Individually, Archibald has been European champion in the elimination race in 2015, twice in the omnium in 2016 and 2017 and a four time European champion in the individual pursuit between 2013 and 2017. In 2017 she secured her first individual global title, winning the Omnium at the 2017 UCI Track Cycling World Championships and won a third world championship the following year when partnering Emily Nelson to win the Madison at the 2018 UCI Track Cycling World Championships. Her brother, John, is also a cyclist. Both won medals at the 2018 Commonwealth Games representing Scotland; Katie gold in the women's individual pursuit and John silver in the men's. She holds the women's British national record for the individual pursuit.