afrimedqa/afrimedqa_v2 huggingface dataset:
How does the prevalence of waterborne diseases in Africa, such as cholera and typhoid fever, differ between urban and rural areas, and what are the primary interventions needed to reduce the burden of these diseases?
Rationale: Waterborne diseases pose a significant public health challenge in both urban and rural areas of Africa, but the prevalence may vary depending on factors such as access to clean water and sanitation facilities. In urban areas, overcrowding and inadequate infrastructure can contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases, while in rural areas, reliance on unsafe water sources and poor sanitation practices are major risk factors. Primary interventions to reduce the burden of waterborne diseases include improving access to clean water through infrastructure development, promoting proper sanitation and hygiene practices, implementing water treatment methods, conducting health education campaigns, and strengthening surveillance and response systems for early detection and management of outbreaks.
Which condition is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in Africa?
Rationale: Albinism is a genetic condition that results in a lack of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. In African populations, individuals with albinism face significant dermatological implications due to their fair skin. They are at a much higher risk of sunburn and skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, because of their lack of natural protection from the sun's UV radiation. Regular use of sunscreen, protective clothing, and routine dermatological examinations are essential to manage these risks and monitor for early signs of skin cancer
What is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults in Africa?
Rationale: Hypertension is the primary cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults in Africa, contributing to the high burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the region. Factors such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors, and limited access to healthcare services contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension-related CKD.
What histopathological features characterize African cases of endemic angiostrongyliasis affecting the central nervous system?
Rationale: African cases of endemic angiostrongyliasis affecting the central nervous system often exhibit meningitis, with inflammatory infiltrates, eosinophils, and the presence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae within the meninges or brain tissue. Histopathological examination may reveal vasculitis, neuronal degeneration, and varying degrees of inflammatory cell infiltrates in affected areas.
How can healthcare systems in Africa address the challenges of diagnosing and managing liver cancer?

Rationale: Healthcare systems in Africa can address the challenges of diagnosing and managing liver cancer by strengthening early detection and screening programs, improving access to diagnostic tools (AFP testing, imaging studies, biopsy), enhancing capacity for oncology and hepatology care, expanding treatment options (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies), facilitating multidisciplinary collaboration, and promoting public awareness about risk factors, symptoms, and preventive measures. These efforts require political commitment, investment in healthcare infrastructure, workforce training, and international collaboration to improve outcomes for patients with liver cancer.
What is the role of community health workers in malaria control programs in Nigeria?
Rationale: Answer: Community health workers play a crucial role in malaria prevention and treatment by providing education, distributing bed nets, conducting rapid diagnostic tests, and administering antimalarial medications at the community level.
Reason: Community health workers are essential in reaching remote and underserved populations in Nigeria with malaria prevention and treatment interventions. Their involvement in community-based malaria control programs helps increase access to essential services, improve health outcomes, and reduce malaria transmission rates.
Specialty: Plastic_Surgery
Your female roommate complains of damage from skin-lightening products and thinks she has Skin bleaching complications and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Am I going to have skin cancer ? And what should I do to restore my normal skin back .
Rationale: Simple excision.Mohs micrographic surgery.Radiation therapy.Curettage and electrodesiccation.Cryosurgery.Photodynamic therapy.Topical chemotherapy.Topical immunotherapy (imiquimod).
Specialty: General
Your female coursemate complains of running stomach, dehydration and thinks she has Diarrheal Diseases and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: How is diarrhea treated? Which drugs are used to treat diarrhea? 
Rationale: you can treat your acute diarrhea with over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide link (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate link (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate).
Specialty: Family_Medicine
Your male classmate complains of cough, runny nose, sore throat and thinks he has Respiratory Tract Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Is there a risk of this respiratory infection developing into a more serious condition, such as pneumonia, and what signs should I watch out for?
Rationale: There is a risk, yes. You just need to observe in the exaggeration of your symptoms. Come to hospital when you sense any increased severity of your symptoms.
Specialty: Oncology
Your male neighbor complains of mole changes, new growth on skin and thinks he has Skin Cancer (including melanoma) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What are the symptoms of skin cancer?
Rationale: New or changing spots that aren't brown.Skin changes in odd places.A lesion that bleeds.A painful lesion.A lesion that itches.A spot with a crater-like appearance.Rapid growth of a spot.
Specialty: Gastroenterology
Your female neighbor complains of vomiting, diarrhea and thinks she has Gastroenteritis and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: what is likely to cause my Gastroenteritis?
Rationale: Gastroenteritis is the inflammation of gastrointestinal cause and more than often will have an infectious etiology. But to know the exact cause, we will have to do a stool analysis.
Your male coursemate complains of running stomach, dehydration and thinks he has Diarrheal Diseases and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question he might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What steps can I take to prevent dehydration and replenish electrolytes while managing diarrheal diseases?
Rationale: Take oral rehydration salts whenever you vomit or have diarrhea. Eat plenty ot vegetables, roughage and drink plenty of water.
Your female classmate complains of skin ulcers, fever and thinks she has Leishmaniasis and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What causes skin ulcers, is caused by sunlight, lotions, food or my behaviour?what must I do in future to avoid having the fever and skin ulcers?is my condition curable completely or they will come back?
Specialty: Hemorrhagic_Fevers
Your female colleague complains of mild fever, conjunctivitis and thinks she has Zika virus infection and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What steps can I take to protect myself from mosquito bites and prevent further exposure to Zika virus?
Rationale: The best way to prevent Zika is to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Everyone, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, should take steps to prevent mosquito bites
Your female classmate complains of fatigue, weakness and thinks she has Nutritional Deficiencies and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What specific dietary changes or supplements can I incorporate to address my nutritional deficiencies and improve my overall health?
Rationale: To address nutritional deficiencies and improve you overall health, consider incorporating a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins into your diet.
Your male neighbor complains of severe itching, blindness and thinks he has Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question he might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.Apart from the usual antiparasitic treatments, are there any newer or advanced therapeutic options available for managing Onchocerciasis, and what are the potential outcomes of these treatments?
Specialty: Allergy_and_Immunology
Your female coursemate complains of severe allergic reaction and thinks she has Anaphylaxis and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What Medications can be used to prevent anaphylaxis?Do I always need to use epinephrine?
Rationale: Epinephrine is the only medicine that optimally treats anaphylactic reactions. It is most effective when it is given promptly, before symptoms become severe
Specialty: Allergy_and_Immunology
Your female coworker complains of persistent cough, weight loss and thinks she has Tuberculosis (TB) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: How long can a person with tuberculosis live?
Rationale: If left untreated or with poor treatment, mortality in 5 years is more than 50% However, with proper treatment and healthy lifestyle like avoiding smoking the lifespan is minimally affected.
Specialty: Cardiology
Your male coworker complains of fever, fatigue and thinks he has Endocarditis and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What are the recommended treatment options for endocarditis, and how long is the typical duration of treatment ??
Rationale: You'll usually have to take antibiotics for 2 to 6 weeks. If your blood sample shows that fungi are causing your infection, you'll be prescribed an antifungal medicine.
Your female coworker complains of itchy skin, rash and thinks she has Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.In addition to treating the rash itself, are there any recommendations to manage the itching at home, and can certain things I do make the itching worse?
Rationale: To manage itching at home, try cool compresses, moisturizers, and over-the-counter anti-itch creams. Avoid hot water, scratching, irritants, and allergens, as they can worsen itching and irritation.
Specialty: Emergency_Medicine
Your roommate's child complains of ear pain, hearing loss and thinks he has Ear Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What can I do at home to help relieve my ear pain and discomfort while waiting for treatment to take effect?
Rationale: Drinking warm tea with honey.Using a humidifier.Irrigating your sinuses with a neti pot.Taking decongestant medication.Drinking plenty of fluids.Getting extra rest.
Specialty: Emergency_Medicine
Your male roommate complains of running stomach, dehydration and thinks he has Diarrheal Diseases and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What test can I take to prevent dehydration and refill fluids while dealing with diarrheal
Rationale: Measurement of serum electrolytes and kidney function tests may help detect severity of diarrhoea. A patient may take oral rehydration solutions in order to prevent dehydration during diarrhoea.
Specialty: Pathology
Your male roommate complains of painful urination, discharge and thinks he has Genitourinary Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What steps can I take to prevent recurrent genitourinary infections, and are there any lifestyle modifications or preventive measures I should consider to reduce the risk of future infections?
Rationale: Drinking plenty of fluids, urinate after sexual activity, practice good hygiene and avoiding genital irritants.
Your male neighbor complains of severe itching, blindness and thinks he has Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question he might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What preventive measures or strategies can I take to reduce the risk of contracting Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) in the future, especially in my local environment?
Specialty: Hemorrhagic_Fevers
Your female colleague complains of jaundice, back pain and thinks she has Yellow fever and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: I heard yellow fever could be deadly. Doctor do I have it and if I do, please am I gonna die?
Rationale: Worry out, early treatment improves outcomes. we need to confirm the diagnosis first. If you we find you don't have yellow fever, a vaccination is available for prevention.
Specialty: Otolaryngology
Your female coworker complains of toothache, visible holes in teeth and thinks she has Dental Caries and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: How to prevent dental caries?What are the consequences of untreated dental caries? 
Rationale: Prevent dental caries with good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups. Untreated caries can lead to pain, infection, and tooth loss.
Specialty: Obstetric
Your female coursemate complains of poor fetal growth, small for gestational age and thinks she has Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What mostly courses IUGR?is there any treatment for IUGR? What is the average size for the IUGR baby? How long should she expect to stay at the hospital is she is diagnosed with IUGR?
Your female classmate complains of high fever, abdominal pain and thinks she has Typhoid Fever and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.Are there specific foods i should avoid? Locally, there is a rate of consumption street foods e. g. "mutura"- a meal made of cow intestines roasted by roadside, often unhygienically.
Specialty: Medical_Genetics
Your roommate's child complains of jaundice, dark urine and thinks she has Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What are the potential triggers or factors that can exacerbate symptoms of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G 6 PD) deficiency, and how can we best protect my child from them?
Your female coworker complains of poor fetal growth, small for gestational age and thinks she has Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What are the potential causes of intrauterine growth restriction in my case, and what specific tests or evaluations can be done to determine the underlying cause?
Your female coworker complains of ear pain, hearing loss and thinks she has Ear Infections and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.Could there be any underlying factors contributing to my recurring ear infections?"
Rationale: Yes. Some of the risk factors for recurring ear infection include;AllergiesSinusitis Ear injuries Bacterial infections from flu or cold
Your male neighbor complains of sudden weakness, speech problems and thinks he has Stroke and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question he might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.Do I become paralyzed with even when taking medication?
Rationale: Paralysis can result from various medical conditions (e.g., stroke, spinal cord injury, neurological disorders). Some medications may have side effects, including muscle weakness or numbness.
Your female coworker complains of eye pain, vision loss and thinks she has Eye Conditions (e.g., Trachoma) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.1 Can it be cured completely?2. What the causes of the illness?3. HOW can I prevent it from happening again 4. Is it a contiguous disease 5. Can good diet help me out
Your female classmate complains of breast pain, swelling, redness and thinks she has Breast Infections (Mastitis) and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Suggest an important question she might likely forget to ask. Please explain your question if needed. Don't ask generic questions.What steps can I take to prevent recurrence of breast infections (mastitis) in the future, and are there any lifestyle changes or breastfeeding techniques that can help reduce the risk?
Specialty: Obstetrics_and_Gynecology
Your female friend complains of leakage of urine or feces into vagina and thinks she has Vaginal Fistula and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Is the urinary incontinency, urinary obstruction, pain in passing urine, head ache, fever , body malaise , bedwetting is there any trauma or rape case has there been any injury on the place
Specialty: Otolaryngology
Your colleague's child complains of discomfort, breathing difficulty (nose) and thinks she has Foreign Body in Ear/Nose and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: What immediate steps can I take at home to provide relief or prevent further discomfort for my child while waiting to see the doctor?
Rationale: If there is a case of pyrexia, anti pyretics can be used and some non pharmacological interventions
Specialty: Emergency_Medicine
Your female neighbor complains of bloody diarrhea, pain and thinks she has Dysentery and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: Could this be caused by something other than dysentery, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or a bacterial infection, and what tests should be done to confirm the diagnosis?
Rationale: Diarrhea can be caused by factors other than dysentery, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or bacterial infections.
Specialty: Orthopedic_Surgery
Your male classmate complains of shoulder pain, immobility and thinks he has Shoulder Dislocation and is going to visit the nearest doctor. Question: After the initial treatment for the dislocation, what steps can I take to strengthen my shoulder and prevent future dislocations or injuries?
Rationale: Physical therapy to strengthen shoulder muscles, improve range of motion, and practice proper body mechanics to prevent future dislocations.
Specialty: Pediatrics
You are counseling the family of a 15-year-old female with a BMI of 38 and type II diabetes on the surgical options for weight loss. 

Of the following bariatric procedures, which is most likely to produce adverse malabsorptive nutritional sequelae?


Answer options: option1: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)
option2: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
option3: laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)
option4: biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPDS)
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: A duodenal switch is a primarily malabsorptive procedure: biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch results in significant nutritional abnormalities including deficiencies in vitamins A, B12, D, E and K, iron and protein. RYGB may produce similar effects, though not typically to the same degree. LAGB and LSG are primarily restrictive procedures.
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 14-year-old male is being assessed for weight loss surgery.

Which of the following is an indication for surgical management?


Answer options: option1: BMI 32 and Type II diabetes
option2: BMI 37 and obstructive sleep apnea
option3: BMI 37 and hypertension
option4: BMI 46 and no identifiable co-morbidities
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option2
Rationale: Diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea are considered sever co-morbidities. Hypertension is considered a less severe co-morbidity.
Specialty: Pediatrics

 A 15-year-old female presents to a specialised adolescent unit for assessment for weight-loss surgery. Her BMI for age falls on the 90 th centile. 

By definition how would you classify this patient?


Answer options: option1: Obese
option2: Normal
option3: Overweight
option4: Severely obese
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: The terms overweight (BMI for age and gender ≥85th percentile), obese (BMI for age and gender ≥95th percentile), and severely obese (BMI for age and gender >120% of the 95th percentile) have been used to refer to increasing grades of excess weight in children.
Specialty: Pediatrics
Following resection of a patent urachus and bladder closure in a male infant, a transurethral catheter is lest in situ.

What is your post-operative plan for this patient?


Answer options: option1: Discharge when well with catheter in situ, and follow up at 1 week for removal
option2: Removal of catheter 24 to 48 hours post op and discharge if good urinary stream
option3: Inpatient ultrasound and discharge if normal
option4: Voiding cystourethrogram after removal of catheter at 10 to 14 days post op
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: A patent urachus requires investigation of the urinary tract to look for bladder outlet obstruction in which the urachus is functioning as a relief valve.
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 1-week old term baby presents with clear fluid draining from t the umbilicus. At exploration, you confirm a patent urachus

What is the most correct description of the operation required for this anomaly?
Answer options: option1: Suture ligate the patent urachus at the umbilicus
option2: Ligate and divide the patent urachus at the dome of the bladder
option3: Resect the entire patent urachus and ligate and divide at the dome of the bladder
option4: Excision of the patent urachus, with wedge resection at dome of bladder and formal bladder repair
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: Failure to adequately resect the patent urachus at dome of bladder may increase the risk of future malignancies
Specialty: Pediatrics
A 3-year-old child with no significant medical or surgical history presents with bowel obstruction and is taken to theatre for exploratory laparotomy. At laparotomy you find a loop of small intestine volved around a fibrous band which extends from the umbilicus to the jejunum. 

What is the most likely cause of this finding?


Answer options: option1: adhesive bowel obstruction
option2: omphalomesenteric duct remnant
option3: internal hernia
option4: remnant of the omphalomesenteric artery
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option4
Rationale: The child has no history of previous surgery making adhesive bowel obstruction unlikely. Failure of regression of a dominant omphalomesenteric artery may result in a fibrous band extending from the umbilicus to the small intestine.
Specialty: Pediatrics
A newborn presents with fever, tachycardia and erythema around the umbilicus. 
What is your immediate management for this child?
Answer options: option1: Surgical debridement
option2: Incision and drainage
option3: Intravenous antibiotics
option4: Oral antibiotics and observation
option5: n/a
Correct answer: option3
Rationale: Based on suspicion of omphalitis. The immediate management of this condition in the absence of any clinical features of necrotizing fasciitis is admission and intravenous antibiotics. If the cellulitis progresses despite treatment, surgical exploration is warranted.