Please analyze URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object, Title: Unidentified flying object, Content: "GIMBAL" [Pentagon UFO video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos "Pentagon UFO videos"), January 2015

An **unidentified flying object** (**UFO**), or **unidentified anomalous phenomenon** (**UAP**)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-2), is any perceived airborne, submerged or transmedium phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-3) Upon investigation, most UFOs are [identified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs "Identification studies of UFOs") as known objects or atmospheric phenomena, while a small number remain unexplained.

While unusual sightings have been reported in the sky throughout history, UFOs became culturally prominent after [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), escalating during the [Space Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age "Space Age"). Studies and investigations into UFO reports conducted by governments (such as [Project Blue Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book "Project Blue Book") in the United States and [Project Condign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Condign "Project Condign") in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland")), as well as by organisations and individuals have occurred over the years without confirmation of the fantastical claims of small but vocal groups of [ufologists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufologists "Ufologists") who favour unconventional or [pseudoscientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience "Pseudoscience") hypotheses, often claiming that UFOs are evidence of [extraterrestrial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis "Extraterrestrial hypothesis"), [technologically advanced cryptids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis "Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis"), [demons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon "Demon"), [interdimensional contact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis "Interdimensional UFO hypothesis") or [future time travelers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis "Time-traveller UFO hypothesis"). After decades of promotion of such ideas by believers and in popular media, [the kind of evidence required to solidly support such claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_standard "Sagan standard") has not been forthcoming. Scientists and skeptic organizations such as the [Committee for Skeptical Inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry") have provided prosaic explanations for UFOs, namely that they are caused by natural phenomena, human technology, delusions, and hoaxes. Beliefs surrounding UFOs have inspired parts of [new religions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_religion "UFO religion") even as social scientists have identified the ongoing interest and storytelling surrounding UFOs as a modern example of [folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore "Folklore") and [mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology "Mythology") understandable with [psychosocial explanations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial_UFO_hypothesis "Psychosocial UFO hypothesis").

The [U.S. government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") currently has two entities dedicated to UFO data collection and analysis: [NASA's UAP independent study team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team "NASA's UAP independent study team") and the [All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office "All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office").

Terminology
-----------

During the late 1940s and through the 1950s, UFOs were often called "[flying saucers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_saucer "Flying saucer")" or "flying discs" based on reporting of the [Kenneth Arnold incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting "Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-4) "Unidentified flying object" (UFO) has been in-use since 1947.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-MW-2023-5) The acronym, "UFO" was coined by Captain [Edward J. Ruppelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt "Edward J. Ruppelt"), for the USAF. He wrote, "Obviously the term 'flying saucer' is misleading when applied to objects of every conceivable shape and performance. For this reason the military prefers the more general, if less colorful, name: unidentified flying objects. UFO".[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-6) The term UFO became widespread during the 1950s, at first in technical literature, but later in popular use.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20170424-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-AMZ-20170324-8) Unidentified aerial phenomena" (UAP) first appeared in the late 1960s. UAP has seen increasing usage in the 21st century due to negative cultural associations with "UFO".[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-MW-2023-5) UAP is sometimes expanded as "unidentified anomalous phenomenon".[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Hanks2022-9)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Furfaro2022-10)

While technically a _UFO_ refers to any unidentified flying object, in modern popular culture the term UFO has generally become synonymous with [alien spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_spacecraft "Alien spacecraft").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-11)The term "extra-terrestrial vehicle" (ETV) is sometimes used to separate this explanation of UFOs from totally earthbound explanations.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-12)

Identification
--------------

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fata_Morgana_Example.jpg/220px-Fata_Morgana_Example.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fata_Morgana_Example.jpg)

A [Fata Morgana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fata_Morgana_/(mirage/) "Fata Morgana (mirage)"), a type of mirage in which objects located _below_ the astronomical [horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon "Horizon") appear to be hovering in the sky just above the horizon, may be responsible for some UFO sightings.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Official_UFO_Investigations_in_France:_the_GEPAN/SEPRA_Project-13)

Studies show that after careful investigation, the majority of UFOs can be identified as ordinary objects or phenomena. The most commonly found identified sources of UFO reports are:

*   astronomical objects ([bright stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars "List of brightest stars"), [bolides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolide "Bolide"), [bright planets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet "Classical planet"), and the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon"))[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ezzy-2024-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Carey-2010-15)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Blackrock-2024-16)
*   aircraft (including [military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aircraft "Military aircraft"), [civilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation "Civil aviation"), and [experimental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_aircraft "Experimental aircraft") aircraft as well as such peculiarities as [aerial advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_advertising "Aerial advertising"), [missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile "Missile") and other [rocket launches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_launch "Rocket launch"), [artificial satellites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station"), re-entering [spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft") including [space debris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris "Space debris"), [kites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite "Kite"), and various [unmanned aerial vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle "Unmanned aerial vehicle") often popularly termed "drones")[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ezzy-2024-14)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Starwalk-17)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Carey-2010-15)
*   balloons ([surveillance balloons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mogul "Project Mogul"), [toy balloons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon#Decoration_or_entertainment "Balloon"), [weather balloons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_balloon "Weather balloon"), large [research balloons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_balloon "Research balloon"), and [sky lanterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lantern "Sky lantern"))[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ezzy-2024-14)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Starwalk-17)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Carey-2010-15)
*   other atmospheric objects and phenomena (birds, [unusual clouds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_cloud "Lenticular cloud"), [flares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare "Flare"), [plasma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_/(physics/)#Complex_plasma_phenomena "Plasma (physics)"))[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ezzy-2024-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Carey-2010-15)
*   light phenomena ([mirages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage "Mirage"), [Fata Morgana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fata_Morgana_/(mirage/) "Fata Morgana (mirage)"), [sundogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundog "Sundog") and [moondogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondog "Moondog"), [ball lightning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_lightning "Ball lightning"), [moon dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_dog "Moon dog"), [satellite flares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_flare "Satellite flare"), [lens flare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_flare "Lens flare"), [searchlights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight "Searchlight") and other ground lights, etc.)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ezzy-2024-14)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-18)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Blackrock-2024-16)
*   psychological effects ([pareidolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia "Pareidolia"), [suggestibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestibility "Suggestibility") and [false memories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_memory "False memory"), [mass psychogenic disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness "Mass psychogenic illness"), [optical illusions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_illusion "Optical illusion"), and [hallucinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucination "Hallucination"))[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-19)
*   hoaxes[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-20)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Carey-2010-15)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-21)

The 1952–1955 [study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14 "Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14") by the Battelle Memorial Institute for the USAF used the following categories to identify UFOs: "Balloon; Astronomical; Aircraft; Light phenomenon; Birds, Clouds, dust, etc.; Insufficient information; Psychological manifestations; Unknown; and Other".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-22) An individual 1979 study by CUFOS researcher [Allan Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hendry "Allan Hendry") found, as did other investigations, that fewer than one percent of cases he investigated were hoaxes and most sightings were actually honest misidentifications of prosaic phenomena. Hendry attributed most of these to inexperience or misperception.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-23) Astronomer [Andrew Fraknoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi "Andrew Fraknoi") rejected the hypothesis that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft and responded to the "onslaught of credulous coverage" in books, films and entertainment by teaching his students to apply critical thinking to such claims, advising them that "being a good scientist is not unlike being a good detective". According to Fraknoi, UFO reports "might at first seem mysterious", but "the more you investigate, the more likely you are to find that there is LESS to these stories than meets the eye".[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Fraknoi-24)

History
-------

### Early history before the 20th century

People have always observed the sky and have sometimes seen what, to some, appeared to be unusual sights including phenomena as varied as [comets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet "Comet"), bright [meteors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteors "Meteors"), one or more of the [five planets that can be readily seen with the naked eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet "Classical planet"), [planetary conjunctions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_/(astronomy/) "Conjunction (astronomy)"), and atmospheric [optical phenomena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_phenomenon "Optical phenomenon") such as [parhelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_dog "Sun dog") and [lenticular clouds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenticular_cloud "Lenticular cloud").\[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] One particularly famous example is [Halley's Comet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet "Halley's Comet"): first recorded by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC and possibly as early as 467 BC as a strange and unknown "guest light" in the sky.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-25) As a bright comet that visits the inner solar system every 76 years, it was often identified as a unique isolated event in ancient historical documents whose authors were unaware that it was a repeating phenomenon.\[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] Such accounts in history often were treated as [supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural") portents, [angels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel "Angel"), or other religious [omens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen "Omen").\[_[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")_\] While UFO enthusiasts have sometimes commented on the narrative similarities between certain religious symbols in medieval paintings and UFO reports,[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-26) the canonical and symbolic character of such images is documented by art historians placing more conventional religious interpretations on such images.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-27)

Some examples of pre-contemporary reports about unusual aerial phenomena include:

*   [Julius Obsequens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Obsequens "Julius Obsequens") was a [Roman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome "Ancient Rome") writer who is believed to have lived in the middle of the fourth century AD. The only work associated with his name is the _Liber de prodigiis_ (Book of Prodigies), completely extracted from an epitome, or abridgment, written by [Livy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy "Livy"); _De prodigiis_ was constructed as an account of the wonders and portents that occurred in [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome") between 249 and 12 BCE. An aspect of Obsequens' work that has inspired excitement in some UFO enthusiasts is that he makes reference to things moving through the sky. The descriptions provided bear resemblance to observations of [meteor showers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_showers "Meteor showers"). Obsequens was also writing some 400 years after the events he described, thus the text is not an eyewitness account. No corroboration with those amazing sights of old with contemporary observations was mentioned in that work.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-28)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-29)
*   [Shen Kuo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Kuo "Shen Kuo") (1031–1095), a [Song Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Dynasty "Song Dynasty") government [scholar-official](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar-bureaucrat "Scholar-bureaucrat") and prolific polymath inventor, wrote a vivid passage in his _[Dream Pool Essays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Pool_Essays "Dream Pool Essays")_ (1088) about an unidentified flying object. He recorded the testimony of eyewitnesses in 11th-century [Anhui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui "Anhui") and [Jiangsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu "Jiangsu") (especially in the city of [Yangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou "Yangzhou")), who stated that a flying object with opening doors would shine a blinding light from its interior (from an object shaped like a pearl) that would cast shadows from trees for ten [miles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_/(unit/) "Li (unit)") in radius, and was able to take off at tremendous speeds.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-30)
    
    [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Basilea1566.jpg/220px-Basilea1566.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Basilea1566.jpg)
    
    The celestial phenomenon over Basel in 1566.
    
*   A woodcut by Hans Glaser that appeared in a broadsheet in 1561 has been featured in popular culture as the ["celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg "1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg") and connected to various [ancient astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_astronaut "Ancient astronaut") claims.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Vallee-31) Skeptic and debunker [Jason Colavito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Colavito "Jason Colavito") argues that the woodcut is "a secondhand depiction of a particularly gaudy sundog", a known [atmospheric optical phenomenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_dog "Sun dog").[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Colavito-121212-32) A similar report comes from [1566 over Basel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel "1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel") and, indeed, in the 15th and 16th centuries, many leaflets wrote of "miracles" and "sky spectacles" which bear resemblance to natural phenomena which were only more fully characterized after the scientific revolution.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-33)
*   On January 25, 1878, the _[Denison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denison,_Texas "Denison, Texas") Daily News_ printed an article in which John Martin, a local farmer, had reported seeing a large, dark, circular object resembling a balloon flying "at wonderful speed". Martin, according to the newspaper account, said it appeared to be about the size of a saucer from his perspective, one of the first uses of the word "saucer" in association with a UFO. At the time, [ballooning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_/(aeronautics/) "Balloon (aeronautics)") was becoming an increasingly popular and sophisticated endeavor, and the first controlled-flights of such devices were occurring around that time.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-34)

*   From November 1896 to April 1897, United States newspapers carried numerous reports of "[mystery airships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_airship "Mystery airship")" that are reminiscent of modern UFO waves.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen19811-35) Scores of people even reported talking to the pilots. Some people feared that [Thomas Edison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison "Thomas Edison") had created an artificial star that could fly around the country. On April 16, 1897, a letter was found that purported to be an enciphered communication between an airship operator and Edison.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198186-36) When asked his opinion of such reports, Edison said, "You can take it from me that it is a pure fake."[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeel199629%E2%80%9331-37) The coverage of Edison's denial marked the end of major newspaper coverage of the airships in this period.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen198188-38)

### 20th century and after

In the Pacific and European theatres during [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), round, glowing fireballs known as "[foo fighters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_fighter "Foo fighter")" were reported by Allied and Axis pilots. Some explanations for these sightings included [St. Elmo's fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo%27s_fire "St. Elmo's fire"), the planet [Venus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus "Venus"), [hallucinations from oxygen deprivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia "Asphyxia"), and German secret weapons (specifically [rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket")).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-39) In 1946, more than 2,000 reports were collected, primarily by the Swedish military, of unidentified aerial objects over the Scandinavian nations, along with isolated reports from France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece. The objects were referred to as "Russian hail" (and later as "[ghost rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_rockets "Ghost rockets")") because it was thought the mysterious objects were possibly Russian tests of captured German [V1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb "V-1 flying bomb") or [V2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") [rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket "Rocket"), but most were identified as natural phenomena as meteors.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-40)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Le-chevalier-illusion-no-839-conrad.jpg/164px-Le-chevalier-illusion-no-839-conrad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le-chevalier-illusion-no-839-conrad.jpg)

Cover of French pulp magazine _Le Chevalier Illusion_ from December 29, 1912 portraying a flying machine spreading a toxic gas among the passengers and crew of a ship below

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ModernElectrics1912-02.jpg/172px-ModernElectrics1912-02.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernElectrics1912-02.jpg)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Science_and_Invention_Feb_1922_pg912_-_War_of_the_Future.jpg/186px-Science_and_Invention_Feb_1922_pg912_-_War_of_the_Future.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_and_Invention_Feb_1922_pg912_-_War_of_the_Future.jpg)

Illustration by [Frank R. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul "Frank R. Paul") from February 1922 in _Science and Invention_ showing [Nikola Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla "Nikola Tesla")'s vision of warfare in the future with sea and air craft "controlled and directed" by radio waves

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/M%C3%BCnchhausen_Lands_On_Mars_by_Hugo_Gernsback_in_Amazing_Stories_April_1928_page_39.jpg/170px-M%C3%BCnchhausen_Lands_On_Mars_by_Hugo_Gernsback_in_Amazing_Stories_April_1928_page_39.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%BCnchhausen_Lands_On_Mars_by_Hugo_Gernsback_in_Amazing_Stories_April_1928_page_39.jpg)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Science_Wonder_Stories_Nov_1929_-_flying_saucer.jpg/188px-Science_Wonder_Stories_Nov_1929_-_flying_saucer.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Science_Wonder_Stories_Nov_1929_-_flying_saucer.jpg)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Amazing_stories_quarterly_1930win.jpg/183px-Amazing_stories_quarterly_1930win.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazing_stories_quarterly_1930win.jpg)

Cover of _[Amazing Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories "Amazing Stories")_ winter 1930 issue depicting a disc-shaped spacecraft

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Amazing_Stories_August_1946_back_cover.png/175px-Amazing_Stories_August_1946_back_cover.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazing_Stories_August_1946_back_cover.png)

Back cover of _[Amazing Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories "Amazing Stories")_ illustrated by [Frank R. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_R._Paul "Frank R. Paul") in August 1946 featuring many disc-shaped spacecraft (published about a year before the flying disc wave of 1947)

Many scholars, especially those arguing for the [psychosocial UFO hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosocial_UFO_hypothesis#Science_fiction_aspects_of_the_UFO_mythos "Psychosocial UFO hypothesis"), have noted that UFO characteristics reported after the first widely publicized modern sighting by [Kenneth Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold "Kenneth Arnold") in 1947 resembled a host of science fiction tropes from earlier in the century.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-41)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-43)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-45)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-46)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-47)

By most accounts, the [popular UFO craze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze "1947 flying disc craze") in the US began with a media frenzy surrounding the reports on June 24, 1947, of a civilian pilot named [Kenneth Arnold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold "Kenneth Arnold") who described seeing "a group of bat-like aircraft flying in formation at high speeds" near [Mount Rainier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rainier "Mount Rainier") that he said were "moving like a saucer would if skipped across water" which led to headlines about "flying saucers" and "flying discs".[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-50)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-51) Only weeks after Arnold's story was reported in 1947, [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc. "Gallup, Inc.") published a poll asking people in the United States what the "flying saucers" might be. Already, 90% had heard of the new term. However, as reported by historian Greg Eghanian, "a majority either had no idea what they could be or thought that witnesses were mistaken" while "visitors from space were not initially among the options that anyone had in mind, and Gallup didn't even mention if anyone surveyed brought up aliens.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian2017-52)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian5August2021-53) Within weeks, reports of flying saucer sightings became a daily occurrence[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-54) with one particularly famous example being the [Roswell incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident "Roswell incident") in 1947 where remnants of a downed [observation balloon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon "Observation balloon") were recovered by a farmer and confiscated by military personnel.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-55) UFO enthusiasts in the early 1950s started to organize local "saucer clubs" modeled after [science fiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction "Science fiction") [fan clubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_club "Fan club") of the 1930s and 1940s, with some growing to national and international prominence within a decade.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) In 1950, three influential books were published—[Donald Keyhoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe "Donald Keyhoe")'s _[The Flying Saucers Are Real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real "The Flying Saucers Are Real")_, [Frank Scully](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Scully "Frank Scully")'s _Behind the Flying Saucers_, and [Gerald Heard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Heard "Gerald Heard")'s _The Riddle of the Flying Saucers_. Each guilelessly proposed that the [extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_UFO_hypothesis "Extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis") was the correct explanation and that the visits were in response to detonations of [atomic weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon"). These books also introduced Americans to, as Eghanian puts it, "the crusading [whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") dedicated to breaking the silence over the alien origins of unidentified flying objects".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) Media accounts and speculation ran rampant in the U.S., especially in connection to the [1952 UFO scare in Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C.,_UFO_incident "1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident") so that, by 1953, the intelligence officials ([Robertson Panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Panel "Robertson Panel")) worried that "genuine incursions" by enemy aircraft "over U.S. territory could be lost in a maelstrom of kooky hallucination" of UFO reports.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Lewis-Kraus-30-4-21-56) A Trendex survey in August 1957, ten years after the Arnold incident, reported that over 25% of the U.S. public "believed unidentified flying objects could be from outer space".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) The cultural phenomenon showed up within some intellectual works such as the 1959 publication of _Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Sky_ by [Carl Jung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung "Carl Jung"), a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-57)

Starting in 1947, the U.S. Air Force began to record and investigated UFO reports with [Project Sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign "Project Sign") looking into "more than 250 cases" from 1947 to 1949. It was replaced by [Project Grudge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Grudge "Project Grudge") up through 1951.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian19December2017-58) In the third U.S. Air Force program, from March 1952 to its termination in December 1969,[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-59) "the U.S. Air Force cataloged 12,618 sightings of UFOs as part of what is now known as [Project Blue Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Blue_Book "Project Blue Book")".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Mathis_6_July_2023-60) In the late 1950s, public pressure mounted for a full declassification of all UFO records, but the CIA played an role in refusing to allow this.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-61) This sense was not universal in the CIA, however, as fellow [NICAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena "National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena") official [Donald E. Keyhoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Keyhoe "Donald E. Keyhoe") wrote that Vice Admiral [Roscoe Hillenkoetter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Hillenkoetter "Roscoe Hillenkoetter"), the first director of the CIA, "wanted public disclosure of UFO evidence".[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-62) Official U.S. Air Force interest in UFO reports went on hiatus in 1969 after a study by the University of Colorado led by Edward U. Condon and known as the [Condon Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condon_Report "Condon Report") concluded "that nothing has come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge" and that further time investigating UFO reports "cannot be justified".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Mathis_6_July_2023-60)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Keyhoe_-_The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real%2C_cover.jpg/180px-Keyhoe_-_The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real%2C_cover.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keyhoe_-_The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real,_cover.jpg)

Cover of the 1953 book _[The Flying Saucers Are Real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real "The Flying Saucers Are Real")_ by [Donald Keyhoe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe "Donald Keyhoe")

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amazing_Stories_October_1957.jpg/180px-Amazing_Stories_October_1957.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazing_Stories_October_1957.jpg)

Cover of the pulp science fiction magazine _[Amazing Stories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazing_Stories "Amazing Stories")_ from October 1957

From the 1960s to 1990s, UFOs were part of American popular culture's obsession with the [supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural "Supernatural") and [paranormal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal "Paranormal"). In 1961, the first [alien abduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction "Alien abduction") account was sensationalized when [Barney and Betty Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill "Barney and Betty Hill") underwent [hypnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis "Hypnosis") after seeing a UFO and reported [recovered memories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy "Recovered-memory therapy") of their experience that became ever more elaborate as the years went by.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-63) In 1966, 5% of Americans reported to Gallup that "they had at some time seen something they thought was a 'flying saucer'", 96% said "they had heard or read about flying saucers", and 46% of these "thought they were 'something real' rather than just people's imagination".[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-64) Responding to UFO enthusiasm, there have always been consistent yet less popular efforts made at [debunking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debunking "Debunking") many of the claims,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) and at times the media was enlisted including a 1966 TV special, "UFO: Friend, Foe or Fantasy?", in which [Walter Cronkite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite "Walter Cronkite") "patiently" explained to viewers that UFOs were fantasy.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Lewis-Kraus-30-4-21-56) Cronkite enlisted [Carl Sagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan "Carl Sagan") and [J. Allen Hynek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek "J. Allen Hynek"), who told Cronkite, "To this time, there is no valid scientific proof that we have been visited by spaceships".[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Kloor1-65)

Such attempts to disenchant the zeitgeist were not very successful at tamping down the mania. [Keith Kloor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Kloor "Keith Kloor") notes that the "allure of flying saucers" remained popular with the public into the 1970s, spurring production of such sci-fi films, as _[Close Encounters of the Third Kind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind "Close Encounters of the Third Kind")_ and _[Alien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliens_/(film/) "Aliens (film)")_, which "continued to stoke public fascination". Meanwhile, [Leonard Nimoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy "Leonard Nimoy") narrated a popular occult and mystery TV series [_In Search of..._](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of..._/(TV_series/) "In Search of... (TV series)") while daytime talk shows of [Mike Douglas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Douglas "Mike Douglas"), [Merv Griffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv_Griffin "Merv Griffin"), and [Phil Donahue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Donahue "Phil Donahue") featured interviews with alien abductees and people who credulously reported stories about UFOs .[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) In the 1980s and 1990s, UFO stories featured in such pulp "true crime" serials as _[Unsolved Mysteries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_Mysteries "Unsolved Mysteries")_[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-66) while the 33 Volume [Time-Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life "Time Life") series _[Mysteries of the Unknown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysteries_of_the_Unknown "Mysteries of the Unknown")_ which featured UFO stories sold some 700,000 copies.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-67) Kloor writes that by the late 1990s, "other big UFO subthemes had been prominently introduced into pop culture, such as the abduction phenomenon and [government conspiracy narrative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory"), via best-selling books and, of course, _[The X-Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files "The X-Files")_".[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Kloor1-65)

Eghigian notes that, by this point, the UFO problem had become "far more interesting to ponder than to actually solve."[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) Interest was particularly fevered in the 1990s with the publicity surrounding the television broadcast of an _[Alien autopsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_/(1995_film/) "Alien Autopsy (1995 film)")_ video marketed as "real footage" but later admitted to be a staged "re-enactment".[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Time-68) Eghigian writes that "there had always been outlier abduction reports dating back to the '50s and '60s" but that in the '80s and '90s "the floodgates opened, and with them a new generation of UFO advocates". Leaders among them were the artist [Budd Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Hopkins "Budd Hopkins"), horror writer [Whitley Strieber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Strieber "Whitley Strieber"), historian [David Jacobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Jacobs "David M. Jacobs"), and [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard "Harvard") psychiatrist [John Mack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Mack "John E. Mack"). They all defended the "veracity of those claiming to have been kidnapped, examined, and experimented upon by beings from another world", writes Eghigian, as "new missionaries who simultaneously played the role of investigator, therapist, and advocate to their vulnerable charges".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) Eghigian says that Mack "signaled both the culmination and end of the headiest days of alien abduction". When Mack began working with and publishing accounts of abductees—or "experiencers", as he called them—in the early 1990s, he brought a sense of legitimacy to "the study of extraterrestrial captivity". By the late 1990s, however, the Harvard Medical School initiated a review of his position which allowed him to retain tenure. However, after this review, as the review board chairman Arnold Relman later put it, Mack was "not taken seriously by his colleagues anymore". Claims of alien abduction have continued, but no other clinicians would continue to speak of them as real in any sense.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) Nonetheless, these ideas persisted in popular opinion. According to a 1996 poll by _[Newsweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek "Newsweek")_, 20% of Americans believed that UFOs were more likely to be proof of alien life than to have a natural scientific explanation.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-69)

In December 2017, a new round of media attention started when _The New York Times_ broke the story of the secret [Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Aviation_Threat_Identification_Program "Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program") that was funded from 2007 to 2012 with $22 million spent on the program.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20171216-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20200514-71) Following this story, along with a serious of sensationalized [Pentagon UFO videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos "Pentagon UFO videos") leaked by members of the program who became convinced that UFOs were genuine mysteries worth investigating, there was an increase in mainstream attention to UFO stories. In July 2021, Harvard astronomer [Avi Loeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb "Avi Loeb") announced the creation of his [Galileo Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Galileo_Project "The Galileo Project") which intended to use high-tech astronomical equipment to seek evidence of extraterrestrial artifacts in space and possibly within Earth's atmosphere. This was followed closely by the publication of Loeb's book _Extraterrestrial_, in which he argued that the first interstellar comet ever observed, ['Oumuamua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Oumuamua "'Oumuamua"), might be an artificial light sail made by an alien civilization.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49) Two government sponsored programs, [NASA's UAP independent study team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team "NASA's UAP independent study team") and the [All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office "All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office") were charged in part by Congressional fiat to investigate UFO claims more fully,[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-72)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-74) adopting the new moniker "unexplained aerial phenomenon" (UAP) to avoid associations with past [sensationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensationalism "Sensationalism").[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-75) On 17 May 2022, members of the [United States House Intelligence Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence and Counterproliferation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Intelligence_Subcommittee_on_Counterterrorism,_Counterintelligence_and_Counterproliferation "United States House Intelligence Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence and Counterproliferation") held [congressional hearings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs "2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs") with top military officials to discuss military reports of UAPs.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-76) It was the first public congressional hearing into UFO sightings in the US in over 50 years. Another Congressional hearing took place on July 26, 2023, featuring the [whistleblower claims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims "David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims") of former U.S. Air Force (USAF) officer and intelligence official David Grusch.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-77)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-78)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-79)

A Harris Poll in 2009 found that 32% of Americans "believe in UFOs".[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-80) A _[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic "National Geographic")_ study in June 2012 found that 36% of Americans believe UFOs exist and that 10% thought that they had spotted one.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-81) In June 2021 a [Pew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew "Pew") research poll found that 51% in the United States thought that UFOs reported by people in the military were likely to be evidence of intelligent life from beyond the Earth.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-82) In August 2021, [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc. "Gallup, Inc."), with a question not specific to military reports, only found that 41% of adults believed some UFOs involve alien spacecraft from other planets. This Gallup poll showed 44% of men and 38% of women believed this. This average of 41% in 2021 was up from 33% in a 2019 Gallup poll with the same question. Gallup further found that college graduates went in 2019 from being the least likely educational group to believe this to being on par in 2021 with adults who have no college education.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-83) An October 2022 poll by _[YouGov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov "YouGov")_ only found that 34% of Americans believe that UFOs are likely to involve alien life forms.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-84)

Historian Greg Eghigian wrote in August 2021 that "over the last fifty years, the mutual antagonism between paranormal believers and skeptics has largely framed discussion about unidentified flying objects" and that "it often gets personal" with those taking seriously the prospect that UFOs are extraterrestrial in origin dismissing those who consider UFOs to be worth studying as "narrow-minded, biased, obstinate, and cruel" while the skeptics brushed off "devotees" as "naïve, ignorant, gullible, and downright dangerous". Such "mudslinging over convictions is certainly familiar to historians of religion, a domain of human existence marked by deep divisions over interpretations of belief", and science too has found itself engaged increasing amounts of "boundary work" (which is "asserting and reasserting the borders between legitimate and illegitimate scientific research and ideas, between what may and what may not refer to itself as science") with regard to UFO questions. Eghigian points out our current "stark divide did not happen overnight, and its roots lie in the postwar decades, in a series of events that—with their news coverage, grainy images, celebrity crusaders, exasperated skeptics, unsatisfying military statements, and accusations of a government cover-up—foreshadow our present moment".[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Eghigian4August2021-49)

UFOs have been taken up by religious studies scholars in various scholarly books.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-87) Jeffrey Kripal, chair of the Department of Religion at [Rice University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University "Rice University"), has said that "both the material and the mental dimensions \[of UFOs\] are incredibly important to get a sense of the full picture".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-88) As Adrian Horton writes "from _[The X-Files](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X-Files "The X-Files")_ to _[Men in Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_/(franchise/) "Men in Black (franchise)")_, _[Close Encounters of the Third Kind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind "Close Encounters of the Third Kind")_ to _[Star Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars "Star Wars")_ to [Marvel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "Marvel Cinematic Universe"), [Hollywood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States") has for decades provided an engrossing feedback loop for interest in the extraterrestrial: a reflection of our fears and capaciousness, whose ubiquitous popularity has in turn fueled more interest in UFOs as perennially compelling entertainment tropes not to be taken seriously". Horton observes that these "alien movies have generally reflected shifting cultural anxieties, from the existential terror of nuclear war to foreign enslavement to loss of bodily control". American entertainment has explored both "hostile aliens" as well as the "benevolent, world-expanding encounters" seen in films such as [Steven Spielberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg "Steven Spielberg")'s _[Close Encounters of the Third Kind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind "Close Encounters of the Third Kind")_ and _[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial")_.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-89) In her research on the relationship of media to UFO beliefs, [Diana Walsh Pasulka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Walsh_Pasulka "Diana Walsh Pasulka"), a professor of philosophy and religion at the University of North Carolina, says that what is seen on a screen, "if it conforms to certain criteria, is interpreted as real, even if it is not real and even if one knows it is not real" and that "screen images embed themselves in one's brain and memories" in ways that "can determine how one views one's past and even determine one's future behaviors".[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-90)

### Notable cases and incidents

#### Britain

*   The [Rendlesham Forest incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident "Rendlesham Forest incident") was a series of reported sightings of unexplained lights near Rendlesham Forest in Suffolk, England in late December 1980 which became linked with claims of UFO landings.

#### France

The most notable cases of UFO sightings in France include:

*   the [Valensole UFO incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensole_UFO_incident "Valensole UFO incident") in 1965.
*   the [Trans-en-Provence Case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_Case "Trans-en-Provence Case") in 1981.

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roswell_Daily_Record._July_8%2C_1947._RAAF_Captures_Flying_Saucer_On_Ranch_in_Roswell_Region._Full_front_page.jpg/220px-Roswell_Daily_Record._July_8%2C_1947._RAAF_Captures_Flying_Saucer_On_Ranch_in_Roswell_Region._Full_front_page.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roswell_Daily_Record._July_8,_1947._RAAF_Captures_Flying_Saucer_On_Ranch_in_Roswell_Region._Full_front_page.jpg)

A [Roswell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_incident "Roswell incident") Daily Record on July 8, 1947, reporting a UFO case

#### United States

*   In the [Kecksburg UFO incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident "Kecksburg UFO incident"), Pennsylvania (1965), residents reported seeing an object crash in the area.
*   In 1975, [Travis Walton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Walton_/(UFO_witness/) "Travis Walton (UFO witness)") claimed to be abducted by aliens. The movie _[Fire in the Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_in_the_Sky "Fire in the Sky")_ (1993) was based on this event, but greatly embellished the original account.
*   The "[Phoenix Lights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Lights "Phoenix Lights")" on March 13, 1997

#### Famous hoaxes

*   The [Maury Island incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maury_Island_incident "Maury Island incident")
*   [George Adamski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Adamski "George Adamski"), over the space of two decades, made various claims about his meetings with telepathic aliens from nearby planets. He claimed photographs of the [far side of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon "Far side of the Moon") taken by the Soviet lunar probe [Luna 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_3 "Luna 3") in 1959 were fake, and that there were cities, trees and snow-capped mountains on the far side of the Moon. Among copycats was a shadowy British figure named [Cedric Allingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Allingham "Cedric Allingham").
*   Ed Walters, a building contractor, in 1987 allegedly perpetrated a hoax in [Gulf Breeze, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze,_Florida "Gulf Breeze, Florida"). Walters claimed at first having seen a small UFO flying near his home and took some photographs of the craft. Walters reported and documented a series of UFO sightings over a period of three weeks and took several photographs. These sightings became famous, and are collectively referred to as the [Gulf Breeze UFO incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident "Gulf Breeze UFO incident"). Three years later, in 1990, after the Walters family had moved, the new residents discovered a model of a UFO poorly hidden in the attic that bore an undeniable resemblance to the craft in Walters' photographs. Most investigators, like the forensic photo expert William G. Hyzer,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-91) now consider the sightings to be a hoax.

Investigations of reports
-------------------------

UFOs have been subject to investigations over the years that varied widely in scope and scientific rigor. Governments or independent academics in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Peru, France, Belgium, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Mexico, Spain, and the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") are known to have investigated UFO reports at various times. No official government investigation has ever publicly concluded that UFOs are indisputably real, physical objects, extraterrestrial in origin, or of concern to national defense.

Among the best known government studies are the ghost rockets investigation by the Swedish military (1946–1947), Project Blue Book, previously [Project Sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign "Project Sign") and [Project Grudge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Grudge "Project Grudge"), conducted by the USAF from 1947 until 1969, the secret U.S. Army/Air Force [Project Twinkle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fireballs#Project_Twinkle "Green fireballs") investigation into [green fireballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fireballs "Green fireballs") (1948–1951), the secret USAF Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-92) by the [Battelle Memorial Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute "Battelle Memorial Institute"), and the [Brazilian Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force "Brazilian Air Force")'s 1977 _[Operação Prato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato "Operação Prato")_ (Operation Saucer). France has had an ongoing investigation (GEPAN/SEPRA/[GEIPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEIPAN "GEIPAN")) within its space agency [Centre national d'études spatiales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES "CNES") (CNES) since 1977; the [government of Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Uruguay "Politics of Uruguay") has had a similar investigation since 1989.

### Americas

#### Brazil (1952–2016)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Registro_de_avistamento_de_Objeto_Voador_N%C3%A3o_Identificado_-_OVNI_ocorrido_em_dezembro_de_1977%2C_na_Bahia.jpg/220px-Registro_de_avistamento_de_Objeto_Voador_N%C3%A3o_Identificado_-_OVNI_ocorrido_em_dezembro_de_1977%2C_na_Bahia.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Registro_de_avistamento_de_Objeto_Voador_N%C3%A3o_Identificado_-_OVNI_ocorrido_em_dezembro_de_1977,_na_Bahia.jpg)

A document about a sighting of a UFO that occurred on December 16, 1977, in the state of [Bahia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia "Bahia"), [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil")

On October 31, 2008, the [National Archives of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives "Brazilian National Archives") began receiving from the Aeronautical Documentation and History Center part of the documentation of the [Brazilian Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force "Brazilian Air Force") regarding the investigation of the appearance of UFOs in [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"). Currently, this collection gathers cases between 1952 and 2016.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-93)

#### Chile (c. 1968)

In 1968, the [SEFAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEFAA&action=edit&redlink=1 "SEFAA (page does not exist)") (previously CEFAA) began receiving case reports of the general public, civil aviators and the [Chilean Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force "Chilean Air Force") regarding the sightings or the appearance of UFOs in [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile"), the initial work was an initiative of Sergio Bravo Flores who led the Chilean Committee for the Study of Unidentified Space Phenomena, supported even by the Chilean Scientific Society. Currently, the organization changed its denomination to SEFAA and its a department of the [DGAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Aviation_/(Chile/) "Directorate General of Civil Aviation (Chile)")(Chile) which in turn depends on the [Chilean Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force "Chilean Air Force").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-94)

#### Canada (c. 1950)

In Canada, the [Department of National Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_/(Canada/) "Department of National Defence (Canada)") has dealt with reports, sightings and investigations of UFOs across Canada. In addition to conducting investigations into [crop circles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle "Crop circle") in [Duhamel, Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhamel,_Alberta "Duhamel, Alberta"), it still considers "unsolved" the [Falcon Lake incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident "Falcon Lake Incident") in Manitoba and the [Shag Harbour UFO incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident "Shag Harbour UFO incident") in Nova Scotia.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-95)

Early Canadian studies included [Project Magnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Magnet_/(UFO/) "Project Magnet (UFO)") (1950–1954) and [Project Second Storey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Second_Storey "Project Second Storey") (1952–1954), supported by the [Defence Research Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Canada "Defence Research and Development Canada").

#### United States

#### Synopsis

U.S. investigations into UFOs include:

*   [Project Sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign "Project Sign"), by the [Air Materiel Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command "Air Materiel Command") (AMC) USAF, precursor to Project Grudge, 1948.
*   [Ghost rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_rockets "Ghost rockets") investigations by the Finnish, Swedish and British militaries, later the US and Greece, 1946–1947.
*   [Project Grudge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Grudge "Project Grudge"), USAF from February 1949, succeeded by Project Blue Book, from March 1952.
*   Project Twinkle investigation into [green fireballs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fireballs "Green fireballs"), by the U.S. Army/Air Force, briefly, from December 1949.
*   The [Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency_Directorate_of_Science_%26_Technology "Central Intelligence Agency Directorate of Science & Technology") (DS&T), study 1952–53.
*   [The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects "The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects"), by USAF Cpt (rtd.), later director of Project Blue Book, 1956.
*   The [Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs#Project_Blue_Book_Special_Report_No._14 "Identification studies of UFOs") by the Battelle Memorial Institute for USAF, 1951–1954
*   The [Aerial Phenomena Research Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_Phenomena_Research_Organization "Aerial Phenomena Research Organization") (APRO), a private research group, 1952–1988.
*   The [Robertson Panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson_Panel "Robertson Panel") was a scientific committee which met in January 1953 to review the Project Blue Book report January 1953
*   The [Brookings Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Report "Brookings Report"), _Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs_, in conjunction with NASA's Committee on Long-Range Studies, reported to Congress 1960
*   The [Condon Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condon_Committee "Condon Committee"), an informal University of Colorado UFO Project funded by the USAF, 1966 to 1968.
*   The [RAND Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation "RAND Corporation") study, a private and internal study, 1968.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-96)
*   The [Mutual UFO Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network "Mutual UFO Network") (MUFON), is a US-based, civilian, non-profit, volunteer organization studying reported UFO sightings, May 1969 and continuing.
*   The [National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena "National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena") (NICAP) is a UFO research group most active in the United States from the 1950s to the 1980 and remains as an informational depository on UFO phenomena.
*   The [Center for UFO Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_UFO_Studies "Center for UFO Studies") (CUFOS), a privately funded UFO research group, 1973 and continuing.
*   The [Sturrock panel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Sturrock "Peter A. Sturrock"), private investigation arising from the [Society for Scientific Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Scientific_Exploration "Society for Scientific Exploration"), 1982.
*   The [Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program "Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program") which was funded from 2007 to 2012.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20171216-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20200514-71)
*   The [All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office "All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office"), a continuing program within the United States [Office of Naval Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence "Office of Naval Intelligence") which was acknowledged in 2017.
*   The _Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group_, the Pentagon, to investigate unidentified objects that may compromise the airspace of the United States, from November 24, 2021, ongoing.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-WP-20211124-97)

In addition to these, thousands of documents released under [FOIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_/(United_States/) "Freedom of Information Act (United States)") also indicate that many U.S. intelligence agencies collected (and still collect) information on UFOs. These agencies include the [Defense Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency "Defense Intelligence Agency") (DIA), [FBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI "FBI"),[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-AP-20130329-98) CIA, [National Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") (NSA), as well as military intelligence agencies of the Army and [U.S. Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy"), in addition to the Air Force.[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-99)

##### USAAF and FBI response to the 1947 sightings

Following the large U.S. surge in sightings in June and early July 1947, on July 9, 1947, [United States Army Air Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces "United States Army Air Forces") (USAAF) intelligence, in cooperation with the FBI,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-AP-20130329-98) began a formal investigation into selected sightings with characteristics that could not be immediately rationalized, such as Kenneth Arnold's. The USAAF used "all of its top scientists" to determine whether "such a phenomenon could, in fact, occur". The research was "being conducted with the thought that the flying objects might be a celestial phenomenon," or that "they might be a foreign body mechanically devised and controlled."[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-100) Three weeks later in a preliminary defense estimate, the air force investigation decided that, "This 'flying saucer' situation is not all imaginary or seeing too much in some natural phenomenon. Something is really flying around."[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-101)

A further review by the intelligence and technical divisions of the [Air Materiel Command](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Logistics_Command "Air Force Logistics Command") at [Wright Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base "Wright-Patterson Air Force Base") reached the same conclusion. It reported that "the phenomenon is something real and not visionary or fictitious," and there were disc-shaped objects, metallic in appearance, as big as man-made aircraft. They were characterized by "extreme rates of climb \[and\] maneuverability", general lack of noise, absence of a trail, occasional formation flying, and "evasive" behavior "when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar", suggesting a controlled craft. It was therefore recommended in late September 1947 that an official Air Force investigation be set up. It was also recommended that other government agencies should assist in the investigation.[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-102)

##### USAF

###### Projects Sign (1947–1949), Grudge (1948–1951), and Blue Book (1951–1970)

Project Sign's final report, published in early 1949, stated that while some UFOs appeared to represent actual aircraft, there was not enough data to determine their origin.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Blum1990-103)

The Air Force's Project Sign was created at the end of 1947, and was one of the earliest government studies to come to a secret extraterrestrial conclusion. In August 1948, Sign investigators wrote a top-secret intelligence estimate to that effect, but the [Air Force Chief of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force "Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force") [Hoyt Vandenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg "Hoyt Vandenberg") ordered it destroyed. The existence of this suppressed report was revealed by several insiders who had read it, such as astronomer and USAF consultant J. Allen Hynek and Capt. Edward J. Ruppelt, the first head of the USAF's Project Blue Book.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-104)

Another highly classified U.S. study was conducted by the CIA's Office of Scientific Investigation (OS/I) in the latter half of 1952 in response to orders from the [National Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council "United States National Security Council") (NSC). This study concluded UFOs were real physical objects of potential threat to national security. One OS/I memo to the CIA Director (DCI) in December read that "the reports of incidents convince us that there is something going on that must have immediate attention ... Sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at high speeds in the vicinity of major U.S. defense installations are of such a nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or any known types of aerial vehicles."[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-auto-105)

The matter was considered so urgent that OS/I drafted a memorandum from the DCI to the NSC proposing that the NSC establish an investigation of UFOs as a priority project throughout the intelligence and the defense research and development community. It also urged the DCI to establish an external research project of top-level scientists, now known as the Robertson Panel to analyze the problem of UFOs. The OS/I investigation was called off after the Robertson Panel's negative conclusions in January 1953.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-auto-105)

Project Sign was dismantled and became Project Grudge at the end of 1948. Angered by the low quality of investigations by Grudge, the Air Force Director of Intelligence reorganized it as Project Blue Book in late 1951, placing Ruppelt in charge. [J. Allen Hynek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek "J. Allen Hynek"), a trained astronomer who served as a scientific advisor for Project Blue Book, was initially skeptical of UFO reports, but eventually came to the conclusion that many of them could not be satisfactorily explained and was highly critical of what he described as "the cavalier disregard by Project Blue Book of the principles of scientific investigation".[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-106) Leaving government work, he founded the privately funded [CUFOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_UFO_Studies "Center for UFO Studies"), to whose work he devoted the rest of his life. Other private groups studying the phenomenon include the [MUFON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network "Mutual UFO Network"), a grassroots organization whose investigator's handbooks go into great detail on the documentation of alleged UFO sightings.

###### USAF Regulation 200-2 (1953–1954)

[Air Force Regulation 200-2](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Air_Force_Regulation_200-2,_Unidentified_Flying_Objects_Reporting "s:Air Force Regulation 200-2, Unidentified Flying Objects Reporting"),[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-AFD-070703-004-107) issued in 1953 and 1954, defined an Unidentified Flying Object ("UFOB") as "any airborne object which by performance, aerodynamic characteristics, or unusual features, does not conform to any presently known aircraft or missile type, or which cannot be positively identified as a familiar object." The regulation also said UFOBs were to be investigated as a "possible threat to the security of the United States" and "to determine technical aspects involved." The regulation went on to say that "it is permissible to inform news media representatives on UFOB's when the object is positively identified as a familiar object" but added: "For those objects which are not explainable, only the fact that ATIC \[Air Technical Intelligence Center\] will analyze the data is worthy of release, due to many unknowns involved."[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-AFD-070703-004-107)

##### Blue Book and the Condon Committee (1968–1970)

A public research effort conducted by the Condon Committee for the USAF and published as the Condon Report arrived at a negative conclusion in 1968.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-COMETA-108) Blue Book closed down in 1970, using the Condon Committee's negative conclusion as a rationale, thus ending official Air Force UFO investigations. However, a 1969 USAF document, known as the Bolender memo, along with later government documents, revealed that non-public [U.S. government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") UFO investigations continued after 1970. The Bolender memo first stated that "reports of unidentified flying objects that could affect national security ... are not part of the Blue Book system," indicating that more serious UFO incidents already were handled outside the public Blue Book investigation. The memo then added, "reports of UFOs which could affect national security would continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedures designed for this purpose."[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-109)

In the late 1960s, a chapter on UFOs in the Space Sciences course at the [U.S. Air Force Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy "United States Air Force Academy") gave serious consideration to possible extraterrestrial origins. When word of the curriculum became public, in 1970, the Air Force issued a statement to the effect that the book was outdated and cadets instead were being informed of the [Condon Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condon_Committee "Condon Committee")'s negative conclusion.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-110)

Controversy surrounded the report, both before and after its release. It has been observed that the report was "harshly criticized by numerous scientists, particularly at the powerful AIAA ... \[which\] recommended moderate, but continuous scientific work on UFOs."[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-COMETA-108) In an address to the [AAAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences"), [James E. McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._McDonald "James E. McDonald") said he believed science had failed to mount adequate studies of the problem and criticized the Condon Report and earlier studies by the USAF as scientifically deficient. He also questioned the basis for Condon's conclusions[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-default-111) and argued that the reports of UFOs have been "laughed out of scientific court".[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-McDonald-112) J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer who worked as a USAF consultant from 1948, sharply criticized the Condon Committee Report and later wrote two nontechnical books that set forth the case for continuing to investigate UFO reports.

Ruppelt recounted his experiences with Project Blue Book, a USAF investigation that preceded Condon's.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-113)

#### FOIA release of documents in 1978

According to a 1979 [New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times") report, "records from the C.I.A., the F.B.I. and other Federal agencies" ("about 900 documents—nearly 900 pages of memos, reports and correspondence") obtained in 1978 through the Freedom of Information Act request, indicate that "despite official pronouncements for decades that U.F.O.'s were nothing more than misidentified aerial objects and as such were no cause for alarm ... the phenomenon has aroused much serious behind‐the‐scenes concern" in the US government. In particular, officials were concerned over the "approximately 10%" of UFO sightings which remained unexplained, and whether they might be Soviet aircraft and a threat to national security.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Huyghe-1979-NYT-114) Officials were concerned about the "risk of false alerts", of "falsely identifying the real as phantom", and of mass hysteria caused by sightings. In 1947, Brigadier General George F. Schulgen of Army Air Corps Intelligence, warned "the first reported sightings might have been by individuals of Communist sympathies with the view to causing hysteria and fear of a secret Russian weapon."[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Huyghe-1979-NYT-114)

##### White House statement of November 2011

In November 2011, the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") released an official response to two petitions asking the U.S. government to acknowledge formally that aliens have visited this planet and to disclose any intentional withholding of government interactions with extraterrestrial beings. According to the response:

> The U.S. government has no evidence that any life exists outside our planet, or that an extraterrestrial presence has contacted or engaged any member of the human race...no credible information to suggest that any evidence is being hidden from the public's eye....
> 
> — Statement by the White House[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-WhiteHouse-115)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Atkinson-116)

The response further noted that efforts, like [SETI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence") and NASA's _[Kepler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_/(spacecraft/) "Kepler (spacecraft)")_ space telescope and [Mars Science Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory "Mars Science Laboratory"), continue looking for [signs of life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life "Life"). The response noted "odds are pretty high" that there may be life on other planets but "the odds of us making contact with any of them—especially any [intelligent ones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence "Extraterrestrial intelligence")—are extremely small, given the distances involved."[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-WhiteHouse-115)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Atkinson-116)

##### ODNI report 2021

On June 25, 2021, the [Office of the Director of National Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence "Office of the Director of National Intelligence") released a report on UAPs.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-117) The report found that the UAPTF was unable to identify 143 objects spotted between 2004 and 2021. The report said that 18 of these featured unusual movement patterns or flight characteristics, adding that more analysis was needed to determine if those sightings represented "breakthrough" technology. The report said that "some of these steps are resource-intensive and would require additional investment."[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-dni_Preliminary_Assessment-118) The report did not link the sightings to extraterrestrial life.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-APmerchant-119)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-120)

#### Uruguay (c. 1989)

The [Uruguayan Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force "Uruguayan Air Force") has conducted UFO investigations since 1989 and reportedly analyzed 2,100 cases of which they regard approximately 2% as lacking explanation.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-121)

### Europe

#### France (1977–2008)

In March 2007, the French space agency [CNES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES "CNES") published an archive of UFO sightings and other phenomena online.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-geipan-122)

French studies include GEPAN/SEPRA/[GEIPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEIPAN "GEIPAN") within CNES (French space agency), the longest ongoing government-sponsored investigation. About 22% of the 6,000 cases studied remain unexplained.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-GEIPAN_statistics_summary-123) The official opinion of GEPAN/SEPRA/GEIPAN has been neutral, stating on their [FAQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAQ "FAQ") page that their mission is fact-finding for the scientific community, not rendering an opinion. They add they can neither prove nor disprove the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH), but their Steering Committee's clear position is that they cannot discard the possibility that some fraction of the very strange 22% of unexplained cases might be due to distant and advanced civilizations.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-124)

Possibly their bias may be indicated by their use of the terms "PAN" (French) or "UAP" (English equivalent) for "Unidentified _Aerospace_ Phenomenon" (whereas "UAP" is normally used by English organizations stands for "Unidentified _Aerial_ Phenomenon", a more neutral term). In addition, the three heads of the studies have gone on record in stating that UFOs were real physical flying machines beyond our knowledge or that the best explanation for the most inexplicable cases was an extraterrestrial one.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-125)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-126)[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-127) In 2007, the CNES's own report stated that, at that time, 28% of sightings remained unidentified.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-128)

In 2008, Michel Scheller, president of the [Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_A%C3%A9ronautique_et_Astronautique_de_France "Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France") (3AF), created the Sigma Commission. Its purpose was to investigate UFO phenomena worldwide.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-129) A progress report published in May 2010 stated that the central hypothesis proposed by the [COMETA report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMETA_report "COMETA report") is perfectly credible.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-130) In December 2012, the final report of the Sigma Commission was submitted to Scheller. Following the submission of the final report, the Sigma2 Commission is to be formed with a mandate to continue the scientific investigation of UFO phenomena.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-131)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-132)

#### Italy (1933–2005)

Alleged UFO sightings gradually increased since the war, peaking in 1978 and 2005. The total number of sightings since 1947 are 18,500, of which 90% are identifiable.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-133)

#### United Kingdom (1951–2009)

![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png)

This section needs to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. _(December 2020)_

The UK's [Flying Saucer Working Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party "Flying Saucer Working Party") published its final report in June 1951, which remained secret for over fifty years. The Working Party concluded that all UFO sightings could be explained as misidentifications of ordinary objects or phenomena, optical illusions, psychological misperceptions/aberrations, or hoaxes. The report stated: "We accordingly recommend very strongly that no further investigation of reported mysterious aerial phenomena be undertaken, unless and until some material evidence becomes available."[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FSWP-134)

Eight file collections on UFO sightings, dating from 1978 to 1987, were first released on May 14, 2008, to [The National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_/(United_Kingdom/) "The National Archives (United Kingdom)") by the [Ministry of Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_/(United_Kingdom/) "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)") (MoD).[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-nationalarchivesUFO-135) Although kept secret from the public for many years, most of the files have low levels of classification and none are classified Top Secret. 200 files are set to be made public by 2012. The files are correspondence from the public sent to the British government and officials, such as the MoD and [Margaret Thatcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher "Margaret Thatcher"). The MoD released the files under the [Freedom of Information Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_the_United_Kingdom "Freedom of information in the United Kingdom") due to requests from researchers.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-136) These files include, but are not limited to, UFOs over [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") and [Waterloo Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge "Waterloo Bridge") in London.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-137)

On October 20, 2008, more UFO files were released. One case released detailed that in 1991 an Alitalia passenger aircraft was approaching [London Heathrow Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport "London Heathrow Airport") when the pilots saw what they described as a "[cruise missile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile "Cruise missile")" fly extremely close to the cockpit. The pilots believed a collision was imminent. UFO expert David Clarke says this is one of the most convincing cases for a UFO he has come across.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-138)

A secret study of UFOs was undertaken for the Ministry of Defence between 1996 and 2000 and was code-named Project Condign. The resulting report, titled "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Defence Region", was publicly released in 2006, but the identity and credentials of whoever constituted Project Condign remains classified. The report confirmed earlier findings that the main causes of UFO sightings are misidentification of man-made and natural objects. The report noted: "No artefacts of unknown or unexplained origin have been reported or handed to the UK authorities, despite thousands of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena reports. There are no [SIGINT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence "Signals intelligence"), [ELINT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence "Signals intelligence") or radiation measurements and little useful video or still [IMINT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagery_intelligence "Imagery intelligence")."[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-auto1-139)

It concluded: "There is no evidence that any UAP, seen in the UKADR \[UK Air Defence Region\], are incursions by air-objects of any intelligent (extraterrestrial or foreign) origin, or that they represent any hostile intent." A little-discussed conclusion of the report was that novel meteorological plasma phenomenon akin to [ball lightning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_lightning "Ball lightning") are responsible for "the majority, if not all" of otherwise inexplicable sightings, especially reports of [black triangle UFOs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_triangle_/(UFO/) "Black triangle (UFO)").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-auto1-139)

On December 1, 2009, the Ministry of Defence quietly closed down its UFO investigations unit. The unit's hotline and email address were suspended by the MoD on that date. The MoD said there was no value in continuing to receive and investigate sightings in a release, stating that "in over fifty years, no UFO report has revealed any evidence of a potential threat to the United Kingdom. The MoD has no specific capability for identifying the nature of such sightings. There is no Defence benefit in such investigation and it would be an inappropriate use of defence resources. Furthermore, responding to reported UFO sightings diverts MoD resources from tasks that are relevant to Defence." _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_ reported that the MoD claimed the closure would save the Ministry around £50,000 a year. The MoD said it would continue to release UFO files to the public through The National Archives.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-140)

UFO reports, Parliamentary questions, and letters from members of the public were released on August 5, 2010, to the UK National Archives. "In one letter included in the files, a man alleges Churchill ordered a coverup of a WW II-era UFO encounter involving the Royal Air Force".[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-CBS1-141)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-nationalarchivesUFO-135)

Reports of UFO sightings continue. According to _[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent"),_ there were 957 reported UFO sightings across the UK between January 2021 and May 2023, with [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool"), and [Glasgow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") being hotspots.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-142)

Studies
-------

Critics argue that all UFO evidence is anecdotal[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Demon_Haunted-143) and can be explained as prosaic natural phenomena. Defenders of UFO research counter that knowledge of observational data, other than what is reported in the popular media, is limited in the scientific community and further study is needed.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Revelations-144)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-FSS-145) Studies have established that the majority of UFO observations are misidentified conventional objects or natural phenomena—most commonly aircraft, balloons including [sky lanterns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lantern "Sky lantern"), satellites, and astronomical objects such as [meteors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteors "Meteors"), bright stars and planets. A small percentage are [hoaxes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax "Hoax").[\[note 4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-146)

Fewer than 10% of reported sightings remain unexplained after proper investigation and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. According to [Steven Novella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Novella "Steven Novella"), proponents of the [extraterrestrial hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis "Extraterrestrial hypothesis") (ETH) suggest these unexplained reports are of alien spacecraft, however the [null hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_hypothesis "Null hypothesis") cannot be excluded; that these reports are simply other more prosaic phenomena that cannot be identified due to lack of complete information or due to the necessary subjectivity of the reports. Novella says that instead of accepting the null hypothesis, UFO enthusiasts tend to engage in [special pleading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_pleading "Special pleading") by offering outlandish, untested explanations for the validity of the ETH, which violate [Occam's razor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor "Occam's razor").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-147)

### Scientific

Historically, ufology has not been considered credible in mainstream science.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-ufosociology-148) The [scientific community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community "Scientific community") has generally deemed that UFO sightings are not worthy of serious investigation except as a cultural artifact.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-149)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-McDonald-112)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-COMETA-108)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-McCarthy-150)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Sturrock/Stanford-151)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Menzel-152)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-153)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg/220px-Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg)

[Allen Hynek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek "J. Allen Hynek") (left) and [Jacques Vallée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e "Jacques Vallée")

Studies of UFOs rarely appear in mainstream scientific literature. When asked, some scientists and scientific organizations have pointed to the end of official governmental studies in the U.S. in December 1969, following the statement by the government scientist [Edward Condon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Condon "Edward Condon") that further study of UFOs could not be justified on grounds of scientific advancement.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-COMETA-108)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-154)

Nevertheless, on 14 September 2023, NASA reported the appointment, for the first time, of a [NASA Director of UAP Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Director_of_UAP_Research "NASA Director of UAP Research") (known earlier as U.F.O.), identified as [Mark McInerney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McInerney "Mark McInerney"), to scientifically, and transparently, study such occurrences.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20230914-155)

#### Status as a pseudoscience

Despite investigations sponsored by governments and private entities, ufology is not embraced by academia as a scientific field of study, and is instead generally considered a [pseudoscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience "Pseudoscience") by [skeptics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_movement "Skeptical movement") and [science educators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education "Science education"),[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_ufos-156) being often included on [lists of topics characterized as pseudoscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience "List of topics characterized as pseudoscience") as either a partial[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-157) or total[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-158)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_:12-159) pseudoscience.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_Shermer2002-160)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_saf-161)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_scientificamerican-162)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_astropacific-163)[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_iowa-164)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_UFO_NSF-165) _[Pseudoscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience "Pseudoscience")_ is a term that classifies arguments that are claimed to exemplify the methods and principles of science, but do not adhere to an appropriate [scientific method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method "Scientific method"), lack supporting evidence, plausibility, [falsifiability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability "Falsifiability"), or otherwise lack scientific status.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-166)

Some writers have identified social factors that contribute to the status of ufology as a pseudoscience,[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-167)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-10.1177/0963662515617706-168)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-169) with one study suggesting that "any science doubt surrounding unidentified flying objects and aliens was not primarily due to the ignorance of ufologists about science, but rather a product of the respective research practices of and relations between ufology, the sciences, and government investigative bodies".[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-10.1177/0963662515617706-168) One study suggests that "the rudimentary standard of [science communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_communication "Science communication") attending to the extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) hypothesis for UFOs inhibits public understanding of science, dissuades academic inquiry within the physical and social sciences, and undermines progressive space policy initiatives".[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-170)

[Jacques Vallée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e "Jacques Vallée"), a scientist and ufologist, claimed there were deficiencies in most UFO research, including government studies. He criticized the mythology and cultism often associated with UFO sightings, but despite the challenges, Vallée contended that several hundred professional scientists—a group both he and Hynek termed "the invisible college"—continued to study UFOs quietly on their own time.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Revelations-144)

#### Studies

UFOs have become a prevalent theme in modern culture,[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Revelations-144) and the social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-ufosociology-148)

In 2021, astronomer [Avi Loeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb "Avi Loeb") launched [The Galileo Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb#The_Galileo_Project "Avi Loeb")[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_SA-20210919-171) which intends to collect and report scientific evidence of extraterrestrials or extraterrestrial technology on or near Earth via telescopic observations.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-172)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-173)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-174)[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-175)

In Germany, the [University of Würzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg "University of Würzburg") is developing intelligent sensors that can help detect and analyze aerial objects in hopes of applying such technology to UAP.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-176)[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-177)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_AAPC22-178)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Ufology_978-1-5275-7925-5-179)

A 2021 [Gallup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_/(company/) "Gallup (company)") poll found that belief among Americans in some UFOs being extraterrestrial spacecraft grew between 2019 and 2021 from 33% to 41%. Gallup cited increased coverage in mainstream news and scrutiny from government authorities as a factor in changing attitudes towards UFOs.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-180)

In 2022, NASA announced a nine-month study starting in the fall to help establish a road map for investigating UAP – or for reconnaissance of the publicly available data it might use for such research.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-181)[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-182)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-183)

In 2023, the RAND Corporation published a study reviewing 101,151 public reports of UAP sightings in the United States from 1998 to 2022.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-184) The models used to conduct the analysis showed that reports of UAP sightings were less likely within 30 km of weather stations, 60 km of civilian airports, and in more–densely populated areas, while rural areas tended to have a higher rate of UAP reports. The most consistent and statistically significant finding was that reports of UAP sightings were more likely to occur within 30 km of military operations areas, where routine military training occurs.

#### Sturrock panel categorization

Besides anecdotal visual sightings, reports sometimes include claims of other kinds of evidence, including cases studied by the military and various government agencies of different countries (such as Project Blue Book, the Condon Committee, the French [GEPAN/SEPRA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEIPAN "GEIPAN"), and Uruguay's current Air Force study).

A comprehensive scientific review of cases where physical evidence was available was carried out by the 1998 Sturrock panel, with specific examples of many of the categories listed below.

*   Radar contact and tracking, sometimes from multiple sites. These have included military personnel and control tower operators, simultaneous visual sightings, and aircraft intercepts. One such example was the [mass sightings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave "Belgian UFO wave") of large, silent, low-flying black triangles in 1989 and 1990 over Belgium, tracked by [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") radar and jet interceptors, and investigated by Belgium's military (included photographic evidence). Another famous case from 1986 was the [Japan Air Lines flight 1628 incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_flight_1628_incident "Japan Air Lines flight 1628 incident") over [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska "Alaska") investigated by the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") (FAA).
*   Photographic evidence, including still photos, movie film, and video.
*   Claims of physical trace of landing UFOs, including ground impressions, burned or desiccated soil, burned and broken foliage, magnetic anomalies\[_[specify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\], increased radiation levels, and metallic traces. (See, e. g. Height 611 UFO incident or the 1964 [Lonnie Zamora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident "Lonnie Zamora incident")'s [Socorro, New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico "Socorro, New Mexico") encounter of the USAF Project Blue Book cases.) A well-known example from December 1980 was the USAF Rendlesham Forest incident in England. Another occurred in January 1981 in Trans-en-Provence and was investigated by GEPAN, then France's official government UFO-investigation agency. Project Blue Book head Edward J. Ruppelt described a classic 1952 CE2 case involving a patch of charred grass roots.
*   Physiological effects on people and animals including temporary paralysis, skin burns and rashes, [corneal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornea "Cornea") burns, and symptoms superficially resembling [radiation poisoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome "Acute radiation syndrome"), such as the [Cash-Landrum incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash-Landrum_incident "Cash-Landrum incident") in 1980.
*   Animal/[cattle mutilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_mutilation "Cattle mutilation") cases, which some feel are also part of the UFO phenomenon.
*   Biological effects on plants such as increased or decreased growth, germination effects on seeds, and blown-out stem nodes (usually associated with physical trace cases or [crop circles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle "Crop circle"))
*   [Electromagnetic interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference "Electromagnetic interference") (EM) effects. A famous [1976 military case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident "1976 Tehran UFO incident") over [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), recorded in CIA and DIA classified documents, was associated with communication losses in multiple aircraft and weapons system failure in an [F-4 Phantom II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II "McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II") jet interceptor as it was about to fire a missile on one of the UFOs.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-185)
*   Apparent remote radiation detection, some noted in FBI and CIA documents occurring over government nuclear installations at [Los Alamos National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory "Los Alamos National Laboratory") and [Oak Ridge National Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory "Oak Ridge National Laboratory") in 1950, also reported by Project Blue Book director Edward J. Ruppelt in his book.
*   Claimed artifacts of UFOs themselves, such as 1957, [Ubatuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubatuba "Ubatuba"), Brazil, [magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium") fragments analyzed by the [Brazilian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil "Federal government of Brazil") and in the Condon Report and by others. The 1964 Lonnie Zamora incident also left metal traces, analyzed by NASA.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-186)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-187) A more recent example involves a teardrop-shaped object recovered by Bob White and was featured in a television episode of _[UFO Hunters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_Hunters "UFO Hunters")_[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-188) but was later found to be accumulated waste metal residue from a grinding machine.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-189)
*   [Angel hair and angel grass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_hair_/(folklore/) "Angel hair (folklore)"), possibly explained in some cases as nests from [ballooning spiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballooning_/(spider/) "Ballooning (spider)") or [chaff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff_/(radar_countermeasure/) "Chaff (radar countermeasure)").[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-190)

#### Scientific skepticism

A [scientifically skeptical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientifically_skeptical "Scientifically skeptical") group that has for many years offered critical analyses of UFO claims is the [Committee for Skeptical Inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry") (CSI). One example is the response to local beliefs that "extraterrestrial beings" in UFOs were responsible for crop circles appearing in Indonesia, which the government and the [National Institute of Aeronautics and Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space "National Institute of Aeronautics and Space") (LAPAN) described as "man-made". Thomas Djamaluddin, research professor of astronomy and astrophysics at LAPAN stated: "We have come to agree that this 'thing' cannot be scientifically proven. Scientists have put UFOs in the category of [pseudoscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience "Pseudoscience")."[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Krismantari-191)

### Governmental

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CIA_annotated_drawing_-_dark_grey_solid_looking_UFO.webp/220px-CIA_annotated_drawing_-_dark_grey_solid_looking_UFO.webp.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CIA_annotated_drawing_-_dark_grey_solid_looking_UFO.webp)

UFO drawing, authenticity unknown, attribution and date unspecified. One of hundreds of files resulting from US President [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton")'s 1995 order to the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA "CIA") to declassify all documents with "historical value" that were at least 25 years old.

UFOs have been the subject of investigations by various governments that have provided extensive records related to the subject. Many of the most involved government-sponsored investigations ended after agencies concluded that there was no benefit to continued investigation.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-192)[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-193) These same negative conclusions also have been found in studies that were highly classified for many years, such as the UK's [Flying Saucer Working Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party "Flying Saucer Working Party"), [Project Condign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Condign "Project Condign"), the U.S. CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel, the U.S. military investigation into the green fireballs from 1948 to 1951, and the Battelle Memorial Institute study for the USAF from 1952 to 1955 (Project Blue Book Special Report No. 14).

Some public government reports have acknowledged the possibility of the physical reality of UFOs, but have stopped short of proposing extraterrestrial origins, though not dismissing the possibility entirely. Examples are the Belgian military investigation into [large triangles over their airspace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave "Belgian UFO wave") in 1989–1991 and the 2009 [Uruguayan Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Air_Force "Uruguayan Air Force") study conclusion (see below).

#### Claims by military, government, and aviation personnel

In 2007, former [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") governor [Fife Symington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_Symington "Fife Symington") claimed he had seen "a massive, delta-shaped craft silently navigate over Squaw Peak, a mountain range in Phoenix, Arizona" in 1997.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-194) Apollo 14 astronaut [Edgar Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell "Edgar Mitchell") claimed he knew of senior government employees who had been involved in "close encounters", and because of this, he has no doubt that aliens have visited Earth.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-195)

In May 2019, _The New York Times_ reported that American Navy fighter jets had several instances of unidentified instrumentation and tracking data while conducting exercises off the eastern seaboard of the United States from the summer of 2014 to March 2015. The _Times_ published a cockpit instrument video that appeared to show an object moving at high speed near the ocean surface as it appeared to rotate, and objects that appeared capable of high acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. In two separate incidents, a pilot reported his cockpit instruments locked onto and tracked objects but he was unable to see them through his helmet camera. In another encounter, flight instruments recorded an image described as a sphere encasing a cube between two jets as they flew about 100 feet apart.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NYT-20190526-196) The [Pentagon officially released these videos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos "Pentagon UFO videos") on April 27, 2020.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-TheGuardian-20200527-197) The [United States Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") has said there have been "a number of reports of unauthorized and/or unidentified aircraft entering various military-controlled ranges and designated air space in recent years".[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-198)

In March 2021, news media announced a comprehensive report is to be compiled of UFO events accumulated by the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") over the years.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-WP-20210323-199)

On April 12, 2021, the Pentagon confirmed the authenticity of pictures and videos gathered by the [Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force") (UAPTF), purportedly showing "pyramid shaped objects" hovering above the [USS Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Russell_/(DDG-59/) "USS Russell (DDG-59)") in 2019, off the coast of [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), with spokeswoman Susan Gough saying "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations."[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-200)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-201)[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-202)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-198)

In May 2021, military pilots recalled their related encounters, along with camera and radar support, including one pilot's account noting that such incidents occurred "every day for at least a couple of years", according to an interview broadcast on the news program, _[60 Minutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes "60 Minutes")_ (May 16, 2021).[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-WP-20210517-203)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-204) Science writer and skeptic [Mick West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_West "Mick West") suggested the image was the result of an optical effect called a [bokeh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh "Bokeh") which can make out of focus light sources appear triangular or pyramidal due to the shape of the aperture of some lenses.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-205)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-newyorker-206) In August, 2022, an article by West provided his detailed analysis of the video.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-207)

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625%281%29.pdf/page1-220px-Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625%281%29.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625/(1/).pdf)

The 2021 [Pentagon UFO Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_Report "Pentagon UFO Report")

On June 25, 2021, U.S. Defense and [intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community "United States Intelligence Community") officials released the nine pages [Pentagon UFO Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_Report "Pentagon UFO Report") (Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) on what they know about a series of unidentified flying objects that have been seen by American military pilots in the skies between 2004 and 2021.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-208) [\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-:1-209) The document refers to UAP rather than UFO.

The report does not mentions extraterrestrials, but instead warns of the phenomenon's potential threat to national security, which was the primary motive for writing the study. It concludes that the objects found by the US military appear to be real in the majority of the 144 occurrences documented. Only one of the cases described in the study was identified as a balloon.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-:1-209)

"Most of the UAP reported probably do represent physical objects given that a majority of UAP were registered across multiple sensors, to include radar, infrared, electro-optical, weapon seekers, and visual observation", according to the report.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-:1-209) The report also stated that "UAP probably lack a single explanation", and proposed five possible categories of explanation: airborne clutter, natural atmospheric phenomena, US government or industry development technology, foreign craft, and an "Other" category.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-dni-210)

Commenting on the document, [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") Administrator [Bill Nelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson "Bill Nelson") said that he did not think we are alone, but the UFO sightings by pilots "may not be extraterrestrial."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-211)

In December 2021, further official governmental investigations into UAPs and related, along with annual unclassified reports presented to Congress, have been authorized and funded.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-LAT-20211216-212) Some have raised concerns about the new investigations.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-NBC-20220108-213)

[President of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden") in 2023 signed the [Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act") into law as part of the [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024 "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024") on December 14, 2023.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Mizokami_Popular_Mechanics_UAPDA_2023-12-14-214) The 64-page amendment defined and codified 22 technical definitions related to UFOs and non-human intelligence under the law.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-Vincent_UAPDA_Defense_Scoop_2023-07-25-215)

#### Conspiracy theories

UFOs are sometimes an element of conspiracy theories in which governments are allegedly intentionally "covering up" the existence of aliens by removing physical evidence of their presence or even collaborating with extraterrestrial beings. There are many versions of this story; some are exclusive, while others overlap with various other conspiracy theories.

In the U.S., an opinion poll conducted in 1997 suggested that 80% of Americans believed the U.S. government was withholding such information.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-216)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-cnn97-217) Various notables have also expressed such views. Some examples are astronauts Gordon Cooper and Edgar Mitchell, Senator [Barry Goldwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Goldwater "Barry Goldwater"), Vice Admiral [Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter "Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter") (the first CIA director), [Lord Hill-Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hill-Norton,_Baron_Hill-Norton "Peter Hill-Norton, Baron Hill-Norton") (former British Chief of Defense Staff and NATO head), the 1999 French COMETA study by various French generals and aerospace experts, and [Yves Sillard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Sillard "Yves Sillard") (former director of CNES, new director of French UFO research organization GEIPAN).[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-geipan-122)

In June 2023, United States Air Force officer and former intelligence official [David Grusch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims "David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims") claimed that the U.S. federal government has maintained a highly secretive UFO retrieval program since the 1940s and that the government possesses multiple spacecraft of "non-human" origin.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-entin-218)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-219)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-220)[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-gab9-221)

##### "Disclosure" advocates

In May 2001, a press conference was held at the [National Press Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Press_Club_/(United_States/) "National Press Club (United States)") in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), by an organization called the [Disclosure Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Greer "Steven M. Greer"), featuring twenty persons including retired Air Force and FAA personnel, intelligence officers and an air traffic controller.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-222)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-223)[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-224)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-225)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-226)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-227)[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-228) They all gave a brief account of their claims that evidence of UFOs was being suppressed and said they would be willing to testify under oath to a Congressional committee. According to a 2002 report in the [Oregon _Daily Emerald_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Emerald "Daily Emerald"), Disclosure Project founder [Steven M. Greer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Greer "Steven M. Greer") is an "alien theorist" who claims "proof of government coverup" consisting of 120 hours of testimony from various government officials on the topic of UFOs, including astronaut [Gordon Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Cooper "Gordon Cooper").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-229)

In 2007, the German UFO conspiracy forum [Disclose.tv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclose.tv "Disclose.tv") was created. The website's name references the concept of disclosure.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-:0-230)

On September 27, 2010, a group of six former USAF officers and one former enlisted Air Force man held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on the theme "U.S. Nuclear Weapons Have Been Compromised by Unidentified Aerial Objects"[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-231) in which they claimed they had witnessed UFOs hovering near missile sites and even disarming the missiles.

From April 29 to May 3, 2013, the Paradigm Research Group held the "Citizen Hearing on Disclosure" at the National Press Club. The group paid former U.S. Senator [Mike Gravel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gravel "Mike Gravel") and former Representatives [Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick "Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick"), [Roscoe Bartlett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Bartlett "Roscoe Bartlett"), [Merrill Cook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Cook "Merrill Cook"), [Darlene Hooley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Hooley "Darlene Hooley"), and [Lynn Woolsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Woolsey "Lynn Woolsey") $20,000 each to hear testimony from a panel of researchers which included witnesses from military, agency, and political backgrounds.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-232)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-233)

### Fringe

The void left by the lack of institutional or scientific study has given rise to independent researchers and fringe groups, including the [National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_on_Aerial_Phenomena "National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena") (NICAP) in the mid-20th century and, more recently, the [Mutual UFO Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network "Mutual UFO Network") (MUFON)[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-234) and the [Center for UFO Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_UFO_Studies "Center for UFO Studies") (CUFOS).[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-235) The term "[Ufology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufology "Ufology")" is used to describe the collective efforts of those who study reports and associated evidence of unidentified flying objects.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-236)

### Private

Some private studies have been neutral in their conclusions but argued that the inexplicable core cases call for continued scientific study. Examples are the Sturrock panel study of 1998 and the 1970 AIAA review of the Condon Report.

### Religious

UFOs have been interpreted by some groups in a religious way, often influenced by the [Theosophical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy "Theosophy") tradition. Some Christians have interpreted UFOs as [demonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon "Demon") entities.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-237)

### Ufology

[![Swirling multicolored cloud like object in the sky](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Close_up_of_light_in_sky%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/220px-Close_up_of_light_in_sky%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_light_in_sky,_Sri_Lanka.jpg)

A photograph of an unusual atmospheric occurrence observed over Sri Lanka, forwarded to the UK [Ministry of Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_/(United_Kingdom/) "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)") by RAF Fylingdales, 2004

_Ufology_ is a [neologism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") describing the collective efforts of those who study UFO reports and associated evidence.

#### Researchers

#### Sightings

#### Organizations

In popular culture
------------------

[![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tenjo_Estatua_UFO.JPG/220px-Tenjo_Estatua_UFO.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenjo_Estatua_UFO.JPG)

An UFO monument in [Tenjo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenjo "Tenjo"), [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia")

UFOs have constituted a widespread international [cultural phenomenon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_phenomenon "Cultural phenomenon") since the 1950s. [Gallup Polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_/(company/) "Gallup (company)") rank UFOs near the top of lists for subjects of widespread recognition. In 1973, a survey found that 95 percent of the public reported having heard of UFOs, whereas only 92 percent had heard of [U.S. President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Gerald Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford "Gerald Ford") in a 1977 poll taken just nine months after he left the White House.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-238)[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-239)

A 1996 Gallup Poll reported that 71 percent of the United States population believed the U.S. government was covering up information regarding UFOs. A 2002 [Roper Poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo_Roper "Elmo Roper") for the [Sci-Fi Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy "Syfy") found similar results, but with more people believing UFOs are extraterrestrial craft. In that latest poll, 56 percent thought UFOs were real craft and 48 percent that aliens had visited the Earth. Again, about 70 percent felt the government was not sharing everything it knew about UFOs or extraterrestrial life.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-240)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-241)

Another effect of the flying saucer type of UFO sightings has been Earth-made flying saucer craft in space fiction, for example the United Planets Cruiser [C57D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-57D "C-57D") in _[Forbidden Planet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_Planet "Forbidden Planet")_ (1956), the _[Jupiter 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_2 "Jupiter 2")_ in _[Lost in Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_in_Space "Lost in Space")_, and the saucer section of the [USS _Enterprise_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Enterprise "Starship Enterprise") in _[Star Trek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek "Star Trek")_. UFOs and [extraterrestrials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrials "Extraterrestrials") have been featured [in many movies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials "List of films featuring extraterrestrials").

The intense secrecy surrounding the secret Nevada base, known as [Area 51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51 "Area 51"), has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of UFO folklore. In July 2019, more than 2 million people replied to a [joke proposal to storm Area 51](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Area_51 "Storm Area 51") which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-242) Two music festivals in rural Nevada, "AlienStock" and "Storm Area 51 Basecamp", were subsequently organized to capitalize on the popularity of the original Facebook event.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-243) 150 people showed up to the Area 51 entrance and attendance at the festivals was 1,500[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-244)

Notes
-----

1.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-2)** Also known as an **unidentified aerial phenomenon**.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_note-1)

1.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-99)** Many of these documents are now online at the FOIA websites of these agencies such as the ["FBI FOIA site"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080524114748/http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/ufo.htm). Archived from [the original](https://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/ufo.htm) on May 24, 2008., as well as private websites such as [The Black Vault](http://www.theblackvault.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110902090822/http://www.theblackvault.com/) September 2, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), which has an archive of several thousand U.S. government UFO-related documents from the USAF, Army, CIA, DIA, DOD, and NSA.
2.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-102)** The so-called [Twining memo of September 23, 1947](http://www.majesticdocuments.com/pdf/twiningopinionamc_23sept47.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090226081323/http://www.majesticdocuments.com/pdf/twiningopinionamc_23sept47.pdf) February 26, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), by future USAF Chief of Staff, General [Nathan Twining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining "Nathan Farragut Twining"), specifically recommended intelligence cooperation with the Army, Navy, [Atomic Energy Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission "United States Atomic Energy Commission"), the Defense Department's Joint Research and Development Board, Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (NACA), Project [RAND](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND "RAND"), and the [Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_aircraft "Nuclear aircraft") (NEPA) project.
3.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-109)** For example, current USAF general reporting procedures are in [Air Force Instruction (AFI)10-206](http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/AFI10-206.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080618065117/http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/AFI10-206.pdf) June 18, 2008, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Section 5.7.3 (p. 64) lists sightings of "unidentified flying objects" and "aircraft of unconventional design" as separate categories from potentially hostile but conventional, unidentified aircraft, missiles, surface vessels, or submarines. Additionally, "unidentified objects" detected by missile warning systems, creating a potential risk of nuclear war, are covered by Rule 5E (p.35).
4.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-146)** For example, the USAF's [Project Blue Book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs "Identification studies of UFOs") concluded that less than 2% of reported UFOs were "psychological" or hoaxes; [Allan Hendry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hendry "Allan Hendry")'s study for CUFOS had less than 1%.

References
----------

1.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-1)** ["UAP FAQs – NASA Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Study Frequently Asked Questions"](https://science.nasa.gov/uap/faqs/). _[NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA")_. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
2.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-3)** ["50 U.S. Code § 3373 – Establishment of All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office"](https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373). _LII / Legal Information Institute_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240520125549/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50/3373) from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
3.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-4)** ["HOME \> VISIT \> MUSEUM EXHIBITS \> FACT SHEETS \> DISPLAY Avro Canada VZ-9AV Avrocar"](https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/195801/avro-canada-vz-9av-avrocar/). _www.nationalmuseum.af.mil [United States Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force")_. October 9, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210518072042/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/article/195801/avro-canada-vz-9av-avrocar/) from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
4.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-MW-2023_5-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-MW-2023_5-1) ["Words We're Watching: What does 'UAP' mean?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230417203105/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-uap). _Merriam-Webster_. Archived from [the original](https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/words-were-watching-uap) on April 17, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
5.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-6)** [Ruppelt 1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Ruppelt), Chapter 1: ["Project Blue Book and the UFO Story"](http://www.nicap.org/rufo/rufo-01.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130927014715/http://www.nicap.org/rufo/rufo-01.htm) September 27, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
6.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20170424_7-0)** Blumenthal, Ralph (April 24, 2017). ["People Are Seeing U.F.O.s Everywhere, and This Book Proves It"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/science/ufo-sightings-book.html). _[New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201125031952/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/science/ufo-sightings-book.html) from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
7.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-AMZ-20170324_8-0)** Costa, Cheryl; Costa, Linda Miller (2017). _UFO Sightings Desk Reference: United States of America 2001–2015_. Dragon Lady Media, LLC. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1544219233](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1544219233 "Special:BookSources/978-1544219233").
8.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Hanks2022_9-0)** Micah Hanks (July 21, 2022). ["The Pentagon Just Revealed the New Name of Its UAP Investigative Office"](https://thedebrief.org/the-pentagon-just-revealed-the-new-name-of-its-uap-investigative-office/). The Debrief. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220724094335/https://thedebrief.org/the-pentagon-just-revealed-the-new-name-of-its-uap-investigative-office/) from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
9.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Furfaro2022_10-0)** Emily Furfaro (October 21, 2022). ["NASA Announces Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Study Team Members"](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-study-team-members). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221223015354/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-anomalous-phenomena-study-team-members/) from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. Editor's Note: This article was updated on December 22, 2022 to reflect an expanded terminology for 'UAP,' going from unidentified aerial phenomena to unidentified anomalous phenomena.
10.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-11)** [Haines 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Haines_1979), Chapter: "The Zeitgeist of the UFO Phenomenon" by Armando Simón
11.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-12)** Giere, Ronald N.; Bickle, John; Mauldin, Robert F. (2006), _Understanding Scientific Reasoning_ (5th ed.), [Wadsworth Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning "Cengage Learning"), p. 99, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-15-506326-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-506326-X "Special:BookSources/0-15-506326-X"), [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [2005922853](https://lccn.loc.gov/2005922853), [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [61369793](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61369793)
12.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Official_UFO_Investigations_in_France:_the_GEPAN/SEPRA_Project_13-0)** [Sturrock, et al. 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Sturrock,_et_al._1998), Appendix 4: "Electromagnetic-Wave Ducting" by V. R. Eshleman
13.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ezzy-2024_14-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ezzy-2024_14-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ezzy-2024_14-2) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ezzy-2024_14-3) [_**e**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ezzy-2024_14-4) Ezzy, Pearson (June 3, 2024). ["16 things commonly mistaken for UFOs"](https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/things-mistaken-for-ufos). _Sky at Night Magazine_. BBC. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
14.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Carey-2010_15-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Carey-2010_15-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Carey-2010_15-2) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Carey-2010_15-3) [_**e**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Carey-2010_15-4) Carey, Bjorn; Melina, Remy (November 10, 2010). ["7 Things Most Often Mistaken for UFOs"](https://www.livescience.com/32849-7-ways-to-generate-a-great-space-hoax.html). _Live Science_. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
15.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Blackrock-2024_16-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Blackrock-2024_16-1) ["How To Identify A UFO"](https://www.bco.ie/how-to-identify-a-ufo/). _MTU Blackrock Castle_. August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
16.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Starwalk_17-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Starwalk_17-1) ["Relax, It's Not Aliens: Man-Made Objects Mistaken for UFOs"](https://starwalk.space/en/infographics/ufo-sightings-real-objects). _Star Walk_. February 12, 2024. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
17.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-18)** Hahn, Jason (December 21, 2022). ["Christmas Lights Are Likely Source of Multiple UFO Reports in Wisconsin (But Not Everyone's Convinced)"](https://people.com/human-interest/ufo-sighting-wisconsin-apparently-solved-christmas-lights/). _People_. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
18.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-19)** United States Air Force (1968). [Aid to Identification of Flying Objects](https://www.cnes-geipan.fr/sites/default/files/Aids_to_identification_of_flying_objects_0.pdf) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office.
19.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-20)** Wright, Aaron (October 31, 2018). ["'The truth is out there': UFO group debunks hoaxes in hopes of finding the real thing"](https://www.kens5.com/article/features/the-truth-is-out-there-ufo-group-debunks-hoaxes-in-hopes-of-finding-the-real-thing/273-610080916). _kens5.com_. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
20.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-21)** ["The Great Morris County UFO Hoax"](https://weirdnj.com/stories/unexplained-phenomena/nj-ufo-hoax/). Retrieved September 14, 2024.
21.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-22)** [Project Blue Book Special Report 14: Analysis of Reports of Unidentified Aerial Objects](https://www.academia.edu/49680297) (Report). United States Air Force. May 5, 1955. p. 10. [Archive.](https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_97883)
22.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-23)** [Hendry 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Hendry)
23.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Fraknoi_24-0)** [Andrew Fraknoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi "Andrew Fraknoi"), [_Science Education and Outreach: Forging a Path to the Future_](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2010ASPC..431..514F%7C) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210526194646/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2010ASPC..431..514F%7C%E2%80%98%E2%80%99Science) May 26, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). Proceedings of a conference held September 12–16, 2009 in Millbrae, California. Edited by Jonathan Barnes, Denise A. Smith, Michael G. Gibbs, and James G. Manning., p. 514, August 2010
24.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-25)** ["March 30, 240 B.C.: Comet Cometh to Cathay"](https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0330ancient-chinese-see-halleys-comet/). Wired. March 30, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210213020656/https://www.wired.com/2011/03/0330ancient-chinese-see-halleys-comet/) from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2024.
25.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-26)** Giordano, Daniela (November 13, 2006). ["Do UFOs Exist in the History of Arts?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120819213933/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/16589). _American Chronicle_. Ultio, LLC. Archived from [the original](http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/16589) on August 19, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
26.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-27)** Cuoghi, Diego (2004). ["The Art of Imagining UFOs"](http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/archives/vol11n01.html). _[Skeptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_/(U.S._magazine/) "Skeptic (U.S. magazine)")_. **11** (1). [The Skeptics Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptics_Society "The Skeptics Society"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121003170149/http://www.skeptic.com/the_magazine/archives/vol11n01.html) from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
27.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-28)** Julio Obsecuente, _Libro de los Prodigios (restituido a su integridad, en beneficio de la Historia, por Conrado Licóstenes)_, ed. Ana Moure Casas (Madrid: Ediciones Clásicas, 1990)
28.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-29)** Giulio Ossequente, _Il Libro dei prodigi_, ed. Solas Boncompagni (Rome: Edizioni Mediterranee, 1992)
29.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-30)** Dong, Paul. (2000). _China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic_. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8351-2676-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8351-2676-5 "Special:BookSources/0-8351-2676-5"). pp 69–71.
30.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Vallee_31-0)** Vallee, Jacques; Aubeck, Chris (2010). [_Wonders in the Sky: Unexplained Aerial Objects from Antiquity to Modern Times_](https://books.google.com/books?id=XINLC2ubHqwC&pg=PT71). Tarcher. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1585428205](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1585428205 "Special:BookSources/978-1585428205").
31.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Colavito-121212_32-0)** [Colavito, Jason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Colavito "Jason Colavito") (December 12, 2012). ["The UFO Battle over Nuremburg"](http://www.jasoncolavito.com/1/post/2012/12/the-ufo-battle-over-nuremburg.html). _jasoncolavito.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121220012851/http://www.jasoncolavito.com/1/post/2012/12/the-ufo-battle-over-nuremburg.html) from the original on December 20, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
32.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-33)** Borchert (2013). [_The book of miracles: Facsimile of the Augsburg manuscript from the Collection of Mickey Cartin_](https://books.google.com/books?id=rPRTzgEACAAJ) (in German). Taschen. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-8365-4285-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4285-2 "Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-4285-2"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230730031603/https://books.google.com/books?id=rPRTzgEACAAJ) from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
33.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-34)** Booth, B J (December 8, 2008). ["Before the Wright Brothers ... There Were UFOs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120819213938/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/17732). _American Chronicle_. Ultio, LLC. Archived from [the original](http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/17732) on August 19, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
34.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen19811_35-0)** [Cohen 1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#CITEREFCohen1981), p. 1.
35.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198186_36-0)** [Cohen 1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#CITEREFCohen1981), p. 86.
36.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeel199629%E2%80%9331_37-0)** [Keel 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#CITEREFKeel1996), pp. 29–31, stating date of April 22, 1897
37.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen198188_38-0)** [Cohen 1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#CITEREFCohen1981), p. 88.
38.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-39)** ["Foo-Fighter"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080417042038/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775433,00.html). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_/(magazine/) "Time (magazine)")_. January 15, 1945. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775433,00.html) on April 17, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
39.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-40)** [Swords & Powell 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Swords_&_Powell), p. 63
40.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-41)** Jeffrey J. Kripal, _Authors of the Impossible: The Paranormal and the Sacred_, University of Chicago Press, 2010, pp. 206–208. \[_[ISBN missing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")_\]
41.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-42)** Bertrand Meheust, _Science Fiction et Soucoupes Volantes_ Mercure de France, 1978
42.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-43)** Michel Monnerie, Le Naufrage des Extra-terrestres, Nouvelles Editions Rationalistes, 1979.
43.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-44)** Michel Meurger, _Alien Abduction : L'enlèvement Extraterrestre de la Fiction à la croyance – Scientifictions: la Revue de l'Imaginaire Scientifique; numero 1, volume 1_ Encrage, 1995 (in French) 253pp.
44.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-45)** Michel Meurger, "Surgeons from Outside" _Fortean Studies_ # 3 (1996) pp. 308–321.
45.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-46)** Jacques Vallee, _Dimensions: A Casebook of Alien Contact Contemporary Books_, 1988, p. 167.
46.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-47)** Martin S. Kottmeyer, _Magonia_ #90; November 2005, pp. 3–15. "[Engine Stoppers](http://magonia.haaan.com/2010/enginestoppers/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131001033541/http://magonia.haaan.com/2010/enginestoppers/) 2013-10-01 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")"
47.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-48)** Pasulka, D.W. (2019). _American Cosmic: UFOs, Religion, Technology_. Oxford University Press. p. 237\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0190692889](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190692889 "Special:BookSources/978-0190692889"). the standard assumption that the UFO mythos was born in the year 1947
48.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-2) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-3) [_**e**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-4) [_**f**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-5) [_**g**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-6) [_**h**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-7) [_**i**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-8) [_**j**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-9) [_**k**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-10) [_**l**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian4August2021_49-11) Eghigian, Greg (August 4, 2021). ["UFOs and the Boundaries of Science"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230410030607/https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/ufos-and-the-boundaries-of-science/). Boston Review. Archived from [the original](https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/ufos-and-the-boundaries-of-science/) on April 10, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
49.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-50)** Garber, Megan. ["The Man Who Introduced the World to Flying Saucers"](https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-man-who-introduced-the-world-to-flying-saucers/372732/). _The Atlantic_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183726/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-man-who-introduced-the-world-to-flying-saucers/372732/) from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
50.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-51)** ["Saturday Night Uforia Audioplex: Edward R. Murrow – The Case ForOf The Flying Saucer (April 7, 1950 broadcast)"](http://www.saturdaynightuforia.com/audioplex/audioplexhtml/murrowcaseofflyingsaucer.html). _www.saturdaynightuforia.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190718182303/https://www.saturdaynightuforia.com/audioplex/audioplexhtml/murrowcaseofflyingsaucer.html) from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
51.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian2017_52-0)** Eghigian, Greg (March 14, 2017). ["More Human Than Alien: Researvching the History of UFOs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230621171135/https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/march-2017/more-human-than-alien-researching-the-history-of-ufos). Perspectives on History. Archived from [the original](https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/march-2017/more-human-than-alien-researching-the-history-of-ufos) on June 21, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
52.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian5August2021_53-0)** Eghigian, Greg (August 5, 2021). ["UFOs, UAPs – Whatever We Call Them, Why Do We Assume Mysterious Flying Objects Are Extraterrestrial?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230611013718/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/ufos-uapswhatever-we-call-them-why-do-we-assume-mysterious-flying-objects-are-extraterrestrial-180978374/). Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from [the original](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/ufos-uapswhatever-we-call-them-why-do-we-assume-mysterious-flying-objects-are-extraterrestrial-180978374/) on June 11, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
53.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-54)** ["Flying saucers still evasive 70 years after pilot's report | The Spokesman-Review"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220812160716/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/jun/25/flying-saucers-still-evasive-70-years-after-pilots/). _www.spokesman.com_. Archived from [the original](https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/jun/25/flying-saucers-still-evasive-70-years-after-pilots/) on August 12, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
54.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-55)** Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). _Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11_. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 184\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0199753956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199753956 "Special:BookSources/978-0199753956"). The material recovered near Roswell was consistent with a balloon device and most likely from one of the MOGUL balloons that had not been previously recovered.
55.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Lewis-Kraus-30-4-21_56-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Lewis-Kraus-30-4-21_56-1) Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (April 30, 2021). ["How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230623023008/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously). _The New Yorker magazine_. Archived from [the original](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously) on June 23, 2023.
56.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-57)** Jung, Carl (1959). _Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies_. Translated by Hull, R. F. C. Broadway House, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
57.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Eghigian19December2017_58-0)** Eghigian, Greg (December 19, 2017). ["That Secret Government Program to Track UFOs? It's Not the First"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230606110707/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/secret-government-program-track-ufos-its-not-first-180967597/). Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from [the original](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/secret-government-program-track-ufos-its-not-first-180967597/) on June 6, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
58.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-59)** Michael D. Swords; "UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era", pp. 82–121 in "UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge" David M. Jacobs, editor; 2000, University Press of Kansas, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0700610324](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700610324 "Special:BookSources/0700610324"); p. 103.
59.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Mathis_6_July_2023_60-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Mathis_6_July_2023_60-1) Mathis, Joel (July 6, 2023). ["What we know from decades of UFO government investigations"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230708085036/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ufo-alien-spacecraft-investigation-timeline). _National Geographic_. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ufo-alien-spacecraft-investigation-timeline) on July 8, 2023.
60.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-61)** Haines, Gerald K. (1997). ["A Die-Hard Issue: CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90"](https://www.cia.gov/static/105bd8290b90de13ee136fecc9fe863f/cia-role-study-UFOs.pdf) (PDF). _Studies in Intelligence_. **1** (1): 67–84. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210937/https://www.cia.gov/static/105bd8290b90de13ee136fecc9fe863f/cia-role-study-UFOs.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
61.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-62)** [Keyhoe, Donald E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_E._Keyhoe "Donald E. Keyhoe") (1973). [_Aliens from space; the real story of unidentified flying objects_](https://archive.org/details/aliensfromspacer00keyh). [Garden City, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York "Garden City, New York"): [Doubleday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_/(publisher/) "Doubleday (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-385-06751-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-06751-8 "Special:BookSources/0-385-06751-8").
62.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-63)** ["Betty Hill, 85, Figure in Alien Abduction Case, Dies"](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/23/us/betty-hill-85-figure-in-alien-abduction-case-dies.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times") (online)_. October 23, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170620020420/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/23/us/betty-hill-85-figure-in-alien-abduction-case-dies.html) from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
63.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-64)** Saad, Lydia (April 12, 2016). ["Gallup Vault: Eyewitnesses to Flying Saucers"](https://news.gallup.com/vault/190592/gallup-vault-eyewitnesses-flying-saucers.aspx). Gallup. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230523023423/https://news.gallup.com/vault/190592/gallup-vault-eyewitnesses-flying-saucers.aspx) from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
64.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Kloor1_65-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Kloor1_65-1) Kloor, Kieth (April 3, 2019). ["UFOs Won't Go Away"](https://issues.org/ufos-wont-go-away/). _Issues. Vol. XXXV, No. 3, Spring 2019_. Arizona State University. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211108080728/https://issues.org/ufos-wont-go-away/) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
65.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-66)** Sparks, Glenn G.; Pellechia, Marianne; Irvine, Chris (June 1998). ["Does television news about UFOs affect viewers' UFO beliefs?: An experimental investigation"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463379809370102). _Communication Quarterly_. **46** (3): 284–294. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/01463379809370102](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01463379809370102). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0146-3373](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-3373). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230709205846/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463379809370102) from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
66.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-67)** ["The 1980s Book Series That Literally Claimed It Had To Be Read To Be Believed"](http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-1980s-book-series-that-literally-claimed-it-had-to-be-read-to-be-believed). _Atlas Obscura_. September 22, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240704110017/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-1980s-book-series-that-literally-claimed-it-had-to-be-read-to-be-believed) from the original on July 4, 2024. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
67.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Time_68-0)** [Corliss, Richard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corliss,_Richard "Corliss, Richard") (November 27, 1995). ["Autopsy or Fraud-topsy?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091216074850/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983764-1,00.html). _[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_/(magazine/) "Time (magazine)")_. Archived from [the original](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983764-1,00.html) on December 16, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
68.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-69)** Orth, Taylor (October 4, 2022). ["A growing share of Americans believe aliens are responsible for UFOs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230531002256/https://today.yougov.com/topics/technology/articles-reports/2022/10/04/more-half-americans-believe-aliens-probably-exist). YouGov PLC (citing 1996 Newsweek poll). Archived from [the original](https://today.yougov.com/topics/technology/articles-reports/2022/10/04/more-half-americans-believe-aliens-probably-exist) on May 31, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
69.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20171216_70-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20171216_70-1) Cooper, Helene; Blumenthal, Ralph; Kean, Leslie (December 16, 2017). ["Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171221235856/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/16/us/politics/pentagon-program-ufo-harry-reid.html) from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
70.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20200514_71-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20200514_71-1) Blumenthal, Ralph; Kean, Leslie (May 14, 2020). ["Navy Reports Describe Encounters With Unexplained Flying Objects – While some of the encounters have been reported publicly before, the Navy records are an official accounting of the incidents, including descriptions from the pilots of what they saw"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/us/politics/navy-ufo-reports.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200515001002/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/us/politics/navy-ufo-reports.html) from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
71.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-72)** Bock, Michael (December 23, 2022). ["NASA to Set Up Independent Study on Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230610082955/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-study-team-members/). _NASA_. Archived from [the original](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-announces-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-study-team-members/) on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
72.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-73)** [Kathleen Hicks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Hicks "Kathleen Hicks") [(23 November 2021) Establishment of the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group](https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/23/2002898596/-1/-1/0/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-AIRBORNE-OBJECT-IDENTIFICATION-AND-MANAGEMENT-SYNCHRONIZATION-GROUP.PDF) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230523013816/https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/23/2002898596/-1/-1/0/ESTABLISHMENT-OF-THE-AIRBORNE-OBJECT-IDENTIFICATION-AND-MANAGEMENT-SYNCHRONIZATION-GROUP.PDF) May 23, 2023, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
73.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-74)** Vergun, David (April 19, 2023). ["DOD Working to Better Understand, Resolve Anomalous Phenomena"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230613180406/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3368109/dod-working-to-better-understand-resolve-anomalous-phenomena/). _DOD News_. Archived from [the original](https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3368109/dod-working-to-better-understand-resolve-anomalous-phenomena/) on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
74.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-75)** Leonard, David (June 9, 2023). ["Bad Data, Not Aliens, May Be behind UFO Surge, NASA Team Says"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230611131604/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bad-data-not-aliens-may-be-behind-ufo-surge-nasa-team-says/). Scientific American. Archived from [the original](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bad-data-not-aliens-may-be-behind-ufo-surge-nasa-team-says/) on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
75.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-76)** 2022 _[Congressional Record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Record "Congressional Record"),_ Vol. 168, Page [D545](https://www.govinfo.gov/link/crec/168/D/545) (May 17, 2022)
76.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-77)** Merchant, Nomaan (July 26, 2023). ["Whistleblower tells Congress the US is concealing 'multi-decade' program that captures UFOs"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/07/26/ufos-uaps-congress-whistleblower-spy-aliens/01081d9a-2bce-11ee-a948-a5b8a9b62d84_story.html). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230726223917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/07/26/ufos-uaps-congress-whistleblower-spy-aliens/01081d9a-2bce-11ee-a948-a5b8a9b62d84_story.html) from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
77.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-78)** De Avila, Joseph (July 26, 2023). ["UFOs Are a Common Sight, Former Military Official Tells Congress"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230727031909/https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-oversight-committee-congress-ufo-hearing-ceeceae6). _[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")_. Archived from [the original](https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-oversight-committee-congress-ufo-hearing-ceeceae6) on July 27, 2023.
78.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-79)** Cooper, Helene (July 26, 2023). ["Lawmakers and Former Officials Press for Answers on U.F.O.s"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/26/us/politics/ufo-hearing.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230727033839/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/26/us/politics/ufo-hearing.html) from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
79.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-80)** Pasulka, D.W. (2019). _American Cosmic: UFOs, Religion, Technology_. Oxford University Press. p. 7\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0190692889](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190692889 "Special:BookSources/978-0190692889"). the standard assumption that the UFO mythos was born in the year 1947
80.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-81)** Harish, Alon (June 27, 2012). ["UFOs Exist, Say 36 Percent in National Geographic Survey"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230609235400/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/ufos-exist-americans-national-geographic-survey/story?id=16661311). ABC News. Archived from [the original](https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/ufos-exist-americans-national-geographic-survey/story?id=16661311) on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
81.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-82)** Kennedy, Courtney; Lau, Arnold (June 30, 2021). ["Most Americans believe in intelligent life beyond Earth; few see UFOs as a major national security threat"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230603161538/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/06/30/most-americans-believe-in-intelligent-life-beyond-earth-few-see-ufos-as-a-major-national-security-threat/). Pew. Archived from [the original](https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/06/30/most-americans-believe-in-intelligent-life-beyond-earth-few-see-ufos-as-a-major-national-security-threat/) on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
82.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-83)** Saad, Lydia (August 20, 2021). ["Larger Minority in U.S. Says Some UFOs Are Alien Spacecraft"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230523014539/https://news.gallup.com/poll/353420/larger-minority-says-ufos-alien-spacecraft.aspx). Gallup. Archived from [the original](https://news.gallup.com/poll/353420/larger-minority-says-ufos-alien-spacecraft.aspx) on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
83.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-84)** Linley, Sanders (October 4, 2022). ["Aliens and UFOs: YouGov Poll: September 9–12, 2022"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230425114950/https://today.yougov.com/topics/technology/articles-reports/2022/10/04/aliens-ufos-yougov-poll-september-9-12-2022). YouGov PLC. Archived from [the original](https://today.yougov.com/topics/technology/articles-reports/2022/10/04/aliens-ufos-yougov-poll-september-9-12-2022) on April 25, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
84.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-85)** Kripal, Jeffrey J. (2010). [_Authors of the Impossible_](https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226453897.001.0001). University of Chicago Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.7208/chicago/9780226453897.001.0001](https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226453897.001.0001). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-226-45387-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45387-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-226-45387-3"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214149/https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226453866) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
85.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-86)** Davison, Andrew (October 2, 2019). ["Astrotheology: Science and Theology Meet Extraterrestrial Life"](https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2019.1670968). _Theology and Science_. **17** (4): 551–554. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/14746700.2019.1670968](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746700.2019.1670968). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [1474-6700](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-6700). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [211965883](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211965883). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214204/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14746700.2019.1670968) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
86.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-87)** Cusack, Carole M. (2019). ["D. W. Pasulka, American Cosmic: UFOs, Religion, Technology"](https://dx.doi.org/10.5840/asrr201910263). _Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review_. **10** (2): 258–259. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.5840/asrr201910263](https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fasrr201910263). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [1946-0538](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-0538). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [213855394](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213855394). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214149/https://www.pdcnet.org/asrr/content/asrr_2019_0010_0002_0258_0259) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved July 8, 2024.
87.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-88)** Shilcutt, Katharine (June 30, 2021). ["Jeffrey Kripal on how to think about the UFO phenomenon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230213224448/https://news.rice.edu/news/2021/jeffrey-kripal-how-think-about-ufo-phenomenon). Rice University News and Media Relations Team. Archived from [the original](https://news.rice.edu/news/2021/jeffrey-kripal-how-think-about-ufo-phenomenon) on February 13, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
88.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-89)** Shilcutt, Adrian (June 25, 2021). ["How pop culture has shaped our understanding of alien"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230605002338/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/jun/25/how-pop-culture-has-shaped-our-understanding-of-aliens). Guardian News. Archived from [the original](https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/jun/25/how-pop-culture-has-shaped-our-understanding-of-aliens) on June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
89.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-90)** Pasulka, D.W. (2019). _American Cosmic: UFOs, Religion, Technology_. Oxford University Press. p. 82\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0190692889](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190692889 "Special:BookSources/978-0190692889"). the standard assumption that the UFO mythos was born in the year 1947
90.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-91)** Posner, Gary P. (July 1992). ["The Gulf Breeze 'UFOs'"](http://www.gpposner.com/Gulf_Breeze.html). _Tampa Bay Sounding_. Seminole, FL: Tampa Bay Mensa. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130703032208/http://www.gpposner.com/Gulf_Breeze.html) from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
91.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-92)** ["Project Blue Book Special Report #14"](https://archive.org/details/ProjectBlueBookSpecialReport14). _[Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive")_. [United States Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force"). Retrieved September 7, 2013.
92.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-93)** ["Brazil to record UFO sightings"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-10947856). _BBC News_. August 12, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180504151608/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-10947856) from the original on May 4, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
93.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-94)** ["Origen de la SEFAA"](https://sefaa.dgac.gob.cl/historia-del-cefaa/). _SEFAA_. [Santiago de Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile "Santiago de Chile"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220704020202/https://sefaa.dgac.gob.cl/historia-del-cefaa/) from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.(in spanish)
94.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-95)** ["Canada's UFOs: The Search for the Unknown"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160116131034/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ufo/) (Virtual museum). Ottawa: [Library and Archives Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada "Library and Archives Canada"). Archived from [the original](http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ufo/) on January 16, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
95.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-96)** [Kocher 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Kocher)
96.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-WP-20211124_97-0)** Demirjian, Karoun (November 24, 2021). ["Pentagon will track unexplained airborne objects through new intelligence group"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/11/24/ufos-pentagon/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211125085817/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/11/24/ufos-pentagon/) from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
97.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-AP-20130329_98-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-AP-20130329_98-1) Contreras, Russell (March 29, 2013). ["FBI 'flying saucers' NM memo bureau's most viewed"](http://apnews.excite.com/article/20130329/DA5AVRAG0.html). [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130927222146/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20130329/DA5AVRAG0.html) from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
98.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-100)** ["Federal Bureau of Investigation FOIA Documents – Unidentified Flying Objects"](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25706/25706.txt). _[Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121110121822/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25706/25706.txt) from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2013. Internal FBI memo from E. G. Fitch to [D. M. Ladd](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D._M._Ladd&action=edit&redlink=1 "D. M. Ladd (page does not exist)") concerning a request by General George F. Schulgen, Chief of the Requirements Intelligence Branch of Army Air Corps Intelligence, for the FBI to help with their investigation of UFO reports.
99.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-101)** [Hall & Connors 1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Hall_&_Connors), p. 83
100.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Blum1990_103-0)** Blum, Howard, Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials. Simon and Schuster, 1990
101.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-104)** [Ruppelt 1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Ruppelt), Chapter 3: ["The Classics"](http://www.nicap.org/rufo/rufo-03.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070906190034/http://www.nicap.org/rufo/rufo-03.htm) September 6, 2007, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
102.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-auto_105-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-auto_105-1) Haines, Gerald K. (1997). ["CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174318/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/ufo.html). [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [713270503](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/713270503). Archived from [the original](https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/ufo.html) on October 1, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
103.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-106)** [Hynek 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Hynek_1972), p. 76
104.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-AFD-070703-004_107-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-AFD-070703-004_107-1) ["AFD-070703-004.pdf"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120910051437/http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070703-004.pdf) (PDF). _Air Force Freedom of Information Act_. United States Air Force. Archived from [the original](http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-070703-004.pdf) (PDF) on September 10, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
105.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-COMETA_108-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-COMETA_108-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-COMETA_108-2) [_**d**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-COMETA_108-3) ["COMETA Report"](http://www.ufoevidence.org/topics/Cometa.htm). Seattle, WA: ufoevidence.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111528/http://www.ufoevidence.org/topics/Cometa.htm) from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
106.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-110)** ["Introductory Space Science"](http://www.cufon.org/cufon/afu.htm). _CUFON.org_. West Jacksonville, FL: Computer UFO Network (CUFON). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130530172640/http://www.cufon.org/cufon/afu.htm) from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013. Air Force Academy UFO material.
107.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-default_111-0)** McDonald, James E. (1974) \[Originally published 1972\]. ["Science in Default: Twenty-Two Years of Inadequate UFO Investigations"](https://archive.org/details/ufosascientificd0000unse_n5n6). In [Sagan, Carl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan "Carl Sagan"); Page, Thornton (eds.). _UFO's: A Scientific Debate_. [American Association for the Advancement of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science "American Association for the Advancement of Science"), 134th Meeting (Reprint ed.). New York: [W. W. Norton & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company "W. W. Norton & Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-393-00739-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00739-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00739-8"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [72004572](https://lccn.loc.gov/72004572). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [934695](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934695). Retrieved March 30, 2011.
108.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-McDonald_112-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-McDonald_112-1) [McDonald, James E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._McDonald "James E. McDonald") (July 29, 1968). ["Statement on Unidentified Flying Objects: Submitted to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics at July 29, 1968, Symposium on Unidentified Flying Objects, Rayburn Bldg., Washington, D.C., by James E. McDonald"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190105080523/http://puhep1.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/JEMcDonald/mcdonald_hcsa_68.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://puhep1.princeton.edu/~mcdonald/JEMcDonald/mcdonald_hcsa_68.pdf) (PDF) on January 5, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
109.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-113)** [Ruppelt 1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Ruppelt)
110.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Huyghe-1979-NYT_114-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Huyghe-1979-NYT_114-1) Huyghe, Patrick (October 14, 1979). ["U.F.O. Files: The Untold Story"](https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/14/archives/ufo-files-the-untold-story.html). _The New York Times_. New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211109023957/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/14/archives/ufo-files-the-untold-story.html) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
111.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-WhiteHouse_115-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-WhiteHouse_115-1) Larson, Phil (November 5, 2011). ["Searching for ET, But No Evidence Yet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111124052154/https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/Petitions#!/response/searching-et-no-evidence-yet). [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House"). Archived from [the original](https://wwws.whitehouse.gov/petitions#!/response/searching-et-no-evidence-yet) on November 24, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
112.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Atkinson_116-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Atkinson_116-1) Atkinson, Nancy (November 5, 2011). ["No Alien Visits or UFO Coverups, White House Says"](http://www.universetoday.com/90717/no-alien-visits-or-ufo-coverups-white-house-says/). _[Universe Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe_Today "Universe Today")_. Courtenay, B.C. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190118163408/https://www.universetoday.com/90717/no-alien-visits-or-ufo-coverups-white-house-says/) from the original on January 18, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
113.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-117)** Gabbatt, Adam (June 25, 2021). ["It came out of the sky: US releases highly anticipated UFO report"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/25/ufos-us-government-report). _The Guardian_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210626025006/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/25/ufos-us-government-report) from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
114.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-dni_Preliminary_Assessment_118-0)** ["Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena"](https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf) (PDF). [Office of the Director of National Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence "Office of the Director of National Intelligence"). June 25, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210726114054/https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
115.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-APmerchant_119-0)** Merchant, Nomaan (June 25, 2021). ["No ET, no answers: Intel report is inconclusive about UFOs"](https://apnews.com/article/technology-government-and-politics-f5f24502d97072fd4bef34b6fe36c81d). _apnews.com_. Associated Press. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210625210913/https://apnews.com/article/technology-government-and-politics-f5f24502d97072fd4bef34b6fe36c81d) from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
116.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-120)** Kube, Courtney; Edelman, Adam (June 25, 2021). ["UFO report: Government can't explain 143 of 144 mysterious flying objects, blames limited data"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/ufo-report-government-can-t-explain-143-144-mysterious-flying-n1272390). _NBC News_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210626023614/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/ufo-report-government-can-t-explain-143-144-mysterious-flying-n1272390) from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
117.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-121)** Isgleas, Daniel (June 7, 2009). ["Hay aún 40 casos de ovnis sin explicación"](http://historico.elpais.com.uy/090607/pnacio-421863/nacional/Hay-aun-40-casos-de-ovnis-sin-explicacion/). _[El País](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs_/(Uruguay/) "El País (Uruguay)")_ (in Spanish). Montevideo: [Teledoce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledoce "Teledoce"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131116102645/http://historico.elpais.com.uy/090607/pnacio-421863/nacional/Hay-aun-40-casos-de-ovnis-sin-explicacion/) from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
118.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-geipan_122-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-geipan_122-1) ["GEIPAN: Le GEIPAN"](http://www.cnes-geipan.fr/). _[Groupe d'Études et d'Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEIPAN "GEIPAN") (GEIPAN)_. Paris: [Centre national d'études spatiales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_spatiales "Centre national d'études spatiales") (CNES). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110219094957/http://www.cnes-geipan.fr/) from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
119.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-GEIPAN_statistics_summary_123-0)** ["A history of UAP research at CNES"](http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/5039-a-history-of-uap-research-at-cnes.php). [CNES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES "CNES"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155415/http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/5039-a-history-of-uap-research-at-cnes.php) from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
120.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-124)** ["Autres Liens"](https://www.geipan.fr/fr/faq-page?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en#n58794). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230804171011/https://www.geipan.fr/fr/faq-page?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en#n58794) from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
121.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-125)** ["Official French Gov't UFO study project to resume with new director"](http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc2008.htm). Seattle: ufoevidence.org. October 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130502192445/http://ufoevidence.org/documents/doc2008.htm) from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
122.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-126)** ["'Yes, UFOs exist': Position statement by SEPRA head, Jean-Jacques Velasco"](http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc1627.htm). Seattle: ufoevidence.org. April 18, 2004 \[Originally published in _[La Dépêche du Midi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi "La Dépêche du Midi")_\]. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130408232437/http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc1627.htm) from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
123.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-127)** ["Assessment of the UFO phenomenon by GEPAN (1978)"](http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc1626.htm). Seattle: ufoevidence.org. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130408232427/http://www.ufoevidence.org/documents/doc1626.htm) from the original on April 8, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
124.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-128)** ["CNES report, March 26, 2007"](https://cnes.fr/en/web/CNES-en/5866-geipan-uap-investigation-unit-opens-its-files.php). April 23, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230108170520/https://cnes.fr/en/web/CNES-en/5866-geipan-uap-investigation-unit-opens-its-files.php) from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
125.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-129)** ["Ovni-nouvelle-commission-denquete-3AF-PAN (Partie 1)"](https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x98y3k_ovni-nouvelle-commission-denquete-3_tech). _[Dailymotion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailymotion "Dailymotion")_. Paris: [Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_/(telecommunications/) "Orange (telecommunications)"). May 11, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140106220709/http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x98y3k_ovni-nouvelle-commission-denquete-3_tech) from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
126.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-130)** ["Rapport d'étape de la Commission Sigma/3AF"](http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/Rapport_Etape_Com.SIGMA_Juin2010.pdf) (PDF). Paris: [Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_A%C3%A9ronautique_et_Astronautique_de_France "Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France"). May 31, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061130/http://www.openminds.tv/wp-content/uploads/Rapport_Etape_Com.SIGMA_Juin2010.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
127.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-131)** Dini, Luc (January 10, 2013). ["Sigma 2"](http://www.3af.fr/article/en-direct-de-3af/sigma-2). _3AF_. Paris: Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140213092211/http://www.3af.fr/article/en-direct-de-3af/sigma-2) from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
128.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-132)** Boudier, Alain (June 20, 2013). ["Alexandre – Alain Boudier – Sygma & 3AF"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140702074819/http://rim951.fr/?p=2537). _RimLive.com_ (Interview). Interviewed by Alexandre. Paris. Archived from [the original](http://rim951.fr/?p=2537) on July 2, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
129.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-133)** ["And Ufology UFO Italy UFO sightings, not Flying Saucers, Aliens or Extraterrestrials"](http://www.ufo.it/ufo1bis.htm?l-l=en). Ufo.it. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163047/http://www.ufo.it/ufo1bis.htm?l-l=en) from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
130.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FSWP_134-0)** ["Unidentified Flying Objects"](http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UK/DEFE44-119.pdf) (PDF). _The Black Vault_. Northridge, CA: John Greenewald. June 1951. DSI/JTIC Report No. 7. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120601042337/http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufos/UK/DEFE44-119.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
131.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-nationalarchivesUFO_135-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-nationalarchivesUFO_135-1) ["UFO files"](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ufos/). Kew: [The National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_/(United_Kingdom/) "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110224203714/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ufos/) from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
132.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-136)** ["Files released on UFO sightings"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7398108.stm). _[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")_. London: BBC. May 14, 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080720115509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7398108.stm) from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
133.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-137)** ["The truth is out there: Britons 'spotted' UFOs, records say"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130605221509/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j0OnawpQKsmDXbJAce-OI5EiUgHQ). London. [AFP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse"). May 13, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5j0OnawpQKsmDXbJAce-OI5EiUgHQ) on June 5, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
134.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-138)** ["Airliner had near miss with UFO"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7679145.stm). _BBC News_. London: BBC. October 20, 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081023152515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7679145.stm) from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
135.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-auto1_139-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-auto1_139-1) [Defence Intelligence Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Intelligence "Defence Intelligence") (December 2000). ["Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region"](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BA0DA42F-2C56-431E-98F6-19CD45EE7D43/0/uap_vol3_executive_summary_pg2_paras4_and_7.pdf) (PDF). Kew: The National Archives. p. 2\. 55/2/00. Archived from [the original](http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BA0DA42F-2C56-431E-98F6-19CD45EE7D43/0/uap_vol3_executive_summary_pg2_paras4_and_7.pdf) (PDF) on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2013. See also The National Archives site: ["Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) in the UK Air Defence Region"](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FreedomOfInformation/PublicationScheme/SearchPublicationScheme/UapInTheUkAirDefenceRegionVolume3.htm) for archived documents.
136.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-140)** Dearing, Stephanie (December 5, 2009). ["Cost-cutting causes British gov't to shut down UFO investigations"](http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/283265). _Digital Journal_. Toronto. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130515062510/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/283265) from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
137.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-CBS1_141-0)** Binlot, Ann (August 5, 2010). ["Winston Churchill Ordered UFO Coverup?"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winston-churchill-ordered-ufo-coverup/). _cbsnews.com_. [CBS news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_news "CBS news"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211110142708/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/winston-churchill-ordered-ufo-coverup/) from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
138.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-142)** ["UFO hotspots revealed as ex Ministry of Defence expert calls for action"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ufo-hotspots-revealed-aliens-b2434354.html). _The Independent_. October 24, 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231104103628/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/ufo-hotspots-revealed-aliens-b2434354.html) from the original on November 4, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
139.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Demon_Haunted_143-0)** [Sagan, Carl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan "Carl Sagan") (1995). [_The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World "The Demon-Haunted World"). New York: Random House. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-394-53512-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53512-X "Special:BookSources/0-394-53512-X"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [95034076](https://lccn.loc.gov/95034076). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [779687822](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779687822).
140.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Revelations_144-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Revelations_144-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Revelations_144-2) [Vallée 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Vall%C3%A9e_2008)
141.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-FSS_145-0)** [Friedman 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Friedman_2008)
142.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-147)** Novella, Steven, et al. _The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe: How to Know What's Really Real in a World Increasingly Full of Fake_. Grand Central Publishing, 2018. pp. 160.
143.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-ufosociology_148-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-ufosociology_148-1) Cross, Anne (March 2004). "The Flexibility of Scientific Rhetoric: A Case Study of UFO Researchers". _[Qualitative Sociology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_Sociology "Qualitative Sociology")_. **27** (1). [Springer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media "Springer Science+Business Media"): 3–34. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1023/B:QUAS.0000015542.28438.41](https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AQUAS.0000015542.28438.41). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0162-0436](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-0436). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [144197172](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144197172).
144.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-149)** [Sagan & Page 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Sagan_&_Page)
145.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-McCarthy_150-0)** [McCarthy 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#McCarthy_1975)
146.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Sturrock/Stanford_151-0)** Salisbury, David F. (July 1, 1998). ["UFO study causes media sensation: 7/1/98"](http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1998/july1/ufostudy71.html). _Stanford Report_. Stanford, CA: [Stanford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090411190007/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1998/july1/ufostudy71.html) from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
147.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Menzel_152-0)** [Menzel & Taves 1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Menzel_&_Taves)
148.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-153)** Hough, Andrew (April 13, 2010). ["UFO studies should be 'legitimate university subject', claims American professor"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/ufo/7584331/UFO-studies-should-be-legitimate-university-subject-claims-American-professor.html). _[The Daily Telegraph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")_. London. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/ufo/7584331/UFO-studies-should-be-legitimate-university-subject-claims-American-professor.html) from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
149.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-154)** [Swords & Powell 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Swords_&_Powell), pp. 306–332
150.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20230914_155-0)** Chang, Kenneth (September 14, 2023). ["NASA Introduces New U.F.O. Research Director – The role was created in response to the recommendations of a report that found the agency could do more to collect and interpret data on unidentified anomalous phenomena"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/14/science/nasa-ufo-uap-report.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://archive.today/20230914235331/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/14/science/nasa-ufo-uap-report.html) from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
151.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_ufos_156-0)** Moldwin, Mark (November 2004). "Why SETI IS Science and UFOlogy Is Not: A Space Science Perspective on Boundaries". _[Skeptical Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer "Skeptical Inquirer")_. **28** (6): 40–42.
152.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-157)** Tuomela, Raimo (1985). _Science, action, and reality_. Springer. p. 234\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [90-277-2098-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-2098-3 "Special:BookSources/90-277-2098-3").
153.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-158)** [Feist, Gregory J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_J._Feist "Gregory J. Feist") (2006). [_The psychology of science and the origins of the scientific mind_](https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc00feis). Yale University Press. p. [219](https://archive.org/details/psychologyscienc00feis/page/n239). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-300-11074-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11074-X "Special:BookSources/0-300-11074-X").
154.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_:12_159-0)** Restivo, Sal P. (2005). [_Science, technology, and society: an encyclopedia_](https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_m5y0/page/176). Oxford University Press US. p. [176](https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog0000unse_m5y0/page/176). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-19-514193-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514193-8 "Special:BookSources/0-19-514193-8").
155.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_Shermer2002_160-0)** Shermer, Michael, ed. (2002). [_The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience_](https://web.archive.org/web/20160811161827/http://www.antoniolombatti.it/SkepticEncyclopedia1.pdf) (PDF). ABC–CLIO, Inc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-57607-653-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"). Archived from [the original](http://www.antoniolombatti.it/SkepticEncyclopedia1.pdf) (PDF) on August 11, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
156.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_saf_161-0)** [""Beyond Science", on season 8, episode 2"](http://www.chedd-angier.com/frontiers/season8.html). _[Scientific American Frontiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American_Frontiers "Scientific American Frontiers")_. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060101000000/http://www.pbs.org/saf/transcripts/transcript802.htm) from the original on January 1, 2006.
157.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_scientificamerican_162-0)** ["Scientific American"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091009020435/http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460829&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8006f304). Archived from [the original](http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED460829&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8006f304) on October 9, 2009.
158.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_astropacific_163-0)** Fraknoi, Andrew (October 2009). ["The 'Great Moon Hoax': Did Astronauts Land on the Moon?"](https://www.astrosociety.org/edu/resources/pseudobib05.html#10). _Astronomical Pseudo-Science: A Skeptic's Resource List_. [Astronomical Society of the Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific "Astronomical Society of the Pacific"). Retrieved November 2, 2011.
159.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_iowa_164-0)** ["Statement of the position of the Iowa Academy of Science on Pseudoscience"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070626233425/http://www.iacad.org/download/positionstatements/ias_statement_psudoscience.pdf) (PDF). [Iowa Academy of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Academy_of_Science "Iowa Academy of Science"). July 1986. Archived from [the original](http://www.iacad.org/download/positionstatements/ias_statement_psudoscience.pdf) (PDF) on June 26, 2007.
160.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_UFO_NSF_165-0)** National Science Foundation (2002). ["ch. 7"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160616181809/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm). _Science and Engineering Indicators_. Arlington, VA: National Science Foundation. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7567-2369-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-2369-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-2369-9"). Archived from [the original](https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm) on June 16, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2018. Belief in pseudoscience is relatively widespread... A sizable minority of the public believes in UFOs and that aliens have landed on Earth.
161.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-166)** Hansson, Sven Ove (September 3, 2008). ["Science and Pseudo-Science"](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/). Retrieved May 8, 2010.
162.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-167)** Feist (2006), pp. 219–20
163.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-10.1177/0963662515617706_168-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-10.1177/0963662515617706_168-1) Eghigian, Greg (December 6, 2015). "Making UFOs make sense: Ufology, science, and the history of their mutual mistrust". _Public Understanding of Science_. **26** (5): 612–626. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1177/0963662515617706](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963662515617706). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_/(identifier/) "PMID (identifier)") [26644010](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26644010). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [37769406](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37769406).
164.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-169)** Cooper, Rachel (2009). "Chapter 1: Is psychiatric research scientific?". In Broome, Matthew; Bortolotti, Lisa (eds.). _Psychiatry as Cognitive Neuroscience: Philosophical Perspectives_. [Oxford University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press"). p. 19\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-923803-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923803-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923803-3").
165.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-170)** Dodd, Adam (April 27, 2018). "Strategic Ignorance and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Critiquing the Discursive Segregation of UFOs from Scientific Inquiry". _Astropolitics_. **16** (1): 75–95. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_/(identifier/) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2018AstPo..16...75D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AstPo..16...75D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1080/14777622.2018.1433409](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14777622.2018.1433409). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [1477-7622](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-7622). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [148687469](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148687469).
166.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_SA-20210919_171-0)** [Loeb, Avi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb "Avi Loeb") (September 19, 2021). ["Astronomers Should be Willing to Look Closer at Weird Objects in the Sky – The Galileo Project seeks to train telescopes on unidentified aerial phenomena"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-should-be-willing-to-look-closer-at-weird-objects-in-the-sky/). _[Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American")_. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
167.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-172)** ["Galileo Project: scientists to search for signs of extraterrestrial technology"](https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/27/galileo-project-search-signs-extraterrestrial-technology). _The Guardian_. July 27, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
168.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-173)** ["Can we find UFOs from above?"](https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/591138-can-we-find-ufos-from-above). _The Hill_. January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
169.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-174)** Mann, Adam. ["Avi Loeb's Galileo Project Will Search for Evidence of Alien Visitation"](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/avi-loebs-galileo-project-will-search-for-evidence-of-alien-visitation/). _Scientific American_. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
170.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-175)** ["Public Announcement"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210812122252/https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/galileo/news-events). _projects.iq.harvard.edu_. Archived from [the original](https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/galileo/news-events) on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
171.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-176)** ["Deutschlandweit einmalig – Ufo-Forschung an der Uni Würzburg"](https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/deutschlandweit-einmalig-ufo-forschung-an-der-uni-wuerzburg). _BR24_ (in German). September 3, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
172.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-177)** ["UAP & SETI – Chair of Computer Science VIII – Aerospace Information Technology"](https://www.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/aerospaceinfo/staff/kayal/research-activities/uap-seti/). _www.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de_. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
173.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_AAPC22_178-0)** ["Where Science and UAP Meet"](https://s3.amazonaws.com/uploads.webconnex.com/43130%2F1652484118374-Presenter+Abstracts+2022+SCU+AAPC.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved July 4, 2022.
174.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Ufology_978-1-5275-7925-5_179-0)** Andresen, Jensine; Torres, Octavio A. Chon (2022). [_Extraterrestrial Intelligence: Academic and Societal Implications_](https://books.google.com/books?id=SXVjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-5275-7925-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7925-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7925-5").
175.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-180)** ["Larger Minority in U.S. Says Some UFOs Are Alien Spacecraft"](https://news.gallup.com/poll/353420/larger-minority-says-ufos-alien-spacecraft.aspx). _[Gallup.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup.com "Gallup.com")_. August 20, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
176.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-181)** ["Nasa UFO study to focus on gathering data, not making conclusions"](https://www.independent.co.uk/space/nasa-uap-study-data-b2097808.html). _The Independent_. June 10, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
177.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-182)** Hunt, Katie; Strickland, Ashley. ["NASA is assembling a team to gather data on unidentifiable events in the sky"](https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/09/world/nasa-team-study-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-scn/index.html). _CNN_. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
178.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-183)** Bock, Michael (June 9, 2022). ["NASA to Set Up Independent Study on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220708023832/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-set-up-independent-study-on-unidentified-aerial-phenomena/). _NASA_. Archived from [the original](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-set-up-independent-study-on-unidentified-aerial-phenomena/) on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
179.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-184)** Posard, Marek N.; Gromis, Ashley; Lee, Mary (July 25, 2023). [Not the X-Files: Mapping Public Reports of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Across America](https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2475-1.html) (Report). RAND Corporation.
180.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-185)** Fawcett & Greenwood, 81–89; [Good 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Good_1988), pp. 318–322, 497–502
181.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-186)** [Good 1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Good_1988), pp. 371–373
182.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-187)** [Stanford 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Stanford), pp. 112–154
183.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-188)** "UFO Relics". [_UFO Hunters_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_Hunters "UFO Hunters"). Season 3. Episode 33. May 6, 2009. [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_/(U.S._TV_channel/) "History (U.S. TV channel)").
184.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-189)** Pat Linse, Ean Harrison (2011) [Bob White's Great UFO Artifact Mystery – This Solved!](https://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/11-10-12/#feature) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220429024657/https://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/11-10-12/#feature) April 29, 2022, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") Skeptic magazine, Vol 16 No 3
185.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-190)** Faustino, Mara (2004). _Heaven and hell : a compulsively readable compendium of myth, legend, wisdom, and wit for saints and sinners_. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0871136961](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871136961 "Special:BookSources/0871136961"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [55596198](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55596198).
186.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Krismantari_191-0)** Krismantari, Ika (February 6, 2011). ["Crop circles provide food for thought"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121030122405/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F2%2F6%2Ffocus%2F7978671&sec=focus). _[The Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_/(Malaysia/) "The Star (Malaysia)")_. Petaling Jaya: Star Publications. Archived from [the original](http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/2/6/focus/7978671&sec=focus) on October 30, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
187.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-192)** Siddique, Haroon (December 17, 2017). ["Pentagon admits running secret UFO investigation for five years"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/17/pentagon-admits-running-secret-ufo-investigation-for-five-years). _The Guardian_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200425083827/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/17/pentagon-admits-running-secret-ufo-investigation-for-five-years) from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
188.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-193)** Eghigian, Greg. ["That Secret Government Program to Track UFOs? It's Not the First"](https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/secret-government-program-track-ufos-its-not-first-180967597/). _Air & Space Magazine_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200318015440/https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/secret-government-program-track-ufos-its-not-first-180967597/) from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
189.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-194)** [Symington, Fife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_Symington "Fife Symington") (November 9, 2007). ["Symington: I saw a UFO in the Arizona sky"](http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/11/09/simington.ufocommentary/). _[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")_. Atlanta, GA: [Turner Broadcasting System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System "Turner Broadcasting System"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131020025403/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/11/09/simington.ufocommentary/) from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
190.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-195)** Mitchell, Edgar (2008), p. 262
191.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NYT-20190526_196-0)** Cooper, Helene; Blumenthal, Ralph; Kean, Leslie (May 26, 2019). ["'Wow, What Is That?' Navy Pilots Report Unexplained Flying Objects"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/26/us/politics/ufo-sightings-navy-pilots.html). _[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200226005917/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/26/us/politics/ufo-sightings-navy-pilots.html) from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
192.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-TheGuardian-20200527_197-0)** Strauss, Daniel (April 28, 2020). ["Pentagon releases three UFO videos taken by US navy pilots"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/pentagon-releases-three-ufo-videos-taken-by-us-navy-pilots). _[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200509210028/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/27/pentagon-releases-three-ufo-videos-taken-by-us-navy-pilots) from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
193.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_198-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-edition.cnn.com_198-1) Chandelis Duster. ["Defense Department confirms leaked video of unidentified aerial phenomena is real"](https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/15/politics/unidentified-aerial-phenomena-defense-department/index.html). _CNN_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416113817/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/15/politics/unidentified-aerial-phenomena-defense-department/index.html) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
194.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-WP-20210323_199-0)** Thebault, Reis (March 23, 2021). ["Thanks to Trump-era covid relief bill, a UFO report may soon be public – and it'll be big, ex-official says"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/03/23/ufo-report-covid-bill/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210323220342/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2021/03/23/ufo-report-covid-bill/) from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
195.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-200)** ["Pentagon confirms leaked video of UFO 'buzzing' Navy warships is genuine"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/pentagon-ufo-navy-warship-video-b1830418.html). _The Independent_. April 13, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515152258/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/pentagon-ufo-navy-warship-video-b1830418.html) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
196.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-201)** ["Leaked footage shows UFOs flying around navy vessels"](https://news.yahoo.com/leaked-footage-shows-uf-os-flying-around-navy-vessels-113812155.html?guccounter=1). _in.news.yahoo.com_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210416055308/https://news.yahoo.com/leaked-footage-shows-uf-os-flying-around-navy-vessels-113812155.html?guccounter=1) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
197.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-202)** ["Pentagon Confirms That Leaked Video Is Part of UFO Investigation"](https://futurism.com/leaked-video-unidentified-objects-swarming-navy-warship). _Futurism_. April 11, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515133753/https://futurism.com/leaked-video-unidentified-objects-swarming-navy-warship) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
198.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-WP-20210517_203-0)** Thebault, Reis (May 17, 2021). ["For some Navy pilots, UFO sightings were an ordinary event: 'Every day for at least a couple years'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/05/17/ufo-sightings-navy-ryan-graves/). _[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210518020102/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/05/17/ufo-sightings-navy-ryan-graves/) from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
199.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-204)** video. ["Navy pilots describe encounters with UFOs"](https://www.cbsnews.com/video/ufo-military-intelligence-video-60-minutes-2021-05-16/). _CBS News_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210519001325/https://www.cbsnews.com/video/ufo-military-intelligence-video-60-minutes-2021-05-16/) from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
200.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-205)** ["Pentagon Confirms That Leaked Video Is Part of UFO Investigation"](https://futurism.com/leaked-video-unidentified-objects-swarming-navy-warship). _Futurism_. April 11, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515133753/https://futurism.com/leaked-video-unidentified-objects-swarming-navy-warship) from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
201.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-newyorker_206-0)** Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. ["How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously). _The New Yorker_. New Yorker Magazine. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230623023008/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/10/how-the-pentagon-started-taking-ufos-seriously) from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
202.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-207)** West, Mick, _[The Gimbal Video: Genuine UFO or Camera Artifact?](https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/gimbal-video-genuine-ufo-or-camera-artifact/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240226053113/https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/gimbal-video-genuine-ufo-or-camera-artifact) February 26, 2024, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")_, _[Skeptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptic_/(American_magazine/) "Skeptic (American magazine)")_, August 2, 2022
203.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-208)** ["UFO report: US finds no explanation for sightings"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57619755). _BBC News_. June 25, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210706173047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57619755) from the original on July 6, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
204.  ^ [_**a**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-:1_209-0) [_**b**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-:1_209-1) [_**c**_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-:1_209-2) ["They're real, but are they alien? – key takeaways from the Pentagon report. Whatever the 'unidentified aerial phenomena' are, they are real objects that may pose a national security risk"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/25/ufo-report-key-takeaways-us-government). _The Guardian_. June 26, 2021. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214148/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/25/ufo-report-key-takeaways-us-government) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
205.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-dni_210-0)** ["Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena"](https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf) (PDF). _[Office of the Director of National Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence "Office of the Director of National Intelligence")_. June 25, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210726114054/https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Prelimary-Assessment-UAP-20210625.pdf) (PDF) from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
206.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-211)** ["NASA administrator on UFO report: 'I don't think we are' alone"](https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/560507-nasa-administrator-on-ufo-report-i-dont-think-we-are-alone). _[The Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_/(newspaper/) "The Hill (newspaper)")_. June 28, 2021. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210703164701/https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/560507-nasa-administrator-on-ufo-report-i-dont-think-we-are-alone) from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
207.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-LAT-20211216_212-0)** Guthrie, Dillon (December 16, 2021). ["Op-Ed: OK! It's time to take UFOs seriously"](https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-12-16/ufos-pentagon-congress-government). _[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211216112423/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-12-16/ufos-pentagon-congress-government) from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
208.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-NBC-20220108_213-0)** Seitz-Wald, Alex (January 8, 2022). ["Disclosure or deception? New UFO Pentagon office divides believers – The U.S. government hasn't comprehensively studied UFOs in decades—but not all ufologists are excited about a new Pentagon investigative office"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/disclosure-or-deception-new-ufo-pentagon-office-divides-believers-n1287199). _[NBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News "NBC News")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220108235315/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/disclosure-or-deception-new-ufo-pentagon-office-divides-believers-n1287199) from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
209.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Mizokami_Popular_Mechanics_UAPDA_2023-12-14_214-0)** Mizokami, Kyle (December 14, 2023). ["A New Law Forces the U.S. Government to Collect UFO Sightings—But Not Release Them to the Public"](https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a46105999/uap-disclosure-act). _[Popular Mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mechanics "Popular Mechanics")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231226035458/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a46105999/uap-disclosure-act/) from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
210.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-Vincent_UAPDA_Defense_Scoop_2023-07-25_215-0)** Vincent, Brandi (July 25, 2023). ["Senators aim to set a mandatory timeline and process for agencies to declassify all UAP records"](https://www.defensescoop.com/2023/07/25/senate-panel-aims-to-set-a-mandatory-timeline-and-process-for-agencies-to-declassify-all-uap-records). _Defense Scoop_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231208232752/https://defensescoop.com/2023/07/25/senate-panel-aims-to-set-a-mandatory-timeline-and-process-for-agencies-to-declassify-all-uap-records/) from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
211.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-216)** ["Is the Government Hiding Facts On UFOs & Extraterrestrial Life?; New Roper Poll Reveals that More Than Two-Thirds of Americans Think So"](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Is+the+Government+Hiding+Facts+On+UFOs+%26+Extraterrestrial+Life%3F%3B+New...-a092843602) (Press release). New York: [Business Wire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire "Business Wire"). October 15, 2002. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230015/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Is+the+Government+Hiding+Facts+On+UFOs+%26+Extraterrestrial+Life%3F%3B+New...-a092843602) from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
212.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-cnn97_217-0)** ["Poll: U.S. hiding knowledge of aliens"](http://www.cnn.com/US/9706/15/ufo.poll/index.html). _CNN_. Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System. June 15, 1997. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131017204345/http://www.cnn.com/US/9706/15/ufo.poll/index.html) from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
213.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-entin_218-0)** Entin, Brian (June 5, 2023). ["Military whistleblower claims US has UFO retrieval program"](https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/military-whistleblowe-us-ufo-retrieval-program/). _NewsNation_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230606144841/https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/military-whistleblowe-us-ufo-retrieval-program/) from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
214.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-219)** Wallace, Danielle (June 6, 2023). ["Military whistleblower goes public with claims US has secret UFO retrieval program: 'Terrestrial arms race'"](https://www.foxnews.com/politics/military-whistleblower-public-claims-us-secret-ufo-retrieval-program-terrestrial-arms-race). _Fox News_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230606212634/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/military-whistleblower-public-claims-us-secret-ufo-retrieval-program-terrestrial-arms-race) from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
215.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-220)** Coen, Susie (June 7, 2023). ["'Non-human spacecraft' found by US 'for decades'"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/06/07/ufos-made-with-non-human-materials-found-by-us/). _The Telegraph_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230610035130/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/06/07/ufos-made-with-non-human-materials-found-by-us/) from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
216.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-gab9_221-0)** Gabbatt, Adam (June 9, 2023). ["A whistleblower claims the US has alien vehicles. But where's the proof?"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/09/ufo-alien-vehicles-us-whistleblower-evidence-where-is-proof). _The Guardian_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230610032500/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jun/09/ufo-alien-vehicles-us-whistleblower-evidence-where-is-proof) from the original on June 10, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
217.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-222)** [2001 National Press Club Event](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5Mv0_RFEB8) on YouTube
218.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-223)** Duin, Julia (May 11, 2001). ["Government is covering up UFO evidence, group says"](http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/may/11/20010511-022955-2774r/). _[The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")_. Washington, D.C.: [News World Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_World_Communications "News World Communications"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160119203739/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/may/11/20010511-022955-2774r/) from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
219.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-224)** Spavin, Vicky (May 9, 2001). ["They're Here; UFO Watchers to Reveal Proof That Aliens Have Visited Earth"](http://www.thefreelibrary.com/They%27re+Here%3B+UFO+watchers+to+reveal+proof+that+aliens+have+visited...-a074321804). _[The Daily Record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_/(Scotland/) "Daily Record (Scotland)")_. Glasgow: [Trinity Mirror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Mirror "Trinity Mirror"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060038/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/They%27re+Here%3B+UFO+watchers+to+reveal+proof+that+aliens+have+visited...-a074321804) from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
220.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-225)** Raymer, Katelynn; Ruppe, David (May 10, 2001). ["Group Calls for Disclosure of UFO Info"](https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98572). _[ABC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_/(United_States/) "ABC News (United States)")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130728235120/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98572) from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
221.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-226)** Watson, Rob (May 10, 2001). ["UFO spotters slam 'US cover-up'"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1322432.stm). _BBC News_. London: BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190723074515/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1322432.stm) from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
222.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-227)** Kehnemui, Sharon (May 10, 2001). ["Men in Suits See Aliens as Part of Solution, Not Problem"](https://www.foxnews.com/story/men-in-suits-see-aliens-as-part-of-solution-not-problem). _FoxNews.com_. New York: Fox Entertainment Group. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130825092411/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,24364,00.html) from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
223.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-228)** [McCullagh, Declan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_McCullagh "Declan McCullagh") (May 10, 2001). ["Ooo-WEE-ooo Fans Come to D.C."](https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/05/43526) _[Wired News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_/(website/) "Wired (website)")_. Waltham, MA: [Lycos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos "Lycos"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080609085452/http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/05/43526) from the original on June 9, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
224.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-229)** Schmidt, Brad (April 25, 2002). ["Alien theorist offers proof of government coverup"](http://dailyemerald.com/2002/04/25/alien-theorist-offers-proof-of-government-coverup/). _[Oregon Daily Emerald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Emerald "Daily Emerald")_. Eugene, OR. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120814040025/http://dailyemerald.com/2002/04/25/alien-theorist-offers-proof-of-government-coverup/) from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
225.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-:0_230-0)** Thomas, W. F. (January 12, 2022). ["Disclose.tv: Conspiracy Forum Turned Disinformation Factory"](https://www.logically.ai/articles/disclose.tv-conspiracy-forum-turned-disinformation-factory). _[Logically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logically_/(company/) "Logically (company)")_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220112153617/https://www.logically.ai/articles/disclose.tv-conspiracy-forum-turned-disinformation-factory) from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved October 26, 2022. The name "Disclose" references the concept within UFO enthusiast circles of "disclosure," the time when the government will confirm the existence of aliens and release information regarding them.
226.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-231)** Salas, Robert; Hastings, Robert (September 15, 2010). ["U.S. Nuclear Weapons Have Been Compromised by Unidentified Aerial Objects"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110127022656/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS166901+15-Sep-2010+PRN20100915) (Press release). Washington, D.C.: [PR Newswire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Newswire "PR Newswire"). Archived from [the original](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS166901+15-Sep-2010+PRN20100915) on January 27, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ["National Press Club: UFOs Tampering with Nukes – Part 1/7"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lR3Fhyi14Pw) on YouTube
227.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-232)** Schultz, Marisa (April 29, 2013). ["Ex-Rep. Kilpatrick 'waiting to hear' evidence of space aliens"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130531170741/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130429/POLITICS03/304290397). _[The Detroit News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detroit_News "The Detroit News")_. [MediaNews Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_First_Media "Digital First Media"). Archived from [the original](http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130429/POLITICS03/304290397) on May 31, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
228.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-233)** ["Citizen Hearing on Disclosure"](http://www.citizenhearing.org/). _Citizen Hearing on Disclosure_. Bethesda, MD: Paradigm Research Group. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130915073916/http://www.citizenhearing.org/) from the original on September 15, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
229.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-234)** ["Mutual UFO Network"](http://www.mufon.com/). _MUFON.com_. Cincinnati, OH: [Mutual UFO Network, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network "Mutual UFO Network") [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/19971221203858/http://mufon.com/) from the original on December 21, 1997. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
230.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-235)** ["Center for UFO Studies"](http://www.cufos.org/org.html). _CUFOS.org_. Chicago: [Center for UFO Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_UFO_Studies "Center for UFO Studies"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/19971021071948/http://www.cufos.org/org.html) from the original on October 21, 1997. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
231.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-236)** Speigel, Lee (August 26, 2011). ["UFO Sightings Increase 67 Percent In 3 Years, History Channel Investigates Unexplained Aerial Phenomena"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/26/ufos-pilots-history-channel_n_935847.html). _[The Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")_. [AOL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130909064325/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/26/ufos-pilots-history-channel_n_935847.html) from the original on September 9, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
232.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-237)** Partridge, Christopher (July 2004). ["Alien demonology: The Christian roots of the malevolent extraterrestrial in UFO religions and abduction spiritualities"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.religion.2004.04.014). _Religion_. **34** (3): 163–189. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1016/j.religion.2004.04.014](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.religion.2004.04.014). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0048-721X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-721X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.religion.2004.04.014) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
233.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-238)** [Jacobs 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Jacobs), Chapter: "UFOs: Lost in the Myths" by Thomas E. Bullard, p. 141
234.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-239)** [Jacobs 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#Jacobs), Chapter: "UFOs, the Military, and the Early Cold War Era" by [Michael D. Swords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Swords "Michael D. Swords"), pp. 82–121
235.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-240)** ["The Roper Poll"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060713204836/http://www.scifi.com/ufo/roper/). _Ufology Resource Center_. [SciFi.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy "Syfy"). September 2002. Archived from [the original](http://www.scifi.com/ufo/roper/) on July 13, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2006.
236.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-241)** ["UFO Fast Facts"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080430100715/http://www.mufon.com/fastfacts.htm). _MUFON.com_. Cincinnati, OH: Mutual UFO Network, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.mufon.com/fastfacts.htm) on April 30, 2008. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
237.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-242)** Griffin, Andrew (July 17, 2019). ["Storm Area 51: Are Alien-hunters Really Planning to 'Raid' the Secret U.S. Military Base?"](https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/storm-area-51-when-where-aliens-military-base-raid-facebook-event-a9005546.html). _The Independent_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190716140827/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/storm-area-51-when-where-aliens-military-base-raid-facebook-event-a9005546.html) from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
238.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-243)** Richwine, Lisa (September 20, 2019). ["Area 51 raid lures festive UFO hunters to Nevada desert; five arrested"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-area51/in-nevada-desert-area-51-raid-lures-festive-ufo-hunters-three-arrested-idUSKBN1W51H6). _Reuters_. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201123210209/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-area51/in-nevada-desert-area-51-raid-lures-festive-ufo-hunters-three-arrested-idUSKBN1W51H6) from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
239.  **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object#cite_ref-244)** Baynes, Chris (September 21, 2019). ["Storm Area 51: Hundreds of people gather at US military base to 'see them aliens'"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/storm-area-51-military-aliens-nevada-rachel-a9114211.html). _[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")_. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/storm-area-51-military-aliens-nevada-rachel-a9114211.html) from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2019.

Bibliography
------------

### General

*   Bullard, Thomas; (2012). _The Myth and Mystery of UFOs_. Lawrence: University of Kansas. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7006-1729-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1729-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1729-6").
*   [Clark, Jerome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Clark "Jerome Clark") (1998). [_The UFO Book: Encyclopedia of the Extraterrestrial_](https://archive.org/details/ufobookencyclope0000clar). Detroit, MI: [Visible Ink Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press "Visible Ink Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57859-029-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57859-029-9 "Special:BookSources/1-57859-029-9"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [97035767](https://lccn.loc.gov/97035767). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [37370629](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37370629). Many classic cases and UFO history provided in great detail; highly documented.
*   Curran, Douglas (2001) \[1st edition originally published 1985; New York: [Abbeville Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_Publishing_Group "Abbeville Publishing Group")\]. _In Advance of the Landing: Folk Concepts of Outer Space_. Foreword by [Tom Wolfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wolfe "Tom Wolfe") (Revised ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7892-0708-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0708-7 "Special:BookSources/0-7892-0708-7"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [00052589](https://lccn.loc.gov/00052589). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [45270419](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45270419). Non-sensational but fair treatment of contemporary UFO legend and lore in N. America, including the so-called "contactee cults". The author traveled the United States with his camera and tape recorder and directly interviewed many individuals.
*   Deardorff, J.; [Haisch, B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Haisch "Bernard Haisch"); [Maccabee, B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Maccabee "Bruce Maccabee"); [Puthoff, H. E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Puthoff "Harold E. Puthoff") (2005). ["Inflation-Theory Implications for Extraterrestrial Visitation"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238693432). _[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_British_Interplanetary_Society "Journal of the British Interplanetary Society")_. **58**. London: [British Interplanetary Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society "British Interplanetary Society"): 43–50. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_/(identifier/) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2005JBIS...58...43D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JBIS...58...43D). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0007-084X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-084X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214153/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238693432_Inflation-Theory_Implications_for_Extraterrestrial_Visitation) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
*   [Friedman, Stanton T.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_T._Friedman "Stanton T. Friedman") (2008). _Flying Saucers and Science: A Scientist Investigates the Mysteries of UFOs_. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-60163-011-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-011-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-011-7"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [2008006291](https://lccn.loc.gov/2008006291). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [179812690](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/179812690).
*   Greer, Steven M.; (2001). _Disclosure_. Crozer: Crossing Point. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-9673238-1-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9673238-1-9 "Special:BookSources/0-9673238-1-9").
*   [Hall, Richard H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Hall "Richard H. Hall"), ed. (1997) \[Originally published 1964; Washington, D.C.: [National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena "National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena") (NICAP)\]. _The UFO Evidence_ (Reissue ed.). New York: [Barnes & Noble Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Books#Publishing "Barnes & Noble Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7607-0627-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0627-1 "Special:BookSources/0-7607-0627-1"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [64006912](https://lccn.loc.gov/64006912). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [39544334](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39544334). Well-organized, exhaustive summary and analysis of 746 unexplained NICAP cases out of 5000 total cases—a classic.
*   Hall, Richard H., ed. (2001). _UFO Evidence: Volume II, A 30-year Report_. Lanham, MD: [Scarecrow Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield "Rowman & Littlefield"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8108-3881-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-3881-8 "Special:BookSources/0-8108-3881-8"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [00055624](https://lccn.loc.gov/00055624). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [44391782](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44391782). Another exhaustive case study, more recent UFO reports.
*   [Hendry, Allan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hendry "Allan Hendry") (1979). _The UFO Handbook: A Guide to Investigating, Evaluating, and Reporting UFO Sightings_. Foreword by [J. Allen Hynek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek "J. Allen Hynek"). Garden City, NY: [Doubleday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_/(publisher/) "Doubleday (publisher)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-385-14348-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-14348-6 "Special:BookSources/0-385-14348-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [78008211](https://lccn.loc.gov/78008211). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [4642190](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4642190). Skeptical but balanced analysis of 1300 CUFOS UFO cases.
*   [Hynek, J. Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek "J. Allen Hynek") (1972). [_The UFO Experience: A Scientific Inquiry_](https://archive.org/details/ufoexperience00jall). Chicago: [Henry Regnery Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnery_Publishing#Henry_Regnery_Company "Regnery Publishing"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [76183827](https://lccn.loc.gov/76183827). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [341112](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/341112).
*   Hynek, J. Allen (1997) \[Originally published 1977; New York: [Dell Publishing Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Publishing "Dell Publishing")\]. _The Hynek UFO Report_. New foreword by [Jacques Vallée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e "Jacques Vallée"). New York: Barnes & Noble Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7607-0429-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-0429-5 "Special:BookSources/0-7607-0429-5"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [3601609](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3601609). Analysis of 640 high-quality cases through 1969 by UFO legend Hynek.
*   [Jacobs, David M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Jacobs "David M. Jacobs"), ed. (2000). [_UFOs and Abductions: Challenging the Borders of Knowledge_](https://archive.org/details/ufosabductions00davi). Lawrence: [University Press of Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas "University Press of Kansas"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7006-1032-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1032-4 "Special:BookSources/0-7006-1032-4"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [00028970](https://lccn.loc.gov/00028970). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [43615835](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43615835).
*   [Kean, Leslie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Kean "Leslie Kean") (2010). _UFOs: Generals, Pilots and Government Officials Go on the Record_. Harmony Books.
*   Kérizo, Alain (1997). [_Les OVNI identifiés: les extraterrestres dans le mystère d'iniquité_](https://books.google.com/books?id=cOuXGQAACAAJ) (in French). Villegenon: Éd. Sainte Jeanne d'Arc. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-2-9504914-8-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9504914-8-0 "Special:BookSources/978-2-9504914-8-0"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [465784973](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465784973). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240708214149/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOuXGQAACAAJ) from the original on July 8, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2020. ([associated article](http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=2102) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150412034718/http://www.angelusonline.org/index.php?section=articles&subsection=show_article&article_id=2102) April 12, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"))
*   [Keyhoe, Donald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe "Donald Keyhoe") (1950). [_The Flying Saucers are Real_](http://www.nicap.org/fsar/fsar-chapters.htm). New York: [Fawcett Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawcett_Publications "Fawcett Publications"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [50004886](https://lccn.loc.gov/50004886). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [1674240](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1674240). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130906214600/http://www.nicap.org/fsar/fsar-chapters.htm) from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
*   Keyhoe, Donald E. (1953). [_Flying Saucers from Outer Space_](http://www.nicap.org/books/fsos/fsos.htm). New York: [Henry Holt and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company "Henry Holt and Company"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [53009588](https://lccn.loc.gov/53009588). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [181368](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181368). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130514145116/http://www.nicap.org/books/fsos/fsos.htm) from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
*   Latagliata, Rosamaria (2006). _UFO: verità o menzogna?_. Gli atlanti di Voyager (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-88-09-04698-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-04698-6 "Special:BookSources/978-88-09-04698-6"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [635701671](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635701671).
*   McCarthy, Paul E. (1975). [_Politicking and Paradigm Shifting: James E. McDonald and the UFO Case Study_](http://www.project1947.com/shg/mccarthy/shgintro.html) (Thesis/dissertation) (Internet ed.). Canterbury, CT: Sign Historical Group. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [663722044](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663722044). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120910051428/http://www.project1947.com/shg/mccarthy/shgintro.html) from the original on September 10, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
*   [Menzel, Donald H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Howard_Menzel "Donald Howard Menzel"); Taves, Ernest H. (1977). [_The UFO Enigma: The Definitive Explanation of the UFO Phenomenon_](https://archive.org/details/ufoenigmadefinit0000menz). Introduction by [Fred L. Whipple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lawrence_Whipple "Fred Lawrence Whipple"). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-385-03596-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-03596-9 "Special:BookSources/0-385-03596-9"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [76016255](https://lccn.loc.gov/76016255). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [2597609](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2597609).
*   Mitchell, Edgar; (2008). _The Way of the Explorer_. Franklin Lakes: Career Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-56414-977-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-977-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56414-977-0").
*   Office of the Director of National Intelligence (USA); (2021). _Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena_
*   "Reasons to Believe (a collection of short articles by nine different authors)". _[New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_/(magazine/) "New York (magazine)")_. April 1, 2018. pp. 25–33.
*   Rose, Bill; Buttler, Tony (2004). _Flying Saucer Aircraft_. Secret Projects. Hinckley, England: [Midland Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing "Ian Allan Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-85780-233-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-233-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-233-7"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [99774524](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/99774524).
*   [Sagan, Carl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan "Carl Sagan"); Page, Thornton, eds. (1996) \[1972\]. _UFO's: A Scientific Debate_ (Reprint ed.). New York: [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Classics_Collection "Barnes & Noble Classics Collection"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-7607-0196-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0196-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0196-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [72004572](https://lccn.loc.gov/72004572). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [35840064](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35840064).
*   [Scully, Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Scully "Frank Scully") (1950). [_Behind the Flying Saucers_](https://archive.org/details/behindflyingsauc00scul). New York: Henry Holt and Company. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [1467735](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1467735).
*   [Sheaffer, Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer "Robert Sheaffer") (1981). _The UFO Verdict: Examining the Evidence_. Buffalo, NY: [Prometheus Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Books "Prometheus Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-87975-146-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-146-0 "Special:BookSources/0-87975-146-0"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [80084406](https://lccn.loc.gov/80084406). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [7364885](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7364885).
*   Sheaffer, Robert (1998). _UFO Sightings: The Evidence_. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57392-213-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-213-7 "Special:BookSources/1-57392-213-7"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [98006410](https://lccn.loc.gov/98006410). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [38738821](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38738821). Revised edition of _The UFO Verdict_.
*   Stanford, Ray (1976). _Socorro 'Saucer' in a Pentagon Pantry_. Austin, TX: Blueapple Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-917092-00-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917092-00-7 "Special:BookSources/0-917092-00-7"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [76013768](https://lccn.loc.gov/76013768). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [2524239](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2524239).
*   [Sturrock, Peter A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Sturrock "Peter A. Sturrock"); Holzer, T. E.; Jahn, R.; et al. (1998). ["Physical Evidence Related to UFO Reports: The Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the Pocantico Conference Center, Tarrytown, New York, September 29 – October 4, 1997"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100107163656/http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_12_2_sturrock.pdf) (PDF). _[Journal of Scientific Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration "Journal of Scientific Exploration")_. **12** (2). Stanford, CA: [Society for Scientific Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Scientific_Exploration "Society for Scientific Exploration"): 179–229. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0892-3310](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-3310). Archived from [the original](http://www.scientificexploration.org/journal/jse_12_2_sturrock.pdf) (PDF) on January 7, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2013.\[_[unreliable source?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources "Wikipedia:Reliable sources")_\] Sturrock panel report on physical evidence.
*   [Sturrock, Peter A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Sturrock "Peter A. Sturrock") (1999). [_The UFO Enigma: A New Review of the Physical Evidence_](https://archive.org/details/ufoenigma00pete). New York: Warner Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-446-52565-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-52565-0 "Special:BookSources/0-446-52565-0"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [99066643](https://lccn.loc.gov/99066643). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [42645835](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42645835).
*   [Vallée, Jacques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Vall%C3%A9e "Jacques Vallée") (2008) \[Originally published 1991; New York: [Ballantine Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballantine_Books "Ballantine Books")\]. [_Revelations: Alien Contact and Human Deception_](https://archive.org/details/revelationsalien0000vall). San Antonio, TX: [Anomalist Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Anomalist&action=edit&redlink=1 "The Anomalist (page does not exist)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-933665-30-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933665-30-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-933665-30-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [91091858](https://lccn.loc.gov/91091858). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [225866107](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225866107).
*   Viberti, Pier Giorgio (2010) \[Originally published 1997\]. _Incontri ravvicinati: Avvistamenti e contatti da mondi lontani_. Atlanti del sapere (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Editore. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-88-09-75032-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-75032-6 "Special:BookSources/978-88-09-75032-6"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [800130536](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800130536).

### History

*   Clarke, David (2009). [_The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_UFO_Files:_The_Inside_Story_of_Real-Life_Sightings "The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings"). Kew: [The National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_/(United_Kingdom/) "The National Archives (United Kingdom)"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-905615-50-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905615-50-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-905615-50-6"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [316039535](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316039535). Reports from the UK government files.
*   Cohen, Daniel (1981). _The Great Airship Mystery: A UFO of the 1890s_. Dodd, Mead & Co. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0396079903](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0396079903 "Special:BookSources/0396079903").
*   [Dolan, Richard M.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_M._Dolan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Richard M. Dolan (page does not exist)") (2000). _UFOs and the National Security State: An Unclassified History, Volume One: 1941–1973_. Rochester, NY: Keyhole Publishing Company. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-9677995-0-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677995-0-3 "Special:BookSources/0-9677995-0-3"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [00691087](https://lccn.loc.gov/00691087). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [45546629](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45546629). Dolan is a professional historian.
*   Downes, Jonathan; Wright, Nigel (2005). _The Rising of the Moon_ (Revised ed.). Bangor, Northern Ireland: Xiphos Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9544936-5-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544936-5-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9544936-5-3"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [70335856](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70335856).
*   Fawcett, Lawrence; Greenwood, Barry J. (1992) \[Originally published 1984 as _Clear Intent_; Englewood Cliffs, NJ: [Prentice Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice_Hall "Prentice Hall")\]. _The UFO Cover-up: What the Government Won't Say_. Foreword by J. Allen Hynek (1st Fireside ed.). New York: [Simon & Schuster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster "Simon & Schuster"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-671-76555-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-76555-8 "Special:BookSources/0-671-76555-8"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [84009818](https://lccn.loc.gov/84009818). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [28384401](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28384401). Many UFO documents.
*   Good, Timothy (1988). [_Above Top Secret: The Worldwide UFO Cover-Up_](https://archive.org/details/abovetopsecretwo00good). Foreword by [Lord Hill-Norton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hill-Norton,_Baron_Hill-Norton "Peter Hill-Norton, Baron Hill-Norton") (1st Quill ed.). New York: [William Morrow and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company "William Morrow and Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-688-09202-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-09202-0 "Special:BookSources/0-688-09202-0"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [88208434](https://lccn.loc.gov/88208434). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [707516815](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707516815). Many UFO documents.
*   Good, Timothy (1997) \[1996\]. _Beyond Top Secret: The Worldwide UFO Security Threat_. Foreword by Lord Hill-Norton (Fully revised and updated ed.). London: [Pan Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Books "Pan Books"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-330-34928-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-34928-7 "Special:BookSources/0-330-34928-7"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [38490850](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38490850).
*   Good, Timothy (2007). [_Need to Know: UFOs, the Military, and Intelligence_](https://archive.org/details/needtoknow00good). New York: [Pegasus Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company "W. W. Norton & Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-933648-38-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-38-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-933648-38-5"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [180767460](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/180767460). Update of _Above Top Secret_ with new cases and documents
*   Graff, Garrett M. (2023). _UFO: The Inside Story of the US Government's Search for Alien Life Here―and Out There_. Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1982196776](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1982196776 "Special:BookSources/978-1982196776").
*   Hall, Michael D.; Connors, Wendy A. (1998). [_Alfred Loedding & the Great Flying Saucer Wave of 1947_](http://www.nicap.org/loedding/LoeddingBook.pdf) (PDF). Albuquerque, NM: White Rose Press. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [41104299](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41104299). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180325055530/http://www.nicap.org/loedding/LoeddingBook.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
*   [Keel, John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keel "John Keel") (1996) \[Originally published 1970 as _UFOs: Operation Trojan Horse_; New York: [G. P. Putnam's Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons "G. P. Putnam's Sons")\]. [_Operation Trojan Horse_](https://web.archive.org/web/20130420102608/http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf) (PDF). Lilburn, GA: IllumiNet Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9626534-6-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9626534-6-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9626534-6-9"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [96014564](https://lccn.loc.gov/96014564). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [34474485](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34474485). Archived from [the original](http://galaksija.com/literatura/jk_oth.pdf) (PDF) on April 20, 2013.
*   Kocher, George (November 1968). [_UFOs: What to Do_](http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufoswhattodo.pdf) (PDF). [RAND Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation "RAND Corporation"). DRU-1571. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130319134955/http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ufoswhattodo.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 19, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013. UFO historical review, case studies, review of hypotheses, recommendations.
*   [Maccabee, Bruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Maccabee "Bruce Maccabee") (2000). [_UFO FBI Connection: The Secret History of the Government's Cover-Up_](https://archive.org/details/ufofbiconnection00phdb). St. Paul, MN: [Llewellyn Publications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Worldwide "Llewellyn Worldwide"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56718-493-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56718-493-6 "Special:BookSources/1-56718-493-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [00028277](https://lccn.loc.gov/00028277). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [43634902](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43634902).
*   [Randle, Kevin D.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_D._Randle "Kevin D. Randle") (1997). [_Project Blue Book Exposed_](https://archive.org/details/projectbluebooke00rand). New York: [Marlowe & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Capo_Press "Da Capo Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56924-746-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-746-3 "Special:BookSources/1-56924-746-3"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [97072378](https://lccn.loc.gov/97072378). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [37047544](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37047544).
*   [Ruppelt, Edward J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Ruppelt "Edward J. Ruppelt") (1956). [_The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects_](http://www.nicap.org/rufo/contents.htm). Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [56005444](https://lccn.loc.gov/56005444). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [1941793](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1941793). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214046/http://www.nicap.org/rufo/contents.htm) from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2004. A UFO classic by insider Ruppelt, the first head of the USAF Project Blue Book.
*   [Swords, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Swords "Michael D. Swords"); Powell, Robert; et al. (2012). [_UFOs and Government: A Historical Inquiry_](https://archive.org/details/UFOsAndGovernment). San Antonio, TX: Anomalist Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-933665-58-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933665-58-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-933665-58-0"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [809977863](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809977863).
*   Weinstein, Dominique F. (February 2001). [_Unidentified Aerial Phenomena: Eighty Years of Pilot Sightings_](http://www.narcap.org/files/narcap_revised_tr-4.pdf) (PDF). Boulder Creek, CA: National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP). NARCAP TR-04. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130612214228/http://www.narcap.org/files/narcap_revised_tr-4.pdf) (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.

### Psychology

*   Haines, Richard F., ed. (1979). _UFO Phenomena and the Behavioral Scientist_. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-8108-1228-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-1228-2 "Special:BookSources/0-8108-1228-2"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [79014878](https://lccn.loc.gov/79014878). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [5008381](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5008381).
*   [Jung, C G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung "Carl Jung") (1978) \[Originally published 1958 as _Ein moderner Mythus: von Dingen, die am Himmel gesehen werden_\]. [_Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies_](https://archive.org/details/flyingsaucersmod00jung). Translation by R.F.C. Hull. Princeton, NJ: [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-691-01822-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01822-7 "Special:BookSources/0-691-01822-7"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [78004325](https://lccn.loc.gov/78004325). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [4762238](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4762238).
*   Simón, Armando (February 1976). "UFOs: Testing for the existence of Air Force censorship". _Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior_. **13** (1): 3–5. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0033-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3077).
*   Simón, Armando (1981). "A Nonreactive, Quantitative Study of Mass Behavior with Emphasis on the Cinema as Behavior Catalyst". _[Psychological Reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Reports "Psychological Reports")_. **48** (3). Ammons Scientific: 775–785. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.2466/pr0.1981.48.3.775](https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1981.48.3.775). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0033-2941](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2941). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [143670471](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143670471).
*   Simón, Armando (1984). "Psychology and UFOs". _[Skeptical Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer "Skeptical Inquirer")_. **8**. Amherst, NY: [Committee for Skeptical Inquiry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry"): 355–367.

### Technology

*   Ford, L. H.; Roman, Thomas A. (1996). "Quantum field theory constrains traversable wormhole geometries". _[Physical Review D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review "Physical Review")_. **53** (10): 5496–5507. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_/(identifier/) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[gr-qc/9510071](https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/9510071). [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_/(identifier/) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1996PhRvD..53.5496F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PhRvD..53.5496F). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1103/PhysRevD.53.5496](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.53.5496). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_/(identifier/) "ISSN (identifier)") [0556-2821](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0556-2821). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_/(identifier/) "PMID (identifier)") [10019835](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10019835). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [18106362](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18106362).
*   [Hill, Paul R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Hill "Paul R. Hill") (1995). _Unconventional Flying Objects: A Scientific Analysis_. Charlottesville, VA: [Hampton Roads Publishing Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Publishing_Company "Hampton Roads Publishing Company"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [1-57174-027-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57174-027-9 "Special:BookSources/1-57174-027-9"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [97109204](https://lccn.loc.gov/97109204). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [34075199](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34075199). Analysis of UFO technology by pioneering NACA/NASA aerospace engineer.
*   [Krasnikov, S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Krasnikov "Serguei Krasnikov") (2003). "The quantum inequalities do not forbid spacetime shortcuts". _Physical Review D_. **67** (10): 104013. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_/(identifier/) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[gr-qc/0207057](https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0207057). [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_/(identifier/) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2003PhRvD..67j4013K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvD..67j4013K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_/(identifier/) "Doi (identifier)"):[10.1103/PhysRevD.67.104013](https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.67.104013). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_/(identifier/) "S2CID (identifier)") [17498199](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17498199).
*   Rullán, Antonio F. (July 2, 2000). ["Odors from UFOs: Deducing Odorant Chemistry and Causation from Available Data"](http://www.jumpjet.info/Emergency-Preparedness/Disaster-Mitigation/NBC/Chem/Odors_from_UFOs.pdf) (PDF) (Preliminary paper). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202033812/http://www.jumpjet.info/Emergency-Preparedness/Disaster-Mitigation/NBC/Chem/Odors_from_UFOs.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
*   [Sarfatti, Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sarfatti "Jack Sarfatti") (2006). _Super Cosmos: Through Struggles to the Stars_. Indianapolis, IN: [AuthorHouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse "AuthorHouse"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4184-7662-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-7662-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4184-7662-5"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [2004095148](https://lccn.loc.gov/2004095148). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [70962499](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70962499).

### Skepticism

*   [Plait, Philip C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Plait "Phil Plait") (2002). "Misidentified Flying Objects: UFOs and Illusions of the Mind and Eye". [_Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Astronomy "Bad Astronomy"). Illustrations by Tina Cash Walsh. New York: [John Wiley & Sons, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons "John Wiley & Sons") [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-471-40976-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-40976-6 "Special:BookSources/0-471-40976-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [2002277382](https://lccn.loc.gov/2002277382). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [48885221](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48885221).
*   [Ridpath, Ian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ridpath "Ian Ridpath"). ["Astronomical Causes of UFOs"](http://www.ianridpath.com/ufo/astroufo1.html). Ian Ridpath. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
*   Seeds, Michael (1995) \[1981\]. _Horizons: Exploring the Universe_ (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: [Wadsworth Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage_Learning "Cengage Learning"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-534-24889-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-24889-6 "Special:BookSources/0-534-24889-6"). [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_/(identifier/) "LCCN (identifier)") [94013521](https://lccn.loc.gov/94013521). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_/(identifier/) "OCLC (identifier)") [30156735](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30156735).(Appendix A)
*   Sheaffer, Robert (2012) \[2011\]. [_Psychic Vibrations: Skeptical Giggles from the Skeptical Inquirer_](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116020703/https://www.createspace.com/3630764) (2nd ed.). Charleston, SC: [CreateSpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com#Acquisitions "Amazon.com"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_/(identifier/) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4636-0157-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4636-0157-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4636-0157-7"). Archived from [the original](https://www.createspace.com/3630764) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2013.

External links
--------------

*   ["Government Reports on UFOs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090204125620/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/ufos.htm) from the Government Information Library at the [University of Colorado Boulder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder "University of Colorado Boulder")
*   ["CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90"](https://www.cia.gov/static/105bd8290b90de13ee136fecc9fe863f/cia-role-study-UFOs.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174318/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/ufo.html) October 1, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") by Gerald K. Haines, [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency")
*   ["UFOs: Fact or Fiction?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160729151447/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/collection/ufos-fact-or-fiction) Declassified CIA documents from the 1940s through the early 1990s.
*   ["UFO Reports in the UK"](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ufo-reports-in-the-uk) from 1997 to 2009 by the [Ministry of Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_/(United_Kingdom/) "Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)")
*   ["Newly released UFO files from the UK government"](http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ufos/) at [The National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_/(United_Kingdom/) "The National Archives (United Kingdom)")
*   ["Canada's UFOs: The Search for the Unknown"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160116131034/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ufo/), a virtual museum exhibition by the [Library and Archives Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada "Library and Archives Canada")
*   [Declassified files on UFOs from many countries](https://that1archive.neocities.org/subfolder1/ufo-files.html)
*   [Declassified video – Chilean UAP event of November 11, 2014](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/groundbreaking-ufo-video-just-released-from-chilean_us_586d37bce4b014e7c72ee56b) ([official](http://www.cefaa.gob.cl/home/en-la-prensa/noticias/casoarmada); [video (9:59)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkUTGpegZN0))
*   [An astrophysicist's view of UFOs](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/30/opinion/ufo-sightings-report.html) ([Adam Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Frank "Adam Frank"); [NYT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYT "NYT"); May 30, 2021)
*   [A list of skeptical resources](http://www.fraknoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Responding-to-Claims-about-Alien-UFOs-2.pdf) (astronomer [Andrew Fraknoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi "Andrew Fraknoi"))
*   [UFO Explanations](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCF3UCTZiVg9wrIEzO7Om6jw) (videos; scientist [Mick West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_West "Mick West"))
*   [Some UAPs may be laser-generated holograms?](https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ufos-uaptf-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-lipf-national-security-11627582598) ([WSJ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSJ "WSJ"); July 29, 2021).
*   [UAPs need a high-resolution image](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/to-understand-uap-we-need-megapixel-imagery/) ([Avi Loeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Loeb "Avi Loeb"); [Scientific American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American "Scientific American"); August 2, 2021).
*   [Video (92:50): U.S. Congressional Hearing on UFO/UAP (May 17, 2022)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSDweUbGBow) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_/(identifier/) "YouTube video (identifier)").