The German minority population in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union stemmed from several sources and arrived in several waves. A 1914 estimate put the number of Germans living in the Russian Empire at 2,416,290. In 1989 the Soviet Union had an ethnic German population of roughly 2 million. By 2002, following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many ethnic Germans had emigrated and the population fell by half to roughly one million. 597,212 Germans self-identified as such in the 2002 Russian census, making Germans the fifth-largest ethnic group in the Russian Federation. There were 353,441 Germans in Kazakhstan and 21,472 in Kyrgyzstan (1999); while 33,300 Germans lived in Ukraine (2001 census).