Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

here they hatch into a ciliated miracidium  (after 16 days to 7 weeks).
Miracidium enters the first intermediate host; a fresh water  snails of various species and changes to sporocysts and rediae  from which cercariae shed ( microcercous cercariae ) and  penetrate into the second intermediate hosts; crab or crayfish  and encyst as metacercariae.
The	vertebrate	hosts	are	infected	by	eating	raw	crabs	or  crayfish.
After	passing	through	the	stomach,	the	encysted  metacercariae excyst in the jejunum.
The	young	fluke	penetrates	the	intestinal	wall	to	become
localised	in	the	peritoneal	cavity	and	migrate	to	the	chest  cavity via diaphragm to enter the lung.
They mature in bronchi after forming cystic cavities in which
they mature and lay eggs.
The prepatent period is about 5-6 weeks.
Life	cycle

WWSGL001 Ampullaria sp.<br>

[Image, BIODIDAC, trem011b.gif Platyhelminthes Trematoda Paragonimus Cercaria and metacercaria of Paragonimus Description en anglais  seulement. Désolé !<br>Cercaria and metacercaria of Paragonimus]

eنnعcرyوsصtedلا ثmحetب aةجcerيتنcaria of paragonimus
Water
Eggs hatch &  miracidium penetrate  the snail I. H.
P.P.P.: 5-6 weeks
Eggs pass in  sputum or feces
Cercaria
Redia
Sporocyst

late and show a thickening at the pole opposite to the operculum
-	The eggs are yellowish  brown and operculate  and show a thickening at  the pole opposite to the  operculum
-	Size: 75-118µ by 42-67µ.
Paragonimus egg  118 x 67 µm
Shell thickening
Pathogenesis
- Pneumonia,	fever,	cough	dyspnoea	and  haemorrhage.
Egg granulomas or tubercles similar to  tuberculosis are formed in the bronchial &  alveolar tissues. The egg tubercles  consisting of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes,  plasma cells and eosinophils surrounded by  fibroblast.
Neurological signs as paraplagia &  seizures if the brain is affected.
Family: Opisthorchiidae  Genus: Opisthorchis  (Clonorchis)
[Chinese (oriental) liver  fluke]

Species: O. sinensis.
Host:	Fish	eating  mammals (dog, cat, man  and pig).
Site: Bile	ducts;  sometimes in duodenum  & pancreatic duct.
I.H.:	1st	I.H.:	Fresh	water
snails		(Bithynia,  Melanoides,	Vivipara	&
Parafassalurus species).
2nd
I.H.:	Fish
(Cyprinidae).
-	Encysted	metacercariae  in fish.

click to view larger

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Morphology
1 - 2.5 cm x 3 - 5 mm
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Clonorchis sinensis
The eggs normally hatch only after they have been swallowed by the first
intermediate host, which may be one of various species of snails; Bithynia  sp., Melanoides tuberculatus, Vivipara sp. and Parafassalurus.
In	the	snails	the	miracidium	develops	into	sporocyst	which	produces  rediae and there is turn produce cercariae (lophocercous cercariae) with
pigmented eye spots.
Life cycle
The cercaria swims to meet a suitable fish it penetrates into tissues
of fish and losing its tail, become encysted metacercariae in the fish.
When	the hosts eat the infected fish, the metacercariae are liberated  in the duodenum and reach the liver by way of the bile duct.
The prepatent period is about 16-30 days.
Life cycle
P.P.P.: 16-30 days
Hook-like structure
Opisthorchis egg  35 x 20 µm

Miracidium
Pathogenesis
- Cholangitis, catarrhal cholecystitis,  Jaundice, bile stones & liver  cirrhosis.
Family: Echinostomatidae  Genus: Echinostoma
Species: E. revolutum
Host:		Birds;		duck,	goose	(aquatic  birds), fowl, pigeons		rarely man  Site:	Large	intestine		(Rectum	and  caeca).
I.H.:	1st
snails  Planorbis  species.
I.H.:	Fresh	water
(Physa  and
acuta,  Lymnaea
2nd
I.H.:	Fish,	Frogs,
tadpoles and snails of the  same species of 1st I.H. or  another species as Vivipara  snails.

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File:Litoria ewingii tadpole.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTpF-IYQSb8PJC3AUc1Gqk7vkLZPtoFg5ODYsN7M-dkhaKJgFwIrJEpMoZ_
Morphology

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQqQi2jZZcjTcytj9OLqasprlSrDsBVPMnGb5IbGlwZ-KeuJ_85TsUveHeQ
10 – 22 mm x2 – 2.5 mm
126 X 71 µm
Echinostoma revolutum (adult)
-Shape :-elongated .
-Size :- 22 x 2.5 mm .
-Cuticle :- spiny .
-Oral sucker surrounded by head collar
of 37 spines .
-Ventral sucker is larger than anterior one .
-Intestinal ceca are simple and reach posterior  end of the body
-Testes are elongated oval, slightly lobed ,
tandem and situated behind middle.
-Ovary is spherical and pre-testicular.
-Vitelline glands are in the form of course  follicles and occupy the lateral fields.
-Uterus is anterior to the ovary.
-	The	eggs	hatch	in	water	after  conditions for about 3 weeks.
developing
under
favourable
The miracidium penetrates into the first intermediate host and  changes to sporocysts and rediae from the latter the cercariae  (Echinostome cercariae) are produced in 2-3 weeks and these either  encyst in the snail or escape and enter another of the same or a  different species (second intermediate hosts) vivipara and tadpoles.


The final hosts become infected by ingesting these snails or fishes.


The prepatent period is about 15-19 days.
Life cycle
Life	cycle
P.P.P.: 15 - 19 days


http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/figures/1756-3305-6-64-5-l.jpg

File:Litoria ewingii tadpole.jpg

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQB4Gh4u1pny7CX7NJo

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Eggs pass in faeces
Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria  (Echinostome)
Ingestion

Encysted  metacercaria
Water
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTpF-IYQSb8PJC3AUc1Gqk7vkLZPtoFg5ODYsN7M-dkhaKJgFwIrJEpMoZ_
Eggs hatch
Pathogenesis
- Harmless.  infections,  severe  enteritis.
In severe  may cause  haemorrhagic
تاعيمجتلا
Family: Schistosomatidae
Genus: Schistosoma	(Blood fluke)
Morphology
[Image, BIODIDAC, trem016b.gif Platyhelminthes Trematoda Schistosoma Male, left, and female schistosome worms. ]
22 mm x 1.2 mm
28 mm x 0.3 mm
-Habitat :- portal and mesenteric veins of  ruminants
-Size :- 9-22 x 1-2 mm

-Its body consists of small cylindrical  anterior part and flattened posterior part  which curved ventrally forming  gynaecopheric canal in which female lies.

-Cuticle is provided with small tubercles
dorsally.

-Oral sucker is small, while the ventral one is  pedunculated.
-Oesophagus is short and surrounded by  clusters of oesophageal glands.
-Intestinal ceca are simple, bifurcate at level  of ventral sucker, then reunite one or  several time backward ..
-Testes are 3-6 in number and situated a  short distance behind the ventral sucker.
-Schistosoma bovis -male:-
Size :- 12-28 long

-Cylindrical in shape

-Cuticle is smooth

-Oral and ventral suckers are weak and  close to each other.

-Ovary is found at the middle of the  body.

-Vitellaria occupy posterior part behind
ovary .

-Uterus is straight and run forward  containing eggs .
-Schistosoma bovis -female:-
Schistosoma spp. (cercaria)
-It composed of body and
tail.

-Its body has four pairs of  cephalic
glands.

-Its tail bifurcate distally  (Furcocercous cercaria)

-It is armed with spine
S. mansoni
S. japonicum
S. bovis
100 x 80 µm
Terminal spine
File:Schistosoma haematobium egg 4843 lores.jpg
Lateral spine
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Schistosoma_mansoni.jpg

Miracidium
S.
haematobium
Schistosoma mansoni (egg):
-Shape :.- - oval or spindle and non
operculated .
Lateral spine - Content: contains miracidium when  freshly pass in feces.
-Size: 100 x 80 um.

-Shell :-thin with a lateral spine
Life cycle
Two generations
No Redia
Hatching
P.P.P.	30 – 40 days
In final hosts
On reaching a new host the cercaria penetrates the skin  in a few minutes and lost its tail to become a
schistosomula which enters the lymphatics or veins to  pass through the right heart and lungs and finally  reached the liver and portal system.
Growth into adult form takes place in the liver where  paired worms may be found after 26 days.
- Most worms leave the liver when they are
mature and mated and migrate to the mesenteric  veins (S. mansoni, S. japonicum and S. bovis) or  the veins of the vesical plexus (S. haematobium).
The mated worm move as far as possible forward towards the fine
terminal vessels where the female leaves the male and progressing to  the smallest vessels, deposites her eggs.
Retracting after having done so, the eggs escape from the venules

into the tissues, those of S. haematobium largely into the wall of the
bladder but occasionally into the large bowel; those of S. mansoni, S.  japonicum and S. bovis largely into the wall of the lower bowel.  Many pass through the mucosa to be excreted in urine or faeces but  some remain trapped in the tissues where they give rise to a tissue  reaction.
Some eggs of all species are usually also found i

Summary :