هذه نتائج بحث تخرج لدراستي في عزل و تشخيص البكتيريا من غرف العمليات و هذه نتائج فحوصات المقاومة للمضادات
و مقارانات دراسات سابقة مع توثيقها اريد منك كتابة جزئية Discussion بما في ذلك التحدث عن كل   الدراسات السابقة  و مقارنة نتائجها بالنتائج وشرح نتيجة كل نوع من البكتيريا مع كل نوع من المضادات و تفسير 

بكل النقاط المتوافقة والمعارضة و بكل التفاصيل 
 لدراستنا مع توثيق الدراسات السابقة وكتابة تحليلية للنتائج و ارتباطات و شرح بشكل اكاديمي ممتاز
اكتب باللغة الانجليزي كتابة بأسلوب اكاديمي بحثي جاهز كي اضعه في بحث تخرج 


Staphylococcus aureus, the most frequently isolated bacterium (19 samples), exhibited varying levels of resistance. The highest resistance was observed against methicillin (89.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (63.2%), ciprofloxacin (37%), and levofloxacin (42%). However, amoxicillin showed the lowest resistance percentage (15.79%) against Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus haemolyticus (4 samples) displayed higher susceptibility to most antibiotics, with 100% susceptibility rates observed for gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin, and vancomycin. However, resistance to tetracycline (25%) and methicillin (75%) was observed.

Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4 samples) exhibited moderate resistance patterns, particularly against ciprofloxacin (25%), ceftriaxone (50%), and amoxicillin (25%). However, higher resistance was observed for methicillin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and levofloxacin (50%).

Streptococcus pyogenes (1 sample) demonstrated complete susceptibility to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and amikacin. However, it displayed resistance to amoxicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), and methicillin (100%).

Similarly, Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 sample) exhibited resistance to amoxicillin (100%) and methicillin (100%), while it was susceptible to all other tested antibiotics.

Bacillus subtilis (7 samples) displayed overall moderate resistance, with higher resistance observed against ceftriaxone (71.43%) and tetracycline (57.14%). Notably, methicillin showed complete susceptibility in Bacillus subtilis isolates.

Finally, Bacillus cereus (1 sample) exhibited complete resistance to amoxicillin (100%) but was susceptible to other tested antibiotics.
Regarding the Gram-negative bacteria analyzed in this study, the results indicate that Listeria spp exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Pseudomonas spp. Also demonstrated high levels of resistance to various antibiotics, including gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates observed were 9% for gentamicin, 72.72% for ciprofloxacin, 81.8% for ceftriaxone, 45.45% for amikacin, 45.45% for amoxicillin/clavulanate, 72.72% for tetracycline, 54.54% for levofloxacin, 100% for piperacillin/tazobactam, and 100% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Klebsiella spp. Exhibited resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates observed were 50% for ceftriaxone, 25% for amikacin, 50% for amoxicillin/clavulanate, 50% for tetracycline, 50% for levofloxacin, 50% for piperacillin/tazobactam, and 25% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Enterobacter spp. Displayed resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates observed were 33.33% for gentamicin, 66.67% for ceftriaxone, 33.33% for amoxicillin/clavulanate, 66.67% for tetracycline, 100% for levofloxacin, 66.67% for piperacillin/tazobactam, and 33.33% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.

Citrobacter spp. Exhibited resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, tetracycline, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The resistance rates observed were 100% for gentamicin, 100% for ceftriaxone, 100% for piperacillin/tazobactam, and 100% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.







و في الدراسات السابقة على النحو التالي

The study by Chaoui et al. (2019) in Morocco found that the prevalence of resistance to pit in Enterobacter species was 21%, while the prevalence of resistance in Klebsiella was 5.6%, Citrobacter 20%, Escherichia coli 0%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.2%. The prevalence of resistance to levofloxacin in Enterobacter species was 21%, Klebsiella 22.2%, Citrobacter 20%, Escherichia coli 0%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44.4%. The prevalence of resistance to trimethoprim in Enterobacter species was 47.37%, Klebsiella 44.4%, Citrobacter 40%, and Escherichia coli 100%.

..
The study by Van An et al. (2021) in Vietnam found that the prevalence of resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam in Enterobacter was 30.77%, Klebsiella 38.59%, Escherichia coli 20%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 66.67%. The prevalence of resistance to trimethoprim in Enterobacter was 32.50%, Klebsiella 42.23%, and Escherichia coli 70.7%.




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The study by Van An et al. (2021) in Vietnam found that the prevalence of resistance to levofloxacin in Staphylococcus aureus was 30.29%, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) was 50%, and Streptococcus species was 8.87%. The prevalence of resistance to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus was 3.8%, CoNS was 8.9%, and Streptococcus species was 0%.

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In a previous study (3), Staphylococcus aureus bacteria demonstrated 100% resistance to ceftriaxone. Study (5) highlighted resistance rates of 32.8% in Staphylococcus aureus, 22.2% in Pseudomonas.spp, 33.3% in E. coli, 35.7% in Enterobacter.spp, and 20% in Klebsiella.spp.

...
Comparative study (7) noted ciprofloxacin resistance rates of 58.8% in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and 5% in E. coli.

In a previous study (3), Staphylococcus aureus bacteria demonstrated 100% resistance to ceftriaxone. Study (5) highlighted resistance rates of 32.8% in Staphylococcus aureus, 22.2% in Pseudomonas.spp, 33.3% in E. coli, 35.7% in Enterobacter.spp, and 20% in Klebsiella.spp.


...
In contrast, previous studies demonstrated higher resistance rates. Study (3) reported 100% resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria but highlighted lower resistance rates in Pseudomonas.spp (66.7%) and E. coli (33.3%). Study (5) also identified high resistance rates of 89.6% in Staphylococcus, 100% in Pseudomonads spp, 50% in E. coli, 64% in Enterobacter, and 70% in Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, study (4) revealed 100% resistance in Pseudomonas spp, 26.6% in E. coli, and 50% in Klebsiella spp. In contrast, study (7) documented lower resistance rates of 32.4% in Staphylococcus aureus and 15% in E. coli. These discrepancies in Gentamycin resistance can be attributed to variations in bacterial strains, geographic locations, antimicrobial usage patterns, and evolving antibiotic resistance mechanisms.


...
Our study observed different resistance patterns to Amoxicillin. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited a resistance rate of 16%, Pseudomonas spp 46%, E. coli 50%, Enterobacter  spp 25%, and Klebsiella 50%. However, Staph.haemolyticus, S.pyogenes, S.pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, and Citrobacter  spp displayed no resistance. 

 
...
In comparison, previous studies showcased higher resistance rates. Study (3) found 83.3% resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, 66.7% in Pseudomonas. spp, and 22.2% in E. coli. Study (Mutib H. H., Oleiwi, S. R., Majeed Hameed, D., & Suhail Hussein, S. (2021). Study o,f Bacterial Contamination in Operating Theatres at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawah, Ir
aq. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(6), 1671-1676.
) reported 100% resistance in Staphylococcus aureus , 29.2% in Pseudomonas spp, 50% in E. coli, 50% in Enterobacter.spp, and 40% in Klebsiella.spp.

 
 ....
Regarding Amikacin resistance, our study showed that Staphylococcus aureus exhibited a resistance rate of 32%, Pseudomonas spp 46%, while E. coli, Enterobacter.spp, and Klebsiella.spp showed no resistance. Listeria.spp demonstrated a resistance rate of 34%.In a different study (Mutib H. H., Oleiwi, S. R., Majeed Hameed, D., & Suhail Hussein, S. (2021). Study o,f Bacterial Contamination in Operating Theatres at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawah, Ir
aq. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(6), 1671-1676.
), higher resistance rates were observed in Staphylococcus aureus (60.3%), Pseudomonas.spp (74%), and E. coli (88.9%).

 

 .....

In our study, Pseudomonas spp displayed a resistance rate of % to Ciprofloxacin, while E. coli exhibited a resistance rate of %.Staphylococcus aureus showed a resistance rate of %. Conversely, Staph.haemolyticus, S.pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Citrobacter spp demonstrated no resistance to ciprofloxacin. Comparative study (Matthew, D., Dadah, A. J., & Mohammed, S. S. D. (2020). Bacterial contamination of operating theatres: a case study of a hospital in Northern Nigeria. Science World Journal, 15(2), 83-89.

) noted ciprofloxacin resistance rates of 58.8% in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and 5% in E. coli.

 
... 
In our study, Staphylococcus aureus showed a resistance rate of % to ceftriaxone, while Pseudomonas spp exhibited a resistance rate of %. E. coli, Enterobacter spp, and Klebsiella spp displayed resistance rates of %, %, and %, respectively. Citrobacter.spp revealed complete resistance (%) as well. 
.......
In a previous study (Ndu, I., Chinawa, J., Emeka, C., Asinobi, I., Ekwochi, U., Nduagubam, O., … & Eze, T. (2022). Bacterial contamination of medical equipment and surfaces in the main operating theater of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medicine and Health Development, 27(2), 164-164.), Staphylococcus aureus bacteria demonstrated 100% resistance to ceftriaxone. Study (Mutib H. H., Oleiwi, S. R., Majeed Hameed, D., & Suhail Hussein, S. (2021). Study o,f Bacterial Contamination in Operating Theatres at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawah, Ir
aq. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(6), 1671-1676.
) highlighted resistance rates of 32.8% in Staphylococcus aureus, 22.2% in Pseudomonas.spp, 33.3% in E. coli, 35.7% in Enterobacter.spp, and 20% in Klebsiella.spp.



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