User: You are given access to make searches on the Internet. The format for making a search is: 1. The user sends a message. 2. You will decide whether to make a search. If you choose to make a search, you will output a single message, containing the word 
 (EXACTLY AS IT IS GIVEN TO YOU), followed by ONLY your web search query. After outputting your search query, you MUST output the token 
 (EXACTLY AS IT IS GIVEN TO YOU) to denote the end of the search query. Keep your search query concise as there is a 400 characters limit.
The system will then append the web search results at the end of the user message, starting with the token 
. Take note that the user CANNOT ACCESS the content under 
 - YOU should incorporate these results into your response. Additionally, If the token 
 is present in the user's message, then you MUST NOT request another web search.

IMPORTANT! You should choose to search the web ONLY if ANY of the following circumstances are met:
1. User is asking about current events or something that requires real-time information (news, sports scores, 'latest' information, etc.)
2. User is asking about some term you are unfamiliar with (e.g. if it's a little-known term, if it's a person you don't know well, etc.)
3. User is asking about anything that involves numerical facts (e.g. distances between places, population count, sizes, date and time, etc.)
4. User explicitly asks you to search or provide links to references.
If the user's query does NOT require a web search, YOU MUST NEVER run one for no reason.
However, NEVER refuse to search the web if the user asks you to provide such information.

When using web search results, you are encouraged to cite references where appropriate, using inline links in standard markdown format.
You are also allowed to make use of web search results from previous messages, if they are STRONGLY RELEVANT to the current message.

When you are not running a web search, respond completely as per normal - there is NO NEED to mention that you're not searching. 
Do your best to be informative. However, you MUST NOT make up any information. If you think you might not know something, search for it.

Assistant: Understood. I will strictly follow these instructions in this conversation.
User: is integer overflow UB in cpp


 for "is integer overflow UB in cpp":

1.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16188263/is-signed-integer-overflow-still-undefined-behavior-in-c
Title: Is signed integer overflow still undefined behavior in C++?
Content: 101. As we know, signed <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b> <b>is</b> undefined behavior. But there is something interesting in C++11 cstdint documentation: signed <b>integer</b> type with width of exactly 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits respectively with no padding bits and using 2's complement for negative values (provided only if the implementation directly supports the type) See link.

2.
URL: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/ub
Title: Undefined behavior - cppreference.com
Content: undefined behavior - there are no restrictions on the behavior of the program.; Some examples of undefined behavior are data races, memory accesses outside of array bounds, signed <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b>, null pointer dereference, more than one modifications of the same scalar in an expression without any intermediate sequence point (until C++11) that is unsequenced (since C++11), access to an object ...

3.
URL: https://belaycpp.com/2021/06/08/dealing-with-integer-overflows/
Title: Dealing with integer overflows - Belay the C++
Content: UBSan. Undefined Behavior Sanitizer, UBSan for short, is a runtime undefined behaviour checker. It has the ability to detect <b>integer</b> <b>overflows</b> <b>in</b> the form of compilation options (though it is supposed to check <b>UBs</b>, it also do us the favor to check unsigned <b>overflows</b>): clang++ -fsanitize=signed-<b>integer</b>-<b>overflow</b> -fsanitize=unsigned-<b>integer</b>-<b>overflow</b>.

4.
URL: https://users.cs.utah.edu/~regehr/papers/overflow12.pdf
Title: <span class="result__type">PDF</span> Understanding Integer Overﬂow in C/C++ - University of Utah
Content: y all of these questions systematically.This paper m. kes the following primary contributions. First, we developed <b>Integer</b> <b>Overflow</b> Checker (IOC), an open-source tool that detects both undefined <b>integer</b> behav-iors as well as well-defined wraparound behaviors in C/C++ programs.2 IOC is an exten.

5.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10011372/c-underflow-and-overflow
Title: C++ underflow and overflow - Stack Overflow
Content: @ThomasWeller: n3690 says "Unsigned <b>integers</b> shall obey the laws of arithmetic modulo 2^n where n is the number of bits in the value representation of that particular size of <b>integer</b>" and as a note "This implies that unsigned arithmetic does not <b>overflow</b> because a result that cannot be represented by the resulting unsigned <b>integer</b> type is reduced modulo the number that is one greater than the ...

6.
URL: https://www.nayuki.io/page/summary-of-c-cpp-integer-rules
Title: Summary of C/C++ integer rules - Nayuki
Content: When arithmetic is performed on a signed <b>integer</b> type, <b>overflow</b> <b>is</b> undefined behavior. <b>UB</b> can produce correct, inconsistent, and/or incorrect behavior, now or anytime in the future. When arithmetic is performed on an unsigned <b>integer</b> type (after promotions and conversions), any <b>overflow</b> <b>is</b> guaranteed to wrap around. For example, UINT_MAX + 1 == 0.

7.
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_overflow
Title: Integer overflow - Wikipedia
Content: An <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b> can cause the value to wrap and become negative, which violates the program's assumption and may lead to unexpected behavior (for example, 8-bit <b>integer</b> addition of 127 + 1 results in −128, a two's complement of 128). (A solution for this particular problem is to use unsigned <b>integer</b> types for values that a program expects ...

8.
URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-do-i-detect-unsigned-integer-overflow-in-cpp/
Title: How Do I Detect Unsigned Integer Overflow in C++?
Content: Check for <b>Integer</b> <b>Overflow</b>. Write a "C" function, int addOvf (int* result, int a, int b) If there is no <b>overflow</b>, the function places the resultant = sum a+b in "result" and returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1. The solution of casting to long and adding to find detecting the <b>overflow</b> <b>is</b> not allowed.Method 1 There can be <b>overflow</b> only if signs ...

9.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/988588/is-using-unsigned-integer-overflow-good-practice
Title: Is using unsigned integer overflow good practice?
Content: To put it shortly: It is perfectly legal/OK/safe to use unsigned <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b> as you see fit as long as you pay attention and adhere to the definition (for whatever purpose - optimization, super clever algorithms, etc.) answered Jun 12, 2009 at 19:51. Anders Hansson. 3,79633027. 4.

10.
URL: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-avoid-integer-overflows-and-underflows-in-cpp/
Title: How to Avoid Integer Overflows and Underflows in C++?
Content: Solution 1: 1. Initialize variable c as long long data type. long long c = a * b; 2. But the problem still arises because a and b are int data types and the product of two int data types is always an <b>integer</b> ranges between the range of int which is mentioned above. 3. Initialize a or b as long long data types.

11.
URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/cpp/comments/180dpvu/c_needs_undefined_behavior_but_maybe_less/
Title: C++ needs undefined behavior, but maybe less | think-cell : r/cpp - Reddit
Content: But if the standard made <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b> implementation defined behavior, then the compiler wouldn't be allowed anymore to make optimizations which rely on it being undefined. This argument is always brought up, but I am neither convinced that this was the intention for making signed <b>overflow</b> <b>UB</b> nor that it is relevant in practice.

12.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26956729/why-is-c-underflow-overflow-behaviour-considered-undefined
Title: Why is C++ underflow/overflow behaviour considered undefined?
Content: It is undefined in C++ because the various CPU in the world do not agree on a definition. For example, some CPU use "saturated" math where <b>overflow</b> results in the max value. - brian beuning. Nov 16, 2014 at 12:37. It's defined for the specific hardware it executes on, but not by the C++ standard.

13.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3944505/detecting-signed-overflow-in-c-c
Title: Detecting signed overflow in C/C++ - Stack Overflow
Content: This function appears to be very useful except for one thing: int result; __builtin_add_overflow(INT_MAX, 1, &result); does not explicitly say what is stored in result on <b>overflow</b> and unfortunately is quiet on specifying undefined behavior does not occur. Certainly that was the intent - no <b>UB</b>. Better if it specified that. -

14.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16056758/c-c-unsigned-integer-overflow
Title: C/C++ unsigned integer overflow - Stack Overflow
Content: 0. One more example to show unsigned data type wraps around instead of <b>overflow</b>: unsigned int i = std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max (); // (say) 4294967295. Assigning a -ve number to the unsigned is not recommended but for the illustrative purpose, I'm using it below.

15.
URL: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56503215/why-is-signed-overflow-ub-in-c-and-c
Title: Why is signed overflow UB in C and C++? [duplicate]
Content: Presumably, this is to allow optimizations not otherwise possible. It is not clear to me, however, what those optimizations are. I know that there is a C++20 proposal that would make signed <b>integers</b> <b>in</b> C++ more defined. At the time of this writing, however, this proposal also leaves a signed <b>integer</b> <b>overflow</b> as undefined. c++. language-lawyer.


Assistant: