English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION
ANALYZES THE ARGUMENTS USED
BY THE WRITERS IN MANIFESTOS
REPORTER 1 - GROUP 4
A MANIFESTO is a public declaration
that outlines the intentions, motives, or
views of an individual or group. It often
serves to articulate a set of ideas,
opinions, or a plan of action regarding
political, social, or artistic issues.
Manifestos can be issued by
governments, political parties,
organizations, or even individuals and
typically aim to promote a particular
ideology or call for change.
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MANIFESTO
GOAL- A goal can be a manifesto when
we share it with other people. Itâ€™s public,
itâ€™s a declaration and itâ€™s about what one
intends to have happened.
LIST AND RULES- A manifesto
containing a set of rules for behaving
within a specific context or a list of items
to be achieved or tasks to be fulfilled.
WORLD- Aims to create a new world.
Itâ€™s not about simple rules, instead it
presents a vision for the future.
The common thing about them is that a,
MANIFESTO or the writer of a manifesto,
aims for a change in state or in other
words, the author is trying to convince
the reader to believe the concept that
+he/she is trying to convey by giving the
arguments or logical reasons that will
catch the attention of the reader and
eventually believing it.
ARGUMENT- is defined as a reason or
reasoning given for or against a matter
under discussionâ€”compare evidence,
proof.

STEPS IN ANALYZING ARGUMENT
1. Briefly note the main assertion
(what does the writer want me to
believe or do?)
2. Make a note of the first reason the
authors make to support her/his
conclusion.
3. Write down every other reason.
4. Underline the most important
reason.
DEFENDING A STAND
REPORTER 2 - Gr
I.

Identifying An Issue.
- It is the process of
recognizing or
distinguishing a problem or
opportunity from others.

Identifying an issue using 3 guide
questions:
1. What is an issue?
â— main problem that has
been talked about.
2. What is the writer's position?
â— basically the writer's
opinion about the issue.
3. What is your position?
â— your opinion about the
issue, whether you agree
or disagree with the writer
or author's position.
II.
Analyzing An Issue.
A. Define the issue.
â— Clearly articulate what the
issue is and why it matters.
B. Gather Information
â— Collect relevant data, facts,
and opinions from credible
sources to understand the
context.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION

C. Identify Stakeholders
â— Determine who is affected
by the issue and their
perspectives.
D. Examine Different Perspectives
â— Consider various
viewpoints and arguments
related to the issue.
E. Identify Underlying Causes
â— Look for root causes that
contribute to the issue,
rather than just surface
symptoms.
F. Evaluate Consequences
â— Assess the potential
impacts of the issue and
possible solutions.
G. Draw Conclusion
â— Synthesize your findings to
form a well-rounded
understanding of the issue.
H. Communicate Findings
â— Clearly present your
analysis, using evidence
and logical reasoning to
support your conclusions.
III.
Defending an argument.
- It is to maintain or support
your stand/claim.
A. Factual Knowledge
â— Information that is verifiable
and agreed upon by almost
everyone.
B. Statistical Inferences
â— Interpretation and
examples of an
accumulation of facts.
C. Informed Opinion
â— Opinion developed through
research and/or
experiences of the claim.
D. Personal Testimony

2

â— Personal experience
related by a knowledgeable
party.
Type of
Information

Type of
Source

How to find
these
sources

Introductor
y
information
and
overview.

directories,
encycloped
ias,
handbooks

use the
library
catalogue

library
catalogue,
research
index,
governmen
t web sites

In-depth
studies

books,
governmen
t, reports

Scholarly
articles

academic
journals

article
indexes

Current
Issues

newspaper
s,
magazines

article
indexes

governmen
t agencies
and
association
s

statistical
research,
research
index,
journal
articles

association
and
institute
reports

library
catalogue

Statistics

Position
papers and
analysis

IV. Knowing your reader.
-

It means understanding their
beliefs, interests, and background

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION
to make your argument more
convincing.
A. 5 Guide Questions to Know your
Reader
â— Who is your audience?
â— What do they believe?
â— Where do they possibly stand on
the issue?
â— How are their interests involved?
â— What evidence is likely to be
effective with them?
V. Writing an Argument
What is an Argument?
-

a connected series of statements
intended to establish a definite
proposition.

Writing an Argument
1.) Arguments should always be
carefully defended with good
reasoning and supported by
plenty of research.
2.) The goal of an argument is not
to win a debate but to make a
claim and support it with credible
reasoning and evidence.
Steps in writing an argument
1.) Choose a Topic - Pick
something specific and debatable.
It should be something you care
about and can support with
evidence.
2.)Research - Gather evidence
from reliable sources to support
your stance. Look for facts,
statistics, expert opinions, and
real-world examples. Don't forget
to consider opposing views as
well.

3

Example of reliable sources:
Department of Energy (DOE),
Scientific Journals, Government
reports.
3.)Thesis Statement - Develop a
clear and concise thesis
statement that expresses your
main argument.
4.) Outline - Organize your
argument into an introduction,
body paragraphs, and a
conclusion. This will help you stay
on track.
5) Introduction - Introduce your
topic and the issues surrounding it
in the first place.
6.) Body Paragraphs - Each
paragraph should focus on a
single point that supports your
thesis. Start with a topic sentence,
provide evidence, explain how the
evidence supports your point, and
address counterarguments.
Paragraph of your argument.
Express your ideas in simple
language to achieve clarity
7.) Use Appeals - Balance logical
appeals (facts and data) with
emotional appeals to engage your
audience.
8.) Counterarguments - Address
opposing views and refute them
with evidence. This shows you've
considered multiple perspectives
and strengthens your argument
9.) Conclusion - Summarize your
main points, Restate the
arguments you have presented

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION
but be cautious on not introducing
any new point in your conclusion.
10.) Revise and Edit - Review
your argument for clarity,
coherence, and logical flow.
Correct any grammatical errors
and ensure your evidence is
properly cited.
Logical
Relationship
Similarity

Exception/
Contrast

also, in the same
way, just asâ€¦, so
too, likewise,
similarly
but, however, in
spite of, on the
other hand,
nevertheless,
nonetheless, in
contrast, on the
contrary, still, yet

Sequence/
Order

first, second, third,
next, then, finally

Time

after, afterward, at
last, before,
currently, during,
meanwhile, now,
subsequently,
then, recently

Example

for example, for
instance, namely,
specifically, to
illustrate

Emphasis

even, indeed, in
fact, of course,
truly

Place/

4

Transitional
Expressions

above, below,
beyond, here,

Position

Cause and
Effect

Additional
Support/
Evidence

Conclusion/
Summary

adjacent, nearby,
there
accordingly,
consequently,
hence, so,
therefore, thus
In addition, again,
also, as well,
besides, equally
important, further,
furthermore,
moreover, then
Finally, in a word,
in brief, in
conclusion, in the
end, in the final
analysis, on the
whole, thus, to
conclude, to
summarize, in
summary

WRITING A POSITION PAPER
REPORTER 3 - GROUP 10
What is a Position Paper?
A position paper is an essay that
presents an arguable opinion about an
issue typically that of the author or some
specified person.
TYPES OF POSITION PAPERS
1. Advocacy Position Paper - aims to
present a strong argument in favor of a
specific issue ,policy, or proposal. It aims
to persuade the reader to take a

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION
particular action or adapt to a specific
perspective. (Muhammad Hassan,2024)
2. Counter-Argument Paper - This
position paper aims to present a
compelling argument against a
particular issue or proposal. It seeks to
convince the reader to reject a specific
perspective or course of action.
(Muhammad Hassan,2024)
3. Problem and Solution Position
Paper - It is to identify a significant
problem and propose a solution to
address it. It aims to convince the reader
that the proposed solution is the most
effective way to tackle the identified
problem. (Muhammad Hassan,2024)

PURPOSES IN WRITING A POSITION
PAPER
1. To explain sensitive or controversial
topics
2. To criticize actions, decisions or
situations
3. To commend people or organizations
for doing things right
4. To persuade people to follow a course
of action
5. To propose a better solution to a
problem or issue

b. Present facts and may include
statistics of the issue.
c. Establish your position on the issue.
Body
(1 to 3 paragraphs - around 60% of the
paper)
a. Provide main arguments containing 4
Eâ€™s (Evidence, Explanation, Example,
and Extra details).
â—

i. evidence provides facts and
statistics to support your stand
â— ii. explanation provides reasons
to support your evidences
â— iii. example provides a few
statement for clearer information
â— iv. extra details provide quotes or
statement of some experts
b. Provide counter arguments or
opposing thoughts of your stand.
c. Follow this pattern when presenting
arguments through a paragraph.
â— i. Stand â€“ Weak point â€“ Stand
â— ii. Weak point â€“ Stand â€“ Stand
â— iii. Stand â€“ Stand â€“ Weak point
Conclusion
(1 paragraph - around 20% of the paper)
a. Restate your position on the issue.

PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER

b. Provide a plan of action or a solution.

Introduction

c. Make your ending statement with
views that would resonate throughout the
readerâ€™s lives.

(1 paragraph- around 20% of the paper)
a. Contains the issue or situation to be
discussed.

TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
5

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION

4. Observe grammar and mechanics
(spelling ,capitalization, and punctuation)
5. Fact-finding and research the topic to
gain more knowledge
6. Present weak points of your argument
but make sure your claims are more
substantial
7. Credit reliable sources for the
credibility of your paper
8. Cite laws or relevant principle in your
main arguments, if possible provide with
statistics
9. Use ethical, logical, and emotional
appeal to evoke readers
10. Assert values that adhere to as a
democratic country
11. Restate your stand to conclude your
paper
12. Present your conclusion either to call
for action or to provide a solution

RESEARCH REPORT
REPORTER 4 - GROUP 2

ADDITIONAL TIPS IN WRITING A
POSITION PAPER
1. Present clearly your stand on the
issue
2. Make your introduction as interesting
as possible to arouse interest and gain
support
3. Use transitional devices to carry a
thought from a sentence to another
6

Research report
- a systematic, articulate, and orderly
presentation of a research work may be
in the form of hand-written, typed, or
computerized (Jaideep, 2018).
- it is an expanded paper that presents
the results and interpretation of a
phenomenon through formal
investigation and scientific inquiry (Barrot
& Sipacio, 2016, 234).

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION

Types of Research Report:
1.) Technical reports
- focus on methods employed,
assumptions made while conducting a
study, detailed presentation of findings
and drawing inferences and comparisons
with earlier findings and based on the
type of data drawn from empirical work.
- Uses jargon or technical words.
- it is for audiences that are from
specialized fields such as medical field,
business, engineering, etc.
2.) General reports

- briefly presents the summary of the
purpose, methods, results and
conclusions of the paper.
II. Body of Report
Introduction
- addresses the identified gaps that put
the research in context and its current
state of the problem. It provides what the
research is about and its relevance,
issues or problems investigated and its
proposed solution as well the expected
outcome of the study.
Literature review

It must use a format or structure which
basically includes the following sections:
title page, abstract, introduction,
literature review, methodology, results,
discussion, conclusion, and references.

- provides the synthesis of the literature
and studies reviewed to all available
sources directly related to the study. It
has two sections: the related concepts
and related studies. The related
concepts defined, explained and
described concepts and theories that
serve as guide in the conduct of the
study while related studies are based on
the studies conducted in the past which
support in analyzing and discussing the
data.

I. Preliminary material

Methodology

Title page

- contains the data gathering procedure
which explains the profile of the
participants and its context in the
environment; presents the instruments
used in detail as well as the method of
validation; and shows the details on how
the data were collected and analyzed.

-

reflect journalistic style.
for generalized audience
uses simple words that everyone
could understand.

Structures of Research Report

- describes the content of the paper,
states the name of the author/s and
addresses or affiliation, and specifies the
date of submission.
- It gives a succinct summary of the
contents of the paper.

Abstract

7

Results
- present the data collected based on the
research questions or problems or
objectives. Usually sums up tables and
graphs and its respective interpretations.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION

Discussion
- provides an explanation of the results of
the study in view of the previous studies
presented in the literature review and
follows the flow of research problems or
objectives.
Conclusion
- presents the major findings, limitations
of the study, recommendations and
implications.
III. Supplementary material
References
- a list of sources cited within a research
paper.
- provides a comprehensive record of the
sources used in the research,
showcasing the evidence and inspiration
behind the study's findings.
- Demonstrates transparency and
accountability, enhances credibility, and
allows readers to verify the information
presented.
Appendices
- Supplementary information that is not
essential to the main analysis but adds
value to the research.
- provides additional context, data, or
supporting materials, allowing for a
deeper understanding of the research
without cluttering the main body of the
paper.
- Enhances understanding, provides
supporting evidence, and contributes to
the overall quality and credibility of the
research

8

Guidelines in Writing a Research
Report
Title Page is page 1 of the paper.
-

centered at the top of the page
the title should between10 to 15
words.

Abstract is a one-paragraph.
-

It ranges from 100 to 250 words. It
should be clear, concise and
complete in ;
identifying the subject population,
specifying the research design,
data gathering procedures,
summary of the results and
inferences made or drawn from
the results.

Introduction captures the readerâ€™s
interest when:
-

it has compelling overview and
rationale of the research.

Literature review should critique,
categorize, evaluate and summarize
-

work related to the study;
past approaches to the issues or
problems to avoid past mistakes;
previous successes and applying
in oneâ€™s context.

Methodology must be detailed
description on how oneâ€™s identified and
obtained
-

the sample of the study,
materials, equipment,
measures to collect the data,
specific procedures followed in
order to replicate the study, and
ethical considerations.

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION

Results
-

are written in past tense.
It summarizes the main idea of
the findings.
As a general guideline, when
using tables and figures, it should
not duplicate the text of the results
but highlight data.

Discussion
-

indicates the implications,
interpretations or theoretical
significance of the results; and
focuses on how the analysis of
the data relates to the research
questions.

Results and Discussion
-

constitute 50% to 70% of the
research report. Conclusion is
drawn from the discussion.
summarizes significant results or
findings,
practical implications of those
findings, and
recommendations for future
research.

References
-

include all works cited. It begins
on a new page.
It has authors name, year of
publication, and/or electronic
retrieval information.
It is listed in an alphabetical order
based on the authorâ€™s last
name.

Appendices
-

9

are additional information of the
report.

-

Entries developed for the study
includes tests, questionnaires,
and
- cover letters, coding scheme, print
out of raw data, and the
- computer print-out of statistical
analyses.
- It must be named and numbered.
(DATA GATHERING METHODS AND
TOOLS)
REPORTER 5 - GROUP 8

DATA GATHERING METHODS AND
TOOLS - These methods and tools
achieve reliability by arriving at
consistent and stable data, while validity
is attained by yielding accurate results.
They are useful in conducting either
quantitative or qualitative research. The
aim of quantitative research is to
generate numerical data through more
structured collection methods while
qualitative research purposely explores
trends in thoughts and opinions to gain
insights about the identified research
problem. (Taherdoost, 2016)
WHY IS DATA GATHERING
IMPORTANT?
It allows researchers to:
- Identify trends or patterns
- Test hypotheses
- Make informed decisions
- Develop new strategies
- For example, In education, data
gathering helps institutions assess
student performance and develop
programs to improve learning
outcomes.
FOUR (4) TYPES OF DATA
GATHERING METHOD AND TOOLS

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
COMPLETE REVIEWERS FOR THE SECOND QUARTER EXAMINATION
1. INTERVIEW
2. OBSERVATION
3. QUESTIONNAIRE
4. EXPERIMENT

-

INTERVIEW
This type of method qualitatively
gathers data. The researcher and
participants interact and ideas are
engendered in a discussion.
Responses are often open ended
that would bring out more relevant
information for the researcher to
address the goals of the study.
Aside from face to face interviews,
some other avenues such as
phone or video conferencing
technology can be used to carry
out the data gathering procedure.
It consists of different stages.
(Barrot and Sipacio 2016, 200)

FOUR (4) DIFFERENT STAGES OF
INTERVIEW
1. Pre- Interview stage - This stage
gives the researcher time to
prepare the interview guide and
respondents are identified and
contacted.
2. Warm-up stage - This stage
helps the researcher to build
rapport with the interviewee by
asking questions that would help
him/her be comfortable.
3. Main Interview stage - This
stage lays down the relevant
research questions.
4. Closing stage - This stage
directs the researcher to
acknowledge and thank the
respondents for their participation
and cooperation.

10

GUIDELINES IN PREPARING
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Interview questions should be
relevant to research questions
and must help in achieving a
better understanding of the
research topic.
2. Open-ended questions should be
designed to encourage longer
responses from the participants.
3. Questions should be delivered
using simple language to avoid
confusing the identified
participants.
4. Leading qu