Popular response varied. According to economic sociologist Jacqueline O'Reilly, the political reverberations of deindustrialisation contributed towards a rise in the vote share for UKIP among voters in former industrial areas, and eventually came to a head in the vote in favour of the UK leaving the EU at the EU referendum on 23 June 2016. Historian Tom Devine has argued that the experience of deindustrialisation had a particular impact on trust in the British State in general and the Conservative party in particular among residents of Scotland contributing to support for Scottish Independence in the 21st Century.