You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


/*
 * Copyright (c) 1996, 2006, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package sun.security.util;

import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.EOFException;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Vector;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.io.DataInputStream;

/**
 * A DER input stream, used for parsing ASN.1 DER-encoded data such as
 * that found in X.509 certificates.  DER is a subset of BER/1, which has
 * the advantage that it allows only a single encoding of primitive data.
 * (High level data such as dates still support many encodings.)  That is,
 * it uses the "Definite" Encoding Rules (DER) not the "Basic" ones (BER).
 *
 * <P>Note that, like BER/1, DER streams are streams of explicitly
 * tagged data values.  Accordingly, this programming interface does
 * not expose any variant of the java.io.InputStream interface, since
 * that kind of input stream holds untagged data values and using that
 * I/O model could prevent correct parsing of the DER data.
 *
 * <P>At this time, this class supports only a subset of the types of DER
 * data encodings which are defined.  That subset is sufficient for parsing
 * most X.509 certificates.
 *
 *
 * @author David Brownell
 * @author Amit Kapoor
 * @author Hemma Prafullchandra
 */

public class DerInputStream {

    /*
     * This version only supports fully buffered DER.  This is easy to
     * work with, though if large objects are manipulated DER becomes
     * awkward to deal with.  That's where BER is useful, since BER
     * handles streaming data relatively well.
     */
    DerInputBuffer      buffer;

    /** The DER tag of the value; one of the tag_ constants. */
    public byte         tag;

    /**
     * Create a DER input stream from a data buffer.  The buffer is not
     * copied, it is shared.  Accordingly, the buffer should be treated
     * as read-only.
     *
     * @param data the buffer from which to create the string (CONSUMED)
     */
    public DerInputStream(byte[] data) throws IOException {
        init(data, 0, data.length);
    }

    /**
     * Create a DER input stream from part of a data buffer.
     * The buffer is not copied, it is shared.  Accordingly, the
     * buffer should be treated as read-only.
     *
     * @param data the buffer from which to create the string (CONSUMED)
     * @param offset the first index of <em>data</em> which will
     *          be read as DER input in the new stream
     * @param len how long a chunk of the buffer to use,
     *          starting at "offset"
     */
    public DerInputStream(byte[] data, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
        init(data, offset, len);
    }

    /*
     * private helper routine
     */
    private void init(byte[] data, int offset, int len) throws IOException {
        if ((offset+2 > data.length) || (offset+len > data.length)) {
            throw new IOException("Encoding bytes too short");
        }
        // check for indefinite length encoding
        if (DerIndefLenConverter.isIndefinite(data[offset+1])) {
            byte[] inData = new byte[len];
            System.arraycopy(data, offset, inData, 0, len);

            DerIndefLenConverter derIn = new DerIndefLenConverter();
            buffer = new DerInputBuffer(derIn.convert(inData));
        } else
            buffer = new DerInputBuffer(data, offset, len);
        buffer.mark(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    DerInputStream(DerInputBuffer buf) {
        buffer = buf;
        buffer.mark(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new DER input stream from part of this input stream.
     *
     * @param len how long a chunk of the current input stream to use,
     *          starting at the current position.
     * @param do_skip true if the existing data in the input stream should
     *          be skipped.  If this value is false, the next data read
     *          on this stream and the newly created stream will be the
     *          same.
     */
    public DerInputStream subStream(int len, boolean do_skip)
    throws IOException {
        DerInputBuffer  newbuf = buffer.dup();

        newbuf.truncate(len);
        if (do_skip) {
            buffer.skip(len);
        }
        return new DerInputStream(newbuf);
    }

    /**
     * Return what has been written to this DerInputStream
     * as a byte array. Useful for debugging.
     */
    public byte[] toByteArray() {
        return buffer.toByteArray();
    }

    /*
     * PRIMITIVES -- these are "universal" ASN.1 simple types.
     *
     *  INTEGER, ENUMERATED, BIT STRING, OCTET STRING, NULL
     *  OBJECT IDENTIFIER, SEQUENCE (OF), SET (OF)
     *  UTF8String, PrintableString, T61String, IA5String, UTCTime,
     *  GeneralizedTime, BMPString.
     * Note: UniversalString not supported till encoder is available.
     */

    /**
     * Get an integer from the input stream as an integer.
     *
     * @return the integer held in this DER input stream.
     */
    public int getInteger() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_Integer) {
            throw new IOException("DER input, Integer tag error");
        }
        return buffer.getInteger(getLength(buffer));
    }

    /**
     * Get a integer from the input stream as a BigInteger object.
     *
     * @return the integer held in this DER input stream.
     */
    public BigInteger getBigInteger() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_Integer) {
            throw new IOException("DER input, Integer tag error");
        }
        return buffer.getBigInteger(getLength(buffer), false);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an ASN.1 INTEGER value as a positive BigInteger.
     * This is just to deal with implementations that incorrectly encode
     * some values as negative.
     *
     * @return the integer held in this DER value as a BigInteger.
     */
    public BigInteger getPositiveBigInteger() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_Integer) {
            throw new IOException("DER input, Integer tag error");
        }
        return buffer.getBigInteger(getLength(buffer), true);
    }

    /**
     * Get an enumerated from the input stream.
     *
     * @return the integer held in this DER input stream.
     */
    public int getEnumerated() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_Enumerated) {
            throw new IOException("DER input, Enumerated tag error");
        }
        return buffer.getInteger(getLength(buffer));
    }

    /**
     * Get a bit string from the input stream. Padded bits (if any)
     * will be stripped off before the bit string is returned.
     */
    public byte[] getBitString() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_BitString)
            throw new IOException("DER input not an bit string");

        return buffer.getBitString(getLength(buffer));
    }

    /**
     * Get a bit string from the input stream.  The bit string need
     * not be byte-aligned.
     */
    public BitArray getUnalignedBitString() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_BitString)
            throw new IOException("DER input not a bit string");

        int length = getLength(buffer) - 1;

        /*
         * First byte = number of excess bits in the last octet of the
         * representation.
         */
        int validBits = length*8 - buffer.read();

        byte[] repn = new byte[length];

        if ((length != 0) && (buffer.read(repn) != length))
            throw new IOException("short read of DER bit string");
        return new BitArray(validBits, repn);
    }

    /**
     * Returns an ASN.1 OCTET STRING from the input stream.
     */
    public byte[] getOctetString() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_OctetString)
            throw new IOException("DER input not an octet string");

        int length = getLength(buffer);
        byte[] retval = new byte[length];
        if ((length != 0) && (buffer.read(retval) != length))
            throw new IOException("short read of DER octet string");

        return retval;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the asked number of bytes from the input stream.
     */
    public void getBytes(byte[] val) throws IOException {
        if ((val.length != 0) && (buffer.read(val) != val.length)) {
            throw new IOException("short read of DER octet string");
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads an encoded null value from the input stream.
     */
    public void getNull() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_Null || buffer.read() != 0)
            throw new IOException("getNull, bad data");
    }

    /**
     * Reads an X.200 style Object Identifier from the stream.
     */
    public ObjectIdentifier getOID() throws IOException {
        return new ObjectIdentifier(this);
    }

    /**
     * Return a sequence of encoded entities.  ASN.1 sequences are
     * ordered, and they are often used, like a "struct" in C or C++,
     * to group data values.  They may have optional or context
     * specific values.
     *
     * @param startLen guess about how long the sequence will be
     *          (used to initialize an auto-growing data structure)
     * @return array of the values in the sequence
     */
    public DerValue[] getSequence(int startLen) throws IOException {
        tag = (byte)buffer.read();
        if (tag != DerValue.tag_Sequence)
            throw new IOException("Sequence tag error");
        return readVector(startLen);
    }

    /**
     * Return a set of encoded entities.  ASN.1 sets are unordered,
     * though DER may specify an order for some kinds of sets (such
     * as the attributes in an X.500 relative distinguished name)
     * to facilitate binary comparisons of encoded values.
     *
     * @param startLen guess about how large the set will be
     *          (used to initialize an auto-growing data structure)
     * @return array of the values in the sequence
     */
    public DerValue[] getSet(int startLen) throws IOException {
        tag = (byte)buffer.read();
        if (tag != DerValue.tag_Set)
            throw new IOException("Set tag error");
        return readVector(startLen);
    }

    /**
     * Return a set of encoded entities.  ASN.1 sets are unordered,
     * though DER may specify an order for some kinds of sets (such
     * as the attributes in an X.500 relative distinguished name)
     * to facilitate binary comparisons of encoded values.
     *
     * @param startLen guess about how large the set will be
     *          (used to initialize an auto-growing data structure)
     * @param implicit if true tag is assumed implicit.
     * @return array of the values in the sequence
     */
    public DerValue[] getSet(int startLen, boolean implicit)
        throws IOException {
        tag = (byte)buffer.read();
        if (!implicit) {
            if (tag != DerValue.tag_Set) {
                throw new IOException("Set tag error");
            }
        }
        return (readVector(startLen));
    }

    /*
     * Read a "vector" of values ... set or sequence have the
     * same encoding, except for the initial tag, so both use
     * this same helper routine.
     */
    protected DerValue[] readVector(int startLen) throws IOException {
        DerInputStream  newstr;

        byte lenByte = (byte)buffer.read();
        int len = getLength((lenByte & 0xff), buffer);

        if (len == -1) {
           // indefinite length encoding found
           int readLen = buffer.available();
           int offset = 2;     // for tag and length bytes
           byte[] indefData = new byte[readLen + offset];
           indefData[0] = tag;
           indefData[1] = lenByte;
           DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(buffer);
           dis.readFully(indefData, offset, readLen);
           dis.close();
           DerIndefLenConverter derIn = new DerIndefLenConverter();
           buffer = new DerInputBuffer(derIn.convert(indefData));
           if (tag != buffer.read())
                throw new IOException("Indefinite length encoding" +
                        " not supported");
           len = DerInputStream.getLength(buffer);
        }

        if (len == 0)
            // return empty array instead of null, which should be
            // used only for missing optionals
            return new DerValue[0];

        /*
         * Create a temporary stream from which to read the data,
         * unless it's not really needed.
         */
        if (buffer.available() == len)
            newstr = this;
        else
            newstr = subStream(len, true);

        /*
         * Pull values out of the stream.
         */
        Vector<DerValue> vec = new Vector<DerValue>(startLen);
        DerValue value;

        do {
            value = new DerValue(newstr.buffer);
            vec.addElement(value);
        } while (newstr.available() > 0);

        if (newstr.available() != 0)
            throw new IOException("extra data at end of vector");

        /*
         * Now stick them into the array we're returning.
         */
        int             i, max = vec.size();
        DerValue[]      retval = new DerValue[max];

        for (i = 0; i < max; i++)
            retval[i] = vec.elementAt(i);

        return retval;
    }

    /**
     * Get a single DER-encoded value from the input stream.
     * It can often be useful to pull a value from the stream
     * and defer parsing it.  For example, you can pull a nested
     * sequence out with one call, and only examine its elements
     * later when you really need to.
     */
    public DerValue getDerValue() throws IOException {
        return new DerValue(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a UTF8String DER value.
     */
    public String getUTF8String() throws IOException {
        return readString(DerValue.tag_UTF8String, "UTF-8", "UTF8");
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a PrintableString DER value.
     */
    public String getPrintableString() throws IOException {
        return readString(DerValue.tag_PrintableString, "Printable",
                          "ASCII");
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a T61String DER value.
     */
    public String getT61String() throws IOException {
        /*
         * Works for common characters between T61 and ASCII.
         */
        return readString(DerValue.tag_T61String, "T61", "ISO-8859-1");
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a IA5tring DER value.
     */
    public String getIA5String() throws IOException {
        return readString(DerValue.tag_IA5String, "IA5", "ASCII");
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a BMPString DER value.
     */
    public String getBMPString() throws IOException {
        return readString(DerValue.tag_BMPString, "BMP",
                          "UnicodeBigUnmarked");
    }

    /**
     * Read a string that was encoded as a GeneralString DER value.
     */
    public String getGeneralString() throws IOException {
        return readString(DerValue.tag_GeneralString, "General",
                          "ASCII");
    }

    /**
     * Private helper routine to read an encoded string from the input
     * stream.
     * @param stringTag the tag for the type of string to read
     * @param stringName a name to display in error messages
     * @param enc the encoder to use to interpret the data. Should
     * correspond to the stringTag above.
     */
    private String readString(byte stringTag, String stringName,
                              String enc) throws IOException {

        if (buffer.read() != stringTag)
            throw new IOException("DER input not a " +
                                  stringName + " string");

        int length = getLength(buffer);
        byte[] retval = new byte[length];
        if ((length != 0) && (buffer.read(retval) != length))
            throw new IOException("short read of DER " +
                                  stringName + " string");

        return new String(retval, enc);
    }

    /**
     * Get a UTC encoded time value from the input stream.
     */
    public Date getUTCTime() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_UtcTime)
            throw new IOException("DER input, UTCtime tag invalid ");
        return buffer.getUTCTime(getLength(buffer));
    }

    /**
     * Get a Generalized encoded time value from the input stream.
     */
    public Date getGeneralizedTime() throws IOException {
        if (buffer.read() != DerValue.tag_GeneralizedTime)
            throw new IOException("DER input, GeneralizedTime tag invalid ");
        return buffer.getGeneralizedTime(getLength(buffer));
    }

    /*
     * Get a byte from the input stream.
     */
    // package private
    int getByte() throws IOException {
        return (0x00ff & buffer.read());
    }

    public int peekByte() throws IOException {
        return buffer.peek();
    }

    // package private
    int getLength() throws IOException {
        return getLength(buffer);
    }

    /*
     * Get a length from the input stream, allowing for at most 32 bits of
     * encoding to be used.  (Not the same as getting a tagged integer!)
     *
     * @return the length or -1 if indefinite length found.
     * @exception IOException on parsing error or unsupported lengths.
     */
    static int getLength(InputStream in) throws IOException {
        return getLength(in.read(), in);
    }

    /*
     * Get a length from the input stream, allowing for at most 32 bits of
     * encoding to be used.  (Not the same as getting a tagged integer!)
     *
     * @return the length or -1 if indefinite length found.
     * @exception IOException on parsing error or unsupported lengths.
     */
    static int getLength(int lenByte, InputStream in) throws IOException {
        int value, tmp;

        tmp = lenByte;
        if ((tmp & 0x080) == 0x00) { // short form, 1 byte datum
            value = tmp;
        } else {                     // long form or indefinite
            tmp &= 0x07f;

            /*
             * NOTE:  tmp == 0 indicates indefinite length encoded data.
             * tmp > 4 indicates more than 4Gb of data.
             */
            if (tmp == 0)
                return -1;
            if (tmp < 0 || tmp > 4)
                throw new IOException("DerInputStream.getLength(): lengthTag="
                    + tmp + ", "
                    + ((tmp < 0) ? "incorrect DER encoding." : "too big."));

            for (value = 0; tmp > 0; tmp --) {
                value <<= 8;
                value += 0x0ff & in.read();
            }
        }
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Mark the current position in the buffer, so that
     * a later call to <code>reset</code> will return here.
     */
    public void mark(int value) { buffer.mark(value); }


    /**
     * Return to the position of the last <code>mark</code>
     * call.  A mark is implicitly set at the beginning of
     * the stream when it is created.
     */
    public void reset() { buffer.reset(); }


    /**
     * Returns the number of bytes available for reading.
     * This is most useful for testing whether the stream is
     * empty.
     */
    public int available() { return buffer.available(); }
}