answer the followed qcm about genetics:     1. The following statements about an autosomal dominant disease are true:
        1. An affected father has only affected daughters
        2. Two affected parents may have healthy daughters
        3. An affected father can transmit the disease to his son
        4. Two affected parents have only affected children
        5. An affected person may have genotype An
        6. Two affected parents cannot have healthy children
        7. An affected person may have genotype Na
        8. A healthy mother may have an affected son
        9. An affected father may have a healthy daughter
        10. A healthy person has genotype NN
    2. The following statements about a heterozygous person, in an X-linked dominant disorder, are true:
        1. The person cannot transmit the disease to offspring
        2. If she marries an affected person she has a 100% risk of having affected children
        3. The person has genotype An
        4. The person has a 25% risk of transmitting the disease to offspring
        5. The person has genotype XA Y
        6. The person is affected
        7. The person has genotype XA Xn
        8. The person has a 50% risk of transmitting the disease to offspring if the partner is healthy
        9. The person can inherit the abnormal gene from one of the parents
        10. If she marries an affected person, she has a 75% risk of having affected children
    3. The following statements about persons with genotype XA Y are true:
        1. They have a 100% risk of having affected daughters
        2. They're hemizygotes
        3. They have a 25% risk of having affected daughters
        4. They have a 50% risk of having affected daughters
        5. They are healthy carriers
        6. They are affected by a dominant disorder
        7. They can not transmit the abnormal gene to their sons
        8. They suffer from a dominant disease
        9. They are heterozygotes
        10. They are affected by a Y-linked disorder
    4. The following statements about individuals with the Na genotype are true:
        1. If they marry an affected person they have a 100% risk of affected children
        2. They are hemizygotes
        3. They have a 50% chance of transmitting the abnormal gene to offspring
        4. They suffer from an X-linked disorder
        5. They are heterozygotes
        6. They have a 75% risk of transmitting the abnormal gene to their offspring
        7. If they marry a person with genotype NN they cannot have affected children
        8. They are healthy
        9. They can inherit the abnormal gene from one of the parents
        10. They suffer from a dominant disease
    5. In dominant diseases we can find the following genotypes:
        1. XN Xa
        2. AA
        3. aa
        4. NN
        5. An
        6. XA Xn
        7. XN XN
        8. XA Y
        9. Na
        10. XA XA
    6. X-linked dominant diseases are characterized by:
        1. A couple with a heterozygous mother and healthy father has a 25% risk of having affected children
        2. Affected men have a 50% risk of having affected daughters
        3. Heterozygous women can not have healthy daughters
        4. The affected mother can not transmit the disease to her sons
        5. A couple with a heterozygous mother and healthy father has a 50% risk of having affected children
        6. Two affected parents may have healthy children but only boys
        7. Affected men cannot have healthy daughters
        8. They are the consequence of mutations of genes located on the X chromosome
        9. Two affected parents can only have affected children
        10. Affected men cannot transmit the disease to their sons (when the mother is healthy)
    7. The following statements regarding monogenic diseases are true:
        1. They can be diagnosed by chromosomal analysis
        2. They are produced by segregation accidents of genetic material in meiosis (non-disjunction)
        3. In the pedigree, using specific criteria, it is possible to identify the mode of inheritance of the disease
        4. They are characterized by the presence in a somatic cell of a single chromosome instead of a pair of chromosomes
        5. They are produced by mutations affecting a single pair of allelic genes
        6. They are produced exclusively by genetic factors
        7. They are classified as dominant and recessive
        8. They are produced by the accumulation over time of somatic mutations and the reduction in the number of chromosomes
        9. They are transmitted according to Mendel's laws
        10. They are produced only by environmental factors
    8. The following phenomena create difficulties in determining the type of transmission of a monogenic disease and in assessing the recurrence risk:
        1. Specificity (of organ)
        2. Genetic heterogeneity
        3. Anaphase lag
        4. Anticipation
        5. Transverse cleavage of the centromere
        6. Chromosomal disjunction
        7. Chromatidian disjunction
        8. Incomplete penetrance
        9. Non-separation of the daughter cells in second meiosis
        10. Variable expressivity
    9. The following statements about consanguinity are true:
        1. Consanguinity increases the risk of a couple having children with autosomal recessive disorders
        2. Consanguinity increases the risk of non-disjunction
        3. Consanguinity increases the risk for a couple having children with mitochondrial disease
        4. Consanguinity does not increase the risk of non-separation of the daughter cells in second meiosis
        5. Consanguinity represents the transfusion of blood between related persons
        6. Consanguinity increases the risk of anaphase lag
        7. Consanguinity increases the likelihood of offspring inheriting the same recessive mutation from both parents
        8. Consanguinity represents the marriage between related persons
        9. Consanguinity increases the risk of pure ecological disorders
        10. Consanguinity increases the risk for a couple having children homozygous for a recessive mutation
    10. The following statements about autosomal recessive diseases are correct:
        1. Heterozygous persons are affected
        2. When parents are heterozygotes, the risk to have an affected child is 75%.
        3. An affected mother may have healthy sons (the father is healthy)
        4. An affected parent and a healthy homozygous parent have a 25% risk of affected children
        5. A healthy father may have affected the daughters
        6. A couple with a healthy father and an affected mother may have affected daughters
        7. Two healthy parents with an affected child, have a 25% risk of another affected child
        8. Two healthy parents may have affected children, both boys, and girls
        9. Two affected parents may have healthy children but only boys
        10. An affected father can't transmit the disease to his sons
    11. The following statements about X-linked recessive diseases are correct:
        1. Two affected parents may have healthy children but only boys
        2. An affected mother cannot have healthy sons
        3. A healthy father and an affected mother have a 50% risk of having affected children
        4. A healthy father has only healthy daughters
        5. Two healthy parents may have affected children, but only boys
        6. An affected man has genotype Xa Y
        7. An affected father and a healthy homozygous mother have a 25% risk of having affected children
        8. An affected father can not transmit the abnormal gene to his daughters
        9. An affected woman has genotype XN Xa
        10. A healthy father and an affected mother have a 75% risk of having affected daughters
    12. In recessive diseases we can find the following genotypes:
        1. Xa Y
        2. XA Xn
        3. XN Xa
        4. Na
        5. An
        6. XA Y
        7. AA
        8. aa
        9. nn
        10. Xa Xa
    13. The following statements about a person with genotype XA Xn are true:
        1. The person can transmit the abnormal gene to her offspring
        2. The person is affected by an X-linked dominant disorder
        3. If she marries a healthy man, the risk of having affected children is 50%
        4. The person is affected by the autosomal recessive disorder
        5. If she marries an affected man, the risk of having affected children is 100%
        6. The person is heterozygote
        7. The person is a homozygote
        8. The person is affected by an X-linked recessive disorder
        9. The person is a hemizygote
        10. If she marries an affected man, the risk of having affected children is 75%
    14. The following statements about a person with genotype XA Y are true:
        1. If he marries a healthy woman, the risk of having affected children is 100%
        2. If he marries an affected heterozygous woman, the risk of having affected children is 25%
        3. If he marries a healthy woman, the risk of having affected children is 25%
        4. If he marries an affected heterozygous woman, the risk of having affected daughters is 100%
        5. If he marries an affected heterozygous woman, the risk of having affected children is 75%
        6. The person is affected by an autosomal recessive disorder
        7. The person is affected by an X-linked recessive disorder
        8. If he marries a healthy woman, the risk of having affected children is 50%
        9. The person will transmit the abnormal gene to his daughters
        10. The person is affected by an X-linked dominant disorder
    15. The following statements about X fragile syndrome are correct:
        1. The gene involved in this syndrome is located on chromosome X
        2. The affected person has chromosomal formula 45, X
        3. The number of repetitions is amplified when it is transmitted from one generation to the next one
        4. The affected person has a very short stature, disproportionate, proximal segment shortened
        5. X fragile syndrome is produced by a large number (>200) of repetitions of a sequence of 3 nucleotides
        6. X fragile syndrome is produced by a large number of repetitions of a sequence of 5 nucleotides
        7. The affected person has multiple fractures due to minimal trauma
        8. Persons with premutation have a mild phenotype
        9. Persons with the full mutation (>200) have the X fragile syndrome
        10. The gene involved in this syndrome is located on chromosome Y