Use this version:
```
import json
import time
import numpy as np
import torch
import GPyOpt

# Dummy model evaluation function (replace with your actual training logic)
def objective_function(hyperparameters):
    """
    Dummy objective function for demonstration purposes.
    Replace with the actual logic for training and evaluating the model.
    Args:
        hyperparameters: A 2D numpy array where each row represents one set of hyperparameters.
    Returns:
        A numpy array of objective values corresponding to each row of hyperparameters.
    """
    results = []
    for params in hyperparameters:
        # Unpack hyperparameters
        learning_rate, n_embd, n_head, n_layer, weight_decay, dropout = params

        # Simulate performance (replace with your actual training + evaluation logic)
        performance = np.random.random()  # Placeholder for an actual metric
        results.append(performance)
    return np.array(results).reshape(-1, 1)  # GPyOpt expects a column vector

# Save best hyperparameters to a file
def save_best_hyperparameters(best_params, filepath="best_hyperparams.json"):
    with open(filepath, "w") as f:
        json.dump(best_params, f)

# Load best hyperparameters from a file
def load_best_hyperparameters(filepath="best_hyperparams.json"):
    try:
        with open(filepath, "r") as f:
            return json.load(f)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print("No previous hyperparameters found. Starting fresh.")
        return None

# Function for episodic Bayesian Optimization
def episodic_bayesian_optimization(
    bo_iterations=10,
    bounds=None,
    prev_best_params=None,
    save_path="best_hyperparams.json",
    device='cuda',
):
    """
    Runs one session of Bayesian Optimization to optimize hyperparameters.
    Args:
        bo_iterations (int): Number of BO iterations to run in this session.
        bounds (list): List of bounds for each hyperparameter.
        prev_best_params (dict): Starting point for optimization. Defaults to None.
        save_path (str): Path to save the best hyperparameters.
        device (str): Device to use for training ('cuda' or 'cpu').
    """
    if bounds is None:
        bounds = [
            {'name': 'learning_rate', 'type': 'continuous', 'domain': (1e-5, 1e-2)},
            {'name': 'n_embd', 'type': 'discrete', 'domain': (128, 256, 512, 1024)},
            {'name': 'n_head', 'type': 'discrete', 'domain': (2, 4, 8, 16)},
            {'name': 'n_layer', 'type': 'discrete', 'domain': (2, 4, 8, 12)},
            {'name': 'weight_decay', 'type': 'continuous', 'domain': (1e-6, 1e-2)},
            {'name': 'dropout', 'type': 'continuous', 'domain': (0.1, 0.5)},
        ]

    # Starting point
    if prev_best_params:
        initial_guess = np.array([
            [
                prev_best_params['learning_rate'],
                prev_best_params['n_embd'],
                prev_best_params['n_head'],
                prev_best_params['n_layer'],
                prev_best_params['weight_decay'],
                prev_best_params['dropout']
            ]
        ])
    else:
        initial_guess = None

    # Bayesian Optimization
    bo = GPyOpt.methods.BayesianOptimization(
        f=objective_function,  # Objective function
        domain=bounds,
        X=initial_guess,
    )

    print(f"Starting Bayesian Optimization for {bo_iterations} iterations...")
    bo.run_optimization(max_iter=bo_iterations)

    # Extract the best parameters
    best_hyperparams = {
        'learning_rate': float(bo.x_opt[0]),
        'n_embd': int(bo.x_opt[1]),
        'n_head': int(bo.x_opt[2]),
        'n_layer': int(bo.x_opt[3]),
        'weight_decay': float(bo.x_opt[4]),
        'dropout': float(bo.x_opt[5]),
    }

    # Save best hyperparameters
    save_best_hyperparameters(best_hyperparams, filepath=save_path)
    print(f"Best hyperparameters: {best_hyperparams}")
    print("Bayesian Optimization session complete.")

