The struggle by the Mappilas against Portuguese invaders in the 16th century led by Mappila legends like Kunhali Marakkars were also a major theme of such songs. Another popular theme in these songs were the battles of the early Muslims of Arabia which is evident in songs like "Badar Padappattu", "Uhad Padappattu", "Hunain Padappattu", "Makkan Fathahu" and "Khandaq Padappattu". The songs provoked the Mappila population against the British authorities to the extent that a large number of them including the publications of the "Cherur Padappattu" were confiscated and destroyed by the authorities.