The first group in the United States to use the term "Antifa" in its title was the Anti-Racist Action Portland branch, known as Rose City Antifa, which was refounded in 2007, according to Alexander Reid Ross, author of "Against the Fascist Creep", from Portland State University. This was inspired by the German anarcho-communist autonomists, who engaged in black bloc tactics that year in a mass protest at the 33rd G8 summit (many of the autonomists are associated with Germany's Antifa). Luke Querner, a member of Rose City Antifa and Red and Anarchist Skinheads, was shot in the stomach in 2010 leaving him paralyzed from the waist down (ARA blamed neo-Nazis for the shooting). Bernardine Dohrn and Bill Ayers, former Weather Underground members, spoke at the 17th Annual Anti-Racist Action Network Conference held at Chicago in 2011.