1 00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:25,470 Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished 2 00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:28,750 speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its 3 00:00:28,750 --> 00:00:31,950 poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about 4 00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:36,550 another important era or age, if I can say that, 5 00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,030 in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in 6 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,850 politics, society, but most importantly about the 7 00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:49,880 literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An 8 00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,640 era expanding from the middle of the 17th century 9 00:00:53,640 --> 00:01:01,200 to the early 18th century. These are actually two 10 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,040 things related very much to each other. The first 11 00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880 one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. 12 00:01:09,540 --> 00:01:13,530 And the second part is called Restoration. 13 00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,570 Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally, 14 00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,790 commonwealth refers to countries that were 15 00:01:20,790 --> 00:01:24,930 occupied, colonized by England. So any country 16 00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,430 that was occupied by England at one particular 17 00:01:27,430 --> 00:01:30,790 time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the 18 00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,670 Francophone countries, countries that were 19 00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:36,530 occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to 20 00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,130 a very important period in the history of England. 21 00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:43,710 And then it was followed soon after by, this is 22 00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:47,190 very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it 23 00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:50,370 was restored, followed by something called 24 00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:54,990 restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the 25 00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,590 restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we 26 00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:06,090 have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end 27 00:02:06,090 --> 00:02:10,510 of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The 28 00:02:10,510 --> 00:02:13,150 Puritans, as a religious group, they were also 29 00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:17,390 political group. They were becoming more and more 30 00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:20,370 powerful. They closed the theater. But more 31 00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,530 important than closing the theater, they killed 32 00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,590 the king. Because there was a huge political 33 00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,290 division in the English society between the 34 00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,760 Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans 35 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:40,240 fought against the king because of the corruption, 36 00:02:40,540 --> 00:02:43,400 the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the 37 00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,280 drama, they said in a way or another about the 38 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,000 political system, about the monarchy. And there 39 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,320 was a huge war, something that we refer to 40 00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,120 generally as civil war. You know what a civil war? 41 00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:00,390 groups in the same society, same country fight, 42 00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,710 civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of 43 00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:08,570 death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When 44 00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:12,070 the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to 45 00:03:12,070 --> 00:03:15,230 win a civil war, what did they do the first thing? 46 00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:20,470 They executed the king. And this is England. 47 00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,630 Again, this is, remember we said the king was the 48 00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,210 most important person, God's representative on 49 00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:31,990 Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was 50 00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:35,550 holy, sacred. The English people lived with the 51 00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:38,350 king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably 52 00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:44,580 1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is 53 00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,560 crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be 54 00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,000 bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen 55 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,840 as crucial, vital, important to the stability of 56 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,440 the society and the benefit of the interest of the 57 00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,590 individual. And now what we saw in literature, and 58 00:04:00,590 --> 00:04:02,650 this is very interesting, how literature prepares 59 00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:05,670 our minds to certain events, how literature 60 00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:10,170 creates life, creates, changes life in a 61 00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,010 particular way. We've seen the king die before, 62 00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:16,710 but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another 63 00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:21,110 place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or 64 00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:25,090 another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the 65 00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:28,490 death of the king in the literary works turned 66 00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,150 life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was 67 00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:34,650 turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is 68 00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,090 fair. But here, for the first time, the king is 69 00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,170 executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened 70 00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:49,130 next. But this era, this period that saw the king 71 00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:55,470 executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver 72 00:04:55,470 --> 00:04:59,910 Cromwell, a very important name, is called the 73 00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:05,250 Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The 74 00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,630 monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen, 75 00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:11,750 no more royal family in so many ways. And they 76 00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:15,690 wanted the parliament to rule with election, with 77 00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:20,790 democracy, more democratic processes here. Now, 78 00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:23,490 Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader 79 00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:27,660 of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king 80 00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:30,620 was executed, and he had so many important things 81 00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:33,740 to do to create the commonwealth, the countries 82 00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:38,580 that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland 83 00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:42,760 and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he 84 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,960 fought battles, and he was also a man of peace 85 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,200 because he wanted to negotiate and involve in 86 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,420 dialogue between different countries around him. 87 00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,720 Again, history is important here, how literature 88 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,120 influences life and history, and how history also 89 00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,280 influences, in a way or another, literature. But 90 00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:06,500 we don't want to speak a lot about history. But 91 00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:09,340 really, this is interesting to read. Now, when 92 00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,960 this man died about ten years later, sometimes 93 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,460 it's so sad that some important people die very 94 00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,360 quickly, and people who are really horrible, they 95 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,650 just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies, 96 00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:28,470 what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What 97 00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:28,950 does it mean? 98 00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,450 So, if he is followed by his son, what does this 99 00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:40,750 mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again. 100 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,560 What's wrong with the king, other than the 101 00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,380 corruption and everything? It's that someone, 102 00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:51,980 because he was born to a particular family, is 103 00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:54,180 more important than us, can rule us, can control 104 00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:00,380 us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell 105 00:07:00,380 --> 00:07:07,850 became the protector of England, He earned this 106 00:07:07,850 --> 00:07:12,250 because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a 107 00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:15,010 smart politician. But if his son takes it, 108 00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:19,030 succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in 109 00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:22,690 many ways, this is the English mentality, because 110 00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:27,340 they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by 111 00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:30,640 a particular family because they have been trained 112 00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840 all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds 113 00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,640 of years that the king is crucial to the 114 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:41,060 stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth 115 00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,150 II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine 116 00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:50,250 politics and many things in England. But she's a 117 00:07:50,250 --> 00:07:52,890 symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite 118 00:07:52,890 --> 00:07:57,530 the fact that the royal family spends millions and 119 00:07:57,530 --> 00:08:00,790 millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many 120 00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,430 people feel it's necessary to have a royal family. 121 00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,590 Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his 122 00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:12,710 son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again, 123 00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,690 Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth. 124 00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:18,930 He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not 125 00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:25,580 strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant 126 00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:29,100 something to the people there. Because during this 127 00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,940 period of 15 years or so or less, the English 128 00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:37,200 people generally were like, when you want to do 129 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400 something, but you can't do it because you want to 130 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,000 try something new. And then finally, you just say, 131 00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:46,380 OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they 132 00:08:46,380 --> 00:08:53,170 said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is 133 00:08:53,170 --> 00:08:56,890 how much the English people love the not I can't 134 00:08:56,890 --> 00:08:59,690 generalize of course especially the high class 135 00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:03,290 because many people had like benefited a lot from 136 00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:07,870 having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth 137 00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:13,570 ended by bringing another king. King, remember, 138 00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:18,690 King Charles I was executed, and they came, they 139 00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,770 invited, they brought King Charles II from France. 140 00:09:25,510 --> 00:09:26,870 This is called the Restoration. What is the 141 00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:31,300 Restoration? When the king was restored. That's 142 00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:34,800 it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and 143 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,660 Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another. 144 00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:45,840 So in 1660, we have what is called the 145 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,360 Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and 146 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,500 the man, Charles II, was brought from France. 147 00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:57,720 Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out 148 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,730 in a way or another. Now again, it shows how 149 00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,590 significant the monarchy is for the English 150 00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:10,600 people. But something remained. that couldn't 151 00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:14,160 change in a way or another. The monarchy itself 152 00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,020 and its powers and privileges were declining, were 153 00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:22,180 diminishing, were reduced because the parliament 154 00:10:22,180 --> 00:10:25,000 and politicians and people who were elected by 155 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:29,360 people become more and more powerful. So yes, the 156 00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,040 king was restored, but the powers The privileges, 157 00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:37,880 the authority, they were never the same. Until 158 00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,840 this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy. 159 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,300 The queen sometimes signs particular papers, 160 00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:48,540 approves particular cabinets by particular 161 00:10:51,460 --> 00:10:54,400 political parties like the Labour Party and the 162 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,480 Tories. So politics is very important in this age. 163 00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,640 But here we're not only talking, remember in the 164 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,480 past we were speaking about nationalism, the 165 00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,200 strong sense of the English identity, Queen, 166 00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:09,910 England being the saviour and the protector. And 167 00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:13,970 about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I 168 00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,570 end my song. The English people were all proud of 169 00:11:16,570 --> 00:11:19,670 everything English. But now this changed from 170 00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:22,530 nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to 171 00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,660 political division. So some people supported this 172 00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:28,680 political party, and others supported this 173 00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:30,620 political party. And this creates what we call 174 00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,860 political division. And this is politics more than 175 00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,440 nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving 176 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,380 everything about your country, supporting, 177 00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:42,760 believing in your country. But being political 178 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,600 generally here in this sense means that you 179 00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500 support one political party over the others 180 00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,660 because of something. Now, something very funny 181 00:11:51,660 --> 00:11:55,800 happened later on. King James II, remember we had 182 00:11:55,800 --> 00:12:00,960 King James I in 1603, the man who translated the 183 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,400 Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the 184 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,420 man who loved theater and literature, who had the 185 00:12:05,420 --> 00:12:10,200 mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King 186 00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,200 James II did something that could be considered 187 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,240 stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember 188 00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:23,070 England is? A Protestant country now because of 189 00:12:23,070 --> 00:12:27,050 King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the 190 00:12:27,050 --> 00:12:30,090 Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and 191 00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:32,850 churches, and he executed so many Catholic people. 192 00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,990 Because England changed its religion. Still 193 00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:39,410 Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are 194 00:12:39,410 --> 00:12:43,410 Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King 195 00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:49,100 James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember, 196 00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,920 so many people were not happy with King Charles I. 197 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,580 What happened? Fighting, political division, civil 198 00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,640 war, death, blood. But now, and this is really 199 00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,260 interesting, the English people seem to have 200 00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:06,920 learned from their own experience. They have 201 00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,020 learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We 202 00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:13,420 kill each other. And then later on, we bring the 203 00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:16,400 king again. So they learned something that nobody 204 00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,960 in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many 205 00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,580 kings were executed, and revolutions after 206 00:13:22,580 --> 00:13:26,040 revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60 207 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,260 years ago in Spain. And even today, there are 208 00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:33,260 still some troubles and problems here and there. 209 00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:37,110 But the English learned this lesson. very quickly 210 00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,110 in many ways. So when this king converted to 211 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:45,130 Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they 212 00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:48,490 kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they 213 00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:51,790 fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again, 214 00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:55,210 they came to him and said, sorry, this is a 215 00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:58,170 Protestant country. You need to go. And they 216 00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:03,070 removed the king without shedding any drop of 217 00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:06,980 blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless 218 00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:10,820 revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The 219 00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,020 revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood. 220 00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:18,000 Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the 221 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620 glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in 222 00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:25,640 Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak 223 00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,660 about two important things later on. Number one, 224 00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,570 The middle class are number two literature and 225 00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:44,410 politics. So what we care about here as literature 226 00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:48,100 students It's good to know this brief history, is 227 00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800 the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll 228 00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,820 speak about the rise of the middle class in every 229 00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,060 age, every era. And then politics and literature, 230 00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:01,280 and literature and politics. But what did the 231 00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,980 English people learn from this? They learned many 232 00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,760 things. Number one, that stability is important. 233 00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,740 Stability is crucial. You know stability? You 234 00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,520 don't want to change the situation. You can 235 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,040 improve it. And if you want to change it, you 236 00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,820 change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy, 237 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,300 by politics. So people wanted to avoid another 238 00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:27,300 revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the 239 00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,640 blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by 240 00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,740 the way. And that's why this is a very interesting 241 00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:35,940 history. 242 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,080 Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we 243 00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:46,080 speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come. 244 00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,140 People were... In the Renaissance, people were 245 00:15:50,140 --> 00:15:53,080 more about exploring. You know, the geographical 246 00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,500 discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers. 247 00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,720 They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted 248 00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,360 to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed 249 00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,010 and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay, 250 00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,130 wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think 251 00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,390 more carefully about what we do, where we go. So 252 00:16:12,390 --> 00:16:16,190 the sense of exploration and experimentation in a 253 00:16:16,190 --> 00:16:20,990 way was replaced by a sense of reason and 254 00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:26,870 stability. And this is very smart because the 255 00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,010 political system created something, an image that 256 00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,120 made people believe the stability of the country, 257 00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,860 if you have a stable, and even today, you know, 258 00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:39,760 Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she 259 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,640 speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable. 260 00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:43,680 They're making fun of her statement, the 261 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,080 catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We 262 00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,340 want a strong and stable country. It started from 263 00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:52,880 here. They said a strong country is a stable 264 00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:56,120 country. And a stable country, government, means 265 00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:01,680 more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an 266 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,840 individual, if you want to achieve your own 267 00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:08,100 growth, material growth, if you want to get 268 00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,380 wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to 269 00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:14,120 achieve the stability for all the society, the 270 00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:16,820 community. That's why there's something I usually 271 00:17:16,820 --> 00:17:21,420 like to say here. The individual became political, 272 00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,320 and the political became individual. What is good 273 00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,570 for the community? It's good for, for me, the 274 00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:32,390 individual. We'll see how this is reflected on 275 00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:38,470 literature. So we have more growth in science, in 276 00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:40,710 commercial growth, in trade, in geographical 277 00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,030 discoveries, in British imperialism, in 278 00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:48,330 colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many 279 00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:51,670 excellent things happened. And we speak about the 280 00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:56,840 English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now, 281 00:17:56,920 --> 00:17:59,540 before I move to speak about literature, look at 282 00:17:59,540 --> 00:18:04,960 this sentence. In the book, it says there was a 283 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,320 union. There was a unity between England and 284 00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:14,340 Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the 285 00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,300 problem. This is what the book says exactly. It 286 00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,800 says Ireland was still the problem. 287 00:18:27,950 --> 00:18:34,610 was still a problem. What do you think? And that's 288 00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:39,450 why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not 289 00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,810 stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem 290 00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890 to the United Kingdom. 291 00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:51,230 Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You 292 00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090 know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland. 293 00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:56,790 We have Wales. We have England, the United 294 00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,590 Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please. 295 00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290 Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not 296 00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:09,210 many people were forced to convert to becoming 297 00:19:09,210 --> 00:19:13,390 Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it 298 00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:19,270 mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you 299 00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950 mean? Can you explain? 300 00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450 Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is 301 00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870 out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay. 302 00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430 That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There 303 00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850 is also whitewashing here. England was the 304 00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310 problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel 305 00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070 says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is 306 00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800 the problem. So the book here presents it as if 307 00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250 Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For 308 00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830 England, while England is occupying and colonizing 309 00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770 Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people, 310 00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370 yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until 311 00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190 this very day, there's still this trouble between 312 00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,530 Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So 313 00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310 interesting how the book presents this. And I told 314 00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570 you before, be careful when you read any book, 315 00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990 especially books written by by white Europeans who 316 00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410 believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is 317 00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650 not only against Asia and Africa and the 318 00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130 Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like 319 00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130 in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying 320 00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190 this. This is called whitewashing. 321 00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260 Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a 322 00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280 movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems, 323 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040 the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present 324 00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980 things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a 325 00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220 movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza 326 00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920 and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And 327 00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,500 you read the whole book. You watch the whole 328 00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580 movie. And there are no references to the Israeli 329 00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300 occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of 330 00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920 occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring 331 00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260 to Israel here, this is called whitewashing. 332 00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180 Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and 333 00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900 wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong 334 00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280 with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel 335 00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400 and describes Israel, how Israel is the only 336 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110 democracy in the Middle East, or the only 337 00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130 democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very 338 00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270 significant research haven, technology, cancer 339 00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010 research, without referring to the fact that there 340 00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950 is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black 341 00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970 people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades 342 00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150 of occupation of colonialism, this is 343 00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180 whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we 344 00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800 spoke about this also when the writer here, two 345 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380 writers actually, when they depicted colonialism 346 00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800 as glory. It's not glory because it caused the 347 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200 deaths of millions and millions of people. So 348 00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660 yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing. 349 00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620 OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this 350 00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570 era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel. 351 00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890 Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But 352 00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950 he was also a politician, a member of the 353 00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150 parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who? 354 00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110 Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and 355 00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690 celebrating Cromwell. 356 00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000 It's called an oration. There could be an N here. 357 00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460 If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An 358 00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640 oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from 359 00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500 Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize 360 00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520 this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet? 361 00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180 Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what 362 00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280 poetry we had in the past? About society, love 363 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040 poetry, religion. Are we going to see new 364 00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700 concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues 365 00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340 here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease. 366 00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520 Cease. 367 00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130 in the glorious arts of peace, but through a 368 00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690 treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled 369 00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810 us up of all the civil war, where his were not the 370 00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790 deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says 371 00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630 in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars, 372 00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590 sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So, 373 00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250 is this crumble? 374 00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180 in glorious art of peace, urged 375 00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740 his active star where 376 00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220 his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet 377 00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000 saying? What's going on here? 378 00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670 He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say 379 00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470 something like prime minister, but he wasn't a 380 00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870 king. But more or less, he was like a king, 381 00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270 because he was succeeded by his son when he died. 382 00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970 So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler, 383 00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950 protector of England. 384 00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110 Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker 385 00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360 could be Marvel. The difference between the poet, 386 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900 the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly, 387 00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960 it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising 388 00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940 and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and 389 00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180 peace. 390 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520 So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't 391 00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200 rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have 392 00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500 this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time. 393 00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760 We have poets praising the rulers, the governors, 394 00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200 the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't 395 00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940 cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during 396 00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960 peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics, 397 00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200 diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most. 398 00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360 So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations, 399 00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780 but also when there are battles and fighting and 400 00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700 wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also 401 00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580 fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can 402 00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600 balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways, 403 00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010 this is a political poem. Because who's being 404 00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410 prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem? 405 00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390 God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of 406 00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810 England. So when you write a poem for your 407 00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590 president, the prime minister, this is politics. 408 00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630 And during this era, politics became a huge part 409 00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470 of literature. Political themes. Political, 410 00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210 political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel 411 00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850 was supporting the Commonwealth against the king. 412 00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790 Later on, he became a politician and became a 413 00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710 member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the 414 00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670 unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of 415 00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290 poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote 416 00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070 several poems praising Cromwell and his life and 417 00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330 his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me 418 00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260 of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the 419 00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500 greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his 420 00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040 poetry is like this, celebrates a particular 421 00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520 person. It's really beautiful how there are 422 00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520 similarities, but at the same time there are 423 00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560 dissimilarities. Many people would read this and 424 00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300 say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because 425 00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840 poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have 426 00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540 much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we 427 00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750 don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is 428 00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690 poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in 429 00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190 themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me 430 00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290 of something probably I quoted before. Al 431 00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610 -Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying 432 00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530 how courageous he is. So to describe someone as 433 00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690 courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active 434 00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230 star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He 435 00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780 doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says, 436 00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320 praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti 437 00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860 shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa 438 00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600 naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi. 439 00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220 Meaning, you were in a position where anyone 440 00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660 standing would die. But you, because you're 441 00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300 courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying. 442 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840 Look at this simile. There is a personification of 443 00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260 death here, where death is like a sleeping person. 444 00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300 And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the 445 00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360 eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing 446 00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640 here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he 447 00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520 claims is you. But you don't care because you are 448 00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940 powerful. 449 00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390 This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your 450 00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170 enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's 451 00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830 praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights 452 00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690 heroes. And while he's doing this during the war 453 00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480 and the fighting, Because in war, we're all 454 00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680 worried, and sweating, and terrified, and 455 00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240 terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But 456 00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220 because you are a fearless leader during war, like 457 00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680 this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is 458 00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000 more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when 459 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020 probably when you finish doing a BA in English 460 00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800 literature, you could do a comparison. You study 461 00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420 comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and 462 00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260 Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember 463 00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200 Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say 464 00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960 before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't 465 00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430 look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know, 466 00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550 he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone 467 00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890 walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage. 468 00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210 I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to 469 00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770 memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's 470 00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100 really good to know. Makes you confident and proud 471 00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120 of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English 472 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160 poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to 473 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140 Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So 474 00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900 this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or 475 00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520 it's his woman that he calls by different names. 476 00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220 He uses attractive names. Going to the wars. 477 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460 Again, a political poem. Going to the wars. 478 00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320 Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the 479 00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080 individual is public. It's a really very 480 00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120 interesting poem. But we're going to study only 481 00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420 one extract here. Someone read, please. 482 00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450 Very good. Someone else? Please. 483 00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790 Unkind. Kind, unkind. 484 00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750 Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest, 485 00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950 breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed, 486 00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610 unflagged. What is he saying? What do you 487 00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330 understand from this? No, 488 00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350 English, of course. He's brave. 