Civil war 

Civil war went from 1861-1865. It was the union and the confederacy that fought and the north won. The north had a lot more resources. 

But after the war they had to rebuild. 

The north was against slavery but the south relied on slavery.
 How do we re-establish the union of states? Restore the balance of power in government. 

Problems after the civil war.

South cities, plantations, and farms destroyed
Newly freed slaves
How to bring south back into union
Lincoln assassinated
Struggle for power between new president andrew johnson & the radical republican congress.


Lincoln's second inaugural address

Given on march 4 1865
Before the end of the war
He promised to reunify the nation.


Lincoln's ten percent plan
Each state had to end slavery before being readmitted to the union.
Anyone who swore an oath of loyalty would receive full pardons and restoration of civil rights.
When 10% of the 1860 voters were loyal a state could organize a new state government.


Louisiana was the first state.


Radicals disagree with lincoln's plan

Denial of civil rights
Thaddeus stevens to radical and charles sumner were leading 
Congress takes control of reconstruction after the elections.
Wade-davis bill

In July of 1864 a new plan was proposed because radicals felt that the Lincoln plan was too lenient.
Reconstruction would not begin until a majority of the state's white men swore an oath.
It also guaranteed full legal and civil rights to african americans minus the right to vote.
Lincoln's pocket-vetoed this bill because it included an emancipation clause that he felt was only a power given to the president.


Freedmans bureau

Established by congress in march of 1865.
Worked to re-distribute confiscated and abandoned land to newly freed people.
Land was rented to freed people in 40 acre plots to farm and eventually buy for themselves.


Lincoln assassinated

April 15, 1865
Ford's theater
John wilkes booth
Andrew johnson becomes president of US


Andrew johnson

Self educated
From tennessee 
Former slave holder
Disliked by many
Only southern senator to remain loyal to union during war.
Lincoln's VP   to help Abe's chances for re-election in 1864.


Andrew johnson's reconstruction

Johnson became more and more resentful of the republicans
In may of 1865 he offered amnesty and the restoration of property to white southerners who swore an oath of loyalty.
He named provisional governors to the states and had them organize conventions
He does nothing to protect the rights of former slaves.



Andrew johnson's reconstruction

As former confederate states began abolishing slavery, violence spread across the south
September of 1865, johnson ordered the freedmen's bureau to return all confiscated lands to former owners
Johnson appointed black codes


Black codes
Laws that passed at the civil level that take away rights of freed people
They were left with no choice but to go back to there slave owners
Contract labor was almost as bad as slavery.


14th amendment
Congress passed the civil rights act of 1866 which guaranteed american citizenship regardless of race.
Johnson vetoed the act citing his limited government policies and racist feelings that blacks did not possess the qualities to entitle them to the privileges of U.S citizens .
The 14th amendment gives citizenship to all people born in the us regardless of race
Congress made ratification a requirement for readmission.


Congress takes control
March 2, 1867 congress passed the first reconstruction act.
It reduced the southern states to the status of territories and divided the south into five military districts.
Readmission: ratified the 14th amendment, and allowed black men to vote.
The second reconstruction act, established the procedures to enforce black suffrage by placing the military in charge of voter registration
This was referred to as radical reconstruction
Johnson vetoed the acts and congress quickly overrides the vetoes.


Republicans return to moderation.
During the election of 1868, republicans felt that suffrage was a southern solution and backed away form the call for national suffrage.
After voting violence swept across the south, congress passed the 15th amendment in 1869
Race, color, or previous servitude could not disqualify voting anywhere in the us
Southern states still not in the union had to ratify this amendment as well to rejoin the country 
The 15th amendment became a part of the constitution

Reconstruction acts of 1867
South divided into 5 military districts run by army commander
Members of ruling class before war lost voting rights
Before southern states could reenter union must do two things
Approved new state constitutions that gave vote to all adult males 
Must ratify the 14th amendment.


1867
Southern voters chose delegates to work on new state constitutions
3/4ths were poor white farmers
The other ¼ was carpetbaggers.


1870
All southern states had approved their new constitutions
Were allowed to rejoin the us and send delegates to congress


Stage is set for trouble
1867-congress passed tenure of office act
Prohibited president from firing govt. Officials without senate approval


Johnson fires secretary of war
in 1868, Johnson fired Edwin Stanton over disagreements about reconstruction.
House votes to impeach the president.


Impeachment
House voted to impeach
Senate held the trial
Weeks of testimony
Johnson stays in office, by one vote
Does Not have power to accomplish anything.


Scandals and crisis hurt republicans
Grants presidency
Grant is politically inexperienced 
Many of his appointees were proven to take bribes
Liberal republicans opposed grant


Economic turmoil 
Panic of 1873
Created by over investments in the south 
5 year economic depression


Redemption of the south
Democrats regain control of state legislatures in the south
Rutherford B Hayes loses popular vote but republicans in the senate award him the electoral votes needed for a victory.



Democrats redeem the south
Compromise of 1877.
Failure of reconstruction.


Reconstruction vocabulary
Jim crow laws-state and local laws between 1876-1965 that ensured segregation.
Poll tax- used in the south mainly to keep african americans from voting.




Westward Expansion

Westward expansion
Fulfill manifest destiny
New opportunities
New jobs

Miners prospectors. 
Searched for gold and silver throughout the west and north
Towns sprung up throughout the west near the hot new locations.

Farmers
Moved out west to raise livestock and start independent lives.

Homestead act of 1862
Provided 160 acres of land for no money up front
Had to pay for it after 5 years or 6th months for 1.25 per acre
Few trees
Little rainfall
Didn't know how crops could grow in the new climate.

Exodusters.
Freed slaves, often sharecroppers, that moved west.
Jumped at the opportunity to own their own land and harvest their own crops.



Westward expansion

Ranchers
Raised cattle.
Civil War Era: Started in Texas, and Cowboys would drive the cattle up to railroad towns in Missouri and Kansas.
THIS is where the legend of the Cowboy is created... These towns were Dodge City, Tombstone, etc. FAMOUS stories.
By 1870s: Cowboys and cattlemen discovered it made more sense to raise steer on the northern plains.
Created the Open Range-a vast area of land owned by the federal government.
Cowboys could use the nearby railroads and not worry about the long, dangerous cattle-drives
Open Range came to an end with a series of bad winters.
Animals couldn't get to shelter because of poor fencing planning.
Caused ranchers to fence in their own lands.. and they would raise enough feed for their herds.