1- Translate the following legal text into colloquial Farsi and make the Farsi translation regular and smooth. 2- Place the Farsi and English text with a line between each other, that is, the English text should be one line.  A space and then a Persian translation line and...
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                 .Criminal law contain criminal offences, e.g. Income Tax Acts, National Insurance Act, Health and Safety at Work Act.

قانون کیفری شامل جرایم کیفری می‌باشد، مانند قوانین مالیات بر درآمد، قانون بیمه ملی، قانون بهداشت و ایمنی در محل کار.

Ministers appear to accept that the best way of ensuring compliance with the statute is to have a criminal law sanction; and as most of the charges are heard by unpaid magistrates this is no doubt an economic method.

به نظر می‌رسد وزرا قبول دارند که بهترین راه برای اطمینان از رعایت قانون داشتن تحریم کیفری است؛ و از آنجایی که بیشتر اتهامات توسط قضات غیرمزدبگیر شنیده می‌شود، این بدون شک یک روش اقتصادی است.

But it may be doubted whether the criminal law should be so vastly widened since even the minor offences involve prosecution before the criminal courts (see, for example, ‘Breaking the Rules' - a report by Justice 1980).

اما ممکن است تردید شود که آیا قانون کیفری باید تا این حد گسترده شود، زیرا حتی جرایم کوچک شامل پیگرد در دادگاه‌های کیفری می‌شوند (به عنوان مثال، گزارش 'شکستن قوانین' توسط عدالت 1980).

(d) Subordinate legislation

د) قوانین فرعی

Statute may empower a minister or some other body, e.g. a local authority, make rules, orders, or byelaws which may contain offences.

قانون ممکن است به وزیر یا یک نهاد دیگر، مانند یک مرجع محلی، قدرت بدهد که قوانین، دستورات یا مقرراتی وضع کند که ممکن است شامل جرایم باشد.

If the minister exceeds the authority given by the statute he is said to have acted ultra vires and the rule will be invalid.

اگر وزیر از اختیارات داده شده توسط قانون فراتر رود، گفته می‌شود که او فراتر از اختیارات عمل کرده و آن قانون نامعتبر خواهد بود.

3 Classifications

۳ طبقه‌بندی‌ها

Crimes may be classified as follows:

جرایم ممکن است به صورت زیر طبقه‌بندی شوند:

(a) According to source

الف) بر اساس منبع

See above.

به بالا مراجعه کنید.

(b) According to method of trial

ب) بر اساس روش محاکمه

The Criminal Law Act, 1977, provides as follows:

قانون کیفری، ۱۹۷۷، موارد زیر را فراهم می‌کند:

(i) Indictable offences - triable in the Crown Court by judge and jury; e.g. murder, robbery.

(i) جرایم قابل تعقیب - قابل محاکمه در دادگاه تاج با قاضی و هیئت منصفه؛ مانند قتل، سرقت.

(ii) Summary offences - triable by lay or stipendiary magistrates; e.g. most traffic offences.

(ii) جرایم خلاصه - قابل محاکمه توسط قضات غیرمزدبگیر یا مزدی؛ مانند بیشتر جرایم ترافیکی.

(iii) Offences triable either way; e.g. theft.

(iii) جرایم قابل محاکمه به هر دو صورت؛ مانند سرقت.

(c) Treason, arrestable offences, other offences

ج) خیانت، جرایم قابل دستگیری، جرایم دیگر

Treason is an offence against the State. Arrestable offences are the more ser- ious offences for which arrest may be made without a warrant.

خیانت یک جرم علیه دولت است. جرایم قابل دستگیری جرایم جدی‌تری هستند که برای آنها می‌توان بدون حکم دستگیری کرد.

By s. 2 of the Criminal Law Act, 1967 they are ones which have a fixed penalty, e.g. murder, or for which a person, not previously convicted, may under any enact- ment be sentenced for a term of five years, or attempts to commit such offences.

طبق ماده 2 قانون کیفری، 1967، آنها جرایمی هستند که مجازات ثابتی دارند، مانند قتل، یا برای آنها شخصی که قبلاً محکوم نشده است ممکن است تحت هر قانونی به مدت پنج سال محکوم شود، یا تلاش برای ارتکاب چنین جرایمی.

Also, a statute may declare an offence which has a lesser sentence than five years to be arrestable, e.g. s. 12 of the Theft Act, 1968.

همچنین، یک قانون ممکن است جرمی را که مجازات کمتری از پنج سال دارد، قابل دستگیری اعلام کند، مانند ماده 12 قانون سرقت، 1968.

'Other offences' are the less serious ones.

'جرایم دیگر' جرایم کم‌خطرتر هستند.

4 Criminal liability

۴ مسئولیت کیفری

Almost all common law offences and serious statutory offences require two elements, actus reus and mens rea; in the words of the Latin maxim: actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea.

تقریباً تمام جرایم قانون عرفی و جرایم جدی قانونی نیاز به دو عنصر دارند: actus reus و mens rea؛ به گفته حداکثر لاتین: actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea.

The easiest way to understand these elements is to think of actus reus as the physical act, and mens rea as the intent to do that act.

آسان‌ترین راه برای درک این عناصر این است که actus reus را به عنوان عمل فیزیکی و mens rea را به عنوان قصد انجام آن عمل در نظر بگیرید.

Some offences are satisfied with negligence instead of mens rea.

برخی جرایم با سهل‌انگاری به جای mens rea تامین می‌شوند.

Many minor statutory offences require proof only of the actus reus: these are called strict liability offences.

بسیاری از جرایم جزئی قانونی فقط نیاز به اثبات actus reus دارند: اینها جرایم مسئولیت مطلق نامیده می‌شوند.

In addition, a person may sometimes be vic- ariously liable in criminal law for the act and even mens rea of another person.

علاوه بر این، یک فرد ممکن است گاهی در قانون کیفری برای عمل و حتی mens rea فرد دیگری مسئول باشد.

Lastly a corporation, a non-human, may be held personally liable for acts of its directors or servants.

در نهایت، یک شرکت، یک غیرانسان، ممکن است شخصاً برای اعمال مدیران یا کارکنان خود مسئول باشد.Actus reus
This is the prohibited act which is necessary for all crimes and is to be found in the definition of the crime. Professor Glanville Williams defines actus reus as 'the conduct that is forbidden by the rule of the criminal law on the assumption that any necessary mens rea is found to exist... the external elem- ents of the offence, including the negative of defences'. The actus reus may consist of three elements: (i) the willed movement or omission, (ii) the sur- rounding circumstances and (in some cases) (iii) the prohibited consequences. The following may amount to conduct:
A physical act, e.g. a blow.
(ii) Words, in such offences as incitement, conspiracy, blackmail; and where the words induce an act by an innocent agent.
(iii) An omission, where there is a legal duty to act either at common law, or by statute or by undertaking, e.g. a parent has a duty to provide food and medical attention for his or her children.
Instan (1893)
A niece who had undertaken to look after her elderly aunt at her aunt's expense and failed to provide food and to call medical assistance when the aunt was ser- iously ill, was convicted of manslaughter.
(iv) Possession, e.g. drug offences.
(v) A state of affairs, e.g. 'being found in a dwelling-house for an unlawful purpose'.
(vi) Conduct of others in vicarious liability.
If the conduct is not willed by a person it will not count as his or her act, e.g. where A is pushed by B into C, it is not A's act. Similarly, the conduct of a sleepwalker in his or her sleep is not willed conduct (see automatism, p. 304). The word 'unlawfully' in the definition of a crime indicates merely that there are defences.Mens rea
This consists of intention or recklessness. It is necessary to distinguish them since some crimes require nothing less than intention, e.g. attempt and wound- ing with intent under section 18 of the Offences Against the Person Act, 1861 (Belfon, 1976).(a) Intention
The hallmark of intention is desire or purpose. Professor Williams defines it as a volitional movement (or omission), knowledge of the relevant circum- stances and a desire that any relevant consequences shall follow'. Foresight of certainty without desire must also be counted as intention. The Law Commission has proposed the following definition: 'A person intends an event not only (a) when his purpose is to cause that event but also (b) when he has no substantial doubt that the event will result from his conduct.' The words 'has no substantial doubt' seem less clear than 'is certain'.