In his book "The Fabrication of the 'Nanjing Massacre"', Masaaki Tanaka argues that there was no indiscriminate killing at all in Nanjing and that the massacre was a fabrication manufactured by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) and the Chinese government for the purpose of propaganda. He has additionally argued that the Tokyo Tribunal was "victor's justice" and not a fair trial. He provides a figure of roughly 2000 deaths for the entirety of the massacre. Tanaka has also argued the claim that many civilians were killed by the Chinese military. These claims have come under heavy criticism both within and outside Japan.