World War erupted in 1914 and closed in 1919 with a treaty upon reparations that British economist John Maynard Keynes immediately, vehemently predicted would crumble German society by hyperinflation—a prediction fulfilled by 1923. Via the 29 May 1919 solar eclipse, Einstein's gravitational theory, confirmed in its astonishing prediction, apparently overthrew Newton's, a revolution bitterly resisted by many scientists but completed nearing 1930. Not yet dismissed as pseudoscience, race science flourished, overtaking medicine and public health, even in America, with excesses of negative eugenics. In the 1920s, some philosophers and scientists were appalled by the flaring nationalism, racism, and bigotry, yet perhaps no less by the countermovements toward metaphysics, intuitionism, and mysticism.