Benefits of Building the International Space Station
When studying sound, you go into a quiet room. When studying
light, you go into a dark room. When studying the effects of gravity,
you would like to go into an «anti-gravity» room. Since there is no
such thing on Earth, we have the International Space Station.
By flying around Earth at about 17,500 mph the station and ev-
erything in it remain in orbit, a continuous free fall around the
planet. In orbit, forces are balanced and the effects of gravity are es-
sentially removed. The result is microgravity, one of the unique phe-
nomena of the ISS environment that promises new discovery. Thus,
the ISS allows long-term exposure to a world nearly unexplored.
Gravity affects everything. From our bodies to the materials we
use to build cars and buildings, to the flames we use to heat our
homes, our world is controlled by gravity. Even flames burn differ-
ently without gravity. Reduced gravity reduces convection cur-
rents, the currents that cause warm air or fluid to rise and cool air
or fluid to descend on Earth. This absence of convection changes
the flame shape in orbit and allows studies of the combustion pro-
cess that are impossible on Earth. The absence of convection allows
molten metals or other materials to be mixed more thoroughly in
orbit than on Earth, opening the way to a whole new world of com-
posite materials. Scientists plan to study this field, to create better
metal alloys and more perfect materials for applications such as
computer chips. Investigations that use lasers to cool atoms to near
absolute zero may help us understand gravity itself.
While investigating our surroundings, we have been limited,
until recently, to accepting gravity as a given factor in all our studies.
History shows that changing what once was constant can lead to
revolutionary discoveries.
The 19th century saw temperature and pressure become con-
trolled in new ways to use steam power and revolutionize the way
we live. The 21st century offers the hope of controlling gravity's ef-
fects to understand why things behave the way they do. Observing
and understanding this behaviour is key to new discoveries in many
scientific disciplines and using that knowledge is key to the im-provement of life on Earth. The station will allow mankind to per-
form research that may result in new medicines, materials and
industries on Earth and will benefit people all over the world.
The Space Station Mir gave us a platform for long-term micro-
gravity research, and important knowledge about how to live and
work in space. Like all research, we must proceed one step at a
time. As we open one door, answering one question, we are faced
with the opportunity of more doors, more questions.
The ISS is the next step in that journey of discovery, and repre-
sents a quantum leap (cka4ok) in our capability to conduct re-
search on orbit. In space, electrical power is key to the quantity and
quality of research. When completed, the ISS's enormous solar
panels will supply 60 times more power for science than did Mir.
This and the large space available for experiments will provide sci-
entists with unprecedented access to this unique environment.
Aboard the ISS scientists will explore basic questions in the
fields of biotechnology, biomedical research, fluid physics, funda-
mental biology, physics, Earth science and space science. Observa-
tions of the Earth from orbit are expected to help the study of
large-scale, long-term changes in the environment. The effects
of
air pollution, such as smog over cities; the cutting and burning of
forests, and of water pollution are visible from space and can pro-
vide a global perspective unavailable from the ground.
Thanks to its research and technology the station is certain to
serve as an absolutely essential step in preparation for future human
space exploration.
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