Упражнение 10. Найдите ошибки в предложениях. Переведите
эти предложения на русский язык.
1. Encryption is one of the oldest applied sciences, some basic encryption
techniques have been thousands of years ago.
2. Encryption deal with protecting the confidentiality of sensitive
information by encoding it in a way which hides its meaning.
3. Schemes where the same shared key is use for both encryption and
decryption, are called symmetric encryption scheme.
4. Some of ancient ciphers did not used encryption/decryption keys.
5. The key for decryption is private, and supposed be hidden from the
attacker.
6. One simple attack strategy is try to decrypt ciphertext message
therefore.
7. Exhaustive search have some requirements on the plaintext space.
8. There is two additional common attack models for encryption schemes.
9. When it is known that the message is in English, the attacker cans apply
known statistics.
10. The cost of using slightly longer key is well usually justified.
Упражнение 11. Задайте вопросы к следующим предложениям:
1. Claude Shannon had proved that every unconditionally-secure cipher
must have had keys as long as the plaintext.
2. The One Time Pad (OTP) - the unconditionally secure cipher, was
recognized early on, but only established rigorously in 1949.
3. In contrast to the ancient ciphers the One Time Pad is a stream cipher.
4. Stream ciphers are often used in applied cryptography.
5. The goal of a PRG is to ensure that its output bits are pseudorandom.
6. Pseudo-random functions are an efficient substitute to random
functions.
7. One important application is derivation of multiple separate keys from a
single shared secret key k.
8. The first aspect of a security definition, is a precise attacker model,
defining the maximal expected capabilities of the attacker.
9. When we evaluate cryptosystems, we are interested in their resistance to
all types of attacks, and especially, the stronger ones - CPA and CCA.
10. When we design a security system, cryptographic or otherwise, it is
important to clearly define both aspects of security: the attacker model, as
well as the success criteria.
Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
несвободные глагольные словосочетания.
1. The novel «Burning Chrome» by William Gibson introduced the term
cyberspace to refer to these interconnected networks, computers, devices
and humans.
2. Exhaustive search may not work for stateful ciphers, since decryption
depends on the state and not only on the key.
3. Finally, decoding of an arbitrary plaintext with an incorrect key should
usually result in clearly-invalid plaintext.
4. To meet export regulations, or to make sure that the best way to attack
the scheme is vie exhaustive search.
5. In spite of its simplicity, this mode ensures provably-secure encryption.
6. Designers should make sure that the extra properties hold for their
particular choice.
7. Modern symmetric encryption schemes are built in modular fashion,
using a basic building block.
8. This is one reason that people are sometime misled into thinking.
9. This revolutionary idea has developed into the huge area of public key
cryptology, also referred to as asymmetric cryptology.
10. This provides significantly better efficiency compared to exhaustive
search.
Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
употребление глагола to have.
1. Rapid technological improvements and increased digitization have
caused growing dependence on ICT services.
2. At the same time, organizations, regardless of their size, have to keep up
a more complex legislative framework.
3. Hypothetically, if a security incident affects an IT system offering
a payment service and the incident has an impact on personal data, there is
an obligation to notify and cooperate with possibly different competent
authorities.
4. Those new and largely experimental peacekeeping operations had had
mixed results.
5. The police investigated this matter and concluded that kidnapping had
never happened.
6. Anyone operating that rackety machine had better wear earplugs.
7. Germany will have to loosen its beloved purse settings, and France will
have to surrender some of its precious political sovereignty.
8. Not only complete cities and landscapes have been destroyed, even
whole continents have been reformed.
9. Researchers have been developing virtual reality systems that help
people overcome specific phobias since the 1990s.
10. Having done some work I brought these figures in the following table.