Menshevism was finally made illegal after the Kronstadt uprising of 1921. A number of prominent Mensheviks emigrated thereafter. Martov went to Germany, where he established the paper "Socialist Messenger". He died in 1923. In 1931, the Menshevik Trial was conducted by Stalin, an early part of the Great Purge. The "Messenger" moved with the Menshevik center from Berlin to Paris in 1933 and then in 1939 to New York City, where it was published until 1965.