Напиши стилистические особенности научного стиля используй для этого отрывки из научных статей Universal Journal of Literature and Linguistics
This paper examines the impact of primary level classroom environments on the acquisition of English as a second language (L2) in Bangladesh, comparing English-medium and Bangla-medium schools. The study investigates how different instructional approaches and early exposure to English influence language proficiency among students. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and proficiency tests, the research reveals significant differences in language acquisition outcomes between the two educational settings. Findings indicate that students in English-medium schools, who are exposed to Natural approach methods of language learning and immersive English-speaking environments, demonstrate higher proficiency in speaking and listening skills compared to their Bangla-medium counterparts, who primarily receive grammar-focused instruction. The study highlights the critical role of early exposure to English, with students who begin learning the language at a younger age showing better phonological and syntactic development. Additionally, the integration of technology in language teaching emerges as a valuable tool for enhancing language learning, particularly in contexts with limited classroom exposure. The research suggests that Bangla-medium schools could benefit from adopting more interactive, student-centered teaching methods and integrating digital tools to support practical language use. The study's findings have significant implications for educational policy, advocating for a shift towards more immersive and communicative teaching practices to improve English language acquisition in Bangladesh. This research contributes to the broader understanding of SLA and offers practical recommendations for enhancing language education in similar contexts.
1. Introduction
Learning a native language is pretty easy then learning a second language. In Bangladesh English is considered as a second language and it's been taught to any kind of academic institution from the beginning of the study life when the students start learning their first language academically. As a result, academic instruction in both languages is concurrent. However, there is still a huge gap between usage of both languages. Language learning at the primary level helps students acquire the language properly. Therefore, it is important to make the teaching ground strong to ensure second language acquisition. This research aims to find out a proper way on Bangladeshi students' language learning system while identifying current circumstance gaps. The study is on Bangla-medium & English Medium students' language learning environment in primary and secondary level institutions. Since its been seen that while English language delivery the English Medium students are doing well then Bengali Medium students. While finding out the gap of language teaching in Bangla Medium School this study will also find out the language teaching process in English Medium Schools. A simple language teaching method can help all of the students around the country to deliver better language. It has been seen that though Bangla Medium students have a better knowledge & lead in English language still while speaking they are delivering a poor performance. The study will cover the pedagogical practices, and students' experiences within the dynamic educational landscape of the Dhaka district. The study gives a full picture of language learning, teaching methods, and student experiences in the changing school environment of the Dhaka district. Between January and June of 2023, 10 primary and secondary educational institutions, including both English and Bangla-medium schools, will be the subject of the study. 125 student participants, a mix of males and females, are chosen by purposive sampling. A carefully crafted suite of instruments, such as semi-structured interviews, observation scales, and English language competency tests, are used to collect data. This research aims to assist policy formulation, inform pedagogical methods, and advance knowledge of English language education in Bangladesh. Through elucidating the complexities associated with English practicing skills among Bangla-medium students, this research endeavors to facilitate efficient language acquisition and cultivate a favorable learning atmosphere for English language learners in Bangladesh.
Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Sokoine University Students Regarding Endocrine Disruptors Coming from Plastic Chemicals
Objective: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of SUA students about the use of plastics containing endocrine disruptors were investigated in this study. Methodology: A study with 150 participants was conducted to assess individuals' knowledge about endocrine disruptors, attitudes, and plastic use practices. Results: The findings indicate that the participants possessed an average degree of knowledge 50.2 ± 3.85 with the main emphasis of awareness being generic concepts rather than specific substances. Regarding the potential health impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in plastics, respondents' attitudes ranged from fair to positive, with a mean score of 3.5 ±0.09 indicating a fair attitude overall. Conclusion: It is important to practice polite behavior and increase public awareness of safe plastic disposal methods. Surprising only 38.0% of the participants mentioned that they refrain from heating their food in plastic containers to reduce their exposure to plastics. Students' practices revealed a notable dependence on plastic products despite their awareness of the concerns surrounding endocrine disruptors, as most of them reported using plastic water bottles, plastic cups, and plastic bags almost always. Additionally, only 20.7% of the respondents consistently implemented strategies to prevent exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Recommendation: The study recommended increasing the use of cleaner plastic substitutes and improving educational programs to convert information into practical actions. Policies that encourage environmentally friendly behavior and raise public awareness of safe plastic disposal techniques should be put into practice.
1. Introduction
A wide range of materials contain potential and known endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), the majority of which are man-made. These perturbers cause problems for human development, reproduction, brain function, and immune response by interfering with the body's endocrine system (Skakkebaek et al., 2011) [1]. In children, they also result in aberrant growth patterns and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a non-steroidal estrogen associated with clear cell cancer in young women, is an illustration of their effects. Plastic bottles and metal food cans (BPA), medical equipment (phthalates), food (BPA), toys (BPA), detergents, flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), cosmetics and medications (parabens), and insecticides (alkyl phenols, like nonylphenol) are all known sources of EDCs. Endocrine disruptors' detrimental impacts are a serious public health risk.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical that has been used to create certain plastics and resins since the 1960s is one example of an EDC found in plastic compounds. It is present in polycarbonate plastics, which are frequently used in consumer goods like water bottles and other food and drink containers. It can also be found in epoxy resins, which are used to coat the interior of metal items like water supply pipes, bottle caps, and food cans. BPA may also be present in certain dental composites and sealants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are an additional example.
According to Persson et al. (2022) [2], exposure to recognized EDCs is also rather high in contaminated ecosystems where industrial chemicals seep into the soil and water and are subsequently ingested by plants, algae, and microorganisms. Next, proceed to the animal kingdom, where larger creatures consume smaller ones and animals consume vegetation. These environmental compounds are found in the highest amounts in the tissues of animals at the top of the food chain, including humans.
Phthalate esters and bisphenol A are added as additives while plastic materials are being produced. But because of their propensity to leak out over time and in response to heat, they are now widely present as pollutants in the environment, even in the tissues of living things Zuccarello et al. (2019) [3]. In recent times, it has come to light that these substances have characteristics that cause endocrine system disruption, hence disrupting the functions of several hormones and exacerbating health problems in people. The actions of thyroid hormones, androgens, and estrogens are the main sources of reported disruptive effects. These effects raise concerns about potential negative effects on immune responses, thyroid function, metabolic processes, brain development and function, and the development of hormone-sensitive tissue cancers. Finding sensitive times of exposure throughout fetal development and the early postnatal period, which may subsequently result in chronic health problems, is a recurrent theme.
Gore et al. (2014) [4] shown that EDCs frequently cause disruptions to endocrine systems by either imitating or inhibiting a natural hormone. The EDC has the ability to mislead hormone receptors into believing that it is the hormone. This misfiring of the receptor can cause processes that are normally exclusively triggered by natural hormones to be engaged. Hormone blockers allow an EDC to attach to a hormone receptor; however, even in the presence of the natural hormone, the receptor is blocked and cannot be triggered. 
The study aims to assess the knowledge gaps, prevalent attitudes, and existing behaviors related to endocrine disruptors from plastic chemicals among Sokoine University of Agriculture students in order to develop targeted educational interventions, awareness campaigns, and policy recommendations to mitigate the risks associated with EDCs.
Practical Teaching Model in Double Indicator Titration: Influences on Academic Achievement of Chemistry Students
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a practical model in teaching double indicator titration in chemistry in the senior high schools in Ghana Research design for the study was Action research. The population was made up of chemistry teachers and students. in four senior high schools with two schools located in the Kwaebibirim District and two senior high schools located in the Denkyembuo District of the Eastern Region of Ghana. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents for the study. The sample comprised of twenty-five (25) chemistry teachers and one hundred and fifty (150) students in the four Senior High schools. The study indicated that Chemistry teachers would improve upon the academic performance of chemistry students in double indicator titration when they use the developed practical teaching model (DEPTEM) more. The main instruments used in this study were classroom observational checklists and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze the data gathered. Coding schemes were developed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 21) to organize the data into meaningful and manageable categories. The study also revealed that the outcome of the post-test indicated that, the DEPTEM impact differently on the academic performance of SHS male and female chemistry students in the Kwaebibirim and Denkyembuo Districts of the Eastern Region. It is recommended that the government and non-governmental organizations should collaborate with the Ministry of Education to sponsor in production of more of the developed practical model (DEPTEM) for teaching chemistry lessons. This in a way would help improve the academic performance of chemistry students in the Kwaebibirim and Denkyembuo Districts of the Eastern Region and the nation at large. It is also recommended that chemistry teachers should consider teaching methods that would equally cater to both male and female chemistry students during chemistry lessons.
