In October 1919, the Anhui warlord Xu Shuzheng led the military occupation of Mongolia and Tuva, backed by the Empire of Japan. In February 1921, the Chinese occupation forces were ousted by the White general Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, who restored Bogd Khan to the throne and led pogroms against Mongolian leftists and Jews. Buryat anarchists took up the struggle against the occupation, forcing the White Army out of Mongolia. In its place, the Tuvan People's Republic was established by the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party and the Mongolian People's Republic was later established by the Mongolian People's Party, as part of a coalition between the old nobility and the new Bolshevik order, leading to early anti-government protests by many Arats. Repression followed the Soviet Union's annexation of Altai and Buryatia, leading many, including the Altaian anarchist , to flee first to Mongolia and then to China.