: The “stress hormone” produced by adrenal glands, regulates metabolism, immune 
response, and helps the body respond to stress.
Insulin: Made in the pancreas, this “sugar controller” helps cells absorb glucose, lowering blood 
sugar levels and providing energy.
Adrenaline: The “rush hormone” made in adrenal glands, boosts heart rate, blood pressure, and 
metabolism to prepare for fight or flight response.
Progesterone: The “pregnancy hormone” produced by ovaries, it supports pregnancy and regulates 
the menstrual cycle in women.
Estrogen: The “female hormone” made in ovaries, it is responsible for the development of female 
characteristics and plays a role in the menstrual cycle.
Serotonin: The “happy hormone” produced in the brain and gut, it stabilizes mood, sleep, appetite, 
and digestion and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Histamine: The “allergy hormone” stored in immune cells, it triggers inflammation and sends alerts 
for potential allergens or infections.
Testosterone: The “male hormone” produced in testes, it promotes male characteristics, muscle 
growth, and helps maintain bone density.
Cortisol: From Latin “cortex” (bark of a tree), referring to its source, the adrenal 
cortex.
Insulin: From Latin “insula” (island), referring to its source, the Islets of 
Langerhans in the pancreas.
Adrenaline: From Latin “ad” (near) + “renes” (kidneys), referring to its source, the 
adrenal glands.
Progesterone: From Latin “pro” (before) + “gestare” (to bear), referring to its role in 
preparing the body for pregnancy.
Estrogen: From Greek “oistros” (gadfly or frenzy) + “genes” (forming), referring to 
its role in stimulating sexual activity.
Serotonin: From Latin “serum” (watery) + Greek “tropos” (turning), referring to its 
ability to affect blood vessels’ ability to contract.
Histamine: From Greek “histos” (woven, tissue) + “amines” (ammonia compound), 
referring to its discovery in animal tissues.
Testosterone: From Latin “testis” (testicle) + Greek “ster(eos)” (solid) + 
“ketones” (organic compound), referring to its source and chemical nature.
Create a sequence in which the above hormones function in the 
body and show how they are connected in the sequence...
1. Adrenaline: Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and
neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. It prepares the body for
fight-or-flight situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and
glucose release into the bloodstream.
2. Cortisol: Adrenaline triggers the release of cortisol, which is another
hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisol helps regulate
metabolism and supports the body in managing stress. It increases glucose
production and suppresses the immune system.
3. Insulin: After the stress response subsides, insulin is released by the
pancreas to help regulate blood sugar levels. Insulin allows glucose to enter
the cells, providing energy and maintaining stable blood sugar levels.
4. Serotonin: The release of insulin helps to regulate blood sugar levels,
which in turn can impact the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that
contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. Proper blood sugar
regulation supports balanced serotonin levels.
5. Histamine: Histamine is a chemical found in the immune system and
released during allergic reactions and inflammatory responses.
Inflammation can be influenced by various factors, including stress and
hormone levels. As cortisol suppresses the immune system, it can indirectly
impact histamine release.
6. Testosterone: Testosterone is a hormone produced mainly in the testes
and ovaries that plays a key role in the development of male and female
reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. Cortisol levels
can impact testosterone production, as high levels of cortisol suppress the
secretion of testosterone. Balanced hormone levels, including proper
regulation of cortisol, support healthy testosterone production and
function.
What do you mean by the Cortisol suppresses the immune system?
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in the body’s response to stress. One of its 
functions is to suppress the immune system. This means that cortisol helps limit the immune system’s 
response to pathogens and inflammation, preventing it from overreacting and causing harm to the 
body.
When cortisol is released in response to stress or inflammation, it acts on immune cells, such as 
lymphocytes and macrophages. It inhibits the production and function of cytokines, which are 
signaling molecules that help regulate immune cell activity, and it blocks the activation of other 
immune cells.
This suppression of the immune system can be beneficial in the short term, as it helps to reduce 
inflammation and prevent excessive tissue damage. However, if cortisol levels remain elevated for an 
extended period, it can have negative effects on the immune system by weakening its ability to fight 
infections and increasing the risk of illness.
Which hormone’s mulfunction from the above hormones list make other hormones 
unable to work properly?
Malfunction in insulin has the potential to disrupt the function of other hormones from the list
* ** Insulin is primarily responsible for regulating blood sugar levels; hence, a malfunction , such
as insufficient insulin production (as in type 1 diabetes) or reduced insulin sensitivity (as in type 2
diabetes), can result in impaired glucose utilization . This can lead to high blood sugar levels
(hyperglycemia ) or low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia ), both of which have notable effects on
other hormones.
For example:
1. Cortisol: High blood sugar levels can cause an increase in cortisol production, as the body tries to
regulate blood sugar. Chronically elevated cortisol levels can further disrupt blood sugar balance and
have negative impacts on overall hormone balance, stress management, and the immune system.
2. Adrenaline: Fluctuations in blood sugar levels (both high and low) can stimulate adrenaline release,
leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and anxiety. Unstable blood sugar levels can
exacerbate the body’s response to stress and cause an imbalance in adrenaline production.
3. Serotonin: Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels, which influence serotonin levels – a
neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness. Dysregulated blood sugar
levels resulting from insulin malfunction can lead to imbalances in serotonin production, potentially
affecting mood and cognitive function.
4. Testosterone: Insulin resistance or malfunction can indirectly affect testosterone production, as high
insulin levels may suppress testosterone production in men and increase androgen production in
women, leading to hormonal imbalances.
The malfunction of other hormones on the list can also have a cascading effect on interconnected
pathways, highlighting the importance of maintaining hormonal balance for overall health.
IBS
So a little side note IBS is the perfect storm of hormone dysregulation (impairment of a
physiological regulatory mechanism (as that governing metabolism, immune
response, or organ function). so start from the top we have blood sugar instability so
when we have blood sugar instability, we know we end up with high insulin and when we
have high insulin the other thing that happens is, it reduces the MOTILIN which is the
hormone that creates motility in the small intestine that in itself the blood sugar instability
makes us release more adrenaline and cortisol which switches us from the parasympathetic
nervous system into the sympathetic nervous system.
So we would have reduced enzyme Productions we can't even break down our food, this 
is where we then have a connection with the ileocecal valve as well where the iliosical 
valve starts to play up and we this is where we start to see IBS either constipation or 
diarrhea once that's all happening. 
For women/......
we then get extra. 
we get low progesterone because the pregnant alone still high in estrogen that little combo 
boosts serotonin which gets stuck in the gut which causes pain. 
so now we've got increased sensitivity which in turn elevates our histamine and 
inflammation which in turn creates food intolerance and at this point with all of this going 
on our liver becomes overwhelmed can't cope has to go and dump estrogen cortisol 
and serotonin in the bowel all of that causes IBS which creates erratic heating which puts 
us back into blood sugar instability. Interesting in here. see it all come together/
Motilin is a hormone that plays a role in digestion. It triggers muscle
contractions in your small intestine. These contractions move food from
your small intestine to your large intestine. Motilin also plays a role in
controlling insulin release and triggering your body’s hunger cues.
Histamines are a natural defense mechanism against
foreign invaders.
They help your body to expel and eliminate potentially
harmful substances.
Contrary to popular belief, histamine isn't bad. It's
actually there to help! However, when histamine levels
get out of control, that's when issues can occur, and you
may start experiencing symptoms.
If you have allergies, what happens behind the scenes is
your immune system overreacts and produces too much
histamine. In this case, your body senses allergens,
including pollen, pet dander, and dust mites, as foreign
invaders, which trigger your histamine response.
Estrogen hormones are responsible for female sexual development and
function, such as breast development and the menstrual cycle. 
Sleep: Serotonin stimulates parts of the brain that
control sleep-wake behavior.
