Tokharistan was attacked by the Muslims during their eastern expansion as early as about 663/4, but was not definitely conquered until the reign of the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (). Balkh was occupied and garrisoned in 725, and the "Nawbahār" abandoned, though its structure remained in place for three more centuries. The incumbent Barmak was brought with his son to the Umayyad court, where both converted to Islam; the Barmak's son adopted the name Khalid ibn Barmak, and became a of the Banu Khuza'a tribe, while his two brothers received the names Sulayman and al-Hasan. He probably had another brother, Abu Ubayd Mu'awiya, who is mentioned as living in Baghdad in later years.