Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            ake 30 days or 
more before the first signs and symptoms of infection begin. 
 
The main listeria infections 
1- Neonatal sepsis 
2- Neonatal meningitis 
3- Abortion 
Treatment 
All strains are sensitive to ampicillin and this drug either alone or in combination with 
aminoglycosides. 
5 
 
 
ACID-FAST BACILLI 
Tubercle Bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 
 
Mycobacterium: means fungus-like bacterium, is a pathogenic bacteria species in the animal and 
the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis (TB). 
 
First discovered by Robert Koch in 1882, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on 
its cell surface, which makes the cells difficult stained with Gram stain. Another technique for 
staining is used called (acid- fast satin) or (Ziehel-Nelson stain) for it detection. 
 
Characteristics of M. tuberculosis 
 Slightly curved, rod shaped bacilli, 0.2 - 0.5 microns in diameter; 2 - 4 microns in length 
 Thick lipid cell wall, Aerobic , Non-motile 
 Multiplies slowly (every 18 - 24 hrs), 8 weeks growth of M. tuberculosis on Lowenstein- 
Jensen Agar 
 Can remain dormant for decades 
Transmission and Pathogenesis of TB 
• The disease TB: is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) 
• The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another through tiny 
droplets released into the air via coughs, sneezes, laughs and sings 
• Prolonged contact needed for transmission
6 
 
 
 
 
Sites of TB Disease 
• Pulmonary TB occurs in the lungs ,85% of all TB cases are pulmonary 
• Extra pulmonary TB occurs in places other than the lungs, which include: 
– Larynx - Lymph nodes -Brain and spine -Kidneys -Bones and joints 
 
 
Not Everyone Exposed Becomes Infected 
 Probability of transmission depends on: 
- Infectiousness 
- Type of environment 
- Length of exposure 
Symptoms 
 
Although our body may harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB), our immune system usually can 
prevent us from becoming sick. For this reason, doctors make a distinction between: 
 
 
Latent TB. 
 
In this condition, we have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in our body in an inactive state and 
cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection, isn't contagious. It can turn 
7 
 
 
into active TB, so treatment is important for the person with latent TB and to help control the spread 
of TB. 
 
Active TB. This condition makes us sick and in most cases can spread to others. It can occur in the 
first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or it might occur within years later. 
 
When Should You Suspect Tuberculosis (TB)? 
TB disease should be suspected in persons who have the following symptoms: 
 
Unexplained weight loss 
 
Loss of appetite 
 
Night sweats 
- Fever 
- Fatigue. 
 
If TB disease is in the lungs (pulmonary), symptoms may include: 
 
Coughing for longer than 3 weeks 
 
Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) 
 
Chest pain 
If TB disease is in other parts of the body (extra-pulmonary), sympt

            Quiz: