Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            ematodes  &Cestodes  
).
Protozoa & helminthes are called parasites.
Host-Pathogen Interaction
Pathogenicity: is the capability of the organism
to cause disease.
Virulence: is the extent to which a pathogen is 
able to cause disease.
Pathogen produce proteins & other factors termed
virulence factors which contribute to disease.
Primary pathogen: causes disease in  population
of individuals to whom they are exposed regardless
of the host immunological status.
Host-Pathogen Interaction
opportunistic pathogens: causes disease only in
individuals whose host defenses are 
compromised
Host response: Innate & Adaptive immune &
Inflammatory responses which human use to 
control & respond to pathogen.
Pathogenesis of infectious diseases: The harmful
manifestations of infection are determined by a 
combination of the virulence of the organism & the 
host response to infection, but excessive response is 
undesirable, where cytokines & antimicrobial factors
contribute to tissues injury at infection site & excessive 
inflammatory responses may lead to hypotension 
&organ dysfunction called Immune reconstitution 
inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)
FEVER
• Fever is protective…it will be harder for 
bacteria and viruses to survive
fever will activate the immune system ,it  
trigger the cellular mechanism 
Fever is the bodies natural response to 
inflammatory stimuli
Infection will stimulate formation of more WBCs
This will stimulate the hypothalamus to raise 
temperature
• The immune system produces pyrogens that 
will act on the hypothalamus
• Moderate fever is beneficial 
.
Febrile Response
Thermoregulation is altered in infectious disease
   which may cause both hyperthermia (fever) or 
   hypothermia. fever is mediated by  pyrogenic
   cytokines which released in response to various 
   immunological stimuli & factors released by injured
   cells 
Rigors are clinical sign & symptom characterized by 
    feeling very cold (chills) & uncontrollable shivering usually
    followed by fever & sweating. rigors occurs when thermoregulatory
    center try to correct core Temperature to higher level by stimulating  
    the skeletal muscles activity & shaking.
Investigation of Infection
                     
To confirm presence of infection & identify the
   specific pathogen & susceptibility to specific 
   antimicrobial agents to optimize treatment.
The presence of infection may be suspected by
   identifying proteins that are produced in response
   to pathogens as a part of immune response.
Investigation of Infection
Pathogen may directly detected by culturing  the
   infected body site sample.
                     (Tests used to diagnose infection)
1.Non specific markers of inflammation in blood
    WBC ,CRP ,lactate ,procalcitonin, cell count in urine
    or CSF, & CSF protein & glucose.
2.Direct detection of organisms or its component
    microscopy ,detection of organism component
    (antigen & toxins), & PCR.
3.Culture of organism  &antimicrobial sensitivity test

            Quiz: