Economic crises in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis. Hundreds of mainly poor people were killed by Venezuelan security forces and the military in the "Caracazo" riots of 1989 during the presidency of Carlos Andres Pérez (1989–1993, his second time). Hugo Chávez made two attempted coups d'état in February and November 1992 amid growing anger at economic austerity measures. President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) was impeached for corruption in 1993 leading to the interim presidency of Ramón José Velásquez (1993–1994). Coup leader Hugo Chávez was pardoned in March 1994 for by president Rafael Caldera (1994–1999, his second time), with a clean slate and his political rights reinstated, allowing Chevez to win and maintain the presidency continuously from 1999 until his death in 2013. Chavez won the elections of 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 and the presidential referendum of 2004. The only gaps in his presidency occurred during the two-day de facto government of Pedro Carmona Estanga in 2002 and when Diosdado Cabello Rondón acted as interim president for a few hours.