solve the slide questions

Unit Five
Renaissance and Reformation

Introduction to the Renaissance
What is it?
What Caused it?
Today’s Agenda
If you were absent Friday you will make up the Test
Introduction to the Renaissance Worksheet
Due by Midnight

Open the Introduction to the Renaissance Activity

The Renaissance
Re + naissance
Renaissance is a French word. The root, “naissance” means “a birth, an origination as that of an idea, or a movement.”

Based on the definition of naissance and the prefix “re” what do you think Renaissance means?


What do you remember about the feudal system, the Black Death, manorialism, and the Middle Ages in general?
THE MIDDLE AGES
(476 CE- 1400s)

The Black Death 
Feudal System
Manorialism  

How could Europe have changed so much? 
Based on the information on this slide, make a claim and support it with evidence. 
THE 
MIDDLE AGES
(476 CE- 1400s)

The Black Death killed off ⅓ of all Europeans.
The Feudal System held many people from social advancement. 
People were isolated in their kingdoms. The manor was the center of economic life.  
THE 
RENAISSANCE(1300s- 1600s)
Merchants gained more wealth and power as trade expanded within Europe and with the Ottoman Empire
Artistic and scientific achievement flourished throughout Europe.

What was the Renaissance? 
The Renaissance, “rebirth” in French, was a cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars, were inspired by Classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans, which they became aware of through ruins and Greco-Roman texts preserved by Islamic scholars in the Ottoman Empire.
 


Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)

What was the Renaissance? 
The Renaissance, “rebirth” in French, was a cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars, were inspired by Classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans, which they became aware of through ruins and Greco-Roman texts preserved by Islamic scholars in the Ottoman Empire.

Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
“cultural movement”= culture + movement

culture is the language, ideas, inventions, and art of a particular group of people. 

a movement in history is a change 

In your own words, what is a cultural movement? 
The Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century (1300s), but its ideas and cultural trends spread slowly across Europe. The Renaissance marked the end of the Middle Ages, but they overlap. Depending on where in Europe a person was, the Renaissance “arrived” at a different time. 


The Renaissance, “rebirth” in French, was a cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars, were inspired by Classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans, which they became aware of through ruins and Greco-Roman texts preserved by Islamic scholars in the Ottoman Empire.

What was the Renaissance? 
Classical Art and Architecture
Renaissance Art and Architecture
What similarities do you notice? 


The Renaissance, “rebirth” in French, was a cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars, were inspired by Classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans, which they became aware of through ruins and Greco-Roman texts preserved by Islamic scholars in the Ottoman Empire.

What was the Renaissance? 
Rome 
Pax Romana 
(27 BCE-180 CE)
Athens
Golden Age of Pericles 
(480 BCE- 404 BCE)
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire 
(323 CE-  1453 CE)
Ottoman Empire 
(1453- 1923)
Baghdad
Abbasid Caliphate
(750 CE- 1258 CE)
Venice, Florence, and Milan
Italian City States
Renaissance
(1300s CE- 1700s CE)
Centers of Learning and Innovation in the Mediterranean World

What was the Renaissance? 
The Renaissance was a golden age during which learning flourished leading to innovation in the visual arts, engineering, architecture, and literature.  


Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
What golden ages have we studied this year? 

What conditions need to exist for there to be a golden age?

Causes of the Renaissance?
Trade, Economy, Control, & Art

The Renaissance:
A “rebirth” of classical culture, especially focused on Greek and Roman sources, fueled by commerce and optimism
Clockwise from top right: Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello

After the fall of the Roman Empire, during the Middle Ages, Western Europe lacked political unity, there was little trade outside of the manor, all of the wealth was held by nobles, and war and disease prevented growth.   
Europe in the mid-1300s
The Black Death killed off ⅓ of all Europeans.
The Feudal System held many people from social advancement. 
The manor was the center of economic life.  
Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)

The Crusades which took place during the Middle Ages, though destructive, connected Europeans with Islamic traders in the Middle East who had access to trade networks in Asia. Western European interest in the rest of the world grew.  
Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
Sources: 
Source: http://miwilliamsesl.pbworks.com/f/1216579782/crusade_map.png
Source: Philippe Beaujard in “The Indian Ocean in Eurasian and African World-Systems before the Sixteenth Century,” Journal of World History (adapted)  from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Examination, August  2012

Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
Italy was the connection between Western Europe and Islamic Empires in the Middle East. After the Crusades, Italian cities like Venice made strong trade connections with Ottoman Empire.
Map source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg

Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
When the Black Death swept through Italy it killed off a lot of the nobles. Merchants replaced the nobles as the wealthy people in Italy. The nobles held wealth in land, but the merchants made money through trade.
Nobles
Wealthy because of the land they owned. 
Very powerful in Italy in the Middle Ages
Merchants
Wealthy because of trade. 
Gained power in Italy during the Renaissance. 

The Northern Italian cities like Venice and Florence became very wealthy through trade with the Ottoman Empire.  
Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)

Wealthy merchants, like the Medici family, turned their interest to beautifying cities like Florence. They funded artists, architects, and scientists to study Greek and Roman buildings and texts, then to build new Italian achievements. Without money from trade the achievements of the Renaissance would not have been created.    
Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
The Medici
The Medici family gained their wealth from the Medici Bank which financed merchants in Italy. Eventually the family came to rule Florence. They funded works of art throughout the city and became influential when family members became Popes (4 of them) and they married into royal families throughout Europe. 
Medici
$$$
Funded
The Cathedral of Florence, Santa Maria del Fiore
Battle of the Centaurs, Michelangelo 
David, Donatello

Patronage and “New Money”
Italian merchants saw trade in Asia revived during and after Crusades
Italy first to get and recover from plague
Plague reduced population 🡪 fewer merchants 🡪 higher prices 🡪 profits
Result:  Newly wealthy families, who demanded high-quality art as status symbols

The Birth of Banking
Issue:  Roads and waterways are dangerous—how can merchants and the Church safely transfer money?
Local churches were depositories of money (tithes)
Italian merchants borrow from these churches, tell their home office in Italy to send amount owed to Rome (pope)
Merchants make enough money to replace churches
Merchants become bankers 🡪 make loans (risky) 🡪 convince Church to allow interest charges as insurance

Over the course of the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the wealth and cultural trends in Italy spread throughout Europe inspiring achievements in the arts and science in the Netherlands, England, France, and elsewhere, bringing Europe out of the “Dark Ages” and into the Modern Era. 
Timeline of Western Europe
Rome
(27 BCE- 476 CE)
Middle Ages
(476 CE- 1400s)
Renaissance
(1300s- 1600s)
This slow progression from Italy to the rest of Europe is why the dates of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance overlap. Depending on where in Europe a person was, the Renaissance “arrived” at a different time. 
map source: http://www.museeprotestant.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/0000000004L.jpg

Renaissance as a Golden Age
Renaissance→ Rebirth of classical culture (Greeks and Romans). Along with a shift in societal order, Europe saw a increases in wealth, culture, art, and intelligence. This paradigm shift started and was most prominent in Italy.
Golden Age→ More importantly than a time period of success(wealth, power, culture, and intelligence), a golden age needs a lasting impression on other countries. 
What lasting impression has the United States made on the World?

Renaissance Art
Medieval→Renaissance→ Humanism 
Reminders
Make sure you finish your Introduction to the Renaissance
Today’s Tasks
Slides over Renaissance Art and Medieval Art
Take Notes on the Differences
Periodization of Art Activity

Background of the Renaissance
Before the Renaissance, Europe was dominated by Feudalism→ Hierarchy of power of kings, lords, and nobles ruling over serfs.
*The Bubonic (Black) Plague altered this interdependent relationship by giving more power and wealth to the lower and middle class
*Italian trade with the Ottomans made individuals/families rich along with creating interest in the Middle East.
*More importantly, the trade with the Ottomans gave Europeans access to their records of the classical civilizations (Greece and Rome)
 

Periodization 
The historical process of labeling eras in history.

Why would this make studying history easier?

What are dilemmas using this process? 

Characteristics of Medieval and Renaissance Art
Medieval
Religious based--->Based on stories
Religious Figures→ Jesus, angels, Mary
Darker, Neutral Colors, not a lot of detail
A lot going on, focused on groups of people
Old and in bad condition 
Often Painted on Church Walls or in their window designs

Renaissance
Different cultures→ particularly greek and roman 
Nudity 
Focus on science rather than religion
Tend to focus on the individuals
“Humanism”
Bright and lots of colors 
Professional artists→ people that were paid to paint 


Medieval vs. Renaissance
EVERYMAN (ENGLAND—1485)
“Ye think sin in the beginning full sweet, 
Which in the end causeth thy soul to weep, 
When the body lieth in clay…
Ye shall hear, how our Heaven-King 
Calleth Everyman to a general reckoning:
Give audience, and hear what he doth say.”
HAMLET (ENGLAND—1601)
“What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason!
How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how
express and admirable! In action how like an angel!
in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the 
world! the paragon of animals!”

Humanism



Humanism
Renaissance admiration for the achievements, beauty, and ‘limitless’ ability of the individual human.  
→ Focus of studies on the humanities (poetry, reading, writing, rhetoric, history, and philosophy)
→ The individual human is mighty and is able to achieve great accomplishments
How would this paradigm shift (change in mindset) change European society?
Is Humanism anti-religious? Anti-Christian? 
 

The Renaissance Mind:  Humanism and Secularism

Humanism:  People have worth (dignity), free will, ability to learn and achieve greatness
Emphasized studying classics to understand human nature and live well (not just support Catholic theology)
Secularism:  This world (as opposed to “ideal” world, heaven, eternity, etc.) matters and is worth study and work
Consequence: materialism 🡪 seeking wealth and pleasure

(Overly?) Positive Outlook
Renaissance thinkers rejected negative view of human nature
Deemphasized sin and salvation in favor of worldly pursuits
Politics
Luxuries
Wealth
“I can work miracles.”

Renaissance Man 
A person with extraordinary qualities that finds success in multiple fields. During the Renaissance, highly educated men excelled in the arts and sciences along with other fields.
"a man can do all things if he will"
-Leon Battista Alberti


 

Modern Day Renaissance Man→ Donald Glover
Started as a comedy writer for the NBC show 30 Rock
Rapper by the name of Childish Gambino
Starred in the show Community 
Various movie appearances such as The Martian and Lando in the Star Wars’ Han Solo movie along with a role in Spiderman: Homecoming 
Standup comedian 
Director, Writer, Producer, and actor of the show Atlanta

What are some modern day examples of the Renaissance Man? (This can include women as well)
Justin Timberlake, Elon Musk, LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Oprah, Kanye West, Bill Nye, Bill Gates

“Art imitates life”

Do you agree with this statement?

Can you think of any modern day examples of this statement?


Open the Periodization of Art Activity









Machiavelli & The Italian City-States
Effects of Humanism and Renaissance on Politics
Today’s Agenda
Renaissance Effects - Italian City States Notes
Machiavelli Activity
Due by Monday

Politics:  The Secular World of Italian City-States
Divided Italy
Each city-state (Rome, Venice, Florence) had its own government and elites (nobles, merchants, clergy) that competed for power, which changed hands regularly
Result:  Chaotic, violent power struggles; Independence—can allow creativity to flourish
Machiavelli’s observations:
Diplomat for government of Florence (city-state of wool merchants, bankers--Medici)
Observed human behavior in war, politics

Italy in the Middle Ages:
Failed to develop a central monarchical state.
Holy Roman Empire.
Lack of a single strong ruler.
Created a number of city-states 
Independent

Italian City-States:
Prospered from flourishing trade that expanded during the Middle Ages.
Italy a central location for trade.
Traded with Byzantine and Islamic civilizations
West to the Atlantic seaboard.
England and the Netherlands
Silks, sugar, spices, and many other goods.



Milan
Located in northern Italy at the crossroads of the main trade routes.
One of the richest.
Visconti and Sforza families ruled.
Strong centralized state.
Tax system that generated enormous wealth.

Venice
Link between Asian and Western Europe.
Ruled by small group of merchant-aristocrats.
Trade empire very profitable.
Venice became international power

Florence
Ruled by small group of wealthy merchants.
Medici Family.
Ruled government
Influenced church
Economy based upon manufacturing of cloth.

City-States and the Renaissance

Open the Machiavelli Activity - Due by Monday

Views on the World
Machiavelli, Thomas More, & Erasmus
Today’s Agenda
Philosophers Notes
Comparing Philosophers Activity
Due by Tuesday
Reminder
Machiavelli Activity due by Midnight

Thomas More
English jurist, Speaker of House of Commons, Lord Chancellor (advised King Henry VIII, oversaw the royal legal court)
Enamored by early Church authors, ancient Greeks and Romans
Plato’s ideal state in Republic heavily influenced Utopia
Utopia vilified government corruption, greed of merchant middle class
Preferred medieval approach to economics (or socialism?), and Church authority (pope

Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch, but traveled widely
Corresponded with every great thinker and artist in Europe, befriended kings, princes, and popes
Wrote Folly while staying with Thomas More
Mercilessly mocked and criticized all parts of society, especially the wealthy (merchants) and powerful
Catholic Church received his particular attention
On monks: "impudent pretenders to the profession of piety“
On clergy:  "who in pomp and splendor have almost equal if not outdone secular princes"	


Open Comparison Activity

Machiavelli & Protestant Reformation
Start of the Renaissance & Reformation
Open your Machiavelli Activity we will finish part 3 in Class
Start on Martin Luther 95 Theses Activity
You can work in groups of 3-4 for this activity
EXTRA CREDIT COMPETITION!

