Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            28.07.2024
Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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Cell Physiology 
Dr. Asma’a AL- Alhnhna
28.07.2024
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الدفعة التاسعة
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Introduction
• Physiology is the since which explain the physical and chemical factors that are 
responsible for the origin, development and propagation of life.
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The Cell Physiology
Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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The Cell Physiology
• The cell : is the structural, functional and smallest unit of living body.
• The tissue: defined as group of cells having similar function.
• The organ: is defined as structure formed by two or more types of tissues.
• The system: defined as group of organs that perform together to carry out specific 
function in the body. 
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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Cell Physiology 
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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Functional physiology of the cells:-
Basic knowledge of cell biology  is essential to understanding 
of organ system in the body and the they function.  
Prokaryotic cells:
1.
Like bacteria.
2.
No nucleus.
3.
its membrane is simple.
Eukaryotes cells:
1.
Human cells. 
2.
They have nucleus.
3.
Cells membrane is complex
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
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Each cell formed by a cell body and a membrane covering the cell body.
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Cell stricture:
Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
•
Cytoplasm is viscous fluid called (protoplasm) and organelles.
28.07.2024
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The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane.
• Cell body has two parts, namely nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Membrane (plasma membrane): The cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids 
by a cell membrane, also called the (plasma membrane).
•
Protoplasm formed from a clear liquid portion called cytosol
and various particles of different shape and size (proteins, 
carbohydrates, lipids or electrolytes in nature.
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Protoplasm :-
The different substances that make up the cell are collectively called protoplasm. 
Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances:-
1.
Water
: It is about 70-85% called (cytosol).
2.
Proteins
: 10-20 % (Structural & Globular)
3.
Electrolyte
: K+, Mg++ , PO4- , SO4, Na+ , Cl-, Ca++ & HCO3.
4.
Lipids
:  It is about 2% ( phospholipid & cholesterol)
5.
Carbohydrate : It is about 1% ( it is forms part of glycoprotein).
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
28.07.2024
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The Cell Membrane
• The plasma membrane (The Biological membrane) is semipermeable membrane → 
so there is free exchange of certain substance between intra & extracellular fluid.
Cell membrane is composed of three types of substances:
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Dr. Asma’a AL-Alhnhna
28.07.2024
1. Proteins (55%)
2. Lipids (40%)
3. Carbohydrates (5%).
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1) Phospholipid bilayer
• Heads is the polar end and it is soluble in water which has strong 
affinity for water (hydrophilic) attract water. 
• Tails are made of fatty acids and it is the non-polar end. It is insoluble 
in water that repelled by water (hydrophobic) repel water.
• Make up a bilayer where tails point inward 
toward each ot

            Quiz: