Tibet was a protectorate controlled by the Qing dynasty from around 1720 until the latter's collapse. In 1911-12 as the Xinhai revolution was occurring, Tibet gained its sovereignty once again. In 1951 after the Communist Party of China won the Chinese civil war, Tibet was annexed by China after a military expedition, which was then affirmed by the Seventeen Point Agreement. With the Dalai Lama and other major figures, the Central Tibetan Administration was formed as a government in exile for Tibet in India in 1959. Within Tibet there have been various calls for autonomy and independence over the years, which the Chinese government has refused. Calls for autonomy and/or independence have manifested through non-confrontational means such as self-immolation, although confrontation has occurred, like that of the Chushi Gangdruk from the 1950s to 1970s.