Before the discovery of an infectious cause, the symptoms of cholera were thought to be caused by an excess of bile in the patient; the disease cholera gets its name from the Greek word "choler" meaning bile. This theory was consistent with humorism, and led to such medical practices as bloodletting. The bacterium was first reported in 1849 by Gabriel Pouchet, who discovered it in stools from patients with cholera, but he did not appreciate the significance of this presence. The first scientist to understand the significance of "Vibrio cholerae" was the Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini, who published detailed drawings of the organism in "Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera" in 1854. He published further papers in 1866, 1871, 1876 and 1880, which were ignored by the scientific community. He correctly described how the bacteria caused diarrhea, and developed treatments that were found to be effective. Whilst John Snow's epidemiological maps were well recognised, and led to the removal of the Broad Street pump handle, e.g. 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. In 1874, scientific representatives from 21 countries voted unanimously to resolve that cholera was caused by environmental toxins from "miasmatas", or clouds of unhealthy substances which float in the air. In 1884, Robert Koch re-discovered "Vibrio cholerae" as a causal element in cholera. Some scientists opposed the new theory, and even drank cholera cultures to disprove it: