adityasasidhar/Wikipedia_Cleaned huggingface dataset:
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy after Joseph Stalin occupied Romania in 1945 .
The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty signed in 1920 between the Allies and Hungary.
Hungary lost World War I and so the treaty gave about two thirds of its land and one third of its population to neighboring countries, like Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Under the principle of self-determination the majority of the people in the lost territories were something other than Hungarian. The partition brought irredentism, since many people in the lost lands were Hungarian and wanted to continue being part of Hungary. Hundreds of thousands of people from the lost territories sought refuge in Hungary.
Also, the treaty forced Hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of its army. Meanwhile, France helped its allies the Romanians to strengthen their army and defend their new territory of Transylvania.
The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.
Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine. It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.
Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington. They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.
The Midland Railway (MR) experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908. The system used was 6,600 Volt, 25 Hz alternating current from overhead lines. Power was generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.
Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system. It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.
During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland. It was ruled by the dukes from the House of Kettlerwith the exception of Ernst Johann Biron and his son Peter von Biron.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2SL to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Audrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.
Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
The closest airport is in Caen (21 km away) and the closest ferry to England (32 km away) leaves in Ouistreham.
Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bernesq is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bonneville-sur-Touques is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
2Wim was the designation given, by Southern Railway (SR), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). The compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 4Lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6Pul, 6Cit and 6Pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6Pul units were designated 6Cor until 1935 (the Cor designation was later used for 4Cor units).
British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated Mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST). The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B. The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.
Germany's Deutsche Bahn first showed two-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000. With a top speed of 120 km/h, these "Class 642" units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units bought by DB until 2007, many private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.
These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of 160 km/h.
Bures-les-Monts is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
Cagny, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Alstom Coradia Juniper
The Coradia Juniper series is a family of Electric Multiple Unit trains built by Alstom Transport Birmingham, subcontractor: Ganz Hunslet, Hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at Ganz Hunslet; Gabor Honthy) for use on the railway network in Great Britain. The family is related to the Coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit. There are currently three types in service with various TOCs.
Cambes-en-Plaine is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Campigny, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Carville, Calvados
Castillon, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Caumont-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.
Cesny-Bois-Halbout is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.
Colleville-Montgomery is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Colleville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Colomby-sur-Thaon is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.
Coulonces is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.
Coulvain is a former commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Seulline.
Courtonne-la-Meurdrac is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Espins is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Esquay-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Fontenermont was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.
Formentin is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Grainville-Langannerie is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Ifs, Calvados
Lantheuil was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.
Le Mesnil-Eudes is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Le Tronquay, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Livarot was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Manvieux is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Mathieu, Calvados
May-sur-Orne is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Meulles was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Mittois was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
Montchauvet is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
Noron-la-Poterie is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Notre-Dame-de-Livaye is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Olendon is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Ondefontaine was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.
Pennedepie is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Pont-Farcy is a former commune. It is found in the region Normandy in the Manche department in the northwest of France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.
Ranville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Rosel is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Roullours was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.
Rouvres, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Rucqueville was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moulins en Bessin.
Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont was a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.
Saint-Marcouf, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.
Saint-Martin-de-Blagny is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.
Saint-Paul-du-Vernay is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.
The village is 1 kilometer from Pont-Farcy. It is along the D307 Road. The village is a collection of farm houses. It also has a church. The total population is just 81. However, this probably includes the neighbouring farms as well. Other nearby settlements are Pont-Bellanger and Beaumesnil. The nearest large towns are Villedieu-les-Poeles and Vire.
Saon is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.
Sommervieu is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Surville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwestFrance.
Thury-Harcourt is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.
Tortisambert was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Varaville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Vaudry was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.
Villers-Canivet is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Villerville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Villons-les-Buissons is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
An electric multiple unit or EMU for short, is a type multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.
EMU trains are generally used on rapid transit lines, such as the Singapore MRT and the Melbourne rail network. As a result of this, EMU's usually lack features such as toilets, on-board food and comfy seats.
The British Rail Derby Lightweight diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including two single car units, 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, and four 4-car units. Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.
In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived "First Generation" Dmu the Class 101.
The London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced a number of railcars to service between 1933 and 1939. They were mainly single units but one was a three-car articulated set.
Pacer trains were railbuses built by British Rail between 1980 and 1987. There were several classes of them: 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144. They were diesel multiple unit trains, meaning each carriage had its own diesel engine. Pacers were built as a stopgap because British Rail did not have enough normal trains at the time and could not get new ones quickly enough. They were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years, but it actually took nearly 35 years to replace them.
At the start of 2020, 138 Pacer units were still being used or stored by three National Rail operators: Northern Trains, Great Western Railway and Transport for Wales. Northern Trains retired its last Pacer unit on 27 November 2020, and so did Great Western Railway in December 2020. Transport for Wales kept using their Class 143s into the first part of 2021 until May 2021.
Around the same time that the Class 142 was developed, another class of Pacer railbus was designed by Kilmarnock-based Hunslet-Barclay. These used a Walter Alexander bus body. They were given the number Class 143 and started being used in 1985. Its two 205 bhp engines gave a total output of and a top speed of . This class of Pacer originally had a capacity of 122 passengers. They were used in the North East before being transferred to Wales and the South West, and were moved over to Valley Lines and Wales & West control during privatisation. They then passed on to Arriva Trains Wales, Wessex Trains, First Great Western and Transport for Wales. The interiors were completely changed in 2000, when the Valley Lines service was introduced, with full back, coach-type seating installed throughout, along with improved fittings. This reduced seating capacity to 106 seats per set.
Sprinter (British Rail)
The Sprinter is a family of diesel multiple unit trains in use on the UK railway system. They were built in the 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, Metro Cammell and Leyland. All are based around a Cummins engine with Voith hydraulic transmission. Sprinters can be seen operating in almost every part of the UK, from rural branch lines to commuter expresses into major cities.
Turbostar is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as "Clubman"). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.
Alstom Coradia
The Voyager series is a group of high speed diesel electric multiple unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation in service on the UK railway network. The trains are among the most modern currently in operation, and are in service on many intercity routes around Great Britain. There are currently three types in service with 3TOCs (, East Midlands railway avanti and CrossCountry).
Janus and Taurus were two shunting locomotives by the Yorkshire Engine Company and loaned to British Railways for demonstrations. However, BR did not buy any production versions after testing. At least one other Yorkshire Engine Company locomotive was loaned to British Railways in the 1960s.
HS4000, named "Kestrel", was a prototype high-powered mainline diesel locomotive built in 1968 by Brush Traction to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. The name came from Hawker Siddeley (the owner of Brush) 4000 hp (the power rating of its Sulzer engine).
GT3 was a prototype mainline gas turbine locomotive. It was built in 1961 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. It was designed by Vulcan engineer J. O. P. Hughes and the project was started in the early 1950s. Externally, it resembled a steam tender locomotive. In the case of GT3, the tender carried diesel fuel.
DP2, meaning Diesel Prototype number 2, was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. As the Deltics were then in production, it was decided to produce the locomotive on the same production line; the bodyshell used for DP2 reputedly being the eighteenth made. While DP2 looked like a Class 55 locomotive in outline, there were many detail differences; particularly the large bodyside radiator vents at one end, and the single roof fan as opposed to the four symmetrically placed fans on the Deltics. These differences were the external effect of DP2 being totally different from the twin-engined Deltics internally, being the forerunner of the Class 50.
DP1, or Prototype Deltic is a demonstrator locomotive built by English Electric in 1955. This locomotive resulted in 22 similar locomotives being ordered by British Rail, which became their Class 55.
DHP1, meaning Diesel Hydraulic Prototype number 1, was a prototype Type 3 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1965 by Clayton to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. It was designed for mixed traffic work, having steam heating facilities for working passenger trains. It was painted red, with the cab area above bonnet-level height painted cream.
D0226 and D0227 were two prototype diesel shunting locomotives built in 1956 by English Electric at its Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. They originally carried numbers D226 and D227, their Vulcan Foundry works numbers, but these were later amended to avoid clashing with the numbers of new Class 40 locomotives.
British Rail reserved the TOPS Class 97 designation for departmental locomotives. These were used for special or engineering duties. They were therefore of several different classes, lumped together for numbering purposes. Some locomotives were converted from redundant engines, whilst others were purpose built. In 2008, Network Rail once again used Class 97 for signalling test locomotives (Class 97/3).
In 1952, the Eastern Region of British Rail introduced its own series for departmental (non-revenue earning) vehicles, including locomotives. Numbers were allocated from 1 to 1000, with blocks of 100 numbers allocated to specific types of vehicle.
The Southern Railway numbered its departmental (non-revenue earning) stock, both locomotives and carriages in a series starting at 1S. The series was retained by the Southern Region of British Rail, but amended so that the numbers carried a 'DS' prefix instead of an 'S' suffix. This page lists the locomotives numbered in this series, including steam, diesel and electric locomotives.
Before the introduction of the Total Operations Processing System, Class 97 was issued to self-propelled locomotives in departmental (non-revenue earning) use, British Rail had such locomotives numbered in a variety of series, together with locomotives that were no longer self-propelled. See Also:
The BB 22200 is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alsthom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50 Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.
The Vossloh G1206 is a B'B' diesel hydraulic freight locomotive built by Vossloh and used by several mainland European railway operators. The design was created in the mid-1990s by Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) for German coal supplier RAG Aktiengesellschaft (RAG AG) and is a follow-on to the "G1205" locomotive class built as SNCB Class 77. A cab is provided above one of the bogies, with walkways on both sides along the rest of the locomotive. Rated power is from either a MTU or Caterpillar engines, giving a top speed of .
The British Rail Class 41 was the original classification for the power cars of the prototype High Speed Train. However, the train was later re-classified as a diesel-electric multiple unit, and the whole set became Class 252. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement.
Glasgow Corporation Tramways were formerly one of the largest urban tramway systems in Europe. Over 1000 municipally-owned trams served the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The system closed in 1962 and was the last city tramway in Great Britain (prior to the construction of new systems in the 1990s).
The Acanthocephala (Greek "akanthos", thorn + "kephale", head) are a group of parasitic worms. They are modified rotifers.
The Second Polish Republic, in 1939, was invaded by the Greater German Reich and the U.S.S.R. after refusing to make territorial changes towards Germany. Poland was then fully occupied by both countries 39 days later. The government fled to the United Kingdom and became the Polish government-in-exile, while based in London. It continued it's existence in Poland as the Polish Underground State until 1945 when Poland was released but made a communist, soviet, satellite state. The pre-war government remained in exile until the collapse of Communism in 1990. Afterwards, it dissolved and handed it's roles over to the current Polish State.
Kirkby Lonsdale is a town and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1771 people living in Kirkby Lonsdale. including Harry lloid Huddleston
Hippolytushoef () is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It belongs to the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and has a population of 4,400.
A storm drain, storm sewer (U.S.), stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) or surface water system (UK) is designed to drain extra rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.
Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found a little below the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height). This is about above the surface of the Earth.
Hiroki Ito (footballer, born 1978)
Christopher died on 9 March 2022 in Jos, Nigeria at the age of 40.
Yutaro Abe (born 5 October 1984) is a former Japanese football player.
NK Zagreb
He was great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria I of the United Kingdom through both of his parents and was therefore a third cousin of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, King Harald V of Norway, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Queen Elizabeth II.
Charles Joseph "Joe" Hart (born 19 April 1987) is an English footballer. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England.
Jonathan Woodgate (born 22 January 1980) is a former English football player.
Jermaine Jenas (born 18 February 1983) is an English former footballer.
Between 2003 and 2009, Jenas had 21 England caps.
Jenas formally announced his retirement from football on 7 January 2016 on BBC Radio 4's "Today" programme, having been unable to recover fully from his knee injury.
Thomas Andrew Huddlestone (born 28 December 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Manchester United.
The Eastern Romance languages are a branch of Romance languages. They come Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin. The main language in the branch is Romanian.
Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French "Revue historique" in 1876. In 1886 the "English Historical Review" was founded and in 1895 the "American Historical Review" was founded.
The castle is known as "Dracula's Castle". It was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's "Dracula".
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest-ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.
The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP publishes the Human Development Index and a Human Development Report every year and directed the United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.
Bucharest Tower Center
Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of . It is near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of , it is the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.
Silent Alarm is the first album by Bloc Party. Bloc Party is an English rock band. It was released on 14 February 2005 in the UK. In the USA, it was released on 22 March.
CBeebies is a British free children's television channel. It is aimed at children under six. It started on 11 February 2002 and is owned by the BBC. The channel broadcast from 6:00 am to 7:00 pm. It shares time with BBC Four, which is on between 7:00 pm and 4:00 am. The sister channel is CBBC for older children between the ages of six and twelve.
A high definition of the channel was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels BBC Three HD, CBBC HD, BBC News HD and BBC Four HD.
From CBBC (TV channel) and BBC Four HD, CBBC HD, BBC News HD This channel was in Latin America.
British Rail Class D3/3 was a 0-6-0 shunting locomotive built by British Rail at their Derby Works in England. It was similar to the British Rail Class 08, except they were built with different engines and traction motors. They were all withdrawn and scrapped after only twelve years of service.
British Rail Class D3/9 was a class of four locomotives built by the London and North Eastern Railway at their Doncaster Works in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/10 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway in England, and later taken over by British Railways. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/11 was a locomotive commissioned by the Great Western Railway, but delivered to its successor British Rail in England. It was a diesel powered locomotive in the pre-TOPS period.
British Rail Class D3/14 was a diesel-electric locomotive built by the London and North Eastern Railway at its Doncaster Works. It had a Petter engine, and Brush Traction electricals. It was absorbed by British Railways on nationalisation, but was withdrawn in the pre-TOPS era.
British Railways Class D16/1 or 10000 and 10001 were the first mainline diesel locomotives in Great Britain. They were built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway at its Derby Works, using the EE16SVT 1600 hp diesel engine with electric transmission, in association with English Electric and the Vulcan Foundry, with whom the LMS had had a long working relationship.
British Railways 10800 was a diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company for British Railways in 1950. It had been ordered by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1946 but did not appear until after the 1948 nationalisation of the railways.
TOPS Class 98 has been used to cover all steam locomotives used on the mainline in Britain, but also has a particular usage for the three Vale of Rheidol Railway-design 2-6-2T locomotives that remained in the ownership of British Rail after the end of mainline steam traction in August 1968. The locomotives on the Vale of Rheidol Railway were the only steam locomotives ever officially to carry the British Rail corporate blue and the double arrow logo.
Freightliner Group
Railfreight Distribution was a subsector of British Rail responsible for non-trainload freight operations, as well as Freightliner and Intermodal services. In its early years the division was occasionally referred to as Speedlink Distribution. It was later responsible for freight operations through the Channel Tunnel.
The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second-largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.
Metropolitan-Vickers, Metrovick, or Metrovicks, was a British heavy electrical engineering company of the early-to-mid 20th century formerly known as British Westinghouse. Highly diversified, they were particularly well known for their industrial electrical equipment such as generators, steam turbines, switchgear, transformers, electronics and railway traction equipment. Metrovick holds a place in history as the builders of the first commercial transistor computer, the Metrovick 950, and the first British axial-flow jet engine, the Metrovick F.2. Their factory in Trafford Park, Manchester, was for most of the 20th century one of the biggest and most important heavy engineering facilities in Britain and the world.
The British Rail Class 99 was a fleet of 14 ferries, mostly owned by Sealink, which carried rail vehicles between Britain and mainland Europe. When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, these ships were incorporated into the system in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software. This allowed them to be counted as locomotives while carrying railway vehicles in the same way as a normal locomotive would haul a train.
The Yorkshire Engine Company (YEC) was a small independent locomotive manufacturer in Sheffield, England. The company was formed in 1865 and continued to produce locomotives and carry out general engineering work until 1965. Mainly known for shunting engines for the British market, but also built main line engines for overseas customers.
Obafemi Martins (born 28 October 1984) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Seattle Sounders FC and Nigeria national team.
The Southern Railway created classification and numbering systems for its large fleet of electric multiple units that were perpetuated by the Southern Region of British Rail until the early 1980s, when the impact of TOPS was felt. Even now, some stock have still been allocated Southern-style classifications in a semi-official manner.
Virgin Trains was a train operating company in the United Kingdom. They ran trains from London Euston to the North West, West Midlands and Scotland on the West Coast Main Line and trains on the East Coast Main Coast Mainline between London, Yorkshire, the North East and Scotland. Before 11 November 2007, they also run trains linking the south and south-west of England with the north of England through Manchester and Scotland, through Birmingham, under the CrossCountry franchise. Although it is branded as part of Virgin Group, Virgin's share in the company is only 51%, with the remaining 49% owned by Stagecoach. Virgin's share in Virgin Trains East Coast is only 10% with 90% being owned by Stagecoach, although the company is also branded under the Virgin name. The East Coast franchise was transferred to London North Eastern Railway in 2019, and the West Coast franchise to Avanti West Coast.
Their first trains, formerly owned by British Rail, were very old and broken down, but were replaced by new trains in 2002 on the West Coast and CrossCountry lines. New trains were built for their East Coast operations.
First Great Western, is a British train operating company owned by FirstGroup, which has services in the west and south west of England and South Wales. It also runs the "Night Riviera" overnight train between London and Penzance.
The company began operating on 4 February 1996 as Great Western Trains, as part of the privatisation of British Rail, and in December 1998 became First Great Western after FirstGroup bought the company. On 1 April 2006, First Great Western Link and Wessex Trains were combined into First Great Western. On 20 September 2015, FirstGroup started to operate an extended franchise that is due to run until 30 March 2019.
Network Rail is a British "not for dividend" company limited by guarantee whose principal asset is Network Rail Infrastructure Limited, a company limited by shares. Network Rail owns and operates the fixed infrastructure parts of the British railway system.
The company had a seven-year agreement to operate passenger train services from Wrexham via Shropshire to London. Wrexham & Shropshire began services on 28 April 2008. The service finished on 28 January 2011.
Paddington railway station, also known as London Paddington, is the main National Rail and London Underground station in northwest central London. It also has access to the Elizabeth Line.
The Class 901 designation is used for two former British Rail Class 101 diesel multiple units converted for departmental use. They were reclassified from the Class 960 series in early 2004 by their owner Network Rail.
The British Rail Class 930 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units and diesel-electric multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for de-icing and, later, sandite units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series. Electric and diesel units are dealt with separately
The British Rail Class 950 is a diesel multiple unit that was purpose-built for departmental use as a track assessment unit. It was built in 1987 using the same bodyshell as the Class 150/1 "Sprinter" units that were built from 1985-1986 they were converted from 150s.
number built 1
The British Rail Class 951 was reserved for former diesel-electric multiple units converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, de-icing duties, and use as tractor units to tow other trains. This classification is now obsolete, as all units have either been withdrawn, or renumbered into the Class 930 range.
The British Rail Class 960 was reserved for former diesel multiple units converted for departmental use, and former electrical multiple units rebuilt as test trains. Diesel units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, route learning, use as tractor units to tow other trains, and conversion to test trains.
The Multiple-purpose Vehicle or MPV is a purpose-built departmental derivative of a diesel multiple unit. Twenty-five two-car units were ordered by Railtrack to enable it to replace its motley collection of ageing departmental vehicles, many of which were converted from redundant passenger stock.
The APT-E (meaning Advanced Passenger Train Experimental) tilting train was the prototype Advanced Passenger Train unit. It was powered by gas turbines, the only multiple unit so powered that was used by British Rail. It was formed of two power cars (numbers PC1 and PC2), with two trailer cars (TC1 and TC2) in between. The cars were made of aluminium and were articulated to reduce the weight of the unit.
The British Rail Class 931 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Route Learning and Stores units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series.
The British Rail Class 932 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units and diesel electric multiple unit carriages converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Research and Tractor units. In recent years, however, other types have also been given numbers in this series.
The British Rail Class 933 was reserved for former Southern Region electrical multiple units converted for departmental use. Originally the series was reserved for Mobile Instruction units. In recent years, however, this series appears to have been discontinued.
