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 was hedonistic in nature they believed
that what should be sought in life was
pleasure albeit in moderation
indeed another one of the features that
all these philosophies touch on or deal
with is the kind of goal in life
something called ataraxia
which means something like absence of
disturbance or trouble
perhaps Loosely translatable to
something like contentment
sometimes it's translated as happiness
but that doesn't quite do it justice
so how does one achieve this state of
ataraxia and connected to this what is
the nature of a good life what is it
that is good at all good being defined
here as something that is desirable for
its own sake
for the epicureans the answer was pretty
simple the highest good in life is
pleasure pleasure is the only thing that
is valuable in this world
since they were materialists this seemed
a pretty obvious conclusion
but it isn't Hedonism in the more crude
sense the ideas of epicurus are actually
a lot more nuanced than that He suggests
a kind of aesthetic lifestyle as the
best option where true pleasure is the
ataraxia or contentment that comes with
a moderate lifestyle and the pleasures
that result from it
the academic Skeptics had a different
idea to them no certain knowledge was
available to humans so we are to suspend
judgment of anything we know realize
that we know nothing for a certain and
that is only in this state of mind that
ataraxia is reached for Aristotle and
the peripatetics the highest good in
life is erudimonia something more close
to well-being or Living Well in general
so what's the position of the stoics on
this matter
they did not believe that the highest
human good was well-being or happiness
or health or pleasure or any of these
things indeed to the stoics all these
things were indifferent without any
intrinsic value
the only thing that is truly valuable
the only good in this world is virtue
nothing else can bring a person to
contentment or quote-unquote happiness
not wealth or physical health or not
power or pleasure only virtue but what
does this mean how is a stoic to
actually live his or her life
we're given a seemingly clear-cut answer
by the second scholar or leader of the
stoics cleanses when he says that the
goal of Life the Telos is quote Living
in agreement with nature
to live a life in accordance with nature
is a recurring theme in all of stoic
ethics but you might ask what does this
actually mean then we'll return to stoic
ethics soon but it might do as well to
get a sort of overview of the of the
philosophy in general first
so in stoicism philosophy is often
divided into three main categories or
parts logic physics and ethics it is the
ethical teachings of stoicism that have
become particularly famous today but the
other parts are also equally important
to understand in order to get a sort of
full picture of this school
to many logic is the basis from which
all philosophy must start this is sort
of jumping off point for all other
aspects of philosophy right today logic
might seem to many people like an
obvious thing things are logical because
they're logical right but in philosophy
logic is actually kind of science it's a
it's a way of studying examining the
nature of truth and how we can know what
is true logic was very important to the
stoics in some ways as a kind of
prerequisite for the other two
categories in one comparison philosophy
is seen as an egg
the shell is logic the egg white is
physics and the egg yolk is ethics
this hierarchy can vary for example
chrysippus seems to rather follow the
structure you know logic as a shell
ethics as right and physics as the the
yolk but logic is always the sort of
first or outer the shell in this analogy
right now I am not a logician so if I
actually attempted to do a deep dive
into stoic logic it would probably turn
out
not so great what I can do is briefly
mention that stoic logic is a very
significant thing in the history of
philosophy and the stoics developed
logic in a way that would become very
influential and in particular chrysippus
is strongly Associated and seen as the
sort of originator of a lot of stoic
logic crisis in fact is sometimes viewed
as one of the greatest logicians in all
of history he was truly a genius in many
many ways and this was one of them
throughout history however the logic of
Aristotle has been the most famous and
widely used at least up until the modern
period and the logic of Aristotle and
that of the stoics are different in some
fundamental ways
as a very brief summary Aristotle's
logic is a categorical one based on
syllogisms a classic syllogism will be
something like all a equal B and all b
equals c that must mean that all a also
equals c or to replace the letters with
actual words Socrates is a man all men
are mortal that must mean that Socrates
is mortal
stoic logic is instead based on
propositions and their relationship for
instance a classic stoic proposition if
it is day there is light but it is day
therefore it is light
chrysippus was again a very important
figure in this regard
what is it about these propositions that
make them true
some philosophers would argue that a
proposition is true as long as the
second part isn't as a matter of fact
false while the first one is true so for
example if I said if it is day then I am
great at explaining logic that would be
considered True by some philosophers
including Philo of Megara