Lisbon's location on the westernmost side of continental Europe makes it much less vulnerable to both heatwaves and coldwaves, though outbrakes of the Saharan Air Layer can sometimes push the temperatures above as it happened as part of the 2018 European heat wave, skies were a shade of white due to the extreme concentrations of airborne dust particles. Temperatures in two of Lisbon's stations reached an all-time high of on 4 August of that same year. The third station (Tapada da Ajuda) recorded .