adsabs/AstroCLIMB huggingface dataset:
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2 (top), m3 (middle), and S3 (bottom) for the fiducial model as a function of frequency given Phase I mock observations. m2 (top), m3 (middle), and S3 (bottom) for the fiducial model are shown as functions of frequency, based on Phase I mock observations. The dotted line represents measurements from raw simulations without instrumental effects. The blue solid line and shaded region show the mean and sample variance after applying the PSF, assuming no foregrounds. The red dashed line and shaded region show results after applying both the PSF and wedge-filtering. The PSF significantly reduces the amplitudes of m2 and m3, with wedge-filtering further suppressing m3, making detection of non-Gaussian features more difficult. For m3, a linear scale is used between −10−6 and 10−6; outside this range, the scale is logarithmic. For S3, the linear range spans −10−1 to 10−1, with logarithmic scaling beyond.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2, variance measurements, of wedge-filtered observation and noise maps as a function of frequency at different fields. Gray and orange curves represent the data before and after systematics mitigation, respectively. The dark and light blue shaded regions, corresponding to 1σ and 2σ confidence, respectively, are defined by the 1000 random noise realizations. Both Band 1 (top row) and Band 2 (bottom row) results show the variance is significantly reduced with the systematic mitigation although there are still systematics observed beyond the theoretical noise expectation even after the systematics mitigation for all LSTs.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2 (top), m3 (middle), and S3 (bottom) for the cold reionization model as a function of frequency given Phase I mock observations. The format is the same as that of Figure 5 but for the cold reionization model. Similar to the fiducial model, the variance is reduced by a factor of 104 when the PSF is applied, and it is further reduced by 2 orders of magnitude after wedge-filtering. As with the fiducial model, detecting non-Gaussianity, whether through m3 or S3, becomes challenging due to the combined effects of the PSF and wedge-filtering. For m3, the scale is linear between −10−4 and 10−4, transitioning to a logarithmic scale outside this range. For S3, the scale is linear between −10−1 and 10−1, with a logarithmic scale applied beyond these limits.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2 (top), m3 (middle), and S3 (bottom) for the fiducial model as a function of frequency with HERA-320. The format is the same as that of Figure 5 but for the HERA-320 configuration. The PSF effect reduces m2 by a factor of 103 assuming no foreground, with further reduction through wedge-filtering by an order of magnitude. In the blue curve, m3 exhibits a distinct trend compared to Figure 5, with relatively smaller sample variance. The red line shows that wedge-filtering decreases m3 signals and increases the sample variance, making it challenging to detect significant m3 signals at z > 7.5. However, there may still be potential to detect deviations in m3 and S3 measurements from the zero baseline at low redshifts.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: P(D) of wedge-filtered maps for data before the systematics mitigation (left column) and after the mitigation (right column) for Band 1 (top) and Band 2 (bottom) in Field I. The 95% confidence interval of noise simulation distributions is presented as a blue shaded region for reference. The deviation in P(D) from the reference distribution for the data without systematics mitigation is reduced after applying the systematics mitigation, although some outliers still remain.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: Image cubes for wedge-filtered observational data with comprehensive systematics removal. The foreground removal is performed using the DAYENU-filtering method. The wedge-filtered data is expected to be noise limited. Left and right panels represent Band 1 and Band 2 results, respectively. The maps are centered at 2 hr (Field I). Those cubes are employed to measure statistical quantities at each frequency or redshift. Bright slices, appearing at 131 and 157 MHz, correspond to systematics residuals discussed in Section 8.2.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m3 measured from the wedge-filtered observation, along with the noise simulations denoted as the mean, 1σ, and 2σ confidence intervals, at different fields. Orange curves represent the data with systematics mitigation. Although there are some outliers observed beyond the 2σ boundary, m3 measurements for large fraction of frequency channels are confined within the 2σ range except for Field II.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: HERA stripe for wedge-removed observational data. The top and bottom panels display maps at 160.0 and 156.0 MHz, respectively. The top panel shows a map that is relatively free of systematics, whereas the bottom panel exhibits a distinct foreground residual feature at 3.3 hr, which are residuals of the grating lobes of Fornax A.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: Comparison of maps before (first panel) and after systematics mitigation (second panel) at 126.0 MHz in Field I. The last panel shows the difference between them, which is of a similar order of magnitude as the mitigated result, indicating the data before mitigation is systematics limited.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2 measurements based on wedge-filtered data in comparison to simulations for each field and each band. Frequency averaging over 0.5 MHz bin is performed to improve the sensitivity. Variance is measured from every 2 MHz sliced volume. The 1σ errors computed from noise simulations are indicated by the black dashed lines, providing the theoretical expectation. The m2 values of the observational data are represented by pink symbols with 2σ error bars, derived from the same noise simulations, along the y-axis. The x-axis error bar represents the bin width. The lowest upper limit, considering the 2σ error bar, is 0.047 mK2 at 161 MHz in Field II. Additionally, four 21 cm models, including the fiducial (Fid), cold reionization (CR), large halos (LH), and extended reionization (ER) models, are compared to the observational data points. These simulations do not include thermal noise. Blue shaded regions correspond to the sample variance of the CR model derived from 30 samples.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m2, m3, and S3 for the fiducial model as a function of frequency with HERA-320, assuming no foreground (left panels) and after applying wedge-filtering (right panels). The dashed lines, along with the dark shaded regions, represent the mean and sample variance, respectively, for the scenario without thermal noise. When thermal noise is included, in addition to the sample variance, the overall uncertainty increases, as indicated by the solid lines and light shaded regions. With wedge-filtering applied, detecting non-Gaussianity becomes more challenging, as shown in the right panels. However, in the absence of thermal noise, there is still potential to observe nonzero m3 at low redshifts. When thermal noise is included (red solid lines and light shaded regions), contamination at low redshifts further obscures non-Gaussian features, making detection in m3 and S3 more difficult. This result could be enhanced by incorporating longer observation durations, utilizing outrigger antennas, exploring alternative EoR models, and applying more advanced foreground removal techniques. For reference, in this model, the midpoint of reionization occurs around z ≈ 8.5. At z = 7.3, where the fractional errors become significant, the ionization fraction reaches 0.95.
Paper: Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-point Statistics
Authors: Honggeun Kim, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Nicholas S. Kern, Joshua S. Dillon, Kai-Feng Chen, Zhilei Xu, Eleanor Rath, Vincent MacKay, Tyrone Adams, James E. Aguirre, Rushelle Baartman, Adam P. Beardsley, Gianni Bernardi, Tashalee S. Billings, Judd D. Bowman, Richard F. Bradley, Philip Bull, Jacob Burba, Steven Carey, Chris L. Carilli, David R. DeBoer, Eloy de Lera Acedo, Matt Dexter, Nico Eksteen, John Ely, Aaron Ewall-Wice, Nicolas Fagnoni, Steven R. Furlanetto, Kingsley Gale-Sides, Brian Glendenning, Deepthi Gorthi, Bradley Greig, Jasper Grobbelaar, Ziyaad Halday, Bryna J. Hazelton, Jack Hickish, Daniel C. Jacobs, Joshua Kerrigan, Piyanat Kittiwisit, Matthew Kolopanis, Adam Lanman, Paul La Plante, Adrian Liu, David H. E. MacMahon, Lourence Malan, Cresshim Malgas, Keith Malgas, Bradley Marero, Zachary E. Martinot, Andrei Mesinger, Mathakane Molewa, Miguel F. Morales, Tshegofalang Mosiane, Steven G. Murray, Hans Nuwegeld, Aaron R. Parsons, Nima Razavi-Ghods, James Robnett, Peter Sims, Craig Smith, Hilton Swarts, Nithyanandan Thyagarajan, Pieter van Wyngaarden, Haoxuan Zheng
Figure caption: m3 measurements for wedge-removed observational data (pink circles) in comparison to simulations for Band 1 (top) and Band 2 (bottom) across all fields. The 1σ errors in m3 derived from noise simulations are represented by black dashed lines. The observational data is along with 2σ error bars, which are derived from the same noise simulations. Although there are some outliers especially in Field II, the observational data is largely consistent with the noise simulations. Additionally, the noiseless cold reionization model, characterized by larger variance than other 21 cm models, is depicted with blue lines including the sample variance shown in shaded regions. Due to the instrument resolution and wedge-filtering, the model effectively shows zero m3 as discussed in Figure 6.