1 00:00:22,530 --> 00:00:26,690 Assalamualaikum. Hello back everyone. Thank you 2 00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:29,830 for submitting your homework most of you. If you 3 00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:35,190 didn't already submit your homework It's not good, 4 00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:38,670 but I'll give you a chance until tomorrow at 11 o 5 00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:40,450 'clock. If you don't find me in my office, you 6 00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,350 just slip it under the door. But I will deduct 7 00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,730 marks from you if you are late. Because if you 8 00:00:47,730 --> 00:00:49,970 submit on time, you get the full mark for 9 00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:55,950 submitting on time. So today, we have a review 10 00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:03,550 class. We'll see what questions you have. About 11 00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:07,210 the course. Should I start again? 12 00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,510 Okay. 13 00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:15,770 Should I start again from the beginning? 14 00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,990 Now I want to start again. Come on. 15 00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:29,190 There is no doubt. 16 00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,820 Thank you 17 00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,650 So Assalamu Alaikum again everyone. Thank you for 18 00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,150 submitting your first assignment for this course 19 00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:26,490 and I'm really looking forward to grading them. 20 00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:29,270 I'm sure you did a good job answering questions 21 00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:32,730 about Shakespeare. Today I'll take a chance to 22 00:02:32,730 --> 00:02:36,910 give you a review session. Let's take a break 23 00:02:37,850 --> 00:02:41,010 Let's not begin a new lesson because we're 24 00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:44,770 supposed to start with Marlow and Ben Johnson as 25 00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,270 other Renaissance Elizabethan dramatists and 26 00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:52,390 playwrights and poets also who were contemporary 27 00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290 to Shakespeare. They lived at the time Shakespeare 28 00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,490 was also alive and writing. So today we'll do a 29 00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,230 review. Please feel free to ask any question you 30 00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:06,770 have, and I'll do my best to try to answer the 31 00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:11,800 question. Okay, yes, can you also, everyone if you 32 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:16,800 want to ask question, please speak up. When two 33 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,120 lines of verse rhyme, we call them couplets, 34 00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,060 right? Yeah. In the cystic and octave, when the 35 00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,460 eight, does the eight lines have to rhyme, so 36 00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,340 we're gonna call them cystic and octave? Okay, so 37 00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:31,460 when we spoke about the sonnet, remember the 38 00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,080 Italian sonnet? Yes. The sonnet was born in Italy, 39 00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:41,090 with a Y, not I. And we spoke about Dante in 40 00:03:41,090 --> 00:03:45,950 brief. We spoke also about the 41 00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:51,050 other name, the other Italian sonneteer, the 42 00:03:51,050 --> 00:03:55,290 father of the sonnet, Petrarch. 43 00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:01,790 Is it a difficult name? Is it difficult? So 44 00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:07,850 Petrarch, C-H Petrarch, exactly how you spell it. 45 00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,840 Now, Petrarch is said to be the most important 46 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,980 Italian sonnetier. There are actually other names 47 00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:20,720 in Italy. But this is what we want to focus on, 48 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:26,820 because of Petrarch, Henry Howard And Sir Thomas 49 00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,420 White, they loved the sonnet. And again, remember, 50 00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:33,240 we always talk about the influence of Europe, of 51 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,020 Italy, France, mainly Italy and France. Actually, 52 00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,020 the Renaissance started in Italy well before it 53 00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:45,050 started in England. So England was still being 54 00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:50,310 influenced by Europe, especially by Italy. So the 55 00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,150 sonnet, the Italian sonnet, is generally two 56 00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:57,950 parts, remember? The form, the structure of the 57 00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:05,790 sonnet is eight lines and then six lines. Eight 58 00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,030 lines and six lines. The eight lines we called 59 00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:10,550 octave. 60 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:14,600 And this is the Sestet. 61 00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:21,600 Sestet from six. An octave, you know Octopus 62 00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,560 because of the A. Now the Italian sonnet almost 63 00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:39,240 always rhymes as A B B A A B B A Now this, you're 64 00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:43,930 answering a question. This is in a way Four lines, 65 00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:47,730 remember the four lines, the quadrant? Your 66 00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:51,150 question is, does this count as a rhyme? Sorry, as 67 00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,810 a rhyming couplet? No. You know why? Because 68 00:05:55,810 --> 00:05:59,090 generally this stops here. Even does this count as 69 00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,270 a couplet? No, it's part of the octave or the 70 00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:08,960 group of the stanza or the quadrant. However, if 71 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:12,260 in your exam or you find two lines somebody likes 72 00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:15,120 just these lines and you look at them in isolation 73 00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,900 you can call them a couplet it's okay you can if 74 00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:22,100 they are in isolation because you don't know the 75 00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,440 context you don't know but generally this is 76 00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:29,900 important generally here they don't give one idea 77 00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:32,460 that's the most important thing about the couplet 78 00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:37,460 remember It's like a paragraph, a prose paragraph. 