Changes and continuities in Movies 
1960s | 1990s | 2010s
Introduce your Pop Culture Element
Movies are moving images that tell stories for people to watch on TV, laptops, phones, or in a cinema. Films were first created by the Lumiere brothers in 1895 and have been everchanging since. With 13 basic genres and over 90 subgenres, movies have evolved to suit everyone. These changes have been sculpted by key events in history.
Hypothesis
It is hypothesised that movies changed due to influences from technological advancements, feminist movements, and racial equality movements in Australia through the 60s, 90s, and 2010s.
Changes and Continuities (1960s)
The 1960s was a tremendous decade of change for film. When movies from the 1950s and before are compared to movies in the 1960s, many changes and continuities are evident. In the movies of 1960s, women were beginning to be portrayed as independent and important members of society, however they also continued to be portrayed as weak and as victims that need men to come to their rescue. During the 1960s, films dealing with the Aboriginal 'problem' kept using racist strategies to address the ‘uncivilised’ manners of Aboriginal culture, by praising at the same time Australian White middle-class values. Nevertheless, and thanks to some social movements in the country and the introduction of self-determination policies, there is a visible change. Some films started to represent Aboriginals as subjects in control of their own matters. The technology used to create the films in the 60s evolved considerably from past decades, with advancements in animation, digital morphing, and computer-generated images (CGI). Many of these changes and continuities persisted to the 1990s.
Changes and Continuities (1990s)
Many changes and continuities in films from the 1960s occurred in the 1990s. The introduction of the DVD in 1999 and the Internet, which allowed people to watch movies online, represented the biggest changes in the Australian film industry in the 1990s. As a result, fewer people visited movie theatres, which had a significant impact on the industry. Indigenous people were more prominent, and there were overt depictions of multicultural cooperation and coexistence on screen. Although there was still plenty on misogyny in film, the 90s also saw the rise of on-screen feminism and ‘girl power’. While some didn’t, many films in the 90s turned away from the ‘damsel in distress’ stereotype and began to depict women as their own heroes. Many of these changes and continuities endured to the 2010s. 
Changes and Continuities (2010s)
Many changes and continuities in films from the 1960s and 1990s occurred in 2010 films. Watching movies at home rather than in a cinema continued from the 1990s however, the ways the movies were viewed changed. The 2010s introduced a more modern way of watching movies which is streaming services and steered away from DVD and videotapes. Although many of these services were first introduced in the 2000s, they didn’t really become popular until 2013. This is due to the lower costs and a more widespread access. The streaming service Femflix was introduced into Australia and New Zealand in the 2010s. Femflix is an ad-free service that offers movies with at least one female-identifying creative in positions such as director, producer, writer, cinematographer, or lead actress. The portrayal of women as their own heroes in movies continued from the 1990s as women broke into the superhero genre, with heroes like Wonder Woman and Black Widow.  The portrayal of Indigenous peoples in movies has changed dramatically from being done through the use of racist stereotypes, to Indigenous creatives using film and television to document their cultures, encourage social change, and provide entertainment (Collection, 2020). The changes and continuities in movies can be credited to many social and cultural factors throughout the 1960s, 1990s, and 2010s. 
Social Key Factor
A social key factor that has affected the changes and continuities in movies is feminist movements. 
The second wave of feminism in Australia began in the 1960s with the struggle against social and legal discrimination, sexual harassment in the workplace, and other issues. During this time, women in movies began to become more independent. The women on screen depicted the same values and beliefs as the women in reality. Many women in films went from being housewives to joining the workforce as teachers or nurses. During third wave feminism, in the 1990s to 2014, men and women in movies were beginning to be presented as equals. Women were also less likely to be portrayed as a damsel in distress who needs a man to save her. Carol Danvers and Nick Fury's partnership on-screen in "Captain Marvel" provided audiences with yet another example following the success of third wave feminism and the #MeToo movement. More female characters began to play prominent roles as the feminist movement grew in the early to mid-2010s, and an emerging trend emerged: remakes of classic male-lead movies with an all-female cast (Anderson, n.d.).
In the 2010s, Femflix was developed in response to the rise of the #MeToo and #TimesUp movement with the aim to engage, educate and influence audiences and content creators about the importance of eliminating unconscious bias, highlighting gender balance, challenging stereotypes, creating role models, and showcasing a wide variety of strong female characters in entertainment and media.
Political Key Factor
A political key factor that has affected the changes and continuities in movies is racial inequality movements. 
Early depictions of Indigenous Australians in movies frequently featured non-Indigenous actors wearing blackface and bore no resemblance to the real peoples or their cultures. But things started to change in the 1960s. All nations were urged by the United Nations to recognise their citizens' human rights. The Australian Government removed a number of discriminatory references from its laws and, through a referendum, from the Australian constitution in response to mounting domestic pressure to deflect international attention. As a result, the misinterpretation of Indigenous people and their culture in films was reduced and eventually stopped.
The birth of the civil rights movement and the beginnings of legal recognition for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples saw big changes in the film industry. The Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation is founded in 1991, and the Mabo trial, which took place the following year, recognised the Aboriginal people's land rights and resulted in the passage of the Native Title Act in 1993 (Ellis, n.d.). This law made it possible for Indigenous people to reclaim some sacred areas. Indigenous people were given more prominence in Australian films during this time, and open discussions of multicultural coexistence were depicted onscreen.
Cultural Key Factor
A cultural key factor that has influenced changes and continuities in movies is technological advancements. Technology has helped simplify life for the people involved in making a movie. 
The 1960’s saw a major advancement in technology, with the first realistic computer animation, the first 3D wireframe animation, the first digital morphing, the first motion capture and the first talking CGI character. The 1990s saw the creation of believable alternate worlds with computer-generated images (CGI) and the development of stable Wi-Fi in 1996 allowed for easier access to movies from all over the globe. Before the technology of the 21st century, a full crew was required to operate cameras, and if they wanted to get an aerial shot, they needed a camera mounted on an aircraft that was so heavy it weighed more than the aircraft itself. Then after the footage was recorded, the editing process involved physically cutting and pasting the film together, which wasn't a quick procedure. Even after a lot of time and effort, the images produced were still of poor quality. But today's lighter, newer cameras enable shots that were previously unthinkable and provide clearer images. Plus, editing movies has never been simpler thanks to the cloud. Teams from all over the world can collaborate on a movie from any location, including the comfort of their own homes. Additionally, viewers no longer need to travel to a nearby theatre for the single nightly showing of a movie. Viewers are now able to watch their favourite movies whenever and wherever they want thanks to on-demand, streaming services, and TV. The Ghostbusters film from the early 1990s took five years to produce, whereas the ghostbusters from 2016 took only one. Both of these films have similar CGI (ghosts) however the 2016 movie is higher quality even though it only took one fifth of the time to produce compared to the 1990s movie. In a relatively short period of time, technology has transformed the film industry from silent, black-and-white movies to high-definition movies that can transport viewers to the scene and that can be watched from the comfort of their own home.
Conclusion
Feminist movements, racial movements, and technological advancements are clearly three major factors for the evolution of movies. With multiple waves of feminism fighting for women both on screen and off screen, indigenous Australians also fighting for their equality on and off screen, and technology making the process of creating films faster, easier, and better, it’s evident that these three influences on movies have helped them to advance through the 1960s, 1990s, and 2010s.
References
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