At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno chiefdoms in Hispaniola, each led by a principal (chief), to whom tribute was paid. The Taíno name for Hispaniola was ("land of high mountains"), which was the source of the name "Haiti", the independent republic established by slaves and free people of color on the island after becoming independent from France in a violent revolution. Cuba was divided into 29 chiefdoms. Their names were the origin of numerous modern cities, such as Havana, Batabanó, Camagüey, Jarabacoa, Baracoa, and Bayamo. Taíno communities ranged from small settlements to larger centers of up to 3,000 people. They may have numbered in total 2 million at the time of contact, and almost 3 million at the end of the 15th century. The figures are debated, and a 2020 genetic analysis estimated the population of Hispaniola at the time to be no more than a few tens of thousands of people.