afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: General_Surgery
Colorectal cancers are relative less frequent in African because of the following 
Answer options: option1: a.	The young age of the population
option2: b.	Large intake of high fibre diet which shortens the transit time of faeces
option3: c.	Rarity of precancerous lesions like Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis
option4: d.	All the above
option5: e.	None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
 A 38-year-old had not passed urine after open haemorrhoidectomy. He admitted to having severe pain at the surgical site which made him quite apprehensive. What is the first intervention that should be started in the management of this acute urinary retention 
Answer options: option1: a.	Pass a transurethral catheter
option2: b.	Suprapubic aspiration of urine
option3: c.	To do a formal suprapubic stab cystostomy
option4: d.	Adequate analgesia
option5: e.	Rush the patient back to theatre to revise the surgery.
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Oncology
64.9. A 52-year-old patient presents to your office with a left 4 cm histologically proven left breast carcinoma. On examination, she has a hard discrete mobile left axillary lymph node. A biopsy of a left supraclavicular node is positive for malignancy. There is no imaging evidence of distal metastasis. What is the TNM stage of the disease?
Answer options: option1: T2N2Mo
option2: T1N1Mo
option3: T4N1Mo
option4: T4N1Mo
option5: T3N3M1
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
 All the following procedure are regarded as office procedure in the management of haemorrhoids except 
Answer options: option1: a.	Band ligation
option2: b.	Cryosurgery
option3: c.	Injection sclerotherapy
option4: d.	Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy
option5: e.	None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 38-year-old man who have experiencing bright red bleeding during defaecation for about 2 years reported to the OPD. He also noticed a protrusion of a mass through the anus that quickly reduces back into the anus after defaecation. What is the grade of this haemorrhoids
Answer options: option1: a.	Grade 1
option2: b.	Grade 2
option3: c.	Grade 3
option4: d.	Grade 4
option5: e.	Grade 5
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 119-year-old boy complains of pain in the right lower abdominal quadrant. It was associated with anorexia. Examination revealed tenderness in the right iliac fossa. In appendicitis, where does the visceral pain often occur?
Answer options: option1: a.	In the left iliac fossa and remains there
option2: b.	In the back and moves to the right iliac fossa
option3: c.	In the left hypochondriac region and moves to the right iliac fossa
option4: d.	In the umbilical region
option5: e.	In the left lumbar region
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 70-year-old man presented with early onset total constipation, abdominal pain, abdominal distention and late onset vomiting. Bowel sounds are increased on auscultation, and a plain film shows marked distention of loops of bowel with a Frimann-Dahl lines. The most likely diagnosis is which of the following?
Answer options: option1: a.	Sigmoid volvulus
option2: b.	Caecal volvulus
option3: c.	Jejunal obstruction
option4: d.	Ileal obstruction
option5: e.	Pyloric obstruction
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 64-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, and abdominal distention. Bowel sounds are increased on auscultation, and a plain film shows marked distention of loops of bowel with a remarkably unremarkable pattern. The most likely diagnosis is which of the following?
Answer options: option1: a.	Sigmoid volvulus
option2: b.	Caecal volvulus
option3: c.	Jejunal obstruction
option4: d.	Ileal obstruction
option5: e.	Pyloric obstruction
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
 The justification of requesting for a colonoscopy in an elderly woman who has unexplained anaemia is 
Answer options: option1: a.	Ascending colon may be harbouring a bleeding tumour.
option2: b.	The ascending colon may have a bleeding retrocaecal appendix
option3: c.	It has the highest density of normal flora which may consume the iron
option4: d.	All of the above
option5: e.	None of the above
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
Left-sided colonic tumours are more prone to obstruction because of the following 
Answer options: option1: a.	The tumours appear to be more annular
option2: b.	The descending colon has a smaller calibre
option3: c.	The descending colon often carries more solid bulky food
option4: d.	All the above
option5: e.	None of the above
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 55-year-old man with a history of hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis started experiencing intermittent claudication. An angiogram shows a right common iliac artery stenosis of 90% over a short segment. What is the treatment of choice?
Answer options: option1: a.	Aorto-femoral bypass
option2: b.	Left-to-right femoro-femoral bypass
option3: c.	Iliofemoral bypass
option4: d.	PTA and stent placement
option5: e.	Axillofemoral bypass
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
	A groin mass that has a visible and palpable cough impulses, and located above and medial to the pubic tubercle is a
Answer options: option1: a.	Inguinal hernia
option2: b.	Femoral hernia
option3: c.	Lipoma
option4: d.	Lymph node
option5: e.	Saphena varix
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 19-year-old girl started leaking faeces from an appendectomy wound 8 days after the operation. The patient has developed 
Answer options: option1: Low output enterocutaneous fistula
option2: Discharging sinus
option3: Superficial incisional surgical site infection
option4: Ameboma
option5: Granuloma
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Other
A one-year-old presents with acute wheezing after being rapidly fed with peanuts by the senior brother. A chest X-ray is obtained at the emergency department. What should the next step be?
Answer options: option1: a.	Prescribe bronchodilators
option2: b.	Do a spiral CT scan of the chest
option3: c.	 Do bronchoscopy
option4: d.	Perform a Heimlich's manoeuvre
option5: e.	Perform oesophagoscopy
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
63. Cholecystectomy is indicated in the following except
Answer options: option1: a.Acute cholecystitis
option2: Gall bladder ca
option3: Traumatic rupture of the gall bladder
option4: d.Billroth I partial gastrectomy
option5: e.Cholelithiasis in an immunocompromised patient
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 24-year-old man presents to the ER with an acute abdomen. He has a generally tender abdomen with guarding and rebound tenderness. The bowel sounds are absent. He is being managed for generalised peritonitis secondary to a hollow viscus perforation. The imaging investigation appropriate to demonstrate air in the abdomen is 
Answer options: option1: a.	Abdominal X-ray
option2: b.	Erect chest X-ray
option3: c.	Abdominal Ultrasound
option4: d.	Pelvic Ultrasound
option5: e.	Chest CT Scan
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
What is the target age for HPV vaccination for girls?

Answer options: option1: a. 9 to 10 years
option2: b. 11 to 12 years
option3: c. Less than 15 years
option4: d. 9-14 years
option5: e. 13 to 15 years
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: General_Surgery
A 56-year-old man with a 4 month RChistory of persistent gnawing epigastric pain, progressively worsening jaundice, weight loss, anorexia, persistent generalised pruritus, passage of dark urine and new onset of diabetes is likely to be having 
Answer options: option1: Carcinoma of the head of pancreas
option2: Cholangiocarcinoma
option3: Choledocholithiasis
option4: Peri-ampullary carcinoma
option5: Choledochal cyst
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: General_Surgery
60. A 45-year-old lady was seen in surgical clinic with history of yellowness of the eyes of 3 months duration. There was associated body itching. A working diagnosis of obstructive jaundice secondary to cholangiocarcinoma following investigations. Which of the following is not a typical problem seen in patients with this type of jaundice
Answer options: option1: a.Increased risk of sepsis
option2: Increased risk of hypoglycaemia
option3: Hepatorenal syndrom
option4: d.Increased bleeding tendencies
option5: e.Increased risk of hyperglycaemia
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Metformin use in the management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome offers the following benefit(s)
Answer options: option1: A. Decline in insulin levels
option2: b. Increase in insulin sensitivity
option3: c Decrease in serum lipid levels
option4: d. Reduced risk of miscarriage
option5: e All the above
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: N/a
Specialty: Neurosurgery
59. A university female student started lactating even though she is not pregnant. She also noticed worsening of her vision and intermittent episodes of headache and nausea. She reported to the hospital where a Head CT scan was done which revealed a tumour in the brain. Where is the tumour likely situated 
Answer options: option1: The hypothalamus
option2: b.The pituitary
option3: c.The medulla
option4: d.The cerebrum
option5: e.The cerebellum
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
58. A rapidly growing breast lump was found in a 42-year-old Caribbean woman with no children. The lump is hard with ill-defined edges. It is also attached to the underlying muscle. Which of the following investigations is the most important in making a diagnosis 
Answer options: option1: a.Breast ultrasound
option2: b.Breast mammogram
option3: c.Biopsy of the breast mass
option4: Clinical examination of the mass
option5: e.Checking for tumour markers
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Ultrasound features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome include all of the following except
 
Answer options: option1: A. Volume of each ovary more than 10cc
option2: b. Different sizes of follicles scattered throughout the ovary
option3: C. Increased stroma
option4: D. Follicles peripherally arranged like beads
option5: E. Follicles measure 2-9mm in diameter
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: General_Surgery
57. A 19-year-old girl has a lump in the upper medial quadrant of the left breast for 6 months. The mass has not changed in size. There are no other symptoms. You find on palpation a 3.5 cm discrete benign lump. No other abnormal physical findings are found. The breast ultrasound made an impression of a benign lump. Which of the following treatment options is the most appropriate for this patient? 
Answer options: option1: a.Active observation
option2: Quandrantectomy
option3: c.Excisional biopsy
option4: d.Wide local Excision.
option5: e.Modified radical mastectomy
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, the following are correct except

Answer options: option1: a. It is a Reproductive Metabolic Syndrome
option2: b Because elevated serum androgen is the most consistent feature, making the diagnosis necessarily requires the measurement of serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels,
option3: c Infertility occurs as a result anovulation
option4: d. The risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is high with both ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
option5: e Weight loss is an effective first line treatment option
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
It is currently recommended that women with Type I diabetes having preconception care should receive the following advice
Answer options: option1: A All oral hypoglycaemic agents should be discontinued during preconception care
option2: B. Women should continue contraception until the woman and her partner feel her blood glucose levels are under control
option3: C. All women should have a retinal assessment to determine the presence or otherwise of a retinopathy
option4: D. Preconception care will reduce their risk of having macrosomic babies
option5: E Preconception care reduces the risk of progression of retinopathies
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is correct about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancy? 
Answer options: option1: A It is not harmful for the fetus
option2: B. A continuous CTG fetal tracing is needed to pick an early fetal compromise as resolution of the DKA may take a long time
option3: C. May be precipitated by interruption of insulin treatment rather than starvation
option4: D. A viable fetus should be delivered once DKA is resolved
option5: E DKA may occur in the presence of euglycemia
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery

55. A 15-month-old girl was admitted with history of persistent crying, vomiting and passage of red mucus-like stools of few hours’ duration. Upon examination a sausage like mass was felt in the abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer options: option1: a.Infantile pyloric stenosis
option2: Intussusception
option3: c.Hirschsprung disease
option4: d.Meconium plug
option5: e.Congenital umbilical hernia
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Nausea, anxiety and palpitations in a pregnant woman with diabetes

Answer options: option1: A.Should be regarded as normal pregnancy symptoms
option2: B. Requires an ECG test
option3: C Should be treated with anti-emetics
option4: D. Should be treated with Insulin
option5: E Requires a random blood sugar test
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
52. A 5-week-old girl has been vomiting intermittently for 2 weeks and has become persistent in the past 24 hours. The child seems hungry and when fed, he vomits the food. A lump is palpated in the upper abdomen. She was diagnosed with infantile pyloric stenosis. The surgical procedure of choice for this child should be
Answer options: option1: a.Heller's procedure
option2: b.Duodeno-duodenostomy
option3: c.Ramstedt's procedure
option4: d.Orringer's procedure
option5: e.Duhamel's procedure
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
A 52-year-old man is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. He has recently started a second family with a new partner and is worried about dyskinesias associated with levodopa and complications of lung fibrosis that he has heard about with other drugs. Which of the following agents would you recommend? 

Answer options: option1: Ropinirole
option2: Levodopa
option3: Amantadine
option4: Cabergoline
option5: Apomorphine
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Neurology
A 33-year-old patient with known epilepsy is brought to the Casualty Department following a generalised tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS). Although the seizure has now stopped, the patient continues to be drowsy. He consumes no alcohol, is a non-smoker and has no other illnesses. Following taking a history from the accompanying family members and performing of a clinical examination, you want to undertake some blood investigations. Which of the following metabolic abnormalities is most likely to be found in this patient?

Answer options: option1: Hypoglycaemia
option2: Hyperphosphataemia
option3: Hyponatraemia
option4: Hypocalcaemia
option5: Hyperprolactinaemia
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Neurology
A 29-year-old man is reviewed in the General Neurology Clinic. He has experienced progressive deterioration in his gait over the past 11 years, such that he currently needs the assistance of a frame. Over the last 2 years, his hearing has progressively worsened. A detailed family history reveals that his maternal grandmother had epilepsy, his mother experienced progressive deafness in middle age and his mother’s sister had difficulty walking and was told she had multiple sclerosis. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this case? 

Answer options: option1: Friedreich’s ataxia
option2: Huntington’s disease
option3: Miller–Fisher syndrome
option4: Mitochondrial disorder
option5: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 4
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following is true regarding sickle cell disease in pregnancy?
i Maintaining an sp 02 of at least 90% is required throughout pregnancy 
ii There is a lower risk of sickle cell crisis during the puerperium
iii Vaginal delivery is permissible

Answer options: option1: A. I, II and III
option2: B. I and Ill only
option3: C. Il and Ill only
option4: iii only
option5: i only
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Neurology
A 46-year-old woman with a history of relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis comes to the clinic for review. She has been stable for the past 6 months and is currently treated with oral fingolimod. Neurological examination reveals poor coordination, more marked on the left than the right, although there are no other significant signs. Which of the following correctly represents the mode of action of fingolimod?

Answer options: option1: B-cell cytotoxic
option2: Mimics myelin peptides
option3: Prevents lymphocyte movement across the blood–brain barrier
option4: T-cell cytotoxic
option5: Increases the expression and concentration of anti-inflammatory agent
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: General_Surgery
50. A 42-year-old woman was being prepared for a modified radical mastectomy. 2 units of blood was donated by the patient immediately before the commencement of the surgery. During the donation the patient was simultaneously being administered with crystalloids to maintain the circulating blood volume. The donated blood was to be used when if the patient needs it intra-operatively. What type of autologous transfusion is this called.
Answer options: option1: a.Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation
option2: b.Acute Isovolaemic Haemodilution
option3: c.Intra-operative blood salvage
option4: d.Pre-operative blood salvage
option5: e.Pre-operative blood transfusion
Correct answer: option3
Specialty: Neurology
A 42-year-old bus driver with diet-controlled diabetes complains of generalised weakness which appears to be worse in the evenings. She often complains of double vision and her husband and friends report that her eyelids sometimes appear to be drooping. Her symptoms are generally worse after a few hours of working. She reports smoking 10 cigarettes a day for the past 25 years and drinks three to four pints of beer most weekends. Examination of the limbs demonstrates generalised weakness, which is greater proximally. There is no sensory deficit. What is the most likely diagnosis?



Answer options: option1: Myasthenia gravis
option2: Parkinson’s disease
option3: Motor neuron disease
option4: Dermatomyositis
option5: Stroke
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Which of the following statements is not true regarding pathophysiology of stress incontinence
Answer options: option1: A Loss of the vaginal backboard support to the urethra leads to urethral hypermobility
option2: B Loss of the vaginal backboard support to the urethra leads to intrinsic sphincter deficiency
option3: C Damage to the striated urogenital sphincter and/or the vascular submucosal tissues causes intrinsic sphincter deficiency
option4: D The anterior vaginal wall gains stability through its lateral attachment to the levator ani muscles and the arcus tendinous fasciae pelvis (ATFP)
option5: E Urinary continence requires a well vascularized urethral submucosal tissue, a functioning straited urogenital sphincter and an intact vaginal wall support.
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Neurology
A 60 year old known hypertensive presents with 6 months history of gait abnormality. His wife recounts that client has been having memory disturbances and has also noted episodes of bed wetting. There is associated headaches. No sensory deficit is present on examination. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer options: option1: Parkinson’s disease
option2: Urinary tract infection
option3: Obstructive sleep apnoea
option4: Normal pressure hydrocephalus
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
The following are primary conditions associated with the obstructed labour injury complex' except
 
Answer options: option1: A. Vesico vaginal fistula
option2: B. Lumbo-sacral plexus injury
option3: C Recto-vaginal fistula
option4: D. Genital tract injuries
option5: E. Urine dermatitis
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: General_Surgery
48. A house officer stored fresh blood in the theatre blood fridge in preparation for an open prostatectomy. The patient fortunately did not need the blood transfusion due to a low blood loss. 10 days later another patient who had a modified radical mastectomy started bleeding from the surgical site for which blood transfusion was required. The house officer rushed to the theatre fridge to retrieve the stored blood. He sent to the lab to crossmatch it with the blood sample of the patient who needed the transfusion. The following are the changes seen in stored blood except.
Answer options: option1: a.The level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the cells falls
option2: The leucocyte become non-viable after 24hr of storage
option3: c.The platelets become non-viable after 24hrs of storage
option4: d.The RBC become swollen and more susceptible to damage
option5: e.The oxygen carrying capacity of the RBC improves
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Hematology
47. Which of the following about fresh frozen plasma is false
Answer options: option1: a.It is stored at -18oC
option2: It has a shelf-life of 1 year
option3: c.It can be used to treat warfarin overdose
option4: d.It used to improve the platelet count
option5: e.It used to replace nutrients
Correct answer: option4
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Pathways to primary prevention of obstetric fistula include all of the following EXCEPT
 
Answer options: option1: A Adolescent and maternal nutrition
option2: B Education and empowerment of women
option3: C. Ready access to high quality emergency obstetric care
option4: D Delaying marriage and child bearing
option5: E.  Childhood immunization and prevention of infectious diseases in childhood
Correct answer: option1
Specialty: Rheumatology
The following statements about infective arthritis are false except

Answer options: option1: The onset is typically insidious
option2: Pre-existing arthritis is a recognised predisposing factor
option3: Small peripheral joints are involved more often than larger joints
option4: Haemophilus influenzae is the commonest causative organism in adults
option5: Joint aspiration should be avoided given the risk of septicaemia
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Post-repair counselling for women who have had fistula surgery includes recommendations to;
Answer options: option1: A Abstain from genital sexual relations for three months
option2: B. Become an advocate in her community for prevention of obstetric fistula
option3: C Plan for caesarean section for the next birth
option4: D. Correct myths and misconceptions about causes of obstetric fistula
option5: E All of the above
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Possible complications of fistula surgery include all of the following EXCEPT

Answer options: option1: A Post-operative intra vesical haemorrhage
option2: foot drop
option3: C Blockage of urinary catheter and distension of bladder
option4: D Small bladder syndrome
option5: E Vaginal scarring and stenosis
Correct answer: option2
Specialty: Rheumatology
Common extra-articular manifestations of rheumatological disorders include the following except?

Answer options: option1: Episcleritis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in rheumatoid arthritis
option2: Erythema nodosum in enteropathic arthritis
option3: Enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis
option4: Alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus
option5: Retinitis pigmentosa in psoriatic arthritis
Correct answer: option5
Specialty: Rheumatology
The following statements about rheumatoid arthritis are true except

Answer options: option1: Joint pain and stiffness are typically aggravated by rest
option2: The rheumatoid factor test is positive in about 70% of patients
option3: Joint involvement is additive rather than flitting
option4: Associated scleromalacia typically produces painless red eyes
option5: Sicca syndrome suggests the presence of an alternative diagnosis
Correct answer: option5