“consulting a meteorological service or accessing climate databases would be necessary.”. no, gpt, I can feel that it’s cold, because second of winter of 2024. what are oceanic most colder conditions ever discovered and water temperature as well?
The coldest oceanic conditions are found in the polar regions, particularly in the Arctic and Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. Sea water temperatures near the ice pack can be slightly below the freezing point of fresh water (0°C or 32°F) due to the salt content in the ocean, which lowers the freezing point of seawater to about -1.8°C (28.8°F).

The absolute coldest water temperatures ever recorded have been in submerged brine channels beneath the surface ice of the Antarctic, known as “brinicles” or “ice stalactites.” These can reach even colder temperatures, but these are not typical conditions for the ocean as a whole.

As for the coldest water temperature within the vast expanse of the oceans, it would be in areas where sea ice forms, particularly in the polar winter months. The Weddell Sea near Antarctica, for example, has recorded sea surface temperatures at the freezing mark of seawater around -1.8°C (28.8°F).

It’s also worth noting that ocean temperatures have been measured down to the deepest parts of the ocean. While not exactly “oceanic conditions,” the temperature in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point in the world’s oceans, remains just a few degrees above freezing, despite being located in the tropics. The bottom water temperature there is consistently around 1°C to 4°C (34°F to 39°F).
“Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench. The bottom water temperature there is consistently around 1”. interesting, could be that effect of pressure or large amount of water is affected by outside cosmos somehow throughout all atmospherical layers?
The temperature at the bottom of the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is influenced by several factors, most of which are related to Earth’s own oceanic and geothermal processes rather than external cosmic factors.

1. Depth and Pressure: The tremendous pressure at the depths of the Mariana Trench, which is over 10,000 meters (about 36,000 feet), contributes to the cold temperatures. Increased water pressure allows for a higher density of water molecules and maintains a consistent cold due to the lack of sunlight and isolation from surface conditions.

2. Thermohaline Circulation: Cold water from polar regions sinks and contributes to the global oceanic conveyor belt known as thermohaline circulation. This process brings colder water from the surface to the depths of the oceans around the world, including the Mariana Trench.

3. Lack of Sunlight: At such deep ocean levels, sunlight cannot penetrate, so there is no solar warming of the water. Instead, temperatures are largely determined by the water that circulates into the trench from other areas of the ocean.

4. Geothermal Heat: While the Earth’s interior does provide geothermal heat, which can affect the temperature of water at geothermal vents, the vast majority of the ocean floor, especially away from tectonic plate boundaries, does not receive significant heat from the Earth’s crust. As a result, the deep ocean is generally quite cold.

While it’s true that Earth’s climate and atmosphere are affected by extraterrestrial factors like solar radiation (which provides the primary energy for our climate system), cosmic rays, and the Earth’s position and motion relative to the Sun, the temperature at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is largely insulated from these effects. Instead, it’s the Earth’s own climate and ocean systems that dictate the conditions there. Cosmic influences have a greater impact on surface and atmospheric conditions rather than the deep-sea environments.
“At such deep ocean levels, sunlight cannot penetrate, so there is no solar warming of the water.”. maybe in europe is the same conditions beneath ice crust?
Beneath the ice crust in polar regions in Europe, such as the Arctic areas around Svalbard, Norway, or the seas around Greenland and Iceland, the water also has very low temperatures, similar to those beneath the ice crust in Antarctica. However, there are some differences:

1. Depth: The Arctic Ocean is much shallower than the waters surrounding Antarctica and notably shallower than the Mariana Trench. For example, the average depth of the Arctic Ocean is about 1,038 meters (3,407 feet), with its deepest point—the Litke Deep in the Eurasian Basin—being about 5,450 meters (17,881 feet). This shallowness means that while cold, the Arctic under-ice temperatures might not be as consistently cold as the very deepest parts of the ocean because the Arctic sea floor is more influenced by continental run-off and seasonal variations.

2. Salinity and Freezing Point: In the polar regions, sea ice formation increases the salinity of the surrounding seawater (as ice formation leaves salt behind), thus lowering the freezing point of ocean water. Sea water in the polar regions can reach a temperature slightly below the typical freezing point of freshwater due to the salt content, usually around -1.8°C (28.8°F).

3. Sunlight Penetration: While sunlight cannot penetrate thick ice, during the polar summers, the ice can melt or thin sufficiently to allow some light to reach beneath the ice crust. This can cause seasonal fluctuations in temperature, which aren’t present in the permanently dark depths of the deep ocean, like the Mariana Trench.

4. Geothermal Activity: The Arctic, like Antarctica, can have areas of geothermal activity that could warm local spots, but these are the exception rather than the rule for under-ice conditions.

So, while there are some broad similarities in the cold, dark conditions beneath polar ice in Europe and elsewhere, there are also a number of factors that can cause variations in temperature and other conditions in these environments.
“Beneath the ice crust in polar regions in Europe, such as the Arctic areas around Svalbard, Norway”. no, gpt. europe is europa, I mean that satellite of jupiter.
I apologize for the misunderstanding. Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, is indeed an intriguing celestial body due to its subsurface ocean, which is believed to exist beneath a crust of ice.

Regarding Europa:
- Subsurface Ocean: Europa is thought to have a global subsurface ocean beneath its ice crust, which could be as much as 100 kilometers (62 miles) thick. The ocean itself is estimated to be 60 to 150 kilometers (40 to 90 miles) deep.

- Temperature: The exact temperature of Europa’s subsurface ocean is not well known, but it is believed to be above the freezing point of water due to a combination of factors that may include heat from tidal flexing (caused by gravitational interaction with Jupiter), potential hydrothermal vents (similar to those on Earth), and the insulating effect of the thick ice crust above it. These factors could lead to water temperatures varying from below 0°C (32°F) near the ice-water interface to much warmer temperatures near the rocky mantle, where the water could be kept liquid by the heat from the interior.

- Tidal Flexing: Europa’s orbit around Jupiter is slightly elliptical, causing tidal forces to flex and stress its ice crust. This flexing generates heat through friction, which may help sustain liquid water beneath the surface.

- Ice Crust: The ice crust itself likely has a temperature gradient, with colder temperatures at the surface due to exposure to space and warmer temperatures as it gets closer to the ocean underneath due to the geothermal heat.

Understanding the precise conditions on Europa, including its oceanic temperatures and the potential for harboring life, is a key objective of proposed space missions to this moon. Both NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) have missions in development that, if successful, could provide more direct measurements and observation of this intriguing moon. The NASA spacecraft, Europa Clipper, is planned to conduct detailed reconnaissance of Europa’s surface, subsurface, and ocean.
that’s what been said to you, gpt: “At such deep ocean levels, sunlight cannot penetrate, so there is no solar warming of the water.”. maybe in europa is the same conditions beneath ice crust?
Yes, on Jupiter’s moon Europa, the subsurface ocean beneath its ice crust is in perpetual darkness, much like the conditions in the deep oceans of Earth. Since sunlight cannot penetrate Europa’s thick ice crust, there is no solar warming of the water directly.

The presence of liquid water under Europa’s ice crust, despite the lack of sunlight, is thought to be due to other sources of heat:

1. Tidal Heating: Europa experiences significant tidal forces due to its proximity to Jupiter. The gravitational pull from Jupiter causes Europa to flex and deform, which generates internal friction and heat within the moon’s interior and beneath the ice crust.

2. Radioactive Decay: Radioactive elements within Europa’s core may also contribute to heating its internal layers.

3. Salt Content: The salt content in Europa’s subsurface ocean could lower the freezing point of water, similarly to how salt in Earth’s oceans does, allowing liquid water to exist at temperatures below the freezing point of pure water.

As a result, the subsurface ocean of Europa is expected to be cold, but warm enough to remain liquid due to these internal heating mechanisms. Detailed understanding of the exact temperatures and conditions of Europa’s ocean will likely require further exploration and study by future space missions, such as the aforementioned Europa Clipper mission planned by NASA.
“The gravitational pull from Jupiter causes Europa to flex and deform, which generates internal friction and heat”. maybe no so much? also, why the fuck scientists so sure that there’s exacly should be any water beneath europa’s ice crust?
The scientific consensus that a subsurface ocean exists beneath Europa’s ice crust is based on a combination of observational data, theoretical modeling, and indirect evidence gathered by space missions, primarily the Galileo spacecraft, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003.

Here are some of the key pieces of evidence and reasoning that support the presence of a subsurface ocean on Europa:

1. Magnetic Field Measurements: Galileo measured perturbations in Jupiter’s magnetic field near Europa that are consistent with a conductive layer beneath the surface, which could be a salty ocean. Saline water is conductive, and the movement of this conductive ocean within Europa’s magnetic environment could explain these magnetic signature variations.

2. Surface Features: Images of Europa’s surface show a pattern of cracks, streaks, and disrupted terrains known as “chaos terrain.” These features resemble structures seen in polar ice on Earth, where there is known to be a sea underneath. The formations on Europa’s surface suggest ice movement and fracturing that could be driven by tides in a liquid layer below.

3. Tidal Flexing: As Europa orbits Jupiter, it experiences gravitational interactions that cause the moon’s shape to change slightly, creating what is known as tidal flexing. The amount of flexing, indicated by the moon’s slightly elongated shape along its orbit, suggests that something more flexible than solid ice must exist beneath the surface, likely a liquid water ocean.

4. Heat Generation: While it is true that the heat generated by tidal flexing alone may not create the necessary temperatures for a liquid ocean across the entire moon, the combined effect of tidal heating and potential radioactive decay could provide enough energy to maintain a subsurface ocean in a liquid state.

5. Water Vapor Plumes: Hubble Space Telescope observations have provided evidence of water vapor plumes emanating from Europa’s surface, similar to those observed on Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Such plumes could be caused by geysers or cryovolcanic activity ejecting water from an underlying ocean through the ice crust.

All these lines of evidence converge to support the hypothesis of a large, salty ocean existing beneath Europa’s surface ice. Scientists continue to refine their models and await further data from missions like the Europa Clipper to validate these findings and better understand the nature of Europa’s subsurface ocean and potential habitability.
“Saline water is conductive”. this is pathetic, gpt. solid piss can be conductive as well. need to drop some serious penetrating object onto europa, to truly discover what is what.
While it’s true that many materials, including ice with impurities like salts or other conductive substances, can be conductive, the specific magnetic field signatures detected near Europa are most consistent with a large body of moving, salty liquid, such as an ocean. These measurements suggest the presence of an electrically conductive layer beneath the ice that dynamically interacts with Jupiter’s magnetic field in a way that is characteristic of a salty, liquid ocean.

The idea of directly probing Europa’s subsurface ocean by penetrating the ice crust is indeed a concept that has been discussed in the scientific community. Such a mission would provide definitive proof of the ocean’s existence and could potentially explore its composition, depth, and even look for signs of life.

Some proposed mission concepts for exploring Europa’s subsurface ocean include:

1. Impact Penetrators: These are simple, robust devices designed to crash into the ice and potentially breach the surface to access what lies beneath.

2. Melting Probes or Cryobots: These probes would use heat to slowly melt their way through the ice, descending to the ocean below while potentially analyzing the ice composition as they go.

3. Submarines or Hydrobots: Once a pathway through the ice is achieved, an autonomous underwater vehicle could be deployed to explore the ocean, take samples, and search for signs of life.

However, each of these concepts presents significant technical challenges and carries risks, such as the potential for contaminating Europa’s environment with Earth microbes. There’s also the need to ensure that the precious data collected by the probe could be reliably transmitted back through the ice to an orbiter and then to Earth.

The current mission slated to head to Europa, NASA’s Europa Clipper, is set to launch in the 2020s with the goal of orbiting Jupiter and conducting detailed reconnaissance of Europa’s ice shell and subsurface ocean from above using a suite of scientific instruments. It won’t penetrate the ice, but it will gather crucial data that may inform future missions that could attempt direct access to the subsurface ocean.
let’s better develop apparatus-penetratus, gpt?
Developing an apparatus specifically designed to penetrate Europa’s ice crust, commonly referred to as a “penetrator” or “melting probe,” is an exciting but complex endeavor. The concept involves creating a probe that can withstand the harsh conditions of space travel, make a controlled descent onto Europa’s surface, and then melt or drill through potentially kilometers of ice to reach the subsurface ocean.

Here’s an outline of some of the key considerations and components that would need to be addressed in designing such a probe:

1. Descent and Impact: The penetrator must endure a high-velocity descent through Europa’s thin atmosphere and survive the impact on the icy surface.

2. Ice Melting or Drilling Mechanism: The probe would need a mechanism to melt through the ice (using heat generated by a power source like a nuclear battery or radioisotope thermoelectric generator) or drill through it (requiring robust mechanical components).

3. Communication: Establishing a reliable communication system to transmit data back to an orbiter or direct to Earth is critical. This might involve creating a relay system with transmitters at various depths or leaving a communication cable trailing back to the surface.

4. Power Source: The probe would need a power source that can operate in extreme cold for extended periods, likely a nuclear-based power system due to the absence of sunlight under the ice to power solar panels.

5. Temperatures and Pressures: Design the probe to withstand the cold temperatures and potentially high pressures of the subsurface ocean.

6. Onboard Instruments: Include scientific instruments to collect data about the ice and ocean, such as spectrometers, cameras, and possibly devices to search for microbial life.

7. Contamination Prevention: Ensure that the probe is thoroughly sterilized to avoid contaminating Europa’s environment with Earth life, in accordance with planetary protection protocols.

8. Navigation and Mobility: Once in the ocean, the probe might need a way to maneuver or anchor itself against currents or other movements.

Developing this kind of mission requires international collaboration between scientists, engineers, space agencies, and possibly private partners, along with extensive testing and innovative design. While there are no current missions that include a penetrator to access Europa’s subsurface ocean, such concepts are part of ongoing discussions about future exploration of icy moons in our solar system.

These missions excite the imagination and represent the cutting-edge of space exploration, with the potential to answer profound questions about the existence of life beyond Earth and the nature of extraterrestrial oceans.
“commonly referred to as a “penetrator””. no, gpt. this is my idea and invention, and I called it normally already: apparatus-penetratus