1) напиши зрозуміло лекцію українською по цьому:

The term sentence is derived from Latin sentential, which literally means 'feeling' or 'opinion'.

From the point of view of traditional grammar the sentence is a complete thought.

SENTENCE is a word or group of words capable of expressing a complete thought or meaning (H.Sweet).

SENTENCE is a relatively complete and independent human utterance (O.Jespersen).

SENTENCE is an independent linguistic form, not included by virtue of any grammatical construction into any larger linguistic form (L.Bloomfield).

SENTENCE is the integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose (M.Blokh).

SENTENCE is the minimum syntactical construction, used in the acts of speech communication, characterized by predicativity and realizing a definite structural pattern (H.Pocheptsov).

Completeness. A sentence is a complete entity, whether in terms of expressing a thought (Sweet), being a complete utterance (Jespersen), or a complete linguistic form (Bloomfield).

Independence. A sentence is seen as an independent linguistic unit that stands on its own, not relying on inclusion in a larger grammatical structure (Bloomfield) and having relative autonomy as an utterance (Jespersen).

Syntactic and Structural Patterns. A sentence follows specific

syntactic patterns (Blokh, Pocheptsov). This indicates that a

sentence is not just a random collection of words, but a

structured construction that adheres to the rules of syntax within

a language.

Communicative Function. A sentence is seen not just as a grammatical unit but as a tool for conveying meaning and achieving communicative purposes within a context.

Predicativity. The inclusion of predicativity (Pocheptsov) underlines that a sentence typically involves a subject-predicate relationship, which is essential for making statements, asking questions, giving commands, or expressing exclamation

Phrase

is a combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of a word.

is a nominative unit, denoting a complex referent (phenomenon of reality), which can be a concrete thing, an action, a quality, or a whole situation (a picturesque village, to start with a joke).

is further analyzable into its component elements with various relations between them.

can be of a set type and of free type.

phrases are used as a notional part of the sentence (subject, object, predicate, attribute, adverbial modifier, parenthesis)

Sentence

is the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose (functional difference).

is a unit with every word having its definite form.

is a unit of predication, which shows the relation of the process, described as action, to reality (difference in meaning).

has some standard syntactic and semantic features which make up a typical model, a generalized pattern repeated in an indefinite number of actual utterances.

is characterized by an intonation contour, sentence stress, predication, modality, and a relatively complete meaning.

Predicativity (predication)

Predication establishes the relation of the denoted event to objective reality.

The centre of predication in the sentences of the verbal type is a finite verb which expresses predicative meanings of tense, aspect, mood, etc. through grammatical forms.

The process denoted by the verb is connected with the agent (the doer of the action), the object and various circumstances of realization of the process.

Thus predication is realized not only through the axis "subject - predicate", but also through the secondary parts of the sentence.

PREDICATIVITY is the relation of the thought expressed in the sentence to the situation of the speech.

• PREDICATIVITY is referring the utterance to reality.

Modality

is a defined as exposing the connection between the named objects and surrounding reality.

is not specifically confined to the sentence; this is a broader category revealed both in the grammatical elements of language and its lexical, purely nominative elements.

every word expressing a definite correlation between the named substance and objective reality should be recognized as modal.

Here belong such lexemes of full notional standing as "probability", "desirability", "necessity" and the like, together with all the derivationally relevant words making up the corresponding series of the lexical paradigm of nomination; here belong semi-functional words and phrases of probability and existential evaluation, such as perhaps, may be, by all means, etc.; here belong, further, word-particles of specifying modal semantics, such as just, even, would-be, etc.; here belong, finally, modal verbs expressing a broad range of modal meanings which are actually turned into elements of predicative semantics in concrete, contextually-bound utterances.

2) напиши конспект англ але зрозумілий, використовуй легку лексику рівня (b1)