By the end of 2020, Minneapolis reported 5,422 violent crimes in the year, a 21% increase compared to the 4,496 reported in 2019. Violence increased in almost all parts of the city compared to prior years, but poorer neighborhoods experienced the heaviest toll. The city tallied 84 homicides in 2020 according to one media database, which put the year as the second most deadly after 1995 when the city was given the grim moniker, "Murderapolis". The moniker was again used to describe used the year after Floyd's death in the city, with comparisons made to challenges of violent crime the city faced in the 1990s. Crime trends for Minneapolis were inline with other large U.S. cities that experienced a jump in homicide rates, which suggested that both the COVID-19 pandemic and racial unrest were possible factors. In Minneapolis, however, violent crime surged in the initial aftermath of rioting in late May, a trend similar to other cities that experienced unrest following a police killing, such as Baltimore in 2015 with the death of Freddy Gray in police custody. Some criminalists suggested the city experienced a "Minneapolis Effect" in the aftermath of riots over Floyd's murder, which alluded to the contested "Ferguson Effect" hypothesis in the aftermath of the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in the U.S. state of Missouri, where less-active policing was theorized to have contributed to increases in the rates of homicides and other violent crimes.