adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
The Nhat Le River is 152 km long and splits up into other rivers such as the Kien Giang River, which is 58 km in length, and the Long Dai River, which it is 77 km long.
Pidgin is a simplified language. Pidgin languages serve as a crucial precursor to the development of Creole languages, acting as a simplified form of communication that emerges in situations of linguistic contact, such as trade, colonization, or slavery. Pidgins typically arise when speakers of different languages come into regular contact but do not share a common language. These pidgins often incorporate elements from multiple languages, such as vocabulary and basic grammar, to facilitate basic communication. However, pidgins lack the complexity and stability of fully developed languages, as they are typically used in specific contexts and by speakers who also maintain their native languages. Pidgins are not usually as complicated as many other languages.
The transition from pidgin to Creole occurs when pidgin languages become more stable, acquiring native speakers who use them as their primary means of communication. As these pidgins are passed down through generations, they undergo a process of creolization, wherein they develop more complex grammatical structures, expanded vocabulary, and clearer phonological features. Creole languages emerge as fully developed languages with native speakers who use them in various social contexts beyond their original pidgin functions. This process of creolization often occurs over generations as children learn the pidgin as their first language and contribute to its development through regular use and natural language evolution.
Pidgin languages typically develop in contexts of contact between groups with no common language and are characterized by simplified grammar, reduced vocabulary, and a mixture of linguistic elements from multiple languages. Over time, as pidgin languages become more stable and are passed on to the next generation as a native language, they can evolve into creole languages. Creoles are fully developed languages with their own grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, often incorporating elements from the pidgin's parent languages but also exhibiting unique features. Creole languages arise when children are exposed to pidgin languages as their first language and develop them into fully functional means of communication within their communities. Thus, while pidgin languages serve as simplified contact languages for immediate communication, creole languages represent the natural evolution and expansion of these simplified forms into fully developed linguistic systems.
Countries that use pidgin languages as their official languages include Papua New Guinea, Jamaica and some other Caribbean and Central American countries:
<nowiki>*</nowiki>"Language data changes daily and should not be used as exact numbers"
Eiterfeld is a village in Germany in the east of Hesse. It can be found north of the town of Fulda and south of the town of Bad Hersfeld.
Squid cache, or simply Squid, is a type of proxy server. They have many different uses, including making web servers faster. It is mostly used in HTTP and FTP protocols, but it has some support for some other types of protocols, like SSL, TLS, and HTTPS. It has been made over several years by people in the University of California in San Diego. It was made to be run on Linux-type computers, but with the use of Cygwin, it can also run completely on Windows computers. It is licensed under the GNU General Public License.
Corsican ("" or "Lingua Corsa") is a Romance language spoken on the island of Corsica (France), together with French, which is the official language. Similar languages are also spoken on the nearby island of Sardinia (Italy), in the city of Sassari and the historical region of Gallura. Corsican is similar to the dialects of Central Italy, particularly in Tuscany. Corsican is spoken by almost 35% of people in Corsica.
Carloman II
839 was a year starting on a Wednesday on the Julian Calendar.
The Philadelphia City Hall is a city hall in Philadelphia, United States. It is 167 meters (548 feet) tall and has 9 floors. It was built in 1901.
Virtual Magic Kingdom was an online game community run by Disney. It was made to be an online version of the Magic Kingdom in Disney World which is in Florida. The game opened in 2005 and closed in 2008.
The Treaty of Verdun (843) happened two generations after Charlemagne and divided his empire into three parts. When Charlemagne's son Louis the Pious died in 840, his oldest son Lothair I said that he ruled his younger brothers and their lands. But his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald won the Battle of Fontenoy (841).
GI or G.I. is a term used to describe a member of the United States armed forces or an item of their equipment. The term is often thought to be an initialism of "Government Issue" but the origin of the term is in fact "galvanized iron" after the letters "GI" that were used for equipment such as metal trash cans made from it in U.S. Army inventories and supply records.
Radicals are typically simpler characters, or different variants of simpler characters, which combine with other radicals to make a more complex character. People can only make so many unique ideographs for the huge number of words and morphemes that make up a language. Combining already existing ideographs together to form a compound ideograph is a very convenient solution to make many more words. While there are thousands of Chinese characters (well over 45,000) that exist, nearly all characters used in daily life are made up of just 214 radicals.
Nuclear force is the force between nucleons. It is the force that pulls protons and neutrons into atoms. It is very hard to break the bond, or tie, between protons and neutrons in an atom, because nuclear force holds them together. When the bond is broken, this is called nuclear fission.
Shota Rustaveli was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is the author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" ("Vepkhistqaosani" in Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem. Little is known about life of the poet. He was a courtier of king Tamari.
Supreme Commander is a real-time strategy computer game. It was made by Chris Taylor and his game company, Gas Powered Games. Many people think of the game as a spiritual successor to a game Taylor made in 1997, called "Total Annihilation". The game was first talked about in the August 2005 issue of "PC Gamer" magazine. It was released on February 16, 2007 in Europe and February 20, 2007 in North America. "Supreme Commander" has an expansion pack called ".
Boutros-Ghali's political career took off during the days of president Anwar El-Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union (1974-77). He was Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he played a part in the peace agreements between Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.
Elected to the top post of the UN in 1991, Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. He was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, which left about 937,000 people dead, and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War. One of the hardest periods for his office during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav wars after the disintegration of former Yugoslavia. His reputation thus became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN. For his detractors, he came to symbolise the UN's alleged inaction in the face of humanitarian crises.
From 1997 to 2002 Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie, an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the Chairman of the Board of the South Centre, intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. He was President of the Curatorium Administrative Council at the Hague Academy of International Law. In 2003 Boutros-Ghali was appointed as The Director of the Egyptian National Council of Human Rights.
John Clayton Mayer (surname pronunciation: ) (born October 16, 1977) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter. From Connecticut, he went to the Berklee College of Music, before moving to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1998. His first two albums, "Room for Squares" and "Heavier Things", were successful and were made multi-platinum by the RIAA. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for his song "Your Body Is a Wonderland". In 2005 he started a band called The John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan. In 2006, he released his most successful album, Continuum. In 2008 a live cover he did of Michael Jackson's "Beat It" with Fall Out Boy was released.
He released "Battle Studies" in 2009 and "Born and Raised" in 2012. After "Born and Raised", he had to have throat surgery to fix a growth that forced him to stop singing for a few months. When his throat healed, he recorded and released "Paradise Valley". A few years later, he joined a few surviving members of the Grateful Dead to form Dead and Company. Since 2013, he has released two albums, "The Search for Everything" and "Sob Rock".
936 was a leap year.
Snow Patrol is an alternative rock band from Scotland and Northern Ireland. They are based in Glasgow and are signed to Polydor Records. Snow Patrol was started as an indie rock band, but began to play more alternative rock and pop songs. The band has released seven albums, "Songs for Polarbears", "Final Straw", "When It's All Over We Still Have to Clear Up", "Eyes Open", "A Hundred Million Suns", "Fallen Empires" and "Wildness". "Eyes Open" won the award for Best Irish Album at the National Irish Music Awards.
Many Uyghurs also live in Beijing, Shanghai and Taoyuan County (Hunan, South-Central China). There are Uyghur diasporic communities in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and Mongolia. However, the vast majority of Uyghurs live in their native homeland Xinjiang.
Uyghurs are mainly Muslim and speak Uyghur, a Turkic language. The Uyghur alphabet is based on the Arabic alphabet.
Most Uyghurs were originally from the ancient Karluk tribes of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and immigrated to what is now Xinjiang during the 8th or 9th centuries AD. Modern Uyghurs identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the Manichaean Uyghur Khaganate and the Buddhist state of Qocho.
At a conference in Tashkent in 1921, representatives of the New Uyghur-speaking population of West Turkestan, whose language does not go back directly to the Old Uyghur of Mongolia, or only to a small extent, adopted the name "Uyghurs" for themselves.
Grindelwald is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is at the base of the railway to the Jungfraujoch.
Solvation, commonly called dissolution, is the process of attraction and association of molecules of a solvent with molecules or ions of a solute. If the molecules or ions of the solute are more strongly attracted to the molecules of the solvent than to each other, solvation can occur.
771 was a common year.
In many other countries there are similar highly trained army corps which guard the head of state and have ceremonial duties as well as operational military roles. Regiments of this sort can be found in Australia, Brunei, Belgium, Canada, Denmark and many other countries. But when speaking in English of the "Household Cavalry", the term generally refers to the "British Household Cavalry".
The Household Cavalry Regiment is an armoured reconnaissance regiment based in Windsor. Most Household Cavalry soldiers begin their careers on mounted duty before being posted, normally after about two years at ceremonial duty, to the reconnaissance regiment, which has Scimitar light tanks (however these are soon to be replaced by AJAK light tanks with the first squadron having already arrived), where they are trained in driving, gunnery ands signals. This regiment has deployed more than almost any other in the British Army to operations in Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan. Gallantry medals awarded to soldiers of the Household Cavalry since 2003 include: a George Cross (GC) to Trooper Christopher Finney of The Blues and Royals, a Conspicuous Gallantry Cross (CGC) and a Military Cross (MC) to Staff Corporal Michael Flynn of The Blues and Royals (making him the most decorated serviceman in the British Army), a CGC to Lance Corporal of Horse Andrew Radford, a Distinguished Service Order to Major Richard Taylor of The Life Guards, and MCs to Captain Paddy Williams of The Blues and Royals and to Staff Corporal Shaun Fry of The Life Guards. All these were awarded on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Pica ( ) is an eating disorder where a person wants to eat things that are not normal to eat, for example nails, rocks or feces. A person with pica may also have a strong want to eat unusual things that are normally considered food but not in the normal way, for example, uncooked potatoes, flour or starch. It is common in small children.
He was married to Giovanna Berneri and was father of Marie-Louise Berneri and Giliane Berneri. The children were anarchists like their father Camillo.
Nanjing is a city in eastern China.
Oriental studies include Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples and their histories; in recent years the term Asian studies has mostly replaced the older term. European study of the region had primarily religious origins, which has remained an important motivation until recent times.
Bresci was born in Tuscany, later emigrating from Italy to the United States, spending much time living in Paterson, New Jersey, where there was a large Italian-American community. He was one of the founders of "La Questione Sociale", the Italian language anarchist paper published in Paterson.
In 1898, high bread prices led to demonstrations over much of Italy. In Milan, an unarmed group of workers, women, and children marched together in protest, near the palace, which was surrounded by a strong military force under command of General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris. The people ignored an order to stop, so the General gave the signal to fire on them with rifles and cannons, resulting in a massacre of innocent people. Ninety people died, one of whom was Bresci's sister.
Songs for Polarbears is the debut album by the alternative rock group Snow Patrol. It was released on August 31, 1998. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and helped Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn write the music. The name of the album is a reference to how Snow Patrol was once called 'Polar Bear', but changed their name.
Starfighter Pilot was the debut, or first, EP from the alternative rock band Snow Patrol, and was finished in 1997. It was released on the Electric Honey record label. The song "Starfighter Pilot" was also put on the band's first full-length album, "Songs for Polarbears".
Final Straw is the third full-length album by the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in the United Kingdom in 2003 and in the United States in 2004, under Polydor Records. Gary Lightbody wrote all of the lyrics, and wrote the music with Nathan Connolly, Mark McClelland and Jonny Quinn. The album was the first by Snow Patrol to become popular outside Northern Ireland and Scotland. "Final Straw" was re-released in the UK in 2004 with two extra tracks, and then was able to be bought in the U.S. without the bonus tracks.
Live and Acoustic at Park Ave. is the second EP by alternative rock band Snow Patrol. It was released in 2005. All of the songs are played live and are taken from one performance.
If you give positive voltage to the p-side and negative voltage to the n-side, the electrons in the n-side will want to go to the positive voltage at the p-side and the holes of the p-side will want to go to the negative voltage at the n-side. Because of this, current flow is able to exist, but it takes a certain amount of voltage to get this started (very small amount of voltage is not enough to get the electric current to flow). This is called the cut-in voltage. The cut-in voltage of a silicon diode is at about 0.7 V. A germanium diode needs a cut-in voltage at about 0.3 V.
These diodes are used to deal with really high frequencies (100 GHz). It is also resistant to radiation, so they are used in spacecraft. They are also used in microwaves and refrigerators.
The power trio is a popular type of a rock and roll band format since the 1960s. The usual power trio has three people playing the guitar, bass, and drums. It does not include the rhythm guitar or keyboard often included in other rock music. In more recent years, the term has come to mean any type of a three-person band.
Gillian Howard Welch (born October 2, 1967 in New York City) is an American singer-songwriter. Her musical style combines bluegrass, country, and folk into a style she calls "American Primitive".
David Todd Rawlings is a United States guitarist. He is best known as the musical partner of bluegrass singer-songwriter Gillian Welch. Rawlings has also been a record producer, producing albums such as those by Welch and other artists like Old Crow Medicine Show.
4-1-1 is a telephone number in the United States and Canada. 411 is called to get help or information on something, for example what the address of a building is, or the telephone number of a company.
The Convent has been the home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728. The building is located near the southern end of Main Street. It is said to be haunted by the ghost of a nun.
<poem>Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!"</poem>
The first five were all published by Boosey & Co. as Elgar's Op. 39. Elgar dedicated each march to one of his musical friends.
The River Ocoa is a river in the southern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. It is long. It flows through mountains except near its end in the Caribbean Sea.
In April 1849, there was an important battle (the "Battle of Las Carreras") here during the Dominican-Haitian War. The fight was on the western side of the river in Las Carreras, a place at about from the mouth. The Dominican army won the battle against the Haitian army.
Michel returned to Paris in 1880 after amnesty was given to the Communards. Her revolutionary spirit never died and she controlled freely a libertarian school. She travelled everywhere in France, supporting revolution. In 1883 she led a Paris mob which pillaged a baker's shop. For this she was given six years imprisonment, but was released in 1886, at the same time as Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists. After a short period of freedom she was again arrested for speaking bad about the social system.
Islamic art is often based on Geometric abstraction or calligraphy to avoid idolatry, but Jewish art is somewhat broader. Hindus have murtis, a term often translated as "idols".
Jehovah is the conversion of the Hebrew (YHWH) to Latin. YHWH is the personal name of God in the Hebrew Bible, also known as the Old Testament to Christians.
Stanley (also known as Port Stanley or Puerto Argentino) is the capital city of the Falkland Islands. It is found on the island of East Falkland and has a population of 2,000 (2/3 of the total population of the Falkland Islands of 3,000). Stanley is the biggest settlement and only town in the Falkland Islands. Stanley was the sight of fighting in the 1982 Falklands War, where Argentinian forces captured Government House, the seat of the Falklands Government. It has an airport and a seaport. Cruise ships going through the South Atlantic often make a stop in Stanley, which has a small tourism industry to serve cruise ship passengers and others visiting the islands.
David William Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton, (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician and the Foreign Secretary since 2023. He was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. He was First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the British Conservative Party until July 2016.
On 24 June 2016, following a vote in a referendum to leave the European Union, Cameron announced that he would step down before the October 2016 Conservative Party Conference to make way for a new Prime Minister. After Theresa May became the only candidate in the elections, she became the designated Prime Minister. Cameron later announced he would resign on 13 July and was replaced by May.
David Cameron was born at The London Clinic in Marylebone, London, and grew up in Peasemore, Berkshire. He went to Eton College, a private school for boys, when he was thirteen. He has a brother, Alexander Cameron and two sisters. He then studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) at the University of Oxford. He has Scottish, Welsh, English, Irish and German Jewish descent. He worked as a researcher for Carlton TV, and as an adviser for Conservative politicians Norman Lamont and Michael Howard. He first became a Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2001 General Election for the constituency of Witney, after making an unsuccessful attempt to become an MP during the 1997 General Election. He briefly entered the shadow cabinet in 2005, before being elected leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005.
On 13 November 2023, there was a cabinet reshuffle in which former Home Secretary Suella Braverman was dismissed and replaced by former Foreign Secretary James Cleverly. Cameron replaced Cleverly as Foreign Secretary. In addition to his role, a life peerage was given to Cameron, making him a member of the House of Lords and the first Prime Minister to receive a peerage since Margaret Thatcher.
In the legends of King Arthur, Camelot is Arthur's castle. In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules Scotland from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table. The round table, which has no legs or head, symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place. Since Camelot's original place is still uncertain, the truth about it, if it ever existed, is still unknown. Camelot once held many great things such as The Holy Grail, The Holy Sword Excalibur and The Round Table which brought Arthur's best knights together.
The University of Hawaii is a group of public colleges and universities in Hawaii established in 1907. There are three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, four education centers and some research laboratories:
Cowlitz River is a river in the state of Washington in the United States. The river is a tributary of the larger Columbia River. There are several mountains near the river including Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams.
Shrapnel is small chunks of broken objects, such as concrete and metal, that is around an explosive, usually as part of a container. When the explosive goes off, the shrapnel flies out in all directions with a similar effect to a bullet. Nail bombs work like this.
An introduced species is an living thing that is not native to a given place. It has been brought there by human activities. People may have brought the living thing by accident or on purpose. The introduced species can cause problems when it becomes a pest in the new place. It may damage the ecosystem of the new place. This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.
One introduced species is the tilapia. It is a fish that comes from warm freshwater areas of Africa, North and South America, India and Sri Lanka. It has been taken to other areas because it is good for fish farming, and it also is a good pet for an aquarium. When the fish is released into other parts of the world, it quickly takes over from the native fish. It can do this because it breeds quickly, eats all the available food, and eats the eggs and babies of native fish. This can cause the water to become so muddy, that the native fish cannot live. Tilapia has been listed as one of the 100 worst introduced species. A person owning or selling one in Australia could be fined up to AU$11,000.
An introduced species may have a great advantage over the native species. They usually come in without the predators and parasites which they suffer in their old environment. This allows them to have young quickly. Fire ants and Africanized honeybees became invasive insects in the 20th century.
A bomb shelter or fallout shelter is a type of bunker, usually civilian bunker, used for protection against nuclear weapons and the toxic radiation "fallout" they leave behind. These shelters run the gammit from modified storm shelters to vast underground cities
Over-harvesting also applies to animals. Population numbers may drop as a result, and species may become extinct. Overfishing is a typical example. Nowadays, you can only fish, shoot deer or birds at certain times of the year. The season when they mate, reproduce and lay eggs or have the young are protected. Areas of especial natural beauty or scientific interest are also protected. Now, in the United Kingdom, it is illegal to take bird eggs.
Marlowe's death was also highly controversial. He was killed in a tavern brawl, stabbed in the head. Marlowe was, or sometimes claimed to be, an atheist, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death. Some people have wondered if his death were connected with these other issues.
The bass clarinet is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument. The earliest record of the bass clarinet is called a 'bass tube' invented in Paris in 1772 by G. Lott. It usually has a B-flat pitch. It plays one octave lower in pitch than the normal clarinet. This means that when a bass clarinet makes a note, the note that actually sounds is an octave and a whole tone lower. There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch as well as E flat, but these are not common.
The cornett is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times. It is also called a zink, cornetto, or by its Italian name, "cornetto curvo". It is different from the modern cornet, also a brass instrument. It has only one feature shared with the cornett.
Copt is a general term for Christians in Egypt. Some Muslims are also being referred as Coptic. Today, more than 95% of the Copts belong to the Latin community of the Coptic Catholic Church, and other of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. They used the Coptic calendar and speak the Coptic language. Baptism and male Circumcision is commonly practiced. Mark the Evangelist is believed to be the founder of Christianity in Egypt, and is thus regarded as their spiritual predecessor.
Tracing its root back to the introduction of Christianity into Alexandria in around 42 AD, according to the Church's tradition, by Saint Mark the Evangelist, Copts is one of the oldest and long lasting Christian communities in Egypt. Because Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great as his capital in Egypt, the city was destined to be a metropolis connecting Egypt with the rest of the Hellenic world. Connecting the Nile River, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria was, as still is, one of the largest port cities in Egypt where local produces such as grains were exported to other parts of the word. Founded in such a well-connected location, Christianity soon got spread into the heartlands of Egypt in the following centuries. Later in the Council of Nicaea organized by Emperor Constantine I in 325 C.E., the Church of Alexandria was elevated to the rank of Patriarchate alongside Rome and Jerusalem.
Despite the elevation of the Church of Alexandria, religious persecutions were still wide spread due to multiple theological controversies throughout the entire Christian world.
Before the concept of Holy Trinity was publicly announced and accepted by most Christian schools in the council of Nicaea, most churches enjoyed freedom of interpretation to the Bible and religious doctrines. Consequently, as a hot topic among theologians, discussions over the essence of God and the Christ prevailed throughout the debates. In either year 318 or 320 AD, Arius, a former presbyter (priest who preaches) in Alexandria publicly announced that the Holy Father and the Christ are different by nature. Arius's idea, known as Nontrinitarianism, holds that the Christ is distinct from the Holy Father himself and is therefore God's creation. Arius's opponent Athanasius of Alexandria and on the other hand, believed that God the Father, the Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit are consubstantial, or same in their essences.
In the Council of Nicaea, Holy Trinity theory was publicly acclaimed; as a result, Arius was expelled from the council and condemned as heresy. Despite Arianism was denounced as heresy, a substantial group of followers in Egypt still believed in Arius's theory, and their influence in Alexandria was still prevalent. Therefore, dispute was inevitable. For instance, Athanasios of Alexandria, although being acclaimed as a great priest by later theologians, had a bad reputation for brutally suppressing his theological opponents in Alexandria while he was the Patriarch of Alexandria. Nevertheless, as Emperor Constantine, the main supporter of the Nicene Creed, died in 337, Arianist theologians in Alexandria led by Gregory of Cappadocia organized an uprising with the support of street mobs. They soon took over the city and charged Athanasios for being an outlawed priest. As a result, Athanasios was forced to expelled.
The death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD marked the start of the Rashidun Caliphate era in the Middle East. The term Rashidun literally means rightly guided; it refers to the first four Islamic caliphs who were considered rightfully elected by the ummah. Under the rule of Caliph Uthman, Rashidun armies started to invade Syria, Mesopotamia, and Fars regions, the former territories of the Byzantine Empire, and the Sassanian Persia.
A drastic change happened to the Egyptian religious milieux when Egypt was taken over by Muslim general Amr ibn al-As in 639. Initially, Christianity was tolerated because they were redeemed as the Ahl al-Kitab, or the People of the Book. In return for tolerance, Christians had to pay the Gizya tax and were forbidden from entering the army. Although tolerated by the system in theory, in practice, Copts in Egypt suffered economically, and several uprisings against their Muslim overlords happened occasionally as well. Meanwhile to suppress the uprisings, the muslim governments from time to time also confiscated church properties and imprisoned some important members of the Church. As a result, a lot of them converted to Islam to avoid the heavy tax, and eventually by the Ninth century, Muslims gained the majority in Egypt.
When Napoleon Bonaparte launched his expedition to Egypt in 1798 starting with Alexandria, several local Copts sought this as an opportunity. A formal tax collector of the Upper Egypt under the Ottoman-mamluk rule Mu'allam Ya'qub Tadrus, for instance, became a joint commander alongside general Desiax during his conquest of Upper Egypt. After Napoleon's retreat, Ya'qub was even in charge of a Coptic legion under the French army system. Another former tax collector Mu'allim Girgis al-Gawhari served as the minister of finance under Napoleon's expedition. During his term, he donated some lands to the Coptic Church.
Although individual Copts seek opportunities in the French occupation, the Coptic community as a whole remained the same as under the Ottoman rule. They were still marginalized and lack much political power outside their communities. There were only a few individual who could serve as tax collectors or government advisors occasionally, seeking for opportunities both for themselves and for their communities.
Since the departure of Napoleon from Egypt, the Ottoman forces soon regain control over Egypt. Many Christian Egyptians were accused of cooperating with the French army, and many of them got sentenced to death. As Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt however, Copts, alongside Armenians and Jew enjoyed an unprecedented freedom and promotion in Muhammad Ali's government. Contrary to the Millet system under the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali promoted officers based on their merit and connection to local communities. Consequently as a power broker between the government and the regional population, former tax collectors, religious figures, and military officers got promoted to Ali's government as bureaucrats. Under Ali's reform, Copts such as al-Mu'allim Ghali got promoted to Ali's financial advisor.
As a continuation of the Ottoman Millet System, Coptic clergy continued to hold a great influence on its community. They were not only in charge of religious services but was also in control of meddling day-to-day activities such as legal disputes. However, since Sharia court also coexisted alongside the Coptic Jurisdiction, and Copts often switched between different courts when the law serves their interests better. In a societal sense, this can be seen as a competition between Islam and Coptic Christianity. Although to individuals, they were only opportunists who tried to maximize their rights and profits. Similar trend continues when the Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms got adopted by the Egyptian government. In this case, Copts continued to switch between affirming Coptic laws and State Laws when the terms suits their interests.
The Nuss Procedure was created by Doctor Nuss from Norfolk in Virginia. A metal bar is put into the chest; the bar holds the chest up.
The Analects was a book put together by the students of Confucius. It is about his thoughts on family, government and war. It was likely written by his followers.
The Central Park covers , and is 2.5 miles (4 km) long between 59th Street (Central Park South) and 110th Street (Central Park North), and is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West. It is similar in size to San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, Chicago's Lincoln Park, Vancouver's Stanley Park, or Munich's Englischer Garten. It lies between the New York Theater District, Harlem (north), Upper West Side, and the Upper East Side.
The conservancy cares for of lawns, 21,500 trees, of lakes and streams, and of woodlands. Their staff plant hundreds of bulbs, shrubs, flowers, and trees every year. They make sure that 9,000 benches, 26 ballfields, and 21 playgrounds are clean and good to use. They also care for 55 sculptures and monuments, as well as 36 bridges. Conservancy crews remove graffiti from Central Park and collect more than 2,000 tons of trash a year.
A chinrest is a part on a violin. It helps to hold the violin against the player's shoulder. A chinrest is usually made of wood. It is usually not glued on. Instead, metal clasps are used. These clasps are put against the side of the violin. They are held on by the tension of the screws in them. Older violins do not often have chinrests.
Rheinfelden is a town in Germany that was started in 1922. The name means "the fields of the Rhine", like Rheinfelden in Switzerland.
A stone circle is an ancient monument. It is made of several standing stones, usually menhirs that are arranged in a certain way. Very often those stones form circles or ellipses. The number of stones can vary between four and 60. Very often, burial sites are in the circle, or nearby. There are about 1,000 stone circles and 80 stone henges in the Great Britain and Ireland. Most likely stone circles were used for rituals. They might also have been used as calendars; some stone circles are arranged so that certain stones are lit on special dates, such as the summer solstice.
There may be single standing stones, circles, lines or groups of them. Their dates are mostly from 4000 BC to 1,500 BC. Since Neolithic peoples did not have writing, we do not know much about what they were used for. It is generally thought they had both practical and ceremonial or religious uses. Pottery that has been found near some of these stones suggest some of them in Europe belonged to the so-called 'Beaker culture'.
Their shape is generally uneven and squared, usually becoming thinner near the top. Menhirs can be found across Europe, Africa and Asia, but they are mostly found in Western Europe; espically in the British Isles (Great Britain and Ireland), and Brittany. There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas. Standing stones are usually hard to date, but pottery found underneath some in western Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were made as part of a megalithic culture which was powerful in Europe and beyond.
Where they appear in groups, often in a round, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called megalithic monuments. These are sites of very old religious ceremonies, sometimes having burial chambers. The developments of radiocarbon dating and tree-ring calibration have helped us learn more of their timing. In some archaeological sites, the remains of wooden henges can be found. Woodhenge was a henge and timber circle monument in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England. It is 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Stonehenge.
Not really anything is known of the social group or religious thoughts of the people who made the menhirs. There is not even any trace of their language. We do know that they buried their dead, and had the skills to grow cereal, farm and make pottery, stone tools and jewelry. Some recent research into the megaliths in Brittany suggests a much older origin, maybe back to six to seven thousand years ago. This is not generally accepted at this time.
Brazos Country is a city in Austin County, Texas. It had a population was 514 people in 2020.
Haider passed his leading position to other party members so that a coalition could take place and returned to Carinthia to work as Governor.
The Egyptian Museum, formally known as the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, is a museum in Cairo, Egypt, which has a large collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 120,000 items. The museum's Royal Mummy Room, shows some mummies of New Kingdom kings and queens.
Osaka University is a national university of Japan. It was started in 1869. It is in Osaka. It has 11 departments.
In graphic arts, perspective is the representation of how an image is seen by the eye. It was first invented by Filippo Brunelleschi. It is about how the angle and distance of a three-dimensional object is represented on a flat surface. To create a real scene, objects are drawn smaller to show that they are farther away from the person looking at the artwork. The dimensions of an object are also drawn differently depending where the line of sight is. The size of an object's dimensions along the line of sight are usually drawn shorter than dimensions across the line of sight. This is called foreshortening, and is used to create the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.
A cylinder is the central working part of an engine, the space in which a piston travels. Mostly several cylinders are arranged side by side in an "engine block".
Stanley is a city in the Buchanan and Fayette counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. There were 81 people living in Stanley as of the year 2020. The city has an area of 0.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
The town has an area of 37.6 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
The town has an area of 70.9 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Epauvillers is a village and former municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne, Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.
Schwabhausen is a municipality in Gotha Rural District, Thuringia. It is not part of any verwaltungsgemeinschaft.
Adams is a town in Adams County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 1,267 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The City of Adams can be found inside of the town. The town has an area of 50.6 square miles, says to the United States Census Bureau.
Adams is a town in Green County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 464 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Adams is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 1,208 people living in Adams as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 37.0 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Addison is a town in Washington County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 3,341 people living in Addison as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 36.2 square miles, thanks to the United States Census Bureau.
Into the Wild is the first book in the "Warriors: The Prophecies Begin" series. It was written by Victoria Holmes and Kate Cary under the pen name of Erin Hunter. It was published on 21 January 2003.
Rusty is an ordinary house cat who dreams of living in the wild. One night, he decides to explore the nearby forest. Before he goes, he is warned by his friend, Smudge, that the forest is filled with dangerous wild cats. Rusty goes into the forest anyway, and meets the leader of ThunderClan, Bluestar. Bluestar is the leader of one of the four wild cat Clans living in the nearby forest. He decides to accept her invitation to join her Clan and becomes Firepaw, an apprentice of ThunderClan. The other Clan cats are initially reluctant to accept Firepaw because of his house cat origins, but he slowly earns a place in the Clan.
Firepaw becomes friends with the apprentices Graypaw and Ravenpaw, and falls in love with the Clan's medicine cat (a Clan healer with spiritual abilities) Spottedleaf. He learns to hunt and fight, and he learns about Clan traditions. He finds another friend in Yellowfang, an old and grumpy medicine cat who was exiled from ShadowClan and taken into ThunderClan.
The four Clans, ThunderClan, WindClan, ShadowClan, and RiverClan, fight with each other to occupy hunting grounds. In a battle that takes place right before Firepaw joins ThunderClan, the ThunderClan deputy (second-in-command), Redtail, dies. Firepaw later learns from Ravenpaw that the former deputy was not killed by an enemy Clan, but by Tigerclaw, a ThunderClan warrior. Tigerclaw killed Redtail because he wanted to be deputy instead. Tigerclaw knows that Ravenpaw saw him kill Redtail, so Firepaw and Graypaw help Ravenpaw escape the forest to live on a farm, because Tigerclaw plans to kill Ravenpaw for knowing his secret.
After driving out WindClan for more hunting territory, ShadowClan tries to drive out ThunderClan, leading to a battle. The new deputy, Lionheart, is killed during the fight, and Tigerclaw is named deputy. After this, Clawface of ShadowClan kills Spottedleaf, and steals some ThunderClan kits. Everyone believes that it was Yellowfang who took the kits, because she disappeared the moment the kits were discovered missing. Firepaw and Graypaw, follow Yellowfang's scent to ShadowClan territory, to find out the truth about Spottedleaf and the missing kits. Together, with some help from within ShadowClan, they drive out Brokenstar, the evil leader of ShadowClan. Yellowfang, having proved her loyalty, becomes ThunderClan's new medicine cat, while Firepaw and Graypaw are made warriors (full members of the Clan) and receive their warrior names, Fireheart and Graystripe.
An example of Non-Euclidian geometry can be seen by drawing lines on a ball or other round object, straight lines that are parallel at the equator can meet at the poles.
Julia Fischer (born 15 June 1983) is a German violinist and pianist.
Interstate H-3 is a highway in the American state of Hawaii. It begins at the Halawa Interchange with Interstates H-1 and H-201. The highway then runs along a viaduct through Halawa Valley for about 6 miles. It then goes through the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels through the Koolau Mountains. Once on the eastern end of the tunnel, the highway follows a viaduct built along the side of Haiku Valley until the Kaneohe Interchange with state route 63 (Likelike Highway) which leads into the town of Kaneohe. The highway then continues to the Halekou Interchange with state route 83 (Kamehameha Highway). Four miles farther, it reaches the main gate of Marine Corps Base Hawaii. The route is long.
The Toyota Corolla is a sedan automobile made by Toyota since 1966. The Corolla was the best-selling car worldwide by 1974 and has been one of the most popular models in America since then. It is famous for its high fuel economy.
It was first sold in America in 1968. The Corolla is made in many countries all around the world including the United States. The Corolla once had a twin called the Sprinter and it was sold by Chevrolet in the United States as the Nova and Geo Prizm in the 1980s and 1990s. The Corolla is Toyota's best selling car besides the Hi-Lux pickup truck and the bigger Toyota Camry.
The Toyota Hilux is well known for being used by militants such as ISIL. The Hilux is also seen as the AK-47 of cars according to former army ranger Andrew Exum. The Hilux also has been used by militaries for combat such as in the 1980's Toyota War.
"All Maruti models since the Esteem are referred as Maruti Suzuki"
David C. Jewitt is a Professor of astronomy at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy. He was born in 1958 in England, and graduated from the University of London in 1979.
Metamorphic is a word from Greek that means "after change." It can also be any of the following:
Mains hum is a signal at a nominal 50 or 60 Hz, depending on local alternating current frequency, and usually some harmonic content. The changing magnetic flux caused by the mains current links with the windings of the pickup, inducing a voltage by transformer action.
Epiquerez was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Epiquerez, Epauvillers, Montenol, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs.
Goumois was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipality of Montfavergier merged into the municipality of Montfaucon.
Montfavergier was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2009, the former municipality of Le Peuchapatte merged into the municipality of Muriaux.
Le Peuchapatte was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Les Pommerats was a municipality in the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.
Adrian is a town in Monroe County, Wisconsin, United States. There were 682 people living in Adrian as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 35.3 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
Agenda is a town in Ashland County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. There were 513 people living in Agenda as of the 2000 Census. The town has an area of 89.5 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.
Kahlan tells Zedd about some of the events that are taking place in the Midlands. Darken Rahl, who is the villain in the book, is leading an army against the Midlands. After hearing of these events, Zedd decides that Richard is the true Seeker. In doing so, Zedd gives Richard the Sword of Truth. Zedd then decided that they need to cross the boundary to stop Darken Rahl from conquering the world using the magic of the boxes of Orden.
Richard then finds a way through the boundary thanks to his friend, Chase. Chase is a boundary warden. Boundary wardens are officials who keep people from getting too close to the boundary. Chase tells Richard that there is a pass through the boundary. Chase leads them to the pass.
Super Smash Bros. (also known as SSB, Smash Bros. or Smash) is a fighting game franchise created by Nintendo. There are five titles in total and features a wide cast of characters from Nintendo. Some of them were featured from third-party games. It has been incredibly successful and has garnered a large competitive electronic sports community.