Background information / Context
The world as we know it is rapidly evolving. Every half second a child makes their first click online
and one in three internet users is now under the age of 18.[1] Many children have high hopes for
what they want in a digital world and what they see as the potential in technology.[2] Meaningful
access to digital technologies can support children to realise their full range of civic, political,
cultural and social rights.[3] Yet while access is increasing, it is not equitably distributed. Living in
poverty, having a disability, being displaced from one’s home or simply being a girl dramatically
limits the likelihood that a child will ever have access to technology, let alone the skills to use it. For
[1] Kardefelt Winther, Daniel; Livingstone, Sonia; Saeed, Marium (2019). Growing up in a connected world, Innocenti Research Report,
UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence
[2] 5RightsFoundation. (2021) Our Rights in a Digital World. Western Sydney University
[3] General Comment No.25 (2021) on Children’s Rights in Relation to the Digital Environment. CRC/C/GC/25

some children technology provides a way to connect with others and access a community they may
otherwise have been excluded from, for others it poses a real danger to their physical and mental
health and wellbeing.
The internet is borderless, so those seeking to harm children can now do so in relative safety from
a different country or continent. Despite children adapting to the digital world, their caregivers and
the laws, policies and services that are meant to protect and support them are not. During the
COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the number of photos, videos and content related to online sexual
abuse rose by 50 percent with nearly 70 million images and videos reported to the National Centre
for Missing and Exploited Children in the United States.[4] According to a research from Zambia,[5]
parents often lack confidence in their own skills and abilities and adopt restrictive practices and
children rarely ask their parents or teachers for help to mitigate the risks or taboo topics they
encounter online. While digital technology provides a way for children to learn, play, explore their
interests, and create friendships, it also presents real risks for bullying, abuse, trafficking,
exploitation and even online radicalization.
The proposed study aims to explore the context and linkages between online to offline abuse and
patterns (from gender lens as well) in Nepal. This study aims to analyze how effective the hotlines
(1098, 104, 1145) are for reporting cases of violence against children to know the effectiveness and
whether these are child-friendly and gender-friendly. Also, whether children (boys, girls, LGBTIQ,
children with disability) particularly those most impacted by discrimination and inequality are
feeling comfortable using this. The study is open to get the impression on status of digital literacy
amongst children and parents. The scope also expands in mapping the availability of legislation
(including laws and policies) at the national and sub-national levels, as well as how effective our case
management and referral mechanism is to address the problem.
Regarding the research method, both quantitative and qualitative, as well as direct surveys can be
applied. The area to be explored is in Madhesh Pradhesh, in the working areas (Saptari, Sarlahi,
Mahottari) of Save the Children and at the national level. Both rural and urban areas could be
explored while reaching the population and the target groups are children (disaggregated by all
possible distinction), parents, government, police (Cyber Bureau).
Objective:
The consulting firm / consultant(s) is expected to conduct an exploratory research on the impact of
online to offline abuse amongst children, including children most impacted by discrimination and
inequality, and assess effectiveness and gap in the legislative aspects, referral and response
mechanisms etc.
METHODOLOGY:
Study Design
The proposed research will follow mixed method exploratory design; both quantitative and
qualitative, as well as surveys will be applied. In addition, policy analysis will also be done.
[4] Dance, Gabriel; Keller, Michael H. (Feb 2020). Tech Companies Detect a Surge in Online Videos of Child Sexual Abuse. New York
Times.
[5] Save the Children. (2022). Zambia Kids Online: A Global Kid Online Study.

Study Location
The area to be explored is in Madhesh Province, in the working areas (Saptari, Sarlahi, Mahottari)
of Save the Children. Both rural and urban areas could be explored while reaching the population.
Study Population
The target groups are children (disaggregated by gender, disability etc), parents, teachers, CSOs
actors, government officials, Police (Cyber Bureau) etc.
Ethical considerations:
This study involves data collection, thus, prior to interviews, objective of the study will be shared
with all research participants. Verbal consent will be obtained from all the respondents and in case
of children, verbal consent will be taken from parents and assent will be obtained from children.
Respondents can at any time withdraw their participation from the study. All the personal identifier
will be kept confidential and no real name will be disclosed throughout the study and pseudo name
will be used for quoting the useful quotations. Consultant should not use the collected data for
his/her own purpose.
It is also expected that this study will be:
▪ Child participatory and child led. Where appropriate and safe, children should be supported to
participate in the research process beyond simply being respondents. It will also be ensured that
FGDs with children will be child led. Opportunities for collaborative participation could include
involving children in determining success criteria against which the project could be evaluated,
supporting children to collect some of the data required for the evaluation themselves, or
involving children in the validation of findings. Any child participation, whether consultative,
collaborative or child-led, must abide by the 9 Basic Requirements for meaningful and ethical
child participation.
▪ Inclusive. Ensure that children from different ethnic, social and religious backgrounds have the
chance to participate, as well as children with disabilities and children who may be excluded or
discriminated against in their community.
▪ Ethical: The study must be guided by the following ethical considerations:
o Safeguarding – demonstrating the highest standards of behaviour towards children and
adults.
o Sensitive – to child rights, gender, inclusion and cultural contexts.
o Openness - of information given, to the highest possible degree to all involved parties.
o Public access - to the results when there are not special considerations against this
o Broad participation -the relevant parties should be involved where possible.
o Reliability and independence - the study should be conducted so that findings and
conclusions are correct and trustworthy.

It is expected that:
▪ Data collection methods will be age and gender appropriate.
▪ Study activities will provide a safe, creative space where children feel that their thoughts and
ideas are important.
▪ A risk assessment will be conducted that includes any risks related to children, young people’s,
or adult’s participation.
▪ A referral mechanism will be in place in case any child safeguarding or protection issues arise.

Services the Supplier will provide
The consulting firm will take ethical approval from concerned government institution, conduct an
exploratory research, write an evidence-based article for peer reviewed journal based on the
research, prepare research report along with its summary, design and publication.
Key deliveries:
- Literature Review on the situation of online and offline forms of violence against children.
Review of policies and legislations related to online/offline forms of VAC.
- Data Collection with children and young people, focus group discussions with parents &
teachers and key informant interviews with stakeholders.
- Conduct data validation workshop with children and young people, government, CSOs and
academia.
- Produce a full research report and summary report.
- Develop research informed article for publication in peer reviewed journals.
- Design, Publish and Disseminate full research report along with a separate summary brief.
Proposal requirement:
- Detailed Research Methodology including sampling, data analysis etc. for proposed
exploratory research ensuring participation of children and young people
- Prior work establishing strong knowledge and experience on related research and study.
- Research timeline highlighting data collection, write-up and completion.
Experience and Skill set Requirement:
Essential:
- At least 5 years’ organizational experience in undertaking research and advocacy. The
research team leader should have at least 5 years of experience working on child rights,
protection, gender, digital environment etc.
- Team leader should have Master’s Degree in law or human rights or gender studies or any
other social science.
Preferred:

- Experience working with I/NGOs on similar issues.


Supervision: The consultant/ consulting firm will work closely with Save the Children’sChild Rights
Governance and Child Protection team in Country Office and Eastern Field Office.

above is the TOR . Can you please draft the proposal for following organization 

Digital Rights Nepal (DRN): Safeguarding Digital Rights for a Secure Digital Space

Overview:
Digital Rights Nepal (DRN) is a leading non-profit organization in Nepal that was established in 2020 with a crucial mission: to safeguard digital rights and create a safe and secure digital space for all individuals. With a team consisting of rights advocates, academics, civitech advocates, and campaigners, DRN possesses extensive experience in running and implementing internet freedom and digital rights-related projects in Nepal. The organization maintains a wide public network of major stakeholders, further strengthening its influence and impact.

Objectives and Focus Areas:
DRN is committed to advocating for better policies, conducting research, and providing capacity-building initiatives to promote digital rights in Nepal. The organization's primary focus areas include:

Online Freedom of Expression and Association: DRN works tirelessly to protect and promote online freedom of expression and association, recognizing the importance of these rights for a vibrant and democratic society.
Privacy and Data Protection: DRN advocates for strong privacy measures and data protection policies to safeguard individuals' personal information in the digital realm.
Access to Information: DRN believes in the fundamental right of individuals to access information and actively engages in efforts to ensure unhindered access to information for all .
Internet Governance and Cyber Laws/Policies: DRN actively contributes to the development of internet governance frameworks and cyber laws/policies in Nepal, with the aim of creating an inclusive and fair digital environment.
Mis/Disinformation and Hate Speech: DRN addresses the growing challenges of mis/disinformation and hate speech, advocating for responsible digital practices and countering the spread of harmful content.
Cybersecurity and Child Safety: Recognizing the importance of a secure digital space, DRN promotes cybersecurity measures and raises awareness about potential threats and best practices for protection.

Key Achievements:
Since its inception, DRN has achieved significant milestones in its pursuit of digital rights:

Policy Research and Advocacy: DRN actively engages in policy research, reviewing government bills and policies from a right-based approach. The organization collaborates with parliamentarians and contributes to building a supportive policy environment for digital rights. For instance, DRN has reviewed the Information Technology Bill, E-commerce Bill, Draft National Cybersecurity Policy 2078, 2080, Telecommunication Bill 2023, Social Media Management Directive 2078, Election code of conduct, and 11th Amendment of Broadcasting Regulation and advocated for revisions of these bill and draft policies.

Research and survey: DRN is at the forefront of conducting surveys and research on various digital rights issues in Nepal, demonstrating its commitment to evidence-based advocacy and policy interventions. The organization has undertaken several significant surveys and research projects, including:

National Assessment of Internet Universality Indicators: DRN successfully conducted a national assessment of UNESCO's Internet Universality Indicators in Nepal, providing a comprehensive analysis of the country's digital policies and highlighting structural causes of digital inequalities.
CSO Digital Resilience Survey: DRN actively conducts the CSO Digital Resilience Survey to assess the digital resilience and preparedness of civil society organizations. This survey helps identify the challenges and needs of CSOs in the digital realm, enabling DRN to provide targeted support and capacity-building initiatives.
Privacy Perception Survey: Understanding the perceptions and awareness of privacy among individuals is crucial for advocating effective privacy measures. DRN has conducted the Privacy Perception Survey to gauge public attitudes towards privacy, identify gaps in knowledge, and develop awareness campaigns and policy recommendations accordingly.
Radio Stations Resilience Survey: DRN recognizes the importance of radio stations in disseminating information and promoting digital rights. Through the Radio Stations Resilience Survey, DRN assesses the digital resilience of radio stations, including their online presence, cybersecurity measures, and capacity to withstand digital threats.
Research on Internet Freedom Situation: DRN has conducted comprehensive research on the state of internet freedom in Nepal, analyzing various aspects such as internet access, censorship, content regulation, and the overall digital environment. This research provides valuable insights for advocacy efforts aimed at protecting and promoting internet freedom in the country.
Research on Telecommunication Companies' Policies: DRN had conducted research on the policies of telecommunication companies operating in Nepal, analyzing their approach to privacy, data protection, and user rights. This research helps evaluate the practices of telecommunication companies and advocate for policies that prioritize individual rights and interests.
Research on Surveillance Laws: DRN has conducted in-depth research on surveillance laws in Nepal, examining their compatibility with human rights standards and the potential implications for individuals' privacy and freedom. This research serves as a foundation for advocating for transparent and accountable surveillance practices.
Research on Online Hate Speech Landscape: DRN has been investigating the online hate speech landscape in Nepal, analyzing its prevalence, impact, and legal frameworks. This research will enable DRN to advocate for policies and initiatives that combat hate speech, promote tolerance, and safeguard the digital rights of individuals.
Research on Voters' Privacy Laws: DRN has conducted research on voters' privacy laws and their implementation in Nepal. By examining the legal frameworks and practices surrounding voter privacy, DRN aimed to ensure that citizens' personal information is adequately protected during electoral processes.

Through these surveys and research projects, DRN generates valuable insights, raises awareness, and provides evidence-based recommendations to inform policy interventions and advocacy efforts, ultimately contributing to the promotion and protection of digital rights in Nepal.

Youth Engagement and Capacity Building: DRN regularly organizes impactful initiatives to enhance knowledge and awareness of digital rights among Nepalese youth. For instance The "Nepal Digital Rights School 2022" a two day school on digital rights organized by DRN  provided youths with essential skills for online privacy protection and safe technology usage. DRN has also implemented a US-Government-sponsored (USG) exchange program alumni project that aims to train and build the capacity of youths on digital security, countering mis/disinformation and fact-checking in the far-western province of Nepal. DRN has collaborated with Youth led organizations such as “ YUVALAYA” and conducted three days Training of trainers on identifying and tackling hate speech , misinformation and disinformation. 

Social Media Campaigns: DRN has executed highly effective social media campaigns, raising awareness about crucial digital rights issues such as freedom of expression, privacy, data protection, and misinformation/disinformation. These campaigns have successfully reached a wide audience, particularly among youth and students. DRN has developed more than 20 short videos , 40 plus digital posters and infographics as part of its social media campaign.  DRN developed awareness materials on digital rights, mis/disinformation and digital security are being used by various civil society organizations such as Panos South Asia, NGO Federation, and Federation of Nepali Journalists.

Collaboration with Local Governments and Civil Society Organizations: DRN actively collaborates with local governments, supporting them in policy framing and recommending revisions to promote human rights and a rights-based approach. For instance DRN developed a model draft Data Management Policy and Guidelines for Local Governments and has been implementing them in 6 Local Governments as part of the D4D’s Integrated Policy Intervention to ensure Evidence-based policy formulation at local levels. DRN has continuously worked towards creating a policy environment that is supportive of digital rights, while also providing capacity-building initiatives and engaging with a wide range of stakeholders, specifically CSOs, lawyers, journalists  to raise awareness about digital rights issues in Nepal.

Advocacy at International level 
DRN actively engages in international advocacy for digital rights. For instance At the Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum (APrIGF) 2022 in Singapore, DRN hosted two sessions on important topics. The first session focused on the digital resilience of civil society in the face of shrinking civic space, discussing challenges such as censorship and surveillance. The second session examined the impact of social media regulations during elections, emphasizing the risks to freedom of expression and informed choices. DRN's participation in international forums allows them to contribute to vital discussions on digital rights and promote informed policymaking and international collaborations. DRN also participated in the Internet Governance Forum, 2022 held in Adis Ababa, Ethiopia and presented its experience relating to application of ROAM-X principles in assessing Internet development in Nepal.