Brazil's navy fell into disrepair and obsolescence in the aftermath of an 1889 army-led coup d'etat, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II and established the First Brazilian Republic. In the immediate years after the coup, the country would witness two naval revolts (1891 and 1893–94), the Federalist Revolution (1893–95), and the War of Canudos (1896–97). The navy's opposition to the government in several of those conflicts cost it dearly: by 1896, it had just forty-five percent of its authorized personnel in 1896, and by the end of the century its only modern armored ships in an era of rapid naval technological development were two small coast-defense vessels launched in 1898. With such dilapidated defenses, José Paranhos Jr., the Baron of Rio Branco and Foreign Minister of Brazil, stated;