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We discovered a new mechanism that we call the 
thermal phantom sensation. If you stimulate specific parts of the residual arm of amputees, we 
could project sensation into their phantom hand. We could, for example, give the illusion that we 
are cooling down or warming up missing fingers. The warmth is the most beautiful feeling like when we need warmth, we use a hot water bottle. It's a very nice feeling. What do you feel? It's warm, slightly warm, it has arrived on the index finger. So now... I'll remove it a second. Show me. Here. On the index finger, on this part. We were expecting for them to tell us, with eyes 
closed, where they felt it on the stump and if it was hot or cold. Instead, they pointed into 
a drawing of a hand that they had in front of them and they told us 'I feel it there.' We asked 
them several times, what do you mean by 'I feel it there'? And they clarified that they felt it into 
their phantom missing hand. So this discovery was crucial for us to develop a neurotechnology that 
could integrate the prosthetic hand of patients. It is an interesting technology that would also greatly influence the use of prostheses. Because so far, prostheses have been mainly designed to make simple movements to help you in normal life. But the integration of sensations of hot and cold, in my opinion, also serves to improve social interactions. When shaking hands with other people, warmth is essential. Our neurotechnology consists of a sensor which 
detects the temperature on the fingertip of the prosthetics and a thermode which mimics 
the sensation on the amputated arm. Because our sensor behaves the same way as your 
fingertip does, we just have to do a one-to-one mapping of the temperature. So it's not that 
we have to detect with a camera if it's glass and then we give you, we just reproduce what 
the prosthetic finger feels and that gives you the illusion of touching plastic or glass.
Thermal information is crucial for many different things. We avoid to have the the skin burned 
when something is too hot, but in particular, to give real, natural sensation when 
touching, for example, human beings. One of the things which was really surprising 
was one of the patients using the prosthesis, shaking the hand of Francesco the main author 
of the study, and saying like 'it feels human'. It's very important to give a human-like 
sensation to people while touching other humans. We actively involve our patients in our 
research activities. Patients are happy to participate because they know they can 
provide a contribution in the development of important solutions for them and for persons 
in the same clinical condition. For example, in the present study when we presented the 
possibility to get back temperature sensation on the phantom limb or the possibility to 
feel the contact with different materials, we obtained a lot of positive feedback 
and eventually we were able to recruit more than 25 volunteers in less than two years.
We believe that this study paves the way for a new type of non-invasive prosthesis in which not only 
tactile sensations are restored but also thermal, and we can't wait to see what will be the 
great benefits that users will have in the long term. We expect obviously to have a better 
embodiment and in general a better acceptability with continuous use of these thermal sensations 
in the daily life of the of the prosthesis users. [Music] 

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