The Umayyads were toppled in 750, at which point the Abbasid dynasty ruled the Caliphate including Jerusalem, with interruptions, for the next two centuries. After the First Abbasid period (750–878), the Tulunids, a mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin, managed to independently rule over Egypt and much of Greater Syria, including Palestine, for almost three decades (878–905). Abbasid rule returned between 905–969, of which 30 years of direct rule from Baghdad (905–935), and the rest with the help of the Ikhshidid governors of Egypt (935–969). The period of Ikhshidid rule was characterised by acts of persecution against the Christians, including an attack by the Muslims on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 937, with the church set on fire and its treasure robbed. The tensions were connected with the renewed threat posed by the encroaching Byzantines, and on this background the Jews joined forces with the Muslims. In 966 the Muslim and Jewish mob, instigated by the Ikhshidid governor, attacked again the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the resulting fire causing the collapse of the dome standing over the Tomb of Jesus and causing the death of Patriarch John VII.