The period of the Treaty of Algeciras in 1906—marked by state bankruptcy, failed taxes, and rebellions—was turbulent for Sultan Abdelaziz. French forces led by Hubert Lyautey took Oujda in the east April, 1907, ostensibly in retribution for the assassination of Émile Mauchamp in Marrakesh. In August, French warships bombarded Casablanca after an insurrection in response to the application of the terms of the Treaty of Algeciras. Abdelaziz was seen as lax and ineffective.