As previously mentioned, Fearon and Laitin identify three possible channels by which ethnic conflicts arise via identity construction: (1) "Social and Economic Processes as Agents of Construction," i.e., macrohistorical forces like modernization; (2) "Social Construction by Discourse"; and (3) "Individuals as Agents of Construction," whether they be elites or non-elites. Fearon and Laitin's findings review several books—including Gérard Prunier's "The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide" and Susan Woodward's "Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War"—and glean the conclusion that the first and second channels inadequately or unclearly explain ethnic violence. "Individuals as Agents of Construction," though, presents a more promising explanation. The Rwandan Genocide, after all, originated from elite manipulation of identity construction, given that colonial and Rwandan leaders assigned the Hutu-Tutsi terminology ethnic significance. Prior to colonization, the terms indicated class rather than ethnicity. Fearon and Laitin see evidence for non-elite culpability as well, observing that some opportunistic non-elites hear elite cues and use them as excuses to plunder, execute personal vendettas, and/or indulge in violence.