adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
The Northlands Coliseum is a sports arena in Edmonton, Alberta. The arena opened on November 10, 1974, and is the former home to the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and the Edmonton Rush of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The arena was originally known as Northlands Coliseum from 1974 to 1995, Edmonton Coliseum from 1995 to 1998 and the Skyreach Centre from 1998 to 2003, and Rexall Place from 2003 until 2016. The arena returned to the Northlands Coliseum name after Rexall's rights ran out. The arena has hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1978 as well as WWE's Backlash pay-per-view in 2004.
The arena is expected to be demolished in 2025.
Robert Fliess (1895-1970) was a psychoanalyst. His father was Wilhelm Fliess, who worked with Sigmund Freud. Robert Fliess wote several books, including "Erogeneity and Libido".
Respiratory care is a type of medicine that works with pulmonology to make people better who are suffering from lung problems. People working in respiratory care are called Respiratory Therapists. Respiratory Therapists help in every part of lung health. Respiratory Therapists are not all over the world, but are mostly in Canada, United States and Mexico. In other countries people involved in Respiratory Care are registered nurses and physical therapists.
Ground state is the lowest level of energy in a particle, atom or molecule. If energy is added from outside, then the level of energy is increased, and the ground state is changed. Changing ground state is the process of excitement of electrons to higher levels. Any other state is called an "excited state." In ground state, an atom is stable, and does not give out electromagnetic radiation. When an electron drops down from an excited state to the ground state, electromagnetic radiation is released.
"Winter Wonderland" is a winter oriented song often played during the Christmas holiday season. The song was created around 1934 via Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith. The lyrics for "Winter Wonderland" talk about Parson Brown in the first bridge and a circus clown later in the song. This winter based song has been recorded by over 150 musicians, including though not limited to The Andrews Sisters, Amy Grant, Anne Murray and Johnny Mathis throughout the years.
Joseph Raymond Conniff, better known as Ray Conniff, was an American bandleader. He worked with many musicians, including Rosemary Clooney and Johnny Mathis. He created the Ray Conniff Singers (representing twelve women and thirteen men) around 1959; the group lasted until mid 1970s. Conniff was born November 6, 1916 and died October 12, 2002.
The RMS "Lusitania" was a British Ocean Liner. Built in 1907, the ship is best known for being sunk by Germany.
Many believe the Lusitania was carrying ammunition to British troops when it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat (U-20) early on 7 May 1915 during World War I.
More than a thousand people were on board, including 128 Americans. They were killed when the ship sank. At first President Woodrow Wilson only asked the German government to apologize and compensate the families of the victims.
"Here Comes Santa Claus" is an American Christmas song recorded by Gene Autry. It was recorded in 1947 and 1953 on Columbia Records, both through Autry. Elvis Presley covered this song during 1957. Other musicians who recorded Here Comes Santa Claus include Doris Day, The Andrews Sisters and the Ray Conniff Singers.
"Frosty the Snowman", written and recorded in 1950, is a Christmas oriented song which was first performed by Gene Autry. The song is about a snowman that comes alive after a hat gets placed on his head by some children with whom he shares playful adventures before he has to hurry on his way. The children become sad as Frosty leaves, though Frosty tells them he will return. Some versions of the song say Christmas Day in the final lines. Other singers, including Nat King Cole, Beach Boys, Ella Fitzgerald, Ronettes and The Jackson 5, have performed their versions of the song throughout the years.
3% of all disability is related to COPD. People can die from COPD. The World Health Organization predicts that COPD will become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. It is thought that more people will die from it in the future.
Rockefeller Republican is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Rockefeller Republicans are moderate or liberal Republicans on social issues, and conservative on economic issues. They are often from the northeastern part of the country. The term comes from former Vice President and Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller.
Prescott Bush (1895-1972) was a Republican member of the US Senate from Connecticut. He was the father of American President George H. W. Bush and the grandfather of President George W. Bush and Governor of Florida and presidential candidate Jeb Bush. He also worked with Brown Brothers Harriman. He went to Yale University and was a member of Skull and Bones and the Yale Glee Club. He was treasurer for Planned Parenthood.
Connie Francis is an American pop singer. She is well known for her trademark sobbing styles. She was popular during the 1950s and 1960s and was at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100 musical charts many times.
Connie Francis was born on December 12 1937 to Ida and George Franconero. For the first few years of her life she lived in a Brooklyn neighbourhood on Utica Avenue/St. Marks Avenue until her family packed up and moved to New Jersey. She spent her teens years in an Italian/Jewish Neighbourhood; due to this, she became fluent in Yiddish and later went on to record multiple songs in Yiddish and Hebrew.
Carlow is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It was the capital of the English-controlled Lordship of Ireland from 1361 to 1374.
Migrant Workers Convention
In 1254, Boccasini became a Dominican friar at the age of 14. He rose in the ranks of the Order; and was elected General or Master of the Order of Preachers in 1296.
The Bell Centre () is a sports arena in Montreal, Quebec. The arena opened on March 16, 1996, and is the current home to the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as Molson Centre () from 1996 to 2002. Bell Canada currently has naming rights for the arena.
The arena has also held several WWE events, which includes the Survivor Series in 1997, where the infamous Montreal Screwjob between Bret Hart, Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels took place, as well as other pay-per-views including No Way Out in 2003 and Breaking Point. All Elite Wrestling (AEW) have also hosted episodes of their weekly television shows "Dynamite", "Rampage", "Collision" on December 5 and 6, 2023.
Waunfawr is a village in the small town of Aberystwyth in Wales. It has a big secondary school called Penglais Comprehensive School, a community hall and a park. It also has an old people's home, two shops and a chippy. There are many houses in Waunfawr.
A herbal is a collection of plant descriptions: Very often, it also lists the properties of each plant, or its use, for example for medicine or alchemy. A herebal can also classify the plants it describes. One of the oldest known herbals is the Vienna Dioscurides dating from the 6th century. Physicians and Apothecaries were the main users of such books. Herbals were also important for the study of botany. Hieronymus Bock descrived the plants of southwestern Germany, in his 16th century herbal; he was the first to mention certain morphological features.
Lindsay Wagner (b. June 22, 1949 near Los Angeles) is an Emmy Award winning television and movie actress. She is best known as the main character in the television series "The Bionic Woman". She has done many other programs and movies since then.
Mayim Bialik (born December 12, 1975 in San Diego) is an American actress and neuroscientist. Her most notable television series are NBC's "Blossom" and CBS' "The Big Bang Theory". In "Blossom", Bialik played a teenage girl living with her father. In "The Big Bang Theory", she plays Amy Farrah Fowler. Bialik has also acted in a number of movies, including "Beaches" in 1988. many voices of TV shows include, The Powerpuff Girls in Season 9, Recess, Johnny Bravo, Nutri Ventures, Jonny Quest, Star Vs. The Forces of Evil, Lloyd In Space, etc. In 2021, she was a guest host on "Jeopardy!" after the death of Alex Trebek. After Mike Richards resigned as host, Bialik split hosting duties with Ken Jennings for the remainder of the 2021-22 season. Bialik and Jennings were both named permanent Jeopardy! hosts in 2022.
"So What" is a 2008 song performed by American pop rock singer Pink. The single was the first off her fifth album "Funhouse" and became her first solo #1 hit in the United States.
Cheetos are an extremely popular snack food consisted of cheese curls made through Frito-Lay. The product has been sold using different mascots.
Frito-Lay North America is an American company connected under PepsiCo, Inc. The company creates potato chips, corn chips and other snack foods. It was founded around 1965. Its headquarters is in Plano, TX.
Brenda Blethyn (born 20 February 1946) is a British actress. She has starred in movies, television and theatre. She has been nominated for Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards. She has won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award. Notable movies she has starred in include "Secrets & Lies" (1996).
Saving Grace is a 2000 British comedy movie set in Cornwall. Brenda Blethyn stars in the movie. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival. Critical reaction to this movie was positive. The movie received favorable notice for an independent British comedy; it was nominated for awards.
The Waitresses were an American experimental new wave music group. They were from Akron, Ohio. The group formed in the early 1980s. Their song "I Know What Boys Like" was released in 1980 but did not chart until 1982. They also represented the theme song for the television series "Square Pegs" in 1982-1983. The group broke up in 1984. Their lead singer died due to lung cancer in 1996.
"Deck the Halls" is a Christmas and New Year's themed song. The "fa-la-la" refrains were played earlier on harps. The tunes of this song are that of old Welsh air. Various singers have covered the song, including James Taylor and Nat King Cole.
"Silver Bells" is a classic Christmas song. The lyrics represent Christmas in the city rather than rural. It was first performed via Bob Hope. The first recorded version was done by Bing Crosby and released in October 1950. Other musicians, including though not limited to The Supremes, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams have done their versions of this Christmas carol.
In "The Simpsons" episode "Moonshine River", was dedicated to his memory.
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" (also known as "Let It Snow!") is a holiday oriented song that is played during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years holidays' season, although it does not mention any holiday within the lyrics. It was originally written by Sammy Cahn. It has been covered by many singers, including though not limited to Ella Fitzgerald, Dean Martin and Anne Murray throughout the decades.
Kung Fu (1972 TV series)
Stoichiometry is a branch of science that studies and measures the amount of matter in chemical reactions. It can be used to predict the amount of things that will be made in a chemical reaction. It uses the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions in balancing chemical equations.
Occupy London (also known as Occupy London Stock Exchange) was a peaceful protest and demonstration. The aims of the protest was to demand dialogue and to draw attention to several different issues such as the widening gap between rich and poor people in the UK as well as the great influence that companies and business groups have on decisions made by the UK government.
The protest was mostly found in a group of tents in the grounds of St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The Cathedral is just in front of the London Stock Exchange. The protest started on 15 October 2011 with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York, United States. On 22 October 2011 another protest was set up in Finsbury Square which is about 1 km away. By June 2012 all the tents had gone.
The protesters are not part of a political party and they do not have a leader. They said they were protesting against an "unjust and undemocratic" system. They called for "real global democracy".
"Carol of the Bells" is a very popular song. It was composed by Mykola Leontovych, a Ukrainian composer. It is played during the Christmas season of every year. It has been featured in many movies, in parodies and in television programs. It has also been performed by many musicians, such as Johnny Mathis, The Carpenters, Destiny's Child and Jessica Simpson.
Lithium reacts with water and air. Gold does not react with water or air. Gold is unreactive, thus low on the reactivity series. Lithium is reactive. There are several ways to measure reactivity. Some substances are reducing agents, and others can be oxidizing agents. Some absorb water easily. Some break down easily.
"All I Want for Christmas Is You" is a widely popular Christmas song by American R&B singer Mariah Carey for her fourth studio album, "Merry Christmas". It was first released in November 1994. The lyrics of the song declare that the protagonist doesn't care about the Christmas presents or lights and that all she is wanting is to be united alongside her lover for the Christmas holidays. The song has been remixed and covered by other musicians, such as The Cheetah Girls, Shania Twain, Miley Cyrus and John Mayer since it was introduced. Carey wrote and produced the song with her longtime collaborator Walter Afanasieff.
The song's length is four minutes and one second. On December 18, 2017, "Billboard" announced that the song had reached the top ten on the Hot 100 for the first time in the 23 years that the song was released. In 2018, it reached number three on the Hot 100 and was at the top of the Canadian Hot 100 and Australian Singles Chart.
After peaking at number two, the song was at the top of the UK Singles Chart on December 11, 2020.
The Twelve Days of Christmas is an English Christmas carol which was published around 1780 but may predate the publication by centuries. It is a cumulative carol. It depicts a succession of gifts given (a variety of birds and five golden rings) and people and activities having to do with a Twelve Days of Christmas feast holiday (from Christmas Day to Epiphany), possibly in a royal court. (There have been claims on social media that) it was written by Catholics in hiding during the days of Queen Elizabeth I of England's persecution. (The claim is that) it was invented (evidence needed of origin) to help teach children articles of the Catholic faith without drawing attention from government officials, using imagery as a tool to help the children remember. (However the articles of faith listed existed in both the Catholic faith and Church of England and this claim appears to be debunked.) The song represents increasingly grand gifts given during each of The Twelve Days of Christmas. In the claim the following meanings were attached: The partridge in a pear tree symbolizes Christ on the Cross. The two turtledoves represent his Human and divine nature, the two books of the Old and New Testament, and the two tablets the Ten Commandments were carved on. The three French hens symbolize the Trinity of the Catholic faith: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, as well as the three Cardinal virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity. The four calling birds were the four Evangelists who wrote the gospels, etc.
"Azerbaijan Railways" Closed Joint-Stock Company () is the national state-owned rail transport company in the Republic of Azerbaijan. The total length of the rail network is , with a rail gauge which is electrified at 3 kV (3,000 V) DC. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Railways is in the capital Baku.
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
"Blue Christmas" is a melancholy holiday themed song first recorded under Doye O'Dell around 1948 and made popular via Ernest Tubb in 1949. The song was featured in several Christmas specials and recorded by numerous other musicians, most notably Celine Dion, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers and countless others.
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"Last Christmas" is a holiday song by the pop duo Wham!. It is about betrayal of the protagonist by a person he thought was there to stay. The song was released in 1984. Other singers have covered it since then, including Ashley Tisdale.
History of keys and locks goes back for about 4,000 years. Ancient people also wanted to protect their possessions and keep them in places where other people cannot get access to them. The first locks and keys were made of wood and other easily accessible materials and they provided the small safeguard against theft or break-in. However, such locks at least let the owners know if someone tried to tamper with the lock.
Most padlocks can be opened by inserting a thin piece of metal called a shim between the shackle and the body of the lock. This will need to be done on both sides if there are locking levers on both sides. The shim pushes the locking latch aside and allows the lock to open. High-security padlocks often use a ball-bearing latch, which can not be pushed aside with a shim. Some door locks can be shimmed with a credit card or similar thin plastic object. The card is placed between the door and doorframe, which pushes the latch aside. Combination locks can not be picked, but it is often possible to find the combination by feeling for certain clicks inside the lock, except on certain high-security safe locks. Some combination locks have small cracks through which the parts inside the lock can be seen, allowing the combination to be determined. The Master Lock #175 brass combination lock has a very unique flaw allowing a small piece of metal to be inserted into the bottom of the lock, which pushes the locking bar aside, opening the lock. A special pick exists for disc-detainer locks, but it is only effective on inexpensive locks that do not have false gates. A well-made disc-detainer lock with false gates is considered almost impossible to pick. Lever locks are considered difficult, although possible, to pick and also require a special pick. Tubular locks can be picked with a special tubular pick. Some poorly-made tubular locks can be picked with an ordinary writing pen. Most car locks can be defeated by inserting a metal or plastic rod with a small hook on the end into the area between the rubber seal on the window and the car body, and using the hook to pull the lock lever that is normally pulled by hand from the inside of the car. On most cars, it is possible to electrically connect the switch contacts on the ignition lock to start the car without a key, completely bypassing the mechanical lock. This is called hotwiring the car. Most cars use a wafer-tumbler based lock, so it is also possible to pick the door or ignition locks the traditional way. Some cars, such as many Honda and BMW models, have electronic protection against both hotwiring and traditional picking.
Pope Benedict V (; -died July 4, 965), was an Italian deacon of the Roman Catholic Church and the 133rd Pope for five weeks in 964.
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was the biggest earthquake that has ever hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It was felt from Los Angeles to Oregon and Nevada. The earthquake was about a 7.8 on the Richter scale. Around 3,000 people were killed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless. There were also fires because gas pipes were destroyed, and the gas caught on fire. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fires that came later. The city is on the San Andreas Fault, which slid, causing the earthquake. Many people looted so then the Army had to come in to keep the peace, but there were reports of the army looting as well.
"Wonderful Christmastime" is a Christmas song which was first recorded by Paul McCartney and released in 1979. The single did not chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States. It reached #6 on United Kingdom music charts. This single is played during the Christmas season worldwide. Other singers, including Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child, Hilary Duff and Demi Lovato have covered this song throughout the years.
In medicine, saline refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called "hypertonic saline". The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.
"Angels We Have Heard on High" is a well-known Christmas carol that represents the birth of Jesus found under Gospel of Luke in which shepherds outside Bethlehem find many angels praising children. The song has been covered and performed by many singers over the years.
Pulmonology is a type of medicine where doctors know about the lungs and the heart. They work on keeping lungs healthy. A doctor working in pulmonology is called a pulmonologist. Pulmonologists also work with respiratory therapists to educate and help make lungs healthy.
"O Tannenbaum", also known as "O Christmas Tree" in alternate name, is a holiday melody of German origin. The best known form of this song was written in 1824. Notable singers who have performed this song are Aretha Franklin, Johnny Mathis and Chicago.
A photogram is a photograph that is made without a camera. Something is placed on top of some photographic paper (or a similar material) and then shining light on it. At the end of this, you get a shadow picture. It usually has different tones. This depends on how transparent the object is.
Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.
James Albert "Jim" Varney (June 15, 1949 - February 10, 2000) was an American actor and comedian. He was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky. Varney is best remembered for his role as Ernest P. Worrell in many movies and television programs. He died of lung cancer in White House, Tennessee.
Bishop Popo became pope on July 17, 1048; and he took the name Damasas II. He died within a month of his election.
The Mamluks were still powerful, so in 1811 he massacred their leaders and sent troops to chase the followers out of Egypt.
He loved Arabian horse, he built a very big Horsestud in Egypt at Shoubra, and from this Horses, they are descendants until today.
Tiffani Thiessen (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. She played Valerie Malone in "Beverly Hills, 90210".
Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom. It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993. The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it. The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.
The Knights of St. Patrick is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland. Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783. Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick
King George III (born "George William Frederick", 4 June 1738 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 to 1 January 1801, when he became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was also Elector of Hanover, which made him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
During George's reign, he lost control of the United States of America however the British Empire made major gains in South Asia. His two kingdoms, Great Britain and Ireland, were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Also during his reign, the British were at war with republican and Napoleon I's France. The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.
George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness. One of them caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent. The king quickly recovered and prevented that from happening.
George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, which abolished William III's anti-Catholic laws in the American colonies. Also during his reign, George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain. In 1793, Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but George blocked a proposal in 1800 to allow Catholics to sit in the British Parliament.
In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent mental illness, which was eventually permanent. Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from a genetic blood disease, porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.
Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George III has had the nickname of "Farmer George".
Abercrombie River National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia. It is west of Sydney. The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park. The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales. There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river. The river is normally a series of deep waterholes. In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.
Desert Diamond Arena
The Desert Diamond Arena is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona. The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and was the home of the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League until the end of the 2021-2022 (NHL) season. The arena was originally known as Glendale Arena until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million. The building became Jobing.com Arena on January 1, 2007. In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans. The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014 and he arena was renamed Gila River Arena. On August 23, 2022, Desert Diamond Casino would purchase the naming rights for the arena and it would be renamed the Desert Diamond Arena.
Maureen was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program "The Jacksons". In 1984 Rebbie released her debut album "Centipede", her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 in the US R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976 she was in the TV series The Jacksons. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She then released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus, returning in 1998 with "Yours Faithfully". She has not had an album released since 1998.
The Battle of White Mountain happened in 1620 and was the first battle of the Thirty Years' War. It had Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeat the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.
The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. The incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague. The rebels quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country. The Czechs were defeated by a well-trained Imperial army after a battle lasting less than one hour. Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia and then killed many who had opposed him. Others were given a choice to convert to Catholicism or to leave the country.
Lana Turner (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress. She was born in Wallace, Idaho. She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16. She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens. She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Turner appeared in the television series "Falcon Crest" during 1982 and 1983. The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.
Marumo no Okite is a Japanese television drama starring Sadao Abe and Mana Ashida. Eleven episodes were broadcast by Fuji Television between April 24 and July 3, 2011.
At the start of the First World War, Prime Minister Asquith appointed Lord Kitchener Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began for the New Armies, also called "Kitchener's Army". His image was used in a famous advertisement. Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when the HMS Hampshire sunk near the Orkney Islands after hitting a German mine.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of the Sudan when it was a colony of the United Kingdom and Egypt. It was officially under the joint rule of both countries, but the British controlled the government from the beginning. Every Governor was British, and all decisions about the country were made by the British, but many of the administrators of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were Egyptians. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was created in 1899 when the Egyptian Army under Herbert Kitchener recaptured the Sudan, which was before an Egyptian colony, from the Mahdists, a group of Islamic rebels against Egypt.
Before focusing on the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in Sudan, it is essential to know that Sudan was already a part of Egypt since 1820. Egypt was then part of the Ottoman empire.
Muhammad Ali came to power in Egypt in 1805 to defeat the Mamluks by 1812. The Mamluks were invited to the inauguration of Ahmad Pasha as commander. After the event at the Citadel of Cairo, the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali commanded his army to kill all the Mamluks. The ones that survived the massacre fled southwards to a village in Sudan called Dongola, where they formed a community.
This Mamluk settlement was the main reason for Ali to invade Sudan; he feared that they were preparing to come back to Egypt soon and topple the ruler. But this was certainly not the only reason for Muhammad Ali to take over their neighboring country. He was also highly interested in the enslaved Sudanese people. Ali decided to modernize Egypt when he took control of it in 1805, this included building a big army, but he had not enough human resources to achieve this.
After years of exploration by Egyptian officials in Upper Egypt and Sudan, the invasion began in 1820. The conquest can be divided into two different parts. The first one was led by the son of Muhammad Ali, Isma'ili Kamal Pasha, and had the aim to take control of the Nile Bassin and Sennar. Muhammad Bay Khusawr Al Dafardaar conducted the second conquest that began a year later; he was also related to Mohammed Ali because he married the daughter of Mohammed Ali's wife. His goal was to conquer the Darfur region which is the southwestern part of Sudan.
The reconquest of Sudan was achieved with Egyptian military and finance; this was on demand of Great Britain. Other European powers, like France, Italy, and Belgium that were active in the region, were also interested in annexing or acquiring Sudanese territory. The most famous example is the Fashoda Incident, the French Captain Marchand occupied the military post of Fashoda in southern Sudan on 10 July 1898. Kitchener, who was the governor-general, was furious and immediately sent out the army to defeat the French.
The military problem had now been solved; the political issue awaited a solution. At first, it was unclear which form of government was to be applied to the Sudan. Because the country had to be sufficiently Egyptian to meet the political requirements and enough British to avoid any administration problems.
In 1898 a solution was found. On 19 January and 10 July of that year, the Condominium Agreement was signed by Lord Cromer on the British side and Boutros Pasha Ghali on the Egyptian side, he was the Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time. A condominium means that a territory is held by two powers, in this case Egypt and Great Britain. For Sudan, it meant that it became an independent state, but with the rights of the two powers, Great Britain and Egypt merged into it.
The agreement intends to guarantee the predominance of Great Britain in Sudan in the interests of the Sudanese, Egypt, and herself. The main points in the deal were as follows; Firstly, the flags of the two sovereign powers were to be hoisted next to each other.
The second key point is about the British control of the administrative structure given in Articles III and IV of the agreement. Article III says that the Governor-General of Sudan, who is appointed by the Khedive, is responsible for the civil and military command of the country. The other one, Article IV, gives the same Governor-General complete control over legislative powers, which means that he can make or change laws. Kitchener was, as aforementioned, the first governor-general; later, in 1899, Sir Reginald Wingate was appointed.
Lastly, the appointment of Consuls in the Sudan must be made in consultation with Britain.
When the British reclaimed Sudan, they implemented several changes in their religious and political policies.
They were to focus on three main goals. The first of which was the separation of religion and state, as was the norm in other colonies. Another was the expulsion of the remaining Mahdist forces. This was, partially, done through condemnation of Sufism. Nevertheless, revolts did break out, which were gradually put down over time. A third goal was to gain more control over southern tribal areas, which had been under loose control in the past.
The differentiated British policies for missionary activities from those in the south. In the north, orthodox Islam was encouraged, and therefore missionary activity would be mostly prohibited. In southern tribal territories, however, it would be allowed, as they were perceived to be pagans by the British.
When Britain and the Ottoman Empire assumed opposing sides in the first world war, Britain declared Egypt as a protectorate. This was done because Egypt was, although very autonomous, still technically a province of the Ottoman Empire. Sudan was now the most British it had been.
Wingate managed to get the support of many Sudanese people. He did this by allowing more Sufism and using lingering hate against the Ottomans in Sudan to get the support of the remaining Mahdi sympathizers. Which, in turn, meant that the previous efforts to prioritize traditional Islam had failed.
The Sudanese independence was a consequence of the coup by the Free Officers in Egypt in 1952. This coup, led by Mohammad Naguib and general Gamal Abdel Nasser, overthrew the Egyptian Monarchy.
In the Sudan, the voice of nationalists had risen since a few years already. Different political parties were formed, some aimed to be fully independent and other to unite with Egypt. One of the parties that strived for independence was the Umma Nation Party, created in 1945. Britain and Egypt were aware of this rise of nationalism. Britain set up an advisory council in the northern part of the country, giving the Umma party the lead over it.
This was seen as a transitional period that was limited to a maximum of 3 years; after this, it was decided whether Sudan was to be linked to Egypt in any form or become independent.
The second option was chosen, and the parliament was the country's first self-governing institution. In 1954 elections were held, and Ismail Azhari won. He was the leader of the National Unionist Party; he wanted to get rid of the British control in Sudan. Azhari was for the unity of Egypt and Sudan, but this changed once he was elected as prime minister.
On 19 December 1955, the House of Representatives passed a resolution for the country's independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was officially independent, the Egyptian and British flags were lowered, and the new Sudanese flag was hoisted. This was the end of the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium.
Condominium means a colony ruled jointly by two or more countries. Examples include the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was in name under the joint rule of the United Kingdom and Egypt, although in fact a British colony with all political decisions up to the British despite having many Egyptians involved in administering the country, and New Hebrides, which was under the joint rule of the UK and France.
It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between two subgroups of Neognathae, Galloanserae and Neoaves, occurred before the K-Pg extinction event. However, fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae, such as "Vegavis" and "Asteriornis" do not appear in the fossil record until the very end of the Cretaceous.
However, there are different opinions about whether the radiation within these major groups occurred before or after the extinction of dinosaurs. The only Cretaceous fossils that can be unequivocally assigned to the Neognathae are "Vegavis" and "Asteriornis", two early members of the Galloanseres that corroborate the early diversification of this groups before the K-Pg extinction event. But the fossil record of Neoaves is restricted to post K-Pg times. Molecular dating have produced a wide range of dates for the rapid early diversification of Neoaves, from the late Cretaceous to the early Paleogene, with some studies suggesting that the rapid radiation largely coincided with the extinction event.
Occupied territory is territory under military occupation. Examples of this are the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Palestine and Kashmir.
Sudan People's Liberation Movement
Sudan's people liberation army (SPLA) and Sudan's people liberation movement is a political party in South Sudan. It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963. As Sudan's people liberation army, it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War. This war ended in 2005. Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan". In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan. In 2005, there was a peace treaty. From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government. Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country. In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army. In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government. In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government.
Nancy Ann Grace (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author. She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as "Nancy Grace Live"). She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.
"Girl You Know It's True" is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli. The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States. In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.
Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia in early January 1922. He died on 22 January 1922. The Italian Government lowered its flags in his honor; Benedict was the first pope to be honored in this way.
The Cardigans are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992. Their debut studio album "Emmerdale" gave them very strong base in Sweden. However, it was not until their 1995 album "Life" was released that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song "Lovefool" was released. They've carried other hit songs in addition to that. The group went on hiatus in 2006.
Les Invalides is a landmark in Paris, France. It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans. It consists of several buildings. It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals. Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.
It is very popular in North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits.
Sosigenes of Alexandria was an astronomer in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar consulted him, and other astrologers, before introducing the Julian calendar. Sosigenes also influenced Caesar's writing "De astris", but only parts of it remain. Pliny the Elder wrote In his Natural History that Sosigenes observed that the planet Mercury never had an elongation angle greater than 22 degrees from the sun.
an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England.
Lara Flynn Boyle (born March 24, 1970 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American movie and television actress. She is known for many movie roles. She is best known for her roles in television programs. Her television work includes "The Practice" and "Twin Peaks".
Jos Luhukay (born 13 June 1963) is a Dutch football manager and former player, who was most recently head coach of VVV-Venlo.
Felice Peretti was born in December 15250 at Grottammare in the province of Ascoli Piceno.
What's Love Got to Do with It (song)
A remix of the song was released on July 17, 2020 by Norwegian DJ Kygo.
Most of Gamarra's novels are set in the southwest of France. That is the region where he was born.
Antonio Egas is highly regarded. More commonly, Gottlieb Burckhardt is regarded as the founder of modern psychosurgery. He became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize when, in 1949, he shared it with Walter Rudolf Hess.
Puddle of Mudd is an American rock band from Kansas City, Missouri. Puddle of Mudd has five members in the band; the current band members are Wes Scantlin, Paul Phillips, Doug Ardito, Shannon Boone and Dizzi Devereux.
Occupy movement are an international protest group which are directed against social or economic inequality. The movement model itself after the New York City based movement network Occupy Wall Street. These protests were ongoing all across the world in 2011.
A multivalued function (multifunction) is a relation like a function. A multifunction associates each input with "at least one" output. A strict function associates each input with "exactly one" output. An example of a multivalued function is the square root. Every complex number (except for 0), has two square roots. Example: formula_1 could be 2 or -2 because formula_2 and formula_3.
Tacit programming (or point-free programming) is the style of programming functions where the parameter is not mentioned. Instead, the functions are defined using combinators and higher-level abstractions like map (which applies a function to each element of a list). It is commonly used in functional programming languages like Haskell.
Amerant Bank Arena
Amerant Bank Arena is a sports arena in Sunrise, Florida. It opened on October 3, 1998. It is the current home to the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).
The arena was also known as the Broward County Civic Arena in 1998, the National Car Rental Center from 1998 to 2002, Office Depot Center from 2002 to 2005, BankAtlantic Center from 2005 to 2012, BB&T Center from 2012 to 2021, and FLA Live Arena from 2021 until 2023.
The most recent name change was in September 2021, when the naming rights contract between the arena and the financial services company BB&T ran out. By that time, BB&T had merged with SunTrust Banks to form Truist Financial Corporation. The merged company decided to not renew the naming rights agreement, and the arena now has the temporary name of FLA Live Arena until a new rights partner is found. On September 19, 2023, Amerant Bank bought the naming rights for the arena and it would be renamed to Amerant Bank Arena.
The arena currently seats 20,737 for basketball and 19,250 for hockey. The arena was also home to the Florida Pit Bulls of the ABA from 2005 to 2006 and the Florida Bobcats of the AFL from 1999 to 2001.
On June 27, 2018, an open casket public funeral service for rapper XXXTentacion was held at the arena. Thousands of fans showed up including rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Lil Yachty.
Da Nang International Airport is an airport in Da Nang, Central Vietnam. It is the third biggest airport in Vietnam. The French government built the airport in 1930s. During the Vietnam War, the airport was upgraded. It has two terminals (old and new ones) and two runways. There are international air routes to some Asian countries like China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea.
WSG Tirol
WSG Tirol is an Austrian football club from Wattens, a town in the state of Tyrol. They play in the Austrian Bundesliga, the top league of Austrian football.
In 2019 they were promoted to the Bundesliga. After promotion they changed the name to WSG Swarowski Tirol. In 2021 Swarovski ended its sponsorship and the name was removed from the club's name so they play under the name WSG Tirol.
In 2005, they started acting in the Disney Channel sitcom "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody." In 2006, the brothers started a franchise known as the "Sprouse Bros" brand. The franchise had a clothing line, a book series, and a magazine. Most of the franchise ended in 2008, except for their clothing line. They were two of the richest children alive in 2007. In 2008, they started acting in "The Suite Life on Deck", which was the sequel to "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody". Later, "The Suite Life on Deck" became the most-watched television show for children and tweens (9-12 year olds) in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, the Sprouse brothers were the highest paid teenage Disney television actors. They earned $40,000 for each episode together. "The Suite Life on Deck" ended in May 2011. In 2011, they acted in "The Suite Life Movie."They started working on an adult image by starring in the independent suspense movie, "The Kings of Appletown" in 2009. MSN reported by the end of the 2000s, the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world. In 2010, the brothers were accepted to New York University. They delayed admission for one year. They started going to the university in the fall of 2011. In the middle of 2010, Dylan started a website for his art called Sprouse Arts. In the middle of 2011, Cole started a website for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography. Their favorite food is sushi that they love to eat together.
The Sprouses were born in Arezzo, Italy. Their parents are Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright. Their parents are American, but they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany when Dylan and Cole were born. Dylan is named after the poet Dylan Thomas. Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole. Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole. The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth. They grew up in Long Beach, California, where their parents had lived. Their parents divorced in 1997.
The Sprouses started acting at the age of eight months. The twins first acted in a commercial for diapers. They switched on-screen time every few seconds. Like many twin actors, the two have often played the same role. This is so there is more time for the character to be filmed. Starting at eight months old, they acted on the ABC-TV series "Grace Under Fire" from 1993 to 1998. They played one character, Patrick Kelly.
, Dylan and Cole are not acting in any shows or movies. They are paying attention to college. Also, Dylan is paying attention to art. Cole is paying attention to photography. Dylan has said that they would both like to continue acting while in college. Cole's celebrity crush was always his brother Dylan Sprouse.