Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            ions (mostly related to urinary Catheters) 
4) Bacteraemia (mostly related to indwelling vascular catheters) 
 
Source  of Hospital-acquired infections 
➢ Endogenous: present in or on the host e.g. Surgical site infection following Contamination 
of the wound from a perforated appendix. 
➢ Exogenous: acquired from a source outside the body such as the operating theatre 
(inadequate air filtration, poor antisepsis) or the ward (e.g. Poor hand-washing ). 
 
Risk factors for increased risk of wound infection 
General Factors: 
1) Age 
2) Malnutrition 
3) Obesity 
4) Immunosuppression, including steroid therapy, chemotherapy. 
5) Endocrine and metabolic disorders, e.g. Diabetes, jaundice, uraemia. 
6) Hypoxia  
7) Anaemia. 
د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
3 
Local Factors: 
1) Type of surgery, lengthy procedures. 
2) Presence of Necrotic tissue. 
3) Residual local malignancy. 
4) Foreign bodies, including prosthetic implants. 
5) Ischemia. 
6)  hematoma. 
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Surgical Site Infection (SSI) 
is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. 
The infection of most surgical wounds is referred to : 
1. Superficial surgical site infection (SSSI) 
2. Deep surgical site infection (infection in the deeper musculofascial layers) 
3. Organ space infection (ex: an abdominal abscess after an anastomotic leak). 
 
                           Surgical Site Infection                 Superficial Surgical Site Infection 
 
 
Major wound infection with superficial skin dehiscence. 
د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Factors important in the development of infection and their inter-relationship. 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
Preventing Infection in Surgical Patients 
The term ‘Aseptic Technique’ refers to specific practices performed Immediately before and during 
a surgical procedure to reduce postoperative infection. 
 
These measure include: 
1) Hand washing. 
2) The operating team should wear sterile gowns and gloves during the operation some times wear 
visors and goggles. 
3) Skin preparation of the patient: povidone-iodine applied to the Surgical site prior to incision reduce 
the number of resident Organisms and so the risks of wound infection. 
4) Used only sterile instruments. 
5) Prophylactic antibiotics: 
Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical practice aims to prevent infection by achieving high 
concentrations of Antibiotic at the incision and site of operation during 
Surgery involves a single parenteral dose of Antibiotic at induction of anaesthesia . 
6) Maintaining a sterile field. 
د.أحمد صباح 
Surgery 
     كلية مدينة العلم الجامعة 
 
 
5 
Treatment of

            Quiz: