the Great Red Spot on the planet Jupiter is the largest storm on any planet in the entire solar system in the past it was even bigger than now the sheer depth of it is hard to grasp to give you an idea it's like having around 45 Mariana trenches stacked on top of each other on Earth hurricans quickly lose their strength when moving over land but on Jupiter there is no land and so there isn't any friction to slow down the the massive storm it's been raging for centuries but it looks like something strange is happening to the Great Red Spot since the late 19th century it has shrunk significantly evolving in size shape and even color from its Origins as a vast oval over three times the width of Earth to its present Dimensions approximately 10,000 Mi wide the Great Red Spot storm has taken on more of a circular shape while its colors have been ranging from pale to intense red orange Hues scientists believe chemicals like ammonia and hydrocarbons in Jupiter's upper layers might be responsible for these colors but the exact mechanisms remain unclear but no matter how Majestic the Great Red Spot is just one fascinating feature of the gas giant Jupiter Jupiter's atmosphere is a swirling mix of belts zones and Cyclones with strong eastwest winds separating the distinctive Cloud bands it makes up only 1% of the planet's mass but it's very intricate and the processes behind its peculiar features aren't completely clear yet the Giant gas planet is famous for its jet streams or relatively stable winds some of them Reach speeds of 320 mph are over 3,000 Mi wide and extend more than 1,850 Mi below the planet's clouds it would seem that when comparing Jupiter and Earth they are twoo entirely different planets in every way you look at them but surprisingly there's something uniting the Two Worlds when scientists studied the chemicals present in Jupiter's atmosphere they noticed an abundance of ammonia and its puzzling distribution some regions have much higher concentrations and there are even ammonia columns extending from deep within Jupiter and up to its top Cloud layers using data from NASA's Juno spacecraft scientists realized that the way Jupiter's upper and lower atmospheric layers interact results in a vertical flow something that also happens here on Earth a Fel cell is a kind of wind pattern and there are two of them on Earth on our planet there are what are called Hadley cells near the equator which move warm air upward toward the poles there are polar cells which bring cold air downward and in between the Fel cells act like a buffer zone they spin in the opposite direction to other cells cre creating a zigzag pattern of wind traveling through each hemisphere but the largest planet of the solar system has eight such patterns these cells align with the expected boundaries of what we might call Jupiter's version of Earth's Fel cells and according to scientists this is how Jupiter's iconic color bands form on the gas giant the wind patterns are different from Earth's mainly because Jupiter doesn't have a solid surface but researchers think they found something interesting a few miles below the gas giant cloud that could act like a stable layer similar to Earth's surface based on computer models something seems to be slowing down the winds in circular patterns on Jupiter one idea of what that could be are really tall vertical versions of Earth's Fel cells these cells could be affecting how the winds move and causing strange phenomena like ammonia forming into slushy oval shapes extending 60 Mi deep into Jupiter's atmosphere as a ammonia Rises it gets colder and forms icy clouds in the higher parts of the atmosphere then the air that's left sinks back down but it doesn't have much ammonia left in it which creates a kind of column where the ammonia is mostly at the bottom and less as you go higher up an ammonia water solution is also responsible for lightning which mostly takes place near the planet's poles and then there are turbulent thunderstorms that sweep across Jupiter's vast atmosphere Jovian storms are intense and they may give rise to Peculiar hailstones rich in ammonia which scientists call mush balls mush balls on Jupiter are believed to form when thunderstorms lift water ice crystals upwards reaching Heights of over 16 Mi above water clouds there they encounter ammonia Vapor which melts the ice and forms a unique solution of ammonia and water the process happens at temperatures below -16° F where liquid water cannot exist but the presence of ammonia acts as an antifreeze allowing the formation of liquid droplets Within These newly formed clouds droplets of ammonia water liquid can collide with the ascending water ice crystals electrifying the clouds and creating lightning as the mush balls grow larger they accumulate layers of slush and Ice becoming increasingly heavy eventually they become too massive plummeting deeper into Jupiter's atmosphere there they face warmer temperatures and evaporate all this shows just how much more complicated Jupiter's atmosphere is compared to what we previously imagined in the past scientists have studied the most peculiar features on Jupiter its colorful bands the Great Red Spot it's dark and bright patches but we know very little about what's going on inside of the giant beneath its atmospheric cover gas giant planets probably don't have real inner layers as those common among Earth earthlike planets is just a slow transition from the atmosphere and to the planetary core let's imagine you fell into Jupiter what would you see and feel as you descend into the clouds of the planet well first of all it's a gas giant and that means you'd keep falling deeper and deeper without landing on a solid surface but the Free Fall Would feel so long and it wouldn't be that long until you perish even before you get close to Jupiter intense radiation would penetrate your suit where which would mean the instant end of you so you'll need an advanced radiation proof space suit that would offer some chance at survival in this unforgiving environment on our planet Free Falling objects continuously accelerate by about 32 ft per second every second as you descend to the top of Jupiter's atmosphere your Free Falling speed something known as terminal velocity would be about 2,000 mph much faster than a fighter jet on full afterburners at one point you would enter the area of ammonia clouds where temperatures plummet to a bone chilling minus 240° F Jupiter's clouds churn with intense winds reaching speeds of up to 425 mph so you'd be dragged around like a leaf in a tornado on top of that the gas Giant's upper atmosphere spins at 110,000 mph and at this speed if you happen to collide with a dense gas cloud it would be like hitting a wall later on in your descent if you survived the previous obstacles you'd see clouds changing in color these clouds contain ammonium hydrosulfide and ammonium sulfide they have a brownish tint which would become more brown in color the deeper you fall at first the pressure around you would be bearable even for somebody without a spacit roughly what you'd experience 100 ft under water here on earth eventually that pressure would reach a thousand times the Earth's atmospheric pressure pressure but for now you've reached clouds of water although a space suit can protect you from external pressure it cannot prevent the physiological effects of breathing gases at high pressures and at 10 times the Earth's pressure breathing normal air is extremely dangerous because of oxygen toxicity and nitrogen Narcosis oxygen toxicity happens when the body is exposed to high levels of oxygen for an extended period of time and at elevated pressures breathing air with elevated oxygen levels can lead to the production of what are called reactive oxygen species in the body causing damage to cells and tissues this can result in symptoms ranging from mild discomfort to convulsions and could have lethal consequences nitrogen Narcosis happens when nitrogen gas dissolves in the bloodstream under high pressure affecting brain function similar to the effects of alcohol or sedatives nitrogen Narcosis can cause impaired judgment Euphoria and altered perception but it can also progress to more severe symptoms including confusion hallucinations or loss of consciousness both oxygen toxicity and nitrogen Narcosis are influenced by pressure because pressure affects the solubility of gases in the bloodstream as pressure increases the amount of oxygen and nitrogen dissolved in the blood also increases to avoid this your spacit would have to adjust the air mixture you breathe to maintain safe oxy and nitrogen levels adding helium or neon to the mix and this is just the beginning of your long descent into Jupiter as you fall deeper and deeper it gets darker and darker all because of the increasing pressure visibility would be limited because of the dense and opaque nature of the gas giant atmosphere through which light struggles to penetrate as light enters it becomes scattered and absorbed by the dense gases and particulates resulting in a hazy and murky atmosphere and even if your space suit is equipped with a powerful light source it would still be difficult to see further than just a few feet so you'll need to have specialized equipment tools with sensors that can scan the environment surrounding you if you somehow managed to survive the fierce pressures over 400 M below Jupiter's atmosphere you would enter a realm of the mighty gas giant that's never been explored before although no communication with the Earth or even a satellite orbiting nearby would be possible all radio waves would become absorbed by Jupiter's dense atmosphere the entire journey toward the gas giant Center would take over 20 hours but halfway through you would already be exposed to temperatures hot enough to melt tungsten a grayish white metal with the highest melting point among Metals known to science all the while pressure increases drastically so there's no way you could survive this the increase in pressure pressure would also act against your downward motion slowing down your freefall it's similar to trying to move through thick mud or syrup the denser the substance you're moving through the harder it is to keep moving quickly so despite gravity pulling you downwards the increasing density of Jupiter's atmosphere gradually slows your descent some 10 hours later your body finally hits the central part of Jupiter which is thought to be composed of metallic hydrogen there the temperatures are higher than than the surface of the Sun and pressures reach about 2 million Earth atmospheres the atmosphere is so dense it turns metallic hydrogen into a liquid in environments like Jupiter's interior where there's little to no oxygen available your body would undergo a process called carbonization without oxygen to support the usual processes of Decay or decomposition the body's organic matter goes through a chemical transformation it occurs at high temperatures and involves the breaking down of organic compounds into carbon Rich residues similar to Charcoal the immense pressure would exert a force equivalent to about 650 million PB pressing down on every Square in of your body or the piece of charcoal that it's turned into but let's imagine your body remains intact it primarily consists of water and water molecules have a strong hydrogen bonding which resists external forces trying to push the molecules closer together as a result even under extreme pressures water retains much of its volume and density making it almost incompressible at one point the density of your body would match the density of the surrounding atmosphere from now on you no longer fall and your body floats in place although we still don't know for sure what Jupiter's core is like an alternative idea is that it's solid almost like a rock 14 to 18 times the mass of our planet in the next few years science will uncover more about about the celestial gas giant and perhaps these Revelations will once again change what we think about gas giants and their place in the vast Cosmos until that happens we're left to wonder what Mysteries the planet holds a Celestial Marvel at the threshold between a planet and a [Music] star Decades of extensive Studies have demonstrated ated just how remarkably intricate Jupiter is just recently 12 more moons orbiting the gas giant have been discovered the total number of satellites around Jupiter is now 92 more than any other planet in the solar system the latest moons discovered have sizes ranging from 1 to 3.2 km a majority of these moons have extensive orbits with 9 out of 12 taking over 550 days to complete one revolution around the plan Planet scientists believe that because these distant moons move in the opposite direction of Jupiter's rotation they could be captured asteroids it's been widely believed that Jupiter acts as a protective shield safeguarding our planet from threats from outer space in the past astronomers have even suggested that this was one of the reasons life got a chance at evolving on Earth but recent findings cast doubt on Jupiter's role as Earth's Celestial Guardian long period comets which originate from the distant regions of the solar system and take Millennia to orbit the sun typically enter our vicinity however thanks to Jupiter's gravitational influence most of these swiftly moving icy objects are flung away from the solar system before approaching Earth so the chances of long period comets colliding with our planet are extremely rare occurring over millions or even tens of millions of years and Jupiter's presence plays a crucial role in shielding Earth for from these potential impacts however the gas Giant's gravitational forces have both positive and negative implications for life on Earth on one hand its immense gravity prevents nearby space rocks from accumulating and forming into a planet this led to the formation of the asteroid belt a collection of numerous small debris fragments scattered between Mars and Jupiter but nowadays the gas Giant's gravitational pull continues to influence asteroids causing some to deviate towards the sun this change in their trajectory increases the odds of collisions with Earth and we've already witnessed it in the past in 1770 Lex's Comet passed just about a million miles away from our planet an extraordinary proximity on an astronomical scale scientists believe that this Comet had initially come from the outer reaches of the solar system and had a close encounter with Jupiter that redirected its path towards Earth after completing two orbits around the Sun the comet returned to a point of close proximity to Jupiter 9 years later which subsequently ejected it from our solar system the Jupiter Shield Theory supported by previous computer simulations suggested that the gas giant ejects countless long period comets out of the solar system and this Theory even predicted the comet Shoemaker Levy 9 striking the fifth planet in 1994 but Computing resources weren't as powerful as they are nowadays and scientists had to make a lot of calculations today we have data that includes a greater number of short period comets and near Earth asteroids that intersect with Earth's orbit compared to long period comets and new simulations demonstrate a different picture Jupiter's influential gravity interacts with the asteroid belt causing gravitational resonances that clear out Rogue asteroids and redirect them inward collisions between asteroids can also contribute to this process by dispersing Rocky fragments into resonant zones the inner edge of the asteroid belt is particularly affected by a phenomenon known as secular resonance which drives material into the inner solar system Jupiter's current Mass allows it to both redirect comets towards Earth as seen with Lex's Comet and effectively remove them from the solar system if Jupiter had only 1 fifth of its current Mass it would still destabilize comets but lose the ability to remove many of them leading to a higher impact rate on Earth the free frequency of impacts plays a crucial role in the long-term evolution of life on a planet Earth's geological record indicates that an impact rate of one major Collision every 100 million years provides enough time for the biosphere to recover and Thrive however a higher impact rate occurring every few million years could devastate the planet hindering the development of a new biosphere some scientists believe collisions with Earth is also how water was brought here but what about water on Jupiter water vapor was first detected on Jupiter in 1995 this discovery was made by the Galileo spacecraft which conducted extensive observations and measurements of the planet and its moons the onboard instruments of the Galileo spacecraft particularly the near infrared mapping spectrometer detected the presence of water vapor in the planet's atmosphere during its close fly by but recent data demonstrates water makes up approximately 0.25% of Jupiter's atmosphere above the planet's equator while this may not sound like a lot it's actually an immense amount of water Jupiter probably the first planet to form in our solar system contains a significant amount of gas and dust that didn't become part of the sun knowing just how much water is locked up in Jupiter is crucial for scientists studying the formation of the solar system system in recent years a team of researchers used telescope data to discover a substantial presence of water within Jupiter's famous Great Red Spot launched by NASA in 2012 the Juno spacecraft currently orbits the gas giant taking close-up pictures of its clouds equipped with Advanced instruments the spacecraft has now revealed even more evidence of water on Jupiter because this massive gas giant holds more than double the combined mass of all the other planets in our solar system even small fractions of water on such a massive Planet would amount to a significant quantity far exceeding the amount of water found on Earth water in the gas Giant's atmosphere is also the reason why Jupiter just like Earth has its own mesmerizing displays of lightning a 100 times brighter than terrestrial lightning and peculiar hailstones lightning has been detected in the planet's water clouds in the past where water droplets collide with electrically charged ice crystals but the Juno spacecraft has also spotted dim lightning at higher altitudes in the atmosphere where the temperatures dropped to approximately - 87° c too frigid for water to exist in its liquid state so how does lightning happen under such conditions the answer to the mystery lies in ammonia a remarkable component in Jupiter's atmosphere that serves as a natural an antifreeze in the upper atmosphere water ice crystals combine with ammonia Vapors and melt these water ammonia droplets then collide with additional ice crystals from below creating an electrical charge that generates lightning below the ammonia ice clouds the ammonia water droplets undergo continuous growth until they become too heavy to remain suspended in the air and resemble large hailstones like we have on earth scientists believe that these mush ball-like objects descend deeper into jup Jupiter's atmosphere but now let's travel even deeper into Jupiter's innermost layers previously it was believed that our solar systems giant worlds all have a rocky core this was the accepted theory for a very long time but recently scientists have started to doubt this Theory using Juno's orbit data scientists are still studying how matter is distributed inside Jupiter and recent discoveries have unveiled an unexpected mystery lurking within the gas Giant's core Jupiter's core has extremely high pressures much greater than on Earth and temperatures as hot as 20,000 de C to understand these conditions scientists use powerful lasers to compress samples and mimic the planet's pressures in a laboratory the center for matter of atomic pressures at the University of Rochester is at the Forefront of This research the density of material materials in Jupiter's core depends on their composition and physical properties and just recently scientists have discovered that Jupiter's core is not as compact as they thought it was deep within its inner regions only 18% of the material is Rocky Jupiter is predominantly made up of hydrogen accounting for about 90% of its composition along with roughly 10% helium and Trace Amounts of other elements in the outer layers of this gas giant hydrogen exists as a colorless and transparent gas in the same form as it exists here on our planet as you descend deeper into Jupiter the increasing atmospheric pressure transforms hydrogen into a bizarre dense fluid that conducts like a metal so what is this [Music] substance approximately 10% of the way towards Jupiter's core along its radius the immense volume of hydrogen gas that forms the planet's atmosphere becomes compressed into a unique form known as liquid metal hydrogen liquid metallic hydrogen possesses properties similar to water with low viscosity excellent electrical conductivity and efficient thermal conduction within Jupiter this abundant substance transforms the planet into one huge generator on Earth elements exist as solids liquids or gases depending on temperature and pressure while hydrogen is typically a gas on our Planet it can be compressed and cooled artificially to become a liquid or solid however even in these states hydrogen retains its non-metallic nature poorly conducting heat and electricity in contrast Metals excel at conducting heat and electricity due to their atom Arrangement deep within the gas giant of our solar system hydrogen undergoes extreme temperature and pressure which allows for peculiar States including liquid metallic hydrogen hydrogen hen atoms under these conditions shed their electrons resulting in a mix of free floating hydrogen nuclei and electrons this electron Mobility resembles metal Behavior there's a theory that Jupiter's core might be filled with vast oceans of this substance and based on previous estimations of the Jovian cor's Mass it could be 12 to 45 times more massive than our planet a 40,000 km deep layer of liquid metallic hydrogen combined with Jupiter's rapid rotation of about 10 hours generates a colossal magnetic field that spans an astonishing distance of 725 million km this magnetic field stands as the largest in our solar system and it contains mysteries of its own exploring regions more than 320 km down into Jupiter's atmosphere scientists have identified a new found area known as a great blue spot not to be confused with Jupiter's Great Red eye storm researchers knew that the Jovian magnetic field was complex but they had no idea just how weird it was and it has something to do with the great blue spot the Jovian magnetic field is 20,000 times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field but now scientists have discovered that its strength is volatile unlike the Earth's dipolar magnetic field the gas Giant's magnetic field originates from a wide area in in the Northern Hemisphere and re-enters near the South Pole researchers have also identified a concentrated region just south of the Equator the great blue spot is like a second Jovian South Pole located near the equator the Colossal storm that's raged for centuries is probably caused by the presence of high concentrations of ammonia in the atmosphere the intensity of the magnetic fields in the great blue spot undergoes fluctuations of up to 1% per year here strengthening and weakening across different regions by the end of the extended Juno mission in 2025 scientists will have ample evidence to evaluate their hypothesis as research continues we're going to encounter new mysteries about the gas giant since the great blue spot and the Great Red Spot are located at the same latitude it's possible the two phenomena are somehow connected gas giants are typically characterized by their high temperatures especially in their upper atmospheres in our solar system there are two such Giants Saturn and Jupiter however Jupiter doesn't have a consistently high temperature throughout its entire structure the Solar System's largest planet is mostly known for its massive storm twice the size of Earth the great red spot but the gas giant has other spots too the great cold spot is nearly as large and scientists have been observing this phenomenon for years now at its largest the spot is approximately 12,000 by 24,000 km across but unlike the famous red spot this intriguing atmospheric feature stands out as a region of significantly colder temperatures compared to its surroundings about 200° cooler than the surrounding atmosphere the great cold spot is volatile disappearing and reappearing from time to time scientists have discovered that this phenomenon's recurrence is triggered by the planet's auroras because of this correlation the spot's age is about the same as the age of Jupiter's polar lights which is in thousands of years Jupiter's auroras similar to Earth's are produced by charged particles interacting with the planet atmosphere near the poles however the gas giant polar lights are more stable and intense as they receive particles from both its moons and the Sun new findings indicate that these auroras transfer energy to Jupiter's atmosphere creating a temperature difference between the upper and lower regions this temperature contrast leads to the formation of a swirling Vortex resulting in a cooler patch that is distinct from the Aurora and its surroundings Earth also experiences similar effects however the combination of factors like Jupiter's rotation that helps retain heat in specific areas and the varying nature of these events makes the occurrence of polar light lights on our planet less consistent another discovery made about the gas giant was that contrary to Common belief Jupiter doesn't actually orbit the Sun the center of gravity between Jupiter and the sun does not reside within the sun itself but instead exists at a specific point just above the sun's surface in space where a smaller object seemingly orbits a larger one both objects actually orbit around a combined center of gravity consider Earth and the Sun for instance in this case the center of gravity is so close to the center of the larger object that its impact is hardly noticeable the larger object appears motionless while the smaller object traces a seemingly perfect circular path around it the same happens when the International Space Station orbits the earth both the earth and the ISS orbit around their shared center of gravity even though our planet seems to be completely stationary while the ISS appears to orbit the Earth in perfect circles this principle generally holds true for most planets in our solar system even Saturn has negligible influence on the sun's position in space however as the two difference in Mass between the two objects decreases Everything Changes in the case of Jupiter its immense size causes the center of mass known as the Berry Center to exist 1.07 solar radi away from the Sun Center approximately 7% of a solar radius above the sun's surface this means that both the Sun and Jupiter orbit around this particular point in space our ancestors knew the Monstrous size of Jupiter the gas giant mass is 2 and a half times the total mass of all the other planets in the solar system and 37.8 times the mass of the Earth Jupiter's volume is 1,300 times larger than our planets but today we've Advanced Tech technologies that help us learn more about the gas giant than just size and mass and astronomers pay a lot of attention to the study of Jupiter as our planet's future depends on it the latest data we have shows that right now something strange is happening with the planet Jupiter is considered the super vacuum cleaner of the solar system by astronomers because of its immense gravity well and where it orbits in the inner solar system the gas giant has taken some huge impacts from asteroids that could have hit Earth in the past like Shoemaker Levi 9 which slammed into Jupiter as it broke into pieces in 1994 but the planet's gravity isn't always protecting us along with Venus it affects the earth's climate every 405,000 years gravitational fluctuations between Earth Venus and Jupiter bring us abnormally cold Winters and hot summers droughts become severe and rains cause floods researchers say we're now somewhere in the middle of this cycle and if something goes wrong on Jupiter it could affect Earth in a big way so what is the weird thing going on with Jupiter for once its most famous storm seems to be shrinking and we have no idea how that will affect the planet the Great Red Spot is a huge anticyclonic storm on Jupiter the largest storms on Earth are more than 1,600 km across with winds reaching up to 320 km per hour but these hurricanes pale in comparison with the Great Red Spot anticyclone which is about 16,000 km in diameter the gigantic storm is circling Jupiter at 650 kmph astronomers discovered the Great Red Spot in the 17th century and scientists still study this phenomenon the distinctive color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot has been a mystery for a long time some scientists believe the storm is colored by complex organic compounds the Whirlwind lifts them from the inside of the planet into the upper layers of the atmosphere others think the rusty color comes from sunlight splitting up different chemicals in the anticyclone upper atmosphere if so the storm isn't actually very red at all and what we might see is just a sort of sunburn at the top of it another interesting question is why the anticyclone lasts so long scientists have suggested it's because of Jupiter's composition which is mostly hydrogen and helium the gas giant has no solid surface to frictionally weaken the storm on Earth friction reduces the wind speed near the surface this slows down storms but other planets in our solar system aren't like the Earth either Saturn for example isn't Rocky and storms there don't last this long the biggest storm on Saturn the Great White Spot covers several thousand kilom you can see it through a telescope as a white oval this spot appears every 30 years and then vanishes with without any trace the big dark spot on Neptune which was discovered in 1989 was also proved to be short-lived the wind around the storm reached supersonic speeds of up to 2,400 kmph the large dark spot was constantly changing its shape and size with that much activity the storm was clearly not going to subside and yet in 1994 it disappeared but let's get back to the Great Red Spot the Juno space craft passed over the anticyclone twice in 2019 it took images of the storm to help determine its nature using Juno's data scientists compiled a three-dimensional model of Jupiter it showed that the Great Red Spot extends much deeper than previously thought on earth a storm of this size would rise above the International Space Station researchers say that taken from above the Cyclone looks like a huge pancake but a really thick one going 500 km deep into the clouds of Jupiter This Is 50 to 100 times deeper than the Earth's oceans the storm is powered by atmospheric jets that go far deeper about 3,000 km scientists are still trying to unravel the mechanism behind how these Jets move so far there's only one clue from the spacecraft data atmospheric ammonia gas is moving up and down in the Jets this is very different from the way things happen on Earth on our planet atmospheric phenomena are largely driven by water clouds condensation and sun light this is what we'd probably see inside the great red spot if we could get there the gravity there would be intense the Juno spacecraft passing over the Great Red Spot was like driving a car on a road full of potholes radio waves reaching Earth were slightly compressed and stretched thanks to this effect scientists picked up tiny Tremors 0.01 mm/s and were able to calculate the gravity inside the storm it turned out to be so strong as if a mysterious planet was hiding at the bottom of the anticyclone but of course scientists didn't find any Planet there only a gas surface meanwhile new measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope show that the storm has changed its form from oval to round and shrunk considerably previously three earths would fit inside the Monstrous storm but now only one look at these Hubble Telescope images from 1995 2009 and 2014 you can see how the Great Red Spot has shrunk in just 19 years so why is the storm on Jupiter shrinking and do we have anything to worry about if the storm disappears according to researchers something in the planet's atmosphere is killing the storm an unknown force is tearing apart the Great Red Spot in May 2017 the Gemini North telescope spotted a small hook-shaped Cloud on the west side of the storm and something else that looked like a wave peeling off its eastern side the Juno spacecraft also took an image of red flakes flying away from the spot researchers confirm that formations of various shapes actually detach from the Great Red Spot and Scatter into space these huge chunks up to 100,000 km in size are about the size of Portugal or Iceland computer models show this is a very natural phenomenon for Jupiter's complex atmosphere it may happen due to the convergence of the Great Red Spot and smaller storms on Jupiter anticyclones are attracted to other anticyclones and opposites such as Cyclones and anticyclones repel the merging of anticyclones is a long process in the beginning a smaller storm becomes a small bulge closely adjacent to the larger hurricane then the larger storm merges with the smaller one but when anticyclones meet with Cyclones something different happens a clockwise rotation of an anticyclone and a counterclockwise rotation of a cyclone first bring them to an abrupt halt then the motion resumes with with an unimaginable force and scatters the storms in different directions a small anticyclone wouldn't merge with the great red spot but shatter into pieces instead and these pieces of different shapes would then separate from the storm this is what astronomers believe they are observing and the Great Red Spot is still shrinking according to scientists calculations it could disappear in about 20 years Jupiter is unlikely to be affected but there may be some irreversible processes that the storm was preventing only time will tell what will happen when the storm completely disappears Based on data from the Hubble telescope the average wind speed around the red spot increased by 8% from 2009 to 2020 and this means the anticyclone isn't losing activity and may increase in size again or it could be replaced by another storm in 2000 three small oval white vortexes on the planet merged together and at the end of 2005 a new hurricane turned red astronomers called it the small red spot in 2006 the small red spot came into contact with the Great Red Spot because this was a slight Collision it didn't have any significant effect on the two whirlwinds but how will the two storms get along in the future to sort things out NASA's Mission Juno was extended for 5 years in 20121 the spacecraft will monitor mysterious polar Cyclones the planet's magnetosphere and and its incredible red storms Jupiter continues to be studied by the Hubble and web space telescopes as well as many groundbased [Music] observatories something recently happened that caught everyone's attention NASA's Juno spacecraft is still out there wondering space and for the first time since it was launched it picked up an FM radio signal coming from Jupiter's moon ghim me this is the same kind of signal that you would find here on Earth in fact we use this signal every day and know it as Wi-Fi did we just pick up an alien radio station broadcast from ganim to figure that out we need to know more about this icy alien world ganim is the largest moon in the entire solar system if it was orbiting the Sun it would be a planet itself being larger than Mercury although ganim doesn't have an atmosphere it's the only known moon to have a powerful magnetosphere which sometimes produce auroras that are affected by the moon's underground saltwater oceans the rocking seen by the auroras gives researchers evidence that the underground oceans on ganim meat are possibly liquid and very salty far saltier than the Earth's oceans the FM signal that came from ganim originated from electrons in electromagnetic fields a process causing the electrons to whirl and oscillate much slower than their spin rate the Juno spacecraft detected the 5-second radio burst in late 2020 when the moon crossed a polar region of Jupiter where the gas Giant's magnetic field interacts with ganim so could there be life on ganim well we know for sure the signal didn't originate from alien life it's also very cold on ganimat with temperatures aroundus 186° F however during one of its flyby the Galileo spacecraft detected a dense stream of atomic hydrogen escaping from the moon's very thin atmosphere this means that there are large amounts of oxygen that's locked up or hovering over its icy surface Atomic hydrogen is the lightest atom and ganam has a weak gravitational field so the hydrogen escapes and the atomic oxygen stays behind some researchers say that ganam could have as much oxygen on its icy surface as the Earth has in its atmosphere so could ganam have everything for life to exist in its subsurface oceans some scientists think the pressure at the base of any ocean here would be so high that it would turn to ice but a mission is needed to find out more but this Moon isn't the best candidate for life in fact there is another Moon orbiting Jupiter that some scientists are calling the most habitable place inside our solar system Europa is an icy white moon with brownish streaks on its surface and has an icy crust that could be from 2 to 20 mi thick it's the smoothest surface of any other object in our solar system and you wouldn't find any mountains or craters here underneath the icy surface would be a vast underground saltwater ocean which could be twice the volume of those on Earth Europa is very cold with an average temperature of - 260° F which keeps the icy crust as hard as Granite but could life still exist here it's possible at the door of the Space Age it was thought that all life depended on the sun and any object too far from a star would be a Frozen ball of ice unable to support life but finding thriving ecosystems at the bottom of Earth's oceans relying on hydrothermal vents changed all that now we know life is pretty tough and it can survive completely isolated from the energy of a host star like our sun it's important to know this because Europa could Harbor simp simple microbial life in liquid oceans underneath its icy crust and this life could be surviving of the same kind of hydrothermal vents so how do we know that Europa probably has liquid water needed for life to thrive the Galileo spacecraft that flew over the moon in the '90s uncovered evidence of a vast deep dark Global subsurface ocean even though the moon should be a solid ball of ice the water on Europa doesn't freeze completely because it's const stantly churned by powerful tidal forces as the moon orbits around Jupiter and at the same time those tidal forces cause europa's core to generate heat scientists are excited because this Global ocean is thought to be in direct contact with surface ice and the moon's silicate mantle this brings together everything needed for a habitable environment liquid water a source of energy and a source of minerals and nutrients that life needs to flourish and survive we know some bacteria or extremophiles like tardigrades can survive extreme environments and just maybe europa's hidden ocean could have these kinds of life forms between 2014 and 2016 researchers got evidence that there might be liquid water on Europa Hubble Space telescopic images showed evidence of huge geezers of water vapor some 62 m High erupting from the surface over europa's South Pole although some researchers are sure we're going to find out soon enough NASA wants to send a probe to Europa by 2025 the spacecraft is called the Europa Clipper and it will explore whether this icy moon has conditions suitable for life or not the $2 billion solar powered probe will fly by Europa 40 to 45 times using a number of high-tech instruments to study the moon's icy shell and the ocean that's underneath the surface will it find life only time will tell and what about the Jupiter moon Kalisto is it possible life could exist there as well Kalisto is the second largest Jupiter moon and the third largest moon in the solar system it's almost the exact same size as mercury but with a surface temperature of - 218° F it was once thought to be a dead Moon because of its ancient cratered surface in fact it has more craters on its surface than any other object in our solar system if you have many craters on the surface of any astronomical object it means that geological processes are probably dead but Kalisto also orbits too far away from Jupiter to be affected by the gas Giant's magnetosphere and heavy gravity however Kalisto may also have an underground ocean and the satellite's icy crust might be acting like a cosmic blanket insulating this underground ocean it's not clear whether this ocean could hold life because the