After the end of the war, he led the 35th Rifle Division, was acting commander of the 5th Army, and commanded the 12th Rifle Corps. Chaykovsky led a cavalry brigade in the suppression of the August Uprising. He taught at the Frunze Military Academy from 1929 to 1931, when he became commander of the 11th Rifle Division. The division became the 11th Mechanized Corps a year later with Chaykovsky still commanding. In February 1936 he became deputy head of the 2nd Department (Organization and Mobilization) of the Red Army General Staff. Three months later Chaykovsky became deputy head of combat training. He was arrested during the Great Purge and died in prison. He was posthumously pardoned in 1956.