متن زیر به فارسی ترجمه شود اما به این شکل که از اول متن تا انتها یک خط انگلیسی نوشته شود یک خط فارسی و این موضوع تا انتها در ترجمه رعابت شود ،The topic we are currently dealing with is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics. Certainly, there is a growing trend toward judging a state's domestic actions in the light of international law and standards. Numerous people now view the nation-state as the primary unit of international affairs, and believe that only states may choose to voluntarily enter into commitments under international law, and that they have the right to follow their own counsel when it comes to interpretation of their commitments. Certain scholars and political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the U.N. and the World Bank, argue that international law has evolved to a point where it exists separately from the mere consent of states, and discern a legislative and judicial process to international law that parallels such processes within domestic law. This especially occurs when states violate or deviate from the expected standards of conduct adhered to by all civilized nations.
16- What does the passage mainly discuss?
1) Commitments of states under International Law 2) International Law vis-à-vis National Sovereignty
3) Expected International Standards of National Law
4) Interpretation of Independent National Sovereignties
17- The expression vigorous debate in the 1st line is closest in meaning to.....
1) brutal dispute
2) strong discussion
3) mild argument
(سراسری (۹۱)
(سراسری (۹۱)
4) murderous quarrel
18- It is clearly mentioned in the passage that there is a(n) ......... a state's national actions with the help
of international law.
(سراسری (۹۱)
2) inclination to prevent 3) tendency to condemn 4) inclination to persuade
1) tendency to assess
19- According to the passage, the majority of scholars ..........
1) endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments
2) cede state governments to international bodies such as the U.N. and the World Bank
3) believe that international law must exist separately from the mere consent of states
(سراسری (۹۱)
4) believe that only states may decide to intentionally enter into commitments under international law
20- What does the author say happens when a state violates international law?
1) Domestic law suppresses international law.
2) State governments deviate from standards of conduct adhered to by all civilized nations. 3) International law suppresses domestic law.
4) All civilized nations come under attack by violating states.
(سراسری (۹۱)
A number of states place emphasis on the principal of territorial sovereignty, thus seeing states as having free rein over their internal affairs. Other states oppose this view. One group of opponents of this point of view, including many European nations, maintain that all civilized nations have certain norms of conduct expected of them, including the prohibition of genocide, slavery and the slave trade, wars of aggression, torture, and piracy, and that violation of these universal norms represents a crime, not only against the individual victims, but against humanity as a whole.
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مدرسان شریف رتبه یک کارشناسی ارشد
Chapter Three: International Law
21- According to the passage, the countries that lay stress on the principle of territorial sovereignty consider states having..........
1) limited jurisdiction over domestic affairs
3) restricted jurisdiction over internal issues
(سراسری (۹۱)
2) confined control over their internal affairs 4) independent control over their domestic issues
22- One can infer from the above passage that European countries believe that states internal affairs.
1) must have unlimited control over
3) have unrestricted jurisdiction over
23- What does the word genocide in line 4 refer to?
their
(سراسری (۹۱)
2) consider certain norms of behavior in 4) must not take into account any norms of conduct in
(سراسری (۹۱)
1) law or decree which forbids something
2) hostile or destructive behavior or actions
3) extermination of a large group of people
4) infliction of severe physical pain as a means of punishment
C
C