One way racism has manifested in churches is through violent attacks. One of the most notable church shootings took place on June 17, 2015 in Charleston, South Carolina, by a 21-year old white supremacist. The Charleston shooting resulted in the murder of nine African Americans after seventy rounds were fired at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, a primarily black church. According to scholars Kevin Keenan and Anthony Greene, the place where an attack is targeted is instrumental in causing fear, implying that the shooter's choice to target one of the oldest black churches in the United States was intended for maximum effect. For instance, the town and the church's community were deeply impacted as they mourned the lives they had lost, including Rev. Clementa C. Pinckney, an activist, politician, and the church's pastor. The shooting also incited protests throughout Charleston. The Charleston shooting was one of multiple attacks from white supremacists that took place in the following years. In fact, according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, white supremacists were behind 67 percent of the 61 attacks that took place in the United States during the first eight months of 2020.