The English Militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon "Fyrd", the military force raised from the able-bodied freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriffs. The three Ridings of Yorkshire and adjacent counties provided the bulk of the "fyrdmen" who fought against Harald Hardrada at the Battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge in 1066. The Shire levy continued under the Norman and Plantagenet kings: Yorkshire levies helped to defeat the Scots army at the Battle of the Standard (1138). The Shire levy was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by the Statute of Winchester of 1285. East Riding levies were regularly employed in offensive and defensive campaigns against Scotland, including the battles of Halidon Hill (1333), Neville's Cross (1346), Berwick (1482) and Flodden (1513). They were also seen in domestic conflicts such as the Wars of the Roses: the Mayor of Kingston upon Hull (Hull) was killed at the Battle of Wakefield in 1461 at the head of three companies of infantry raised in the town, and East Riding detachments were prominent in the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536.