Following the German defeat Bischoff went into hiding in Bavaria and later Hamburg before returning to Magdeburg, now located inside the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. He was able to evade capture by Allied authorities for several months before he was eventually identified and arrested by the Soviet security services in January 1946. He was interned at NKVD Special Camp No. 1 near Mühlberg until September 1948 when he was transferred to NKVD Special Camp No. 2 (formerly the Buchenwald concentration camp) outside of Weimar.