Theoretical and Solution Research: Social Privacy Concerns Among US Teenagers from a Psychological Perspective
Introduction 
Sharing self-portrait, texting messages, even the interval of glancing over each subject on online shopping platform has been part of privacy disclosure, which is almost unavoidable in current society of a further globalization with popular online platforms. With more US social media users concerned about their outlet of provided privacy, raising solutions on preventing privacy disclosure at the same time providing sufficient contact and necessary use is essential. According to recent studies, 81% of online users are concerned about how their data is utilized, yet only 51% feel confident in their understanding of these processes (Surfshark, 2024) collection personal information is eroding trust. This is compounded by the lack of security and the unknown usage for their data (Savitz, 2012). In this context, assessing the psychological risks and benefits is crucial for developing future security measures, especially as the main subject transport to teenagers, who are generally lack of experienced judgments and independent thinking. This paper aims to explore the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral effects of data privacy concerns on US teenagers, incorporating relevant theories and discussing potential solutions, thereby providing a comprehensive analysis of the issue surrounding the disclosure of teenagers' data privacy.
The Psychological Risks and Benefits by Group
Since the invention of social media, the relationship between teenagers and these platforms has been extensively researched, with ongoing discussions about their benefits. One major advantage is social connectivity. Based on Jamieson et al.’s research (2009), strengthening friendships and forming new social groups are very important for teenagers, and social media can enhance social capital by reinforcing existing relationships and facilitating new connections. Additionally, online platforms provide outlets for self-expression and creativity through apps like TikTok and Instagram, enabling teens to explore their identities and present themselves to others, according to Torres (2024)’s explore. In both ways, social media has provided well environment and sufficient opportunities for teenagers to associate and connect with their overall social circumstances, offering psychological support and hence a great chance for establishment of personality. These rare chances seem to outweigh the harm brought by revealing too much privacy preferences.

However, while sharing information on social media offers benefits, it also presents significant risks that warrant further discussion. One of the most prevalent negative effects is anxiety and depression caused by social comparison. As teenagers spend more time on social media, they increasingly compare themselves to their peers' curated and often unrealistic portrayals, whether consciously or not. Twenge et al. (2018) linked excessive Instagram use to increased depression and body image issues among teenagers. Ehmke(2024) from university of Chicago indicates anxiety and depression are linked to using social media a lot, with different factors including decreased direct communication and excessive focus on one’s own image. Although teenagers may not explicitly admit it, they are influenced by online influencers and may feel pressured to emulate their behaviors to gain acceptance. Prolonged comparisons can erode self-confidence, potentially leading to depression and anxiety.
Other risks include cyberbullying on social media platforms. Cyberbullying can occur anywhere and disproportionately affects teenagers who may not be prepared for their privacy being weaponized against them. Kowalski et al. (2014) found a significant association between cyberbullying exposure and mental health struggles in adolescents. Additionally, the realization that their privacy has been invaded leads to feelings of vulnerability and intrusiveness, yet many teenagers take minimal action to protect their privacy(Segijn& Opree, 2022).
Psychological Theories explanation
Back to the reasoning of the previous actions, some theories could be explained to US teenager’s motivation and the dilemma of their psychological struggle. It provides a theory-based background for the further discussion of possible solutions.
Sharing favors of different topics are the most common type of privacy disclosure, where teenagers post the use social media for peer validation, shaping self-identity based on online feedback. Valkenburg and Peter (2011) found that adolescents rely on social media interactions to form their self-concept and receive social acceptance. Their essential motivation of seeking positive social identity by contrasting and following in-group favorably inflections can be identified as the Social Identity Theory(Turner& Oakes, 1986). Based on the theory, the fast-flowing and changing trends of online media make different groups conform to the low-penetration group characteristics mentioned in the theory, that is, whether low status members in the groups can easily transform into members of high status. Under this condition, online groups with different interest combine and distribute at a rather loose organize, where members need to devote tons of time to search for positive distinctiveness, and where positive distinctiveness are precious enough to be trading certain degree of privacy with.

While unconsciously providing privacy occupies a important proportion of privacy disclosure, deliberately providing degrees of privacy still reach a high percentage level. The theory of privacy paradox is provided as a reasonable explanation.  “Although survey results show that the privacy of their personal data is an important issue for online users worldwide, most users rarely make an effort to protect this data actively and often even give it away voluntarily” wrote Gerber at the review of privacy paradox. This explanation accurately tells the action of related phenomenon, where social media users concern and neglect basic measurements of protecting their own personal devices. Based on Altman’s theory, regulation the behavior of internet users could reduce certain degree of stress and anxiety, and are likely to reach an optimal level of privacy defense by regulation their behavior. For teenagers, despite their pressure received from oversharing personal information, they still kept struggling between leaving social priorities aside or ignore the consequences. 
 Young and Quan wrote in a paper published in 2013, Haase highlighted that teens are aware of privacy risks but still disclose personal information to stay socially connected. 

Solutions and Aims
In conclusion, the pervasive use of social media among US teenagers presents both psychological benefits and significant risks related to data privacy. Based on the theory, several solutions can be exerted.
Promoting digital literacy is fundamental to addressing the psychological effects of social media on teenagers. Research from Cornell University identifies three components of a privacy framework: inquiry, reflection, and action, highlighting the importance of educating online users about how their behaviors impact others and their communities. Enhancing the general sense of responsibility among online users can reduce cyberbullying and improve security awareness, especially in an era where digital data collection is ubiquitous. Therefore, educating all generations about privacy settings, recognizing phishing attempts, and managing digital footprints can establish a foundational level of privacy security—effectively protecting users themselves
Another essential solution is the development of tools and platforms that mitigate anxiety, depression, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out). According to the FOMO theory, the anxiety and depression induced by social media stem from the oversharing of personal experiences, making it challenging to balance social needs with privacy security awareness. Research published in the Journal of Technology in Behavior Science highlights the significant role of mental therapy, where peer support and frequent social contact are crucial. Establishing online platforms with positive incentives could help, and some initiatives have already shown success. This suggests that it is possible to derive more benefits from social media while minimizing negative effects.
Fostering a culture of thoughtful and intentional sharing on social media could serve as an effective solution. Kim and Drumwright (2016) suggest that value-driven content enhances user engagement and well-being. By having clear personal goals, users can more easily achieve a sense of belonging without compromising their privacy, leading to more meaningful and secure online interactions. 
To address the issues, implement digital literacy programs teaching privacy settings and cybersecurity in schools, develop platforms with mental health tools, and encourage intentional sharing by promoting value-driven content. These initiatives foster responsibility and enhance well-being, while balancing online engagement and privacy.
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