Until 1950, Turkey was a one-party state that operated under a strongly nationalist government that prioritized Turkification of the country and establishing a Turkish-Muslim bourgeoisie at the expense of religious minorities. Although many Jews were initially favorably disposed towards Turkey, during the first two decades of Turkey's existence, half to a third of its Jewish population left. "Push" factors included a ban on Jewish associations and restrictions and public censure on the use of non-Turkish languages such as Judeo-Spanish as part of the "Citizen, speak Turkish" campaign, as well as dismissal of state employees deemed not to be "Turks" due to a 1926 law. The 1934 Thrace pogroms ethnically cleansed Jews from European Turkey.