A chain reaction had been set in motion by the 1982 and 1986 Mohonk Mountain Conferences. UN Under-Secretary General Maurice Strong, who had served as Honorary Chair of Mohonk II, became the Secretary General of the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Strong supported the proposals that had grown out of the Mohonk Mountain conferences, elaborated in publications by Jack Ives (notably "The Himalayan Dilemma"), and promoted by a group known formally as Mountain Agenda, but also referred to as the Mountain Mafia. Their vision of a world awakened to the importance and fragility of mountains was shaped in part by the success of ocean advocate Jacques Cousteau (who was also invited to the Earth Summit), and by the UNU's semi-autonomous World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER).