Summarize the following text to main points and sub-points and make detailed explain for them:

 
Medical physiology for first 
Menoufia university 
(semester 1) 
Physiology lectures 
Pro.Dr. Ahmad Mohamad Gaffar &Dr 
samar Rashad 
9/21/25 
F1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
 
Vision 
     Effective physiology practical teaching of 
physiology and pathophysiology course of the 
Pharma D program Bachelor of pharmacy, faculty 
of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, that achieves 
all learning outcomes to ensure a competitive 
graduate in the Pharmacy labor market inside and 
outside Egypt. 
 
Mission 
     Providing all strategies of teaching and skills of 
training, and methods of assessment for the 2nd year 
students 
during 
teaching 
physiology 
and 
pathophysiology 
course. 
Ensuring 
the 
implementation of the new trends of study to achieve 
all 
competencies 
and 
all 
course 
ILOs 
via 
coordination with medical education unit and 
coordinator in this regard.
 
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Foundation 1  
 
Index 
 
Chapters 
❖ Introduction 
❖ Organization of human body  
❖ Human Cell physiology  
❖ Cell membrane  
❖ Cell organelles  
❖ Transport of Materials through Cell 
Membrane 
(Permeation) 
❖ Cellular communication and interconnection  
❖ Body fluids  
❖ Overview on the Nervous system 
❖ Autonomic Ganglia 
❖ Sympathetic 
❖ Parasympathetic 
❖ Chemical transmission in autonomic nervous system 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
     
Physiology is the science that seeks to explain the physical and chemical mechanisms 
that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life 
The science of human physiology attempts to explain the specific characteristics and 
mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. 
Cells are the basic structural and functional 
living units of organisms, such as plants and 
animals.  
> 100 trillion cells in body .  
very small (10-5 m in diameter).highly 
organized. variety of shapes & sizes. 
          Tissues that make up the body are classified  
into four primary types epithelial, connective, 
muscle, and nervous  
Organs: (e.g. kidney, heart, liver, pancreas)  
Organ systems: (e.g. cardiovascular, 
urinary). 
The body systems are: 
❖ Regulatory systems: nervous and 
endocrine. 
❖ Locomotor system: musculoskeletal. 
❖ Reproductive system: sex organs and sex glands 
❖ Cardiovascular system: 
heart and circulatory vessels. 
❖ Respiratory system: ventilator gas exchange and transport. 
❖ Digestive system: 
ingestion, digestion, and absorption. 
❖ Urinary system: excretion of water-soluble substances and urination. 
 
 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
physiology 
  cell is basically composed of: 
❖ cell membrane  
❖ cytoplasm,  
❖ cell organelles  
Cell Membrane (Plasma 
Membrane)/plasmalemma : 
•  The cell membrane is a biological 
membrane  separating the interior of a cell 
from the outside environment .  
 
• It appears in thin sections with the electron 
microscope as a triple-layered structure 
about 7.5–10 nanometers thick . 
Function : 
•  Supports the internal structure of 
the cells .  
•  Protective barrier Regulate transport in & out of cell (selectively permeable)  
• Small lipid-soluble molecules, e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass easily Water can 
freely cross the membrane as Ions and large molecules cannot cross without assistance  
• Allow cell recognition  
• Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton  
• Provide a binding site for enzymes . 
• Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions) . 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
Fluid mosaic model  
It describes the plasma membrane as that which surrounds the cell, which is 
made up of two layers of phospholipids and at body temperature is fluid. 
  Embedded within this membrane is variety of protein molecules that acts as channels and 
pumps. 
o It contains carbohydrates, cholesterol and other lipids. 
o The protein and other substances such as cholesterol become embedded in the lipid 
bilayer, giving the membrane the look of the mosaic. 
 
 Since the plasma membrane has the consistency of vegetable oil at body 
temperature, the proteins and other substances are able to move freely 
laterally.  
    The fluid mosaic model theory thereby states that plasma membrane structure is a lipid bilayer with mosaic     
of proteins embedded in it and moves freely parallel to the surface of the membrane. 
 
 
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Foundation 1  
 
Chemical composition of plasma membrane consist of 
three major components: -  
 
1) Lipid 40%   ( cholesterol &phospholipids& 
glycolipid) 
2) Protein 52%  (integral membrane proteins  
&peripheral proteins &glycoproteins) 
3) Carbohydrate - 8% (glycolipids 
&glycoproteins) 
I. 
Lipids are bilipid layer formed from 
mostly: 
Phospholipids which  are amphipathic 
molecules consist of a polar head and 
unsaturated fatty acid tails.  
• the unsaturation in the fatty acid 
chains prevents the close packing of the plasma 
membrane 
each layer  
 
is formed of:  
* Heads have polar groups, i.e. they are hydrophilic. 
* Tails have nonpolar groups, i.e. they are hydrophobic. 
* The lipid layer is interrupted by proteins. 
 
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II. 
membrane Proteins   
• Integral membrane proteins:- 
These are proteins which are embedded within the lipid bilayer and it acts as 
channels& proton pump through which substances diffuse between 
extracellular and intracellular fluid. 
• peripheral proteins: - 
It is attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and do not 
penetrate the lipid bilayer. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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General functions of cell membrane proteins 
▪ Transport molecules across the membrane Provide structural support. 
▪ Enzymatic control of chemical reactions at cellular surface. 
▪ Some as receptors for hormones. 
▪ Some as regulatory molecules, that arrive outer surface of the membrane. 
▪ Some serve as ‘markers’ (antigens), that identify bl & tissue type of an 
individual. 
 
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Integral membrane 
proteins 
Peripheral proteins 
are permanently attached to 
the membrane. 
Embedded in the whole 
membrane (span the entire 
thickness of membrane ). 
are temporarily attached to the 
membrane. Located on the inner or 
outer surface of the phospholipid 
bilayer. 
 
 
Serve as carrier proteins, 
channels 
Serve as receptors and surface 
antigens or enzyme . 
 
Glycophorin is the example 
of integral proteins. 
Erythrocyte spectrin is the example 
of peripheral proteins 
❖ General function of peripheral cell membrane proteins: 
1- Act as receptor: receive orders from the endocrine 
system 
(hormones) or from nervous system (chemical transmitters). 
2- Act as enzymes for the cell function. 
3- Act as identity recognition of self from non-self. 
4- Act as intercellular connections: Surface proteins of near cells form a 
connection (Gap junctions or channel)  
❖ General function of integral cell membrane proteins 
 
✓ Acts as channels.   
 
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Which has 2 types:  Simple 
Channels (non gated)& Gated 
Channels. 
I. Simple Channels: 
Allow passage of small molecules which 
are water soluble as ions Na &+ K+ &Ca++ 
through  
1- 
Selective permeability (leak channels allow K+ 
100 times than Na+ because hydrated Na+ 5'A 
> hydrated K+ 4'A. 
2- 
Electrochemical gradient: The more the 
difference in ions concentration , and charges, 
the more the passage of ions. 
II. Gated channels: (They 
have gates). 
They control passage of substances in 
and out of cell. There are two types: 
1- Voltage gated channels open when 
membrane 
potential is changed. 
2- Ligand 
gated channels: open 
when the chemical substances (ligands) attach 
to gates either from outside Like: hormones, 
chemical transmitters (external ligands) or 
from inside as 
C-AMP(internal ligand). 
 
They allow passage of large H2O soluble substances 
NB 
Some channels can be opened by stretch of 
membrane. 
 
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1- Passively (no energy is required) with electrochemical gradient 
from high 
concentration to low concentration 
2- Actively (energy is required) against electrochemical gradient.From low 
concentration to high concentration. 
 
 
 
III. 
Carbohydrates Plasma membranes , 
predominantly glycoproteins& glycolipids .  
Function : Carbohydrates are located on the 
surface of the cell as it responsible for cell  
recognition on  host cells .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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✓ All the cell in the body must be supplied with essential substances like water 
and electrolytes. cells also must get rid of waste products and CO2. The cells 
achieve it by the means of transport mechanism across cell membrane. 
 
✓ The structure of the cell membrane is suited well for transport in and o

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