1. Introduction
Chemistry is a practical oriented subject that occupies a prominent place in senior high school (SHS) science curriculum [1]. It is an experimental science that needs a high level of practical work for its understanding, development and application. Practical work enables students to understand scientific concepts in everyday life. It also assists them to apply the learned chemistry concepts and skills to social problems and understanding scientific and technological principles involved in household devices [2]. The original reasons for laboratory development lay in the need to produce skilled technicians for industry and highly competent workers for research laboratories. There are many espoused purposes for doing practical work [3]. The quality of practical work varies considerably but there is strong evidence from this country and elsewhere that; when well-planned and effectively implemented, science education laboratory situates students’ learning in varying levels of inquiry; requiring students to be both mentally and physically engaged in ways that are not possible in science education experiences. 
A study conducted in the contents of the senior high chemistry curriculum that can inculcate entrepreneurial skills and concluded that there are many of such concepts in the SHS curriculum with quantitative analysis; Acid – base titrations recording the second highest mean and standard deviation of 3.81 and 0.29 respectively [4]. Real world applications of titration are in the field of developing new pharmaceuticals and determining unknown concentrations of analyte of interest in blood and urine. Practical activities are designed to make the students active participants; such methods are in their infancy in chemical education [5]. Some of the objectives of practical work are to:
A review of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. ethnobotany in Italy and North Africa
Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., commonly known as prickly pear, is a versatile plant widely used for food, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes in various regions of the Mediterranean and North Africa. This study provides a comparative ethnobotanical review of prickly pear uses in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Italy. In total, 74 articles were selected from ethnobotanical uses in Italy, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In the Maghreb, the plant is used for fruit production and processed products, such as jams, oils, and flours, as well as for traditional medicinal purposes. In Algeria and Morocco, the fruits and cladodes are used to treat digestive disorders, diabetes, and skin diseases. In Tunisia, products derived from O. ficus-indica are also applied in the cosmetic industry and for erosion control. In Italy, particularly in Sicily and Calabria, the prickly pear is a vital resource, used for both food consumption and for medicinal purposes. The cladodes, rich in mucilage, are applied as topical remedies for skin problems, while the fruits are a key ingredient in the preparation of traditional desserts. Furthermore, O. ficus-indica has historically been used as forage and to produce natural dyes. Results indicate that the versatility of this species, combined with its ability to adapt to extreme climates, makes it a valuable resource for the development of new nutraceutical and cosmetic products. However, further scientific research is necessary to explore the bio-functional potential of this plant and to promote its broader and more sustainable use, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.
1. Introduction
In the last few decades, there has been an increase in global awareness of human nutritional habits, with a significant interest in natural and healthier foods [1]. In addition to their nutritional value, plants and their components (stems, leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits) are also being investigated for their potential beneficial effects on human well-being. This is thought to be due to the presence of bioactive compounds [2, 3].
The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., commonly referred to as prickly pear, cactus pear, or Indian fig tree, represents the most economically significant cactus crop [4]. The plant is cultivated primarily for its highly nutritious fruits, which are commonly referred to as "tunas" [5]. Opuntia ficus-indica is the most widespread within the Cactaceae family. The species demonstrates a high degree of adaptability to diverse climatic conditions. Its principal cultivation regions encompass the Mediterranean Basin, with a particular concentration in North Africa and Italy [7].
The species is distinguished by an aerial structure comprising cladodes, or paddles (Figure 1a), which serve to support the plant and store water. Additionally, they are a rich source of bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties, as evidenced by previous studies [8, 9]. 
From an environmental point of view, cactus cladodes are an effective tool in the fight against desertification, erosion and soil problems [10, 11, 12]. The plant parts are fleshy, which enables them to tolerate prolonged drought conditions [13, 14]. Additionally, the plant produces fleshy spinescent fruits, commonly known as cactus pear or prickly pear fruits (PPFs) (Figure 1b), which are typically consumed as fresh seasonal fruit [15].
Cacti employ a distinctive metabolic pathway, known as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), to fix carbon dioxide. This process enables them to achieve a conversion efficiency of four to five times greater than that observed in C-4 plants [16]. Of note is the crop species O. ficus-indica, which plays a significant role in modern ethnobotanical culture [6].
In recent years, the cladodes of O. ficus-indica have garnered increasing attention for their ecological, environmental, and socio-economic benefits. Due to their rich composition, including water (88-95%), proteins (4-10 g/100 g of dry matter), lipids (1-4 g/100 g of dry matter), carbohydrates (64-71 g/100 g of dry matter), and fibers (around 18 g/100 g of dry matter) [17], as well as minerals and vitamins [18], they are considered a promising raw material for animal feed. Additionally, they are used in the production of renewable fuels and chemicals for industrial, food, medical, and cosmetic applications [19, 20].
The present study represents a comparative ethnobotanical review of the different uses of O. ficus-indica in the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) and Italy. на английском пиши