adsabs/AstroCLIMB huggingface dataset:
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: (a) The measured gas fraction and metallicity compared with the Erb08 model (D. K. Erb 2008) and the FFB model (A. Dekel et al. 2023; Z. Li et al. 2024). We consider Erb08 models with pure gas outflow (fi = 0) and with pure inflow (fo = 0). The curves for the Erb08 models are color coded by inflow/outflow rate relative to SFR, with fi denoting the inflow model (dashed curves) and fo denoting the outflow model (dotted curves). The solid black curve represents the closed-box model without outflow and inflow. The red shaded region shows the predictions of the FFB model (Z. Li et al. 2024) at redshift z = 8 with a star formation efficiency of ϵ = 0.05–0.20 and a mass loading factor of 0.95, the maximum allowed value. The points in ASPIRE (5 < z < 7) and FRESCO (7 < z < 9) are estimated within different radial annuli (see Figure 14), while the pentagon points represent integrated measurements for the NGDEEP sample at z = 1.7–3.5. The symbols are color coded by sSFR. The gas fraction uncertainties of the ASPIRE and FRESCO galaxies include the uncertainty from unconstrained dust attenuation in estimating SFR maps. (b) The measured metallicity gradients at redshift z = 5–7 and z = 7–9 compared with the FFB model. The shaded regions represent the metallicity profiles predicted by the FFB model at redshifts 6 (blue) and 8 (red) with star formation efficiency ϵ = 0.05–0.20, which is in line with our observations.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: A sketch of how metallicity gradients are thought to evolve as galaxies grow across different cosmic epochs, based on our current knowledge. At cosmic dawn, the galaxies are observed with negative metallicity gradients, and they flatten with increasing stellar masses. This suggests the metal mixing and transport process may be inefficient, and coincides with the inside-out growth scenario with in situ metal production. At cosmic noon, the galaxies are observed with nearly flat metallicity gradients, and they have an anticorrelation with stellar masses. It suggests that metal mixing and transport mechanisms, including gas outflows, inflows, and radial transport, are efficient in redistributing metals in the ISM, which are sensitive to gravitational potentials. Mergers are also expected in the dense high-redshift Universe, which also contribute to gas mixing and flat gradients. In the local Universe, the MZGRs are observed to turn over at certain stellar masses, where higher-mass galaxies show positive MZGRs while lower-mass galaxies show the opposite trend. It suggests feedback-driven outflows may still be efficient for local dwarf galaxies, while in situ metal production is dominating high-mass galaxies.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: From left to right: stellar mass surface density, SFR surface density, sSFR, and gas fraction of ASPIRE (upper) and FRESCO (lower) samples.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Stacking results in different mass bins. First two rows: results from ASPIRE galaxies in low-mass bin ﹩(7.18\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 8.09)﹩ and high-mass bin ﹩(8.09\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 9.00)﹩. Last two rows: results from FRESCO galaxies in low-mass bin ﹩(7.30\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 7.95)﹩ and high-mass bin ﹩(7.95\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 8.70)﹩.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The same as Figure 9, but for the galaxies with the highest stellar masses (﹩\mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\gt 9.00﹩) in the ASPIRE sample. The metallicities are estimated using the upper-branch solution of the R3 relation in R. L. Sanders et al. (2024).
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Stacking results from NGDEEP galaxies in low-mass bin ﹩(6.87\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 8.44)﹩ and high-mass bin ﹩(8.44\lt \mathrm{log}({M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot })\lt 9.81)﹩.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Metallicity gradients measured with respect to Re. The symbols are the same as in Figure 2. The gray shadow encompasses literature observations (D. Carton et al. 2018; A. Franchetto et al. 2021; R. C. Simons et al. 2021).
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Posterior distribution of γ0, γ1, γ2, γ3, and γ4 in Equation (3) from MCMC sampling. The values at the top of each column are the medians with 1σ intervals.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Stacking results in scale of effective radius (Re).
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Metallicity gradients in the mock test. In the left panel, the metallicity gradients of the mock galaxies are randomly chosen from a uniform distribution ﹩{ \mathcal U }\left(-0.6,0\right)﹩, while all the mock galaxies in the right panel have a zero gradient. Gray lines represent individual galaxies, with length representing twice the effective radius of the galaxy. Black points are measured from the stacked emission maps, with error bars showing the 1σ uncertainty. The red dashed line shows the linear fitting to the measured points, and the red shadowed region is its 1σ confidence interval.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: (a) The observed R3 ratio in two redshift bins (red and blue circles), and the modeled R3 ratio from P. Garg et al. (2024). The models are color coded with different metallicities in the range 12 + log(O/H) = 7–8. We show that the ionization parameter, U, varies from high in the center to low in the outskirts (solid line), and from low in the center to high in the outskirts (dashed line). (b) The uncertainty of the metallicity gradient due to the variation of ionization parameters.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The [O III]/Hβ ratios (left) and their normalized profiles (right) with varying AGN fractions. The profiles are normalized by their central peak flux. In the top row, we assume a ratio of ([O III]/Hβ)AGN = 6, indicative of AGN emission comparable to typical star-forming galaxies at z > 5. In the bottom row, we consider an enhanced [O III] emission from AGNs, with a ratio of ([O III]/Hβ)AGN = 10.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Comparisons between different strong-line calibrations for metallicity gradients. NGDEEP, ASPIRE, and FRESCO measurements are marked with pentagons, “×,” and “+,” respectively. The x-axis is the fiducial measurements with F. Bian et al. (2018) for NGDEEP galaxies and R. L. Sanders et al. (2024) for ASPIRE and FRESCO galaxies, and the y-axis is the measurements using alternative calibrations (R. Maiolino et al. 2008; M. Curti et al. 2020b; K. Nakajima et al. 2022). The diagonal black line shows equality, and the dashed lines show the standard deviation around equality for each calibration in the corresponding color.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Median stacked 1D rest-frame spectra of galaxies in ASPIRE and FRESCO. The fluxes are normalized by [O III]4959+5007 flux to avoid excessive weighting toward bright sources. The gray shadow represents the spectral uncertainty. The blue dotted lines are the best-fit Gaussian models.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The mass–excitation diagram for our sample galaxies. The blue points show individual measurements in NGDEEP, and the red “×” and “+” represent the median stacked result in ASPIRE and FRESCO. The solid line is the demarcation scheme (A. L. Coil et al. 2015), where the points below the line are unlikely to be AGNs. Our sample galaxies in NGDEEP at z ≈ 1–3 are safely excluded from being AGNs, and the ASPIRE and FRESCO stackings at z ≈ 6–7 are also negligibly contaminated by possible AGNs.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The 2D histogram of the halo mass and redshift distribution of all sample galaxies. The regimes predicted by analytic models of cold accretion, hot accretion (A. Dekel & Y. Birnboim 2006; A. Dekel et al. 2009), and FFBs (A. Dekel et al. 2023) are demarcated by lines in different colors.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Metallicity gradient measurements of individual galaxies in ASPIRE. The rightmost four panels are the same as Figure 1, but for individual galaxies with the highest SNR. The first panel shows the false-color JWST NIRCam image (with F115W, F200W, and F356W) centered on each source.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The 1D and 2D NIRCam F356W grism spectra of each source in Figure 23.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The redshift evolution of metallicity gradients. The thin red diamonds show the weighted mean in redshift bins at z = [0, 3.5] from both this work and the literature. A “×” and “+” represent the median stacks of the ASPIRE sample at z ≈ 6 and the FRESCO sample at z ≈ 7. The NGDEEP sample at z ≈ 1–3 is denoted by pentagons. The points from ASPIRE, FRESCO, and NGDEEP are color coded by specific SFR (sSFR). Gray contours encompass individual measurements at z < 3 in the literature using HST (X. Wang et al. 2017, 2020; R. C. Simons et al. 2021), and ground-based AO-assisted surveys (A. M. Swinbank et al. 2012; T. Jones et al. 2013; N. M. Förster Schreiber et al. 2018). We also include seeing-limited observations (L. van Zee et al. 1998; J. Queyrel et al. 2012; E. Wuyts et al. 2016; D. Carton et al. 2018; M. Curti et al. 2020a). The red contour only encompasses our observations at 1.7 < z < 3.5, overlapping with literature observations at z ∼ 2. Gray circles with error bars represent interacting galaxies at z > 6 recently observed with JWST NIRSpec (G. Venturi et al. 2024). Recent JWST MSA-3D observations (M. Ju et al. 2025) are noted in circles, color coded by sSFR. The dark-red line shows our best fit of all stacks, with dashed lines in the same color showing the 1σ confidence interval of the fit. In the upper panel, we plot the cosmic SFRD (P. Madau & M. Dickinson 2014), where the evolution of metallicity gradients also peaks at z ∼ 2.
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: The mass dependence of metallicity gradients. Galaxies in NGDEEP, ASPIRE, and FRESCO are labeled with a pentagon, “×,” and “+,” respectively, color coded by redshift. The highest-mass bin in ASPIRE is marked with a dashed error bar; for this bin, the metallicity gradients were derived using the higher-branch solution. The red and orange shaded areas represent the 1σ confidence intervals for the linear fit to the stacked data at z > 5 and the individual NGDEEP measurements within 1.7 < z < 3.5, respectively. The literature observations (A. M. Swinbank et al. 2012; T. Jones et al. 2013; E. Wuyts et al. 2016; X. Wang et al. 2017, 2020; D. Carton et al. 2018; N. M. Förster Schreiber et al. 2018; M. Curti et al. 2020a; R. C. Simons et al. 2021; M. Ju et al. 2025) are included as gray-filled regions with 1σ, 2σ, and 3σ levels of the density contours of the distribution. Green, yellow, and blue hatched areas represent the 1σ interval from the FIRE (X. Ma et al. 2017), TNG50 (Z. S. Hemler et al. 2021), and EAGLE (P. B. Tissera et al. 2022) simulations, respectively. The dotted orange and dashed magenta lines show the median metallicity gradients of EAGLE galaxies with strong feedback (StrongFB) and weak feedback (WeakFB) prescriptions (P. B. Tissera et al. 2019).
Paper: A 13 Billion Year View of Galaxy Growth: Metallicity Gradient Evolution from the Local Universe to z = 9 with JWST and Archival Surveys
Authors: Zihao Li, Zheng Cai, Xin Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Avishai Dekel, Kartick C. Sarkar, Eduardo Bañados, Fuyan Bian, Aklant K. Bhowmick, Laura Blecha, Sarah E. I. Bosman, Jaclyn B. Champagne, Xiaohui Fan, Emmet Golden-Marx, Hyunsung D. Jun, Mingyu Li, Xiaojing Lin, Weizhe Liu, Fengwu Sun, Maxime Trebitsch, Fabian Walter, Feige Wang, Yunjing Wu, Jinyi Yang, Huanian Zhang, Shiwu Zhang, Mingyang Zhuang, Siwei Zou
Figure caption: Stacking results of 5 < z < 7 galaxies in ASPIRE (top) and 7 < z < 9 galaxies in FRESCO (bottom). The first two columns show the median stack of emission maps ([O III], Hβ). As indicated by the color bar in the lower center of the line maps, the units correspond to surface brightness normalized by the peak Hβ flux. The black dashed annuli mark the region where we measure the line profiles. The FWHM of PSFs is shown on the bottom left in each line map. The third column shows the normalized surface brightness profiles of [O III] and Hβ measured within different annuli. The vertical dashed line marks the angular resolution (half of the PSF FWHM). The fourth column shows the fitted metallicity gradient. The black error bars include both statistical error and calibration error. The red shadow represents the 1σ confidence interval of the linear regression. Both samples in each redshift bin show steep gradients toward the center.