afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Painful swelling of one or more costochondral articulations, usually 2 nd or 3 rd costochondral joint presenting as anterior chest pain radiating to arms or shoulders, aggravated by sneezing, coughing, deep inspirations or twisting motions of chest is known as?



 
 

Answer options: option1: Tietze syndrome
option2: Lady Windermere syndrome
option3: Miller Fisher syndrome
option4: Ortner’s syndrome
option5: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Blocking antibodies to which of the following causes a profound and prolonged reduction in circulating and sputum eosinophils? 





Answer options: option1: Interleukin-2
option2: Interleukin-4
option3: Interleukin-5
option4: Interleukin-13
option5: Interleukin-1
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Cardiology
66-year-old man with cardiovascular risk factors of diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia was admitted with sporadic episode of chest pain on exertion. He had no other comorbidity; coronary angiography revealed a lesion of 60% of the RCA with multiple nonsignificant plaques affecting the three coronary arteries. The fractional flow reserve of RCA and LVEF were normal! What is the recommended treatment for this patient?

Answer options: option1: CABG is the first recommended approach as the risk of surgical procedure is low
option2: PCI is the first recommended approach as the syntax score is low.
option3: Guideline directed medical therapy is the first recommended approach
option4: Repeat coronary angiography after 6 months to exclude disease progression in addition to optimal medical therapy
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Wheezing is a predominant symptom of asthma. Which of the following conditions may be associated with wheezing? 




 

Answer options: option1: Eosinophilic pneumonia
option2: Churg-Strauss
option3: Polyarteritis nodosa
option4: All of the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Reversibility of asthma is defined as an increase in FEV 1 15 minutes after inhaled short-acting beta 2-agonist or, by a 2-to 4-week trial of oral glucocorticoids (prednisolone 30-40 mg daily) of?






Answer options: option1: > 12 % or 50 mL
option2: > 12 % or 100 mL
option3: > 12 % or 150 mL
option4: > 12 % or 200 mL
option5: >12% or 300ml
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
“Crazy paving” HRCT pattern (diffuse ground-glass densities with thickened intralobular & interlobular septa, producing polygonal shapes) is characteristic of?






Answer options: option1: Asbestosis
option2: Berylliosis
option3: Silicosis
option4: Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP)
option5: Bagassosis
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Cardiology
. A 64-year-old woman with hypertension, diabetes and stage 3 CKD is not yet at blood pressure goal on the following medications; lisinopril 40 mg, HCT 25 mg, metoprolol XL 100 mg. Which of the following additional agents is contraindicated?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Answer options: option1: Aliskiren
option2: Furosemide
option3: Amlodipine
option4: Methyldopa
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Patients with silicosis and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis may develop  characteristic pneumoconiotic nodules leading to progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). This is known as?







Answer options: option1: Felty syndrome
option2: Caplan syndrome
option3: Barlow syndrome
option4: Hamman-rich syndrome
option5: Gitleman syndrome
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Cardiology
A 58-year-old type 2 diabetic woman admitted in the ER with features in keeping with acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure EF 65%, RBG ranges 245-315 mg/dl, she is well hydrated. following use of IV furosemide what is the best next management to improve morbidity and mortality?


Answer options: option1: SGLT2 Inhibitors
option2: DPP4 Analogue
option3: Sacubitril/Valsartan
option4: SubCut. Basal insulin
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
CURB-65 criteria include five variables-confusion (C), urea >7 mmol/L (U), respiratory rate 30/ minute (R), blood pressure, systolic 90 mmHg or diastolic 60 mmHg (B) and age 65 years (65). Patients should be admitted to the hospital when the CURB-65 score is more than?
 
Answer options: option1: 0
option2: 1
option3: 2
option4: 3
option5: 4
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
In chest radiographs, presence of “tram tracks” indicate dilated airways and is consistent with bronchiectasis. Traction bronchiectasis as seen in HRCT is a feature of?






Answer options: option1: Asthma
option2: Chronic bronchitis
option3: Pulmonary fibrosis
option4: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
option5: Pneumonia
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Cardiology
A 62-year-old with type 1 DM receives intermittent hemodialysis for his end stage renal disease his blood pressure has become elevated over the past year and has not reached target goal despite three optimal Antihypertensives! He is also taking medications for other conditions which of the following is not likely exacerbating his elevated blood pressure?


Answer options: option1: Arthritis
option2: Diabetes
option3: Hyperparathyroidism
option4: Glaucoma
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Cystic fibrosis is due to mutations in the gene located on the long arm of chromosome 7 that encodes CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Patients fail to secrete which of the following in pancreatic duct?




 

Answer options: option1: Na+
option2: HCO3–
option3: Water
option4: All of the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by an FEV 1 value that is <80 % of the predicted normal value and an FEV 1/ FVC ratio of?






Answer options: option1: FEV1 / FVC < 0.7
option2: FEV1 / FVC > 0.7
option3: FVC / FEV1 < 0.7
option4: FVC / FEV1 > 0.7
option5: FVC / FEV1 = 0.7
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Cardiology
A 70-year-old woman with a history of proven recurrent pulmonary emboli but no other comorbidities presents with breathlessness over a number of months. She is in NYHA 
class III. Her INR has been within the therapeutic range. Serial echocardiograms demonstrate persistent features of pulmonary 
hypertension.
Which one of the following is the most important measure?

Answer options: option1: Persist with warfarin; the clot will resolve eventually
option2: Immediately work up for advanced oral therapies
option3: Refer her for consideration of pulmonary end-arterectomy
option4: Change her anticoagulant
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Radiologic investigations are important in the assessment of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Which of the following imaging findings is indicative of a poor prognosis in a case of ILD?






Answer options: option1: Bibasilar reticular pattern
option2: Honeycombing
option3: Nodular pattern of alveolar filling
option4: Mixed pattern of alveolar filling
option5: Ground glass Opacities
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Cardiology
A patient has pulmonary edema as a result of cor pulmonale. If LV failure and pulmonary fluid overload are also present in this patient, which of the following types of drugs is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy to treat cor pulmonale?

Answer options: option1: Anticoagulants
option2: Diuretics
option3: Endothelin receptor blockers
option4: Pulmonary vasodilators
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Lupus pernio is the term for chronic sarcoidosis-related indurated, lumpy, violaceous, blue-purple lesions. It can be disfiguring by eroding into underlying cartilage & bone. The lesions are classically located on?






Answer options: option1: Nape of the neck
option2: Cheek and nose
option3: Heel
option4: Elbows
option5: Axilla
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Cardiology
In a patient with Dyspnea and fatigue on exertion, Cor pulmonale due to COPD is suspected. After physical examination, which of the following imaging studies is the most appropriate to evaluate left ventricle and right ventricle function in this patient?

Answer options: option1: CXray
option2: ECG
option3: Echocardiography
option4: Standard CT Scan
option5: n/aIn a patient with Dyspnea and fatigue on exertion, Cor pulmonale due to COPD is suspected. After physical examination, which of the following imaging studies is the most appropriate to evaluate left ventricle and right ventricle function in this patient? A.	CXray B.	ECG C.	Echocardiography D.	Standard CT Scan
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Classic ECG abnormalities in pulmonary embolism include all but one of the following?




 

Answer options: option1: Sinus tachycardia
option2: New onset atrial fibrillation
option3: T wave inversion in V1-V4.
option4: Left axis deviation
option5: S1Q3T3 pattern
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Cardiology
Regarding pulmonary hypertension and right ventricle dysfunction which is the true statement?

