adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
The Adventures of Pinocchio () is a story by Carlo Collodi. It was first published as a serial in a children's magazine between 1881-1883. The serial ended tragically with the death of Pinocchio. It was published as a book in 1883 with black and white illustrations by Enrico Mazzanti. "Pinocchio" tells the story of a puppet named "Pinocchio" who wants to become a real boy. The book has been adapted to movies.
Talagang is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Talagang District .
Arra, Chakwal
Arra is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Choa Saidan Shah Tehsil.
Buchal Kalan is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Kallar Kahar Tehsil.
There are many famous people, like Umar Haseeb, a famous footballer.
The Awans tribe dominates the area. Other tribes include Rajputs and Gujar.
It is considered a PML(N) stronghold. PTI's future looks bright here.
Dab, Chakwal
Dhoular is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. and is part of Talagang Tehsil. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan its total population was about 6,500.
Jaswal, Chakwal
The impala ("Aepyceros melampus") is a medium-sized African antelope. The name "impala" comes from the Zulu language. Impala belong in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata and class Mammalia. Along with cattle, antelopes, sheep, goats, buffalo and bison, they belong to the family Bovidae.
The impala can jump more than 10 meters distance and 3 meters high, and can reach running speeds of about 80 to 90 km/h, to escape from predators.
Female impala, called ewes, have no horns. But males, the rams, grow curved horns with a notable twisted appearance due to ridges. These horns are black and grow as long as 36 inches.
Impalas are found at grassland and woodland edges, usually very close by water. In Africa, these animals still live throughout Kenya, Botswana, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zaire and Tanzania.
The Biblical Mount Sinai is a mountain that was written about in the Old Testament. It was written by Moses that the Ten Commandments were given to him by God on Mount Sinai. The name Horeb is sometimes used to describe Mount Sinai. Tradition places it at Jebel Musa (Mount Moses) in the south of the Sinai Peninsula, but some see it as being further north at the Wadi Sudr.
The 870s was a decade that began on 1 January 870 and ended on 31 December 879.
The University of the Incarnate Word is a private Catholic university in San Antonio, Texas, United States. There are about 5500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1881.
In Object-oriented programming, an object is an instance of a Class. Objects are abstractly a collection of "fields". Fields are like variables, with a name and a value. Fields can also be named functions, these fields are called "methods". Fields are usually private, i.e. not visible outside the object. Instead private data is changed by using an "interface", i.e. a bunch of methods.
Suppose there is a bank account; this bank account has a current balance, but it also has a "history" of things that were done. However these fields are private. Rather there are methods like "deposit()" and "withdraw()" and "checkBalance()". Most applications (and other objects) only change this object through this interface.
Triple J is a radio station from Australia. It is funded and owned by the Australian Government through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The music played by the station is aimed at youth (usually between 12 and 25 years old) and is usually alternative music. The station started in 1972 as "Double Jay" in Sydney. It can now be heard all around Australia.
In September 1991, the "Srpska Demokratska Stranka" began to create areas in Bosnia-Herzegovina that were ruled only by Serbs. On 15 October 1991, the Bosnian parliament voted that they wanted to rule themselves. Nine days later, a separate Serb Assembly was created, to represent only the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb Assembly said they had created a new country: the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 28 February 1992, the Serb Republic approved its constitution. It also said that it now controlled:
A Common Language Specification (CLS) is a document that says how computer programs can be turned into Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code. When several languages use the same bytecode, different parts of a program can be written in different languages. Microsoft uses a Common Language Specification for their .NET Framework. To fully interact with other objects regardless of the language they were used in, objects must expose to callers only those features that are common to all the languages they must exchange information with. It was always a dream of Microsoft to unite all different languages under one umbrella and CLS is one step towards that. Microsoft has defined CLS which are nothing but guidelines for languages to follow so that it can communicate with other .NET languages in a seamless manner.
Texas Lutheran University is a private Lutheran university in Seguin, Texas, United States. It is a small school with about 1300 students enrolled and it was founded in 1891.
The Evergreen State College is a public college in Olympia, Washington, United States. There are about 4500 students enrolled and it was founded in 1967.
The Battle of Berlin was the last major battle of Second World War in Europe. The Battle took place in Berlin from 16 April to 3 May 1945. During the battle the Red Army, along with Polish forces, captured the city of Berlin, Germany. When they captured the Reichstag, Adolf Hitler committed suicide with his new wife by shooting himself in the head and her taking a cyanide pill.
On 12 January 1945 the Soviet and Polish forces began attacking Berlin. In the end of that attack, their forces stood on the Oder River, 60 kilometres east of Berlin. In 1945 the Wehrmacht had few good fighters or good weapons compared to 1944.
Despite his advisors' opinion, Hitler decided to stay in the city. He heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the radio and he hoped the city would be saved.
The battle on the city began in the Seelow Heights. The Seelow Heights are 17 kilometers west of the Oder and 45 kilometres east of Berlin. They were well defended by the "Wehrmacht". On 16 April, the Red Army and Polish Army attacked Seelow Heights. Almost 1,000,000 attackers with 20,000 artillery pieces were fighting against 100,000 Germans with 1,200 tanks. Despite this, the German defenders managed to hold the heights for four days.
On 20 April, Hitler's birthday, the allies began to bombard the centre of the city with rockets and artillery. They did not stop until the city surrendered. On 22 April, Hitler, when he knew the Germans plans had failed, cried in anger. He knew the war was as good as lost. One of his generals, Alfred Jodl, thought it would be possible to form a linkup between the army in Berlin, and the 12th Army commanded by Walther Wenck that were fighting the U.S. Army. Hitler agreed to this idea, but those troops could not get to the city.
UTSA's sports teams, known as Roadrunners, joined the American Athletic Conference in 2023.
Microsoft Office 2007 (codenamed Office 12) is an office suite for Windows. It was developed and published by Microsoft. It was officially revealed on March 9, 2006 with Service Pack 1 Beta. Later it was released to manufacturing on November 3, 2006 and retail on January 30, 2007 (after retail in November 30, 2006), the same day as the release of Windows Vista.
Office 2007 has introduced a new graphical user interface called the "Fluent User Interface", but not successor like Microsoft Office 2010 in Office menu instead of menu bars and toolbars. Office 2007 is incompatible with Windows 2000 but not support them. Office 2007 is compatible with Windows XP SP2 or later, Windows Server 2003 SP1 or later, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 10.
Mainstream support of Office 2007 ended on October 9, 2012. Extended support ended on October 10, 2017. In August 27, 2021, Microsoft announced that Outlook 2007 and Outlook 2010 will be cut off in Microsoft Exchange Server. Security Update 1 of Office 2007 has ended until April 10, 2013.
In September 2006, Microsoft announced that they will release Office 2007 Beta 1 and Office 2007 Beta 2 in late September, but undate, it was revealed on November 9, 2006. In November 14, Office 2007 Beta 2 has release Service Pack 1 launch on Windows Vista RTM. Office 2007 has release of volume licensing on November 30, 2006 and later retail on January 30, 2007, the same day as release general availability of Windows Vista.
Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 1 was release on December 11, 2007. Official documentation claim that SP1 is not simply a rollup publicly released patches.
Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 was released on April 28, 2009. It added improved support for ODF, XPS and PDF standards, and included several bug fixes.
Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 3 was release on October 25, 2011.
United States in the Vietnam War
After the end of World War II Altfuldisch was charged by a military court for killing innocent people, especially members of ethnic groups and war prisoners. He was found guilty and hanged on May 28, 1947.
Phalanges are bones. There are 14 of them in each hand and foot. The phalanges (distal, middle and proximal) in the hand are the fingers and those in the feet are the toes. Human toe bones are usually shorter than the bones in the hand.
Guy Rupert Berryman (born 12 April 1978) is a Scottish guitarist. He is a member of the rock band Coldplay. He is known as the bass guitarist for the band and is left-handed but plays with his right hand.
Anabaptists are Protestant Christians. The word anabaptism comes from the Greek language, meaning "to baptize again". The followers of these movements hold that people should be baptized after they are believers, denying infant baptism. This is called believer's baptism. Infants, by their doctrine, can not be validly baptized, as they cannot decide how they want to achieve salvation.
VMware, Inc. is an American software company . It is a global leader in the virtualization market. The company was founded in 1998 and is based in Palo Alto, California. The name "VMware" comes from the acronym "VM", meaning "virtual machine", while "ware" comes from second part of "software".
VMware Workstation Pro (also known is VMware Workstation until release of VMware Workstation 12 in 2015) is a virtual machine software that was developed by VMware, released in 1999. VMware Workstation has better use virtual machine as than of VirtualBox or Windows Virtual PC, but these softwares are support of x86-64 with previous version of 32-64bit on Microsoft Windows and Linux. A succesor of VMware Workstation called VMware Workstation Player (also known is "VMware Player") for non-commercial use, is a succesor software of VMware Workstation.
In early 1999, VMware has introduced they will release of software about virtual machine, before software VirtualBox in 2007 and they called is VMware Workstation. They released first version of VMware Workstation in late 1999 early 2000, after that, VMware announced VMware Workstation was supported of Microsoft Windows and Linux such as Windows 2000 and Windows XP in 2001.
After fifth years anniversary released in 2004, VMware announced they will released of VMware Workstation 8 and 9 in early 2008, and released of VMware Workstation 10, 11, 12 in early 2010 and 2015. And now, VMware Workstation 16 and 17 has begin released.
After released of VMware Workstation 17, the lastest release, VMware begin announced they want to be released of VMware Workstation version 18 but they are announced will be released in the future.
The service is available for free and allows users to upload files of up to 200 MB. The user is then supplied with a unique URL, which locates the file and enables anyone with whom the uploader shares it to download the file. Currently there is no time limit on how long uploaded files will be stored. Furthermore, images can be uploaded and displayed in galleries.
The University of Houston is a public university in Houston, Texas. It was started in 1927, and has nearly 35,000 students.
The Young Ones is a British sitcom, first seen in 1982, on BBC2. Its anarchic sense of humour, in the 1980s, made the actors famous in the UK. Soon after that, it was shown to Americans on MTV, being one of the first shows on the new channel that was not mostly about music.
Until about 1861, Napoleon's regime exhibited decidedly authoritarian characteristics, using press censorship to prevent the spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving the Parliament of the right to free debate or any real power. His foreign policy included support for Maximilian I of Mexico.
Joseph (; ) is a figure in the Gospels, the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus and the step father of Jesus. In Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Christian traditions, he is regarded as Saint Joseph.
West Flanders (; ; , ) is one of the five provinces of the Flemish Region, also named Flanders, and also is one of the ten provinces of Belgium. It is the westernmost province in Flanders.
The province of West Flanders lies in the most densely populated area of Western Europe. It has a population of about 1,209,000 in 2022
It borders the North Sea, northern France, Zeeland in the Netherlands, the Flemish province of East Flanders () and the Walloon province of Hainaut () in Belgium. West Flanders is the only Belgian province that borders both France and The Netherlands.
After the post, many people made code for the project. By September 1991, Linux version 0.01 was released. It had 10,239 lines of code. In October 1991, Linux version 0.02 was released.
The newsgroup "alt.os.linux" was started, and on January 19, 1992, the first post to alt.os.linux was made. On March 31, 1992, alt.os.linux became "comp.os.linux".
Linus decided, on May 9, 1996, to adopt Tux the penguin as the mascot for Linux.
In the start, Torvalds released Linux under a license which did not allow anyone to sell it. This was soon changed to the GNU General Public License (GPL), during version 0.12. This license allows distribution and sale of modified and unmodified versions of Linux, but requires that all those copies be released under the same license, and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code.
Torvalds has said licensing Linux under the GPL as the "best thing I ever did".
Sebastian Vettel (born 3 July 1987 in Heppenheim) is a German race car driver. He is a four-time Formula One world champion. He drives for the Aston Martin team in Formula One and is contracted by the team until the end of 2022. He is a former driver of Red Bull Racing's sister team, Scuderia Toro Rosso, in 2008. Before that he was a reserve driver of BMW Sauber.
In 1995, Sara began recording demos. Harland Howard was impressed by them so much he decided to help her get a contract. This paid off when she signed with RCA Records.
In 1998, Sara released her next album, "No Place That Far". People didn't like it because it was more of a pop-country sound. The first single Cryin' Game didn't do anything, but the next single (No Place That Far, a duet with Vince Gill) became a #1 hit. Because of that the album was certified gold.
As Massa was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
Tarsals are bones found in the feet. They are also known as ankle bones. There are seven of them in each foot. The seven tarsals are:
The first major pay-per-view event was on September 16, 1981. This event was Sugar Ray Leonard and Thomas Hearns for the Welterweight Championship. Viacom Cablevision in Nashville, Tennessee, was the first system to offer the event. Over fifty percent of its customers paid to see the fight. Oak Industries Entertainment VP of Programming, Nyhl Henson, put together the fight. He later put together other PPV fights, wrestling matches, and even a Broadway play.
One of the first pay-per-view systems on cable was the Optical Systems. It was first used in 1972 in San Diego. These early systems quickly went out of business, as the cable industry started using satellite technology. This caused systems, for example Home Box Office, to became popular.
The talus is the second largest of the seven tarsal (ankle) bones. It is next to the calcaneus and navicular bones.
The city grew in size quite a lot under Mughal general Shaista Khan. The city then measured 19 by 13 kilometres (12 by 8 mi), with almost a million people. The city then passed to the control of the British East India Company in 1765 after the Battle of Plassey. The number of people in the city fell very much as the prominence of Kolkata rose, but development eventually followed. A modern civic water supply system was introduced in 1874 and electricity supply launched in 1878. The Dhaka Cantonment was established near the city, serving as a base for British and Indian soldiers.
Dhaka Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. The capital and largest city is Dhaka. The division has an area of . It has a population of 38,678,000.
Swabi is a tehsil of Swabi District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is administratively divided into twenty Union Councils.
Mehrgarh, () one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC) sites in archaeology, lies on the Kachhi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia.
Mohenjo-daro (; ) is an ancient city in Pakistan. It was built around 2500 BCE and was the biggest town in the ancient Indus Valley civilization. It's one of the earliest big cities in the world, like the ones in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Crete, and Norte Chico. People also call it the 'Mound of the Dead Men'.
It is in province of Sindh, Pakistan. The city was built around 2600 BC. It was one of the early urban settlements in the world. Mohenjo-daro existed at the same time as the civilization of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece. The archaeological ruins of the city are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In Pakistan, it is one of the national icons of the distant past.
Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BC. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which developed around 3000 BC from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and some parts of northwest India. It also had an outpost in Bactria. There were major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro.
The Dancing girl found in Mohenjo-daro is an artifact that is some 4500 years old. The 10.8 cm long bronze statue of the dancing girl was found in 1926 from a house in Mohenjo-daro. She was British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler's favorite statuette, as he said in this quote from a 1973 television program:
Harappa () is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan. It is about 35 km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. A village with the same name is located about 6 kilometres from the site. About 15,000 people live there.
The Aar (German: "Aare") is a tributary of the Rhine and is the longest river that both comes up from and ends completely inside of Switzerland.
Mary [ mer-ee, mair-ee ] is a female given name. It can refer to:
The name Mary has been a popular name for centuries and continues to be commonly used today. Its rich history and association with various meanings and interpretations make it a name of great significance. The name Mary has been used across different cultures and languages, and it has been given to numerous women throughout history. The name Mary is derived from the Hebrew name Miriam, which translates to "bitterness" or "rebellion." In the Bible, Mary is revered as the mother of Jesus Christ, and she symbolizes purity, grace, and devotion. She is also referred to as the "Queen of Heaven" and is recognized as one of the most significant figures in Christianity. This name was ranked #133 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
Fatehpur Thakiala is one of the three tehsils, (administrative subdivisions), of Kotli District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is also called Nakyal.
The Alamanni, Allemanni, or Alemanni were a group of west Germanic peoples. They lived around the upper Main, which is the longest tributary of the Rhine. They expanded their territory around parts of Germania and present-day Alsace. The land they lived on was called Alemannia.
Schloss Lenzburg (also known as Lenzburg Castle) is a castle that was started above the older part of the town of Lenzburg in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is one of the oldest castles in Switzerland.
A1 motorway (Switzerland)
The A1 is a major highway in Switzerland. It stretches across the majority of Northern Switzerland, starting relatively close to Geneva and ends at St. Margrethen. It has roughly 86 exits and buildings (these are listed on the table above).
Gojal
The Brooklyn Nets are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the New York City community of Brooklyn. They play their home games in the, Barclays Center.
NBA Sportsmanship Award
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award
The Cleveland Cavaliers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Cleveland, Ohio. They began playing in 1970. They play their home games at Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, originally known as Gund Arena and later as Quicken Loans Arena. They now have one NBA championship won in 2016 with the help of LeBron James.
In 2003, the Cavaliers won the NBA Draft lottery, and chose LeBron James with the first pick. James became a star, and the Cavaliers reached the NBA Finals for the first time in 2007. However, they lost to the San Antonio Spurs, 4 games to 0. This was the only time that the Cavaliers reached the NBA Finals until 2015
James's contract ran out in 2010, and James decided not to sign another contract with the Cavaliers. Instead, he would play for the Miami Heat where he lead the team to four straight Finals, winning two of them. The Cavaliers were immediately a worse team. At one point during the 2010-2011 season, they lost 26 games in a row. This set a new NBA record for the most games lost in a row.
They are now lead by Donovan Mitchell, Darius Garland, and Evan Mobley.
The Indiana Pacers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Indianapolis, Indiana. They began playing in the American Basketball Association (ABA) from 1967 to 1976. The Pacers joined the NBA in 1976. They play their home games at Gainbridge Fieldhouse.
Fan (machine)
The fans making history are at least 3000 years, and the earliest fans can date from 3000 BC according to the record. Fans were first made in China. The first European folding fans were brought into Europe by businessman and religious orders from China, and they are considered as a status symbol in Europe then.
The Orlando Magic are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Orlando, Florida. They began playing in 1989. They play their home games at the Kia Center. They are the only team in the "big four" sports leagues to be based in Orlando. Steve Clifford is the current owner of the team.
The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play their home games at the Spectrum Center. Most of the team is owned by Michael Jordan, who was a star player for the Chicago Bulls in the 1980s and 1990s. The team started playing in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, and was the second NBA team to play in Charlotte (the New Orleans Pelicans had played in Charlotte as the Hornets from 1988 to 2002). In 2010, the Bobcats made the playoffs for the first time.
The Memphis Grizzlies are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
In 1995, the team began playing in the NBA. The team was then in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and was called the Vancouver Grizzlies. In 2001, the Grizzlies moved to Memphis because the previous owner, Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment, started losing money on the franchise due to low attendance and a weak Canadian dollar.
The Los Angeles Clippers are an American professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play their home games in the Crypto.com Arena in Los Angeles, California. The Los Angeles Lakers also play their home games in the crypto.com arena. They are set to move into the new arena in 2024, the Intuit Dome.
The Olympic Flame or Olympic Torch is a symbol of the Olympic Games. A committee plans the route that it goes through, which ends at the city where the event is being hosted. Sometimes people use the torch route to make a point. During the 2008 Olympic torch relay to Beijing, people talked about and held signs that were against China's human rights record and signs that said Tibet was not a part of China.
A militia is a group of people who are not in the standing army or regular military but do many military tasks such as collecting weapons, training soldiers, defending people or land and policing an area. Militias are often made up of veterans, who used to be in the military.
Some militias, like the United States National Guard, are organized by a government. It is a group of state militias that help with wars, natural disasters and other emergencies. Others are not connected to a government and may even be illegal. One common definition of a militia includes all men who can serve as soldiers.
In the early late 20th century, some militias acted as professional forces but were still "part-time" or "on-call" organizations.
Examples include Queen, King Crimson, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, The Velvet Underground, The Beatles, Genesis, Radiohead and Yes.
Blender is an American music magazine that self-identifies as "the ultimate guide to music and more." It is also known for sometimes having pictures of female celebrities that showing them with a lot of their body uncovered. It puts together lists of albums, artists, and songs, including both "best of" lists and "worst of" lists. In each issue, there is a review of an artist's entire discography, with a review of each album. The magazine teamed up with VH1 to create the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs".
Fossils from more than 40 individuals have been discovered in Alberta, Canada and Montana in the United States, making "Euoplocephalus" the best known ankylosaurid. This includes 15 skulls, teeth, and a few almost-complete skeletons, found with the armor still attached. Individual armor plates are the most commonly found element from them.
Mamenchisaurus was a long-necked, plant-eating sauropod dinosaur. It had the longest necks of any known dinosaur. "Mamenchisaurus" was first discovered in 1952 on the construction site of the Yitang Highway in Sichuan Province of China. There are a number of species.
Its neck was about 46 feet (14 m). It had 19 vertebrae in its neck, more than any other known dinosaur. "Mamenchisaurus" was about 70 to 80 feet (21 to 25 m) long and weighed roughly 12 tons (11 tonnes).
Knoxville is the third-largest city in the state of Tennessee, in the United States of America. The largest city in the state is Nashville, followed by Memphis. Knoxville is the county seat of Knox County. In 2020, it had a population of 190,740.
Knoxville's economy is largely fueled by the regional location of the main campus of the University of Tennessee, the and other Department of Energy facilities in nearby Oak Ridge, the National Transportation Research Center, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.
A magazine's circulation is the number of copies it usually distributes for each issue. It is one of the main factors used to determine how much money they will charge businesses to advertise in the magazine. Circulation is not always the same as copies sold, which is usually called paid circulation, because many magazines are distributed to readers without making them pay anything. This is more true for magazines dealing with business and professional topics. When determining readership figures, which is how many people read an issue, the number is usually considered to be higher than the circulation figures because of the assumption that most copies of the magazine are read by more than one person. In many countries, circulation figures are checked by companies that do not work for the magazine, such as the Audit Bureau of Circulations, to make sure that the numbers a publisher gives to advertisers is accurate.
A talent agent, or booking agent, is a person who finds jobs for actors, musicians, models, and other people in different entertainment businesses. Agents make their money by taking a percentage of the money that their client is paid.
The University started as a group of scholars in the city of Cambridge. This may have started in 1209 when scholars left Oxford after a fight with local people. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are often called "Oxbridge". This is not a different university. It is a way of saying Oxford and Cambridge together. Cambridge University and Oxford University are both crucial to the history of England.
Cambridge is usually ranked in the world's top five universities. UK rankings and tests on the quality of its research also rate it very highly. Cambridge has more than 18,000 students and many sports clubs and societies.
The official creation of the University was in 1231 when King Henry III of England gave people the right to teach students and lower taxes. A letter from Pope Gregory IX in 1233 also gave the right to everyone who got a degree from Cambridge to teach in any place in the Christian world.
In 1290, Pope Nicholas IV called Cambridge a "studium generale" (name for a university in Medieval times). From that point, many researchers and teachers from other European universities started to come to Cambridge to work or give lessons.
The University was one of the most important places where the Protestant Reformation began. The Protestant Reformation was a movement in Europe where people started disagreeing with certain teachings of the Catholic Church In fact, people started talking about Lutheranism - a type of Protestantism - very early in Cambridge. Thomas Cranmer, who became a central figure in reform, studied at Cambridge.
A century later, some people in Cambridge started to think that the Church of England was still too much like the Catholic church. They started the Puritan movement. This produced more than 20,000 people who left for New England around 1620 in search of a place with better religious beliefs. Oliver Cromwell, a very important member of this movement, was a student at Sidney Sussex College during this time.
Cambridge has been strong in applied mathematics since Isaac Newton was a student here in the 17th century. Every student had to study maths to obtain a degree. The degree was awarded as a "Bachelor of Arts" which mixed both arts and science subjects. Several important early physicists studied at Cambridge. They include James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin and Lord Rayleigh. Pure mathematics was slower to catch up, but Cambridge is still famous for it thanks to people like G.H. Hardy.
People at the University of Cambridge have made many important scientific discoveries. These are some of the best-known ones:
For many years only men were allowed to study at Cambridge. In 1869 Girton, the first college for women was built. Women could take exams from 1882, but only in 1948 did they start to be considered full members of the university. For a certain time, they even received "ad eundem" degrees (degrees from a University you have not studied at, but you deserve) from the University of Dublin.
The wooden spoon tradition was to give this type of spoon to the student who was the worst in the year for mathematics but still passed the exams. This was because the students used to be ranked in order of their results. After 1909 this was changed and so the wooden spoon cannot be given anymore. However, still today in many sports competitions a wooden spoon is given to the last person in the rankings.
Another tradition is that the King's College choir sings the Nine Lessons and Carols church service. This is recorded by the BBC and sent around the world since 1928 by the radio. From 1954 it can also be seen on television. Many people watch it on Christmas Eve in Great Britain.
The University of Cambridge is a "collegiate" university. This means it is divided into colleges, and every student and teacher joins one college only. Every one of these colleges has its property and money. They all have many Fellows who can teach all the subjects between them. Then there are Departments and Faculties, which are buildings where only one subject is studied. Some Schools bring different Departments and Faculties together. The overall head of the University is called the Vice-Chancellor. They are heads of the Senate and Regent House which make decisions for the whole University.
The teaching is done through lectures and practical classes (where students do experiments in science subjects) organised by the Department. The colleges also organise supervision. These are small lessons in groups of 1 to 4: the students do some homework and then talk about it with a teacher. This is often considered one of the best things about studying at Cambridge. The teaching is very personal; students can ask questions and understand the subject.
The year is divided into three parts. The first one is Michaelmas Term, which is from October to December and takes its name from St Michael's day and Christmas. The second one is Lent Term which goes from January to March. The last one is Easter Term, from April to June. Within these times, there is 8 weeks called "Full Term". Most lessons and exams happen in Full Term. All students need to live in college for this period. There is a University rule which says that students can get their degree only if they have stayed for at least 9 terms (3 years) at a distance of fewer than 10 miles from the main Church in Cambridge.
Local people from Cambridge don't always like the students. "Town and Gown" is a phrase to talk about this relationship. "Town" means the Cambridge locals while "Gown" means the students and teachers, from the type of dress they wear. Since the University began, there have been some fights between the two groups. In 1381, many things were stolen from the university and colleges. The Chancellor was then given extra power to control the order in the town. When the plague arrived in Cambridge in 1630, many colleges closed up. They did not want to help the locals who had the disease.
The University has 114 libraries. The main one is called "Cambridge University Library". It is a legal deposit, which means every book that is printed in the United Kingdom goes into this library. Many departments have their own library as well. They usually have special books for their subjects only. All colleges have a library. This is mainly for the undergraduates so that they can read basic books about their subjects. Some colleges also have very precious books and manuscripts. For example, the Parker Library (Corpus Christi College) has special books from Medieval times.
Students need to pass some tests and Interviews to be allowed in Cambridge. For undergraduates, the application is done through UCAS. This is as with any other university in the UK. Students need to be very good to enter Cambridge. If they study A-levels, they are asked to get at least A*AA. Because many good students apply, the interview is very important to choose the best ones. These are done by Fellows. Usually about 25% of the applicants get a place. However, the number changes depending on the subjects. Some of them, like medicine and economics, are very hard to get into. Students need to choose a college before doing the application. They may later have to change it if the college thinks they are good but does not have enough places for them.
Some people think that admission to Cambridge is not very fair. This is because it is easier to get in if you go to a private school instead of a state school. In 2007-2008, only 57% of students who got a place were coming from a state school. However, about 93% of British children go to them. If a student goes to a private school, he/she is also more likely to get a place after the interview. In 2011, only 25% of students that applied from state schools got a place, while the percentage was 33% for private school students. The University is trying to make things better by making the admission process easier and giving scholarships for the poorer students. Another problem is that year after year there are also fewer people from state schools applying.
Inside the colleges, there are also groups of students who represent all of the others. These are called JCR (Junior Common Room) for undergraduates and MCR (Middle Common Room) for postgraduates. They organize things like "Fresher's Week", the first week in October when new first-year students arrive. They also make sure every student is happy about his life in Cambridge.
Places to do sports, like gyms and fields, are run by single colleges. A new University-wide sports complex is being built.
Cambridge is also full of societies: these are small groups of people that meet together to do something that they like. These can be speaking a language, playing chess, acting in theatres, or playing a musical instrument. In 2010, there were 751 societies. There can also be smaller clubs in the colleges.
There are three students newspapers, that tell things that happen around the university. "", created in 1947, is the oldest one. "The Cambridge Student" and "The Tab" are newer ones; "The Tab" has funny articles and is less serious. There is also a radio station called "Cam FM". This is run with help from Anglia Ruskin University, which is another university in Cambridge.
"Formal Halls" are special dinners where students and Fellows eat together. Everyone wears a suit and there is good food. There is a prayer in Latin at the beginning and the end. These dinners are a tradition and the idea is that people in the college should get to know each other at them. After the exams, there is "May Week" when students make parties. A "May Ball" happens in every college: it lasts all night and there is lots of music and food.
Cambridge has a very strong tradition in this field. Students include Isaac Newton, who made lots of experiments at Trinity College. Francis Bacon developed the Scientific method which is the starting point of today's science. G. H. Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan did a lot in pure mathematics. James Clerk Maxwell found out more about electromagnetism. In biology, Charles Darwin made his theory about natural selection while Francis Crick and James D. Watson discovered the structure of DNA. Also, David Attenborough, who is now a television presenter, was a science student at Cambridge.
The Orient Express is the name for a passenger train (and its route). Originally it ran from Paris to Istanbul. The final service was an overnight train between Strasbourg and Vienna (it joined with the sleeper from Amsterdam in Karlsruhe). The service ended in 2009.
Robert Christgau (born April 18, 1942) is an American music journalist. He has called himself the "Dean of American Rock Critics".
Passer rating (known as passing efficiency or pass efficiency in NCAA football) is a measure of how well a quarterback, or any other passer in American and Canadian football, played. Math is used to get the passer rating. To get a good passer rating, a quarterback needs to have a high number of good passes and touchdowns. A quarterback can get a bad passer rating if the quarterback has many interceptions.
See also List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom.
(, , is a river that crosses northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its name.
The total length of the river is about 720 km.
Women's rights movement in Iran
The Zanskar Gorge is found in the Zanskar region of Jammu and Kashmir. Its walls are near vertical cliffs up to 600m high. The Zanskar River (a tributary of the Indus River) is only 5m wide in places. It provides an access route to the Zanskar Valley, but only in winter when the river is frozen.
The Gilgit River () is a tributary of the Indus River, and flows past the town of Gilgit. It is in the Northern Areas of disputed Kashmir, Pakistan.
Kunhar River () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A main source of the river is Lulusar lake, nearly 48 km from Naran Valley. Glaciers of Malka Parbat and Makra Peak and the waters of Saiful Muluk lake feed the river. The Kunhar flows through the entire Kaghan Valley through Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot, and joins the Jhelum River.
The Kurrum River or Karam River () flows in the Kurrum Valley, stretching across the Afghan-Pakistani border west to east (crosses from the Paktia Province of Afghanistan into the Kohat border region of Pakistan) at , about 150 km west-to-south-west of the Khyber Pass.
Lyari River () is a small stream in Karachi, Pakistan. It flows from northeast to the center. It drains into the Arabian Sea at the Monora channel. It is one of the two rivers of Karachi, the other one being the Malir River. The river is about 50 kilometres (30 miles) long. As a seasonal river it carries the collected water after the rains in the catchment area.
The Panjkora River rises rises high in the Hindu Kush at lat. 35.45 and joins the Swat River near Chakdara, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Its name is derived from the Persian for 'panj' (meaning 'five') and 'kora' (meaning 'river').
The Wisent has been hunted for their meat and removed from their habitats by farmers. Thus by the 11th century only a few hundred were left alive. By 1927 less than 50 remained. Since the formation of an international protective society in 1932, their numbers have been growing, but they are no longer found outside zoos or reserves.
Panjnad River is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River is formed by merging of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for about 45 miles and joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A dam on Panjnad has been built; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.
Beyond the meeting of Indus and Panjnad rivers, the Indus river was known as Satnad (Sat = seven) carrying the waters of seven rivers including Indus river, which is believed to be in earlier times the Saraswati River/Ghaggar-Hakra River river which eventually dried and became a seasonal river due to seismic shifts in the glacial region of Himachal Pradesh.
The Sutlej River (sometimes spelled Satluj River) is a branch of the Indus River. It is the longest of the five major rivers that flow through the region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush, and east of the Central Makran range in Pakistan.
In the "Mahabharata", the river is named the Satadree. It is also known as the Red River.
The Beas River () is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab region. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 290 miles (470 km) to the Sutlej River in the west of the Indian Punjab state.
Zhob River () is in Balochistan, Pakistan. The meltwater from the Sulaiman Mountains forms Zhob River. The river flows through Balochistan and drains into the Gomal River near Khajuri Kachadd. Zhob city is on the banks of Zhob river.
Kabul River, or Kabal River (), is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Helmand by the Unai Pass. It is the main river in the eastern part of Afghanistan. It flows 700 km before joining the Indus River near Attock. It passes through the cities of Kabul, Chaharbagh, Jalalabad, and (flowing into Pakistan some 30 km north of the Khyber Pass) Nowshera. The major tributaries of the Kabul River are the Logar, Panjshir, Kunar and Alingar and Bara rivers.
The Kunar River (Kunar Rud) is about 480 km long. It is in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. The Kunar river system is fed from melting glaciers and snow of the Hindu Kush mountains. The Lutkho River joins the Mastuj River just north of the important regional centre of Chitral in Pakistan and is then called the Chitral River, before flowing south into the upper Kunar Valley in Afghanistan, where it is referred to as the Kunar River.
The Rupal River is an east-west glacial stream rising from the meltwater of the Rupal Glacier in northern Pakistan. The stream flows through the Rupal Valley, south of Nanga Parbat, before turning northeast to the village of Tarashing. The Rupal drains into the Astore River, which eventually reaches the Indus River near Jaglot.
The Soan River () is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the most important stream of the Pothohar region, draining much of the water of the Pothohar (Pothwar) Plateau. It also forms the northern border of Bannu District. The Soan River flows through many cities like Rawalpindi, Attock, and Jehlum.
The river starts near a small village in the foothills of Patriata and Murree. Its origin is the southwestern range of Murree Hills. It provides water to Simblee Dam, which is a reservoir of water for Islamabad. Near Pharwala Fort it cuts through a high mountain range. The place is called Swan Cut, also known as the Soan Cut. No stream can cut such a high mountain. It proves the Swaan was there before the formation of this range. And when the mountain rose through millions of years, the stream continued its path by cutting the rising mountain. Ling Stream, following a relatively long course though Lehtrar and Kahuta falls in the Swaan near Sihala. The Soan (also known as Swan or Swaan) also flows through the Pothwar (or Pothohar) Plateau, situated to the south of Islamabad, between the two rivers of Indus and Jehlum.
Islamabad Highway crosses this stream near Sihala where famous bridge Cock Pull is constructed over it. Another famous, Lai stream joins this stream near Swaan Camp. After flowing a long path and creating a big curve, the stream reaches Kalabagh where it falls into the Indus River. Finally, the Indus River flows into the Arabian Sea. This relatively small stream is more than 250 kilometers long. Due to its mountainous course and shallow bed, it is hardly used for irrigation purposes. Fishing is not possible in this stream as a profession. Rohu is the main species of fish in this stream. Kingfisher birds hunt here too.
The following day, Tod and Copper admit their mistakes and are friends again. Hoping to make up for his doings, Tod gives Bickerstaff's hat to Copper. Copper uses it to track down the talent scout at a local diner. Tod tricks Cash and Dixie into thinking the other is in trouble. The entire band end up meeting up at the diner. Copper convinces the band the importance of harmony. The Singin' Strays howl their song "We're in Harmony", attracting the attention of the talent scout and reuniting the band. Impressed with the band, he arranges for the dogs to perform at the Grand Ole Opry. The movie ends with Copper choosing to leave the band and play with Tod again.
Additional voices were provided by Grey DeLisle and April Winchell. Asterisks mark voices listed in the "Additional Voices".
On the website Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has a 20% "rotten" rating and an average rating of 4.60/10 based on 10 reviews.