explica detalladamente y por puntod este texto: "('pdf', 'Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 1\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCGMT Games, LLC  •  P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308\nwww.GMTGames.com 0512SCENARIO BOOK\nT A B L E   O F   C O N T E N T S\nABOUT THIS BOOK ......................................................... 2\nGETTING STARTED ......................................................... 2SCENARIOS....................................................................... 2Setup Guidelines.................................................................. 21517 Scenario ...................................................................... 31532 Scenario ...................................................................... 4Tournament Scenario........................................................... 5SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT............................... 6GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ..................................... 6Configurations ..................................................................... 6Controlling 2 Powers........................................................... 6\nDomination Victory............................................................. 6PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS...................................................... 6Interruptions to Play ............................................................ 6Response Card Play............................................................. 7DESIGNER’S NOTES........................................................ 7EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY................................... 8THE GAME AS HISTORY.................................................11CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ......................15EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION .................................31Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 2\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCAbout This Book\nThe front sections of this scenario book provide all the setup infor-\nmation necessary to play Here I Stand  in any of the possible con-\nfigurations. The remaining sections supply designer’s notes and his-\ntorical background materials to further the player’s appreciation of\nthe Reformation period.\nGetting Started\nPlayers not familiar with Europe during the Reformation are en-\ncouraged to read the section “The Game As History” before begin-\nning play to gain an overview of the events covered in the game.The other historical sections (“Characters of the Reformation” and\n“Events of the Reformation”) can be perused later as specific char-\nacters and events are encountered during play.\nAll players should then read the rulebook. Rulebook Section 9 can\nbe skipped entirely the first time through; it is simplest to not in-\nclude a Diplomacy Phase at all during Turn 1 when first learningthe game. Then use the setup instructions for the 1517 scenario\n(found in the “Scenarios” section below) and play a few turns to\nlearn the game mechanics. The religious conflict between Protes-tants and Catholics is just getting underway in this scenario, mak-\ning it an easy way to learn the procedures for Reformation attempts,\nCounter Reformation attempts, and theological debates (found inRulebook Section 18).\nOnce the basic mechanics are understood, players should embark\non any of the three scenarios, based on the time they have availablefor play. The following approximate time estimates are provided\nfor 6-player games (if all players are already familiar with the rules):\n1517 Scenario: 8 hours\n1532 Scenario: 6 hours\nTournament Scenario: 4 hours\nThe Victory Point (VP) system employed by Here I Stand  also al-\nlows players to play for a set number of turns or hours instead of\nfollowing through with a scenario to completion.  See the section\n“Setting Your Own Time Limit” just after the scenarios for details.Finally, the game plays quite well with less than 6 players.  The\nminor adjustments necessary to play with fewer participants are\npresented in the section “Games with 3 to 5 players”.\nSCENARIOS\nThe first section below provides general guidelines that are useful\nwhen setting up any of the scenarios. Then, the three scenarios in-\ncluded with Here I Stand  are presented in order from longest play-\ning time to shortest.\nSetup Guidelines\nAll three scenarios are set up in the same fashion.  The only differ-\nences between the scenarios are the positions of units and the initialnumber of cards dealt to each power.\nMap and Power Card Layout\nPlace the map on a table between all of the players.  The power\ncards should be placed around the map in Impulse Order so players\ncan easily remember the order in which players take their moves.The following configuration of power cards and the Religious\nStruggle card is especially recommended:\nAt Start Unit/Power Card Setup\nSet up the game one power at a time, using the setup tables for eachpower provided in the 1517 Scenario or 1532 Scenario section be-\nlow. The setup table for each power lists the units that appear on the\nmap and specifies the placement of all markers that start the gameon that nation’s power card. The setup information for the Papacy\nand Protestant also lists the debaters that should start the game on\nthe Religious Struggle Card.\nForce Pool Setup\nLand and naval units for each power that do not appear on the mapat start should be placed next to each power card to create a pool of\navailable forces that may be constructed during play.  Unused minor\npower and neutral units should be placed in a separate pile.\nMarker Setup\nTurn Marker: Place the black “Turn” marker in the\nTurn 1 box of the Turn Track if this is the 1517 sce-\nnario. For the other scenarios, place it in the Turn 4\nbox.\nVP Markers:  Place each power’s color-coded “VP”\nmarker in the proper box of the Victory Track according\nto the initial VP count specified for the scenario.\nProtestant Spaces/English Home Spaces:\nPlace these markers on the Protestant Space\nTrack on the Religious Struggle Card in the\nnumbered box specified for the scenario.\nDiplomatic Status Display:  In each scenario, several\nwars are underway; place a marker on the “At War” sidein the appropriate box of this display to mark each of\nthese conflicts. In the 1532 scenario, the Hapsburgs and Hungary-\nBohemia are allied.  Place a marker on the “Allied” side in this box\nif playing the 1532 scenario.\nThe New World:  Place all 9 VP markers (6 for\nexplorations, 3 for conquests) on the New Worlddisplay if this is the 1517 scenario.\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 3\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCSetup Abbreviations\nThe following abbreviations are used in the setup tables for the sce-\nnarios:\nAbbreviation Meaning Sample\nHCM hexagonal control marker\n(on Catholic side)\nhcm hexagonal control marker\n(on Protestant side)\nSCM square control marker\n(on Catholic side)\nmerc mercenary\n1517 SCENARIO\nDescription\nThe 1517 Scenario is the lengthiest version of the game, covering\nthe first 39 years of the Reformation.\nGame Length\n9 Turns: Turn 1 (1517) to Turn 9 (1555).\nSetup\nOttoman\nIstanbul ............... Suleiman, Ibrahim Pasha, 7 regulars, 1 cavalry,\n1 naval squadron, SCM\nEdirne ................. 1 regular, SCM\nSalonika .............. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMAthens................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  7\nVP for Piracy:  0\nHapsburgs\nValladolid............ Charles V, Duke of Alva, 4 regulars, SCM\nSeville................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMBarcelona............ 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nNavarre ............... 1 regular, SCM\nTunis ................... 1 regular, SCMNaples................. 2 regulars, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nBesançon............. 1 regular\nBrussels............... 1 regularVienna................. Ferdinand, 4 regulars, SCM\nAntwerp .............. 3 regulars, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  6\nAll Protestant home spaces:  HCM (one in each of the 21 Protes-\ntant home spaces)\nCrossing Atlantic Box:  The Hapsburg Conquest Underway and\nExploration Underway markers both start the scenario in this box\n(voyages of each type were funded before scenario start).\nEngland\nLondon................ Henry VIII, Charles Brandon, 3 regulars, 1 na-\nval squadron, SCMPortsmouth.......... 1 naval squadron\nCalais .................. 2 regulars, SCMYork .................... 1 regular, SCM\nBristol ................. 1 regular, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  5\nHenry’s Marital Status:  Catherine of Aragon.  Place all 6 wife\ncounters in the appropriate box (Catherine of Aragon is placed in\nthe same box as Anne Boleyn).\nFrance\nParis.................... Francis I, Montmorency, 4 regulars, SCMRouen.................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMBordeaux............. 2 regulars, SCM\nLyon.................... 1 regular, SCM\nMarseille............. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMTurin ................... HCM\nMilan................... 2 regulars, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  5\nVP for Chateaux:  0 VP\nPapacy\nRome................... 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nRavenna .............. 1 regular, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  5\nPapal Debaters:  Eck, Campeggio, Aleander, Tetzel, Cajetan\nExcommunicated:  None\nSaint Peter’s Construction:  0 CP, 0 VP\nProtestant\nElectorate Display:  2 regulars (Wittenberg, Augsburg), 1 regular\n(Cologne, Trier, Mainz, Brandenburg)\nGerman Debaters:  Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Carlstadt\nAll Translations:  Not started\nVenice\nVenice ................. 2 regulars, 3 naval squadrons\nCorfu................... 1 regular\nCandia................. 1 regular\nGenoa\nGenoa.................. Andrea Doria, 2 regulars, 1 naval squadron\nHungary\nBelgrade.............. 1 regular\nBuda.................... 5 regulars\nPrague................. 1 regular\nScotland\nEdinburgh ........... 3 regulars, 1 naval squadron\nIndependents\nRhodes................ Knights of St. John (1 regular)\nMetz.................... 1 regular\nFlorence .............. 1 regular\nCards In Play\nAll cards in the deck may become available during this scenario.  37\ncards have a turn number (or “Variable”) in the upper-right corner;these cards are not added until Turn 3 or later.  Those cards that are\nnot used at the start are numbered: #14 to #23 and #38 to #64.\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 4\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCDiplomatic Status Display\n• Hapsburgs and France are at war.\n• France and the Papacy are at war.\n• Ottomans and Hungary-Bohemia are at war.\nInitial VP Count\nOttoman: 8 France: 12Hapsburg: 9 Papacy: 19\nEngland: 9 Protestant: 0\nProtestant Spaces:  0\nEnglish Home Spaces:  0\nSpecial Rules\nNone.\n1532 SCENARIO\nDescription\nThe 1532 Scenario is an abbreviated version of the game that skips\nthe first three turns and puts all six powers in a position to threatenvictory within just a few turns of play.\nGame Length\n6 Turns: Turn 4 (1532) to Turn 9 (1555)\nSetup\nOttoman\nIstanbul ............... Suleiman, Ibrahim Pasha, 5 regulars, 1 cavalry,\n1 naval squadron, SCM\nEdirne ................. 1 regular, SCM\nSalonika .............. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nAthens................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMAlgiers ................ Barbarossa, 2 regulars, 2 corsairs, SCM\nBuda.................... 3 regulars, 1 cavalry, SCM\nBelgrade.............. 1 regular, SCMMohacs ............... HCM\nSzegedin ............. HCM\nAgram................. HCMRhodes ................ HCM\nSCM on Power Card:  4\nVP for Piracy:  0\nBonus VP Box:  2 War Winners\nHapsburgs\nValladolid............ Charles V, Duke of Alva, 4 regulars, SCM\nSeville................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nBarcelona............ 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nNavarre ............... 1 regular, SCMNaples................. 2 regulars, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nBesançon............. 1 regular\nBrussels............... 1 regularVienna................. Ferdinand, 4 regulars, 2 mercs, SCM\nAntwerp .............. 3 regulars, SCM\nPrague................. SCMBreslau................ hcm\nBrünn .................. HCM\nPressburg ............ HCMRegensburg......... HCMSalzburg.............. HCM\nMünster............... HCMCologne............... HCM\nTrier .................... HCM\nSCM on Power Card:  6\nBonus VP Box:  1 War Winner, Circumnavigation, Pacific Strait,\nAztecs (depleted)\nThe New World:  Place Magellan on the Circumnavigation box and\nCortes on the Aztecs box.  This explorer and conquistador are out of\nplay for this scenario.\nColonies:  Puerto Rico, Cuba\nOut of Game:  Cordova, Leon, Narvaez\nEngland\nLondon................ Henry VIII, Charles Brandon, 3 regulars, 2\nmercs, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nPlymouth............. 1 naval squadron\nPortsmouth.......... 1 naval squadronCalais .................. 2 regulars, SCM\nYork .................... 1 regular, SCM\nBristol ................. 1 regular, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  5\nHenry’s Marital Status:  Ask for Divorce.  Place all 6 wife counters\nin the appropriate box (Catherine of Aragon is placed in the samebox as Anne Boleyn).\nEngland receives 1 extra card in the Card Draw Phase for Turn 4\n(the first turn).  This extra card is in addition to the one awarded\nbecause Henry VIII is ruler.\nOut of Game:  Rut\nFrance\nParis.................... Francis I, Montmorency, 4 regulars, 2 mercs,\nSCM\nRouen.................. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCMBordeaux............. 1 regular, SCM\nLyon.................... 1 regular, SCM\nMarseille............. 1 regular, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  6\nCrossing Atlantic Box:  The French Exploration Underway marker\nstarts the scenario in this box (a voyage was funded before sce-nario start).\nVP for Chateaux:  2 VP\nFrance receives 1 extra card in the Card Draw Phase for Turn 4 (the\nfirst turn).  This extra card is in addition to the one awarded because\nFrancis I is ruler.\nOut of Game:  Verranzano\nPapacy\nRome................... 2 regulars, 1 merc, 1 naval squadron, SCM\nRavenna .............. 1 regular, 1 merc, SCM\nSCM on Power Card:  5\nPapal Debaters:  Eck, Campeggio, Aleander, Contarini, Tetzel,\nCajetan\nCurrent Ruler:  Clement VII (place card #10 over the picture of Leo X)\nExcommunicated:  Luther\nSaint Peter’s Construction:  0 CP, 1 VPHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 5\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCProtestant\nBrandenburg ....... 1 regular\nWittenberg .......... John Frederick, Luther, 2 regulars\nMainz.................. Philip of Hesse, 1 regular, 2 mercs\nAugsburg ............ 2 regulars\nElectorate Display:  1 regular (Cologne, Trier)\nGerman Debaters:  Luther, Melanchthon, Bucer, Oekolampadius,\nBullinger, Carlstadt\nEnglish Debaters:  Tyndale\nGerman New Testament:  Complete\nFrench New Testament:  4 CP\nEnglish New Testament:  2 CP\nAll Bibles:  Not started\nOut of Game: Zwingli reformer, Zwingli debater\nVenice\nVenice ................. 2 regulars, 3 naval squadrons\nCorfu................... 1 regularCandia................. 1 regular\nGenoa\nGenoa.................. Andrea Doria, 2 regulars, 1 naval squadron\nHungary\nPrague................. 1 regular\nScotland\nEdinburgh ........... 3 regulars, 1 naval squadron\nIndependents\nMalta................... Knights of St. John (1 regular), HCMMetz.................... 1 regular\nFlorence .............. 1 regular\nMilan................... 1 regularTunis ................... 1 regular\nBasel ................... hcm\nZürich ................. hcm\nCards In Play\nThe following cards are removed from play before this scenariobegins (these cards are all marked with ‘(1517)’ in the upper-right\ncorner):\n• ‘Luther’s 95 Theses’ (#8)\n• ‘Barbary Pirates’ (#9)\n• ‘Defender of the Faith’ (#11)\n• ‘Schmalkaldic League’ (#13)• ‘Halley’s Comet’ (#38)\n• ‘Augsburg Confession’ (#39)\n• ‘Marburg Colloquy’ (#41)• ‘Zwingli Dons Armor’ (#43)\n• ‘Frederick the Wise’ (#78)\n• ‘John Zapolya’ (#83)• ‘Katherina Bora’ (#85)\n• ‘Peasants’ War’ (#88)\n• ‘Sack of Rome’ (#95)• ‘Sale of Moluccas’ (#96)All other cards in the deck may become available during this sce-\nnario. Cards not listed above that enter play on Turn 3 should be\nincluded in the deck immediately.  These are:\n• ‘Paul III’ (#14)\n• ‘Machiavelli’s The Prince’  (#40)\n• ‘Roxelana’ (#42)\nBe sure to also add cards, debaters, and reformers that enter at the\nstart of Turn 4 in the first Card Draw Phase of this scenario (Section8.2).\nDiplomatic Status Display\n• Ottoman and Hapsburgs are at war.\n• Hapsburgs and Protestants are at war.\n• Papacy and Protestants are at war.• Hapsburgs and Hungary-Bohemia are allied.\nInitial VP Count\nOttoman:16 France: 12\nHapsburg: 18 Papacy: 15\nEngland: 9 Protestant: 13\nProtestant Spaces:  19 (a 20th space is converted when Calvin is\nplaced on the map in the first Card Draw Phase).\nEnglish Home Spaces:  0\nSpecial Rules\nNone.\nTOURNAMENT SCENARIO\nDescription\nThe Tournament Scenario adds additional constraints to the 1532\nScenario setup to ensure the game will end within 3 turns of play.\nGame Length\n3 Turns: Turn 4 (1532) to Turn 6 (1543).\nSetup\nSame as 1532 scenario.  However all six powers get one extra card\ndealt to them at the start of Turn 4 above and beyond those theywould normally receive at the start of the 1532 scenario.  Example:\nEngland and France receive 3 cards more than listed in the “Cards\nand VP Per Key” section of their power card: 1 from their ruler’scard bonus, 1 from the normal 1532 scenario setup, and 1 from this\ntournament scenario setup rule.\nCards In Play\nSame as 1532 scenario.\nDiplomatic Status Display\nSame as 1532 scenario.\nInitial VP Count\nSame as 1532 scenario.\nSpecial Rules\n1. The game ends no later than Turn 6.  Because of that, suing for\npeace is not allowed on Turn 6.Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 6\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLC2. A Domination Victory is achieved if anyone ends a turn 4 VP\nahead of all other players.\n3. A Standard Victory is achieved if any power ends a turn with 23\nVP or more.\nSETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT\nThe VP system used in Here I Stand  allows players to declare a win-\nner at the end of a turn, even if none of the victory types listed in\nSection 23 of the rulebook have been triggered.  The one rule-of-thumb\nto keep in mind is that the VP totals are not in balance until the end of\nTurn 4 (since the Papacy starts the 1517 Scenario with a 19 VP lead\non the Protestant and England needs time to attempt to gain a maleheir). So, in the Victory Determination Phase of Turns 4 through 8,\nplayers are free to end the game and award victory to the player with\nthe highest VP total. Ties for the highest total are resolved as de-scribed in Section 23.3 (Standard Victory). Because of the possibility\nof ties, players should be sure to record the VP totals at the end of\neach turn of play (even at the end of turns prior to Turn 4).\nThus, players can use Here I Stand ’s VP system to tailor their gam-\ning session according to the time available for their gaming group.\nHere are some examples of perfectly legitimate, balanced ways toplay the game:\n• Start with the 1517 setup and play for 6 hours, then declare a\nwinner at the end of the first turn that ends after the 6-hour mark(probably the end of Turn 5 with experienced players).\n• Start with the 1517 setup and play until the end of Turn 6 (about\n7 hours of play).\n• Start with the 1532 setup and play for 5 hours, then declare a\nwinner at the end of the first turn that ends after the 5-hour mark\n(probably the end of Turn 7).\nGroups are encouraged to have a firm agreement on the limits for\ntheir game session before beginning play.\nGAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS\nThe Here I Stand  rulebook assumes a game with the full comple-\nment of 6 players, one for each power. However, the changes to\nplay with fewer players (3, 4, or 5) are minimal, as described below.\nConfigurations\nThe recommended assignments of powers to players in games withless than 6 players are given below.\n3-player\nPlayer 1: Ottoman and FrancePlayer 2: Hapsburgs and Papacy\nPlayer 3: England and Protestant\n4-player\nPlayer 1: OttomanPlayer 2: Hapsburgs and Papacy\nPlayer 3: England and ProtestantPlayer 4: France5-player\nPlayer 1: OttomanPlayer 2: Hapsburgs\nPlayer 3: England and Protestant\nPlayer 4: FrancePlayer 5: Papacy\nControlling 2 Powers\nAdditional restrictions are placed on any player that controls twopowers:\n• The Ottoman power may never conduct piracy on another power\ncontrolled by the same player.\n• A player may never have one of his powers declare war on the\nother.\n• A player may never award a card draw or mercenaries from one\nof his powers to the other.\n• A player may never have one of his powers give control of a\nspace to his other power (Exception:  returning control of a home\nspace to a power is allowed).\nThe two powers controlled by a single player may ally and loan\nnaval squadrons however.\nDomination Victory\nThe only other rule change made in games where one player con-trols 2 powers is in the calculation of Domination victory (Section\n23.3). Before checking for a Domination victory, average the cur-\nrent victory points of any set of two powers played by a single player.Then check to see if any single player’s total is 5 greater than all\nother players. If so that player has won the game with a Domination\nvictory.\nPLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS\nNearly half of the playtesting for Here I Stand  was completed through\nplay-by-email games.  Several dozen email games were completed\nusing Cyberboard, a Windows application that serves as a PBEM\nboardgame assistant (http://cyberboard.brainiac.com). Here are some\ntips on how to best keep PBEM games moving efficiently, whetheryou are using Cyberboard or another PBEM utility.\nInterruptions to Play\nPBEM games flow smoothly if each player takes their move in im-\npulse order and completes that impulse with a single email mes-\nsage. However, Combat cards and Response cards may be played\nby other powers during an impulse, interrupting play.  In addition,\nas land and naval units move, other players must make decisions\nabout intercept, avoid battle, and withdrawing into fortifications.The best way to handle these situations is to first remember that the\nonly game operations that can be  interrupted are:\n• Move Formation action\n• Naval Move action\n• Field battle, naval combat, and assault\nThere are other operations that involve direct conflict between pow-\ners (piracy, reformation/counter reformation attempts, and theologi-\ncal debates), but none of them can be interrupted.  (Exception: An\ninterruption can occur if the Papacy calls a debate in Germany andthe Protestant player must decide whether or not to substitute Luther\nfor another German debater.)Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 7\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCFor the Move Formation and Naval Move actions, the active player\nshould continue move actions until a move is made that requires anenemy decision on whether or not to intercept, avoid battle, or with-\ndraw into fortifications.  The game should then be interrupted to\nwait for the enemy response.  In field battles and assaults, the active\nplayer should initiate the combat and declare any combat cards that\nhe intends to play.  The play of defensive cards and the resolution of\nthe combat is then handled by the defender.\nResponse Card Play\nThe trickiest interruptions to account for come from play of Re-sponse cards (since any of the players in the game may play a Re-\nsponse during another player’s impulse). However there are only 8\ndifferent response cards.  Recommended PBEM handling of each is\ndescribed below. Note that several of these recommendations cause\ngame actions to be “rewound” back to the point in time when the\nResponse occurred.  This rewinding is recommended so PBEM play\nis not halted over-and-over because of possible Response card play.\n•‘Foul Weather’, ‘Gout’: Play just after the email that notifies them\nof the move, assault,  piracy, or naval transport that they are stop-\nping.\n•‘Halley’s Comet’: Play at any break between impulses.\n•‘Landsknechts’, ‘Swiss Mercenaries’: Handle as Combat cards\n(allowing them to be played after combat is declared but before it\nis resolved).\n• ‘Siege Artillery’, ‘Professional Rowers’: Play just after the email\nthat notifies them of the assault, naval combat, or naval intercept\nthat they will be modifying.\n• ‘Wartburg’: Protestant must cancel an event card just after the\nemail that notifies them of its play.  The Protestant is not permit-\nted to wait until they have seen the full event execution and then\nplay this response.\nDESIGNER’S NOTES\nOur Friday night gaming group in college mostly played role-play-ing games.  SPI’s Dragonquest,  which I had helped playtest, was\nour mainstay.  But occasionally one of us would propose a tradi-\ntional wargame, especially if it was multiplayer.  And so it was with\nreluctance that I approached my roommate Mike’s suggestion toplay SPI’s A Mighty Fortress. I knew nothing about the Reforma-\ntion, and Mike himself admitted that the pacing of the game was so\npoor that his high school gaming group referred to it as “A MightyTortoise”.  Worse still, they had decided I needed to play the Hapsburg\nempire, a power splintered into a series of isolated holdings that\nwere each threatened by several enemies.\nWell we tried it anyway ... and I was immediately hooked.  The jug-\ngling act of playing Hapsburg was the supreme challenge.  I loved\nbeing powerful enough to crush any one opponent, but only beingable to face a solitary enemy if I had prearranged it with skillful\ndiplomacy.  The dual layers of military and religious conflict pre-\nsented a puzzle unlike any other game I had seen.  And best of all, it\nworked beautifully with our group of role players; there was a part\nfor each of us.  Mike, our Italian Catholic, was the perfect Pope.\nTom, our connoisseur of Renaissance culture, played the part ofFrancis I. Tito, our relentless aggressor from a distant land, emerged\nnaturally as the Ottoman.  Rich played the part of Henry VIII; David\nwas Luther; and I had to fend them all off as Charles.And yet one problem remained, and it was a big one - the game just\ndidn’t really work.  Game length was a huge issue. We never came\nclose to finishing a session (and I still haven’t played a single game\nof AMF from start to finish).  Plus, a hex-based, zone-of-control\nsystem could not properly represent the period’s campaigning byisolated armies led by charismatic leaders.  Furthermore, the reli-\ngious and military struggles were almost entirely disjointed and\ndidn’t include any of the colorful characters of the period. Here wasperhaps my favorite game, one that I would suggest repeatedly to\nour gaming group, clearly falling far short of its ultimate potential.\nThe others soured on it and we moved on.\nNonetheless, the thought of one day correcting these flaws become\nmy idee fixe. But it had to be done right; I didn’t want to start on the\nproject until I knew these issues could all be overcome.  So I bode\nmy time and just started to collect books on the period, attend our\nlocal Renaissance festival religiously, and watch the blossoming of\ncard-driven games with great interest.  A point-to-point system us-\ning cards to introduce the flavor of the period was clearly going to\nbe a step in the right direction.  Finally, I played Mark McLaughlin’s\nThe Napoleonic Wars,  a design that showed that a card-driven de-\nsign could accommodate an asymmetric multiplayer configuration.\nTwenty years after I had first played AMF, the time for posting my\ntheses had arrived.\nDesign Emphasis\nAs I started to study the Reformation, it didn’t take long for me torealize what an incredibly rich period of history this was. While the\nReformation unfolded, Europe also saw: the conquest of the New\nWorld, Henry VIII’s succession of wives, Magellan’s voyage prov-ing that the earth is round, and the publication of Copernicus’ theory\ndemonstrating that the Earth is not the center of the universe. Throw\nin Machiavelli, Michelangelo, and the zenith of the Ottoman Em-pire, and you have quite a lot to work with. However I have still not\nfound a single book that links all these elements in any meaningful\nway. I decided then and there that the focus of the game would beshowcasing the interdependencies between these great historical\nfigures and events.\nThe military, political, and religious landscape of Europe changed\ndramatically during the 40-year period covered in the game. One of\nthe first steps in designing the game was analyzing this timeline in\ndetail, and mapping these changes to a series of events. This pro-cess led to the Mandatory Events that are included in the game to\ndrive the storyline. However, I didn’t want the game to be so scripted\nthat it played out the same every time. You’ll see that in the finalversion these key events (Barbary Pirates, Schmalkaldic League,\nSociety of Jesus)  have a span of several turns during which they\nmay occur.\nReligious Mechanics\nSeveral different land combat, siege, and naval systems have beenused in card-driven games; I didn’t expect that finding appropriate\nmechanics for that side of the game would prove too troublesome.\nHowever, in devising mechanics for the spread of the Protestantreformation across a point-to-point map, I had no choice but to break\nnew ground. I tried at least four different methods before settling on\nthe published version. The strength of this approach is that playersbring pressure to bear from adjacent spaces, therefore modeling the\nnatural spread of the Reformation from town-to-town. The mechan-\nics also account for the presence of Catholic or Protestant armiesHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 8\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCand allow the Reformation to spread over water (especially the North\nSea), though with greater difficulty.\nI was hoping that playtesting would show that the Reformation\nspread along historical lines. To ensure that was the case, I had to\naccount for the fact that the Reformation would accelerate in onelanguage at a time, especially when new biblical translations ap-\npeared in that language. And so I added language zones and the all-\nimportant Printing Press  card. I think the game does a good job of\nshowing the importance of the revolution in communication that\nresulted from Gutenberg’s invention.\nUp until now, I’ve only discussed mechanics that spread the re-\nformed belief by geographic pressure. However, key theological\ndebates and events like the Diet of Worms clearly gave the Protes-\ntant cause an extra boost. Therefore the debate system was estab-lished to serve as a way for religious powers to spread their ideas\neven if the opposing side has a geographic advantage in a particular\narea. The debate mechanics didn’t undergo much change.  The idea\nof rolling a handful of dice to try and burn an opponent at the stake\nhas always been appealing!\nOther Difficulties\nWhat else proved tricky? Well the creation of a six-sided political\nstruggle with alliances that changed each turn was difficult. It tooka long time to track down all of the cases for intercepts, avoid battles,\nsieges and relief forces, especially when allied forces or space con-\ntrol was involved. Making sure these cases were all handled wasone of the driving reasons behind the current form of the rules. Each\nsection contains a list of restrictions and then a step-by-step proce-\ndure. Structuring the rules this way really helped accommodate some\nof the rare cases that come up when allies are fighting in close prox-\nimity.\nGame balance was another challenge. Each of the six powers brings\na very unique perspective and its own path to victory. That’s great\nfor replayability, but can be a challenge when trying to create a\nbalanced product. I tracked scores for each power at the end of eachturn of our playtest games. The resulting spreadsheet was invalu-\nable in judging if and when balance adjustments were required. The\ngood thing is that the interplay of cards often allows the players to“bring a leader back to the pack.” It will be interesting to see if any\npower is deemed to have an edge once the game is exposed to a\nwider audience.\nThanks\nFinally, I want to thank the 62 people that helped playtest the game.Extra special credit goes to three people who each took a turn pro-\nviding special assistance to the project. My son Matthew was the\nfirst of these. He and I played the game extensively over a six-monthperiod, moving it from its earliest form to a point where it was ready\nfor PBEM playtesting. I have to admit to I was a little surprised that\na 14 year-old living in the 21st Century would be so fond of a gameon the Reformation. I took the fact that he asked to play repeatedly\nas a very good sign. Ananda Gupta was the next to step into a key\nrole. His warnings to keep the game simple were always well-timed.He also gets credit for suggesting the debater bonus system, a late\naddition that adds a lot of strategic depth to the religious fighting.\nDave Cross was the final person deserving of special mention. With-out Dave I never would have tracked down as many loopholes in\nrules and cards. He also significantly improved the mechanics of\nmany of the cards, particularly those nasty Inquisitions.Finally, I want to thank my wife Sarah and daughter Natalie. Not\nevery family attends the movie Luther or heads straight to the book\nvendor on opening day of the local Renaissance festival.  Their tol-\nerance of my obsession has earned them many, many days off their\ntimes in Purgatory.\nEXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY\nThis section presents an example of the action at the beginning of aTournament Scenario contested by some of the leading playtestersof Here I Stand . As a Tournament Scenario, this game starts on\nTurn 4. The 1532 Scenario setup is used except each power receives\none extra card in their hand on the first turn. New players are en-couraged to set up this scenario and play along.\nTURN 4\nLuther’s 95 Theses Phase:\nSkipped (since this is not the  1517 Scenario).\nCard Draw Phase:\nAdd debaters, reformers, leaders: Calvin reformer is added in\nGeneva; that space flips to Protestant control. An independent hex-\nagonal control marker is placed in that space flipped on its Protes-tant (gray border, white center) side. 20 spaces are now under Prot-\nestant control. Protestant VP rise to 14; Papal VP drop to 14. All\nfour French debaters enter play.\nAdd new cards to the deck:  The 11 cards marked as Turn 4 are\nadded to the deck and shuffled into the deck for the upcoming card\ndeal.\nRoll for New World Riches:  Hapsburgs roll two dice and sum the\ntotals for their two colonies:\n• Puerto Rico (dr 8; no card - galleon was needed)\n• Cuba (dr 7; no effect)\nShuffle deck and deal cards:\nOttoman (Steve Caler) -  7 cards (1 home, 5 from keys, 1 for tour-\nnament)\n• #1 ‘Janissaries’ (Home, 5 CP)\n• #33 ‘Landsknechts’ (Response, 1 CP)• #47 ‘Copernicus’ (6 CP)\n• #66 ‘Akinji Raiders’ (3 CP)\n• #92 ‘Revolt in Egypt’ (3 CP)• #98 ‘Search for Cibola’ (2 CP)\n• #109 ‘Venetian Informant’ (1 CP)\nHapsburgs (Dave Cross) -  7 cards (1 home, 5 from keys, 1 for\ntournament)\n• #2 ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ (Home, 5 CP)\n• #26 ‘Mercenaries Bribed’ (Combat, 3 CP)• #28 ‘Siege Mining’ (Combat, 1 CP)\n• #37 ‘Wartburg’ (Response, 2 CP)\n• #67 ‘Anabaptists’ (3 CP)• #79 ‘Fuggers’ (3 CP)\n• #90 ‘Printing Press’ (5 CP)\nEngland (Paul Nied) -  6 cards (1 home, 2 from keys, 1 for Henry’s\ncard bonus, 1 for 1532 scenario setup, 1 for tournament)\n• #3 ‘Six Wives of Henry VIII’ (Home, 5 CP)Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 9\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLC• #40 ‘Machiavelli’s The Prince’  (2 CP)\n• #54 ‘Potosi Silver Mines’ (3 CP)• #70 ‘Charles Bourbon’ (4 CP)\n• #101 ‘Smallpox’ (4 CP)\n• #107 ‘Unsanitary Camp’ ( 2 CP)\nFrance (Ken Richards) -  6 cards (1 home, 2 from keys, 1 for\nFrancis’s card bonus, 1 for 1532 scenario setup, 1 for tournament)\n• #4 ‘Patron of the Arts’ (Home, 5 CP)\n• #25 ‘Field Artillery’  (Combat, 1 CP)\n• #36 ‘Swiss Mercenaries’ (Response, 1 CP)\n• #45 ‘Calvin Expelled’ (1 CP)• #46 ‘Calvin’s Institutes’ (5 CP)\n• #72 ‘Cloth Prices Fluctuate’ (3 CP)\nPapacy (Jim Adams) -  6 cards (2 home, 3 from keys, 1 for tourna-\nment)\n• #5 ‘Papal Bull’ (Home, 4 CP)\n• #6 ‘Leipzig Debate’ (Combat, 3 CP)• #31 ‘Foul Weather’ (Response, 2 CP)\n• #52 ‘Michelangelo’ (4 CP)\n• #80 ‘Gabelle Revolt’ (1 CP)• #86 ‘Knights of St. John’ (2 CP)\nProtestant (Ed Beach) -  7 cards (1 home, 5 from electorates, 1 for\ntournament)\n• #7 ‘Here I Stand’ (Home, 5 CP)\n• #34 ‘Professional Rowers’ (Response, 2 CP)\n• #42 ‘Roxelana’ (4 CP)• #97 ‘Scots Raid’ (2 CP)\n• #102 ‘Spring Preparations’ (3 CP)\n• #106 ‘Unpaid Mercenaries’ (3 CP)• #110 ‘War with Persia’ (4 CP)\nDiplomacy Phase\nNegotiation Segment  - Hold Negotiations:  The “Henry’s Marital\nStatus” marker is on the “Ask for Divorce” space. This is the one\nturn that the Papacy (Jim) may grant the divorce in exchange forconcessions from the English player. However, the Hapsburg (Dave)\napproaches Jim first, touting the need for Catholic solidarity and a\nsolid anti-piracy defense against the Ottomans. Jim agrees to allywith Dave and lend his fleet for anti-piracy duty.\nThe Protestant (Ed) has a hand full of high CP cards but none that are\nparticularly helpful for the Reformation. However France (Ken) of-fers to play Calvin’s Institutes as an event on the first card play of the\nturn (before Calvin can be excommunicated). A deal is soon made.\nOther negotiations occur between the English and Protestant (who\nagree to ally just to affirm their solidarity) and the French and\nHapsburgs (who ally with a French fleet being lent for anti-piracy\nwork).\nNegotiation Segment  - Announce Deals:\nThe Ottomans have no announcements.\nThe Hapsburgs announce their alliances with the French and the\nPapacy. The French fleet in Marseille is lent and will start in Palma.\nThe Papal fleet in Rome is lent and will start in Cagliari.\nThe English announce an alliance with the Protestant.The French confirm the alliance with the Hapsburgs and the lent\nfleet. The fleet is moved to Palma and a Hapsburg “Loaned” markerplaced on it. An “Allied” marker is placed on the Diplomatic Status\nDisplay on the Hapsburg box in the France column.\nThe French also announce that they are receiving 2 random card\ndraws from the Protestant in exchange for 2 mercenaries from Paris\n(and the play of Calvin’s Institutes as an event, though this secret,\nnon-binding agreement is not publicly declared at this time).\nThe Papacy confirm the alliance with the Hapsburgs and the lent\nfleet. The fleet is moved to Cagliari and a Hapsburg “Loaned” marker\nplaced on it. An “Allied” marker is placed on the Diplomatic StatusDisplay on the Hapsburg box in the Papacy column.\nThe Protestants confirm the alliance with England.  An “Allied”\nmarker is placed on the Diplomatic Status Display on the Englandbox of the Protestant column.\nThe Protestants confirm the deal announced by France. The two\nmercenaries are placed in Mainz (1 regular and 4 mercenaries therenow). The French draw these cards from the Protestant hand:\n• #102 ‘Spring Preparations’ (3 CP)\n• #106 ‘Unpaid Mercenaries’ (3 CP)\nPeace Segment:  Skipped. No powers are eligible to sue for peace.\nRansom Segment:  Skipped. No leaders are captured.\nExcommunication Segment:  Skipped. No rulers are under excom-\nmunication.\nWar Segment:  All six powers are offered the option of declaring\nwar and all six decline. It looks like everyone is going to attackindependent keys and build up strength in the New World this turn.\nDiet of Worms Phase\nSkipped (since this is not the  1517 Scenario).\nSpring Deployment Phase\nOttoman:  Suleiman, 4 regulars, 1 cavalry to Buda. Ibrahim and 1\nregular remain in Istanbul. The Ottoman could have played Vene-\ntian Informant to review the cards in another player’s hand (butdeclined to do so).\nHapsburgs:  Charles V, Duke of Alva and all 4 regulars in Valladolid\nto Cartagena.\nEngland:  Henry VIII and all 5 land units in London to Berwick.\nCharles Brandon remains in London.\nFrance: Montmorency and 2 regulars to Lyon (3 regulars there\ntotal now). Francis and 2 regulars remain in Paris.\nPapacy: Decline to make a spring deployment this turn.\nProtestant:  The Protestants can never spring deploy.\nAction Phase - Round 1\nOttoman\n• #92 ‘Revolt in Egypt’ (3 CP). Played for CP.\nThe Ottomans take advantage of moving first and go straight for\nVienna.Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 10\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCCP1: Suleiman, 6 regulars, 2 cavalry to Pressburg. Hapsburgs de-\ncline the intercept opportunity.\nCP2: Control unfortified space of Pressburg. The Hapsburg control\nmarker there is replaced with an Ottoman one (still on its Catholic\nside).\nCP3: Suleiman and his 8-unit formation proceed to Vienna. The\nHapsburgs accept the field battle (no avoid battle attempt). In Step\n1 of the Field Battle procedure the Ottomans play:\n• #33 ‘Landsknechts’ (Response, 1 CP)\n...and eliminate the 2 Hapsburg mercenaries.  In the battle, the Otto-\nmans roll 10 dice (8 units plus 2 for Suleiman’s Battle Rating). TheHapsburgs roll 6 dice (4 units, plus 1 for Ferdinand’s Battle Rating\nand 1 as defender).\nOttoman Dice: 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 6, 6, 5, 5 (4 hits)\nHapsburg Dice: 3, 3, 4, 6, 1, 6 (2 hits)\nAll 4 Hapsburg units are eliminated. Ferdinand is captured and placed\non the Ottoman power card. The Ottomans choose to eliminate 1regular and 1 cavalry. The winner of a field battle never gains con-\ntrol of the space, however. Vienna is under siege and may be as-\nsaulted as soon as the next Ottoman impulse.\nHapsburgs\n• #2 ‘Holy Roman Emperor’ (Home, 5 CP)\nPlayed as event; the Hapsburg announces that Charles is transfer-\nring to Linz (currently unoccupied). No other power plays the ‘Gout’\nresponse to stop the transfer.\nCP1-5: The Hapsburgs use all 5 CP to build units in Linz. 3 merce-\nnaries and 1 regular. Charles has an army with him now. However,\nVienna may fall before he is strong enough to attack to relieve the\nsiege.\nEngland\n• #54 ‘Potosi Silver Mines’ (3 CP).\nPlayed as event. The Potosi marker is placed in the top colony box\nfor England (to the left of the New World Riches Table on the game\nmap).\nFrance\n• #46 ‘Calvin’s Institutes’ (5 CP)\nAs promised, the French play Calvin’s Institutes as an event to aid\nthe Protestants and live up to their diplomatic agreement. Calvin iscommitted. Committing Calvin to fulfill the requirement for an event\ndoes not count as using a debater bonus in an impulse. Farel is com-\nmitted as well to give one extra die for Reformation attempts within2 spaces of Geneva during this impulse.\nReformation Attempt #1 (Besancon): Protestants roll 5 dice at +1\n(3 adjacent Protestant spaces, 1 adjacent reformer, Farel bonus).\nProtestant Dice: 6, 1, 6, 1, 4 (automatic conversion)\nReformation Attempt #2 (Metz): Protestants roll 3 dice at +1 (2\nadjacent Protestant spaces, Farel bonus)Protestant Dice: 3, 5, 4 (automatic conversion, 5+1=6 and win\nties in target language zone).\nReformation Attempt #3 (Grenoble): Protestants roll 3 dice at +1 (1\nadjacent Protestant space, 1 adjacent Reformer, Farel bonus)\nProtestant Dice: 5, 5, 2 (automatic conversion).\nReformation Attempt #4 (Lyons): Protestants roll 4 dice at +1 (2\nadjacent Protestant spaces, 1 adjacent Reformer, Farel bonus). Pa-\npacy finally gets to try and defend. They roll 6 dice (3 adjacentCatholic spaces, 3 adjacent Catholic stacks).\nProtestant Dice: 2, 1, 3, 1\nCatholic Dice: 5, 1, 4, 5, 3, 3\nThe Catholic best die (5) beats the best Protestant roll (3+1); Lyons\nremains Catholic.\nReformation Attempt #5 (Dijon): Protestants roll 3 dice at +1 (2\nadjacent Protestant spaces, Farel bonus)\nProtestant Dice: 1, 5, 4 (automatic conversion)\nThe Protestant succeeded on 4 of the 5 attempts. The Protestant\nadvances the Protestant Space Marker on the Religious Struggle\nCard to 24. Protestant VP rise to 15; Papal VP drop to 13.\nPapacy\n• #80 ‘Gabelle Revolt’ (1 CP). Played as event.\nUnrest markers are placed on Grenoble and Dijon. This will limit\nFrench line-of-communication into Italy and reduce the Protestantspace count until the unrest is removed. Papacy drops the Protes-\ntant Space Marker on the Card to 22. Protestant VP drop to 14;\nPapal VP rise to 14.\nProtestant\n• #42 ‘Roxelana’ (4 CP). Played as event.\nEd’s comment: “Well the Hapsburgs are going to owe the Protes-\ntants a favor after this move.” There had been no diplomatic agree-\nment that the Protestants would play this card as an event. How-\never, the Ottoman threat to Central Europe looks pretty dire. PlusEd is calculating that keeping the odds even between these two pow-\ners will keep them at war longer, draining them both of resources.\nThe Suleiman leader (but none of the units in Vienna) is returned toIstanbul. Per the event card, the Protestants can then spend 2 CP.\nCP1> Build a mercenary in Mainz (now Philip of Hesse, 1 regular,\n5 mercenaries there).\nCP2> Philip moves with a formation of 1 regular and 4 mercenaries\nto Cologne (which is unoccupied). 1 mercenary remains in Mainz.\nCologne is under siege.\nThe Ottoman is now up in the second round of the Action Phase.\nThe six powers will continue playing cards in this fashion until all\nsix powers have passed in consecutive impulses. Then they proceedto Phases 7, 8, and 9 (Winter Phase, New World Phase, Victory\nDetermination Phase) to complete a turn of play.Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 11\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCTHE GAME AS HISTORY\nThis section outlines the history of the Wars of the Reformation,\norganized into the nine turns represented in the game. People andevents listed in bold are described in greater detail in the sections\nthat follow.\nBackground\nIn the 15th Century, signals appeared hinting that Europe would\nsoon emerge from the long slumber of the Middle Ages. The inven-tion of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg promised to revolu-\ntionize the spread of culture and learning. In 1453, the Ottoman\nTurks finally overcame Constantinople, sweeping away the finalvestige of the Byzantine Empire. The flight of Greek scholars to\nItaly became a further stimulus to the intellectual Renaissance that\nwas spreading across Northern Italy. The balance of power was alsoshifting on the Iberian peninsula; Ferdinand and Isabella’s armies\nremoved the final Arab presence in Granada in 1492, the same year\nthat Christopher Columbus sailed for the New World.\nEven in religious matters, where the Catholic Church held sway\nthroughout the Middle Ages, change was in the air.  Building on the\nwork of John Wycliffe, a 14th Century Oxford scholar who createdthe first Bible translation in English, the Hussites in Bohemia started\nto question the institutions of the Catholic Church. These Bohemi-\nans were able to establish a Hussite church that maintained a degreeof independence from Rome, could worship in the Czech language,\nand offered wine as well as bread at communion.\nChanges in leadership were occurring as well. Henry VII, founder\nof the English Tudor dynasty died in 1509, leaving the kingdom to\nhis young son of the same name. The younger Henry had become\nthe heir apparent at age eleven in 1502, when his older brother Arthurcaught an infection and died.  To maintain the dynastic alliance with\nSpain, Henry was betrothed to Arthur’s widow, Catherine of\nAragon. They were married in June 1509, just a few months after\nHenry VIII ascended to the English throne.\nA new pope also ascended during this period. The new pontiff was\nLeo X, born as Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici in Florence in 1475.Destined for the church at birth, Giovanni was elevated to the rank\nof cardinal at the remarkably young age of 14. When he became\nPope in 1513, Leo rejoiced, telling his brother “Since God has givenus the papacy, let us enjoy it.” Leo lived by these words, throwing\nelaborate festivals and parades and spending generously toward the\nconstruction of the new building project in Rome, St. Peter’s Ba-silica.\nMeanwhile in France, the reigning king Louis XII died on New\nYear’s Day 1515; his cousin Francis became king. Francis I, age 21,possessed a keen interest in the art and architecture of Italy.  He\nwould soon find himself in that part of Europe, fighting in the Ital-\nian War that his predecessor had begun. At the bloody battle ofMarignano, Francis prevailed over the Swiss and regained control\nof Milan, the French gateway to Italy.\nThe final dynastic change occurred when Ferdinand II of Aragon\ndied in 1516, leaving the united kingdoms of Castile and Aragon to\nhis grandson, Charles. Born in Ghent in 1500, Charles grew up in\nthe Netherlands under the tutelage of Adrian of Utrecht. Charleshad inherited the Netherlands and Franche-Comté from his father\nin 1506. Spain’s holdings now included Naples, Sicily, Sardinia,\nseveral cities on the North African coast, and a ever-expanding pres-ence in the New World.  At age 16, Charles V empire was vast and\nwas soon to expand twice more.\nThe Protestant Reformation is about to begin.\nTurn 1 (1517-1523)\nPope Leo X’s ambitious schedule to move forward with the ongo-\ning construction work on St. Peter’s Basilica is going to be expen-\nsive. Leo therefore works with Albrecht of Brandenburg to issue anew indulgence to fill the Papal coffer. Albrecht’s best salesman,\nJohann Tetzel,  is sent across Germany to convince the townsfolk\nof their duty to buy indulgences.\nEnter Martin Luther, a 33-year-old Augustinian monk and son of\nmiddle-class parents, who has been lecturing on the Wittenberg fac-\nulty for the past six years. Luther intends to initiate an academicdiscussion on the subject of indulgences. Following the traditions\nof the time, he delineates his theses on the subject and on October\n31, 1517, posts that document on the door of the Castle Church.Luther’s 95 Theses are soon printed in both Latin and German, im-\nmediately creating a stir across Germany and cutting into Tetzel’s\nsales. Leo sends one of his top theologians, Tommaso de Vio\nCajetan, into Germany to force Luther to recant. Luther meets\nCajetan in Augsburg, but refuses to give ground. Fearing arrest,\nLuther flees the city at night and returns home. A year later, Lutherand his fellow professor Andreas Carlstadt  meet Johann Eck  in a\ntwo-week debate at Leipzig. Luther inserts himself in the debate\nbefore Carlstadt can lose too much ground to Eck’s stirring attacks.\nWhile these early religious struggles rage on, the Holy Roman Em-\nperor Maximilian dies. Francis I and Charles V are the candidates\nto become the next emperor. Ultimately it is Charles’ ability to bor-row money from the Fuggers that allows him to prevail and be-\ncome the new nominal ruler of Germany.  He also inherits Hapsburg\nlands in Austria after Maximilian’s death. Truly, Charles V is nowthe greatest ruler in all Christendom.\nWith tensions running high between France and the Hapsburgs over\nthe imperial election, the diplomatic posture of England becomes aconcern for everyone. Within three months (May to July, 1520),\nHenry and his Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey arrange embassies\nwith Charles in London, Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold out-side Calais, and then again at Gravelines (in the Netherlands) with\nCharles. Although the magnificence of the festivities at the Field of\nCloth of Gold are unmatched, Henry actually sides with Charles,agreeing to break off the engagement of the Princess Mary to the\nDauphin and not ally with France for two years. Henry sends Charles\nBrandon  to invade France just three years later.\nWith his English ally secure, Charles next move is to get to Italy so\nthe Pope can coronate him as Holy Roman Emperor. However, life\nas the emperor is not that easy. First, the Revolt of the Communeros\nbreaks out back in Spain. Second, the outbreak of Lutheran heresy\nin Germany needs to be addressed. Thinking along these lines, Leo\nissues a bull of excommunication against Luther. However, thetownspeople of Germany have quickly rallied behind the monk from\nWittenberg. Eck and Jerome Aleander  have great difficulty in post-\ning the bull anywhere, though they are able to burn Luther’s booksin Cologne and Mainz. In retaliation, the audacious Luther publicly\nburns the Papal Bull in Wittenberg. The renowned scholar,\nDesiderius Erasmus , is accused of supporting Luther. Erasmus thus\nbegins to distance himself from the movement, even as he fears that\nLuther’s break from Rome may already be irreconcilable.Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 12\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCIn this atmosphere, Charles concludes that he must face Luther di-\nrectly. Luther receives a summons to appear at the Diet of Worms infront of the assembled leadership of Germany. Upon Luther’s ar-\nrival, his works are attacked by Papal officials, who ask him to re-\ncant completely. On the second day of the proceedings, Luther isfinally ready to answer these charges. He states clearly and boldly,\nthat:\n “I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against con-\nscience is neither right nor safe. Here I Stand . I can do no other.\nGod help me. Amen.”\nLuther then retires from the hall. He flees Worms before the Em-\nperor can decide his fate. On the way home, the elector Frederick\nthe Wise kidnaps Luther and whisks him away to Wartburg castle\nfor his own safekeeping against imperial agents. The ten monthsLuther spends at Wartburg end up being some of the most produc-\ntive of his life; he translates large sections of the New Testament\ninto German during that stay. Luther finally comes out of hiding in1522 when Frederick needs his assistance to quell the unrest cre-\nated by the preaching of the radical Carlstadt.\nFrancis also has plans to make Charles’ life miserable. Without for-\nmally declaring war, he sends armies into Luxembourg and Navarre.\nHowever, the Hapsburgs turn back these threats and then work with\nPapal forces to drive France out of Milan. The sudden death of LeoX causes uncertainty in the Papal ranks, but even then the French\nare still defeated soundly at the battle of La Bicocca. Leo is re-\nplaced first by Adrian of Utrecht (Charles’ old tutor) and then (afterAdrian dies within a year) by Clement VII.  Clement is Leo X’s\ncousin, another Florentine from the Medici family. He would soon\nface one of the most difficult pontificates in the history of the Pa-pacy.\nOne final problem confronts Charles. In 1520, Selim I, ruler of the\nOttoman Empire dies. His 26 year-old son, Suleiman, becomes sul-tan. This new leader is ambitious, completing the conquest of\nBelgrade and Rhodes in his first two years as ruler. At Rhodes,\nSuleiman’s huge army is held off for six months by just 7,000 menof the Knights of St. John. Based on this valiant defense, Suleiman\nallows the knights to withdraw with honors of war. They would\nlater relocate at Malta where they would prey on Ottoman shipping,making sure that Suleiman lived to regret his leniency on Rhodes.\nIn the New World: Soon after Charles’ arrival in Spain in 1518, he\nis approached by an eager Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand\nMagellan,  who promotes an expedition to sail west through a South\nAmerican strait to reach the Spice Islands.  That same year, an am-\nbitious chief magistrate from the Spanish colony on Cuba, Hernando\nCortes, takes an expedition bound for the Yucatan and diverts those\nsoldiers to central Mexico.  Within three years, Spain expeditions\nconquer the Aztec empire and sail around the world, completingtwo of the greatest achievements of the Age of Discovery.  Only\nPonce de Leon’s  quest for the Fountain of Youth is a failure during\nthis time.\nTurn 2 (1524-1527)\nThe Reformation continues to spread. Ulrich Zwingli, a 40-year oldpriest with a background as a chaplain and humanist scholar, estab-\nlishes Zurich as the first reformed town in Switzerland. Martin\nBucer, a follower of Luther, returns home after his marriage and\nsubsequent excommunication; he will develop a similar Protestant\nbase in Strasburg. Luther is married to Katherina Bora . Over thenext 20 years, his home life with the former nun will set the tone for\nclerical marriages. Luther’s ideas even reach William Tyndale  in\nEngland. Tyndale is forced to flee from Henry VIII’s still staunchly\nCatholic regime and continue his work on an English-language ver-\nsion of the New Testament in Germany. However, the spread ofreformed belief is not easy to control. In 1524 the Peasants’ War\nstarts and for two years threatens to engulf Germany. The period\ndoes end on a high note in 1527 with the establishment of the firstProtestant university at Marburg and the publication of Luther’s\nfirst hymnal, including the new battle hymn of the German Refor-\nmation, A Mighty Fortress.\nThe action in Italy heats up even further. Charles Bourbon , mar-\nshal of France, breaks with Francis and leads imperial troops against\nMarseille. Chased back into Italy, Bourbon and the other Hapsburggenerals fall back to Pavia. The armies clash there in one of the first\nbattles to prominently feature gunpowder weapons such as field\nartillery and arquebusiers. Francis is defeated and imprisoned. Oneyear later, he gives up his two sons as ransom to gain his freedom.\nBourbon then loses control of his largely mercenary army, leading\nto the Sack of Rome . It is at this unfortunate moment (with Clem-\nent as an imperial prisoner) that Henry VIII first petitions the Pope\nfor a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.\nThe Ottoman Empire is faced with a revolt in Egypt. Suleiman’s\nskilled lieutenant, Ibrahim Pasha , is successful in overcoming the\nMameluks and then joins Suleiman for his 1526 campaign up the\nDanube River valley. At the subsequent Battle of Mohacs, Suleimanwins a glorious victory, in part because a major Hungarian army\nunder John Zapolya  fails to show. The young Hungarian king is\nslain. Ferdinand , brother of Charles V, takes over as King of Hun-\ngary and Bohemia. Yet again the Hapsburg lands have grown. How-\never, Hungary, historically the “Shield of Christendom,” no longer\nstands as a buffer between the Ottoman and Hapsburg empires.\nIn the New World: Spain’s efforts in the New World sputter after\nthe huge triumphs by Magellan and Cortes. Francisco Hernandez\nde Cordova  subjugates the people of Nicaragua, only to be killed\nthere by his rival Pedrarias Davila. Juan Sebastian Elcano, the sur-\nviving Basque captain who completed Magellan’s voyage, dies of\nscurvy crossing the Pacific while attempting to reach the Moluccasfor a second time.  But the most ignominious fate of all is suffered\nby Panfilo de Narvaez  during his disastrous voyage to Florida.\nBetter luck is enjoyed by the English pilot John Rut  and Giovanni\nda Verrazano  (an Italian who sailed for France); both explored\nmajor sections of the North American coast.\nTurn 3 (1528-1531)\nThe year after the death of Niccolo Machiavelli , the French suffer\nfrom some Machiavellian diplomacy by the Genoese naval leaderAndrea Doria , who defects to the Hapsburg side just as Francis\ntries to siege Naples with Genoese naval support. Doria moves on\nto a position as admiral of the Hapsburg fleet. That task becomesvery challenging after Barbarossa  captures Algiers and sets it up\nas a base for piracy. Suleiman’s  Ottoman army also threatens to\ncapture the Hapsburg capital of Vienna. After a siege of severalweeks, the Ottomans withdraw, having lost time to press the siege\nbefore winter. The Hapsburgs start modernizing the fortifications\nof Vienna in case the Turks return.\nIn 1529, the German Diet convenes at Speyer. This time, a Roman\nCatholic presence is dominant, and the diet’s earlier decision that\neach German prince can decide if his realm will be of the CatholicHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 13\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCor reformed faith is reversed.  The resulting protest from the reform-\ners brings the term “Protestant” into being. Philip of Hesse  decides\nit is time to unite the Lutheran and Zwinglian branches of Protes-\ntantism, and calls the Marburg Colloquy.  The delegates include\nLuther, Philip Melanchthon , Zwingli, Johannes Oekolampadius\nand Bucer. Although unsuccessful, the discussions at Marburg lay\nthe foundation for the Augsburg Confession , presented to Charles\nV the next year. The Lutheran reformers and princes realize thateventually Charles is going to move to eliminate the Protestants. In\n1531, they form the Schmalkaldic League for defense of those cit-\nies and principalities that have adopted the new faith. Philip of Hesseand John Frederick  of Saxony are nominated as the military com-\nmanders.\nClement VII is released from Hapsburg custody and finally gets a\nchance to officially coronate Charles as Holy Roman Emperor. He\nalso sends Lorenzo Campeggio  to England, officially to hear the\ncase for Henry’s divorce, but in reality to further stall and delay thatdecision. As this period ends, the comet Halley fills the night sky of\n1531. Perhaps it is an ill omen, for the Protestants lose Zwingli,\nwho has taken up the sword to help defend his Swiss canton from aCatholic army. Luckily his replacement, Heinrich Bullinger,  steps\nup to lead the faithful of Zurich almost immediately.\nIn the New World:  Activity in the New World hits a lull.  St. John’s,\nNewfoundland (the oldest city in North America founded by Euro-\npeans) becomes an active base for English, French, Basque, Portu-\nguese, and Spanish cod fishermen. Still trying to get someone toequal Magellan’s feat, Charles V sends Sebastian Cabot  to the\nMoluccas.  Cabot gets no further than the mouth of the Rio de la\nPlata. Even an expedition organized by Cortes from the western\ncoast of Mexico (so that it would not need to enter the Strait of\nMagellan) fails, for the only ship that reaches the Spice Islands is\nseized by the Portuguese.  Desperately short of funds, Charles con-\ncedes control of the Spice Islands to Portugal and arranges for the\nSale of Moluccas .\nTurn 4 (1532-1535)\nThe Ottomans make the first big move during this period, once again\nmarching toward Vienna in April 1532. This time Suleiman electsto march west from Mohacs, instead of heading up the Danube River\nvalley to Buda. The Hapsburg garrison at Guns [Graz space in Here\nI Stand] puts up a valiant fight however, delaying the Ottoman ad-\nvance for three weeks. Suleiman contents himself with razing the\nAustrian countryside but does not besiege Vienna.\nThe Ottomans also pose a dire threat along the Mediterranean coast-\nline. Barbarossa’s fleet of 84 vessels almost captures the fair Julia\nGonzaga  for Suleiman’s harem. Failing at this, Barbarossa moves\non Tunis instead, taking the city bloodlessly when its ruler flees onBarbarossa’s approach. It is this moment when Clement VII dies.\nAfter a brief conclave, Alessandro Farnese ascends to the Papal\nthrone as Pope Paul III, the first Pope born in Rome in almost 200years. Paul III funds Charles V to counterattack Barbarossa. In 1535,\nCharles and Andrea Doria assemble a fleet of 400 ships and 30,000\nmen and retake Tunis after a one-month campaign.\nThe religious struggles expand beyond Germany. Paul III chooses\nGasparo Contarini  as one of his cardinals. Meanwhile, Henry VIII\nselects 37 year-old Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury.Cranmer finally annuls Henry’s marriage to Catherine, clearing the\nway for Anne Boleyn  to become Queen of England. Henry works\nwith Parliament to get the Act of Supremacy passed so Rome canno longer interfere in English religious affairs. Nicholas Cop  deliv-\ners a stirring address at the University of Paris, revealing that Prot-estant thought has crept into France as well.  Cop and John Calvin\n(who at age 25 may have helped write Cop’s address) are forced to\nflee the country. Nonetheless, Protestant circles remain in Paris, asevidenced by the Affair of the Placards  the following year. The\nFrench also publish a Bible in their native tongue (translation by\nPierre Robert Olivetan ), as do the English (Tyndale and Miles\nCoverdale ), and the Germans (Luther and Melanchthon).\nIn the New World:  Suddenly the Spanish luck in the New World\npicks back up.  In 1532, Francisco Pizarro , with an army of less\nthan 200 men, walks into the midst of a raging civil war within the\nInca Empire.  Taking some pages from Cortes’ book, he captures\ntheir leader Atahualpa, extracts an enormous ransom, and then killshim. These actions complete the disintegration of the once mighty\nempire. Further to the north, the French explorer Jacques Cartier\nfollows the St. Lawrence River for 1,000 miles to Montreal in anattempt to find the Northwest Passage.  Cartier’s findings focus the\nupcoming French efforts on this new region, a place he named\nCanada after the Huron-Iroquois word for village.\nTurn 5 (1536-1539)\n1536 was one of the more dangerous years of the period. IbrahimPasha is assassinated while campaigning in Persia, probably at the\nbehest of Suleiman’s new wife Roxelana . William Tyndale is tried\nfor heresy and burnt at the stake near Brussels. In England, Catherineof Aragon dies of cancer and Anne Boleyn falls from grace after\nanother miscarriage. Anne is soon beheaded, allowing Henry to\nmarry Jane Seymour  (thus making 1536 “The Year of Three\nQueens”). One year later, Jane dies after giving birth to Henry’s\nlong-desired male heir, Edward VI.\nHenry and Thomas Cromwell begin their Dissolution of the Mon-\nasteries to seize church property. Catholics in England revolt, start-\ning a movement known as the Pilgrimage of Grace , demanding\nthe arrest of Cromwell, Cranmer and Hugh Latimer . Through de-\nceit, Henry is able to capture the rebels and crush the rebellion.\nCalvin’s Institutes,  a massive 1500-page book that provides a sys-\ntematic theology for a reformed church, was published at this time.Calvin himself passes through Geneva and is stopped by William\nFarel and convinced to stay and make Geneva a Protestant city.\nDespite the fact that Calvin and Farel quarrel with city officials andare expelled for 3 years, Geneva will soon become the center of the\nFrench-speaking Reformation.\nIn the New World:  Events in the New World take a few interesting\ntwists. Alzar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca,  one of the members of\nNarvaez’s disastrous expedition to Florida, resurfaces 8 years later\nin northwestern Mexico, having journeyed thousands of miles.  He\nwrites the oldest surviving travelogue for America, describing both\nhis encounters with Native Americans and the legend of the golden\ncities of Cibola.  Meanwhile, French Protestants sailors, predomi-\nnantly Huguenots from southern France, begin to raid Spanish ship-\nping returning from the New World.  At first just a nuisance, the\nactivity of these raiders increases steadily; by 1538 they are able toburn Havana to the ground.  Finally, a new scientific approach to\nexploration is introduced through the works of Gerardus Mercator ,\na Dutch map maker commissioned in 1537 to create a globe forCharles V.  Mercator is soon publishing world maps that depict the\nNew World with greater accuracy than ever before.Here I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 14\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCTurn 6 (1540-1543)\nFor a brief time, the French and Hapsburgs enjoy close diplomatic\nrelations. The plans are even for Francis’ third son to marry Charles’\ndaughter and receive the Duchy of Milan as the dowry. Fearing aFranco-Hapsburg invasion of England, Henry VIII allies with the\nProtestants and agrees to marry Anne of Cleves . That unconsum-\nmated marriage is followed in rapid succession by marriages toKathryn Howard  and Katherine Parr.\nHowever, Charles reneges on his marriage promise;  Anne de Mont-\nmorency takes the fall for the failure of this diplomatic effort. A\nnew period of fighting commences with the French opposing the\nHapsburgs and English. To counter these foes, Francis allies closely\nwith the Ottomans, even allowing Barbarossa’s huge fleet to spendthe winter in southern France. Ottoman successes during the period\ninclude the recapture of Buda and the successful defense of Algiers\nagainst Charles’ ill-fated mission there.\nThe Counter Reformation gains momentum with Papal bulls being\nissued in 1540 for the formation of Society of Jesus (under Ignatius\nLoyola) and in 1542 for the Papal Inquisition (led by Giovanni\nPietro Caraffa ). In Germany, Peter Faber  is also successful in\nreturning key clergy members back to the Catholic fold. It is no\nwonder that Nicolaus Copernicus is hesitant to publish his new\ntheory that the earth revolves around the sun.\nIn the New World:  Cartier returns to the New World for the final\ntime, accompanied by Jean Francois de Roberval , who found the\ncolony of Charlesbourg Royale near present day Quebec City.  Mean-\nwhile, De Vaca’s legend of riches of Cibola takes hold in the minds\nof the Spanish.  Francisco Coronado  and Hernando De Soto  are\nsent on simultaneous missions across North America in search of\nthis treasure.  Of course neither succeed, but they return having dis-\ncovered the Grand Canyon and Mississippi River.  Further to the\nsouth, another river is explored - namely the Amazon. Francisco\nde Orellana  turns an expedition to search for cinnamon trees into\nan amazing 3,000-mile trek downriver from the Amazon headwa-ters to the Atlantic.\nTurn 7 (1544-1547)\nThe war between France and England continues to heat up. Henry\ntravels across the continent to Boulogne to ensure that his army\ntakes that city, the last military success of his rule. Meanwhile theFrench try a naval invasion of southern England; it is repulsed by\nJohn Dudley  at the Battle of the Solent.\nThe Counter Reformation builds more speed. The Council of Trent\nopens with Reginald Pole  as one of the presiding members.\nMichelangelo  is appointed chief architect for St. Peter’s Basilica.\nGeorge Wishart  is captured and burnt at the stake in Scotland; his\ndisciple, John Knox , is also imprisoned as a galley slave.\nMeanwhile, several of the leading protagonists pass away. Luther\ndies in 1546; Barbarossa dies the same year. Dragut fills his shoes\nquickly, soon becoming a scourge of the Mediterranean. Henry VIII\nand Francis I also die, but one year later. Their sons Edward VI and\nHenry II accede to those thrones.\nCharles makes peace with the Turks. At last he is free to strike at the\nProtestant homeland. Using the defection of Maurice of Saxony\nand the military talents of the Duke of Alva , Charles wins a deci-\nsive victory at Muhlberg, pocketing both Protestant military lead-\ners.In the New World: The Spanish never did find their New World\ncity of gold, but in 1545, they uncover the next best thing - a moun-tain of silver.  Named Cerro Rico (“rich hill” in Spanish) this moun-\ntain at Potosi (in modern day Bolivia) becomes the greatest boom\ntown during the Age of Discovery.  Despite being located at 13,000\nfeet above sea level and deep in the interior of South America, Potosi\ngrows to a population of 150,000 by the end of the century, making\nit the largest city in the New World and comparable in size to manyof the capitals in Europe. The annual shipments of silver back to\nSpain become a driving force behind the growing European economy\nand a major contributor to the high inflation that persists in Europefor the next century.  The Spanish also enjoy one additional triumph\nin the New World: namely the conquest of the Maya.  Francisco de\nMontejo finally takes control of the Maya’s Yucatan homeland, suc-\nceeding where his father’s two earlier expeditions could not.\nTurn 8 (1548-1551)\nThe reign of Edward VI in England allows for the steady advance-\nment of the Protestant faith. Bucer is invited to reside there. Arch-\nbishop Cranmer issues the first edition of the Book of CommonPrayer which will standardize the worship across all parishes in\nEngland.\nIn France, new taxes lead to the Gabelle Revolt.  Henry II sends the\nnewly rehabilitated Montmorency to deal harshly with the rebels.\nMeanwhile Suleiman launches his second campaign against the\nPersians. Dragut captures Tripoli and sets up a new base for piracythere.\nFinally, Peter Canisius,  a disciple of Faber’s, continues the work\nof the Jesuits, this time in Bavaria. With Paul III’s death in 1550,Canisius is now working for the new Pope, Julius III. Born in Rome,\nJulius had opened the first Council of Trent. During his five-year\nstint as Pope, he will renew the charter for the Jesuit Order andsponsor a second session of the Council of  Trent.\nTurn 9 (1552-1555)\nThe closing chapter of Charles V’s reign is not a happy one. The\nHapsburg army is surprised by Maurice of Saxony, forcing Charles\nto beat a hasty retreat to Innsbruck. Henry II, now a Protestant ally,seizes Metz with his French army. Charles and Alva campaign\nagainst Henry and invest the city, but are unable to force the French\nto surrender.\nMichael Servetus , a radical theologian and scientist, is burnt at the\nstake for heresy by John Calvin.\nMary I rises to the throne of England, displacing the upstart Lady\nJane Grey.  The new Lord Chancellor, Stephen Gardiner,  begins\nto crack down on heresy across England. Mary marries Charles’\nson Philip in 1554. But Mary and Philip will produce no heir thatcould transform England into a Hapsburg possession.\nCharles gives Ferdinand authority to deal with all German matters.\nFerdinand agrees to the Peace of Augsburg; this agreement allowseach German prince to decide whether or not his realm will follow\nthe Lutheran or Catholic faith. At least in Germany, the Protestants\nhave achieved independence from the Catholic Church. Charlesabdicates, leaving Spain and the Netherlands to his son Philip.\nIn the New World: The final push in the New World during the\nperiod covered in the game is made by the English under Edwardand Mary. Edward’s first move is to recruit Sebastian Cabot away\nfrom Spain.  Cabot suggests a search for a northwest passage to ChinaHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 15\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCand draws up an ordinance for Hugh Willoughby  to lead the first\nvoyage. Willoughby and his crew freeze to death in the Arctic.  How-\never, Richard Chancellor,  captain of one of the three ships in\nWilloughby’s expedition, makes it to the White Sea and continues\noverland to Moscow, arriving at the court of Ivan IV and establish-ing new trade ties with Russia.\nCHARACTERS OF THE\nREFORMATION\nBrief biographies of each of the debaters, army leaders, naval lead-\ners, explorers, conquistadors, wives, and those featured on cards\nfollow in the sections below. Within each group they are presented\nin the order in which they were referenced in the section “The GameAs History.” Specific biographies of the rulers and reformers have\nnot been included; the life and work of these principal characters is\nassumed to already be covered in plenty of detail in “The Game AsHistory.”\nDebaters\nJohann Tetzel (1465?-1519)\nAt the age of 17, Johann Tetzel traveled to Leipzig toenter the Dominican Order. In 1503, he made his firstappearance as a vendor of indulgences, selling for the\nTeutonic Order in Magdeburg, Bremen, and Riga. He traveled across\nGermany for the next seven years, continuing to sell indulgencesadvertised to reduce the time that loved ones would have to spend\nin Purgatory.\nIn 1516, he reemerged, this time as the leading vendor of indul-\ngences in Germany to support Leo X’s efforts to build St. Peter’s\nBasilica in Rome. He used the catch phrase: “When the coin in the\ncoffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” Tetzel’s relentlesscampaigning served as a catalyst inducing Luther to post his 95\nTheses. The controversy soon spilled out into public debate; Tetzel\noffered his 106 anti-theses as a rebuttal. Ultimately, however popu-lar sentiment turned toward Luther and against Tetzel.  Tetzel re-\ntired back to the Dominican monastery in disgrace. He became the\nscapegoat for the Papacy’s poor handling of Luther’s early attackson the church and died a broken man soon thereafter.\nTommaso de Vio Cajetan (1469-1534)\nBorn as Jacopo Vio, he entered the Dominican Order atage 15 and studied Thomas Aquinas (thus taking on the\nmonastic name Tommaso). The surname Cajetan is de-\nrived from Gaeta, outside Naples, where he was born. By the age of30, Cajetan was a doctor of theology at Padua. In 1517, Leo X made\nhim a cardinal, appointing him as the archbishop of Palermo.\nIn 1518, he was sent as the Papal legate to the Diet of Augsburg,\nwhere he was asked to examine the teachings of the upstart monk,\nMartin Luther. During his audience with Cajetan, Luther refused to\nrecant. Instead, he drew Cajetan into debates of scripture, whichLuther easily won.  Frustrated by the entire experience, Cajetan said,\n“I do not want to have any further parley with that beast; for he has\nsharp eyes and fantastical speculations in his head.”\nCajetan would go on to write the Papal Bull of excommunication\nagainst Luther and the decision denying Henry VIII an annulment\nof his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. He died in Rome in 1534.Andreas Carlstadt (1480-1541)\nAndreas Carlstadt joined the faculty at Wittenberg atage 24, becoming the co-worker of Luther and Philip\nMelanchthon. He shared much in common in Luther; in\nfact, he published 152 theses against indulgences in April 1517, sixmonths before Luther posted his own theses on the door of the Castle\nChurch (Luther just had better timing, posting his right before the\ntown was packed for All Saints Day).\nCarlstadt was a staunch defender of Luther’s work, especially against\nthe early attacks from Johann Eck. To bring the conflict to a head,\nEck challenged Carlstadt to a public debate in Leipzig in 1519. OnJune 27, 1519, Carlstadt took the stand against Eck. Crowds of stu-\ndents and faculty members had gathered from the universities of\nLeipzig and Wittenberg. On and off for 7 days the debate raged onthe topics of the depravity of man and Papal primacy. Eck was\nCarlstadt’s clear superior; on July 4, Luther replaced Carlstadt and\ncarried on for another 5 days. Overall the debate probably favoredthe Catholics, for Eck had exposed that Luther’s beliefs borrowed\nheavily from the Bohemian Hussites (who had been successfully\ntried as heretics a century earlier).\nThe most radical of the Wittenberg reformers, Carlstadt took an\neven more prominent role during Luther’s exile at the Wartburg.\nLeading the services in Wittenberg at this time, Carlstadt introducedsweeping changes: marrying a noble woman, denouncing pictures\nand images as idols, and wearing black academic robes instead of\nthe usual vestments. Within months, all of Wittenberg was in tur-moil. At a loss on how to control the situation, Frederick the Wise\ncalled Luther back out of Wartburg to restore order. Strongly cen-\nsored by Luther, Carlstadt moved to Basel, where he died in 1541.\nJohann Eck (1486-1543)\nJohann Eck, a doctor of theology at age 24, was Luther’schief antagonist during the early days of the Reforma-tion. In response to Luther’s 95 Theses, Eck published\nhis own Obelisci, accusing Luther of promoting heresy and foster-\ning anarchy. At the Leipzig Debate that followed, Eck used his dia-lectic skill to best Carlstadt. Even against Luther (who Eck con-\nfessed was superior to himself in acumen and learning), Eck was\nable to hold his own. The theologians of Leipzig named him victorand showered him with gifts.\nThe following year, Leo X sent out Eck and Aleander with orders to\npublish the bull excommunicating Luther in the towns of Germany.Both were met by fierce resistance; even in Leipzig Eck had to hide\nin a cloister to avoid capture by an angry mob. Despite such dan-\ngers, Eck would continue his attacks against the Protestants for theremainder of his life.  He sparred with Luther, Zwingli, Melanchthon,\nand Bucer during these years and served as the primary Catholic\nrepresentative at the German Diets at Augsburg (1530), Worms(1540) and Regensburg (1541).\nJerome Aleander (1480-1542)\nBorn as Girolamo Aleandro outside Venice, Aleanderwas one of the most learned men of the time, occupying\nthe position of Rector of the University of Paris around\n1508. He traveled to Rome, and in 1519, was appointed the librar-ian of the Vatican by Leo X.