Pretend you are a teacher preparing a quiz for the text I will provide. 
            Each quiz question should follow the format below. 
            Ensure that you carefully recheck the questions and answers for accuracy. 
            The output should be a ready-to-use list of dictionaries for the Python eval function:

            [

                    "question": "WRITE THE QUESTION HERE",
                    "options": ["A) OPTION_1", "B) OPTION_2", "C) OPTION_3", "D) OPTION_4"],
                    "answer": INDEX_OF_CORRECT_ANSWER_IN_OPTIONS_LIST,
                    "explanation": "EXPLAIN WHY THE ANSWER IS CORRECT"

            ]

            Text:
            annels and pumps). 
At rest, potassium ions (K+) can cross through the membrane easily. 
Also at rest, chloride ions (Cl-)and sodium ions (Na+) have a more difficult time crossing.
 The negatively charged protein molecules (A-) inside the neuron cannot cross the membrane.
ACTION POTENTIAL
The action potential is an explosion of electrical
activity that is created by a depolarizing current.
Action potential



Action potential







Electromyogram (EMG) 
Definition: the Electromyogram (EMG) is the record of the potential from muscles during movement.
surface electrode or concentric needle electrode is used in EMG

conduction velocity
latency period is the time between stimulation and the beginning of the response.

the condition of reflexes.
a.	For low stimuli delayed sensory response H is obtained.
b.	For moderate stimuli the motor M response and then the sensory response H are obtained.
c.	For large stimuli only the motor M response is obtained. 

Lecture 2: electromagnetic waves and phototherapy 
Nature of light. 
The Characteristics of Light. 
The Medical Applications of Light.
The Nature of the Light
The Nature of the Light The nature of the light it's much more difficult to understand than that of sound. Newton in the 17th century was convinced that light was comprised of tiny mass-less particles, whereas Huygens, working at the same time, argued that it must be a wave of some sort. 
Maxwell derived the mathematical theories of electromagnetic wave and demonstrated that light exhibited the properties expected of electromagnetic radiation. 
In the early twentieth century, light was discovered to have both particle properties and electromagnetic wave properties. 
Electromagnetic spectrum 
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
We use electromagnetic radiation over this whole spectrum in various applications of medical physics, visible light occupies only a narrow band from about 400- 700 nm. 
The Characteristics of Light 
Reflection
Reflection Light waves reflect when they strike the surface that separate between two medium, the law of reflection says very simply that when light is reflected the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. 
Reflection of light may be specular or diffuse. The first occurs on a blank mirroring surface that retains the geometry of the beams of light. The second occurs on a rougher surface, not retaining the imaging geometry, only the energy. 
The Characteristics of Light 
Reflectance 
Reflectance is the ratio of reflected power to incident power, generally expressed in decibels or percent. Most real objects have some mixture of diffuse and specular qualities, 

            Quiz: