adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
Some news agencies said the man was the brother of Aafia Siddiqui, who is from Pakistan, and he wanted her to be let out of prison. In 2010, Siddiqui was convicted of attempted murder of a United States Army captain while they were both in Afghanistan. Siddiqui has a brother. However, his lawyer says that the man in the synagogue was not him or anyone in their family. Later, law enforcement officials said the man had told the rabbi to make a phone call for him. In the phone call, the man said he wanted his "sister" Siddiqui let out of prison. It is possible the man did not really mean Siddiqui was his sister. Instead, he may have said "sister" as a figure of speech.
The man came into the building during the synagogue's Saturday Shabbat holy day services. The people in the synagogue had put up a video camera so they could livestream the ceremony on the Internet. This video of the synagogue's service was recording when the man took Rabbi Charlie Cytron-Walker and three other people hostage. His face did not show up in the video, but people on the Internet could hear his voice. The man who took the hostages said, "If anyone tries to enter this building, I'm telling you...everyone will die" and "I'm going to die. Don't cry about me..."
At about 9 p.m., the FBI went into the building. All of the hostages came out alive. The man who took them prisoner did not.
The White House said the President had been told what was happening. US House Representative Colin Allred who is from Texas said he was praying for the people of the synagogue.White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki said people on the National Security team were talking to federal law enforcement leaders about the attack. US Senator Ted Cruz also said that he had informed federal law enforcements, he also said he will be speaking to the Jewish community leaders throughout the evening and the situation.
Congregation Beth Israel was started in 1998. It became a full synagogue in 1999. It moved to the building it is in now in 2005.
Helmuth Hubener
Helmuth was born on January 8, 1925, the youngest of three children. He belonged to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
After finding out that his brother Gerhard had a shortwave radio, Helmuth began listening on his own. Using what he learned on the BBC channel, Helmuth began composing leaflets with the intent of sharing the truth about the Nazis and the war.
Petitions for clemency were denied. On October 27 Helmuth was told he would be executed later that day. He was told this at 1:05 pm. The execution was carried out by guillotine at 8:13 pm.
Chief information security officer (CISO) is the executive that is responsible for an organization's information and data security. While in the past the role has been rather narrowly defined along those lines, these days the title is often used with CSO and VP of security. This indicates a more expansive role in organizations.
Enock Mwepu (born 1 January 1998) is a Zambian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. In October 2022, he was forced to retire following the discovery of a hereditary heart condition.
He started with Kafue Celtic in Lusaka. In June 2017 he went toRed Bull Salzburg. There he was loaned to FC Liefering who play in Austrian Football First League.
On 18 December 2019, Mwepu extended his contract with Salzburg until summer 2024. 2021 he went to Brighton and Hove Albion in the Premier League. On October 10 2022, he was forced to retire following the discovery of a hereditary heart condition.
In 2014 Mwepu playeed for the national under-17 team that represented the country at the 2015 African U-17 Championship. 2017 he played in the Under-20 Africa Cup of Nations in Zambia. Mwepu scored his first international goal for Zambia in an AFCON Qualifier against Algeria on 2 September 2017 at the National Heroes Stadium in Lusaka.
Paddington Bear (TV series)
Paddington Bear is a 1989-1990 American animated series and was the second adaption of "Paddington Bear" by Michael Bond. It ran for 13 episodes and the main character is voiced by Stephen Yardley.
Michael Jackson (radio commentator)
Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew
Virginia Giuffre v. Prince Andrew is an American lawsuit that started in 2021. Virginia Giuffre is the plaintiff and Prince Andrew, Duke of York is the defendant in a civil lawsuit (see civil law), at the lower courts of the federal court system of the United States.
Before the lawsuit of 2021, there have been mistakes in what Giuffre has said. Giuffre's testimony was not used in the trial (in 2021) and conviction against Ghislaine Maxwell.
Giuffre worked at Mar-a-Lago during "the summer she turned 17"; there she became an acquaintance of Maxwell; Thru Maxwell, she met Jeffrey Epstein. Giuffre tried to sell a memoir to publishers; In it Giuffre said that she had been on Epstein's estate on her 16th birthday.
The lawsuit is accusing Andrew of "sexual assault and intentional infliction of emotional distress." Giuffre says that she has experienced sexual abuse from Andrew.
In courts, David Boies and his firm Boies Schiller Flexner started representing Giuffre "pro bono" in 2014.
Graphic violence
Graphic violence also known as explicit violence refers to when violence in media is vivid or realistic. Examples of graphic violence include mutilation, bloodshed and removing any animal or human body parts. Others include murder, suicide and assault by weapon.
Graphic (or explicit) violence happens in movies, television, video games and on many news media related broadcasts. Examples of movies or television with graphic violence are "Intent to Kill", "Man Bites Dog", "True Lies", "Color of Night", "Hideaway", "Seven", "Crash" and "Starship Troopers".
Video games that have graphic violence include "Mortal Kombat" games, "Killer Instinct games", "Grand Theft Auto" games, and "The Manhunt" games.
There are several cases where movies may have been rated NC-17 for explicit violence. Few, however, have really kept the NC-17 rating. Those that have include "Intent to Kill" (1992), "Man Bites Dog" (1992) and "100 Tears" (2007 horror movie). Other similar movies have gone unrated. These include "Hatchet" (a 2006 horror movie) and "The Antichrist" (a controversial 2009 movie).
Some video games were labeled 'AO' (Adults Only) by the Entertainment Software Rating Board because of graphic violence. Several reverted the rating to 'M' (Mature). AO means that nobody age 17 and under can play, buy or rent the games in question. An M means not suitable for under 17 audiences to buy, play or rent.
Ecnomiohyla thysanota
The Cerro Mali tree frog ("Ecnomiohyla thysanota") is a frog that lives in eastern Panama.
Roopa Ganguly
Roopa Ganguly is an Indian actress, playback singer and politician. She is known for her role of Draupadi in B R Chopra's television series "Mahabharat". She is a trained Rabindra Sangeet vocalist and a classical dancer. She has received awards like National Award and BFJA Awards. In October 2016, she was nominated as a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, by the President of India. She served as the President of BJP Mahila Morcha in West Bengal.
Nanto, Toyama
Dominik Szoboszlai (; (born 25 October 2000) is a Hungarian footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Liverpool and captains the Hungary national team.
Ageing is the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage on the body. If this damage can be repaired, it is rejuvenation.
The SENS Research Foundation founded by Aubrey de Grey classified seven types of damages that lead to ageing. The organization also proposed strategies for repairing these (Strategies for engineered negligible senescence).
Caisis
Caisis is an ope-source patience management application. It was initially released in 2012 under GNU General Public License V2 license for Windows platform.
Oyabe, Toyama
From 2015 till 2028 he played for FC Red Bull Salzburg 84 matches with four goals in the Austrian Bundesliga. 2017-18 he was part of the team which reached the Europa-League semifinals.
A year before the end of his contract he moved to Southampton FC.
DHIS
It was developed by Health Information Systems Programme with the coordination of the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo. It is globally supported by a number of organizations including NORAD, PEPFAR, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNICEF and the University of Oslo.
Gapo
Gapo is a social networking platform which is headquerted at Hanoi, Vietnam. It also offers its user to pay online and access various public services.
Bolt (web browser)
Bolt was a mobile web browser for smartphones and feature phones that runs on Java ME. It was developed by Bitstream Inc. and released in 2009. However, it was discontinued at the end of 2011.
UC Browser is a mobile web browser. It was banned in India in 2020 for privacy issues and also banned in China in 2021 due to complaints of showing deceptive medical advertisements.
UC Browser was originally developed for Java ME smartphones in 2004 by UCWeb which is a subsidiary of the Alibaba Group. It is now available for Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS, Java ME, Symbian, Windows Phone, and Microsoft Windows platform.
Compulsive hoarding
Compulsive hoarding (also known as a hoarding disorder) is a psychiatric health issue (ICD-11, 2018). It refers to higher than usual difficulty discarding one's own possessions or materials, even when they're of no special value. This usually happens in residences (homes, rental property and townhouses) where there are too many items and not enough room, cabinets, or containers in which to store things. Also, those who hoard do not want to get rid of the items. That is especially true with old unneeded items.
Hoarding isn't the same as collecting. The difference between the two is collectors are more likely to get possessions and valuable material in a targeted, organized and intentional way. Those who hoard often have an obsession and hardly any active planning. The mere sight of the objects may cause this. The objects do not really have any consistent theme. Collectors of objects have narrow focus on particular (or same/similar) topics. One of the signs of hoarding problems is heavy, disorganized clutter.
Hoarding can sometimes lead to places being condemned. Property tenants are then removed when health department officials, building inspectors or the fire marshals become involved. Hoarding may also increase fire risk and attract insects (including cockroaches, ants, centipedes, maggots and spiders).
Jackson Hole Aerial Tram
Jackson Hole Aerial Tram (also known as Jackson Hole Musical Tram) is an aerial tramway located at Jackson Hole Mountain Resort in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The tram takes people to the top of the Rendezvous Mountain at the resort, located just north of downtown Jackson, Wyoming.
Avtandil Jorbenadze
Avtandil Jorbenadze (born 23 February 1951) is a Georgian doctor, politician, and former State Minister of Georgia. He was minister before the Rose Revolution in Georgia. He also held the position of health minister.
Nazi concentration camp badge
Prisoners had to sew these badges onto their uniform jackets and pants. The badges used a color coding system to show why each prisoner had been sent to the camp. Different colors and shapes had different meanings. The prisoners were required to wear these badges of shame.
The badges helped guards assign tasks to the prisoners. If a prisoner's badge marked them as an escape suspect, the SS would not allow them to work outside the camp fence. If a prisoner had an F on their badge (meaning they were French), guards could force them to help translate instructions to new prisoners from France. If a guard looked at a prisoner and saw a green badge, the guard knew right away that the person was a convicted criminal. Guards often assigned these "green triangles" to be kapos. These were prisoners who were assigned to help the SS run the camps. Many kapos used abuse and violence to control other prisoners.
Different camps used different systems of badges. In the later stages of World War II, the use of badges became less common in some camps. The following description is based on the badge coding system used in the Dachau concentration camp. This camp had one of the more detailed coding systems.
Most badges were inverted triangles. (This meant the widest part of the triangle was at the top of the shape, not the bottom.) The Nazis chose this shape because it looked like triangular road hazard signs that are common in Germany.
The Nazis made many different types of prisoners wear black triangles. The black triangle identified people who the Nazis called 'asocial' () or 'work-shy' (). These included alcoholics, drug addicts, homeless people, beggars, people with disabilities, prostitutes, lesbians, pacifists, and people who refused to be conscripted into the German armed forces.
Black triangles also marked Roma and Sinti people. They wore the black triangle with a Z on it (for , meaning Gypsy). Romani men were later assigned a brown triangle. However, Romani women always wore black triangles. The Nazis believed many stereotypes about Romani women. They thought these women were petty criminals (prostitutes, kidnappers, and fortune tellers). For this reason, the Nazis never stopped calling Romani women "asocial." Many of these women were forcibly sterilized.
The Nazis also used the black triangle to identify people with mental illnesses and "mentally disabled" people. Written on their badges was the word , which means "stupid." This category included people with autism. (At that time, autism was called Asperger's Syndrome, named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who was involved with the Nazis). People with schizophrenia and epilepsy also wore black triangles. Instead of being sent to concentration camps, many people in this group were forcibly sterilized, shot, or gassed in psychiatric institutions as part of the T4 Euthanasia Program.
Other people with disabilities, like diabetes, also had to wear the black triangle. (The Nazis thought that diabetes was a 'Jewish disease.' There was no evidence for this claim. Instead, it was a result of antisemitism in medicine, science, and culture.)
Red triangles identified political prisoners. These included:
Green triangles identified convicts and criminals (who often worked as "kapos").
Blue triangles identified foreign forced laborers and emigrants from Nazi-controlled countries. This category included apatrides (stateless people, who were not citizens of any country). Spanish refugees from Francoist Spain belonged to this category. Because these people did not support the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the Spanish government cancelled their citizenship.
Purple triangles identified the Nazis' religious enemies. Over 99% of these people were Jehovah's Witnesses. Members of other small pacifist religious groups also wore purple triangles.
Pink triangles usually identified homosexual men and others who the Nazis called homosexual (like bisexual men and transgender women). The Nazis also used pink triangles to identify sexual offenders, paedophiles, and zoophiles. The Nazis forcibly sterilized many people in this group.
The Nazis used double-triangle badges to identify Jewish prisoners. These badges were made of two overlapping triangles. These two triangles formed a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.
Some double-triangle badges identified non-Jews. For example, at Mauthausen, Spanish Republicans had to wear a blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one.
In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example:
Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for "Polen") was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.
Furthermore, repeat offenders (, meaning recidivists) had to wear bars over their stars or triangles. Different colors represented different crimes:
Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth, Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle, while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.
Triangles appear on many postwar memorials to the Nazis' victims. These shapes represent the identification patches used in the camps. Sometimes, plain or colored triangles represent all categories of inmates. Often, inverted red triangles represent all victims of the concentration camps, including also the non-Jewish victims like Slavs, Poles, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti, people with disabilities, Soviet POWs, and Jehovah's Witnesses.
Some Holocaust memorials use more specific triangles. An inverted pink triangle symbolizes gay victims. A yellow and/or non-inverted triangle generally stands for Jewish victims. Some monuments also include badges with nationality letters.
In June 2020, Donald Trump was running for re-election. His campaign posted an advertisement on Facebook which said that "Dangerous MOBS of far-left groups are running through our streets and causing absolute mayhem." The ads identified these groups as "ANTIFA" and used an image of a downward-pointing red triangle. These ads appeared on the Facebook pages of Donald Trump, the Trump campaign, and Vice President Mike Pence. Many observers compared the graphic to the symbol used by the Nazis for identifying political prisoners such as communists, social democrats and socialists. Many noted that there were 88 ads. Neo-Nazis use the number 88 as an abbreviation for the Nazi salute "Heil Hitler". (The letter H is the eighth in the alphabet, so 88 stands for "HH.")
Facebook removed the campaign ads that used the red triangle symbol, saying that its use in this context violated their policy against "organized hate". The Trump campaign's communications director wrote that "The red triangle is a common Antifa symbol used in an ad about Antifa." However, the historian Mark Bray, who wrote "", disagreed. He said that the symbol Antifa in the United States does not use this symbol.
Birth weight is the weight of a baby at birth. The average birth weight in babies of Europeans is ; the range of normal weights is from . On average, babies of south Asian and Chinese people weigh about . The birth weight of a baby is important. Babies with a low birth weight are 100 times more likely to die compared to babies with a normal one. The rates of babies with low birth weight have changed: In 1970, 7.9% had a low birth weight, in 1980, this dropped to 6.8%, in 2006, it slightly increased to 8.3% in 2006; and the current level is at 8.2%, for the year 2016. The prevalence of low birth weight has trended slightly upward from 2012 to present day.
Studies have tried to link birth weight with other conditions that occur in later life, such as diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking, and intelligence. Low birth weight is associated neonatal infection and infant mortality.
To some extent, birth weight is heritable: If their parents had a low birth weight the babies may also have one. (This is the same for a high birth weight). The heritability of birth weight ranges from 25-40 %. There is a complex relationship between a baby's genes and the maternal environment that the child is developing in. Foetal genes influence how the fetus grows in the womb, and the genes of the mother influence how the environment affects the growing fetus.
The health of the mother during pregnancy can affect birth weight. The fact that the mother is sick during the pregnancy, or that she has a chronic condition can affect birth weight. Usually, this will lead to a lower bith weight. For example, celiac disease confers an odds ratio of low birth weight of approximately 1.8. Certain drugs, such as those used to treat high blood pressure or epilepsy can also have this effect. Other factors that affect birth weight are that if the mother is going to give birth to twins, which is called multiple births in English. Another factor that affects birth weight is the age of the mother: Girls 15 or younger, or women over 35 have a higher risk of having a child with a low birth weight.
Stressful events have significant effects on birth weight. Mothers who are exposed to stressful events during their pregnancy have a higher risk to give birth to babies with a low birth weight. This is especially true if the events happen during the first or the second trimester. Reserchers also found that stressful events that happen before conception can also have a negative effect. The same is true for women who were exposed to situations of abuse.
The environment the woman lives in can also determine the weight of the baby. One of these factors is secondhand smoke
Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke can be a factor in determining the birth weight of child. In 2014, 13% of children exposed to smoke were born with low birth weight compared with 7.5% of those children born to nonsmokers. Children born to mothers who smoked or were exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to develop health problems earlier in life such as neurodevelopmental delays. When mothers actively smoke during pregnancy, their child is at a higher risk of being born with a low birth weight. Smoking can also be a stress management tool used by expecting mothers. There is some support for lower socioeconomic status of the parents being a determinant of low birth weight, but there is conflicting evidence, as socioeconomic status is tied to many other factors.
Most babies admitted to the intensive care unit are born before 37 weeks of pregnancy or have low birth weight which is less than 5.5 pounds. They could also have a medical condition that requires special care. In the United States nearly half a million babies are born preterm. Because of this, many of these babies also have low birth weights. There are four levels of care in the neonatal care units. Intensive Care, High Dependency Care, Low Dependency, and Transitional Care are the four levels:
Children born with an very low birth weight can have significant problems during the first few years of life. They may have trouble gaining weight, obtaining adequate nutrition, and supporting a strong immune system. They also have higher risks of dying, behavior problems, and mental deficiencies. Low birth weight babies are more likely to develop the following conditions after birth compared to normal birth weight babies:
Fifth (unit)
A fifth is a unit of volume which was used for beverages, in the United States. It was called fifth, because it was the fifth part of a US liquid gallon. This means, that it held . In Europe, it was soon replaced by a bottle size of 750ml, which is one of the common sizes for bottles of wine, sparkling wines, but also of many liquors. The size of 750ml is sometimes called metric fifth, because it uses the metric system.
The eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga, Fiji, American Samoa and parts of the Pacific Ocean. Warnings were issued in Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile and Ecuador.
Damaging tsunami waves were reported in New Zealand, the United States, Chile and Peru. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 21st century and the largest since the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
Hunga Tonga
On 14 January 2022, it erupted violently.
Anwar Raslan
Anwar Raslan () (born 3 February 1963) is a former Syrian colonel. He led a unit of Syria's General Intelligence Directorate.
In January 2022, he was convicted of crimes against humanity in a German court with. The specific charges against him were 4,000 counts of torture, 58 counts of murder, and rape and sexual coercion. His case was the first international war crimes case against a member of the Syrian government during the presidency of Bashar al-Assad.
Norman Podhoretz
Norman Podhoretz (; born January 16, 1930) is an American magazine editor, writer, and conservative political commentator. He was born in New York City. His views are seen as "paleo-neoconservative". He is a writer for "Commentary" magazine. He was the publication's editor-in-chief from 1960 to 1995.
Podhoretz studied at Columbia University and Clare College, Cambridge. He married Midge Decter in 1956. They have two childen. Decter died in 2022.
Midge Decter
Decter studied at the University of Minnesota and New York University. She married Norman Podhoretz in 1956. They had two children. She died on May 9, 2022 in New York City, aged 94.
Nino Cerruti
Ramazan Rragami
Alexa McDonough
Yuri Zhuravlyov (mathematician)
Dave Wolverton
Monroe, Oregon
Monroe is a city in Benton County, Oregon, United States. The population was 647 at the 2020 census.
Anastasia Voznesenskaya
In late December 2021, Voznesenskaya tested positive for COVID-19. She died from the virus in Moscow on 14 January 2022, at the age of 78.
Peter Seabrook
John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover
Sobibor extermination camp
Sobibor was an extermination camp, not a concentration camp. This meant the camp's only purpose was to murder Jews. The vast majority of prisoners were gassed within hours of arrival. People who were not killed immediately were forced to work in the camp. Few survived more than a few months. In total, some 170,000 to 250,000 people were murdered at Sobibor. Only three other camps (Belzec, Treblinka, and Auschwitz) killed more people than Sobibor.
The camp closed after a prisoner revolt, which took place on 14 October 1943. The plan for the revolt had two phases. In the first phase, teams of prisoners were to discreetly assassinate each of the SS officers who ran the camp. In the second phase, all 600 prisoners would assemble for evening roll call and would walk to freedom out the front gate. However, the plan was disrupted after only 11 of the SS officers had been killed. The prisoners had to escape by climbing over barbed wire fences and running through a field of landmines while the SS tried to shoot them with machine guns. About 300 prisoners made it out of the camp. Of these, 58 are known to have survived the war.
After the revolt, the Nazis demolished the camp and planted it over with pine trees. Sobibor got little attention in the first decades after World War II. It was rarely mentioned in popular or scholarly accounts of the Holocaust. It became better known after it was portrayed in the TV miniseries "Holocaust" (1978) and the film "Escape from Sobibor" (1987).
The Sobibor Museum now stands at the site of the camp. Archaeologists continue to investigate the site.
Sobibor was one of four extermination camps established as part of Operation Reinhard, the deadliest phase of the Holocaust. In September of 1939, the Nazis invaded and occupied Poland. After that, all across Europe, the Nazis began deporting Jews from ghettos and sending them to forced labour camps.
By summer of 1942, Sobibor had been completely built and was ready to open. After the camp opened, a steady stream of prisoners began to arrive.
The Nazis were constantly expanding and renovating Sobibor. After only a few months, the wooden walls of the camp's gas chambers had absorbed too much sweat, urine, blood, and excrement to be cleanable. Thus, the gas chambers were demolished in the summer of 1942, and new larger ones were built made out of brick. Later that summer, the SS also started a beautification project to make parts of the camp look nicer. They built new structures and landscaped part of the camp to make it look like a village in Tyrol, Austria. When Sobibor ceased operations in mid-1943, the SS were part way through the construction of a munitions depot known as Lager IV.
At the Wansee Conference on 20 January 1942, Reinhard Heydrich announced a plan for systematically murdering the Jews through a network of extermination camps. Operation Reinhard was based on this plan. In the same month, the Nazis did the first mass gassings at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Eventually, permanent gas chambers were built at Sobibor. These were similar to the ones at Belzec, but without any furnaces.
Sobibor was surrounded by double barbed wire fences which were thatched with pine branches in order to block the view inside. At its southeast corner, it had two side-by-side gates. One was for trains; the other was for foot traffic and vehicles. The site was divided into five compounds: the "Vorlager" and four "Lagers" numbered "I-IV".
The "Vorlager" (front compound) contained living quarters and recreational buildings for the camp personnel. The SS officers lived in cottages with colorful names such as "Lustiger Floh" (the Merry Flea), "Schwalbennest" (the Swallow's Nest), and "Gottes Heimat" (God's Own Home). They also had a canteen, a bowling alley, a hair salon, and a dentist's office, all staffed by Jewish prisoners. Trawniki men (Soviet prisoners of war who agreed to help the Nazis) had their own separate barracks and recreational buildings, including a hair salon and a canteen.
The Nazis paid great attention to the appearance of the "Vorlager". It was neatly landscaped, with lawns and gardens, outdoor terraces, gravel-lined paths, and professionally painted signs. Its beautiful appearance helped hide the camp's purpose from new prisoners, who arrived on the ramp next to the "Vorlager". Survivor Jules Schelvis recalled that when he arrived at Sobibor, he felt reassured by the "Vorlager's" "Tyrolean cottage-like barracks with their bright little curtains and geraniums on the windowsills".
"Lager I" contained barracks and workshops for the prisoners. There were workshops for sign-painting and carpentry; a tailor's workshop; a bakery; and a mechanics shop. A person could only reach "Lager I" by passing through the "Vorlager." The Nazis built a water-filled trench on Lager I's western boundary to make it impossible for prisoners to escape there.
"Lager II" was a larger compound with several purposes. The camp's administration building was in a subsection called the ""Erbhof"". This building was constructed before World War II; before the Nazi occupation, the local Polish forestry service had used it. The Nazis adapted this building to include living space for some SS officers; storage for things stolen from victims' luggage; and a pharmacy. The medications in the pharmacy were also taken from victims' luggage. A small farm was also located in the "Erbhof". There, Jewish prisoners raised chickens, pigs, geese, fruits and vegetables for the SS officers to eat.
When prisoners first arrived at Sobibor, the SS prepared them for murder in Lager II, outside the "Erbhof". This part of Lager II included the sorting barracks and other buildings used for storing items taken from the victims, including clothes, food, hair, gold, and other valuables. At the east end was a yard where guards took luggage from new arrivals and forced them to undress. This area was beautified with flower beds to hide the camp's purpose from newcomers. The yard led into a narrow path called the "Himmelstrasse" (road to heaven) or the "Schlauch" (tube), which led straight to the gas chambers in "Lager III". The "Himmelstrasse" was covered on both sides by fences woven with pine branches.
"Lager III" was the extermination area. It was kept separate from the rest of the camp, set back in a clearing in the forest and surrounded by its own thatched fence. Prisoners from "Lager I" were not allowed near "Lager III", and were killed if the Nazis suspected that they had seen inside. Because few people who saw "Lager III" survived, there is little eyewitness testimony about this part of the camp. Historians know little about "Lager III," except that it contained gas chambers, mass graves, and special separate housing for the "Sonderkommando" prisoners who worked there.
"Lager IV" was added in July 1943. Because it was north of the other camps, Lager IV was also called the "Nordlager" ('north camp'). It was located in a heavily wooded area. The Nazis wanted to develop the area as a munitions depot for processing weapons taken from captured Red Army soldiers. However, it was still being built when Sobibor closed after the prisoners' revolt.
Because Sobibor was an extermination camp, very few prisoners actually lived there. While survivors of Auschwitz use the term "selected" to mean being selected for murder, at Sobibor being "selected" meant being selected to live, at least temporarily. Around 600 slave labourers were 'selected' to live and were forced to help the Nazis run the camp. Most of these slave labourers died within a few months because of the terrible conditions in the camp.
Prisoners worked from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm, with a short lunch break in the middle. Sundays were supposed to be half days, but sometimes prisoners had to work all day.
The prisoner population included many labourers with specialized skills, such as goldsmithing, painting, gardening, or tailoring. The Nazis thought these prisoners were especially valuable, so they often let them live and gave them special privileges. Officially, these prisoners were allowed to live so they could do jobs that were needed in the camps. In reality, SS officers often used the prisoners' labor to benefit themselves. For example, they let Dutch Jewish painter Max van Dam live and said he would work as a sign painter. However, the SS also forced him to paint landscapes, portraits, and hagiographic images of Hitler. Similarly, Shlomo Szmajzner was placed in charge of the machine shop in order to conceal his work making gold jewelry for SS officers.
Prisoners without specialized skills did a variety of other jobs. Many worked in the "Lager II" sorting barracks, where they were forced to sort through luggage left behind by victims of the gas chamber. They put aside valuable items for the SS to take, and also repackaged some of these items as "charity gifts" for German civilians. The SS would also make these workers serve in the railway brigade which greeted new prisoners. This considered a relatively good job, because famished workers could often find food in the victims' luggage.
Younger prisoners commonly worked as "putzers." Their job was to do cleaning and meet the needs of SS officers and the Trawniki men. Young male prisoners were often forced to work as the "barbers" who cut women's hair on their way to the gas chamber. The Nazis often assigned young men to this job in order to humiliate them the naked women whose hair they were cutting. Armed Trawniki men supervised the process in order to ensure that barbers did not respond to victims' questions or pleas.
When construction of "Lager IV" began in the summer of 1943, the Nazis assembled a forest commando who worked there cutting timber for heat, cooking, and cremation pyres.
In "Lager III", a special unit of Jewish prisoners called the "Sonderkommando" was forced to assist in the extermination process. They had to remove victims' dead bodies from the gas chamber, search their body cavities for valuables, and cremate their corpses. They also had to scrub blood and excrement from the gas chambers.
The "Sonderkommando" were direct witnesses to genocide. For this reason, the Nazis did not allow them to interact with other prisoners. Regularly, the SS would kill the entire unit and replace them with a new group of "Sonderkommando". Since no workers from "Lager III" survived, nothing is known about their lives or experiences.
It was difficult for prisoners to form personal relationships. Because people died so quickly at Sobibor, the camp's population was constantly changing. Also, prisoners often distrusted each other. Differences in nationality and language worsened this distrust. Many prisoners were especially suspicious of Dutch Jews because they spoke little Yiddish and had assimilated manners. German Jews faced the same suspicion as the Dutch. Many prisoners also suspected that German Jews would really be loyal to Germany, not to their fellow prisoners.
When social groups did form, they were generally based on family ties or shared nationality. They were completely closed off to outsiders. Chaim Engel was shunned by fellow Polish Jews after he began a romantic relationship with Dutch-born Saartje Wijnberg. Many prisoners from Western Europe were not trusted with important information about what was happening in the camp.
The Nazis allowed and even encouraged an atmosphere of merriment. They even forced prisoners to join a choir by threatening to kill them if they refused. Many prisoners thought the Nazis were trying to prevent them from resisting or thinking about escape.
Prisoners had different levels of social status in the camp. A person's social status was mostly based on how useful they were to the Germans. There were three categories of prisoners:
"Kapos" also had a high social status in the camp. These were prisoners (usually criminals) chosen by the Nazis to help run the camp. "Kapos" did many different supervisory tasks. They also kept other prisoners under control, using whips, threats, and abuse. Prisoners were not asked if they wanted to be "kapos"; the Nazis simply chosen them, killing anyone who refused.
The "kapos" responded in many different ways to the pressures of their job. For example, "Oberkapo" Moses Sturm was nicknamed "Mad Moisz" for his unpredictable temperament. He would beat prisoners horrifically without provocation and then later apologize hysterically. He talked constantly of escape. Sometimes he just berated the other prisoners for not resisting the Nazis; at other times, he tried to formulate escape plans. Sturm was executed after a lower-ranking "kapo" named Herbert Naftaniel betrayed him. Naftaniel, nicknamed "Berliner", was promoted to "Oberkapo" and became a notorious figure in the camp. He viewed himself as German rather than Jewish. He terrorized other prisoners until just before the revolt. Then a group of prisoners beat him to death with the permission of "SS-Oberscharfuhrer" Karl Frenzel.
Although there were many divisions within the prisoner population, people found ways to support each other. Sick and injured prisoners were secretly given food, medicine and sanitary supplies stolen from the camp pharmacy. Healthy prisoners were expected to cover for sick prisoners, who would otherwise be killed. Kurt Ticho, a camp nurse, falsified his records so that sick prisoners could take more than the allowed three-day recovery period. Members of the railway brigade tried to warn new arrivals that they were going to be murdered, though few people believed them.
The most successful act of solidarity in the camp was the revolt on 14 October 1943. The revolt was planned so that all of the prisoners in the camp would have at least some chance of escape.
Sean Rice
Alice von Hildebrand
Ron Goulart
In the early 1970s, Goulart wrote some scripts for Marvel Comics. In the early 1990s, he wrote Marvel's "TekWar" comics series.
Baubau
Baubau is a city in Southeast Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The population of the city was 136,991 in 2010.
Junior Siavii
In August 2019, he was arrested for charges related to illegal firearms in Kansas City, Missouri. Three months later, he was indicted for conspiracy and drug-trafficking charges. On July 31, 2020, he was arrested on charges of 2nd degree burglary.
Troy Pickard
Israel S. Dresner
In December 2021, Dresner announced that he was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer. He died from the disease on January 13, 2022 in New York City, at the age of 92.
Marktoberdorf
Mauerstetten
Nesselwang
Oberostendorf
Osterzell
Pforzen
Pfronten
Rettenbach am Auerberg
Adi Andojo Soetjipto
Rieden, Swabia
Rieden am Forggensee
Jules Wright (politician)
Jean-Pierre Defontaine
Ronsberg
Ruderatshofen
Marina Teresa Squerciati (born April 30, 1984) is an American actress. She is known for her role in "Chicago P.D." as Officer Kim Burgess. Squerciati was born in New York City. She played guest roles in "The Good Wife", "Damages", "Blue Bloods" and "" in 2010 and 2011. She also played Alessandra Steele in "Gossip Girl".
Squerciati lives in Near West Side, Chicago. Her half-sister is actress Maggie Wheeler.
Chicago P.D. (TV series)
The "Chicago" franchise (also called One Chicago) is a media series of American television programs created by Derek Haas, Michael Brandt and Dick Wolf. These shows broadcast on NBC. They are about public services in Chicago, Illinois.
The "Chicago" franchise has had strong ratings. The shows are "Chicago Fire", "Chicago P.D.", "Chicago Med" and "Chicago Justice".
Seeg
Chicago Fire (TV series)
Chicago Fire is an American drama television series created by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas with Dick Wolf as an executive producer. It is the first show of Wolf Entertainment's "Chicago" franchise. The series premiered on NBC on October 10, 2012.
Unterthingau
Chicago Med is an American medical drama television series created by Dick Wolf and Matt Olmstead. It is the third show of Wolf Entertainment's "Chicago" franchise. The series premiered on NBC on November 17, 2015. "Chicago Med" is about the lives of emergency department doctors and nurses of the fictional Gaffney Chicago Medical Center.
Untrasried
Waal, Bavaria
Chicago Justice is an American legal drama television series that aired on NBC from March 1 to May 14, 2017. The series was created by Dick Wolf and was the fourth show of the "Chicago" franchise. The show was about the prosecutors and investigators at the Cook County State's Attorney's Office.
On May 22, 2017, NBC canceled the series after one season, making it the first series in the "Chicago" franchise to end.
Jason Beghe
Jason Deneen Beghe (; born March 12, 1960) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Hank Voight in the NBC TV series "Chicago P.D." He starred in the 1988 George A. Romero movie "Monkey Shines".
Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte
Aicha vorm Wald
Aidenbach
Franco Cavallo
Bad Griesbach
Breitenberg, Lower Bavaria
Breitenberg is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany. It is on the border with Austria, and is the easternmost municipality of Bavaria.
Eging am See
Ronald Stewart
Ronald Alexander Stewart (April 13, 1927January 10, 2022) was a Canadian businessman and politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1979 to 1988. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Stewart was born in Beeton, Ontario.
Haarbach
Hauzenberg
Hauzenberg () is a municipality in Passau, in Bavaria, Germany. It is northeast of Passau.
Hofkirchen, Bavaria
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC; ) was a centre-right political party in Canada. It existed from 1942 to 2003.
Only four members of this party became Prime Ministers of Canada (John Diefenbaker, Joe Clark, Brian Mulroney and Kim Campbell). Peter MacKay was the party's last leader.
Hutthurm
Carmela Corren
Birju Maharaj
Malching
Neuburg am Inn
Neukirchen vorm Wald
Obernzell
Obernzell is in the Donau-Wald region at the Danube River. The middle of the Danube River makes the border with Upper Austria.
Aafia Siddiqui
Aafia Siddiqui (; born 2 March 1972) is a Pakistani neuroscientist. She was convicted of multiple felonies. She was born in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. She is serving an 86-year sentence at the Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, United States.
She is viewed by some people in Pakistan as the "national symbol of honor". The Pakistani news media have called her trial a "farce" and very politically motivated.
Kwek Leng Beng (born 1941) is a Singaporean businessman and a billionaire. Kwek Leng Beng is the executive chairman of Hong Leong Group Singapore. In 2019, his net worth to be US$3.4 billion.
Forrest Li Xiaodong (born 1977 or 1978), popularly known as Forrest Li, is a Singaporean businessman and an entrepreneur. Forrest Li is the founder of Garena and Shopee.
Li likes football. He was grew up in the Chinese port city of Tianjin with his parents. At early stage, Li usually spend most nights playing video-games. He is the executive chairman of the Lion City Sail football club acquired by Sea in 2020.
Li got married. He lives in Singapore with his family.
Don't Fool with Me
Ortenburg (Bavaria)
Ortenburg is in the forested area south of the Danube and north of the Rott. It is one of the main centres of population in the Lower Bavarian Upland. The majority of the municipality is in the Wolfach Valley and the Wolfach itself runs directly through Ortenburg.
The market town is 20 km west of Passau, 10 km south of Vilshofen an der Donau, 12 km northwest of Bad Griesbach and 20 km north of Pocking.
Pocking (; ) is a town in Passau, in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is about 30 km south-west of Passau, close to the Austrian border.
Ruderting
Ruderting is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in south-east Germany.
Ruhstorf is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
Salzweg
Salzweg is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany. It is near the German border with Austria.
Sonnen
Sonnen is a small municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany. It is in the Danube forest, lower Bavarian forest and is mostly in Passau at a height of 700 to 900 meters. Sonnen is 28 km from Passau, 9 km from Hauzenberg and from the forest itself 13 km. Sonnen borders with upper Austria which is only 8 km away.
Tettenweis
Thyrnau is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
Tiefenbach, Passau
Tiefenbach is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
Haselbach, Kirchberg and Tiefenbach were independent communities from 1818 to 1971/1972. On 1 January 1972 Haselbach was incorporated into Tiefenbach. The greater part of the municipality of Kirchberg was added on 1 July 1972. The rest of the municipality Kirchberg with the district Schalding on the left side of the Danube and Minihof (formerly Mimming) was incorporated into the city of Passau and there added to Hacklberg.
Tittling
Tittling is a municipality in Passau in Bavaria in Germany.
Vilshofen an der Donau
Wegscheid
Windorf
Witzmannsberg
Geisenfeld is a town in Pfaffenhofen, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Ilm, southeast of Ingolstadt.
Rottenegg, Geisenfeld
Rottenegg is a village in the Hallertau of Bavaria, Germany. A past separate municipality, it is now part of the municipality of Geisenfeld in Pfaffenhofen.
Rottenegg is in the Danube-Isar Hills of the Lower Bavarian Upland. The village is at above sea level.
It is southeast of the Geisenfeld town center, and extends in a northwest-southeast direction.
Munich is south of the village.
Gerolsbach is a municipality in Pfaffenhofen in Bavaria, Germany.
Manching is a municipality in Pfaffenhofen, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Paar, 7 km southeast of Ingolstadt.
Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the district Pfaffenhofen. It is on the river Ilm.
Reichertshausen is a municipality in Pfaffenhofen in Bavaria in Germany and is near the A9 and between Munich and Ingolstadt.
The Bundesstrasse 13 (B13) runs through Reichertshausen. Also the river Ilm, which gives the valley (Ilmtal) its name and is a tributary to the Abens, runs through the town.
Scheyern is a municipality in Pfaffenhofen in Bavaria in Germany. The Scheyern Abbey is in Scheyern.
Linear Tape-Open (LTO) is a magnetic tape data storage technology. It stores digital data on a half-inch magnetic tape inside a removable cartridge. It is commonly used for backup and archival of data on servers and workstations. LTO can store any type of digital data, for example computer programs, databases, video, audio, images, websites, or text. It can store multiple types of data on the same tape. For example, a single tape could be used to backup a photography company's pictures and videos as well as their website, emails, and customer database.