afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements about leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is NOT True?
 
 

Answer options: option1: Patients may present with asymmetrical, well-defined, anesthetic, hypopigmented or erythematous macules with elevated edges and a dry rough surface
option2: There are often nodular lesions on the patient’s face in the acute phase of the lepromatous variety.
option3: Patients have neural involvement characterized by thickening of nerves, which are tender
option4: The condition is diagnosed by demonstrating bacilli in urine
option5: The patient is treated by a multidisciplinary team of infection disease specialist and  surgeons
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is NOT True in the treatment for typhoid perforation?
 

 

Answer options: option1: Perforation occurring in the first week of typhoid fever has a better prognosis as the patient’s nutritional and immunological status is better
option2: Treatment involves vigorous resuscitation with intravenous  fluids and antibiotics in an intensive care unit
option3: Chloramphenicol is the drug of choice
option4: Several surgical options can be carried out, depending on the condition of the patient, the site and number of perforations and the amount of peritoneal soiling
option5: The skin and subcutaneous tissue are often kept open for delayed closure, as wound infection inevitably happens, leading to wound dehiscence
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True concerning Tuberculoid leprosy?






Answer options: option1: Skin lesions usually have a well-demarcated, raised edge
option2: Hair growth is normal in affected skin lesions
option3: Peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically
option4: The lepromin test is negative
option5: Smear negative cases can be treated with steroids alone
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following types of lesion may be caused by intestinal infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
 
 


Answer options: option1: Transverse ulcers with undermined edges in the ileum
option2: Longitudinal ulcers on the antimesenteric border of the terminal ileum
option3: Tubercles on the mucosal aspect of the intestine
option4: Apple-core lesions of the colon
option5: Transmural inflammation with a propensity for fistula formation
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
Following splenectomy for trauma






Answer options: option1: Infection with Plasmodium falciparum and Hemophilus influenzae are usually uncommon
option2: Heinz bodies are characteristically seen on the blood film
option3: Thrombocytopenia is typical
option4: Pneumococcal vaccine should be given
option5: Prophylactic penicillin should be taken for six weeks
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True about Tropical splenomegaly syndrome?





Answer options: option1: There is Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia
option2: There is lymphocytic infiltration of hepatic sinusoids
option3: There is very low or absent malarial antibody titers
option4: There is reduced serum IgM
option5: There is unfavorable response to prolonged anti-malarial drug therapy
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following is NOT  associated with Enteric fever?





Answer options: option1: Severe cases should receive high dose dexamethasone
option2: Ciprofloxacin is the treatment of choice in the UK. for adults
option3: If perforation of the bowel occurs it should be managed conservatively because surgery carries too high a mortality
option4: Jaundice is a recognized complication
option5: Myocarditis is a recognized complication
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True about Enteric fever?





Answer options: option1: The incubation period is usually 4-6 weeks
option2: Gallstones increase the risk of chronic fecal carriage
option3: Rose spots occur in typhoid but not paratyphoid fever
option4: Bone marrow culture increases diagnostic yield in those previously given antibiotics
option5: Leukocytosis supports the diagnosis of typhoid
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is correct concerning hernias?



Answer options: option1: A femoral hernia is the most common hernia in females
option2: Direct inguinal hernias pass through internal ring
option3: Littre’s hernia contains omentum
option4: Inguinal hernias in children are treated by herniorrhaphy
option5: Testicular atrophy may occur after inguinal hernia repair
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is NOT True about haemorrhoids?




Answer options: option1: Haemorrhoids are specialized cushions present in everyone that aid continence
option2: Pain is often associated with uncomplicated haemorrhoids
option3: External haemorrhoids are covered by skin whereas internal haemorrhoids are covered by mucosa
option4: Proctoscopy may be necessary in evaluation of haemorrhoids
option5: Haemorrhoidectomy is reserved for third- and fourth-degree haemorrhoids
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 50 year old man presented with rectal bleeding and constipation. He has a malignant rectal mass 13 cm from the anal verge. Which of these is the correct treatment?
   

Answer options: option1: Colostomy
option2: Excisional biopsy
option3: Anterior resection of rectum
option4: Antero-lateral resection of the rectum
option5: Abdomino- perineal resection of the rectum
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is NOT True in acute intestinal obstruction? 



Answer options: option1: Signs of peritonitis indicate strangulation
option2: Signs of dehydration are absent in late cases
option3: A rectal examination is essential
option4: A plain x ray examination of the abdomen is not helpful in the diagnosis
option5: Any size of cannula can be used for fluid resuscitation
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
In acute intestinal obstruction, which of the following statements is True?



