You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


[Cite as State v.Yeager, 2019-Ohio-1095.]




             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                             SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 JEFFERSON COUNTY

                                            STATE OF OHIO,

                                            Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                    v.

                                      ZAKARY D. YEAGER,

                                       Defendant-Appellant.


                        OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                            Case No. 18 JE 0008


                                   Criminal Appeal from the
                       Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County, Ohio
                                    Case No. 17 CR 156

                                         BEFORE:
                David A. D’Apolito, Cheryl L. Waite, Carol Ann Robb, Judges.


                                               JUDGMENT:
                                                 Affirmed


 Atty. Jane M. Hanlin, Jefferson County Prosecutor and Atty. Frank J. Bruzzese
 Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Jefferson County Justice Center, 16001 State Route 7,
 Steubenville, Ohio 43952, for Plaintiff-Appellee and


 Atty. Bruce M. Clark, The Bruce Clark Law Firm, LLC, P.O. Box 191, Mt. Pleasant, Ohio
 43939, for Defandant-Appellant.
                                                                                      –2–


 .
                                 Dated: March 25, 2019


 D’APOLITO, J.



       {¶1}   Appellant Zakary D. Yeager appeals his convictions and sentence following
a jury trial in the Jefferson County Court of Common Pleas for one count of aggravated
burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(1), a felony of the first degree (Count One); one
count of Robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02 (A)(2) & (B), a felony of the second degree
(Count Two); one count of Theft in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A), a misdemeanor of the
first degree (a lesser included offense of the charged crime of Robbery in Count Three);
one count of Robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(2) & (B), a felony of the second
degree (Count Four); and one count of Robbery in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(3) & (B),
a felony of the third degree (Count Five).
       {¶2}   In his first assignment of error, Appellant contends that there was
insufficient evidence to sustain his conviction for aggravated burglary because conflicting
testimony was offered by the state regarding the element of trespass. Appellant argues
that his conviction for aggravated burglary is not supported by the manifest weight of the
evidence for the same reason. In his second assignment of error, Appellant argues that
the trial court committed plain error when it admitted Facebook messages into evidence
because they were not properly authenticated. In his third assignment of error, Appellant
contends that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance because: (1) he failed to
object to the admission of the Facebook messages; (2) he asserted a summary Rule 29
motion without any reference to the testimony offered by the state; and (3) he conceded
that Appellant committed an assault on the evening in question. In his fourth assignment
of error, Appellant argues that both of his robbery convictions should have been merged
with his aggravated burglary conviction at sentencing. For the following reasons, we find
that Appellant’s assignments of error are meritless and the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.
                              Facts and Procedural History
       {¶3}   Appellant’s convictions are predicated upon an incident that occurred in the


Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                    –3–


early morning hours of June 18, 2017 at the residence of Amanda Poch. The state offered
the testimony of six witnesses: Poch, who was present at her home that morning; her
boyfriend, Jesse Cook, who was also present; Steubenville City patrolman Matthew
Bailey, who responded to the 9-1-1 call placed that morning; Appellant’s girlfriend,
Marlana Hart, who was present that evening and testified pursuant to a plea agreement
with the state; and the victims’ mothers, Christina Poch and Annette Stewart, who were
not present in the home on June 18, 2017, but provided testimony about events leading
up to and following the morning in question.
      {¶4}   Poch testified that Appellant and Hart had been frequent overnight guests
in Poch’s home in the two months prior to June 18, 2017. Poch conceded that she and
Cook, and Appellant and Hart were addicted to and regularly abused illegal drugs in
Poch’s home.
      {¶5}   However, on June 16, 2017, two nights prior to the morning in question,
Poch discovered Appellant and Hart using drugs in one of the children’s bedrooms, so
Poch instructed them to leave. The couple refused to go, so Poch called her mother, who
convinced Appellant and Hart to collect their belongings and leave the residence without
incident. Poch’s mother corroborated the foregoing testimony. Poch further testified that
the couple returned the following day to apologize, but she did not allow them back into
her home.
      {¶6}   Poch, Cook, and Poch’s three young children were asleep on the floor of
the living room on June 18, 2017. She was awakened around 3:00 a.m. by Appellant and
Hart, who were pounding on the door. Appellant claimed that he had lost his Xanax in
Poch’s driveway. Poch followed the couple to the driveway and allowed Hart to use the
flashlight feature on Poch’s mobile phone to search for Appellant’s medication.
      {¶7}   While Poch, Appellant, and Hart were in the driveway, Appellant began
yelling that Poch stole his Xanax. Realizing the missing medicine story was a ruse, Poch
retrieved her phone from Hart and hurried to the front door. Poch entered her home and
locked the screen door behind her, then braced the front door, because Appellant was in
close pursuit. Poch verbally refused Appellant entrance into her home and screamed that
he should leave. Instead, Appellant accessed a small tear in the screen, tore a much
larger hole in order to gain access to the lock, unlocked the screen door, and pushed his



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                        –4–


way into the residence. Poch specifically testified that she was “leaning on the front door”
when Appellant entered her home without permission. (Trial Tr. 128).
        {¶8}   Appellant barged into Poch’s living room and continued to loudly accuse her
of stealing his Xanax. He grabbed her purse and emptied the contents, then removed
Poch’s medication (Subutex), her phone, and $100.00 from the contents strewn on the
living room floor. When Poch demanded that Appellant return her possessions, Appellant
responded, “I’ll give you your stuff back when you give me mine.” (Id.)
        {¶9}   When she attempted to retrieve her possessions, Appellant pulled her by
the hair, swung her in the air, and threw her to the ground. Appellant began punching her
in the face, and Hart started kicking her in her side.
        {¶10} The physical attack awakened Cook and the children. Cook intervened,
yelling “get off my girl.” Cook struck Appellant, and a fist fight ensued between them,
which migrated into the kitchen. In the meantime, Poch was able to push Hart to the
ground, but when Poch attempted to reach her daughter, who was crying, Hart pulled
Poch back to the ground and began to repeatedly strike her in the head with a plastic toy.
        {¶11} About that same time, Cook knocked Appellant to the kitchen floor. Hart
took a blue iPhone, which Cook’s mother had loaned to him, then Hart yelled, “Zac, grab
[Cook’s other] phone, they’re going to call 9-1-1.” (Id. at 134). Hart fled the scene with
the blue iPhone, leaving Poch alone in the living room, with her crying daughter in her
arms.
        {¶12} Cook left the residence at that same time and ran to a neighbor’s home to
call 9-1-1. As a consequence, Poch was left alone in her home with Appellant and her
children. Poch testified that Appellant arose from the kitchen floor, retreived the money,
medicine, and phone, and walked through the living room toward the front door. Appellant
gave Poch a “death stare” and punched her in the face, while she held her daughter in
her arms, then he fled. (Id. at 135).
        {¶13} Poch testified that she received two Facebook communications at 5:23 a.m.
and 11:36 a.m., respectively, from Hart’s Facebook Messenger. Poch further testified
that she and Jesse frequently used Hart’s Facebook account as a mode of
communication with Appellant and Hart. The 11:36 a.m. message read, in its entirety,
“Sry i hit u jesse she is the one that took them i shouldnt of hit u but she deffently got my



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                        –5–


pills[.]” (Id. at 145; State Exh. 5).
       {¶14} On      cross-examination,    defense    counsel    inquired   about     several
discrepancies between Poch’s direct testimony and her testimony at the preliminary
hearing on November 9, 2017. Poch conceded on cross-examination that she did not go
to the hospital following the incident because she was aware that a toxicology screen
would reveal the presence of crack cocaine in her blood.
       {¶15} Cook testified that he was awakened in the early morning hours of June 18,
2017 by an attack on Poch perpetrated by Appellant and Hart. Cook testified that he
intervened in order to protect Poch. Cook struck Appellant, and the two men engaged in
a fist fight, during which Appellant punched Cook in the face and knocked out his front
tooth. Cook testified that Hart was not involved in the altercation between Appellant and
Cook and that Hart never touched him that evening.
       {¶16} According to Cook, everything “seemed to calm down” when Poch yelled,
“My daughter’s in here.” Because Poch was more severely injured than Cook, he decided
that he should run to the neighbor’s house to call 9-1-1.
       {¶17} On the recording of the 9-1-1 call, Cook states, “[t]hey just busted through
the door, hit me, hit her, took her – took her prescription medication and her iPhone.” (Tr.,
p. 203, State’s Exh. 6). Cook further states that “[Poch] got the worst of it” and Poch can
be heard crying in the background and saying “I’m bleeding.” (Id. at 204, State’s Exh. 6).
According to Cook’s testimony, Appellant took Subutex that belonged to Cook from the
contents of Poch’s purse, in addition to Poch’s Subutex.
       {¶18} On cross-examination, defense counsel noted discrepancies between
Cook’s trial testimony and his testimony at the November 9, 2017 hearing, where he
testified under oath that he observed Appellant in the driveway, and that he saw Appellant
push in the front door and attack Poch. Cook conceded during cross-examination that he
was awakened by the attack on Poch and that he lied at the preliminary hearing about
witnessing any of the prior events.
       {¶19} Hart testified on behalf of the state, pursuant to a plea agreement executed
the previous week. She had entered guilty pleas to burglary and theft but had not been
sentenced when she testified at Appellant’s trial. Hart was pregnant with Appellant’s child
on June 18, 2017, and had given birth to their daughter prior to Appellant’s trial.



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                      –6–


      {¶20} Despite the fact that she had not been sentenced, Hart denied that
Appellant had engaged in any of the conduct described by Poch and Cook. She also
denied in engaging in any criminal activity on the night in question, claiming that she had
admitted to the crimes simply to avoid a lengthy jail sentence that would take her from
her infant daughter. She testified that Poch invited her and Appellant into the residence
that morning. She conceded that she struck Poch with her hand, but testified that she
acted in defense of Appellant because Poch attacked him.
      {¶21} Hart also admitted that Cook and Appellant fought, but she denied that
Appellant stole anything. She denied taking a mobile phone from the home, despite her
prior guilty plea, which required restitution of the value of two mobile phones, as well as
the medicine and money stolen from Poch and Cook. Hart testified that Poch and Cook
attacked Appellant, and, that in her eagerness to escape the situation, she inadvertently
walked out with the phone in her hand.
       {¶22} Cook’s mother testified that she was contacted by Appellant after the
incident and she asked him if he was speaking to her on the blue phone. She told
Appellant that the blue phone belonged to her and she would appreciate its return.
Although Appellant agreed to return the phone and made arrangements to meet her in
the parking lot at her place of employment, Appellant never returned the phone. On cross
examination, Cook’s mother testified that she recognized Appellant’s voice on the
telephone because she had spoken with him numerous times.
       {¶23} Patrolman Bailey testified that he was dispatched to Poch’s home after
being advised that Appellant and Hart had broken into the residence and assaulted two
victims. While taking Poch’s verbal statement, Patrolman Bailey observed that Poch’s
face was swollen and bruised on the right side, and her nose and lip were bloodied. He
testified that she was scared, very upset, and crying. Patrolman Bailey further observed
the contents of Poch’s purse strewn on the floor.
       {¶24} At the conclusion of the state’s case, defense counsel moved for a judgment
of acquittal on the aggravated burglary charge, summarily asserting that the evidence
construed most strongly in favor of the state failed to sufficiently provide that a theft
offense had occurred or that the offender inflicted, attempted to inflict, or threatened to
inflict physical harm.   Defense counsel further asserted that the evidence was not



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                           –7–


sufficient to prove robbery in the second or third degrees with regard to each victim. The
trial court overruled the motion. The defense did not present any witnesses and rested
its case.
       {¶25} The jury returned a verdict of guilty on each of the charges, with the
exception of the robbery charge in Count Three, for which the jury returned a guilty verdict
on the lesser-included offense of theft. Counts Two and Three, and Counts Four and
Five were merged at sentencing. The state elected to proceed on Counts Two and Four,
and the trial court imposed a sentence of eight years for Count One, two years for Count
Two, and three years for Count Four, to be served consecutively, for an aggregate
sentence of thirteen years. (5/8/18 J.E.) This timely appeal followed.
                                       Criminal Statutes
       {¶26} R.C. 2911.11 defines “aggravated burglary” and reads, in pertinent part:
       (A) No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied
       structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an
       occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplice of the
       offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the
       separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any
       criminal offense, if any of the following apply:
       (1) The offender inflicts, or attempts or threatens to inflict physical harm on
       another[.]


       {¶27} R.C. 2911.02 defines “robbery” and reads, in pertinent part:
       (A) No person, in attempting or committing a theft offense or in fleeing
       immediately after the attempt or offense, shall do any of the following:
       ***
       (2) Inflict, attempt to inflict, or threaten to inflict physical harm on another;
       (3) Use or threaten the immediate use of force against another
       ***
       (B) Whoever violates this section is guilty of robbery. A violation of
       division (A)(1) or (2) of this section is a felony of the second degree. A
       violation of division (A)(3) of this section is a felony of the third degree.



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                       –8–


       {¶28} R.C. 2913.02 defines “theft” and reads, in its entirety:
       (A) No person, with purpose to deprive the owner of property or services,
       shall knowingly obtain or exert control over either the property or services
       in any of the following ways:
       (1) Without the consent of the owner or person authorized to give consent;
       (2) Beyond the scope of the express or implied consent of the owner or
       person authorized to give consent;
       (3) By deception;
       (4) By threat;
       (5) By intimidation.
                                         Analysis
       {¶29} Appellant asserts three assignments of error:
       Assignment of Error No 1:
       The court committed reversible error by denying defendant’s motion for
       acquittal based upon either the weight or sufficiency of the evidence.
       {¶30} Sufficiency of the evidence is the legal standard applied to determine
whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally sufficient as a
matter of law to support the verdict. State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89, 113, 684 N.E.2d
668 (1997). In essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio
St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to
sustain a verdict is a question of law. Id. In reviewing the record for sufficiency, the
relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d at 113.
       {¶31} In determining whether a verdict is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, we review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences
and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way
and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed
and a new trial ordered. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. “Weight of the evidence
concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to
support one side of the issue rather than the other.’ ” Id. In making our determination, we



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                        –9–


do not view the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution but consider and
weigh all of the evidence produced at trial. Id. at 390.
       {¶32} A conviction will only be reversed as against the manifest weight of the
evidence in exceptional circumstances. Id. The trier of fact is in a better position to
determine credibility issues, because the trier of fact personally viewed the demeanor,
voice inflections and gestures of the witnesses. State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 204, 661
N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967).
Accordingly, we have held that “[w]hen there exist two fairly reasonable views of the
evidence or two conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is not
our province to choose which one we believe, we must accede to the jury.” State v.
Dickson, 7th Dist. No. 12 CO 50, 2013-Ohio-5293, ¶ 25 (internal quotation marks omitted).
       {¶33} A reviewing court should not interfere with witness credibility and factual
determinations of the jury unless the record demonstrates that a reasonable juror simply
could not have found the witness to be credible. State v. Bland, 7th Dist. No. 14 MA 9,
2015-Ohio-1797, ¶ 20, citing State v. Mock, 187 Ohio App.3d 599, 2010-Ohio-2747, 933
N.E.2d 270, ¶ 40 (7th Dist.) The testimony of a single witness, if believed by the trier of
fact, is sufficient to support a conviction. Mock, supra at ¶ 41, citing State v. Cunningham,
105 Ohio St.3d 197, 2004-Ohio-7007, 824 N.E.2d 504, ¶ 51-57.
       {¶34} Appellant argues that Poch’s testimony regarding Appellant’s forcible
entrance into her home was directly contradicted by Hart, who testified that Poch invited
the couple into the residence on June 18, 2017. Appellant further argues that Poch’s
admission that she had crack cocaine in her bloodstream on the evening in question
makes her testimony inherently unreliable. As a consequence, Appellant contends that
the trial judge erred in denying the Rule 29 motion for acquittal, and the jury erred in
convicting Appellant of aggravated burglary.
       {¶35} To the contrary, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the state,
Poch’s testimony, if believed, was sufficient to establish the trespass element of
aggravated burglary. With respect to Appellant’s manifest weight argument, we are
obligated to accede credibility determinations to the jury where, as here, two conflicting
albeit believable versions of the evening’s events were offered at trial. Accordingly, we
find there was sufficient evidence to sustain the trespass element of Appellant’s



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                     – 10 –


aggravated burglary conviction, and, further, Appellant’s conviction is supported by the
manifest weight of the evidence. As a consequence, Appellant’s first assignment of error
has no merit.
       Assignment of Error No 2:
       The trial court committed plain error by allowing the introduction of
       Facebook information without the appropriate authentication.
       {¶36} Appellant concedes that he did not preserve his evidentiary challenge to the
admission of the Facebook messages at trial, and, therefore, our review is limited to plain
error. “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they
were not brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B). An appellate court’s
invocation of plain error requires the existence of an obvious error which affected the
outcome of the proceedings. State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38
N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22.
       {¶37} “Notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost
caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of
justice.” State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio St.3d 516, 532, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001). Recognition
of plain error is discretionary with the reviewing court; it is not mandatory. Rogers, at
¶ 22-23.
       {¶38} Appellant contends that the state failed to properly authenticate the
Facebook messages. Because Hart testified on behalf of the state, Appellant argues that
the state had the opportunity to authenticate the Facebook messages through Hart, who
was the Facebook account holder. As the state failed to do so, Appellant argues the
admission of the Facebook messages constitutes plain error.
       {¶39} We have previously held that photographs of text messages can be
admissible as an admission by a party-opponent under Evid.R. 801(D)(2)(a) if they are
properly authenticated. State v. Shaw, 7th Dist. No. 12 MA 95, 2013-Ohio-5292, 4 N.E.3d
406, ¶ 43. In Shaw, we cited with favor the Eighth District’s opinion in State v. Roseberry,
197 Ohio App.3d 256, 2011-Ohio-5921, 967 N.E.2d 233, wherein the court noted that
the photographs of text messages are typically authenticated, introduced, and received
into evidence through the testimony of the recipient of the messages. Shaw at ¶ 42, citing
Rosenberry at ¶ 75.



Case No. 18 JE 0008
                                                                                       – 11 –


       {¶40} Evid.R. 901 provides a liberal standard regarding the authentication of
evidence. State v. Black, 7th Dist. No. 16 MA 0085, 2018-Ohio-1342, 109 N.E.3d 716,
¶ 11. Pursuant to subsection (A) of the rule, the requirement for admissibility “is satisfied
by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent
claims.” Testimony by a witness with knowledge “that a matter is what it is claimed to
be,” is an acceptable method of authentication. Evid.R. 901(B)(1). Evid.R. 901(B)(1) has
been interpreted by courts to allow “any competent witness who has knowledge that a
matter is what its proponent claims may testify to such pertinent facts, thereby
establishing, in whole or in part, the foundation for identification.” Black at ¶ 14, quoting
TPI Asset Mgt. v. Conrad-Eiford, 193 Ohio App.3d 38, 2011-Ohio-1405, 950 N.E.2d 1018,
¶ 15 (2d Dist.).
       {¶41} Here, Poch, one of the recipients of the messages, testified that they were
transmitted by way of Hart’s Facebook Messenger account, which bears her name and
photograph.        Poch further testified that the account was a common method of
communication between Poch and Cook and Appellant and Hart.
       {¶42} In addition to Poch’s testimony, the content of the message and the
undisputed evidence adduced at trial support the conclusion that the message at issue
was sent by Appellant via Hart’s Facebook account. First, Cook testified that Hart was
not involved in the fist fight, only Appellant. Cook conceded at trial that Hart did not touch
him. Likewise, Hart testified that she struck Poch, and only Poch, in defense of Appellant.
It is also undisputed that Appellant, not Hart, accused Poch of stealing his Xanax. There
is no evidence in the record to suggest that the Xanax at issue belonged to anyone other
than Appellant. With the foregoing evidence in mind, the message, “Sry i hit u jesse she
is the one that took them i shouldnt have hit u but she deffently got my pills[,]” can
rationally be attributed to one person, Appellant.
       {¶43} However, even assuming arguendo that the trial court admitted the
Facebook messages in error, the error was harmless. Poch’s injuries and her testimony
were corroborated by the testimony of Cook, Martin, the Steubenville police officer who
responded to the 9-1-1 call, the recording of the 9-1-1 call itself, as well as the testimony
of both of the victims’ mothers. In other words, Appellant has failed to demonstrate that
the outcome of the trial would have been different but for the admission of the Facebook



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messages. Accordingly, we find that Appellant’s second assignment of error has no merit.
       Assignment of Error No 3:
       Defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective, thereby depriving him of the
       assistance of counsel guaranteed him by the Sixth Amendment.
       {¶44}   To prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must
show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 684, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984). Deficient performance means that claimed errors
were so serious that the defense attorney was not functioning as the counsel that the
Sixth Amendment guarantees. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70
(1992). Prejudice means that counsel's errors compromised the reliability of the trial. Id.
       {¶45} Trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls
within the wide range of reasonable assistance. Id. Furthermore, instances of debatable
trial strategy very rarely constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Telego, 7th
Dist. No. 16 MA 0171, 2018-Ohio-254, 104 N.E.3d 190, ¶ 30. Although a trial counsel’s
strategy may be questionable in a case, the court “must defer to [trial counsel’s]
judgment.” State v. Clayton, 62 Ohio St.2d 45, 49, 402 N.E.2d 1189 (1980). Trial
counsel’s strategic choices must be accorded deference and cannot be examined through
the distorting effect of hindsight. State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815,
848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 115, citing Strickland, supra at 689. In other words, debatable strategic
and tactical decisions may not form the basis of a claim for ineffective assistance of
counsel, even if, in hindsight, it looks as if a better strategy was available. State v.
Thomason, 109 N.E.3d 729, 2018-Ohio-1228 (2nd Dist.), ¶ 14, citing State v. Cook, 65
Ohio St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992).
       {¶46} Appellant contends that prejudicial error occurred as a result of defense
counsel’s failure to object to the admission of the Facebook messages into evidence.
However, we have already determined that Appellant cannot show that the admission of
the messages was outcome determinative.
       {¶47} Appellant next argues that defense counsel’s comments in his opening and
closing statements, that the jury would likely determine an assault was committed that
evening, prejudiced his defense. In fact, defense counsel conceded that there was an
assault, but “[w]ho assaulted who in this convoluted drugged-up mess, who knows * * *”



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(Tr. 101). Defense counsel did not concede that Appellant had committed an assault, but
that the actual perpetrators and victims could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt
based on the conflicting testimony adduced at trial. Because of the injuries sustained by
the victims, defense counsel’s concession constitutes trial strategy that must be accorded
deference on review.
       {¶48} Finally, Appellant contends that defense counsel failed to provide any
evidentiary support for the motion for acquittal at the close of the State’s case. Appellant
argues that if defense counsel had provided a thorough argument in support of the motion,
it would have been granted. Having reviewed the record, we find there was sufficient
evidence to sustain Appellant’s convictions. As a consequence, his ineffective assistance
of counsel claim based on the Rule 29 motion must fail.
       {¶49} In summary, Appellant has failed to demonstrate deficient performance by
his trial counsel. Even assuming deficient performance, Appellant has failed to show
resulting prejudice. As a consequence, Appellant’s third assignment of error is meritless.
       Assignment of Error No 4:
       The trial court committed plain error by failing to merge Count 4 and Count
       2 into Count 1.
       {¶50} Appellant argues that the trial court committed plain error when it failed to
merge both robbery convictions with the aggravated burglary conviction.          The Ohio
Supreme Court has recognized that the imposition of multiple sentences for allied
offenses of similar import is plain error. State v. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-
Ohio-1, 922 N.E.2d 923, ¶ 31.
       {¶51} The state argues that the robbery offenses against two separate victims
constitute two separate crimes which do not merge with each other as allied offenses for
sentencing purposes. See State v. Tapscott, 7th Dist. No. 11 MA 26, 2012-Ohio-4213,
978 N.E.2d 210, ¶ 33-46. The state further argues that the crimes of aggravated burglary
and robbery caused separate, identifiable harm, were committed separately, and were
committed with separate animus.
       {¶52} R.C. 2941.25 codifies the General Assembly's intent to prohibit or allow
multiple punishments for two or more offenses resulting from the same conduct. State v.
Washington, 137 Ohio St.3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, 999 N.E.2d 661, ¶ 11. R.C. 2941.25



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provides:

            (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to
            constitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment
            or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the
            defendant may be convicted of only one.


            (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses
            of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more
            offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a
            separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain
            counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be convicted of
            all of them.

      {¶53} An accused may be convicted and sentenced for multiple offenses if: (1)
the offenses each caused separate, identifiable harm; (2) the offenses were committed
separately; or (3) the offenses were committed with separate animus. State v. McBride,
7th Dist. No. 16 MA 0002, 2017-Ohio-4281, ¶ 25, citing State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114,
2015-Ohio-995, 34 N.E.3d 892, ¶ 25. The Ruff Court observed:

            When a defendant’s conduct victimizes more than one person, the
            harm for each person is separate and distinct, and therefore, the
            defendant can be convicted of multiple counts. Also a defendant’s
            conduct that constitutes two or more offenses against a single victim
            can support multiple convictions if the harm that results from each
            offense is separate and identifiable from the harm of the other offense.
            We therefore hold that two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist
            within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25(B) when the defendant’s conduct
            constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that
            results from each offense is separate and identifiable.

Ruff ¶ 26.

      {¶54} In Ruff, the Ohio Supreme Court reaffirmed its holding in State v. Johnson,
128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, that the emphasis is on the defendant's conduct,
rather than an abstract comparison of the elements of the subject offenses in determining



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the existence of allied offenses. Id. at ¶ 16, 26. “In determining whether offenses are allied
offenses of similar import within the meaning of R.C. 2941.25, courts must evaluate three
separate factors – the conduct, the animus, and the import.” Id., paragraph one of the
syllabus. Further, “[t]wo or more offenses of dissimilar import exist within the meaning of
R.C. 2941.25(B) * * * if the harm that results from each offense is separate and
identifiable.” Id., paragraph two of the syllabus
       {¶55} There is no question here that the two robbery convictions in Counts Two
and Four involved separate victims.         Accordingly, Appellant’s robbery convictions
victimized more than one person and constitute separate and distinct offenses.
       {¶56} At oral argument, counsel for Appellant asserted that there can be no
overlap in the elements of two convictions, otherwise they must be considered allied
offenses of similar import. He cited State v. Wright, 2nd Dist. No. 24276, 2011-Ohio-4874
for the proposition that the physical harm/use of physical force in this case constituted a
single course of conduct. In Wright, the victim testified that Wright pulled her into the
kitchen, then pushed her head into the wall several times. Next, Wright ordered her to
get on her knees, and he told her not to move or he would kill her. During this time, Wright
was holding an object to the victim’s neck, which she believed to be a gun. Id. at ¶ 3. The
Wright Court provided the following analysis of the foregoing facts:
       Initially, we will consider whether aggravated burglary and robbery are allied
       offenses of similar import. In this matter, the evidence demonstrated that
       Wright trespassed into the Smiths' home in order to commit a theft offense.
       Once inside the home, he encountered [the victim] and inflicted, as well as
       threatened to inflict, physical harm on her to further facilitate his commission
       of a theft offense. Wright's actions with regard to these offenses constituted
       a single course of conduct.


       It could be argued that Wright intended to enter the house only to steal
       property and that he committed a separate offense of robbery when he
       threatened [the victim]. However, he was not charged and convicted of
       burglary, but aggravated burglary, which requires the infliction, or
       threatened infliction, of physical harm on another.



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Id. at ¶ 71-72
       {¶57}     The facts in this case are clearly distinguishable.       The offense of
aggravated burglary was completed when Appellant forced his way into Poch’s residence
and assaulted her, that is, the initial attack when she attempted to retrieve her belongings
from Appellant after he removed them from the contents of her purse.
       {¶58} After Hart fled, and Cook ran to the neighbor’s house to call 9-1-1, Appellant
fled through the living room. As he walked from the kitchen into the living room, he
gathered the money, medication, and phone, then he punched Poch one final time, to
clear his path to the front door.
       {¶59} The physical attack element of the aggravated burglary conviction was
satisfied by Appellant’s first assault on Poch, which ended when the fist fight ensued
between Appellant and Cook. The robbery offense committed against Poch consisted of
Appellant’s theft of Poch’s property, coupled with the infliction of physical harm, the
separate and final punch to her face during his attempt to flee immediately after the
offense. See State v. Fields, 12th Dist. No. CA2014-03-025, 2015-Ohio-1345, ¶ 4-18 (if
one offense is completed before the other begins, the offenses are considered separately
for sentencing purposes even though the two offenses may have been committed in close
proximity in time).
       {¶60} In summary, the robbery convictions in this case caused separate,
identifiable harm to two victims. The aggravated burglary and robbery convictions were
committed separately and committed with separate animus based on the record before
us. Accordingly, we find that Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is meritless.
                                        Conclusion
       {¶61} Based upon the foregoing analysis, the judgment entry of the trial court is
affirmed.



Waite, P.J., concurs.

Robb, J., concurs.




Case No. 18 JE 0008
[Cite as State v.Yeager, 2019-Ohio-1095.]




         For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, the assignments of error
 are overruled and it is the final judgment and order of this Court that the judgment of
 the Court of Common Pleas of Jefferson County, Ohio, is affirmed. Costs are waived.
         A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate
 in this case pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. It is ordered that
 a certified copy be sent by the clerk to the trial court to carry this judgment into
 execution.




                                        NOTICE TO COUNSEL

         This document constitutes a final judgment entry.