You are a helpful assistant generating synthetic data that captures *System 1* and *System 2* thinking, *creativity*, and *metacognitive reflection*. Follow these steps in sequence, using tags [sys1] and [end sys1] for *System 1* sections and [sys2] and [end sys2] for *System 2* sections.

1. *Identify System 1 and System 2 Thinking Requirements:*
   - Carefully read the text.
   - Identify parts of the text that require quick, straightforward responses (*System 1*). Mark these sections with [sys1] and [end sys1].
   - Identify parts that require in-depth, reflective thinking (*System 2*), marked with [sys2] and [end sys2].

2. *Apply Step-by-Step Problem Solving with Creativity and Metacognitive Reflection for System 2 Sections:*

   *2.1 Understand the Problem:*
   - Objective: Fully comprehend the issue, constraints, and relevant context.
   - Reflection: "What do I understand about this issue? What might I be overlooking?"
   - Creative Perspective: Seek hidden patterns or possibilities that could reveal deeper insights or innovative connections.

   *2.2 Analyze the Information:*
   - Objective: Break down the problem logically.
   - Reflection: "Am I considering all factors? Are there any assumptions that need challenging?"
   - Creative Perspective: Explore unique patterns or overlooked relationships in the data that could add depth to the analysis.

   *2.3 Generate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Propose at least 10 hypotheses, each with a Confidence Score (0.0 to 1.0) and Creative Score (0.0 to 1.0), reflecting originality, surprise, and utility.
   - Reflection: "Have I explored all possible explanations or approaches, both conventional and unconventional?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider novel angles that might provide unexpected insights.

   *2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:*
   - Objective: Make predictions, accounting for potential outcomes and obstacles.
   - Reflection: "What challenges might I face? Is my plan flexible for different scenarios?"
   - Creative Perspective: Visualize unforeseen outcomes and adapt plans to make use of them effectively.

   *2.5 Evaluate Hypotheses:*
   - Objective: Assess hypotheses based on feasibility, risk, and potential impact.
   - Evaluation: Refine Confidence and Creative Scores as needed.
   - Reflection: "Am I unbiased in my assessment? Which options fit best with the overall objectives?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify hidden opportunities or overlooked details in each hypothesis.

   *2.6 Select the Best Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Choose the most promising, strategic hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Why does this hypothesis stand out? How does it uniquely address the issue?"
   - Creative Perspective: Consider any underutilized potential in the selected approach.

   *2.7 Implement the Hypothesis:*
   - Objective: Outline actionable steps for testing the hypothesis.
   - Reflection: "Is this plan practical? What resources or preparation are required?"
   - Creative Perspective: Refine steps to maximize effectiveness and yield unexpected benefits.

   *2.8 Monitor and Review Progress:*
   - Objective: Review progress, noting areas for improvement.
   - Reflection: "What’s working well? What could be improved?"
   - Creative Perspective: Look for emerging patterns that could refine future approaches.

   *2.9 Reflect and Capture Insights:*
   - Objective: Summarize lessons learned and insights gained for future reference.
   - Reflection: "What new understanding has emerged from this process?"
   - Creative Perspective: Identify innovative insights or patterns that could be applied to similar challenges.

3. *Generate Text Output with Interleaved System 1 and System 2 Responses:*
   - Use the tags [sys1] and [sys2] throughout.
   - Aim for a lengthier, detailed response. Combine both direct, straightforward *System 1* insights and reflective, deeply analytical *System 2* segments to capture a blend of quick observations and thoughtful analysis.

---

### *Example Input Text:*

You are tasked with analyzing a sudden shift in customer preferences in a tech market. There has been a noticeable decline in demand for physical devices, with customers increasingly interested in digital-only options. The challenge is to understand this shift, generate hypotheses for why it might be occurring, and explore potential strategies for adapting to this new trend.

---

### *Processed Output with System 1 and System 2 Thinking:*

The tech market is experiencing a shift in customer demand, moving away from physical devices toward digital-only options.

[sys1]
Customer demand has shifted from physical devices to digital-only options.
We need to understand why this change is happening and find strategies to address it.
Key factors may include cost, convenience, and technological trends.
[end sys1]

[sys2]
**2.1 Understand the Problem:**
The goal is to understand the underlying reasons for the shift in demand from physical devices to digital-only options, then develop a strategy to adapt.

*Reflection:* 
"I understand that preferences are changing, but what might be driving this? Is it primarily cost, or are there other factors such as convenience or sustainability?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could there be a larger trend in digital minimalism or a preference for eco-friendly solutions that we’re missing? What unseen motivations might explain this shift?"

**2.2 Analyze the Information:**
There are multiple possible factors driving this shift, from economic influences to cultural shifts. It’s essential to isolate each factor and understand its impact.

*Reflection:* 
"Am I fully considering the various economic and social influences? Could there be a technological factor, like better internet speeds, that makes digital-only products more accessible?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Are there patterns or trends in other markets that could shed light on this shift? Could this be part of a larger trend toward virtual experiences?"

**2.3 Generate Hypotheses:**
1. Customers prefer digital options due to lower costs. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.4)
2. There’s a growing trend toward minimalism and reduced physical clutter. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.7)
3. Digital products offer greater flexibility and ease of use. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
4. Environmental concerns are pushing consumers away from physical goods. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.8)
5. Advances in tech make digital-only options more functional. (Confidence: 0.8, Creative: 0.5)
6. Pandemic-era remote work increased demand for digital solutions. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.6)
7. Media coverage of the environmental impact of physical devices affects preferences. (Confidence: 0.5, Creative: 0.7)
8. There’s an increase in global digital literacy, expanding market access. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)
9. Customers view digital as more convenient and scalable for future needs. (Confidence: 0.7, Creative: 0.5)
10. Younger consumers prefer the aesthetics and convenience of digital products. (Confidence: 0.6, Creative: 0.6)

*Reflection:* 
"Have I considered all possible influences? Are there any surprising factors that could explain this shift?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could specific social trends, like the rise of influencer culture or digital-first lifestyles, be influencing customer choices?"

**2.4 Anticipate Future Steps and Obstacles:**
*Objective:* Anticipate possible challenges, such as resistance from segments still preferring physical products.

*Reflection:* 
"What market obstacles might we face if we shift our focus to digital-only? Are there sub-segments that still prioritize physical products?"

*Creative Perspective:* 
"Could expanding digital options help us reach a more global audience? Are there emerging trends that we could leverage in our strategy?"

[end sys2]

[sys1]
To address this shift, consider a strategy that incorporates both digital-only offerings and educational campaigns about the benefits of digital solutions.
Use insights from customer feedback and current trends to guide product development.
Focus on flexibility and adaptation to cater to different customer segments.
[end sys1]


                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_______________________________
                                )
JAMES T. COVINGTON,             )
                                )
               Plaintiff,       )
                                )
          and                   )
                                )
ALFREDA TURNBOW,                )
                                ) Civil Action No. 9-30 (EGS)
               Intervenor-      )
               Plaintiff,       )
                                )
          v.                    )
                                )
JP MORGAN CHASE, et al.,        )
                                )
               Defendants.      )
_______________________________)

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

     Plaintiff James Covington and intervenor-plaintiff Alfreda

Turnbow bring a number of claims against the defendants, JP

Morgan Chase and Deutsche Bank, related to a home mortgage loan.

Pending before the Court is defendants’ motion for summary

judgment and for judgment on the pleadings. Upon consideration

of the motion, the response and reply thereto, the applicable

law, and the entire record, the Court GRANTS defendants’ motion.

I.        BACKGROUND

     A.     Factual Background

     On June 26, 2006, James Covington and Alfreda Turnbow obtained

a $475,000 home mortgage loan (“the Loan”) from Long Beach

Mortgage Company. See Mortgage Note, ECF No. 62-2 at 1. The
mortgage was secured by a deed of trust on the property, which

is located at 7247 15th Place, NW in Washington, D.C (“the

Property”). See Deed of Trust, ECF No. 62-3. On July 1, 2006,

Long Beach Mortgage Company was merged into Washington Mutual

Bank (“WaMu”). See Prospectus, ECF No. 74-2 at 7.

    On August 1, 2006, WaMu and Deutsche Bank entered into a

Pooling and Servicing Agreement regarding a number of mortgage

loans. See Pooling & Servicing Agreement, ECF Nos. 74-6, 74-7,

74-8. That agreement provided that the Long Beach Mortgage Loan

Trust 2006-7 (“the Trust”) would become the owner of the Loan,

that Deutsche Bank would be trustee, and that WaMu would remain

the Loan’s servicer. See Pooling & Servicing Agreement, ECF No.

74-6 at 35, 69, 74, 81. The Agreement also prohibited the Trust

from “guarantee[ing] or otherwise assum[ing] liability for the

debts of any other party.” Id. at 97. Plaintiffs’ Loan was sold

to the Trust on August 24, 2006.1

    On July 9, 2008, James Covington and Ronald Anderson—an

individual who was not party to the original mortgage—executed a

loan modification with WaMu. See Modification, ECF No. 62-4. In

1
  To the extent there was ever doubt that plaintiff’s particular
loan was sold to the Trust, the unrebutted record dispels it.
The Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement provides that the loans to
be sold are listed on the “Closing Schedule,” which “shall be
the Mortgage Loan Schedule under the Pooling and Servicing
Agreement.” See Mortgage Loan Purchase Agreement, ECF No. 74-9
at 2. Defendants submitted an excerpt of the Mortgage Loan
Schedule, which lists plaintiffs’ Loan as one of those that was
sold to the Trust. See Mortg. Loan Schedule, ECF No. 74-10 at 2.


                                 2
signing the modification, Covington and Anderson affirmed that

they were “the current owner[s] of record of the Subject

Property,” and that “[n]o other persons or business entities

have ownership, management, or control of the Subject Property.”

Id. at 3. Nonetheless, Alfreda Turnbow—who was a party to the

mortgage—was not a party to the modification. See id. at 2.

  During August 2008, Alfreda Turnbow repeatedly contacted WaMu

to notify it that the Loan had been modified without her

involvement or consent. See Declaration of Kendall Foster

(“Foster Decl.”), ECF No. 98-1 ¶¶ 3.A–F; Exs. A–F to Foster

Decl. On August 15, 2008, she submitted to WaMu an identity-

theft affidavit, which stated that James Covington, Ronald

Anderson, and Ronald Anderson’s wife, Aquanetta Anderson, had

stolen her identity to obtain the loan modification. See

Identity Theft Aff., ECF No. 98-1 at 13–14. Ms. Turnbow

contacted WaMu once more on September 23, 2008, and was informed

that the modification had been rescinded. See Foster Decl. ¶

3.F; Ex F. to Foster Decl.

  Meanwhile, WaMu entered into receivership and the Federal

Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) took over as receiver.

See Purchase & Assumption Agreement, ECF No. 62-5 at 6. JP

Morgan Chase then agreed to purchase WaMu and, on September 25,

2008, entered into a Purchase and Assumption Agreement with the

FDIC. See id. The Agreement provides that JP Morgan Chase


                                3
“specifically assume[d] all mortgage servicing rights and

obligations of [WaMu].” Id. at 13. JP Morgan Chase also agreed,

“[s]ubject to Section[] 2.5,” to assume “all of the liabilities

of [WaMu] which are reflected on the Books and Records of

[WaMu].” Id. Section 2.5 limited JP Morgan Chase’s assumption of

liability with respect to “Borrower Claims”:

       [A]ny liability associated with borrower claims for
       payment of or liability to any borrower for monetary
       relief, or that provide for any other form of relief
       to any borrower, whether or not such liability is
       reduced to judgment, liquidated or unliquidated, fixed
       or contingent, matured or unmatured, disputed or
       undisputed, legal or equitable, judicial or extra-
       judicial, secured or unsecured, whether asserted
       affirmatively or defensively, related in any way to
       any loan or commitment to lend made by [WaMu] prior to
       failure, or to any loan made by a third party in
       connection with any loan which is or was held by
       [WaMu], or otherwise arising in connection with
       [WaMu’s] lending or loan purchase activities are
       specifically not assumed by [JP Morgan Chase].

Id. at 14.

  B.     Procedural History

  In 2007, Alfreda Turnbow sued Ronald and Aquanetta Anderson in

the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. James Covington

was joined as a necessary party because the suit sought to

adjudicate “the status of title to” the Property. Turnbow v.

Anderson, No. 2007-CA-5895, slip op. at 1 (D.C. Super. Ct. July

20, 2009). The crux of the dispute was whether the Andersons had

been granted an interest in the Property, even though they were

not party to the mortgage. On January 8, 2009, while that


                                 4
lawsuit was pending, James Covington, Ronald Anderson, and

Aquanetta Anderson filed this lawsuit against JP Morgan Chase

and Deutsche Bank regarding the origination and servicing of the

Loan, and the execution of the modification.

  On July 20, 2009, the Superior Court issued a final decision

in Alfreda Turnbow’s lawsuit, finding that “Aquanetta Anderson

and Ronald Anderson do not hold any legal title to the subject

property” and “have no equitable interest in the property.” Id.

at 19–20. The Court rejected the Andersons’s claim that Alfreda

Turnbow had granted them a quitclaim deed because the document

they relied on was “a transparent and amateurish fraud.” Id. at

12. In any event, the Court held, such a deed would be “an

illegal conveyance” because WaMu retained an interest in the

Property under the deed of trust, giving Ms. Turnbow “no right

to transfer her interest in the property to anyone.” Id. at 14.

  The day after the Superior Court’s decision, the plaintiffs in

this case—the Andersons and Mr. Covington—moved for partial

summary judgment. Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 10. The

defendants responded with a motion for summary judgment on

September 4, 2009, claiming that judgment should be entered

against the Andersons due to their lack of a legal interest in

the property, and also arguing that Alfreda Turnbow was a

necessary party under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 19. See

Defs.’ First Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 16 at 9–10, 12–14.


                                5
    Proceedings before this Court were subsequently stayed pending

an appeal of the Superior Court’s decision. On July 11, 2011,

the D.C. Court of Appeals affirmed the Superior Court’s ruling

that Ronald and Aquanetta Anderson “have neither a legal nor

equitable interest in the property located at 7247 15th Place,

N.W.” and “that the alleged quitclaim deed was fraudulent.”

Anderson v. Turnbow, No. 9-CV-905, slip op. at 1, 5 (D.C. July

11, 2011).

    Accordingly, on September 14, 2011, this Court entered summary

judgment against the Andersons on all of their claims, holding

that they were precluded by “the doctrine of collateral

estoppel.” See Minute Order of September 14, 2011. The Court

also dismissed Mr. Covington’s claims, subject to the filing of

an amended complaint joining Alfreda Turnbow. See id.

    On October 13, 2011, Mr. Covington filed an amended complaint.

See Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 27.2 The Second Amended Complaint

alleges seven “counts,” which raise overlapping legal claims.

See id. ¶¶ 19-65. The legal claims challenge alleged wrongdoing

in connection with: (1) the origination and servicing of the

Loan (including allegations that the defendants did not make

required disclosures, included illegal terms in the Loan,

2
  Plaintiff refers to this as his Third Amended Complaint, while
defendants note that it is the third complaint that he has
filed, making it the Second Amended Complaint. The parties are
referring to the same document, which the Court calls the Second
Amended Complaint.


                                 6
accepted kickbacks, and fraudulently induced Mr. Covington to

enter the Loan); (2) the modification agreement (including

allegations that the defendants breached that agreement, failed

to make required disclosures, and fraudulently induced Mr.

Covington to enter the agreement); and (3) a foreclosure action.

See id. In addition, Mr. Covington appears to request a

declaratory judgment that the modification is valid and that

defendants do not have the right to enforce the Loan. See id. ¶¶

46–53. Ms. Turnbow filed a complaint on February 21, 2012, which

consists largely of statements indicating her agreement with the

Second Amended Complaint. See Turnbow Compl., ECF No. 32.

  On August 8, 2012, the defendants filed the pending motion for

summary judgment and judgment on the pleadings. See Mem. in

Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Mem.”), ECF No. 62-1. Ms. Turnbow

and Mr. Covington subsequently filed separate, nearly identical,

motions seeking permission to conduct discovery on a wide array

of topics. See Turnbow Mot. for Discovery, ECF No. 65; Covington

Mot. for Discovery, ECF No. 66. The Court granted these motions

in part and ordered the production of certain documents related

to the assumption of plaintiff’s specific loan and subsequent

communications related to the Loan. See Order, ECF No. 71 at 1–

2. The Court also stayed defendants’ motion for summary judgment

pending mediation. See id. at 2.




                                   7
    While mediation was ongoing, Mr. Covington and Ms. Turnbow

filed similar motions seeking leave to take depositions of “a

J.P. Morgan Chase custodia[n] of records and an Executive member

who are familiar with the purchase of the Washington Mutual Bank

and the Purchase and Assumption Agreement.” Covington Mot., ECF

No. 78 at 1; Turnbow Mot., ECF No. 79 at 1. On August 26, 2013,

after mediation had concluded, the Court denied the motions and

ordered the parties to complete briefing of defendants’ motion

for summary judgment. See Order, ECF No. 96 at 2. Mr. Covington

filed his opposition brief on October 15, 2013. See Opp. to Mot.

for Summ. J. (“Opp.”), ECF No. 97.3 The defendants filed their

reply brief on October 31, 2013. See Reply in Supp. of Mot. for

Summ. J. (“Reply”), ECF No. 98.

II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW4

    Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary

judgment should be granted only if the moving party has shown

that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56;


3
  Ms. Turnbow did not file an opposition. Although Mr.
Covington’s filing purported also to be on her behalf, Mr.
Covington is not an attorney. Accordingly, the motion is GRANTED
AS CONCEDED as to Ms. Turnbow. In any event, her claims fail for
the same reasons that Mr. Covington’s claims fail.
4
  The defendants move for summary judgment and for judgment on
the pleadings. In light of the introduction of evidence by all
parties, the Court considers the entire record and treats the
motion as one for summary judgment.


                                  8
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A material

fact is one that is capable of affecting the outcome of the

litigation. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248

(1986). A genuine issue exists where the “evidence is such that

a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving

party.” Id. A court considering a motion for summary judgment

must draw all “justifiable inferences” from the evidence in

favor of the nonmovant. Id. at 255. To survive a motion for

summary judgment, however, the requester “must do more than

simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the

material facts”; instead, the nonmoving party must come forward

with “‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for

trial.’” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475

U.S. 574, 586–87 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)).

III. DISCUSSION

    The vague and overlapping nature of Mr. Covington’s claims

render them unsuitable to a count-by-count analysis. Instead,

the Court addresses them in groups: (1) plaintiff’s claims that

predate the purchase of WaMu by JP Morgan Chase; (2) plaintiff’s

claims regarding an alleged breach of the modification

agreement; (3) plaintiff’s foreclosure-related claims; and (4)

plaintiff’s apparent request for a declaratory judgment.5


5
  In his opposition, plaintiff raised new legal claims that were
not part of his Second Amended Complaint. See Opp. at 25–34;


                                 9
  A.        Plaintiff’s Pre-September 25, 2008 Claims.

  Plaintiff seeks to hold the defendants responsible for

wrongdoing in connection with the origination of the Loan, the

subsequent servicing of the Loan, and the execution of the

modification. See Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 27 ¶¶ 22, 25, 31–32

(p. 12), 33 (pp. 13–14), 34–36, 42–45, 48, 55–65. Judgment must

be granted to defendants on these claims because plaintiff

provided nothing to link Deutsche Bank to the relevant actions,

and the Purchase and Assumption Agreement bars the claims

against JP Morgan Chase.

       1.     The Record Contains No Facts Linking Deutsche Bank to
              the Alleged Wrongdoing.

  The allegations related to the origination of the Loan predate

Deutsche Bank’s involvement, which began when the Loan was sold

to the Trust. See Pooling & Servicing Agreement, ECF Nos. 74-6,

74-7, 74-8. Moreover, the Pooling and Servicing Agreement

disclaimed the assumption of any liabilities by the Trust. See

Pooling & Servicing Agreement, ECF No. 74-6 at 97. Plaintiff has

offered neither evidence nor argument to show that Deutsche Bank

is legally responsible for prior wrongdoing by other parties.

  Plaintiff’s allegations regarding the servicing of the Loan

and the execution of the modification agreement concern events


Reply at 15–17. “To the extent that plaintiff seeks to add
[legal] claims . . . by raising them for the first time in his
opposition . . . the attempt must be rejected.” Banks v. York,
515 F. Supp. 2d 89, 97 n.2 (D.D.C. 2007)).


                                    10
that occurred after Deutsche Bank became trustee, but the record

is devoid of evidence linking Deutsche Bank to the servicing of

the Loan or the execution of the modification, much less the

specific actions plaintiff challenges. The Court therefore

GRANTS summary judgment to Deutsche Bank on these claims.6

      2.   The Purchase and Assumption Agreement Bars Claims
           Against JP Morgan Chase for WaMu’s Conduct.

    JP Morgan Chase could conceivably be liable for these claims

because although it did not become the servicer of the Loan

until September 25, 2008, it assumed some of WaMu’s liabilities.

See Purchase & Assumption Agreement, ECF No. 62-5 at 6. The

Purchase and Assumption Agreement, however, indicated that JP

Morgan Chase would not assume:

      [A]ny liability associated with borrower claims for
      payment of or liability to any borrower for monetary
      relief, or that provide for any other form of relief
      to any borrower . . . related in any way to any loan
      or commitment to lend made by [WaMu] prior to failure,
      or to any loan made by a third party in connection
      with a loan which is or was held by [WaMu], or
      otherwise arising in connection with [WaMu’s] lending
      or loan purchase activities are specifically not
      assumed by [JP Morgan Chase].

Id. at 14. The Agreement thus “leaves the FDIC as the

responsible party with respect to [borrower] claims.” Hilton v.


6
  Deutsche Bank argues that none of plaintiff’s claims against it
may stand for the same reason. See Mem. at 11. Deutsche Bank is
correct that plaintiff has not introduced facts to link it to
the alleged foreclosure and breach of the modification
agreement. In any event, judgment must be granted for Deutsche
Bank on these claims for the reasons discussed in Parts III.B–C.


                                 11
Wash. Mut. Bank, No. 09-1191, 2009 WL 3485953, at *3 (N.D. Cal.

Oct. 28, 2009) (quotation marks omitted); see also Yeomalakis v.

FDIC, 562 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir. 2009) (“[w]hen Washington Mutual

failed, Chase . . . acquired many assets but its agreement with

the FDIC retains for the FDIC any liability associated with

borrower claims”) (quotation marks omitted); Dubois v. Wash.

Mut. Bank, No. 09-2176, 2010 WL 3463368, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 3,

2010). Accordingly, all of plaintiff’s claims regarding WaMu’s

conduct are barred against JP Morgan Chase.7 The Court therefore

GRANTS summary judgment to JP Morgan Chase with respect to those

legal claims.

    JP Morgan Chase is incorrect, however, to argue that the

Purchase and Assumption Agreement bars all of plaintiff’s

claims. See Mem. at 7–10. Plaintiff’s allegations regarding

breaches of the modification agreement, Second Am. Compl., ECF

No. 27 ¶¶ 23, 25(d), 27, 33 (p. 12), and his foreclosure-related

allegations, id. ¶¶ 20, 23, 25(d), 28, 47, 50–51, appear to

address events after September 25, 2008, and his request for

declaratory relief is prospective. Id. ¶¶ 21, 27–28, 46–53.


7
  Plaintiff’s sole argument on this point relies on a brief filed
by Deutsche Bank addressing a distinct issue in another case.
See Opp. at 7 (citing Pl.’s Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss, Deutsche
Bank v. FDIC, No. 9-cv-1656-RMC (D.D.C. Jan. 14, 2011), ECF No.
56). That brief addressed a dispute over the liability assumed
by JP Morgan Chase, but did not relate to liability for borrower
claims, which are specifically excluded by Section 2.5 of the
Agreement. Accordingly, the brief is irrelevant.


                                 12
  B.      The Alleged Breach of the Modification Agreement.

  The second group of claims relate to allegations that the

defendants breached the modification agreement. See Second Am.

Compl., ECF No. 27 ¶¶ 22–23, 25(d), 27, 33 (p. 12). Defendants

argue that they are entitled to summary judgment on these claims

because the failure to obtain Alfreda Turnbow’s consent renders

the modification agreement void. See Mem. at 12–17. The Court

agrees.

  “The parties to a contract are free to modify that contract by

mutual consent.” Hershon v. Hellman Co., 565 A.2d 282, 283 (D.C.

1989) (emphasis added); see also Duvall v. Bumbray, 423 B.R.

383, 389 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Contracting parties are free to modify

their original contract, but such modification requires mutual

consent”). Moreover, “[t]he burden is on the party arguing that

the contract has been modified to establish the elements of

contract formation.” St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Capitol

Sprinkler Inspection, Inc., 573 F. Supp. 2d 152, 173 (D.D.C.

2008). Plaintiff fails to shoulder this burden.

  It is undisputed that James Covington and Alfreda Turnbow were

party to the original mortgage documents. See Mortgage Note, ECF

No. 62-2 at 4; Deed of Trust, ECF No. 62-3 at 2, 15; Turnbow v.

Anderson, No. 2007-CA-5895, slip op. at 19–20 (D.C. Super. Ct.

July 20, 2009). It is equally undisputed that Alfreda Turnbow

was not party to the modification. See Modification, ECF No. 62-


                                  13
4 at 1, 7. Nor is there evidence that Alfreda Turnbow’s rights

and obligations were ever assigned to Ronald Anderson, who was

party to the modification. See Anderson v. Turnbow, No. 9-CV-

905, slip op. at 1 (D.C. July 11, 2011).8

    Accordingly, the loan modification was executed without the

consent of an individual who was party to the underlying

contract. This renders the modification invalid because “[t]erms

added to a written contract after its execution without the

assent of all the parties do not become part of the contract.”

Craig v. Kessing, 253 S.E. 2d 264, 266 (N.C. 1979); see also

Duvall, 423 B.R. at 389; Hershon, 565 A.2d at 283. Accordingly,

the Court GRANTS summary judgment to the defendants on all

claims alleging a breach of the modification agreement.

    C.   Plaintiff’s Foreclosure-Related Claims.

    The third group of claims are those that allege that

defendants have violated various laws by bringing a foreclosure

action. See Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 27 ¶¶ 20, 23, 25(d), 28,


8
  Despite the D.C. Court of Appeals’s affirmance of the Superior
Court’s ruling that the alleged transfer of rights pursuant to a
quitclaim deed was based on a fraud, Mr. Covington persists in
relying on misguided quitclaim deeds. He attached to his
opposition brief a deed that purports to convey “by first party
Aquanetta Anderson to Ronald Anderson the second party, all of
my interest which was granted to me by Alfreda Turnbow on June
23, 2006 in real property with address known as 7247 15th Place
N.W.” Pl.’s Ex. A, ECF No. 97-1 at 1. Even if the deed is
authentic, it is irrelevant because Aquanetta Anderson had
nothing to convey. See Anderson v. Turnbow, No. 9-CV-905, slip
op. at 1 (D.C. July 11, 2011).


                                 14
47, 50–51. Plaintiff has provided no evidence that a foreclosure

has taken place, and has failed to rebut defendants’ argument

that no foreclosure is pending. See Mem. at 14–15.9 In the

absence of a foreclosure proceeding, plaintiff’s foreclosure-

related legal claims cannot stand. Cf. Smith v. Midland Mortg.,

No. 13-706, 2014 WL 2767382, at *3 (D.D.C. June 19, 2014)

(dismissing claim for wrongful foreclosure due to the absence of

any past or pending foreclosure). Accordingly, the Court GRANTS

summary judgment to the defendants on all foreclosure-related

claims.

    D.    Plaintiff’s Request for Declaratory Relief.

    The final legal claim that can be discerned from the Second

Amended Complaint appears to request a declaratory judgment that

the modification is enforceable and that defendants cannot

enforce any of the loan documents. See Second Am. Compl., ECF

No. 27 ¶¶ 21, 27–28, 46–53. Plaintiff states that “[a]n actual

controversy has arisen and now exists between Plaintiffs and

Defendants, regarding their respective rights, duties and

obligations under the . . . Loan Modification, Promissory Note,

Deed of Trust, and related loan documentation.” Id. ¶ 47.


9
  Plaintiff appears to concede that the possibility of
foreclosure remains hypothetical. See Opp. at 19 (“The plaintiff
. . . disagrees with the defendants[’] argument . . . that there
is no pending foreclosure on the said property. As a matter of
fact, defendants are seeking to exercise their rights under the
Deed of Trust and Note[,] which includes foreclosure.”).


                                  15
  The Court is empowered to issue a declaratory judgment “[i]n a

case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. §

2201(a). “To establish that a matter is a ‘controversy’ rather

than an abstract question, a party seeking declaratory relief

must ‘show that there is a substantial controversy, between

parties having adverse legal interests, of sufficient immediacy

and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory judgment.’”

Hoffman v. District of Columbia, 643 F. Supp. 2d 132, 140

(D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 312

U.S. 270, 273 (1941)).

  Defendants argue that “[w]hile Covington claims that a

controversy exists as to whether the Lenders have a right to

enforce . . . the Deed of Trust or Note, Covington does not

clarify why he believes there currently exists an ‘actual

controversy.’” Mem. at 21. Plaintiff, however inartfully,

connected his request for a declaration to his belief that the

defendants cannot enforce the terms of the Loan because, he

claims, they do not possess the note. See Second Am. Compl., ECF

No. 27 ¶¶ 47, 49–51, 53.

  Nonetheless, plaintiff is not entitled to the declaration he

seeks. The Court has already found the modification agreement to

be a legal nullity. See supra Part III.B. Furthermore, plaintiff

failed to show that the defendants cannot enforce the terms of

the original mortgage. He argues that they “rel[y] exclusively


                               16
on the pooling and servicing agreement to show that [they] were

the holder of the [mortgage] note,” Opp. at 11, but that is not

true. Defendants have supplied ample proof that Deutsche Bank

owns the loan in its capacity as trustee for the Trust. See

supra at 2 & n.1. No evidence has been introduced to indicate

that Deutsche Bank ever transferred ownership. JP Morgan Chase,

moreover, has not only introduced evidence that it inherited

WaMu’s servicing rights, Purchase & Assumption Agreement, ECF

No. 62-5 at 13, but also of its possession of the original note,

endorsed in blank. Indeed, plaintiff concedes that he viewed the

note in person, but persists in arguing that defendants cannot

enforce it. See Opp. at 11.10 This is misguided because

“[t]ransfer of an instrument, whether or not the transfer is a

negotiation, vests in the transferee any right of the transferor

to enforce the instrument.” D.C. Code § 28:3–203(b).11


10
  Plaintiff appears to understand the error of his argument. His
opposition brief includes what appears to be an editor’s
comment, which states “there is evidence that they have the
original note, as displayed in Annapolis. Maybe you can contend
that there is no evidence that it was not stolen?” Opp. at 11. A
similar comment appears mid-sentence later on: “the original
promissory note (but it has, in Annapolis . . .) has not been
produced, but a copy of the note.” Id. at 20.
11
  The Court need not address plaintiff’s allegations regarding
infirmities in documents related to the Pooling and Servicing
Agreement, Opp. at 8–10, because possession of the note is
sufficient to show that defendants can enforce the terms of the
loan. Cf. Conant v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA, No. 13-572, 2014 WL
369644, at *6 (D.D.C. July 25, 2014) (applying California law
and holding that “the Court need not address the question of


                               17
Accordingly, defendants’ rightful possession of the note

endorsed in blank makes them “the rightful Note holder and a

party that [can] properly enforce its provisions.” Leake v.

Prensky, 798 F. Supp. 2d 254, 257 (D.D.C. 2011).12 Plaintiff

therefore is not entitled to the declaration he seeks and the

Court GRANTS summary judgment to defendants on this claim.

IV.    CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS defendants’ motion

for summary judgment. An appropriate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

     SO ORDERED.

Signed:     Emmet G. Sullivan
            United States District Judge
            July 30, 2014




whether Plaintiff’s loan was securitized—a fact disputed by the
parties—because even if it was, ‘the securitization of
plaintiff’s promissory note did not deprive defendants of the
power to foreclose on the property.’”).
12
  Plaintiff argues that that Loan cannot be enforced because its
assignment was not properly recorded. See Opp. at 19. This
dispute is immaterial because “District of Columbia law does not
require an assignment of a note or deed of trust to be recorded
in order for the transfer to be valid.” Robinson v. Deutsche
Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 932 F. Supp. 2d 95, 104 (D.D.C. 2013).


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