In an anthropological overview of the First Intifada, Scott Atran traced conflict responses between Palestinians and Zionists back to the Palestinian Revolt, 1936-1939 where a policy of "armed struggle" ("al-kifah al-musalah") emerged against a generally defensive Zionist approach of "restraint" ("havgalah"). By contrast the first Intifada was, in his view, characterized by an opposition between a Palestinian emphasis on preaching restraint, if not invariably nonviolence ("al-la `unf"), and an explicit Israeli policy of using "the iron fist" ("ha-yad hazaqah, barzel Yisrael"), which, in the latter instance, marked to first time since Israel's independence that the former consensus of 'the utility and morality' of recourse to violence was broken.