Answer options: option1: Following a detailed history, physical examination, chest x-ray and ECG findings, the next important initial screening measure should be two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.
option2: Right sided cardiac catheterization is recommended as the confirmatory test for pulmonary hypertension. This can be useful for assessment of reversibility of PAH with vasodilatory therapy.
option3: Patient should undergo ventilation-perfusion lung scanning even if initial workupof ABG,CXRAY was revealing.
option4: Spiral CT scan and or pulmonary angiography should not be performed if defects are present because of their predisposition to develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension which is incurable by surgical endarterectomy
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
In a dyspneic patient, a normal or near-normal chest x-ray suggests pulmonary embolism. Other abnormalities include Westermark’s sign, Hampton’s hump, or Palla’s sign. Hampton’s hump refers to?






Answer options: option1: Focal oligemia
option2: Peripheral wedged-shaped density above diaphragm
option3: Enlarged right descending pulmonary artery
option4: Enlarged left descending pulmonary artery
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Chylothorax occurs when thoracic duct is disrupted and chyle accumulates in pleural space. The most common cause of chylothorax is trauma.
Which of the following is characteristic of pleural fluid biochemical analysis in a case of chylothorax?






Answer options: option1: LDL > 120 mg/dL
option2: Triglyceride > 110 mg/dL
option3: HDL < 40 mg/dL
option4: Total cholesterol > 300 mg/dL
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
In healthy adults, pleural space contains about 5 to 10 m L of pleural fluid (0.1 mg/kg body weight). At least, what quantity of pleural fluid must be present to be detected by physical examination?






Answer options: option1: 100 mL
option2: 150 mL
option3: 350 mL
option4: 500 mL
option5: 1500ml
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Physical examination in pneumomediastinum reveals subcutaneous emphysema in suprasternal notch & Hamman’s sign, which is a crunching or clicking noise synchronous with heartbeat & best heard in what patient position?




 

Answer options: option1: Supine
option2: Upright
option3: Tripod
option4: Prone
option5: left lateral
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
In obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), airflow ceases despite continuing respiratory drive because of occlusion of oropharyngeal airway. Most pervasive manifestation of OSA is excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleepiness score is named after?






Answer options: option1: Windemere
option2: Epworth
option3: Reid
option4: Ortner
option5: Clara
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Among patients with trauma, pulmonary contusion, multiple bone fractures, and chest wall trauma/ flail chest are the most frequently reported surgical conditions in ARDS, whereas head trauma, near drowning, toxic inhalation, and burns are rare causes.
Diagnostic criteria for ARDS include all?
 

Answer options: option1: PaO2 / FiO2 >=300
option2: PaO2 / FiO2 <=300
option3: FiO2/PaO2 >=300
option4: FiO2/paO2<=300
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Neurology
Rigidity is said to be one of the motor symptoms in parkinsonism. Which of the following about rigidity is false?
 
 

 
 

Answer options: option1: Affects flexors and extensors equally
option2: Occurs with extrapyramidal disorders
option3: Babinski is usually absent
option4: Velocity-dependent
option5: Present throughout range of motion.
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Neurology
40-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes who has been lost to follow-up presents with left sided hemiparesis with a right sided lower motor neuron cranial nerve 7 palsy. What is the most likely site of the lesion?



 
 

Answer options: option1: Internal capsule
option2: Cortex
option3: Pons
option4: Cervical spine
option5: Cerebellum
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
In transtentorial herniation, there may be lateral displacement of the midbrain which may compress the opposite cerebral peduncle leading to a Babinski response and hemiparesis contralateral to the original hemiparesis. This phenomenon is known as?

 
 



Answer options: option1: Bells phenomenon
option2: Kernohan-Woltman sign
option3: Monroe-Kellie doctrine
option4: Uhthoff’s Phenomenon
option5: Elsberg Phenomenon
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Neurology
35-year-old female presents to the ER with the worse headache of her life. 
She’s known to have ADPKDx. Head CT scan shows a subarachnoid hemorrhage. 
Which of the following fundoscopic findings suggest this diagnosis?
 





Answer options: option1: Silver wiring
option2: Cotton wool spots
option3: Subhyaloid hemorrhage
option4: Flame shaped hemorrhages
option5: Dot and blot hemorrhages
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
Patients with renal insufficiency when exposed to gadolinium contrast agents may develop a rare complication especially within 5 days to 75 days called?
 

 
 
 

Answer options: option1: Nephrogenic SIADH
option2: Nephrogenic DI
option3: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
option4: Nephrotic syndrome
option5: Nephritic syndrome
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
Inhibition of T type calcium channels is paramount in the management of some specific seizures. Which of the following drugs is said to act via this mechanism. 
 
 
 
 
 

Answer options: option1: lamotrigine
option2: Phenytoin
option3: Ethosuximide
option4: Tiagabine
option5: Carbamazepine
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
55-year-old male who is diabetic and hypertensive presents with transient monocular blindness in right eye. He’s diagnosed of TIA, Which of the following is not part of the ABCD 2 scoring for TIA? 




 

Answer options: option1: Hypertension
option2: Diabetes
option3: Sex
option4: Age
option5: Clinical symptoms
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
30-year-old with anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome presented with fever and headache. 
A head CT scan revealed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Which of the following is the brain CT finding of the above condition? 



 
 

Answer options: option1: Dense triangle sign
option2: Empty delta sign
option3: Cord sign
option4: All of the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Neurology
The internal capsule has a variable blood supply. Anterior choroidal artery which supplies part of the posterior limb, white matter posterolateral to it arises from?




 

Answer options: option1: Internal carotid artery
option2: Middle cerebral artery
option3: Anterior cerebral artery
option4: Posterior cerebral artery
option5: Basilar artery
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Neurology
Hemiballismus is a rare neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary, rapid, and forceful movements of the limbs on one side of the body. Damage to which of the following causes the above?



 
 

Answer options: option1: Substantia nigra
option2: Thalamus
option3: Subthalamic nucleus
option4: Red nucleus
option5: Putamen
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Cardiology
Concerning diagnostic purposes of pulmonary hypertension which of the following is properly matched:


Answer options: option1: To detect presence and  severity = Echocardiography, Cardiac Catheterization
option2: To detect the cause=  Echocardiography, V/Q scanning, pulmonary function test,CT pulmonary angiography,Cardiac Catheterization.
option3: To determine severity only= ECG, Pulmonary Angiography, Pulmonary Function Test,V/QScanning
option4: To evaluate the status of Right Ventricle= CT Pulmonary Angiography, Cardiac Catheterization
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Neurology
Horner’s syndrome is characterized by miosis, anhidrosis and ptosis. 
Damage to the sympathetic tract which runs from the hypothalamus on the lateral part of the brain stem leads to this. Occlusion of which of the following arteries may be implicated?

 
 
 
 

Answer options: option1: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
option2: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
option3: vertebral artery
option4: all of the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Neurology
Thiamine deficiency is common in alcoholics and damages specific areas of the brain. 
Which of the following areas of the brain is least affected by thiamine deficiency?

 


 

Answer options: option1: Mammillary bodies
option2: Midline cerebellum
option3: Thalamus
option4: Periaqueductal grey matter of midbrain
option5: Putamen
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Cardiology
In addition to TR velocity on echocardiography which of the following is useful to assess the probability of PAH;

Answer options: option1: The RV/ LV basal diameter <1.0
option2: IVC >21mm with decreased inspiratory collapse of <50% with a sniff or <20% with quiet respiration
option3: Right Atrial Area (in End Systole)<18cm2
option4: Pulmonary Artery Diameter <25mm
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Neurology
Atypical parkinsonism is gradually gaining recognition due to advanced imaging modalities. 
Which of the following characteristics is least suggestive? 

 
 
 
 

Answer options: option1: Absence of rest tremor
option2: Asymmetry
option3: Poor response to levodopa therapy
option4: Early speech impairment
option5: Early gait impairment
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Cardiology
Concerning the treatment of pulmonary hypertension:

Answer options: option1: Pulmonary transplant is never considered
option2: Sildenafil is recommended as a treatment for patients with left heart failure
option3: A majority of patients are on calcium-channel blockade
option4: Sildenafil was originally tried as an anti-anginal
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Cardiology
Which of the following is most accurate about the etiology and epidemiology of Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH)?

Answer options: option1: Worldwide the most common cause of PAH is collagen vascular disease
option2: PAH is typically diagnosed in elderly patients with a mean age of diagnosis of >70 years
option3: The most common drug that leads to PAH is metformin.
option4: Women are more likely than men to develop PAH
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Neurology
One of the important biochemistries in patients with meningitis is CSF glucose. 
CSF / serum glucose ratio of <0.4 is seen in?






Answer options: option1: Fungal meningitis
option2: Tuberculous meningitis
option3: Carcinomatous meningitis
option4: All of the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Cardiology
Concerning Dopamine Stress Echocardiography, which is true;

Answer options: option1: Cardiac Output increases far more than in Exercise test
option2: Cardiac Output increase in DSE is up to 90%
option3: Dobutamine causes peripheral vasodilation
option4: DSE is indicated in all resting ECG for positive Angina
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Gastroenterology
Yellow fever virus is an arbovirus of the flavivirus genus which is hepatotropic and is transmitted by mosquitoes, belonging to the Aedes species. Which hepatic acinus zone is most affected by this virus?

Answer options: option1: Zone 1
option2: Zone 2
option3: Zone 3
option4: None of the above
option5: All of the above
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
 Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for preventing acute mountain sickness?


Answer options: option1: Take acetazolamide at the beginning of the symptoms
option2: keep fluid intake low enough to prevent pulmonary and cerebral edema
option3: spend tow to three nights a 2500 to 3000metres before going farther
option4: rest in place at onset of symptoms and breathe in emergency oxygen
option5: Take acetazolamide as prophylaxis prior to commencing mountain -climbing activities
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Gastroenterology
In an attempted suicide with acetaminophen, a 15-year-old girl, presented to the emergency with ALT levels >1000. Elevation of aminotransferases above this level occurs in all the following except?






Answer options: option1: Drug or toxin induced liver injury
option2: Ischemic liver injury
option3: Viral hepatitis
option4: All the above
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Gastroenterology
Management of hepatic encephalopathy involves the use of lactulose which is a non-absorbable disaccharide and osmotic laxative. The goal of this therapy to promote how many soft stools per day?


Answer options: option1: 10-12
option2: 4-6
option3: 6-8
option4: 2-3
option5: 8-10
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
 Which one of the following is characteristic of helminths that infect human beings?

Answer options: option1: they usually do not multiply in the host
option2: they rarely provoke eosinophilia
option3: they cause severe disease after infection with only a few parasites
option4: they typically cause lifelong infections
option5: Schistosoma is a helminth which affects humans.
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Gastroenterology
Middle aged female presents with suspected carcinoid syndrome. 
Classical triad in carcinoid syndrome is:




 

Answer options: option1: Dyspnea, flushing, left sided valvular heart disease
option2: Flushing, diarrhea, right sided valvular heart disease
option3: Pruritus, wheezing, constipation
option4: Telangiectasias, flushing, left sided heart disease.
option5: Wheezing, diarrhea, pruritus.
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
 A 3 month old male infant developed otitis media for which he was given a course of co-trimoxazole. A few days later he developed extensive peeling of the skin; there was no mucosal lesion and the baby was not toxic. The most likely diagnosis is?

Answer options: option1: Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
option2: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
option3: Infantile pemphigus
option4: Stevens Johnson Syndrome
option5: Impetigo
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Gastroenterology
A 30-year-old male with a history of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome presents for follow up. Which of the following is not a feature of the above syndrome? 

 



Answer options: option1: Peri-oral or buccal pigmentation
option2: Intermittent gastrointestinal bleeding
option3: Autosomal dominant inheritance
option4: None of the above
option5: All of the above
Correct answer: option4