Since neither nor was a native sound in Latin, the tendency must have emerged early, and at the latest by medieval Latin, to substitute . Thus, in many modern languages, including French and German, the digraph is used in Greek loan-words to represent an original , but is now pronounced : examples are French "théâtre", German "Theater". In some cases, this etymological , which has no remaining significance for pronunciation, has been transferred to words in which there is no etymological justification for it. For example, German "Tal" ('valley', cognate with English "dale") appears in many place-names with an archaic spelling "Thal" (contrast Neandertal and Neanderthal). The German spelling reform of 1901 largely reversed these, but they remain in some proper nouns. The name "Rothschild" is an example of this, being a compound of ("red") and "Schild" ("shield").