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Краткоописывается It is described in short 
вводится ... is introduced 
Показано, что It is shown that 
Дается (предлагается) … isgiven 
Рассматривается Itisdealtwith 
Обеспечивается … is provided for 
Предназначендля … is designed for 
Исследуется| … is examined, is investigated 
Анализируется … is analyzed 
Формулируется … is formulated 
Подчеркиваетсянеобходимость The need is stressed to employ … 
использования ... 
Обращается внимание на... Attentionisdrawnto … 
Приведены данные о ... Dataaregivenabout … 
Делаются попытки проанализировать, Attemptsaremadetoanalyze, to 
сформулировать formulate  Текст2“Coal.“ 
Coal (from the Old English term col, which has meant "mineral of fossilized carbon" 
since the 13th century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock 
usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The 
harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of 
later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of 
carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, 
and nitrogen. 
Throughout history, coal has been a useful resource. It is primarily burned for the 
production of electricity and/or heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as 
refining metals. A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, 
which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous 
coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take 
place over a long period. 
Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, as well as 
one of the largest worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide releases. In 1999 
world gross carbon dioxide emissions from coal usage were 8,666 million tonnes of 
carbon dioxide. Coal-fired electric power generation emits around 2,000 pounds of 
carbon dioxide for every megawatt-hour generated, which is almost double the carbon 
dioxide released by a natural gas-fired electric plant per megawatt-hour generated. 
Because of this higher carbon efficiency of natural gas generation, as the fuel mix in the 
United States has changed to reduce coal and increase natural gas generation, carbon 
dioxide emissions have unexpectedly fallen. Those measured in the first quarter of 2012 
were the lowest of any recorded for the first quarter of any year since 1992. Coal is 
extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground by shaft mining, or at 
ground level by open pit mining extraction. Since 1983 the world top coal producer is 
China, in 2011 China produced 3,520 millions of tonnes of coal - 49.5% of 7,695 
millionstonnes world coal produciton. In 2011 other large producers were United States 
(993 millionstonnes), India (589), European Union (576) and Australia (416). In 2010 
largest exporters were Australia with 328 million tonnes (27.1% of world coal export) 
and Indonesia with 316 millionstonnes (26.1%), while largest importers were Japan with 
207 million tonnes (17.5% of world coal import), China with 195 million tonnes (16.6%) 
and South Korea with 126 million tonnes (10.7%).