In January 1921, Chaykovsky became head of the combat troops in Tambov Governorate. In August 1921, he became assistant commander of troops in the Minsk region. In 1921, Chaykovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Between October 1921 and January 1923, he led the 35th Rifle Division. Chaykovsky became acting commander of the 5th Army and the East Siberian Military District in August 1922. He led the 12th Rifle Corps between January and September 1923. He studied at the Higher Academic Courses at the Military Academy of the Red Army from September 1923. Between July and September 1924 Chaykovsky led the 2nd Separate Caucasian Cavalry Brigade in the suppression of the August Uprising. In October he became inspector of cavalry of the Red Banner Caucasus Army. Chaykovsky was placed at the disposal of the Main Directorate of the Red Army in November 1926. He went to America to buy horses in 1928. From January 1929 he was an Adjunct professor at the Frunze Military Academy. At the same time he was acting head of the training department and assistant chief of the Evening Military Academy of the Red Army. In June 1931 he became the deputy head of the Department of Mechanization and Motorization at the academy.