afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which option is correct regarding diagnostic ultrasound? 
Answer options: option1: It employs the use of low-intensity, high-frequency sound waves.
option2: Between 12 and 20 weeks, the crown rump length and the femur length are the most reproducible assessment of gestational age.
option3: It can be used to determine chorionicity accurately in twin pregnancy at the 20/40 scan.
option4: An increase in nuchal translucency is associated with cardiac defects.
option5: In 6 per cent of pregnancies there will be a serious structural abnormality.
Correct answer: option1,option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
 A thirty-seven-year-old woman attends a routine dating scan. She asks you in detail what information will be obtained from the scan. Which of the following will not be possible? 

Answer options: option1: Accurate dating of the pregnancy.
option2: The detection of placenta praevia.
option3: The early detection of twin pregnancies.
option4: The detection of a failed pregnancy.
option5: The detection of uterine abnormalities.
Correct answer: option2,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
 In eclampsia:

Answer options: option1: Large doses of intravenous sedation are given
option2: Caesarean section must be performed whether the fetus is dead or alive
option3: Hypotensive drugs should not be used
option4: Ergometrine should be avoided in the third stage of labour
option5: Urinary output is increased
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Twin pregnancy

Answer options: option1: Monozygotic twinning occurs at the rate of 4 per 1000 births
option2: Incidence is higher with pregnancies induced with clomiphene citrate than in spontaneous conception
option3: Zygocity can be determined by ultrasound
option4: Perinatal mortality is 6 times higher compared with singleton pregnancies
option5: Dichorionic twins are associated with more complications compared to the monochorionic twins
Correct answer: option1,option2,option4,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Asherman’s syndrome


Answer options: option1: Is also known as amenorrhea traumatica
option2: Arises from hypovolaemic shock following childbirth
option3: Gives a funnel shaped appearance on hysterosalpingography
option4: Is a cause of secondary amenorrhoea
option5: Treatment is by endometrial resection
Correct answer: option1,option3,option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Ectopic pregnancy
Answer options: option1: Coexisting with intrauterine pregnancy is referred to as heterotopic pregnancy
option2: The ampulla is the commonest site in the fallopian tube
option3: Laparoscopy is useless in ruptured cases
option4: Abdominal X-ray is useful in the diagnosis of advanced extrauterine pregnancy
option5: Medical management is limited to those with gestational sac < 4 cm in diameter
Correct answer: option1,option2,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Combined oral contraceptives
Answer options: option1: Is relatively safe to continue up to the age of 40 in a woman who smokes
option2: Contains 0.2-0.5mg of ethinyl oestradiol
option3: Ovulation is prevented by the progestogen
option4: May be less effective in patients with epilepsy on medication
option5: Can be used for menstrual regulation
Correct answer: option4,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Tranexenamic acid 
Answer options: option1: Works by inhibiting fibrinolysis
option2: Better at reducing blood loss than mefenamic acid
option3: Effective in reducing Postpartum haemorrhage within 2hours of onset of bleeding
option4: Has a role in myomectomy?
option5: Is associated with an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Answer options: option1: Pregnancy may exacerbate the symptoms
option2: Flaring symptoms may mimic Preeclampsia
option3: It’s a disease of women in the reproductive age group
option4: It is associated with preterm delivery
option5: Vaginal delivery is contraindicated
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Magnesium sulphate and eclampsia
Answer options: option1: It prevents and aborts ongoing seizure
option2: A loading dose of 10gms is usually given
option3: Usually causes exaggerated deep tendon reflex
option4: Calcium gluconate is an effective antidote to overdose
option5: It can cause renal failure
Correct answer: option4,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Definitions of antenatal cardiotocograph

Answer options: option1: a normal baseline should be 120-160bpm
option2: normal amplitude of baseline variability should be 5-25bpm
option3: normally 2 or more accelerations should be present in 20 minutes.
option4: maternally perceived fetal movements should be associated with accelerations
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
In relation to ovulation: 

