The defeat in 1794 of Indians in the Northwest Indian War, followed by the waging and conclusion of the War of 1812 with a preservation of US borders, resulted in increased pressure on the federal government by settlers to open up these lands to European-American settlement. The government made treaties with area tribes by which they ceded large blocks of land. In the 1830s, many were encouraged to agree to removal in the 1830s to areas of Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, in future Kansas and Oklahoma. For instance, the last of the Odawa bands from northwestern Ohio left this area by 1839 (Rozick, 10-11).