Can you give me potencial sources for this article:

Introduction

In an ever more interconnected and globalized world, sanctions have emerged as one of the most significant policy tools for nations to wield influence, enforce international laws, and address security threats. They serve as a potent diplomatic weapon, often short of military intervention, used by states to persuade or compel a change in policy or behavior in other nations. To fully understand sanctions, one must delve into their historical origins, explore their definitions, and examine the different types that exist.

Part I: Historical Overview of Sanctions

The concept of sanctions is not a new invention in international relations; it has roots tracing back to ancient civilizations. Greek city-states regularly used economic sanctions in the form of trade embargoes and asset seizures against transgressing entities. In more modern times, sanctions found firm footing in the 20th century, particularly after the First World War. The establishment of the League of Nations in 1920 introduced sanctions as a collective security measure. Although the league's sanctions often proved ineffective, notably in the case of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, they laid the groundwork for more extensive use of sanctions in the years to come.

The birth of the United Nations (UN) after the Second World War marked a significant shift in the international sanctions landscape. Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, the Security Council could impose comprehensive sanctions in response to threats to peace, breaches of peace, or acts of aggression. Early instances of UN sanctions include the cases of Rhodesia in 1966, South Africa in 1977 (in response to the Apartheid policy), and Iraq in 1990, following its invasion of Kuwait.

Since the end of the Cold War, there has been a substantial increase in the use of sanctions, partly because of the growing consensus among the major powers on issues like non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, human rights, and counter-terrorism. Sanctions, thus, have become an essential feature of contemporary international politics.

Part II: Definition and Elaboration of Sanctions

Sanctions can be broadly defined as punitive or corrective measures imposed by one or more nations against a targeted country, entity, or individual to induce a change in behavior. They are often employed when diplomatic efforts have been exhausted or as an alternative to military action. They represent a way of 'penalizing' a state or entity without resorting to physical force.

Sanctions can take various forms, and their implementation can target different areas. Primarily, they might be economic, such as trade embargoes, asset freezes, investment or financial restrictions; diplomatic, including expulsion of diplomats or isolation in international forums; or military, like arms embargoes. Furthermore, sanctions can be comprehensive, targeting all sectors of a country's economy, or they can be targeted, focusing on specific individuals, entities, or sectors.

The effectiveness of sanctions is a subject of considerable debate among scholars and policymakers. While sanctions can help signal disapproval and create pressure for change, they can also harm innocent civilians, potentially exacerbating the very issues they aim to solve. Their success is influenced by several factors such as the nature and duration of the sanctions, the economic resilience of the targeted country, and the global geopolitical context.

Part III: Different Types of Sanctions

Economic Sanctions: These are the most common form of sanctions, typically involving restrictions on trade, investment, and financial transactions. Examples include import or export bans, freezing of assets, or restrictions on foreign aid. Economic sanctions aim to weaken the targeted country's economy, thus influencing the ruling authorities to change their policies or behavior.

Diplomatic Sanctions: These involve reducing or completely severing diplomatic ties with the target nation. It may include recalling diplomats, expelling the target country's diplomats, or boycotting diplomatic events where the target country is present. The aim is to isolate the country diplomatically and signal international disapproval.

Military Sanctions: These include arms embargoes or prohibition of military aid and cooperation. By limiting access to weapons and military technology, these sanctions aim to curb the target's military capabilities.

Sport and Cultural Sanctions: These are relatively less common and involve barring the target country from participating in international sports, cultural events, or academic exchanges. These sanctions aim to isolate the country socially and culturally.

Comprehensive vs. Targeted Sanctions: Comprehensive sanctions apply to an entire country and can have significant humanitarian impacts. In contrast, targeted or 'smart' sanctions aim to minimize civilian suffering by focusing on specific individuals, entities, or sectors within the target country.

Unilateral vs. Multilateral Sanctions: Unilateral sanctions are imposed by a single country, while multilateral sanctions involve a group of countries or international organizations. Multilateral sanctions, especially when backed by the UN, usually carry more legitimacy and are more effective.

In conclusion, sanctions have evolved over centuries and now represent a critical tool in international relations. They offer a middle ground between diplomatic negotiations and military intervention, allowing states to exert pressure and signal their disapproval against perceived transgressions. However, the efficacy and ethical implications of sanctions remain contested, reinforcing the need for ongoing analysis and debate in the ever-evolving global political landscape.