Following the French Bombardment of Casablanca and French conquest of Morocco, the Treaty of Fes of 1912 officially made Morocco a protectorate of France. Though anti-colonial action occurred throughout the period of the French Protectorate over Morocco, manifesting itself in activity such as the Rif War, organizing in response to the Berber Dahir of 1930, and the establishment of the in 1933, anti-colonial activity increased after the Allies held the Anfa Conference in Casablanca January 1943, with tacit encouragement for Moroccan independence from US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Istiqlal Party was created December 1943, and it issued the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco January 11, 1944.