The pre-1996 German use of was codified by the eighteenth-century grammarians Johann Christoph Gottsched (1748) and Johann Christoph Adelung (1793) and made official for all German-speaking countries by the German Orthographic Conference of 1901. In this orthography, the use of was modeled after the use of long and "round"-s in Fraktur. appeared both word internally after long vowels and also in those positions where Fraktur required the second s to be a "round" or "final" s, namely the ends of syllables or the ends of words. In his "Deutsches Wörterbuch" (1854) Jacob Grimm called for or to be written for all instances of Middle and Old High German etymological (e.g., instead of from ); however, his etymological proposal could not overcome established usage.