INTRODUCTION
When John Foster Dulles died on May 24, 1959, a bereft nation mourned
more intensely than it had since the death of Franklin Roosevelt fourteen
years before. Thousands lined up outside the National Cathedral in
Washington to pass by his bier. Dignitaries from around the world, led by
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of West Germany and Madame Chiang Kaishek
of Taiwan, came to the funeral. It was broadcast live on the ABC and
CBS television networks. Many who watched agreed that the world had lost,
as President Eisenhower said in his eulogy, “one of the truly great men of
our time.”
Two months later, Eisenhower signed an executive order decreeing that
in tribute to this towering figure, the new super-airport being built at
Chantilly, Virginia, would be named Dulles International.
Enthusiasm for this idea waned after Eisenhower left the White House in
1961. The new president, John F. Kennedy, did not want to name an ultramodern
piece of America’s future after a crusty Cold War militant. As the
airport neared completion, the chairman of the Federal Aviation Authority
announced that it would be named Chantilly International. He left open the
possibility that a terminal might be named for Dulles.
That sent partisans into action. One of them was Dulles’s brother, Allen,
who had run the Central Intelligence Agency for nearly a decade. Pressure
on Kennedy grew, and he finally relented. On November 17, 1962, with
both Eisenhower and Allen Dulles watching, he presided over the official
opening of Dulles International Airport.
“How appropriate it is that this should be named after Secretary Dulles,”
Kennedy said in his speech. “He was a member of an extraordinary family:
his brother, Allen Dulles, who served in a great many administrations,
stretching back, I believe, to President Hoover, all the way to this one; John
Foster Dulles, who at the age of 19 was, rather strangely, the secretary to the
Chinese delegation to The Hague, and who served nearly every Presidential
administration from that time forward to his death in 1959; their uncle, who
was secretary of state, Mr. Lansing; their grandfather, who was secretary of
state, Mr. Foster. I know of few families and certainly few contemporaries
who rendered more distinguished and dedicated service to their country.”
Then, in what became a newsreel clip seen around the world, Kennedy
pulled back a curtain and unveiled the airport’s symbolic centerpiece: a
larger-than-life bust of John Foster Dulles. It was on a pedestal overlooking
an evocative reflecting pool at the center of the airport that the architect,
Eero Saarinen, hoped would calm travelers’ turbulent spirits.
Half a century after Dulles’s death stunned Americans, few remember
him. Many associate his name with an airport and nothing more. Even his
bust has disappeared.
During renovations in the 1990s, the reflecting pool at Dulles
International Airport was filled. The bust was removed. When the
renovation was complete, it did not reappear. No one seemed to notice.
After several fruitless inquiries, I finally tracked down the bust. A
woman who works for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
arranged for me to view it. It stands in a private conference room opposite
Baggage Claim Carousel #3. Beside it are plaques thanking the Airports
Authority for sponsoring local golf tournaments. Dulles looks big-eyed and
oddly diffident, anything but heroic.
Dedicated by the president of the United States while the world watched,
now shunted into a little-used room opposite baggage claim, this bust
reflects what history has done to the Dulles brothers.
A biography published three years after John Foster Dulles died asserted
that “he provoked an extraordinary mixture of veneration and hatred during
his lifetime, and since his death, in spite of a surge of emotion in his favor
towards the end, his memory has remained contentious and intriguing.” That
memory faded quickly. In 1971 a journalist wrote that although the Dulles
name had not been completely forgotten, “certainly most of the éclat had
gone out of it.”
John Foster Dulles was, as one biographer wrote, “a secretary of state so
powerful and implacable that no government in what was then fervently
referred to as the Free World would have dared to make a decision of
international importance without first getting his nod of approval.” Another
biographer called his brother, Allen, “the greatest intelligence officer who
ever lived.”
“Do you realize my responsibilities?” Allen asked his sister when he was
at the peak of his power. “I have to send people out to get killed. Who else
in this country in peacetime has the right to do that?”
These uniquely powerful brothers set in motion many of the processes
that shape today’s world. Understanding who they were, and what they did,
is a key to uncovering the obscured roots of upheaval in Asia, Africa, and
Latin America.
A book tracing these roots could not have been written in an earlier era.
Only long after the Dulles brothers died did the full consequences of their
actions become clear. They may have believed that the countries in which
they intervened would quickly become stable, prosperous, and free. More
often, the opposite happened. Some of the countries they targeted have
never recovered. Nor has the world.
This story is rich with lessons for the modern era. It is about
exceptionalism, the view that the United States is inherently more moral and
farther-seeing than other countries and therefore may behave in ways that
others should not. It also addresses the belief that because of its immense
power, the United States can not only topple governments but guide the
course of history.
To these widely held convictions, the Dulles brothers added two others,
both bred into them over many years. One was missionary Christianity,
which tells believers that they understand eternal truths and have an
obligation to convert the unenlightened. Alongside it was the presumption
that protecting the right of large American corporations to operate freely in
the world is good for everyone.
The story of the Dulles brothers is the story of America. It illuminates
and helps explain the modern history of the United States and the world. ترجم هذ بالكامل الة اللغة العربية