1 00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:23,340 Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English 2 00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,800 literature class at the Islamic University English 3 00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,580 department. As you all know part of your class 4 00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,920 assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic, 5 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,020 an issue, a literary issue of your own choice. 6 00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,980 Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an 7 00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,600 interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's 8 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,440 spend some quality time enjoying this 9 00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,580 presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start 10 00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:58,710 talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of 11 00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:01,130 George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the 12 00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:06,130 picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and 13 00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:13,030 she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real 14 00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:17,450 name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she 15 00:01:17,450 --> 00:01:22,050 changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work 16 00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,770 would be noticed, because in the Victorian age, 17 00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:31,150 the male gender role was more significant. 18 00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:37,510 I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet 19 00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:40,490 Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her 20 00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:43,210 love, and she's talking about their love story. 21 00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:49,570 The explanation of the title is when considering 22 00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,270 love, most sweet things happen in relations, but 23 00:01:52,270 --> 00:01:55,470 they will eventually fade. Things in a 24 00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:58,730 relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the 25 00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:02,350 end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It 26 00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:04,010 doesn't stay the same for a while. 27 00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:10,650 That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then 28 00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:14,770 I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She 29 00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:17,310 started in Spanish words, then she turned into... 30 00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:19,290 You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it. 31 00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:24,250 Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche 32 00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:30,790 viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás 33 00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:36,490 más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the 34 00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,430 English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They 35 00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:44,410 come and went for your. This evening of our life 36 00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:46,330 love shall go and come no more. 37 00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:52,110 When we have passed away, love, all things will 38 00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,010 keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love, 39 00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:00,410 with ours will be the same. The daisies will be 40 00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:04,630 there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I 41 00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:08,310 shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands 42 00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:12,050 in thine. A better time will come, love, and 43 00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:15,230 better souls be born. I would not be the best, 44 00:03:15,510 --> 00:03:19,350 love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read, 45 00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:22,770 please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish, 46 00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:26,930 please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet 47 00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:29,690 evenings come and go. They come in an advent of 48 00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,650 pure. This evening our life's love shall go and 49 00:03:32,650 --> 00:03:36,530 come no more. When we have passed away, love, all 50 00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,510 things will keep their name. But yet no life on 51 00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:43,870 earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days 52 00:03:43,870 --> 00:03:46,990 will be their love, the stars in heaven will 53 00:03:46,990 --> 00:03:51,650 shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw 54 00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:55,350 my hand in kind. A better time will come, love, 55 00:03:55,570 --> 00:03:58,550 and better souls depart. I would not be the best 56 00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,350 love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear, 57 00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:07,810 I want to just say this word means for a long 58 00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:13,550 time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also, 59 00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:20,630 This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right? 60 00:04:21,230 --> 00:04:24,730 Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone. 61 00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:33,930 Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is 62 00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,950 the Spanish part. It's translated into English. 63 00:04:37,330 --> 00:04:40,750 The good night is coming. The good night goes away 64 00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:46,680 and will go and we will not be back anymore. This 65 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,200 is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is 66 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,700 expressing to her love that their love has to end. 67 00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:58,940 It has to become, it has to end for some time. 68 00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,540 She's really attached to him, she loves him very 69 00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,740 much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks 70 00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:12,460 that she needs time to, in their future, it's best 71 00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:13,320 for them to be apart. 72 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,800 The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means 73 00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,120 that good things will last forever. The second 74 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,560 line talks about that the stars in heaven will 75 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,000 shine. She's saying that there's something in our 76 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,200 relationship that will always rise, that will 77 00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,480 always be remembered, that will never be 78 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:34,860 forgotten. 79 00:05:38,490 --> 00:05:42,630 Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that 80 00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:47,050 they would never wish to be back together, but 81 00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,590 they're looking forward to be in a relationship 82 00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:52,010 with other people, with another person. She would 83 00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,190 go with another person, but she's saying that it 84 00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:57,390 would never be the same with their relationship. 85 00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:03,770 Also, she's saying that they won't want what they 86 00:06:03,770 --> 00:06:06,730 had, but they will value the moments that they 87 00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:11,190 share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's 88 00:06:11,190 --> 00:06:13,350 talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings 89 00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,710 they had together, the meetings, the nights they 90 00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:20,630 spent together. She's saying that they will never 91 00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,770 be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings 92 00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:26,930 were less. They had less connections between each 93 00:06:26,930 --> 00:06:29,190 other. They sat together, but with less 94 00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:31,610 connections. Okay. 95 00:06:35,900 --> 00:06:39,060 Here she's saying that the young love was awesome, 96 00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:42,900 but when they grew older, their love grew with 97 00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:44,960 them. They had difficult times, they had difficult 98 00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:45,400 problems. 99 00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:51,230 And she's saying here that better times will come. 100 00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:54,370 She will go with another person. She will meet 101 00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:57,810 other people, but her love will never be the same, 102 00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,750 and she will have a bad time being alone without 103 00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:04,890 him. But she's saying that she has to go see a 104 00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:07,990 new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now 105 00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:13,550 I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay, 106 00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:17,970 here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem? 107 00:07:19,140 --> 00:07:19,680 The mood. 108 00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:26,540 Mood, memories, okay. 109 00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:32,900 Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they 110 00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:36,680 spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels 111 00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,640 lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a 112 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560 personification in these lines. Can someone get it 113 00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,010 out? Personification. 114 00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:57,950 Yeah, that is one, but there's another one. 115 00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:14,440 Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The 116 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,600 souls that are not born, they live in us. They 117 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,720 don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme 118 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,100 scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme. 119 00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,700 Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to 120 00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:36,560 come out here? A, B, C, D. 121 00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,300 Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the 122 00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,660 English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C, 123 00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:56,600 D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you 124 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,780 can start over again with every new standard. 125 00:08:58,780 --> 00:09:02,780 Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A, 126 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,920 B. I did it a different way. 127 00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:13,870 My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a 128 00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,810 long poem, start over every stanza. Because we 129 00:09:16,810 --> 00:09:18,810 don't have a hundred English letters, because 130 00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,690 there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So 131 00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:24,670 with every stanza, especially when there is a 132 00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,290 clear break in the stanza, you can start over to 133 00:09:27,290 --> 00:09:30,930 make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A, 134 00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:37,550 B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The 135 00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:41,990 poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about 136 00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:44,630 the relationship, but the other stands that she's 137 00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:48,340 saying that she has to move on. Let me read it, 138 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,900 okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts 139 00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:55,080 appear in line four. She started her poem by 140 00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:57,880 saying that she has to move on and these things, 141 00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:01,440 but then she tells their love that their love 142 00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,340 shall not continue. She goes on to tell the 143 00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:06,560 positive things. She talks about the positive 144 00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:09,380 things they did in their relationship. Also in 145 00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:13,280 line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood, 146 00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,740 but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be 147 00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:19,300 left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the 148 00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,200 rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E, 149 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,840 D. But if you have like a hundred lines here, 150 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,440 where would you go? There is a solution for this, 151 00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:33,060 but if you have to go for each 152 00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,500 Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent 153 00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,900 presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very 154 00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000 proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You 155 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,440 discussed interesting issues, especially that a 156 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,560 woman had to choose a man's name so that he can 157 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,160 publish. What does that tell about the society and 158 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,360 about publications and the canon and the 159 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:14,190 mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I 160 00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,450 told you you have five maximum seven minutes 161 00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:18,610 because we have so many students we can't you know 162 00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:21,490 okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the 163 00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:24,270 class in the future we can give you more and more 164 00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,410 time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text 165 00:11:27,410 --> 00:11:29,690 if you want to discuss a text just one issue one 166 00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:33,030 thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20 167 00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,900 minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in 168 00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,220 this text, and how it reflects the author of the 169 00:11:40,220 --> 00:11:44,900 theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female 170 00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:49,700 text, rather than, because all the poems we read 171 00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,360 so far here, the extracts, were written by men. 172 00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:56,550 But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does 173 00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,470 this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in 174 00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:01,590 the text, the female poet is doing in the text to 175 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,370 break the rules determined by man, to break all 176 00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:09,190 these rules imposed on people, especially on women 177 00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:14,250 by male critics? I think we can trace some of 178 00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:18,510 this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme. 179 00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,430 The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates 180 00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:29,270 that she wants to break away with the rules of 181 00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,930 decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your, 182 00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:39,550 love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then 183 00:12:39,550 --> 00:12:41,450 there's something new. We've never seen this 184 00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:43,790 before. The fact that 185 00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:50,350 times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's 186 00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,390 repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's 187 00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:56,890 talking to, addressing love in her particular way. 188 00:12:57,210 --> 00:12:59,570 But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you 189 00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:02,850 repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like 190 00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,650 seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In 191 00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:08,610 Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical 192 00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:12,510 Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion, 193 00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,550 she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's 194 00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:18,350 writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way 195 00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:21,450 she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is 196 00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:25,890 really interesting. Thank you. My last point is 197 00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:28,430 that try when you do a presentation in the future, 198 00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,750 go for official slides like white, black text, 199 00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:38,470 white background, black text. Try not to crowd 200 00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:42,210 your slide with a lot of information and colors 201 00:13:42,210 --> 00:13:44,790 and everything. This is the rule that says seven 202 00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,810 by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I 203 00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:49,970 don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a 204 00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:53,170 teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to 205 00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:55,910 the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better 206 00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:57,690 for you and for your audience to 207 00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,840 And again, thank you for engaging your classmates, 208 00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,220 your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go 209 00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:13,560 back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting 210 00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,480 thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most 211 00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,720 interesting topics so far because we discussed for 212 00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,640 the first time women writers, authors. 213 00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,480 We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the 214 00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,340 people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is 215 00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,800 significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What 216 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:50,700 is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to 217 00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,580 speak, they were the mothers of the English novel. 218 00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,120 In a way, they started the English novel. They 219 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,340 started the first steps of the English novel. What 220 00:14:58,340 --> 00:15:01,750 else? What else did they do to literature, to 221 00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:03,850 English, to women, to feminism, to the movement? 222 00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:09,830 Mary talked about the rights of women. She 223 00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:14,740 discussed the idea of rape being against men. So 224 00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:18,340 they were spokeswomen for all the women in the 225 00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:22,580 world. They spoke about men's violence against 226 00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:25,820 women in the society. They exposed the vices of 227 00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:28,980 men, especially the violence and discrimination 228 00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:33,680 against women. And they said that her writings 229 00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,580 were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When 230 00:15:36,580 --> 00:15:40,460 you read literature books, sometimes you'll find 231 00:15:40,460 --> 00:15:43,880 people describing especially Mary mainly as 232 00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,040 scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But 233 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:50,640 always remember, always go a step or two back. 234 00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:53,140 When you read something in a book, don't take it 235 00:15:53,140 --> 00:15:57,360 for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this? 236 00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,480 Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then 237 00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:05,900 we realize here that critics of that time most of 238 00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:09,520 the time are generally men. So this is a man 239 00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,140 judging a woman. And generally there will be some 240 00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,740 kind of discrimination against women only for 241 00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:23,560 being So these were daring, brave women, brave 242 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,380 writers because they wanted to speak for the women 243 00:16:27,380 --> 00:16:29,440 in their communities. And that's why Virginia 244 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600 Woolf later on praised them, especially she 245 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,540 praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something 246 00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,960 like, all the women in the world should put roses 247 00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,670 on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it 248 00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:45,430 is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and 249 00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:48,770 hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan 250 00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730 Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel 251 00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:58,250 Defoe as the father of the English novel. The 252 00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:02,770 first real novel is classically, we don't 253 00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:06,050 necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's 254 00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:09,310 Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe. 255 00:17:12,260 --> 00:17:17,540 Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe 256 00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,600 himself was a journalist. He started his life as a 257 00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,280 journalist. And this influenced the way he write, 258 00:17:22,380 --> 00:17:27,900 of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a 259 00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700 man, an English person, who wanted to get richer, 260 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:41,590 to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that 261 00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:45,070 time, the easiest way for any person to change his 262 00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:50,130 life is to go out to travel to the new world, to 263 00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:54,090 the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being 264 00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:58,410 developed here in a way or another. So his parents 265 00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,710 were not okay with this because they represent the 266 00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:04,010 older generation and he's the younger generation, 267 00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:09,670 adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen 268 00:18:09,670 --> 00:18:13,430 to them. He goes with some people to work on a 269 00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,330 ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World. 270 00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:22,790 On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed 271 00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:28,870 by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson 272 00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100 himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this 273 00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560 rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a 274 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300 movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on 275 00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,600 a desert island in the middle of the sea where 276 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:52,850 there are no people there. no society, no 277 00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,330 community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get 278 00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:58,930 out as soon as possible, people come and save him, 279 00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,130 rescue him, and then he was... he passed through 280 00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150 so many stages of hope and despair, belief and 281 00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170 disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30 282 00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:14,140 years on the island that's really tough being 283 00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:18,620 alone cut out isolated but because this is the 284 00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280 white christian european english man he always has 285 00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740 the ability to do what to create a civilization 286 00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240 and that's that's one theme here it's the power of 287 00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230 the white man how a European person, how an 288 00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990 English person can go anywhere in the world and be 289 00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430 the master and control. And he indeed begins his 290 00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250 own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I 291 00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450 am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my 292 00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930 island. Similar to what we had before in The 293 00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510 Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island. 294 00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:53,190 It's not his island. But a white man has always 295 00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370 been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he 296 00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340 doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island 297 00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200 he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was 298 00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180 terrified because he met some cannibals. You know 299 00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780 what a cannibal is? People who 300 00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330 eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat 301 00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630 human flesh was terrified because at the beginning 302 00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770 he saw one footprint not two not three just one 303 00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570 and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw 304 00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350 a group of people and he saved a person he was 305 00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130 about to be eaten he saved him physically 306 00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510 literally and of course metaphorically he named 307 00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910 him friday Very funny name. No offense for people 308 00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410 whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny 309 00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250 because this is in a way in English at least in 310 00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470 Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't 311 00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190 know many people. We have May. You know, some 312 00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830 people named May after May, the month, but not 313 00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790 after the days. And the funny thing is that when 314 00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930 he goes back to England after years, he realizes 315 00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170 that when he was keeping record of the days and 316 00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610 the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably 317 00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790 he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or 318 00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910 whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have 319 00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050 Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other 320 00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450 character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly 321 00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270 is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is? 322 00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050 The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very, 323 00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410 listen, a very interesting community here. 324 00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630 Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him. 325 00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270 It's like property. Because he isn't, he's 326 00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890 inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not 327 00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330 Christian, he's not English, so he controls him. 328 00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410 He tries to cure his religion 329 00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690 because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to 330 00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900 civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because 331 00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600 it's taken for granted that the English way of 332 00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700 life is the best English, the best way in life. 333 00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780 Now this relationship between Robinson and the 334 00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920 parrot and Robinson and Friday is very 335 00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420 interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always 336 00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580 like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen 337 00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710 to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird 338 00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730 that repeats what you say is interesting because 339 00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030 the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But 340 00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550 the bird is someone who only parrots because 341 00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250 parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to 342 00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770 repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is 343 00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190 significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master, 344 00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230 as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist, 345 00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540 as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He 346 00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160 wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He 347 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020 wanted people just to repeat what he says word for 348 00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480 word. In my understanding here of the novel, 349 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500 I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go 350 00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280 back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly, 351 00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240 I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's 352 00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640 number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna. 353 00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780 The most significant thing here for me is that 354 00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540 when Friday speaks, although he was cured and 355 00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480 civilized by the master, his English was still 356 00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900 broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He 357 00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820 can't understand that man can have the irregular 358 00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260 plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this. 359 00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820 So he says man. 360 00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230 He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally. 361 00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030 He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me, 362 00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970 like always in the object. He can't be a subject. 363 00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930 He can't be the person who does things. He only 364 00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870 follows, et cetera. However, very, very 365 00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890 interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot, 366 00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310 When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost 367 00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790 Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed 368 00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810 that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we 369 00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270 generally don't use. I have been ranting for life 370 00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970 for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past 371 00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640 perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But 372 00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000 this bird is so smart that it can tell the 373 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460 difference between two actions and which action 374 00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380 happened first, right? But Friday doesn't, 375 00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080 although he's the human being. So in my opinion, 376 00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120 this is how the book is presenting the white man 377 00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120 as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and 378 00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790 the others. the people of the black people people 379 00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090 of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages 380 00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870 who need to be civilized and educated and that's 381 00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170 why people like Edward Said would look at this 382 00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790 book as 383 00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850 and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to 384 00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150 post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The 385 00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110 book could be about many things. It could be 386 00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090 about, again, about imperialism and how you can 387 00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790 get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow 388 00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870 rich when you own land and people. It could be 389 00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070 about the power of white people and white men and 390 00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470 how white men can civilize people and create 391 00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230 society and civilization. It can be about that. It 392 00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730 can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory 393 00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450 about survival, how people can survive despite 394 00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630 everything if they try, if they struggle. But it 395 00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070 also can be about how the white people, the 396 00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570 English people, the Europeans, the Christians of 397 00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590 that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy, 398 00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920 colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak. 399 00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020 So many things about this book. I'm not saying 400 00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380 this book is a bad read. It's really interesting. 401 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180 It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could 402 00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140 start reading this book. But warning, you have to 403 00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780 really be patient with these books. 404 00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040 What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe 405 00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020 being represented to us as a man, as a fable of 406 00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940 survival, of praise to the white human, but also 407 00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340 in particular to white European spirit of 408 00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340 survival, that nothing can crush this spirit. 409 00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570 There is an interesting thing here also in the in 410 00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910 the novel to show how a capitalist society works 411 00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430 and functions and money is more important than 412 00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630 anything and materialism is more you know what 413 00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750 capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital 414 00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070 your capital your capital is your money the money 415 00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090 you have you the property capitalism 416 00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430 Capitalism where you work for your own, you 417 00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350 collect as much money as possible, you want to be 418 00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670 as rich as possible regardless of what people 419 00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610 around you do. So that's very simplistic terms. 420 00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170 When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of 421 00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450 400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets 422 00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180 married, how long does it take? One page. In a 423 00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500 way, this is significant. I think there is also 424 00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000 another example where he buys some cows and horses 425 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780 and it takes more pages than when he gets married. 426 00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860 So relationships are not as important as riches, 427 00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360 as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism 428 00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900 here. How did he get back to his land? He was 429 00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420 saved. Some people came to the island and then he 430 00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700 went back to England and he brought more people 431 00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120 and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay? 432 00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680 So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you 433 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740 know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian 434 00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360 intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one 435 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960 person behind an important theory called post 436 00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260 -colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or 437 00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300 the literature that reacted to a colonial 438 00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620 occupation of those countries. Friday, part of 439 00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760 this, Friday was presented as uncivilized, 440 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520 inferior, not only inferior to his master, because 441 00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220 he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly. 442 00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110 How? We examine the language. But there are other 443 00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270 things you can read about Friday. Very 444 00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290 interesting, very interesting thing. Another text 445 00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270 by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the 446 00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150 pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry, 447 00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070 Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a 448 00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510 person. So many books of this age, the 18th 449 00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530 century, took, many novels took their titles from 450 00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320 the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe 451 00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360 tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of 452 00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380 troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the 453 00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940 life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion 454 00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920 of readership in the 18th century probably were 455 00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160 women. So as authors, you wanted to write things 456 00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300 for them, because they would buy. More than men, 457 00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060 actually. So this is about a woman. This woman, 458 00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760 Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented 459 00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760 as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many 460 00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660 vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She 461 00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600 goes to prison. She does so many horrible things. 462 00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000 However, when she tells the story, she is already 463 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080 reformed. She has already changed her life to the 464 00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060 better. And this is a major theme of the 18th 465 00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380 century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's 466 00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920 difficult. You have to struggle. And this is 467 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360 capitalism. You have to work for your own self. 468 00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970 And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you 469 00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430 work hard, your life work is going to improve. The 470 00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290 same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel, 471 00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990 Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily 472 00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670 because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it 473 00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770 makes a moral point here about ways of living. The 474 00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880 reader shares her experience. And I, in a way, 475 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280 identify with her. How does the reader share 476 00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980 somebody's experience? Because generally, when you 477 00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960 read a text, you sometimes find common things 478 00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460 between you and the characters. When you watch a 479 00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020 movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet? 480 00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040 Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock? 481 00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670 Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or 482 00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370 another, there are so many ways for you to 483 00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310 identify, so many techniques the authors employ to 484 00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410 make you part of the text. The most important 485 00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030 technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first 486 00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810 -person narrator. We'll speak about this probably 487 00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370 in two classes. The first person narrator. 488 00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210 When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were 489 00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510 no narrators. The drama is generally largely based 490 00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950 on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or 491 00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450 soliloquies, right? People just talk to each 492 00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590 other, and as the audience, we just watch and 493 00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410 judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's 494 00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510 always someone, usually not the author, who tells 495 00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790 the story. It could be either, number one, a first 496 00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360 -person narrator where One character sometimes, or 497 00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120 usually the main character, uses I. Not always, 498 00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520 but usually the main character, the protagonist, 499 00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680 who tells us the story. So you open the first 500 00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940 book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents, 501 00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260 I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked. 502 00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880 This is a first person narrator. What happens 503 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460 here, a first person narrator is an interesting 504 00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420 way to tell stories because when you read the 505 00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540 first page and the second and the third you keep 506 00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400 reading you find a lot of you in the text no 507 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720 matter what no matter because humans share a lot 508 00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880 you have a lot in common when you find a lot in 509 00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860 common between you and this character using the I 510 00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500 I U sometimes largely or in part become the 511 00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120 character. You see yourself in this character, a 512 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460 man or a woman. So this is one way for you to 513 00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500 identify. I'll elaborate on this later on, 514 00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060 probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The 515 00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060 other type of narrative is the third person 516 00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860 narrator. 517 00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200 What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious. 518 00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240 Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a 519 00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900 story told to us from somebody, generally from 520 00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400 outside the text, where he refers to people as he, 521 00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190 she, and things it and they. So talking about 522 00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210 people, the third person, in the third person. So 523 00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470 Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept 524 00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950 this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to 525 00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810 attend. And I don't have time to have my 526 00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250 breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to 527 00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140 rush because I have to do a presentation. This is 528 00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280 my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody. 529 00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600 I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch. 530 00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300 I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem 531 00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500 and entered first person. But if it is like this, 532 00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840 it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was 533 00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880 supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to 534 00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940 wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be 535 00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800 seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her 536 00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140 mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she, 537 00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360 she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator. 538 00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000 So because he started his life as a journalist, 539 00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120 Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person 540 00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840 narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders. 541 00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520 Your question. I just wanted to comment that the 542 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540 first person could be so boring and you could feel 543 00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120 like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer 544 00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640 should balance between telling the story and 545 00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350 telling about himself. That's a very interesting 546 00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110 point. But it depends, because things are 547 00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130 relative. What is boring for me could be 548 00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730 interesting for someone. Like football, for 549 00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330 example. I love watching football matches. But 550 00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150 some of you might hate them. Your friend could be 551 00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770 into football, but you could be like, come on. How 552 00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030 would you spend an hour and a half watching people 553 00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590 kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative, 554 00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790 this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who 555 00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360 doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you 556 00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340 need to always think of. When you read this book, 557 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540 you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember, 558 00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960 this was written in the early 18th century. And 559 00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060 people were like, whoa, this was a huge success. 560 00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380 Even today, this is a huge success. It's a 561 00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040 classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to 562 00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090 speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan 563 00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330 Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one 564 00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090 of them today. The first one is Gulliver's 565 00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950 Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's 566 00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770 Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days 567 00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370 of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned 568 00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810 into a cartoon. I remember watching this many 569 00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520 times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was 570 00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560 also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's 571 00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300 Travels, as the name suggests, also we have 572 00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560 traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver. 573 00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060 So this man is known, very famous for his satire 574 00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920 and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of 575 00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900 the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as 576 00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860 people in a library and the old box and the new 577 00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780 box are fighting. Interesting. But his most 578 00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860 significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is 579 00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780 one of the most powerful satires of all time. He 580 00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520 criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes 581 00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110 politics. Religion, science, everything. But in 582 00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070 particular, he openly attacks the English society. 583 00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270 He attacks English colonialism and imperialism 584 00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050 because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about 585 00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650 Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem, 586 00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050 remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he 587 00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210 exposes all these faults and vices of the English 588 00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970 society. There are actually four parts in the 589 00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690 book, four books, four sections. Book number one, 590 00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530 he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput. 591 00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750 in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've 592 00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410 seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man 593 00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770 like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny 594 00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270 people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm 595 00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570 also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the 596 00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290 trick. So when he landed, when he just went there, 597 00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800 arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was 598 00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840 sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and 599 00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440 then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this 600 00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180 big. And it's interesting how he tells us how 601 00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360 everything shifts from the perspective of a normal 602 00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720 human being to a giant treating people. The next 603 00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560 book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I 604 00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120 don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me 605 00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480 time. 606 00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020 It's not the same in the book. I think I made a 607 00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780 mistake here. 608 00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080 So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't 609 00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660 write it wrong. 610 00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440 Okay, 611 00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620 so the first book, he meets these small people. 612 00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500 The second book, he meets giants. 613 00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720 Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small. 614 00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060 See, the perspective changes. It puts you 615 00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380 sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a 616 00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580 tiny little person. It's a very interesting 617 00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400 experience here. Now when he tells he attacks 618 00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960 religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and 619 00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260 especially the English society. In one scene, for 620 00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480 example, he was talking to the king of 621 00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070 Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when 622 00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050 he described, Gulliver told him how England, 623 00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850 the English people, they're living this way and 624 00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550 that way, telling him about the politics, about 625 00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330 the religion, about many things. And the man was 626 00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770 like, your natives, the English people at that 627 00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050 time, are the most pernicious race of little 628 00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850 odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl 629 00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100 upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst, 630 00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800 horrible, horrible people. What a life you're 631 00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320 living. There's no justice, there's no logic, 632 00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880 there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is 633 00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040 in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a 634 00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240 direct attack against the English society at that 635 00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460 time. The natives, the most pernicious race of 636 00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480 little odious families. You're filth, you're 637 00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800 trash. you're not civilized you are the very 638 00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320 opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to 639 00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840 a place where he criticizes science. Everything 640 00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880 was being experimented on. There is a lot of 641 00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420 detail here to speak about, but he attacks science 642 00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820 and the scientific scientists of his age who 643 00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600 wanted to experiment on many things. I think there 644 00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740 was a scene where someone was trying to generate 645 00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780 electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and 646 00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140 years. He failed, but he still continued to 647 00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780 experiment on this. And finally, he in book four, 648 00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680 he meets, this is probably the most satirical of 649 00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160 all the books. He goes to a place where the main 650 00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180 characters, the civilized characters are horses. 651 00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980 They live in a place called, can you read this 652 00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390 anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like 653 00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530 similar to this, like the neighing of the horses. 654 00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530 Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are 655 00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150 civilized. The animals are civilized. And the 656 00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750 human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos, 657 00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510 you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You 658 00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750 do? That was like a long time ago. You must be 659 00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110 very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so 660 00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290 they represent humanity. So animals are more 661 00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390 civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a 662 00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850 dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear, 663 00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610 but not a human being. The person who said rat was 664 00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990 King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses 665 00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270 satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong. 666 00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490 He criticizes everything openly, directly in the 667 00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230 book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's 668 00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030 Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's 669 00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390 Travels was because this is still a name of a book 670 00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330 despite the plural. It soon turned into a 671 00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590 children's story, a story for kids. like huh 672 00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290 nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the 673 00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930 kids do some illustrations some pictures and let 674 00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030 the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started 675 00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310 reading at that time but why would you turn a 676 00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690 serious powerful satirical book into a book for 677 00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240 kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I 678 00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640 think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of 679 00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860 the English people. So the English people were 680 00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080 like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to 681 00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110 the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my 682 00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330 opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he 683 00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570 wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class, 684 00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070 probably we can speak about Swift's Modest 685 00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750 Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please. 686 00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490 One more minute. His last text here, it's actually 687 00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950 an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest 688 00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470 Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest 689 00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650 proposal is 690 00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090 an article where he suggests a solution for the 691 00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810 many kids that the Irish families had. What is his 692 00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850 suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We 693 00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970 have too many kids. I think the best way is to 694 00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050 sell them for the English people where they can 695 00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930 eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of 696 00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390 eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were 697 00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350 like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So 698 00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390 it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly 699 00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840 and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this 700 00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220 book, he was criticizing the Irish families for 701 00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060 having too many kids, and he was also criticizing 702 00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340 the English people, the colonizers, who were in a 703 00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960 way or another causing the starvation and the 704 00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460 famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping 705 00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120 you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a 706 00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040 question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank 707 00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280 you.