    return best_hyperparams
```
On this model please:
```
# Imports
import math
import time
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torch.nn import functional as F

# Define hyperparameters
batch_size = 64
block_size = 256
max_iters = 5001
eval_interval = 500
learning_rate = 3e-4
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
eval_iters = 200
n_embd = 384
n_head = 6
n_layer = 6
dropout = 0.2
n_clusters = 4
total_experts = 8  # Total number of experts in the global pool
weight_decay = 0.1
aux_loss_weight = 0.0001

# Set random seed for reproducibility
torch.manual_seed(1337)

# Load data and define data processing functions
with open('input.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    text = f.read()

# Create a character-level vocabulary
chars = sorted(list(set(text)))
vocab_size = len(chars)

# Create mappings from characters to indices and vice versa
stoi = {ch: i for i, ch in enumerate(chars)}
itos = {i: ch for i, ch in enumerate(chars)}

# Encode and decode functions to convert between text and indices
encode = lambda s: [stoi[c] for c in s]
decode = lambda l: ''.join([itos[i] for i in l])

# Convert entire text into a tensor of indices
data = torch.tensor(encode(text), dtype=torch.long)

# Split the data into training and validation sets
n = int(0.9 * len(data))
train_data = data[:n]
val_data = data[n:]

# Function to generate a batch of data for training or validation
def get_batch(split):
    data = train_data if split == 'train' else val_data
    ix = torch.randint(len(data) - block_size, (batch_size,))
    x = torch.stack([data[i:i+block_size] for i in ix])
    y = torch.stack([data[i+1:i+block_size+1] for i in ix])
    x, y = x.to(device), y.to(device)
    return x, y

# Function to estimate the model's loss on training and validation data
@torch.no_grad()

def estimate_loss():
    out = {}
    model.eval()  # Set model to evaluation mode
    for split in ['train', 'val']:
        total_loss = 0.0
        total_ce_loss = 0.0
        total_aux_loss = 0.0
        for k in range(eval_iters):
            X, Y = get_batch(split)
            # Unpack all outputs from the model
            logits, loss, ce_loss, aux_loss_value = model(X, Y)
            total_loss += loss.item()
            total_ce_loss += ce_loss.item()
            total_aux_loss += aux_loss_value.item()
        avg_loss = total_loss / eval_iters
        avg_ce_loss = total_ce_loss / eval_iters
        avg_aux_loss = total_aux_loss / eval_iters
        out[split] = {
            'avg_loss': avg_loss,
            'avg_ce_loss': avg_ce_loss,
            'avg_aux_loss': aux_loss_weight * avg_aux_loss
        }
    model.train()  # Set model back to training mode
    return out

def compute_metrics(model):
    model.eval()
    total_ce_loss = 0.0
    correct_predictions = 0
    total_tokens = 0

    with torch.no_grad():
        for _ in range(eval_iters):
            inputs, targets = get_batch('val')
            inputs = inputs.to(device)
            targets = targets.to(device)

            logits, _, ce_loss, _ = model(inputs, targets)
            total_ce_loss += ce_loss.item()

            # Assuming logits shape: (batch_size, seq_length, vocab_size)
            predictions = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
            correct_predictions += (predictions == targets).sum().item()
            total_tokens += targets.numel()

    avg_ce_loss = total_ce_loss / eval_iters
    #print("Average CE Loss:", avg_ce_loss)  # Optionally print average CE loss

    try:
        perplexity = math.exp(avg_ce_loss)
    except OverflowError:
        perplexity = float('inf')  # Handle overflow by setting perplexity to infinity
    accuracy = correct_predictions / total_tokens
    return {'perplexity': perplexity, 'accuracy': accuracy}

# Define the ClusteredSwitchFeedForward class with dynamic expert allocation
class ClusteredSwitchFeedForward(nn.Module):
    """
    Clustered Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) FeedForward layer with dynamic expert allocation.
    Each cluster dynamically selects a subset of experts from the global pool.
    The total number of experts used across all clusters is fixed.
    """
    def __init__(self, top_k=1):
        super().__init__()
        self.n_clusters = n_clusters
        self.total_experts = total_experts
        self.top_k = top_k  # Number of experts selected per cluster

        # Initialize a global pool of experts
        self.experts = nn.ModuleList([
            nn.Sequential(
                nn.Linear(n_embd, 4 * n_embd),
                nn.ReLU(),
                nn.Linear(4 * n_embd, n_embd),
                nn.Dropout(dropout)
            ) for _ in range(self.total_experts)
        ])

        # Gating networks for clusters to assign experts
        self.cluster_gates = nn.ModuleList([
            nn.Linear(n_embd, self.total_experts) for _ in range(self.n_clusters)
        ])

        # Auxiliary parameters for enforcing expert utilization constraints
        self.register_buffer("expert_usage", torch.zeros(self.total_experts))

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        Args:
            x: Tensor of shape (B, T, D)

        Returns:
            output: Tensor of shape (B, T, D) after processing through experts
            total_aux_loss: Scalar tensor representing the sum of auxiliary losses
        """
        B, T, D = x.shape

        # Flatten batch and time dimensions
        x_flat = x.view(B * T, D)  # (B*T, D)

        # Initialize lists to collect selected experts and their probabilities
        all_selected_experts = []
        all_selected_probs = []

        # Step 1: Compute gating scores and select top-k experts per cluster
        for gate in self.cluster_gates:
            # Compute gating scores for each token
            gate_scores = gate(x_flat)  # (B*T, E)
            gate_scores = gate_scores / self.total_experts ** 0.5  # Scaling for numerical stability

            # Select top-k experts and compute their probabilities
            topk_scores, topk_indices = torch.topk(gate_scores, self.top_k, dim=-1)  # (B*T, K)
            topk_probs = F.softmax(topk_scores, dim=-1)  # Convert scores to probabilities

            all_selected_experts.append(topk_indices)  # Append expert indices
            all_selected_probs.append(topk_probs)      # Append corresponding probabilities

        # Concatenate selections from all clusters
        expert_indices = torch.cat(all_selected_experts, dim=-1)  # (B*T, C*K)
        expert_probs = torch.cat(all_selected_probs, dim=-1)      # (B*T, C*K)

        # Step 2: Prepare inputs for experts by expanding x_flat
        x_expanded = x_flat.unsqueeze(1).expand(-1, self.n_clusters * self.top_k, -1)  # (B*T, C*K, D)
        x_expanded = x_expanded.contiguous().view(-1, D)           # (B*T*C*K, D)
        expert_indices = expert_indices.contiguous().view(-1)      # (B*T*C*K,)
        expert_probs = expert_probs.contiguous().view(-1, 1)       # (B*T*C*K, 1)

        # Step 3: Process inputs for all experts in a batch
        # Initialize tensor to hold expert outputs
        expert_outputs = torch.zeros_like(x_expanded, device=x.device)  # (B*T*C*K, D)

        # Get unique expert indices to iterate over
        unique_expert_indices = expert_indices.unique()

        # For each expert, process all assigned inputs
        for idx in unique_expert_indices:
            mask = expert_indices == idx  # Boolean mask for current expert
            if mask.any():
                inputs = x_expanded[mask]            # Inputs for this expert
                outputs = self.experts[idx](inputs)  # Process inputs
                expert_outputs[mask] = outputs       # Store outputs

        # Step 4: Weight the expert outputs by gating probabilities
        expert_outputs = expert_outputs * expert_probs  # (B*T*C*K, D)

        # Step 5: Aggregate outputs for each token
        expert_outputs = expert_outputs.view(B * T, self.n_clusters * self.top_k, D)
        output = expert_outputs.sum(dim=1)  # Sum over all experts per token
        output = output.view(B, T, D)       # Reshape back to (B, T, D)

        # Step 6: Compute auxiliary loss for balanced expert usage
        # Count how many times each expert was selected
        all_allocations = expert_indices     # (B*T*C*K,)
        expert_counts = torch.bincount(all_allocations, minlength=self.total_experts).float()  # (E,)

        # Compute ideal usage per expert
        total_selections = all_allocations.numel()
        ideal_usage = total_selections / self.total_experts

        # Compute variance from ideal usage
        usage_variance = ((expert_counts - ideal_usage) ** 2).mean()

        # Compute entropy of expert usage distribution
        usage_distribution = expert_counts / (total_selections + 1e-10)
        entropy = -torch.sum(usage_distribution * torch.log(usage_distribution + 1e-10))

        # Total auxiliary loss combines variance and entropy
        total_aux_loss = aux_loss_weight * (usage_variance + entropy)

        return output, total_aux_loss

# Define the Head class (unchanged)
class Head(nn.Module):
    """One head of self-attention."""

    def __init__(self, head_size):
        super().__init__()
        self.key = nn.Linear(n_embd, head_size, bias=False)
        self.query = nn.Linear(n_embd, head_size, bias=False)
        self.value = nn.Linear(n_embd, head_size, bias=False)
        self.register_buffer('tril', torch.tril(torch.ones(block_size, block_size)))
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, x):
        B, T, C = x.shape
        k = self.key(x)    # (B, T, head_size)
        q = self.query(x)  # (B, T, head_size)
        wei = q @ k.transpose(-2, -1) * C**-0.5  # (B, T, T)
        wei = wei.masked_fill(self.tril[:T, :T] == 0, float('-inf'))  # Apply causal mask
        wei = F.softmax(wei, dim=-1)  # (B, T, T)
        wei = self.dropout(wei)
        v = self.value(x)  # (B, T, head_size)
        out = wei @ v      # (B, T, head_size)
        return out

# Define the MultiHeadAttention class (unchanged)
class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
    """Multiple heads of self-attention in parallel."""

    def __init__(self, num_heads, head_size):
        super().__init__()
        self.heads = nn.ModuleList([Head(head_size) for _ in range(num_heads)])
        self.proj = nn.Linear(head_size * num_heads, n_embd)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

    def forward(self, x):
        out = torch.cat([h(x) for h in self.heads], dim=-1)  # Concatenate all heads
        out = self.dropout(self.proj(out))
        return out

# Define the modified Block_ClusteredSwitch class
class Block_ClusteredSwitch(nn.Module):
    """Transformer block with Clustered Mixture-of-Experts FeedForward layer."""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.ln1 = nn.LayerNorm(n_embd)
        self.ln2 = nn.LayerNorm(n_embd)
        self.sa = MultiHeadAttention(n_head, head_size=n_embd // n_head)
        self.ffwd = ClusteredSwitchFeedForward(top_k=1)  # Adjust top_k as needed

    def forward(self, x):
        # Self-Attention with residual connection
        x = x + self.sa(self.ln1(x))  # (B, T, D)

        # Clustered MoE FeedForward with auxiliary loss
        ffwd_out, loss_aux = self.ffwd(self.ln2(x))  # (B, T, D), scalar

        # FeedForward with residual connection
        x = x + ffwd_out  # (B, T, D)

        # Return updated tensor and auxiliary loss
        return x, loss_aux

# Define the modified Clustered_ST class
class Clustered_ST(nn.Module):
    """Clustered Switch Transformer with Dynamic Mixture-of-Experts."""

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.token_embedding_table = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, n_embd)
        self.position_embedding_table = nn.Embedding(block_size, n_embd)
        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([Block_ClusteredSwitch() for _ in range(n_layer)])
        self.ln_f = nn.LayerNorm(n_embd)  # Final layer norm
        self.lm_head = nn.Linear(n_embd, vocab_size)

        self.apply(self._init_weights)

    def _init_weights(self, module):
        """Initialize weights with normal distribution."""
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=0.02)
            if module.bias is not None:
                torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=0.02)

    def forward(self, idx, targets=None):
        B, T = idx.shape
        tok_emb = self.token_embedding_table(idx)  # (B, T, n_embd)
        pos_emb = self.position_embedding_table(torch.arange(T, device=idx.device))  # (T, n_embd)
        x = tok_emb + pos_emb  # (B, T, n_embd)
        aux_loss = 0.0
        for block in self.blocks:
            x, loss_aux = block(x)
            aux_loss += loss_aux  # Accumulate auxiliary loss
        x = self.ln_f(x)  # (B, T, n_embd)
        logits = self.lm_head(x)  # (B, T, vocab_size)

        if targets is None:
            loss = None
            ce_loss = None
            aux_loss_value = None
        else:
            B, T, C = logits.shape
            logits_flat = logits.view(B * T, C)
            targets_flat = targets.view(B * T)
            ce_loss = F.cross_entropy(logits_flat, targets_flat)
            aux_loss_value = aux_loss  # Note: aux_loss_weight is applied later
            loss = ce_loss + aux_loss_weight * aux_loss_value  # Total loss with auxiliary term

        return logits, loss, ce_loss, aux_loss_value

    def generate(self, idx, max_new_tokens):
        for _ in range(max_new_tokens):
            idx_cond = idx[:, -block_size:]
            outputs = self(idx_cond)
            logits = outputs[0]
            logits = logits[:, -1, :]  # Focus on the last time step
            probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)  # Convert to probabilities
            idx_next = torch.multinomial(probs, num_samples=1)  # Sample the next token
            idx = torch.cat((idx, idx_next), dim=1)  # Append to the sequence
        return idx

# Initialize the model and optimizer
model = Clustered_ST().to(device)
# print the number of parameters in the model
print(sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())/1e6, 'M parameters')

optimizer = optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=learning_rate, weight_decay=weight_decay)  # AdamW optimizer with weight decay

start_time = time.time()

for iter in range(max_iters):

    if iter % eval_interval == 0:
        losses = estimate_loss()
        print(f"Step {iter}: train loss {losses['train']['avg_loss']:.4f}, val loss {losses['val']['avg_loss']:.4f}")

    xb, yb = get_batch('train')

    logits, loss, _, _ = model(xb, yb)
    optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)
    loss.backward()
    optimizer.step()

metrics = compute_metrics(model)
end_time = time.time()
elapsed_time = end_time - start_time

print("Training completed.")
print("Elapsed time:", elapsed_time, "seconds")
print("Perplexity:", metrics['perplexity'])
print("Accuracy:", metrics['accuracy'])

# Generate text from the model and measure time for generation as well
generate_start_time = time.time()
context = torch.zeros((1, 1), dtype=torch.long, device=device)
generated_text = decode(model.generate(context, max_new_tokens=500)[0].tolist())
generate_time = time.time() - generate_start_time

print(generated_text)
print(f"\nText Generation Time: {generate_time:.2f} seconds")
```