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 approximately 2,000 years ago a Roman
philosopher named a Seneca said the
following about the state of philosophy
in his day there are indeed mistakes
made through the fault of our advisors
who teach us how to debate and not how
to live there are also mistakes made by
students who come to their teachers to
develop not their souls but their wit's
thus philosophy the study of wisdom has
become philology the study of words
these words ring true to this day where
philosophy even more than in Senecas day
has largely lost a sight of this most
important question of how to live
Seneca was a member of the school of
philosophy known as stoicism and while
in our day the word stoic is most likely
to bring to mind an unemotional
individual unaffected by pleasure or
pain the modern definition does not
accurately represent the stoic school of
philosophy the ancient stoic was not one
who lived life devoid of all emotion but
instead was one who attempted to rid
himself of negative emotion and
cultivate an inner strength and joy that
radiated from his being no matter what
external circumstances he faced as
Seneca explained the stoic must
necessarily be attended to by constant
cheerfulness and a joy that is deep and
issues from deep within since he finds
delight in his own resources and desires
no Joy's greater than his inner Joy's
it is because the philosophy of stoicism
sets as its ideal the attainment of
tranquillity in the midst of struggles
and joy in the midst of hardship that it
has seen a resurgence of popularity in
the modern day in fact the principles
laid down by the ancient stoic
philosophers form the foundation of
cognitive behavioral therapy a
psychotherapeutic approach which is
increasingly viewed as one of the most
effective means to overcome a variety of
mental illnesses
the roots of Stoicism stretch back to
the ancient philosopher Zeno obsidium
city and being the town in Cyprus where
he was born
Xena lived from 334 to 262 BC and
sometime around 300 BC he moved to
Athens to practice philosophy Zeno
founded a school of philosophy in Athens
and because he gave his lectures on a
painted porch his students were called
Stoics Zeno along with the other stoic
philosophers to follow him was extremely
influenced by Socrates Socrates
influence was so great that the Roman
stoic epictetus is quoted as saying and
you although you are not yet a Socrates
should live as someone who at least
wants to be a Socrates
while Xena was the founder of Stoicism
it was one of his followers
Crispus who would become the most
influential of the Greek Stoics although
none of his works remain today
Crispus is thought to have authored
approximately 700 works and is widely
considered the greatest ancient
philosopher behind Socrates Plato and
Aristotle while stoicism originated in
ancient Greece it reached its peak of
influence several centuries later in the
Roman Empire most of our knowledge of
stoicism comes from the writings and
ideas of these Roman Stoics important
Roman Stoics include Seneca moose Aeneas
Rufus Epictetus who was a born slave and
Marcus Aurelius the emperor of Rome from
161 to 169 ad
the Stoics divided philosophy into three
parts logic physics and ethics however
their main concern was with ethics and
engaged in the study of nature mainly to
solidify their ethical views the Stoics
thought that happiness was acquired by
attaining virtue or excellence of
character which in turn was acquired by
living according to nature since virtue
was attained by living according to
nature
the Stoics deemed it necessary to
understand the nature of the cosmos in
order to determine how to live
looking out at the world the Stoics
observed that nature exhibits a complex
harmonious structure they reasoned that
this structure must be the product of a
single divine principle which pervades
the entire universe they called this
divine principle many names including
universal reason mind God and Zeus
despite the myriad of names it is
crucial to understand that they
envisioned this principle not as
supernatural or as a transcendent being
but as embodied in the fabric of nature
and thus in a sense nature itself
the Stoics believed the entire cosmos to
be one massive organism of which each of
us is but apart all that you see wrote
seneca that which comprises both God and
man is one we are parts of one great
body
within this one great body that is the
universe
the Stoics claimed that all external
events are wholly determined by
antecedent events and therefore that
whatever happens is predetermined by the
iron hammer of fate whatever happens to
you wrote Marcus Aurelius has been
waiting to happen since the beginning of
time the twining strands of fate wove
both of them together your own existence
and the things that happened to you
despite claiming that everything is
predetermined
the Stoics did not advocate an attitude
of withdraw and resignation towards life
instead they put forth a theory which
today is called soft determinism an idea
which leaves room for freedom in a
deterministic universe the stoic soft
determinism arose from their conception
of the nature of human beings while we
have a physical and mortal body like all
creatures on this earth
the Stoics thought that we are unique in
that our mind is literally an offshoot
of the universal reason or God which
pervades and structures all things as
the slave philosopher Epictetus noted
most people do not acknowledge this God
within which is really their true self