adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
Crypto mining is the process of using specialized hardware and software to verify transactions on a blockchain network. The process involves solving complex mathematical equations to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. Miners are rewarded for their efforts with cryptocurrency, usually in the form of the coin that they are mining. There are three main types of crypto mining: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA)
Proof of Work is the most widely used consensus mechanism in the crypto space. It is used by Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies. In PoW, miners have to solve complex mathematical equations to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. The miner who solves the equation first is rewarded with cryptocurrency.
Proof of Authority (PoA) is a consensus algorithm for private or consortium chains. It uses a set of trusted nodes, or validators, to secure the network. These nodes are pre-selected by the network administrator and are responsible for validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain.
Sasha Obama
Natasha Marian Obama (born June 10, 2001) is the younger daughter of the 44th president of the United States Barack Obama and Michelle Obama.
Natasha Marian Obama was born at University of Chicago Medical Center on June 10, 2001, as the younger of two daughters to Barack Obama and Michelle Obama. She was delivered by her parents' friend and physician Anita Blanchard. Her elder sister is Malia Obama.
Obama and her sister were named two of "The Most Influential Teens of 2014" by "TIME" magazine.
Obama made her television debut in a 2008 episode of "Access Hollywood".
The number 12 is the smallest number that has four factors (2, 3, 4, 6). If one divides the numbers 10 and 12 with 3, the results will be 3.333... and 4, respectively. Doing the same thing with 6, the results will be 1.666... and 2. So, the duodecimal system can control the fractions better than the decimal system.
There are no numerical symbols that represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal, so letters taken from the English alphabet are used, specifically X (from the Roman numeral for ten) and E (from the initial of eleven). Some people use A and B (as ann and bet) as well.
Edna Kramer in her 1951 book "The Main Stream of Mathematics" used * and # for 10 and 11. The symbols were chosen because they are available in typewriters and push-button telephones.
Lee Nak-yeon (, born 20 December 1951), also known as Lee Nak-yon, is a South Korea politician. He was the 45th Prime Minister of South Korea.
Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician. He was the chief minister of Bihar from 2015 until 2022. He is the President of Janata Dal (United). He is best known for his zero-tolerance policy against corruption.
The University of Namibia (UNAM) is the largest university in Namibia. It was founded by an act of the National Assembly on 31 August 1992 and has 12 campuses, 8 faculties and 5 schools spread across the country. It has close to 24,000 studying on full time, part time and distance learning.
A depolarizer or depolariser is a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. This would interfere with the working of the cell. Manganese dioxide is a widely used depolarizer.
AAR wheel arrangement is a system for classifying locomotives used in North America. It is a simplified form of the UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements.
Etna is a city in the Scott Valley area of Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 678 at the 2020 census.
Montague is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 1,226 at the 2020 census.
Sayed Isma'el Balkhi () was a poet, political activist and cleric in Afghanistan during the twentieth century. He was one of the thinkers and pioneers of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.
Siskiyou County ( ) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,076. The county seat is Yreka.
Yreka ( ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States. It is near the Shasta River at 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi (26 km2) area, of which most is land. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 7,807.
Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician. He is the senior United States Senator of Missouri since January 3, 2019.
He was born in Springdale, Arkansas. Hawley studied at Stanford University and at Yale University. He is a former law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts of the Supreme Court.
Evers was re-elected governor in 2022, defeating businessman Tim Michels.
Grigory Barenblatt
Simic married fashion designer Helene Dubin in 1964, and their union produced two children. In 1971, he became an American citizen. Simic died of complications of dementia on January 9, 2023, at the age of 84.
The discography for American alternative metal band Creed consists of 4 studio albums.
Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East. In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader. He was in command of No. 75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks. Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members. He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby. He was killed in action on 28 April 1942. His younger brother Les took over No. 75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace. Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.
Omokoroa is a small urban area in the Western Bay of Plenty District of New Zealand. The suburb is thought part of Greater Tauranga (contributing towards its population of ), and is within the Bay of Plenty electorate.
It also includes the Block 5 Full Thrust version. This version has been used since May 2018. Most rockets can only be used one time. SpaceX has landed Falcon 9 boosters over a hundred times. The first stages have been used as many as eleven times.
Falcon 9 can carry of up to to low Earth orbit (LEO). If fully used, it can carry to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The rocket can carry to GTO when the first stage is recovered. It has a cargo size of ]145 cubic meters of volume The heaviest GTO loads carried have been Intelsat 35e () and Telstar 19V ().
In 2008, SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. They would take cargo to the International Space Station (ISS) using the Falcon 9 and Dragon capsule. The first mission under this contract launched on 8 October 2012. Falcon 9 can take NASA astronauts to the ISS. It is also certified for the National Security Space Launch program and NASA Launch Services Program as "Category 3". This means it can be used with the most expensive, important and complex NASA missions. Falcon 9 is said to be the world's most advanced space launch vehicle by many sources. As of January 2021, Falcon 9 has the most launches among all U.S. rockets that are currently being used. It is the only U.S. rocket fully certified for transporting humans to the International Space Station. It is also the only commercial rocket to take humans to orbit. On 24 January 2021, Falcon 9 set a new record for the most satellites launched by a single rocket. It carried 143 satellites into orbit.
Five rockets of the version 1.0 design were launched from June 2010 to March 2013. Version 1.1 had fifteen launches from September 2013 to January 2016. The "Full Thrust" version has been used since December 2015. There are many upgrades to this version. The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018. It has more thrust, improved landing legs and other minor improvements to help recovery and reuse. The Falcon Heavy version was first flown in February 2018. It has a stronger Falcon 9 first stage as its center core. It also has two added Falcon 9 first stages used as boosters. SpaceX plans to replace Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy with the much larger Starship launch system.
In October 2005, SpaceX said it was going to launch Falcon 9 in the first half of 2007. The first launch took place in 2010.
SpaceX spent its own money to create the Falcon 1. Creating the Falcon 9 was faster because NASA helped with the cost. They also said they would buy several commercial flights. This started with money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006. The contract was a Space Act Agreement (SAA) "to develop and demonstrate commercial orbital transportation service". It included NASA paying for of three demonstration flights. The contract was US$278 million to provide development funding for Dragon, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon. In 2011 other milestones were added, This made the total contract value US$396 million.
NASA became the main user for the vehicle in 2008. They agreed to buy 12 Commercial Resupply Services launches to the International Space Station. The money would be paid after the demonstration missions were completed successfully. The space logistics delivery contract was worth US$1.6 billion for a minimum of 12 missions to carry supplies to and from the International Space Station.
Elon Musk has said that it would have taken longer without the NASA money.SpaceX has only come this far by building upon the incredible achievements of NASA, having NASA as an anchor tenant for launch, and receiving expert advice and mentorship throughout the development process. SpaceX would like to extend a special thanks to the NASA COTS office for their continued support and guidance throughout this process. The COTS program has demonstrated the power of a true private/public partnership, and we look forward to the exciting endeavors our team will accomplish in the future.
In 2011, SpaceX saidthat Falcon 9 v1.0 costs were about US$300 million. NASA said that costs would have been US$3.6 billion if a traditional cost-plus contract approach had been used. In 2014, SpaceX released total costs for both the Falcon 9 and the Dragon capsule. NASA provided US$396 million. SpaceX provided over US$450 million.
A 2011 NASA report said that it would have cost them about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster. "A more commercial development" approach might have let the agency to pay only US$1.7 billion".
Congressionaltestimony by SpaceX in 2017 said that the normal NASA process of setting only a requirement and leaving the details to SpaceX let them make the Falcon 9 rocket at a muchlower cost.
At first, SpaceX wanted to follow the Falcon 1 with a larger capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5. In 2005, SpaceX said it was working on the Falcon 9 instead. They said that they already had a government customer. The Falcon 9 was said to be able of carrying approximately to low Earth orbit. They said it would cost US$27 million per flight with a payload. It would cost US$35 million with a payload. SpaceX also said a heavy version of the Falcon 9 would have a payload capacity of about . The Falcon 9 was intended to enable launches to Low-Earth orbit (LEO), Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), as well as both crew and cargo vehicles to the International Space Station (ISS). The rocket was not full reusable at this time. This caused the price estimates to be higher than expected.
The original NASA contract called for a demonstration flight of Falcon in September 2008. It also called for all three demonstration missions to be done by September 2009. In February 2008, the plan for the first demo flight was delayed until early 2009. According to Elon Musk, the delay was caused by how cpmplex the work was the rules for launching from Cape Canaveral.
The first test with two engines connected to the first stage was done in January 2008. Other tests led to the Falcon 9 being tested with nine engines. The engine were tested for a full mission length (178 seconds for stage one) in November 2008. In October 2009, the first stage had a successful all-engine test fire for the first time. This was done in McGregor, Texas. In November 2009, SpaceX held the first test of the second stage. This test lasted forty seconds. In January 2010, a full-duration (329 seconds) firing of the Falcon 9 second stage was held. SpaceX scheduled launch date of March 2010.
In February 2010, SpaceX's first flight stack was set up at Space Launch Complex 40, Cape Canaveral. On 9 March 2010, SpaceX was to test-fire the first stage. The test was stopped 2 seconds before firing. This was because of a failure in the system designed to pump high-pressure helium from the launch pad into the first stage. The problem was with the pad and not with the rocket itself. All of Falcon 9's systems leading up to the abort worked as expected. Another test on 13 March 2010 was successful.
In December 2010, SpaceX was making one Falcon 9 (and Dragon spacecraft) every three months. They wanted to double the rate to one every six weeks. By September 2013, SpaceX's manufacturing space had increased to nearly . The factory had set up to make 40 rocket cores per year. The factory was making one Falcon 9 vehicle per month as of November 2013. The company wanted to increase that to 18 vehicles per year in mid-2014 and 24 per year by the end of 2014. They wanted to be making 40 rocket cores per year by the end of 2015.
These production rates were not achieved by February 2016. The company said that production rate for Falcon 9 cores had only increased to 18 per year. They also said that the number of first stage cores that can be made at one time had doubled from three to six. The rate was expected to grow to 30 cores per year by the end of 2016. Still, By August 2016, SpaceX was working towards a production capacity of 40 cores per year.
Since 2018, SpaceX has usually reused first stages. This has reduced the need for new cores. In 2021, SpaceX had 31 F9 launches. Only two of those used new boosters. They recovered the booster on all but one flight.
The Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket. it is powered by LOX and RP-1. Both stages have Merlin 1D rocket engines. The first stage has nine that are adapted for use at sea-level. The second stage has one that is adapted for use in a vacuum. The engines uses a pyrophoric mixture of triethylaluminum-triethylborane (TEA-TEB) to ignite the engine. The first stage engines are set in a form SpaceX calls "Octaweb." Many cores have four landing legs at the base of the Octaweb. To control the core while it falls through the atmosphere, SpaceX uses grid fins. They deploy from the vehicle after separation. The legs deploy moments before landing.
The Falcon 9 uses a payload fairing to protect satellites during launch. The fairing is long, in diameter, weighs approximately . It is made of a carbon fiber skin on an aluminum honeycomb core. Testing of the design was done at NASA's Plum Brook Station facility in spring 2013.
SpaceX uses multiple flight computers. This makes the system less affected by faults. Each Merlin rocket engine is controlled by three computers. Each of these computers has two processors that check each other. The software runs on Linux. It is written in C++. Each stage has its own flight computers. This is in addition to the controllers on each engine. Each engine microcontroller CPU runs on a PowerPC architecture.
The Falcon 9 rocket can lose up to two of the engines and still complete the mission. Each engine creates of thrust.
In 2004, Elon Musk said "long term plans call for development of a heavy lift product and even a super-heavy, if there is customer demand. [...] Ultimately, I believe US$500 per pound (US$1100/kg) [of payload delivered to orbit] or less is very achievable". At its 2016 price, a Falcon 9 FT launch costs just over US.
In 2011, Musk estimated that materials needed for the Falcon 9 v1.0 launch cost about US$200,000. The first stage uses of liquid oxygen and of RP-1 fuel, while the second stage uses of liquid oxygen and of RP-1.
CNBC reported in April 2020 that the United States Air Force's launches were costing US$95 million This was because of the extra security used. SpaceX executive Christopher Couluris stated that reusing rockets can bring prices even lower, that it "costs US$28 million to launch it, that's with everything".
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level military medal given to members of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and other services. It was also given to members of other Commonwealth countries. The medal was awarded for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy".
The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was originally awarded to RAF officers. During the Second World War, it was also awarded to Royal Artillery officers serving with the RAF as pilots and artillery observers. In 1993 the medal replaced the Distinguished Flying Medal, which had until then been awarded to other ranks. People awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross are allowed to use the post-nominal letters "DFC". A bar is added to the ribbon for holders of the DFC who received a second award.
Hughes was born in Numeralla, New South Wales. He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936. After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF. In July 1937, he joined No. 64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters. Posted to No. 234 Squadron at the start of World War II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires. He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8 July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End. Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range. He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London. Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open. After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Hughes was buried in England.
Big Four (British railway companies)
An Electro-diesel locomotive is an electric locomotive which also has a diesel engine. The diesel engine is used when an electricity supply from overhead lines or a third rail is not available.
Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in Great Britain, Since 2015 it has been operating as its own company.
The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak, also known as the Central Florida tornado outbreak or The Night of The Tornadoes was a deadly tornado event in Florida during the night of February 22-23, 1998 in the central part of the state, including the Orlando area. The outbreak killed 42 people and injured 260, the worst such tornado event in Florida since March 31, 1962. The first major tornado hit Winter Garden at 11:40 p.m., and the deadliest tornado struck the Kissimmee area at 12:40 a.m. before dissipating at 1:28 a.m. EST.
To short an asset means to bet that the asset will lose value, or that the current price is overvalued (higher than its supposed value). If the asset in question does indeed lose value, the person who "shorted" it will win the bet, and make a profit. This can be done by borrowing assets and selling them at a higher price, returning the asset once you can buy it back at a lower price.
For example, if you think that Tesla stock will lose 10% of its value, you could short the stock, and make a 10% profit once it goes down by 10%. However, if Tesla stock gains value, then you will lose the equivalent amount.
On June 18, 1984, Berg was shot dead in the driveway of his Denver home by members of the white supremacist group. He was 50 years old.
North Barrington is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,171 at the 2020 census.
Forest City, formerly known as "Burnt Chimney," is a town in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 7,377 as of the 2020 census, making it the largest municipality in Rutherford County.
A Blockchain (or block chain) is a series of digital entries, which cannot be easily changed once they are created. It is commonly used in cryptocurrency. It is how digital transactions are recorded and verified. This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions. In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:
Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include medical records, identity management, food traceability, gaming and voting.
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of India under the Indian Constitution. It provides justice to people, protects the fundamental rights of citizens, decides on cases involving federal disputes and protects the Constitution of India.
The Fabian strategy is a military strategy in which one side avoids the other and avoids pitched battles and frontal assaults.
The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition" and to harass the enemy by skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt its supply and affect its morale.
The strategy is employed by a side that believes that time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.
List of railway companies involved in the 1923 grouping
The President of the Republic of Haiti (, ) is the head of state of Haiti. They serve as the executive power in Haiti. The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti. The current acting President is Ariel Henry, who took office on July 20, 2021.
Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic Party's primary election on June 26, 2018, when she beat Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley. Her victory was a surprise and many saw it as an upset victory. In November 2018, she would go on to win the general election. She beat Republican nominee Anthony Pappas.
Ocasio-Cortez is one of the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to Congress. She is a democratic socialist and a progressive. She supports Medicare for All, federal jobs guarantee, a universal basic income, and the Green New Deal. She also supports ending the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, free public college and trade school, and a 70% marginal tax rate for incomes above $10 million.
During college, Ocasio-Cortez was an intern for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy. She said that she was the only Spanish speaker at the office. Ocasio-Cortez said that because of this, people would talk to her about ICE and deportations.
In September 2021, Ocasio-Cortez went to the 2021 Met Gala. Ocasio-Cortez wore a long white dress with the phrase "Tax the Rich" painted in red on the back of her dress. As an elected official in New York City, she was a guest of the museum and she did not have to buy a ticket, which costs at least $35,000. Many people, both conservative and liberal, criticized Ocasio-Cortez for attending an event where guests were not required to wear masks.
In 2020, journalist Michelle Caruso-Cabrera ran against Ocasio-Cortez in the Democratic primary. After Ocasio-Cortez won the nomination, Caruso-Cabrera ran in the general election as a third-party candidate. Other people running against her is Republican John Cummings, a former police officer, and Antoine Tucker, a write-in.
She began her career with a popular social media, having more followers than all of the newly elected congress members combined. , she had 6.3 million Twitter followers, up from 1.4 million in November 2018. She passed Nancy Pelosi's number of followers. By July 2019 that had risen to almost 4.8 million, or about seven times the population of her congressional district. She had 2.2 million Instagram followers, and 500,000 followers on Facebook when she began. Some Representatives asked her to teach them social media lessons when she arrived in Congress.
On November 5, 2021, Ocasio-Cortez was one of six House Democrats to vote against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, because she did not support the Build Back Better Act.
In 2023, Ocasio-Cortez was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days. Ocasio-Cortez was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.
Ocasio-Cortez questioned the ethic regulations that both the president and members of Congress had during a congressional hearing in February 2019. She said that no laws that stop politicians from taking money from rich business people. With more than 37.5 million views, the clip became the most-watched political video posted on Twitter.
Ocasio-Cortez wanted a marginal tax as high as 70% on income above $10 million to pay for the Green New Deal. Tax experts said in "The Washington Post", that this tax would bring in more money of $720 billion every ten years. She used the Modern Monetary Theory as a reason for higher deficits to pay her agenda. She said that the Green New Deal needs a large amount of money like President Franklin D. Roosevelt's original New Deal during the Great Depression.
In November 2021, Representative Paul Gosar shared a video parody of the opening for the anime series "Attack on Titan" on social media. He had edited with the faces of Ocasio-Cortez, Joe Biden, and himself on the show's characters, showing Gosar attacking them with swords and killing Ocasio-Cortez. Speaker Nancy Pelosi wanted the U.S. House to investigate it as a threat. Pelosi said that the video is "a danger that it represents to everyone in the country".
When Republican House members did not want to criticize Gosar or the video, Ocasio-Cortez said that she believed the video was "part of a pattern that normalizes violence". She gave a six-minute floor speech, saying, "This is not about me. This is not about Representative Gosar. This is about what we're willing to accept". The House voted to censure Gosar, in doing so it became the first time the House censured a Representative since 2010.
During the 2018 election campaign, Ocasio-Cortez lived in Parkchester, Bronx, with her boyfriend, web developer Riley Roberts. In April 2022, Ocasio-Cortez became engaged to Roberts.
In February 2021, Ocasio-Cortez revealed that she is a sexual assault survivor while responding to how she felt during the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. That same year in May, Ocasio-Cortez said that she has been in psychotherapy because of the events of the United States Capitol. She said she "did not know if I was going to make it to the end of that day alive".
The Spike Lee drama "Summer of Sam" was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam.<ref>/ref>
Ridgway murdered many women and girls in the state of Washington during the 1980s and 1990s. He would mainly kill runaways or prostitutes and would strangle his victims.
Fountain Hill is a town in Ashley County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 108 at the 2020 census. Fountain Hill is located at (33.355421, -91.851173).
FNaF World is an indie based role-playing game (RPG) produced by Scott Cawthon. It was a spin-off of the popular horror video game series, 'Five Nights at Freddy's'. "FNaF World" was released on January 21, 2016 for Microsoft Windows and first announced on the gaming website/software Steam on September 15, 2015. The game was taken off of Steam because Scott Cawthon was not happy with the negative reviews and ratings it had received, although the game wasn't necessarily hated. It was republished to the Steam Store after being updated, and it is still available today as a free-to-play title.
Scott Braden Cawthon (born June 4, 1978) is an American video game designer, developer, animator, and writer. He is best known as the creator of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" game franchise which began in 2014.
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 153,095, making it the 19th-most populous city in Texas.
Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. As of 2020 the city has a population of 82,073 according to the US census. It is near the county seat of Belton, Texas. It is located off Interstate 35, Temple is north of Austin and south of Waco.
The population was 23,054 at the 2020 census. As of 2020 the metro region had a population of 475,367.
Clio is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. The population was 1,220 at the 2020 census.
The Great Northern Railway (GNR) was a British railway company established in 1846. The main line ran from London King's Cross station via Hitchin, Peterborough, and Grantham, to York. There was a loop line from Peterborough to Bawtry (south of Doncaster) via Boston and Lincoln. There were also branch lines to Sheffield and Wakefield. On 1 January 1923 the company became a part of the London and North Eastern Railway. Today, the GNR main line forms part of the East Coast Main Line.
The North Eastern Railway (NER) was a British railway company. It was incorporated in 1854 by the combination of several existing railway companies. In 1923, it was merged with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921. The NER main line survives today as part of the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh.
The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player was a trick chess-playing machine. First put on show in 1770, the machine was in use until it was destroyed in a fire in 1854. It was later found to be a hoax. It was built in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen to impress the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. The machine could play chess against a human. It could also perform the knight's tour, a puzzle where a player moves a knight to every square of a chessboard exactly once.
The Turk was not a real machine, but a mechanical illusion. There was a person inside the machine working the controls. With a skilled chess player hidden inside the box, the Turk won most of the games. It played and won games against many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. The chess players who secretly worked inside the box included Johann Allgaier, Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt, Aaron Alexandre, William Lewis, Jacques Mouret, and William Schlumberger.
The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, placed next to a large wooden box. The model was dressed in Ottoman robes and wore a turban. Its left arm held a long smoking pipe. The large box was about three-and-a-half feet (110 cm) long, two feet (60 cm) wide, and two-and-a-half feet (75 cm) high. On the top of the box was a chessboard, about 18 inches square. The front of the box had three doors, an opening, and a drawer. Inside the drawer was a red and white ivory chess set.
The inside of the box was very complicated. It was meant to trick those who looked into it. When the left front doors were opened you could see clockwork gears and cogs. If the back doors of the box were open at the same time you could see through the machine. The other side of the box contained a red cushion and some removable parts. This area also gave a clear view through the machine. Under the robes of the Turk were two more doors. When these were opened you could also see the clockwork parts with a view right through the machine. The design allowed the presenter of the machine to open every door to the public, to keep the illusion.
To distract the audience, the Turk came with a small wooden box. This would be put on the top of the box. Kempelen would look into into the small box during play, suggesting that it controlled the machine. The box was believed by some to have magic powers.
Another part of the show was the knight's tour, a famed chess puzzle. The puzzle requires the player to move a knight around a chessboard, touching each square once along the way. While most experienced chess players of the time still struggled with the puzzle, the Turk was able to make the moves easily. The person inside had a map of moves needed.
After Paris, Kempelen moved the Turk to London, where it was on show every day at a cost of five shillings. Thicknesse, a skeptic, tried to explain that the machine was just a trick. He said Kempelen was "a very ingenious man", but the Turk was an elaborate hoax. He thought there was a small child inside the machine. The Turk was "a complicated piece of clockwork ... which is nothing more, than one, of many other ingenious devices, to misguide and delude the observers".
Mitchell and his club gave the machine to the Chinese Museum of Charles Willson Peale. After a few shows it was put into a corner and forgotten. On 5 July 1854, a fire that started at the National Theater in Philadelphia reached the Museum and destroyed the Turk. Mitchell believed he had heard "through the struggling flames ... the last words of our departed friend, the sternly whispered, oft repeated syllables, 'echec! echec!!'
It was not until Dr. Silas Mitchell's series of articles for "The Chess Monthly" that the secret was fully revealed. Mitchell, son of the final owner of the Turk, wrote that "no secret was ever kept as the Turk's has been. Guessed at, in part, many times, no one of the several explanations ... ever solved this amusing puzzle". As the Turk had been destroyed, Silas Mitchell felt that there were "no longer any reasons for concealing from the amateurs of chess, the solution to this ancient enigma".
New interest began in the Turk when IBM created Deep Blue. This was a computer that could challenge the world's best players. The Turk was used as a personification of Deep Blue in the 2003 documentary "Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine".
The Turk inspired a number of inventions and copies. These included the Ajeeb, or "The Egyptian", built by Charles Hopper that President Grover Cleveland played in 1885; and Mephisto, the self-described "most famous" machine, of which little is known. The Walkers made the "American Chess Player" first shown in May 1827 in New York. El Ajedrecista was built in 1912 by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo and first shown at the Paris World Fair of 1914. It was the first true chess-playing automaton, and a precursor of sorts to Deep Blue.
A play, "The Automaton Chess Player", was performed in New York City in 1845. The play used a copy of the Turk made by J. Walker, who had earlier built the Walker Chess-player.
Raymond Bernard's silent movie, "The Chess Player" ("The Chess Player", France 1927), uses the story of the Turk in an adventure tale set during the Partitions of Poland in 1772. A Polish nationalist escaping from the Russians, also happens to be an expert chess player. He is hidden inside a chess playing automaton called the Turk. Just as he is about to escape over the border, the machine is taken to Saint Petersburg for the empress Catherine II. Copying the Napoleon incident, Catherine attempts to cheat the Turk, who sweeps all the pieces from the board.
Von Kempelen was most famous for his construction of The Turk, a chess-playing automaton presented to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1769. The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, dressed in Turkish robes and wearing a turban. It was seated behind a large wooden box on with a chessboard on the top. The machine could play a game of chess against a human opponent. But it was a trick. There was a person, a skilled chess player, hidden inside the box. The Turk was a really a puppet, worked from below by levers. The Turk won most of the games played during its shows around Europe and the Americas for nearly 84 years. It played and defeated many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin.
Kempelen also built a speaking machine. One of them can still be seen in the Musical Instruments section of the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In 1789, he published a book of his 20 years of speech research, "Mechanismus Der Menschlichen Sprache Nebst Beschreibung Seiner Sprechenden Maschine".
He retired in 1798, after 43 years of service to the Austrian Empire. In 1771, Maria Theresia gave von Kempelen an annual pension of 1,000 ducats. After her death, her son Joseph II cut the pensions given to the court's civil servants. In 1802, he tried to get his pension back from Francis II, and also asked for compensation of 20,000 Gulden, but was not granted.
Northern, was the trading name of Arriva Rail North. It was a train operating company in Northern England. It was a subsidiary of Arriva UK Trains. It operated the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016 to February 2020 and inherited trains from the previous operator Northern Rail.
The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), was a working union of two neighbouring railways, the South Eastern Railway (SER) and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR), which operated between London and south east England. Between 1899 and 1923, the SECR had a monopoly of railway services in Kent and to the main Channel ports for ferries to France and Belgium. In 1923, the SECR became a part of the Southern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
The Caledonian Railway (CR) was a major Scottish railway company. It was formed in the early 19th century to form a link between English railways and Glasgow. It steadily extended its network and reached Edinburgh and Aberdeen. It also had a dense network of branch lines in the area surrounding Glasgow. It was absorbed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 under the Railways Act 1921. Many of its main routes are still used. The original main line between Carlisle and Glasgow is now part of the West Coast Main Line.
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping. It was created in 1847 by joining the Manchester and Leeds Railway and a number of smaller railway companies. It was the third largest railway system based in Northern England. Only the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway were bigger.
Brett Michael Kavanaugh ( ; born February 12, 1965) is an American judge. He is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since October 6, 2018. He was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. He was Staff Secretary in the Executive Office of the President of the United States under President George W. Bush.
Kavanaugh played an important part in writing the Starr report, which wanted the President Bill Clinton to be impeached.
Kavanaugh was chosen by President Donald Trump on July 9, 2018, to become an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, after Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy retired, leaving an empty space.
During the confirmation, two women (including Christine Blasey Ford), accused Kavanaugh of sexual misconduct during his time at university. Kavanaugh said that this did not happen.
Kathy Kraninger
As of the 2020 census, the village population was 4,188. The village was made in 1844 from parts of three townships in two counties.
In 1795 and 1796 he published his book "Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel." This was said to be the best chess book of the time. It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.
Benjamin Todd Jealous (born January 18, 1973) is an American civic leader. He was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland in the 2018 gubernatorial election, facing incumbent Larry Hogan. Jealous is also former president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Polis was one of the few people to be openly gay when first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and the first gay parent in Congress. In 2018, he became the first openly gay man and second openly LGBT person (after Kate Brown of Oregon) elected governor of a U.S. state. He is also the first Jewish governor of Colorado. In 2020, he became the first U.S. governor to be engaged to a same-sex partner.
Not much is known about his life. The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.
He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him. He got his best results after he was 60 years old when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing chess.
Abrams was the Democratic nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, the first black female major party gubernatorial nominee in the United States. She lost the general election to Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp. Abrams erroneously claimed she won the governorship and today still claims the election was stolen from her.
On December 1, 2021, she announced she would be once again running for governor in the 2022 gubernatorial election. She was defeated by Brian Kemp in the general election.
The Gazette, founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America. Its based on "The Capital,". It was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014. Before, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published "The Capital", "Bowie Blade-News", "Crofton-West County Gazette", and "Capital Style" Magazine.
Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved to London where he worked for a merchant. He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt. In later years he showed himself to be very unkind to his old teacher. He said Sarratt's "Treatise on the Game of Chess" (1808) was a "poorly written book". But in 1822 three years after Sarrat died, Lewis published a second edition of it. This was in competition with a much better revision by Sarrat published in 1821 by Sarratt's poverty-stricken widow. In 1843, many players gave money to help the old widow, but Lewis' name is not on the list.
Around 1819 Lewis was the hidden player inside the Turk, a fake chess playing machine. He told Johann Maelzel that Peter Unger Williams, also a student of Sarratt, should be the next person to operate inside the machine. Maezel took his advice and Williams replaced Lewis.
Lewis was known as a famous chess player in his time. The weekly magazine "Bell's Life" in 1838 called him "our past grandmaster", the first known use of the term in chess. In 1825 he began a chess club where he taught people to play the game. He wrote two books on how to play chess, the Series of Progressive Lessons (1831) and Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832).
After his retirement he wrote other chess books, but he was no longer up to date with new ideas. The Oxford Chess Companion said his last book, "A Treatise on Chess" (1844), was already "out of date when published".
Sefton is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside, England. It is located to the south west of Maghull and to the north east of Great Crosby. It is on the flood plain of the River Alt. The village is bisected by the B5422, Brickwall Lane. At the 2001 Census the population was recorded as 772. This increased to 855 at the 2011 Census.
Heysham is a large coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It overlooks Morecambe Bay. It is a ferry port, with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland. Heysham nuclear power station is at Heysham.
The National Railway Museum (NRM) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums. It tells the story of rail transport in Great Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles. There is also a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.
John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician. He was President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. He was also Chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008.
Video chat is a way of communicating online using the Internet. It uses a camera and microphone in a computer or smart phone. This allows people to see and hear each other.
For streaming video a speed of at least 2 Mbps is needed, to prevent a choppy signal and disconnects. For sound transmission, much less speed is required, so people often turn off video when the internet connection is slow.
Video chat is a very popular form of communication in the 21st century. It is often used for many reasons;
Caledonia is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,154 at the 2020 census. The Town of Caledonia has the village of Caledonia. The town is in the northwest part of the county and is southwest of Rochester, New York.
Daytime television is a daypart that runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. It is after a breakfast/morning show program and before the early fringe of primetime.
This programming block features game shows like "Let's Make a Deal" and "The Price is Right", soap operas like "The Young and the Restless", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "General Hospital", and "Days of Our Lives", and talk shows like "The Talk", "The Doctors" and "Dr. Phil". Some local affiliates air their local newscasts at noon Eastern Time and 11:00 a.m. Central Time.
Ultimate Custom Night is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the second official spin-off of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" game series, the first one being "FNaF World, and the eight game overall". The game was released on June 27, 2018 for free on Steam and Game Jolt.
The game allows the player to choose from 50 characters from all of the six main "Five Nights at Freddy's" games preceding it, as well as from the spin-off, "FNaF World", and set their difficulty levels for the night from a minimum of '0' to a maximum of '20'. The player can also choose their office settings, which are all based from the first five games.
It received good reviews from Rock, Paper, Shotgun.
Unlike a four-stroke engine, there are no intake and exhaust strokes. When the piston is at bottom dead center, fuel-air mixture is blown in under slight pressure. The incoming mixture forces out the exhaust gas at the same time. The animation shows an engine with crankcase compression to force in the fuel-air mixture. Some engines use a rotary blower instead. These engines use mixed fuel (often 50:1) primarily high octane gasoline, partially two-stroke oil.
The North Downs Line is a railway line in England connecting Reading, Berkshire, to Redhill, Surrey. It links many centres of population in the part of the North Downs which it covers. Some trains continue beyond Redhill to Gatwick Airport.
Nissan Stadium is the home football stadium of the Tennessee Titans. It is in the city of Nashville, Tennessee.
Fallon is a city in Churchill County, Nevada, United States. The population was 9,327 at the 2020 census. Fallon is the county seat of Churchill County and is located in the Lahontan Valley.
A pineberry is a white strawberry cultivar with a pineapple-like flavor, white flesh, and red seeds. It was first bred in the Netherlands and Belgium, sold in the USA in 2012.
Following reports that Windhoek Mayor Agnes Kafula allocated a plot to a "Big Brother" Africa winner, Kambala alongside Nauyoma and Amupanda occupied land in a Windhoek suburb to raise more concerns on the land question in Namibia.
The Maratha Empire, or Maratha Confederacy, was a group of Indian states that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The empire formally existed from 1674 to 1818. The Marathas are given much of the credit for ending Mughal rule in India.
Their power was eventually ended by the series of wars fought against the British Empire. The first two Anglo-Maratha wars resulted in a victory for the Marathas however the third one resulted in the defeat of the Marathas and annexation of the Maratha Empire in Maharashtra into British India. The Marathas had another opportunity to rebel against British rule and form their own kingdom in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. They joined this rebellion in the hopes of permanently kicking the British power out of India. However, by the end of 1859, the rebellion was crushed and all the Maratha rebel leaders were either executed or went into exile and took refuge in Nepal.
Centreville is a town in Amite and Wilkinson counties, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,258 at the 2020 census. It is part of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Allen is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It is near Interstate 49.