The inhabitants of Pampanga cooperated closely with Spanish authorities, with Kapampangans forming the bulk of natives that enlisted in the Spanish army. Kapampangan troops fought alongside Spaniards in land battles for Formosa, Guam, and Cagayan, and in naval battles against the Dutch. British forces attempting to invade Bulacan from Manila suffered heavily from Kapampangan counteroffensives that pushed them back to Intramuros. In return, the Spanish allowed Kapampangans to join the Spanish peerage, study in Spanish universities both in Manila and in Spain, and join the Spanish army as officers.