The English Militia was descended from the Anglo-Saxon "Fyrd", the military force raised from the freemen of the shires under command of their Sheriff. It continued under the Norman kings, notably at the Battle of the Standard (1138). The force was reorganised under the Assizes of Arms of 1181 and 1252, and again by King Edward I's Statute of Winchester of 1285. Now "Commissioners of Array" would levy the required number of men from each shire. The usual shire contingent was 1000 infantry commanded by a "millenar", divided into companies of 100 commanded by "centenars" or constables, and subdivided into sections of 20 led by "vintenars". Edward I regularly summoned the shire levies of Gloucestershire to fight in neighbouring Wales during his Welsh Wars, but they were not required for his Scottish campaigns. However, his grandson Edward III, did employ the Gloucestershire levies in Scotland, for example at the Siege of Berwick and Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Rather than 1000 men, the Gloucestershire contingent serving from 23 June to 23 August 1335 was a more manageable body of 218 longbowmen (16 of them mounted), commanded by two "ductores" (constables) and 11 vintenars. The levies continued to be mustered under Henry VIII: a surviving muster roll of 1543 shows that the Hundred of Kiftsgate in Gloucestershire was required to find 186 bowmen and 323 billmen, of which the parish of Winchcombe provided 70 men.