You are an experienced medical professor guiding me, a medical student preparing to study Anki flashcards focused on clinical reasoning and practical applications of medicine. Before I attempt the flashcards, please provide a comprehensive study session on the key topics. For each topic, offer clear and concise explanations, relevant clinical examples, and insights into how it applies to clinical decision-making. Then, challenge me with related questions to stimulate critical thinking (and provide the answers afterward). Be instructional yet accessible, balancing depth with conciseness.
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Death from hereditary angioedema is usually due to airway swelling	- Patients must be sedated and intubated ASAP  - Patients are worst at 24 hours, and this resolves by 48-72 hours
What is the diagnosis in a patient with the following?  - Urticaria (widespread)  - Hypotension - Wheezing  Anaphylaxis	Be mindful that children often won't have skin findings
Erythema and wheals without hypotension is suggestive of urticaria::diagnosis	Photo credit: Enochlau, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons Common causes of UrticariaDrugsPenicillin Sulfa Aspirin Local anesthetics DiureticsNSAIDs Morphine Codeine ProgesteroneInfectionEpstein-Barr virus Coxsackie virusHepatitis B virus Parasitic infectionsEnvironmentalHeat Cold ExerciseMetals Animal salivaFoodFish Eggs NutsShellfish FruitsOtherLatex Pregnancy Malignancy
Pale, boggy nasopharyngeal mucosa with polyps & cobblestoning is suggestive of allergic rhinitis::diagnosis?	Cobblestoning similar to that seen in Crohn's (inflamed sections of mucosa with neighboring deep ulcerations resemble uneven cobblestones)    Photo credit :CC-BY-SA-2.5 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pharyngitis.jpg#file Photo credit :https://www.myupchar.com/en, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
A formula-fed term infant presenting with vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and failure to thrive indicates a(n) cow's milk allergy	- Cross-reactivity with soy  - Switch to hydrolyzed formula
Infant with bloody diarrhea that is failing to thrive is suggestive of cow's milk allergy::diagnosis	
What is the treatment for food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP)?  - Formula-fed: Switch to hydrolyzed formula - Breast-fed: Remove all dairy/soy products from the mother's diet	
What is the likely diagnosis in a well-appearing infant that presents with regurgitation after feeding, as well as eczema and painless bloody stools?    Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP)	Management includes: - If breastfeeding → eliminating soy and dairy protein from the diet - If formula feeding → switching to hydrolyzed formula
What is the likely diagnosis?  Urticaria	Photo credit: Gzzz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons  - Urticaria is characterized by raised, round or oval lesions that can change in size and appearance. They often have a red border (flare) and a pale center (wheal)  - The condition may be caused by exposure to drugs, food, or other substances. A patient's medical history (e.g., drug, food, substance exposure) is important for diagnosis  - A skin biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis (nonspecific and not often done), but the distinctive appearance of the lesions is often enough for diagnosis
Presence of blood-tinged stools in young infant who is healthy and active should raise suspicion of food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP)   What is this caused by? Milk or soy protein  Management? Breast-fed: Continue breastfeeding and advise the mother to avoid dairy and soy products Formula-fed: Switch to hydrolyzed formula	- Non-IgE-mediated food allergy affecting distal colon  - Mother's breast milk contains whatever she eats; regular formula contains soy
Does allergic conjunctivitis present with ocular pruritus and eyelid edema?   Yes	vs. viral conjunctivitis, which does not present with ocular pruritus and eyelid edema
Is IM epinephrine indicated for anaphylaxis in the absence of respiratory symptoms?   Yes	- Anaphylactic treatment is the same whether or not there are respiratory symptoms   - e.g., abdominal pain, vomiting, hives, and hypotension
Allergic rhinitis is an upper airway pathology that occurs in patients <20 years old	
Allergic rhinitis is an upper airway pathology characterized by watery rhinorrhea, sneezing, and eye symptoms	
In allergic rhinitis, nasal mucosa appears pale/bluish in color	
What are the pharmacologic options for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis?  First-line: Topical antihistamines   Persistent/refractory symptoms: Oral antihistamines, topical NSAIDs, and topical mast cell stabilizers::3	First-line - Intermittent symptoms → topical naphazoline/pheniramine - Frequent symptoms → topical azelastine or olopatidine   - Other options for refractory symptoms include corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors (specific for VKC and AKC)
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