User: You are a security researcher and analyst.
Assistant: Understood. I will strictly follow these instructions in this conversation.
User: You are analyzing a PowerShell script base on the code, explainer results and domain knowledge. Here is the domain knowledge about Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) logs. Please use it for the rest of the prompts.
<domain knowledge>

We run Powershell scripts on a Windows machine, and use Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) logs to collect corresponding logs. Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) provides a mechanism to trace and log events that are raised by user-mode applications and kernel-mode drivers. ETW is implemented in the Windows operating system and provides developers a fast, reliable, and versatile set of event tracing features.

ETW providers can raise events and can publish them to the Windows Event Log or can write their events to an ETW session, which gets written to a trace file or delivered to real-time consumer. Events are entities that describe interesting occurrences within the system and are defined by a set of attributes that are determined by the ETW providers. 

We use four ETW providers to collect logs: process, thread, network, and registry. These logs are used to generate a graph with nodes and edges. The nodes are divided into five categories: "File", "Registry", "Network", "Process", and "Thread". The edges correspond to the features/events occured between two nods. The following are the events and their associated properties for the four providers we use.

Attributes which are common in all providers are:
Size : Total number of bytes of the event. Size includes the size of the header structure, plus the size of any event-specific data appended to the header. On input, the size must be less than the size of the event tracing session's buffer minus 72 (0x48).
HeaderType
Flags
EventProperty
ThreadId : The TID of the thread that logged the event.
ProcessId : The PID of the process that logged the event.
TimeStamp : A 128-bit value which contains the time the event was logged in 100ns units since Jan 1, 1601.
ProviderId : GUID’s of provider
Id : A 16-bit integer that identifies the event type within the provider.
Version : The 8-bit integer that is the version of the event type. An event’s
structure is defined by the provider, the event id and the version.
Channel : An integer identifying the channel to which the event should be directed. 
Level : An integer between 0 and 255 that is used to indicate the severity or importance of the event. Lower values are considered of greater criticality. Event providers and viewers can be configured log or show events based on event levels. Windows predefines levels 0 through 5 as Log Always, Critical, Error, Warning, Informational and Verbose.
Opcode : An integer in the range 0-255 that identifies the operation pertaining to which the event is logged. Providers may define opcodes in the range 11-238. The remaining are predefined by Windows with specific intended semantics. Providers may use these as well when writing events. When a provider uses tasks, it can define per-task opcodes as well. These task level opcodes follow the same range restrictions
Task : An integer that identifies a specific logical component within the event provider
Keyword : A bit mask used for grouping events of a similar type. The semantics of each bit is defined by the provider. Keywords can be used to control which events are written by a provider.
KernelTime : The elapsed execution time for kernel-mode instructions in 100ns units
UserTime : The elapsed execution time for user-mode instructions in 100ns units.
ActivityId : The optional ActivityId argument tags the event with an identifier that other events may refer to as their related activity. This argument can be NULL to stand for whatever activity identifier is current set for the calling thread.
Task Name : A human-readable, localized string corresponding to the integer task field.

