By the early 20th century, the Jews of Germany were the most integrated Jews in Europe. Their situation changed in the early 1930s after the German defeat in World War I and the economic crisis of 1929, which resulted in the rise of the Nazis and their explicitly antisemitic program. Hate speech which referred to Jewish citizens as "dirty Jews" became common in antisemitic pamphlets and newspapers such as the "Völkischer Beobachter" and "Der Stürmer" Additionally, blame was laid on Jews for having caused Germany's defeat in World War I (see "Dolchstosslegende").