Answer options: option1: Vomiting and constipation are early in high type
option2: Low type has a better prognosis than high type
option3: The blood supply is affected in simple obstruction
option4: Serum potassium value of 5.5mmol/l is common
option5: Adequate resuscitation before surgery improves outcome
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding Meckel’s diverticulum?
   

Answer options: option1: It is approximately 2 inches long
option2: It is a remnant of the embryonic vitelline duct
option3: It is usually located 2 metres from the ileo-cecal junction in the terminal ileum
option4: It may contain gastric and pancreatic epithelial tissue
option5: It is present in approximately 2% of the population
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True regarding typhoid enteritis?





Answer options: option1: It is characterised by leucocytosis
option2: Acute intestinal perforation is not a common complication
option3: It can be complicated by orchitis
option4: Perforation occurs at the mesenteric border of the intestine
option5: Perforation occurs in less than 5% of cases
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Concerning pancreatitis, which of the following statements is True?
 


Answer options: option1: Cholelithiasis is the commonest cause
option2: Cullen’s sign is associated with bruising in flanks
option3: Steroids are not associated with acute pancreatitis
option4: The treatment of sterile necrotizing pancreatitis is always surgery
option5: A pseudocyst should be drained within 2 weeks of the acute attack
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 47 year old lady complains of epigastric and slight hypochondrial pain. She also feels nauseated and has been vomiting for the past 24 hours. She recalls that her symptoms started when she was eating fried plantain. The pain did not respond to over-the-counter antacids. On examination she is an obese lady. Which of the following is the most appropriate next investigation?

Answer options: option1: Erect abdominal X-ray
option2: Upper gastro-intestinal (GI) endoscopy
option3: Ultrasound scan of the abdomen
option4: HI breath test for H. Pylori
option5: Computerized tomographic (CT) scan abdomen
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 45 year old man complains of acute epigastric pain radiating to his back, and he has vomited repeatedly. On examination his temperature is 38.3 0 C, abdomen is tender, and serum amylase is 1856 U/L . What is the most likely diagnosis?
   
Answer options: option1: Gastric Ulcer
option2: Acute cholecystitis
option3: Acute pancreatitis
option4: Pancreatic cancer
option5: Cholangitis
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 24 year old patient with penetrating abdominal injury (Blood Pressure of 84/60 mmHg, pulse of 116 bpm) was brought to Accident and Emergency unit. What is the next best step in management?

Answer options: option1: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)
option2: Ultrasound of the abdomen
option3: Computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen with contrast
option4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen
option5: Take to the operating theatre
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
The primary method of imaging of the stable blunt abdominal trauma patient, supporting the evolution of non-operative management in many solid abdominal organ injuries is


Answer options: option1: Plain radiograph of the abdomen
option2: Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST)
option3: Abdominal Computerized tomography (CT) with intravenous (IV) contrast
option4: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the abdomen
option5: Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True concerning carcinoma of the breast?
  

Answer options: option1: T1 breast lesion is 2-5 cm in dimension
option2: Breast cancer metastasis to bone is relatively uncommon
option3: Tamoxifen should be prescribed for life to patients with breast cancer
option4: Axillary lymph node involvement is a good predictor of outcome
option5: Comedo DCIS is associated with low recurrence rate
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True concerning Hypoparathyroidism?





Answer options: option1: May present with anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
option2: There is tingling of fingers and facial muscles with low serum calcium and normal alkaline phosphate
option3: May cause nephrocalcinosis and renal insufficiency
option4: Low serum alkaline phosphatase and low serum phosphate
option5: High dose cortisone and Mithramycin are used for treatment
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is true concerning Pretibial myxoedema?





Answer options: option1: Occurs in about 20% of patients with Grave’s disease
option2: Is a painless thickening of the skin with nodules or plaques
option3: Usually occurs on the sole of the foot and back of the leg
option4: Is not associated with ophthalmopathy
option5: Resembles finger clubbing
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of these statements is NOT true about Pulmonary atelectasis?


Answer options: option1: Impairs gas exchange
option2: May predispose to chest infection
option3: Is a common cause of post-operative fever
option4: May necessitate fibreoptic bronchoscopy to extract mucus plug
option5: Can be prevented by prophylactic treatment with antibiotics
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following is NOT True about recent developments in endoscopy?

 
 

Answer options: option1: Chromoendoscopy involves the use of stains or pigments to improve tissue localization
option2: Narrow-band imaging relies on an optical filter technology that radically improves the visibility of veins and capillaries
option3: Balloon enteroscopy permits visualization of the small bowel but is unable to perform therapeutic procedures
option4: High-resolution magnifying endoscopy achieves near cellular definition of the mucosa
option5: Capsule endoscopy acquires video images during natural propulsion through the gut
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Endocrinology
About the adrenal gland, the following are true except
	
 

Answer options: option1: The adrenal cortex is composed of three zones: an outer zona glomerulosa, a zona fasciculata, and an inner zona reticularis
option2: The zona glomerulosa produces cortisol and androgens
option3: Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
option4: The zona fasciculata is the thickest layer of the adrenal cortex, making up about 75% of the cortex.
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True regarding endoscopy?




Answer options: option1: Verbal consent for an endoscopy is acceptable practice
option2: The current state-of-the-art endoscope is the fiberoptic endoscope
option3: It is easy to get views beyond the ligament of Treitz during an oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) with a standard endoscope
option4: It is not necessary to stop Clopidogrel before a colonoscopic polypectomy
option5: Perforation and haemorrhage are uncommon but significant complications of the procedure
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is NOT True regarding preoperative management in a diabetic patient for abdominal surgery? 





Answer options: option1: Normal Saline is used to hydrate patient preoperatively
option2: Urinary catheterization is  performed preoperatively
option3: Urinary output is monitored preoperatively
option4: Therapeutic antibiotic is started on the day of admission
option5: Intramuscular Vitamin K is administered to prevent clotting problems intraoperatively
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Endocrinology
28-year-old man presented with excessive sweating, palpitations, headaches and feeling of impending doom. Blood pressure during clinic visit is 200/130 mmHg.
The most likely diagnosis is

Answer options: option1: Pheochromocytoma
option2: Cushing syndrome
option3: Hypothyroidism
option4: Addison’s disease
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1,option2
Specialty: Endocrinology
A 47-year man, presents with recent finding of dull grey-brown patches in his mouth and palm of his hands, darkening of previous scars, he gets very dizzy when rising from a seated position. There is history of recent vacation in Nigeria. The most likely diagnosis is:


Answer options: option1: Addison’s disease
option2: SIADH
option3: Conn’s syndrome
option4: Cushing disease
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Endocrinology
26-year-old lady presented with recent history of weight gain especially around the trunk, moon facie, straie and persistently elevated blood pressure. Screening modalities for this condition include the following except
 
	

Answer options: option1: 24-hour urinary free cortisol
option2: Low dose dexamethasone suppression test
option3: Midnight salivary cortisol
option4: Pituitary MRI
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Endocrinology
34-year-old man presented to the clinic after noticing coarse facial appearance, large jaws excessive sweating, increase in shoe and ring size as well as deepening voice.
The single best screening investigation for this condition is:
	

Answer options: option1: Fasting blood sugar
option2: Glycated hemoglobin
option3: Insulin- like growth factor -1 assay
option4: C- peptide assay
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Concerning enteral nutrition, which of these statements is True?


Answer options: option1: It increases the incidence of bacterial translocation
option2: It maintains the gut mucosal barrier function
option3: It may be safely administered immediately after abdominal surgery
option4: It should be considered first choice in feeding for severe head injury patients
option5: It is associated with increased risk of complications compared to parenterally fed patients
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Endocrinology
Which of the following is incorrect concerning the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary?


Answer options: option1: Somatotrophes make up > 70 %
option2: Lactotropes make up 15-25%
option3: Gonadotropes make up 10-15%
option4: Thyrotropes make up 5-10 %
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Endocrinology
32-year-old non pregnant woman with complain of weight loss despite increased appetite, palpitations, headaches and nipple discharge. During examination diffused goiter and visual field defects were noted. Thyroid function test shows revealed elevated TSH as well as elevated free T 3 and T 4, serum prolactin is also elevated. The most appropriate diagnostic investigation is:
 
	

Answer options: option1: Serum insulin assay
option2: Pituitary MRI
option3: 9 am Serum cortisol
option4: Lateral skull x ray
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Endocrinology
A 26-year-old lady presented at endocrinology clinic with complain of weight gain, easy fatigability and cold intolerance. Thyroid function shows TSH 15.7 m IU/L ( 0.4-4.2), Free T 4 0.1 ng/dL (0.8-1.8), Free T 3 0.7 pmol/L ( 2-7). The most appropriate diagnosis is
 
.	
Answer options: option1: Primary hypothyroidism
option2: Secondary hypothyroidism
option3: Hyperthyroidism
option4: Acromegaly
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Endocrinology
Which of the following statement about the cause of Diabetes Insipidus is false?
.	

Answer options: option1: Familial cranial DI due autosomal dominant transmission (vasopressin gene)
option2: Primary polydipsia cause by excess level of ADH
option3: Lithium, demeclocycline
option4: Head injury
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Endocrinology
A 72-year-old man presents with confusion. His care-giver gave history of lethargic, irritability over the last 2 months. Despite maintaining a good appetite and fluid intake. Blood results are as follows:
 
Sodium 126 mmol/L 
Potassium 4 mmol/L 
BUN 3 mmol/L 
Glucose (fasting) 6 mmol/L 
Urine osmolality 343 mmol/L 
The most likely diagnosis is: 
 
 
Answer options: option1: Hypothyroidism
option2: Renal disease
option3: Addison’s disease
option4: Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH)
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Endocrinology
A 42-year-old lady, obese with Type 2 DM on metformin 2000 mg and gliclazide 80 mg with glycated haemoglobin 8.5% despite drug adherence, declined commencing insulin because of weight gain. What alternative medication will be preferred in for this patient?
	

Answer options: option1: GLP-1 agonists
option2: DPP-4 inhibitors
option3: Pioglitazone
option4: SGLT-2 inhibitors
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option1,option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
 A 47 year old man had a huge lipoma excised from his back. He was admitted 8 days after surgery because the wound dressing was soaked with blood. His pulse rate was 80 beats/min, with good volume. Which of the following describes the clinical condition?
 


Answer options: option1: Primary haemorrhage
option2: Reactionary haemmorrhage
option3: Secondary haemorrhage
option4: Septic haemmorrhage
option5: Bleeding diathesis
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
A patient who received cytotoxic chemotherapy 5 days ago presents with hypothermia and blood pressure (BP) of 90/50 mmHg. Which of these measures should be instituted immediately?
 

Answer options: option1: Cancel further Chemotherapy
option2: Admit in Intensive Care Unit
option3: Take blood culture and start broad spectrum antibiotics and intravenous fluids
option4: Perform a computerized tomography scan (CT scan)
option5: Renal dialysis
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements about combination chemotherapy regimen is True?



Answer options: option1: They must be given intravenously
option2: It involves low doses of drugs with the same mode of action
option3: Combination chemotherapy involves drugs with distinct modes of action
option4: Combining inactive drug with an active one, strong anticancer synergy can be obtained
option5: It is too toxic to be used in adjuvant settings
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 65-year-old male presents to clinic with a small skin lesion (0.5 cm) on his chest which is very suspicious for melanoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate management option for this patient? 





Answer options: option1: Immediate Computerized Tomographic scan
option2: Excisional biopsy with wide margins
option3: Immediate chemotherapy
option4: Immediate radiotherapy
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pathology
Concerning laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Typhoid fever                             
Answer options: option1: Widal agglutination test is the main stay of diagnosis
option2: Stool culture is highly sensitive
option3: The most applicable sensitive means of diagnosis is blood culture
option4: Bone marrow culture is not affected by prior antibiotic administration
option5: Chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice because of its safety and low pathogen resistance
Correct answer: option3,option4
Specialty: Pathology
Comparing Salmonella and Shigella                                                      
Answer options: option1: Salmonella are generally motile while Shigella are generally non-motile
option2: Shigella ferment glucose with gas formation while Salmonella ferments glucose without gas 	formation
option3: Shigella is a strict human parasite while Salmonella infects both man and animals
option4: Infective dose of Salmonella is lower than that of Shigella
option5: All of the above are incorrect
Correct answer: option1,option3
Specialty: Pathology
Concerning Escherichia coli diarrhoea;                                                    
Answer options: option1: Enteroinvasive E. coli causes infantile diarrhoea
option2: Enteroaggregative E. coli causes microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
option3: Enterotoxigenic E. coli produces shiga-like toxin
option4: Diffusely adherent E. coli causes haemorrhagic colitis
option5: All of the above are incorrect
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Pathology
Concerning diphtheria;                                                                
Answer options: option1: it is associated with blood stream infection and septic shock
option2: it is associated with pseudomembrane formation in infected tissue
option3: pharyngeal diphtheria is more lethal than laryngeal diphtheria
option4: may be associated with myocarditis and neuritis
option5: is preventable by administration of a potent anti-toxin
Correct answer: option2,option4,option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
Which of the following statements is True concerning chronic infections of surgical
importance?
 

Answer options: option1: Collar stud abscess is firm, tender and warm to touch
option2: Actinomycosis can present as craniofacial, thoracic and abdominal lesions
option3: Tuberculosis is caused by a gram positive acid fast bacillus
option4: Tuberculosis affects only the respiratory tract
option5: Treatment of tuberculosis is complete with surgery only
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Pathology
With regard to Bacillus species;                                                          
Answer options: option1: spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus are resistant to autoclaving at 121oC for 15 mins
option2: spores of Bacillus cereus are used to measure the efficiency of ethylene oxide gas 	sterilization
option3: spores of Bacillus pumilis is an indicator of efficiency of ionizing radiation
option4: Bacillus anthracis possess antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule
option5: None of the above is correct
Correct answer: option3