You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


Filed 12/4/15 Slesinger v. Walt Disney Co. CA2/4
                    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or
ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for
purposes of rule 8.1115.


                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                        DIVISION FOUR




STEPHEN SLESINGER INC.,                                                       B259686

               Plaintiff and Appellant,                                       (Los Angeles County
                                                                              Super. Ct. No. BC022365)
                     v.

THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY,

               Defendant and Respondent.



          APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Mark A. Borenstein, Judge. Affirmed.
          Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo, Andrew D. Skale and Ben L. Wagner,
for Plaintiff and Appellant.
          O’Melveny & Meyers, Daniel M. Petrocelli and Cassandra L. Seto, for Defendant
and Respondent.
                                         ______________________________
       Stephen Slesinger Inc. appeals from an order denying its motion to modify or
vacate the renewal of a 10-year-old judgment in favor of respondent Walt Disney
Company. Appellant argues that the court clerk’s entry of a dollar amount on a
preexisting judgment awarding costs cannot create a valid money judgment without a
prior written court order that finally determines the total amount of the cost award.
Alternatively, appellant argues that the renewed judgment should not include interest
accrued before the hearing on appellant’s motion. We shall affirm the order.


                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY
       In 1991, appellant sued respondent for breach of a licensing agreement and fraud,
based on respondent’s alleged nonpayment of royalties for the right to use characters
from A.A. Milne’s children’s book Winnie the Pooh. (Stephen Slesinger, Inc. v. Walt
Disney Co. (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 736, 740.) Appellant used a private investigator to
obtain confidential records from respondent’s offices and dumpsters, and a facility
operated by its document disposal contractor. (Ibid.) The lawsuit eventually was
dismissed as a terminating sanction for appellant’s misconduct. The signed judgment,
filed on April 5, 2004 (hereafter, the original judgment), awarded costs in favor of
respondent, but left the exact amount of costs blank.
       Respondent filed a memorandum of costs, and appellant moved to tax some items
listed in the memorandum.1 At a hearing on March 14, 2005, the court reduced the cost
award as to some items and awarded the full cost as to others. On March 22, 2005, the
court issued a minute order and statement of decision on two cost items it had taken
under submission. On March 25, 2005, respondent filed a notice of ruling, which was
served on appellant’s counsel. The notice reviewed in detail the grounds on which
respondent was entitled to recover costs. It included summaries of the court’s March 14
ruling and March 22 order, and a total cost award of $368,033.56, which consisted of the

       1
         The motion to tax costs was heard by a different judge than the one who signed
the original judgment. ~(CT 93, 107)~

                                             2
amounts awarded by the court and the amounts of unchallenged cost items, to which
respondent claimed automatic entitlement. Appellant requested clarification of one cost
item covered in the March 22 order. In a minute order issued on April 11, 2005, the court
declined to change the amount of costs awarded for that item.
       The original judgment was affirmed in Stephen Slesinger, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co.,
supra, 155 Cal.App.4th 736. The California Supreme Court denied review in January
2008. In September 2008, the trial court clerk faxed respondent a copy of the judgment
that included the handwritten amount of costs (hereafter, the nunc pro tunc judgment). In
July 2008 and October 2013, respondent made unsuccessful demands for payment.
       In March 2014, respondent filed a renewal of judgment for the principal amount of
$368,033.56, plus interest accrued since March 22, 2005. Appellant moved to vacate the
renewed judgment on several grounds, one of which was that the cost award was never
entered on the judgment nunc pro tunc. Respondent found a copy of the nunc pro tunc
judgment in its files. Appellant claimed it had not been served with a copy of that
judgment and could not find it in the court’s files. Appellant also argued the nunc pro
tunc judgment was not a valid money judgment because there was no written court order
setting out the total cost award. Respondent located the nunc pro tunc judgment in the
court files, obtained a court-certified copy and provided it to appellant. At the hearing on
appellant’s motion to vacate, appellant’s counsel conceded the accuracy of the cost award
amount, but challenged the procedure by which it had been included in the judgment.
The court found there was no basis for vacating the renewed judgment and denied the
motion. It also denied appellant’s request not to add the accrued interest to the renewed
judgment.
       This appeal followed.


                                      DISCUSSION
       A money judgment is enforceable for 10 years from the date of its entry and may
be renewed for another 10 years. (Fidelity Creditor Service, Inc. v. Browne (2001) 89
Cal.App.4th 195, 200–201, citing Code Civ. Proc., §§ 683.020, 683.030; 683.110 et seq.)

                                             3
A trial court may vacate the renewal of a judgment ‘“on any ground that would be a
defense to an action on the judgment.’” (Fidelity Creditor Service, Inc. v. Browne, at
p. 201, citing Code Civ. Proc., § 683.170, subd. (a).) “The judgment debtor bears the
burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he or she is entitled to relief
under section 683.170. [Citations.] On appeal, we examine the evidence in a light most
favorable to the order under review and the trial court’s ruling for an abuse of discretion.
[Citation.]” (Fidelity Creditor Service, Inc. v. Browne, at p. 199.) We independently
review issues of law. (See id. at pp. 199–200; see also Goldman v. Simpson (2008) 160
Cal.App.4th 255, 264.)
       Code of Civil Procedure section 680.270 defines a money judgment as “that part
of a judgment that requires the payment of money.” The amount of any judgment must
be computed and stated in “dollars and cents.” (Id., § 577.5.) It must be stated with
certainty. (In re Estate of Kampen (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 971, 986.) Contrary to
appellant’s contention, the nunc pro tunc judgment in this case is a money judgment
because, on its face, it requires the payment of $368,033.56, a sum certain stated in
dollars and cents.
       Where the judgment awards costs, but the amount of the award is determined at a
later time, the court clerk enters the amount after it is determined by the court. (Lucky
United Properties Investments, Inc. v. Lee (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 635, 642, citing Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 3.1700(b)(4) [“After the time has passed for a motion to strike or tax
costs or for determination of that motion, the clerk must immediately enter the costs on
the judgment”].) The normal procedure for entering the amount of costs in the judgment
has been described as follows: “After the parties file their memoranda of costs and any
motions to tax, a postjudgment hearing is held and the trial court makes its determination
of the merits of the competing contentions. When the order setting the final amount is
filed, the clerk enters the amounts on the judgment nunc pro tunc.” (Grant v. List &




                                              4
Lathrop (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 993, 996–997, citing former Cal. Rules of Court, rule
870(b)(4)2; see also Bankes v. Lucas (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 365, 369.)
          Appellant posits that a court order computing the final amount of costs is
absolutely required before the clerk can enter the amount on the judgment, and that the
nunc pro tunc judgment is invalid because no such order was filed in this case. Although
respondent’s March 25, 2005 notice of ruling lists the total amount of costs, appellant
cites the proposition that “[a] notice of ruling is not an order; an order is a document
which contains a direction by the court that a party take or refrain from action, or that
certain relief is granted or not granted [citations] and which is either entered in the court’s
permanent minutes or signed by the judge and stamped ‘filed.’” (Shpiller v. Harry C’s
Redlands (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 1177, 1179.)
          The requirement that a court order be memorialized in a written document exists
because an “oral ruling on a motion does not become effective until it is filed in writing
with the clerk or entered in the minutes,” and the court may change it in the interim. (In
re Marriage of Drake (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1170.) Stated in other words, an
interim ruling that is subject to change cannot be final and appealable. (Griset v. Fair
Political Practices Com. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 688, 698.) However, what determines the
finality of an order is the substance and effect of the adjudication, rather than its form.
(Ibid.)
          Here, the only oral ruling was rendered at the March 14, 2005 hearing. Even that
ruling was based on a tentative decision, which the court stated would stand except for
the two items taken under submission. During the hearing, the court repeatedly
referenced the minute order it expected the clerk would issue. From the briefing and
record before us, it is unclear why the tentative decision was not filed or a minute order


          2
        Former California Rules of Court, rule 870(b)(4), the predecessor to rule
3.1700(b)(4), was similar; it provided: “After the time has passed for a motion to strike
or tax costs or for determination of that motion, the clerk shall enter the costs on the
judgment forthwith.” (See UAP-Columbus JV 326132 v. Nesbitt (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d
1028, 1039 [Italics omitted], quoting Cal. Rules of Court, rule 870(b)(4).)

                                               5
was not issued to memorialize it. However, there is no indication that the court intended
to, or did, change its ruling at any time.
       At oral argument, appellant characterized the absence of a written court order
computing the total amount of costs as a jurisdictional issue. The existence of such an
order is relevant only to the jurisdiction of the reviewing court; it does not affect the
jurisdiction of the lower court. (See Griset v. Fair Political Practices Com., supra, 25
Cal.4th at p. 696; Shpiller v. Harry C’s Redlands, supra, 13 Cal.App.4th at p. 1179.) A
cost award may be appealed either from the original judgment, even if the amount is
determined during the pendency of the appeal, or from the post-judgment order
determining the amount of the award. (Grant v. List & Lathrop, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th at
p. 998; UAP-Columbus JV 326132 v. Nesbitt, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d at p. 1040.)
       Appellant did not challenge the cost award on appeal from the original judgment,
and is now, in effect, attempting to collaterally challenge its validity. In Jackson v.
Yarbray (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 75, the court held that the reporter’s transcript of a
hearing on a motion for attorney fees, along with a notice of ruling, was sufficient to
confirm the existence of a legally cognizable order awarding attorney fees, which
precluded a collateral challenge to the reasonable value of the legal services covered by
the award in a subsequent malicious prosecution action. (Id. at pp. 83, 95.) Similarly,
here, the reporter’s transcript of the March 14, 2005 hearing and respondent’s notice of
ruling sufficiently show that the court adopted its tentative decision as to the items
awarded at the hearing and that it intended that its rulings be entered into the minutes.
       There is no indication that the absence of a minute order memorializing the court’s
rulings at the March 14, 2005 hearing was due to anything other than clerical oversight.
Clerical error does not affect the effectiveness of the court’s rulings and may be corrected
at any time. (See Gov. Code, § 69844 [“The clerk of the superior court shall keep the
minutes and other records of the court, entering at length within the time specified by
law, or forthwith if no time is specified, any order, judgment, and decree of the court
which is required to be entered and showing the date when each entry is made. Failure to
so enter the date or failure to enter the order, judgment, or decree within the time

                                              6
specified in this section shall not affect the validity or effectiveness of the entry”]; Aspen
Internat. Capital Corp. v. Marsch (1991) 235 Cal.App.3d 1199, 1204 [trial court retains
inherent power to correct clerical error at any time to reflect intended adjudication].)
       Appellant suggests that borrowing the total amount of the cost award from the
notice of ruling, or combing the record to add up the amounts awarded by the court to the
unchallenged items in respondent’s cost memorandum exceeded the clerk’s powers.
Appellant is correct that court clerks have no power or discretion to perform judicial
duties and “must act in strict conformity with statutes, rules, or orders of the court.”
(2 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Courts, § 361, p. 462.) On this record, however,
there is no reason to conclude that the clerk exceeded its powers when it entered the total
award reflected in the notice of ruling. The clerk had a duty to enter costs for the
unchallenged items in respondent’s cost memorandum. (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 3.1700(b)(4).) As to the challenged items, it is presumed that the clerk performed its
official duty in conformity with the court’s direction. (Evid. Code, § 664.) The
determination of what amounts to award for challenged items was made by the court, not
the clerk; adding up the already determined amounts was a ministerial act that required
no exercise of judicial discretion. The nunc pro tunc judgment is not invalid for lack of
jurisdiction on the part of the trial court, and was not an abuse of the clerk’s authority.
       Even assuming that it would have been better practice for respondent to submit a
proposed order for the total amount of costs, as opposed to a notice of ruling, a
procedural irregularity does not require reversal absent a miscarriage of justice. (Cal.
Const., art. VI, § 13; see Waller v. TJD, Inc. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 830, 833.) Appellant
did not challenge the notice of ruling as incorrect when it was filed, and does not now
dispute that the notice reflects the correct amount of costs to which respondent was
entitled under its memorandum of costs and the court’s rulings on the motion to tax costs.
Under the circumstances, it is not unfair to hold appellant responsible for that amount.
       Appellant argues that no interest should be added to the renewed judgment
because it had no notice of the nunc pro tunc judgment. The entry of a cost amount nunc
pro tunc is retroactive to the entry of the original judgment. (Lucky United Properties

                                              7
Investments, Inc. v. Lee, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 642; Bankes v. Lucas, supra, 9
Cal.App.4th 365, 369; Grant v. List & Lathrop, supra, 2 Cal.App.4th at pp. 996–997.)3
The interest on an unpaid money judgment accrues automatically by force of law from
the entry of judgment. (Code Civ. Proc., § 685.010, subd. (a); County of Los Angeles v.
Salas (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 510, 515.) Respondent argues appellant is chargeable with
knowledge that interest was accruing on the unpaid judgment as a matter of law. (In re
Marriage of Thompson (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1049, 1061.)
       Appellant claims, however, that what is at issue in this case is not ignorance of the
law, but ignorance of the fact that the amount of the award was entered on the judgment.
It relies on In re Marriage of Mosley (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 1096, 1103, where the court
concluded it would be unfair to run the 180-day outside time limit for filing an appeal
from the date an order was stamped filed, where the order was misplaced and not publicly
accessible for several months after the stamped file date, despite diligent efforts by the
appellant in that case to obtain a copy of the order. Here, in contrast, although appellant
obtained a note from the superior court that the volume containing the nunc pro tunc
judgment could not be located in the court archives, there is no evidence that the
judgment itself was misplaced and publicly inaccessible. In fact, at the hearing on
appellant’s motion to vacate, respondent represented that it had no difficulty finding the
judgment in the archives.
       In addition, unlike In re Marriage of Mosley, supra, 190 Cal.App.4th 1096, the
record in this case does not show that appellant diligently attempted to obtain a copy of

       3
         Appellant cites Khazan v. Braynin (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 796, which
questioned the propriety of including the amount of a cost award in a judgment nunc pro
tunc. That decision was vacated upon grant of rehearing and is not citable. (See Cal.
Rules of Court, rules 8.268(d) & 8.1115(a); see also Townsend v. Townsend (2009) 171
Cal.App.4th 389, 405–406, fn. 11.) In re M.M. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 897, 911, fn. 10,
on which appellant relies to justify the citation, reviews citation rules applicable to
federal court decisions.
       In any event, in the renewed judgment, respondent claimed interest only from
March 22, 2005, the date of the court’s written decision on costs, rather than from
April 5, 2004, the date of entry of the judgment.

                                              8
the nunc pro tunc judgment from the court during the decade preceding its renewal. In
correspondence that the parties’ attorneys exchanged in late 2013 and early 2014,
appellant’s attorney claimed to be unaware of the existence of a final judgment on costs,
and respondent’s attorney took the position that the written order on costs was the
equivalent of a money judgment. Appellant suggests that respondent intentionally kept
the nunc pro tunc judgment a secret. Reviewing the record in the light most favorable to
the order on appeal (Fidelity Creditor Service, Inc. v. Browne, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at
p. 199), we see nothing that prevented appellant from independently checking with the
court whether the amount of the cost award had been entered on the judgment.
       To the extent appellant complains that the entry of costs on the judgment was
made with considerable delay and without notice, there is no evidence when the clerk
made the entry. Appellant relies on the fact that the nunc pro tunc judgment was faxed to
respondent in 2008 to infer that the cost award was entered at that time on respondent’s
request. We need not draw such an inference, but even were we to do so, the delay on
the clerk’s part does not affect the validity or effectiveness of the judgment. (See Gov.
Code, § 69844.) A judgment may be corrected nunc pro tunc at any time without notice
to conform with the adjudication. (See In re Roberts (1962) 200 Cal.App.2d 95, 97.)
Appellant has been on notice since 2004 that the original judgment awarded costs against
it, and it has had actual notice of the amount of the award since 2005. We see no reason
to strike the accrued interest from the renewed judgment under the circumstances.




                                             9
                                   DISPOSITION
     The order is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to its costs on appeal.
     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS




                                               EPSTEIN, P. J.
We concur:



     MANELLA, J.



     COLLINS, J.




                                          10