During the German invasion of Poland, the "Luftwaffe" engaged in massive air raids against Polish cities, bombing civilian infrastructure such as hospitals and targeting fleeing refugees. Notably, the "Luftwaffe" bombed the Polish capital of Warsaw, and the small towns of Wieluń and Frampol. The bombing of Wieluń, one of the first military acts of World War II and the first major act of bombing was carried out on a town that had little to no military value. Similarly, the bombing of Frampol has been described as an experiment to test the German tactics and weapons effectiveness. British historian Norman Davies writes in "": "Frampol was chosen partly because it was completely defenceless, and partly because its baroque street plan presented a perfect geometric grid for calculations and measurements."