You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


title: 如何理解 RESTful 的幂等性
date: 2019-02-27
tags:
categories: 精进
permalink: Fight/laoliang/restful_idempotent/
author: 老梁
from_url: http://blog.720ui.com/2016/restful_idempotent/
wechat_url:

-------

摘要: 原创出处 http://blog.720ui.com/2016/restful_idempotent/ 「老梁」欢迎转载，保留摘要，谢谢！

- [怎么理解幂等性](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP GET方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP POST方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP PUT方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP PATCH方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP DELETE方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
- [如何设计符合幂等性的高质量RESTful API](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP GET方法 vs HTTP POST方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP POST方法 vs HTTP PUT方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)
  - [HTTP PUT方法 vs HTTP PATCH方法](http://www.iocoder.cn/Fight//)

-------

![](http://www.iocoder.cn/images/common/wechat_mp_2017_07_31.jpg)

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-------

理解RESTful的幂等性，并且设计符合幂等规范的高质量RESTful API。

# 怎么理解幂等性

HTTP幂等方法，是指无论调用多少次都不会有不同结果的 HTTP 方法。不管你调用一次，还是调用一百次，一千次，结果都是相同的。

还是以之前的博文的例子为例。

```
GET     /tickets       # 获取ticket列表GET     /tickets/12    # 查看某个具体的ticketPOST    /tickets       # 新建一个ticketPUT     /tickets/12    # 更新ticket 12PATCH   /tickets/12    # 更新ticket 12DELETE  /tickets/12    # 删除ticekt 12
```

## HTTP GET方法

HTTP GET方法，用于获取资源，不管调用多少次接口，结果都不会改变，所以是幂等的。

```
GET     /tickets       # 获取ticket列表GET     /tickets/12    # 查看某个具体的ticket
```

只是查询数据，不会影响到资源的变化，因此我们认为它幂等。

值得注意，幂等性指的是作用于结果而非资源本身。怎么理解呢？例如，这个HTTP GET方法可能会每次得到不同的返回内容，但并不影响资源。

可能你会问有这种情况么？当然有咯。例如，我们有一个接口获取当前时间，我们就应该设计成

```
GET     /service_time # 获取服务器当前时间
```

它本身不会对资源本身产生影响，因此满足幂等性。

## HTTP POST方法

HTTP POST方法是一个非幂等方法，因为调用多次，都将产生新的资源。

```
POST    /tickets       # 新建一个ticket
```

因为它会对资源本身产生影响，每次调用都会有新的资源产生，因此不满足幂等性。

## HTTP PUT方法

HTTP PUT方法是不是幂等的呢？我们来看下

```
PUT     /tickets/12    # 更新ticket 12
```

因为它直接把实体部分的数据替换到服务器的资源，我们多次调用它，只会产生一次影响，但是有相同结果的 HTTP 方法，所以满足幂等性。

## HTTP PATCH方法

HTTP PATCH方法是非幂等的。HTTP POST方法和HTTP PUT方法可能比较好理解，但是HTTP PATCH方法只是更新部分资源，怎么是非幂等的呢?

因为，PATCH提供的实体则需要根据程序或其它协议的定义，解析后在服务器上执行，以此来修改服务器上的资源。换句话说，PATCH请求是会执行某个程序的，如果重复提交，程序可能执行多次，对服务器上的资源就可能造成额外的影响，这就可以解释它为什么是非幂等的了。

可能你还不能理解这点。我们举个例子

```
PATCH   /tickets/12    # 更新ticket 12
```

此时，我们服务端对方法的处理是，当调用一次方法，更新部分字段，将这条ticket记录的操作记录加一，这次，每次调用的资源是不是变了呢，所以它是有可能是非幂等的操作。

## HTTP DELETE方法

HTTP DELETE方法用于删除资源，会将资源删除。

```
DELETE  /tickets/12    # 删除ticekt 12
```

调用一次和多次对资源产生影响是相同的，所以也满足幂等性。

# 如何设计符合幂等性的高质量RESTful API

## HTTP GET方法 vs HTTP POST方法

也许，你会想起一个面试题。HTTP请求的GET与POST方式有什么区别？你可能会回答到：GET方式通过URL提交数据，数据在URL中可以看到；POST方式，数据放置在HTML HEADER内提交。但是，我们现在从RESTful的资源角度来看待问题，HTTP GET方法是幂等的，所以它适合作为查询操作，HTTP POST方法是非幂等的，所以用来表示新增操作。

但是，也有例外，我们有的时候可能需要把查询方法改造成HTTP POST方法。比如，超长（1k）的GET URL使用POST方法来替代，因为GET受到URL长度的限制。虽然，它不符合幂等性，但是它是一种折中的方案。

## HTTP POST方法 vs HTTP PUT方法

对于HTTP POST方法和TTP PUT方法，我们一般的理解是POST表示创建资源，PUT表示更新资源。当然，这个是正确的理解。

但是，实际上，两个方法都用于创建资源，更为本质的差别是在幂等性。HTTP POST方法是非幂等，所以用来表示创建资源，HTTP PUT方法是幂等的，因此表示更新资源更加贴切。

## HTTP PUT方法 vs HTTP PATCH方法

此时，你看会有另外一个问题。HTTP PUT方法和HTTP PATCH方法，都是用来表述更新资源，它们之间有什么区别呢？我们一般的理解是PUT表示更新全部资源，PATCH表示更新部分资源。首先，这个是我们遵守的第一准则。根据上面的描述，PATCH方法是非幂等的，因此我们在设计我们服务端的RESTful API的时候，也需要考虑。如果，我们想要明确的告诉调用者我们的资源是幂等的，我的设计更倾向于使用 HTTP PUT 方法。