Переведи текст на русский язык. Соблюдай правила грамматики и синтаксиса при переводе. Постарайся перевести максимально сохраняя смысл оригинала: A criticism of the early definitions of self-awareness is that the interpersonal components of the construct were neglected. While early theories of self-awareness (i.e., S. Duval & Wicklund, 1972) were largely limited to the intraperspective, these theories do outline that for one to become self-aware, one needs to use the reflections from self-focus and evaluate this against standards which are extrinsic to the individual; this is perhaps the interpersonal aspect. Later definitions make the distinction between focusing on external and internal aspects of self, which has been defined as public and private self-consciousness (Fenigstein et al., 1975), with public consciousness focusing on how we might appear to others and the private consciousness being centered on one’s internal state.
Across both the intra- and interpersonal aspects of self-awareness a total of seven separate components were identified. While these seven components of self-awareness were mentioned in the definitions, very few of the articles explored the components in depth. This perhaps, along with the discussion about the many perspectives of self, provides an explanation as to why there has been a lack of consistency in how the construct of self-awareness is defined. Despite the absence of clarification on the definitions of these components, they were identified or listed separately within the definitions (see Figure 3). With each of the components of self-awareness identified, it is suggested that an individual is required to attain an understanding of each to develop self-awareness.
The seven components and how each component relates to self-awareness will be discussed. First, beliefs and values. Beliefs refer to personal attitudes about oneself and the surrounding world, they are generalizations and are deeply personal (Pajares, 1992), whereas values refer to the things an individual attaches importance to (Akin, 2000), and are usually hierarchical, dynamic, and abstract concepts which individuals tend to desire to attain. Beliefs and values are components which individuals are required to explore introspectively (Eckroth-Bucher, 2010) in order to understand drivers for behavior and personal reactions (Pompeo & Levitt, 2014). Rasheed (2015) also highlights that an awareness and knowledge of values and beliefs provides understanding of how personal attitudes are developed.
Second, internal mental state, which was perceived to include the subcomponents of feelings and emotions and thoughts and cognitions. Internal mental state was used in the articles in our review to refer to thoughts, as well as emotions, and it appears to be an amalgam of an individual’s mental representations (Piccinini, 2004; Weintraub, 1987). Three authors identify internal mental state as a component (Lawrence et al., 2018; Showry & Manasa, 2014; Sutton, 2016).
Feelings and emotions were grouped together as one subcomponent as emotion is an internal mental state from which feelings are generated, with feelings providing the description of an emotional mental state (Scherer, 2005). Mood was identified as a component by Zaborowski and Slaski (2003) and was included in this subcomponent. The analysis indicated that for individuals to be self-aware there is the need to become consciously aware of their feelings and emotions (Oden et al., 2009) that are present at any one time, with the awareness to be able to name them (Kondrat, 1999). This is perhaps the first step to explore introspectively, before then reflecting on why the emotions arose (Pompeo & Levitt, 2014).
Turning to the subcomponent of thoughts and cognitions, several authors referred to thoughts (e.g., Eckroth-Bucher, 2010; Oden et al., 2009) as a component of self-awareness, and only one (Topuz & Arasan, 2014) referred to cognitions. Interestingly, Topuz and Arasan (2014) reference both cognitions and thoughts as separate components, although the rationale for this distinction is not covered in their article. We combined thoughts and cognitions into one component as cognitions were viewed as the mental action of thinking and thoughts (Wessinger & Clapham, 2009). Our analysis indicated that the individual must have conscious awareness of their thoughts in order to be self-aware (Rasheed et al., 2019; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999). This suggests that not only does an individual need an overall awareness of their thoughts to be self-aware, they also need an “in the moment” awareness (Rasheed et al., 2019; Williams, 2008).
Third, physical sensations (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999), which was referred to as sensations (Showry & Manasa, 2014) or physiological responses (Williams, 2008). Williams (2008) identifies these physiological responses as a reaction in the body, for example “a fluttering of the heart” (p. 140), while Trapnell and Campbell’s definition of the construct is limited to naming the component of “physical sensations” rather than any discussion of the properties of this component.
Fourth, personality traits, which was simply defined as “awareness of self” (Feize & Faver, 2019, p. 162) with no further clarification as to what is meant by personality or awareness. However, as Feize and Faver’s definition is somewhat limited (see Table 1) the terms “personality” and “awareness” maybe being used as a “catch-all” term for all the components the analysis identified. Rasheed (2015), in line with the components discussed earlier, highlights that self-awareness is about “understanding and knowing” (p. 212) one’s personality traits. Therefore, in this context, the personality traits component refers to what S. N. Taylor (2010) identifies as personal self-resources, and this would refer to an awareness of character traits, along with an “assessment of strengths and weaknesses” (p. 58).
Fifth, motivations were identified as a separate component (Rasheed, 2015), and desires (Showry & Manasa, 2014; Zaborowski & Slaski, 2003) were also categorized in the component of motivations. The motivations component can be described for the purpose of this research as the personal drivers or reasons for behaving in a particular way (J. Taylor, 2012). Zaborowski and Slaski refer to the components of self-awareness (in this case desires) as contents, which they describe as “those phenomena and processes which appear in the self-awareness of an individual” (p. 100).
The remaining two components, those of behaviors and others’ perceptions were classified as interpersonal components as they referred to one’s influence on others (Lawrence et al., 2018; McCarthy & Garavan, 1999; Oden et al., 2009; Vazire & Carlson, 2010).
The sixth component, behaviors, refers to the actions that others see or hear individuals displaying, and they were therefore categorized as an interpersonal component as they are externally visible, and indeed might affect others in terms of how they might be interpreted by others (Vazire & Carlson, 2010). Rochat (2018) identifies that it is these components which are seen “through the evaluative eyes of other individuals” (p. 1).
The seventh component, an awareness of how one is perceived by others (McCarthy & Garavan, 1999; Oden et al., 2009). Some authors specifically included the requirement for “feedback from others” (Rasheed, 2015) and Rochat (2018) highlights the requirement to have awareness of oneself through the evaluative eyes of others in order to develop self-awareness. This external perspective to self-awareness was grouped into the component of others’ perceptions.
Most of the components of self-awareness were presented as components that an individual is required to be consciously aware of and understand, in order to appreciate how they impact their behavior and choices (Eckroth-Bucher, 2010; Oden et al., 2009; Rasheed, 2015), and therefore develop self-awareness (Pompeo & Levitt, 2014). Eckroth-Bucher (2010) identifies that the components of self-awareness need to be scrutinized and Rasheed (2015) states that that there is a need to “objectively examine one’s personal beliefs” (p. 212), in order to not only understand how any given component is impacting one’s behavior but also to enable the awareness to “consciously and authentically guide behaviour” (p. 213). Therefore, the components highlighted in Figure 3 are those components which an individual must have conscious awareness of, through introspective exploration, to develop self-awareness.
Examining the components goes some way to answering, “what is self-awareness?” However, in terms of our second research question: “How does self-awareness differ from the related concepts of self-consciousness and self-knowledge?” these same components occurred in the coding of the definitions for self-consciousness and self-knowledge, suggesting that there is no clear distinction between self-awareness, self-consciousness, and self-knowledge.