Introduction 
    Mycoplasma are the tiniest self-reproducing, free-living bacteria discovered so far (1), can take on different shapes and survive with no oxygen (2). With regard to development and replication, the mycoplasma cell possesses the bare minimum of cellular structures: a plasma membrane, ribosomes (1) (Ribosomes are 70S type) (2), and a genome made up of a double-stranded circular DNA molecule (1) Mycoplasmas lack cell walls but (the area around their cell membranes lacks peptididoglycan (murein)), in contrast to all other prokaryotes, possess several types of plasma membranes that form the outer edge of the cell (1), as a result, they are naturally resistant to antibiotics that interfere with the formation of cell walls (4), Numerous antibiotics work on impairing the integrity of bacteria's cell membranes. Due to the absence of them, several drugs, including penicillin, are ineffective against mycoplasma bacteria (5)(10). likewise these species are pleomorphic, meaning they can change form because to the absence of cell walls (2). Mycoplasmas have been widely studied, due to its division into many subspecies (7). 

Cell wall of Mycoplasma 
     For most bacterial cells, the cell wall is critical to cell survival, yet some bacteria lack a cell wall and can be intracellular pathogens that grow inside their hosts (8). This bacterial lifestyle is called parasitic or saprophytic (8), like mycoplasma, Little options exist for antimicrobial therapy since Mycoplasma lacks a cell wall and is consequently resistant to several conventional medications. It has been discovered that the most effective medications for treating mycoplasma infections include macrolides, tetracyclines, and the more recent fluoroquinolones(7),so cell walls are unnecessary here because the cells only live in the controlled osmotic environment of other cells (8), but as their lifestyle became one of existence inside other cells, they lost the ability to form walls (8), because a low level of cholesterol in lanosterol-rich membranes of Mycoplasma capricolum exerts a synergistic effect on growth while leaving the bulk physical state of the membrane unchanged(9).
 	Cell wall of Mycoplasma (Fig.1):
  
Shape of Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma's spherical shape results from the lack of cell walls, and they are rapidly destroyed in environments with extreme salt concentrations (28). Nonetheless, because Mycoplasma's cellular membrane must contend with host cell components, it is remarkably resilient and more resistant to rupture than those of other bacteria (28). Because sterols help to strengthen the forces holding the membrane together, they add to the membrane's durability (28). 

Type of Mycoplasma’s cell wall, and the size
      Because Mycoplasmas stains pink, it indicates that it is Gram-negative (show Fig.2)  (11). Despite that it does not have a cell wall, it differs fundamentally in comparison to other Gram-negative organisms (11). These organisms are the tiniest known free-living bacteria and exhibit extreme sensitivity, classified as Mollicutes, which means "soft skin” (12), they measure only 0.2 to 0.7 µm in size (13), and up to 98 μm in length (14).

  
Mycoplasma's pneumonia 
     M. pneumoniae is distinguished by its resistance to numerous antibacterial drugs due to its lack of a peptidoglycan cell wall. (1) The infection's persistence even in the absence of treatment is linked to the capacity of M. pneumoniae to imitate the composition of host cell surfaces. (2)






Causes and how it spreads
      A prominent cause of upper respiratory tract infections is the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae (17), it has the ability to attach to lung tissue and multiply, resulting in a complete infection or a mild type of pneumonia known as "walking pneumonia." (18)  Hospitalization is not often necessary for this kind of pneumonia because it is typically not severe. (19) Atypical pneumonia is another name for it. (20) Reimann initially identified mycoplasma pneumonia by observing individuals with constitutional symptoms and referring to it as, primary atypical pneumonia. (21) It can induce tracheobronchitis in humans, particularly in children. (3) The bacterium causes illness by causing damage to the respiratory system's lining, which includes the throat, lungs, and windpipe (22). People who carry the germs in their nose or throat may not exhibit any symptoms. (22) If a person who is infected coughs or sneezes, bacterial droplets are released into the air. (22) Inhaling these contaminated droplets through close contact with infected people can cause infection. (22) Additionally, contacting contaminated surfaces or items and then touching the mouth or nose might result in the transmission of pneumonia. (23) Not everyone who is exposed to Mycoplasma pneumoniae develops pneumonia, and some people may be more at risk. (23) Individuals experiencing compromised immune systems, such as those living with HIV or receiving long-term immunomodulatory, steroid, or chemotherapy treatment, may be more vulnerable to infection. (23) 


Symptoms
      The symptoms of a mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can differ between adults and children. (1) Children who contract Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection may experience the following symptoms: stuffy nose, Sore throat, Watery eyes, Wheezing, Vomiting, and Diarrhea (24). 
Adults with pneumonia (lung infection) commonly experience the following symptoms:
Chest pain, a fever, mild chills, sneezing, coughing (usually dry and not bloody), fatigue, pharyngitis, sore trachea, heavy sweating, and malaise (25). 


Prevention
      Wash your hands frequently, and encourage others to do the same.
Keep away from other sick folks (27).
Avoid crowds if your immune system is compromised. Visitors with a cold should wear a mask (27).
You must not smoke. If you do, seek assistance in quitting (26). 
Every year, get a flu vaccination. Inquire with your doctor if you require a pneumonia vaccine (26).

Tests 
      When someone has suspected pneumonia, they should get a full medical evaluation (29). Chest X-rays are one way that healthcare providers can identify Mycoplasma pneumonia by looking for lung infections. To identify the source of your walking pneumonia, they might also take a swab from your nose or throat to look for bacteria and viruses, or they might run blood tests (29). 
Although a blood test normally doesn't hurt, the needle's entry into your skin will cause some minor discomfort (29). 
Further tests, such as the following, might be performed depending on how serious your symptoms are: * Arterial blood gases, which measure the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood; * Sputum tests to check for mycoplasma bacteria.  
It is frequently not required to establish the precise diagnosis prior to initiating treatment (30). 
Following a diagnosis of a systemic infection, samples of tissue, blood, joint fluid, or bodily fluids may be cultured to identify the type of bacteria and initiate treatment (30).
Treatment 
     Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections are usually mild and self-limiting, meaning they resolve on their own without the need for antibiotics (31). However, if the infection is acute, antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat pneumonia caused by M (32). pneumoniae the choice of antibiotic depends on factors such as the patient's age and local patterns of antibiotic resistance (33). Macrolides like azithromycin are typically used for both children and adults, while tetracyclines like doxycycline are more suitable for older children and adults (33). Fluoroquinolones are primarily used in adults (33). 
It's important to note that not all cases of M. pneumoniae infection require antibiotics, especially when symptoms are mild (33). However, if antibiotics are necessary, they are typically administered orally for a duration of five to fourteen days (33). Improvement usually begins within a couple of days after starting antibiotics, although the cough may persist for several weeks. Nasal sprays and oral decongestants are often used to alleviate nasal symptoms. Rest, a nutritious diet, and adequate fluid intake are important for recovery. It's worth mentioning that caution should be exercised when using macrolides due to the emergence of macrolide-resistant strains of M (33).