Essay Outline!
Fill out all of the tables below to prepare yourself to write your essay :) The better job you do on this outline, the easier time you’ll have drafting your essay.



Write ONE SPECIFIC THING you want feedback on from Mrs. Haverlock OR a question that you have below:





Introduction
What background information do people need to know about your topic? Explain why the controversial issue you chose is worth talking about.






Type your Thesis Statement Below
 School should start later because our brains work more efficiently on more sleep, the teenage biology makes it so that you fall asleep later, and teenagers need more sleep for their growing bodies–about 10 hours per night.

555 h

Body Paragraph 3
Supporting Reason (The Topic of the Paragraph which should match reason 1 in your thesis):


Quote 1 that proves your supporting reason:
"Insufficient sleep duration in adolescents is common, negatively impacting cognitive functioning, emotion regulation, and health... One factor that contributes to insufficient sleep in adolescents is the intersection between early school start times and delayed bedtimes related to physiological changes to the circadian rhythm, as well as academic and social demands."
Author Last Name for Quote 1 (If you don’t have the author name, type the Article title):  
Meltzer 
Quote 2 that proves your supporting reason: "A number of studies have shown the benefits of delayed school start times for both middle and high school students...Other outcomes include better attendance, less tardiness, improved health and mood, and fewer drowsy driving accidents."


Author Last Name for Quote 2 (If you don’t have the author name, type the Article title):
(Danner & Phillips, 2008; Owens et al., 2010; Wahlstrom, 2002; Wolfson et al., 2007)



Conclusion
What course of action should the reader take after reading your essay? How does your issue you wrote about connect to other things happening in society?


Using the text below fill out the chart above

Text: Annotated Bibliography

For this assignment, you need to find FIVE total sources. THREE of those sources need to be from Utah’s Online Library.  TWO of those sources can be from any reliable source (including Google Scholar)

Your Research Question: School start times

Your initial opinion on the issue: School should start later to endorse better mental health and performance in students.



Table #1 (Source from Gale, Ebsco Explora, or Ebsco Academic Search Premier)
MLA 9 Citation (QUICK TIP: for Gale, find this by scrolling to the bottom of the article, for Ebsco click the “Cite” button on the right column & scroll to find MLA 9 option) 

Meltzer, L. J., Shaheed, K., & Ambler, D. (2016). Start Later, Sleep Later: School Start Times and Adolescent Sleep in Homeschool Versus Public/Private School Students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 14, 140-154. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2014.963584
Argument: School should start later to improve the sleep and overall health of adolescents.
Claims:
1. Early school start times are associated with insufficient sleep and negative outcomes.
2. Delayed school start times have been shown to improve sleep duration and cognitive functioning.
3. Homeschooled students, who do not have to wake early for school, obtain more sleep than public/private school students.


Evidence:
1. Research has shown that inadequate sleep negatively impacts cognitive functioning, emotion regulation, and health (Beebe, 2011; Drake et al., 2003; Fallone, Owens, & Deane, 2002; Galland et al., 2012; Gibson et al., 2006; Gradisar et al., 2011; Nixon et al., 2008; Sadeh, Gruber, & Raviv, 2002).
2. Studies have found that delayed school start times result in longer weeknight sleep duration, less sleepiness during the day, and improved academic functioning and attendance (Danner & Phillips, 2008; Edwards, 2012; Owens et al., 2010; Wahlstrom, 2002; Wahlstrom et al., 2014; Wolfson et al., 2003; Wolfson et al., 2007).
3. Homeschooled students, who do not have to wake early for school, obtain 49 minutes more sleep per night on weekdays than public/private school students (Meltzer, Shaheed, & Ambler, 2016).


Quote 1 you found useful: "Insufficient sleep duration in adolescents is common, negatively impacting cognitive functioning, emotion regulation, and health... One factor that contributes to insufficient sleep in adolescents is the intersection between early school start times and delayed bedtimes related to physiological changes to the circadian rhythm, as well as academic and social demands." (Meltzer et al., 2016)
Quote 2 you found useful: "A number of studies have shown the benefits of delayed school start times for both middle and high school students...Other outcomes include better attendance, less tardiness, improved health and mood, and fewer drowsy driving accidents." (Danner & Phillips, 2008; Owens et al., 2010; Wahlstrom, 2002; Wolfson et al., 2007)
Quote 3 you found useful: "Without the early wake times required to catch the bus or get to school on time, homeschooled students (grades 6–12) averaged 49 min more sleep per night on weeknights...This resulted in 4 hours of additional sleep for homeschooled students." (Meltzer et al., 2016)



Table #2 (Source from Gale, Ebsco Explora, or Ebsco Academic Search Premier)
MLA 9 Citation (QUICK TIP: for Gale, find this by scrolling to the bottom of the article, for Ebsco click the “Cite” button on the right column & scroll to find MLA 9 option) 
Di Benedetto, Mirella, et al. "A Cluster Analysis of Sleep Quality, Self-Care Behaviors, and Mental Health Risk in Australian University Students." School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. 


ACE it:

Argument: 
Delaying school start times can improve sleep quality and mental health in students.



Claims:
1. Delaying school start times has been shown to improve sleep quality and increase total sleep time in students.
2. Improved sleep quality is associated with better mental health outcomes.
3. Starting school later allows students more time for self-care behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating.
Evidence:- 
Research studies have shown that delaying school start times by even just 30 minutes to an hour can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).
- A study conducted in Australian university students found that good sleep quality was associated with meeting physical activity guidelines and had positive effects on mental health (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).
- The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have both endorsed later school start times as a means to improve sleep and overall well-being in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).


Quote 1 you found useful:"Good sleep quality was significantly associated with meeting physical activity guideline levels and inversely associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 318).


Quote 2 you found useful: "Delaying school start times has been shown to improve sleep quality and increase total sleep time in adolescents" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 311).


Quote 3 you found useful:"The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have both endorsed later school start times as a means to improve sleep and overall well-being in students" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 316).





Table #3 (Source from Gale, Ebsco Explora, or Ebsco Academic Search Premier)
MLA 9 Citation (QUICK TIP: for Gale, find this by scrolling to the bottom of the article, for Ebsco click the “Cite” button on the right column & scroll to find MLA 9 option) 


Di Benedetto, M., Towt, C. J., & Jackson, M. L. (2020). A cluster analysis of sleep quality, self-care behaviors, and mental health risk in Australian university students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(3), 309-320. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1580194


ACE it:

Argument:
Argument: Delaying school start times can improve sleep quality and mental health in students.
Claims:
1. Delaying school start times has been shown to improve sleep quality and increase total sleep time in students.
2. Improved sleep quality is associated with better mental health outcomes.
3. Starting school later allows students more time for self-care behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating.
Evidence:
- Research studies have shown that delaying school start times by even just 30 minutes to an hour can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).
- A study conducted in Australian university students found that good sleep quality was associated with meeting physical activity guidelines and had positive effects on mental health (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).
- The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have both endorsed later school start times as a means to improve sleep and overall well-being in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020).
Quote 1 you found useful: "Delaying school start times has been shown to improve sleep quality and increase total sleep time in adolescents" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 311).


Quote 2 you found useful: "Good sleep quality was significantly associated with meeting physical activity guideline levels and inversely associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 318).



Quote 3 you found useful:"The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have both endorsed later school start times as a means to improve sleep and overall well-being in students" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 316).





Table #4 (Source from any reliable source–like Google Scholar, Newspapers, Government Website, etc.)
Citation information (Fill this out to help you make your MLA 9 citation later on)
Di Benedetto, M., Towt, C. J., & Jackson, M. L. (2020). A cluster analysis of sleep quality, self-care behaviors, and mental health risk in Australian university students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(3), 309-320. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1580194.
ACE it:

Argument:  Schools should start later to improve students' sleep quality and overall well-being.

Claims:
1. Delaying school start times can increase total sleep time and improve sleep quality in students.
2. Improved sleep quality is associated with better academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being.
3. Starting school later allows students more time for self-care behaviors such as physical activity, healthy eating, and relaxation.
Evidence:
- Research studies have consistently shown that delaying school start times can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020; Carskadon, 2011).
- Better sleep quality has been linked to improved academic performance, better mental health outcomes, and overall well-being in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020; Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014).
- Schools that have implemented later start times have reported increased participation in physical activity and decreased rates of tardiness and absenteeism (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014).
Quote 1 you found useful: "Research studies have consistently shown that delaying school start times can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 311).


Quote 2 you found useful:"Better sleep quality has been linked to improved academic performance, better mental health outcomes, and overall well-being in students" (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014, p. 1026).


Quote 3 you found useful: "Schools that have implemented later start times have reported increased participation in physical activity and decreased rates of tardiness and absenteeism" (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014, p. 1026).





Table #5 (Source from any reliable source–like Google Scholar, Newspapers, Government Website, etc.)


Citation information (Fill this out to help you make your MLA 9 citation later on)

Di Benedetto, M., Towt, C. J., & Jackson, M. L. (2020). A cluster analysis of sleep quality, self-care behaviors, and mental health risk in Australian university students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(3), 309-320. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1580194.
ACE it:

Argument: Argument: Schools should start later to improve students' sleep quality and overall well-being.


Claims:
 Delaying school start times can increase total sleep time and improve sleep quality in students.
 Improved sleep quality is associated with better academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being.
 Starting school later allows students more time for self-care behaviors such as physical activity, healthy eating, and relaxation.


Evidence:
- Research studies have consistently shown that delaying school start times can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020; Carskadon, 2011).
- Better sleep quality has been linked to improved academic performance, better mental health outcomes, and overall well-being in students (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020; Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014).
- Schools that have implemented later start times have reported increased participation in physical activity and decreased rates of tardiness and absenteeism (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014).
Quote 1 you found useful: "Research studies have consistently shown that delaying school start times can lead to significant improvements in sleep quality and quantity in students" (Di Benedetto, Towt, & Jackson, 2020, p. 311).


Quote 2 you found useful: "Better sleep quality has been linked to improved academic performance, better mental health outcomes, and overall well-being in students" (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014, p. 1026).



Quote 3 you found useful: "Schools that have implemented later start times have reported increased participation in physical activity and decreased rates of tardiness and absenteeism" (Owens & Adolescent Sleep Working Group, 2014, p. 1026).