I’m building a video game engine using C++ as the coding language and Vulkan for graphics. I am trying to set up a generic renderer using Vulkan that is flexible and will render objects based on a vector that is supplied to it. The renderer will also handle the creation of the window using GLFW and use GLM for all relevant math calls. I am using the ASSIMP library to load 3d models and animations.

The basic class structure is as follows:

1. Core:

- class Engine
- This is the main class that will initialize, run, and shut down other subsystems of the engine (e.g., Window, Renderer, Input, etc.)

2. Window:

- class Window
- This class will handle window creation, resizing, and destruction using GLFW. It should also handle keyboard and mouse input events.

3. Renderer:

- class Renderer
- This class will manage Vulkan objects (e.g., instance, device, swapchain, command buffers) and rendering pipelines.
- class Shader
- To handle shader modules creation and destruction.
- class Texture
- To handle texture loading and destruction.
- class Pipeline
- To encapsulate the description and creation of a Vulkan graphics or compute pipeline.

4. Scene:

- class Scene
- This class will manage the list of objects in the vector, update their transforms, and send them to the Renderer for rendering.
- class GameObject
- To represent individual objects in the scene, store their transformation matrices, and bind the relevant data like vertices and indices.
- class Camera
- To store and manage camera properties such as position, rotation, view, and projection matrices.
- class Mesh
- To handle mesh data (e.g., vertices, indices, etc.) for individual objects.
- class Material
- To store and manage material properties such as colors, shaders, and textures.

5. Math:

- Utilize GLM library to handle vector and matrix math operations.

Here are the header files for context:

BufferUtils.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <stdint.h>

namespace BufferUtils
{
    void CreateBuffer(
        VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
        VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,
        VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory);

    uint32_t FindMemoryType(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);

    void CopyBuffer(
        VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue,
        VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size);
}


Camera.h:

#pragma once

#include <glm/glm.hpp>

class Camera
{
public:
	Camera();
	~Camera();

	void Initialize(float aspectRatio);
	void Shutdown();

	void SetPosition(const glm::vec3& position);
	void SetRotation(const glm::vec3& rotation);

	const glm::mat4& GetViewMatrix() const;
	const glm::mat4& GetProjectionMatrix() const;

private:
	glm::vec3 position;
	glm::vec3 rotation;
	glm::mat4 viewMatrix;
	glm::mat4 projectionMatrix;

	void UpdateViewMatrix();
};

Engine.h:

#pragma once

#include "Window.h"
#include "Renderer.h"
#include "Scene.h"

class Engine
{
public:
	Engine();
	~Engine();

	void Run();
	void Shutdown();

private:

	void Initialize();
	void MainLoop();
	void Update(float deltaTime);
	void Render();

	Window window;
	Renderer renderer;
	Scene scene;
};

GameObject.h:

#pragma once

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include "Mesh.h"
#include "Material.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "Renderer.h"

class GameObject
{
public:
	GameObject();
	~GameObject();

	void Initialize(const Mesh& mesh, const Material& material);
	void Update(float deltaTime);
	void Render(Renderer& renderer, const Camera& camera);
	void Shutdown();

	void SetPosition(const glm::vec3& position);
	void SetRotation(const glm::vec3& rotation);
	void SetScale(const glm::vec3& scale);

private:
	glm::mat4 modelMatrix;
	glm::vec3 position;
	glm::vec3 rotation;
	glm::vec3 scale;

	Mesh mesh;
	Material material;

	void UpdateModelMatrix();
};

Material.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "Texture.h"
#include "Shader.h"

class Material
{
public:
	Material();
	~Material();

	void Initialize(const Shader& vertexShader, const Shader& fragmentShader, const Texture& texture, VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout, VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool);
	void Cleanup();

	VkDescriptorSet GetDescriptorSet() const;
	VkPipelineLayout GetPipelineLayout() const;

private:
	VkDevice device;
	Shader vertexShader;
	Shader fragmentShader;
	Texture texture;

	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
};

Mesh.h:

#pragma once

#include <vector>
#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include "BufferUtils.h"

struct Vertex
{
	glm::vec3 position;
	glm::vec3 color;
};

class Mesh
{
public:
	Mesh();
	~Mesh();

	void Initialize(std::vector<Vertex> vertices, std::vector<uint32_t> indices, VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue);
	void Initialize(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue);
	void Cleanup();

	const std::vector<Vertex>& GetVertices() const;
	const std::vector<uint32_t>& GetIndices() const;
	VkBuffer GetVertexBuffer() const;
	VkBuffer GetIndexBuffer() const;

	void SetVertices(const std::vector<Vertex>& vertices);
	void SetIndices(const std::vector<uint32_t>& indices);

private:
	VkDevice device;
	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
	std::vector<uint32_t> indices;

	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;
};

Model.h:

#pragma once

#include <assimp/Importer.hpp>
#include <assimp/scene.h>
#include <assimp/postprocess.h>
#include "Mesh.h"
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <stdexcept>

class Model
{
public:
    Model();
    ~Model();

    void LoadModel(const std::string& filepath, VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue);
    void Cleanup();

    const std::vector<Mesh>& GetMeshes() const;

private:
    std::vector<Mesh> meshes;

    void LoadNode(aiNode* node, const aiScene* scene, VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue);
    Mesh LoadMesh(aiMesh* mesh, const aiScene* scene);
};

Pipeline.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <vector>
#include <array>
#include <stdexcept>
#include "Shader.h"

class Pipeline
{
public:
	Pipeline();
	~Pipeline();

	void CreateGraphicsPipeline(const std::vector<VkVertexInputBindingDescription>& vertexBindingDescriptions,
		const std::vector<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription>& vertexAttributeDescriptions,
		VkExtent2D swapchainExtent,
		const std::vector<Shader*>& shaders,
		VkRenderPass renderPass,
		VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout,
		VkDevice device);

	void Cleanup();

	VkPipeline GetPipeline() const;

private:
	VkDevice device;
	VkPipeline pipeline;

	void CreateShaderStages(const std::vector<Shader*>& shaders, std::vector<VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo>& shaderStages);
};

Renderer.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include "Window.h"
#include <vector>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <set>
#include <optional>
#include <iostream>

struct QueueFamilyIndices
{
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

	bool IsComplete()
	{
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};



class Renderer
{
public:
	Renderer();
	~Renderer();

	void Initialize(GLFWwindow* window);
	void Shutdown();

	void BeginFrame();
	void EndFrame();
	VkDevice* GetDevice();
	VkPhysicalDevice* GetPhysicalDevice();
	VkCommandPool* GetCommandPool();
	VkQueue* GetGraphicsQueue();

private:
	bool shutdownInProgress;

	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	uint32_t imageIndex;

	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;

	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	void CreateImageViews();
	void CleanupImageViews();
	void CreateRenderPass();
	void CleanupRenderPass();

	void CreateSurface();
	void DestroySurface();

	void CreateInstance();
	void CleanupInstance();
	void ChoosePhysicalDevice();
	void CreateDevice();
	void CleanupDevice();
	void CreateSwapchain();
	void CleanupSwapchain();
	void CreateCommandPool();
	void CleanupCommandPool();
	void CreateFramebuffers();
	void CleanupFramebuffers();

	void CreateCommandBuffers();
	void CleanupCommandBuffers();

	GLFWwindow* window;
	VkInstance instance = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkDevice device = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	VkCommandBuffer currentCommandBuffer;

	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> framebuffers;

	// Additional Vulkan objects needed for rendering…

	const uint32_t kMaxFramesInFlight = 2;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	size_t currentFrame;

	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;

	void CreateSyncObjects();
	void CleanupSyncObjects();

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device, VkSurfaceKHR surface);
	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats);
	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes);
	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities, GLFWwindow* window);

	std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
		VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
	};

	std::vector<const char*> CheckPhysicalDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice);
	QueueFamilyIndices GetQueueFamilyIndices(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice);
};

Scene.h:

#pragma once

#include <vector>
#include "GameObject.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "Renderer.h"

class Scene
{
public:
	Scene();
	~Scene();

	void Initialize();
	void Update(float deltaTime);
	void Render(Renderer& renderer);
	void Shutdown();

	void AddGameObject(GameObject* gameObject);
	Camera& GetCamera();

private:
	std::vector<GameObject*> gameObjects;
	Camera camera;
};

Shader.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
#include <string>

class Shader
{
public:
	Shader();
	~Shader();

	void LoadFromFile(const std::string& filename, VkDevice device, VkShaderStageFlagBits stage);
	void Cleanup();
	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo GetPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo() const;

private:
	VkDevice device;
	VkShaderModule shaderModule;
	VkShaderStageFlagBits stage;
};

Simplex.h:

#pragma once
#ifndef SIMPLEX_H
#define SIMPLEX_H

#include <iostream>





class SimplexNoise {
private:
	int testvar;

	int grad3[12][3]{ { 1, 1, 0 }, { -1, 1, 0 }, { 1, -1, 0 },
			{ -1, -1, 0 }, { 1, 0, 1 }, { -1, 0, 1 }, { 1, 0, -1 },
			{ -1, 0, -1 }, { 0, 1, 1 }, { 0, -1, 1 }, { 0, 1, -1 },
			{ 0, -1, -1 } };
	int grad4[32][4] = { { 0, 1, 1, 1 }, { 0, 1, 1, -1 },
				{ 0, 1, -1, 1 }, { 0, 1, -1, -1 }, { 0, -1, 1, 1 },
				{ 0, -1, 1, -1 }, { 0, -1, -1, 1 }, { 0, -1, -1, -1 },
				{ 1, 0, 1, 1 }, { 1, 0, 1, -1 }, { 1, 0, -1, 1 }, { 1, 0, -1, -1 },
				{ -1, 0, 1, 1 }, { -1, 0, 1, -1 }, { -1, 0, -1, 1 },
				{ -1, 0, -1, -1 }, { 1, 1, 0, 1 }, { 1, 1, 0, -1 },
				{ 1, -1, 0, 1 }, { 1, -1, 0, -1 }, { -1, 1, 0, 1 },
				{ -1, 1, 0, -1 }, { -1, -1, 0, 1 }, { -1, -1, 0, -1 },
				{ 1, 1, 1, 0 }, { 1, 1, -1, 0 }, { 1, -1, 1, 0 }, { 1, -1, -1, 0 },
				{ -1, 1, 1, 0 }, { -1, 1, -1, 0 }, { -1, -1, 1, 0 },
				{ -1, -1, -1, 0 } };
	int p_supply[256] = { 151, 160, 137, 91, 90, 15, 131, 13, 201, 95, 96,
			53, 194, 233, 7, 225, 140, 36, 103, 30, 69, 142, 8, 99, 37, 240,
			21, 10, 23, 190, 6, 148, 247, 120, 234, 75, 0, 26, 197, 62, 94,
			252, 219, 203, 117, 35, 11, 32, 57, 177, 33, 88, 237, 149, 56, 87,
			174, 20, 125, 136, 171, 168, 68, 175, 74, 165, 71, 134, 139, 48,
			27, 166, 77, 146, 158, 231, 83, 111, 229, 122, 60, 211, 133, 230,
			220, 105, 92, 41, 55, 46, 245, 40, 244, 102, 143, 54, 65, 25, 63,
			161, 1, 216, 80, 73, 209, 76, 132, 187, 208, 89, 18, 169, 200, 196,
			135, 130, 116, 188, 159, 86, 164, 100, 109, 198, 173, 186, 3, 64,
			52, 217, 226, 250, 124, 123, 5, 202, 38, 147, 118, 126, 255, 82,
			85, 212, 207, 206, 59, 227, 47, 16, 58, 17, 182, 189, 28, 42, 223,
			183, 170, 213, 119, 248, 152, 2, 44, 154, 163, 70, 221, 153, 101,
			155, 167, 43, 172, 9, 129, 22, 39, 253, 19, 98, 108, 110, 79, 113,
			224, 232, 178, 185, 112, 104, 218, 246, 97, 228, 251, 34, 242, 193,
			238, 210, 144, 12, 191, 179, 162, 241, 81, 51, 145, 235, 249, 14,
			239, 107, 49, 192, 214, 31, 181, 199, 106, 157, 184, 84, 204, 176,
			115, 121, 50, 45, 127, 4, 150, 254, 138, 236, 205, 93, 222, 114,
			67, 29, 24, 72, 243, 141, 128, 195, 78, 66, 215, 61, 156, 180 };
	// To remove the need for index wrapping, double the permutation table
	// length
	int perm[512] = {};
	/*static {
		for (int i = 0; i < 512; i++)
			perm[i] = p[i & 255];
	}*/
	// A lookup table to traverse the simplex around a given point in 4D.
	// Details can be found where this table is used, in the 4D noise method.
	int simplex[64][4] = { { 0, 1, 2, 3 }, { 0, 1, 3, 2 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 2, 3, 1 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 2, 3, 0 }, { 0, 2, 1, 3 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 3, 1, 2 }, { 0, 3, 2, 1 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 3, 2, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 1, 2, 0, 3 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 1, 3, 0, 2 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 2, 3, 0, 1 }, { 2, 3, 1, 0 }, { 1, 0, 2, 3 }, { 1, 0, 3, 2 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 2, 0, 3, 1 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 2, 1, 3, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 2, 0, 1, 3 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 3, 0, 1, 2 }, { 3, 0, 2, 1 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 3, 1, 2, 0 }, { 2, 1, 0, 3 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 }, { 3, 1, 0, 2 }, { 0, 0, 0, 0 },
			{ 3, 2, 0, 1 }, { 3, 2, 1, 0 } };


	int p[256] = {};

	int RANDOMSEED = 0;
	int NUMBEROFSWAPS = 400;


public:
	SimplexNoise(int inseed);
	double noise(double xin, double yin);
	double noise(double xin, double yin, double zin);
	double noise(double xin, double yin, double zin, double win);