79 00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:40,280 What is a paragraph? A group of related sentences 80 00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:44,800 about one topic, one idea. Now the couplet, two 81 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,880 rhyming lines, two rhymes, two lines that rhyme, 82 00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:52,740 And they are about the same thing. Always remember 83 00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:55,840 Shakespeare's couplet at the end. So long as this, 84 00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,540 so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so 85 00:06:59,540 --> 00:07:02,560 long lives this, and this gives life to thee. What 86 00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,740 happens in the first four lines here, the 87 00:07:05,740 --> 00:07:09,540 quatrain, is the author develops an idea. If you 88 00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:12,460 stop here, the idea is not complete. If you stop 89 00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:15,180 here, it's usually not complete. If you stop here, 90 00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,990 it's usually not complete. When you finish the 91 00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:21,930 first four lines, you have a part of an idea that 92 00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:26,690 could give you something. But it's not complete in 93 00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:30,130 the Italian Sunnit until you read the first eight 94 00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:33,430 lines. When you read the first eight lines, you 95 00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,110 realize, oh, OK. So it gives you an idea. The same 96 00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:39,790 with Shakespeare. When we spoke about Shakespeare, 97 00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:42,750 we said Shakespeare's structure is 98 00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:50,230 We have three quadrants, remember? Three, what's a 99 00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:55,570 quadrant? Four lines. From quarter, okay? And a 100 00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:58,130 couplet, plus a couplet. 101 00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:06,650 Now the first four lines usually have one idea, 102 00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:13,370 one image, and then the second quadrant moves to 103 00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:15,650 another idea or image, and the third quadrant 104 00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:19,350 moves to the other idea. But the three quadrants 105 00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,910 have the same theme, the same problem, the same 106 00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,950 crisis. Like in Shall I Compare Thee to A Summer's 107 00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:30,010 Day, he spins almost 12 lines saying, no, life is 108 00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:33,190 not perfect. Every fair from fair sometime 109 00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:36,920 declines. Summer is beautiful, but sometimes there 110 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,980 is rough winds, right? Summer is beautiful, but 111 00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:43,620 again, the winds do shake the darling buds of May. 112 00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:46,420 Summer is beautiful, but summer is sometimes what? 113 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,260 Short and hot. Sometimes the clouds destroy the 114 00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:55,500 beauty of this. So he moves from one image to the 115 00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,920 other, like in Sonnet 73, I guess, where he speaks 116 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,380 in the first quatrain, he speaks about the end of 117 00:09:02,380 --> 00:09:06,060 the year, autumn. What happens in autumn? Yellow 118 00:09:06,060 --> 00:09:12,920 leaves. Right? The end of the circle. In the 119 00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,200 second quadrant we've got the end of the day, the 120 00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,960 sunset. So the day is good. We start active, 121 00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,700 energetic. We have all hopes and dreams. We want 122 00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,120 to go to school, to attend classes, to meet 123 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,130 friends, to go to the cafeteria, to eat pizza. At 124 00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:32,210 the end of the day, it's like everything comes to 125 00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:36,130 an end. Nothing lasts forever. And then in the 126 00:09:36,130 --> 00:09:39,210 third quarter, he speaks about the end of a fire. 127 00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:46,190 Fires, you know? Fire. But it ends up as ashes. So 128 00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:47,910 what is Shakespeare doing here? He's giving us 129 00:09:47,910 --> 00:09:50,110 three images. The three images about the 130 00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:54,030 inevitability of death. The passing of time. Time 131 00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:57,700 kills everything. In a way this is the crisis. 132 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:02,300 This is the issue of time. But what does he do in 133 00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200 the couplet? He gives hope. In a way he twists. 134 00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:07,600 There's something called a volta. The volta is a 135 00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,600 twist. Where like in Sonnet 18, again, he says 136 00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,680 something like, I can't remember that couplet, 137 00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,960 like similar to 18, he says that, but my poetry 138 00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,860 will live forever. My poetry doesn't die. My 139 00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:26,400 sonnet doesn't die. Reminding us of, again, how he 140 00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,640 believes in his poetry, giving us some kind of 141 00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,030 hope or closure or ending. So long as men can 142 00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:38,730 breathe, our eyes can see, so long lives this, and 143 00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:40,990 this gives life to thee. So the couplet has one 144 00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:44,030 idea. So again, going back to your question, can 145 00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:50,810 we call this here a couplet? No. Generally, no. If 146 00:10:50,810 --> 00:10:55,130 you find them alone, wandering around, you could 147 00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:56,930 say that, but when you read them, they're not 148 00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:01,150 going to give you a full idea, like the idea of, 149 00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:04,030 so long as men can breathe, our eyes can see, so 150 00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,270 long as this or this gives life to this. In other 151 00:11:07,270 --> 00:11:09,230 words, in your exam I'm not going to give you two 152 00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:11,110 lines from here and ask you whether this is a 153 00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:16,050 couplet I'll give you a full stanza either two 154 00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:20,790 lines if it's complete couplet or quatrain four 155 00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:24,490 lines or six or maybe eight lines but we usually 156 00:11:24,490 --> 00:11:27,190 because you're still beginning to learn English 157 00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:30,650 and English literature I usually only focus on two 158 00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:33,450 -line nouns okay 159 00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,080 Any other question about the sonnet? Does anyone 160 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,280 want to ask questions about the sonnet, the rhyme 161 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,340 scheme, the importance of the sonnet, Shakespeare 162 00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:46,080 and the sonnet? 163 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:55,280 Please, do ask. Sorry? Not the sonnet? So, no more 164 00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:55,620 sonnet? 165 00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:06,950 Okay, I'll ask you a question here. In one stanza 166 00:12:06,950 --> 00:12:09,850 we studied in the other class today, there was, 167 00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,850 okay, don't look at the book, I'll just bring it 168 00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:17,570 myself. There was a line ending in drops and the 169 00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,890 other one ending in box, drops and the other one 170 00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:22,750 ending in box. 171 00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,580 Listen, these words don't rhyme. Do they rhyme? Is 172 00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:35,480 there rhyme here? This doesn't count, generally, 173 00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,600 unless the sounds before it have something similar 174 00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:44,140 to drop, like hops for example, hops, drops and 175 00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:49,380 hops. Okay, but drops and box, they don't rhyme. 176 00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,040 The rhyme is generally not the last sound, usually 177 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,420 two, sometimes three. We need to look at this 178 00:12:55,420 --> 00:12:58,880 carefully. Another example, what do you think of 179 00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:04,820 this? A very famous poem by Marlow, we'll study 180 00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:11,000 later on. He says, he begins his poem saying, 181 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:21,740 come, Live with me and be my love and 182 00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:28,120 Notice when you begin a line of verse, you begin 183 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,820 with capital. That's the rules when you write 184 00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:35,520 poetry. The first word, you capitalize the first 185 00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,420 letter of the first word of each and every line. 186 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,280 And this is how you distinguish sometimes verse 187 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,500 from prose in Shakespeare. If it is capitalized, 188 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,080 then it's poetry. If it's not, it's prose. But 189 00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,120 more important than this is the music. We've seen 190 00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,940 how Shiloh doesn't use poetry and has not a Jew 191 00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:01,360 eyes. And we will, sorry, we will all the 192 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:01,780 pleasures. 193 00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:10,240 That's a very famous, that's a very famous poem 194 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:19,640 here. Is it a couplet? No. Okay, we have love and 195 00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:26,150 Prove Not the same sound Okay we have O V E and 196 00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:30,690 also O V E If you know how to do transcription 197 00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:37,670 this is love and this is prove Probably 198 00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,130 next year What do you think of this? Is this a 199 00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:45,450 couplet? Do we have rhyme here? What do you think? 200 00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,350 No it's not a couplet because the sound is 201 00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:53,380 different The sounds are different. We have love, 202 00:14:53,920 --> 00:15:03,280 like dove, cut, hot, but, and this is prove. What 203 00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:05,140 do you think? Does anybody have something? 204 00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,920 If you look at the words, if you look at the 205 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,500 words, they look similar. They look similar. O V 206 00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:22,340 E, O V E. The V sound is the same, but the one 207 00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,660 before. So if you look at it from a distance, if 208 00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:27,480 you don't know the words, how they are pronounced, 209 00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:31,580 you think they rhyme. But in reality, they don't 210 00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:35,800 perfectly rhyme. They partially rhyme. We call 211 00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,840 this, it has different names. It's called 212 00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,160 imperfect rhyme. Or sometimes it's called I rhyme. 213 00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,220 You know I rhyme? Because you look at it, they 214 00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,860 sound like they would be rhyming but they don't 215 00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:53,900 rhyme perfectly. So what is this? It's still a 216 00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,420 couplet. This is a couplet because it has one 217 00:15:56,420 --> 00:15:59,600 idea. Come live with me and be my love and we will 218 00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,020 all the pleasures prove. Is there a rhyme here? 219 00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:09,440 Yes, but the rhyme is imperfect. Imperfect is 220 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:15,060 still a rhyme. Now, imperfect rhyme is still a 221 00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:18,120 rhyme. They rhyme, but they don't rhyme 100%. They 222 00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,120 rhyme like what, 60, 50%? Now, there is a 223 00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:27,660 justification for here. Sometimes, the poet uses 224 00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:30,020 imperfect rhyme to tell us there's something wrong 225 00:16:30,020 --> 00:16:35,710 here. Okay, so look at this. This is a poem, a man 226 00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:41,090 inviting his beloved to love him and live with 227 00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:44,790 him. Why? How is he trying to convince her? He's 228 00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:49,770 telling her, we will all the pleasures prove. We 229 00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:52,690 have all the pleasures in the world. In reality, 230 00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,090 no one has all the pleasures in the world. Nobody 231 00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,110 owns all the pleasures in the world. He's 232 00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:00,350 exaggerating. 233 00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,930 In reality, he's not telling the truth. And this 234 00:17:05,930 --> 00:17:11,790 sound here, Prove, is telling us that he's lying. 235 00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,980 Because he's trying to depict life to the woman as 236 00:17:16,980 --> 00:17:21,100 a perfect, you know, perfect life. But even the 237 00:17:21,100 --> 00:17:24,080 rhyme doesn't rhyme perfectly. That's the trick 238 00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,760 here. So the rhyme, the imperfect rhyme here tells 239 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 us something about the idea. So there is 240 00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,940 imperfection in the poem and the imperfection is 241 00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:38,130 reflected in the imperfect rhyme. But what is the 242 00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:41,370 poet saying? He's saying, life is perfect. I own 243 00:17:41,370 --> 00:17:44,630 everything. All is fine. I own everything. We can 244 00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:47,290 have all the pleasures in the world. And the sound 245 00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:50,550 of the poem tells us he's lying, because the rhyme 246 00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:53,410 scheme is imperfect. It reflects something 247 00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:58,370 imperfect in the meaning, in the idea. Or simply, 248 00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,590 some people would say, but this is a very unpoetic 249 00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,670 answer, maybe during the time of Shakespeare or 250 00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:09,150 Marlowe, maybe these words Could have the same 251 00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:13,030 rhyme. Could have rhymed in the past, like three, 252 00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:16,470 four hundred years ago, maybe they rhymed. I don't 253 00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370 know how. Which is better to say love and problem 254 00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,290 or love and prove? 255 00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:27,810 Yeah, in my opinion, I think it's harsh to destroy 256 00:18:27,810 --> 00:18:32,600 love saying prove. Maybe you can play with it. But 257 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,060 I don't know how they pronounce it. Maybe we can 258 00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:39,660 check this later on. So what's the point here? 259 00:18:40,340 --> 00:18:44,500 Sometimes this is not rhyme because the S here 260 00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,740 doesn't make rhyme. You need to check the letter, 261 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,220 the sound before. Here we check the sound before 262 00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,100 and they don't perfectly rhyme. We call it 263 00:18:55,100 --> 00:19:00,480 imperfect rhyme or I rhyme. Is this important in 264 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,100 the poem? Yes, because it reveals something about 265 00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,300 the poem, the meaning itself. The poet is saying, 266 00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:13,300 wait a minute. There is music and fun, but here we 267 00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,060 don't have perfect music. We don't have perfect 268 00:19:16,060 --> 00:19:18,480 music because something is wrong. What's wrong 269 00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,400 here? A poet lying to his woman. And the title of 270 00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,140 the poem here is The Shepherds. The shepherd, the 271 00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:31,820 speaker, the character, the man saying, come live 272 00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:33,860 with me and be my love, is a shepherd. And a 273 00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:38,560 shepherd is generally a poor man who takes care of 274 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,140 sheep. If you are a shepherd, it's impossible for 275 00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:48,000 you to have all the pleasures in life, et cetera. 276 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,510 OK? No more questions about the sonnet? Please do 277 00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:54,910 ask if you have any. The sonnet, go. So I didn't 278 00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,670 get it clearly, but is a rhyme scheme focused more 279 00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:01,710 on the letters rather than the sound? The sound, 280 00:20:01,810 --> 00:20:04,770 of course. No, the sound. When it comes to the 281 00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:11,110 rhyme, we care about the sound, not the letter. 