بدون ترجمه جدید متن انگلیسی و فارسی به صورت خط به خط نوشته شود یعنی یک خط انگلیسی و یک خط فارسی .زبان تخصصی حقوق
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Progress Check
In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. These countries do not have "lawyers" in the American sense, insofar as that term refers to a single type of general-purpose legal services provider; rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of law-trained persons, known as jurists, of which only some are advocates who are licensed to practice in the courts. It is difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions, because each country has traditionally had its own peculiar method of dividing up legal work among all its different types of legal professionals.
Notably, England, the mother of the common law jurisdictions, emerged from the Dark Ages with similar complexity in its legal professions, but then evolved by the 19th century to a single dichotomy between barristers and solicitors. An equivalent dichotomy developed between advocates and procurators in some civil law countries, though these two types did not always monopolize the practice of law as much as barristers and solicitors, in that they always coexisted with civil law notaries.
Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a single type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged together its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition. In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all legal responsibilities.
1- What does the passage mainly discuss?
1) civil Law countries
3) multiple legal professions
2) various Types of Lawyers
4) common law jurisdictions
2- What does notaries in line 2 mean? one who.......... 1) copies manuscripts
3) is authorized to certify documents and deeds
3- According to the passage, civil law countries 1) lawyers in the American sense
2) jurists all of whom are advocates
2) collects documents
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4) is entitled to make a signed statement unofficial have..........
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3) a large number of various types of legal experts
4) only a single type of general-purpose legal services providers
4- One can infer from the first paragraph that all the countries......... legal professions.
1) formulate precise definitions for
3) formulate accurate generalizations about
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2) have multiple systems in dividing up
4) have the same traditional method to allocate
5- It is explicitly mentioned in the passage that England is the mother of the common law ..........
1) territories
2) managements
3) professions
4) directorships
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6- Choose a word from the passage meaning: a type of lawyer who gives legal advice, prepares the necessary documents when property is bought or sold, and defends people, especially in the lower courts of law..........
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1) procurator
2) barrister
3) clerk
4) solicitor
7- Which statement is NOT true of advocates and procurators mentioned in the second paragraph?
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1) They did not exercise the practice of law exclusively. 2) They did not differ from barristers and solicitors at all.
3) They performed the role of civil law notaries at times.
4) They emerged from the Dark Ages with complexity in their responsibilities.
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8- What does this category underlined refer to?
1) civil law countries
2) common law countries
3) countries that originally had two or more legal professions
4) countries that combined two or more legal occupations into one
Chapter Three: International Law
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(سراسری (۹۰)
C
6
G
G