surface is so old the only way to find out for sure what's happening on these icy moons is to send a probe NASA and the European Space Agency are building the Jupiter icy moons Explorer or juice which is planned to launch sometime in 2022 and begin a 7.6 year cruise to Jupiter arriving sometime in 2029 we've all heard about the James web Space Telescope and the amazing potential it will have to find habitable exoplanet but the juice probe is going to be carrying the most powerful scientific payload ever flown to the outer solar system which includes 10 state-of-the-art instruments plus will perform an experiment using the spacecraft telecommunication system with groundbased instruments during the first part of its 3 and 1/2 year Mission the juice probe will make 30 observation overflights of the three icy moons Kalisto Europa and ganam studying them in close detail by examining their gravity magnetic interactions and checking to see if liquid water really does exist under the surface of each one it'll then investigate whether these oceans might hold the organic components necessary for life or even life itself there's another interesting Moon that's been grabbing the attention of researchers lately but it's not in Jupiter's orbit however we think it's worth mentioning if we're going to talk about finding life in the solar system in 2019 NASA revealed the ocean on the Saturn moon Enceladus contains the building blocks for life this vast water ocean is about 6 Mi deep and lies under an icy crust that's 19 to 25 Mi thick images of huge plumes of water vapor erupting through cracks at the South Pole of Enceladus were captured by the Cassini spacecraft and indicate there must be an underground ocean these plumes were analyzed by the folks at Nasa and found to contain water vapor ice salts methane along with simple and complex organic molecules the kind of stuff normally found in living systems the newest study of Enceladus shows the Moon is more geochemically complex than previously thought and the carbon dioxide is being controlled by chemical reactions on the seaf Flor of an interior ocean boosting the chances of the Moon having some kind of life on Earth oxygen breathing creatures consume energy in organic matter like glucose and oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water and oxygen breathing microbes can metabolize hydrogen to create methane NASA's cassini's Eon and neutral Mass spectrometer detected methane carbon dioxide ammonia molecular nitrogen and molecular hydrogen in the plumes and molecular hydrogen would indicate there is free energy available in the oceans of Enceladus cracks in the ice where the plumes erupt have temperatures warm enough that seems to show the ocean is being heated by the moon's core these hydrothermal vents could be similar as the ones found on the Earth's oceans and are hot spots for life a team of scientists now want to send a probe to the Moon to find out it's called oranda which would cost 22 billion doar the probe would orbit Enceladus for 200 days which won't be easy considering Saturn's giant gravity field orander will fly through these plumes of vapor which will then funnel into science instruments at high speeds but this probe won't only orbit the Moon it'll also land on the surface and so it will need to find the perfect Place once the location is found the probe will convert to a Lander two nuclear power sources will keep orander running on the surface of the Moon for up to a year and a half while it sends data on what it finds back to Earth our solar system began as a disc of dust and gas some 4.6 billion years ago the first planets to form were the gas giants Neptune Uranus Saturn and Jupiter Jupiter took shape about the same time as the rest of the solar system forming around 4.5 billion years ago its strong gravity pulling in massive amounts of gas and dust from the disc before all the other planets formed it was the first and the largest Jupiter is mostly made up of hydrogen and helium about 90% hydrogen and about 10% helium almost the same composition as our sun which is about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium some astronomers call Jupiter a failed star however the gas giant only has a massive 1,000th that of the sun Jupiter just isn't massive enough for Gravity to trigger nuclear fusion the beautiful whirling clouds and storms that you see in images the layer resting on the surface known as the troposphere are about 31 Mi thick and are made up of ammonia ammonium hydrosulfide and water water which form the distinctive red and white bands when you look at Jupiter you probably think that it must have a solid surface the fact is that Jupiter doesn't have a true surface it's mostly swirling gases and liquids and if you sent a spacecraft there it would have nowhere to land but just because the spacecraft wouldn't have a place to land doesn't mean it would fly right through Jupiter's atmosphere and come out unharmed through the other side this is extreme pressures and temperatures deep inside the planet would crush melt and vaporize any spacecraft trying to fly into the planet but we've sent spacecraft to orbit and explore the planet the1 billion Juno probe the farthest space probe ever to be powered by solar arrays was launched towards Jupiter on August the 5th 2011 and arrived in orbit around the planet on July the 4th 2016 and what we've discovered and learned about jup is incredible the newest Discovery using data collected from the Juno spacecraft found that the colorful stripes of swirling gas and dust you see in Jupiter's atmosphere were found to run 1,800 M deep and hold so much gas that the mass is about three times that of the entire Earth these belts of wind flow at speeds of 223 mph and disrupt how masses spread across the planet it was also discovered that Jupiter's atmosphere is rotating differently with zones and bands rotating at speeds that are different by up to 328 ft per second those bands on different colors you see are actually traveling in opposite directions lighter bands move in the direction of Jupiter's rotation circling the planet faster than it spins and the dark colored bands move slower in the opposite direction and take longer to move around the planet so how does a giant ball of gas floating around in space stay together and form a planet the Jovian magnetosphere is the cavity created in the Solar Wind by Jupiter's powerful magnetic field ballooning 600,000 to 2 million mil and tapers into a tadpole-shaped tail extending more than 600 M behind Jupiter this magnetosphere is the largest and most powerful of any planetary magnetosphere in the solar system Jupiter's magnetic field is generated by electrical currents in the planet's outer core which is composed of liquid metallic hydrogen this magnetic field was found to be almost 20,000 times as powerful as Earth and rotates with the planet sweeping up particles that have an electric charge the electromagnetic storms they generate are so strong that they can be heard by amateur radio operators on Earth beamed towards us by plasmas and magnetic field lines these signals are sometimes even more powerful than radio signals from the Sun this magnetic field traps swarms of charged particles and accelerates them to very high energies and creates intense radiation that bombards the innermost of its 67 confirmed and named moons and would destroy anything that got close speaking of Jupiter's moons scientists have recently discovered an FM signal emanating from one of Jupiter's moons ganim if you want to see a video about this mysterious signal and Jupiter's giant moons let us know in the comments by now you may be wondering does Jupiter have a solid inner core Studies have found the planet's interior moves as a single body and behaves as if it were a rigid solid despite its fluid nature for now we simply do not know if Jupiter has a solid core or not but the Juno spacecraft should be able to help discover this and what the mass and makeup of this solid core is if it exists we do know that at Jupiter's core whatever it's made of the pressure is about 100,000 times the pressure on Earth the Great Red Spot is one of the most iconic features of the planet it's a massive storm the size of the Earth that's been raging since it was first cited in 1831 trapped between two jet streams it's called an anticyclone that swirls about a center of high atmosphere pressure and rotates in the opposite direction that hurricanes do on Earth it's the largest storm in the solar system with wind measured around 400 mph compare that to the fastest wind speed ever recorded on earth of 231 mph one day this Great Red Spot could end up disappearing completely and scientists say that it's been shrinking since the 1800s and many and may only last another 20 years NASA's Juno spacecraft was able to snap incredible images of the planet as it passed at 5,600 Mi above the giant red spot clouds in July 2017 one of the amazing things that was discovered is that deep in the atmosphere pressure and temperature increased greatly and compress the hydrogen gas into a liquid this gives Jupiter the largest ocean in the solar system which is made of hydrogen instead of water Juno also grabbed some spectacular images of the gas giant poles discovering another incredible wonder of the planet at the North Pole of Jupiter a huge persistent Cyclone is visible and encircled by smaller Cyclones ranging in size from 2500 to 2900 Mi on Jupiter's South Pole the same thing was discovered as Juno did a flyby and using infrared cameras imaged a cyclone the size of the entire USA with five other Cyclones swirling around it in a geometric pattern which also rotate counterclockwise the NASA Galileo spacecraft was likely the first to discover these hotpots when it accidentally f flew through one on its way to a planed demise to the surface of Jupiter when the spacecraft was almost out of fuel NASA deliberately sent the craft on a no return plunge into Jupiter on September 21st 2003 this was done to protect the moon Europa which some say has a subsurface ocean that could contain life it's worth mentioning that we probably should be thankful for the planet Jupiter's size and the powerful magnetic field that it generates because is possible that Jupiter has saved the planet Earth from certain Doom people were laughing at the prospect of an asteroid or Comet hitting the Earth in the late 80s and early 1990s but then something happened that would quiet that laughter the comet Shoemaker levy9 was discovered by Carolyn and Jean Shoemaker and David Levy on March 18th 1993 using the Schmid telescope at Mount Palomar scientists calculated the comet was originally one to 1.2 Mi wide however tidal forces from Jupiter's powerful gravity had broken the comet into more than 20 pieces as it made its close approach to the planet sometime in 1992 but the biggest Revelation was scientists saw that the fragments were going to smash into Jupiter and luckily for NASA its Galileo Orbiter was still on its way to the gas giant many earth-based telescopes and orbiting spacecraft such as the Hubble telescope all were focused on the incredible event that was about about to happen the fragments of the Comet were lined up like a freight train and collided with Jupiter's atmosphere unleashing the force of 300 million atomic bombs the fragments created huge dark spots in the clouds that measured 1200 to 1900 miles and heated the gas Giant's atmosphere to temperatures as hot as 53,000 to 71,000 de F if a comet of this magnitude hit the planet Earth the results would be devastating with impacts sending dust and debris into the sky which would cool the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and envelop the entire planet in darkness this historic Jupiter comet impact is what led to planetary defense but fear not this type of collision was very rare and scientists say probably only occur every few centuries or do they on August the 7th an amateur astronomer was looking at Jupiter through his telescope when he captured an asteroid colliding with the atmosphere of Jupiter creating a white flash visible in the clouds some scientists say these impacts are inevitable with the amount of objects floating around in space and Jupiter's massive gravity tugging on anything that gets close to it we could say that Jupiter's like Earth's big brother and likely protecting us from asteroid impacts we've learned some new things about Jupiter and how its layers of atmosphere are made up and we've also been able to image the planet in Striking detail piecing together images captured at the perfect moment for clarity call called lucky Imaging the highest resolution image of Jupiter ever seen has been created in thermal infrared light in the photos you can see the familiar banding bright regions are clear air where heat from inside the planet can leak out and darker regions are where the thick clouds block the heat from escaping this proves that the interior of Jupiter is very hot heat left over from its formation billions of years ago when taking a look at Jupiter through the Hubble telescope what you see is sunlight reflecting off the cloud tops with these amazing images we're learning more and more about Jupiter every day and we're not done yet Juno is still on its Mission and only about onethird through it planned mapping of the planet and there are still reasons to believe that Jupiter may have a rocky Center that's enveloped in a layer of metallic hydrogen we're definitely going to get more incredible images of Jupiter coming soon and we're about to unlock the mysteries of the biggest planet in the Sun solar system so make sure to stay tuned here to see the latest stunning images of Jupiter

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