However, this first treaty proved short-lived. In 1998, Suharto, one of the driving forces of the treaty alongside Keating, resigned after thirty years in power. Following this resignation, an agreement between Indonesia and Portugal - Portugal had held custodianship over East Timor from the colonial period until the brief Timorese independence in 1975 - led to a United Nations-sponsored referendum in 1999, during which the East Timorese people voted overwhelmingly for independence from Indonesia. The referendum led to widespread violence across East Timor between the East Timorese military and various pro-Indonesia militia groups and Indonesian soldiers that resulted in many deaths on both sides. As a result, the UN sponsored a peacekeeping force to be deployed in Indonesia, consisting of a coalition of various national defence force;, made up chiefly of troops from Australia, New Zealand and Thailand; and under the command of Australia General Peter Cosgrove. This force, named INTERFET, entered Indonesia in September 1999 and maintained peace in the region until the UN intervened with its own specialist security force, labelled UNTAET. UNTAET entered Indonesia in October 1999 and on May 20, 2002, the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste was recognised as fully independent by the UN.