During the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II, Pan-Islamism had become an important part of the state ideology as Abdulhamid had often stressed his claim to be the Caliph. The claim that Abdulhamid was the caliph, making him the political and spiritual leader of all Muslims not only caught on within the Ottoman Empire, but throughout the entire "Dar-al-Islam" (the "House of Islam", i.e. the Islamic world), especially in British controlled India. Despite deposing Abdulhamid in 1909, the CUP continued his pan-Islamic policies. For the CUP, keeping the Sultanate-caliphate in being had the effect of not only reinforcing the loyalty of Ottoman Muslims to the empire, but was also a useful foreign policy tool. The fact that Indian Muslims seemed to have far more enthusiasm for the Ottoman Sultan-caliph than they did for the British king-emperor was a matter of considerable concern for British decision-makers. The fear that the Sultan-caliph might declare "jihad" against the British, and thereby plunge India into a revolt by its Muslims was a constant factor in British policy towards the Ottoman Empire. The CUP endorsed Abdulhamid's legacy upon his death in February 1918, even though the CUP launched a revolution against Abdulhamid in 1908 and ultimately deposed him in 1909. Şükrü Hanioğlu asserts that the CUP would generally appeal to Islam simply when ever it was convenient.