Psychological Diagnoses, Culture, and the Culture of the DSM
In most people's estimation, a person who hears the voices of the recently deceased is probably a victim of a psychological disturbance. Yet some indigenous peoples of the American plains routinely hear the voices of the dead speaking to them from the afterlife. 
This is only one example of the role of culture in labelling behaviour as "abnormal".  In fact, among all the major adult disorders included in the DSM categorization, only some are found across all cultures of the world. Many others are prevalent primarily in North America and Western Europe (Cohen, et al, 1999: Kleinman, 1996; Lopez & Guarenccia2000). 
For instance, take anorexia nervosa, the disorder in which people become obsessed with their weight and sometime stop eating, ultimately starving to death in the process, this disorder occurs most frequently in cultures that hold the societal standard that slender female bodies are the most desirable. In most of the world, where such a standard does not exist, anorexia nervosa is rare.  Furthermore, the disorder may appear in specific ways in a particular culture. For instance, in Hong Kong, symptoms of one form of anorexia relate to complaints of bloated stomachs, rather than fears of becoming fat (Watters, 2010). 
Similarly, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder makes sense as a problem only in societies in which a sense of self is fairly concrete. ln India, the self is based more on external factors that are relatively independent of the person. There, when an individual displays symptom of what people in a Western society would call dissociative identity disorder, Indians assume that that person is possessed either by demons (which is viewed as a malady) or by gods (which does not require treatment). 
Furthermore, even though disorders such as schizophrenia are found throughout the world, cultural factors influence the specific symptoms of the disorder. Hence, catatonic schizophrenia in which unmoving patients appear to be frozen in the same position (sometimes for days), is rare in Noth America and Western Europe. In contrast, in India, 80% of those with schizophrenia are catatonic. 
Other cultures have disorders that do not appear in the West. For example, in Malvasia. a behavior called amok is characterized by a wild outburst in which a usually quiet and withdrawn person kills or severely injures another. Koro is condition found in Southeast Asian males who develop an intense panic that the penis is about to withdraw irretrievably into the abdomen. Some West African men develop a disorder when they first attend college that they call "brain fog” it includes feelings of heaviness or heat in the head as well as depression and anxiety Finally, ataque de nervios is a disorder found most often among Latinos from the Caribbean. lt is characterized by trembling, crying, uncontrollable, screams, and incidents of verbal or physical aggression (Adams & Dzokoto, 2007: Cohen et al 1999: Lopez &Guarnaccia,2000). 
Explanations for psychological disorders also differ among culture. For example, in China, psychological disorders are commonly Viewed as a weakness of the heart, a concept that derives from thousands of years of traditional Chinese medicine. Many terms used to describe emotions and symptoms of psychological disorders make direct reference to the heart-but the association isn't simply a metaphorical one. Chinese people are more likely than people in Western cultures to express their emotional anguish in terms of physical symptoms such as heart pain, "heart panic," or "heartvexed:" They may also see their emotional pain as merely a side effect of some underlying physical cause or even focus more on the effects that their symptoms are having on their relationships with friends and family members than on themselves (Lee. Kleinman,& Kleinman,2007: Miller 2006: Watters,2010).
 In sum, we should not assume that the DSM provides the final word on psychological disorders. The disorders it includes are very much a creation and function of Western cultures at a particular moment in time, and its categories should not be seen as universally applicable (Tseng, 2003). In addition, the DSM is as much of a historical document as at is a medical one. Over time, our understanding of psychological diagnoses has changed dramatically, and it will continue to evolve as we gain more insight from research and experience.上述内容请按以下要求写一篇800字文章。要求是：For this video response, please prepare by reading the "Exploring DIVERSITY section found on page 453 of the textbook.                                                                             Please include the following in your response:
a. Brief summary of the main ideas found in "Psychological Diagnoses, Culture and the Culture of the DSM"
b. Present 1 or 2 examples of the role of culture in labeling behaviour as" abnormal" cited in the readings.
c. Discuss an original example found through research and/or personal experience of how culture influences how we understand behaviour (i.e. perhaps something that is quite normal in Canadian culture is perceived as strange/abnormal in other cultures)