afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected triatomine bugs, and can lead to chronic complications such as cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal involvement?
Answer options: option1: Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
option2: Chagas disease
option3: Leishmaniasis
option4: Schistosomiasis
option5: Onchocerciasis
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, although it can involve other organs as well. It is characterized by symptoms such as a chronic cough with sputum production, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. TB is a major public health concern in Africa, with high rates of both incidence and mortality. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and recurrent respiratory infections. Histoplasmosis and Cryptococcosis are fungal infections that can affect the lungs but are less prevalent in Africa compared to tuberculosis.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following conditions, prevalent in Africa, is characterized by a chronic cough with sputum production, chest pain, weight loss, and fatigue, and is caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Answer options: option1: Pneumonia
option2: Bronchiectasis
option3: Tuberculosis
option4: Histoplasmosis
option5: Cryptococcosis
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, although it can involve other organs as well. It is characterized by symptoms such as a chronic cough with sputum production, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. TB is a major public health concern in Africa, with high rates of both incidence and mortality. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by irreversible dilatation of the bronchi and recurrent respiratory infections. Histoplasmosis and Cryptococcosis are fungal infections that can affect the lungs but are less prevalent in Africa compared to tuberculosis.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following conditions, endemic to certain regions of Africa, is characterized by the presence of a palpable worm beneath the skin and is caused by infection with the parasitic worm Dracunculus medinensis?
Answer options: option1: Schistosomiasis
option2: Onchocerciasis
option3: Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease)
option4: Lymphatic filariasis
option5: Loiasis
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Dracunculiasis, commonly known as Guinea worm disease, is caused by the parasitic worm Dracunculus medinensis. It is characterized by the presence of a palpable worm beneath the skin, typically in the lower extremities, which causes intense pain and inflammation. The disease is contracted by drinking water contaminated with copepods containing Guinea worm larvae. Dracunculiasis is endemic in certain regions of Africa, particularly in rural areas with limited access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma and is transmitted through freshwater snails. Onchocerciasis is caused by Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by black flies. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes. Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa and transmitted by tabanid flies.
Specialty: Pathology
Which of the following is not an indication of post mortem in Kenya?
Answer options: option1: A prisoner dying while in prison
option2: Terminally ill patient on palliation while at home
option3: A school girl falling from a motorbike
option4: Body fished from a river upcountry
option5: Starvation following a religious persuasion
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: A terminally ill patient dying at home is not an indication for  a post mortem in Kenya. The rest are.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Correct about breastfeeding in Kenya 2022
Answer options: option1: Infants should be breastfed exclusively for 4 months
option2: Only 30% of children are exclusively breastfed
option3: In the baby friendly initiative, mothers with inverted nipples should still breastfeed exclusively
option4: In HIV infected babies, breastfeeding should stop at one year
option5: Exclusive breastfeeding reduces the incidence of asthma.
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: Exclusive breastfeeding allows for the children to build up immunity against most of the trigger factors for asthma.
Specialty: Pathology
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in sub-Saharan Africa?
Answer options: option1: Diabetes mellitus
option2: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
option3: HIV-associated nephropathy
option4: Schistosomiasis
option5: Alport syndrome
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease caused by infection with blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Chronic infection with Schistosoma can lead to complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), with renal involvement being a common manifestation. In endemic areas, schistosomiasis is a major cause of CKD, making it the most common cause of CKD in sub-Saharan Africa.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
 What is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in Africa, particularly in children under 5 years of age?
Answer options: option1: Rotavirus
option2: Salmonella
option3: Giardia lamblia
option4: Escherichia coli
option5: Shigella
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in African children, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common complication of untreated chronic hepatitis B infection in African populations?
Answer options: option1: Cirrhosis
option2: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
option3: Portal hypertension
option4: Ascites
option5: Hepatic encephalopathy
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Chronic hepatitis B infection is a major risk factor for the development of HCC, particularly in regions with high endemicity such as Africa.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
What is the primary causative organism of African tick bite fever?
Answer options: option1: Coxiella burnetii
option2: Francisella tularensis
option3: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
option4: Borrelia burgdorferi
option5: Rickettsia africae
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: African tick bite fever is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia africae, transmitted through the bite of infected ticks.
Specialty: Pulmonary_Medicine
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection seen in people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa.
Answer options: option1: True
option2: False
option3: N/A
option4: N/A
option5: N/A
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients, particularly in Africa, due to the high burden of HIV/AIDS and limited access to prophylactic treatment.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common presentation of African endemic dracunculiasis?
Answer options: option1: Joint pain and swelling
option2: Skin ulcer with worm emergence
option3: Intermittent fever
option4: Muscle weakness
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: African endemic dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease) often presents with a skin ulcer from which the adult worm emerges.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
A 25-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 2-week history of fever, headache, and joint pain. She also complains of a rash on her legs that started a few days ago. She has a history of traveling to a rural area in West Africa last month. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer options: option1: Dengue fever
option2: Malaria
option3: Lyme disease
option4: Yellow fever
option5: Zika virus
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Yellow fever is endemic in West Africa and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The patient's travel history and symptoms are suggestive of yellow fever.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Most common cause of renal artery stenosis in children in Kenya is
Answer options: option1: Takayasu Aortoarteritis
option2: Fibromedial hypertrophy
option3: Fibrointimal hyperplasia
option4: Polyarteritis Nodosa
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Most common cause of renal artery stenosis in children
Kenya- Takayasu arteritis
Western countries - Fibromuscular dysplasia
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Lassa and Ebola are emergent viruses in W. Africa. What is their origin?
Answer options: option1: Humans
option2: Fruit bats
option3: Primates
option4: pigs
option5: Rats
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Following the discovery of these ebolaviruses, scientists studied thousands of animals, insects, and plants in search of the source, or reservoir host. It is believed that African fruit bats are likely involved in the spread of ebolaviruses and may even be the reservoir host.
Specialty: Oncology
 A 40-year-old African patient presents with painless, firm, enlarged lymph nodes in the cervical and axillary regions. Excisional lymph node biopsy reveals a diffuse proliferation of large, pleomorphic lymphoid cells expressing CD 15 and CD 30. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
Answer options: option1: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
option2: Follicular lymphoma
option3: Mantle cell lymphoma
option4: Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
option5: Burkitt lymphoma
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: ALCL is characterized by large, pleomorphic lymphoid cells expressing CD30, often presenting with painless lymphadenopathy and peripheral blood eosinophilia.
Specialty: Ophthalmology
Which of the following is a common cause of blindness in African populations?
Answer options: option1: Trachoma
option2: Onchocerciasis
option3: Vitamin A deficiency
option4: Glaucoma
option5: Cataracts
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Trachoma, a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is a leading cause of preventable blindness in Africa, particularly in rural communities with poor sanitation.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is not a recommended Artemisinin-based combination therapy in Nigeria? 
Answer options: option1: Arthemeter-Lumefantrine
option2: Artesunate-Amodiaquine
option3: Dihydroartemisinin Piperaquine
option4: Artesunate-Pyronaridin
option5: Artesunate-chloroquine
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: Artesunate-chloroquine is not recommended for use in Nigeria
Specialty: Endocrinology
Which of the following is a common complication of untreated diabetes mellitus in African adults?
Answer options: option1: Diabetic nephropathy
option2: Diabetic retinopathy
option3: Diabetic neuropathy
option4: Diabetic ketoacidosis
option5: All of the above
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: Untreated diabetes mellitus in African adults can lead to various complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and ketoacidosis
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
A 25-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 2-week history of fever, joint pain, and a papular rash on her arms and legs. She also reports a recent history of travel to a rural area in Uganda. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer options: option1: Dengue fever
option2: Malaria
option3: Rheumatoid arthritis
option4: Tuberculosis
option5: Buruli ulcer
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: Buruli ulcer is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that is endemic in rural areas of Uganda and other African countries. The disease typically presents with a painless nodule or papule that progresses to a large ulcer with undermined edges.
Specialty: Family_Medicine
What is the first-line treatment for cholera in Nigeria?
Answer options: option1: Oral rehydration solution (ORS)
option2: Azithromycin
option3: Ciprofloxacin
option4: Doxycycline
option5: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the first-line treatment for cholera, addressing dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Operative management of major omphalocele in Nigeria 
Answer options: option1: prostethic silo
option2: teflon/gortex mesh
option3: prolene mesh
option4: silastic sheet
option5: normal saline bag
Correct answer: option5
Rationale: The use of normal saline bags for staged reduction of the intestines in anterior abdominal wall defect in preterm neonates can be an effective treatment method for this serious condition. It is cheap and easily available and can be used even in smaller centres in settings where cost and technology are limiting factors. the use of saline bags as the preferred method for the initial treatment of anterior abdominal wall defects in primary care settings, as our experience demonstrates it is safe and does not have the risk of gauze or cotton wool dressings.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common etiological agent of leprosy in African countries with high prevalence?
Answer options: option1: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
option2: Mycobacterium avium complex
option3: Mycobacterium leprae
option4: Mycobacterium ulcerans
option5: Mycobacterium bovis
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and remains a public health concern in some African countries.
Specialty: Emergency_Medicine
Which of the following is a common cause of acute liver failure in Africa?
Answer options: option1: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
option2: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection
option3: Wilson's disease
option4: Alcohol-induced liver injury
option5: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Correct answer: option2
Rationale:  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common cause of acute liver failure in Africa, especially in endemic regions where HBV transmission rates are high.
Specialty: Neurology
Which of the following is a common complication of untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus in African populations?
Answer options: option1: Peripheral neuropathy
option2: Retinopathy
option3: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
option4: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
option5: Cushing's syndrome
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to sensory and motor deficits, particularly in patients with poor glycemic control.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common manifestation of African endemic Lassa fever?
Answer options: option1: Hemoptysis
option2: Renal failure
option3: Retrosternal chest pain
option4: Petechial rash
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Lassa fever can present with symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and a petechial rash, particularly in severe cases.
Specialty: Orthopedic_Surgery
 A 40-year-old African patient presents with a painful, swollen knee that is warm to the touch. Synovial fluid analysis reveals an elevated white blood cell count with neutrophil predominance. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer options: option1: Osteoarthritis
option2: Rheumatoid arthritis
option3: Septic arthritis
option4: Gout
option5: Pseudogout
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Septic arthritis typically presents with a painful, swollen joint, and synovial fluid analysis shows elevated white blood cells, predominantly neutrophils.
Specialty: Ophthalmology
Which of the following is the leading cause of blindness in African adults?
Answer options: option1: Glaucoma
option2: Cataracts
option3: Diabetic retinopathy
option4: Trachoma
option5: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in African adults, often due to limited access to cataract surgery.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Valid management of sickle cell anemia in the steady state in Nigeria include
Answer options: option1: steady state hemoglobin
option2: blood transfusion
option3: intravenous fluids
option4: folic acid supplementation
option5: malaria prophylaxis
Correct answer: option1,option4,option5
Rationale: No need to transfuse in steady state, they will need malaria prophylaxis and folate supplementation
Specialty: Psychiatry
 In African cultures where spiritual beliefs play a significant role in illness perceptions, a patient presents with symptoms of auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, disorganized speech, and social withdrawal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer options: option1: Major depressive disorder (MDD)
option2: Bipolar disorder
option3: Schizophrenia
option4: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
option5: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Schizophrenia may be perceived as a spiritual or supernatural phenomenon in African cultures, leading to delays in seeking appropriate medical treatment and highlighting the importance of culturally sensitive approaches to care.
Specialty: Allergy_and_Immunology
Which of the following allergens is commonly responsible for food allergies in African children?
Answer options: option1: Eggs
option2: Wheat
option3: Peanuts
option4: Tree nuts
option5: Fish
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Peanuts are a common allergen responsible for food allergies in African children. Allergic reactions to peanuts can range from mild to severe (anaphylaxis). Proper education, awareness, and access to emergency medication (e.g., epinephrine) can help manage peanut allergies.
Specialty: Pathology
Which of the following is the most common type of breast cancer in Africa?
Answer options: option1: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
option2: Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC)
option3: Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
option4: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)
option5: Paget's disease of the breast
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common type of breast cancer worldwide, including in Africa. It originates in the milk ducts of the breast and is known for its invasive nature, spreading beyond the ducts into surrounding breast tissue. While the incidence rates of other breast cancer subtypes may vary across regions, IDC consistently accounts for the majority of breast cancer cases in Africa.
Specialty: Cardiology
Which of the following is a common cause of cardiomyopathy in parts of Africa?
Answer options: option1: Trypanosomiasis (Chagas diseases)
option2: Alcohol abuse
option3: Iron deficiency
option4: Genetic mutations
option5: Viral infections
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei in Africa. It can lead to cardiomyopathy due to the parasite infecting heart muscle, causing inflammation and damage. This can result in heart failure and arrhythmias. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.
Specialty: Allergy_and_Immunology
A 50-year-old African patient with a history of asthma presents with wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness triggered by exposure to pollen. Pulmonary function tests reveal reversible airflow obstruction. Which of the following medications is the most appropriate initial treatment for this patient's acute exacerbation?
Answer options: option1: Inhaled corticosteroids
option2: Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs)
option3: Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs)
option4: Leukotriene receptor antagonists
option5: Theophylline
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Short-acting beta2-agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol are the first-line medications for relieving acute bronchospasm in asthma exacerbations.
Specialty: General_Surgery
A patient in a rural African community presents with a large, infected wound on the leg. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?
Answer options: option1: Topical antibiotics and dressings
option2: Oral antibiotics
option3: Surgical debridement and irrigation
option4: Limb amputation
option5: Conservative management with regular wound cleaning
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: In resource-limited settings, infected wounds often require surgical debridement and irrigation to remove necrotic tissue and control infection.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common etiological agent of African tick-bite fever?
Answer options: option1: Rickettsia prowazekii
option2: Rickettsia rickettsii
option3: Rickettsia africae
option4: Rickettsia typhi
option5: Coxiella burnetii
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: African tick-bite fever is caused by Rickettsia africae transmitted by ticks, particularly Amblyomma species.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Most common cause of Neonatal sepsis in hospitals in Zambia is
Answer options: option1: Escherichia coli
option2: Klebsiella
option3: Staph aureus
option4: Listeria monocytogenes
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Most common cause of Neonatal sepsis in hospitals
Zambia - Klebsiella
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
What is the most common cause of disability-adjusted life years lost in Africa?
Answer options: option1: Non-communicable diseases
option2: Neonatal disorders
option3: Injuries
option4: Communicable diseases
option5: Nutritional deficiencies
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Communicable diseases play a significant role in the burden of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in Africa due to High Disease Prevalence which contributes to a substantial burden of disability and mortality. Communicable diseases can also cause long-term disabilities and impairments that affect individuals' ability to participate in work, school, and social activities. Chronic conditions resulting from communicable diseases can lead to reduced productivity, economic losses, and diminished quality of life.
Specialty: Dermatology
Which of the following is a common presentation of African endemic leishmaniasis?
Answer options: option1: Painful genital ulcers
option2: Cutaneous nodules
option3: Recurrent fever
option4: Excessive tearing
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: African endemic leishmaniasis often presents with cutaneous nodules or ulcers at the site of sandfly bites.
Specialty: Family_Medicine
A 35-year-old patient in Africa presents with a persistent cough, fever, and fatigue. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the clinical management? 
Answer options: option1: Prescribe antibiotics immediately
option2: Order a chest X-ray
option3: Recommend traditional herbal remedies
option4: Refer the patient to a pulmonologist
option5: Conduct a physical examination and obtain further history
Correct answer: option1
Rationale:  In many African healthcare settings, family medicine physicians may be more likely to prescribe antibiotics immediately for a patient presenting with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory infection, given the higher burden of infectious diseases and limited access to diagnostic tests in some regions.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common etiological agent of rabies in Africa?
Answer options: option1: Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)
option2: Lyssavirus
option3: Filovirus
option4: Paramyxovirus
option5: Arenavirus
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: Rabies virus is the causative agent of rabies, a deadly viral infection transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, particularly dogs, in Africa.
Specialty: Infectious_Disease
Which of the following is a common presentation of African tick-bite fever?
Answer options: option1: Rash resembling measles
option2: Hemolytic anemia
option3: Neurological symptoms
option4: Acute kidney injury
option5: None of the above
Correct answer: option1
Rationale: African tick-bite fever often presents with a rash that resembles measles, along with fever and other flu-like symptoms.