Protestant Reformation & Martin Luther
The 95 Theses
Today’s Agenda
Protestant Reformation Notes
Martin Luther Activity
Reminders
Machiavelli the Prince due Yesterday
Philosophers Comparison due by Midnight
Quiz Friday

What is the meaning of the word Reformation?


*Why did the peasants let the Catholic Church control their lives during the Middle/Dark Ages? 

*What caused this separation from the Catholic Church?
-What does it take to get to heaven?
-Where do you find how you should act/treat people?
-- Church was requiring people to “pay money” to get to heaven.
-- More importantly it became more about what the church wanted out of you rather than what the bible wanted from you. 

Salvation (heaven)
Purgatory 
Roman Catholic Church
Excommunication 
The Roman Catholic Church’s path to salvation
Peasant (commoner)

Background of Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1483 and went to school to become a lawyer
After graduating, legend says that he was almost killed by a lightning storm. He took this as a sign from God and became a monk
Luther was a very devoted monk who began to question the church’s actions
He was not the only one to question the church’s authority


Background of Martin Luther

In 1517, the church was selling indulgences to help repair and renovate St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Paying the church for salvation
This and other reasons sparked Luther to write his 95 Theses and post them on the church’s door
Luther’s complaints to the church

Was it wrong for the church to use indulgences to help repair this church?

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 
Luther’s main argument was that repentance(1) and faith in God(2) alone was needed for salvation instead of good acts and following the church’s instructions. 


What if Martin Luther had a twitter account?

In your groups, pick ten of Martin Luther’s Theses and translate them into tweets. 
Two of your translations must be the first and second theses. 
Use hashtags and emojis in your tweets. 
Meme’s are welcomed! (appropriate!)
Also, make a creative twitter handle for your ‘account’ as your title. 

*This must be completed on a Google Doc 

Martin Luther Activity

Focus Question:Why did Martin Luther’s account of his break with the Church change between 1517 and 1535?

Martin Luther Project
Today’s Agenda
Review Martin Luther & 95 Theses
Martin Luther Project
Reminders
Machiavelli “The Prince” should be turned in
Philosophers Comparison Activity should be turned in
Quiz Friday
Review Guide Posted

Background of Martin Luther

In 1517, the church was selling indulgences to help repair and renovate St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Paying the church for salvation
This and other reasons sparked Luther to write his 95 Theses and post them on the church’s door
Luther’s complaints to the church

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 
Luther’s main argument was that repentance(1) and faith in God(2) alone was needed for salvation instead of good acts and following the church’s instructions. 


What if Martin Luther had a twitter account?

In your groups, pick 4 of Martin Luther’s Theses and translate them into tweets. 
Two of your translations must be the first and second theses. 
Use hashtags and emojis in your tweets. 
Meme’s are welcomed! (appropriate!)
Also, make a creative twitter handle for your ‘account’ as your title. 

*This must be completed on a Google Doc 

Effects of the Renaissance & Reformation
How did it change Europe?
How did it change the Church?
Today’s Agenda
Effects of the Renaissance & Reformation Notes
Council of Trent Activity
Work on Martin Luther Project
Due by Midnight Tonight
Reminder
Quiz Friday
Review Guide Posted

Creation of different religious interpretations 

Mayhem at Munster- Radical Leaders

30 Years’ War Protestants vs Catholics
Starts as Religious War and Turns into a War for Power

England’s Henry VIII- Political Conflicts

‘Idea of’ Religious Freedom

Counter-Reformation
What→ Response to the Protestant Reformation by the Catholic Church. It addressed problems within the church along with persecuting Protestants. 
Why→ 

Catholic (Counter-) Reformation
Council of Trent (1543-1563)
Meetings to address Protestant threat
Conclusions:
Re-assert Church teachings (ex. papacy, indulgences)
Emphasize clerical literacy, celibacy
Result:  no compromise with Protestants
Jesuits (Society of Jesus)
Ignatius of Loyola, founder
Goals:
Stop Protestantism—assist Catholic monarchs
Spread Catholicism—mission work in other continents
Schools to compete with Protestant education


Council of Trent
Council of Trent
Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545.
Delegates examined criticisms made by Protestants of the Catholic Church
Addressed the abuses of the church:
Corruption of the church
Training of priests was regulated
Financial abuse was curbed
Sale of indulgences was abolished



Roman Inquisition 
The process of the Catholic Church questioning and punishing heretics in the Papal States. 

Punishments ranged from public humiliation and fines to imprisonment and death. 

Spanish Inquisition 
Similar process as the Roman Inquisition, but the Spanish also dealt with a large Muslim population. Torture techniques were used to fight heretics. 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7WJXHY2OXGE

Jesuits 
Ignatius Loyola helped create the Jesuit Society during the Counter-Reformation.
Its goals were to follow the teachings of Jesus, promote the Catholic Church, build educational institutes, and focus on missionary work. 
Today there are numerous Jesuit schools→ Boston College, Holy Cross, Xavier, Loyola, Creighton, Gonzaga, Marquette and others 

Protestant Reformation Video

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/renaissance-and-reformation/protestant-reformation/v/introduction-to-the-protestant-reformation-3-of-4


Open Council of Trent Activity


What conditions need to exist for a golden age to occur? 
Objective: Describe how past societies met the conditions necessary for golden ages.
	  

























Directions: Read through the conditions necessary for a golden age below and use those conditions for the activity on the next page. 
Golden ages are periods of great wealth, prosperity, stability, and cultural and scientific achievement.
	There are three conditions necessary for what historians call a “golden age:”
	1. Wealth
	Since artists and architects do not produce food for themselves, they need money to buy it. For a civilization to free up these creative people and give them time and the resources they need to produce great works of art and to make scientific discoveries, wealthy people, or a government, with a surplus of money need to fund those projects. 
	2. Stable Government 
	Though a lot of impressive art has been inspired by unstable times, it is difficult to build structures that will last if the architects and construction workers are pulled away from the project to go to war. It is also hard to protect writings, paintings, and books from invading armies that burn libraries, or capture or kill scientists and artists.
	3. Ideas to Build On
	Most artistic and scientific achievements in human history have been innovations on previous ideas. Often, golden ages occurred where artists and scientists had access to knowledge from previous scholars like places where there were universities or libraries, or where the ideas of many cultures came together in one place, like an important trading city.
	

BUT...
Even if all of these conditions are met, a golden age only occurs if that civilization produces artistic and/or scientific achievements that contribute to the collective learning of another society who integrates those achievements into their own. Otherwise, that knowledge, no matter how impressive, is lost to history. 
	







  

	What was the Renaissance? 
Objective: Describe what the Renaissance was.  
	Directions: Follow along with the Renaissance/Reformation Slides, fill in the blanks, and answer questions as they come up. 
________________


[SLIDE 4]
Re + naissance
Renaissance is a French word. The root, “naissance” means “a birth, an origination as that of an idea, or a movement.”


Based on the definition of naissance and the prefix “re” what do you think Renaissance means?








	________________




















[SLIDE 5]
  

What do you remember about the feudal system, the Black Death, manorialism, and the Middle Ages in general?








	[SLIDE 6]
THE MIDDLE AGES (476 CE- 1400s) vs. THE RENAISSANCE (1300s- 1600s)
Based on the information on the slide, make a claim and support it with evidence to answer the question: How could Europe have changed so much between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance? 


















	







[SLIDE 8] Based on the information on the slide, describe what a cultural movement is in your own words. 















	________________


[SLIDE 9]
What similarities do you notice between the Classical Greco-Roman art and architecture and the Renaissance art and architecture on the slide?














	________________
































[SLIDE 10]
  

1. List the golden ages in the graphic above in chronological order. 


2. Which civilization’s ideas were the foundation for collective learning in the Mediterranean world?


3. Identify two examples of innovation described in the chart. 




4. Based on the dates and information provided, which civilization’s knowledge most directly influenced the start of the Renaissance? 




  

	Why did the Renaissance start in Italy in the 14th century?
Objective: Explain why the Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century. 
	Directions: Continue following along with the Renaissance Slides, fill in the blanks, and complete the “but,” “because,” and/or “so” statements. 
________________


[SLIDE 14-15]
There was little economic growth in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, during the Middle Ages because…






	There was little economic growth in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, during the Middle Ages, but [mention the Crusades]...






	Crusaders returned to Europe from the Middle East with goods that Europeans wanted, so…








	________________


[SLIDE 16]


___________________________ was the connection between Western Europe and Islamic Empires in the Middle East. 






	









[SLIDE 17]
Trade between the Middle East and Italy brought the Black Death to Europe because…






	Trade between the Middle East and Italy brought the Black Death to Europe so…






	Trade between the Middle East and Italy brought the Black Death to Europe, but…






	



After the Black Death, _________________________ became the wealthiest people in Italy, not the ____________________________.
 
	________________










[SLIDE 19]
Wealthy merchants, like the Medici family, helped spur the Renaissance because…








	________________


[SLIDE 1-23] 
The Renaissance started in Italy in the 14th century because…