Most estimates of democide are uncertain and scholars often give widely different estimates. His figures for Communist regimes are higher than those given by most other scholars. The higher-end figures range from 60 to 110 million. Rummel's counts 43 million deaths due to democide during Stalin's regime inside and outside the Soviet Union, a much higher estimate than an often quoted figure of 20 million. Rummel responded that this is based on a figure from Robert Conquest's book "The Great Terror" from 1968, and that Conquest's qualifier "almost certainly too low" is usually forgotten. According to Rummel, Conquest's calculations excluded camp deaths after 1950, and before 1936; executions 1939–1953; the population transfer in the Soviet Union, i.e. the forced transfer of various groups and their deaths in 1939–1953; the deportation within the Soviet Union of minorities in 1941–1944; and their deaths; and those the Soviet Red Army and secret police executed throughout Eastern Europe after their conquest during 1944–1945. Moreover, the Holodomor that killed 5 million in 1932–1934 (according to Rummel) is not included. After decades of research in the state archives, most scholars say that Joseph Stalin 'sregime killed between 6 and 9 million, which is considerably less than originally thought, while Nazi Germany killed at least 11 million, which is in line with previous estimates.