\nHis first exposure to the Reformation was at the Diet of Worms,\nwhich he attended as the Papal representative. At Worms, he fiercelydenounced Luther, polarizing the opinions on both sides of the de-\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 16\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCbate. He ended up writing the Edict of Worms which branded Luther\nas an outlaw and made it illegal to read any of Luther’s works.\nAleander next moved to the Netherlands, where he persecuted two\nmonks from Antwerp, who were burnt at the stake in 1523, the first\nmartyrs of the Reformation. Aleander was a member of the court ofFrancis I during the Battle of Pavia; he was captured and released\nonly after payment of a heavy ransom. He was made a cardinal in\n1536 by Paul III, remaining in Rome until his death there six yearslater.\nMartin Bucer (1491-1551)\nBorn in Alsace, Martin Bucer was a Dominican doctorof theology and an avid follower of the humanist scholar,\nErasmus. He heard Luther speak at a public disputation\nin Heidelberg in 1518 and soon became an enthusiastic disciple. In1522, he married, one of the first Protestants to take that step. He\nwas subsequently excommunicated and returned to the friendly con-\nfines of Strasburg, which he developed into one of the key hubs ofthe Reformation.\nBucer was a strong advocate of Lutheran unity, and tried several\ntimes to craft a statement of beliefs that would be acceptable to bothLutheran and Zwinglian leaders. Although such a reconciliation\nnever occurred, Bucer remained influential, convincing Calvin of\nthe importance of lay participation in church affairs during Calvin’sexile from Geneva. During his lifetime he published an amazing\ntotal of 96 treatises.\nIn 1549, Bucer accepted Cranmer’s invitation to move to England,\nthen a friendly home to Protestants under the rule of Edward VI.  In\nEngland, Bucer helped craft the 1552 revision to the Book of Com-\nmon Prayer. He died however in 1551, and was buried with greatdignity in the Oxford University church. However, the upheaval of\nthe English Reformation still did not afford him peace; in 1557\nMary’s agents exhumed his body, demolished his tomb, and burnthis remains at the stake. His honors were, however, restored at Cam-\nbridge once Elizabeth took the English throne.\nWilliam Tyndale (1495-1536)\nWilliam Tyndale was born in Gloucestershire, Englandin 1495. He immediately showed a great facility with\nlanguages, being able to read Latin fluently by age 10.\nJust 2 years later, he was enrolled at the University of Oxford; he\ngained his MA degree there in 1515.  A colleague commented that\nTyndale is “so skilled in eight languages - Hebrew, Greek, Latin,Spanish, French, Italian, English, and German, that whichever he\nspeaks, you might think it his native tongue!”\nTyndale applied these language skills to the study of scripture and\nthe works of Reformers such as Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli.\nHe was ordained a priest in 1521, taking a position as a family tutor\nin the Cotswold region soon thereafter.  He would espouse his re-\nform beliefs to guests of the manor, engaging and besting them in\ntheological debates by quoting exact citations from scripture.\nTyndale’s goal became putting copies of the Bible into the hands of\nthe common folk of England.  He would start by translating the New\nTestament into English from the original Greek.  He is reputed to\nhave said to a local Catholic priest: “I defy the Pope and all hislaws. If God spare my life ere many years, I will cause the boy that\ndrives the plow to know more of the scriptures than you!”Tyndale moved to London and sought out Cuthbert Tunstall, the\nBishop of London, as a possible patron for his biblical translationproject. However, Tyndale’s timing was poor.  Henry VIII’s initial\nreaction to Luther’s Reformation was one of vehement opposition.\nIn 1521 he worked with Sir Thomas More to write the anti-Lutherantract Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther,  a\nwork which caused Pope Leo X to award Henry with the title “De-\nfender of the Faith.” Clearly there was going to be no support fortranslations of the Bible in the English vernacular during this pe-\nriod of Henry’s reign.\nSo in May of 1524, Tyndale embarked for Hamburg, never to see\nhis native England again.  He made his way from the coast to\nWittenberg where he could confer with Luther and his colleague\nPhilipp Melanchthon directly. Within a year he had completed histranslation of the New Testament and taken it to Worms for publi-\ncation. By 1526, the first run of 3000 copies had been printed.  These\ncopies were then hidden in cases of dry goods and sent out for ship-ment to England.\nHenry VIII had been alerted to the contraband entering the country\nand had put watches out at all of the ports.  Tunstall issued a decree\nthat read in part: “ ...that many children of iniquity, maintainers  of\nLuther’s sect, blinded through extreme wickedness, wandering from\nthe way of truth and the Catholic faith, craftly have translated theNew Testament into our English tongue. ... [We] do charge you [to]\nbring in all such books...”\nThe books were collected and burned in front of St. Paul’s Cathe-\ndral in London. However, despite this huge book burning opera-\ntion, Tyndale’s New Testament still spread through England.  Tunstall\nwas forced to work with Hapsburg agents in the Netherlands to tryand stop the production overseas. Finding a cloth merchant that knew\nTyndale, Tunstall offered to buy every copy possible at a handsome\nsum to keep them out of England.  Working through his intermedi-\nary, Tyndale, now heavily in debt, closed the deal.  The proceeds\nallowed him to pay off his loans and prepare a new and improved\nedition - all at the expense of the Catholic Church of England.\nHis luck did not hold out forever though.  By 1529, he had com-\npleted his translation of the Pentateuch (the first 5 books of the Bible).\nSailing from Antwerp to Hamburg (where his publisher awaited),Tyndale’s ship was wrecked; the translation and all reference books\nwere lost.  Working with Miles Coverdale, he was able to complete\na retranslation over the course of the next year.  The Pentateuch\nreached England by the summer of 1530.  However, Tyndale was\nnow a target for English and Hapsburg agents alike.  He spent the\nnext few years on the run, hopping from city to city on the conti-nent. Finally in 1535, he was captured in Antwerp after being tricked\ninto accepting an invitation to a dinner party.  He spent over a year\nlocked in a fortress north of Brussels.  Finally he was tried for her-\nesy, condemned, and burnt at the stake in October 1536.\nCoverdale soon finished the Bible from Tyndale’s notes, however\nthe heart of these first full English versions remained Tyndale’s rhyth-mic prose and clever translations.  Much of his text was incorpo-\nrated directly into the King James Version, a work that has carried\nforward to this day.  Today, two copies still exist of the original run\nof 3000 Tyndale New Testaments printed in Worms in 1526.  The\nBritish Library owns one of those copies, having purchased it for\nover a million pounds in 1994.\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 17\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCPhilip Melanchthon (1497-1560)\nPhilip changed his family name (Schwarzerd, literally\n“Black Earth”) to its Greek equivalent when he began\nstudying humanism. He joined the faculty at Wittenberg\nas a professor of Greek in 1518. He would work at Luther’s side forthe next 28 years, acting as a more diplomatic and scholarly comple-\nment to the Lutheran leader. As Luther himself commented: “I am\nthe rough pioneer who must break the road; but Master Philipp comesalong softly and gently, sows and waters heartily, since God has\nrichly endowed him with gifts.”\nLuther could not attend the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 since he was\nstill a hunted man. With Luther’s absence, Melanchthon rose to\nprominence with his work to write and edit the Augsburg Confes-\nsion. After Luther’s death, Melanchthon became the spiritual leaderof the Lutheran church, carrying on in that capacity until his death.\nJohannes Oekolampadius (1482-1531)\nJohannes Oekolampadius, who adopted a Greek namelike many of the 16th Century humanists (his means\n“house lamp”), was born in the Palatinate and studied\nin Bologna. He became the preacher at the cathedral in Basel in1515. He spend about 18 months preaching in Augsburg around\n1519, a time when he began correspondence with Luther and\nMelanchthon. Finally in 1522 he returned to Basel for good. Hebecame Zwingli’s right-hand man helping with the Swiss Reforma-\ntion and attended the Marburg Colloquy representing the Zwinglian\npoint-of-view. He married in 1528; his wife (Wibrandis Rosenblatt)would go on to marry Martin Bucer 14 years later. He was quite ill\nwhen the news reached him that Zwingli had fallen in battle; he\ndied brokenhearted shortly thereafter.\nLorenzo Campeggio (1474?-1539)\nThe son of a Bologna lawyer, Lorenzo Campeggio wasalso the father of five children. He entered the priest-hood only after the death of his wife in 1509.  He was\nmade a cardinal just eight years later, just in time to see some of the\nkey events of the Reformation. In 1518, he visited England, andbecame friendly with Henry VIII, who made him Bishop of\nSalisbury. He was also at Clement VII’s side during the Sack of\nRome, saw Charles’ coronation as Holy Roman Emperor, negoti-ated with Melanchthon at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, and was\npart of the conclave that elected Paul III.\nCampeggio is best known as the Papal legate to England who heard\nHenry’s case for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Under orders\nfrom Clement, Campeggio stalled and refused to give an opinion.\nOn the final day of the session, just when everyone expected a ver-dict, Campeggio adjourned the court and fled England. He would\nonly return to England in 1535, this time carrying a bull excommu-\nnicating Henry for his marriage of Anne Boleyn.\nHeinrich Bullinger (1504-1575)\nThe Swiss reformer Heinrich Bullinger was born a gen-eration after Zwingli. Bullinger heard Zwingli speak atZurich in 1527 and followed him to Berne for the de-\nbate there the following year. After Zwingli’s death at the Battle of\nKappel, Bullinger and his family moved to Zurich permanently. Onthe Sunday after he arrived, he “thundered a sermon from the pulpit\nthat many thought Zwingli was not dead but resurrected like the\nphoenix.” He would preside over that church until his death 44 yearslater.Bullinger was an amazing correspondent, giving him the ability to\ninfluence the Reformation across Europe, especially in Englandwhere he and Martin Bucer helped shape Anglican worship. An\namazing 12,000 of his letters exist to this day. He corresponded\nwith theologians of the Lutheran, Reformed, Calvinist, and Angli-can faiths and such other notables as Philip of Hesse, Henry VIII,\nEdward VI, Elizabeth I, and Lady Jane Grey.\nGasparo Contarini (1483-1542)\nBorn into a noble Venetian family, Gasparo Contariniattended the University of Padua, studying science, phi-\nlosophy, and theology. Late in 1520, he became the Ve-\nnetian ambassador to the court of Charles V, serving in that capac-\nity until 1525. Similarly, he was the representative at the papal court\nof Clement VII from 1528 to 1530, attending the coronation ofCharles V during that time. He was active in a group of reform-\nminded Catholics that included Reginald Pole and Giovanni Piertro\nCaraffa.\nIn 1535, Paul III made Contarini a cardinal. He worked to curb\nabuses within the Catholic church, and helped promote the creation\nof the Society of Jesus. At Charles’ behest, Contarini was sent aspapal legate to Germany for the conference at Regensburg in 1541.\nHe was not able to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants that at-\ntended and died the following year.\nNicholas Cop\nAlmost nothing is known of Nicholas Cop except his brief stint asrector of the University of Paris in 1533. On All Saints Day, Coppreached the opening convocation at the start of the academic year.\nCop’s message was a Protestant one; namely that salvation is granted\nby faith alone, not through good works.\nCop was summoned to explain his speech but he fled Paris instead.\nFrancis put up a reward for the capture of Cop, but he was able to\nescape to Basel. Jean Calvin was a friend of Cop’s and he fled Parisat this time too. Some sources point to the possibility that Calvin\nwas the writer behind Cop’s speech, but that is not confirmed. After\nCop’s speech, the Protestants in France became bolder, launchingthe Affair of the Placards early the next year.\nPierre Robert Olivetan (1506?-1538)\nBorn in Picardy, Pierre Robert adopted the nicknameOlivetan (literally “Midnight Oil”) based on his procliv-\nity to work late into the night. He attended university at\nboth Paris and Orleans, adopting Protestant beliefs during that time.John Calvin was his cousin; many claim that Olivetan was the first\nperson to get the Protestant fires burning within Calvin. In 1528,\nOlivetan was suspected of heretical beliefs and fled to Strasburg.\nFive years later, he moved up to the Alps and lived among the\nWaldensians, teaching the children of this community of long-stand-\ning religious outcasts.  The Waldensian elders became interested in\na new translation of the Bible in French and made a gift of 500\ncrowns to fund Olivetan for that work. Using the French Bible of\nJacques Lefevre D’etaples as a guide, Olivetan completed a newversion based on translating from the Hebrew Old Testament and\nthe Greek New Testament. It was published in 1535 and remained\nthe definitive French Bible for 350 years. Olivetan died in Italy atthe early age of 32; he bequeathed his extensive library to his cousin\nCalvin.\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 18\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCIn 1536, Calvin was passing through town on his way to Strasburg.\nFarel had read Calvin’s Institutes and knew he needed someone\nwith Calvin’s organizational skills. He convinced Calvin to stay and\nthey began to implement their  program. However, a quarrel with\nthe city administrators caused Calvin and Farel to be expelled in1538. They went to Strasburg and saw the work that Bucer had\naccomplished there in setting up a church-led city-state. Farel offi-\nciated at Calvin’s marriage in Strasburg in 1540. Calvin was invitedback to Geneva in 1541; Farel returned to Neuchâtel instead. Farel\nremained friends with Calvin, although they had a brief falling out\nwhen the 69 year-old Farel married a young woman late in life.\nIgnatius Loyola (1491-1556)\nÍñigo López de Loyola was born in the Basque prov-ince of Spain. He fought against the French during the1521 invasion of Navarre and was severely wounded\nduring the fighting. During his recuperation, he read religious texts\nand developed an uncanny ability to analyze the human mind andemotions. He took notes on his spiritual experiences, collecting them\nin a book that would later be published as his Spiritual Exercises.\nHis first name was changed to Ignatius due to a scribal error when\nhe matriculated to the University of Paris in 1528. At Paris, he led a\ncircle of friends with similar religious beliefs, including Peter Faber\nand Francis Xavier. This group founded the Society of Jesus in 1534and decided to travel to Rome to obtain Papal blessing. In 1538\nthey reached Rome; two years later a Papal Bull was published of-\nficially creating the Jesuit Order. Ignatius would be the first Supe-rior General of the Jesuits.\nLoyola then sent individual Jesuits out across both Europe and the\nNew World with a charter to teach and to found colleges, universi-ties and seminaries. Armed with the teachings of Jesuits such as\nLoyola, Faber, and Canisius, the Counter Reformation was now fully\nprepared to battle the Protestants.\nGiovanni Pietro Caraffa (1476-1559)\nThe son of a prominent family from Naples, Caraffawas ambassador to England and Spain under Leo X. Hedeveloped a hatred toward the Spanish, who were rul-\ning his native Naples at this time. In 1524, he resigned his church\noffice and helped form the Theatines, a male ascetic order based innorthern Italy. Members of this group founded Catholic oratories,\nmissions, and hospitals while dedicating themselves to strict norms\nof behavior including vows of poverty.\nPaul III made Caraffa a cardinal in 1536 and bishop of Naples shortly\nthereafter. His hatred of the Spanish continued, and he feuded with\nboth Loyola’s Jesuits and Charles V. In 1542, after the failure of theRegensburg Colloquy, Paul III issued a bull forming the Papal In-\nquisition. Caraffa became inquisitor-general. A man with a violent\ntemper and a firm belief that heretics should be punished severely,Caraffa used this opportunity to unleash a reign of terror on non-\nbelievers. Protestant and Jewish books were destroyed in mass book\nburnings. Caraffa pledged: “Even if my own father were a heretic, Iwould gather the wood to burn him.”\nIn 1555, Caraffa was elected Pope Paul IV, against the wishes of\nCharles V. His four-year Papacy saw the Papacy at war with Charles’son Philip. Caraffa issued the first Index of Forbidden Books in\n1559, shortly before his death.Miles Coverdale (1488?-1568?)\nBorn in Yorkshire, Miles Coverdale studied philosophy\nand theology at Cambridge, and was ordained a priest\nin 1514. As the Reformation began to spread to England,\nCoverdale met with a circle of those sympathetic to the reformedbeliefs, including Thomas Cromwell, who encouraged Coverdale\nto begin work on a Bible translation. By 1528, however, his activi-\nties became too dangerous, and he joined Tyndale on the continentand helped him complete the Pentateuch.\nAfter Tyndale’s arrest and death, Coverdale worked from Tyndale’s\nnotes to complete the Bible. Coverdale knew Latin, but neitherHebrew nor Greek. To a large extent, his work was a masterful job\nof editing together translations first created by others. He offered it\nto his friend Cromwell who saw to it that it was published, first in1537, and then as a revised “Great Bible” in 1539.\nCoverdale returned briefly to England, but fled once more to Ger-\nmany when Cromwell was executed in 1540. He became a Lutheranpastor and schoolmaster in the Palatinate for eight years. Returning\nto England in 1548, he was made chaplain to Queen Katherine Parr\nand later, Bishop of Exeter. When Mary took the throne, he wasforced to flee a third time; this time to Denmark. During Elizabeth’s\nreign he returned to England once more, but was not reinstated as a\nbishop.\nHugh Latimer (1485?-1555)\nHugh Latimer was born into a family of Leicestershirefarmers. He attended Christ’s College, Cambridge start-ing at age 14 and was a university preacher by 1522.\nInitially anti-Lutheran, he moved quickly toward reformed views\nafter meeting Thomas Bilney.\nLatimer was a dynamic, zealous preacher and a tireless advocate\nfor the poor. He was often careless, getting in trouble for preaching\nthat the Virgin Mary was a sinner, denying the existence of purga-tory, and calling most bishops and abbots “thieves.” During Henry’s\nreign he was twice imprisoned in the Tower of London, but never\nfor long, perhaps owing to the fact that he had been one of the firstsupporters of Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. During Edward’s\nreign, Latimer could finally speak freely. He would routinely preach\nat least twice each Sunday, whipping the faithful into a frenzy sothat parish ledgers often recorded expenses to “mend divers pews\nthat were broken when Dr. Latimer did preach.”\nWhen Mary took the throne, Latimer knew his days were num-\nbered. In October 1555, he and Bishop Nicholas Ridley were burnt\nat the stake in Oxford, becoming some of the most famous Protes-\ntant martyrs. Just before the fires were lit, Latimer said: “Be ofgood cheer, Master Ridley, and play the man, for we shall this day\nlight such a candle in England as I trust by God’s grace shall never\nbe put out.”\nWilliam Farel (1489-1565)\nAt age 20, William Farel left his home in southeastFrance to study at Paris. Coming under the influence ofJacques Lefevre D’etaples, Farel developed Protestant\nviews, and decided to leave France in 1523. He went first to Basel,\nwhere he met Oekolampadius. He was chased from Basel and be-gan to preach his fiery sermons across Switzerland. Finally in 1533,\nhe settled in Geneva.\nHere I Stand  SCENARIO BOOK 19\n© 2006 GMT Games, LLCPeter Faber (1506-1546)\nThe son of a Savoy shepherd, Peter Faber (or Pierre\nFavre) traveled to Paris in 1525 to enter studies toward\na clerical vocation. His roommate at the university was\nFrancis Xavier of Navarre. The two soon became acquainted withIgnatius Loyola, thus forming the nucleus of the Jesuit Order.\nAfter the Jesuit Order had been founded, Faber took the lead role in\nthe Counter Reformation of Germany. He worked in Mainz, Co-logne, Regensburg and Worms, using Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises\nto reform and strengthen Catholic beliefs, especially among the\npriesthood. He did not confront the Protestants directly, instead stat-ing: “If we will help the heretics of this time, we have to be atten-\ntive to look at them with love, to love them in truth, and to banish\nout of our hearts any thought that could lessen our reverence forthem. Pastoral care, dialogue, benevolence, and confidence will help;\ncontroversy, which would only bring the partner into discredit, would\nnot help.”\nWorn out by years of traveling on foot across Germany, Italy, France,\nSpain, and Portugal, Faber died with Loyola at his side in Rome in\n1546.\nReginald Pole (1500-1558)\nThe grandson of George, Duke of Clarence, Pole was aYorkist claimant to the throne of England. He studiedtheology at Oxford and in Italy. Henry offered him the\nposition of Archbishop of York, but he refused. Eventually he re-\nturned overseas, studying once more at Padua and Paris.\nIn 1536, Paul III elected Pole as a cardinal.  Pole presided over the\nCouncil of Trent twice. In 1549, upon the death of Paul III, Pole\nmissed election as Pope by just a single vote. The conservative re-gime of Paul IV now prevailed in Rome. Pole did not get along with\nPaul IV and returned to England after Mary took the throne. She\nmade him Archbishop of Canterbury, an office he would hold untilhis death in 1558, just a few hours after Mary passed away.\nGeorge Wishart (1513?-1546)\nBorn on the east coast of Scotland, George Wishart at-tended King’s College, Aberdeen and the University of\nLouvain. He returned to Scotland and began teaching\nthe New Testament in Greek. In 1538, he was investigated on chargesof heresy and fled, first to the continent and then to England. By\n1544, he had slipped back into Scotland and began working with\nJohn Knox, his disciple. For almost two years he preached acrossScotland, narrowly eluding the pursuit of the Catholic authorities.\nFinally late in 1545 he was captured and sentenced to be burnt. On\nthat day, the gunpowder exploded but did not kill him, making himsuffer a prolonged death. Outrage from his execution helped fuel\nthe Protestant cause in Scotland\nJohn Knox (1505?-1572)\nBorn in Lothian, east of Edinburgh, Knox was son of aScot who fought the English at the Battle of Flodden\nField in 1513. He was ordained a priest in 1536 and\nbecame a disciple of George Wishart. When Wishart was captured,\nKnox fled, but he was captured in the castle of St. Andrews and\nforced to spend three years rowing on a French galley (1547-1549).On his release he went to Edward VI’s Protestant England, where\nhe preached at Berwick and London.On Edward’s death, Knox left for the continent. He studied under\nCalvin in Geneva and would use that knowledge to establish thePresbyterian church in Scotland after his return home in 1559.\nPeter Canisius (1521-1597)\nCanisius was born in Nijmegen and attended the univer-sity of Cologne. There he met his mentor, Faber. He was\ninducted into the Jesuit Order in 1543, the first German\nto be so honored. He founded a number of Jesuit colleges in Ger-many and wrote a catechism in the German language. He stayed in\nGermany, actively promoting the Catholic cause until age 59.\nStephen Gardiner (1493?-1555)\nThe son of a cloth merchant from Bury St. Edmunds inSuffolk, England, Gardiner studied to be a doctor of both\ncivil and canon law, achieving both by 1521. He be-\ncame secretary to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who sent him to Clem-\nent VII to argue Henry’s divorce case. In 1531, he succeeded Wolsey\nas Bishop of Winchester. His treatise De vera obedientia,  published\nin 1535, is still widely regarded as the best argument for English\nmonarchs to head the Church of England.\nAfter 1539, he became a stern critic of Protestantism. He attacked\nCranmer for heresy and forced Latimer to resign. However, upon\nHenry’s death, the tables turned. He was imprisoned in the Tower\nof London for most of the 5-year reign of Edward VI. He did how-ever still participate in theological debates from the Tower, publish-\ning under a pseudonym abroad.\nFinally, Mary I became queen and Gardiner’s ascent was complete.\nShe made him Lord Chancellor of England. He revived the old her-\nesy laws, setting the stage for the bloody persecutions that would\nfollow. He presided at heresy hearings throughout the first two yearsof Mary’s reign (until his death in 1555), but died before the fa-\nmous burnings of Latimer, Ridley and Cranmer.\nArmy Leaders\nCharles Brandon (1484-1544)\nCharles Brandon was the son of Sir William Brandon,\nthe standard bearer for Henry VII during his great tri-\numph at Bosworth. The elder Brandon died in that\nbattle, killed by the hand of the Yorkist king, Richard\nIII. Charles grew up at court and became a lifelong friend of Henry\nVIII. Brandon was English Master of Horse during Henry’s 1513\ncampaign against France; he would personally lead two other En-glish attacks on France in both 1523 and 1544.\nBrandon became 1st Duke of Suffolk in 1514. Shortly thereafter, the\nelderly French king Louis XII died, and his wife, Henry’s beautifulsister Mary Tudor, was left a widow.  Brandon and Mary had long\nbeen in love; they were married against Henry’s wishes in 1515. Bran-\ndon played a major role in Henry’s court throughout his reign: heconveyed the news to Queen Catherine of Henry’s marriage to Anne\nBoleyn, he acted as High Steward at Anne Boleyn’s coronation, and\nhe benefited greatly from the Dissolution of the Monasteries.\nCharles Bourbon (1490-1527)\nOfficially known as Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier, Eighth Duke of Bourbon, he was a noble-man with claim to the lands of Auvergne in France. In\n1505, he married Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon, add-\ning another huge tract of land to his demesne that now stretchedacross central France, mostly to the west of Lyon.\n')"