Tidy up this essay, make the writing style coherent throughout. Incorporate citations into the text where needed from the list of sources and make any improvements indicated in apostrophes like ‘this’. To what extent does Robert Eggers use Early Modern English from the 1630s in his film ‘The VVitch’ to achieve authenticity? What are the repercussions of this for language revitalisation?
Introduction
The VVitch (2015) is a horror film directed by Robert Eggers that depicts the life of a Puritan family in New England in the 1630s. The film is notable for its use of Early Modern English (EME) from the same period, which was reconstructed by Eggers based on historical sources such as diaries, court records, and witchcraft pamphlets (Eggers, 2016)1. The use of EME in The VVitch is an example of linguistic authenticity, which refers to the degree to which a language or a variety of a language matches the expectations and norms of a specific context or audience (Coupland, 2007)2. This essay will examine the extent to which Eggers achieves linguistic authenticity in his film and what are the implications of this for language revitalisation. Language revitalisation is the process of reversing the decline or loss of a language and increasing its use and prestige among its speakers and society (Fishman, 1991)3.
This empirical investigation will first review the literature on linguistic authenticity and language revitalisation, focusing on the factors that influence these phenomena and the challenges they face. Then, it will analyse the linguistic features of EME in The VVitch and compare them with contemporary English and other historical varieties. Finally, it will discuss the effects of using EME in The VVitch on the perception and appreciation of this language among the viewers and the potential contribution of the film to the revival of EME as a living language.

Litrature Review
In order to understand the extent to which Robert Eggers uses Early Modern English (EME) from the 1630s in his film The VVitch, it is necessary to review the linguistic features found in the film and compare them with contemporary sources of EME. Adams (2016) investigates the linguistic accuracy of The VVitch and concludes that Eggers’ use of EME is generally accurate, channeling the dialect of Puritan settlers from the 17th century. A comparison between the film’s language and contemporary historical texts, such as the King James Bible and the works of Shakespeare, shows a high degree of congruence (Quora, n.d.; Stack Exchange, 2017). This indicates that Eggers has successfully captured the essence of EME from the 1630s, thus contributing to the film’s overall authenticity.

The use of EME in The VVitch helps create an immersive and realistic representation of the pre-modern world. Eggers’ decision to use EME effectively distances the film’s setting and characters from the modern audience, enhancing the feeling of historical accuracy (Smith, 2016). Moreover, the commitment to linguistic authenticity aids in immersing viewers in the Puritan world and their particular mindset (Adams, 2016; Slate, 2016). Consequently, the film’s use of EME not only serves as an accurate portrayal of pre-modern English but also as a tool for deepening the narrative experience.
However, it is important to consider the potential implications of using EME for language revitalisation. Some critics argue that the usage of archaic language in The VVitch may hinder the audience’s engagement and enjoyment of the film, making it difficult to understand the dialogue (R., 2016). This could limit the film’s potential as a tool for linguistic and cultural awareness. On the contrary, the use of EME can also be seen as a positive aspect of the film, demonstrating the richness and diversity of the English language throughout history. As Lithub (2021) points out, the persistence of EME in contemporary contexts, such as The VVitch, reveals its lasting influence and relevance in shaping modern English.
The discussions on language revitalisation and the film industry can also benefit from examining Eggers’ subsequent work, The Lighthouse (2019). In The Lighthouse, Eggers employs a similarly commitment to historical accuracy in language, with characters speaking in 19th-century sailor vernacular (Griffin, 2019). Like The VVitch, the use of authentic language in The Lighthouse adds depth to the narrative and enhances the audience’s immersion in the historical setting. Eggers’ upcoming film, The Northman, features actors learning Old Norse (a language considered dead) for their roles, which demonstrates another example of films promoting language revitalisation (Lovett, 2022).
The literature suggests that Robert Eggers’ use of Early Modern English in The VVitch successfully achieves authenticity by accurately portraying the language of the 1630s, engendering a sense of familiarity and immersion in the film’s pre-modern setting. While the implications for language revitalisation may be debated, the use of EME in The VVitch showcases the potential for film to be a powerful medium for linguistic and cultural preservation, awareness, and education. Eggers’ commitment to linguistic authenticity in his filmography indicates a growing trend in the film industry towards broader recognition and representation of historical languages, which could have positive repercussions for language revitalisation efforts in the future.

Methodology
This empirical investigation employs a mixed-methods approach that includes quantitative analysis of selected linguistic features of Early Modern English (EME) in The VVitch and qualitative assessment of linguistic authenticity and its potential effects on language revitalisation. Primary data sources include the film The VVitch, its script, contemporary EME texts, and other historical varieties of English. Secondary data sources encompass academic literature on linguistic authenticity, language revitalisation, and film analysis. The data was collected through the use of the VVitch transcript: ‘Eggers, R. (2016). The Witch (film script). Script Slug. https://assets.scriptslug.com/live/pdf/scripts/the-witch-2016.pdf.’ and watching the film (Eggers, R. (Director). (2015). The VVitch [Film]. New England: A24. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Witch-Anya-Taylor-Joy/dp/B01HCJ352G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26JX8R07NL72&keywords=the+witch&qid=1684108329&s=instant-video&sprefix=the+wwitch%2Cinstant-video%2C100&sr=1-1 ) during which words, phrases and monolouges were recorded so that they could be analysed in detail using the program Pratt.

The main research questions addressed in this study are:

1. To what extent does Robert Eggers use Early Modern English from the 1630s in his film The VVitch?

2. How does the use of Early Modern English in The VVitch contribute to perceived authenticity?

3. What are the repercussions of using Early Modern English in The VVitch for language revitalisation?

To answer these research questions, the investigation will utilise the following actions:

1. Identification and analysis of linguistic features of EME in selected scenes from The VVitch, comparing them with contemporary EME texts and other historical varieties of English.

2. Evaluation of the extent to which the film’s use of EME meets expectations for linguistic authenticity and how it contributes to the overall film experience.

3. Examination of the potential implications of using EME in The VVitch for language revitalisation, considering factors like audience reception, accessibility, and other recent works by Robert Eggers.
‘improve this section based on your own knowledge of academic methodologies for empirical investigations. It shouldn’t be longer than 250 words’

Data
‘Collect data based on the methodology above. Use the sources provided below. The data should be empirical (Empirical data collection refers to the process of gathering information through observation, experimentation, and measurement. The following is an example transcript of an empirical data collection session. For research question 1, you could use a software tool that can identify and count the number of Early Modern English words and phrases used in the film. You could also manually go through the transcript and highlight instances of Early Modern English.
For research question 2, you could conduct a survey or interview with viewers of the film to get their opinions on how the use of Early Modern English contributes to the perceived authenticity of the film. You could also analyze reviews and critiques of the film to see how critics and scholars have discussed this aspect of the film.
For research question 3, you could explore the impact of the film’s use of Early Modern English on language revitalization efforts. This could involve researching the history and current state of Early Modern English as a language, as well as looking into any efforts to revive or preserve the language. Additionally, you could conduct interviews with linguists or language experts to get their opinions on the implications of the film’s use of Early Modern English.’

Results And Analysis
The analysis of linguistic features in The VVitch reveals a high degree of congruence with contemporary EME texts, indicating that Eggers successfully captured the essence of EME from the 1630s. The film’s use of EME enhances the audience’s perception of authenticity and immersion in the historical setting, contributing to the effectiveness of the horror genre. However, the potential implications of using EME for language revitalisation are mixed, with some critics arguing that the use of archaic language may hinder audience engagement and enjoyment, while others claim that the film showcases the richness and diversity of the English language throughout history.
‘Improve this section by checking the dictionary for if there has been an increase in the use of some of these early modern English words after the film has come out. Comparing the dialect in the film to other sources of early modern English. Describing the outcomes of the study without repeating the method. Detailed analysis of the data, drawing on literature to support the line of argument.’

Discussion
Presents the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the study; Explains how results support (or refute) previous research; Considers theoretical implications of the results; Provides conclusions of the study.
The findings indicate that the use of Early Modern English in The VVitch achieves linguistic authenticity to a significant extent, with the film accurately portraying the language of the 1630s and bolstering the audience’s sense of historical accuracy and immersion. The use of EME showcases the potential of film as a powerful medium for linguistic and cultural preservation, awareness, and education. While the implications for language revitalisation may be debated, works like The VVitch and other films directed by Robert Eggers point towards a growing trend in the film industry to recognise and represent historical languages, which could have positive repercussions on language revitalisation efforts in the future.
‘Improve this section by presenting the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the study; Explaining how results support (or refute) previous research; Considers theoretical implications of the results; providing conclusions of the study.’

References
1. Eggers, R. (Director). (2015). The VVitch [Film]. New England: A24. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Witch-Anya-Taylor-Joy/dp/B01HCJ352G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=26JX8R07NL72&keywords=the+witch&qid=1684108329&s=instant-video&sprefix=the+wwitch%2Cinstant-video%2C100&sr=1-1
2. Coupland, N. (2007). Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge University Press.
3. Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters.
4. Adams, M. (2016). The Witch: A New-England Folktale: Language Accuracy Review. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4263482/reviews?ref_=tt_ql_3
5. Quora. (n.d.). What is the language in “The Witch” (2015) called? Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-language-in-The-Witch-2015-called
6. Stack Exchange. (2017). What language was spoken in “The Witch”? Retrieved from https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/67567/what-language-was-spoken-in-the-witch
7. Smith, A. (2016). The Witch: A New-England Folktale. Sight & Sound, 26(5), 58-59.
8. Slate. (2016). How Historically Accurate Is The Witch? Retrieved from https://slate.com/culture/2016/02/the-historical-accuracy-of-the-witch.html
9. R. (2016). ‘The VVitch’ Is the Weirdest and Most Terrifying Movie About Biblical Womanhood. Retrieved from https://jezebel.com/the-vvitch-is-the-weirdest-and-most-terrifying-movie-1761858842
10. Lithub. (2021). Does The Witch Speak Early Modern English? Retrieved from https://lithub.com/does-the-witch-speak-early-modern-english/
11. Griffin, D. (2019). The Lighthouse’s Old-Timey Slang Was the Hardest Part to Figure Out. Retrieved from https://www.vulture.com/2019/10/the-lighthouse-slang-translator.html
12. Lovett, M. (2022). The Northman Star Nicole Kidman on Learning Ancient Norse for Robert Eggers’ Film. Retrieved from https://collider.com/nicole-kidman-the-northman-interview/

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