Due to anti-Semitism and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s, Königsberg's Jewish population was in decline by the time of the Nazi Party took control through the "Machtergreifung" in 1933. In that year there were only 3,500 Jews living in the city. Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, enforced by Erich Koch, restricted business and led many Königsberg Jews to emigrate, mostly to the United States and Great Britain. Michael Wieck wrote of the discrimination he suffered from the Hitler Youth. At the opening of the 1935 Ostmesse, Hjalmar Schacht criticized the persecution to no avail. Persecution led the Jewish community to create a separate Jewish school for 82 students in April 1935; it grew to encompass 180 students in 6 classes with 4 teachers by October 1935. In February 1938 the propaganda paper "Der Student der Ostmark" published the names of 201 Jewish business, 38 doctors, and 22 lawyers remaining in the city, which was used by the Sturmabteilung during the Night of Broken Glass in November 1938. The New Synagogue was burned down, the Orthodox Adass Jisroel synagogue and two cemeteries were vandalized; the Jewish school was attacked but reopened afterwards, as was the Orthodox synagogue, where Michael Wieck became Bar Mitzva in mid-1941. Many of the Jewish residents were shipped to Nazi concentration camps within Germany.