Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            l Thrombophlebitis 
Is a thrombotic disorder characterized by thrombi and inflammation (phlebitis) in the superficial 
veins 
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 
 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): This is a blood clot that occurs in a deep vein (including arms 
and legs).  
 Deep vein thrombosis itself isn’t life threatening. 
 However, the blood clot has the potential to break free and travel through the bloodstream, 
where it can stick in your lung’s blood vessels and become a pulmonary embolism.  
 pulmonary embolism can be a life threatening condition. 
 
 
 د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
3 
Varicose and spider veins 
 These are abnormal, dilated blood vessels that happen because of weakening in your blood 
vessel wall  associated with valvular incompetence. 
 Spider veins are like varicose veins, but smaller and closer to the surface of the skin. 
 
 
Venous ulcers 
 Ulcers are chronic wounds  
 Venous stasis ulcers most commonly occur below your knee, on the inner part of your leg, 
just above your ankle. 
 
 
Arteriovenous fistulas 
 are abnormal connection between arteries and veins . 
 it  may be congenital or surgically created for hemodialysis treatments. 
 
 د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
4 
Chronic Venous Insufficiency 
 This condition causes pooling of blood, chronic leg swelling, increased venous pressure, increased 
pigmentation or discoloration of your skin, and leg ulcers known as venous stasis ulcers. 
 
Risk Factors for Venous Disease 
1) immobilization. 
2) varicose veins 
3) Cigarette smoking 
4) hypercoagulable state. 
5) Family history of venous disease. 
6) pregnancy 
7) high-dose estrogen therapy or birth control pill  
8) Sitting or standing for long periods of time. 
9) Obesity Having a BMI (body mass index) greater than 30. 
10) 
malignancy 
11) polycythemia  
 
Symptoms of venous disease 
✓ Pain, cramping or discomfort. 
✓ Redness  
✓  Warmth. 
✓ Heaviness. 
✓ Itching or burning feeling. 
✓ Swelling. 
✓ Bulging veins. 
✓ Ulceration  
 
the complications of venous disease: 
1) Superficial thrombophlebitis. 
2) Varicose veins 
3) Deep vein thrombosis. 
4) Chronic venous insufficiency  
5) Pulmonary embolism. 
6) Venous ulcers: complicated by Infections or gangrene. 
 د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
5 
Venous Disease Treatment 
1) Lifestyles changes, to avoid smoking, control of diabetes and stop oral contraceptives pill and 
weight reduction in case of obesity. 
2) Early mobilization, walking and adequate hydration following surgery. 
3) Compression stockings or bandages. 
4) Medications: Anticoagulants examples Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and warfarin. 
5)  Procedures or surgeries: 
a) Endo venous ablation of varicose veins (with lasers, sclerotherapy or radiofrequency). 
b) Thrombectomy. 
c) Vena cava filter. 
d) Vein surgery 
 
 
 
 
 
Varicose vein surgery  
 د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
6 
 
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            Quiz: