The Canadian federation and provinces have historically discriminated against their French-speaking population, treating them as second-class citizens in some time periods, in favor of the powerful English-speaking population. This discrimination has resulted in or contributed to many developments in Canadian history, including the Quebec sovereignty movement, Quebecois nationalism, the Lower Canada Rebellion, the Red River Rebellion, a proposed Acadia province, extreme poverty and low socio-economic status of the French Canadian population, low francophone graduation rates as a result of the outlawing of francophone schools across Canada, differences in average earnings between francophones and anglophones in the same positions, lowered chances of being hired or promoted for francophones, and many other things.