High security bollards are impact-tested in accordance with one or more of three major crash test ratings for vehicle barriers. These are PAS 68 (UK), IWA-14 (International) and ASTM (US). Such bollards are used for hostile vehicle mitigation and are designed to protect against potential vehicle borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED) and vehicle as a weapon (VAW) attacks such as those seen in the Nice attack in 2016 and the Westminster Bridge attack in 2017.