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SIMPLIFIED RULES OF EVIDENCE
To assure each side a fair trial, certain rules have been developed to govern the types of evidence that may be introduced, as well as the manner in which evidence may be presented. These
rules are called “the rules of evidence”. The prosecution lawyer, the defence lawyer and the judge
are responsible for enforcing these rules. Before the judge can apply a rule of evidence, the lawyers
must ask the judge to do so. Lawyers do this by making “objections” to the evidence or procedure
employed by the opposing side. When an objection is raised, the lawyer who asked the question that
is being challenged will usually be asked by the judge why the question was not in violation of the
rules of evidence.
The rules of evidence used in real trials can be very complicated. A few of the most important rules of evidence have been adapted for mock trial purposes.
Rule 1. Leading Question
A “leading” question is one that suggests the answer desired by the questioner, usually by
stating some facts not previously discussed and then asking the witness to give a yes or no answer.
Leading question may not be asked on direct examination (examination - in - chief). They may be
used on cross-examination.
Example: “So, Mr. Smith, you took Ms. Jones to a movie that night, didn’t’t you?”
Objection: “Objection, Your Honour, counsel is leading the witness.”
Possible Response: “Your Honour, leading is permissible on cross-examination,” or “I’ll rephrase the question.” For example, the question can be rephrased: “Mr. Smith, where did you go
that night? Who did you go with” (This would not suggest the answer the attorney desires.)
Rule 2. Narration
Narration occurs when the witness provides more information than the question called for.
Witnesses’ answers must respond to the questions. A narrative answer is objectionable.
Example: “What did you do when you reached the front door of the house?”
Witness - “I opened the door and walked into the kitchen. I was afraid that he was in the
house - you know, he had been acting quite strangely the day before.”
Objection: “Objection, Your Honour, the witness is narrating.”
Response: “Your Honour, the witness is telling us a complete sequence of events.”
Rule 3. Relevance
Questions and answers must relate to the subject matter of the case; this is called “relevance.” Question or answers that do not relate to the case are “irrelevant.” Irrelevant questions or
answers are objectionable.
Example: (In a traffic accident case) “Mrs. Smith, how many times have you been married?”
Objection: “Your Honour, this question is irrelevant to this case.”
Response: “Your Honour, this series of questions will show that Mrs. Smith’s first husband
was killed in an auto accident, and this fact has increased her mental suffering in this case.”
Rule 4. Hearsay
“Hearsay” is something the witness has heard someone said outside the courtroom. Also,
any written statement made outside the courtroom is hearsay. Hearsay evidence is objectionable.
However, there are exceptions to the hearsay rule for purposes of the mock trial. If an exception applies, the court will allow hearsay evidence to be introduced. In a mock trial, hearsay evidence is
allowed when the witness is repeating a statement made directly to the witness by one of the witnesses in the case. Hearsay is also allowed if one of the witnesses is repeating a statement made by
an individual who is no longer alive. Note that this exception to the hearsay rule does not extend to
witness testimony about what another person heard a witness said. This is “double hearsay.”
Example: “Mary, the plaintiff, told me that Harry, the defendant, was drunk the night of the
accident”.
Objection: “Objection, Your Honour, this is double hearsay.”
Response: “Your Honour, since Harry is the defendant, the witness can testify to a statement he heard Harry made.”
Rule 5. Firsthand Knowledge
Witnesses must have directly seen, heard, or experienced whatever is they are testifying
about. A lack of firsthand knowledge is objectionable.
Example: “I know Harry well enough to know that two beers usually make him drunk, so
I’m sure he was drunk that night too.”
Objection: “Your Honour, the witness has no firsthand knowledge of Harry’s condition that
night.”
Response: “The witness is just generally describing her usual experience with Harry.”
Rule 6. Opinions
Unless a witness is qualified as an expert in the appropriate field, such as medicine or ballistics, the witness may not give an opinion about matters relating to that field. Opinions are objectionable unless given by an expert qualified in the appropriate field. As an exception to this rule, a
lay witness may give an opinion based on common experience.
Example: (Said by a witness who is not a doctor) “The doctor put my cast on wrong. That’s
why I have a limp now.”
Objection: “Objection, Your Honour, the witness is giving an opinion.”
Response: “Your Honour, the witness may answer the question because ordinary persons
can judge whether a cast was put on correctly.”
Rule 7. Opinions on the Ultimate Issue
Witnesses, including experts, cannot give opinions on the ultimate issue of the case: the
guilt or innocence of the defendant or the liability of the parties. These are matters for the judge and
the jury to decide. Opinions on the ultimate issue in a case are objectionable.
Example: “I believe that Mr. Smith was negligent in driving too fast in this case.”
Objection: “Your Honour, the witness is giving an opinion on the ultimate issue - the negligence of Mr. Smith.”
Response: “The witness is commenting that the driver was speeding. This is not the ultimate
issue in this case.”
Rule 8. Additional Rules of Evidence
Objections during the testimony of a witness must be made only by the direct examining and
cross-examining attorney for that witness.
Cross-examination is not limited to the scope of direct questioning.
A shot redirect examination, limited to no more than two questions, will be allowed following cross-examination, if an attorney desires. Questions on redirection are limited to the
scope of the cross-examination.