Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             
 
 
 
 
 
33 
 
Functions of the RBCs:- 
A- Functions of the membrane 
1. Allow passage of RBCs through narrow capillaries (Plastic not elastic) 
2. The biconcave membrane gives large surface area for gas exchange  
3. Has selective permeability to ions. 
4. Keeps HB and carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme inside them. 
B- Functions of haemoglobin  
1. Carriage of gases 
2. Buffering action 
 
Anemias 
Definition:- decrease of the number of the RBCs or decrease heamoglobin 
percent than normal. 
 
 
34 
 
• Normal Hb% in male 13-16 gm/dl  
                          female 12-14 gm/dl  
Types of anemia  
Anemia can be classified according to the size and Hb content of each RBC 
to:  
1. Normocytic normochromic  
2. Microcytic hypochromic  
3. Macrocytic anemia 
 
 
Causes of normocytic normochromic anemia                            
1-Aplastic anaemia:-- Toxins , drugs and irradiation. 
2-Haemolytic anaemia as thalassemias and Sickle cell anemia 
3-Hemorrhagic anemia 
35 
 
Causes of microcytic hypochromic  
1- Chronic blood loss as in piles, bleeding peptic ulcer and excessive 
menestrutaion    
2-Deficiency anaemias as Iron Deficiency 
Causes of macrocytic anemia 
1-Pernicious anaemia due to deficiency of vit B12. 
2-Folic acid deficiency anaemia. 
 
 
Diagnosis the type of anemia  
MCV (80:100 micron) 
MCH (25:35 picogram) 
MCHC (32: 38 %)  
1. If less than normal is Microcytic hypochromic  
2. If normal is Normocytic normochromic  
3. If more than normal is Macrocytic anemia 
 
Polycythaemia 
Definition:- 
It is increased number of RBCs due to excess production rate. 
Primary polycythemia  
It’s a blood cancer that begins in the marrow of your bones, the soft center 
where new blood cells grow.  
Number of cells are more than 12X106 /ml  
Secondary polycythemia  
36 
 
It occurs whenever the tissues become hypoxic as in obstructive lung diseases 
and in subjects living at high altitudes. Number of cells are less than 12X106 
/ml  
Blood Groups 
 
-The surface of the RBCs contains a variety of antigens or agglutinogens. 
-These agglutinogens were classified according to their chemical nature. 
-These agglutinogens were classified into 2 main systems:- 
A- ABO system. 
B- Rhesus system. 
 
 
 
 
 
37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By the end of this chapter, the student will be able to: 
v Distinguish different types of respiration. 
v  Differentiate normal respiratory rate at different ages. 
v Demonstrate phases of respiration.  
v Describe functional anatomy of respiratory tract. 
v List non-Respiratory functions of respiratory tract.  
 
Objectives  
Chapter3: respiratory system 
 


            Quiz: