You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


<!--- Copyright (c) 2016 Gordon Williams, Pur3 Ltd. See the file LICENSE for copying permission. -->
AA/AAA Battery Charger
======================

<span style="color:red">:warning: **Please view the correctly rendered version of this page at https://www.espruino.com/Battery+Charger. Links, lists, videos, search, and other features will not work correctly when viewed on GitHub** :warning:</span>

* KEYWORDS: AA,AAA,Battery Charger
* USES: Pico,PCD8544,ADC,Breadboard,Graphics

Introduction
------------

![Battery Charger](Battery Charger/final.jpg)

Many AA or AAA battery chargers charge batteries in pairs, but plenty of devices use 1 or 3 batteries, meaning that some of your batteries get overcharged and some get undercharged. NiCd and NiMH batteries also benefit from an occasional full discharge, which most normal battery chargers won't do.

If you're anything like me you'll end up with a lot of rechargeable batteries, none of which end up being charged properly, and some of which turn out to be completely unusable. It'd be perfect if you had a low-power battery charger that you could leave on all the time, that would charge your batteries individually, automatically discharge them, and give you an idea of their real capacity. That's what you'll make in this tutorial!

**Note:** To make this nice and simple, the charger uses Espruino's GPIO pins to directly charge and discharge the batteries. This means it can't charge batteries very quickly (it can take *days* to charge and discharge them!).


You'll Need
----------

* One [Espruino Pico](/Pico)
* A long [[Breadboard]]
* A [[PCD8544]] LCD display
* Some patch wire (normal solid core wire is fine)
* 4x 100 Ohm resistors
* AA or AAA battery holders with pins (available from Rapid Electronics: [AA](http://www.rapidonline.com/Electrical-Power/TruPower-BH-311-1P-1-X-AA-PCB-Battery-Holder-18-2960) or [AAA](http://www.rapidonline.com/Electrical-Power/TruPower-BH-411-3P-1-X-AAA-PCB-Battery-Holder-18-2920))


Wiring Up
--------

![Battery Charger Wiring](Battery Charger/wiring.jpg)

* Place the breadboard with the `-` row of pins right at the bottom, and the `+` row right at the top.
* Plug the Espruino [[Pico]] into the breadboard as far left as it will go (as in the picture)
* Add a wire from Espruino's `GND` pin (on the far left) straight down to the bottom `-` row of pins. You can't see this in the picture because it's under the LCD screen.
* Plug the [[PCD8544]] into the breadboard below the [[Pico]], with 2 pins sticking out to the right of the [[Pico]] (it should overlap the GND wire)
* Take a patch wire and connect from pin `B1` on the [[Pico]] to the top of a column 5 pins to the right of the Pico (see the picture)
* Fold a 75 Ohm resistor, cut it to length, and add it diagonally between the 5th column right of the Pico and the 6th.
* Now add 3 more sets of wires and resistors, from pins `A7`, `A6` and `A5`, to new columns, each with 7 columns of pins between it and the last. **Note:** This works for AAA batteries - for AA you will need to space the columns out a bit more.
* Cut the pins on your battery holders down so they'll fit in the breadboard, and then place the battery holders in the breadboard at an angle: With the `+` contact relative to the resistor (as shown below), and with the `-` contact in the bottom `-` row of pins on the breadboard.

![Battery Charger](Battery Charger/batholder.jpg)

* Now add 2 wires for the LCD: `B10` to the pin nearest the [[Pico]], and `B13` to the pin right on the edge.

And you're done!


Software
-------

Connect to the Web IDE, copy the following software into the right-hand side, and upload it:

```
var g;

B3.write(0); // GND
// B4.write(1); // Backlight
B5.write(1); // VCC

// The pins each battery is connected to
var BATS = [ B1, A7, A6, A5 ];

// The resistor's value
var RESISTOR_VALUE = 100;

// Are we charging or discharging batteries?
var batCharge = [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ];

// How much charge has gone into batteries (in mAh-ish)
var cntCharge = [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ];

// How much have batteries been discharged (in mAh-ish)
var cntDischarge = [ 0, 0, 0, 0 ];

function getBatteryVoltages() {
  var voltages = [0,0,0,0];
  // read voltages multiple times, and take an average
  var N = 20;
  for (var i=0;i<N;i++) {
    for (var b=0;b<BATS.length;b++) {
      digitalWrite(BATS[b], 0);
      voltages[b] += analogRead(BATS[b])*3.3/N;
    }
  }
  // Check for disconnected battery be enabling the pullup and seeing
  // if the voltage rises
  for (var b=0;b<BATS.length;b++) {
    pinMode(BATS[b], "input_pullup");
    if (digitalRead(BATS[b]))
      voltages[b] = -1; // no battery
    pinMode(BATS[b]); // auto
  }
  return voltages;
}

var lastInterval;

function onInterval() {
  var time = getTime() - lastInterval;
  lastInterval = getTime();
  var hrs = time/3600; // fractions of an hour

  // for each battery...
  var volts = getBatteryVoltages();
  for (var i=0;i<4;i++) {
    // update charge counters
    if (batCharge[i])
      cntCharge[i] += hrs*(3.3-volts[i])/RESISTOR_VALUE;
    else
      cntDischarge[i] += hrs*volts[i]/RESISTOR_VALUE;
    // work out if we're charging or discharging
    if (!batCharge[i] && volts[i]<=0.8)
      batCharge[i] = 1; // now charge
    if (volts[i] < 0) {
      // no battery - reset to defaults
      batCharge[i] = 0;
      cntCharge[i] = 0;
      cntDischarge[i] = 0;
    }
    digitalWrite(BATS[i], batCharge[i]);
  }

  // now update display
  g.clear();
  g.drawString("Battery Charger",0,0);
  g.drawLine(0,8,84,8);
  for (i=0;i<4;i++) {
    var x = 84*(i+0.5)/4;
    g.drawStringCenter(i+1, x, 12);
    g.drawLine(x-8,18,x+8,18);
    if (volts[i] >= 0) {
      g.drawStringCenter(batCharge[i] ? "CHG" : "DIS", x, 20);
      g.drawStringCenter(volts[i].toFixed(2), x, 28);
      g.drawStringCenter(cntDischarge[i] ? (cntDischarge[i]|0) : "-", x, 36);
      g.drawStringCenter(cntCharge[i] ? (cntCharge[i]|0) : "-", x, 42);
    } else {
      g.drawStringCenter("-", x, 20);
    }
  }
  g.flip();
}

function onInit() {
  var spi = new SPI();
  spi.setup({ sck:B6, mosi:B7 });
  g = require("PCD8544").connect(spi, A8 /*DC*/, B10 /*CE*/, B13 /*RST*/, function() {
    g.setRotation(2);
    g.clear();
    g.drawString("Loading...",0,0);
    g.drawLine(0,10,84,10);
    g.flip();
  });
  g.drawStringCenter = function(txt,x,y) {
    this.drawString(txt, x-this.stringWidth(txt)/2, y);
  };

  lastInterval = getTime();
  setInterval(onInterval, 2000);
}

// What happens when we press a button
setWatch(function() {
  if (batCharge=="0,0,0,0") batCharge.fill(1);
  else batCharge.fill(0);
  cntCharge.fill(0);
  cntDischarge.fill(0);
  onInterval();
}, BTN, { repeat: true, edge:"rising", debounce:50});
```

Then type `save()` in the left-hand size of the IDE, it should show `Loading...` on the LCD display, and 2 seconds later will start showing the charging status of the 4 batteries.


Using
-----

Just plug in your batteries and they'll be recognised. The LCD will show the current voltage, and `DIS` next to the battery to mark that is is discharging (at around 20mA - this could take a few days!).

* The top counter will show roughly how much power has been drained from the battery so far (in something close to mAh).
* When the battery reaches 0.8v, Espruino will start recharging it. The top counter will now give you some idea of the cell's capacity (in something close to mAh)
* Espruino will keep recharging the battery at around 20mA while it is displaying `CHG`, and the second counter will show how much power has been added to the battery (in something near mAh). Both NiMH and NiCd batteries are fine with being 'trickle charged' at this level for long periods of time.
* You can press the Pico's button to swap all cells between charging and discharging. If you want to swap just one cell, disconnect it for a few seconds and reconnect it.


Next Steps
----------

* One easy next step is to extend your Battery charger to charge more than just 4 batteries. By using the analog pins on the small 0.05" pins on the end of the Pico, you could charge another 5 batteries (so 9 in total). However the chip in Espruino is rated to provide 25mA on each pin, and 100mA in total - so you would need to be careful not to exceed this by trying to charge all the batteries at once.
* You could also use FETs, or something like a motor driver IC to allow you to 'fast charge' your batteries.