Ron specialized in radiation epidemiology and in the causes of thyroid cancer. In her earliest work in Israel, she identified the long-term cancer effects of radiation treatment for tinea capitis. She conducted studies of the atomic bomb survivors in Japan, residents of the former Soviet Union exposed to the radioactive compounds from the Chernobyl accident and patients exposed to diagnostic and therapeutic radiation. Ron led the largest study of cancer risks among patients treated with radioactive iodine for hyperthyroidism and the first international effort to pool epidemiologic data on thyroid cancer. She launched a major investigation into the potential adverse effects of clinical trial screening among children and young adults.