Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            ent immune 
system of elderly people to reduce the morbidity and mortality related to 
 
Content 
 
~ 18 ~ 
infection. 
 Influenza vaccine 
 to  
reduces the likelihood of hospitalization for influenza or 
pneumonia. 
 Pneumococcal vaccine. 
VII. Gastrointestinal System: 
 40% of those >65 are edentulous, mostly because of neglect 
rather than any 
natural age related process. 
 Decrease saliva production lead to older person experience dry 
mouth. 
 Atrophy & decrease in the number of taste buds. 
 Stomach acid production diminishes sharply in old age. At the same time, the 
mucosa thins. Very little seems to happen to the small bowel 
 Decline production of HCL (an acidic environment is necessary of gastric cells  
for the release of vitamin B12 from food sources( 
 Diminished gastric enzymes (eg,  pepsinogen) & pancreatic enzymes result in 
a hindrance to the absorption of other nutrients like iron, calcium, & folic acid. 
 Hepatic blood flow, size & weight decrease with age.  Overall function, 
however, is preserved, but may be less efficient in the setting of drug overload. 
 Decreased tone in stomach & intestines result in slower peristalsis results in 
constipation. 
 Decreased appetite. 
 Decreased chewing 
 
 
Content 
 
~ 19 ~ 
Nursing Interventions: 
 Assess older adult’s ability to chew and swallow. 
 Assess nutritional health frequently. 
 Assist older adults in making changes with their eating habit as eating soft 
foods. 
 Encourage older adult to drink adequate amount of water (1.5 L). 
 Diets high in fiber.  
 Promote exercise. 
 Small frequent meals. 
 Low fat diet and limit the amount of caffeine and alcohol use. 
 Regular Bowel habit. 
 Maintain good oral hygiene & denture care. 
 Refer older adult for further oral evaluation if necessary. 
 Talk with your doctor about medication side effects. 
VIII. Endocrine System: 
 Because the endocrine system is so complex & interrelated it is difficult to 
discern the effects of aging on specific glands 
 In most glands there is some atrophy & decreased secretion with age. 
 Hormonal alterations are variable & gender-dependent Most apparent in: 
 Glucose homeostasis (Progressive decline in carbohydrate tolerance and 
increasing insulin resistance.) 
 Reproductive function. 
 In women, decreased estrogen (post menopause) & prolactin. 
 In men, decreased testosterone. 
 Calcium metabolism. 
Nursing intervention: 
 Educate elderly client regarding dietary needs and self-testing of blood 
glucose. 
 Further assessment need, monitor laboratory values, paying special 
attention to minerals, such as calcium and sodium levels, and blood glucose. 
 Assess for body temperature, weight, hair distribution or behavioral 
changes, which may indicate endocrine imbalance. 
 
Content 
 
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IX. Urinary System: 
 Renal blood vessels become smaller & thicker reducing renal blood flow. 
 Decreased renal blood flow from about 600ml/min (at age 40) to about 
300ml/m

            Quiz: