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Text 1. Computer literacy
Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate. which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to influence the quality of life.
There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and. arithmetics. Now, as we arc quickly becoming an informa­tion-becoming society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing, There is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most sig­nificant technical achievements of the century. They briny with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetics, but also a new idea — computer literacy.
In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which arc the instructions that direct the operations of computers. All of us arc already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doc­tor. your schedules and bills and special services, such as labo­ratory tests, arc prepared by computer. Many actions that you have taken or observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data processing system.

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magnetize the cores. The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory. It is considered that computers have many remarkable pow- ers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic op- erations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use ter- minals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war between two coun- tries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" Unfortu- nately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another? A computer can solve a series of problems and make thou- sands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instan- taneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

Text 3. Application of computers
At present a great deal of the work force of most coun­tries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicat­ing and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research insti­tutes, plants.
The use of computers in business, industry and communi­cation services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots arc able to improve the quality of manufactured products and
to increase the productivity of industry Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in mak­ing different decisions and in management of economy.
The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current sta­tus of customer accounts
Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on — board environment and re- search.
Computers, find application in astronomy and upper at­mosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.
It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic. tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Techni­cians can operate computer tomography scanners which com­bine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen
It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction per­forming the assigned task, as compared with conventional classroom.
At last air traffic control is impossible without computer ap­plication. It fully depends upon computer-generated informa­tion.
Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial in post industrial