Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            s a measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. It is a negative logarithm of 
hydrogen ion concentration. In biological systems, enzymes, hormones, and metabolic 
pathways are sensitive to pH. The normal range (7.35-7.45) is slightly alkaline; outside 
this range, bodily functions can be severely impaired. For instance, a pH below 7.35
indicates acidosis, while a pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis. Both conditions can disrupt 
cellular function and homeostasis.
Sources of Acids and Bases in the Body
The body produces acids and bases through various metabolic 
processes:
Acids:
Is a substance when added to a solution it decreases the hydrogen 
ion concentration, known as (H+ doner). Acids is of two types:
A. Volatile Acids: Primarily carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), formed from the 
combination of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). It can be 
eliminated via the lungs by regulating CO₂ levels through respiration.
B. Non-Volatile Acids: Includes sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and 
lactic acid, generated from protein metabolism and anaerobic 
metabolism.
Bases:
Is a substance when added to a solution, it decreases 
the hydrogen ion concentration in that solution. It is 
known as (H+ acceptant). The primary base in the 
body is bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), which plays a key role 
in neutralizing acids. Bicarbonate is produced from 
the dissociation of carbonic acid and through renal 
function.
Mechanisms of Acid-Base Regulation
The body employs three primary mechanisms to maintain acid-base balance: buffer systems, 
respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
1. Buffer Systems
Buffers are substances that help resist changes in pH by neutralizing acids and bases. The main 
buffer systems in the body include:
A. Bicarbonate Buffer System: The most important buffer in the extracellular fluid. It involves a 
dynamic equilibrium between carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). The equation is 
as follows:
H2​O + CO2 
H2​CO3
H++ HCO3−
This system can rapidly adjust pH in response to changes in CO₂ levels or hydrogen ion 
concentrations.
B. Protein Buffering: Proteins can act as buffers by accepting or donating hydrogen ions. 
Hemoglobin in red blood cells is particularly effective at buffering CO₂ and H⁺ during oxygen 
transport.
C. Phosphate Buffer System: Operates in the intracellular fluid and renal tubules, using 
dihydrogen phosphate (H₂PO₄⁻) and hydrogen phosphate (HPO₄²⁻) to maintain pH.
2. Respiratory Regulation
The respiratory system regulates pH through the control of 
carbon dioxide levels. CO₂ is produced during metabolism and 
can react with water to form carbonic acid. By adjusting the rate 
and depth of breathing, the body can increase or decrease CO₂ 
exhalation, thus affecting pH. For example:
Hyperventilation: Increases CO₂ elimination, leading to decreased 
carbonic acid levels and an increase in pH (alkalosis).
Hypoventilation: Retains CO₂, increasing carbonic acid levels 
and lowering pH (acidosis).
3. Renal Regulation
The kidneys pl

            Quiz: