Mass protests in the Egyptian revolution of 2011 led to the demission of President Hosni Mubarak, the 2012 Egyptian presidential election won by Mohamed Morsi, the 2012–2013 Egyptian protests against the Morsi presidency, the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état which overthrew Morsi, the August 2013 Rabaa massacre by the security forces and army led by general Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, and an authoritarian government under Sisi, who was elected president with no serious opponents in 2014 and 2018. In September 2019, Mohamed Ali, an Egyptian construction contractor living in exile in Spain, circulated videos accusing el-Sisi and the military of extensive corruption and called for street protests to force el-Sisi to resign. Protests took place on 20–21 September 2019, after which Amnesty International described the Sisi government being "shaken to its core", Protests continued on 27 September. The Egyptian authorities responded with arrests of protestors and lawyers. Well-known arrestees included the Egyptian blogger, software developer and activist Alaa Abd el-Fattah, who had not participated in the 2019 Egyptian protests, arrested on unknown charges, and his lawyer Mohamed al-Baqer, director of the human rights organisation Adalah Center for Rights and Freedoms. Both were tortured in welcome parades in Tora Prison. Amnesty described the crackdown as the biggest during the el-Sisi presidency.