489 00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030 From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to? 490 00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710 His beloved. What is he saying to her? 491 00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430 Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we 492 00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370 can probably explain why there are brackets here. 493 00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950 Because officially, remember, this coin is comma, 494 00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970 lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as 495 00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810 if he's putting her in prison. Like tying, 496 00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090 chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run 497 00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610 away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's 498 00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890 controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman 499 00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030 he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't 500 00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030 he run away? He can't, because there are walls 501 00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050 against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to 502 00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350 come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her 503 00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390 behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for 504 00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270 Marlow, the woman was the most important thing. 505 00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250 The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now 506 00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350 here, we have something more important than the 507 00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850 woman. It's the love of your country. And that's, 508 00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450 again, how the individual becomes public. He's 509 00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010 telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I 510 00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450 can't love you if I don't love my country more. If 511 00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890 I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight 512 00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550 to protect my country. And this is political. This 513 00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030 is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not, 514 00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850 sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being 515 00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590 unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the 516 00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230 nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like 517 00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590 how he describes her physical appearance and 518 00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500 describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an 519 00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660 upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was 520 00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520 absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come 521 00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820 live with me and be my love. But here, the woman 522 00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100 is using your unkind. And there is her mind is 523 00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860 praised. Some people might say no, because he 524 00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940 still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good 525 00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160 for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not 526 00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660 perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous 527 00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720 age, where the woman's mind has a place in the 528 00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760 poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence, 529 00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040 more and more strong roles by women. So to war, 530 00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360 arms could be a pun here. 531 00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440 Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons. 532 00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920 Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So 533 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460 he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is 534 00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600 he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he 535 00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680 running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't 536 00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920 walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to 537 00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680 defend his country, to fight for the thing he 538 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120 loves the most. It's his country. And that's 539 00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640 different poetry from the one we studied before. 540 00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060 So what's going on here again? The poet here is 541 00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560 showing us how the individual, his love to his 542 00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800 wife, is less important than his love to his 543 00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660 country. Because defending the country means 544 00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820 safety, stability, security to you, to your wife, 545 00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840 to all individuals in the society. This is a 546 00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630 political power. in which the country is more 547 00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030 important than the woman you love. This is called 548 00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150 political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to 549 00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650 the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first 550 00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110 line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or 551 00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590 he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her. 552 00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480 She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem 553 00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640 in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world 554 00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000 enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So 555 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540 this is when you call for somebody in English, you 556 00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470 use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He 557 00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470 uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying 558 00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350 to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait 559 00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450 for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be 560 00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510 back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of 561 00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590 the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So 562 00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310 don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not 563 00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170 sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet 564 00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590 wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm 565 00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690 leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I 566 00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370 love more, the country. And the safety of the 567 00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330 country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem. 568 00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230 You can Google it and read more about it. And the 569 00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580 rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B, 570 00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080 A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect 571 00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880 rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not 572 00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580 perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be 573 00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620 something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously 574 00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520 flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help, 575 00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690 doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final 576 00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210 text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to 577 00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770 Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the 578 00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830 Restoration Age. So again, we have the 579 00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140 Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The 580 00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280 restoration also politics politics. It doesn't 581 00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920 mean everything about literature was politics. It 582 00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020 means politics became a crucial part in 583 00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320 literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell 584 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640 grew very old, 585 00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480 and he was tired of politics and the city and 586 00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400 London and the corruption and the civil war and 587 00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220 the fighting and prisons and threats and 588 00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470 diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote 589 00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690 several poems, one of them really lovely poem 590 00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790 called The Garden. In many ways, this is a 591 00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890 romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature. 592 00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450 In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the 593 00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310 city and life in the countryside, in 594 00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790 the village. 595 00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720 What is he saying? Fair quiet. 596 00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620 Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister 597 00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440 dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city. 598 00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640 In busy companies of men. Society, the city, 599 00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730 London, society is all but rude. to this delicious 600 00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810 solitude. 601 00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130 You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you 602 00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210 describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out 603 00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370 this word and I asked you to complete, you're 604 00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430 going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious 605 00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390 cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is 606 00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130 some kind of You know, personifying something or 607 00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010 changing. There's a metaphor here. You know 608 00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750 solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means 609 00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010 alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But 610 00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950 it's loneliness that you choose to be alone 611 00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810 because you want to be far away from corruption in 612 00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550 the city. So again, he's personifying quiet. 613 00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220 Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally, 614 00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500 I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In 615 00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820 the village. Where? In the city. And innocence, 616 00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100 another personification, thy sister. So innocence 617 00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340 is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters. 618 00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820 They're not human beings, but it's like their 619 00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560 company. This is the company he likes, not the 620 00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710 company of politicians. in the city mistaken long 621 00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610 I sought you then I thought that I would find 622 00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770 innocence and quiet in the city in the busy 623 00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350 companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is 624 00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530 someone confessing his mistake not like the king 625 00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370 when he said for you have but mistook me right 626 00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370 society here is city why doesn't he use city Two 627 00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890 things. Number one, society is four syllables. So 628 00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910 it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here, 629 00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410 the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't 630 00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090 mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very 631 00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070 much. The people in the city. The society, the 632 00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110 community there is all but rude. And there is 633 00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130 another personification. Rude is a word to 634 00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610 describe people. The life itself is rude in the 635 00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310 city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's 636 00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650 innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this 637 00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090 delicious solitude in the village. So what's going 638 00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210 on here? We have a poet who's running away from 639 00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470 the city. A poet who's escaping politics and 640 00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200 corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude, 641 00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760 innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city 642 00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780 because of the politicians and politics and 643 00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260 corruption, but in the countryside. These are 644 00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660 three examples from the poetry of this age, and we 645 00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240 summarize everything here. This is a long slide. 646 00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800 Don't write down. You'll find this online. So 647 00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960 politics, political side of literature became very 648 00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640 important during the Commonwealth and Restoration. 649 00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580 We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's 650 00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860 poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there 651 00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340 is this thing about governments and political 652 00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040 parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet 653 00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760 laureate during Commonwealth because he praised 654 00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300 him most of the time. He also in another poem, In 655 00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440 the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the 656 00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690 city, and The countryside where there is peace and 657 00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310 quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the 658 00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870 stable values. What's stable values? What's 659 00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370 stability? It's like, let's not do another 660 00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450 revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and 661 00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730 work for the stability of the country. Now, when 662 00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850 Cromwell died and his son was removed, 663 00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110 Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and 664 00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750 imprisoned because of the political, because he 665 00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330 supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a 666 00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990 politician, a member of the parliament, and he 667 00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890 became a member of the parliament. We'll speak 668 00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630 about another poet next class. John Milton, one of 669 00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730 the most significant English poets of all times. 670 00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850 He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer 671 00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110 and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because 672 00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630 he also supported Cromwell. The only person who 673 00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150 saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So 674 00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700 poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were 675 00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400 connected in so many ways during this age. And 676 00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840 this will change forever, the way poetry and 677 00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280 literature is written and introduced to us. I'll 678 00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880 stop here. If you have a question, feel free to 679 00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140 ask. 680 00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630 Okay thank you very much and next class we have a 681 00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490 review session for the midterm exam please prepare 682 00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690 and if you have questions again bring them along 683 00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930 and see you soon.