afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
According to the modified World Health Organization Prognostic Scoring System, the entire category of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia is represented by which range of scores?
Answer options: option1: A.	0-2
option2: B.	1-4
option3: 0 - 6
option4: 1-10
option5: 11–15
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following IS NOT criteria for the diagnosis of Acute Chest syndrome in Sickle cell disease
Answer options: option1: Drop in SPO2 >3% of baseline
option2: Tachycardia
option3: Tachypnoea
option4: Chest pain
option5: Auscultatory chest signs
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
In type 1 Diabetes in pregnancy, early glucose control is most helpful in preventing which of the following?
Answer options: option1: Cardiac malformations
option2: Mermaid syndrome
option3: Spina bifida
option4: . Macrosomia
option5: IUGR
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: n/A
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is correct concerning hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
Answer options: option1: Significant proteinuria is diagnosed when serum protein 2300mg over 24 hours
option2: Gestational hypertension is commonly diagnosed when BP >140/90 mmHg prior to 20 weeks
option3: Eclampsia commonly occurs in the absence of hypertension
option4: Urinary protein-creatinine ratio >30 mg/nmol is considered significant.
option5: Eclamptic patients are best delivered with 24 hours
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following best describes Magnesium sulphate 
Answer options: option1: Loss of deep tendon reflexes before respiratory depression with regards to toxicity
option2: It adequately prevents eclampsia in preeclampsia without severe features
option3: Is mainly excreted by the kidney and conjugation in the liver
option4: Provides neuroprotection for the fetus before 34 weeks of gestation
option5: Overdose is infrequently treated with 10ml of 10% calcium gluconate
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following combinations constitute a major risk factors for preeclampsia 
Answer options: option1: Prior preeclampsia, pre-existing hypertension and maternal family history
option2: Chronic hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, nulliparity
option3: Pre-gestational diabetes, multiple pregnancy and chronic hypertension
option4: Antiphospholipid syndrome, overweight, pre-gestational diabetes
option5: Dangerous father inheritance, strong family history and prior preeclampsia
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
. Hydralazine is more effective than Labetalol
Answer options: option1: . Hydralazine is more effective than Labetalol
option2: . Hydralazine is more effective than Labetalol
option3: . Hydralazine is more effective than Labetalol
option4: Drug-induced lupus syndrome is a common side effect
option5: Hydralazine is considered the first line antihypertensive in severe preeclampsia
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
3. Tropical ulcer is a type of cellulitis caused by which following organisms
Answer options: option1: a.Fusobaterium and B. vencent
option2: b.Treponema pallidum and treponema pertenue
option3: c.Bacteroides and clostridium sp.
option4: d.Borrelia sp and bacteroides
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following best describes the treatment of preeclampsia with severe features?
Answer options: option1: Phenytoin and Magnesium sulphate are equally effective in preventing recurrent seizures
option2: Phenytoin and Magnesium sulphate are equally effective in preventing recurrent seizures
option3: Midazolam has no place in modern management of severe preeclampsia
option4: Hydralazine is used in preference to labetalol to control severe hypertension
option5: Hydralazine and Nifedipine may cause fetal distress more than Labetalol
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Gestational Sac
Answer options: option1: is a guarantee for normal pregnancy
option2: is the first structure seen within the uterine cavity after fertilization
option3: disappears before the appearance of the yolk sac
option4: . should not be smaller than 10-15 mm
option5: is not visible until about 8 weeks Gestational age
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is true of gynaecological scans 
Answer options: option1: The three important structures in the pelvis are uterus, ovaries and bowel
option2: Is it abnormal to have a retroverted uterus
option3: All uterine positions are considered normal
option4: A cervix that is open or funnelling is a sign of previous vaginal delivery
option5: Normal fallopian tube can be seen on ultrasound.
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Regarding male infertility this is a proven therapy
Answer options: option1: Surgical repair of varicocele
option2: Lifestyle changes including dietary supplement of Fish oil (omega 3)
option3: Lifestyle changes including dietary supplement of Fish oil (omega 3)
option4: Medical therapies to increase circulating gonadotrophin level
option5: intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoa into the oocyte is the most effective
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Serial measurement of urinary Luteinising hormone is prospective and its level is a reliable indicator of ovulation
Answer options: option1: Serial measurement of urinary Luteinising hormone is prospective and its level is a reliable indicator of ovulation
option2: Endometrial biopsy is presumptive direct method of assessment
option3: History of Molinia symptoms confirms ovulation
option4: Ultrasound follicular tracking and its disappearance is prospective and accurate method
option5: Ultrasound follicular tracking and its disappearance is prospective and accurate method
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
 Fecundability
Answer options: option1: Decreases over time with increasing age of partners
option2: Is defined as the probability of achieving pregnancy in one year
option3: Prognostic grading for fecundability facilitates appropriate treatment plan
option4: Depends on coital frequency and maternal age and is highest before age 30 years
option5: Depends on coital frequency, timing and maternal age and is highest in the 20-24yrs group
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
After nearly 48 hours in labour, a sixteen-year-old P 1 delivers a still born male baby 3.6 Kg Five days later, despite been able to void sometimes, she presents with uncontrollable loss of urine and is offensive. You notice that she has a gait while walking into your room. The vulva looked wet and speculum examination revealed a 1 cm mid vaginal fistula with pink vaginal tissue all around. The cervix was unremarkable. The best management option is 
Answer options: option1: Counsel for interval repair to allow patient to psychologically adjust prior to surgery
option2: Counsel for interval repair to allow patient to psychologically adjust prior to surgery
option3: Continuous drainage via Foley catheter for 21 days after patient counselling
option4: Transvaginal repair and continuous drainage of the bladder for 7-10 days
option5: Treat intercurrent infection and plan for an interval repair
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The statement which best describes a person at her maximum bladder capacity 
Answer options: option1: While having a conversation with her friend, Abena suddenly ran off and returned a few minutes later explaining that she had to go to the bathroom because she was afraid she was about to wet her pants.
option2: If you were watching your favourite television show, you would wait until the next commercial break to go to the bathroom
option3: patient is having a conversation with you as you fill her bladder in a retrograde fashion. She tells you that the current bladder volume is hurting her.
option4: Adutwumwaa had to interrupt her consult several times to use the washroom to avoid feeling intense pain in the lower abdomen
option5: While returning from a long road trip and only miles from home, Akosua pulls over at the side of the road to void.
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Involuntary loss of urine as a result of fecal impaction
Answer options: option1: Urge
option2: Stress (hypermobile urethra-type)
option3: Stress (type 3)
option4: Transient
option5: A 45-year-old gravida 2, para 2 is undergoing a vaginal hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding unresponsive to conservative management. The surgery is begun and the posterior cul-de-sac is entered. While attempting to enter the anterior cul-de-sac, clear fluid emerges;the best way to rule out a bladder injury is by
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
A 45-year-old gravida 2, para 2 is undergoing a vaginal hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding unresponsive to conservative management. The surgery is begun and the posterior cul-de-sac is entered. While attempting to enter the anterior cul-de-sac, clear fluid emerges;the best way to rule out a bladder injury is by
Answer options: option1: Convert to laparotomy
option2: Administer intravenous indigo carmine and perform cystoscopy
option3: Fill the bladder retrograde with methylene blue or dilute indigo carmine dye
option4: Fill the bladder retrograde with methylene blue or dilute indigo carmine dye
option5: Dilate the presumed cystostomy site and identify Foley ball digitally
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following is false regarding Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD):
Answer options: option1: The use of laser or diathermy is effective for restoring ovulatory function
option2: The intervention aims to puncture the ovarian cortex 3-5mm deep at 4-6 sites per ovary
option3: It is the first line recommendation for the morbidly obese PCOS patient with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance
option4: It is useful for cases of PCOS resistant to medical treatment
option5: Has replaced conventional wedge resection in the management of PCOS
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The use of Letrozole for ovulation induction in patients with PCOS is associated with the following except
Answer options: option1: Aromatase inhibition by letrozole leads to estrogen suppression
option2: Aromatase inhibition by letrozole leads to estrogen suppression
option3: Letrozole does not offer any significant advantage over clomiphene citrate in PCOS patients with Clomid resistance
option4: Letrozole does not offer any significant advantage over clomiphene citrate in PCOS patients with Clomid resistance
option5: The use of letrozole with intrauterine insemination improves pregnancy chances
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The use of clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction may be associated with following side effects EXCEPT
Answer options: option1: Endometrial thinning with an associated compensatory increased cervical mucus secretion
option2: Mood swings
option3: Hot flashes
option4: Nausea and abdominal discomfort
option5: vVisual disturbances
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Endometrial thinning with an associated compensatory increased cervical mucus secretion 
Answer options: option1: Endometrial thinning with an associated compensatory increased cervical mucus secretion
option2: Mood swings
option3: Hot flashes
option4: Nausea and abdominal discomfort
option5: Visual disturbances
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Regarding the use of clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction, which of the following is untrue?
Answer options: option1: Clomiphene citrate is a selective estrogen receptor modulator
option2: Clomiphene citrate is the first drug of choice for ovulation induction in incremental doses of 50-150mg for 5days
option3: umulative pregnancy rate of approximately 75% after 6-9 induced cycles
option4: Clomiphene citrate results in multiple pregnancies in approximately 35% of
option5: Up to 40% of patients with PCOS may be resistant to clomiphene citrate due to severe hyperandrogenisim or obesity
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following does not include the causes of subfertility in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Answer options: option1: Polycystic ovarian syndrome results in a poor oocyte quality
option2: PCOS is associated with endometrial abnormality that affects embryo implantation
option3: Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant capacity
option4: Chronic anovulation is the third leading cause of infertility
option5: Insulin resistance with a compensatory hyperinsulinaemia
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Dermatology
A 48 yr old patient presented with history of flushing of the face, pustules and papules. 
Below is the picture of the face.
What is the mainstay of treatment?
Answer options: option1: Topical corticosteroid
option2: Imiquimod cream
option3: Topical metronidazole
option4: Permethrin cream
option5: NONE OF THE ABOVE
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
In the sub-fertile female with hyperandrogenaemia, which of the following is most unlikely?
Answer options: option1: She would have elevated free Testosterone levels
option2: There would be reduced serum sex hormone binding globulin levels
option3: There is a decline in free dehydroepiandrosterone levels
option4: Testosterone is usually converted to the more longer acting derivative dihydrotestosterone by 5 alpha-reductase enzyme
option5: Total serum testosterone concentration does not reflect androgen bioactivity
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
In the women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, the following are true EXCEPT:
Answer options: option1: Increased LH pulse and frequency results from abnormal GnRH pulse and feedback signal from periphery
option2: There is cyclical variations in the serum levels of LH and FSH.
option3: There is an increased average daily production of androgens and estrogen
option4: Serum Es levels fluctuate but remain within early follicular phase levels.
option5: The entire endocrine milieu reflects a chronic anovulatory state
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following statements is untrue about hyperinsulinaemia? 
Answer options: option1: Insulin resistance is common in over 85% of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
option2: Hyperinsulinaemia causes hyperandrogenism
option3: Hyperinsulinaemia stimulates increased ovarian androgen production by theca cells
option4: Excess circulating serum insulin inhibits hepatic sex hormone binding globulin synthesis
option5: Insulin potentiates luteinizing hormone action synergistically to stimulate androgen production
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following are true regarding obesity and infertility except: 
Answer options: option1: woman's fertility function is inversely proportional to her BMI above normal
option2: Obesity increases the woman's risk of PCOS across different populations
option3: Obesity in PCOS is typically central, with more increase in peripheral adipose load than visceral fat
option4: Obesity in PCOS is typically central, with more increase in peripheral adipose load than visceral fat
option5: Obesity in PCOS is typically central, with more increase in peripheral adipose load than visceral fat
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
A 39-year-old, para 0 woman attends for an elective caesarean section for breech presentation Her BMI is 25. She undergoes an uncomplicated procedure and is mobile on the ward the same day. What is the most appropriate step in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
Answer options: option1: Early mobilisation, prevention of dehydration
option2: Early mobilisation, prevention of dehydration, therapeutic low molecular weight heparin for at least 10 days
option3: Early mobilisation, prevention of dehydration, prophylactic dose low molecular weight heparin for at least 3 days
option4: Early mobilisation, prevention of dehydration, prophylactic dose low molecular weight heparin for at least 3 days
option5: Prevention of dehydration and thromboembolic stockings
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
You observe a senior O&G Resident performing a caesarean section in the second stage of labour following an unsuccessful attempt at operative vaginal delivery. There is some difficulty with delivery of the baby. What next step is likely to be performed?
Answer options: option1: Ask an assistant to perform vaginal examination and apply direct pressure to the foetal head over the posterior fontanelle
option2: Continue attempts to disimpact the foetal head from above
option3: D. Request that the on-call consultant attends as soon as possible and wait for their arrival
option4: D. Request that the on-call consultant attends as soon as possible and wait for their arrival
option5: Use a forceps blade to disimpact head by 'scooping the head
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: nn/a
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
You are performing an elective caesarean on a 28-year-old primigravida with a history of previous myomectomy breeching the uterine cavity. She has been appropriately consented and is keen to have more children. After delivery of the baby and intravenous administration of Oxytocin, you attempt to deliver the placenta but it is firmly adherent. The uterus is well contracted and is not bleeding significantly. What is the most appropriate management in this scenario?
Answer options: option1: Administer terbutalline
option2: Closure of the uterus
option3: Closure of the uterus and hysterectomy
option4: Manual removal of placenta
option5: Uterine artery embolization
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
A couple, both aged 32, wish to start a family. They have stopped using contraception and are having regular sexual intercourse. How likely are they to conceive within one year?
Answer options: option1: 70-74%
option2: 75-79%
option3: 80-84%
option4: 85-89%
option5: 90-94%
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
You are asked to see a 21-year-old woman for preconceptual care. She was diagnosed with generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy four years ago. This is poorly controlled. She is currently on sodium valproate and levetiracetam. What is the next step in her management?
Answer options: option1: Arrange MRI
option2: . Arrange an EEG
option3: Commence aspirin 75 mg
option4: Commence folic acid 5 mg
option5: Review medication
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
A 21-year-old woman, who is known to have beta thalassemia major, attends the clinic for preconception counselling. What is the most relevant initial pre-pregnancy investigation to predict maternal complications of pregnancy?
Answer options: option1: Cardiac MRI
option2: Chest X-Ray
option3: ECG
option4: Echocardiogram
option5: Pulmonary function tests
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following is true regarding the risk factors for cervical cancer
Answer options: option1: History of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia is protective
option2: Smoking is a risk factor
option3: Use of combined oral contraceptives is protective
option4: Immunosuppression is protective
option5: Which of the following is true regarding the pathophysiology of cervical cancer
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is true regarding the pathophysiology of cervical cancer 
Answer options: option1: The early open reading frame proteins make up the viral capsid
option2: The late open reading proteins function as regulatory proteins
option3: E7 binds to and inactivates the Rb protein
option4: E6 binds to and inactivates the Rb protein
option5: Functional loss of P53 leads to censored cell growth
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Dermatology
A 5 yr old boy developed itchy read wheals on the trunks after ingestion of egg, associated wheezing and breathlessness. What dose of IM adrenaline should be given?
Answer options: option1: 0.15ml 1:1000
option2: 0.15ml 1:10,000
option3: 0.3ml 1 in 10,000
option4: 0.5ml 1 in 1000
option5: NONE OF THE ABOVE
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is true with regards to staging of cervical cancer? 
Answer options: option1: Staging of cervical cancer is essentially surgico-pathological
option2: Stage IIIC1 cervical cancer involves the pelvic lymph nodes
option3: Stage IIIA involves the lower two-thirds of the vagina
option4: Stage IAI refers to stromal invasion less than 5mm
option5: Stage IB2 is invasive carcinoma between 3cm and 5cm
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Dermatology
A patient gave a history of developing red itchy wheals on the trunk after insect bites lasting about 20 mins. An assessment of urticaria was made. 
 What is the first line medication?

Answer options: option1: A.	Antihistamines
option2: B.	Oral corticosteroids
option3: C.	Oral antibiotics
option4: D.	IM adrenaline
option5: NONE OF THE ABOVE
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Dermatology
An 18 yr old presented with itchy scaly red rashes on the flexural areas of the elbow. There is background history aof atopy and family history of asthma.
 What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer options: option1: Psoriasis
option2: Acne rosacea
option3: Impetigo
option4: Eczema
option5: NONE OF THE ABOVE
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
HPV 18 is the most oncogenic
Answer options: option1: HPV 18 is the most oncogenic
option2: HPV 16 and 18 account for approximately 90% of cervical cancers
option3: HPV 6 and 11 account for 90% of genital warts
option4: Only 20% of HPV infections will result in the development of CIN 2 or 3 lesions within 3 years of infection
option5: Almost three-quarter of all cervical cancers are attributable to HPV 16
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following statements IS NOT true concerning risks and benefits associated with trial of labour after prior CS (TOLAC)
Answer options: option1: The risk of uterine rupture during a TOLAC is high (greater than 5%) B
option2: . TOLAC is most safely undertaken where staff can immediately provide an emergency caesarean but recognizes that such resources may not be universally available
option3: Most maternal injury that occurs during a TOLAC happens when a repeat caesarean becomes necessary after the TOLAC fails
option4: A vaginal birth after TOLAC, avoids major abdominal surgery, lowers a woman's risk of hemorrhage and infection, and shortens postpartum recovery
option5: Successful vaginal births after TOLAC helps to reduce overall caesarean section rates
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Dermatology
 28 yr old female presents with scaly and itchy rashes on the extensor surfaces. Below is the picture of the nail? of the knee and elbow. What is the likely diagnosis ?
Answer options: option1: Eczema
option2: Onycholysis
option3: Psoriasis
option4: Iron deficiency anaemia
option5: NONE OF THE ABOVE
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following statements concerning options for delivery after one prior C/S are true EXCEPT
Answer options: option1: A prior classical uterine incision is a relative contraindication
option2: Either vaginal birth or elective repeat caesarean section are reasonable options
option3: Around 50% of women with one previous caesarean section attempt a vaginal birth in their second pregnancy, and of these nearly two thirds are successful
option4: Pregnancy complications might alter the risks and benefits of each delivery strategy (vaginal delivery or elective repeat C/S)
option5: The weight of the baby in the current pregnancy is considered
Correct answer: option1