afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Your male roommate complains of stomach pain, bloating and thinks he has Peptic Ulcer Disease and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Are there certain foods or drinks I should avoid to help manage my symptoms and promote healing?
Rationale: Yes, avoid spicy foods, such as chili peppers, cayenne pepper, curries. Also acidic foods or citrus fruits which are: Oranges, grapefruits, tomatoes.
Your female coursemate complains of high blood pressure during pregnancy and thinks she has Gestational Hypertension and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.1. Why does it during pregnancy?2. Can it affect the child in my work 3. What can I do to prevent it 4 it an inheritable disease 5. Can it be cured completely
Your female coursemate complains of weakness, paralysis and thinks she has Acute Flaccid Paralysis and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.Doctor, please, what are the other causes of Acute Flaccid Paralysis apart from Polioviruses, Herpes virus, Rabies virus and Enterovirus 71?
Your female neighbor complains of high blood pressure, seizures and thinks she has Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What are the potential risks to both me and my baby if pre-eclampsia/eclampsia is left untreated or not managed properly, and what steps can I take to mitigate these risks?
Your female coworker complains of poor fetal growth, small for gestational age and thinks she has Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What is the cause of poor fetal growth 
Rationale: Could be due to twin gestation, oligohydramnios, maternal malnutrition, placental insufficiency, infections such as Malaria, uterine tumors
Your female coworker complains of eye pain, vision loss and thinks she has Eye Conditions (e.g., Trachoma) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.1 Can it be cured completely?2. What tha causes of the illness?3. HOW can prevent it from happening again 4. Is it a contiguous disease
Your male colleague complains of heartburn, chest pain and thinks he has Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Is heartburn and chest pain also symptoms of ulcer?
Rationale: If you have heartburn, the pain is usually felt in the upper chest and throat. If you have ulcers, on the other hand, the pain is often felt a bit lower, between your belly button and breastbone area
Your female coworker complains of nausea, vomiting and thinks she has Morning Sickness and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.can you suggest any relaxation techniques for morning sickness because it really bad for me
Rationale: To alleviate morning sickness, try relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mindfulness meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, gentle yoga, acupressure, aromatherapy, and staying hydrated.
Your male flatmate complains of toothache, sensitivity and thinks he has Dental Caries and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Besides treating the cavity, will this treatment involve any additional procedures like fillings, crowns, or root canals? If so, what factors will determine the specific course of action?
Rationale: Treatment may involve fillings, crowns, or root canals depending on cavity severity and tooth condition. Factors include cavity size, location, and overall dental health.
Your female classmate complains of various types of pain depending on the cancer and thinks she has Pain from Cancer and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What are the available options for managing cancer pain, and how can we create a personalized pain management plan?
Rationale: 1. Anti-inflammatory drugs.2. Muscle relaxers. ...3. Scrambler therapy. ...4. Steroid injections. ...5. Neurolytic procedures. ...6. Intrathecal drug delivery. ...7. Spinal cord stimulation.
Your female colleague complains of cough, runny nose and thinks she has Respiratory Tract Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.1 Can it be cured completely?2. What the causes of the illness?3. HOW can Iprevent it from happening again 4. Is it a contiguous disease 5. Can diet help me out
Your female neighbor complains of wound, fever and thinks she has Animal Bites (e.g., Rabies) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: "Should I receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for rabies, and if so, what is the recommended treatment protocol?"
Rationale: Yes, you should receive post exposure prophylaxis for rabies 
Involving a series of injections containing rabies immune globin(RIG)
Your female colleague complains of neck swelling and thinks she has Thyroid Disorders and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question:  "Can you explain the potential impact of thyroid disorders on other aspects of my health, such as metabolism, fertility, and mental well-being?"
Rationale: Thyroid issues affect metabolism, fertility, and mental health. They can slow down or speed up metabolism, disrupt menstrual cycles, and can influence brain function, mood, and mental well-being.
Your male classmate complains of running stomach, dehydration and thinks he has Diarrheal Diseases and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Are there any specific foods or beverages I should avoid to prevent exacerbating my symptoms or to aid in recovery?
Rationale: To support symptom management and recovery, steer clear of sugary, processed foods, excessive caffeine, and alcohol. Instead, focus on whole foods, fruits, veggies, lean proteins, and hydration.
Your female coworker complains of poor fetal growth, small for gestational age and thinks she has Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What are the potential causes of intrauterine growth restriction in my pregnancy, and what steps can I take to manage or mitigate these factors to improve fetal growth and development?
Your female classmate complains of stomach pain, burning sensation and thinks she has Abdominal Pain due to Peptic Ulcers and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Doctor, why do i frequently experience burning sensation and stomach ache especially when I take spicy food? How do I prevent such pain?
Rationale: It could be a sign of ulcer, as too much or intake of spicy food can cause or trigger ulcer. To avoid it, reduce your intake of spicy food.
Your female friend complains of involuntary leakage of urine and thinks she has Urinary Incontinence and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Are there any behavioral or lifestyle changes that I can make to help manage my urinary incontinence?
Rationale: Some lifestyle changes for the management of urinary Incontinence are:1. Bladder training 2. Pelvic floor exercises 3. Fluid and diet management.
Your female neighbor complains of high blood pressure, seizures and thinks she has Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What are the potential risks to both me and my baby if pre-eclampsia or eclampsia is left untreated, and what steps should I take to manage and monitor my condition effectively?
Your female classmate complains of severe headache, nausea and thinks she has Migraine and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.whether there are any specific triggers for her migraines. Understanding triggers can help in managing and preventing future episodes.
Rationale: Understanding triggers for migraines can indeed help in managing and preventing future episodes. Some common triggers include
Your female neighbor complains of high blood pressure, seizures and thinks she has Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What are the specific signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia that I should watch out for at home?
Rationale: The key signs and symptoms to watch out for at home include blood pressure, persistent headache and vision changes.
Your female classmate complains of high fever, abdominal pain and thinks she has Typhoid Fever and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions."What precautions should I take to prevent spreading typhoid fever to others, especially my family members?"
Rationale: Practice good hygiene, wash hands frequently, avoid preparing food for others, and follow medical advice regarding isolation and hygiene practices.
Your female friend complains of vaginal bleeding, pain and thinks she has Cervical Cancer and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.If I remove my uterus are there any chances of giving birth again?
Rationale: No, removing the uterus (hysterectomy) eliminates the possibility of giving birth as it removes the organ where pregnancy occurs.
Specialty: Endocrinology
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often resulting in a visibly enlarged neck, and is endemic in certain regions of Africa due to dietary iodine deficiency?
Answer options: option1: Hashimoto's thyroiditis
option2: Graves' disease
option3: Toxic multinodular goiter
option4: Simple (nontoxic) goiter
option5: Thyroid cancer
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Simple (nontoxic) goiter is characterized by thyroid enlargement without associated thyroid dysfunction. It often results from iodine deficiency, particularly in regions where dietary iodine intake is inadequate. Endemic goiter is a public health concern in various parts of Africa, particularly in landlocked areas distant from marine sources of iodine. Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease are autoimmune thyroid disorders. Toxic multinodular goiter is characterized by multiple hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules. Thyroid cancer may present with a palpable thyroid nodule but is less commonly associated with diffuse thyroid enlargement.
Specialty: Dermatology
Which of the following infectious diseases, endemic to certain regions of Africa, is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes?
Answer options: option1: Tuberculosis
option2: Leprosy
option3: Yaws
option4: Buruli ulcer disease
option5: Lymphatic filariasis
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and eyes. Leprosy is endemic in several regions of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects the lungs but can involve other organs as well. Yaws is a tropical disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. Buruli ulcer disease is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and primarily affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes and primarily affects the lymphatic system.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a viral hemorrhagic fever that is endemic to certain regions of Africa and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or their urine?
Answer options: option1: Ebola virus disease
option2: Lassa fever
option3: Marburg virus disease
option4: Rift Valley fever
option5: Typhoid
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus, which is primarily transmitted to humans through contact with urine or feces of infected Mastomys rodents. It is endemic to several West African countries and can lead to severe illness, including hemorrhagic fever and multi-organ failure. Ebola virus disease, Marburg virus disease, and Rift Valley fever are also viral hemorrhagic fevers found in Africa, but they are transmitted through different mechanisms and are associated with distinct viral pathogens.
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Ms XY is a primigravida who is 30 weeks pregnant. She presents to A  E with acute onset of shortness of breath and chest pain. Shehas just travelled via a long-haul flight (12 h) to Kenya. Which of thefollowing investigations is not appropriate in the investigation of asuspected pulmonary embolus in pregnancy?
Answer options: option1: V/Q Scan.
option2: CXR.
option3: D-Dimer..
option4: ECG.
option5: CTPA.
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: A CTPA exposes a pregnant woman to very high amounts of x-rays. This is teratogenic to the unborn fetus.
Specialty: Other
A 25-year-old woman comes to the office because of a 3-day history of fever, chills, severe headache, weakness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, and moderate abdominal pain. She is in nursing school and returned from a medical missions trip in West Africa 10 days ago. Her symptoms began abruptly while she was shopping in a supermarket after her return. Temperature is 39.0°C (102.2°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg. The patient appears ill and in mild respiratory distress. Physical examination discloses poor skin turgor and hyperactive bowel sounds. Muscle strength is 4/5 throughout. Laboratory studies show leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Which of the following is the most sensitive and specific test for detection of the suspected viral genome in this patient?
Answer options: option1: Microarray analysis
option2: Northern blot
option3: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test
option4: Southern blot
option5: Western blot
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Given the patient's recent travel history to West Africa and the symptoms suggestive of viral hemorrhagic fever, such as fever, chills, headache, weakness, and thrombocytopenia, the most sensitive and specific test for detection of the suspected viral genome would be (C) Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test.
Specialty: Urology
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the prostate gland, leading to symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, weak urinary stream, and nocturia?
Answer options: option1: Prostatitis
option2: Prostate cancer
option3: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
option4: Epididymitis
option5: Testicular cancer
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men, characterized by the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. BPH can cause compression of the urethra, leading to urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency, hesitancy, weak urinary stream, and nocturia. BPH is prevalent in Africa and can significantly affect quality of life if left untreated. Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland and can present with similar urinary symptoms but is often associated with pain or discomfort in the pelvic area. Prostate cancer is a malignancy of the prostate gland and may also cause urinary symptoms, along with other systemic manifestations. Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis, often secondary to infection, and presents with scrotal pain and swelling. Testicular cancer is a malignancy of the testes and typically presents with a painless testicular mass.
Specialty: Nephrology
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by the formation of multiple, fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, leading to progressive renal dysfunction and eventual kidney failure?
Answer options: option1: Polycystic kidney disease
option2: Glomerulonephritis
option3: Nephrolithiasis
option4: Pyelonephritis
option5: Renal cell carcinoma
Correct answer: option1
Rationale:  Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts can gradually enlarge, leading to compression of surrounding renal tissue and progressive renal dysfunction. PKD is prevalent in Africa and can ultimately result in kidney failure if left untreated. Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys, and can lead to kidney damage. Nephrolithiasis refers to the formation of kidney stones, which can cause obstruction and renal colic. Pyelonephritis is inflammation and infection of the kidney parenchyma, often secondary to ascending urinary tract infections. Renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer.
Specialty: Dermatology
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with erythematous, scaly plaques, often affecting extensor surfaces and the scalp?
Answer options: option1: Eczema
option2: Psoriasis
option3: Dermatophytosis
option4: Scabies
option5: Contact dermatitis
Correct answer: option2
Rationale:  Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by erythematous, scaly plaques, typically affecting extensor surfaces such as the elbows and knees, as well as the scalp. It can present with itching, pain, and discomfort. Psoriasis is prevalent in Africa and can significantly impact the quality of life of affected individuals. Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is another inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic, erythematous patches, often with oozing and crusting. Dermatophytosis, or ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails. Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite and presents with intense itching and a characteristic rash. Contact dermatitis is inflammation of the skin triggered by contact with irritants or allergens.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is caused by the parasitic worm Schistosoma haematobium and is characterized by urinary tract symptoms such as hematuria, dysuria, and urinary frequency?
Answer options: option1: Malaria
option2: Schistosomiasis
option3: Onchocerciasis
option4: Filariasis
option5: Trypanosomiasis
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Schistosomiasis, caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma, is prevalent in various regions of Africa. Schistosoma haematobium is one of the species that can cause urogenital schistosomiasis, characterized by urinary tract symptoms such as hematuria (blood in the urine), dysuria, urinary frequency, and possibly bladder and kidney damage. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.
Specialty: Endocrinology
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often resulting in a visibly enlarged neck, and is commonly associated with dietary iodine deficiency?
Answer options: option1: Graves' disease
option2: Thyroid adenoma
option3: Toxic multinodular goiter
option4: Hashimoto's thyroiditis
option5: Simple (nontoxic) goiter
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: Simple (nontoxic) goiter is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland without associated thyroid dysfunction. It often results from dietary iodine deficiency, which is common in certain regions of Africa. Graves' disease is an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism and may result in goiter, but it is not primarily associated with dietary iodine deficiency. Thyroid adenoma refers to a benign tumor of the thyroid gland and is not typically related to iodine deficiency. Toxic multinodular goiter is characterized by multiple nodules in the thyroid gland that produce excessive thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition that causes hypothyroidism and may lead to goiter, but it is not caused by dietary iodine deficiency.
Specialty: Neurology
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity?
Answer options: option1: Parkinson's disease
option2: Huntington's disease
option3: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
option4: Multiple sclerosis
option5: Alzheimer's disease
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. This leads to motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), rigidity, and postural instability. Parkinson's disease is prevalent worldwide, including in Africa, and it can significantly impact the quality of life of affected individuals. Huntington's disease is another neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting cognition and memory.
Specialty: Gastroenterology
Which of the following conditions, endemic in Africa, is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the lining of the stomach or duodenum and is often caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?
Answer options: option1: Gastritis
option2: Peptic ulcer disease
option3: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
option4: Esophageal varices
option5: Gastroenteritis
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Peptic ulcer disease involves the formation of ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum and is often associated with infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. This condition is prevalent in Africa and can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Gastritis refers to inflammation of the stomach lining and can contribute to the development of peptic ulcers. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) involves the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. Esophageal varices are dilated veins in the lower esophagus, often associated with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, typically caused by viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, and may present with symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.