Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end.
If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
When answering questions about the main topics or themes, try to identify common subjects across the documents.
Provide specific information and avoid vague responses.

Context:
also worked with CSC, U.K., from 2009 to 2010.
He published several research papers in interna-
tional/national conferences and journals. His research interests include soft-
ware security, cryptography, program robustness, and machine learning.
VOLUME 10, 2022 8517

including dissertations, websites, foundations’ program 
reports and peer-reviewed studies, including several 
literature reviews over the last 20 years. 
We captured basic information from each document 
(e.g., title, author[s] and publication date) and a 
broad description of each document’s substance 
(e.g., methods, strategies, metrics and relation to 
our research questions). We used the substantive 
descriptions to select 50 articles for a more thorough 
M   Shannon Kugley, Anne Wade, James Thomas, Quenby Mahood, Anne-Marie Jørgensen, Karianne Hammerstrøm and Nila Sathe, “Searching for Studies: A 
Guide to Information Retrieval for Campbell,” Campbell Systematic Reviews , February 13, 2017.
review and analysis. During the in-depth review, 
articles that we determined did not contribute to our 
research questions were dropped from the sample and 
additional articles were identified. We also found that 
a handful of strong, related articles did not match our

Japan, in 1999, 2004, and 2019, respectively. He has coauthored more
than 350 published papers for widely cited journals and conferences.
His research interests include pattern recognition, image processing,
computer vision, machine learning, human–computer interaction, non-touch
interfaces, human gesture recognition, automatic control, Parkinson’ disease
diagnosis, ADHD diagnosis, user authentication, machine intelligence,
bioinformatics, as well as handwriting analysis, recognition, and synthesis.
He is a member of ACM, IEICE, IPSJ, KISS, and KIPS. He served as the
program chair and a program committee member for numerous international
conferences. He serves as an Editor of IEEE journals, Springer, Sage, Taylor
and Francis,Sensors (MDPI) and Electronics (MDPI), and Tech Science.
He serves as a reviewer for several major IEEE and SCI journals.
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Australia. He was also a recipient of numerous prestigious awards, such as
the Erasmus+Faculty Mobility Grant to Poland, the DUO-India Professors
Fellowship for research in responsible AI in collaboration with Brunel Uni-
versity, U.K., the LEAP Grant at Cambridge University, U.K., the UKIERI
Grant with Aston University, U.K., and a Grant from the Royal Academy
of Engineering, U.K., under Newton Bhabha Fund. He has published three
patents and delivered keynote speeches at various national and international
forums, including at the Machine Intelligence Laboratory, USA, IIT Bombay,
under the World Bank Project, the International Indian Science Festival
organized by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of
India, and many more. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE ACCESS journal.
LUBNA ABDELKAREIM GABRALLA received
the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in computer sci-
ence from the University of Khartoum, and the
Ph.D. degree in computer science from the Sudan

One of his books was translated into Japanese, and a few other articles
were translated into Russian and Chinese. He has more than 46 000 aca-
demic citations (H-index of more than 102 as Per Google Scholar). He has
given over 150 plenary lectures and conference tutorials (in more than
20 countries). He was the Chair of the IEEE Systems Man and Cybernetics
Society and the Technical Committee on Soft Computing (with more than
200 members), from 2008 to 2021. He served as a Distinguished Lecturer for
the IEEE Computer Society representing Europe, from 2011 to 2013. He was
the Editor-in-Chief ofEngineering Applications of Artiﬁcial Intelligence
(EAAI), from 2016 to 2021, and served on the editorial board for over
15 international journals indexed by Thomson ISI.
2238 VOLUME 11, 2023

received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in engi-
neering from Tohoku University, Japan, in 1998,
2000, and 2003, respectively. He is currently
an Associate Professor with the Department of
Core Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics,
Osaka Metropolitan University. His research
interests include text and object recognition and
visually impaired assistance. He has received
numerous awards, including the IAPR/ICDAR
Young Investigator Award, in 2011, the Best Paper Awards of IEICE, in
2008 and 2021, the IAPR/ICDAR Best Paper Award, in 2007, the IAPR
Nakano (Best Paper) Award, in 2010, the ICFHR Best Paper Award,
in 2010, the MV A Best Paper Award, in 2017, and the SIGACCESS Best
Paper Award, in 2023. He served as the Vice-Chair of the IAPR Technical
Committee 11 (Reading Systems), from 2016 to 2018, an Associate
Editor ofInternational Journal of Document Analysis and Recognition,
from 2013 to 2023, and an Associate Editor and an Associate Editor-in-Chief

Research Labs (MIR Labs), a Not-for-Proﬁt Scien-
tiﬁc Network for Innovation and Research Excel-
lence Connecting Industry and Academia. With its
HQ in Seattle, USA, the Network currently has
over 1,500 scientiﬁc members from over 105 countries. As an Investigator/a
Co-Investigator, he has won research grants worth more than U.S. 100 mil-
lion. He also holds two university professorial appointments. He works as
a Professor in artiﬁcial intelligence at Innopolis University, Russia, and the
Yayasan Tun Ismail Mohamed Ali Professorial Chair of Artiﬁcial Intelli-
gence at UCSI, Malaysia. He works in a multidisciplinary environment.
He has authored/coauthored more than 1,400 research publications, of which
there are more than 100 books covering various aspects of computer science.
One of his books was translated into Japanese, and a few other articles
were translated into Russian and Chinese. He has more than 46 000 aca-

Question: what is the similarity between these papers

Provide a comprehensive and specific answer based only on the given context: