On September 26, 2017, Butker was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs off the Panthers' practice squad. On October 2, 2017, Butker converted a game-winning field goal in his debut game against the Washington Redskins. In the following game against the Houston Texans, Butker made all five of his field goal attempts and all three extra point tries. In Week 8, he converted five field goals, including a 51-yarder, in a 29–19 win over the Denver Broncos, earning himself AFC Special Teams Player of the Week and AFC Special Teams Player of the Month. In his first month in the NFL he earned two NFL records: Most made field goals in a month for a rookie kicker and the only player to make five field goals in multiple games of rookie season. In Week 16, Butker converted five field goals in a 29-13 win over the Miami Dolphins, earning him AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. Overall, in the 2017 season, he converted all 28 extra point attempts and 38-of-42 field goal attempts. Butker was named as an alternate to the 2018 Pro Bowl. He finished the season tied for fourth in scoring with Chris Boswell with 142 points.