Nominal control of the area switched between Huns, Gepids and Lombards, Avars, Moravians, and Franks after the Avars were defeated by Charlemagne. Part of the Roman population may have emigrated with the Lombards in 568 to Italy, particularly from settlements that lay directly on the Amber Road. The Franks document some of their missionary activity and efforts to incorporate Pannonia into their empire including in the "Annales regni Francorum". The that describes the Hungarians conquest from 900 of the area, describes four ethnicities upon the arrival of the Magyars in Pannonia. In the chapter , the names Slavs, Bulgars ("Turkic"), and makes a distinction between Vlachs and the "Pastoral Romans", the Romanized Pannonians.