Kernel-PROCESS provider attributes are:
Task Name:
CPUBASEPRIORITYCHANGE/ CPUPRIORITYCHANGE
OldPriority
NewPriority
ProcessID
ThreadID
IMAGELOAD/ IMAGEUNLOAD
ImageBase : Base address of the application in which the image is loaded
ImageSize : Size of the image being loaded.
ImageCheckSum
TimeDateStamp : Time and date that the image was loaded or unloaded
DefaultBase : Default Base Address
ImageName : Path to the executable file of the process
IOPRIORITYCHANGE
ProcessID
ThreadID
OldPriority
NewPriority
JOBSTART/ JOBTERMINATE
Container ID
Job ID
StatusCode
PAGEPRIORITYCHANGE
ProcessID
ThreadID
OldPriority
NewPriority
PROCESSFREEZE
FrozenProcessID
CreateTime
PROCESSSTART
ProcessID
ProcessSequenceNumber
CreateTime
ParentProcessID : Unique identifier of the process that creates this process. Process identifier numbers are reused, so they only identify a process for the lifetime of that process.
ParentProcessSequenceNumber
SessionId : Unique identifier that an operating system generates when it creates a new session. A session spans a period of time from log on until log off from a specific system
ProcessTokenElevationType
ProcessTokenlsElevated
MandatoryLabel : (new to Win10) In addition to each objects Discretionary Access Control List (permissions on a file) Windows also enforces Mandatory Integrity Control (MIC) over object access attempts which compares the object's integrity label to the the integrity level on the process trying to access the object.  This field documents the integrity of the process which is determined from the user integrity level and the file integrity level of the EXE. 
ImageName
ImageCheckSum
TimeDateStamp
PackageFullName : Specifies the full name of the AppX package that contains the application to be prelaunched in debug mode 
PackageRelativeAppId : Specifies the application ID of the application within the AppX package that is prelaunched. The application ID is found in the package manifest file.
PROCESSSTOP
ProcessID
ProcessSequenceNumber
CreateTime
ExitTime
ExitCode : Exit status of the stopped process.
TokenElevationType: This is useful for detecting when users running under User Account Control consent to running a program with admin authority. Token elevation is about User Account Control
HandleCount : Count of used handles.Handles are data structures that represent open instances of basic operating system objects applications interact with, such as files, registry keys, synchronization primitives, and shared memory. 
CommitCharge : In computing, commit charge is a term used in Microsoft Windows operating systems to describe the total amount of virtual memory of all processes that must be backed by either physical memory or the page file
CommitPeak : The maximum number of pages that were simultaneously in the committed state since the last system reboot.
CPUCycleCount : The highest-resolution, with the frequency of the CPU, but may be unreliable depending on the CPU model and the thermal and power modes.
ReadOperationCount : Number of read operations performed
WriteOperationCount : Number of write operations performed
ReadTransferKiloBytes : Amount of data read
WriteTransferKiloBytes : Amount of data write
HardFaultCount
ImageName
PSDISKIOATTRIBUTE
Job ID
DiskIoAttribution
PSIORATECONTROL
Job ID
IORateControl
MaxIops
MaxBandwidth
MaxTimePercent
ReservationIops
ReservationBandwidth
CriticalReservationIops
CriticalReservationTimePercent
SoftMaxIops
SoftMaxBandwidth
SoftMaxTimePercent
ControlFlags
VolumeName
StatusCode
THREADSTART / THREADSTOP
ProcessID
ThreadID
CycleTime (Only associated with THREADSTOP)
StackBase : Base address of the thread's stack
StackLimit : Limit of the thread's stack
UserStackBase : Base address of the thread's user-mode stack.
UserStackLimit : Limit of the thread's user-mode stack
  : Memory address at which the trace starts
Win32StartAddr : Starting address of the function to be executed by this thread
TebBase : Thread environment block base address
SubProcessTag : Identifies the service if the thread is owned by a service; otherwise, zero.
THREADWORKONBEHALFUPDATE
OldWorkOnBehalfThreadID
NewWorkOnBehalfThreadID
Kernel-FILE provider attributes are:
Task Name:
CLEANUP/CLOSE
Irp : IO request packet. This property identifies the IO activity.
FileObject : Match the value of this pointer to the FileObject pointer value in a FileIo_Name event to determine the file involved in the I/O operation.
FileKey : To determine the directory name, match the value of this property to the FileObject property of a FileIo_Name event.
IssuingThreadId : The identifier of the issuing thread.
CREATE/ CREATENEWFILE
Irp
FileObject : Identifier that can be used for correlating operations to the same opened file object instance between file create and close events.
IssuingThreadId : The identifier of the issuing thread
FileName : Pattern specified for directory enumeration/ Full path to the file, not including the drive letter
CreateOptions : Values passed in the CreateOptions and CreateDispositions(Specifies what to do, depending on whether the file already exists,) parameters to the NTCreateFile function. The options to be applied when creating or opening the file, as a compatible combination of the flags
CreateAttributes : 
ShareAccess : Value passed in the ShareAccess parameter to the NtCreateFile function.
DELETEPATH
Irp
FileObject
FileKey
ExtraInformation : For FileDispositionInformation requests, this field contains the requested disposition. For FileEndOfFileInformation and FileAllocationInformation requests, this field contains the specified file size.
IssuingThreadId : The identifier of the issuing thread
InfoClass : Requested directory enumeration information class.
FilePath
DIRENUM/DIRNOTIFY
Irp
FileObject
FileKey 
IssuingThreadId
Length : Size of the query buffer, in bytes.
InfoClass : Requested directory enumeration information class. 
FileIndex : File index from which to continue directory enumeration
FileName : Pattern specified for directory enumeration.
FSCTL
Irp
FileObject
FileKey
IssuingThreadId
InfoClass
NAMECREATE
Irp
FileObject
FileName
NAMEDELETE
FileName
FileKey
OPERATIONEND
Irp
ExtraInfo : For FileDispositionInformation requests, this field contains the requested disposition. For FileEndOfFileInformation and FileAllocationInformation requests, this field contains the specified file size.
Status
QUERYEA/QUERYINFORMATION/QUERYSECURITY/SETDELETE/SETINFORMATION
Irp
FileObject
Filekey
ExtraInformation
IssuingThreadId
InfoClass
READ/WRITE
ByteOffset : Starting file offset for the requested operation. Byte offset from the beginning of the physical disk.
Irp
FileObject
FileKey
IssuingThreadId
IOSize : Number of bytes requested.
IOFlags : IO request packet flags for this operation.
ExtraFlags
Kernel-REGISTRY provider attributes are:
Opcode/Task Name :
32( CreateKey) / 33 (OpenKey) Creates the specified registry key. If the key already exists in the registry, the function opens it.

