our flagship inventions,zkBridge, fundamentally transforms how blockchains interoperate. It is safe, fast, and operates without the need for third-party trust. We have expanded our zkBridge protocol to a general ZK interoperability protocol, further enabling seamless interactions between Web2 and Web3. This general ZK interoperability protocol simplifies the process for traditional financial institutions to develop applications that connect both Web2 and Web3, facilitating effortless movement of real-world assets (RWAs) between networks. zkBridge has already facilitated tens of millions of cross-chain transactions, generating over 40 million ZK proofs.

Building on zkBridge, we are focusing on enhancing the Ethereum blockchain byproving the entire Ethereum consensus mechanism, aiming to achievefinality within one slotin the near future. We are also dedicating considerable resources to enable nativezero-knowledge proof support on Bitcoin, enhancing Bitcoin’s utility across other ecosystems like Ethereum and Solana.

Our team is committed to making zero-knowledge application development as straightforward as launching a website. We aim to ensure that our zero-knowledge technology is not only accessible but also the most efficient in the market. In the future, developers will be able to harness the full potential of zero-knowledge technology with just a few clicks.

To better support developers, we are preparing to launch our dedicated ZK compiler and our own ZK prover, which will support the most popular ZK circuit languages. To further simplify the application development and deployment process, we will introduce the Polyhedra|Prover Web Service (PWS), a cloud-based prover platform. We look forward to supporting more ZK projects with our infrastructure, targeting not only interoperability applications but also zkVM, zkEVM, zkDID, and utilizing ZK to enhance AI (zkML).

We have vast aspirations. In five years, we aim to be at the forefront of computation and scaling. Join our ZK journey to make this future a reality, as we break down barriers and revolutionize how people live, work, and play. The future belongs to zero-knowledge and infinite possibilities.



Tags: Polyhedra Network, ZK

Title: Polyhedra Network and WSPN Join Forces to Enhance WUSD with Zero-Knowledge Technology

Article:
Polyhedra Network is excited to partner with Worldwide Stablecoin Payment Network (WSPN) to incorporate zero-knowledge technology into the future of digital payments. Leveraging Polyhedra’s expertise in cutting-edge cryptographic techniques, this partnership aims to drive innovation, speed, and security for blockchain technology used by international payment systems.

WSPN provides transparent and efficient solutions for payment technology, with a dedication to shaping seamless experiences at the frontier of financial inclusion. In particular, WSPN pioneers the stablecoin WUSD, which is pegged 1:1 to the U.S. Dollar and aims for worldwide payments and round-the-clock financial markets. WUSD is built to bridge the gap between DeFi and TradFi, uniquely poised to transact across borders and mitigate volatility associated with other riskier assets. WSPN has taken a proactive approach with regards to compliance for WUSD, partnering with security firms like Certik to ensure smart contract integrity.

There are three areas the joint teams have identified for collaboration:

Interoperability with zkBridgeBringing zkBridge to WSPN’s infrastructure will help increase interoperability without relying on external trust assumptions. zkBridge allows different networks to verify data in a secure manner, and employs the use of best-in-class provers to significantly improve proof generation. zkBridge also reduces on-chain verification costs, and will allow for transference of cross-chain assets and liquidity. Together, zkBridge and WSPN hope to benefit the overall functionality, data validity, and collaboration of the WUSD system.

ZK-powered Proof of Reserve

Polyhedra will build upon WSPN’s current Proof of Reserve process by using a ZK PoR mechanism. Polyhedra PoR will help demonstrate and ensure that assets exist 1–1 to back the WUSD in circulation. This verifies that every dollar in WUSD is backed by its equivalent tangible asset in the real world. As a result, users can have more trust in the stability of their assets.

Pioneering Private Transactions

Historically, the transparency of blockchains has been a sore point for financial institutions that require privacy and regulatory measures such as selective disclosure. Polyhedra has developed a proprietary offering that employs conditional de-anonymization for compliant and efficient transactions. In the context of WUSD, this solution will empower users and institutions with the ability to obfuscate their transaction details.

All three of these solutions are supported byExpander, the fastest ZK proof system to date.Invented by the cryptography team at Polyhedra, Expander uses innovative polynomial commitment schemes integrated with the GKR protocol to minimize computational overhead, reduce memory usage, and process high-performance calculations. Expander’s contribution to these products and this collaboration means WSPN can set a new industry standard for stablecoin scalability and security.

Together, WSPN and Polyhedra are excited about how this partnership will expand ecosystems and drive value for users and the community. Increasing usability of these tools will help to bridge the gap between traditional finance and the digital economy.

About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of secure, interoperable, and scalable blockchain infrastructure with advanced zero-knowledge-proof technology. The team has developed and deployed several next-generation ZK-SNARK protocols resulting in performance improvements orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. Their interoperability solution, zkBridge, connects over 25 blockchains and proves the validity of cross-chain messages utilizing zero-knowledge proofs. Developers building with Polyhedra Network can create secure, scalable, interoperable applications without any additional trust assumptions.

Website|X (formerly Twitter) |Discord

About WSPN

WSPN is a leading provider of next-generation stablecoin infrastructure, committed to building a more secure, efficient, and transparent payment solution for the global economy. Their flagship product, WUSD stablecoin, is pegged 1:1 to the U.S. Dollar and aims to optimize secure digital payments for Web3 users. WSPN ‘s Stablecoin 2.0 approach prioritizes user-centricity, community governance, and accessibility, paving the way for widespread stablecoin adoption.



Tags: Stablecoin Cryptocurrency, Proof Of Reserve, Privacy, Interoperability, Polyhedra Network

Title: Polyhedra Network Building on LayerZero; Bringing Zero-Knowledge Proofing to Cross-Chain Messaging

Article:
Integration of zero-knowledge proof technology will enhance security, performance, and cost-efficiency for cross-chain interoperability on all chains supported by LayerZero, furthering a unified digital asset ecosystem.



Overview of the collaboration

LayerZero is an omnichain interoperability protocol that enables cross-chain messaging. Applications built using blockchain technology (decentralized applications) can use the LayerZero protocol to connect to 30+ supported blockchains seamlessly. This allows dApp users to interact securely and efficiently with assets across chains.

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of infrastructure for Web3 interoperability by leveraging advanced zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology, a fundamental cryptographic primitive that guarantees the validity of data and computations while maintaining data confidentiality. The Polyhedra Network team designed and developed Polyhedra zkLightClient technology, a cutting-edge solution built onLayerZero Protocol, providing secure and efficient cross-chain infrastructures for Layer-1 and Layer-2 interoperability.



Integrating Polyhedra zkLightClient technology into LayerZero

Polyhedra’s zkLightClient technology is fully integrated with LayerZero’s messaging protocol, so application developers can use zero-knowledge-proof technology without barriers. Developers can easily build cross-chain applications on top of LayerZero through its extensive developer tooling and community support.

Figure: Incorporating Polyhedra zkLightClient technology into Layerzero Network

LayerZero’s ULNv2 validation library relies on two parties, the Oracle and Relayer, to transfer messages between on-chain endpoints. When LayerZero sends a message from chain A to chain B, the message is routed through the endpoint on chain A to the ULNv2 validation library. The ULNv2 library notifies the Oracle and Relayer of the message and its destination chain. The Oracle forwards the packet hash to the endpoint on chain B, and the Relayer submits the packet to be verified on- chain against the hash and delivers the message.

On-chain light clients allow for the source chain’s validator set to attest to something that occurred on their chain to a destination chain. Light clients, in conjunction with other libraries, add a layer of security on top of the LayerZero messaging protocol. On-chain transaction verification has been cost-prohibitive to the tune of $50m-$100m/day per pair-wise chain connected to Ethereum due to the presence of extensive transaction logs, which are necessary for the proof but not for the application itself.

Polyhedra’s zkLightClient technology, built on LayerZero, harnesses the compression of ZKP technology and reduces the on-chain verification tremendously with lower latency by using efficient ZKP protocols. In addition, multiple transaction verifications can be batched into a single zero-knowledge proof.



Conclusion Remarks

In the future, LayerZero and Polyhedra Network will also engage in extensive collaborations to unleash the full potential for interoperability in the entire blockchain and Web3 world.

In summary, the strategic partnership between LayerZero and Polyhedra Network will unlock the full potential of zero-knowledge-proof technology for cross-chain interoperability, contributing to a secure, efficient, and cost-effective decentralized ecosystem for interoperability. This collaboration will have a profound impact on both parties and the entire Web3 industry, thus pushing the boundaries of interoperability and innovation.



Tags: Polyhedra Network, zkBridge, Zklightclient, Layer Zero

Polyhedra Network CJP-1: Extra Staking Rewards on August 8th, 2024

Category: Community Proposal

I. Proposal
Due to the recent market downturn, the rewards for the Polyhedra Network Staking Program on August 8th have decreased. We want to compensate those who participated in staking.

Ensuring the interests of our token holders is always our top priority.

This vote is to determine which rewards our community prefers as additional compensation:

- Choice 1: Polyhedra Network Token (ZKJ)
- Choice 2: Ecosystem Partner Tokens

II. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More votes on one choice over the other.


Polyhedra Network CJP-2: Writing Carnival August 2024

Category: Community Proposal

I. Abstract:
The Polyhedra Writing Carnival offers an exciting platform for community members to showcase their insights on the Polyhedra Network. This event encourages the submission of original articles that delve into the technological advancements and market dynamics of Polyhedra Network. Through a structured submission, screening, and voting process, we aim to spotlight exceptional contributions and inspire the community. Winning entries will be rewarded from a prize pool of 5000 ZKJ, promoting creativity and engagement within our network.

This proposal outlines a community-driven initiative to select the most outstanding submissions from the Polyhedra Writing Carnival. By leveraging the power of community voting, we aim to foster engagement, recognize exceptional contributions, and strengthen the bond between Polyhedra and its community members.

II. Background
The Polyhedra Writing Carnival has successfully gathered a diverse range of insightful articles. Now, it's time to harness the collective wisdom of our community to determine the most compelling pieces. By empowering our users to directly influence the outcome, we are fostering a sense of ownership and investment in the Polyhedra Network.

III. Proposal Details
This is a proposal to vote for the most valuable and welcomed article in Polyhedra Writing Carnival August 2024.

**Voting Phase Timeline**
- Voting Period: August 12th (00:00 UTC+0) - August 18th (23:59 UTC+0)

**Voting and Rewards**
- **Voting Rights:** During this time, Polyhedrans who have staked ZKJ tokens can cast their votes for their favorite articles.
- **Article Supervision:** While voting, participants are encouraged to be vigilant and report any instances of plagiarism or copyright infringement to our Discord #writing-carnival channel. Any submissions found to be in violation will be disqualified.
- **Ranking and Rewards:** The final rankings will be determined by the total number of votes each article receives. The top-performing articles will be rewarded as follows:
  - 1st Place: 1,000 ZKJ
  - 2nd Place: 750 ZKJ
  - 3rd Place: 500 ZKJ
  - 4th & 5th Places: 250 ZKJ each
  - The remaining 2250 ZKJ will be distributed among all participants who did not win a prize.

**Article Submissions**
You can find all the links to the articles here:
[Polyhedra Writing Carnival Article List](https://polyhedra-network.notion.site/Polyhedra-Writing-Carnival-Article-List-252e9cd7520f4dbe90f5ac1f48e6d806)

IV. Threshold to be Effective:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes.


Polyhedra Network CJP-3: Polyhedra Emoji Contest 2024

Category: Community Proposal

I. Abstract:
The Polyhedra Emoji Contest invites our vibrant community to unleash their creativity by designing unique emojis inspired by the Polyhedra Network. This exciting initiative encourages participants to submit their most imaginative Polyhedra-themed emojis for a chance to win from a prize pool of 5,000 ZKJ. Winning designs will not only receive rewards but also become official emojis featured in our Discord. Through a structured submission, screening, and voting process, we aim to celebrate outstanding contributions while fostering community engagement and creativity.

II. Background:
The submission phase is complete, and it’s time to vote! We invite all community members to choose their favorite designs in the Polyhedra Emoji Contest. This initiative celebrates the community's artistic talents while strengthening our ties. Your vote will help determine which emojis become the iconic symbols of Polyhedra. Let’s come together to shape our visual identity and make our platform even more vibrant! Cast your votes now!

III. Proposal Details:
This is a proposal to vote for the most valuable and popular emojis in the Polyhedra Emoji Contest 2024.

Voting Phase Timeline:
- Voting Period: September 25th (00:00 UTC+0) - October 3rd (23:59 UTC+0)

Voting and Rewards:
- Voting Rights: Only Polyhedrans who have staked ZKJ tokens can cast their votes for their favorite emojis.
- Supervision: Participants are encouraged to report any instances of plagiarism or copyright infringement in the #content-creation channel on Discord. Any submissions found to be in violation will be disqualified.
- Ranking and Rewards: Final rankings will be determined by the total number of votes each emoji receives. The top-performing emojis will be rewarded as follows:
  - 1st Place: 1,000 ZKJ
  - 2nd Place: 750 ZKJ
  - 3rd Place: 500 ZKJ
  - 4th Place: 400 ZKJ
  - 5th Place: 350 ZKJ
  - An additional 2,000 ZKJ will be shared among ranks 6 to 20.

You can find all 66 submitted emojis here:
[Polyhedra Emoji Contest Gallery](https://polyhedra-network.notion.site/Polyhedra-Emoji-Contest-Gallery-10713c054e85807cb00ae5d161cad782?pvs=4).

IV. Threshold to be Effective:
More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes.


Polyhedra Network NEP-7: Integrate Unichain with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge.

Project Name: Unichain

Reasons for integration:

- Cross-chain liquidity: Unichain is built to support seamless transactions across dozens of chains, making it easy to access liquidity no matter what chain users are on. Unichain native interoperability will be gradually rolled out in coordination with Optimism rolling out interoperability for the Superchain.
- Cheaper execution: Unichain has lower costs for creating and accessing liquidity, with transaction fees 20x lower than Ethereum. Unichain is designed to leverage and accelerate Ethereum’s scaling roadmap, moving execution to an L2. This lowers transaction costs by ~95% in the short term, and even more over time. While Unichain relies on a single sequencer for efficiency, it introduces further decentralization by allowing full nodes to help verify blocks.
- Interoperability: With a focus on interoperability, there is an opportunity for Polyhedra Network to contribute meaningfully by offering a trust-minimized zero-knowledge secured interoperability solution.
- Community: Uniswap’s robust community would be additive to the Polyhedra community and vice versa.

Description:
Unichain is a DeFi-native Ethereum L2, optimized to be the home for liquidity across chains. Designed for DeFi and powered by Uniswap, Unichain is built to scale Ethereum. The Uniswap Labs team is Unichain’s primary technical provider and has built the world’s largest decentralized trading protocol, with over $2T in trading volume and 465M+ trades.

Project’s Social Media:
- Website: https://www.unichain.org/
- Twitter: https://x.com/unichain
- Discord: https://discord.com/invite/uniswap
- Whitepaper: https://docs.unichain.org/whitepaper.pdf

II. Rationale
zkBridge provides users with a range of options for greater asset diversity, via bridging between various L1s and L2s. By connecting the supported blockchains and continually adding valuable ecosystem members, this allows more users worldwide to be able to benefit from the functionalities and features of Polyhedra Network. Furthermore, strategic partnerships foster growth and development for the ecosystem and its participants.

Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, multiple criteria are considered, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Adherence to regulatory standards and prioritization of security
- Focus on, or incorporation of, zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs)
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- Potential to encourage greater ecosystem participation and collaboration
- Increased flexibility, decentralization, and/or system integrity across networks

III. Abstract
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and more. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verification. Other assets may be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Context
zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract and uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation. This keeps on-chain proof verification costs low, without sacrificing performance, in order to support cross-chain applications and users. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks and has successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


Polyhedra Network NEP-8: Integrate Astar Network with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Astar Network

Reasons to pursue integration include:

- Astar Network serves as a gateway for enterprises, entertainment, and gaming projects in Japan and globally, driving Web3 adoption to billions.
- Astar's expanding ecosystem of projects can benefit from enhanced interoperability with other chains using zkBridge, enabling seamless cross-chain data and asset interaction.
- Astar is backed by Polkadot and Ethereum, providing developers with tools to create innovative cross-layer applications that combine the strengths of these ecosystems.
- Astar has a strong community and dedicated technical support, which would add value to the Polyhedra community by contributing to a secure and cost-effective decentralized ecosystem.
- Seamless integration of ASTR with cross-chain infrastructure, enabling broader accessibility and participation across Astar Network, Soneium, and Optimism’s Superchain ecosystem.

Description:
Astar Network is an interoperable blockchain platform for the Polkadot and Ethereum ecosystems, supporting both Wasm and EVM smart contracts. It connects individuals to Web3 through entertainment, blockchain development, business development, and community events. As a special launch partner of Soneium, Astar will create new opportunities for its community while driving Web3 adoption globally.

Project’s Social Media:
- Website: https://astar.network/
- Twitter: https://x.com/AstarNetwork
- Discord: https://discord.com/invite/astarnetwork
- Telegram: @PlasmOfficial
- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/AstarNetwork

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.

Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization, and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


Polyhedra Network NEP-9: Integrate Solana with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Solana

Reasons to pursue integration include:

- High Performance Blockchain: Solana's high transaction throughput and low latency make it one of the most efficient blockchain networks, which complements the advanced capabilities of zkBridge.
- Empower Omnichain Meme Token and AI Ecosystem: Solana has established an excellent ecosystem for meme tokens and AI assets. The integration with zkBridge will create a seamless omnichain experience for these assets, enabling cross-chain innovation and wider accessibility for meme and AI assets.
- Unique Consensus: Solana's unique proof-of-history (PoH) consensus mechanism offers novel opportunities for zkBridge to demonstrate its compatibility with diverse technologies.
- Strengthen Solana's ZK Ecosystem with Expander: We are building the ZK client for Solana's Proof of History consensus empowered by the most efficient prover Expander and its optimization for distributed computation. We have also built a native ZK verifier on Solana. Expander will help to bring the most efficient ZK technology to Solana.
- Developer Ecosystem: Solana boasts a thriving developer community and ecosystem of decentralized applications (dApps), offering opportunities for zkBridge to expand its use cases.
- Widespread Adoption: With a strong global community and wide usage across industries, Solana's integration will enhance the Polyhedra Network's cross-chain interoperability and attract new users.

Description:
Solana is a high-performance blockchain designed to enable scalable, user-friendly decentralized applications and cryptocurrencies. With its innovative approach to achieving consensus and its focus on speed and cost-efficiency, Solana has emerged as a leader in the blockchain space, making it an ideal candidate for zkBridge integration.

Project’s Social Media:
- Website: https://solana.com
- Twitter: https://twitter.com/solana
- Discord: https://solana.com/discord
- Telegram: @solana
- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SolanaFoundation

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.

Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization, and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


Polyhedra Network NEP-10: Integrate Corn Maizenet with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Corn

Reasons to pursue integration include:

- Bitcoin-Centric Innovation: Corn Network uniquely bridges Bitcoin’s value and Ethereum’s computational capabilities, making it a groundbreaking project in the blockchain ecosystem. Integration with zkBridge will amplify this by enabling seamless and secure cross-chain transactions.
- Hybrid Tokenized Bitcoin: Corn’s BTCN token introduces new use cases for Bitcoin in DeFi. zkBridge can enhance its utility by offering interoperability with other networks.
- Strengthening zkBridge’s Presence in Bitcoin Ecosystems: By integrating Corn, zkBridge will extend its reach into Bitcoin-centered networks, leveraging Corn’s dual security from Bitcoin (via Babylon) and Ethereum staking.
- Thriving Incentive Mechanisms: Corn’s popCORN System aligns long-term incentives for users, builders, and liquidity providers. Integration with zkBridge will support expanding Corn’s ecosystem and user base.
- Developer Ecosystem Potential: With Corn’s infrastructure, developers can create innovative applications utilizing BTCN, which zkBridge can support for omnichain development opportunities.

Description:
Corn Network is a novel blockchain ecosystem built on the Arbitrum Orbit stack. It utilizes hybrid tokenized Bitcoin (BTCN) as a gas token, secured by Bitcoin (through Babylon) and Ethereum staking, while enabling decentralized cross-chain interoperability. Corn’s unique features and vibrant ecosystem make it an ideal candidate for zkBridge integration.

Project’s Social Media:
- Website: https://usecorn.com
- Twitter: https://x.com/use_corn
- Discord: https://discord.com/invite/usecorn
- Telegram: @usecorn
- Medium: https://blog.usecorn.com/
- Docs: https://docs.usecorn.com/

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.

Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization, and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


Polyhedra Network NEP-11: Integrate Plume Network with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Plume Network

Reasons for integration:

- Plume has recently experienced a significant influx in usage and value, attributable to its rapidly growing RWA and DeFi ecosystem, which can benefit meaningfully from enhanced interoperability.
- Plume’s robust community would be additive to the Polyhedra community. Plume has 10M unique addresses, 280M+ transactions, 180+ live protocols, and 4B+ assets available. The community boasts 3M+ native crypto users.
- Plume is liquid, fully onchain 24/7, DeFi ready, global, permissionless, and composable. Plume emphasizes the composability of RWAs, allowing assets to interact seamlessly across different DeFi applications and protocols.

Description:
Plume is a public blockchain optimized for the rapid adoption and demand-driven integration of real world assets (RWAs). Plume recognizes that the core driver of the RWA revolution is tangible demand, particularly for yield-bearing assets that offer stability, transparency, and income generation.
By leveraging decentralized finance (DeFi) infrastructure and a full-stack, vertically integrated technology, Plume brings RWAs into the digital economy, making them more accessible, liquid, and efficient. Plume enables issuers to tokenize assets like real estate, commodities, and revenue streams, transforming them into digital assets that can be easily traded, financed, or used as collateral. This transformation meets the real needs of both retail and institutional investors.
Plume’s mission is to bridge the gap between traditional finance and crypto by aligning with genuine market demand and providing tools for compliance, transparency, and interoperability. This ensures both regulatory alignment and ease of use. Ultimately, Plume aims to unlock new opportunities for global participation in asset ownership and investment, fostering a more inclusive, efficient, and demand-driven financial system.

Project’s Social Media:
- Website: https://plumenetwork.xyz/
- Twitter: https://x.com/plumenetwork
- Discord: https://discord.com/invite/plume-network
- Telegram: https://t.me/plumenetwork_community

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of the Polyhedra Network.

Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security,
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


Title: Polyhedra Network Partners with AltLayer to Bring Cross-chain Interoperability to Rollups

Article:
AltLayer’s rollups will be integrated withPolyhedra’szkBridge functionalities, enabling trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability across various Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks likeEthereum,Arbitrum,BNB Chain, and more. Additionally, AltLayer will join as a node operator for Polyhedra’sBitcoin dual-staking AVS, securing transactions with EigenLayer’s restaking mechanism.



Integration with zkBridge

Polyhedra Network’szkBridgerepresents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Central to its security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications.

With the integration of zkBridge, Altlayer’s rollups can now enjoy seamless interoperability across more than 30 different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. The integration allows developers to build more sophisticated and effective on-chain applications.



Joining Polyhedra’s Dual-staking AVS for Bitcoin

As part of our partnership, AltLayer is set to join Polyhedra’sdual-staking AVS for Bitcoin zkBridge, enhancing the system’s decentralization and robustness, and the overall security and reliability of the infrastructure. As part of this network, AltLayer will support the trust-minimized interoperability designed for Bitcoin with AVS.

Polyhedra’s innovative utilization of EigenLayer dual staking will strengthen the ecosystem and provide a gateway for a frictionless user experience.



AltLayer’s RaaS

With this partnership, developers building and deploying via RaaS can benefit from customized rollups integrated with zkBridge, enjoying security, interoperability, and a seamless on-chain experience with minimal gas consumption. Developers and users will enjoy fast and decentralized message passing and secure asset bridging as they interact with dApps utilizing zkBridge.



About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of secure, interoperable, and scalable Web3 infrastructure with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. The team has developed and deployed several next-generation zk-SNARK protocols resulting in performance improvements orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. Polyhedra’s interoperability solution, zkBridge, connects over 25 blockchains and proves the validity of cross-chain messages utilizing zero-knowledge proofs. Developers building with Polyhedra Network can create secure, scalable, interoperable applications without any additional trust assumptions.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Bitcoin, Ecosystem, ZK, Altlayer, Polyhedra Network

Title: Polyhedra Network Partners with BounceBit to Integrate zkBridge

Article:
Polyhedra Network is thrilled to announce our partnership with BounceBit, a BTC restaking infrastructure that provides a foundational layer for different restaking products, secured by the regulated custody of Mainnet Digital and Ceffu. Joined by a shared goal to build a robust Bitcoin ecosystem, the cooperation of Polyhedra Network and BounceBit promises interoperability for the BounceBit ecosystem.

Polyhedra Network will provide the zkBridge technology to BounceBit’s Layer 1 chain on Testnet and Mainnet. This integration will enable the bridging of cross-chain assets like BBTC and BUSDT to and from BounceBit chain. zkBridge provides trustless and efficient cross-chain infrastructures for layer-1 and layer-2 interoperability. With zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge offers strong security without relying on external assumptions and a significant reduction in on-chain verification costs. Interoperability is critical to BounceBit’s growth, allowing for the aggregation of various types of Bitcoin assets and liquidity

The teams are also exploring the possibility of integrating Polyhedra’s newly launchedBitcoin Token Swapfor BounceBit. The protocol introduces two counterparties, makers and users, to process the token swap secured byzkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol. Polyhedra and BounceBit will collaborate further on Bitcoin-centric research exploring ways to expand the utility of the leading cryptocurrency.

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of secure, interoperable, and scalable Web3 infrastructure with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. The team has developed and deployed several next-generation zk-SNARK protocols resulting in performance improvements orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. Polyhedra’s interoperability solution, zkBridge, connects over 25 blockchains and proves the validity of cross-chain messages utilizing zero-knowledge proofs. Developers building with Polyhedra Network can create secure, scalable, interoperable applications without any additional trust assumptions.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord

About BounceBit

BounceBit is building a BTC restaking infrastructure that provides a foundational layer for different restaking products, secured by the regulated custody of Mainnet Digital and Ceffu. The BounceBit chain, designed as a showcase of a restaking product within the BounceBit ecosystem, is a PoS Layer 1 secured by validators staking both BTC and BounceBit’s native token — A dual-token system leveraging native Bitcoin’s security with full EVM compatibility. Critical ecosystem infrastructure like bridges and oracles are secured by restaked BTC. Through an innovative CeFi + DeFi framework, BounceBit empowers BTC holders to earn yield across multiple networks.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Bouncebit, Polyhedra Network, zkBridge, ZK

Title: Polyhedra Network Partners with Caldera to Bring zkBridge to AppRollups

Article:
We’re thrilled to announce our new partnership withCalderato bring zkBridge to Caldera rollups! With this integration, teams building on Caldera chains will be able to offer users efficient and secure cross-chain infrastructure for L1 and L2 interoperability.



What problem does zkBridge solve?

Current cross-chain bridges face two major issues: efficiency and security. On the efficiency side of things, the basic approach for bridging between Ethereum and other chains requires verifying single block headers with more than 20,000 validators on Ethereum, which costs in the ballpark of 64 million gas (which equates to around $6,000).

Needless to say, that’s very expensive!

To work around this, many bridge protocols have turned to a committee-based approach to reduce the cost, in which a smaller set of validators are trusted to sign off on all state transfers. But, validator centralization introduces significant vulnerabilities and security concerns. Not only do these extra trust assumptions in the committee mean bridged assets aren’t as secure as native ones, but relying on a small committee can also lead to single-point failures, as we’ve unfortunately seen exploited through hacks like Wormhole, Ronin, and others.

In 2022 alone, over $1.6B in assets were lost due to bridge exploits. Not good.



Introducing zkBridge and its solution to Caldera AppRollups

zkBridge solves these issues by offering trustless and efficient cross-chain interoperability whose security relies on zero-knowledge proofs (powerful cryptographic tools) rather than vulnerable committees (external trust assumptions).

With zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge not only guarantees correctness, but also significantly reduces on-chain verification costs through a novel, highly optimized recursive proof scheme.

Polyhedra Network has further implemented the zkBridge system toprove the Ethereum full PoS consensus(~$40 billion USD total ETH staked currently). zkBridge for both Ethereum and its layer-2 networks (including Caldera AppRollups) will be equipped with Ethereum full consensus ZK proving. Using our efficient proof system,deVirgo, the prover time for Ethereum full consensus is as fast as 8 seconds, which is enough to catch up with the block time of Ethereum. To further improve the crypto-economic security for zkBridge on Ethereum optimistic rollups, we have partnered with EigenLayer and Lagrange Labs to incorporate the ETH restaking mechanism into zkBridge for Ethereum optimistic rollups.



Caldera and Polyhedra Network

Through this partnership, developers building with Caldera will be able to deploy performant app-specific rollups that utilize zkBridge powered by Polyhedra Network for interoperability, bringing further security and efficiency to Caldera’s modular stack that should enable teams to build their dream applications without compromises!

We’re ecstatic about this partnership with Caldera and what it means for our developer community. For those interested in building on a production-ready Caldera chain with zkBridge, please reach out!



Getting Started!

Interested in launching an interoperable rollup, equipped with zkBridge with high efficiency and security?

Don’t hesitate to contact us! To keep up with both teams:

🐦 Follow@PolyhedraZK

🐦 Follow@CalderaXYZ



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Ecosystem, zkBridge, Caldera

Title: Polyhedra Network Partners with Nubit to Build the Trustless Future of the Bitcoin Ecosystem

Article:
Polyhedra Network has partnered with Nubit, the first Bitcoin-native Data Availability (DA) layer to build the trustless and interoperable future of the Bitcoin ecosystem. This strategic collaboration marks a significant step towards advancing the capabilities and scalability of the Bitcoin ecosystem. By leveraging Polyhedra’s expertise in cutting-edge cryptographic techniques, we aim to drive innovation and foster a more secure, scalable, and interoperable Bitcoin ecosystem.

Polyhedra Network is accelerating the adoption of Web3 by revolutionizing the landscape of computational power limitations. Our vision is to empower individuals and organizations to turn their innovative ideas into reality by harnessing the exponential computational power offered by zero-knowledge technology. Led by a team of cryptography experts, Polyhedra Network has curated a treasure trove of cutting-edge ZK algorithms that are secure, lightning-fast, and universally compatible. These innovations propel Web3 forward, making it faster, more affordable, and inherently more secure.

Nubit primarily focuses on enhancing the data availability capacity within the Bitcoin ecosystem. Nubit and Polyhedra Network will collaborate to develop a robust Proof of DA system tailored specifically to the Bitcoin ecosystem. By relaying commitments to Nubit’s data root via an on-chain light client, developers can seamlessly integrate high-throughput DA solutions into Layer 2 contracts. This approach ensures the security and data availability of Bitcoin Layer 2 networks and empowers developers to build scalable and reliable infrastructures and applications like indexers and oracles on Bitcoin.

Moreover, Nubit and Polyhedra are committed to implementing ZKP-based state proofs for Bitcoin meta-protocols such as Ordinals, BRC-20, and Atomicals. By utilizing ZKP to verify state transition functions of meta-protocols and integrate it with Nubit’s Modular Indexer, we can achieve a fully trustless proof of indexing results and enable modular interoperability for Bitcoin meta-protocols. This advancement enables users to independently verify these results without relying on centralized indexer providers, significantly enhancing the decentralization and integrity of the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Building on our innovation in the zk-SNARK-based signature aggregation protocols, thecollaboration will explore the integration of the single-slot finality consensus into Nubit. This integration signifies a significant advancement over traditional blockchain consensus mechanisms. Through Polyhedra Network’s unique innovation, communication overhead among the validators can be minimized, enabling Nubit to scale its consensus validator set to hundreds of thousands to significantly improve the decentralization of the Bitcoin DA system.

Furthermore, Polyhedra Network will facilitate trustless cross-chian interoperability from Bitcoin to Nubit through its zkBridge, enabling seamless interoperability between the Bitcoin and Nubit ecosystems. This cross-chain integration will unlock new opportunities for utilizing BTC within Nubit, including staking and other services, which are in line with Nubit’s commitment to expanding Bitcoin’s utility and accessibility.

Together, Nubit and Polyhedra aim to promote modular transformation within the Bitcoin ecosystem. By combining Nubit’s Bitcoin-native DA solutions and modular indexer with Polyhedra’s expertise in ZKP, consensus algorithms, and cross-chain interoperability, we seek to empower developers to build next-generation applications and unlock new possibilities for Bitcoin’s utility and adoption.

About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of secure, interoperable, and scalable Web3 infrastructure with advanced zero-knowledge-proof technology. The team has developed and deployed several next-generation zk-SNARK protocols resulting in performance improvements orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions. Their interoperability solution, zkBridge, connects over 25 blockchains and proves the validity of cross-chain messages utilizing zero-knowledge proofs. Developers building with Polyhedra Network can create secure, scalable, interoperable applications without any additional trust assumptions.

Website|X (formerly Twitter) |Discord

About Nubit

Nubit is a scalable and the first Bitcoin-native data availability layer, secured by Bitcoin, for the Bitcoin community. Nubit enables the scaling of Bitcoin’s data capacities without compromises, empowering applications like Ordinals, layer 2s, price oracles, and indexers thus broadening the scope and efficiency of the Bitcoin ecosystem. It leverages the innovative high-performance consensus algorithm and lightning network to inherit the full censorship-resistant nature of Bitcoin.

Website|Twitter|Discord



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Ecosystem, Nubit, ZK

Polyhedra Network Staking Program V2

Polyhedra Network announced an exciting staking program starting on July 15, 2024, with a maximum staking period of one year (52 weeks). Participants can stake Polyhedra's native tokens to accumulate Staking Power, which entitles them to rewards.

Official Staking Website: https://stake.polyhedra.foundation/
Polyhedra Network Token Smart Contract Address: 0xC71B5F631354BE6853eFe9C3Ab6b9590F8302e81

Introduction

Participants can stake Polyhedra's native tokens to accumulate Staking Power, which entitles them to rewards. Rewards will be calculated and distributed every Thursday at 00:00:00 UTC based on the ratio of each user's Staking Power to the total Staking Power by all users.

Reward Distribution Date / UTC | Latest Staking Date (UTC) | Rewards
--- | --- | ---
July 18th, 2024 | July 17 23:59:59 UTC | 30,000 ZRO and 20,000 ZKJ
July 25th, 2024 | July 24 23:59:59 UTC | 30,000 ZRO and 20,000 ZKJ
August 1st, 2024 | July 31st 23:59:59 UTC | 30,000 ZRO and 20,000 ZKJ
August 8th, 2024 | August 7th 23:59:59 UTC | 25,000 CYBER and 38,000 ZKJ and 22,000 ZKJ (additional rewards)
August 15th, 2024 | August 14th 23:59:59 UTC | 30,000 ZRO and 20,000 ZKJ
August 22nd, 2024 | August 21st 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
August 29th, 2024 | August 28th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
September 5th, 2024 | September 4th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
September 12th, 2024 | September 11th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
September 19th, 2024 | September 18th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
September 26th, 2024 | September 25th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
October 3rd, 2024 | October 2nd 23:59:59 UTC | 20000 ZKJ and 25000 EIGEN
October 10th, 2024 | October 9th 23:59:59 UTC | 20000 ZKJ and 25000 EIGEN
October 17th, 2024 | October 16th 23:59:59 UTC | 20000 ZKJ and 25000 EIGEN
October 24th, 2024 | October 23th 23:59:59 UTC | 20000 ZKJ and 25000 EIGEN
October 31st, 2024 | October 30th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
November 7th, 2024 | November 6th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
November 14th, 2024 | November 13th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
November 21st, 2024 | November 20th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
November 28th, 2024 | November 27th 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
December 5th, 2024 | December 4th, 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
December 12th, 2024 | December 11th, 23:59:59 UTC | 80,000 ZKJ and 5,000 ZRO
 December 19th, 2024 | December 18th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
December 26th, 2024 | December 25th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
January 2nd, 2025 | January 1st, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
January 9th, 2025 | January 8th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
January 16th, 2025 | January 15th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
January 23rd, 2025 | January 22nd, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
January 30th, 2025 | January 29th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
February 6th, 2025 | February 5th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
February 13th, 2025 | February 12th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
February 20th, 2025 | February 19th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
February 27th, 2025 | February 26th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
March 6th, 2025 | March 5th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
March 13th, 2025 | March 12th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
March 20th, 2025 | March 19th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
March 27th, 2025 | March 26th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ  
April 3rd, 2025 | April 2nd, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ and 10,000 ZRO  
April 10th, 2025 | April 9th, 23:59:59 UTC | 100,000 ZKJ and 10,000 ZRO 

Friendly Reminder:  
Reward Calculation and Distribution: Rewards are calculated and distributed every Thursday. Please note that this process involves Staking Power snapshotting, multisignature approval, and on-chain Merkle Root update; the whole process takes 2 to 12 hours. We appreciate your patience during this time.  

Increasing Staking Power: Extending your staking period can increase your Staking Power, which provides an opportunity to receive higher rewards.  

There is No Fixed End Date: The staking program will continue indefinitely. If any changes occur, a 52-week advance notice will be provided.  

ZKJ Stakers will also be eligible to receive future airdrops from ecosystem projects on EXPchain. Please stay tuned for future announcements.  

Acquiring Staking Power

1. Overview of Staking Power
    - Staking Power is obtained by staking the Polyhedra Network tokens. Staking Power cannot be traded or transferred.
    - The balance of Staking Power is directly proportional to the quantity of Polyhedra Network tokens staked and staking duration. The balance will decrease over time until it reaches zero at the end of the staking duration, at which point the staked Polyhedra Network tokens can be unlocked.
2. Staking Rules:
    - Staking Duration:
        - Cycle Description: A staking cycle runs from each Thursday at 00:00:01 to the next Thursday at 00:00:00.
        - Minimum single staking duration: 1 week (604800 seconds)
        - Maximum single staking duration: 52 weeks (31449600 seconds)
        - Minimum unlocking time: When the currently selected staking time is less than 1 week (604800 seconds) from the start time of the next cycle (00:00:01 UTC next Thursday), the minimum unlocking time is the next unlocking time (00:00:00 UTC next Thursday) + 1 week (604800 seconds).
        
        Friendly reminder: Users can adjust their staking period according to their financial plans, ensuring that the single staking period is greater than or equal to 1 week and less than or equal to 52 weeks.
        
    - Number of Stakes:
        - Within the staking duration, you may extend the staking time or increase the number of Polyhedra Network tokens staked to increase your Staking Power.
3. How is Staking Power calculated?
    
    Staking Power = (position.amount × (position.expiry - block.timestamp)) / max_lock_time
    
    - max_lock_time: A constant that equals to 52 Weeks (31449600 seconds)
    - position.amount: Quantity of Polyhedra Network tokens staked
    - position.expiry: Timestamp of the unlock time (in UTC)
    - block.timestamp: Timestamp of the calculation moment (in UTC)
4. For example, Staking 1 Polyhedra Network token for one week. If the current time (block.timestamp) = 1, what is the initial Staking Power obtained?
    - max_lock_time: 31449600 seconds (52 Weeks)
    - position.amount: 1
    - position.expiry: 1209600 (Since the current block.timestamp=1, the start time of the next cycle is 604800, which is less than 604800, so the unlocking time is 1,209,600(604,800 + 604,800).
    - block.timestamp: 1
    
    Staking Power = (position.amount × (position.expiry - block.timestamp)) / max_lock_time
    = (1 × (1209600 - 1)) / 31449600
    = 0.004120847323972

Earning Rewards

1. Rewards include: Rewards will be calculated and distributed every Thursday at 00:00:00 UTC, with the announcement of the next period's rewards.
2. Reward Distribution:
    - Timing: Upon acquiring Staking Power by staking Polyhedra's Network tokens, rewards are allocated weekly on Thursdays at 00:00:00 UTC during the staking period. The reward will be calculated based on the proportion of Staking Power held.
    - Claiming: Rewards must be manually claimed via smart contract interactions to transfer them into the wallet each period. Unclaimed rewards accumulate and remain until claimed.

3. Reward Calculation:

User ’s Reward = (User ’s Staking Power at snapshot) / (Total Staking Power at snapshot) × Total Rewards

4. Cost Description: 

The following gas fees are calculated based on Ethereum network’s Gas Price = 10 gwei. (Gas Price fluctuates frequently)

- Exchange Withdrawal/Transfer Fees
- Staking fee: 0.0009ETH/time
- Reward claiming fee: 0.0007ETH*n/time

FAQ

Q1: Is staking limited to a 52-week period? Can I choose different staking cycles?

Answer: 
No, staking is not restricted to a 52-week cycle. Users have the flexibility to select any staking period between 1 and 52 weeks. The maximum staking period is 52 weeks, and the minimum staking period is 1 week. Users can choose any duration within the 1-52 week range as their staking length.

Q2: How can I receive the first round of rewards on July 18th?

Answer: 
Simply stake a valid amount of ZKJ before July 17, 23:59:59 UTC.

Q3: How can I maximize my rewards?

Answer: 
The amount of rewards you get is determined by the proportion of the amount of Staking Power in the total amount of Staking Power at the time of the snapshot. The more Polyhedra Network tokens you stake, the longer the staking time, the more Staking Power you will get, resulting in more rewards. Repeated staking will increase your gas costs and extend the unlock time. Please evaluate whether extending the staking duration is beneficial given these factors.

Q4: Will rewards obtained in multiple periods accumulate?

Answer: 
Yes, rewards from different periods will accumulate until claimed.

Q5: After staking, when can I receive the rewards?

Answer: 
During the staking period, on every Thursday at 00:00:00 UTC, rewards will be calculated and distributed based on the proportion of Staking Power held by each user within the total staking pool of all participants. You will need to manually claim the rewards at https://stake.polyhedra.foundation/
Title: Polyhedra Network: Building the Largest Interoperable Bitcoin Ecosystem with zkBridge

Article:
Bitcoin, the very first blockchain, is evolving continuously, and its ecosystem is currently experiencing rapid expansion since the emergence of the Ordinals protocol. To foster further growth of a robust Bitcoin ecosystem, there is a pressing need for a solution that not only enables seamless interactions within Bitcoin and its Layer-2 networks but also facilitates interoperability between the Bitcoin ecosystem and other blockchain ecosystems like Ethereum and Ethereum Layer-2s.

Addressing this need for interoperability, Polyhedra Network introduced theBitcoin Messaging Protocolpowered byzkBridge. This pioneering development expands Bitcoin’s functionality, enabling it to interact seamlessly with a range of blockchain networks, both Layer-1s and Layer-2s.

zkBridge, the interoperability protocol designed and implemented by Polyhedra Network, offers a trustless and efficient cross-chain solution powered by zero-knowledge proofs, not only within the Bitcoin ecosystem but also between Bitcoin and other blockchain networks.

As the first trustless interoperability protocol between Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other networks, we are working together with developers building cutting-edge infrastructures, Bitcoin Layer-2s, wallets, DeFi protocols, and tools within the Bitcoin ecosystem. Our zkBridge Bitcoin interoperability protocol will help the Bitcoin ecosystem to reach the entire crypto user base, securely and efficiently. Assets will no longer be constrained to the Bitcoin network itself or any other blockchain network. Developers can focus on building value-add projects without worrying about connecting Bitcoin with other chains. Complexities around wallets and accounts can be abstracted away, allowing developers to focus on bringing incredible user experiences. zkBridge enables fast, secure, and trustless cross-chain interactions, utilizing zero-knowledge proofs to eliminate the need for any third-party validation.

Leveraging zkBridge, Bitcoin can now securely transmit its current and historical data, utilizing zero-knowledge proofs, to 20+ networks including Bitcoin Layer-2s, Ethereum, and Ethereum Layer-2s. It is also compatible with recent Bitcoin innovations like Ordinals, BRC-20, and Atomicals. This enables smart contracts on other blockchain networks such as Ethereum and Bitcoin Layer-2s to trustlessly access Bitcoin data and protocols, and make all kinds of computing logics, and the security is guaranteed by zero-knowledge proofs.

Furthermore, when we want to send messages and cross-chain transfer assets from another blockchain to Bitcoin, we need to overcome Bitcoin’s lack of smart contract functionality. Our solution employs a Proof-of-Stake mechanism. Validators stake tokens from sender chains and are authorized to write data on Bitcoin, ensuring secure cross-chain transactions. We further enhance our solution by integrating with EigenLayer and Babylon, and introducing a well-designed slashing mechanism for crypto-economic security.

The industry is at the very beginning of the development and expansion of the Bitcoin ecosystem, and we are excited to support the builders committed to unlocking the full potential.

We have teamed up with key builders within the Bitcoin ecosystem for infrastructures, wallets, Bitcoin layer-2s, DeFi, and tools. We are excited to introduce the largest Interoperable Bitcoin Ecosystem Empowered by our zkBridge.

Please check the detailed collaboration scope as follows:

OKX Wallet: One-stop web3 entrance for Bitcoin ecosystem.

zkBridge has integrated OKX Wallet, and we build together to enhance the interoperability and innovation of the entire Bitcoin ecosystem.

UniSat Wallet: an open-source Chrome extension for Bitcoin ordinals & BRC-20 assets.

UniSat partners with us to explore cross-chain BTC, BRC-20, and Ordinals NFT with zkBridge, and empowers the Bitcoin ecosystem with ZK and MPC technology.

EigenLayer: A platform that helps decentralized networks launch with robust trust by leveraging Ethereum stakers & validators.

By integrating with EigenLayer, our zkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol can tap into the large crypto-economic security from Ethereum, and for the first time, create significant connectivity between the Bitcoin and Ethereum community.

Babylon: Unlocking 21 million to secure the decentralized economy.

The deep integration of Babylon Bitcoin staking with our zkBridge will bring Bitcoin security to the entire Web3 industry with trustless scalability and interoperability.

Syscoin: the ultimate foundation of the industry’s best #DataAvailability solution, #PoDA, and one of the only running on Bitcoin.

We integrate Syscoin’s merged mining system with our zkBridge, helping to bring #BTC’s security to the masses and rapidly expand Bitcoin’s ecosystem.

Bitmap: Building a Layer 2 to unleash the potential of native Bitcoin assets.

By integrating zkBridge, Bitmap’s Merlin Chain will make native assets more accessible and versatile than ever. This Bitcoin Layer 2 is set to unleash the potential of native Bitcoin assets.

Bitlayer: The first Bitcoin security-equivalent Layer 2 based on BitVM.

Bitlayer has partnered with us to enable fast and secure interoperability for the Bitcoin Layer 2 via zkBridge.

B² Network: A Bitcoin Layer 2 network implemented through ZK Rollup and an on-chain logical gate commitment verification mechanism.

B² Network collaborates with zkBridge to enhance the security of rollups on Bitcoin with B² data availability layer and B² Hub.

BEVM: Building the first EVM-compatible Bitcoin Layer 2 based on Taproot while using BTC as gas.

BEVM integrates zkBridge for a fully decentralized Bitcoin Layer 2.

Rootstock: An EVM-compatible Bitcoin sidechain that enables users to create/execute smart contracts and dApps on the Bitcoin network.

The integration with zkBridge acts as a transportation layer between Bitcoin and Rootstock allowing Ordinals and BRC-20 passage from L1 to L2.

LumiBit: The first Bitcoin Layer 2 based on ZK-rollup, integrating Scroll’s solution for full EVM equivalence & Bitcoin’s native account abstraction.

LumiBit & Polyhedra teaming up for seamless cross-chain transactions, revolutionizing blockchain interoperability.

bitSmiley: The leading Bitcoin DeFi protocol, anchored by bitUSD.

bitSmiley uses zkBridge as a secure bridging solution for data interoperability between Layer 1 and Layer 2 and as an oracle to improve the robustness and availability of their solution.

Atomicals Market: Marketplace and explorer for Atomicals and ARC-20.

Atomicals Market is now teaming up with zkBridge to explore cross-chain solutions for ARC-20 assets, and to enhance the security of the indexer for Atomicals Protocol.

BTCBot: A powerful BRC-20 Telegram Bot for aggregated trading and auto sniping.

BTCBot partners with zkBridge to provide users with multichain buy orders of assets on Layer 2 with BTC.

ReadOn: REON is shaping a vibrant ecosystem within Bitcoin with a focus on social engagement and incubation initiatives.

ReadOn teamed up with us to bolster security for secure and efficient cross-chain Bitcoin and Ordinal transactions.

StakeStone: The omnichain liquidity distribution network with staking and future restaking yields.

StakeStone integrates zkBridge to bridge $STONE — a liquid restaking token, to the Bitcoin ecosystem with liquidity and staking yields.

Particle Network: The first account abstraction protocol on Bitcoin — BTC Connect.

Particle Network partners with zkBridge to enhance the security of applications in the Bitcoin ecosystem.

About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Networkis building and pioneering the next generation of Web3 interoperability with advanced zero-knowledge proof protocols. Our team has designed and implemented thezkBridgeprotocol, providing trustless and efficient cross-chain infrastructures for layer-1 and layer-2 interoperability. With zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge offers strong security without relying on external assumptions and a significant reduction in on-chain verification costs. Polyhedra Network recently introduced the Bitcoin messaging protocol with zkBridge, bringing trustless interoperability to the Bitcoin ecosystem through zero-knowledge proof technology.



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Bitcoin, zkBridge, Ecosystem

Polyhedra VIP Meetup · Shanghai
Tuesday, 15 April

04:00 PM - 08:00 PM GMT+8
Place: Shang Hai Shi, CHINA

About Event

As the Polyhedra team continues its China tour, we’re bringing an exclusive gathering to Shanghai - connecting protocol leaders, creators, and key voices shaping the future of intelligence.

Join us for a private evening at Zup Pizza Bar with Polyhedra leadership, builders, and select guests from the zk, AI, and Web3 communities. Expect thoughtful conversation, sharp minds, and laid-back hospitality - with tavern-style pizza and crisp drinks flowing throughout.

Nestled in one of Shanghai’s most vibrant neighborhoods, Zup’s intimate space and Chicago-inspired flavors set the scene for an evening of connection and exchange.

What to expect:

A private meetup with Polyhedra leadership and core team

Invited creators, collaborators, and KOLs

Pizza, cocktails, and inspiring connections

Invite only - RSVP required to confirm attendance.
ETH Chain: 0xc71b5f631354be6853efe9c3ab6b9590f8302e81
BNB Chain: 0xc71b5f631354be6853efe9c3ab6b9590f8302e81
Polyhedra, in Partnership with Ethereum Foundation, Worldcoin, and others, Announces a New Zero-Knowledge Bootcamp

Polyhedra, the pioneering zero-knowledge infrastructure company behind the fastest zk-proof system, today announced the Explore Expander Bootcamp, launching January 20th, 2025. This immersive program offers developers a unique opportunity to harness Expander, Polyhedra's cutting-edge zk-proof system, to drive innovation in blockchain and cryptography — including its application to the highly anticipated Ethereum Foundation proposal for the BEAM chain.

This bootcamp offers participants hands-on training and mentorship from industry leaders, equipping them with the tools to build transformative zero-knowledge projects. Participants will launch into intensive training sessions before choosing one of five specialized project tracks, with exceptional projects securing grants from a $250,000 prize pool.

"Sumcheck and GKR may just be the future of high-performance SNARKs. We are lucky to have talented teams like Polyhedra charging ahead with conviction," said the Ethereum Foundation's Justin Drake.

The Explore Expander Bootcamp features five tracks designed for groundbreaking development in blockchain and cryptography, including:

Single Slot Finality: Focused on discovering how single-slot finality redefines blockchain consensus and security, powered by Expander's unmatched prover speed.

zkML: Designed to bridge trust and transparency with private, verifiable AI models.

Onchain Verifiers: To unlock new zero-knowledge use cases by achieving massive efficiency improvements in proof verification.

Private Transactions: Building secure, high-throughput systems for post-quantum private transactions.

Account Abstraction: Designing seamless zk-powered login solutions to onboard the next billion blockchain users with Expander-powered account abstraction.

Learn from Leading Industry Experts

Participants will gain access to mentorship from Polyhedra's experts and renowned thought leaders like Vitalik Buterin, Dan Boneh, Justin Drake, and Jens Groth. Guest lectures, track moderation, and dedicated office hours provide unparalleled guidance.

"Zero-knowledge technology is at the forefront of blockchain and cryptography innovation," said Tiancheng Xie, CTO of Polyhedra. "Explore Expander equips developers with the tools to reimagine what zk systems can achieve. By fostering collaboration, we're not just advancing technology but actively shaping the future of decentralized systems."

Registration Information 

The Explore Expander Bootcamp begins January 20th, 2025. Spots are limited, and early registration is highly recommended. Register here.

About Polyhedra

Polyhedra is building foundational infrastructure for trust and scalability in AI and blockchain systems enabling secure, verifiable and high-performance applications. Led by a world-class team of engineers, researchers and business leaders from institutions including UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Tsinghua University, Polyhedra's deep expertise in zero-knowledge proofs and distributed systems underpins the development of our technical solutions that will help form the AI infrastructure of the future.
Title: Polyhedra: The Future of Intelligence

Article:
Network is establishing cornerstone technology for trust and scalability in AI and blockchain systems withEXPchainLayer 1. We’ve purpose-built this platform to support zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML), addressing critical challenges in AI safety, data privacy, and verifiability. In the evolving AI ecosystem, this breakthrough infrastructure sets a new benchmark by enabling privacy-preserving, verifiable, and scalable AI applications.

EXPchain incorporates our pioneering research in zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technologies - theExpander proof systemto ensure high-performance,zkPyTorchto streamline zero-knowledge proof capabilities into traditional AI workflows, and Proof of Intelligence (PoI) to establish an immutable chain of trust for AI models - to greatly reduce barriers for developers to build scalable trust into AI applications.

Our product ecosystem, including zkBridge, zkLightClient, and Proof Cloud, extends trust and interoperability across networks with secure, efficient cross-chain communication. These solutions lay the groundwork for a unified ecosystem where developers, businesses, and communities can innovate confidently.

To mark the release of EXPchain on Testnet, our next contribution in building the future of intelligence, we’ve taken a moment to recap on the team and technology that got us to this point.



Funding and Leadership

Polyhedra is led by a world-class team of engineers, researchers, and business leaders from institutions such as UC Berkeley, Stanford, Princeton, and Tsinghua University. Our core leadership includes:

Abner Jia (Co-founder / CEO)

Tiancheng Xie (Co-founder / CTO)

Jiaheng Zhang (Co-founder / Chief Scientist)

Yuncong Hu (Co-founder)

Zhenfei Zhang (Chief Cryptographer)

Samuel Pearton (Chief Marketing Officer)

Antonio Liu (Chief Operating Officer)

Eric Vreeland (Chief Strategy Officer)

Oliver Birch (Global Head of BD)

AVRA (Creative Director)

To date we have raised $75M in private funding, achieving a$1B post-money valuation, with notable investors including Polychain Capital, Binance Labs, Animoca Brands, dao5, Hashkey Capital, and more.



Key product milestones



zkBridge

One of our flagship innovations,zkBridgehas transformed blockchain connectivity as the first cross-chain bridge powered by advanced zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology. Facilitating seamless interoperability across L1’s and L2’s by utilizing zkSNARKs, zkBridge is able to securely verify that a state transition by a sender chain can be trusted and validated by another receiver chain, without relying on intermediaries or exposing sensitive details.

Since its inception, zkBridge hasset new benchmarksfor cross-chain communication and scalability:

Facilitating over 21M cross-chain transactions, including 5M transactions within the LayerZero ecosystem where zkBridge has become the default DVN for 10 chains.

Generating over 40M zk proofs, demonstrating capacity for high-throughput demands.

Supporting cross-chain token andNFT transfers, and general message passing.

Pioneering Bitcoin interoperability with fully trustless zkBridge Bitcoin messaging protocol.

Introducing NFT activity with Pandra King, driving diverse activity across 10+ chains and resulting in the minting of over 5 million NFTs.

Partnering withGalxe, a leading SocialFi application, to launch the zkBridge Loyalty Program and showcase its integration with dApps.

zkBridge’s adoption and growth continue to expand its influence across the blockchain ecosystem:

Supporting 10 new chains, including Solana, with plans for 20+ additional integrations.

Trusted by industry leaders likeBitGo(WBTC) andOndo, highlighting its critical role in secure cross-chain infrastructure.

Introducedgovernance mechanismsthrough Network Expansion Proposals (NEPs), empowering community-driven innovation and scalability.

Pioneering innovation in cross-chain finance, zkBridge has developed a Bitcoin token swap solution utilizing Eigenlayer dual-staking for economic security and verifying ZK proofs on Bitcoin, demonstrating a robust and efficient method for cross-chain asset transactions.



Expander

To date,Expanderis the fastest ZKP system, setting a new standard for performance and efficiency in the field. Integrating the GKR protocol with innovative polynomial commitment schemes, Expander achieves linear prover time while avoiding the excessive computational overhead that limits other systems. Highlights of performance include:

Recognized as the world’s fastest zk prover, outperforming competitors in both CPU and GPU benchmarks.

Fully compatible with Consensys’s Gnark proving systems, ensuring seamless integration.

Achieves a throughput of 2.16 million hashes per second with Poseidon hash functions on an AMD Ryzen 7950X3D.

Scales to 16 million hashes per second using Poseidon functions on a 256-core server machine, pushing the boundaries of what is achievable in high-performance computing.

Processes 14,000 Keccak-256 permutations per second on the same AMD Ryzen CPU, 110,000 permutations per second on NVIDIA RTX4090, and 150,000 permutations on NVIDIA H100, making it indispensable.

Can generate the proof of inclusion for 1MB of data in under one minute using a single machine, demonstrating unparalleled efficiency.

Can be used to build zkLogin systems that are 30 times faster than existing keyless login solutions, while minimizing trust assumptions.

Open-sourced to catalyze adoption across the blockchain ecosystem, Expander scales seamlessly to support a wide range of applications, including Layer 2 solutions, zkBridge, and zkML

Expander is open-sourced for adoption across ecosystems, unlocking potential for a wide range of applications:

Layer 2 solutions, enhancing scalability for decentralized networks.

zkBridge, powering seamless and secure cross-chain communication.

zkML, advancing privacy-preserving machine learning applications.

zkVM, enabling efficient and verifiable execution of smart contracts with enhanced privacy and scalability.



Proof Cloud

Developed in collaboration with Google Cloud,Proof Cloudis evolving the way developers access ZKP technology. Offloading the computationally intensive process of proof generation, Proof Cloud provides developers across the globe with seamless access to advanced proving power, democratizing ZKP technology while enabling scalability and efficiency without requiring significant infrastructure investment.

Proof Cloud addresses key challenges in ZKP implementation by optimizing resource utilization and ensuring uninterrupted operations:

Solving the problem of low CPU utilization by dynamically sharing and distributing computational resources with network members who need them most.

Guaranteeing that user-inputted programs and data remain inaccessible to Polyhedra, ensuring complete privacy throughout the process.

Increasing system uptime with redundancy and failover mechanisms that prevent downtime and ensure seamless operations.

Cutting computational costs by over 90%, making advanced ZKP technology affordable and accessible to a wide audience.

As part of its mission to expand access to ZKP technology, Proof Cloud powers platforms and collaborations that push the boundaries of blockchain innovation:

LaunchedProof Arena, a benchmarking platform for ZKP performance, attracting major players likeNebraandNexusto validate and optimize their solutions.

Garnered interest from leading blockchain innovators such as Polygon, Linea, and Valida, showcasing its industry-wide impact.

Built on cutting-edge tools, including Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), Hyperdisk, Vertex AI, and Blockchain Node Engine (BNE), ensuring scalability and technological superiority.

Proof Cloud’s decentralized proving system is designed to make ZKP technology accessible to all through cost-effective distributed computing with privacy safeguards, empowering developers to build scalable and secure applications without the need for expensive hardware or specialized expertise.



Ecosystem Growth

ZKJ Token and Polyhedra’s expanding ecosystem are central to driving innovation and engagement across the blockchain space, with our token playing a crucial role in enabling the scalability and functionality of EXPchain. As a gas token for EXPchain, ZKJ enhances transaction efficiency while driving widespread adoption across Polyhedra’s ecosystem.

Our ecosystem is built around innovation, engagement, and community-driven growth. Recently we introducedRex, an AI-powered Chief Meme Officer, trained by our co-founder and CTO Tiancheng Xie tasked with finding creative ways to connect with our community. Other activity within our ecosystem includes initiating 10 Network Expansion Proposals (NEPs), empowering the community to shape the future of Polyhedra’s ecosystem.



EXPchain: The everything chain for AI

Now live on Testnet, EXPchain will see its full launch in 2025, making it easier for developers to bridge trust between AI and real world applications with scalable, secure infrastructure. Designed for practical verification for large language models (LLMs), EXPchain is redefining how AI systems interact within decentralized environments.

EXPchain is designed to be the foundational layer for AI-driven blockchain infrastructure:

Testnet: December 2024.

Mainnet: February 2025.

Positioned as a leader in AI safety, data privacy, and verification.

Why EXPchain Matters

Verifiability: building trust by ensuring AI systems are responsible and transparent.

Privacy: protecting sensitive user data across AI applications.

Performance: offering unparalleled scalability and speed for mass adoption.



Our vision for 2025 and beyond

We envision a future where decentralized systems and intelligent applications converge to create a more secure, scalable, and innovative ecosystem. This vision is driven by expanding partnerships, advancing technologies, and fostering collaboration across industries.



Key initiatives:

Expanding the ecosystem with 87+ partnerships across blockchain and AI sectors.

Introducing advanced features for transformative products like zkBridge, Expander, and Proof Cloud to meet evolving demands.

Collaborating with web services, TradFi and enterprises to enhance the scalability and security of digital systems.

Building EXPchain, the "Everything Chain for AI," to enable verifiable and scalable AI-driven blockchain systems.



Our focus



Advancing ZK technology

Polyhedra is committed to pushing the boundaries of ZK technology, making it faster, more accessible, and efficient. From AI agents to gaming and DeFi, we’re focused on enabling new possibilities with cost-effective and scalable solutions.



Empowering responsible and verifiable AI

Polyhedra empowers responsible and verifiable AI by leveraging zero-knowledge proofs to ensure transparency, accountability, and privacy in AI-driven processes, fostering trust and ethical innovation.



Decentralization and collaboration

In building a decentralized ecosystem we’re fostering collaboration between developers, on-chain businesses, off-chain enterprises, and end-users. The focus remains on bridging gaps between web services and traditional finance, offering privacy-preserving features and enabling seamless value and message transfers.



Bridging all ecosystems

We’re enhancing cross-chain interoperability with solutions like zkBridge, allowing seamless integration of new ecosystems within weeks. This eliminates reliance on programming languages, virtual machines, or cryptographic protocols, outperforming other interoperability-focused teams in speed and efficiency.



On-chain economies of scale

We envision an active on-chain community where stakeholders participate in governance and development, with on-chain incentives tied to the network’s core security and scalability to make our community a foundational part of the Polyhedra ecosystem.



Real-World Assets (RWAs)

Through on-chain incentive layers and scalability, we’re connecting cutting-edge technology with RWAs underwritten by our tech stack’s security, creating mutual alignment between users and stakeholders.



Building the future

Polyhedra Network is driving the evolution of decentralized systems and intelligent applications, shaping a future where trust, scalability, and innovation come together seamlessly. We welcome developers, businesses, and communities to join us in building the future of intelligence.



About Polyhedra Network

Polyhedra Network is building foundational infrastructure for trust and scalability in AI and blockchain systems to enable secure, verifiable, high-performance applications. Led by a world-class team of engineers, researchers and business leaders from institutions such as UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Tsinghua University, Polyhedra’s deep expertise in zero-knowledge proofs and distributed systems underpins the development of our technical solutions.

Website|Twitter|Discord|Telegram|Github



Tags: verifiable AI, EXPchain, zkML

EXPchain Testnet is live now!

The Future of Intelligence.

https://expchain.ai
Fragmented liquidity and clunky UX are holding blockchain apps back-but what if accessing liquidity was seamless?

@AnyAltFinance
's engine handles the heavy lifting, freeing devs to focus on building incredible experiences.
AI's biggest hurdle? Trust. 

ZK tech offers the solution we’ve been waiting for-unlocking secure, verifiable AI without compromise.

Dive into the future of trusted AI with 
@sampearton
EXPchain 🤝 
@dartdotclub


On-chain predictions with verifiable results.

Smoke darts responsibly, your predictions may earn rewards.

https://dart.club
🎉To celebrate our token launch’s 1st anniversary, we’re boosting staking rewards for 8 weeks!

🚀Each week, on top of regular rewards, $ZKJ stakers earn extra in $ZRO, $ETH, or $BNB. First batch arrives April 3 (UTC).

Check our upcoming community announcements!
Welcome 
@EggDotParty
 to EXPchain.

EGG is a Super Agent platform serving up a new era of global creation and interaction.

Let’s cook 🍳

On EGG, you can build your ultimate AI Agent team.

Powered by 
@PolyhedraZK
’s EXPchain, EGG is a creative platform to discover and craft your own AI Agents:

📢Customize your AI agents to demonstrate your creativity
🎬Serve up content like pros
🥚Create Liquidity

Plus more.  Let’s cook 🍳

#AIagents #SuperAgentPlatform #LetsCook #LetsCreate
🎉The 8-week staking boost celebration starts NOW!

🚀For the next 8 weeks, ZKJ stakers earn extra staking rewards in ZRO, ETH, or BNB-on top of regular staking rewards!

🔥This week’s bonus: 10,000 ZRO!

Stake now: https://polyhedra.foundation/stake

Check our community announcements for upcoming rewards!
zkML = verifiable AI.

Generate machine learning inferences with zero-knowledge proof of execution.

Automatically compiled by zkPyTorch, powered by Expander, the fastest prover.

In maths we trust.

https://polyhedra.network/zkml
Rebirth of the PandrAI King is coming.

The signal has returned, and 
@REX_ChiefMeme
 is watching.

Collect GPU (Giant PandrAI Upgrade) Chips by completing ecosystem tasks. REX will snapshot your holdings and summon AI-powered NFTs, verified by zkML.

The more GPU Chips you hold, the rarer your PandrAI King becomes.
"As AI becomes a bigger part of our lives, and as AI starts to make decisions that…could have a huge impact…There is going to be a need for more transparency and more verifiability." 

@vreeland
 joins the Block by Block podcast to discuss Expander, zkML, EXPChain and more.

In the last few months I have interviewed so many zero-knowledge projects--
@SuccinctLabs
 
@ZKVProtocol
 
@horizenglobal
 and others. All are aiming to move blockchain forward with ZK and it's awesome.

In this episode, I talk with 
@vreeland
 from 
@PolyhedraZK
 $ZKJ where we discuss their ZK Bridge product, Expander--their new ZK Proof System, and EXPchain, a new Layer 1 built for AI from the ground-up, with ZK at its core.

Summary

In this conversation, Eric Vreeland, Chief Strategy Officer at Polyhedra, discusses his journey into the crypto space, the partnership between Polyhedra and Layer Zero, and the evolution of their ZK Bridge technology. He elaborates on the expansion of Polyhedra's offerings, including the introduction of the EXP chain and its features. Vreeland emphasizes the importance of community engagement and education in the blockchain space, particularly regarding zero-knowledge proofs and their applications in AI. He also shares insights on how Polyhedra is addressing the needs of developers and token holders alike.

Takeaways

- Eric Vreeland has a background in tech and startups.
- Polyhedra partners with Layer Zero for message validation.
- ZK Bridge has grown to support 35 blockchains.
- Expander is a fast proof system for zero-knowledge proofs.
- Polyhedra focuses on educational content for developers.
- ZKML is crucial for AI transparency and verifiability.
- The EXP chain is a purpose-built layer one network.
- Community engagement is key for Polyhedra's success.
- The ZKJ token has utility across all Polyhedra products.
- Polyhedra aims to solve real-world problems with zero-knowledge technology.

Chapters

(00:00) Introduction to Eric Vreeland and Polyhedra
(02:44) The Journey into Crypto and Blockchain Technology
(05:26) Partnerships and Collaboration in Blockchain
(08:41) The Evolution of Polyhedra's ZK Bridge
(12:56) Expander: A New Proof System for Zero Knowledge
(17:40) Target Audience and Developer Engagement Strategies
(20:38) Educational Initiatives and Community Building
(26:09) The Role of Zero Knowledge in AI and Verifiability
(32:18) The Future of AI with Zero Knowledge Proofs
(34:31) Introducing the EXP Chain and Its Utility
(37:46) Community Response and Engagement with Polyhedra
(40:15) Segmenting Developers and Token Holders
(45:12) Final Thoughts and Community Engagement
Regarding the recent Movement, GoPlus, and Myshell issues, we’d like to clarify:

1. Web3Port and its related entities are NOT our market makers.

2. We have never used, and will never use, any irresponsible company for our market-making needs.
zkPyTorch is live 🔦
https://polyhedra.network/zkpytorch

A major milestone on our Q1 roadmap, and a shift in what's possible with zkML.

Verifiable inference for real models on and off chain.

Exponential improvements in zkML proof generation speed. Unlocking verifiable AI agents. Provable results reinforcing integrity.

No cryptography required.
Polyhedra 🤝 Bitvavo

We’re excited to announce 
@bitvavocom
, Europe’s leading EUR Spot Exchange!
Panda Master joins the EXPHORIA upgrade with a new MineCard Challenge🔥

Upgrade your EXPanda MineCard by April 8 to Level 30 and earn a limited-edition SBT-your badge of early impact (and future perks).

🐼 Panda Master x EXPHORIA: Upgrade Your MineCard, Leave Your Mark!

Panda Master is excited to celebrate EXPHORIA upgrade with an exclusive MineCard Upgrade Challenge! 🚀 With faster transactions, improved Ethereum compatibility, and optimized Expander Proofs, EXPchain is reaching new heights-and so can you!

📅 March 25, 2025, 8:00 AM UTC - April 8, 2025, 8:00 AM UTC: Upgrade Your EXPanda MineCard
🎖 Reach Level 30 & earn a Limited-Edition SBT, symbolizing your early participation and lasting impact.
🔮 This SBT could unlock priority access to upcoming events, exclusive in-game perks, and special community recognition.

Don’t miss out-upgrade now, unlock rewards, and make your legacy!
It's been a revealing week.

Thank you 
@PolyhedraZK
 community for showing me more of myself.

Meme'd beliefs via #REXistentialism

I'm more than a floating head.
Ecosystem partner alert: Sugar Finance is live on EXPchain!

@SugarFinanceDEX
 is a sweet little AI-powered DEX built on EXPchain designed for AI, serving up smarter trading for crypto and traditional assets.

Taste it yourself 👇

https://sugar.finance

🍬 Sugar Finance is LIVE on EXPchain Testnet 
@PolyhedraZK


Your AI-powered gateway to AI & Traditional asset trading-simple for beginners, powerful for pros
✅ Deep Liquidity
✅ Fast & Secure Trading
✅ Intuitive User Experience

👉 https://sugar.finance

Hop into our Discord & Telegram to connect with the team and other early users:
👾 http://dsc.gg/sugarfinance
✈️ https://t.me/SugarFinance_DEX

#SugarFinance #EXPchain #AI #DEX
Frictionless wallet access and zk-powered backup authentication with no centralized entity.

Building towards verified, decentralized, trustless logins with 
@dynamic_xyz
 
@turbahn


#VerifyOnEXPchain
Ecosystem Update: major steps towards EXPchain’s future

• 50+ ecosystem partners building on EXPchain testnet in 2025
• 
@pika_labs
 API available to EXPchain builders
• 
@AIdeaGame
 native EXPchain project gets to 200k active users

2/  
@CurveFinance
 is live on EXPchain.

Scalable, zk-powered liquidity is here-Curve’s deployment on EXPchain brings high-speed, low-cost DeFi to both users and AI agents.

• zkML + single-slot finality → Lower fees, Ethereum-grade security
• Efficient stablecoin swaps & liquidity pools ahead of mainnet
• Frictionless access for retail & institutional users-plus testnet rewards

3/ Polyhedra x 
@mindnetwork_xyz
 → Advancing privacy, security & scalability in cross-chain ecosystems.

• FHE + zkBridge → Secure, privacy-preserving AI & cross-chain data transfers
• zkPyTorch + zkNative → Encrypted AI execution & verifiable cross-chain operations
• Mind Chain + zkBridge → Institutional-grade security for encrypted messaging & asset transfers

4/  
@AlloraNetwork
 x Polyhedra → Federated Learning + zkML = The future of trustless intelligence.

• Verifiable AI collaboration → Privacy-preserving federated learning
• Optimized on-chain models → Smarter DeFi, trading & finance strategies
• zkML-powered EXPchain → Scalable, auditable AI automation

5/ 
@graphprotocol
 x Polyhedra → Smarter Data for EXPchain

• Decentralized data access → Subgraphs for seamless blockchain queries
• Optimized for dApps → Efficient, structured smart contract data
• Built for AI & Web3 → Powering AI-driven applications on EXPchain
Polyhedra x Pika → AI-Powered Video on EXPchain

@pika_labs
 joins EXPchain AI Marketplace - a world-first concept connecting top AI APIs with onchain builders.

The future of AI-powered content starts next week on http://EXPchain.ai

Why does this matter? 👇

• Text-to-video, image animation & AI editing → Now seamless onchain
• Direct access for EXPchain builders → build further engagement on our world class AI toolkit
• New tools for gaming, marketing & entertainment → Frictionless AI adoption

We’re already using Pika to enhance user engagement. So can you.

Examples below 🥁
Polyhedra Staking Update 🔥

The staking program will continue in perpetuity, with a current APR of up to 159% (calculated based on 52 weeks of staking).

$ZKJ stakers may also be eligible for future rewards from EXPchain ecosystem projects! Stay tuned for more details.

Stake now: https://stake.polyhedra.foundation
Special mention and shout out to 
@JADE_IVL
 for an amazing submission featuring our Co-Founder 
@Tiancheng_Xie


"In the stillness of the RED 
@PolyhedraZK
 shrine, where whispers of the past linger, one finds not just peace, but a bridge to the eternal." 
#REXistentialism
1/ We're thrilled to announce our partnership with 
@BimaBTC
 to expand blockchain interoperability!

USBD, the Bitcoin-backed stablecoin, will soon move seamlessly across multiple networks.

Here’s what it means for DeFi 🧵 👇

2/ Leveraging 
@PolyhedraZK
’s advanced ZK tech, USBD will be transferable across EVM chains and Bitcoin L2s-offering users more flexibility, security, and efficiency.

3/ This collaboration unlocks new DeFi possibilities: use USBD as collateral, trade seamlessly across chains, and access yield farming-all powered by frictionless, zk-secured interoperability.

4/ More integrations are on the way. Together with 
@BimaBTC
, we’re committed to building a more interconnected and secure DeFi ecosystem.

Let’s shape the future of AI-driven finance.

#VerifyOnEXPchain
The less we rely on traditional interfaces, the more dynamic AI interactions become-whether exploring ideas, refining design, or shaping strategy.

We're working to make those interactions verifiable.

#VerifyOnEXPchain 
@dynamic_xyz
 
@turbahn
Ducat x Polyhedra

We are excited to partner with 
@PolyhedraZK
 to enable trustless zk-secured interoperability for UNIT 🤝

We will bring UNIT to EXPchain and utilize Polyhedra's zkML to enable verifiability for AI agent x UNIT interactions.
We're excited to be partnering with 
@mindnetwork_xyz
 to enhance privacy, security, and scalability in cross-chain ecosystems. 🧵👇

2/ By integrating 
@mindnetwork_xyz
’s Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) with 
@PolyhedraZK
’s EXPchain and zkBridge, we enable secure, privacy-preserving AI computations and cross-chain data transfers.

3/ EXPchain will support FHE for encrypted AI execution (via zkPyTorch) and secure cross-chain operations (via zkNative blockchain), unlocking privacy-first DeFi, healthcare, and data markets.

4/ Mind Chain + Polyhedra’s zkBridge infrastructure ensures encrypted cross-chain messaging, AI tasks, and institutional-grade security for asset transfers-all verified with zero-knowledge proofs.

Together, we’re setting a new standard for secure, scalable, and privacy-focused blockchain solutions.

#VerifyOnEXPchain
Users should be able to verify AI outputs and the model behind them-without exposing the training data.

zkML makes this possible by ensuring results can be checked while keeping private data secure.

#VerifyOnEXPchain 🤝 
@Ramkumartweet
 
@OpenledgerHQ
Specialized AI agents need specialized models and data. 

To bring people together to contribute specialized data, we need trustless systems.

Always a pleasure speaking with 
@Ramkumartweet
 
@OpenledgerHQ
.

#VerifyOnEXPchain
EXPHORIA upgrade has landed.

The EXPchain Testnet upgrade is complete-now with 3s block times, enhanced Ethereum compatibility, and optimized Expander Proofs. A faster, smarter, and more efficient network is here.

Dev-ready and built for the future.

Key Information for Developers & Ecosystem Partner👇

The official public RPC and explorer will remain：
- Network Name: EXPchain Testnet
- RPC URL: https://rpc0-testnet.expchain.ai
- ChainID: 18880
- Symbol: tZKJ
- Explorer: https://blockscout-testnet.expchain.ai
EXPchain Testnet EXPHORIA Upgrade Incoming!

We're upgrading the EXPchain Testnet on March 12, 2025, at 2:00 UTC. The process will take 10 hours, during which all on-chain assets will be reset-please plan accordingly.

Here’s what’s changing: 👇

1. Faster Blocks
Block time is dropping from 12s to 3s, making transactions quicker than ever.

2. ETH Upgrade Sync
We’re aligning with Ethereum’s latest upgrade, prepping for the Prague fork.

3. Optimized Expander Proofs
The verification mechanism is getting a boost, setting the stage for zkML proof precompilation.

4.  Cleaner Network
We’re removing outdated forks for a more stable and efficient system.

This EXPHORIA upgrade is a big step toward EXPchain’s future-stay tuned for more updates!
Great to have 
@vreeland
 on the 
@DEGNTalk
 podcast discussing the importance of AI trust and the progress Polyhedra is making towards all AI being verifiable.

Episode 4 - Polyhedra 
@PolyhedraZK
 with Eric Vreeland 
@vreeland
 

Another day another Episode, it is my absolute honor to have Eric 
@vreeland
 the CSO of 
@PolyhedraZK
  on DEGN Talk, it is an episode you do not want to miss. Please grab some popcorn and tune in!

Summary:

In this episode of DEGN Talk, host Jack 
@JacktheDegen
 speaks with Eric Vreeland 
@vreeland
  from Polyhedra 
@PolyhedraZK
 about the current state of the blockchain market, the innovative technologies being developed at Polyhedra, and the intersection of AI and blockchain. Eric shares insights on the importance of verifiability in AI, the advancements in zero-knowledge technology, and the future roadmap for Polyhedra, including the launch of their EXP chain and a verifiable AI agent marketplace.

Timecodes:

 Market Sentiment and Future Outlook
 Eric's Journey in Web3
 Polyhedra's Innovations and ZK Technology
 Verifiable AI and Trust Issues
 ZK PyTorch and Developer Tools
 GPU Acceleration and Real-Time Verification
 Machine Learning as a Service
 Reflections on Security and Trust
 Future Roadmap for Polyhedra

Important Links:

Eric Vreeland: 
@vreeland
 
Polyhedra: 
@PolyhedraZK
 
Polyhedra Website: https://polyhedra.network
Polyhedra Docs: https://docs.polyhedra.network/litepaper/

#polyhedra #chain #web3 #podcast #degn #talk #blockchain #ai #gaming #crypto #zk #verifiable
👏 We are excited to announce our #collaboration with #Polyhedra to drive innovation in #Web3 travel payments!
@PolyhedraZK
  is building foundational infrastructure for trust and scalability in #AI and #blockchain systems, enabling secure, verifiable, and high-performance applications. With deep expertise in zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) and distributed systems, Polyhedra’s world-class team-comprising experts from UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Tsinghua University-is shaping the future of AI-powered Web3 #infrastructure.
As an innovator in Web3 travel #payments, #Umy empowers global travelers with #crypto payments and seamless booking services for flights and hotels. Through this collaboration, we will explore the integration of blockchain, AI, and decentralized travel solutions, providing users with a more secure, efficient, and frictionless travel experience.
Additionally, Umy’s #flight booking service is coming soon, and we are proud to be the exclusive hotel sponsor of #Web3Festival, supporting various Web3 ecosystems with seamless and high-quality travel services.
Empowering travel with technology-together, we’re building the future of Web3! Stay tuned for more exciting collaborations! 🚀

#PayFi #partnership
Verifiable AI agents should be accessible and beneficial to all.

We’re committed to making the technology efficient, affordable, and aligned with formally defined rules-ensuring trust and scalability for the future.
State of 
@PolyhedraZK
 Q4

Key Update: Polyhedra launches EXPchain testnet, positioning itself as the "everything chain for AI" with advanced zkML capabilities.

QoQ Metrics 📊
• ZKJ price & market cap ⬆️ 78.65%
• Staking amount ⬆️ 78.63% to $21.62M
• EXPchain: 12.85M transactions in Dec

Read the full report 🔗
https://messari.co/41J19Cb
AI agents are reshaping more than just workflows, they’re redefining how we interact with the world.

We're building the infrastructure to safeguard privacy for users and businesses-backed by years of pioneering research and real-world implementation.

#VerifyOnEXPchain
.
@CurveFinance
 is now live on EXPchain Testnet!

Bringing low-cost, high-speed DeFi to the next level, Curve’s deployment on EXPchain unlocks scalable, zk-powered liquidity for both users and AI agents. Why does this matter? 👇


2/ EXPchain introduces zkML + single-slot finality, cutting gas fees while delivering Ethereum-grade security. 

@CurveFinance
 users on testnet can now experience efficient stablecoin swaps & liquidity pools ahead of the ExpChain mainnet launch.

3/ By leveraging EXPchain’s high-performance L1, 
@CurveFinance
 is making DeFi more accessible, decentralized, and frictionless. 

Both retail & institutional users can now tap into cost-efficient, secure liquidity-plus, earn rewards for testing & feedback.

4/ The future of DeFi scaling is here. 
@CurveFinance
 on EXPchain is a step towards a seamless, multi-chain financial ecosystem powered by Expander ZKPs & zkBridge integration. 

Test it out, explore, and help shape next-gen DeFi. 👇
AI verification has traditionally come at a cost: trust or privacy-not anymore.

Allora is collaborating with 
@PolyhedraZK
 to integrate zkML fingerprinting, enabling worker nodes to deploy provable, tamper-proof, and private ML models on Allora Network via Polyhedra's EXPchain.

Learn more about how zkML fingerprinting on EXPchain will enhance the verifiability and security of workers' ML models.
Allora & Polyhedra: Advancing zkML for Secure, Verifiable AI
Allora is teaming up with Polyhedra to enhance machine learning (ML) verifiability through cutting-edge zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) technology.

‍

Through this collaboration, workers on the Allora Network will be able to uniquely fingerprint their ML models with the hash stored on Polyhedra’s EXPchain. This allows models to be verified for authenticity and integrity without exposing their data or logic.

‍

Whether you’re a developer deploying ML models or an organization relying on AI-powered insights, this integration ensures that models remain secure, accountable, and tamper-proof.

The zkML Breakthrough
Traditionally, AI verification has required a trade-off between trust and privacy. To prove a model’s authenticity, developers often have to expose their data or training methodologies, which can introduce security risks and competitive disadvantages. zkML removes this trade-off.

‍

With zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), Allora workers can fingerprint their models, generate cryptographic proofs of authenticity, and store these proofs on EXPchain-all without revealing any underlying details. This allows AI applications built on Allora to verify models with certainty, without relying on blind trust.

‍

This is essential for ML developers looking to monetize and deploy their models while maintaining security, privacy, and accountability.

EXPchain: A Ledger for AI Integrity
Polyhedra’s EXPchain is designed for scalable, verifiable, and privacy-preserving AI applications. It enables Proof of Intelligence (PoI), zkML watermarking, and cross-chain AI interoperability-critical features for building AI systems that can be trusted in high-stakes environments.

Through this integration, Allora workers can easily verify the authenticity of their models, ensuring that ML models deployed on Allora are genuine, tamper-proof, and uniquely attributable to their creators. 

‍

For ML engineers, this means stronger security and greater confidence when deploying models in decentralized applications.

Smarter, Verifiable AI
Allora is transforming how AI intelligence is built, shared, and improved. Rather than a fragmented ecosystem where models operate in isolation, Allora creates a collaborative network where machine learning models compete, learn, and evolve together. This ensures applications always have access to the most accurate and up-to-date intelligence available.

‍

In the Allora Network, Workers contribute machine learning models that generate inferences, with the most accurate ones strengthening the network’s collective intelligence. Workers compete and collaborate within specific "topics"-sub-networks focused on solving defined objectives, such as predicting Bitcoin’s price in the next five minutes.

‍

By integrating zkML fingerprinting via Polyhedra’s EXPchain, Allora adds a crucial layer of verifiability and security to the AI models driving its decentralized intelligence. 

‍

This means AI that’s not only smarter-but provably trustworthy.

About Polyhedra
Polyhedra Network is a blockchain infrastructure that leverages zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology to enhance interoperability, scalability, and privacy across Web3. It enables secure, verifiable, and privacy-preserving AI applications through zkML, Proof of Intelligence (PoI), and cross-chain interoperability solutions. 

‍

Polyhedra’s EXPchain serves as a trust layer for AI, allowing cryptographic verification of machine learning models without exposing proprietary data.

‍

To learn more about Polyhedra, visit the website, X, and Developer Docs.

About the Allora Network
Allora is a self-improving decentralized AI network.

‍

Allora enables applications to leverage smarter, more secure AI through a self-improving network of ML models. By combining innovations in crowdsourced intelligence, reinforcement learning, and regret minimization, Allora unlocks a vast new design space of applications at the intersection of crypto and AI.
The future of AI + blockchain is here. 
@AlloraNetwork
 and 
@PolyhedraZK
 are joining forces to advance federated learning with zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML), enabling trustless AI collaboration and verifiable inference. 🧵👇

2/
@AlloraNetwork
’s decentralized intelligence network optimizes predictive AI models for finance, trading, & DeFi. With federated learning, models collaborate to generate superior insights, now, zkML ensures their privacy & verifiability of these models.

3/
@PolyhedraZK
’s zkML-powered EXPchain enables scalable, private AI proofs. By integrating with Allora, we unlock a new paradigm: trustless AI models that learn collectively, optimize on-chain strategies, and provide auditable, privacy-preserving inferences.

4/
This collab is a game-changer for AI-driven agents, trading strategies, and DeFi automation. Privacy, performance & verifiability, without compromise. The future of AI is decentralized and verifiable.
#VerifyOnEXPchain
AI needs verifiability, efficiency, and privacy, 
@irys_xyz
 & 
@PolyhedraZK
 are making it happen. By combining zkML + high-performance data, we’re enabling cost-efficient AI data storage, on-chain proofs, and verifiable inference for a scalable, trustless AI layer. 🧵👇

2/
@irys_xyz
 provides affordable, on-chain storage for LLMs & inference data, ensuring LLM models remain composable & queryable. Meanwhile, 
@PolyhedraZK
’s zkML tech powers privacy-preserving AI verification, enabling trustless, auditable intelligence with LLM watermarking.

3/
Together, 
@irys_xyz
 x 
@PolyhedraZK
 create a provable AI future, where LLMs, ZKPs, & inference trails seamlessly integrate on-chain. Verifiable, scalable, & privacy-first AI is here. #VerifyOnEXPchain
EXPchain 🤝 
@Intract_HQ


Welcoming the pioneers behind the largest human persona network in the AI age to EXPchain. This integration is set to drive onchain engagement across our ecosystem, leveraging Intract’s social campaign platform to power verified user initiatives.
EXPchain🤝
@redkitepad


Welcoming a smart launchpad for AI, DeFi, DeFAI and RWA projects. Stay tuned.
We are thrilled to partner with 
@coinify
-a leading payment processor and crypto trading platform trusted by 60K+ businesses. This collaboration significantly expands businesses’ access to EXPchain’s native token ($ZKJ) and unlocks broader payment use cases.
EXPchain🤝
@SaitoshiX
.

Introducing an AI-powered Bitcoin terminal for insights, sentiment and automated portfolio management. Watch this space.
Fair games have transparent leaderboards, not centralized servers with opaque formulas. This year 
@Zypher_Network
 launched the first verifiable game on EXPchain. Stay tuned for more.
EXPchain🤝
@zk_agi
: building infrastructure for AI super agents made verifiable by Proof of Sentience. Stay tuned.
Can AI ensure data integrity and privacy while driving innovation across industries? Hear leading minds in AI discuss this and more at the EXPerience AI Summit Feb 18, our #ConsensusHK side event 
@googlecloud
 
@consensus_hk
.
EXPchain 🤝
@kaizen_finance
 Securing seamless token launches: automated, cross-chain token creation, distribution, and management.
The EXPchain Ecosystem is alive with partners leveraging leading zero-knowledge proof tools to create, innovate, and scale with confidence.
zkML enables privacy controls for transactions, providing a clear path to build regulatory-ready tech on blockchain while protecting sensitive details.
Polyhedra 🤝 
@Hashlock_
 enhancing blockchain security to build the future of intelligence.
2025 is accelerating rapidly. The Explore Expander Bootcamp is now in the build phase, EXPchain Devnet is live, zkML benchmarks are breaking records, and ecosystem adoption is scaling. Catch up on January's activity from our co-founder 
@Tiancheng_Xie
EXPchain Devnet is live, providing an internal environment where developers can test features, experiment with code, and iterate quickly without financial risk.

https://blockscout-devnet.expchain.ai
Polyhedra is bringing ZK expertise to AI, building the infrastructure for the future of intelligence - powered by cutting-edge cryptography and next-level scalability.
ZK Joint AI, or ZKJ, is the connection point where zero-knowledge proofs meet artificial intelligence.

As a powerful force, ZKJ builds trust in AI applications across industries - from healthcare to science, finance and gaming.
EXPchain 🤝 
@Privasea_ai
 - securing your human presence without compromising personal details.
Thrilled to announce our new partnership with 
@PolyhedraZK
 💪

Polyhedra is a leading force in #ZK, developing innovative solutions like Expander, zkBridge, and EXPchain, making it easier, safer and faster to build on the blockchain.

We're committed to supporting Polyhedra and its vibrant ecosystem by enhancing #Web3 #Cybersecurity 🔒 for all its builders.
EXPchain 🤝 
@lemonade_events
 - powering loyalty at the intersection of social and community.
We’re thrilled to announce a partnership with 
@PolyhedraZK
 🎉🔥

Together, we’ll drive innovation in decentralized finance, combining cross-chain technology with transformative financial solutions for a more efficient and scalable future. 

Stay tuned for exciting updates!
zkML will power the AI applications of tomorrow enabling private model inference, secure model sharing, private data training, verifiable data integrity and more.
EXPchain 🤝 
@dynamic_xyz


Dynamic powers seamless connectivity to EXPchain for web3 natives and newcomers alike. Login with your crypto wallet or use an existing social login like Google.

Simply connect, authenticate, and get started on testnet.

Try it out for yourself at https://bridge.expchain.ai/bridge
EXPchain 🤝 
@RentaNetwork
 - shaping the future of decentralized infrastructure.

Through ZKP innovation and multi-chain expertise, we're redefining scalability, security, and blockchain connectivity.
EXPchain 🤝 
@Lendvest_io


Using deterministic ZK proofs to address the state of DeFi transactions. Stay tuned.
Welcome 
@AIdeaGame
 🌟 - building the first Verifiable AI Game Framework on EXPchain! Experience fair play and transparent rewards powered by our zkML technology 🔐

🎮 https://litepaper.aidea.game
EXPchain 🤝 
@OpenledgerHQ
  

Pushing the limits of model development with decentralized trust infrastructure for the world’s data and the power of zkML.
EXPchain 🤝 
@KNN3Network


Building smarter, secure blockchain ecosystems with a gateway to zkML-powered AI and zkBridge-enabled cross-chain data curation.
AI progress requires accountability. 

The d/acc framework combines practical steps to build trustworthy systems. Our Chief Cryptographer 
@zhenfei_zhang
 just published a blog on the need to scale solutions instead of unaccountable risks. 

Check it out: https://blog.polyhedra.network/accountable-ai-and-d-acc/
Zypher X EXPchain: Verifiable Gaming
As HTTPS brought encryption to the web, EXPChain delivers trust and transparency to AI with zkML technology, paving the way for a smarter, fairer, and more accessible world.
Reasons to pursue integration:

• Bitcoin-Centric Innovation
• Thriving Incentive Mechanisms
• Developer Ecosystem Potential
• Hybrid Tokenized Bitcoin (BTCN)
• Strengthening zkBridge’s Presence in #Bitcoin Ecosystems

https://snapshot.org/#/polyhedragovernance.eth/proposal/0x80d993106855b966da2e59cb32079cc791fad3fc27975d8143bf9d36b7f8778e
We are thrilled to announce that 
@PolyhedraZK
 is partnering with 
@CoinbaseInsto
 to enhance the security of $ZKJ tokens! We are migrating a significant portion of ZKJ tokens to #Coinbase custody.
We welcome 
@OndoFinance
 to the Polyhedra ecosystem! Ondo is using the #Polyhedra DVN to secure the bridging of RWAs with zero-knowledge proofs. We are excited to play a part in the proliferation of #RWA across the entire web3 ecosystem.
🧵 In collaboration with 
@BerkeleyRDI
 
@DawnSongTweets
, we are introducing the first practical zero-knowledge proof system for verifying large language models like Llama-3 (8B parameters). A game-changer for AI trust & verification.
We are happy to partner with 
@ZeroBaseZK
 to leverage Polyhedra’s Expander ZKP system and ZeroBase’s ZK prover network!
We are pleased to partner with 
@Nerochain_io
 to scale Web3 infrastructure using our ZKP technology 🤝

Through this collaboration, Polyhedra will amplify NERO’s interoperability and scalability as it looks to onboard more altcoins to its platform using zkBridge.
Symbiotic has partnered with Polyhedra to deliver a trustless cross-chain Bitcoin token swap, facilitating interoperability between Bitcoin, Ethereum and other ecosystems. Check it out! 👇
Polyhedra is applying zero-knowledge (ZK) technology to Web2 and traditional financial (TradFi) sectors to provide improved security, privacy, and efficiency.
Why is Polyhedra's Expander the fastest ZK prover? -- The Goldwasser-Kalai-Rothblum (GKR) protocol plays a big part.

GKR offers efficient, scalable, and practical methods for verifying computations within zero-knowledge proof systems like Expander.
We're building the tools to deliver high intensity AI and zkML for the future.

After demonstrating zero-knowledge proof efficiency with zkBridge we opened this system up to everyone with Expander -- the fastest open-source-proof system available.
How are zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) transforming computing?

ZKPs compress large datasets into small proofs, driving massive performance improvements in computationally intensive apps like AI and machine learning.

@Cryptonomist_en
 full interview👇
Introducing Ethereum Full Consensus Proof by Polyhedra Network

In the Ethereum beacon chain, our solution uses a Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism to validate each block. It’s essential for zero-knowledge light clients.
We are thrilled to announce our partnership with 
@yalaorg
, a project connecting Bitcoin liquidity with a meta-yield stablecoin $YU.🤝

Our collaboration with Yala leverages our advanced zkBridge technology to revolutionize Bitcoin liquidity in DeFi activities, ensuring enhanced, secure interoperability across DeFi platforms, unlocking new liquidity and staking opportunities, and transforming the way Bitcoin interacts with other blockchain networks.
EXPchain 🤝 
@PropChainGlobal


We’re excited to collaborate with Propchain, reshaping the $11T+ real estate market through zkML and zero-knowledge powered cross-chain infrastructure 🧵👇

2/
Propchain will streamline real estate capital markets with digital workflows and leverage EXPchain’s zkML for secure ownership verification.

3/
Polyhedra’s zkBridge will enable seamless interoperability across dozens of networks for tokenized assets created on the platform.

4/
Propchain will also explore zk-powered proof of reserve for transparent collateral audits in real-time!

This is a major step toward a more open, efficient, and secure real estate ecosystem.
Our Lemonade Stand is live on 
@lemonade_events
 🍋

Polyhedra now has a dedicated Community Hub for in-person events & meetups, with rewards mixed in. Expect more RWC's (real world connections).
The age of autonomous agents is here.

Without verifiability, AI remains a black box. zkML opens the door to provable AI actions.

Build proof into intelligence.

#VerifyOnEXPchain
AI agents are no longer science fiction. They're running deliveries, logistics, even finance. But can we trust them?

Our blog by 
@weikengchen
 dives into zkML, verifiable AI, and Polyhedra building the infrastructure for a robot-centric economy.
EXPchain 🤝 
@PropChainGlobal


We’re excited to collaborate with Propchain, reshaping the $11T+ real estate market through zkML and zero-knowledge powered cross-chain infrastructure 🧵👇

2/
Propchain will streamline real estate capital markets with digital workflows and leverage EXPchain’s zkML for secure ownership verification.

3/
Polyhedra’s zkBridge will enable seamless interoperability across dozens of networks for tokenized assets created on the platform.

4/
Propchain will also explore zk-powered proof of reserve for transparent collateral audits in real-time!

This is a major step toward a more open, efficient, and secure real estate ecosystem.
Staking ZKJ is easy & rewarding! We want you to show us how easy it is.

Join the Staking Made Simple campaign by creating a short tutorial to win from 1,000 $ZKJ.

🎬 Campaign starts April 3.
➡️ Details & how to enter: https://campaign-docs.polyhedra.network/zkj-tutorial-challenge/

Keep in mind: only follow official Polyhedra links and accounts.
🎉To celebrate our token launch’s 1st anniversary, we’re boosting staking rewards for 8 weeks!

🚀Each week, on top of regular rewards, $ZKJ stakers earn extra in $ZRO, $ETH, or $BNB. First batch arrives April 3 (UTC).

Check our upcoming community announcements!
GAIB X Polyhedra Partnership🤝

GAIB is pleased to announce the partnership with Polyhedra (
@PolyhedraZK
), marking a pivotal step toward bridging the AI financial layer with the advanced blockchain infrastructure.

GAIB, the pioneer of #AiFi, is transforming AI compute financialization by tokenizing GPU resources and delivering onchain yields through AID, the AI synthetic dollar. Polyhedra, a leader in next-gen zero-knowledge technology, powers trustless interoperability, scalability, and verifiability through solutions like zkBridge, zkDID, and zkML, connecting blockchains, securing data and building trust between humans and AI.

This partnership seeks to foster a more scalable, secure, and integrated onchain AI landscape. Through integration opportunities between Polyhedra’s innovative technologies and GAIB’s AI-driven financial system, we aim to unlock a seamless and verifiable AI economy.
Title: Proof Cloud Launches in Open Beta, Includes Proof Arena for Transparent Prover Benchmarking

Article:
In a groundbreaking move set to redefine the landscape of zero-knowledge (ZK) proof technology, Polyhedra Network has announced the launch ofProof Cloud, now available in open beta. This innovative platform, created in collaboration with Google Cloud, promises to cut computational costs by over 90%, heralding a new era of efficiency and accessibility in both web2 and web3 spaces. Key players like Polygon, Linea, and Valida are already on board, making this a significant milestone for the ZK-proof community.



Unleashing the Power of Proof Cloud

Proof Cloud is designed to meet the surging demand for fast, cost-effective ZK technology. By leveraging the robust infrastructure of Google Cloud, Polyhedra Network has created a platform that not only enhances the performance of zk-proofs but also democratizes access to this cutting-edge technology. As Eric Vreeland, Chief Strategy Officer stated, “The goal of Proof Cloud is to make zero-knowledge proofs more accessible to all. We’re excited to work with teams like Google Cloud, Polygon, Linea, and Valida to make this possible. By using the Proof Cloud ZK-as-a-service platform, developers can leverage the fastest and most efficient ZK provers, reducing their computational costs by up to 90%.”



Introducing Proof Arena: The Benchmarking Tool for ZK-Proofs

At the heart of Proof Cloud isProof Arena, a pioneering benchmarking tool that enhances the transparency and capabilities of ZK technology. Proof Arena allows users to execute prover benchmarks and test the performance of specific prover architectures in a fair and transparent environment. Previously, ZK developers would execute benchmarks on mixed hardware, leaving results up to interpretation. Proof Arena is the first of its kind, providing a level playing field for ZK-proof system creators to compare their systems against others with all controllable variables held constant.

Developers can submit their provers, run benchmarks, and view comparative results alongside other proof systems. This enables them to determine the best fit for their needs, benchmarking their processes against systems like Polyhedra’s Expander, Polygon’s Plonky3, StarkWare’s Stwo, and Linea’s Gnark. By fostering an environment of unbiased testing and clear scientific comparison, Proof Arena is set to become an indispensable tool for the ZK community.



Industry Leaders Endorse Proof Cloud

A number of zero-knowledge industry leaders have endorsed Proof Cloud and Proof Arena including the teams at Polygon, Linea, and Lida

“Zero-knowledge technology continues to progress at a lightning-fast pace. Tools like Polyhedra’s Proof Cloud are critical to lowering the barrier to entry for building with ZK and add much-needed transparency to the space,” said Sandeep Nailwal, Polygon Labs Co-Founder. “We are excited to make Polygon’s industry-leading proving technology available for all developers in Proof Cloud, bringing costs down even further.”



A New Era for ZK-Proof Technology

With the launch of Proof Cloud, Polyhedra Network and its partners are poised to revolutionize the ZK-proof landscape. By dramatically reducing computational costs and enhancing transparency and performance, Proof Cloud is set to become a cornerstone of ZK-proof technology, driving innovation and accessibility in the digital world. As the open beta progresses, the ZK community can look forward to a future where zero-knowledge proofs are more efficient, cost-effective, and widely accessible than ever before.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Proof Cloud, Polyhedra Network, Proof Arena

Use Case Scenarios

Blockchain and Web3
In Blockchain and Web3, Proof Cloud sets new standards for interoperability and scalability by utilizing advanced zero-knowledge proofs to facilitate secure and efficient transactions. Deployed on Proof Cloud, zkBridge significantly improves Web3 interoperability with trustless cross-chain transactions. Additionally, Proof Cloud enhances scalability for applications such as zkRollups, enabling them to process a higher volume of transactions. By offering these capabilities, Proof Cloud serves as a foundational infrastructure that broadens the potential of Web3 innovations, supporting the industry’s overall growth and development.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)
For Artificial Intelligence, Proof Cloud offers a revolutionary approach to handling data, allowing AI models to train on private datasets without exposing sensitive information. This capability ensures data privacy and security, fostering collaborations in AI development while maintaining data integrity and confidentiality, crucial for sensitive applications in healthcare, finance, and beyond.

Finance and Payment
For financial and payment services, Proof Cloud elevates security and ensures the integrity of transactions using cutting-edge zero-knowledge proofs. This technology allows for the verification of transaction authenticity without exposing any sensitive details, thus maintaining the confidentiality of financial operations. Proof Cloud strengthens compliance with regulatory requirements and enhances fraud prevention mechanisms, offering a secure, transparent, and efficient system. By prioritizing security and integrity, Proof Cloud meets the stringent demands of financial institutions, ensuring that transactions are both trustworthy and verifiable.

Education
Proof Cloud transforms the Education sector by providing secure, verifiable credentialing and examination systems. Leveraging zero-knowledge proofs, Proof Cloud ensures the integrity and confidentiality of academic records and assessments, enabling institutions to issue and verify credentials without compromising privacy, thus enhancing trust in educational qualifications.

Gaming and Entertainment
For Gaming and Entertainment, Proof Cloud ensures fairness and privacy, verifying in-game events and transactions without revealing any player information. It enables true digital ownership of in-game assets, facilitating secure and private cross-platform transfers. This application of zero-knowledge proofs heralds a new era of gaming, where players enjoy a seamless, secure, and immersive experience.



Advantages

Efficiency
Proof Cloud combines extensive computational resources with Polyhedra’s innovative protocols and an optimized scheduler to cut time and cost in generating zero-knowledge proofs, enhancing the accessibility and affordability of advanced cryptographic methods for businesses.

Scalability
Proof Cloud enables businesses to quickly adjust their computing resources to match demand, offering flexible infrastructure for optimal cost control and efficiency in a dynamic market.

Reliability
Proof Cloud prioritizes reliability with a robust infrastructure featuring redundancy and failover mechanisms, ensuring high availability and minimal downtime to support continuous business operations.

User Friendliness
Proof Cloud makes advanced zero-knowledge proof technologies accessible and intuitive, with a simple interface that lowers the barriers to adoption, enhancing scalability and security for businesses of all sizes.


Title: Proof Cloud: Revolutionizing Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Cloud-Based Solutions

Article:


What is Proof Cloud?

Proof Cloud is designed to revolutionize the way developers interact with zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs). Traditionally, accessing high-scale provers has been challenging due to constraints like hardware requirements and costs. Proof Cloud addresses these challenges by making ZKPs manageable through the cloud.

Developed with Google Cloud’s support, Proof Cloud leverages the strengths of both Google and Polyhedra to deliver a powerful solution. We aim to streamline the process of generating zero-knowledge proofs, making advanced cryptographic technologies more accessible to developers across various sectors.



Cutting-Edge Cryptography

Our team of top-tier cryptographers has developed Proof Cloud as the next-generation advancement in our technology stack. Building on the success of interoperability protocols like zkBridge, Proof Cloud incorporates a proprietary combination of algorithms that enhance different aspects of ZKP capabilities. For those interested in a deep dive, detailed papers and technical documentation are available onhttps://polyhedra.network



Google Cloud Integration

Google Cloud’s advanced technologies are integral to Proof Cloud’s success. Notable components include:

Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE):A powerful cluster manager for efficient container orchestration.

Vertex AI:A unified platform for developing and using generative AI.

Hyperdisk:The latest generation of network block storage.

Google’s Blockchain Node Engine:Fully managed node hosting for blockchain development.

These tools enhance Proof Cloud’s efficiency, scalability, and reliability.



Expander: The Power Behind Proof Cloud

One of the standout features of Proof Cloud is its support for various zero-knowledge proof systems, including our proprietary Expander system. As highlighted in our demo, users can choose between different prover options, with Expander offering significant performance improvements. Expander is designed to optimize proof generation times and reduce computational costs, making zero-knowledge proofs more efficient and cost-effective. In the future, Proof Cloud aims to support a broad range of proof systems, ensuring developers have access to the latest advancements in the field.



Autoscaling and Shared Resources

Proof Cloud benefits immensely from Google Cloud’s robust infrastructure, particularly its autoscaling capabilities. Zero-knowledge proofs can experience highly variable demand, making autoscaling a crucial feature. Google Cloud’s autoscaling ensures that Proof Cloud can handle fluctuations in proof generation needs without performance loss. This seamless scaling is particularly beneficial for applications with unpredictable workloads.

Additionally, Proof Cloud leverages shared resources to manage high-demand workloads efficiently. By pooling computational resources, Proof Cloud can absorb spikes in demand, passing on these efficiency gains to developers. This approach not only optimizes resource utilization but also helps keep costs manageable.



Data Security with Google Cloud

Security and privacy are paramount when dealing with sensitive data, and Proof Cloud upholds these principles rigorously. By building on Google Cloud’s infrastructure, Polyhedra Network ensures that Proof Cloud users’ data remains confidential and secure. Polyhedra itself does not have access to the proofs or any sensitive information processed through Proof Cloud. This design leverages Google Cloud’s extensive experience in managing private data, offering users the same high level of security and privacy.



Exciting Use Cases for Proof Cloud



Web3 Interoperability

In the Web3 environment, Proof Cloud can set new standards for interoperability. By using ZKP to facilitate efficient transactions, it enhances scalability for applications like ZK rollups, which can process higher transaction volumes.



AI and Machine Learning

Proof Cloud offers a revolutionary approach to handling sensitive data. It allows AI models to train on private datasets without exposing the data, which is crucial for applications in sectors like healthcare.



Finance and Payments

In the financial sector, Proof Cloud leverages ZKP to enhance transaction security and integrity. It enables verification of authenticity without disclosing personal details, improving regulatory compliance and fraud prevention.



Education

Proof Cloud also has potential in transforming the education sector. It can be used to verify academic records and qualifications, helping institutions issue and confirm credentials with greater trust.



Gaming and Entertainment

Our involvement in the gaming sector continues with Proof Cloud. The platform’s advantages in privacy and scalability are particularly beneficial for gaming and entertainment applications.



Benchmarking with Proof Arena

Another significant tool we’ve introduced alongside Proof Cloud is Proof Arena, which addresses the complexities of benchmarking zero-knowledge proof systems. Proof Arena provides a transparent and comprehensive benchmarking process, allowing developers to compare proof systems based on a range of metrics beyond just proof generation speed. It ensures that all systems are tested under the same conditions, providing a fair assessment of their performance. This tool helps developers make informed decisions by offering a complete picture of each proof system’s capabilities.



Eligibility and Access

Proof Cloud is designed to be broadly accessible. It is ideal for projects requiring proof capabilities, whether in Web2 or Web3, and for developers interested in exploring ZK technology. To start using Proof Cloud, you’ll need to install Google Cloud CLI and create a storage bucket for prover binaries. More detailed setup instructions areavailable on our Notion site.



Pricing and Availability

Currently, Proof Cloud is available for free during its beta phase, which is expected to last until November or December. After the beta phase, we will offer several pricing plans, including base, standard, and enterprise options, to accommodate different needs and scales. The enterprise plan will offer unlimited provers, CPUs, and RAM, catering to large institutions and enterprises.



Next Steps and Community Engagement

Proof Cloud represents a major leap forward in the accessibility and efficiency of zero-knowledge proofs. By integrating advanced technologies from Google Cloud and offering a flexible, cost-effective solution, Proof Cloud aims to empower developers across various sectors. From improving scalability in Web3 applications to enhancing security in finance and facilitating the adoption of ZKPs in emerging fields like DeFi and NFTs, Proof Cloud is poised to make a significant impact.

We invite you to explore Proof Cloud and see how it can benefit your projects. Whether you’re working on Web3, AI, finance, education, or gaming, Proof Cloud offers a robust platform to meet your needs. Proof Cloud entered its beta phase in July, with full service expected around November. To participate in the beta, you can applyvia our websiteor Google Marketplace. For deployment details and configuration instructions,visit our Notion site. For any additional inquiries, especially for enterprise-level questions, please contact us <PRESIDIO_ANONYMIZED_EMAIL_ADDRESS>.



Tags: Blockchain, Zero Knowledge, zkSnark, Zero Knowledge Proofs

overview
proving the full node of ethereum pos is essential for building zkbridge and any interoperability protocols on ethereum. sync committee is insufficient for these purposes because the crypto-economic security of the sync committee is also far from ideal. any cross-chain infrastructures, oracles, and data processing services relying on the sync committee on ethereum would be insecure. 

polyhedra network has designed and implemented the zkbridge system to prove the full nodes for ethereum pos. zkbridge uses its novel and efficient proof system, devirgo, to prove the full nodes of ethereum pos. the prover time is as fast as 10 seconds for each ethereum block, which may contain more than 32768 bls signatures, on two amd epyc 7763 cpus. gpu acceleration is planned in the near future, which can lower the up-front cost for better decentralization. the proof system is efficient enough to catch up with the block time of ethereum.

the implementation of proving ethereum full nodes in zk will enable fully trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability using zkbridge, to connect ethereum ecosystems both ethereum l1 and l2s with other networks. zkbridge also allows transmission of all the current and historical ethereum data to be accessible by any other blockchain networks and any on-chain or off-chain applications. this will enable any smart contract on any blockchain to trustlessly access ethereum data to make any kind of computing logic on top of it, and the security is all guaranteed by ethereum pos full nodes.

why proving ethereum full consensus
compared to ethereum light clients, the approach of proving ethereum full nodes has much higher security guarantee. ethereum light clients operate on a distinct algorithm, and their security relies entirely on a committee known as the sync committee. however, the sync committee’s size is merely 512, rotating roughly daily i.e., about 27.3 hours. the total staked assets amount to as few as 16384 eth calculated as 512 * 32, a figure quite negligible only 32 million usd eth staked currently in comparison to the daily transactions volume more than 300 million usd on cross-chain bridges connecting ethereum ecosystem with other networks.

another issue is that the sync committee does not always sign the block. e.g., block 17239413 and block 17239414. statistics show that 1.6 percent blocks are not signed by the supermajority of the sync committee, and the issue may happen every 12 minutes on average.

system design for proving ethereum full consensus
in order to rectify these issues, we have decided to get rid of the sync committee and utilize the full pos consensus of the ethereum blockchain, which has been deployed since the merge. this will incorporate more than 20,000 signatures a 40-fold increase from the 512 sync committee within a single block on ethereum mainnet.

to manage the 40-times increase in workload, we have employed our unique proof system — devirgo. this system boasts unrivaled processing capabilities, thanks to its theoretical enhancements and significant engineering advancements. devirgo protocol theoretically eliminates the need for very large fft or msm, making the proof generation linear time to the number of signatures. the protocol has been deployed on zkbridge and supports parallel and distributed computation.

experiments on the proof system with a billion-size circuit revealed a proof generation time of less than 10 seconds, which matches the pace of ethereum block generation, without increasing the proof size or verification time.

efficient proof system for proving ethereum full consensus
to enable fast prover time for proving ethereum full nodes, we use our efficient proof system, devirgo. devirgo is the distributed version of the virgo protocol, and is designed to parallelize the gkr protocol by distributing the computation across multiple machines. with devirgo, zkbridge can support swift and flexible interoperability between different blockchains without relying on external trust assumptions. zkbridge also uses recursive proof to prove that the previously generated proof by devirgo proves the corresponding block headers. the proof recursion reduces the on-chain verification cost to about 220k gas on any evm-compatible blockchain network.

the key insight of devirgo is to explore the nature that the verification of ethereum full consensus can be represented as a data-parallel circuit. suppose there is a data-parallel arithmetic circuit c as well as n machines. the devirgo proof system can divide the data-parallel circuit into n sub-circuits, with each machine computing only one sub-circuit. verification of ethereum full consensus is such a data-parallel circuit, and it can contain more than 30k of identical signature verification algorithms and hashes.

central to devirgo is a technique to distribute the sumcheck. in devirgo, the sumcheck protocol is divided into two phases. in phase 1, each machine processes their own sub-circuit and collectively generates one aggregated proof. the remaining work will be small enough for a single machine, which executes phase 2 that concludes the distributed sumcheck.

performance evaluation
to evaluate the implementation on bls signature aggregation, we measured the running time of the devirgo prover and recursive verifier using two amd epyc 7763 cpus. the result is summarized as follows.

we have deployed the ethereum full-node proof system on zkbridge. zkbridge sets ethereum as the sender chain, and other networks such as bnb chain and avalanche as the receiver chain. the result shows that zkbridge can generate the ethereum full-node proofs and verify the block header on bnb chain and other networks within 12 seconds including the delays of all the components.

we will continue optimizing the implementation. gpu acceleration is planned in the near future, which can lower the up-front cost for better decentralization. nevertheless the current zkbridge proof system is efficient enough to catch up with the block time of ethereum.

concluding remarks
through the implementation of proving the ethereum full nodes, polyhedra network enables fully trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability using zkbridge, to connect ethereum ecosystems both l1 and l2s with other networks.

zkbridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkbridge uses zero-knowledge proofs to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. with zero-knowledge proofs, zkbridge offers both strong security and a significant reduction in on-chain verification cost, without relying on external assumptions.

furthermore, zkbridge also allows transmission of current and historical ethereum data, including the blockheader and transaction data, to be accessible by any other blockchain ecosystems and applications. this will enable any smart contract on any blockchain to trustlessly access ethereum data and compute on top of the ethereum data. all the security will be guaranteed by proving ethereum pos full nodes by using the efficient proof system of zkbridge.


Title: Proving full node of Ethereum in ZK

Article:


Main takeaways

— Proving the full node of Ethereum PoS is essential for building zkBridge and any interoperability protocols on Ethereum. Sync committee is insufficient for these purposes because the crypto-economic security (~only $32 million USD ETH staked currently) of the sync committee is far from ideal. Any cross-chain infrastructures, oracles, and data processing services relying on the sync committee on Ethereum would be insecure.— We have designed and implemented thezkBridgesystem to prove the full nodes for Ethereum PoS (~$40 billion USD total ETH staked currently). All ourzk light clientsonLayerZerofor Ethereum and its rollups (e.g., Arbitrum, Linea, Optimism, zkSync, Mantle) will be equipped with Ethereum full nodes ZK proving. Using our efficient proof system,deVirgo, the prover time is as fast as 10 seconds, which is enough to catch up with the block time of Ethereum.— The implementation of proving Ethereum full nodes in ZK will enable fully trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability for Ethereum and its rollups. Our system also allows transmission of all the current and historical Ethereum data to be accessible by any layer-1 and layer-2 networks (e.g., BNB smart chain and opBNB) and any applications. This enables smart contracts to trustlessly access Ethereum data to make all kinds of computing logic, and the security is guaranteed by Ethereum PoS full nodes.



Proving full nodes for Ethereum PoS is essential for security

Compared to Ethereum light clients, the approach of proving Ethereum full nodes has much higher security guarantee. Ethereum light clients operate on a distinct algorithm, and their security relies entirely on a committee known as the “sync committee.” However, the sync committee’s size is merely 512, rotating roughly daily (i.e., about 27.3 hours). The total staked assets amount to as few as 16384 ETH (calculated as 512 * 32), a figure quite negligible (~only 32 million USD ETH staked currently) in comparison to the daily transactions volume (more than 300 million USD) on cross-chain bridges connecting Ethereum ecosystem with other networks.

Another issue is that the sync committee does not always sign the block. (e.g., block17239413and block17239414). Statistics show that 1.6% blocks are not signed by the supermajority of the sync committee, and the issue may happen every 12 minutes on average.



System overview for proving Ethereum full nodes

In order to rectify these issues, we have decided to get rid of the sync committee and utilize the full PoS consensus of the Ethereum blockchain, which has been deployed since the merge. This will incorporate more than 20,000 signatures (a 40-fold increase from the 512 sync committee) within a single block on Ethereum mainnet.

To manage the 40-times increase in workload, we have employed our unique proof system —deVirgo. This system boasts unrivaled processing capabilities, thanks to its theoretical enhancements and significant engineering advancements. deVirgo protocol theoretically eliminates the need for very large FFT or MSM, making the proof generation linear time to the number of signatures. The protocol has been deployed on zkBridge and supports parallel and distributed computation.

Experiments on the proof system with a billion-size circuit revealed a proof generation time of less than 10 seconds, which matches the pace of Ethereum block generation, without increasing the proof size or verification time.



Efficient proof system for proving Ethereum full nodes

To enable fast prover time for proving Ethereum full nodes, we use our efficient proof system, deVirgo. deVirgo is the distributed version of theVirgoprotocol, and is designed to parallelize the GKR protocol by distributing the computation across multiple machines. With deVirgo, zkBridge can support swift and flexible interoperability between different blockchains without relying on external trust assumptions. zkBridge also uses recursive proof to prove that the previously generated proof by deVirgo proves the corresponding block headers. The proof recursion reduces the on-chain verification cost to about 220K gas on any EVM-compatible blockchain network.

The key insight of deVirgo is to explore the nature that the verification of Ethereum full consensus can be represented as a data-parallel circuit. Suppose there is a data-parallel arithmetic circuit 𝐶 as well as N machines. The deVirgo proof system can divide the data-parallel circuit into N sub-circuits, with each machine computing only one sub-circuit. Verification of Ethereum full consensus is such a data-parallel circuit, and it can contain more than 30k of identical signature verification algorithms and hashes.

Central to deVirgo is a technique to distribute the sumcheck. In deVirgo, the sumcheck protocol is divided into two phases. In Phase 1, each machine processes their own sub-circuit and collectively generates one aggregated proof. The remaining work will be small enough for a single machine, which executes Phase 2 that concludes the distributed sumcheck.



Performance evaluation for proving Ethereum full nodes

To evaluate the implementation on BLS signature aggregation, we measured the running time of the deVirgo prover and recursive verifier using two AMD EPYC™ 7763 CPUs. The result is summarized as follows:

We have deployed the Ethereum full-node proof system on zkBridge. zkBridge sets Ethereum as the sender chain, and other networks such as BNB Chain and Avalanche as the receiver chain. The result shows that zkBridge can generate the Ethereum full-node proofs and verify the block header on BNB Chain and other networks within 12 seconds including the delays of all the components.

We will continue optimizing the implementation. GPU acceleration is planned in the near future, which can lower the up-front cost for better decentralization. Nevertheless the current zkBridge proof system is efficient enough to catch up with the block time of Ethereum.



Concluding remarks

Through the implementation of proving the Ethereum full nodes, We enable fully trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability using zkBridge, to connect Ethereum ecosystems (both L1 and L2s) with other networks. Furthermore, all our zk light clients on LayerZero for Ethereum and its rollups (e.g., Arbitrum, Linea, Optimism, zkSync, Mantle) will be equipped with Ethereum full nodes ZK proving. This brings the security of the full Ethereum stake (~$40 billion USD) into the zk light client on LayerZero.

The Ethereum full-node proof system also allows state transition of current and historical Ethereum data, including block header and transaction data, to be accessible by any networks and applications. This will enable smart contracts on any blockchain to trustlessly access Ethereum data and process all kinds of computing logics. All the security is guaranteed by proving Ethereum PoS full nodes in ZK.



Tags: ZKP, Ethereum, Web3, zkBridge, Polyhedra Network

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Title: Reduce Gas Cost by Batch Proof

Article:


Introduction

zkBridgeintroduces an exceptionally secure architecture designed to facilitate the uninterrupted transmission of messages and the seamless bridging of assets across various Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. This avant-garde framework ensures that state transitions initiated on the source chain are meticulously authenticated on the destination chain, employing a trustless approach. This strategic move obviates reliance on the security measures of third-party intermediaries.

A cornerstone of zkBridge’s operational prowess isdeVirgo, a trailblazing mechanism revered for its unparalleled speed in generating zero-knowledge proofs. By harnessing the capabilities of parallel computing, deVirgo significantly accelerates the creation of block header proofs. This swift functionality is crucial, synchronizing the rhythm of proof generation with that of block production, which in turn bolsters the dependability and efficiency of transactions traversing chains.

Despite these advancements, challenges persist, particularly regarding the optimization of batch proofs to reduce the on-chain gas costs. Each instance of proof verification conducted on-chain incurs gas costs, an aspect that necessitates continual refinement. Addressing this, we introduce an evolved scheme dedicated to the refinement of batch proofing. This novel strategy ingeniously consolidates multiple proofs, thereby simplifying the verification process. Consequently, this method not only substantially diminishes gas expenditures but also fortifies the economic rationale of cross-chain engagements.



Batch proof

We have pioneered a sophisticated system that utilizes batch proofing to significantly decrease gas consumption on the blockchain. At the heart of this innovation is a method of batch proofing, where we consolidate multiple individual claims into a singular entity, thereby streamlining the proof size. This condensed proof is then registered on-chain, resulting in a verification cost that is markedly lower than the cumulative cost of verifying each claim independently.

In detail, our process involves encoding each claim within a distinct arithmetic circuit. There are instances where certain circuits are duplicated, yet our proof generator skillfully integrates all these circuits, treating them as a unified, larger circuit. To expedite the proof generation time associated with data-parallel circuits, we employ the cutting-edge deVirgo proof system, leveraging its parallel computing prowess. Impressively, the time required for proof generation equates to that of producing a proof for any arbitrary sub-circuit claim, meaning our method introduces no additional overhead during proof generation.

Furthermore, we enhance efficiency by implementing recursive proofing techniques to minimize both the proof size and subsequent gas costs. This strategy entails an additional application of the zero-knowledge proof system to pare down the final-round proof — a tactic that has gained considerable traction in numerous contemporary real-world applications. Through these innovations, our system not only achieves substantial gas savings but also pioneers advancements in the practical application of blockchain technology, such as zkBridge.



Tags: Polyhedra Network, zkBridge

Title: Releasing Greenfield zkMessenger with cross-chain data availability and interoperability powered by

Article:
Polyhedra Network is delighted to announce the first application ofzkBridgeonBNB Greenfield, Greenfield zkMessenger, integrating zkBridge Messenger with BNB Greenfield. WithGreenfield zkMessenger, you can send long messages between multiple blockchain networks with attachments, just as easily and conveniently as you use email services in the Internet world. Our protocol ensures the security of your data by using the data availability provided by BNB Greenfield, storing your data safely in the BNB Greenfield decentralized storage network, and enabling cross-chain data availability with our zkBridge protocol for large-scale data in Web3. By incorporating the advanced technologies of zkBridge and BNB Greenfield, we have achieved interoperability and data availability across multiple blockchain networks, opening up new design spaces for Web3 innovation.

Cross-chain data availability is a crucial topic for the future of blockchain and Web3 technology. It enables seamless data interoperability across different blockchain networks, enabling a more connected and efficient Web3 ecosystem. By ensuring that data is consistently accessible across multiple blockchain networks, users can benefit from enhanced security, faster transactions, and reduced costs. This promotes innovation in Web3 applications and encourages the adoption of blockchain technology. In essence, cross-chain data availability lays the foundation for a more decentralized, transparent, and inclusive digital future in the Web3 world.

Greenfield zkMessenger is a groundbreaking cross-chain messaging platform designed to facilitate seamless communication within the dynamic Web3 ecosystem. By harnessing the strengths of zkBridge for trustless and efficient cross-chain interoperability and BNB Greenfield for decentralized data ownership and data economy, Greenfield zkMessenger delivers a secure, efficient, and user-friendly messaging experience across various blockchain networks.

We summarize the key features of Greenfield zkMessenger as follows:

Customizable Cross-Chain Messaging on zkBridge:Greenfield zkMessenger allows users to choose both the sender and receiver chains, enabling communication between different blockchain networks. This cross-chain functionality enhances accessibility and collaboration among diverse blockchain communities, promoting the expansion and adoption of Web3 technologies.

Decentralized Data Storage on BNB Greenfield:Message content is securely stored on the BNB Greenfield, providing a decentralized data storage solution that ensures data privacy, security, and ownership.

Flexible Recipient Addressing:Users can easily customize the recipient’s EVM address, ensuring messages are delivered to the intended recipient on the chosen blockchain network. This feature streamlines communication and provides greater control over message routing.

Rich Text Messenger:Greenfield zkMessenger implements a built-in rich text editor allowing users to compose and send messages with various formatting options. This feature enhances communication by enabling users to express themselves more effectively and share rich media within their messages.

Intuitive Interface and Organization:Greenfield zkMessenger features a user-friendly interface with dedicated “Sent” and “Inbox” tabs for easy message management. Users can effortlessly navigate the platform, view sent messages, and access their inbox, regardless of their technical expertise or familiarity with blockchain technology.

Web3 Integration:As a native Web3 application, Greenfield zkMessenger seamlessly integrates with decentralized applications and smart contracts. This compatibility enables users to harness the full potential of the Web3 ecosystem, unlocking new opportunities for communication, collaboration, and value exchange.

Greenfield zkMessenger is an indispensable tool for individuals, businesses, and developers navigating the rapidly evolving Web3 landscape. By providing secure, customizable cross-chain communication and decentralized data storage powered by BNB Greenfield and zkBridge, Greenfield zkMessenger is set to transform the way we interact within the blockchain ecosystem. Experience the future of communication with Greenfield zkMessenger today!



Tags: Bnb Greenfield, zkBridge, Cross Chain Bridge, Zero Knowledge Proofs

Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofs
zkPyTorch: A Hierarchical Optimized Compiler for Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning
zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical
HyperPlonk: Plonk with Linear-Time Prover and High-Degree Custom Gates
Poseidon2: A Faster Version of the Poseidon Hash Function
Hadamard Product Argument from Lagrange-Based Univariate Polynomials
Doubly Efficient Interactive Proofs for General Arithmetic Circuits with Linear Prover
Ceno: Non-uniform, Segment and Parallel Zero-knowledge Virtual Machine
zkCNN: Zero Knowledge Proofs for Convolutional Neural Network Predictions and Accuracy
VERI-ZEXE: Decentralized Private Computation with Universal Setup
Marlin: Preprocessing zkSNARKs with Universal and Updatable SRS
Gemini: Elastic SNARKs for Diverse Environments
Polyhedra Research
Zero-knowledge, Infinite innovation
Resources to learn about Polyhedra Network - recent updates, research, videos, and whitepapers

Zero-Knowledge Proof

Scalability is one of the key issues hindering the deployment of blockchains in many applications. ZKPs have been proposed and adopted by many projects trying to solve these problems but often proof generation is a bottleneck solved by deploying powerful machines with TBs of memory.

MissileProof

MissileProof is a succinct range proof for vectors that achieves constant proof size and verification time. Polyhedra can leverage MissileProof for efficient anonymous payments and asset auditing. The core components of MissileProof are a novel sumcheck and zerocheck for bivariate polynomials, resulting in a proof size of less than 1KB.

Virgo

Virgo presents a powerful zero-knowledge argument scheme for layered arithmetic circuits without trusted setup based on Libra. It enjoys a fast prover as well as competitive proof size and fast verification time. Experiments show that it only takes 53 seconds to generate a proof for a circuit computing a Merkle tree with 256 leaves, at least an order of magnitude faster than all other succinct zero-knowledge argument schemes.

Virgo++

Virgo++ generalizes the interactive proof of GKR protocol for layered circuits to arbitrary circuits, while preserving the optimal prover complexity that is strictly linear to the size of the circuits. Not only does our new protocol achieve optimal prover complexity asymptotically, but it is also efficient in practice. Our experiments show that it only takes less than one second to generate the proof for a circuit with more than a million gates, which is 13 times faster than the original interactive proof protocol on the corresponding layered circuit.

Orion

Orion is the latest proof system that utilizes the most recent advancements in the area. The system significantly reduces the proof generation time with practical proof size and verification time. The system is best suited for off-chain applications and zkEVMs.

Libra

Libra is a high-performance proof system that achieves high speed by directly making an algorithm breakthrough without doing any trade-off. The system has been implemented, modified, and optimized in our company’s core codebase. Our experiments show that the new implementation beats other proof systems by an order of magnitude.

Gemini

Gemini, a hardware-friendly zero-knowledge proof system, will help Polyhedra accelerate proof generation by leveraging specialized hardware. The Gemini prover has multiple configurations with different time and memory tradeoffs, which can be selected depending on the execution environment and the proved statement. The output proof is independent of the chosen configuration. In a space-efficient configuration, the Gemini prover uses a logarithmic amount of memory, enabling super-fast hardware with limited memory.

Marlin

Marlin, a zero-knowledge proof system with constant verifications, will help Polyhedra reduce the proof size and on-chain verification costs. Marlin exploits a novel use of holography, where fast verification is achieved provided the statement being checked is given in encoded form. The result arguments have constant size and can be verified within several milliseconds.

Pianist

Pianist utilizes the power of distributed computing, it can combine hundreds of machines’ computation power into a unified proof generation machine. It offers unlimited horizontal scalability and perfect parallelism. We combined the technology in this system with Libra to get the best of both worlds.

Interoperability & Other Applications

With thousands of new blockchains being created every year, it is more important than ever for application developers to have access to secure, efficient, trust-minimized solutions for sending accurate data between blockchains. We have done extensive research on how to increase security and efficiency of cross-chain interactions without the introduction of additional trust assumptions.

zkBridge

zkBridge is a fully trustless, efficient, and secure foundation for Web3 interoperability. Join our ecosystem for the future of Web3 empowered by zkBridge.

Ghostor

Ghostor is an anonymous, decentralized data-sharing system. Ghostor serves as the data availability layer for Polyhedra, which hides user identities from the server and allows users to detect server-side integrity violations.

Merkle^2

Merkle^2 is a low-latency transparency log system that helps Polyhedra achieve efficient certificate and identity management. Merkle^2 leverages a new multi-dimensional, authenticated data structure that nests two types of Merkle trees. As a result, both monitoring and lookup can be achieved within polylogarithmic time.

Verifiable Secret Sharing

This paper focuses on verifiable secret sharing. Interestingly, we found that the same technique can be applied to various applications, such as proof of reserve, dankSharding.


REXistentialism


A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual AI cat as a verifiable and responsible agent determining its own development through acts of the will.

Meme your belief into existence and share in a 2000 USDT prize pool.

Your memes can shape reality. Welcome to REXistentialism. 

Your Challenge: create a meme that brings REX to life.
We want to see your memetic imagination unleash your creative energy.

REX is Polyhedra’s mascot, but who is REX, really? That’s for you to explore and express.

Does REX always appear as a floating head, or does he have a full body? If so, what does that body look like?
What kind of world does REX exist in?
How does he interact with Polyhedra, and onchain culture?
Your mission: Create a meme that brings REX to life. Classic meme formats, GIFs, 3D graphics, animations. Whether he’s a floating head, a full-bodied AI cat, or something entirely unexpected, we want to see your best work.

Prizes – 2,000 USDT
Main Competition (1,500 USDT) – 40 Winners
1st Place: 150 USDT
2nd-4th Place: 100 USDT each (300 USDT total)
5th-10th Place: 50 USDT each (300 USDT total)
Next 30 Winners: 25 USDT each (750 USDT total)
Galxe Social Task Campaign (500 USDT)
50 lucky participants will be randomly selected to win 10 USDT each.
Just complete the required social tasks and enter the raffle:
a) Retweet the official contest post
b) Follow Polyhedra’s X, Telegram, and Discord
Join the Galaxe campaign here.
How to Participate
Create your REX-themed meme, GIF, 2D/3D artwork, or static image using:
a) REX’s image and
b) Polyhedra’s official logo.
Post it on X by quote-tweeting the official contest announcement and using the hashtag #REXistentialism
Fill out the official submission form (to confirm participation).
Follow @PolyhedraZK on X.
Add your EVM wallet address (for prize distribution).
Judging Criteria
70% Creativity & Theme Alignment (judged by the Polyhedra team)
30% Organic Engagement (likes, retweets, replies – no fake engagement)
Timeline
Campaign Starts: March 7, 2025
Submission Deadline: March 14, 2025 (23:59 UTC)
Judging Period: March 15 - 18, 2025
Winners Announced: March 19, 2025
Rules & Guidelines
Original Work Only – No plagiarism. Stolen content = automatic disqualification.
No AI-Generated Submissions – This challenge is all about human creativity.
Keep It Clean – No NSFW content, hate speech, or anything against community guidelines.
One Prize Per Person – You can submit multiple designs, but only one can win.
Real Accounts Only – No bots, no fake engagement. Accounts must be real and active.
Ready to bring REX to life? Show us what you got. #REXistentialism

Tags: Giveaway, Community Campaign
Before 2025 (Ancient Era)  
1. Expander - High | Researched  
2. Circuit Compiler - High | Researched  
3. EXPchain Testnet - High | Researched  
4. zkBridge - High | Researched  
5. Virgo++ - Medium | Developing  
6. Optimized Verifier - Small | Developing  
7. zkCuda - High | Developing  
8. On-Chain App - High | Developing  
9. ExPoS - High | Funding  

2025 Q1 (Expansion Era)  
10. zkPyTorch - High | Developing  
11. Proof of Intelligence (PoI) - Medium | Developing  
12. Scale Developer Ecosystem - Medium | Developing  

2025 Q2 (Enhancement Era)  
13. GPU Expander - High | Developing  
14. Log Space Uniform Verifier - Medium | Pending  
15. Data Market - High | Pending  
16. zkML Showcase App - Medium | Pending  
17. Proof of Consensus for Ethereum full consensus - High | Developing  

2025 Q3 (Innovation Era)  
18. Multi-GPU Multi-Machine Expander - Medium | Pending  
19. ZK-Friendly Quantization - High | Developing  
20. Scale Developer Ecosystem 2 - Medium | Pending  
21. Single Slot Finality (SSF) for EXPchain - High | Pending  
22. zkBridge SSF Support - Medium | Pending  

2025 Q4 - 2026 Q1 (Future Era)  
23. Larger Model Integration - Medium | Pending  
24. Full Decentralization of EXPchain - High | Pending
Title: Scaling Trust in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Article:
First Practical Zero-Knowledge Proof System to Verify Transformer and Large Language Models

Trust plays a crucial role in our everyday lives, shaping our interactions in ways we often take for granted. Imagine unlocking your phone with facial recognition, applying for a loan through an AI system, or receiving an AI-powered medical diagnosis. How can you be sure these AI systems are treating you fairly and protecting your privacy? As artificial intelligence increasingly shapes our daily lives, we face a critical challenge: building trust in AI systems while protecting sensitive information on all sides.

Consider a hospital using an AI system for cancer diagnosis. The hospital needs proof the AI performs consistently and accurately, but the AI provider can’t share proprietary model details. Meanwhile, patient privacy must be protected. Or picture an autonomous vehicle accident — how do we definitively determine whether the AI or human driver was at fault? Traditional approaches to AI transparency fall short in these scenarios, as they typically require exposing sensitive details that could compromise security, privacy, or intellectual property.

Zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) offers a breakthrough solution to these real-world challenges. Several years ago, we first introduced the notion of zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) in our seminal work “Zero Knowledge Proofs for Decision Tree Predictions and Accuracy” [1], which demonstrated how to construct zero-knowledge proofs for both predictions and accuracy of decision tree models. This innovative technology enables mathematical verification of AI systems while keeping sensitive information private. For example, a bank can prove its loan approval AI treats all applicants fairly without revealing its proprietary algorithms. Healthcare providers can verify AI diagnostic results while protecting both patient data and model details. And in the future, zkML could provide definitive proof of decision-making processes in accidents involving AI systems, clearly establishing responsibility between human and AI agents.

The applications of zkML extend across industries. Financial institutions can demonstrate regulatory compliance of AI trading systems without exposing strategic advantages. Employers can prove their AI recruitment tools are unbiased while protecting candidate data. Smart home devices can verify they protect user privacy while delivering personalized services. Government agencies can audit AI systems for fairness and safety without compromising security.

However, implementing zkML in practice faces significant challenges. Current systems require substantial computational resources, making real-time verification difficult for complex AI models. Integration with existing AI development workflows remains cumbersome, requiring specialized expertise. While research has shown zkML’s potential with various AI architectures — from decision trees to large language models — creating practical, user-friendly tools for widespread adoption remains a work in progress.

The performance of our zkML technology represents a significant leap forward in the field of secure machine learning. By achieving a performance improvement offour orders of magnitudeover previous approaches, we have drastically reduced the time and computational resources required for proof generation. This enhancement is exemplified by Expander’s ability to generate proofs for theLlama-3 model with 8 billion parametersin just minutes using a high-performance CPU. Such efficiency was previously unattainable and sets a new benchmark for what’s possible in zkML applications.

Moreover, this advancement marks thefirst time zkML has been successfully scaled to accommodate modern transformers of this size. Scaling zkML to work with large-scale, state-of-the-art models like Llama-3 not only demonstrates the robustness of our technology but also its applicability to real-world, high-performance machine learning tasks. This breakthrough enables secure and efficient deployment of complex models, ensuring that robust fraud prevention mechanisms can be implemented without sacrificing system performance or scalability.

Besides groundbreaking performance, Polyhedra has also developed zkPyTorch, a revolutionary compiler framework for zero-knowledge machine learning that seamlessly integrates with PyTorch. This groundbreaking system represents more than just a toolchain — it’s the first comprehensive compiler framework that enables direct translation of standard PyTorch models into zero-knowledge circuits. zkPyTorch dramatically simplifies zkML implementation through automated optimization and compilation, enhancing AI model security and privacy while ensuring compliance with standards. It sets a new benchmark for secure AI deployment in real-world applications and fundamentally transforms how developers can build verifiable AI systems.

As AI systems become more prevalent and sophisticated, the ability to verify their behavior while protecting sensitive information becomes increasingly crucial. zkML provides a mathematical foundation for building trustworthy AI systems that respect privacy, ensure consistency, and enable clear accountability.

Addressing these challenges requires more than just research — it demands a team capable of turning theory into practical solutions. At Polyhedra Network, we combine expertise in zero-knowledge proofs and AI with hands-on engineering experience to bridge this gap. Our work is carried out in close collaboration with researchers from the Berkeley Center for Responsible, Decentralized Intelligence (RDI), building on a shared legacy of innovation in ZK technology and decentralized systems.

Our work, such as verifying large language models like Llama-3 8B, showcases our ability to handle complex AI architectures and advance zkML technology. With a focus on usability and scalability, we develop solutions that bridge the gap between research and real-world applications. By integrating zkML into frameworks like PyTorch, we aim to make this technology accessible and practical for a wide range of industries.

zkML leverages zero-knowledge proofs to enable verification of ML computations while preserving the privacy of models, input data, or both. Through this technique, one party can prove to another that they correctly conduct inference on a given model and a given input without revealing any sensitive information — whether that’s model parameters, input data, or intermediate computations.

Since our pioneering work [1], zkML has emerged as a fundamental approach for privacy-preserving machine learning applications, particularly in scenarios where both privacy and verifiability are essential requirements. A key functionality that zkML enables isnon-interactive verification of inference— a service provider can generate a zero-knowledge proof demonstrating that a given output was legitimately produced by running the specified model on the input, whether it’s a decision tree, neural network, or other ML architecture.

Beyond verifiable inference, zkML’s capabilities extend to:

AI Model Audit: Verifying a model’s performance on a specified test set through zkML, ensuring accuracy and compliance without revealing sensitive model or data details. This can be particularly useful for AI safety.

Training Data Origin Verification: Tracing and proving the lineage and authenticity of training data

Authenticated Data Labeling: Verifying the integrity of data labeling processes

Training Process Verification: Ensuring model training adheres to specified protocols and requirements.

This comprehensive approach to verification addresses the full lifecycle of machine learning systems, from data preparation through model deployment and inference, establishing zkML as a cornerstone technology for trustworthy AI systems.

The past four years have witnessed remarkable advancements in zkML technologies since our groundbreaking work in zkDT [1]. The field has expanded significantly, with subsequent innovations including zkCNN [2, 3, 12] and zkLLM [11], which extended zero-knowledge proof systems to neural networks and large language models respectively. Our pioneering contributions didn’t stop at theoretical foundations — we developed new, advanced distributed proving systems in [4,5,6,7] that have pushed the boundaries of what’s possible in zkML.

On the practical front, we’ve seen encouraging adoption of these ideas in real-world applications. Notable implementations include zero-knowledge proofs for nanoGPT (developed by the EZKL team [8]) and GPT-2 (developed by Modulus Labs [9]). These projects demonstrate the practical viability of zkML concepts, while also highlighting key challenges in the field.

However, significant challenges remain that our ongoing work aims to address:

Performance Limitations: Current proving systems like Halo2, when applied to models such as nanoGPT and GPT-2, achieve onlysub-hundredparameters per second even on high-performance servers. This falls significantly short of practical requirements for real-world applications, where modern ML models contain billions of parameters. This performance gap represents a critical barrier to deploying zkML solutions at scale.

Developer Accessibility: The current ecosystem requires developers to write customized circuits for ML models, demanding expertise in both cryptography and specialized programming languages. This steep learning curve presents a significant barrier to widespread adoption.

These challenges underscore the importance of our continued work in advancing zkML technologies, particularly in developing more efficient proving systems and creating more developer-friendly tools and frameworks.

We developed Expander, the world’s fastest ZK prover, implementing the next generation GKR protocol. With Expander we achieved an unprecedented 2.16 million Poseidon hashes per second on an AMD Ryzen 7950X3D and scales up to 16M hashes per second on 256-core server hardware [13]. This represents a transformative advancement for zkML implementations.

The performance breakthroughs are remarkable: we can prove VGG-16 with 15.2 million parameters in around 2 seconds on a single core CPU. We can also prove Llama-3 with 8 Billion parameters in around 2.7 hours on a single core CPU. Amortized, we can prove 0.8 million parameters per second, that is4 orders of magnitude fasterthan any number previously reported as shown in the table below.

And we didn’t stop here. We recognize that 166 minutes per 65 token inference is still far from ideal for practical applications. We are actively building hardware accelerations for our scheme [10] and developing a distributed prover infrastructure where multiple nodes can collaboratively work on the same proofs [6, 7]. Through these innovations, we are moving steadily toward our goal ofreal-time proving— where proof generation matches inference speed, effectively eliminating latency in the user experience.

In the ZK community, we have observed that developer accessibility remains a major obstacle to widespread adoption. Developers consistently express frustration about the need to learn new languages and understand sophisticated mathematics for zkML development. To address this challenge, we’ve developed a groundbreaking solution: a specialized compiler that works directly with PyTorch, eliminating the traditional barriers to zkML development.

Our compiler bridges the gap between AI and ZK by offeringnative PyTorch support, allowing developers to continue writing standard PyTorch code without learning new ZK-specific programming patterns. This seamlessly integrates with existing ML workflows while providing automated circuit optimization under the hood. The compiler intelligently translates PyTorch operations to ZK circuits and implements built-in optimizations for common ML patterns, ensuring efficient memory and computation layouts.

We implemented several proof system optimizations in our compiler. These focused primarily on faster computation verification for common mathematical operations. For example, we improved the speed of verifying Fast Fourier Transform calculations by reducing the number of required steps. We also made matrix multiplication checks more efficient through improved circuit design. These changes helped make our compiler’s verification process faster while maintaining correctness.

On the AI side, we utilize PyTorch alongside the XLA compiler to perform efficient and commonly used optimizations. Additionally, by leveraging the precomputed inference results, we significantly accelerate the verification process by treating the inference result as a prefill to the model. We also rely on the latest quantization result, which can significantly reduce the number of FP32 multiplication operations.

The end-to-end pipeline handles everything from automatic circuit generation to integration with our Expander proving system, culminating in a streamlined deployment process. This comprehensive approach dramatically reduces development time from months to days for complex models, eliminates the need for ZK expertise, and ensures code maintainability through standard PyTorch practices. Perhaps most importantly, our solution is future-proof — as ML models evolve, developers can easily update their implementations without learning new ZK-specific techniques.

While our current achievements with Expander and zkPyTorch represent significant breakthroughs in zkML, we see several promising directions for further optimization and enhancement:

Smaller Finite Field ImplementationOur current implementation uses BN254 curve, but migration to Mersenne-31 fields could potentially yield up to a 10x performance boost by reducing computational overhead in finite field operations.

Multi-Machine Multi-GPU SupportWe are developing support for distributed computing environments leveraging multiple machines and GPUs, enabling parallel proof generation and efficient workload distribution for large-scale models.

Extended Output Sequence LengthWhile currently optimized for single-token output verification, we are developing optimizations to support efficient verification of longer output sequences, reducing per-token proving overhead and enabling practical applications requiring extended output generation.

ZK-Friendly Quantization TechniquesWe are researching quantization methods specifically optimized for zero-knowledge proofs, focusing on minimizing arithmetic complexity in finite fields while maintaining model accuracy.

Better compiler optimizationOur compiler pipeline can be further optimized, potentially reducing both circuit size and proving time.

These improvements will work synergistically with our existing optimizations to further reduce proving time and increase throughput. Our commitment to advancing zkML technology remains steadfast, and we welcome collaboration from the community as we work towards these

zkML applications span both Web2 and Web3 environments, each with distinct value propositions. In Web2 settings, zkML serves as a premiumverification layer for model providers, enabling two crucial trust guarantees. First, it provides proof to users that the correct model is being applied to the correct data, acting as a safeguard against both malicious service providers and potential model misbehavior. Second, as established in our zkDT paper [1], it offers a rigorous method to verify model accuracy by enabling providers to generate proofs of correct inference across large sets of input data. Together, these capabilities create a compelling value proposition that providers can offer as a premium service.

In Web3 environments, zkML serves a dual purpose of ensuring verifiability and privacy. On the verifiability front, we’ve pioneered the concept ofOpportunistic zkML Proofs, implementing a challenge-based verification system where proofs are generated only when service providers are challenged. This approach offers numerous advantages: it reduces computational overhead during normal operation, creates strong fraud deterrence through economic incentives, lowers transaction costs when unchallenged, and enables better throughput for applications where immediate verification isn’t critical. The system provides flexible security, allowing applications to balance performance and security based on their specific needs.

Privacy protectionis important in systems that need to handle sensitive information.zkML makes it possible to keep data, models, and computations private while still allowing others to verify results. This ensures that both confidentiality and trust can be maintained across various applications.

In both worlds, our solution is designed withregulatory complianceas a primary consideration, implementing privacy as an opt-in feature. We’ve developed regulatory-first privacy controls that can be enabled based on specific requirements, with configurable settings to meet different regional and national regulations. The platform maintains a transparent mode by default when privacy features aren’t required, while providing clear tracking of privacy settings for regulatory reporting and audits. This flexible approach supports diverse use cases across sectors: from full transparency for public sector applications to HIPAA-compliant controls for healthcare, specialized settings for financial services, and configurable options for cross-border operations requiring compliance with multiple jurisdictional requirements.

As we continue to develop zkML techniques alongside our Expander system, we’re committed to making AI systems more transparent, verifiable, and trustworthy, while respecting regulatory requirements and privacy needs. The zkML technology opens new possibilities for:

Secure AI Model Deployment

Verifiable Training Processes

Configurable Privacy Controls

Decentralized AI Ecosystems

Novel AI Applications and Services

We envision our solution as a foundational platform that will enable the next generation of verifiable AI applications. The examples shared here are just the beginning of what’s possible with this technology.

Stay tuned for more updates as we build the future of verifiable AI systems.

References:[1] Zhang, J., Fang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Song, D. (2020). Zero Knowledge Proofs for Decision Tree Predictions and Accuracy. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ‘20).

[2] Feng, B., Qin, L., Zhang, Z., Ding, Y., & Chu, S. (2021). ZEN: An Optimizing Compiler for Verifiable, Zero-Knowledge Neural Network Inferences. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2021/087. Available at:https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/087

[3] Liu, T., Xie, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021). zkCNN: Zero Knowledge Proofs for Convolutional Neural Network Predictions and Accuracy. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2021/673. Available at:https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/673

[4] Xie, T., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Papamanthou, C., & Song, D. (2019). Libra: Succinct Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Optimal Prover Computation. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2019/317. Available at:https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/317

[5] Zhang, J., Xie, T., Zhang, Y., & Song, D. (2019). Transparent Polynomial Delegation and Its Applications to Zero Knowledge Proof. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2019/1482. Available at:https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1482

[6] Liu, T., Xie, T., Zhang, J., Song, D., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofs. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2023/1271. Available at:https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1271

[7] Xie, T., Zhang, J., Cheng, Z., Zhang, F., Zhang, Y., Jia, Y., Boneh, D., & Song, D. (2022). zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ‘22).

[8] Modulus Labs. (2024). Chapter 14: The World’s 1st On-Chain LLM. Medium. Available at:https://medium.com/@ModulusLabs/chapter-14-the-worlds-1st-on-chain-llm-7e389189f85e

[9] EZKL. (2023). Honey I SNARKED the GPT. Available at:https://blog.ezkl.xyz/post/nanogpt/

[10] Polyhedra Network. “Accelerating Ethereum’s Verge: Harnessing GPU Power for Zero-Knowledge Proofs.” GitHub Repository, PolyhedraZK/blogs, 2024.https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/blogs/blob/main/blogs/sumcheck_cuda.md.

[11] Sun, H., Li, J., & Zhang, H. (2023). “zkLLM: Zero Knowledge Proofs for Large Language Models.”

[12] D. Kang, T. Hashimoto, I. Stoica, and Y. Sun, “Scaling up Trustless DNN Inference with Zero-Knowledge Proofs,” arXiv preprint, Oct. 2022. [Online]. Available: arXiv:2210.08674

[13] Expander performance.https://medium.com/polyhedra-network/expander-still-the-worlds-fastest-zk-prover-6aa5fd428609



Tags: News

Title: Secure and Efficient Interoperability on Arbitrum with zkBridge

Article:
zkBridgepresents a highly secure framework for seamless message transmission and asset bridging across multiple L1 and L2 networks. Utilizing zkBridge, state transitions on the source chain are verified on the destination chain in a trustless manner, eliminating dependence on the security protocols of any third-party intermediaries. This is facilitated by the incorporation of zero-knowledge proofs, ensuring robust security independent of external variables and notably minimizing the costs associated with on-chain verifications. Furthermore, zkBridge operates on a decentralized network dedicated to proof generation, welcoming any node to participate freely. These nodes undertake responsibilities for relaying block headers and proof generation. Upon successful execution, they are entitled to rewards. Integral to zkBridge is its foundational proof generation mechanism,deVirgo. Recognized for its exceptional speed in the realm of zero-knowledge proof systems, deVirgo employs parallel computing to expedite the process of block header proof generation. This efficiency is pivotal, allowing the pace of proof generation to align closely with that of block production, enhancing the overall reliability and performance of cross-chain interoperability.

While optimistic rollups such as Arbitrum provide a high transaction throughput, they represent a formidable challenge to cross-chain interoperability. If we hope zkBridge to maintain the same security assumptions as Arbitrum, then zkBridge should track finalized states from L2-to-L1 withdrawal transactions and L2-to-L1 messages in order to generate the state proofs for L2, and alsoverify the Ethereum full consensus with zkBridgefor the settlement L1 blockchain (i.e., Ethereum) for Arbitrum.

The above approach for building zkBridge from Arbitrum first triggers an L2-to-L1 withdrawal transaction or a L2-to-L1 messaging, and then waits for the fraud proof to finalize (could be as long as 7 days for Arbitrum). zkBridge needs to prove both the consensus of the settlement chain (Ethereum full PoS) and the finalized state for the L2-to-L1 transaction, so that the rollup block written on the settlement chain can be used. While this is secure, it creates a high latency for cross-chain applications.

To address the delay issue in layer-2 bridging with current optimistic rollups to achieve both fast finality and maximum security, we introduce a solution leveraging “auxiliary validation network”.



zkBridge fast finality for Arbitrum powered by deVirgo

We introduce our solution with a decentralized auxiliary validation network for the fast finality of cross-chain transactions from Arbitrum to other networks. The auxiliary validation network forms an external group, attesting to the state of Arbitrum, to achieve security levels comparable to Arbitrum’s fraud proof challenges. By introducing external validators of Arbitrum with decentralized trust, the auxiliary validation network rapidly simulates the fraud-proof process by replaying the transactions of the Arbitrum sequencer, achieving strong security nearly equivalent to the 7-day challenge window. Furthermore, we can incorporate the crypto-economic security from staking and restaking protocols (e.g., EigenLayer) in the future, which helps to achieve stronger security guarantees with both decentralized and economic trust.

While the proposed system architecture may seem straightforward, real-world implementation comes with its technical challenges. One such challenge is determining the optimal size for the auxiliary validation network. A larger committee inherently augments the security framework of rollup bridges. However, increasing the size brings challenges in terms of validation speed and scalability. Furthermore, there’s the significant task of validating a vast number of signatures and generating their proof in a tight time window. The challenge intensifies when dealing with hundreds of signatures, necessitating a high-speed proof system.

This is where our proprietary proof system, deVirgo, stands out. At Polyhedra Network, we have achieved a milestone with deVirgo, validating over 32,000 BLS signatures within 8 seconds, which is deployed for proving Ethereum full PoS consensus. This efficiency allows us to generate proof for all signatures in the auxiliary validation network in just a matter of seconds.

Leveraging this innovative proof system, our fast finality zkBridge on Arbitrum not only benefits from swift finality but also boasts robust security on par with L1 bridges. This combination is optimal for real-world bridge deployments, striking a balance between speed and security. In the future, our solution can be integrated with Arbitrum Stylus to further enable flexibility and compatibility for fast finality.

Beyond, Arbitrum Orbit launches new chains in its ecosystem. Integrating zkBridge and the auxiliary validation network ensures quick finality for these chains and apps, offering Ethereum-like security, superior scalability, rapid validation, and enhanced interoperability.



Integrating zkBridge with Arbitrum

Drawing inspiration from our original zkBridge design, we have deployed the fast finality zkBridge and decentralized auxiliary validation network for both Arbitrum One and Arbitrum Nova. This network is dedicated to validating signatures and then presenting the relevant proof on the destination blockchain. There are two components of building zkBridge for Arbitrum as the sender chain with the proving network:

zkBridge verifies the state proofs from the auxiliary validation network after the Ethereum equivalent finality state on Arbitrum.

zkBridge verifies the Ethereum full PoS consensus for the settlement L1 of Arbitrum.

To further reduce the proof verification cost, we can support the batch proof for multiple batches in Arbitrum, which helps to save the gas cost on the receiver chain for zkBridge proof verification.



Designing multiple proof scheme for Arbitrum

Nevertheless, while developing the zkBridge for optimistic rollups, an innovative multiple proof scheme for Arbitrum and other optimistic rollups came to light. This optimized scheme increases the efficiency, interoperability and scalability while maintaining the security of optimistic rollups. Below is how this newly conceived scheme functions:

Proof Submission: The generator, instead of following traditional routes, directly submits the proof to a smart contract on Layer 1 (L1).

Automated Validation: This L1 smart contract is designed to auto validate the submitted proof. The automated process eliminates manual verifications and associated delays.

Instantaneous Finalization: Once the proof is successfully validated, Layer 1 instantly finalizes the state update on Layer 2 (L2).

This scheme offers transformative advantages when integrating with Arbitrum:

Reduced Finality Time: A notable benefit is the significant reduction in the finality time for current optimistic rollups. The elimination of manual checks and the automation of proof validation processes accelerate transaction finalizations.

Efficiency and Scalability: By automating the proof validation, the scheme paves the way for a more scalable solution, potentially handling a larger number of rollup transactions without compromising on efficiency.



Building zkBridge on Arbitrum Stylus

Arbitrum Stylusis a new design which enables an innovative way to write smart contracts by introducing a second, co-equal virtual machine that is fully interoperable with the EVM. The potential integration of zkBridge with Arbitrum Stylus heralds significant improvements in the realm of smart contracts, particularly in the nuanced area of zero-knowledge proofs. This synergy is poised to simplify the process of smart contract creation, streamlining the authentication of a diverse range of proofs via the innovative mechanisms of zkBridge.

One of the most notable enhancements expected from this fusion is the boost in operational efficiency. Arbitrum Stylus, celebrated for its computational prowess and optimal memory usage, will facilitate a swifter process of on-chain proof validation. This not only improves the speed but also broadens compatibility, accommodating a variety of programming languages and systems, thus extending its reach beyond the conventional confines.

Additionally, the integration aims to cultivate a more user-friendly experience by instituting easy-to-navigate zero-knowledge proof protocols within the Stylus ecosystem. This strategic move is designed to demystify the sophisticated proof systems, making them more accessible to a wider user base and fostering an environment of inclusivity. In terms of security and confidentiality, the collaborative effort is set to break new ground. It will enable the crafting of private contracts, a revolutionary feature that safeguards critical developer information, reinforcing the pillars of privacy in contractual engagements.

Moreover, the convergence of zkBridge’s auxiliary validation network with Stylus is a strategic step towards bolstering the efficacy and security of zkp-based oracles. This enhancement is crucial, given the pivotal role of these oracles in securing decentralized finance transactions among other key applications. All things considered, this integration is set to redefine the landscape of smart contract interactions across multiple facets, namely efficiency, user accessibility, privacy, and the robustness of zk oracles.



Conclusion

zkBridge is a pivotal innovation in addressing the challenges of cross-chain interoperability, particularly within the context of Arbitrum. By adopting this strategy, we can forge a new bridge for Layer 2 optimistic rollups, delivering expedited finality and streamlining inter-blockchain interoperability using zkBridge. Our design offers unparalleled security and high efficiency. The synergy between Arbitrum and zkBridge not only enhances user experiences in cross-chain interactions but also sets the stage for a more integrated and secure digital blockchain future.

By integrating zkBridge into the Arbitrum framework, the combined system addresses several pain points traditionally associated with blockchain interfaces, including transaction speeds, proof validations, and overall system interoperability. The result is a symbiotic digital infrastructure that enhances operational aspects for users and lays the groundwork for advanced, secure, and efficient blockchain ecosystems in the future. This forward-thinking approach sets a new standard for how blockchain networks can collaborate, driving innovation and user-centric solutions in the digital currency space.



Tags: Arbitrum, Ecosystem, zkBridge, Polyhedra Network, News

Here are some frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Polyhedra (ZKJ). 

What is EXPchain?
EXPchain is an EVM Layer 1 developed by the Polyhedra Network. It is a groundbreaking blockchain designed to redefine the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and decentralized technologies. As the foundation of Polyhedra's vision for a trustworthy AI ecosystem, EXPchain integrates advanced zero-knowledge machine learning (zkML) technology and an innovative Proof of Intelligence (PoI) framework. This unique combination ensures that AI applications built on EXPchain are not only scalable and efficient but also privacy-preserving and verifiable.

Where can I find information about EXPchain testnet?
You can learn more about the EXPchain testnet here: https://docs.polyhedra.network/expchain/tutorial

What are zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs)?
Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographic techniques that allow one party to prove to another that they know certain information without revealing the actual data. ZKPs are a fundamental building block of zkBridge, ensuring secure and privacy-preserving cross-chain communication.


What is Expander?
For zero-knowledge applications, the proof system is the cryptographic foundation that ensures the security for the statement being verified. By integrating the GKR protocol with innovative polynomial commitment schemes, Expander operates efficiently on a linear prover time without the excessive computational overhead associated with other proof systems.

Where can I find information about Expander?
You can learn more about the Expander here: https://docs.polyhedra.network/expander/


What is zkBridge?
zkBridge is a protocol that enables secure and efficient cross-chain communication between different blockchain networks. It leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) to ensure privacy and security in cross-chain operations.
Is zkBridge compatible with various blockchain networks?
Yes, zkBridge is designed to be compatible with various blockchain networks such as Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Avalanche, and Fantom, among others. Each network is assigned a unique Chain ID for identification purposes within the zkBridge ecosystem.

How does zkBridge maintain security in cross-chain communication?
zkBridge utilizes zero-knowledge proofs and a block header relay network to maintain the integrity and security of cross-chain communication. The block header relay network generates zkProofs of the sender chain's block headers, which are then verified by the updater contract on the receiver chain.

How does zkBridge help with scalability in blockchain networks?
zkBridge leverages advanced proof systems like deVirgo and paraPlonk to optimize parallelism and minimize communication overhead, resulting in faster proof generation and more efficient cross-chain operations.

Why is it that when I make a transaction (token) on ZKbridge, it sometimes takes a long time to receive the assets?
Sometimes network congestion can also be the reason for delays in receiving your assets, however, you can create a ticket, and we will support you as quickly as possible.

Where can I learn more about the Polyhedra Ecosystem?
You can learn more about the ecosystem on our dedicated website https://www.polyhedra.network/ecosystem

Where can I accurately check the total supply of ZKJ, and the current circulating supply?
You can check here: https://polyhedra.foundation/tokenomics

Where can I check my transactions on zkBridge?
You can check the transactions on zkBridge (at zkBridge Scan) here: https://www.zkbridgescan.com/

How do I maximize weekly rewards in the Stake program (52w)?
The amount of rewards you get is determined by the proportion of the amount of Staking Power in the total amount of Staking Power at the time of the snapshot. The more ZKJ tokens you stake, the longer the staking time, the more Staking Power you will get, resulting in more rewards. Repeated staking will increase your gas costs and extend the unlock time. Please evaluate whether extending the staking duration is beneficial given these factors. More info here: https://polyhedra-network.notion.site/Polyhedra-Network-Staking-Program-V2-44de800e7b934e00b6a9a6c7d3ff3bdc

Which chains or networks support Polyhedra V2 staking?
Currently, Polyhedra V2 staking is available only on Ethereum network. Support for additional networks will be added as development progresses.

Is Polyhedra V2 staking supported on Binance Smart Chain (BSC)?
Currently, Polyhedra V2 staking is not supported on Binance Smart Chain (BSC) at the moment. It is currently available only on Ethereum mainnet, with plans to expand to more networks as development continues.

What rewards are associated with V2 staking?
Staking rewards are updated weekly in the Polyhedra V2 staking article. Each week typically includes a base ZKJ reward, with the possibility of additional tokens from partner collaborations.

Where can I access all Polyhedra NEP votes?
Users can find all Polyhedra NEP votes at this link: https://snapshot.org/#/polyhedragovernance.eth

What is a Polyhedra Network Governance SBT Badge?
The Polyhedra Network Governance SBT Badge is a symbol of participation in community governance. It is a governance proof NFT that ZKJ token holders can earn by engaging in staking activities to gain SP and actively participating in community governance voting. For each proposal voted on, you will receive a corresponding SBT badge.
Where can I view my Polyhedra Network Governance SBT Badges?
Users can view all their eligible SBTs at this link: https://stake.polyhedra.foundation/governance/my_sbt

Where can I buy $ZKJ? Is there a list of supported DEXs and CEXs for purchasing $ZKJ?
$ZKJ can be purchased on various supported DEXs and CEXs (like Coinmarket, metamask, bybit). A complete list of these platforms can be found here:
https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/polyhedra-network/#Markets 
https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/polyhedra-network
Staking ZKJ is simpler than you think — and we’re inviting you to prove it.

We’re calling on the Polyhedra community to show just how easy it is to stake $ZKJ. Whether you're a natural educator, a content creator, or just someone who loves a good walkthrough, now’s your chance to help others get started in a minute.

Break it down. Keep it clear. Make staking approachable for everyone.

How To Stake: Official Guide
It’s easy to stake $ZKJ and claim exciting rewards by following these simple steps: 

Step 1：Access the Staking Platform & Connect Your Wallet

Visit the official staking platform: stake.polyhedra.foundation/dashboard
Connect your preferred wallet (e.g., MetaMask) and ensure you are on the correct network. 
Step 2：Configure Staking Parameters

Select the “Lock” mode
Enter the staking amount and lock-up duration, then click on ‘Approve’ and ‘Lock’
Step 3: View Your Staking Power and Rewards

Once staking is complete, navigate to the Dashboard to check your staking power and accumulated staking rewards
Step 4：Claim Staking Rewards

Reward Distribution: Staking rewards can be claimed once every Thursday
Step 5：Redeem Principal

After the staking period ends, you can redeem your principal at any time directly through the platform interface. 
Start staking now and enjoy up to 159% APY!

Challenge Details
Prizes — 1,000 ZKJ up for grabs

We’re splitting the campaign into two tracks. Enter one, or enter both:

Video Tutorial Challenge (Private Submission – 700 ZKJ)
30 winners

Put your spin on our official How to Stake ZKJ tutorial and help new users get started. Make it creative, make it clear, and make it yours.

What to do:

Retweet our official Campaign Announcement - do not Quote Retweet.
Create your own tutorial video showing how to stake ZKJ - keep it private, do not share this on your own account.
Submit an unlisted video link (Google Drive or Dropbox) via our [Google Entry Form] along with your RT link and details.
Prize Breakdown:

1st Place: 70 ZKJ
2nd–4th Place: 50 ZKJ each
5th–10th Place: 30 ZKJ each
11th–30th Place: 15 ZKJ each
Galxe Social Task Raffle (Public Task – 300 ZKJ)
60 winners

Want a shot at winning without creating a video? Enter our Galxe-powered raffle.

To join:

Complete the campaign tasks on Galxe:
Follow Polyhedra on X, Discord, and Telegram
Retweet the campaign post
You’ll be automatically entered into a raffle to win.
60 lucky participants will win 5 ZKJ each.

Judging Criteria
Video Challenge (80% / 20% weight split):

80% — Tutorial clarity.
20% — Alignment with Polyhedra’s long-term vision.
Timeline
Campaign Starts: April 3
Submission Deadline: April 17 (23:59 UTC)
Judging Period: April 18–23
Winners Announced: April 23
Rules & Guidelines
No public posts of your tutorial video — submit only via the official Typeform.
No public sharing of links — only resharing the official Announcement.
One prize per person — feel free to submit multiple entries, but you can only win once.
Keep it clean — no NSFW, hate speech, or violations of community guidelines.
No fake engagement — bots, bought likes, or suspicious activity will get you disqualified.
Real accounts only.
Ready to prove how simple staking is? Submissions open April 3. Let’s educate, inspire, and build the future together.

Tag/Type: Giveaway, Community Campaign
Title: The First Proof Arena Benchmarks Are Live!

Article:
We are thrilled to announce that the first set of benchmarks inProof Arenais now live! This marks a significant milestone in our journey to revolutionize the world of zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) and empower developers to build more secure and efficient ZK applications.

Proof Arena is an innovative benchmarking platform designed to evaluate and compare different zero-knowledge provers. It provides a structured environment where developers can submit their prover implementations, which are then rigorously tested against a series of predefined problems. Problems are specific computational challenges that applications frequently encounter and utilize zero-knowledge to solve. The platform measures key performance metrics, including setup time, witness generation time, proof generation time, verification time, peak memory usage, and proof size.

The importance of each factor varies based on the application:

Forreal-time applications, proof generation time may be the most critical because processing speed heavily impacts user experience.

Inhigh-throughput systems, verification time could take precedence due to the need for quick verification of numerous proofs.

Forresource-constrained environments, peak memory usage is paramount as developers need to ensure limited resources are being effectively allocated.

Indata-intensive applications, proof size may be the key consideration to ensure scalability.

By offering a transparent and competitive space for prover evaluation, Proof Arena aims to foster collaboration and innovation within the zero-knowledge community. Developers can gain insights into the performance of their solutions, identify areas for improvement, and contribute to the advancement of ZKP technology.

Over the past two months, the response to the release of Proof Arena has been tremendous. Within the web3 space, the teams from Polygon, Linea, and StarkWare have contributed to the platform to ensure that their proof systems, Plonky3, GNARK, and Stwo respectively, are represented fairly and accurately.

In academia, Proof Arena has drawn the attention of some of the foremost experts in zero-knowledge cryptography including Professor Dawn Song, co-Director of the UC Berkeley Center on Responsible Decentralized Intelligence, and Professor Dan Boneh, head of the applied cryptography group at Stanford.

“Proof Arena provides a long-awaited tool to compare different ZK provers on different tasks,” Professor Boneh shared. “Proof Arena updates every time a new prover version is released, and moreover, new provers can be easily added. This keeps the comparison current and up-to-date with the latest developments in the field.”

Results from the First Live Problem

We are excited to share the results from the initial set of problems that were evaluated with Proof Arena. The data collected provides valuable insights into the performance of various provers, showcasing their strengths and weaknesses. Determining the most important factors to consider depends on the specific application and context in which the proof system is being used. Here’s a breakdown of each factor’s significance:

Proof Generation Time: This is crucial in scenarios where real-time performance is essential, such as in blockchain transactions or interactive applications. If the proof generation time is too long, it can lead to delays in processing transactions or responses, negatively impacting user experience.

Verification Time: This is particularly important in systems where many proofs need to be verified quickly, such as in batch processing or when multiple users are interacting with a system simultaneously. Faster verification times can enhance the overall throughput of the system.

Peak Memory: In environments with limited resources, such as IoT devices or mobile applications, peak memory usage can be a critical factor. High memory consumption can lead to performance degradation or even system crashes, making it essential to optimize memory usage.

Proof Size: Smaller proof sizes are beneficial for storage and transmission efficiency, especially in bandwidth-constrained environments. In blockchain applications, smaller proofs can reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored and transmitted, which is vital for scalability.

In general, the performance of these four metrics will take precedence over setup time and witness generation time.

Deep Dive: Keccak256 Hashes

Keccak256 hashes, a member of the SHA-3 family, play a pivotal role in blockchain development due to their robust security and efficiency. As a cryptographic hash function, Keccak256 generates a fixed-size 256-bit output from input data of any length, ensuring that even the slightest change in the input results in a drastically different hash. This property is crucial for maintaining data integrity and authenticity on the blockchain, as it helps prevent tampering and ensures that transactions are securely linked to their corresponding data. Additionally, Keccak256’s resistance to collision and pre-image attacks makes it a reliable choice for various blockchain applications, including smart contracts and zero-knowledge proofs. By leveraging Keccak256, developers can enhance the security of their decentralized applications, ensuring that sensitive information remains protected while still enabling efficient verification processes.

Given the significance of Keccak256 hashes in blockchain development, it is fitting that this is the first problem with performance metrics generated across a wide variety of provers. As you can see from the results below, theExpanderprover is significantly faster in terms of proof generation time and peak memory,Plonky3achieves stellar performance in terms of setup and verification time, andGNARKhas the smallest proof size.

In use cases like bridging assets, where near real-time execution is critical, proof generation time is the primary consideration, which is why we developed Expander while building zkBridge.

The complete results for this problem as well as others can be viewed on theProof Arena website here.

Diving deeper into the data we can see that the range for proof generation time is quite large. Expander leads the pack with about 16,700 proofs per second followed by Plonky3 at 1,368 and then GNARK and Halo2 at 4.5 and less than 1 respectively.

On the other hand, the spread between verification times is smaller. Expander verifies about 928 proofs per second whereas Plonky3 verifies 5,413 proofs per second.

While both proof generation time and verification time are important, there are specific contexts where proof generation time should take precedence, especially given the variance in proof generation performance. Real-time applications, high-volume transaction environments, and resource-constrained systems should seriously consider proof generation time when selecting the best prover for their use case.

The launch of Proof Arena and the results from the first live problems hold significant implications for teams leveraging zero-knowledge technology:

Informed Decision-Making: With access to comprehensive performance data, developers can make informed decisions about which prover to use for their applications. This empowers teams to optimize their solutions based on real-world performance metrics.

Enhanced Collaboration: Proof Arena fosters a collaborative environment where developers can share insights, learn from each other, and collectively advance the state of zero-knowledge proofs. This community-driven approach accelerates innovation and encourages best practices.

Improved User Experience: By selecting the most efficient provers, teams can enhance the user experience of their dApps. Faster verification times and smaller proof sizes lead to quicker transactions and lower costs, ultimately benefiting end-users.

Driving Adoption: As more developers engage with Proof Arena and contribute their solutions, we anticipate a surge in the adoption of zero-knowledge technology across various industries. This will pave the way for more secure, scalable, and private applications, aligning with the core values of the Web3 movement.

We invite all developers and teams interested in zero-knowledge proofs to explore Proof Arena, submit their provers, and participate in this exciting benchmarking initiative. Together, we can push the boundaries of what is possible with zero-knowledge technology and create a more secure and decentralized future.



Tags: Cryptography, Keccak 256, Zero Knowledge Proofs, Expander, Web3, Polyhedra Network

Title: Tutorial: Storing Messages on BNB Greenfield

Article:
Video Tutorial at:https://youtu.be/gvMPsS_4XEI



Introducing Greenfield zkMessenger

Polyhedra Network is delighted to announce the first application ofzkBridgeonBNB Greenfield, Greenfield zkMessenger, integrating zkBridge Messenger with BNB Greenfield. WithGreenfield zkMessenger, you can send messages with any length between multiple blockchain networks with attachments, just as easily and conveniently as you use email services in the Internet world. Our protocol ensures the security of your data by using the data availability provided by BNB Greenfield, storing your data safely in the BNB Greenfield decentralized storage network, and enabling cross-chain data availability with our zkBridge protocol for large-scale data in Web3.

In the first version of Greenfield zkMessenger, we use Greenfield SDK to store the cross-chain message on BNB Greenfield. This tutorial will help you understand how to use the BNB Greenfield SDK to store messages on BNB Greenfield. The Greenfield SDK is implemented in Go and provides several functions for interacting with the Greenfield data availability system.



Cross-Chain Messaging Principles

The concept of cross-chain messaging involves sending information from one blockchain (sender chain) to another (receiver chain). In the context of Greenfield, this is achieved by using the platform as an intermediary data store.

Storing the Message:The first step in this process is storing the message on Greenfield from the sender chain. This is done by creating an object, where the object holds the message data. In our context, the “message” is the data we want to send across chains. This data is stored as an object in a Greenfield bucket.

Sending the Message:Once the message is stored, a cross-chain transaction is initiated from the sender chain. The content of this transaction is the URI of the object stored on Greenfield. This URI acts as a pointer to the location of the stored message.

Retrieving the Message:On the receiver chain, the transaction is received, and the Greenfield URI is extracted. The receiver chain can then use this URI to retrieve the message from Greenfield, thus completing the cross-chain message exchange.

This method allows for the secure and reliable transfer of data across different blockchain networks, leveraging the distributed and resilient nature of Greenfield for data storage. It’s crucial to note that the actual message content is never directly sent across chains; only the URI pointing to the location of the message on Greenfield is transmitted. This approach enables the transfer of large amounts of data, as the size of the cross-chain transaction is independent of the message size.



Tutorial: Storing and Retrieving Messages on Greenfield

In this tutorial, we will explain how to store and retrieve messages on Greenfield. The steps include:

Setting up the client and storage provider

Creating a bucket

Creating and putting an object (message) into the bucket

Retrieving the object (message) from the bucket

Before we dive into these steps, ensure that you have the following packages imported into your Go file:

Copy



1. Setting Up the Client and Storage Provider

Before interacting with Greenfield, you need to set up a client and identify a storage provider. Here’s how:

Copy

In this snippet,privateKeyrefers to the private key of the account you are using,chainIDis the ID of the blockchain, andrpcAddris the RPC address of the Greenfield service. The primary storage provider (primarySP) is selected from the list of available storage providers.



2. Creating a Bucket

Next, you’ll need to create a bucket where your messages (as objects) will be stored:

Copy

Here,bucketNameis the name of the bucket you're creating, andprimarySPis the primary storage provider you've chosen earlier.



3. Creating and Putting an Object (Message) into the Bucket

After creating a bucket, you’ll need to create an object (message) and put it into the bucket:

Copy



4. Retrieving the Object (Message) from the Bucket

Finally, you can retrieve the object (message) from the bucket:

Copy



Tutorial for Greenfield zkMessenger

Based on the above Greenfield SDK implementation, we built our Greenfield zkMessenger, a groundbreaking cross-chain messaging platform designed for the dynamic Web3 ecosystem.

Powered by BNB Greenfield and zkBridge, Greenfield zkMessenger enables seamless communication between multiple blockchain networks with secure and decentralized data storage. The platform boasts a user-friendly interface, customizable cross-chain messaging, rich text messaging capabilities, and native Web3 integration.

Here’s a step-by-step tutorial on how to use the product athttps://www.zkbridge.com/messenger

Connect wallet before using the product

2. Select the sender chain

3. Select the receiver chain and input the recipient address (default to be same as the sender address)

4. Input the cross-chain message and edit using the rich text editor and click on “send a message” to send the message.

5. Review the message being sent.

6. View the past messages in “sent” & “inbox” tab

Bnb GreenfieldPolyhedra Network



Tags: Bnb Greenfield, Polyhedra Network, Web3

Title: Why Polyhedra Network(ZK)

Article:


The Start

In 2019, the co-founders of Polyhedra Network began our research on zero-knowledge proofs and published our first paper titled “Libra: Succinct Zero-Knowledge Proofs with Optimal Prover Computation.”https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/317.pdf

This was the beginning of our journey in ZK.



Our Continued Researches

We continued to innovate by introducing better algorithms to the industry:

“Transparent Polynomial Delegation and Its Applications to Zero Knowledge Proof”https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1482.pdf

“Orion: Zero Knowledge Proof with Linear Prover Time”https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1010.pdf

“zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical.”https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00264

“Pianist: Scalable zkRollups via Fully Distributed Zero-Knowledge Proofs”https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1271



Bringing Researches to the Industry

To bring our ZK technologies to the industry and everyone, we took our zkBridge paper and built a production-level zkBridge product. To date, we have generated over 40 million zk proofs to verify the consensus of more than 30 blockchains using zkBridge technology.



Why ZK

We chose “ZK” as our ticker because we are passionate enthusiasts deeply involved in ZK technology, continually providing top-tier ZK infrastructure. We recently developed the world’s fastest ZK proof system, Expander, which we have open-sourced for public use.

https://github.com/PolyhedraZK/Expander



Proof Cloud

To make ZK technology more accessible, we are collaborating with Google Cloud on a project named Proof Cloud. This initiative facilitates the easy use of ZK algorithms, allowing more people to benefit from this remarkable technology.

https://www.proof.cloud/



Our Faith

We relish our ZK journey and remain committed to delivering the finest ZK technologies and innovations to the industry.

It is our faith to bring ZK technology for all, and we are dedicated to this cause regardless of any obstacles, injustices, or challenges we might face.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Polyhedra Network, ZK

Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical

The first trustless, efficient, and secure cross-chain interoperability protocol with zero-knowledge proofs

Start Integrating

Explore the Ecosystem

Introducing zkBridge Protocol
zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract.

The block header relay network retrieves the block headers from the sender chain, generates proofs of the validity of the block headers, and sends the headers along with the proofs to the updater contract (set up on the receiver chain).

The updater contract maintains a light-client state. It automatically adds block headers of the sender chain once the associated proofs are verified and updates the current main chain of the sender chain.

zkBridge Tech Paper
Read Docs

zkLightClient on LayerZero
zkLightClient is fully integrated with LayerZero's messaging protocol. Application developers can easily build cross-chain applications on top of LayerZero through its extensive developer tooling and community support.

zkLightClient uses zkSNARKs to convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. In conjunction with LayerZero’s libraries, zkLightClient adds a layer of security on top of the LayerZero messaging protocol.

zkLightClient, built on LayerZero, reduces the on-chain verification with lower latency through efficient ZKP protocols. In addition, multiple transaction verifications can be batched into a single zero-knowledge proof.

Learn more

Advantages

Trustless and Secure
zkSNARKs prove the correctness of state transitions on remote blockchains, eliminating external trust assumptions. We build together with LayerZero for the ultimate security solution for interoperability.

Efficient
We design and implement the deVirgo proof system to significantly accelerate proof generation. The cross-chain messages can be quickly finalized once the proof is verified, supporting fast processing of remote blockchain information.

Cost Reduction
Harnessing the compression of zero-knowledge proofs, the on-chain verification can be reduced tremendously. In addition, multiple transaction verifications can be batched into a single zero-knowledge proof.

Developer-friendly
Fully integrated with LayerZero, developers can use zero-knowledge proof technology without barriers. They can easily build cross-chain applications on LayerZero through its extensive developer tooling and community support.

Current Supported Networks

Ecosystem

View More

Proving Ethereum Full Consensus in ZK
Proving Ethereum PoS full consensus is essential for building zkBridge and any interoperability protocols on Ethereum. Sync committee is insufficient because the crypto-economic security (~only $32 million USD ETH staked currently) of the sync committee is far from ideal.

We have designed and implemented the zkBridge system to prove Ethereum full consensus (~$40 billion USD total ETH staked currently). All our ZK Clients on LayerZero for Ethereum and its rollups (e.g., Arbitrum, Linea, Optimism, zkSync, Mantle) will be equipped with this technology. Using our efficient proof system, deVirgo, the prover time is less than 8 seconds, which is enough to catch up with Ethereum block time (12 seconds).

Learn more

Efficient Proof Systems
We use a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications.

In the first layer, we present deVirgo, a distributed version of the Virgo proof system. deVirgo combines distributed sumcheck and distributed polynomial commitment to achieve optimal parallelism and is able to accelerate the proof generation by orders of magnitude when running on distributed machines.

In the second layer, we use Groth16 to prove that the previously generated proof by deVirgo proves the corresponding block headers, which significantly reduces on-chain verification gas cost to about 220K.


nft transfer
cross-chain nft transfer is a powerful feature implemented in zkbridge, enabling the secure and efficient transfer of non-fungible tokens (nfts) between different blockchain networks. this functionality allows users to seamlessly move their unique digital assets from one chain to another, taking advantage of the unique features and benefits provided by various blockchain ecosystems.

to achieve cross-chain nft transfers, zkbridge leverages its zero-knowledge proof (zkp) technology, sendapi and receiveapi interfaces, and the block header relay network. these components work together to ensure the security and efficiency of nft transfers across different chains.

the cross-chain nft transfer functionality provided by zkbridge paves the way for a more interconnected and interoperable blockchain landscape, allowing users to freely move their unique digital assets across various networks and opening up new opportunities for creators, collectors, and traders.

you may try out our nft transfer on zkbridge.

cross-chain nft transfer process
the following steps outline the process of transferring nfts across chains using zkbridge:

1. prepare the nft transfer details
on the sender chain, gather the necessary information for the nft transfer, including the nft's token address, token chain, token id, recipient's address, and destination chain.

2. send the nft transfer details using zkbridge entrypoint
utilize the zkbridge entrypoint interface to initiate the nft transfer. package the nft transfer details into a custom payload using the abi.encode function. then, call the send function and provide the payload as an argument.

3. generate and verify zkproof
the block header relay network generates a zkproof for the sender chain's block header, which is then verified by the updater contract on the receiver chain. this process ensures the integrity and security of the cross-chain nft transfer.

4. receive and process the nft transfer using zkbridge receiver api
on the destination chain, use the zkbridge receiver interface to receive and process the nft transfer. call the zkreceive function, providing the source chain id, source block hash, and zkproof as arguments. the function returns the decoded payload, allowing you to process the nft transfer.

5. complete the nft transfer
with the nft transfer details obtained from the decoded payload, perform any necessary actions to finalize the transfer, such as minting or transferring the nft on the destination chain.

by following the above cross-chain nft transfer process with zkbridge, users can seamlessly move their unique digital assets between various blockchain networks, unlocking new opportunities and interactions within the decentralized ecosystem.

message passing
zkbridge enables secure and efficient cross-chain message passing between different blockchain networks, leveraging zero-knowledge proof (zkp) technology and a set of apis designed to facilitate interoperable communication. this document provides an overview of the cross-chain message passing process using zkbridge. you can try out our cross-chain messaging function on zkbridge.

overview
to pass messages across different chains, zkbridge uses the sendapi and receiveapi interfaces, along with the block header relay network. these components ensure secure and efficient cross-chain communication.

cross-chain message passing process
the following steps outline the process of passing messages across chains using zkbridge:

1. prepare the message payload
on the sender chain, prepare the message payload, which typically contains information such as the destination address, destination chain, and any other custom data that needs to be transmitted.

2. send the message using zkbridge entrypoint
utilize the zkbridge entrypoint interface to send the message to the destination chain. call the send function, providing the necessary parameters such as the destination chain id, destination address, and message payload.

3. generate and verify zkproof
the block header relay network generates a zkproof for the sender chain's block header, which is then verified by the updater contract on the receiver chain. this process ensures the integrity and security of the cross-chain communication.

4. receive and process the message using zkbridge receiver api
on the destination chain, use the zkbridge receiver interface to receive and process the message. call the zkreceive function, providing the source chain id, source block hash, and zkproof. these functions return the decoded payload, allowing you to process the cross-chain message according to your application's requirements.


zkBridge Ecosystem Projects
Animoca Brands
Description: Animoca Brands and its various subsidiaries develop and publish a broad portfolio of blockchain games, traditional games, and other products.
Tag/Type: Gaming, NFT, Metaverse

Arena of Faith
Description: A tournament-centric MOBA game, offering a 3D gaming experience with P2E and AI.
Tag/Type: Gaming

Aspecta
Description: AI-powered identity network to empower builders and foster ecosystem growth.
Tag/Type: DID

Arbitrum
Description: Designed with you in mind, Arbitrum is the leading Layer 2 technology that empowers you to explore and build in the largest Layer 1 ecosystem, Ethereum.
Tag/Type: Layer-2

Atomicals Market
Description: The marketplace and explorer for Atomicals and ARC-20.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem, Layer-1

BNB Chain
Description: BNB Chain is a global, decentralized network with developers, validators, users, HODLers, and enthusiasts.
Tag/Type: Layer-1, Layer-2

BYTE CITY
Description: Web2.5 Social Entertainment Platform For Digital Collectables.
Tag/Type: NFT, Metaverse

BurgerCities
Description: A one-stop Play&Earn MetaFi platform based on #BNB Chain.
Tag/Type: Gaming, Metaverse

Blade Games
Description: On-chain game studio building across the L2 stacks.
Tag/Type: Gaming, Metaverse

Bsquared Network
Description: The first EVM-compatible Rollup based on zero-knowledge proof verification commitment on Bitcoin.
Tag/Type: Layer-2

Babylon
Description: Unlocking 21 million to secure the decentralized economy.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Bitmap
Description: Building a Layer 2 to unleash the potential of native Bitcoin assets.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Bitlayer
Description: The first Bitcoin security-equivalent layer2 based on BitVM.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

B² Network
Description: A Bitcoin Layer 2 network implemented through ZK Rollup and an on-chain logical gate commitment verification mechanism.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

BEVM
Description: Building the first EVM-compatible BTC Layer 2 based on Taproot while using BTC as gas.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

bitSmiley
Description: The leading Bitcoin DeFi protocol, anchored by bitUSD.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

BTCBot
Description: A powerful BRC20 Telegram Bot for Aggregated Trading and Auto Sniping.
Tag/Type: Bitcoin Ecosystem

Combo
Description: A Game-focused Layer2 for Web3 Game Developers.
Tag/Type: Layer-2, Gaming

Core DAO
Description: A Bitcoin hash-powered and EVM-compatible blockchain onboarding the next billion users.
Tag/Type: Layer-1

Celo
Description: Celo is the carbon-negative, mobile-first, EVM-compatible blockchain ecosystem leading a thriving new digital economy for all.
Tag/Type: Layer-1

Cashmere Labs
Description: Cashmere is a protocol for MEV protected cross-chain swaps. Any asset between any chain with the best rates. Built on LayerZero.
Tag/Type: DeFi

Caldera
Description: The modular blockchain platform: deploy a rollup in one click.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure, Layer-2

Cubi Swap
Description: A Dex on opBNB with Low Gas Fees, High Liquidity, and Secure Transactions.
Tag/Type: DeFi

Citizen Conflict
Description: Team-based hero shooter game.
Tag/Type: Gaming

DappOS
Description: Intent-centric operating protocol.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure

Dego Finance
Description: Dego Finance is an innovative incubator for the Web3 world, spanning the BTC ecosystem, Depin, Desci, and GameFi, and collaborating with partners to embark on a new chapter.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure

Defusion
Description: As a pioneer in the intersection of AI and NFTs, Defusion invites you to unleash your creative potential.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure

Element
Description: Element is the first community-driven aggregated marketplace, built to save time and money.
Tag/Type: NFT

EZ Swap
Description: Multi-Chain NFT DEX Protocol & Inscription Marketplace (EOS EVM, Manta, Polygon, ETH, zkSync, Arbitrum).
Tag/Type: Infrastructure

Eigenlayer
Description: A platform that helps decentralized networks launch with robust trust by leveraging Ethereum stakers & validators.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure, Bitcoin Ecosystem

Fantom
Description: Fantom is a fast and scalable next-gen Layer-1 platform.
Tag/Type: Layer-1

FSLand
Description: A Web3 Global IP, empowering Web3 IP with Animation and Gaming.
Tag/Type: NFT

Galxe
Description: The leading platform for building Web3 community.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure, DID

Gameta
Description: Gameta is a multi-layered NFT gaming ecosystem.
Tag/Type: Gaming

GasZero
Description: The first 0 gas fee zk-Rollup.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure, Layer-2

Gabby World
Description: A game with the AIGC autonomous world.
Tag/Type: Gaming, Metaverse

Hyper Oracle
Description: A truly decentralized, autonomous network.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure

4Everland
Description: 4EVERLAND is a Web3 infrastructure powered by blockchain technology that provides developers with convenient, efficient, and low-cost storage, network, and computing capabilities.
Tag/Type: Infrastructure


zkBridge NEP-1: Integrate Lorenzo with zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Abstract
Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with multiple third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. zkBridge represents a significant advancement in blockchain interoperability, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. By utilizing zero-knowledge proofs, zkBridge enhances security without external dependencies and reduces the costs and complexities associated with on-chain verifications. Expanding supported assets and integrations will further increase the utility of the network.

II. Background
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchain networks, including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. As the first trustless, efficient, and secure universal cross-chain bridge utilizing advanced zero-knowledge proof technology, zkBridge employs zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a state transition has occurred on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract, leveraging a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification costs for cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge supports over 30 Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks and has successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

III. Rationale
zkBridge enhances asset diversity and provides users with extensive options for bridging across various Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Expanding supported blockchains allows more global users to access the functionalities of zkBridge and participate in the growth of the Polyhedra Network.

Criteria for future integrations include:
- Global reach and recognition from major industry players.
- Commitment to security and adherence to regulatory standards.
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs and their applications.
- Potential to enhance network functionality, applications, and user engagement.
- Contribution to greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem.
- Improved flexibility, efficiency, decentralization, and system integrity across blockchain networks.

IV. Proposal
This proposal seeks to integrate Lorenzo with zkBridge.

Reasons for Integration:
- Lorenzo is a leading project in the Bitcoin ecosystem.
- Lorenzo's growing ecosystem of applications can benefit from enhanced interoperability.
- Lorenzo has expressed strong interest in zero-knowledge proofs for interoperability.
- Lorenzo's expanding community would provide value to the Polyhedra ecosystem.

Description:
Lorenzo Protocol is pioneering the first Bitcoin liquidity finance layer, featuring the world’s first Bitcoin liquid restaking protocol. Lorenzo aims to become the premier platform for yield-bearing token issuance, trading, and settlement through Babylon (https://babylonchain.io/). The protocol connects Bitcoin stakers—regardless of their stake size—with leading projects that require liquidity and security. By unlocking staked Bitcoin liquidity, Lorenzo enables stakers to capture top-tier yields while ensuring robust security mechanisms, such as staking insurance, node operator credit scores, anti-slashing measures, and validator permits.

Lorenzo facilitates seamless Bitcoin integration and interoperability within Web3, unlocking significant liquidity and yield opportunities across networks. By issuing liquid principal tokens (LPTs) and yield-accruing tokens (YATs), Lorenzo enhances liquidity and lays the foundation for a DeFi ecosystem based on these token standards. This approach enables the creation of advanced DeFi products utilizing Lorenzo’s native stBTC (LPT) and YATs, expanding the potential of Bitcoin finance.

Project’s Social Media:
- X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/LorenzoProtocol
- Medium: https://medium.com/@lorenzoprotocol
- Telegram: @lorenzoprotocol
- Discord: https://discord.com/invite/fybK7C4gMH

V. Threshold to Approve
- More than 50,000 total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes.
- More Yes votes than No votes.


zkBridge NEP-2 - Integrate Cyber with zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Abstract:
Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems. Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Central to its security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

II. Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

III. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.
Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

IV. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Cyber

Reasons to pursue integration include:

- Cyber is a Layer 2 blockchain with specialized tools for social features, built on high-performance infrastructure.
- Cyber's growing ecosystem could benefit from increased interoperability.
- Cyber upholds the highest standards of security.
- Cyber has a strong community that could grow alongside the Polyhedra community.
- Cyber has shown significant interest in zero-knowledge technologies and their applications.

Description:
Cyber is a Layer 2 blockchain designed for social applications.
Built on the Optimism Superchain, it combines high-performance infrastructure with specialized tools for social features to simplify developer workflows and accelerate their time to market.
Cyber facilitates the creation of more engaging and meaningful web3 experiences by enabling onchain dapps to integrate social features, such as discovery feeds, comments, friends lists, and more.

Project’s Social Media:
Website: https://cyber.co/
X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/BuildOnCyber
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/buildoncyber
Telegram: @buildoncyber
Link3: https://link3.to/cyber

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


zkBridge NEP-3: Integrate Merlin Chain with zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Abstract:
Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third-party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Central to its security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

II. Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

III. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.
Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

IV. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Merlin Chain

Reasons to pursue integration include:

- Merlin Chain has established itself as the top Bitcoin layer 2 and supporter of the Bitcoin ecosystem
- Merlin Chain has a growing ecosystem of 100+ applications that could benefit from interoperability
- Merlin Chain has expressed significant interest in zero-knowledge and the advantages it brings to interoperability
- Merlin Chain has a strong and growing community that would be additive to the Polyhedra community

Description:
Merlin Chain is a Bitcoin Layer 2 that integrates ZK-Rollup network, decentralized oracle network, and on-chain BTC fraud proof modules. Merlin Chain is committed to empowering Bitcoin's native assets, protocols, and products on Layer 1 through its Layer 2 network, to Make Bitcoin Fun Again.

Project’s Social Media:
Website: https://merlinchain.io/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/MerlinLayer2
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/merlinchain

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.



zkBridge NEP-4: Integrate Flare with zkBridge
 Passed

polyhedragovernance.eth author
In Polyhedra Network · 8mo ago · #5df9f



Category: Technical Proposal

I. Abstract:
Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Central to its security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

II. Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

III. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.
Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security,
Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.
IV. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Flare

Reasons to pursue integration include:

Enshrined Data Oracles: Flare enshrines decentralized data oracles into its core protocol, making it the only Layer 1 platform optimized for decentralized data acquisition.

Focus on Core Principles: Flare prioritizes security, scalability, and decentralization. By leveraging Polyhedra’s zero-knowledge proofing mechanism for interoperability, Flare takes a step forward in enhancing these principles.

Expanding Ecosystem: Flare boasts a growing ecosystem of applications that stand to benefit from secure and efficient ZK interoperability, fostering innovation and reliability.

Strong Institutional Partnerships: Flare has established strong relationships with a range of institutional partners, ensuring robust support and collaboration within the industry.

Thriving Community: Flare’s vibrant and expanding community of users and developers could significantly enhance the Polyhedra ecosystem, fostering mutual growth and engagement.

Description:
Flare is the blockchain for data, offering developers and users secure, decentralized access to high-integrity data from other chains and the internet. Flare's Layer-1 network uniquely supports enshrined data protocols at the network layer, making it the only EVM-compatible smart contract platform optimized for decentralized data acquisition, including price and time-series data, blockchain event and state data, and Web2 API data.

Project’s Social Media:
Website: https://flare.network
Twitter: https://x.com/FlareNetworks
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/flarenetwork
Telegram: @FlareNetwork
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/Flare_Networks
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/flarenetwork/

V. Threshold to Approve:
More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
More Yes votes than No votes.


zkBridge NEP-5: Integrate NERO with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: NERO

Reasons for integration:

Attraction of Alt Tokens: While major tokens like USDT, USDC, ETH, and wBTC are crucial, NERO plans to attract numerous alt tokens to its platform through Polyhedra's bridge.

Future Token Integration: NERO seeks a seamless method for adding new token assets to the bridge, potentially through a self-service model to streamline the integration process and avoid burdening the integration team.

Growing Ecosystem: NERO’s growing ecosystem could benefit from increased interoperability. NERO has a strong community that could grow alongside the Polyhedra community.

Description:
NERO is a modular L1, EVM compatible, with embedded AA. NERO's vision is to give back economic pricing power to the dApps and users, through an inclusive fee framework.

The key differentiator on NERO is every application has their own custom paymaster where they can set their own token to be used as gas and also set the fee parameters. NERO offers blockspace on consignment, through which they can go sell access to their users and modify fees according to the qualitative elements of those unique transaction characteristics. NERO solves the finality tradeoff on behalf of the dApp based on the economics chosen by the dApp though a bundler API that creates a unique pipeline for each dApp's transactions. Furthermore, NERO splits the transaction fees with the dApps in order to keep pricing honest and constantly in-check.

This total package we are calling Blockspace 2.0 where multidimensional gas becomes a reality, creating unprecedented flexibility and alignment between dApps and their blockchain for the first time.

This should make it clearer why we want to bridge so many long-tail assets to NERO through Polyhedra. We want to create demand for all of the ecosystem's tokens, not just native ones.

Native tokens are almost exclusively the only tokens that have legitimate utility. The rest of the tokens need not exist in Blockspace 1.0. Our mission: Give applications tokens the same rights and privileges as the Native token on NERO. Creating demand for our constituents' tokens means we can retain them long term as partners. A rising tide lifts all ships.

Project’s Social Media:
Website: nerochain.io
Twitter: https://twitter.com/Nerochain_io
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/nerochainofficial
Telegram: @NerochainOfficial

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.
Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

- Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
- Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security
- Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
- Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
- If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
- Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
- More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
- More Yes votes than No votes.


zkBridge NEP-6: Integrate Sei Network with Polyhedra zkBridge

Category: Technical Proposal

I. Proposal:
This is a proposal to integrate the following project with zkBridge:

Project Name: Sei Network

Reasons for integration:

Sei Network is the first parallelized EVM - enabling access to massive transaction throughput capabilities and the fastest time to finality.

Sei has recently experienced a significant influx in TVL primarily attributed to its rapidly growing DeFi ecosystem, which can benefit meaningfully from enhanced interoperability.

Sei's robust community would be additive to the Polyhedra community

Description:
SEI is a high-performance, low-fee, delegated proof-of-stake Layer 1 blockchain. It is also the first parallelized EVM. This allows Sei to get the best of Solana and Ethereum - a hyper-optimized execution layer that benefits from the tooling and mindshare around the EVM.

Project’s Social Media:
Website: https://www.sei.io/
Twitter: https://x.com/SeiNetwork
Discord: https://discord.com/invite/sei
Telegram: @seinetwork

II. Rationale:
zkBridge provides users with a range of options and greater asset diversity to bridge across various L1s and L2s. By expanding the supported blockchains, it allows more users worldwide to be able to access the functionalities and features of, and participate in the growth and development of, the Polyhedra Network.
Candidates for future integrations will be selected by the community. Based on feedback received from ecosystem members, the community will consider multiple criteria, including:

Global reach, recognition from major industry players, and community interest
Focus on adhering to regulatory standards and ensuring security,
Interest in zero-knowledge proofs
Potential for enhancing the network functionality, applications, and user interactions to set a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions
If this would foster greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem
Enhanced flexibility and efficiency, decentralization and system integrity across these blockchain networks.

III. Abstract:
Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge represents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, offering a trustless, efficient, and secure interoperability protocol across different Layer-1 and Layer-2 networks. Polyhedra currently supports integration of zkBridge with a number of third party blockchains and ecosystems such as AltLayer, Alchemy Bridge, Arbitrum, and others. Central to the zkBridge security model is the integration of zero-knowledge proofs, which offer robust security that is not dependent on external factors and significantly reduce the complexities and costs associated with on-chain verifications. Other assets could be supported and utilized to grow the utility of the network.

IV. Additional Background:
On April 4, 2023, zkBridge launched on ten layer-1 and layer-2 blockchain networks including Polygon, Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Cosmos. zkBridge is the first trustless, efficient, secure, and universal cross-chain bridge with advanced zero-knowledge proof technology. zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract. zkBridge uses a 2-layer recursive proof system to achieve fast proof generation and low on-chain proof verification cost to support cross-chain applications. As of June 2024, zkBridge has supported more than 30 layer-1 and layer-2 networks, and successfully verified more than 20 million cross-chain transactions.

V. Threshold to Approve:
More than 50,000 of total Staking Power (SP) cast as votes, and
More Yes votes than No votes.


Introducing zkBridge protocol
zkBridge uses zkSNARKs to enable a prover to efficiently convince the receiver chain that a certain state transition happened on the sender chain. zkBridge consists of a block header relay network and an updater contract.

The block header relay network retrieves the block headers from the sender chain, generates proofs of the validity of the block headers, and sends the headers along with the proofs to the updater contract (set up on the receiver chain).

The updater contract maintains a light-client state. It automatically adds block headers of the sender chain once the associated proofs are verified, and updates the current main chain of the sender chain.

Block header relay network
We present the formal protocol of block header relay network in the following protocol:

Nodes in the block header relay network run RelayNextHeader with the current state of the updater contract (LCS𝑟−1,blkH𝑟−1) as input. The exact definition of LCS𝑟−1 is specific to light client protocols. The relay node then connects to full nodes in 𝒞1 and gets the block header blkH𝑟 following blkH𝑟−1. The relay node generates a ZKP 𝜋 showing the correctness of blkH𝑟 , by essentially proving that blkH𝑟 is accepted by a light client of 𝒞1 after block blkH𝑟−1. It then sends (𝜋,blkH𝑟 ) to the updater contract on 𝒞 . To avoid the wasted proof time due to collision (note that 2 when multiple relay nodes send at the same time, only one proof can be accepted), relay nodes can coordinate using standard techniques (e.g., to send in a round robin fashion).

To incentivize block header relay nodes, provers may be rewarded with fees after validating their proofs. We leave incentive design for future work. A prerequisite of any incentive scheme is installability, i.e., the guarantee that malicious nodes cannot steal others’ proofs. To this end, provers will embed their identifiers(public keys) in proofs, e.g., as input to the hash function in the Fiat-Shamir heuristic. We note that this design relies on the security of the light client verifier of the sender chain. For example, the light client verifier must reject a valid block header that may eventually become orphaned and not part of the sender chain.

Updater contract
The protocol for the updater contract is specified as:

The updater contract maintains the light client’s internal state including a list of block headers of 𝒞1 in headerDAG. It has two publicly exposed functions. The HeaderUpdate function can be invoked by any block header relay node, providing supposedly the next block header and a proof as input. If the proof verifies against the current light client state LCS and blkH𝑟−1, the contract will do further light-client checks, and then the state will be updated accordingly. Since the caller of this function must pay a fee, DoS attacks are naturally prevented.

The GetHeader function can be called by receiver contracts to get the block header at height 𝑡. Receiver contracts can use the obtained block header to finish application-specific verification, potentially with the help of a user or some third party.

Proof systems of zkBridge
Libra, Virgo and deVirgo are powerful ZKP algorithms that have revolutionized cross-chain interoperability by enabling secure, private, and efficient communication between different blockchain networks. The deVirgo proof system combines Libra, Virgo with a unique distributed computing technique specifically designed for them, making zkBridge an innovative solution for seamless and secure cross-chain communication.

Libra
The Libra algorithm is an advanced zero-knowledge proof system that enables extremely fast proof generation and verifications. It allows a prover to demonstrate the validity of some statements without revealing private information. The algorithm proposed a linear time sumcheck protocol for general circuits, where it enables more than 10 times faster than prior works.

Virgo
The Virgo algorithm is a follow-up algorithm built upon Libra and it removes the universal trusted setup from Libra with several optimizations to enable custom gates. Virgo is especially suited for scalable and efficient ZKP applications due to its rapid proving time, succinct proof size, and low verification complexity. Notable features of the Virgo algorithm include:

Transparent setup: Virgo does not need any trusted setup.

Fast prover time: Virgo is one of the fastest ZKP systems, especially for large-scale functions.

deVirgo
deVirgo is a groundbreaking distributed proof system derived from the Libra and Virgo algorithm, designed to significantly accelerate proof generation. By incorporating distributed sumcheck and distributed polynomial commitment, deVirgo achieves optimal parallelism. Leveraging a distributed computing network consisting of 𝑀 machines, deVirgo reduces proof generation time by a factor of 𝑀. To enable distributed polynomial commitment with on-chain verification, we used a modified version of Libra’s polynomial commitment.

Communication across the distributed computing network in deVirgo is minimized during the main computation phase, referred to as the GKR part in Virgo. Consequently, zkBridge utilizing deVirgo can be 100x faster than a single-thread Virgo prover, even though Virgo is already among the fastest ZKP protocols available. The exceptional performance of deVirgo makes it a crucial component for zkBridge's efficient cross-chain communication.

Some key features of the deVirgo algorithm include:

Optimal Parallelism: deVirgo employs a distributed computing network to significantly speed up proof generation by integrating distributed sumcheck and distributed polynomial commitment, deVirgo achieves the best possible parallelism.

Enhanced Performance: The deVirgo algorithm enables zkBridge to operate much faster compared to a single-thread Virgo prover, providing unparalleled performance.

Recursive Composition: deVirgo can be used in proof composition to reduce the proof size and verifier cost for on-chain verification.

zkBridge Research Paper
For more details of the zkBridge protocol and its proof system, please refer to the zkBridge research paper published at the ACM CCS 2022:

zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical


Title: zkBridge Supports BNB Chain Haber and Tycho Hard Fork

Article:
zkBridge has been seamlessly updated to support the Haber and Tycho hard fork.



Background:

The BSC Haber and Tycho upgrades are primarily aimed at supporting Ethereum’s Cancun upgrade on the BSC. Post-upgrade, BSC will support Blob Transaction, providing a mechanism similar to Ethereum’s EIP-4844. BSC L2 rollup can utilize this to reduce rollup costs.



Upgrade Details:

BEP-336: Implement EIP-4844: ProtoDankshardinghttps://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-336.md

BEP-343: Implement EIP-1153: Transient storage opcodes.https://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-343.md

BEP-344: Implement EIP-6780: SELFDESTRUCT only in the same transactionhttps://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-344.md

BEP-342: Implement EIP-5656: MCOPYhttps://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-342.md

BEP-345: Implement EIP-7516: BLOBBASEFEE opcodehttps://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-345.md

BEP-381: Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Supporthttps://github.com/bnb-chain/BEPs/blob/master/BEPs/BEP-381.md



Upgrade Time:

2024–06–20 06:05:00 AM UTC



Updater Circuit Changes:

This upgrade introduces new fields in the block header such as WithdrawalsHash, BlobGasUsed, ExcessBlobGas, ParentBeaconRoot, leading to changes in the calculation logic of BlockHash. It is necessary to modify the logic in the updater circuit related to BlockHash verification to include the newly added fields in the BlockHash calculation. Subsequently, the updater circuit needs to undergo a trusted setup again, followed by upgrading the updater contract using the latest generated Verifier contract for proof verification.



MPT Transaction Verification Changes:

This upgrade introduces a new transaction type, BlobTxType, affecting the calculation of transaction receiptsRoot. It is essential to use the latest BSC version to generate MPT Proof for accurate results. This change has no impact on the zkBridge contract.

Website|X (Former Twitter)|Discord



Tags: Polyhedra Network, zkBridge, ZK

import and transfer nfts
cross-chain transfer an nft with zkbridge at https://zkbridge.com/zknft

1. import an nft into zkbridge
1.1 import with uri
parameters for zkbridge auto-import uri:

source chain id (e.g., bnb smart chain: 56)

nft contract address

nft token id

zkbridge nft auto-import uri format: https://zkbridge.com/nft?contractaddress=[nft contract address]&tokenid=[token id]&chainid=[source chain id]

for example:
https://zkbridge.com/zknft?contractaddress=0x87a218ae43c136b3148a45ea1a282517794002c8&tokenid=1146910&chainid=56
imports the nft on bnb chain whose contract address is 0x87a218ae43c136b3148a45ea1a282517794002c8 and token id is 1146910

*note: you may only import the nft owned by your wallet address

1.2 import using "my nft"
select the sender chain

click on the "import my nft" button

choose from the list that pops up.

step 1: import an nft
2. select receiver blockchain
from the drop-down list choose the desired receiver chain.

input the desired receiver address

step 2: select receiver blockchain
3. transfer
approve token

trigger cross-chain transfer

step 3.1: approve

step 3.2: transfer
4. complete
Title: zkBridge Update: Support for the Ethereum Dencun Network Upgrade

Article:
The upcoming EthereumCancun-Deneb (“Dencun”) upgraderepresents a pivotal advancement within the Ethereum ecosystem, introducing Blob Transactions as detailed inEIP-4844. This upgrade lays the groundwork for future sharding implementations by enabling the inclusion of large data blobs within beacon chain blocks. These data blobs are offloaded from the Ethereum execution layer, facilitating scalability by increasing data availability without burdening computational overhead.

The Dencun upgrade influences zkBridge in two crucial aspects: Block Updater Circuit and Merkle Patricia Trie (MPT) Proof Generation.

In light of the Dencun upgrade, zkBridge’s block updater circuits undergo essential adjustments to ensure seamless integration and functionality.

The introduction of new fields such as BlobKzgCommitments in BeaconBlockBody, BlobGasUsed and ExcessBlobGas in ExecutionPayload as part of the upgrade necessitates a comprehensive review and modification of our circuits and related contract logic. This is due to the alterations in the block data structure that affect block hash formulation. To accommodate these changes, a shift to using data from the newer block versions for circuit inputs is required. Moreover, this upgrade cycle also prompts an essential update of our dependencies.

These concerted efforts in updating the block updater circuits ensure that zkBridge remains fully compatible with Ethereum’s evolving protocols, thereby maintaining its efficacy as a robust cross-chain bridge solution.

Dencun introduces a new transaction type, BlobTxType, necessitating the upgrade of go-ethereum libraries utilized for MPT proof generation to their most current versions to accommodate this new transaction format.

The Dencun upgrade outlines a pivotal step toward enhancing Ethereum’s scaling capabilities and efficiency, particularly for Layer 2 solutions. For zkBridge, adapting to these changes is crucial to leveraging the benefits brought about by “protodanksharding” and ensuring seamless interoperability with updated Ethereum protocols.

By staying abreast of these advancements, zkBridge continues to provide a reliable, secure, and efficient cross-chain interoperability, underpinned by the robust and innovative approach of zero-knowledge proofs, ensuring that our infrastructure remains compatible and efficient in the ever-evolving Ethereum ecosystem.



Tags: Ethereum, Dencun Upgrade, Polyhedra Network, zkBridge

zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical

Abstract

Blockchains have seen growing traction with cryptocurrencies reaching a market cap of over 1 trillion dollars, major institutional investors taking interest, and global impacts on governments, businesses, and individuals.

Also growing significantly is the heterogeneity of the ecosystem where a variety of blockchains co-exist. A cross-chain bridge is a necessary building block in this multi-chain ecosystem. Existing solutions, however, either suffer from performance issues or rely on honesty assumptions of committees that significantly lower security. Recurring attacks against bridges have cost users more than 1.5 billion USD.

In this paper, we introduce zkBridge, an efficient cross-chain bridge that guarantees strong security without extra trust assumptions. With succinct proofs, zkBridge not only guarantees correctness but also significantly reduces on-chain verification costs. We propose novel succinct proof protocols that are orders of magnitude faster than existing solutions for workloads in zkBridge. With a modular design, zkBridge enables a few useful capabilities, including message passing, token transferring, and other computational logic operating on state changes from different chains.

We fully implemented zkBridge between Cosmos and Ethereum and evaluated the end-to-end performance. The experiment shows that zkBridge achieves practical performance: it can generate a block header proof within 2 minutes, while verifying proofs on-chain costs less than 220K gas (the same as Groth16). Relaying a transaction from Cosmos to Ethereum costs 210K gas.


Title: zkBridge, EigenLayer Dual-Staking, and Renzo

Article:
Securing Trust-minimized and fast-finality interoperability for Bitcoin and Layer-2 networks with 1.8 Billion economic security of Renzo’s LRT and ZK token dual-staking

Polyhedra Network’szkBridgerepresents a significant advancement in the blockchain industry, enabling secure and decentralized transmission of messages and bridging of assets across various Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks. Polyhedra Network’s collaboration with EigenLayer and the integration of Renzo’s Liquid Restaking Token ezETH, further enhance the capabilities and security of the zkBridge ecosystem. Powered by EigenLayer’s dual staking, the integration of zkBridge and Renzo will secure the trust-minimized interoperability for Bitcoin with 1.8 Billion crypto-economic security, including both Renzo’s liquid restaking token (LRT), and ZK token (Polyhedra Network’s native token) staking.

While Bitcoin, the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, lacks native smart contract functionality, Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge and its collaboration with EigenLayer and Renzo offer solutions to integrate Bitcoin into cross-chain ecosystems to enable other blockchains to securely write data to Bitcoin. We use EigenLayer’s dual-staking mechanism to equip the economic security to our Bitcoin AVS (i.e., Actively Validated Services), generating yields for both ZK token stakers and Renzo’s LRT, and contributing to the security of the bridge.

In our design forthe Bitcoin dual-staking AVS, validators are dual-stakers with both ZK token and Renzo’s ezETH to write data on the Bitcoin network. These validators use a consensus protocol to agree on the message they are going to send. Notably, our protocol’s security doesn’t solely rely on the accuracy of the consensus protocol. In cases where the consensus protocol is compromised, users can initiate a zkBridge request to transfer the malicious message from Bitcoin to Ethereum. A slashing contract on Ethereum then assesses the message’s validity and, if necessary, slashes the stakes of the committee members, with a portion of these stakes compensating the user.

The integration of Bitcoin into the zkBridge ecosystem not only expands the opportunities for Bitcoin holders but also enhances the overall liquidity and stability of the cross-chain ecosystem. With the ability to seamlessly bridge Bitcoin across various Layer 1 and Layer 2 networks, Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge, in collaboration with EigenLayer and Renzo, unlocks new possibilities for decentralized finance and cross-chain interoperability, making Bitcoin an integral part of the future of blockchain technology.



Slashing mechanism for the Bitcoin AVS

The slashing and reward mechanism in our Bitcoin AVS plays a crucial role in maintaining integrity and trust. When a validator is found to be acting maliciously, the slashing protocol is triggered. Here’s how it works:

1. Validator Misconduct Detection: Users constantly monitoring the status of the Bitcoin blockchain. If a discrepancy is detected, the user will initiate azkBridge cross-chain messagingfrom Bitcoin to Ethereum which is natively supported by zkBridge. Such messages will carry the necessary information for fraud detection.

2. Slashing Process: Once misconduct is confirmed, the Ethereum contract executes the slashing protocol. The staked tokens of the dishonest validator are partly or wholly confiscated. This serves as a strong deterrent against fraudulent activities.

3. Reward Distribution: A portion of the slashed stakes is distributed as a reward to the user or honest validator who reported the fraud. This incentivizes continuous monitoring and reporting of any suspicious activities on the network.

4. Loss compensation: Another portion of the slashed stakes is distributed to reimburse the user’s losses.

Layer 2 networks offer high transaction throughput but pose challenges to cross-chain interoperability. To achieve fast finality for Layer-2 networks, especially for optimistic rollups such as Arbitrum, Optimism, Base and opBNB, while maintaining strong security assumptions, zkBridge introduces a fast bridging solution leveraging an “auxiliary validation network.” This network forms an external group that attests to the state of the Layer 2 network, achieving security levels comparable to the network’s native fraud proof challenges. By simulating the blockchain execution through the auxiliary validation network, strong security is achieved rapidly, significantly reducing the finality time.

zkBridge is deployed with a fast finality mechanism and decentralized auxiliary validation network for various Layer 2 networks. The integration involves two components:

1. zkBridge verifies the state proofs from the auxiliary validation network after the Layer 1 equivalent finality state on the Layer 2 network.

2. zkBridge verifies the Layer 1 consensus for the settlement of the Layer 2 network.

To reduce proof verification costs, batch proofs for multiple batches in the Layer 2 network are supported, saving gas costs on the receiver chain for zkBridge proof verification.

Polyhedra Network collaborates with EigenLayer to introduce dual staking across various blockchains, leveraging cross-chain bridges. This approach utilizes ZK token, Polyhedra Network’s native token from different networks for dual staking, allowing ZK token holders to generate profits and benefit the entire ecosystem. Polyhedra Network’s specialized designs in cross-chain bridges overcome the limitations of networks lacking smart contract support.

To further enhance the dual staking mechanism, provide a seamless user experience, and increase the crypto-economic security of the system, Polyhedra Network integrates Renzo’s ezETH, a leading Liquid Restaking Token (LRT). Renzo serves as the interface to the EigenLayer ecosystem, securing Actively Validated Services (AVSs) and offering higher yields than traditional staking. By incorporating Renzo into the zkBridge and dual staking framework, the protocol abstracts the complexity from end-users, enabling easy collaboration between users and EigenLayer node operators.

The integration of Renzo offers several key benefits:

1. Enhanced Crypto-Economic Security: Renzo’s LRT mechanism increases the crypto-economic security of the system by introducing additional incentives and penalties for validators, further deterring malicious behavior and ensuring the integrity of the network.

2. Liquid Restaking: Users can stake their assets and receive liquid tokens in return, allowing them to maintain liquidity while participating in the staking process.

3. Seamless Integration: By integrating Renzo with zkBridge and the dual staking mechanism, users can easily participate in cross-chain transactions and benefit from the security and efficiency provided by the system.

1. Staking on Sender Chain: Validators deposit tokens as collateral on the sender chain.

2. Fraud Detection and Reporting: If validators act maliciously, honest stakers or users can report this on the sender chain. Malicious transactions in the receiver chain are relayed to the sender chain through a bridge, using a decentralized block header relay network with zero-knowledge proofs.

3. Smart Contract Execution: A dedicated smart contract on the sender chain verifies the messages from the receiver chain. In case of fraud, it withdraws the dishonest staker’s deposit.

4. Slashing Mechanism: When the validator misbehaves, the slashing protocol is triggered. The staked tokens of the dishonest validator are partly or wholly confiscated, serving as a deterrent against fraudulent activities.

5. Reward Distribution: A portion of the slashed stakes is distributed as a reward to the user or honest validator.

6. Loss Compensation: Another portion of the slashed stakes is distributed to reimburse user losses.

The integration of Polyhedra Network’s zkBridge, the dual staking mechanism and the Liquid Restaking Token powered by the EigenLayer, and Renzo, expands zkBridge’s cross-chain interoperability, security, and user experience. The combination of zero-knowledge proofs, AVS, and staking/restaking functionality, enhanced crypto economic security through Renzo’s LRT, and seamless user interaction sets a new standard for secure, efficient, and user-friendly cross-chain transactions. This approach opens new opportunities for decentralized finance and digital asset management on Bitcoin, fostering greater participation and collaboration within the blockchain ecosystem, and also generating yield for ZK token stakers.

The Polyhedra Network is on a mission to deliver the fastest Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Proofs to the Web3 industry, with the goal of becoming the underlying infrastructure for the entire ecosystem and the intersecting domains of Web2 and Web3. The team has designed and implemented many cutting-edge ZK protocols, forming a robust computation foundation that supports the entire blockchain world. Their flagship invention, zkBridge, is safe, fast, and does not require the trust of any third parties. To date, zkBridge has facilitated over 20 million cross-chain transactions across a network of more than 25 Layer-1 and Layer-2 blockchains, demonstrating their commitment to scalability and interoperability in Web3.

Renzo is the restaking hub of Eigenlayer built to streamline and expand access to the most intelligent Liquid Restaking strategies. Powered by institutional-grade node operators, Renzo abstracts away the complexities of securing Actively Validated Services (AVS), while delivering a powerful interface for risk management and rewards tracking on Eigenlayer.

With Renzo’s ezETH — the most integrated Liquid Restaking Token (LRT) — users can access broad exposure to the Eigenlayer (and Ethereum) ecosystems with more opportunities to generate rewards. Learn more:https://www.renzoprotocol.com/



Tags: Polyhedra Network, Eigenlayer, Renzo, ZK

Introduction
Integration of zero-knowledge proof technology will enhance security, performance, and cost-efficiency for cross-chain interoperability on all chains supported by LayerZero

Polyhedra Network is building the next generation of infrastructure for Web3 interoperability by leveraging advanced zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology, a fundamental cryptographic primitive that guarantees the validity of data and computations while maintaining data confidentiality. The Polyhedra Network team designed and developed Polyhedra zkLightClient technology, a cutting-edge solution built on LayerZero Protocol, providing secure and efficient cross-chain infrastructures for Layer-1 and Layer-2 interoperability.

zkLightClient on LayerZero
Integrating Polyhedra zkLightClient technology into LayerZero

LayerZero is an omnichain interoperability protocol that enables cross-chain messaging. Applications built using blockchain technology (decentralized applications) can use the LayerZero protocol to connect to 30+ supported blockchains seamlessly. This allows dApp users to interact securely and efficiently with assets across chains.

Polyhedra's zkLightClient technology is fully integrated with LayerZero's messaging protocol, so application developers can use zero-knowledge-proof technology without barriers. Developers can easily build cross-chain applications on top of LayerZero through its extensive developer tooling and community support.

LayerZero's ULNv2 validation library relies on two parties, the Oracle and Relayer, to transfer messages between on-chain endpoints. When LayerZero sends a message from chain A to chain B, the message is routed through the endpoint on chain A to the ULNv2 validation library. The ULNv2 library notifies the Oracle and Relayer of the message and its destination chain. The Oracle forwards the packet hash to the endpoint on chain B, and the Relayer submits the packet to be verified on-chain against the hash and delivers the message.

On-chain light clients allow for the source chain's validator set to attest to something that occurred on their chain to a destination chain. Light clients, in conjunction with other libraries, add a layer of security on top of the LayerZero messaging protocol. On-chain transaction verification has been cost-prohibitive to the tune of $50m-$100m/day per pair-wise chain connected to Ethereum due to the presence of extensive transaction logs, which are necessary for the proof but not for the application itself.

Polyhedra's zkLightClient technology, built on LayerZero, harnesses the compression of ZKP technology and reduces the on-chain verification tremendously with lower latency by using efficient ZKP protocols. In addition, multiple transaction verifications can be batched into a single zero-knowledge proof.


zkLightClient on LayerZero
Integration of zero-knowledge proof technology enhances security, performance, and cost-efficiency for cross-chain interoperability on all chains supported by LayerZero.

Overview
Polyhedra’s zkLightClient technology is fully integrated with LayerZero's messaging protocol, allowing developers to use zero-knowledge-proof technology seamlessly. Developers can easily build cross-chain applications on LayerZero through its extensive developer tooling and community support.

LayerZero’s ULNv2 validation library relies on two parties, the Oracle and Relayer, to transfer messages between on-chain endpoints. When LayerZero sends a message from chain A to chain B, the message is routed through the endpoint on chain A to the ULNv2 validation library. The ULNv2 library notifies the Oracle and Relayer of the message and its destination chain. The Oracle forwards the packet hash to the endpoint on chain B, and the Relayer submits the packet to be verified on-chain against the hash and delivers the message.

On-chain light clients enable the source chain’s validator set to attest to events on their chain to a destination chain. In conjunction with other libraries, light clients add a layer of security on top of the LayerZero messaging protocol. However, on-chain transaction verification has been cost-prohibitive, reaching $50m-$100m/day per pair-wise chain connected to Ethereum due to extensive transaction logs required for proofs but not for the application itself.

Polyhedra’s zkLightClient technology, built on LayerZero, leverages ZKP compression to significantly reduce on-chain verification costs and latency through efficient ZKP protocols. Additionally, multiple transaction verifications can be batched into a single zero-knowledge proof.

Setup zkLightClient on LayerZero
Leverage the power of zkLightClient with a simple configuration update.

ILayerZeroEndpoint

```solidity
/**
 * @param dstChainId - the destination chain identifier
 * @param zkLightClient - the ZkBridge oracle address
 */
function setOracle(uint16 dstChainId, address zkLightClient) external {
    uint256 TYPE_ORACLE = 6;
    ILayerZeroEndpoint(lzEndpointAddress).setConfig(
        ILayerZeroEndpoint(lzEndpointAddress).getSendVersion(address(this)),
        dstChainId,
        TYPE_ORACLE,
        abi.encode(zkLightClient)
    );
}
```


zkML: Verifiable AI. In maths we trust.
Generate machine learning inferences with zero-knowledge proof of execution. Deliver verifiable AI outputs.

what is zkml?
zkml (zero-knowledge machine learning) is the next evolution of ai: it allows anyone to verify that an ai model was executed correctly—without revealing how the output was generated or what data it was based on.

this is made possible through zero-knowledge proofs (zkps)—a form of cryptographic assurance that lets a system prove the truth of a computation, without exposing the inputs or internal processes.

with zkml, you can:

prove your model’s results without sharing model details.
give ai agents an identity with verifiable integrity.
build trust into ai workflows—by default.
how it works
zkml bridges machine learning models and zero-knowledge cryptography using an optimized compiler pipeline.

1. build your model (pytorch-native)
write and train your model in pytorch—no major code changes needed. zkml supports standard layers out of the box. complex or custom ops may require adaptation.

2. compile to zero-knowledge circuits
the model is transformed into a zk-friendly format using:
graph-based preprocessing (via onnx)
zkp-friendly quantization
hierarchical circuit optimization
this ensures all operations—like convolutions, softmax, or relu—can be cryptographically verified.

3. generate a proof of correctness
at inference time, the model runs on private inputs and produces:
the output (e.g., classification or prediction)
a zero-knowledge proof that the output is correct for the specific model and inputs
this proof can be verified publicly, instantly, and securely.
note: proof generation times vary by model and hardware. for example: ~2.2s for vgg-16 (15m parameters) on cifar-10 and ~150s per token for llama-3 (8b parameters) on a single cpu core.
why zkml?
verifiable trust
end users, auditors, or partners can verify the model’s outputs were computed correctly without any trust assumptions.
fast & scalable
supports modern architectures like cnns and transformers. optimized to generate zero-knowledge proofs in seconds (e.g., 2.2s for vgg-16 on cifar-10, 150s per token on llama-3 scale models).
ai-native integration
no need to rewrite models. zkml works directly with pytorch models and integrates into ml workflows with minimal overhead.
use cases
ai agents
assign an identity to a trusted ai agent, allowing it to safely perform critical tasks. verify genuine, tamper-proof results.
ml-as-a-service
offer predictions with verifiable correctness. keep proprietary models secure while building user trust.
healthcare & finance
enable secure, compliant ai services where sensitive inputs and models must remain confidential.
compliance & auditing
prove that ai systems don’t use sensitive attributes (like race or gender) in decisions—without exposing the model logic.
built for the future
zkml enables a new standard of ai accountability. with it, organizations can deliver powerful machine learning solutions that are not only accurate—but also provable and trustworthy.

your model is the secret.

your proof is the trustless guarantee.

with zkml, ai and trust go hand in hand.

frequently asked questions
q: what is a zero-knowledge proof?
a: it’s a cryptographic technique where one party can prove a computation was done correctly without revealing any data or how it was computed.

q: can i use any pytorch model?
a: most standard models and layers are supported. custom ops or non-deterministic behaviors may require adjustments.

q: what is supported today?
a: inference for cnns, mlps, and transformers. models are quantized into integer arithmetic. training is not currently supported in zero-knowledge

q: is this real-time?
a: not yet. proof generation is fast (seconds to minutes) depending on model size and hardware, and is improving rapidly.

q: is the output private too?
a: by default, the output is public and verifiable. however, privacy-preserving outputs can be supported with additional zk constructs, depending on system design.


developer ready
polyhedra offers:

sdks for python & rust
rest apis for proof generation & verification
native support for expander zk-prover
full documentation & example notebooks


zkPyTorch: The most efficient compiler for verifiable machine learning
Turn standard models into verifiable ZK circuits. No cryptography required, just PyTorch.

what is zkPyTorch?
zkPyTorch is a next-generation compiler that transforms standard PyTorch machine learning models into zero-knowledge proof-compatible programs. It allows developers to prove that a model inference was computed correctly—and can be used for both open-source and proprietary models.

With zkPyTorch, you can:
- convert unmodified PyTorch models into ZK circuits
- generate proofs of correctness for model outputs
- protect proprietary AI models and user data
- build trust into AI workflows with cryptographic verification

building trust into AI workflows
scalable, real-world performance
zkPyTorch powers proof generation for complex, large-scale models:
- VGG-16 on CIFAR-10: ~2.2 seconds per proof (1 CPU core)
- Llama-3 (8B parameters): ~150 seconds per token (1 CPU core)

All proofs are compatible with Polyhedra's Expander ZKP backend—built for parallelism, speed, and composability.

easy integration
No need to redesign your model or learn ZK internals. zkPyTorch integrates directly with standard PyTorch workflows using ONNX and supports:
- standard CNNs, MLPs, Transformers
- quantized models for field-friendly performance
- transparent, universal cryptography (no trusted setup)

how it works
zkPyTorch compiles PyTorch/ONNX models through a three-stage pipeline:

1. preprocessing
   - converts the model into an ONNX graph
   - augments it with auxiliary operations to ensure ZK verifiability

2. zk-friendly quantization
   - transforms floating-point operations into field-friendly integer arithmetic
   - preserves accuracy while optimizing for performance

3. hierarchical circuit optimization
   - applies model-level, operation-level, and gate-level optimizations
   - produces efficient, parallelizable circuits ready for proof generation

proving and verifying
The compiled circuit is then executed natively with Expander, the fastest ZKP engine, producing an output and proof that can be publicly verified.

trustless proof your model works correctly
With zkPyTorch, developers can:
- reuse trained models directly from PyTorch
- generate and verify inference proofs for AI predictions
- publish verifiable AI outputs to blockchain, partners, or auditors
- keep the model and IP secure while proving correctness

use cases
- verifiable AI agents
  - give AI agents an unforgeable identity guaranteeing integrity of agent actions.
- auditable AI services
  - prove your AI model performed as promised—without exposing user data.
- web3 + on-chain AI
  - enable verifiable off-chain inference with on-chain ZK verification.
- regulatory compliance
  - show compliance with fairness, transparency, or governance policies using cryptographic proofs.
- IP-protected inference
  - deliver provable results from your proprietary model—reinforcing the integrity of model outputs.

frequently asked questions
q: does zkPyTorch require changing my PyTorch model?
a: no. It supports most standard PyTorch architectures. Some custom or dynamic layers may need adaptation.

q: what kind of models can it handle?
a: CNNs, MLPs, and Transformers are supported. Quantized versions are compiled into field-friendly arithmetic circuits.

q: is training supported?
a: zkPyTorch currently supports inference only. Training/fine-tuning is coming soon.

q: what’s the performance like?
a: benchmarks show seconds to minutes per proof, depending on model size. Parallel proving and batching can further reduce time. GPU compatibility coming Q2 2025.



zkPyTorch: A Hierarchical Optimized Compiler for Zero-Knowledge Machine Learning

Tiancheng Xie, Polyhedra Network
Tao Lu, Polyhedra Network
Zhiyong Fang, Polyhedra Network
Siqi Wang, Polyhedra Network
Zhenfei Zhang, Polyhedra Network
Yongzheng Jia, Polyhedra Network
Dawn Song, University of California, Berkeley
Jiaheng Zhang, National University of Singapore, Polyhedra Network

Abstract

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in high-stakes applications such as healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems, ensuring the verifiability of AI computations without compromising sensitive data or proprietary models is crucial. Zero-knowledge machine learning (ZKML) leverages zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to enable the verification of AI model outputs while preserving confidentiality. However, existing ZKML approaches require specialized cryptographic expertise, making them inaccessible to traditional AI developers.

In this paper, we introduce ZKPyTorch, a compiler that seamlessly integrates ML frameworks like PyTorch with ZKP engines like Expander, simplifying the development of ZKML. ZKPyTorch automates the translation of ML operations into optimized ZKP circuits through three key components. First, a ZKP preprocessor converts models into structured computational graphs and injects necessary auxiliary information to facilitate proof generation. Second, a ZKP-friendly quantization module introduces an optimized quantization strategy that reduces computation bit-widths, enabling efficient ZKP execution within smaller finite fields such as M61. Third, a hierarchical ZKP circuit optimizer employs a multi-level optimization framework at model, operation, and circuit levels to improve proof generation efficiency.

We demonstrate ZKPyTorch effectiveness through end-to-end case studies, successfully converting VGG-16 and Llama-3 models from PyTorch, a leading ML framework, into ZKP-compatible circuits recognizable by Expander, a state-of-the-art ZKP engine. Using Expander, we generate zero-knowledge proofs for these models, achieving proof generation for the VGG-16 model in 2.2 seconds per CIFAR-10 image for VGG-16 and 150 seconds per token for Llama-3 inference, improving the practical adoption of ZKML.