"Loo" – The etymology of loo is obscure. The "Oxford English Dictionary" notes the 1922 appearance of "How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset." in James Joyce's novel "Ulysses" and defers to Alan S. C. Ross's arguments that it derived in some fashion from the site of Napoleon's 1815 defeat. In the 1950s the use of the word "loo" was considered one of the markers of British upper-class speech, featuring in a famous essay, "U and non-U English". "Loo" may have derived from a corruption of French ' ("water"), ' - whence Scots "gardy loo" - ("mind the water", used in reference to emptying chamber pots into the street from an upper-story window), ' ("place"), ' ("place of ease", used euphemistically for a toilet), or "" ("English place", used from around 1770 to refer to English-style toilets installed for travelers). Other proposed etymologies include a supposed tendency to place toilets in room 100 (hence "loo") in English hotels, a dialectical corruption of the nautical term "lee" in reference to the need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of head pumps, or the 17th-century preacher Louis Bourdaloue, whose long sermons at Paris's Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots.