The English invasion of Scotland in 1650 was a pre-emptive military incursion by the English Commonwealth's New Model Army into Scotland, intended to allay the risk of Charles II invading England with a Scottish army. The First and Second English Civil Wars, in which English Royalists, loyal to Charles I, fought Parliamentarians for control of the country, took place between 1642 and 1648. When the Royalists were defeated for the second time the English government, exasperated by Charles's duplicity during negotiations, had him executed on 30 January 1649. Charles I was also, separately, the king of Scotland, an independent nation at the time. The Scots fought in support of the Parliamentarians in the First Civil War, but sent an army in support of the king into England during the Second. The Scottish Parliament, which had not been consulted prior to the execution, declared his son, Charles II, King of Britain.