In May 1935, he was sent to Sơn La prison. In 1943 the Party arranged for him to escape to Vạn Phúc village to meet Hoàng Văn Thụ to assume the task, he was nominated by the Party as an alternate member of the Party Central Committee, in charge of financial affairs and the military work of the Party; At the same time, he was assigned to work in the Việt Minh as leader of the General Department. After the August Revolution, Nguyễn Lương Bằng held the post as General Director of the National Bank of Vietnam, the first ambassador of North Vietnam to the Soviet Union (1953-1956), head of the Central Commission for Inspection, government (1956). In September 1969, he was elected Vice President of Vietnam. He died on July 20, 1979 at the age of 75.