From Poles who remained in the Soviet Union, the Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division was formed in May 1943. It was enlarged and reorganised into the Polish First Army ("Berling's Army") and the Polish Second Army. Together they constituted the Polish People's Army ("Ludowe Wojsko Polskie", LWP); it fought on the Eastern Front under Soviet command all the way to the Battle of Berlin.&lt;ref name="https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article/46/1/147/102854/Leaning-on-Legionnaires-Why-Modern-States-Recruit"&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Like other communist-led Polish institutions, the People's Army operated in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile.