In 1925, the Constitution of the Dutch East Indies () solidified the racial segregation of the population by granting the European, Arab, and Asian population higher socio-political status than native inhabitants of the peninsula, despite the fact that around 97% of the population were indigenous. The Chinese Nationality Act of 1929 created a never-resolved issue between Dutch and Chinese authorities, as Chinese policy was to record every person of Chinese descent, regardless of their place of birth, as a Chinese national. Under the Dutch legal system, Europeans were granted rights and family law matters were controlled by customary or religious law. In 1945, Indonesia declared independence and drafted a constitution which provided in Chapter X Article 27, "without any exception, all citizens shall have equal position in Law and Government". Custom dictated that women and children were subordinated to men and in general women's roles in ethnic groups, families, and religious communities were deemed more important than becoming part of the polity. In 1946, Law No. 3, the first Indonesian nationality law was promulgated. It based nationality upon birth in the territory and required that a married woman have the same nationality as her husband. Wives were prohibited from individually obtaining nationality and derivative nationality for children was through their paternal relationship. Ordinary naturalization of foreigners required persons of legal majority to speak the Indonesian language and to have lived in the territory for a minimum of five years. The Netherlands did not recognize Indonesian independence until 1949.