California was admitted as a U.S. state on September 9, 1850. The admission act made no reference to Native American land rights. On their second day in office as California's first Senators, John Fremont and William M. Gwin introduced bills to extinguish all aboriginal title in California. On September 30, 1850, Congress passed an amended version of Fremont's bill appropriating $25,000 and authorizing the President to appoint three commissioners, Oliver M. Wozencraft, Redick McKee and George W. Barbour, to negotiate treaties with the tribes of California. By January 1852, eighteen treaties had been negotiated, representing about one-third of the tribes and bands in the state. The state legislature strongly opposed the Indian reservation policy pursued by the treaty and lobbied the federal government to instead remove the Indians from the state entirely. Because Fremont and Gwin represented the key swing votes between the Whig and Democratic parties, none of the treaties were ever ratified and all were classified.