Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             
the urethra 
which may inhibit the flow of urine. 
For female: 
 The “climacteric” occurs (defined as the period in which reproductive 
capacity decreases (ie, ovarian failure) then finally stops (loss of estrogen 
& progesterone). This is also described as the transition from per menopause 
(~age 40s) to menopause. 
 Decrease vaginal secretions. 
 Thinning & graying of pubic hair. 
 Loss of fat in external genitalia giving them a shrunken appearance. 
 Ovaries & uterus decreases in size & weight. 
 Atrophy of vaginal tissues due to low estrogen levels. 
Nursing Interventions: 
 Give vaginal lubricants to females. 
 Regular check-ups are particularly important for men. Prostate trouble may 
go untreated until it requires radical treatment. 
XI. Special Senses: 
 Decreased visual acuity. 
 Decreased accommodation in eyes requiring increased adjustment time to 
changes in light. 
 Decreased peripheral vision. 
 Presbyopia (The loss of the eye's ability to change focus to see near objects). 
 
Content 
 
~ 22 ~ 
 Presbycusis describes an age related hearing loss.  It involves a dysfunction 
in the ability to transmit nerve impulses from the ear to the brain. 
 Hearing loss can also be caused by a blockage in the ear from ear wax. 
  Taste sensation decreases because taste buds atrophy.   
 Decreased sense of smell: Reduced with age due to few nerve cells in the 
nasal lining. 
 Changes in touch sensation. Their ability to sense pressure and pain is 
reduced and they have greater difficulty differentiating temperature. 
 Decreased pain awareness. 
Nursing intervention:  
Adapting to vision: 
 Make sure older adult has a baseline eye assessment early in older adulthood 
and follow up eye exams yearly. 
 Ensure adequate lighting. 
 Install handrails & Keep objects in same position. 
 Keep walkways clear. 
 Identify stairs with tape. 
 Allow time for eyes to adjust; dark to light. 
 Install nightlights. 
 Wear and clean lenses and eye glass. 
Adapting to hearing: 
 Sit at face level. 
 Don’t cover your mouth. 
 Reduce background noise. 
 Speak slowly; use simple words with short sentences. 
 Encourage hearing checks. 
 Encourage hearing aid /check batteries. 
Adapting to touch: 
 Test water temperature. 
 Label hot and cold taps. 
 Encourage closed-toed shoes. 
 
Content 
 
~ 23 ~ 
 Check for injuries. 
Adapting to smell / taste: 
 Use spices to flavor food. 
 Maintain good oral hygiene & denture care. 
 Advise to stop smoke. 
XII. Psychological changes in elderly: 
Most elderly people seem to be most vulnerable to psychological 
dysfunction 
when they experience change. 
 Affective function refers to the mood, emotions (such as happiness, sadness, 
fear, pain, anger, and confusion). 
 Cognitive function refers to memory, learning, and intelligence. Cognitive 
and affective functioning affects the person’s self-esteem. 
A. Affective functioning: 
 It is influenced by the way an individual views the world and s

            Quiz: