One of Muscovite commanders during the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667); he fought in the battle of Ochmatów (1655) where he led Muscovite "Southern Corps" and the battle of Cudnów (1660). In 1656 Sheremetev was appointed as a voivode of Smolensk and played an active role in Muscovite and Commonwealth negotiations of 1650s. In 1658 he led a Muscovite delegation in Barysaw (today a city in Minsk Voblast) where he had a conflict with polkovnyk of Belarus Regiment Ivan Nechay.