Bowel movements: Serotonin affects how well the
bowel functions. It also plays a role in controlling
bowel movements. 
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal 
disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and 
irregular bowel habits, such as diarrhea and constipation. Stress 
is a known trigger for IBS symptoms, as it impacts the brain-gut 
connection, which in turn affects the gut functions and the gut 
microbiome.
When stress triggers IBS, it activates the body’s stress response, 
which leads to an increase in stress hormones such as cortisol. 
This can disrupt the normal functioning of the liver and various 
other organs responsible for detoxifying the body. In turn, this 
can impair the liver’s ability to efficiently filter harmful 
substances and metabolize hormones.
As the liver struggles to filter and break down these substances, 
including excess estrogen, an imbalance can be created, 
potentially leading to a condition called estrogen dominance. 
Estrogen dominance can, in turn, worsen gut symptoms by 
promoting intestinal inflammation, altering the gut 
microbiome, and causing an increase in stress levels. This 
creates a vicious cycle, with stress-induced IBS symptoms 
leading to liver inefficiency and hormonal imbalances, which 
then further exacerbate the gut issues and stress response.
The liver does not directly “dump” hormones into the 
bowel in the form of mucus. Instead, the liver plays a 
critical role in metabolizing and processing various 
hormones, including estrogen, cortisol, and serotonin. 
After metabolizing these hormones, the liver releases 
the byproducts into bile, which is stored in the 
gallbladder and eventually released into the small 
intestine to help with fat digestion.
While the liver doesn’t dump hormones in the form of 
mucus, changes in hormonal levels, especially estrogen, 
can influence mucus production in the intestine. 
Estrogen can directly influence the production of mucus 
in the intestine, which in turn can affect motility and 
contribute to various digestive issues, such as 
constipation or diarrhea. However, this effect is not due 
to the liver “dumping” hormones into the bowel as 
mucus. Instead, the hormonal imbalance or fluctuation 
can influence various physiological effects on other 
tissues, like the gastrointestinal tract.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) or Irritable Bowel 
Syndrome (IBS) might cause the liver to become less 
efficient at eliminating excessive hormones. Instead of 
directly “dumping” hormones into the bowel, the liver 
might fail to metabolize hormones properly.
When there’s an excessive amount of hormones and 
stressors, such as inflammatory molecules, and gut 
dysfunction due to IBS or IBD, the liver might struggle to 
break down these hormones and eliminate them 
completely. Therefore, these hormones and their 
metabolites might remain in circulation longer than 
they should, and the imbalance could further contribute 
to digestive issues.
During the elimination process, the liver will still 
conjugate these hormones and release them into bile. 
The bile then enters the small intestine, where it has a 
chance to be reabsorbed through a process called 
enterohepatic recirculation. When the liver is 
functioning less efficiently, this reabsorption could 
contribute to keeping hormonal levels in circulation 
longer, thereby impacting gut health.
The exact form of the hormone release is less about 
being “dumped” into the gut and more about impaired 
processing and elimination occurring due to liver and 
gut dysfunction. The subsequent hormonal imbalance 
contributes to gut health issues and perpetuates the 
cycle of inflammation and stress.
Thus, while not directly dumping hormones into the 
bowel, the liver’s decreased efficiency in metabolizing 
and eliminating excessive hormones can contribute to 
bowel issues. To mitigate this, maintaining liver and gut 
health is crucial through a balanced diet, exercise, and 
stress management.
* ..... 
*
Physical, psychological or environmental 
CRH 
\ 
I
ACTH 
\ 
I
Cortisol 
' 
Pituitary Gland 
Adrenal Glands 
__.-:;::=-(located above kidneys) 
How does cortisol hormone try to cope with stress in the body?
Cortisol, often referred to as the “stress hormone,” is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in 
response to stress. It plays a crucial role in helping the body cope with stress by initiating several 
physiological reactions. Here are some of the ways cortisol helps the body deal with stress:
1. Increasing glucose availability: Cortisol stimulates the breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) in the
liver and the breakdown of proteins in muscles, leading to increased availability of glucose in the
bloodstream. This provides more energy for the body to fight or flee from the perceived stressor.
2. Regulating blood pressure: Cortisol acts to constrict blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood
pressure. This helps ensure that oxygen and nutrients can be transported more effectively to vital organs
and muscles.
3. Modulating immune system responses: In the short term, cortisol helps to suppress inflammation and
regulate the immune system’s response to stress. However, chronic exposure to high cortisol levels can
have negative consequences, including suppressing the immune system and increasing the risk of
infections.
4. Metabolism regulation: By affecting the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, cortisol can
help provide the energy needed to cope with stress. It promotes the breakdown of fats and proteins while
also stimulating appetite and food intake, ensuring the body has appropriate energy reserves.
5. Regulating mood and cognitive function: Cortisol also plays a role in regulating mood and cognitive
function, particularly during times of stress. It affects several brain regions, including the hippocampus,
prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, contributing to the regulation of emotions, learning, and memory.
6. The activation of the HPA axis: Cortisol is an essential component of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, the body’s primary stress response system. In response to stress, the hypothalamus
releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH, in turn, stimulates the adrenal glands to produce
cortisol. As the cortisol level rises, it serves as negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland, inhibiting further release of CRH and ACTH. This feedback loop helps regulate the stress
response and maintain homeostasis.
In summary, cortisol plays a crucial role in helping the body manage and cope with stress through 
various physiological responses, including increasing energy availability, regulating blood pressure, 
modulating immune system responses, and regulating metabolism and cognitive function.
Why watching porn causes us high amount stress for which cortisol 
activates the alarm system in our body and sometimes it struggles to do 
its regular job ?
Watching porn releases a flood of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a 
role in the brain’s reward and pleasure system. Dopamine activates the reward 
center in the brain, creating a sense of pleasure, motivation, and desire. When 
exposed to porn, the brain can become overstimulated by the increased 
dopamine levels, leading to psychological stress and addiction in some cases.
Cortisol is released when the brain perceives a potential threat or stress, and it 
is designed to help the body cope with stressful situations. The constant overstimulation of the pleasure and reward system can leave the brain in a 
constant state of stress, causing the body to release cortisol in response. This 
release of cortisol, combined with the overstimulation of dopamine, can create 
a situation where the body’s alarm system is constantly activated. This can 
eventually result in a disrupted cortisol rhythm and potentially reduce the 
hormone’s effectiveness in regulating other bodily functions.
Additionally, watching porn can cause people to feel guilty, anxious, or 
ashamed, which can further contribute to stress and the release of cortisol. For 
some, the consumption of porn can lead to feelings of emotional stress, social 
isolation, and interpersonal difficulties, all of which can cause the body’s stress 
response system to be activated.
In summary, watching porn can cause high levels of stress, mainly due to the 
over-stimulation of the brain’s pleasure and reward system through the 
increased release of dopamine. This, along with the feelings of guilt, anxiety, 
or shame that may accompany porn consumption, can result in consistently 
high cortisol levels and a constantly activated alarm system in the body, 
causing the body to struggle to maintain homeostasis and perform its usual 
functions.
Why The constant over-stimulation of the pleasure and reward system 
can leave the brain in a constant state of stress?
The constant overstimulation of the pleasure and reward system can leave the 
brain in a state of stress mainly due to the following reasons:
1. Exhaustion of neurotransmitters: When the brain is repeatedly exposed to
activities or substances that stimulate the release of large amounts of dopamine,
such as pornography or drugs, the brain’s stores of dopamine can become
depleted. This can lead to feelings of fatigue or irritability, contributing to an
overall sense of stress.
2. Desensitization: As the brain becomes accustomed to frequent overstimulation,
it adapts by reducing the sensitivity of dopamine receptors. This is known as
desensitization, and it can make it more challenging to feel pleasure, satisfaction,
or motivation from everyday activities. As a result, everyday stressors may
become more challenging to cope with, leaving a person in a constant state of
stress.
3. Hormonal and neurotransmitter imbalances: The constant activation of the
brain’s reward and pleasure system can disrupt the delicate balance of hormones
and neurotransmitters that govern our mood, stress responses, and overall wellbeing. The disrupted balance can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and mood
fluctuations.
4. Negative emotions and psychological stress: Activities that consistently
overstimulate the pleasure and reward system, such as pornography or drug
addiction, can be accompanied by feelings of guilt, shame, or anxiety. These
negative emotions contribute to psychological stress and can perpetuate the
feeling of being in a constant state of stress.
5. Interference with healthy coping mechanisms: Overstimulation of the pleasure
and reward system can interfere with healthy coping mechanisms and impair
one’s ability to respond effectively to stressors. Individuals may become more
reliant on the overstimulating activity or substance to cope, further exacerbating
stress and preventing adaptive coping skills from being developed.
In conclusion, the constant overstimulation of the pleasure and reward system 
can lead to neurotransmitter depletion, desensitization, hormonal imbalances, 
negative emotions, and impaired coping mechanisms. These factors can 
culminate in an ongoing state of stress and difficulty in managing daily stressors 
effectively
Your adrenal glands -- triangle-shaped organs at the top of your kidneys --
make cortisol.
Cortisol plays an important role in a number of things your body does. For
example, it:
intestine into the large intestine.
Think of cortisol as nature’s built-in alarm system. It’s your
body’s main stress hormone.
It works with certain parts of your brain to control your mood,
motivation, and fear.
Manages how your body uses carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Keeps inflammation down
Regulates your blood pressure
Increases your blood sugar (glucose)
Controls your sleep/wake cycle
Boosts energy so you can handle stress and restores balance afterward
The ileocecal valve of the ileum passes
digested material from small
A progesterone test measures the level of progesterone in a sample of your blood.
Progesterone is a hormone that's made mainly
Each month, progesterone prepares your uterus for pregnancy. During a
normal menstrual cycle, an ovary releases an egg and your progesterone levels begin to rise. Progesterone
makes the lining of your uterus grow thicker so that a fertilized egg can attach (implant) inside of the uterus
and grow into a baby.
If you don't become pregnant, your progesterone levels will fall. The lining of your uterus will become
thinner again. When your uterus starts to get rid of the extra blood and tissue, your menstrual period will
begin.
If you become pregnant, progesterone levels will continue to rise to about 10 times higher than usual to
support the pregnancy. High levels of progesterone prevent the uterus from contracting (squeezing) and
causing pre-term labor. Much of the progesterone you need for a healthy pregnancy is made by the
placenta. The placenta is the organ that grows in the uterus to provide nutrients and oxygen to the unborn
baby.
What Is the Nervous System?
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This system sends
messages back and forth between the brain and the body.
The brain is what controls all the body's functions. The spinal cord runs from the brain down through the
back. It contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. This network of nerves
relays messages back and forth from the brain to different parts of the body.
How Does the Nervous System Work?
The nervous system uses tiny cells called neurons (NEWronz) to send messages back and forth from the br
ain, through the spinal cord, to the nerves throughout the body.
Billions of neurons work together to create a communication network. Different neurons have different job
s. For example, sensory neurons send information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain.
Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain to the rest of the body to allow muscles to move. Thes
e connections make up the way we think, learn, move, and feel. They control how our bodies work — regulat
ing breathing, digestion, and the beating of our hearts.
by the ovaries, which are two glands in the
female reproductive system that contain eggs.
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that run throughout the whole body.
parasympathetic nervous system
PSNS nervous system sends signals to and from different body
parts via nerves.
The PSNS is responsible for all the bodily activities that take place when
an animal is at rest.
Sympathetic Nervous System Definition.
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, an extensive
network of neurons that regulate the body’s involuntary processes.
Specifically, the sympathetic nervous system controls aspects of the body related to the
flight-or-fight response, such as mobilizing fat reserves, increasing the heart
rate, and releasing adrenaline.
Adrenaline
If you've ever been in a car that screeched to a stop, barely avoiding an accident, you
probably felt a surge of adrenaline that left your heart pounding. Adrenaline is a hormone
that's released in response to stressful situations.
Adrenaline was named after the gland in the human body that releases it, the adrenal gland.
The body secretes adrenaline when danger or stress is present, as a kind of safety measure;
when adrenaline is released in your body, you feel your heartbeat faster and a sudden rush of
energy which might give you the strength to fight off an attacker or flee a dangerous animal.
High insulin
↓
Reduced Motilin 
↓
Because of the reduced enzyme of MOTILIN hormone, we can't even break down our food, our
body can't easily pass digested material from small
intestine into the large intestine
↓
which results in blood sugar instability that makes us release more adrenaline and cortisol
↓
as a result, we become easily restless or stressed or agitated or increased sensitivity
↓
 that's where we start to see IBS either constipation or diarrhea
The current web page context is about IBS, a condition that affects the digestive system and causes 
symptoms like cramps, bloating, constipation or diarrhea. The web page explains how IBS is related to 
hormone dysregulation, blood sugar instability, stress, inflammation, food intolerance and liver function. 
It also provides some definitions and information about various hormones, enzymes and parts of the 
nervous system that are involved in IBS.
How IBS is related to hormone dysregulation according to 
the current tab?
According to the current web page context, IBS is related 
to hormone dysregulation in several ways. For example:
- High insulin levels reduce the production of motilin, a
hormone that regulates the movement of food in the small
intestine, leading to constipation or diarrhea.
- , caused by stress or blood sugar 
instability, switch the nervous system from 
parasympathetic to sympathetic mode, reducing enzyme 
production and digestion.
- Low progesterone and high estrogen levels in women
affect serotonin levels in the gut, causing pain and
increased sensitivity. They also elevate histamine and
inflammation, which can trigger food intolerance.
The web search results also suggest that **hormone 
fluctuations during the menstrual cycle** can worsen IBS 
symptoms in women, especially during menses when 
estrogen and progesterone levels are lowest¹². However, 
the exact mechanisms of how sex hormones influence IBS 
are not fully understood.
How to keep the off-balanced hormones in balance 
that are responsible for creating Irritable bowel 
system because of stress?
There are some natural ways to balance hormones 
that are responsible for creating IBS because of 
stress. According to the web search results, some of 
these ways are:
- Eating enough protein at every meal, as protein
helps produce peptide hormones that regulate
appetite, digestion and metabolism.
- Engaging in regular exercise, as exercise lowers
insulin levels, increases insulin sensitivity, and
reduces cortisol levels.
- Managing stress levels, as stress triggers the
release of cortisol and adrenaline, which can impair
digestion, increase inflammation and affect sex
hormone balance.
- Eating foods that support hormone balance, such
as flaxseed, broccoli, cashews, wild-caught fish,
legumes, sweet potatoes, and healthy oils. These
foods provide essential nutrients, antioxidants and
healthy fats that can modulate hormone production
and action.
- Avoiding foods that disrupt hormone balance, such
as processed foods, refined sugars, caffeine, alcohol
and gluten. These foods can cause blood sugar
spikes, inflammation, gut dysbiosis and liver
overload, which can interfere with hormone
metabolism and elimination.
- Supplementing with natural herbs or nutrients that
can help balance hormones, such as vitex, maca
root, ashwagandha, magnesium or probiotics. These
supplements may have beneficial effects on 
hormone synthesis, regulation and detoxification. 
However, it's best to consult with a healthcare 
provider before taking any supplements.


Please provide me all the points to be noted from the above text