Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

Tissues
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Tissues

Cells work together in functionally related 
groups called tissues

How is this done?

Attachments

communication

Types of tissues:
1.
Epithelial – lining and covering
2.
Connective – support 
3.
Muscle – movement
4.
Nervous – control
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اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔﺗﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﻣﻌًﺎﻓﻲﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎتﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ وﻇﻴﻔﻴًﺎﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ
ﻛﻴﻒﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ؟
.اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻘﺎت •
.ﺗﻮاﺻﻞ•
:أﻧﻮاع اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ
1ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ وﻏﻄﺎء – ﻇﻬﺎري -
2داﻋﻢ – ﻣﻮﺻﻞ .
3اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ - اﻟﻌﻀﻼت .
4اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة - اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ .
Epithelial Tissue –
General Characteristics & Functions
Covers a body surface or lines a body cavity 
Forms most glands
Functions of epithelium
Protection
Absorption, secretion, and diffusion 
Filtration
Forms slippery surfaces (mucus secretion)
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اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ووﻇﺎﺋﻒﻋﺎﻣﻪ -
.ﺗﻐﻄﻲﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أوﺗﺒﻄﻦﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ - 
ﻳﺸﻜﻞﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻐﺪد--
وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة -
اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ*
اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص واﻹﻓﺮاز واﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر *
اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ*
(إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻤﺨﺎط) ﻳﺸﻜﻞ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺰﻟﻘﺔ*
Special Characteristics of 
Epithelia
Cellularity
cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular 
space between them
Specialized contacts
may have junctions for both attachment and communication
Polarity
epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
Support by connective tissue 
at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue 
contribute to the basement membrane
Avascular
nutrients must diffuse from basal layer
Innervated
Regenerative 
epithelial tissues are highly mitotic 
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اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔﻟﻠﻈﻬﺎري
ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل وﺛﻴﻖﻣﻊﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾﻣﻊ وﺟﻮدﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ أوﻣﻌﺪوﻣﺔﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ
.ﻗﺪﺗﺤﺘﻮيﺟﻬﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔﻋﻠﻰ وﺻﻼتﻟﻜﻞﻣﻦ اﻻرﺗﺒﺎط واﻻﺗﺼﺎل •
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ داﺋﻤًﺎﺑﺴﻄﺢﻗﻤﻲ وﻗﺎﻋﺪي •
ﺣﻴﺚﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢﻛﻞﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻈﻬﺎري،اﻟﺪﻋﻢﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎمﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي •
واﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ اﻟﻀﺎمﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي
ﻳﺠﺐ أنﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻼوﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ • 
ﻳﻐﺬﻳﻬﺎ•
اﻟﺘﺠﺪد •
اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔﻫﻲ اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ
Special Characteristics of 
Epithelia
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First name of tissue indicates number of layers
Simple – one layer of cells
Stratified – more than one layer of cells
Classifications of Epithelia
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ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻈﻬﺎري
اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷولﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺞﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰﻋﺪد اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت*
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ واﺣﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ – ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ -
أﻛﺜﺮﻣﻦﻃﺒﻘﺔﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ –ﻣﻄﺒﻖ-
Classifications of Epithelia
Last name of tissue describes shape of cells
Squamous – cells wider than 
tall (plate or “scale” like)
Cuboidal – cells are as wide as 
tall, as in cubes
Columnar – cells are taller than
they are wide, like columns
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ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ
اﻻﺳﻢ اﻷﺧﻴﺮﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺞﻳﺼﻒﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
(”اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس“ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ أو) ﺧﻼﻳﺎ أوﺳﻊﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل – اﻟﺤﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ -
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ واﺳﻌﺔﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﻮلﻛﻤﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺎت – ﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲ-
ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة،اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ أﻃﻮلﻣﻦﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ – ﻋﻤﻮدي
Naming Epithelia
Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and 
the shape of the cells (second)
i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
The name may also include any accessory structures
Goblet cells
Cilia
Keratin
Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming 
convention)
Psuedostratified
Transitional
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ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرة
(اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ) وﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ (اﻷوﻟﻰ) ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرةﻛﻼﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت
أيﻇﻬﺎرةﻣﻜﻌﺒﺔﻃﺒﻘﻴﺔ
ًﺎ أيﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞﻣﻠﺤﻘﺔ
ﻗﺪﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﻻﺳﻢ أﻳﻀ
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﺄﺳﻴﺔ
أﻫﺪاب
اﻟﻜﻴﺮاﺗﻴﻦ
(ﻻﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﺻﻄﻼح اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ) اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﻔﺔ
اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description 
single layer of flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
Special types 
Endothelium (inner covering) 
slick lining of hollow organs
Mesothelium (middle covering) 
Lines peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities 
Covers visceral organs of those cavities
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ﻇﻬﺎريﺣﺮﺷﻔﻲﺑﺴﻴﻂ
وﺻﻒ
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ واﺣﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺔ ذاتﻧﻮىﻗﺮﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
أﻧﻮاعﺧﺎﺻﺔ
(اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ) اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ
ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔﻣﻠﺴﺎءﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ
(اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻷوﺳﻂ) اﻟﻤﻴﺰوﺛﻴﻠﻴﻮم
اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺼﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﺎوﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﺄﻣﻮرﻳﺔ -
ﻳﻐﻄﻲ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺤﺸﻮﻳﺔﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﺠﺎوﻳﻒ-
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Function 
Passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
Secretes lubricating substances in serous membranes
Location 
Renal corpuscles (kidneys)
Alveoli of lungs 
Lining of heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae/serous memb.) 
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اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
ﻣﺮور اﻟﻤﻮادﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ واﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ•
ﻳﻔﺮزﻣﻮادﺗﺸﺤﻴﻢﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺔ •
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
(اﻟﻜﻠﻰ) اﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻳﺔ•
اﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﻴﻦ •
.ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻟﺪم واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ •
.(اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻲ/اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﻠﻲ) ﺑﻄﺎﻧﺔﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺒﻄﻨﻲ •
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple squamous 
lining the walls of 
the capillary
If it’s from a 
mesothelial lining
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Description
single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central 
nuclei
Function 
secretion and absorption
Location 
kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary 
surface
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ﻇﻬﺎريﻣﻜﻌﺒﻲﺑﺴﻴﻂ
وﺻﻒ
ﻃﺒﻘﺔ واﺣﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐﻣﻊﻧﻮىﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔﻛﺮوﻳﺔﻛﺒﻴﺮة
وﻇﻴﻔﺔ
اﻹﻓﺮاز واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص
ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺾ،اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻹﻓﺮازﻳﺔﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة،أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description 
single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with 
oval nuclei
Some bear cilia at their apical surface
May contain goblet cells
Function 
Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other 
substances
Ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by 
ciliary action
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ﻇﻬﺎرةﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ
وﺻﻒ
.ذات اﻟﻨﻮى اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎوﻳﺔ (اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ) ﻃﺒﻘﺔ واﺣﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ -
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎﻳﺤﻤﻞ أﻫﺪابﻋﻠﻰﺳﻄﺤﻪ اﻟﻘﻤﻲ -
.ﻗﺪﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﺧﻼﻳﺎﻛﺄﺳﻴﺔ - 
وﻇﻴﻔﺔ
اﻣﺘﺼﺎص؛ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻤﺨﺎط واﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت وﻣﻮاد أﺧﺮى-
اﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲﻳﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺎط أو اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻹﻧﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲ - 
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Location 
Non-ciliated form 
Lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
Ciliated form 
Lines small bronchi, 
uterine tubes, and uterus
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ﻣﻮﻗﻊ
ﺷﻜﻞﻏﻴﺮﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ*
ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ واﻟﻤﺮارة وﻗﻨﻮاتﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻐﺪد -
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲ*
،ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة -
واﻟﺮﺣﻢ،أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﺮﺣﻢ
Pseudostratified Columnar 
Epithelium
Description
All cells originate at basement membrane
Only tall cells reach the apical surface
May contain goblet cells and bear cilia
Nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
Gives false impression of stratification
Function 
secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
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ﻇﻬﺎريﻋﻤﻮديﻣﻄﺒﻖﻛﺎذب
وﺻﻒ
ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺗﻨﺸﺄﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي -
اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔﻓﻘﻂﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻘﻤﻲ -
ﻗﺪﻳﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﺧﻼﻳﺎﻛﺄﺳﻴﺔ وأﻫﺪابﺗﺤﻤﻠﻴﺔ –
ﺗﺘﻮاﺟﺪ اﻟﻨﻮىﻋﻠﻰ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎتﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ-
ﻳﻌﻄﻲ اﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﺎﺧﺎﻃﺌﺎﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﻲ -
وﻇﻴﻔﺔ إﻓﺮاز اﻟﻤﺨﺎط؛ دﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﻫﺪاب
Pseudostratified Columnar 
Epithelium
Locations
Non-ciliated type 
Ducts of male 
reproductive tubes 
Ducts of large glands
Ciliated variety 
Lines trachea and most of 
upper respiratory tract
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اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ
ﻧﻮعﻏﻴﺮﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ •
ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﺬﻛﻮر أﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ اﻹﻧﺠﺎب-
ﻗﻨﻮات اﻟﻐﺪد اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة -
اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﻬﺪﺑﻲ -
ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ وﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ-
اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي
Stratified Epithelia
Contain two or more layers of cells
Regenerate from below
Major role is protection
Are named according to the shape of cells at 
apical layer
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ﺗﺤﺘﻮيﻋﻠﻰﻃﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
اﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ -
اﻟﺪور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ-
ﺗﺘﻢﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎﺣﺴﺐﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻤﻴﺔ -
ﻇﻬﺎريﻣﻄﺒﻖ
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Description
Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar 
Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for protection
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Made with Xodo PDF Reader and Editor
وﺻﻒ-
ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ – ﻃﺒﻘﺎتﻋﺪﻳﺪةﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ -
اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺗﻈﻬﺮﺑﺸﻜﻞﻣﻜﻌﺐ أوﻋﻤﻮدي -
اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ - اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻈﻬﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻴﻜﺔ -
ﺿﻬﺎريﺣﺮﺷﻔﻲﻣﻄﺒﻖ
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Specific types 
Keratinized – contain the protective protein keratin
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin 
Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of body openings
Function
Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Location 
Keratinized – forms epidermis
Non-keratinized – forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and 
vagina
Ma

Summary :