};



#endif

Terrain.h:

#pragma once

#include "Simplex.h"
#include "Mesh.h"
#include "Material.h"
#include "GameObject.h"

class Terrain {
public:
    Terrain(int seed, int worldSize, float scale, VkDevice* device, VkPhysicalDevice* physicalDevice, VkCommandPool* commandPool, VkQueue* graphicsQueue);
    ~Terrain();

    void GenerateTerrain();
    GameObject* GetTerrainObject();

private:
    void GenerateHeightMap();
    void ConvertHeightMapToMeshData();

    int seed;
    int worldSize;
    float scale;

    VkDevice* device;
    VkPhysicalDevice* physicalDevice;
    VkCommandPool* commandPool;
    VkQueue* graphicsQueue;

    SimplexNoise noise;
    std::vector<std::vector<float>> heightMap;
    std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
    std::vector<uint32_t> indices;

    Mesh terrainMesh;
    Material terrainMaterial;
    GameObject terrainObject;
};

Texture.h:

#pragma once

#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>

#include "stb_image.h" // Include the stb_image header
#include "BufferUtils.h"
#include <string>

class Texture
{
public:
	Texture();
	~Texture();

	void LoadFromFile(const std::string& filename, VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue graphicsQueue);
	void Cleanup();

	VkImageView GetImageView() const;
	VkSampler GetSampler() const;

private:
	VkDevice device;
	VkImage image;
	VkDeviceMemory imageMemory;
	VkImageView imageView;
	VkSampler sampler;
	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	VkQueue graphicsQueue;

	void CreateImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, VkSampleCountFlagBits numSamples, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties);
	void TransitionImageLayout(VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels);
	void CreateImageView(VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels);
	void CreateSampler(uint32_t mipLevels);
	void CopyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, uint32_t width, uint32_t height);

	// Additional helper functions for texture loading…
};

Window.h:

#pragma once

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

class Window
{
public:
	Window(int width = 800, int height = 600, const char* title = "Game Engine");
	~Window();

	void Initialize();
	void PollEvents();
	void Shutdown();

	bool ShouldClose() const;
	GLFWwindow* GetWindow() const;

	float GetDeltaTime();

private:
	static void FramebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
	static void keyCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);

	int width;
	int height;
	const char* title;
	GLFWwindow* window;
	double lastFrameTime;
};

The GameObject.cpp file has a number of incomplete methods. Based on the rest of the codebase, can you help me fill them in? Here is the current version of the GameObject.cpp file:

#include "GameObject.h"
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

GameObject::GameObject()
	: position(0.0f), rotation(0.0f), scale(1.0f)
{
}

GameObject::~GameObject()
{
	Shutdown();
}

void GameObject::Initialize(const Mesh& mesh, const Material& material)
{
	this->mesh = mesh; // copy or share mesh data
	this->material = material; // copy or share material data
}

void GameObject::Update(float deltaTime)
{
	// Update position, rotation, scale, and other properties
	// Example: Rotate the object around the Y-axis
	rotation.y += deltaTime * glm::radians(90.0f);
	UpdateModelMatrix();
}

void GameObject::Render(Renderer& renderer, const Camera& camera)
{
	// Render this object using the renderer and camera
	//
	// Example:
	// - Pass appropriate pipeline and descriptor sets to the renderer
	// - Bind mesh vertex and index buffers
	// - Update shader uniform buffers with modelMatrix and camera properties
	// - Call renderer.Draw() or vkCmdDrawIndexed()
}

void GameObject::Shutdown()
{
	// Clean up resources, if necessary
	// (depending on how Mesh and Material resources are managed)
}

void GameObject::SetPosition(const glm::vec3& position)
{
	this->position = position;
	UpdateModelMatrix();
}

void GameObject::SetRotation(const glm::vec3& rotation)
{
	this->rotation = rotation;
	UpdateModelMatrix();
}

void GameObject::SetScale(const glm::vec3& scale)
{
	this->scale = scale;
	UpdateModelMatrix();
}

void GameObject::UpdateModelMatrix()
{
	modelMatrix = glm::mat4(1.0f);
	modelMatrix = glm::translate(modelMatrix, position);
	modelMatrix = glm::rotate(modelMatrix, rotation.x, glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
	modelMatrix = glm::rotate(modelMatrix, rotation.y, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	modelMatrix = glm::rotate(modelMatrix, rotation.z, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
	modelMatrix = glm::scale(modelMatrix, scale);
}