Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
             and viscera. 
 
ACTH, cortisol, 
The metabolic hormones 
 
•
growth hormone and glucagon are 
 
Increased.. Insulin release is inhibited by adrenaline and 
noradrenaline.
 
angiotensin aldosterone system; 
-
• The renin
of the afferent renal 
juxtaglomerular cells 
The 
in response to renal 
 
renin
arterioles secrete 
angiotensinogen to 
Renin splits 
. 
hypoperfusion
converted to angiotensin II by 
, which is 
angiotensin I
is a 
Angiotensin II 
 
.
a converting enzyme in the lung
sodium and 
and stimulates 
 
vasoconstrictor
powerful 
by a direct action on the kidney as 
 
water retention
aldosterone 
well as indirectly through release of 
of the adrenal cortex. 
 
glomerulosa
 
zona
from the 
vasoconstriction takes some 
mediated 
-
Angiotensin
-
baroreceptor
whereas 
 
minutes to occur,
20 
 
vasoconstriction occurs within seconds.
 
• ADH (vasopressin); Blood loss greater than 
10% stimulates ADH release. ADH ; 
increases the permeability of the renal 
collecting tubules allowing water  
absorption into the hypertonic renal medullary 
interstitium. With severe  
haemorrhage high levels of ADH also cause 
vasoconstriction. 
Reduction of 
refill; 
 
C.Transcapiilary
blood volume and constriction of 
arterioles causes a fall in capillary 
hydrostatic pressure and promotes 
movement of fluid from the 
interstitium into the capillaries, 
resulting in increased blood 
volume.
The 
;
 
haemorrhage
Clinical picture of 
manifestations depend upon the amount of 
blood loss. Its rate and on cardiovascular 
ml of 
500 
loss of only 
. Thus, 
reseive
in a 
 
hypotension
blood may cause 
patient with coronary artery disease, 
whereas in a healthy young adult, losses 
ml may not lower 
1500 
greater than 
are 
following 
he 
T
 
systolic pressure initially.
the clinical manifestations of hypovolaemia.
 
becomes pale, cold and 
• Skin ;
sweaty with slow capillary refill 
and collapsed veins. 
 
results due to 
 
• Oliguria;
diminished renal perfusion. 
In any patient 
 
;
volume is estimated 
.Blood 
2
 
with haemorrhage, it is of importance to have a rough estimate of the 
 
determined from the following.;
 
amount of blood loss
 
 
are 
 
haemorrhage
Four classes of 
• Clinical data; 
recognized based on clinical changes 
 
in haemodynamic parameters and indices of tissue perfusion
 
around a closed fracture of the tibia may 
 
haematoma
The 
Type of injury;. 
contain 500-1500 ml of blood.
 
, that around a fractured shaft of femur, 500-2000 ml; that in a 
 
fractured pelvis, 2000-3000 ml. 
 
and the 
amount in the suction reservoir 
is the sum of the 
• Blood loss at operation 
 
, the latter is calculated as the difference in swab 
amount mopped up by the swabs
 
weight after and before operation multiplied by a correction factor of 1.5-2 depending 
 
on the magnitude of the operation. 
 
Investigations ;1• Complete blood 
picture, including haematocrit. The initial 
haematocrit value is often normal (RBCs and plasma are 
lost in the same ratio). Some

            Quiz: