сделай перевод на русский Спикер 2:
00:00:02 — By 2050, there could be more plastic in the ocean by weight than fish.
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00:00:08 — Plastic pollution is definitely one of the largest threats our oceans face today.
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00:00:12 — Every year, millions of tons of plastic flows from rivers into the sea, polluting ecosystems and even getting into the food chain. One group of engineers is applying technology in new ways to tackle plastic pollution.
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00:00:29 — Rivers are really the arteries that carry the plastic from land to sea.
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00:00:33 — By stemming the flow at the source.
00:00:50 — Roughly four million people live in the basin of the Klang River in Malaysia. It's one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
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00:00:58 — We leave it here one hour.
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00:01:01 — This team is trying to clean it up and stop the river's harmful waste from flowing into the ocean. They're pinning their hopes on this rubbish-eating boat called the Interceptor. The river's current directs the debris onto a barrier from where it's funnelled into the boat's conveyor belt. This is one of four boats being trialled by the Ocean Cleanup, a pioneering engineering company based in the Netherlands.
00:01:27 — The idea was dreamt up by Boyan Slat, who as a 16-year-old schoolboy decided to dedicate himself to ridding the ocean of plastic.
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00:01:36 — I went scuba diving in Greece, and I was really hoping to see these beautiful things like you'd see in the David Attenborough documentaries, and looked around me and I just saw more plastic bags than fish. And I was rather disappointed by that, and this question came to mind, why can't we just clean this up?
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00:01:55 — Since then, his organisation has devised a number of innovative ways to apply technology to the problem.
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00:02:01 — When we started the Ocean Cleanup back in 2013, we said, let's focus our attention on plastic that's already out there and doesn't go away by itself. Yet, two years later, we realised to rid the world's oceans of plastic, you really have to do both the prevention and the cleanup side and start looking at rivers.
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00:02:24 — Every year, millions of tonnes of plastic finds its way into the ocean, most of which floats down rivers that run through heavily populated areas. Areas where waste collection systems are flawed or non-existent, meaning millions of people are forced to use the waterways as a means of disposal. But the first step to solving the problem is to understand the scale of it.
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00:02:50 — What you see is that the first studies that tried to estimate how much plastic is flowing into the ocean, There were just assumptions, heavily extrapolated over the entire globe. At the beginning, there's nothing better than those kind of studies.
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00:03:06 — But to truly calculate the amount of pollution in the rivers, they need to be monitored continuously. So the Ocean Cleanup has come up with a new way to do just that, using a camera monitoring system that can detect the size and type of plastic and the speed at which it's travelling. It plans to install these cameras on bridges above rivers all over the world, in the hope that this will give a clearer idea of where they should concentrate their efforts.
00:03:37 — Current analysis suggests that 80% of ocean plastic comes from around 1,000 rivers. The vast majority of the worst polluting rivers are in Asia, Africa and South America. The Pasig River in Manila is one of the worst polluters. It's calculated that every year, 96.5 million kilograms of plastic travels along the river, some of which ends up in the South China Sea.
00:04:05 — Plastic pollution's impact on tourism, fisheries and governmental clean-up projects is estimated to have cost coastal countries around $19 billion per year. But the long-term environmental effect could be far greater. Mattias Egger is a lead scientist at the ocean clean-up.
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00:04:28 — And this is what marine-based sources of debris looks like. Big.
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00:04:33 — With his team, he's studying plastics collected from the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a 1.6 million square kilometre zone near Hawaii littered with marine debris. But the hard work is done in a lab in Rotterdam.
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00:04:50 — She's extracting the plastics from the sample. She's measuring them to put them in different size classes and different types.
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00:04:58 — This laborious process allows them to understand the amount, composition and often the origin of plastic that ends up in the ocean.
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00:05:06 — Looks like Japanese to me. We never see it on this side. The impact on marine life is very different for the different kind of plastic and also in terms of sizes. If you have very large pieces of plastic, like a ghost net for example, entanglement is the main risk. The smaller the plastic pieces, the more impactful they are on an ecosystem.
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00:05:27 — Sunlight and seawater can break plastic down into microplastics, which ocean creatures often mistake for food. When they eat the plastic, they absorb chemicals that then enter the food chain. The long-term effect of these plastics in the food chain and on humans are still unknown.
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00:05:46 — There's a lot of research being done at the moment. The tricky part is plastic is very diverse. It's not just one type of plastic. It comes in different sizes and shapes. The data we have so far indicates there is potential negative impact on marine life. So we really need to have an understanding of how much plastic is where and what kind of plastic do we find in the different marine systems, marine compartments.
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00:06:09 — Interceptor boats have been installed in rivers in Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Dominican. Republic, where each boat has been collecting on average 50,000 kilograms of rubbish a day.
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00:06:21 — So far we've caught roughly two-thirds of the plastic that flows by.
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00:06:28 — The team collaborates with governments to ensure that the plastic collected from the boats is disposed of at local waste management facilities. But that's not the end of the Ocean Cleanup's efforts.
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00:06:40 — For us, it's not enough to say, okay, we've taken it out of the rivers. So we feel responsible to actually guarantee that the plastic doesn't end up back into the river again.
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00:06:52 — The Ocean Cleanup isn't the only group that's trying to solve the issue of plastic pollution in the world's rivers, but it believes they have a solution that can scale.
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00:07:01 — We didn't design it for one specific river, we designed the Interceptor to work in a fast-flowing river in Thailand as well as in a slow-moving river in Indonesia.
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00:07:14 — Over the next few years, the team plans to gain more investment through crowdfunding and independent benefactors, to add hundreds more Interceptor boats to its fleet. They also have plans to recycle some of this plastic and create products that can sell to make the initiative self-sufficient. But removing plastic pollution from the world's dirtiest rivers will take more than just clever technology.
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00:07:43 — With our interceptors, it's not a replacement to having good infrastructure or good policy, right? So what we actually believe is that these things can be complementary to each other, where, with these interceptors, a lot of data is being collected, which can actually help steer policy and other types of campaigns upstream.
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00:08:04 — Until adequate waste collection is implemented globally, the ocean clean-up will struggle against the growing tide of plastic. But protectors like Boye and Slatt are developing new approaches that could benefit the ocean for future generations.
Спикер 1:
00:08:25 — Hi, I'm Claire, and I directed this film. If you want to learn more about other types of pollution threatening the ocean and the people working hard to reduce it, then click on the link opposite. If you want to watch more of the Protectors series, then click on the other link.





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