Complete 3 three sections: Methods and Data (Top Tip: this should include some research questions!). Study design, measurement instruments, and rationale of their use. Results/Analysis - Describes the outcomes of the study without repeating the method. Detailed analysis of the data, drawing on literature to support the line of argument.Discussion - Presents the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the study; Explains how results support (or refute) previous research; Considers theoretical implications of the results; Provides conclusions of the study. in an academic style based on the following essay: 'To what extent does Robert Eggers use Early Modern English from the 1630s in his film 'The VVitch' to achieve authenticity? What are the repercussions of this for language revitalisation?
Introduction
The VVitch (2015) is a horror film directed by Robert Eggers that depicts the life of a Puritan family in New England in the 1630s. The film is notable for its use of Early Modern English (EME) from the same period, which was reconstructed by Eggers based on historical sources such as diaries, court records, and witchcraft pamphlets (Eggers, 2016)1. The use of EME in The VVitch is an example of linguistic authenticity, which refers to the degree to which a language or a variety of a language matches the expectations and norms of a specific context or audience (Coupland, 2007)2. This essay will examine the extent to which Eggers achieves linguistic authenticity in his film and what are the implications of this for language revitalisation. Language revitalisation is the process of reversing the decline or loss of a language and increasing its use and prestige among its speakers and society (Fishman, 1991)3. 
This empirical investigation will first review the literature on linguistic authenticity and language revitalisation, focusing on the factors that influence these phenomena and the challenges they face. Then, it will analyse the linguistic features of EME in The VVitch and compare them with contemporary English and other historical varieties. Finally, it will discuss the effects of using EME in The VVitch on the perception and appreciation of this language among the viewers and the potential contribution of the film to the revival of EME as a living language.

Litrature Review
In order to understand the extent to which Robert Eggers uses Early Modern English (EME) from the 1630s in his film The VVitch, it is necessary to review the linguistic features found in the film and compare them with contemporary sources of EME. Adams (2016) investigates the linguistic accuracy of The VVitch and concludes that Eggers’ use of EME is generally accurate, channeling the dialect of Puritan settlers from the 17th century. A comparison between the film’s language and contemporary historical texts, such as the King James Bible and the works of Shakespeare, shows a high degree of congruence (Quora, n.d.; Stack Exchange, 2017). This indicates that Eggers has successfully captured the essence of EME from the 1630s, thus contributing to the film’s overall authenticity.

The use of EME in The VVitch helps create an immersive and realistic representation of the pre-modern world. Eggers’ decision to use EME effectively distances the film’s setting and characters from the modern audience, enhancing the feeling of historical accuracy (Smith, 2016). Moreover, the commitment to linguistic authenticity aids in immersing viewers in the Puritan world and their particular mindset (Adams, 2016; Slate, 2016). Consequently, the film’s use of EME not only serves as an accurate portrayal of pre-modern English but also as a tool for deepening the narrative experience.
However, it is important to consider the potential implications of using EME for language revitalisation. Some critics argue that the usage of archaic language in The VVitch may hinder the audience’s engagement and enjoyment of the film, making it difficult to understand the dialogue (R., 2016). This could limit the film’s potential as a tool for linguistic and cultural awareness. On the contrary, the use of EME can also be seen as a positive aspect of the film, demonstrating the richness and diversity of the English language throughout history. As Lithub (2021) points out, the persistence of EME in contemporary contexts, such as The VVitch, reveals its lasting influence and relevance in shaping modern English.
The discussions on language revitalisation and the film industry can also benefit from examining Eggers’ subsequent work, The Lighthouse (2019). In The Lighthouse, Eggers employs a similarly commitment to historical accuracy in language, with characters speaking in 19th-century sailor vernacular (Griffin, 2019). Like The VVitch, the use of authentic language in The Lighthouse adds depth to the narrative and enhances the audience’s immersion in the historical setting. Eggers’ upcoming film, The Northman, features actors learning Old Norse (a language considered dead) for their roles, which demonstrates another example of films promoting language revitalisation (Lovett, 2022).
The literature suggests that Robert Eggers’ use of Early Modern English in The VVitch successfully achieves authenticity by accurately portraying the language of the 1630s, engendering a sense of familiarity and immersion in the film’s pre-modern setting. While the implications for language revitalisation may be debated, the use of EME in The VVitch showcases the potential for film to be a powerful medium for linguistic and cultural preservation, awareness, and education. Eggers’ commitment to linguistic authenticity in his filmography indicates a growing trend in the film industry towards broader recognition and representation of historical languages, which could have positive repercussions for language revitalisation efforts in the future.

Methodology

This investigation employs a mixed-methods approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. The research process entails the following steps:

1. Historical Context Analysis: To establish a foundation for linguistic authenticity, this study delves into the Puritan colonizers’ language in 1630s New England, focusing on aspects such as pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. A comprehensive understanding of the dialects used in the film and their historical accuracy will be attained through academic books, articles, and primary sources like diaries, journals, court documents, and stories.

2. Dialect Resources: Complementary to the historical context analysis, resources on Early Modern English language and dialects from the 1630s will be compiled from linguistic databases and websites. Additionally, this study will glean information on language revitalization efforts and their social and cultural implications from academic articles, books, and online resources.

3. Film Sound Samples: This research measures the intelligibility and accessibility of Early Modern English in The VVitch by collecting sound samples showcasing the language. PRAAT, a speech analysis software tool, will be employed to examine these words and determine any deviations from historical accuracy. The software will also generate spectrograms and pitch contours of the sound samples, visualizing the acoustic features of the language.

4. Scene Selection for In-Depth Analysis: By selecting a specific scene from The VVitch, such as a monologue or conversation, this study assesses the impact of EME on audience perception and appreciation. The language used in the chosen scene will be compared to historical records and real-world dialects, while also evaluating the emotional and thematic effects of EME in relation to the film’s genre and message.

5. Actor Preparation Research: To understand the influence of EME on viewers’ interest in learning more about the language, this study investigates the actors’ preparation for their roles, specifically regarding resources used to develop their characters and accurately portray historical accents. Interviews and articles about the actors and their training will be examined to gain insight into their language learning process, as well as the challenges and benefits of learning EME for actors and viewers.

6. Filmmaker’s Approach: Robert Eggers’ approach to filmmaking and dedication to historical accuracy will be explored to contextualize the use of EME in The VVitch. Interviews, articles, and the film script will be analysed to understand his perspective and the potential impact on language revitalization efforts.

Data

Caleb’s Monologue excerpt:
(LL. 215-218) CALEB: Blessed is he wicked token to will his wicked way ensorcel me reward of kisses for giving satisfaction of dark desire give blooded reveling railing [] whoredome Revel in Ambit Brethren of Beelzebub [] Laughing throngs tasting their vanity of [.]

Common Early Modern English Words:
- thee, thou, thy, thine, thou art (you)
- methinks (I think)
- prithee (please)
- fain (gladly, willingly)
- saya (said)
- mayhap (perhaps)

Yorkshire Dialect Characteristics during the early modern period
- Commonly dropping articles ‘a’ and ‘the’ at the beginning of a sentence
- Pronouncing ‘my,’ that,’ and ‘such’ respectively as ‘ma,’ ‘tha’ and ‘syn.’
- Using the apostrophe o’ as a contraction for ‘of’
- Adding “-en” predicates, like “risen”
Caleb’s monologue
How people are addressed (Pronouns etc)
(

Results And Analysis
Check the dictionary for if there has been an increase in the use of some of these early modern English words after the film has come out.

Compare the dialect in the film to other sources of early modern English. 

Describes the outcomes of the study without repeating the method.

Detailed analysis of the data, drawing on literature to support the line of argument

Discussion
Presents the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the study;
Explains how results support (or refute) previous research; Considers theoretical implications
of the results; Provides conclusions of the study. 

References
1.	Eggers, R. (Director). (2015). The VVitch [Film]. New England: A24.
2.	Coupland, N. (2007). Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge University Press.
3.	Fishman, J. A. (1991). Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Multilingual Matters.
4.	Adams, M. (2016). The Witch: A New-England Folktale: Language Accuracy Review. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4263482/reviews?ref_=tt_ql_3
5.	Quora. (n.d.). What is the language in "The Witch" (2015) called? Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-language-in-The-Witch-2015-called
6.	Stack Exchange. (2017). What language was spoken in "The Witch"? Retrieved from https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/67567/what-language-was-spoken-in-the-witch
7.	Smith, A. (2016). The Witch: A New-England Folktale. Sight & Sound, 26(5), 58-59.
8.	Slate. (2016). How Historically Accurate Is The Witch? Retrieved from https://slate.com/culture/2016/02/the-historical-accuracy-of-the-witch.html
9.	R. (2016). 'The VVitch' Is the Weirdest and Most Terrifying Movie About Biblical Womanhood. Retrieved from https://jezebel.com/the-vvitch-is-the-weirdest-and-most-terrifying-movie-1761858842
10.	Lithub. (2021). Does The Witch Speak Early Modern English? Retrieved from https://lithub.com/does-the-witch-speak-early-modern-english/
11.	Griffin, D. (2019). The Lighthouse’s Old-Timey Slang Was the Hardest Part to Figure Out. Retrieved from https://www.vulture.com/2019/10/the-lighthouse-slang-translator.html
12.	Lovett, M. (2022). The Northman Star Nicole Kidman on Learning Ancient Norse for Robert Eggers’ Film. Retrieved from https://collider.com/nicole-kidman-the-northman-interview/

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