i want 25 multiple choice questions with their model answer below each question that covers all different aspects of all the following information about :What are cytoplasmic organelles that
share in protein synthesis process?
Ribosomes: Factories
Rough endoplasmic reticulum : Initial
modification &transport
Golgi Apparatus: Modification, package,
sorting and targeting➢ Golgi bodies are named
after the Italian biologist
Camillo Golgi
By L.M:
1- By H & E stained sections,
it doesn’t appear, WHY ?
2- Seen with silver staining , as
threads or vacuoles lie close
to the nucleus.
.
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex)(H&E) of Golgi apparatus VS (Silver
stain)
-Ve Golgi
imageEM of Golgi A
1- Membranous
saccules
2-Transport vesicles.
3- Secretory vesicles.1) Golgi saccule: (Flattened curved
membranous ,slightly expanded at the end
super-imposed on each other forming stack
have two faces;
a- one is termed cis (= near).
b- The other also termed trans or
shipping region2) The transport vesicles
➢ Small vesicles budding from rER ---- passing
through the cytoplasm along cytoskeleton to
merge with and pour their contents in the
saccule of the cis face (= Golgi receiving
region ).
➢ Carry the unmodified protein (raw ptn).
➢Formation & fusion of the vesicles through
Golgi saccules is controlled by a specific
membrane Protein called ……????The secretory vesicles (larg vesicles):
1- Budding from trans face
2- They carry concentrated secretory product
(=modified protein).
3- Secretory granules are found in cells that
store a product until its release by
exocytosis
4- its secretion is regulated secretion i.e
exocytosis of this secretion is signaled by
metabolic, hormonal or neural message* Functions of the Golgi apparatus:
1- Complete Modification of ptns produced in
RER: Golgi saccules contain different enzymes
imp for (glycosylation )& (sulfation) of raw
proteins .
2- Sorting, targeting & Packing of modified
proteins in specific vesicles and addresses them
to proper destination.
3- Addition of newly formed cell membrane and
coat to the cell surface.
4- Formation of lysosomesLysosomeslysosomes
1-By EM: Spherical
Membranous
vesicles (0.05 -
0.5µm)
2-Contain 40
different Digestive
hydrolytic enzymes
(protease, lipase,..
4-The proper
PH for its
action?---
3-intracytoplasmic
digestion& turnover
of cellular
components
5-Increase in
phagocytic cells
(e.g neutrophil
&monocyte➢ By L.M: not seen .. Can be detected by
staining of their hydrolytic enzymes by
histochemical techniques.
➢ The hydrolytic enzymes e.g : lipase, protease, acid
phosphatase, nuclease, etc…).
➢ The Ptns forming its enzymes are synthesized &
segregated in the rER then transferred to Golgi A
where modified & packaged into primary
lysosomesEarly and late endosomesPossible fates of 1ry lysosomes):
Mixing the endocytosed material with the
Lysosomal enzymes activate proton H+ Pump in
lysosomal membrane ---- acidify the contents-----
allowing digestion .
1)- Primary lysosomes may
fuse with large particles …..
(engulfed solid particulate
e.g bacteria) to form
( Heterolysosomes)---
appear heterogeneous
by EM WHY?.
.2) Autolysosomes
➢ The excess or Functionless old
cell organoids surrounded by a
membrane from SER.
➢ Then fuses with Primary
lysosomes for digestion of its
Contents .
➢ The process itself
called (Autophagy)…
.What is the definition of
autophagy?3)- The undigested
substance retained
within vesicle known
as Residual Body.
➢ - If these residual
bodies persist in Long
lived cells (heart ms
&nerve cell for long
time), may accumulate
as pigment called
lipofuscin.Peroxisomes (Microbodies)
• Membrane bound
organelles containing
peroxide-forming enzymes
and catalase in crystalline
core.
• Single membrane from rER
& enzymes from free
ribosomes.
• Very common in liver and
kidney cells.
• Undergo simple division.Functions:
• Formation & degradation of H2O2.
• Breakdown of certain types of Lipids (B-chain fatty
acids).
• Alcohol metabolism.What are the types of lysosomes?
1) Primary lysosomes. (freshly formed one &
not engaged into any intracellular
digestion).
2)- Secondary lysosomes :
a) Heterolysosomes:
b) Autolysosomes (Autophagic vacuoles):.
C) Residual bodies