Answer options: option1: LH stimulates the thecal cells of the ovary to produce oestrogen.
option2: FSH induces a rise in LH receptors.
option3: Ovulation occurs 4 days after the LH surge.
option4: The release of an oocyte from the follicle requires a sperm to lyse the follicle membrane, and results in ovulation.
option5: Ovulation can be confirmed by measurement of LH on day 14.
Correct answer: option1,option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The normal menstrual cycle: Within the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle:


Answer options: option1: The follicular phase is always 14 days long to allow development of the follicle.
option2: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the granulosa cells to produce oestrogen.
option3: Each cycle usually involves the development, growth and ovulation of a single follicle.
option4: Follicles over 20 mm need to be drained with ultrasound guidance.
option5: Oestrogen and inhibin have a positive feedback on the pituitary to release FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
During an assisted breech delivery: 

Answer options: option1: An episiotomy may be cut once the anus is seen at the fourchette.
option2: Pinard’s manoeuvre can be used to deliver the legs in an extended position.
option3: Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit is used to deliver extended arms.
option4: Forceps should not be applied to the fetal head.
option5: Epidural analgesia is mandatory.
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Polyhydramnios is associated with the following:


Answer options: option1: Maternal diabetes.
option2: Neuromuscular fetal conditions.
option3: Maternal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
option4: Post-maturity.
option5: Chorioangioma of the placenta.
Correct answer: option1,option2,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Oligohydramnios is associated with the following: 

Answer options: option1: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula.
option2: Talipes.
option3: Intrauterine growth restriction.
option4: Anencephaly.
option5: Premature rupture of the fetal membranes
Correct answer: option2,option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The aims of the 18–22 weeks scan include: 

Answer options: option1: To locate the placenta.
option2: To determine the chorionicity of a twin pregnancy.
option3: Assessment of amniotic fluid volume.
option4: Promoting parental bonding with the fetus.
option5: To identify fetal structural defects.
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Metabolism in pregnancy:
Answer options: option1: Relative insulin resistance is normal in late gestation.
option2: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is elevated in pregnancy.
option3: Average gestational weight gain is 12.5 kg.
option4: Calcium is less readily absorbed from the gut in pregnancy.
option5: Total body water increases by about 3 L.
Correct answer: option2,option3,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Gastrointestinal changes in pregnancy include:

Answer options: option1: Increased transit time.
option2: Increased incidence of dental caries.
option3: Decreased oesophageal sphincter tone.
option4: Increased gastric acidity.
option5: Decreased albumin production by the liver.
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option4,option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
In normal pregnancy: 


Answer options: option1: Blood pressure falls in the second trimester.
option2: Plasma volume decreases throughout gestation.
option3: There is a 50 per cent reduction in erythrocyte production.
option4: 80 per cent of women have a transient diastolic murmur.
option5: There is an increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Correct answer: option1,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
Concerning fluids and electrolytes in children 
Answer options: option1: 15kg child will require 1500ml of fluid as maintenance in 24 hours
option2: Appropriate fluid in vomiting and stooling is Half-Strength Darrows solution
option3: .45% Sodium Chloride is the fluid of choice for rapid intravascular space expansion
option4: In hypernatremic dehydration, intracranial hemorrhage occurs due to osmolality shift
option5: Newborn requires 10% Dextrose/Saline in first 48 hours of life
Correct answer: option2,option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
In a 3-year old child with serum potassium level of 2.7 mmol/l: 
Answer options: option1: Carpopedal spasm is a common occurrence
option2: Intravenous Calcium gluconate is indicated
option3: Depressed ST segment on electrocardiogram is expected
option4: Polyuria is a predisposing factor
option5: Abdominal distension is typical
Correct answer: option2,option3,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 9-day old infant presents with fever, seizures, setting-sun eye appearance and bulging and tense anterior fontanelle. Which of the following cerebrospinal fluid parameters does not agree with the clinical diagnosis?





Answer options: option1: Protein 55mg/dl
option2: Cell count 45/mm3
option3: Glucose 40% of Random Blood Glucose
option4: Lactate 29iu/L
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 12-year old girl whose mother makes soap, gulped some quantity of caustic acid following a disagreement with her parents. Which of the following presentations are expected? 
Answer options: option1: Sialorrhoea
option2: Difficulty with breathing
option3: Haemoptysis
option4: Haematemesis
option5: Haematochezia
Correct answer: option1,option2,option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
Which of the following statements is valid about the characteristics of physical growth?





Answer options: option1: Growth is most rapid in the first four months then declines gradually
option2: Height reflects acute changes in health
option3: Downward crossing of percentile curves is normal between 3 and 6 months
option4: The weight of an average normal child should plot between the 25th and 75th centiles
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 3-day old neonate delivered at term presents with oozing of blood from the umbilical cord stump and passage of dark stools of six hours duration. He had stopped sucking and became breathless just before presentation. Which of the following statements is valid? 
Answer options: option1: The diagnosis is haemolytic disease of newborn
option2: Intramuscular Vitamin K 1mg is recommended
option3: Double volume exchange transfusion is indicated
option4: Tender hepatomegaly will be expected
option5: Apt test is important
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 2-year old child presents in CHER with severe pallor (PCV 5%), respiratory distress and tender hepatomegaly. Which of the following management steps is not essential?






Answer options: option1: Transfusion with 10ml/kg of packed cells
option2: Intravenous frusemide 1-2mg/kg
option3: Intranasal oxygen therapy
option4: Nursing in Fowler's position
option5: Administration of digoxin to treat the heart failure.
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
In congenital hypothyroidism:
Answer options: option1: Affected newborns are usually large for gestational age
option2: Coarse facie is common
option3: Prolonged neonatal jaundice occurs
option4: Mental retardation is a complication
option5: Use of anti-thyroid drugs in the mother is a cause
Correct answer: option2,option3,option4,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
Concerning childhood seizures
Answer options: option1: Febrile seizure tends to occurs between 1 year and 6 years
option2: Status epilepticus is diagnosed when an episode of seizure lasts more than 30 minutes
option3: Status epilepticus is diagnosed when more than two seizures occur within one hour
option4: Petit mal seizure is characterized by sudden flexion movement of the trunk
option5: Rolandic seizure is a type of complex partial seizure
Correct answer: option2,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 2-year old child presents with inability to sit without support and generalized hypertonia. The following are essential in the evaluation of the child: 
Answer options: option1: History of neonatal hypoglycaemia
option2: History of conjugated neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
option3: Presence of choreoathetosis
option4: Presence of choreoathetosis (
option5: Presence of bilateral conductive hearing impairment
Correct answer: option1,option3,option4,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 2-hour old newborn infant has bluish buccal mucosa with plethoric pulmonary vasculature on chest radiograph. Which of the following should be suspected?
Answer options: option1: Endocardiac cushion defect
option2: Tetralogy of Fallot
option3: Truncus arteriosus
option4: Transposition of the great arteries
option5: Patent ductus arteriosus
Correct answer: option3,option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
An infant delivered at 40 weeks of gestation weighs 1.75 kg, with body length of 50 cm and occipitofrontal circumference of 35 cm. The aetiologies of this condition include:
Answer options: option1: Maternal anaemia
option2: Gestational diabetes
option3: Chromosomal anomalies
option4: Pre-eclampsia
option5: TORCHES complex
Correct answer: option1,option3,option4,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
Concerning Vitamin A:
Answer options: option1: Citrus fruits are the richest sources
option2: It is required for epithelial regeneration
option3: Deficiency manifests with recurrent chest infections
option4: Deficiency manifests with xerophthalmia
option5: Supplementation is recommended every six months till the age of five years
Correct answer: option2,option3,option4,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
Common causes of post-neonatal seizure include the following:
Answer options: option1: Hypoglycaemia
option2: Hypertensive encephalopathy
option3: Hypocalcaemia
option4: Pyridoxine deficiency
option5: Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 10-year old presents with deep greenish-tinge jaundice with passage of pale clay-like stools. Which of the following manifestations of nutritional deficiency are expected?
Answer options: option1: Rickets
option2: Xerophthalmia
option3: Ataxia
option4: Mouth ulcers
option5: Bleeding tendencies
Correct answer: option1,option2,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 9-month old child weighs 9 kg at the Child Survival Clinic. His road-to-health chart shows that he weighed 11 kg at the last clinic visit two weeks ago. Which of the following is not likely to explain the situation?





Answer options: option1: Malaria Infection
option2: Diarrhoeal disease
option3: Vaccination
option4: Maternal deprivation
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 36-hour old newborn who was delivered in a church presents with fever, inability to suck, inability to cry, severe palor and hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is a likely aetiological agent of the illness?





Answer options: option1: Staphylococus epidermidis
option2: Lisseria monocytogenes
option3: Escherichia coli
option4: Group B Streptococcus
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 4-day old presents with bilateral profuse purulent eye discharges with chemosis and severe conjunctival oedema. Which of the following is a likely aetiological agent? 





Answer options: option1: Streptococcus pyogenes
option2: Klebsiella pneumoniae
option3: Neisseria gonorrheae
option4: Chlamydia trachomatis
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 10-year old boy presents with fever, generalized seizures and loss of consciousness. The cerebrospinal fluid shows protein of 128 mg/dl, glucose of 11 mg/dl compared to random blood glucose of 72 mg/dl and marked pleocytosis. The likely complications arising from this condition include:
Answer options: option1: Cerebral abscess
option2: Hydrocephalus
option3: Cranial nerve X palsy
option4: Febrile convulsion
option5: Subdural effusion
Correct answer: option1,option2,option3,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 5-hour old infant presents with deep jaundice with serum bilirubin of 16 mg/dl. Which of the following is appropriate?





Answer options: option1: Mother is likely to belong to Blood group AB
option2: Haematocrit is expected to be greater than 55%
option3: Mother is likely to belong to Blood group O
option4: Reticulocyte count is expected to be less than 5%
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 3-year old child has a BMI of 38 kg/m2. Which of the following is not likely to be associated with the condition?





Answer options: option1: Cushing syndrome
option2: Prader Willi syndrome
option3: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
option4: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
Which of the following is not a typical laboratory finding in a 32-month old child presents with caput quadratum, wide anterior fontanelle and bilateral genu varum?





Answer options: option1: Reduced serum alkaline phosphatase
option2: Reduced serum calcium
option3: Reduced serum phosphate
option4: Reduced 1,25, Dihydroxylcholecalciferol
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 36-hour old newborn who was delivered in a church presents with fever, inability to suck, inability to cry, severe pallor and hepatosplenomegaly. Which of the following is a likely aetiological agent of the illness?





Answer options: option1: Staphylococus epidermidis
option2: Listeria monocytogenes
option3: Escherichia coli
option4: Group B Streptococcus
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
Which of the following characterises physiologic jaundice in a term infant?




Answer options: option1: Onset at 20 hours of age
option2: Peak of bilirubin occurs at 10 days of age
option3: Peak serum bilirubin not exceeding 12mg/dl
option4: Phototherapy is a required intervention
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 7-month old infant who was delivered at term has a head circumference of 39 cm. What is the best explanation to give the parents? 


 


Answer options: option1: The head circumference is normal.
option2: The child may have cortical atrophy
option3: The child may have hydrocephalus
option4: The child may have anencephaly
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pediatrics
A baby delivered at 39 weeks weighs 3.5 kg at birth. What is the baby expected to weigh at the age of fourteen days if the baby is well fed? 





Answer options: option1: 3.5kg
option2: 3.7kg
option3: 4.2kg
option4: 3.9kg
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 10-year old child presents with fever, vomiting and frequent stooling. His pulse rate is 144/minute and thready in nature while the blood pressure is 45/30 mmHg. Which of the following is most desired in the management of the child?



Answer options: option1: IV 10%Dextrose-in-Water 4ml/kg fast
option2: IV Hartmann's Solution 30ml/kg over 30 minutes
option3: IV Digoxin 0.02mg/kg fast
option4: IV Full Strength Darrows 30ml/kg over 30 minutes
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 4-year old presents with frequent generalised spasms and muscle rigidity of 12 hours duration. Which of the following is not useful in the evaluation of the child?




Answer options: option1: History of recent inability to open the mouth
option2: History of chronic ear discharge
option3: Presence of diaphoresis
option4: History of recent inability to close the eyes
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Pediatrics
Which of the following is valid about a 50 hour old infant presents with bilaterally profuse, purulent eye discharges?





Answer options: option1: Gentamicin eye drop within 12 hours of birth is recommended prophylaxis
option2: Chlamydia tracomatis is the likely aetiology
option3: Panophthalmitis is an expected complication
option4: History of fever will be unusual
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 9-year old child presents at CHER with history of dog bite which occurred two days prior. Which of the following is not important in the evaluation of the child?





Answer options: option1: Anti-tetanus vaccination history of the child
option2: Whether the dog was provoked or not
option3: Anti-rabies vaccination history of the child
option4: Vaccination history of the dog
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 7-year old presents with fever and multiple boils on the skin. Which of the following full blood count findings is helpful?




Answer options: option1: PCV - 37%
option2: Total WBC - 3,500/mm3
option3: Neutrophils - 72%
option4: Platelets - 176,000/mm3
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
The chest radiograph of a 3-year old child shows cardiomegaly. What does that radiographic finding imply?





Answer options: option1: A cardio-thoracic ratio of 0.54:1.
option2: Increased convexity of right heart border suggests RVH
option3: Displaced apex inferio-laterally is a pointer to LVH
option4: Flattening of left upper cardiac border is a sign of LAH
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pediatrics
 The following clinical manifestations are suggestive of right-sided pleural effusion:





Answer options: option1: Percussion note will be dull on the right side
option2: Vocal resonance will be increased on the right side
option3: Trachea will be displaced to the left side
option4: Chest movement will be normal on both sides
option5: Breath sound will be bronchial on the right side
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
Which of the following is not an exclusion criterion for physiologic jaundice?
Answer options: option1: Jaundice occurring on the third day of life.
option2: Bilirubin level increasing at a rate of >5mg/dl/day.
option3: Clinical jaundice persisting beyond the first week in full –term infants.
option4: Unconjugated bilirubin level >13mg/dl in the term infants.
option5: Conjugated bilirubin level >2mg/dl.
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 7-year old child who has never been immunized presents with inability to open the mouth and jerky movements following a nail puncture wound. Other important features to search for include:

Answer options: option1: Opisthotonus
option2: Loss of consciousness
option3: Sun-setting eye appearance
option4: Expressionless face
option5: Abdominal rigidity
Correct answer: option1,option4,option5
Specialty: Pediatrics
A two year old male child presents at the emergency room with a five-day history of cough and breathlessness. Examination reveals cardiomegaly, central cyanosis but no cardiac murmurs. The most likely diagnosis is:






Answer options: option1: Eisenmengers syndrome.
option2: Ostium secundum defect.
option3: Pneumonia.
option4: Tricuspid atresia.
option5: Shock.
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Pediatrics
The following are indications for whole blood transfusion EXCEPT:






Answer options: option1: Sever acute malnutrition with a PCV of 25%.
option2: Haemorrhagic blood loss with PCV < 20%.
option3: Sequestration crisis in sickle cell anemia patient.
option4: Hookworm infection with PCV 18%.
option5: Severe anemia coexisting with DIC.
Correct answer: option4