Elefantenrunden have taken place before parliamentary elections since the 1969 federal election. These were broadcast live by ARD and ZDF simultaneously, with the official name of "Drei Tage vor der Wahl" (Three Days before the Election), before the 1972, 1976, 1980, 1983, and 1987 elections. There were no time limits and in 1976 the Elefantenrunde went on for more than four hours. A first attempt to broadcast an Elefantenrunde in 1965 failed. The Elefantenrunde was no longer broadcast as part of the election campaign after 1987, since the serving Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl refused to participate in such a debate before the federal elections in 1990, 1994, and 1998. Since the 2002 election, there has been a televised debate between the leaders of the two main parties, the CDU and the SDP, which was unsuccessfully challenged in the Federal Constitutional Court. Alongside this, at the 2005 election, there was a debate broadcast on ARD with the leaders of all the parties in the Bundestag a few days before the election, which (unlike the broadcasts up to 1987) had time limits and took a back seat to the debate between the two major parties in public consciousness. A similar broadcast was planned for the 2009 election, but was cancelled due to the refusal of candidates from the CDU and the SPD to participate. On the Sunday before the 2013 election, a 90 minute long "Berliner Runde" (Berlin Round-table) was broadcast in parallel by ARD and ZDF instead, in which prominent supporters of the parties in the Bundestag took part instead of the actual candidates.