Define anthesis stage of each species:
Tridax procumbens has 14 stages of flower development (Figure 1). The flower buds still close 
tightly in stage 1, while in stage 2, The phyllaries (bracts) of the flower bud begins to open at the top 
part. Stage 3-5: the tip of the phyllaries increasingly exposed so that the inner part of the flower that 
looks yellow began to appear; in stage 5 the pink part of inner layer start to emerge; Stage 6-8: the size 
of inner floret increased, and in that part, the yellow and pink colour begins to appear. Stage 1-8 is the 
pre-anthesis stage. Stage 9: the corolla of ray florets begins to appear, which is the beginning of the 
flower anthesis. Stage 10: part of the ray and disc florets begins to emerge, and the pistil started to 
appear in the middle. Stage 11 and 12: ray florets fully opened, but the development of pistil of disc 
florets still not perfect yet. Stage 13: the flower is fully blooming. Stages 10-13 are anthesis. Stage 14: 
achene (cypsela) is visible and fused to form a ball shape. Stage 14 is the senescence stage.
Eclipta prostrata has 16 stages of flower development (Figure 2). In stages 1 and 2, the flower bud 
were enclosed by bracts. In Stages 3 and 4, the size of the bracts elongated, and the tips of phyllaries 
begin to split, that makes the inner florets buds begin to appear. In step 5, the phyllaries split wider, 
and the florets in the inner layer are about the same size as the phyllaries height. In stage 6, the 
phyllaries begin to open. Stage 1-6 is the pre-anthesis stage. In stage 7, the capitulum increasing in 
size, and corolla begins to appear. Stage 7 is the beginning of the anthesis stage. At stage 8-10 corolla 
looks increasingly elongated and higher than calyx size. At stage 11, the flower fully blooms, with the 
pistils visible. Stage 8-11 is the anthesis stage. In stages 12 and 13, the corolla and pistil begin to fall, 
and some florets turn to brown. At stage 14, the corolla part has fallen, the ovary part of the flower 
begins to develop into a fruit. At stage 15, the fruit arranged in the receptacle begins to break. In stage 
16, brown-coloured achene (cypsela) is seen, and the fruit begins to fall from the receptacle. Stage 12-
16 is the senescence. 
Eleutheranthera ruderalis, which has a homogamous capitulum, has nine stages of flower 
development (Figure 3). In Stage 1, all parts of the bud are still closed. In stages 2 and 3, the bracts 
that protect the flower buds start to open, so that in stage 3, the florets inside the bracts begin to 
appear. Stage 2-3 is the pre-anthesis stage. In Stage 4, a yellow part starts to emerge in the centre of 
the flower head, which is a disc floret. Stage 4 is the beginning of the anthesis stage. In Stages 5 and 6, 
corollas have appeared, and the part of the pistil is seen in steps 6. Stages 5-6 are the anthesis stage. In 
Stage 7, some corollas are brown, and some others have fallen. At Stage 8, the corolla has fallen 
completely, and the achene (cypsela) is still inside the bracts. At stage 9, bracts have fully opened, and 
achene has been released. Stage 7-9 is the senescence stage.
Synedrella nodiflora has a heterogamous capitulum that consists of 14 stages of flower 
development (Figure 4), where stages 1-6 are the development of ray florets in the outer circle of the 
inflorescence. In Steps 1-2, the flower buds are still closed with bracts that are getting higher in size. 
Stage 1-2 is the pre-anthesis stage. In stage 3, the upper part of the central bud begins to open and is 
marked as the beginning of the anthesis stage, while in Stage 4, where the upper tips of bracts bloom, 
is the anthesis stage. In stage 5, the ray florets have fallen, and the horn tips of achene (cypsela) 
started to appear. Stage 5 is the senescence stage of ray florets. Stage 6-14 is the developmental stage 
of the disc florets in the inner circle. In stage 6, the corolla of disc florets starts to emerge, which is 
beginning anthesis of disc florets. In stages 7-10, the number of discs florets that blooming increased, 
and in stage 10, the disc florets emerge higher than the bracts involucrum. In Stage 11, the pistil pops 
out from the centre of the disc florets. Stage 7-11 is the anthesis stage of disc florets. In stage 12 the 
perianthium of disc florets has fallen, and the disc florets turn brown. In stage 13, the remained part of 
disc florets still attached in the bracts, and the achene (cypsela) begins to appear. In stage 14, all parts 
of the flower perianthium have fallen. Steps 13 and 14 are senescence stage of disc florets.Tridax procumbens has 14 stages of flower development (Figure 1). The flower buds still close 
tightly in stage 1, while in stage 2, The phyllaries (bracts) of the flower bud begins to open at the top 
part. Stage 3-5: the tip of the phyllaries increasingly exposed so that the inner part of the flower that 
looks yellow began to appear; in stage 5 the pink part of inner layer start to emerge; Stage 6-8: the size 
of inner floret increased, and in that part, the yellow and pink colour begins to appear. Stage 1-8 is the 
pre-anthesis stage. Stage 9: the corolla of ray florets begins to appear, which is the beginning of the 
flower anthesis. Stage 10: part of the ray and disc florets begins to emerge, and the pistil started to 
appear in the middle. Stage 11 and 12: ray florets fully opened, but the development of pistil of disc 
florets still not perfect yet. Stage 13: the flower is fully blooming. Stages 10-13 are anthesis. Stage 14: 
achene (cypsela) is visible and fused to form a ball shape. Stage 14 is the senescence stage.
Eclipta prostrata has 16 stages of flower development (Figure 2). In stages 1 and 2, the flower bud 
were enclosed by bracts. In Stages 3 and 4, the size of the bracts elongated, and the tips of phyllaries 
begin to split, that makes the inner florets buds begin to appear. In step 5, the phyllaries split wider, 
and the florets in the inner layer are about the same size as the phyllaries height. In stage 6, the 
phyllaries begin to open. Stage 1-6 is the pre-anthesis stage. In stage 7, the capitulum increasing in 
size, and corolla begins to appear. Stage 7 is the beginning of the anthesis stage. At stage 8-10 corolla 
looks increasingly elongated and higher than calyx size. At stage 11, the flower fully blooms, with the 
pistils visible. Stage 8-11 is the anthesis stage. In stages 12 and 13, the corolla and pistil begin to fall, 
and some florets turn to brown. At stage 14, the corolla part has fallen, the ovary part of the flower 
begins to develop into a fruit. At stage 15, the fruit arranged in the receptacle begins to break. In stage 
16, brown-coloured achene (cypsela) is seen, and the fruit begins to fall from the receptacle. Stage 12-
16 is the senescence. 
Eleutheranthera ruderalis, which has a homogamous capitulum, has nine stages of flower 
development (Figure 3). In Stage 1, all parts of the bud are still closed. In stages 2 and 3, the bracts 
that protect the flower buds start to open, so that in stage 3, the florets inside the bracts begin to 
appear. Stage 2-3 is the pre-anthesis stage. In Stage 4, a yellow part starts to emerge in the centre of 
the flower head, which is a disc floret. Stage 4 is the beginning of the anthesis stage. In Stages 5 and 6, 
corollas have appeared, and the part of the pistil is seen in steps 6. Stages 5-6 are the anthesis stage. In 
Stage 7, some corollas are brown, and some others have fallen. At Stage 8, the corolla has fallen 
completely, and the achene (cypsela) is still inside the bracts. At stage 9, bracts have fully opened, and 
achene has been released. Stage 7-9 is the senescence stage.
Synedrella nodiflora has a heterogamous capitulum that consists of 14 stages of flower 
development (Figure 4), where stages 1-6 are the development of ray florets in the outer circle of the 
inflorescence. In Steps 1-2, the flower buds are still closed with bracts that are getting higher in size. 
Stage 1-2 is the pre-anthesis stage. In stage 3, the upper part of the central bud begins to open and is 
marked as the beginning of the anthesis stage, while in Stage 4, where the upper tips of bracts bloom, 
is the anthesis stage. In stage 5, the ray florets have fallen, and the horn tips of achene (cypsela) 
started to appear. Stage 5 is the senescence stage of ray florets. Stage 6-14 is the developmental stage 
of the disc florets in the inner circle. In stage 6, the corolla of disc florets starts to emerge, which is 
beginning anthesis of disc florets. In stages 7-10, the number of discs florets that blooming increased, 
and in stage 10, the disc florets emerge higher than the bracts involucrum. In Stage 11, the pistil pops 
out from the centre of the disc florets. Stage 7-11 is the anthesis stage of disc florets. In stage 12 the 
perianthium of disc florets has fallen, and the disc florets turn brown. In stage 13, the remained part of 
disc florets still attached in the bracts, and the achene (cypsela) begins to appear. In stage 14, all parts 
of the flower perianthium have fallen. Steps 13 and 14 are senescence stage of disc florets.