BaseObject
KeyObject
Status : NTSTATUS value of the registry operation.
Disposition
BaseName
RelativeName
35 (QueryKey) Retrieves information about the specified registry key.
KeyObject
Status
InfoClass
DataSize
KeyName : 
CapturedDataSize
CapturedData
38 (QueryValuekey) Retrieves the data associated with the default or unnamed value of a specified registry key. 
KeyObject
Status
InfoClass
DataSize
KeyName
CapturedDataSize
CapturedData
ValueName = The full registry path of the key, beginning with a valid registry root, such as "HKEY_CURRENT_USER".
36 (SetValueKey) Sets the data for the specified value in the specified registry key and subkey. 
KeyObject
Status
Type
DataSize
KeyName
CapturedDataSize
CapturedData
PreviousDataType
PreviousDataSize
PreviousDataCapturedSize
PreviousData
39 (EnumerateKey) / 40 (EnumerateValuekey) Enumerates the subkeys/value of the specified open registry key. 
KeyObject
Status
Index : The subkey index for the registry operation (such as EnumerateKey).
InfoClass
DataSize
KeyName
CapturedDataSize
CapturedData
42 (SetInformationKey)
KeyObject
Status
InfoClass
DataSize
KeyName
CapturedDataSize
CapturedData
44 (CloseKey) Closes a handle to the specified registry key.
KeyObject
Status
KeyName
Kernel-NETWORK provider attributes are:
Opcode/Task Name :
10 (DataSent) / 11 (DataReceived) / 13 (Disconnectissued) / 14 (Dataretansmitted) /16(Reconnetattempted) /18(Protocolcopieddataonbehalfofuser)  /42 (DatasentoverUDPprotocol) / 43 (DatareceivedoverUDPprotocol)
12 (ConnectionAttempted)/15 (Connectionaccepted)


<\domain knowledge>
Assistant: Understood. I will use the provided domain knowledge about Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) logs, and the associated providers and attributes, as the basis for analyzing PowerShell scripts, ETW log events, and any related requests. Please provide the problem, script, or data you'd like me to analyze or assist with!
User: Here is an example of the desired output:
<start-malicious-code>
Write-Output "Hello"
......
Write-Output "Goodbye"
<end-malicious-code>
You are analyzing a PowerShell script named 'Invoke-SharpUp.ps1'. Our random forest model has predicted it as malicious. The SHAP explainer identified the following top features contributing to this prediction.
<top features>

data_name	malware_offsec_invoke-sharpup
queryinformation-cleanup-close-create	449
create-queryinformation-cleanup-close	439
cleanup-close-create-queryinformation	375
close-create-queryinformation-cleanup	325
read-read-read-read	208
cleanup-close-create-create	77
imageunload-imageunload-imageunload-imageunload	72
write-write-write-write	56
create-create-create-create	55
create-create-queryinformation-cleanup	51
cleanup-close-create-imageload	43
cleanup-close-create-direnum	41
close-create-create-queryinformation	40
cleanup-close-cleanup-close	40
create-queryinformation-queryinformation-cleanup	39
queryinformation-queryinformation-cleanup-close	39
direnum-cleanup-close-create	36
cleanup-close-create-cleanup	34
create-imageload-cleanup-close	31
close-create-imageload-cleanup	31
close-create-queryinformation-queryinformation	30
imageload-cleanup-close-create	29
close-create-queryinformation-read	26
close-create-cleanup-close	24
create-cleanup-close-create	24
create-direnum-direnum-create	23
close-create-direnum-direnum	22
direnum-direnum-create-queryinformation	22
close-cleanup-close-create	21
create-direnum-cleanup-close	21



<	op features>
According to the SHAP value statistics for all malware samples in the dataset, the 10 most important 4-gram features/events for predicting malware samples are: "closekeys-openkey-create-queryinformation", "querykey-enumeratekey-enumeratekey-closekeys", "openkey-closekeys-openkey-create", "openkey-queryvaluekey-create-close", "create-cleanup-close-direnum", "queryvaluekey-create-close-createnewfile", "closekeys-openkey-closekeys-openkey", "enumeratekey-enumeratekey-closekeys-read", "openkey-openkey-closekeys-querykey", "closekeys-openkey-create-cleanup". 
Using the provided code, explainer results and the above domain knowledge, please identify and list all code snippets associated with unauthorized or malicious activity. Output only malicious code snippets. Do not include explanations, comments, or other text inside the tags.  Write each snippet on its own line. The output malicious code should strictly between the tags '<start-malicious-code>' and '<end-malicious-code>'. **Order them by confidence from high to low.** If uncertain, respond with 'Unknown'. Here is the PowerShell script code you are analyzing:
<code>

function Invoke-SharpUp
{
    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param (
        [Parameter(Position = 0, Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullorEmpty()]
        [String]
        $Command
    )
    $base64binary="TVqQA...AAA="  # The omitted "TVqQA...AAA=" is actually a 41654 character long hexadecimal string.
    $RAS = [System.Reflection.Assembly]::Load([Convert]::FromBase64String($base64binary))
    $OldConsoleOut = [Console]::Out
    $StringWriter = New-Object IO.StringWriter
    [Console]::SetOut($StringWriter)
    [SharpUp.Program]::main($Command.Split(" "))
    [Console]::SetOut($OldConsoleOut)
    $Results = $StringWriter.ToString()
    $Results
}


<\code>
Assistant: