Approximately 25,000 Odessan Jews were murdered on the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the Odessa massacre. Most of the atrocities were committed during the first six months of the occupation and perpetrated by Einsatzgruppen. By 17 October 1941, 80% of the 210,000 Jews in the region were killed. This was in contrast to Jews in Romania proper, where the majority survived. When the Nazi forces had lost their ground in the Eastern Front, the Romanian administration amended its policy and declined to deport the remaining Jewish population of eastern Europe to extermination camps situated in German-occupied Poland, while allowing Jews to work as hired labourers. In contrast to other areas of occupied Eastern Europe, the survival of Jewish population was significantly higher in Odessa. After the war, Jews still constituted more than ten percent of Odessa's population. They were still found in most occupational groups from port stevedores and unskilled workers to the intellectual elite.