You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-22-01650}
===============

Disaccharide nucleosides, which contain an external sugar moiety linked to one of the hydroxyl groups of the nucleoside via an *O*-glycoside bond, constitute an important class of natural compounds \[[@B1-molecules-22-01650],[@B2-molecules-22-01650],[@B3-molecules-22-01650],[@B4-molecules-22-01650],[@B5-molecules-22-01650],[@B6-molecules-22-01650],[@B7-molecules-22-01650]\]. They are found in biopolymers, such as tRNA and poly(ADP-ribose), as well as antibiotics and other biologically-active compounds \[[@B5-molecules-22-01650],[@B6-molecules-22-01650],[@B8-molecules-22-01650],[@B9-molecules-22-01650],[@B10-molecules-22-01650],[@B11-molecules-22-01650]\]. Adenophostins \[[@B12-molecules-22-01650],[@B13-molecules-22-01650],[@B14-molecules-22-01650],[@B15-molecules-22-01650]\], HF-7 \[[@B16-molecules-22-01650]\], amicetin analogs \[[@B6-molecules-22-01650],[@B17-molecules-22-01650]\], ezomycin \[[@B18-molecules-22-01650]\] and some candidates for inhibitors of chitin synthase \[[@B19-molecules-22-01650]\] are typical examples of disaccharide nucleosides that contain adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil moieties, respectively. Therefore, disaccharide nucleosides and their analogs would be expected to be good drug candidates.

Several strategies for the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides such as enzymatic *O*-glycosylation \[[@B20-molecules-22-01650],[@B21-molecules-22-01650]\], chemical *N*-glycosylation \[[@B5-molecules-22-01650],[@B9-molecules-22-01650],[@B16-molecules-22-01650],[@B22-molecules-22-01650],[@B23-molecules-22-01650],[@B24-molecules-22-01650]\] and chemical *O*-glycosylation \[[@B7-molecules-22-01650],[@B9-molecules-22-01650],[@B14-molecules-22-01650],[@B16-molecules-22-01650],[@B18-molecules-22-01650],[@B19-molecules-22-01650],[@B24-molecules-22-01650],[@B25-molecules-22-01650],[@B26-molecules-22-01650],[@B27-molecules-22-01650],[@B28-molecules-22-01650],[@B29-molecules-22-01650],[@B30-molecules-22-01650],[@B31-molecules-22-01650],[@B32-molecules-22-01650],[@B33-molecules-22-01650],[@B34-molecules-22-01650],[@B35-molecules-22-01650],[@B36-molecules-22-01650],[@B37-molecules-22-01650]\] have been reported to date. Chemical *O*-glycosylation is often useful for the large-scale synthesis of the desired disaccharide nucleosides in higher chemical yields compared to chemical *N*-glycosylation. However, the neutralization of promoters, which are generally Lewis or Brønsted acids, by the nucleobase moieties would be a possible drawback. Moreover, it is reported that an excess amount of the glycosyl donor is required for glycosylation at the hydroxyl site to be complete, because it is likely that glycosylation preferentially proceeds on the nucleobase or other Lewis basic site \[[@B18-molecules-22-01650],[@B32-molecules-22-01650],[@B34-molecules-22-01650],[@B36-molecules-22-01650]\]. Side reactions such as depurination (cleavage of the anomeric C--N bond of nucleosides), anomerization reaction and trans-purinylation have also been reported \[[@B35-molecules-22-01650],[@B38-molecules-22-01650],[@B39-molecules-22-01650]\].

We previously reported on the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides **3** by the direct *O*-glycosylation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside **2** with the thioglycosyl donor **1** (PG: protecting group) ([Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}a) \[[@B40-molecules-22-01650]\]. Among the glycosyl promoters tested, a combination of *p*-toluenesulfenyl chloride (*p*-TolSCl) and silver triflate (AgOTf) was found to give the corresponding products in moderate to high chemical yields. These results prompted us to investigate the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides via the *O*-glycosylation of ribonucleosides. The synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides using protected ribonucleosides as glycosyl acceptors, which requires tedious protecting group manipulations, has been reported in previous studies \[[@B7-molecules-22-01650],[@B9-molecules-22-01650],[@B14-molecules-22-01650],[@B16-molecules-22-01650],[@B18-molecules-22-01650],[@B19-molecules-22-01650],[@B24-molecules-22-01650],[@B32-molecules-22-01650],[@B33-molecules-22-01650],[@B34-molecules-22-01650],[@B35-molecules-22-01650],[@B36-molecules-22-01650],[@B37-molecules-22-01650]\]. The development of direct and regioselective *O*-glycosylation using unprotected or temporarily-protected ribonucleosides would afford a more convenient synthetic route to prepare various biologically-active derivatives.

In this manuscript, we report on the *O*-glycosylation of unprotected ribonucleosides **4** at the 5′-hydroxyl group via the temporary protection of the 2′,3′-*cis*-diol by a boronic ester **6**. It has been reported that boronic and borinic acids are capable of forming the cyclic esters with carbohydrate derivatives \[[@B41-molecules-22-01650],[@B42-molecules-22-01650]\], and such derivatives have been utilized for regio- and/or stereo-selective alkylation, acylation, silylation and glycosylation \[[@B43-molecules-22-01650],[@B44-molecules-22-01650],[@B45-molecules-22-01650],[@B46-molecules-22-01650],[@B47-molecules-22-01650],[@B48-molecules-22-01650],[@B49-molecules-22-01650],[@B50-molecules-22-01650],[@B51-molecules-22-01650],[@B52-molecules-22-01650],[@B53-molecules-22-01650]\]. In our strategy, the ribonucleoside **4** is treated with the boronic acid **5** to temporarily protect the 2′,3′-*cis*-diol of **4** to prepare **6** in situ, which is then *O*-glycosylated at the 5'-hydroxyl group with the glycosyl donor **7** to afford the disaccharide nucleosides **8** in a regioselective manner ([Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}b) (in this manuscript, "disaccharide nucleosides" include the glycosylated deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides, due to the generally-used terminology).

2. Results and Discussion {#sec2-molecules-22-01650}
=========================

2.1. O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides with Thioglycosyl Donors {#sec2dot1-molecules-22-01650}
------------------------------------------------------------

We first examined the *O*-glycosylation of uridine **10** with the thiomannoside **9** \[[@B54-molecules-22-01650]\] using 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf \[[@B55-molecules-22-01650],[@B56-molecules-22-01650]\] against **10** (i.e., 2.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 4.0 equivalents of AgOTf against **9** according to our previous paper \[[@B40-molecules-22-01650]\]). Thioglycosides are one of the most popular glycosyl donor due to their ease of preparation and modification, high stability and the many available activation methods \[[@B25-molecules-22-01650],[@B26-molecules-22-01650],[@B27-molecules-22-01650],[@B28-molecules-22-01650],[@B29-molecules-22-01650],[@B57-molecules-22-01650]\]. After the glycosylation and crude purification, the resulting compounds were acetylated to permit the desired products to be purified more easily.

The results for the glycosylation reactions are summarized in [Table 1](#molecules-22-01650-t001){ref-type="table"}. In Entry 1, the glycosylation of **10** with **9** without boronic acid derivatives gave a complex mixture. In Entry 2, a mixture of **10** and phenylboronic acid **11a** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane followed by stirring in 1,4-dioxane under reflux conditions \[[@B44-molecules-22-01650]\] to prepare the temporary 2′,3′-*cis*-diol-protected intermediate **6** (in [Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}), to which **9** (corresponding to **7** in [Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}) was added. The glycosylation of **6** proceeded at its 5′-OH to afford **12** (corresponding to **8** in [Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}) in 41% (α/β = 1.6/1) in a regioselective manner. The formation of a 1′′,5′-glycosidic linkage of **12** was confirmed by comparing its ^1^H NMR spectrum with that of the authentic sample prepared by another synthetic route, in which the chemical yield was 20% for four steps from **10** to **12** (excluding the steps required for the preparation of **9**; see [Scheme S1](#app1-molecules-22-01650){ref-type="app"} in the [Supplementary Materials](#app1-molecules-22-01650){ref-type="app"}). In Entry 3, a mixture of **9**, **10** and **11a** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane, and the resulting mixture was treated with promoters to give **12** in a yield nearly similar to that for Entry 2. In the following Entries 4--10, therefore, glycosylation reactions were conducted using a procedure similar to that used in Entry 3 for easy manipulation.

The electrostatic effect of the substituents of the boronic acid was studied in Entries 4--6. Glycosylations using 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid (4-MeOPhB(OH)~2~) **11b**, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid (4-CF~3~PhB(OH)~2~) **11c** and 2,4-difluorophenylboronic acid (2,4-F~2~PhB(OH)~2~) **11d** were conducted to give **12** in 39%, 51% and 46%, respectively, suggesting the positive effect of electron-withdrawing moieties such as -CF~3~ and -F on the aromatic ring of the boronic acid.

The solvent effect was also examined in Entries 7--9. It is well known that glycosylation in an ether-type solvent such as Et~2~O, THF and 1,4-dioxane enhances α-stereoselectivity \[[@B58-molecules-22-01650],[@B59-molecules-22-01650]\]. As shown in Entry 7, 1,4-dioxane improved the α-stereoselectivity of the reaction, while the chemical yield was unsatisfactory. In Entry 8, CH~2~Cl~2~ gave a negligible amount of **12**, due to the low solubility of the substrates. Glycosylation using EtCN gave **12** in higher chemical yield (Entry 9) than those for 1,4-dioxane (Entry 7) and MeCN (Entry 3), and the stereoselectivity was nearly the same as that in MeCN (Entry 3).

In Entry 10, glycosylation using lower equivalents of promoters (1.8 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 3.6 equivalents of AgOTf against **10**) than those in Entry 9 gave similar results. Therefore, 3.0 equivalents and 6.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and AgOTf were used in the following *O*-glycosylations to complete the reactions. In Entry 11, phenylboronic acid having a C6 alkyl chain **11e** was used to improve the solubility of the boronic ester, albeit the chemical yield was not improved.

The *O*-glycosylation of adenosine **13** with **9** was examined next. As shown in Entry 1 of [Table 2](#molecules-22-01650-t002){ref-type="table"}, *O*-glycosylation in the absence of boronic acid derivatives gave a complex mixture, as in the case of uridine (Entry 1 in [Table 1](#molecules-22-01650-t001){ref-type="table"}). In Entries 2 and 3, in which PhB(OH)~2~ **11a** and 4-CF~3~PhB(OH)~2~ **11c** were used, **14** was produced, but the yields were lower (14% and 11%, respectively) than those of **10** in Entries 3 and 9 of [Table 1](#molecules-22-01650-t001){ref-type="table"}, which can be attributed to the trans-purinylation of **13** and/or **14** (*N*-mannosyl adenine **15** was isolated in 6--27%) \[[@B36-molecules-22-01650]\].

We attempted the *O*-glycosylations of various nucleosides **10**, **13** and **16**--**22** with the thiogalactoside **23**, in which the hydroxyl groups were protected by benzoyl groups to achieve β-selective *O*-glycosylation by neighboring group participation at the O2 benzoyl group ([Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}). The formation of a β-1′′,5′-glycosidic linkage between the galactose moiety and ribonucleoside in the products **24**--**32** was confirmed by NNR measurements (^1^H NMR, ^13^C NMR, ^1^H-^1^H COSY, HMQC and HMBC). As listed in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}, the reaction of the unprotected and *N*-protected adenosine, **13** and **16** \[[@B60-molecules-22-01650]\], afforded the desired products β-**24** and β-**25** in 42% and 30%, respectively (Entries 1 and 2). Note that the use of unprotected adenosine **13** gave a better yield than that for the protected **16**, phenomena similar to the *O*-glycosylation of 2'-deoxyadenosine reported by us in a previous study ([Figure 1](#molecules-22-01650-f001){ref-type="fig"}a) \[[@B40-molecules-22-01650]\]. It should also be noted that the reaction of **13** with **23** (Entry 1) gave negligible amounts of *N*-galactosyl adenine as a byproduct unlike the use of the mannosyl donor **9** in an *O*-glycosylation reaction (Entries 2 and 3 in [Table 2](#molecules-22-01650-t002){ref-type="table"}). In Entries 3 and 4, the reaction of the unprotected and *N*-protected guanosine, **17** and **18** \[[@B61-molecules-22-01650]\], afforded the corresponding products β-**26** and β-**27** in 12% and 44%, respectively. The higher yield of β-**27** is possibly due to better solubility of the boronic ester intermediate prepared from the *N*-protected **18** in EtCN than that from the unprotected **17**. In Entry 5, the *O*-glycosylation of uridine **10** with **23** gave the desired product β-**28** in 42% yield, and the electrophilic substitution reaction at the 5-position of the uracil moiety of **10** and/or β-**28** with the *p*-toluenesulfenyl cation was observed (*ca.* 15%) \[[@B62-molecules-22-01650]\]. In Entries 6 and 7, the *O*-glycosylation of 5-metyluridine **19** and 5-fluorouridine **20** afforded the corresponding products β-**29** and β-**30** in 53% and 61%, respectively. In Entries 8 and 9, the reaction of the unprotected and *N*-protected cytidine, **21** and **22** \[[@B63-molecules-22-01650]\], afforded β-**31** and β-**32** in 55% and 40%, respectively. It should be noted that the use of the unprotected **21** gave β-**31** in slightly higher yield than β-**32** from the protected **22**.

The *O*-glycosylation of 5-fluorouridine **20** with glucosyl, galactosyl and mannosyl donors was also examined. As summarized in [Table 4](#molecules-22-01650-t004){ref-type="table"}, the glucosyl donor **33** \[[@B64-molecules-22-01650]\] and the galactosyl donor **23** afforded the corresponding products β-**35** and β-**30** in reasonably acceptable yields, while the use of the mannosyl donor **34** \[[@B65-molecules-22-01650]\] gave a mixture.

2.2. O-Glycosylation of Nucleosides with Thioglycosyl Donors Containing the Boronic Acid Moiety on the Leaving Group {#sec2dot2-molecules-22-01650}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Shen and co-workers recently reported on the 1,2-*cis* glycosylation of some simple alcohols using glucosyl donors containing a boronic acid moiety on the leaving group, which is referred to leaving group-based aglycon delivery \[[@B48-molecules-22-01650]\]. These results prompted us to examine the use of the thioglycosyl donor **37** containing a boronic acid moiety on the leaving group, which was expected to form a boronic ester with the 2′,3′-*cis*-diol of ribonucleoside **38** to give the intermediate **39** ([Figure 2](#molecules-22-01650-f002){ref-type="fig"}). It was expected that the *O*-glycosylation of **39** would produce **40** in a pseudo-intramolecular manner.

In [Table 5](#molecules-22-01650-t005){ref-type="table"}, the results for the *O*-glycosylation of uridine **10** and adenosine **13** with the glycosyl donors **41** and **42** ([Schemes S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Materials](#app1-molecules-22-01650){ref-type="app"}) are summarized. In Entries 1 and 2, the reactions of **10** and **13** with **41** afforded the corresponding products **12** and **14** in 44% (α/β = 1.9/1) and 16% (α/β = 1.3/1), respectively. In Entries 3 and 4, **42** gave the almost the same chemical yields and stereoselectivities as those in Entries 1 and 2. These results are similar to Entry 3 in [Table 1](#molecules-22-01650-t001){ref-type="table"} and Entry 2 in [Table 2](#molecules-22-01650-t002){ref-type="table"}, in which **10** or **13** was reacted with **9** and phenylboronic acid **11a** under the same conditions in [Table 5](#molecules-22-01650-t005){ref-type="table"}, indicating that the introduction of a boronic acid on the thiophenyl leaving group in our reactions has a negligible effect on the overall reaction.

2.3. Deprotection of the Glycosylation Products {#sec2dot3-molecules-22-01650}
-----------------------------------------------

The deprotection of the glycosylation product **12** (α/β = 1.6/1) involved a treatment with aqueous LiOH to afford α-**43** and β-**43**, which were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The deprotection of the benzyl groups of α-**43** and β-**43** under traditional reaction conditions (10% Pd/C with H~2~ gas) gave α-**44** and β-**44**, respectively ([Scheme 1](#molecules-22-01650-sch001){ref-type="scheme"}a) \[[@B66-molecules-22-01650]\]. The deprotection of β-**30** by treatment with MeNH~2~ \[[@B67-molecules-22-01650]\] afforded β-**45** \[[@B68-molecules-22-01650]\] in 62% ([Scheme 1](#molecules-22-01650-sch001){ref-type="scheme"}b).

2.4. Interaction of Uridine and 4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic Acid Studied by ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR Spectroscopy {#sec2dot4-molecules-22-01650}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The temporary protection of the 2'3'-*cis*-diol of ribonucleoside with a boronic acid was checked by NMR spectroscopy. The ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR measurements of uridine **10**, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid **11c** and a mixture of **10** and **11c** were undertaken in CD~3~CN ([Figure 3](#molecules-22-01650-f003){ref-type="fig"}). For the preparation of the third sample, a mixture of **10** and **11c** was azeotroped with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane, followed by stirring in 1,4-dioxane under the reflux conditions for 1 h. For comparison, **11c** was azeotroped in a similar manner, and the ^11^B and ^19^F NMR spectra of the resulting mixture were obtained. As shown in [Figure 3](#molecules-22-01650-f003){ref-type="fig"}a,b, the peaks for the 2′ and 3′ hydroxyl groups disappeared, and the 2′ and 3′ proton signals were shifted considerably upfield upon the addition of **11c**. In [Figure 3](#molecules-22-01650-f003){ref-type="fig"}c--e, it was assumed that the peaks at 21 ppm, 28 ppm and 32 ppm correspond to a 2,4,6-tris\[4-(trifluorometyl)phenyl\]boroxine pyridine complex, the proposed structure of which is **49** (some NMR spectra of boroxine pyridine complexes were reported \[[@B69-molecules-22-01650],[@B70-molecules-22-01650],[@B71-molecules-22-01650]\]), **11c** or 2,4,6-tris\[4-(trifluorometyl)phenyl\]boroxine and the desired boronic ester **47**, respectively. In [Figure 3](#molecules-22-01650-f003){ref-type="fig"}f--h, we assumed that the peaks at −63.3 ppm, −63.2 ppm and −62.8 ppm correspond to **47**, **11c** or 2,4,6-tris\[4-(trifluorometyl)phenyl\]boroxine and **49**, respectively.

3. Materials and Methods {#sec3-molecules-22-01650}
========================

3.1. General Information {#sec3dot1-molecules-22-01650}
------------------------

Reagents and solvents were commercially purchased, were the highest commercial quality available and were used without further purification. Anhydrous CH~2~Cl~2~ was prepared by distillation from calcium hydride. Acetonitrile and propionitrile were prepared by distillation from calcium hydride and the successive distillation from phosphorus (V) oxide. Anhydrous 1,4-dioxane was prepared by distillation from sodium. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water.

^1^H (300 and 400 MHz), ^11^B (128 MHz), ^13^C (75 and 100 MHz) and ^19^F (376 MHz) NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL Always 300 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and a JEOL Lamda 400 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) spectrometer. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as an internal reference for ^1^H and ^13^C NMR measurements in CDCl~3~, CD~3~OD, CD~3~CN, acetone-*d*~6~ and DMSO-*d*~6~. 3-(Trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3-*d*~4~ acid sodium (TSP) was used as an internal reference for ^1^H NMR measurements in D~2~O. 1,4-Dioxane was used as an internal reference for ^13^C NMR measurements in D~2~O. ^11^B and ^19^F NMR spectra were measured in a quartz NMR tube. The boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex (BF~3~·OEt~2~) in CDCl~3~ was used as an external reference (0 ppm) for ^11^B NMR, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in CDCl~3~ was used as an external reference (−76.5 ppm) for ^19^F NMR. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer FTIR Spectrum 100 (ATR) (PerkinElmer, Massachusetts, USA). MS measurements were performed on a JEOL JMS-700 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and Varian 910-MS (Varian Medical Systems, California, USA) spectrometer. Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin-Elmer CHN 2400 analyzer (PerkinElmer, Massachusetts, USA). Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1030 digital polarimeter (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) in 50-mm cells using the D line of sodium (589 nm). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and silica gel column chromatography were performed using Merck Silica gel 60 F~254~ plate (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and Fuji Silica Chemical FL-100D (Fuji Silysia Chemical, Aichi, Japan), respectively. HPLC experiments were carried out using a system consisting of a PU-2089 Plus intelligent HPLC pump (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan), a UV-2075 Plus intelligent UV-visible detector (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan), a Rheodine injector (Model No. 7125) and a Chromatopak C-R8A (Shimadzu, Kyōto, Japan). For preparative HPLC, a SenshuPak Pegasil ODS column (Senshu Scientific Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (20φ × 250 mm, No. 0509271H) was used. GPC experiments were carried out using a system consisting of a POMP P-50 (Japan Analytical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), a UV/VIS DETECTOR S-3740 (Soma, Tokyo, Japan), a Manual Sample Injector 7725i (Rheodyne, Bensheim, Germany) and an MDL-101 1 PEN RECORDER (Japan Analyrical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), equipped with two GPC columns, JAIGEL-1H and JAIGEL-2H (Japan Analyrical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) (20φ × 600 mm, No. A605201 and A605204).

3.2. Synthesis of Compounds {#sec3dot2-molecules-22-01650}
---------------------------

*2′,3′-Di-O-acetyl-5′-O-(6′′-O-acetyl-2′′,3′′,4′′-tri-O-benzyl-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)uridine* (**12**) (Entry 9 in [Table 1](#molecules-22-01650-t001){ref-type="table"}): A mixture of **9** (28.4 mg, 48.6 µmol), **10** (7.9 mg, 32.4 µmol) and **11c** (9.3 mg, 49.0 µmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (three times) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (three times) and dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (320 µL). This reaction mixture was stirred under reflux conditions for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was stirred with activated 4 Å molecular sieves (64 mg) in anhydrous EtCN (640 µL) at room temperature for 30 min and then cooled to −40 °C, to which *p*-TolSCl (12.8 µL, 96.8 µmol) and AgOTf (49.9 mg, 194 µmol) were added at the same temperature. After stirring for 1.5 h at −40 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~, diluted with CHCl~3~ and filtered through Celite. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~ and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--50/1) to give 5′-*O*-(6′′-*O*-acetyl-2′′,3′′,4′′-tri-*O*-benzyl-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)uridine including a small amount of byproducts as a colorless syrup (15.2 mg). To the resulting crude compound in anhydrous pyridine (200 µL), Ac~2~O (20.4 µL, 21.6 µmol, 10.0 equiv. based on the crude compound) and DMAP (catalytic amount) were added at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min and then allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with CHCl~3~, washed with 1 M aqueous HCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~ and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--90/1) to give **12** as a colorless amorphous solid (15.8 mg, 61% yield for 3 steps, α/β = 1.6/1): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 8.56 (s, 0.6H), 8.29 (s, 0.4H), 7.89 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 0.4H), 7.41--7.19 (m, 15.6H), 6.29 (d, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 0.4H), 6.15--6.05 (m, 0.6H), 5.55 (dd, *J* = 5.1, 1.2 Hz, 0.4H), 5.39 (dd, *J* = 8.1, 1.8 Hz, 0.6H), 5.33--5.23 (m, 2H), 5.01--4.86 (m, 2H), 4.80--4.55 (m, 4.6H), 4.46 (s, 0.4H), 4.39--4.21 (m, 3H), 4.13 (dd, *J* = 10.5, 1.8 Hz, 0.4H), 4.05 (d, *J* = 2.7 Hz, 0.4H), 3.99--3.84 (m, 2.2H), 3.84--3.68 (m, 1.6H), 3.68--3.57 (m, 1H), 3.44 (dt, *J* = 9.9, 6.9 Hz, 0.4H), 2.15 (s, 1.2H), 2.12 (s, 1.8H), 2.09 (s, 1.2H), 2.09 (s, 1.8H), 2.06 (s, 1.8H), 2.00 (s, 1.2H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 170.9, 170.8, 170.1, 169.8, 169.7, 169.6, 162.8, 162.6, 150.8, 150.4, 141.0, 138.8, 138.2, 137.9, 137.8, 137.7, 128.5, 128.5, 128.4, 128.4, 128.1, 128.1, 128.0, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 103.3, 103.2, 100.0 (C~1′′~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 153.6 Hz, β form), 98.5 (C~1′′~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 171.0 Hz, α form), 86.3, 85.2, 82.8, 82.1, 81.4, 80.1, 77.3, 75.2, 75.2, 75.0, 74.8, 74.7, 74.3, 73.9, 73.7, 73.5, 72.9, 72.8, 72.5, 72.2, 71.9, 71.2, 71.0, 68.6, 66.8, 63.3, 63.2, 20.9, 20.9, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3200, 3065, 3032, 2930, 2877, 1742, 1691, 1498, 1455, 1373, 1310, 1231, 1073, 1042, 1029, 925, 901, 811, 737, 697, 635, 597 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~42~H~47~N~2~O~14~, 803.3027; found, 803.3028.

*2′,3′-Di-O-acetyl-5′-O-(6′′-O-acetyl-2′′,3′′,4′′-tri-O-benzyl-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)adenosine* (**14**) and *7-N-(6′-O-acetyl-2′,3′,4′-tri-O-benzyl-α-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)adenine* (**15**) (Entry 2 in [Table 2](#molecules-22-01650-t002){ref-type="table"}): A mixture of **9** (28.4 mg, 48.6 µmol), **13** (8.6 mg, 32.2 µmol) and **11a** (5.9 mg, 48.4 µmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (three times) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (three times) and dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (320 µL). This reaction mixture was stirred under reflux conditions for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was stirred with activated 3 Å molecular sieves (64 mg) in anhydrous MeCN (640 µL) at room temperature for 30 min and then cooled to −20 °C, to which *p*-TolSCl (12.8 µL, 96.8 µmol) and AgOTf (49.9 mg, 194 µmol) were added at the same temperature. After stirring for 1.5 h at −20 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~, diluted with CHCl~3~ and filtered through Celite. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~ and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--10/1) to give 5′-*O*-(6′′-*O*-acetyl-2′′,3′′,4′′-tri-*O*-benzyl-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)adenosine including a small amount of byproducts as a colorless syrup (6.3 mg). To the resulting crude compound in anhydrous pyridine (200 µL), Ac~2~O (8.0 µL, 84.9 µmol, 10.0 equiv. based on the crude compound) and DMAP (catalytic amount) were added at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min and then allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction mixture was diluted with CHCl~3~, washed with aqueous NaHCO~3~ and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--5/1) to give **14** as a colorless amorphous solid (3.8 mg, 14% yield for 3 steps, α/β = 1/1.0) and **15** as a colorless syrup (1.1 mg, 6% yield for 3 steps): **14** (α/β = 1/1.0); ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 0.5H), 7.93 (s, 0.5H), 7.42--7.27 (m, 13.5H), 7.16 (t, *J* = 2.7 Hz, 1.5H), 6.31 (d, *J* = 6.0 Hz, 0.5H), 6.20 (d, *J* = 5.7 Hz,0.5H), 5.92 (t, *J* = 5.7 Hz, 0.5H), 5.78--5.67 (m, 1H), 5.67--5.52 (m, 2.5H), 4.97--4.83 (m, 3H), 4.77--4.45 (m, 5H), 4.45--4.16 (m, 3H), 4.05--3.82 (m, 3H), 3.82--3.62 (m, 1H), 3.58--3.41 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 1.5H), 2.13 (s, 1.5H), 2.07 (s, 1.5H), 2.06 (s, 1.5H), 2.03 (s, 1.5H), 2.01 (s, 1.5H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 171.1, 170.9, 169.9, 169.6, 169.4, 169.3, 155.5, 155.4, 153.4, 153.1, 150.0, 150.0, 139.7, 138.7, 138.4, 138.2, 138.1, 138.0, 137.9, 128.4, 128.4, 128.4, 128.4, 128.4, 128.2, 128.1, 127.9, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.7, 127.6, 127.6, 127.3, 120.1, 119.8, 100.9 (C~1′′~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 156.9 Hz, β form), 98.6 (C~1′′~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 168.5 Hz, α form), 85.7, 85.2, 82.3, 82.2, 81.4, 80.2, 75.3, 75.1, 75.0, 74.5, 74.4, 74.3, 74.1, 73.9, 73.1, 73.0, 72.4, 71.7, 71.1, 70.7, 69.3, 66.6, 63.5, 63.4, 21.0, 20.9, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4, 20.4 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3332, 3171, 3066, 3032, 2927, 2875, 1742, 1635, 1595, 1498, 1473, 1455, 1424, 1366, 1332, 1293, 1234, 1213, 1071, 1042, 1027, 903, 825, 799, 736, 697, 667, 649, 602 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~43~H~48~N~5~O~12~, 826.3299; found, 826.3294; **15**; ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 8.44 (s, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.41--7.28 (m, 10H), 7.23--7.19 (m, 1H), 7.18--7.08 (m, 2H), 6.86--6.74 (m, 2H), 5.88 (s, 2H), 5.61 (s, 1H), 4.97 (d, *J* = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 4.70 (d, *J* = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (dd, *J* = 12.0, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (dd, *J* = 12.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, *J* = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (t, *J* = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 1H), 3.88 (dd, *J* = 9.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (dt, *J* = 9.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (s, 3H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 170.0, 160.7, 153.2, 151.6, 143.0, 137.3, 135.9, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 128.3, 128.2, 127.7, 111.8, 85.7, 82.8, 76.7, 76.1, 75.4, 75.1, 73.0, 72.5, 62.2, 20.7 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3449, 3371, 3167, 3089, 3064, 3031, 2927, 2873, 1742, 1627, 1587, 1551, 1497, 1475, 1455, 1425, 1389, 1365, 1340, 1296, 1228, 1094, 1019, 966, 909, 887, 825, 736, 695, 602 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~34~H~36~N~5~O~6~, 610.2666; found, 610.2668; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = −20.6 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-Tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)adenosine* (β-**24**) (Entry 1 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): A mixture of **23** (80.4 mg, 114 µmol), **13** (20.4 mg, 76.3 µmol) and **11c** (21.7 mg, 114 µmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (three times) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (three times) and dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL). This reaction mixture was stirred under reflux conditions for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was stirred with activated 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) in anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) at room temperature for 30 min and then cooled to −40 °C, to which *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol) and AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol) were added at the same temperature. After stirring for 1.5 h at −40 °C, the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~, diluted with CHCl~3~ and filtered through Celite. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO~3~ and brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--30/1) to give β-**24** as a colorless solid (27.4 mg, 42% yield): ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.07 (dd, *J* = 7.6, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 8.02--7.98 (m, 3H), 7.97--7.93 (m, 2H), 7.83--7.79 (m, 2H), 7.57--7.51 (m, 1H), 7.49 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.45--7.32 (m, 8H), 7.20 (t, *J* = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (brs, 2H), 6.13 (d, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (d, *J* = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (d, *J* = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (t, *J* = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.47--4.33 (m, 4H), 4.20 (d, *J* = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 166.1, 165.6, 165.5, 155.3, 152.0, 148.8, 139.0, 133.8, 133.5, 133.4, 133.4, 130.0, 129.8, 129.8, 129.7, 129.3, 128.7, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 119.0, 101.5, 88.3, 83.9, 76.3, 72.5, 71.6, 71.2, 70.1, 70.0, 68.0, 61.8 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3345, 3203, 3070, 2929, 1721, 1639, 1602, 1585, 1475, 1452, 1421, 1316, 1259, 1177, 1092, 1066, 1025, 1002, 938, 906, 857, 799, 753, 705, 685, 649, 617 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~44~H~40~N~5~O~13~, 846.2623; found, 846.2626; Anal. Calcd. for C~44~H~39~N~5~O~13~·1.5H~2~O: C, 60.55; H, 4.85; N, 8.02; found: C, 60.47; H, 4.61; N, 7.98; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +13.9 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*6-N-Benzoyl-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)adenosine* (β-**25**) (Entry 2 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.5 mg, 115 µmol), **16** (28.4 mg, 76.5 µmol), **11c** (21.8 mg, 115 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.8 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--50/1) to give β-**25** as a colorless solid (21.9 mg, 30% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 9.21 (brs, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.17-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.90--7.81 (m, 4H), 7.90--7.81 (m, 2H), 7.76 (d, *J* = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.62--7.36 (m, 11H), 7.30 (t, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (t, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.15 (d, *J* = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, *J* = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, *J* = 10.2, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (dd, *J* = 10.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (brs, 1H), 4.88 (d, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76--4.59 (m, 2H), 4.43 (dd, *J* = 11.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.38--4.21 (m, 4H), 3.81 (dd, *J* = 10.5, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 165.5, 165.5, 164.6, 152.2, 151.0, 149.4, 141.7, 133.7, 133.5, 133.4, 132.8, 130.2, 129.8, 129.6, 129.3, 128.9, 128.8, 128.8, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.3, 127.9, 122.8, 101.5, 89.4, 84.2, 75.8, 71.8, 71.6, 71.2, 69.9, 69.3, 68.0, 61.9 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3336, 3066, 2938, 1721, 1612, 1603, 1584, 1510, 1489, 1452, 1406, 1316, 1250, 1177, 1092, 1066, 1025, 1002, 938, 901, 858, 824, 798, 755, 704, 685, 644, 616 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~51~H~44~N~5~O~14~, 950.2885; found, 950.2885; Anal. Calcd. for C~51~H~43~N~5~O~14~·1.5H~2~O: C, 62.70; H, 4.75; N, 7.17; found: C, 62.80; H, 4.57; N, 7.22; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +4.88 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-Tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)guanosine* (β-**26**) (Entry 3 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.5 mg, 115 µmol), **17** (21.6 mg, 76.3 µmol), **11c** (21.8 mg, 115 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--8/1) to give β-**26** as a colorless solid (8.1 mg, 12% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~, TMS): δ = 10.68 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.07 (m, 2H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76--7.69 (m, 3H), 7.69--7.63 (m, 3H), 7.62--7.48 (m, 4H), 7.43 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (s, 2H), 5.91 (d, *J* = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.70 (d, *J* = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (t, *J* = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (d, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (d, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (d, *J* = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (t, *J* = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, *J* = 8.8, 1H), 4.03 (d, *J* = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, *J* = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 4.0 Hz, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-*d*~6~, TMS): δ = 165.1, 165.1, 165.1, 164.4, 156.8, 153.6, 151.4, 135.1, 133.8, 133.7, 133.5, 133.5, 129.4, 129.2, 129.1, 129.0, 129.0, 128.8, 128.7, 128.7, 128.7, 128.6, 128.6, 128.4, 116.6, 99.9, 86.4, 83.1, 73.8, 71.2, 70.7, 70.0, 69.6, 68.4, 61.7 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3332, 3128, 3065, 2935, 1724, 1673, 1638, 1602, 1584, 1572, 1538, 1491, 1452, 1350, 1316, 1261, 1177, 1092, 1067, 1025, 1002, 938, 904, 857, 801, 781, 755, 706, 686, 638, 617 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~44~H~40~N~5~O~14~, 862.2572; found, 862.2573; Anal. Calcd. for C~44~H~39~N~5~O~14~·1.5H~2~O: C, 59.46; H, 4.76; N, 7.88; found: C, 59.52; H, 4.62; N, 7.87; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{24}$ = +11.3 (*c* = 1.0, DMSO).

*2-N-Isobutyryl-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl) guanosine* (β-**27**) (Entry 4 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): Glycosylation using **23** (80.5 mg, 115 µmol), **18** (27.0 mg, 76.4 µmol), **11c** (21.8 mg, 115 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.8 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--20/1) to give β-**27** as a colorless solid (31.4 mg, 44% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 12.11 (s, 1H), 10.33 (s, 1H), 8.09--7.90 (m, 6H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.79--7.67 (m, 2H), 7.58--7.31 (m, 10H), 7.24 (t, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.20 (brs, 1H), 6.00 (d, *J* = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 5.79 (dd, *J* = 10.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.72--5.60 (m, 2H), 4.98 (d, *J* = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dd, *J* = 10.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.42--4.24 (m, 3H), 4.16 (d, *J* = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (brs, 2H), 3.72 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.62--2.49 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, *J* = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 3H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 179.6, 166.5, 166.0, 165.5, 165.4, 155.6, 148.7, 147.8, 139.4, 133.8, 133.4, 129.9, 129.7, 129.6, 129.2, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.3, 120.6, 101.8, 89.4, 83.7, 72.5, 71.4, 71.2, 70.1, 69.4, 67.9, 61.6, 36.1, 18.8, 18.5 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3201, 3067, 2974, 2936, 1720, 1677, 1602, 1560, 1475, 1452, 1404, 1376, 1350, 1316, 1258, 1178, 1156, 1092, 1066, 1026, 1002, 949, 908, 856, 802, 784, 752, 706, 687, 642, 617 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~48~H~46~N~5~O~15~, 932.2990; found, 932.2990; Anal. Calcd. for C~48~H~45~N~5~O~15~·1.5H~2~O: C, 60.12; H, 5.05; N, 7.30; found: C, 60.29; H, 4.86; N, 7.34; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +25.9 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-Tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)uridine* (β-**28**) (Entry 5 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.4 mg, 114 µmol), **10** (18.6 mg, 76.2 µmol), **11c** (21.7 mg, 114 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--40/1) to give β-**28** as a colorless solid (26.1 mg, 42% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 9.91 (s, 1H), 8.10--8.05 (m, 2H), 8.04--7.99 (m, 2H), 7.95--7.86 (m, 3H), 7.79--7.75 (m, 2H), 7.63 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59--7.49 (m, 3H), 7.50--7.38 (m, 4H), 7.33 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (d, *J* = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.92--5.84 (m, 2H), 5.77 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (d, *J* = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (d, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.49--4.39 (m, 3H), 4.23 (d, *J* = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.13--4.02 (m, 2H), 3.79 (d, *J* = 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (d, *J* = 5.6 Hz, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 165.5, 165.5, 165.5, 163.6, 151.3, 140.2, 133.9, 133.6, 133.4, 129.8, 129.8, 129.7, 129.3, 128.9, 128.7, 128.6, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 102.6, 101.5, 90.6, 83.4, 75.2, 71.7, 71.2, 70.0, 69.8, 68.2, 68.1, 61.9 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3356, 3069, 2972, 1720, 1687, 1602, 1585, 1492, 1452, 1383, 1316, 1261, 1178, 1093, 1067, 1027, 1002, 907, 858, 806, 763, 706, 686, 617 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~43~H~39~N~2~O~15~, 823.2350; found, 823.2352; Anal. Calcd. for C~43~H~38~N~2~O~15~·H~2~O: C, 61.43; H, 4.80; N, 3.33; found: C, 61.45; H, 4.70; N, 3.38; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +50.7 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5-Metyl-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)uridine* (β-**29**) (Entry 6 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.5 mg, 115 µmol), **19** (19.7 mg, 76.3 µmol), **11c** (21.8 mg, 115 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--40/1) to give β-**29** as a colorless solid (33.8 mg, 53% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 10.04 (s, 1H), 8.09--8.05 (m, 2H), 8.04--8.00 (m, 2H), 7.97--7.93 (m, 2H), 7.79--7.74 (m, 2H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.61--7.52 (m, 2H), 7.50--7.37 (m, 6H), 7.34 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.20 (t, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.03 (d, *J* = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, *J* = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 1H), 4.90 (d, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.50--4.37 (m, 3H), 4.21 (d, *J* = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dd, *J* = 10.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dd, *J* = 10.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, *J* = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (d, *J* = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (s, 3H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 165.6, 165.6, 165.5, 164.2, 151.3, 136.1, 133.8, 133.6, 133.4, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.7, 129.3, 128.9, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.5, 128.3, 111.3, 102.2, 89.8, 83.3, 74.6, 71.8, 71.2, 70.2, 69.8, 69.3, 68.1, 61.9, 12.8 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3385, 3067, 2930, 1720, 1686, 1602, 1585, 1492, 1468, 1452, 1386, 1349, 1316, 1259, 1177, 1092, 1066, 1025, 1002, 937, 909, 858, 802, 793, 755, 705, 685, 616 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~44~H~41~N~2~O~15~, 837.2507; found, 837.2510; Anal. Calcd. for C~44~H~40~N~2~O~15~·H~2~O: C, 61.82; H, 4.95; N, 3.28; found: C, 61.70; H, 4.85; N, 3.30; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +28.1 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5-Fluoro-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)uridine* (β-**30**) (Entry 7 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.4 mg, 114 µmol), **20** (20.0 mg, 76.3 µmol), **11c** (21.7 mg, 114 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~ then AcOEt/CHCl~3~ = 1/1) to give β-**30** as a colorless solid (38.8 mg, 61% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 9.81 (brs, 1H), 8.10 (t, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 8.04--7.99 (m, 2H), 7.94--7.89 (m, 2H), 7.78--7.73 (m, 2H), 7.64--7.48 (m, 4H), 7.47--7.37 (m, 4H), 7.33 (t, *J* = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (t, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.03 (d, *J* = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, *J* = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (dd, *J* = 10.2, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.71 (dd, *J* = 10.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (d, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dd, *J* = 11.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (brs, 1H), 4.52--4.33 (m, 3H), 4.27 (d, *J* = 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (t, *J* = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 1H), 3.74 (d, *J* = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.32 (brs, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 165.8, 165.7, 165.5, 157.0 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 26.4 Hz), 149.9, 140.8 (d, ^1^*J*~CF~ = 237.0 Hz), 133.9, 133.7, 133.4, 130.0, 129.8, 129.7, 129.3, 128.8, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 124.9 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 35.5 Hz), 101.7, 90.5, 84.0, 75.3, 71.8, 71.0, 70.9, 69.9, 69.0, 67.9, 61.8 ppm; ^19^F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl~3~, TFA): δ = −164.57 (s) ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3447, 3074, 2941, 1715, 1602, 1585, 1493,1452, 1351, 1317, 1258, 1178, 1092, 1066, 1026, 1002, 936, 894, 858, 800, 753, 706, 687, 617 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + Na\]^+^, C~43~H~37~FN~2~O~15~Na, 863.2076; found, 863.2072; Anal. Calcd. for C~43~H~37~FN~2~O~15~·H~2~O: C, 60.14; H, 4.58; N, 3.26; found: C, 60.02; H, 4.41; N, 3.32; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +37.2 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-Tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)cytidine* (β-**31**) (Entry 8 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **23** (80.4 mg, 114 µmol), **21** (18.5 mg, 76.1 µmol), **11c** (21.7 mg, 114 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--10/1) to give β-**31** as a colorless solid (34.1 mg, 55% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-*d*~6~, TMS): δ = 8.13-8.08 (m, 2H), 8.06--8.01 (m, 2H), 7.97--7.92 (m, 2H), 7.88 (d, *J* = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (dd, *J* = 8.4, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.73-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.56 (m, 3H), 7.56-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.39 (t, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (t, *J* = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (brs, 2H), 6.10 (dd, *J* = 3.0, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (d, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (d, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.87--5.77 (m, 2H), 5.33 (d, *J* = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (t, *J* = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, *J* = 11.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19--4.12 (m, 1H), 4.06 (t, *J* = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.02--3.93 (m, 2H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, acetone-*d*~6~, TMS): δ = 166.9, 166.4, 166.3, 166.2, 165.8, 157.0, 142.1, 134.6, 134.3, 134.3, 134.2, 130.7, 130.5, 130.4, 130.3, 130.2, 130.2, 130.1, 129.8, 129.5, 129.4, 129.3, 102.2, 95.4, 91.6, 84.0, 76.4, 72.8, 72.0, 71.1, 70.9, 69.8, 69.7, 62.8 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3350, 3208, 3072, 2935, 1723, 1642, 1602, 1529, 1486, 1452, 1349, 1316, 1259, 1178, 1092, 1065, 1025, 1002, 940, 909, 857, 788, 753, 705, 685, 616 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~43~H~40~N~3~O~14~, 822.2510; found, 822.2507; Anal. Calcd. for C~43~H~39~N~3~O~14~·1.5H~2~O: C, 60.85; H, 4.99; N, 4.95; found: C, 60.87; H, 4.72; N, 4.97; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +62.4 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*4-N-Benzoyl-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)cytidine* (β-**32**) (Entry 9 in [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"}): *O*-glycosylation using **23** (80.6 mg, 115 µmol), **22** (26.6 mg, 76.6 µmol), **11c** (21.8 mg, 115 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.8 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--50/1) to give β-**32** as a colorless solid (28.0 mg, 40% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 8.93 (brs, 1H), 8.28 (d, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.06--8.01 (m, 4H), 7.91 (dd, *J* = 8.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.87 (d, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (dd, *J* = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (brs, 1H), 7.60--7.53 (m, 2H), 7.53--7.37 (m, 9H), 7.32 (t, *J* = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, *J* = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.03 (d, *J* = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (d, *J* = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (dd, *J* = 10.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (brs, 1H), 4.92 (d, *J* = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (dd, *J* = 11.6, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (dd, *J* = 11.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.43--4.35 (m, 3H), 4.14 (t, *J* = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (d, *J* = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (dd, *J* = 11.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (brs, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.1, 165.6, 165.5, 165.3, 162.6, 144.7, 133.6, 133.4, 133.4, 133.1, 132.9, 129.9, 129.8, 129.8, 129.7, 129.4, 128.9, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 128.3, 127.7, 101.7, 97.1, 93.1, 84.8, 76.4, 71.8, 71.3, 71.2, 69.6, 68.7, 68.1, 61.9 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3320, 3066, 2930, 1724, 1645, 1603, 1556, 1481, 1452, 1379, 1315, 1248, 1177, 1092, 1066, 1025, 1002, 938, 899, 859, 802, 787, 756, 704, 685, 616 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~50~H~44~N~3~O~15~, 926.2772; found, 926.2773; Anal. Calcd. for C~50~H~43~N~3~O~15~·H~2~O: C, 63.62; H, 4.81; N, 4.45; found: C, 63.34; H, 4.71; N, 4.56; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +46.6 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*5-Fluoro-5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′,6′′-tetra-O-benzoyl-β-[d]{.smallcaps}-glucopyranosyl)uridine* (β-**35**) (Entry 1 in [Table 4](#molecules-22-01650-t004){ref-type="table"}): *O*-Glycosylation using **33** (80.4 mg, 114 µmol), **20** (20.0 mg, 76.2 µmol), **11c** (21.7 mg, 114 µmol), anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (760 µL), *p*-TolSCl (30.3 µL, 229 µmol), AgOTf (117.6 mg, 458 µmol), 4 Å molecular sieves (150 mg) and anhydrous EtCN (1.50 mL) was conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of β-**24**. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 1/0--30/1) to give β-**35** as a colorless solid (34.5 mg, 54% yield for 2 steps): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 9.66 (brs, 1H), 8.09 (d, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 8.04-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.87--7.82 (m, 2H), 7.56--7.24 (m, 12H), 5.97 (t, *J* = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.82 (d, *J* = 3.0 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (t, *J* = 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dd, *J* = 10.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, *J* = 12.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (brs, 1H), 4.52 (dd, *J* = 12.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (dd, *J* = 10.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.28--4.15 (m, 3H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 3.76 (d, *J* = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (s, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 166.2, 165.8, 165.5, 165.0, 157.1 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 26.4 Hz), 149.8, 140.7 (d, ^1^*J*~CF~ = 236.2 Hz), 133.7, 133.5, 133.4, 133.3, 129.9, 129.8, 129.7, 129.4, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 128.4, 124.8 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 34.6 Hz), 100.8, 90.6, 83.9, 75.4, 72.7, 72.3, 71.9, 70.6, 69.6, 68.0, 62.8 ppm; ^19^F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl~3~, TFA): δ = −165.00 (s) ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3426, 3072, 2953, 1716, 1602, 1585, 1493,1452, 1369, 1317, 1260, 1178, 1091, 1068, 1027, 1003, 936, 895, 855, 800, 758, 708, 687, 618 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~43~H~38~FN~2~O~15~, 841.2256; found, 841.2261; Anal. Calcd. for C~43~H~37~FN~2~O~15~·1.5H~2~O: C, 59.52; H, 4.65; N, 3.23; found: C, 59.51; H, 4.47; N, 3.26; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +8.39 (*c* = 1.0, CHCl~3~).

*O*-Glycosylation using glycosyl donors containing boronic acid on leaving group (Entries 1--4 in [Table 5](#molecules-22-01650-t005){ref-type="table"}): A mixture of **41** or **42** (30.2 mg, 48.0 µmol) and **10** (7.8 mg, 31.9 µmol) or **13** (8.6 mg, 32.2 µmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (three times) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (three times) and dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (320 µL). This reaction mixture was stirred under reflux conditions for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. *O*-glycosylation and acetylation were conducted according to the procedure used for the synthesis of **12** or **14** using *p*-TolSCl (12.7 µL, 96.1 µmol), AgOTf (49.5 mg, 193 µmol), 3 Å molecular sieves (64 mg), anhydrous MeCN (640 µL), anhydrous pyridine (200 µL), Ac~2~O (10.0 equiv. based on the crude compound) and DMAP (catalytic amount).

*5′-O-(2′′,3′′,4′′-Tri-O-benzyl-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-mannopyranosyl)uridine* (**43**) ([Scheme 1](#molecules-22-01650-sch001){ref-type="scheme"}a): To a solution of **12** (25.2 mg, 31.4 µmol, α/β = 1.6/1) in THF (400 µL), 1 M aqueous LiOH was added at room temperature. After stirring for 2 h, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 0.1 M aqueous HCl, extracted with CHCl~3~, washed with brine, dried over Na~2~SO~4~, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (CHCl~3~/MeOH = 20/1) to give α-**43** as a colorless solid (12.1 mg, 57% yield) and β-**43** as a colorless solid (7.5 mg, 35% yield): α-**43**; ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 10.11 (s, 1H), 7.39 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36--7.17 (m, 15H), 5.74 (d, *J* = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (d, *J* = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 4.87 (t, *J* = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (d, *J* = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, *J* = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64--4.51 (m, 3H), 4.20 (s, 1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 4.02 (s, 2H), 3.90--3.74 (m, 4H), 3.73--3.56 (m, 4H), 3.00 (s, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl~3~, TMS): δ = 163.7, 151.1, 139.7, 138.0, 137.8, 128.5, 128.4, 128.4, 128.3, 127.9, 127.8, 127.7, 127.6, 102.3, 98.3 (C~1"~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 169.4 Hz), 90.1, 82.6, 79.7, 75.1, 75.0, 74.8, 74.7, 73.1, 73.0, 72.4, 69.9, 66.6, 62.3 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3384, 3064, 3032, 2924, 2879, 1683, 1497, 1455, 1389, 1364, 1321, 1269, 1210, 1068, 1027, 909, 864, 845, 810, 735, 697 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~36~H~41~N~2~O~11~, 677.2710; found, 677.2709; Anal. Calcd. for C~36~H~40~N~2~O~11~·H~2~O: C, 62.24; H, 6.09; N, 4.03; found: C, 62.36; H, 6.01; N, 4.13; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +42.7 (*c* = 0.2, CHCl~3~); β-**43**; ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, CD~3~OD, TMS): δ = 7.96 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41--7.20 (m, 15H), 5.96 (d, *J* = 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.92--4.84 (m, 2H), 4.75--4.55 (m, 5H), 4.28 (t, *J* = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, *J* = 5.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.18--4.10 (m, 2H), 4.08 (d, *J* = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.86--3.73 (m, 3H), 3.67 (dd, *J* = 9.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (dd, *J* = 11.7, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.35--3.26 (m, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, CD~3~OD, TMS): δ = 166.1, 152.6, 143.4, 139.8, 139.7, 129.7, 129.4, 129.3, 129.3, 128.9, 128.8, 128.7, 103.0, 101.8 (C~1"~, ^1^*J*~CH~ = 156.1 Hz), 89.9, 85.2, 84.1, 77.9, 76.9, 76.2, 76.0, 75.8, 75.6, 73.0, 72.2, 70.0, 62.8 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3387, 3063, 3032, 2926, 2874, 1673, 1498, 1456, 1401, 1364, 1316, 1274, 1249, 1211, 1179, 1072, 1027, 906, 866, 811, 786, 736, 696 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + H\]^+^, C~36~H~41~N~2~O~11~, 677.2710; found, 677.2709; Anal. Calcd. for C~36~H~40~N~2~O~11~·H~2~O: C, 62.24; H, 6.09; N, 4.03; found: C, 62.29; H, 5.86; N, 4.20; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{23}$ = −67.6 (*c* = 0.5, CH~3~OH).

*5′-O-α/β-[d]{.smallcaps}-Mannopyranosyl)uridine* (**44**) ([Scheme 1](#molecules-22-01650-sch001){ref-type="scheme"}a): A mixture of α-**43** (19.2 mg, 28.4 µmol), 10% Pd/C (19.0 mg) in MeOH (540 µL) was vigorously stirred for 22 h at room temperature under a H~2~ atmosphere. The mixture was filtered through Celite with MeOH and H~2~O, and then, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give α-**44** as a colorless solid (11.4 mg, 99% yield): α-**44**; ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, D~2~O, TSP): δ = 7.89 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.96--5.87 (m, 2H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.33 (s, 3H), 4.06--3.96 (m, 2H), 3.90 (t, *J* = 10.5 Hz, 2H), 3.57--3.84 (m, 4H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (75 MHz, D~2~O, 1,4-dioxane): δ = 166.8, 152.1, 142.0, 102.5, 100.3, 90.4, 82.9, 74.6, 73.6, 71.2, 70.6, 69.8, 67.2, 66.3, 61.5 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3289, 2935, 2502, 1666, 1466, 1397, 1273, 1199, 1129, 1104, 1050, 1025, 912, 868, 810, 801, 765, 720, 676, 622 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + Na\]^+^, C~15~H~22~N~2~O~11~Na, 429.1121; found, 429.1118; Anal. Calcd. for C~15~H~22~N~2~O~11~·2.75H~2~O: C, 39.52; H, 6.08; N, 6.14; found: C, 39.58; H, 5.93; N, 5.81; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{24}$ = +29.3 (*c* = 0.8, H~2~O).

Cleavage of benzyl groups using β-**43** (17.8 mg, 26.3 µmol), 10% Pd/C (18.0 mg) and MeOH (500 µL) was conducted according to the procedure for synthesis of α-**44** to give the β-**44** as a colorless solid (10.5 mg, 98% yield): β-**44**; ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, D~2~O, TSP): δ = 8.05 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (d, *J* = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.89 (d, *J* = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (s, 1H), 4.49--4.12 (m, 4H), 4.05 (s, 1H), 3.95 (d, *J* = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (d, *J* = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (dd, *J* = 11.7, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.70--3.52 (m, 2H), 3.40 (t, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 1H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (75 MHz, D~2~O, 1,4-dioxane): δ = 167.8, 153.0, 142.7, 103.0, 100.9, 89.7, 83.6, 76.9, 74.4, 73.5, 70.9, 70.4, 69.0, 67.5, 61.7 ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3288, 2933, 2503, 1670, 1510, 1465, 1390, 1266, 1133, 1053, 1023, 879, 815, 790, 764, 714, 632, 616 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + Na\]^+^, C~15~H~22~N~2~O~11~Na, 429.1121; found, 429.1119; Anal. Calcd. for C~15~H~22~N~2~O~11~·2.6H~2~O: C, 39.76; H, 6.05; N, 6.18; found: C, 40.15; H, 6.00; N, 5.80; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = −10.6 (*c* = 0.8, H~2~O).

*5-Fluoro-5′-O-(β-[d]{.smallcaps}-galactopyranosyl)uridine* (β-**45**) ([Scheme 1](#molecules-22-01650-sch001){ref-type="scheme"}b): A mixture of β-**30** (25.2 mg, 30.0 µmol) and 10 M MeNH~2~ in MeOH was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h and then allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 13 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in H~2~O, and the *N*-methylbenzamide was removed by successive washing of the aqueous phase with CH~2~Cl~2~. The aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (H~2~O (0.1%TFA)) to give β-**45** as a colorless amorphous solid (7.9 mg, 62% yield): ^1^H NMR (300 MHz, D~2~O, TSP): δ = 8.18 (d, *J* = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (d, *J* = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (d, *J* = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48--4.24 (m, 4H), 3.98--3.86 (m, 2H), 3.86--3.77 (m, 2H), 3.77--3.69 (m, 1H), 3.69--3.58 (m, 2H) ppm; ^13^C NMR (100 MHz, D~2~O, 1,4-dioxane): δ = 160.1 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 26.4 Hz), 150.8, 141.4 (d, ^1^*J*~CF~ = 232.1 Hz), 126.3 (d, ^2^*J*~CF~ = 38.1 Hz), 103.7, 89.9, 83.6, 75.9, 74.4, 73.4, 71.5, 69.9, 69.2, 68.9, 61.6 ppm; ^19^F NMR (376 MHz, D~2~O, TFA): δ = −166.73 (s) ppm; IR (ATR): *ν* = 3357, 3075, 2935, 2827, 1661, 1477, 1398, 1365, 1258, 1202, 1035, 952, 921, 890, 843, 793, 750, 722, 697 cm^−1^; HRMS (FAB+): calcd. for \[M + Na\]^+^, C~15~H~21~FN~2~O~11~Na, 447.1027; found, 447.1030; $\left\lbrack \mathsf{\alpha} \right\rbrack_{D}^{25}$ = +17.6 (*c* = 0.3, H~2~O).

^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR measurements of mixtures of uridine (**10**) and boronic acid (**11c**) ([Figure 3](#molecules-22-01650-f003){ref-type="fig"}): A mixture of **10** (34.3 mg, 140 µmol) and **11c** (40.0 mg, 211 µmol) was co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (three times) and anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (three times). The resulting residue was dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (1.40 mL) and then stirred under reflux conditions for 1 h. The reaction mixture (140 µL) was separated and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue **46** dissolved in CD~3~CN (640 µL) was measured by a ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR spectrometers. **11c** was treated under the same conditions as were used to prepare **48** for the ^11^B and ^19^F NMR measurements.

4. Conclusions {#sec4-molecules-22-01650}
==============

We report herein on the synthesis of disaccharide nucleosides utilizing the temporary protection of the 2′,3′-*cis*-diol of ribonucleosides by a boronic ester. The glycosylation of the uridine **10**, which is temporarily protected by a boronic acid, with the thioglycoside **9** using a *p*-TolSCl/AgOTf promoter system followed by acetylation gave the disaccharide nucleoside **12** containing a 1′′,5′-glycosidic linkage in reasonable chemical yield. This synthetic method was applied to the glycosylation of protected or unprotected adenosine, guanosine, uridine or cytidine, **10**, **13**, **16**--**22**, with the galactosyl donor **23** to afford the desired products in moderate chemical yields. *O*-glycosylations of 5-fluorouridine **20** with the glucosyl donor **33**, the galactosyl donor **23** and the mannosyl donor **34** were also conducted. The introduction of a boronic acid on the phenylthio leaving group had only a negligible effect on the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the system. The deprotection of compounds **12** and β-**30** was also demonstrated to give the corresponding deprotected compounds α-**44** and β-**44** from **12** and β-**45** from β-**30**. Because 5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorouracil have been reported to have anticancer, antivirus and antibacterial activities \[[@B24-molecules-22-01650],[@B68-molecules-22-01650],[@B72-molecules-22-01650],[@B73-molecules-22-01650],[@B74-molecules-22-01650],[@B75-molecules-22-01650],[@B76-molecules-22-01650],[@B77-molecules-22-01650],[@B78-molecules-22-01650]\], β-**45** and its analogs represent potentially new drug candidates.

Finally, ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR measurements of a mixture of uridine **10** and 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid **11c** suggest that the 2' and 3' hydroxyl groups of **10** react with **11c** to form the cyclic boronic ester intermediate **47**, as expected, resulting in selective *O*-glycosylation of the ribonucleoside acceptors at the 5'-position.

These results afford important and useful information regarding the concise and short-step synthesis of various biologically-active disaccharide nucleoside derivatives via the *O*-glycosylation of temporarily-protected nucleosides and related compounds.

This work was supported by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (Nos. 22390005, 245900425, 24659011, 24640156 and 15K00408 for S.A.) and a grant from the Tokyo Biochemical Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan. We appreciate the assistance of Fukiko Hasegawa (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science) for collecting and interpreting the mass spectral data, Noriko Sawabe for the NMR measurement and Tomoko Matsuo (Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science) for the elemental analyses.

**Sample Availability:** Sample of the compounds are not available from the authors.

Supplementary Materials are available online.

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Click here for additional data file.

Hidehisa Someya carried out the synthesis of the glycosyl donors and acceptors, *O*-glycosylation reactions, deprotection of **12** and ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR measurements and prepared the manuscript. Taiki Itoh synthesized some glycosyl donors and carried out the deprotection of β-**30**. Shin Aoki supervised all experiments and the preparation of the manuscript. All of the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures, Scheme and Tables
==========================

![(**a**) *O*-glycosylation of 2′-deoxyribonucleoside with a thioglycosyl donor using the *p*-toluenesulfenyl chloride (*p*-TolSCl)/silver triflate (AgOTf) promoter system; (**b**) regioselective *O*-glycosylation of ribonucleoside at the 5′-OH position via temporary protection of 2′,3′-*cis*-diol.](molecules-22-01650-g001){#molecules-22-01650-f001}

![Regio- and stereo-selective *O*-glycosylation of the ribonucleoside utilizing the glycosyl donor containing a boronic acid moiety.](molecules-22-01650-g002){#molecules-22-01650-f002}

![Deprotection of **12** (**a**) and β-**30** (**b**).](molecules-22-01650-sch001){#molecules-22-01650-sch001}

###### 

Possible assignment of intermediates from the reaction of uridine **10** and 4-CF~3~PhB(OH)~2~ **11c** in ^1^H, ^11^B and ^19^F NMR spectra (in CD~3~CN at 25 °C). (**a**) ^1^H NMR of **10**; (**b**) ^1^H NMR of a mixture **46**; (**c**) ^11^B NMR of **11c**; (**d**) ^11^B NMR of a mixture **48**; (**e**) ^11^B NMR of a mixture **46**; (**f**) ^19^F NMR of **11c**; (**g**) ^19^F NMR of a mixture **48**; (**h**) ^19^F NMR of a mixture **46**.

![](molecules-22-01650-g003a)

![](molecules-22-01650-g003b)

molecules-22-01650-t001_Table 1

###### 

*O*-glycosylation of uridine **10** with the thiomannoside **9** in the absence and presence of boronic acid.

![](molecules-22-01650-i001)

  Entry              Boronic Acid *^b^*                      Solvent       Condition       Yield (for 3 Steps) *^c^*
  ------------------ --------------------------------------- ------------- --------------- ---------------------------
  1 ***^a^***        \-                                      MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   \<16% (complex mixture)
    2 *^**a,**d^*    PhB(OH)~2~ (**11a**)                    MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   41% (α/β = 1.6/1)
    3 *^**a,**e^*    **11a**                                 MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   45% (α/β = 1.6/1)
    4 *^**a,**e^*    4-MeOPhB(OH)~2~ (**11b**)               MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   39% (α/β = 1.8/1)
    5 *^**a,**e^*    4-CF~3~PhB(OH)~2~ (**11c**)             MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   51% (α/β = 1.8/1)
    6 *^**a,**e^*    2,4-F~2~PhB(OH)~2~ (**11d**)            MeCN          −20 °C, 1.5 h   46% (α/β = 1.8/1)
    7 *^**a,**e^*    **11c**                                 1,4-Dioxane   r.t., 1.5 h     27% (α/β = 3.3/1)
    8 *^**a,**e^*    **11c**                                 CH~2~Cl~2~    −40 °C, 1.5 h   trace
    9 *^**a,**e^*    **11c**                                 EtCN          −40 °C, 1.5 h   61% (α/β = 1.6/1)
    10 ***^e,f^***   **11c**                                 EtCN          −40 °C, 1.5 h   57% (α/β = 1.5/1)
    11 *^**a,**e^*   4-CH~3~(CH~2~)~5~PhB(OH)~2~ (**11e**)   EtCN          −40 °C, 1.5 h   30% (α/β = 1.6/1)

*^a^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of **9**, 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf against **10**. Acetylation reactions were carried out in the presence of *ca.* 10 equivalents of Ac~2~O (acetic anhydride) and catalytic amount of DMAP. *^b^* Stoichiometry of **11** was 1.5 equivalents against **10**. *^c^* The α/β ratio was determined by ^1^H NMR. *^d^* A mixture of **10** and **11a** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane, and then, a solution of **9** in MeCN was added. *^e^* A mixture of **9**, **10** and **11** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane and treated with promoters. *^f^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of **9**, 1.8 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 3.6 equivalents of AgOTf against **10** as followed by acetylation with Ac~2~O (*ca.* 10 equivalents) and DMAP (catalytic amount).

molecules-22-01650-t002_Table 2

###### 

*O*-glycosylation of adenosine **13** with thiomannoside **9** in the absence and presence of boronic acid.

![](molecules-22-01650-i002)

  Entry *^a^*   Boronic Acid *^b^*            Solvent   Condition       Yield of 14 (for 3 Steps) *^c^*   Yield of 15 (for 3 Steps)
  ------------- ----------------------------- --------- --------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------
  1             \-                            MeCN      −20 °C, 1.5 h   \<10% (complex mixture)           not isolated
    2 *^d^*     PhB(OH)~2~ (**11a**)          MeCN      −20 °C, 1.5 h   14% (α/β = 1/1.0)                 6%
    3 *^d^*     4-CF~3~PhB(OH)~2~ (**11c**)   EtCN      −40 °C, 1.5 h   11% (α/β = 1/1.2)                 27%

*^a^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of **9**, 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf against **13**. Acetylation reactions were carried out in the presence of *ca.* 10 equivalents of Ac~2~O and the catalytic amount of DMAP. *^b^* Stoichiometry of **11** was 1.5 equivalents against **13**. *^c^* The α/β ratio was determined by ^1^H NMR. *^d^* A mixture of **9**, **13** and **11** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane and treated with promoters.

molecules-22-01650-t003_Table 3

###### 

*O*-glycosylation of nucleosides **10**, **13** and **16**--**22** with the thiogalactoside **23**.

![](molecules-22-01650-i003)

  Entry *^a^*   Acceptor                Product    Yield (for 2 Steps)
  ------------- ----------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------
  1             **13** (Ade)            β-**24**   42%
  2             **16** (Ade^Bz^)        β-**25**   30%
  3             **17** (Gua)            β-**26**   12%
  4             **18** (Gua*^i^*^Bu^)   β-**27**   44%
  5             **10** (Uri)            β-**28**   42% (*ca.* 15%: nucleobase = 5-STol-Uri)
  6             **19** (5-Me-Uri)       β-**29**   53%
  7             **20** (5-F-Uri)        β-**30**   61%
  8             **21** (Cyt)            β-**31**   55%
  9             **22** (Cyt^Bz^)        β-**32**   40%

*^a^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of **23**, 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf against the acceptor (**10**, **13** or **16**--**22**). Stoichiometry of **11c** was 1.5 equivalents against acceptor (**10**, **13** or **16**--**22**). A mixture of **23**, acceptor (**10**, **13**, or **16**--**22**) and **11c** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane and treated with promoters.

molecules-22-01650-t004_Table 4

###### 

*O*-Glycosylation of 5-fluorouridine **20** with thioglycosides **23**, **33** and **34**.

![](molecules-22-01650-i004)

  Entry *^a^*   Donor            Product    Yield (for 2 Steps)
  ------------- ---------------- ---------- ---------------------
  1             **33** (β-Glc)   β-**35**   54%
  2 *^b^*       **23** (β-Gal)   β-**30**   61%
  3             **34** (α-Man)   α-**36**   \<39% (mixture)

*^a^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of donor (**23**, **33** or **34**), 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf against **20**. Stoichiometry of **11c** was 1.5 equivalents against **20**. A mixture of donor (**23**, **33** or **34**), **20** and **11c** was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane and treated with promoters. *^b^* Taken from Entry 7 of [Table 3](#molecules-22-01650-t003){ref-type="table"} in this manuscript.

molecules-22-01650-t005_Table 5

###### 

*O*-glycosylation of uridine **10** and adenosine **13** with thioglycosides **41** and **42**.

![](molecules-22-01650-i005)

  Entry *^a^*   Donor                                      Acceptor                    Product   Yield (for 3 Steps) *^b^*
  ------------- ------------------------------------------ --------------------------- --------- ---------------------------
  1             **41** (Ar = 2-PhB(OH)~2~) (α form)        **10** (Nucleobase = Uri)   **12**    44% (α/β = 1.9/1)
  2             **41** (Ar = 2-PhB(OH)~2~) (α form)        **13** (Nucleobase = Ade)   **14**    16% (α/β = 1.3/1)
  3             **42** (Ar = 4-PhB(OH)~2~) (α/β = 1/1.0)   **10** (Nucleobase = Uri)   **12**    36% (α/β = 2.1/1)
  4             **42** (Ar = 4-PhB(OH)~2~) (α/β = 1/1.0)   **13** (Nucleobase = Ade)   **14**    14% (α/β = 1.1/1)

*^a^* Glycosylation reactions were carried out in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of donor (**41** or **42**), 3.0 equivalents of *p*-TolSCl and 6.0 equivalents of AgOTf against the acceptor (**10** or **13**). A mixture of donor (**41** or **42**) and acceptor (**10** or **13**) was co-evaporated with pyridine and 1,4-dioxane and treated with promoters. Acetylation reactions were carried out in the presence of *ca.* 10 equivalents of Ac~2~O and a catalytic amount of DMAP. *^b^* The α/β ratio was determined by ^1^H NMR.