In the 1890s, conflicts between Tagalog landholders, religious orders, and the Spanish government paved the way for increasing separatist ideology. Freemasonry had entered the Philippines recently, and bolstered these movements through anti-clerical sentiment. A wave of reformists requested increased Philippine representation in the Cortez, spearheaded by José Rizal. More radical Tagalog bourgeoisie under Andrés Bonifacio broke off from this movement, and began preparing for armed rebellion.