Cuba's Foreign Affairs Minister Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla claimed to have "irrefutable proof that the majority of those that took part in this (internet) campaign were in the United States and used automated systems to make content go viral, without being penalized by Twitter", which analysts spoken to by Agence France-Presse (AFP) said was "at best an exaggeration" in an article published on 16 July. Analysis by disinformation expert Julián Macías Tovar, who agreed with AFP experts and stated that Cuban authorities must respect the right to protest, found that the campaign was in part the work of the Atlas Network, which has been described by "The Guardian" as "a free-market consortium of more than 500 organisations that have received funding from ExxonMobil and the Koch brothers"; the Atlas Network has also been involved in misinformation campaigns in the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, and the 2021 Peruvian general election.