During the Dungan revolts of 1864 initiated by Hui Muslims, the Turkic Muslims rose in rebellion in several cities including Kashgar, Yarkand, Hotan, Aksu, Kucha, and Turpan. The Khoqandi Yakub Beg then established the Yettishar state in the region in 1865 and gained recognition from the Ottoman Empire in 1873. The rule of Yaqub Beg was disliked by local Kashgaria and his Turkic Muslim subjects due to strict rule, heavy taxes, and declining trade.