Modern beer (Spanish, "cerveza chilena") history in Chile began in the 19th century when European beer was first introduced in the years after Chile gained independence. With the arrival of German immigrants to southern Chile around 1850, massive beer production began. Chile's first beer brewery was established in Valdivia in 1851 by Carl Anwandter. By the end of the 19th century, beer was consumed all over the country. Beer consumption and culture then spread across the country from cities with high immigrant populations such as Valdivia and Valparaíso. In 1907, 20 million litres of beer were produced in Valdivia. By 1997, Chilean beer consumption reached 28 liters per year per capita. and by 2013 this had increased to 40 litres per year per capita.