Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out, in particular concerning the events of the Paris massacre of 1961, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief Maurice Papon while Charles was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.