On February 21, 1921, Reza Khan Mirpanj and Zia-ud-Din Tabatabai staged a coup against the government of Fathollah Khan Akbar. The successful coup led to the establishment of a government led by Prime Minister Zia al-Din Tabatabai and War Minister Reza Khan Sardar Sepah. Tabatabai was unpopular in the Majlis due to the arrest of many of his opponents and was finally dismissed after a hundred days, leading to Sardar Sepah's installation as the new prime minister. Reza Khan Sardar Sepah's reforms began during his tenure as prime minister, which many intellectuals, including Suleiman Eskandari, considered a "window of hope." On October 31, 1925, in a vote in the fifth parliament of the National Assembly, Reza Khan Sardar Sepah was elected king, which is considered to be the beginning of the second generation of intellectual movements.