Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
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            ]

            Text:
            the endothelial lining by atherosclerosis. 
3- Increased viscosity of the blood as in dehydration. 
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4- Increased cellular element of the blood as in polycythaemia or 
thrombocytosis. 
B-Haemorrhagic Diseases:- 
(1)Vitamin K Deficiency:- 
- It leads to deficiency of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X 
- Causes: 
a) Vit. K deficiency in the diet. 
b) Mal-absorption of vit .K due to e.g. obstructive jaundice. 
c) Liver disease. 
- There is prolongation of clotting and prothrombin time with normal 
bleeding time  
(2)Haemophillia:- 
- A hemorrhagic disorder due to deficiency of some of clotting factors. 
- It is a recessive X-linked disorder so that females, in contrast to males are 
not affected. 
There are three types of hemophilia:  
1- Hemophilia A, which occurs due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII 
2-  Hemophilia B, which occurs due to deficiency of clotting factor IX 
3- Hemophilia C, which occurs due to deficiency of factor XI 
- There is prolongation of clotting time with normal bleeding time and 
prothrombin time  
 
(3) Purpura:- 
• It is a bleeding disorder due to either deficient number or quality of the 
blood platelets 
• Deficient number is called thrombocytopenia  
29 
 
• Deficient  quality is called thrombocytasthenia. 
• Cause of purpura:- 
Anticoagulants: 
They used to prevent clotting inside the body  
1- HEPARIN: It is naturally occurring anticoagulant, formed in the body 
by mast cells and basophil leucocytes. It is a sulphated polysaccharide 
with strong acidic properties. its antidote is protamine sulphate  
Mechanism of action   
  -Antiprothrombin, 
antiprothrombin 
activator, 
antithrombin 
and 
fibrinolytic. 
2- COUMARIN DERIVATIVES As dicumarol and warfarin. 
There origin from plants and compete with vitamin K in the liver leading to 
inhibition of synthesis of factors II,VII, IX and X. its antidote is vitamin K 
 
White Blood Cells (WBCs) 
 
v These are the defensive cells of the blood. 
v Normal count of the WBCs =4000-11,000 cell/mm3. 
v They are synthesized in the bone marrow. Their life span ranges from hours 
to one day 
v There are 3 types of the granular leukocytes neutrophil, eosinophil and 
basophils 
v There are 2 types of the agranular leukocytes; lymphocytes and the 
monocytes 
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v 
 
Function of white blood cells 
Neutrophils 
Esinophil 
Basophil 
Monocyte 
Lymphocyte: 
(first line of 
defense )  
anti-
inflammatory 
against 
bacterial 
infection by 
phagocytosis 
body defense 
against 
parasitic 
infestation 
Anti-
allergic 
CONTAIN  
HISTAMINE 
anti-
inflammatory 
against 
bacterial 
infection by 
phagocytosis 
(macrophage): 
(very strong) 
second line 
(malaria, 
brucllosis) 
B lymphocyte and 
T lymphocyte 
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(formation of 
antibodies) 
 
 
Red blood cells (RBCs) 
 
 
 
• RBCs are non-nucleated circular biconcave discs. 
• The normal RBCs count is 5 million/ mm3. 
 
The life span of the RBCs is 120 days formed in bone marrow  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32 
 
 
Erythropoiesis (Formation of th

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