The British Rail Class 936 was reserved for former electrical multiple units not from the South-East, converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, and de-icing duties.
The British Rail Class 937 was reserved for former AC electrical multiple units, converted for departmental use. Units were converted for various tasks, including application of sandite, and use as tractor units to tow other trains.
The Network Rail New Measurement Train (NMT) is a special train used to check how good rail tracks are. Network Rail engineers use this information to decide which tracks to work on. The NMT is converted from High Speed Train Class 43 power cars and Mark 3 coaches. It can check the condition of all main lines in Great Britain in two weeks.
The term train operating company (often abbreviated to TOC) is used in the United Kingdom to describe the various businesses operating passenger trains on the railway system of mainland Great Britain under the collective National Rail brand. They have existed since the privatisation of the network under the Railways Act 1993.
National Rail is a title used by the Association of Train Operating Companies. ATOC is an unincorporated association whose membership consists of the passenger train companies of Great Britain which now run the passenger services previously provided by the British Railways Board (from 1965 the Board used the title British Rail). The BRB is a statutory corporation created by the Transport Act 1962. It has since been renamed BR Residuary Ltd but has yet to be abolished.
Euston tube station is a London Underground station. It is served by the Victoria Line and both branches of the Northern line (not to be confused with nearby Euston Square tube station). It directly connects with the Euston mainline station above it. The station is in Travelcard Zone 1.
"She's Hearing Voices" is a song by Bloc Party. It was first released on their 2004 EP "Banquet". It was later released on 7" records by London-based indie label "Trash Aesthetics" in February 2004. "She's Hearing Voices" was later re-recorded for the Bloc Party's debut album "Silent Alarm" in 2005, while "The Marshals Are Dead" was re-recorded and released on the 7" and DVD single versions of "So Here We Are".
The Great Rift Valley or East African Rift is a continuous geographical trench, about 6,440 kilometres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from northern Syria in Southwest Asia to central Mozambique in East Africa. The rift is bordered by a series of mountains and active volcanoes. It is a site of faults and earthquakes.
A tablespoon is a kind of spoon that is mostly used for serving. A tablespoonful, which is the amount that can be put into a tablespoon, is a measure of volume.
Eugene is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the county seat of Lane County. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 176,654. The University of Oregon is in Eugene.
Phil Knight is an American businessman. He was one of the first owners of Nike, Inc. with Bill Bowerman. In 2008, he had a net worth of US$ 10.5 billion and was the 31st richest person in the United States. Phil Knight also ran track in high school and college. Bowerman was his coach at the University of Oregon.
Hidehiko Shimizu (born 4 November 1954) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Nissan Motors.
Argentina U-23
The Scottish Parliament (; Scots: "Scottish Pairlament") is the devolved national legislature of Scotland. It is in the capital city, Edinburgh. The Parliament is sometimes called "Holyrood" because it is located next to Holyrood Palace.
The original Parliament of Scotland (or "Estates of Scotland") was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland. It existed from the early 13th century until 1707. This was when the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Because of this, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London. This legislature merged with the Irish Parliament from 1801 to make the current Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The Presiding Officer is the Speaker of the Scottish Parliament and chairs the meetings. The Presiding Officer is an MSP elected to the role and cannot be bias towards one party.
Bloc Party is an EP of songs in Bloc Party's first two (UK) singles: "She's Hearing Voices" and "Banquet/Staying Fat". The EP was released on May 24, 2004 throughout Europe. It was Bloc Party's first V2 Records EP. This EP was released later in Japan in August, and then in the United States in September of the same year.
Helicopter (Bloc Party song)
"Helicopter" is a song by British band Bloc Party. It was written by all band members for their album, "Silent Alarm". The song uses a punk rock-style, built up with many different parts, and the tempo is faster than other Bloc Party songs. The idea behind the song has been debated, with lead singer Kele Okereke disagreeing with rumours a few times.
Courland is one of historical regions of Latvia. The regions of Semigallia and Selonia are sometimes said to be part of Courland.
Bivona ("Vivona o" "Bbivona" in Sicilian) is a little town of the Province of Agrigento in Sicily. It has a population of 4,026 people.