282 00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:17,250 But verbs and verbs like, clearer than love and 283 00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,920 bruise? This one? No. Yeah, no. Sometimes yes, 284 00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:24,660 like why, why, why wouldn't this rhyme? Like 285 00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,360 because more important, this is an additional 286 00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,360 letter, like it just comes and goes. Drop and 287 00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:29,640 book? 288 00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:42,860 No way. Drop them. Book, book, book. No way. Even 289 00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:52,540 if we say for example, even if we say drop, it's 290 00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:56,220 not drop, it's drop, drop, drop, drop. It still 291 00:20:56,220 --> 00:21:00,760 doesn't rhyme, never rhymes. Drop and box, no way, 292 00:21:00,820 --> 00:21:06,600 there's no rhyme here. But with the S, does it 293 00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,250 rhyme? No, I don't think it rhymes here. But if 294 00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,150 you insist, it's okay, it's not a big deal. Yes? 295 00:21:15,470 --> 00:21:18,870 If there was a text and you asked us to write 296 00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:21,510 rhymes, and there was drops and box, shall we 297 00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:25,310 write drop A and box B? Yeah. But if you don't, 298 00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:28,490 because you're still beginners, it's not the end 299 00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:31,510 of the world. The same with love and hope? No, but 300 00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,170 this one, there is rhyme here. There is rhyme 301 00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,340 here. But it's imperfect. This is clearer than 302 00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:44,080 this in many ways. Good question. So because this 303 00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,840 is not year four, you're not about to graduate, 304 00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,120 you're still starting your life learning English, 305 00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800 English poetry, and you're not native speakers. So 306 00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,900 sometimes there's a lot of flexibility. Yes. Go 307 00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:01,480 on, next. I want to ask something. Are the 308 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,080 questions about history, for example, who invaded 309 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,020 England, are they included in the exam? Listen, 310 00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,820 this is a course about... The literature itself or 311 00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:17,020 the situation? Yeah, we're not studying history, 312 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,640 we're studying literature. This is an introduction 313 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:25,260 to English literature course for beginners. And I 314 00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:27,300 said at the beginning, we're going to examine the 315 00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:32,420 literary texts in their historical context. We're 316 00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,280 going to study how history, historical events 317 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,560 influenced literature, and how literature 318 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,720 influenced life, changed life in a way or another. 319 00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,540 But the focus, 80% of our focus is on the 320 00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:50,530 literature. okay some events in history are very 321 00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:52,890 important like the printing press you should know 322 00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:55,750 this this is a historical this is a scientific 323 00:22:55,750 --> 00:23:01,350 invention it's a historical event did it influence 324 00:23:01,350 --> 00:23:05,810 literature yes of course because you know mass 325 00:23:05,810 --> 00:23:11,230 production mass like people had more and more 326 00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:14,910 copies it took two years to make one copy of the 327 00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:21,720 bible but now One year, 200 copies. For example, 328 00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:25,260 the French invasion, the Normans, when they came 329 00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,500 to England, they influenced the language in the 330 00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,900 literature. So the focus is on the literature, but 331 00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,860 it is important to know the major historical 332 00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:39,240 events. For example, Britain was invaded by many 333 00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,540 people from Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jews. That's 334 00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,640 not included. You should know this. Are you going 335 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:50,180 to put a question in the exam? Maybe, but the 336 00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,860 question here is in the literary context, in the 337 00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:56,960 sense that, remember, when we spoke about Old 338 00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,640 English, we said At that time, we didn't have a 339 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,100 clear idea of what England is. Even the literature 340 00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,480 was not pure English in the sense we have now or 341 00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,880 even the sense Shakespeare composed. Because 342 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,380 people still came from different countries across 343 00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:21,180 Europe and they were using different languages. So 344 00:24:21,180 --> 00:24:23,880 did this, you know the invasions, did this 345 00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,420 influence the culture, the language, the 346 00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:29,080 literature? Yes, and that's the focus. So at that 347 00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,060 time we said England was trying to shape its 348 00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,720 identity. In the Middle Ages, Middle English, 349 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,900 later on, like three, four, five hundred years 350 00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,780 later, we started speaking about English 351 00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,780 literature, pure English literature when we spoke 352 00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:46,580 about Chaucer. We said in Chaucer, there's always 353 00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,880 this insistence on being different. He began his 354 00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,860 life, by the way, by imitating some Italian and 355 00:24:52,860 --> 00:24:56,480 French authors. But later on, he developed his own 356 00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,140 style. He focused on the Englishness of the 357 00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,590 literature. Because when you have your own 358 00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,810 country, you want to have your own culture and 359 00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:08,790 literature. You want to be different. You want to 360 00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:10,930 create your identity. Remember we spoke about the 361 00:25:10,930 --> 00:25:15,070 English identity when we mentioned Skelton, Philip 362 00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:19,610 Sparrow, vengeance I ask and cry. We said John 363 00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:22,510 Skilton was an important poet at that time because 364 00:25:22,510 --> 00:25:26,270 in a way he was helping shape the English 365 00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:29,270 identity. And in his poetry, we can find poetry 366 00:25:29,270 --> 00:25:31,330 that is different from the poetry of Europe, 367 00:25:32,170 --> 00:25:36,710 mainly Italy and France. In his poetry, there's a 368 00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:39,550 strong sense of the English identity. What is the 369 00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,530 English identity? What it means to be English? 370 00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:47,290 What makes you different from Italians and French? 371 00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:56,010 Number one, your language, right? Number two, your 372 00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,910 literature, your poetry, the stories, the 373 00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:02,110 narratives, the customs, the habits. So they were 374 00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:04,910 focusing on the things that make them different. 375 00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:09,070 So these invasions are important because English 376 00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:11,930 as a language is actually originally from 377 00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:16,930 different languages. There are Latin roots, German 378 00:26:16,930 --> 00:26:19,750 roots, French words, many French words, even Arab 379 00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:22,850 words. English is naturally a very flexible 380 00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:28,030 language. It borrows from all the languages. So 381 00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:30,690 the invasions are important to understand because 382 00:26:30,690 --> 00:26:33,770 this is how England became England. It became 383 00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:37,640 diversity. There is now a strong movement in 384 00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,220 England and in the United States that is described 385 00:26:41,220 --> 00:26:45,360 as white supremacy where people say England is for 386 00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:48,540 the white, only the white people and America is 387 00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,940 for the white people. This is really silly because 388 00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:55,410 Racism. Because of racism, yeah. But also because 389 00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:58,410 England and America, now they started on diversity 390 00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:01,010 in a sense. People from across Europe came there. 391 00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:04,070 People from across Europe went to America. And 392 00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:08,090 there was this reconstructuring of they found a 393 00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,550 body of 10,000 years ago in England. And when they 394 00:27:12,550 --> 00:27:15,750 did experiments and tests, they realized that one, 395 00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:21,540 he's a black man. in England. He was there 10,000 396 00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:24,780 years ago. And he's considered, I guess, the 397 00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,980 father of 20% of the English people now. So 398 00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:33,400 there's the idea of pure race is a lie. It's not 399 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,880 true. It's a fabrication. People have always 400 00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,840 coexisted together. Why is this man black man in 401 00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,440 England? Because people crossed borders searching 402 00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,460 for safety, for food, coexisted in a way or 403 00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:51,150 another. Please. Some of the names are really hard 404 00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:53,690 to spell. If you misspell something. No worries 405 00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:57,050 about spelling. But like Machiavelli, for example. 406 00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,970 OK. Not easy to spell, but try to train it to get 407 00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030 as close as possible. Don't give me, for example, 408 00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:06,830 don't spell spaghetti. 409 00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:12,210 Machiavelli is Machiavelli. What difficult names. 410 00:28:12,530 --> 00:28:15,130 But again, most importantly, I don't want you to 411 00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:16,090 misspell Shakespeare. 412 00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:22,870 I feel sad that's shakes you know shake shakes 413 00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:27,830 shaking shake before use yes she shakes the i 414 00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:31,510 don't know the juice before use it's a shake and 415 00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:35,470 then or shake spear i don't know how you would do 416 00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:40,150 this either shake or shakes and then or spear 417 00:28:40,150 --> 00:28:42,990 because spear is another word but this e is extra 418 00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:47,200 Did I tell you that Shakespeare spelled his name, 419 00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:53,160 signed his name in 17 different ways? None of 420 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:59,240 them, ironically, none of them is this one. And 421 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,340 this is how crazy life is. So you spell your name 422 00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:05,120 17 different ways, hoping that people would pick 423 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,900 one of them. Because remember, spelling, there was 424 00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:14,170 no standard for spelling. There were no rules for 425 00:29:14,170 --> 00:29:17,630 spelling. People would spell different ways. Only 426 00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:20,370 in the 18th century, people started to have rules. 427 00:29:20,510 --> 00:29:23,850 Do this, don't do that, drop this, changes. So 428 00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:26,790 this is Shakespeare. You usually forget either 429 00:29:26,790 --> 00:29:32,570 this E or this E. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare. 430 00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:39,170 He's dumb. Maybe he's going to feel sad if you do 431 00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:43,410 that. This, we want to really appreciate 432 00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:46,590 Shakespeare for what he does. What other names do 433 00:29:46,590 --> 00:29:52,730 you find difficult? Bewolf? No, no, no. In The 434 00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:57,270 Chaucer, there is an Italian writings of 435 00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:02,430 Bastastione. Listen, if it is something I skipped, 436 00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:08,410 you just skip it. If I skip names of authors, 437 00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,550 names of texts, you just skip them. But other than 438 00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:14,630 this, the background, the talk, the brief 439 00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:16,650 description about the age, about the writer, about 440 00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:19,470 the texts, please go through them. And I want you 441 00:30:19,470 --> 00:30:21,430 to read what is in the book because this is how 442 00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,550 you improve your writing and your English. 443 00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:30,010 The name, the authors, the texts we study, we 444 00:30:30,010 --> 00:30:34,550 examine, we mention in this class. If I skip 445 00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:37,410 something, any name, any text, you just skip it. 446 00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:43,500 Please. Are we going to be asked to summarize what 447 00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,120 they place on Shakespeare? Generally, no. You 448 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,380 won't. But maybe, for example, one of your 449 00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,760 questions is going to ask you to contextualize. 450 00:30:57,460 --> 00:31:00,060 Anyway, I shouldn't be speaking about this now 451 00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,240 because we'll talk about this when we approach the 452 00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,240 exams. You know, context. to contextualize a text. 453 00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,560 So I'll ask you for example to bring you five 454 00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:18,060 extracts from poems or texts we studied and I ask 455 00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,520 you to contextualize three or four of them. I 456 00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,740 usually give you more choices so more flexibility. 457 00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,380 Okay question number one is to be or not to be 458 00:31:29,380 --> 00:31:33,720 that is the question. So number one you put it in 459 00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,160 its context you tell me This is by Hamlet from 460 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:47,740 Hamlet by Shakespeare Hamlet is a tragedy of a 461 00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:53,520 young prince who wanted to take revenge because 462 00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:59,920 his uncle killed his father Most importantly, 463 00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,840 focus on the text I give you. However, because 464 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,660 Hamlet is a modern man, a university student, he's 465 00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:10,980 in conflict. To kill or not to kill? To be or not 466 00:32:10,980 --> 00:32:14,660 to be? To die or not to die? And this is Hamlet's 467 00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:21,000 tragic flaw. You know tragedy, tragic? His 468 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,890 weakness is hesitation. Sloth, hesitation. You 469 00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:29,450 know hesitation? To be or not to be. To kill or 470 00:32:29,450 --> 00:32:32,070 not to kill. Play or not to play. Exactly. He 471 00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,710 hesitates. That's it. This is called 472 00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:38,910 contextualization. But although he is a 473 00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:44,110 philosopher, nevertheless, he has a little gold in 474 00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:49,330 his coffer. This is from The Canterbury Tales by 475 00:32:49,330 --> 00:32:53,690 Chaucer. This couplet, this rhyming couplet, 476 00:32:53,850 --> 00:32:59,060 right? Okay, it has irony, but probably before 477 00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:02,440 this, give me the context. It tells the story of a 478 00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:07,380 philosopher who instead of collecting knowledge, 479 00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,700 is collecting money. There is irony here because 480 00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,760 Chaucer is making fun of the new habits of the 481 00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:21,380 society. Short paragraphs like these, okay? Clear? 482 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,040 Focus on the line. What do we have in the line? 483 00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,300 When you tell me this is a couplet, you save 484 00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,160 yourself a lot of time. Instead of saying the 485 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,240 rhyme and there is a rhyme in one topic, you say a 486 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:33,520 couplet. Oh, excellent. 487 00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:44,120 Okay, again, this extract is taken from Canterbury 488 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:49,420 Tales by Chaucer. That's number one. In this 489 00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:52,840 extract, in this couplet, Chaucer is criticizing 490 00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,140 the new habits of the society. Here, we have a 491 00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,780 philosopher who is interested more in collecting 492 00:33:59,780 --> 00:34:06,060 money than in knowledge. There is irony in a 493 00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,280 little gold, because a little gold is still a lot 494 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:10,720 of money. 495 00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:17,700 Something like this. This is called 496 00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,300 contextualization. You don't have to memorize the 497 00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,640 lines, but if you do, it will really be fun for 498 00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,620 you. I will not ask you to recite something or 499 00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,760 write a complete line or something. But when you 500 00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,920 memorize lines, does anyone memorize anything? No. 501 00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,320 Other than have not a Jewite or something? You 502 00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560 should, it's really fun. For God's sake, or shall 503 00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,980 I compare thee to summer's day? You feel like, oh 504 00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:46,540 my God, I know more English than anyone else. You 505 00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:49,840 feel proud of yourself. You feel confident. So 506 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:53,140 long as men can, and listen, very easy. Seriously, 507 00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,480 one of the students was like, the boy was telling 508 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,800 me the other day that Shakespeare is difficult. I 509 00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700 hate Shakespeare. I said, this is a misconception. 510 00:35:01,940 --> 00:35:04,980 This is a prejudice. Did you study anything about 511 00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:06,400 Shakespeare? Did you read anything about 512 00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,280 Shakespeare? Not much. When you read his poetry, 513 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,620 to be or not to be, that is the question. Yes, 514 00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:15,800 it's not this simplistic, but it's easy to 515 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,480 understand. So long as men can breathe, our eyes 516 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,520 can see. So long lives this, and this gives life 517 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120 to it. That's why I usually advise my students, 518 00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,020 when you learn things about poetry, Shakespeare, 519 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,540 go, all of you use social media. Post this on your 520 00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:32,260 Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, Snapchat. Use 521 00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,640 them in your life. Today I want all of you to go 522 00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,580 home and when you have electricity, if you have 523 00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:44,060 electricity, you just type and every fare from 524 00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,660 fare sometime declines. One of the most beautiful 525 00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:51,370 lines ever. Start shifting your life, your 526 00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:53,710 Facebook, your social media, everything into 527 00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:57,590 English. I'm sure you're going to benefit a lot. 528 00:35:58,330 --> 00:36:01,050 So when people ask, what does this mean? Your aunt 529 00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,650 or your uncle will be like, wow, we're proud of 530 00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470 you. When people ask you what it means, you just 531 00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,570 explain it to them. Translating or just 532 00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:20,530 explaining. Yes, more questions. More, please. I 533 00:36:20,530 --> 00:36:24,090 always knew that Shakespeare's style is three 534 00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:26,370 -verse. I never knew that his poems 535 00:36:30,220 --> 00:36:35,000 Shakespeare mainly wrote in verse. His sonnets are 536 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,240 classical English verse. But his plays, because 537 00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:43,280 when you write a 5000 line play, you can't make 538 00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:46,720 them rhyme in any particular way. So generally 539 00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:51,330 this is called blank verse. What's blank verse? 540 00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,910 It's verse but doesn't rhyme. Generally in the 541 00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,370 play because it's very difficult to make the whole 542 00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,490 play rhyme A B A B or A B C A B C or something. 543 00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:06,630 And this is totally different from, totally 544 00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:11,130 different from free verse. Free verse is something 545 00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:14,990 that appeared probably 200 years ago. Free verse. 546 00:37:15,390 --> 00:37:18,510 Generally in blank verse, we have music, we have 547 00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:23,050 rhythm, but we don't have rhyme. We don't have 548 00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:28,970 rhyme. Free verse, generally no music and no 549 00:37:28,970 --> 00:37:33,610 rhyme. It's the poetry that most people write 550 00:37:33,610 --> 00:37:36,590 nowadays, 20th century, 21st century. 551 00:37:39,330 --> 00:37:42,310 In his plays, Shakespeare and Marlowe, they 552 00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:47,450 adopted blank verse. Because if they want to focus 553 00:37:47,450 --> 00:37:52,110 on the rhyme, it's going to be really very 554 00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,650 restricting in a sense. Last point, one minute, 555 00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:54,990 yes? 556 00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,690 Of course, yeah, of course many and that's why 557 00:38:02,690 --> 00:38:04,890 he's the father of English poetry or English 558 00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,850 literature We're only studying the Canterbury 559 00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,850 tales. I'll stop here. Thank you very much for 560 00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:14,230 these questions if you have more questions, feel 561 00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:15,670 free to ask Thank you