Very very short answers for each
Ch. 6.1 - The Roots of Progressivism
Terms/People
Jane Addams
Upton Sinclair
Temperance
Frances Willard


4.3 Social Darwinism and Social Reform (skip to page 6)

Helping the Urban Poor
Social Gospel Movement

Settlement House

Public Education

6.1 Rise of Progressivism
Who were the progressives?


The Muckrakers

Reforming Society (Skip to p. 8)

Child Labor


Health and Safety Codes
Worker Compensation


Labor Laws and Legal Challenges


Zoning Laws and Legal Challenges


Prohibition Movement




Big Questions
Why did the spirit of change and reform emerge in the US at the turn of the century?


How did progressives seek to help improve problems of society?



Page 6


Social Darwinism and Social Reform
								 								
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Why do people migrate? How is urban life different from rural life?
							
 
		 			
				
	
Helping the Urban Poor
The plight of the urban poor prompted some reformers to find new ways to help. The Social Gospel movement worked to better conditions in cities according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice. Washington Gladden, a minister, was an early advocate who popularized the movement in writings such as Applied Christianity (1887). Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist minister from New York, became the leading voice in the Social Gospel movement. The Church, he argued, must “demand protection for the moral safety of the people.” The Social Gospel movement inspired many churches to build gyms, provide social programs and child care, and help the poor.
The Salvation Army and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) also combined faith and an interest in reform. The Salvation Army offered practical aid and religious counseling to the urban poor. The YMCA tried to help industrial workers and the urban poor by organizing Bible studies, citizenship training, and group activities. The YMCA also provided low-cost boarding houses for young men. The head of the Chicago YMCA, Dwight L. Moody, was a gifted preacher whose revival meetings drew thousands of people. Moody rejected both the Social Gospel movement and Social Darwinism. He believed the way to help the poor was not by providing them with services but by redeeming their souls and reforming their character.
The settlement house movement began as an offshoot of the Social Gospel movement. In the late 1800s, idealistic reformers—including many college-educated women—established settlement houses in poor, often heavily immigrant neighborhoods. The reformers lived in these settlement houses, which were community centers offering everything from medical care and English classes to kindergartens and recreational programs. Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago in 1889. Jewish reformer Lillian Wald founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York City. Both women were a powerful force in social work and the settlement house movement.
Public Education
As the United States became increasingly industrialized and urbanized, it needed more trained and educated workers. The number of public schools increased dramatically after the Civil War. The number of children attending school rose from 7,562,000 in 1870 to 15,503,000 in 1900. Public schools were often crucial to the success of immigrant children. At school they were taught English and learned about American history and culture, a process known as Americanization.
				 			
		 		 	
	 		
			
				 			
		
	 		
			
				 			
		
	 		
			
				

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Popular Culture
Popular culture changed considerably in the late 1800s. Industrialization improved the standard of living for many people, enabling them to spend money on entertainment and recreation. Increasingly, urban Americans divided their lives into separate units—that of work and that of home. People began “going out” to public entertainment.
In cities, saloons often outnumbered groceries. As a place for social gathering, saloons played a major role in the lives of male workers. Saloons offered drinks, free toilets, water for horses, and free newspapers for customers. They even offered the first “free lunch”: salty food that made patrons thirsty and eager to drink more. Saloons also served as political centers, and saloonkeepers were often key figures in political machines.
Working-class families and single adults could find entertainment at new amusement parks such as New York City’s Coney Island. Amusements such as water slides and railroad rides cost only a nickel or dime. People also began watching professional sports. Formed in 1869, the first professional baseball team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings. In 1903 the first official World Series was played between the Boston Americans and the Pittsburgh Pirates. Football gained in popularity and by the late 1800s had spread to public colleges.
As work became less strenuous, many people looked for activities involving physical exercise. Tennis, golf, and croquet became popular. In 1891 James Naismith, athletic director for a college in Massachusetts, invented a new indoor game called basketball.