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Assalamu alaikum and welcome back to the English

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introduction to English literature course. We

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continue our journey discussing and examining the

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Renaissance and the Renaissance figures, literary

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figures. Like I said before, we're done with

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Shakespeare. But at the same time, we are never

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done with Shakespeare, because Shakespeare keeps

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showing up every now and then. Today, we move to

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speak about more dramatists in the Elizabethan

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age. But before I do that, there are three things

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I want to say. Number one, Shakespeare was a

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veteran.

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A veteran is a person who lives in two ages. He

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was a veteran not because he lived at the end of

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the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th

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century, but because he also lived at the time of

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Queen Elizabeth and also King James. So we have

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Elizabeth and

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King James I.

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who ruled England at the beginning of the 17th

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century. So Shakespeare was a veteran. He was both

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Elizabethan and Jacobian. James, Jacobian

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literature figure. Elizabethan literature,

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literature that was written during the life of of

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Queen Elizabeth. But sometimes Shakespeare is

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generally referred to as an Elizabethan figure,

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although he died more than 15 years later after

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her death. So a veteran is a person who lives in

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two eras, in two ages, during two reigns or

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whatever. The other thing I want to speak about

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before I begin is a very important term for the

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course and every course we're studying at the

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English department. It's called the English Canon.

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A canon. And the English canon is a very important

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terminology we need to understand. Have you ever

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heard of the word canon? Yes. I heard camera.

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Camera, canon, okay. Interesting. Good to link

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things. The English canon refers to the most

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important literary work in English literature. The

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English canon, again, refers to the most important

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literary works, the most important literary

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figures, like Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Marlow,

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Milton, also novelists and playwrights, William

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Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Charles Dickens, Thomas

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Hardy, the names that when we study English

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literature here in Gaza, for example, We study

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these names. When people in China study English

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literature, they also study Shakespeare, and

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Marlow, and Johnson, and Dickens, and Hardy, and

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Tesseri. When people in Africa study English

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literature, in South America, and everywhere,

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generally the most important literary figures and

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literary works are studied. So those people and

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these texts are called canonical texts. What is

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the canon again? It's the most important literary

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works and literary figures. the most anthologized.

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When you open any English literary anthology,

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you'll find Shakespeare. You'll find Wordsworth.

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You'll find T.S. Eliot. When you open any book

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about literature, you'll find these names there.

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So the English canon as a term is something we

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should know. But more important than this is how

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accurate, how good, how objective the canon is. Is

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it objective? Does it mean everyone in the English

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canon is a good writer who wrote well and everyone

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who is not a canonical writer canonical author was

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kicked out of the canon because he wasn't good?

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Let's go back. Now, in the 20th century, many

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critics started to do some kind of revisiting,

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rereading the canon. People no longer take things

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for granted. It's like, OK, Shakespeare is always

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in the canon. He's the only author that is always

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in the canon. So he's the most canonical author.

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People who started studying and analyzing to

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understand the canon and what authors, what texts

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we have and why, they realized very interesting

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things. Number one, they realized that all or

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almost all authors are men. So which excludes?

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Women. Generally it excludes women. Two, almost

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all the authors are white Christians. It excludes

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non-Christians and excludes non-white people,

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people of color. And almost all the people in the

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canon are European. When it comes to England,

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mostly they focus on people of London. What does

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it mean? It means The canon as a term is not fair.

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It's subjective. Because sometimes if your writing

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is different, or if you don't try to please the

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mainstream, the official people, people are not

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going to be happy with you or with your writing.

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So you will be kicked out of the canon. So that's

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number one. We'll go back to the canon next week

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when we discuss John Donne. But again, the canon

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is the most important literary works of a

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particular era. When we speak about the English

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canon in literature, we speak about the big names,

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big texts, Hamlet, Macbeth, texts by other people,

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etc. Not only Shakespeare, but other poets,

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Johnson, Marlow, Samuel Johnson, Dryden, Milton, T

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.S. Eliot, William Wadsworth, William Blake. These

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are always there listed as important figures. But

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do we have other figures who were excluded and

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kicked out? In this course, we will reveal some of

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these names. And we'll study them to understand

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why they were kicked out. And generally, it was

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because they didn't write Things similar to the

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mainstream idea of what it is to write poetry. The

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second term is patronage. You know patron?

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Patronage. A patron is like a sponsor. You know

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what a sponsor is? Someone who gives you money.

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Exactly, like someone who gives you money to

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study, gives you money to build your house, to

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start your project. So a rich man, a businessman

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who gives you a politician maybe, a donor who

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gives you money so you can start something, a

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patron. Or patronage is also another important

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term we need to understand if we just need to

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understand the classical Elizabethan literature

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before and after. Now, in literature, a patron is

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someone, generally a man, but sometimes could be a

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woman, who belongs to the high class, sometimes

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the royal family, and who has a lot of money,

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rich. What does this person do? He gives the poet

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money. and provides the poet with protection.

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Remember we're talking about the Elizabethan age

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and even before Chaucer by the way had a patron.

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He couldn't write poetry sometimes because he

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didn't have someone to support him because if you

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don't have money Being a poet was not a job.

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Nobody would be buying you poetry. So you have to

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have a job. If you have a job, you don't have time

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to write poetry. So a patron, again, what's a

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patron? Someone, usually a man, a rich man with

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money. Sometimes the patrons, usually they have a

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literary taste. So because they love poetry, they

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love literature, they take care of poets. So they

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give poets money. in order to keep writing, to

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write more. And they also provide them with

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protection. You know protection? If you say

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something that displeases someone, if you

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criticize someone, maybe someone wants to arrest

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you, to punish you for something, they say, oh,

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no, no, no, no. Don't. This man is protected by

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this patron. So some kind of political and social.

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And he would invite you to his court, his palace,

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And patronage had played an amazing role in

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supporting... Remember we spoke about the printing

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press, how it encouraged mass production?

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Patronage also encouraged a lot of literary texts.

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Now, as a poet, you stay at home, you have enough

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money to live, and you can write as much poetry as

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you can, as possible. However, this patronage came

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with a tax, a sacrifice. If someone gives you

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money, supports you with money, you need to write

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good poetry about them, to praise them. If he

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brings a new cat, you'll be writing, oh, cat, thou

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art. Shall I compare thee to the best cats in the

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world? Or shall I compare thee to lions? You are

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more fearful and intimidated. If he buys a mobile

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phone, you'll be like, wow. So you need to write

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good poetry to praise them. So again. A patron is

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a person usually with a literary taste and a lot

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of money who provides poets with money and

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protection. And it's a change for praise, for good

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poetry sometimes. We'll speak about this later on.

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We'll mention this again and again, important

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terms. Now let's go to Christopher Marlowe.

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Christopher Marlowe. Listen. Marlowe

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was a poet in a way he was contemporary to

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Shakespeare. He was a dramatist and a poet. We

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study him today as a dramatist. Later on, we'll

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come back to him. Many critics believe that Marlow

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could have become more famous than Shakespeare.

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Not many, some critics. Could have surpassed

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Shakespeare.

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But the sad thing is that Marlow died very young

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at the age of 32. And there is something

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mysterious about poets who die young. There are

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many English poets who die very young. And when

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they die very young, they have this kind of aura

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about them. They look like prophets. People love

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them more, love their poetry more, and respect

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them more. Because you feel that they died because

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of their poetry. They died because they wanted.

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It's like teachers who die young, they become like

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woe. But sometimes, later on, they live forever,

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which is not good for some students, maybe. So

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what I'm saying here is that the fact that Marlow

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died young, at the age of 32, made him famous poet

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and dramatist. Many believe he was, during his

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lifetime, he was the most famous dramatist. The

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most famous dramatist. More than Shakespeare,

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because Shakespeare at that time was beginning to

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write the good stuff we're studying. We just

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started. He was starting. So had he not died

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young, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, become

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more famous than Shakespeare according to some

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views. Now there are similarities and differences

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between him and Shakespeare. But before I go

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there, I'll tell you something, a very funny story

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about, not funny, but really interesting, about

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poets dying because of the poetry and how

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patronage is really a fun thing, how it

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influences. Because if you have a patron, there

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are usually competitors. Other poets want to take

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money, so they just write bitter poetry to your

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patron and et cetera. I'll tell you this story

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about Abu Tamam in Arabic. You know Abu Tamam? Abu

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Tanabbi, Abu Tamam, famous poems. And I told you

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before, you need, if you want to love English

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literature, you need to love Arabic literature and

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vice versa. Start with the beautiful poetry, the

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beautiful stories about poets and authors and

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everything. Now Abu Tamam was praising one of the,

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that's Al Mutanabbi. Abu Tamam was praising the

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caliph sometime.

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And the other poets around kind of didn't want the

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caliph to like Abu Tamam and his poetry. So he was

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like praising again his patron, the caliph,

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saying, So

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the

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caliph,

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praising him, comparing him to famous Arab

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generals, poets and people and fighters and

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everything. So one of the poets sitting around

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competing told the caliph,

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Yes, it's okay. This is not good poetry. He's just

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likening you to ordinary Arab shepherds and

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Bedouins and desert people. And this was, you

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know, Abu Tamman felt pressured here because

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someone is competing with him. So he just nodded

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something like this. He nodded like this and

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waited and remained silent for a short while. In

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Arabic, it's very famous in Arabic literature.

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It's called Imaet Abu Tamam, or Itraqet Abu Tamam.

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Look it up on Google. Itraqet Abu Tamam, meaning

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when Abu Tamam reacted to this guy accusing him of

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not likening the caliph to something worthy. So he

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nodded like this, and he raised his head. And he

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said two of the most important lines of poetry in

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Arabic literature. He replied, saying, You know

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what it means?

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I gave an example. I likened him to things lower

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than him. فالله قد ضرب الأقل لمثله مثلا من المشكات

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والنبراسي الله ايش قال عن نفسه عن نوره الله نوره

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مثلا نوره كمشكاة مشكاة is nothing compared to

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God's light but God used this مشكاة to make it

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clearer to this so I was like whoa now the guy

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telling the story he said I looked at the poem the

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text and I didn't find these lines so he

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improvised them you know improvised To save him

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without preparation, all of a sudden. Improvise

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them. He cuts

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a piece of his flesh. Because the best of the

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best, it takes from your health, your life, your

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soul. It drains your life. And he adds, وَمَا

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لَبِثَ أَبُو تَمَّامُ حَتّى مَاتَ بَعْدَهَا. يعني

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كأنه أبو تمام died because of these two lines of

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verse because this is the best of the best he

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could have. And it's very beautiful here because

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Yes, people believe that poetry could kill poets.

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And that's why people love poets and respect them.

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Because we think they're just suffering for us,

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sacrificing their own lives for us. And it's very

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funny how the patron thing here is at play where

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poets are competing. So Christopher Malo died

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young. He is different from Shakespeare in two

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main things. Number one, he went to university.

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Remember, Shakespeare didn't go to university. He

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went to a grammar school to study grammar, study

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rhetoric, study Greek drama, whatever Now this guy

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00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,710
is described as a university wit, you know, wit,

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university wit The people who went to university

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00:17:44,350 --> 00:17:47,310
either Oxford or Cambridge are described as

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university wits Shakespeare didn't go there. So he

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was more educated. He learned more about cultures,

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about tragedy, about literature, about language,

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about grammar. The other thing generally when we

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speak about Shakespeare remember Shakespeare we

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said usually he gives every character the

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appropriate language and appropriate reactions

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that would reflect number one his social class and

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his psychological status Again, for Shakespeare, a

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00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:26,280
king speaks like kings. A queen speaks like

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00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:30,360
queens. A princess speaks like a princess. A

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00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:34,240
prince speaks like a prince. A porter, a

286
00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:39,070
gravedigger, speaks like gravediggers. A

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00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:41,890
messenger, an educated man, speaks like the

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00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:44,710
educated people. An illiterate person speaks like

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00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,350
everyone has his language. And this is something

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00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:50,370
that tells about the genius of Shakespeare. It's

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00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:53,050
not easy. I know people who write short stories,

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00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,130
and there is a kid five years old in the story,

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00:18:56,170 --> 00:18:59,370
and the kid speaks like an educated person, a

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university graduate. Sometimes it's not realistic.

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00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,170
Shakespeare gives a very, in a way, realistic

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00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:08,500
image about the language. In Hamlet, Hamlet is a

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00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,280
poet, right? A university student, so his

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language, his poetry is really interesting,

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00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:16,360
beautiful. But when he is confused, when he is

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00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:18,920
suffering psychologically, when he pretends to be

301
00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,460
mad, his language is influenced, it changes,

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00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:27,140
deteriorates. Now in Marlow, everybody speaks a

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00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,120
very highly poetic language. So Marlow is

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00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,680
different. Almost everybody, no matter whether

305
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,760
you're suffering or not, whether you are a woman

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00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,140
or a man, whether you are rich or poor, educated

307
00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:40,500
or uneducated, usually people speak very poetic

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00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,260
language. So two differences between Shakespeare

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00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,960
and Marlow. Marlow went to university, Shakespeare

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00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,860
didn't. He only went to a grammar school.

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00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,860
Shakespeare uses a language that fits the person's

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00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,680
social and psychological status. Marlow gives

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00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,460
every character in his play a highly poetic

314
00:20:01,460 --> 00:20:07,360
language. Okay? Now, we've studied two important

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00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:12,960
works by Marlow. Number one is Dr. Faustus. Listen

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00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:19,110
to me. Explain this in detail. Dr. Faustus. And as

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00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:24,350
the name suggests, the main character is a doctor.

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00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,810
And his name is Faustus. Now, Dr. Faustus tells

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00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:34,110
it's a tragedy that tells the story of a

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00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:38,970
scientist, a man of knowledge and learning, a man

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00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:42,050
who almost knows everything. And I think it was

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00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:44,970
possible then 400 years ago to know everything. I

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00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:50,700
don't know. But because Dr. Faustus is a tragic

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00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:59,720
hero, you know, tragic hero, he has a tragic flow.

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Tragic flow, a weakness. He has some problem.

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00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,520
Remember Hamlet has too much hesitation. Othello,

327
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:18,130
too much jealousy. Macbeth, Too much ambition.

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00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:23,210
Remember, we said that man wanted to achieve

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00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:27,250
perfection, but man is not perfect. So this leads

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00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:33,030
to his downfall. Now, Dr. Faustus had too much

331
00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:40,050
ambition and too much pride. Excess, excessive,

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00:21:40,290 --> 00:21:43,750
you know excessive? Too much, a lot. It's good to

333
00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:46,210
be ambitious, but it's not good to be over

334
00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:49,850
ambitious or to be ambitious like Dr. Faustus. So

335
00:21:49,850 --> 00:21:55,730
he knows everything and now he wants to know more.

336
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He learns magic and he manages to summon the

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00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:05,230
devil, Satan. And he signs a contract. Remember

338
00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:07,690
the contract, the bond in Shylock, the mansion of

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00:22:07,690 --> 00:22:12,250
Venice? He signs a bond with the devil.

340
00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:20,770
He gets unlimited access to knowledge everywhere,

341
00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:23,130
every time, in the past, in the future, anything

342
00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:29,530
in exchange for what? His soul. So we have his

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00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:34,550
soul in exchange for Knowledge. Would you do that?

344
00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:39,970
Really? You wouldn't? This is not one day, one

345
00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:44,330
year, two years, five years, 24 years of unlimited

346
00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:51,890
access to knowledge in exchange for... No, 24

347
00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,450
years later you give your soul in exchange for

348
00:22:54,450 --> 00:22:55,830
this, so you pay later on.

349
00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:02,210
So 24 years, would you like that? Would you accept

350
00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:04,470
that? I would do it because I wouldn't live as

351
00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:08,650
long as... Yeah, that's possible Or I know one of

352
00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:10,830
the other group once, you know what I'm saying? I

353
00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,170
would give my soul for a year of unlimited

354
00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:21,610
internet or unlimited electricity Okay,

355
00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:25,650
it's funny but again priorities This is 24 years

356
00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,790
unlimited access, exposure to knowledge. And he

357
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lives a life of a person who can summon everybody,

358
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know everything, ask everybody about anything,

359
00:23:36,590 --> 00:23:39,970
goes back in time and in the future, and gets the

360
00:23:39,970 --> 00:23:43,070
knowledge he wants. And before he signs the bond,

361
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the angels and the people around him are like,

362
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Faustus, don't do this. You're stealing. Again,

363
00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:49,390
listen. He's not stealing himself, his life.

364
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Because if he sells his life, he's going to die

365
00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,510
later on. But he's selling his soul, the most

366
00:23:54,510 --> 00:24:00,350
important thing a man or a woman has. And now, in

367
00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:03,870
a blink of an eye, the 24 years just passed. And

368
00:24:03,870 --> 00:24:07,450
one hour before that, the clock strikes 12 for

369
00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:11,670
Satan to come. Satan, the devil, he regrets

370
00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:16,470
everything. He feels very remorseful. He wishes

371
00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:22,600
that he hadn't accepted the deal with satan but

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can he go back it's too late it's too late look at

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the the extract here this is an extract page 35

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00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:40,480
look here this is dr faustus when time is the

375
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clock is ticking oh

376
00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:54,330
soul Be changed into little water drops and fall

377
00:24:54,330 --> 00:25:00,370
into the ocean. Be found ugly hell. Give not. Come

378
00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:08,030
not, Lucifer. I'll burn my box. Now, too late to

379
00:25:08,030 --> 00:25:11,690
burn your box. Someone read this, please. OK.

380
00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:16,680
Also, bees change into little water drops and fall

381
00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,000
into ocean. Never be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap

382
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,960
nut, lucifer. Lucifer. Lucifer. I'll burn my box.

383
00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,840
I'll burn my box. Yeah? Also, bees change into

384
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:34,200
little water drops and fall into the ocean. Never

385
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,920
be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap nut, lucifer.

386
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,140
I'll burn my box. Excellent reading. Yeah, please.

387
00:25:43,570 --> 00:25:47,630
Also, we change into little water drops, and fall

388
00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:51,590
into the ocean near we found. Ugly hill gave nut,

389
00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:55,490
come nut, lucifer. I'll burn my house. And like we

390
00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,170
said last time, this doesn't perfectly rhyme here.

391
00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:07,170
So this is A, B, C, and D. No rhyme here, despite

392
00:26:07,170 --> 00:26:09,950
the S for plural. And this is something we

393
00:26:09,950 --> 00:26:17,060
described as blank. Verse without rhyme scheme.

394
00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,360
Irregular rhyme scheme. Irregular rhyme scheme is

395
00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:26,860
different. It has rhythm. What is he talking to?

396
00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,720
Oh, okay. He's talking to his soul. Can his soul

397
00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,720
talk back? No. What do you call this in poetry, in

398
00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:39,020
literature?

399
00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,760
No. I'm not sure whether he's alone or not. I'll

400
00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,220
have to check this. But when you talk to someone

401
00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:57,540
who doesn't hear or something that doesn't...

402
00:26:57,540 --> 00:27:03,610
Is a soul a human being? Can the soul talk back?

403
00:27:03,790 --> 00:27:07,610
Can it listen to you? So you give things the

404
00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:09,510
features of a human being. What is this?

405
00:27:11,570 --> 00:27:16,270
Personification. From person, personify.

406
00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:22,880
What is a personification? Yeah, when you say, oh,

407
00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,380
fan, oh, mobile, my best mobile, you're talking to

408
00:27:26,380 --> 00:27:29,640
your best mobile. But here, we don't only have a

409
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,100
personification of the soul. He's talking directly

410
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:34,960
to something that is not there here. Generally,

411
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,800
this is also called in literature an apostrophe.

412
00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,660
You know apostrophe? Yes. When we say count, this

413
00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:50,630
is an apostrophe. But in literature, when you call

414
00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:53,330
something that doesn't hear you, that is far away,

415
00:27:53,710 --> 00:27:56,130
or something that is not there, when you call for

416
00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,790
them, oh soul, this is called an apostrophe. An

417
00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:04,090
apostrophe always has a personification. When you

418
00:28:04,090 --> 00:28:10,450
say, oh fan, my lovely fan. Can it talk back to

419
00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:14,790
you? It's called an apostrophe. An apostrophe. So

420
00:28:14,790 --> 00:28:17,190
he's talking to his soul and he's also directing

421
00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:23,050
his speech to the hell. Ugly hell. Give not, come

422
00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:27,610
not Lucifer. Don't open your mouth. Don't take me.

423
00:28:28,110 --> 00:28:32,090
Lucifer is the name of the devil, Satan. Don't

424
00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:36,030
come Satan. Don't come oh devil. Because

425
00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:44,150
I regret everything. I want to burn my box. I want

426
00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:47,750
to burn my box. But it's too late. And this is,

427
00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:51,290
again, in a way, it reflects something about that

428
00:28:51,290 --> 00:28:53,350
time, the society, when people wanted to know

429
00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:56,490
everything. But many people wanted to know more

430
00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,730
than it is possible for a human being. So the

431
00:29:00,730 --> 00:29:04,600
theme here is excessive ambition. The tragic hero

432
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,420
here has too much pride, too much pride because he

433
00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:10,640
doesn't listen to anybody, and too much ambition

434
00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,960
because he wants to know everything. He breaks the

435
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,260
barrier between what it means to be a human being

436
00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:19,620
and what it means to be, I don't know, an angel

437
00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:24,180
maybe, or a superhero. What happens at the end?

438
00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:28,400
Does he die? Yeah, of course. His soul is taken by

439
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,400
the devil. Why does he believe that he is correct?

440
00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:40,770
Because he breaks the norms. Because he signs a

441
00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:44,570
bond, not with the angels, but with the devil. And

442
00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:49,250
the devil takes you only to hell. Lucifer is the

443
00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:55,770
name of the devil. Another text by Christopher

444
00:29:55,770 --> 00:30:01,550
Malo is The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta. And as

445
00:30:01,550 --> 00:30:04,250
the name suggests, look at the name. What is

446
00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:08,130
interesting in the name? Oh, Jew. Interesting.

447
00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:09,690
Reminds us of what?

448
00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:19,290
Now, Marlow wrote his text before Shakespeare

449
00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:25,890
wrote The Legend of Venice. Before. And it's true

450
00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:28,770
that Shakespeare was inspired by Marlow.

451
00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:35,560
In many ways, the Jew of Malta has the character

452
00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:41,840
Barabas. He's the first main Jewish character in

453
00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,420
English literature.

454
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,180
And in this text, we have also the first main

455
00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:55,980
black servant, black character, Isamora. Black

456
00:30:55,980 --> 00:31:01,490
character, Barabas' servant. Look at the

457
00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110
interesting story of this play. It's a tragedy, of

458
00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:05,330
course.

459
00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:11,690
The story takes place in Malta. You know Malta?

460
00:31:11,850 --> 00:31:12,930
It's around near here.

461
00:31:15,610 --> 00:31:20,870
It tells the story of Malta, a place controlled

462
00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:26,490
and ruled by Christians. By Christians. Now the

463
00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:30,110
Ottoman Empire, you know, the Muslims, the Turks,

464
00:31:30,570 --> 00:31:35,870
Turkey now, the Ottoman Empire sends a message to

465
00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,270
Malta, to the ruler, saying, give us money, if you

466
00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,750
don't, we will invade you and destroy you and kill

467
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:47,590
you. And the ruler is like, oh, I can't defend. I

468
00:31:47,590 --> 00:31:51,410
don't have a strong army. But I have a plan. I'll

469
00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,170
collect the money from the Jewish people, the

470
00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:56,950
Jewish merchants, and give the money to the Turks.

471
00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,630
It's interesting how we have black people,

472
00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:05,630
Muslims, Jews, and Christians in a text 450 years

473
00:32:05,630 --> 00:32:09,610
ago. I don't want to describe this as a clash of

474
00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,310
civilizations, a clash of this. But we'll see how

475
00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:17,170
not only Jews, but also Muslims and black people

476
00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,410
are represented negatively. There is a lot of

477
00:32:22,410 --> 00:32:27,330
racism here. Barabbas is depicted in a really

478
00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,390
horrible, horrible way. A lot worse than Shylock.

479
00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:32,470
Because in Shylock, sometimes we feel sorry for

480
00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:35,350
him. We sympathize with him. But this is horrible

481
00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:39,450
depiction. That's why many Jewish people hate and

482
00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,130
dislike Marlow, accuse him of being anti-Semitic,

483
00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,770
and I think he is. But don't be happy about any

484
00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:50,130
racist person because Darul was once a racist,

485
00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:52,770
always a racist. He's racist against Jews, against

486
00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:56,110
Muslims, and against Africans and black people. So

487
00:32:56,110 --> 00:32:59,810
the story in brief goes like this. The money is

488
00:32:59,810 --> 00:33:02,170
taken from Barabas and other merchants to be given

489
00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:08,330
to the Ottomans and Barabas feels angry and he

490
00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,450
wants to take revenge. He uses his daughter and

491
00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,550
that's probably the worst thing I have ever said.

492
00:33:16,810 --> 00:33:20,790
Someone using his own daughter to take revenge and

493
00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:22,810
because of his daughter two people fall in love

494
00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,570
with her and that's his plan and they kill each

495
00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:30,690
other, they die. First People, two people who die

496
00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:34,990
here. And his daughter Abigail discovers how

497
00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:38,090
horrible her father is and like Jessica in the

498
00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:40,930
mansion of Venice, she leaves her father, she

499
00:33:40,930 --> 00:33:44,430
converts to Christianity. And is that it? Is that

500
00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,430
all? Of course not. He swears to take revenge.

501
00:33:53,670 --> 00:33:59,040
To come after his daughter. She becomes a nun, you

502
00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,500
know, a nun, a woman who gives herself to God in a

503
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:07,740
church. He uses Isamor with his help. He poisons

504
00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:11,920
not only his daughter, but all the nuns in the

505
00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880
church and they all died, including his daughter.

506
00:34:16,540 --> 00:34:22,380
Is that all? We haven't started yet. Very long,

507
00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,510
very complicated story, interesting story. But

508
00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,650
remember in Shakespeare, in Shylock, we were like,

509
00:34:28,750 --> 00:34:31,970
oh, he's good, he's not here. Oh, I feel sorry for

510
00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:37,990
him. With Isamur, it's always evil, pure evil. So

511
00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:42,030
later on, when he is discovered, he's arrested in

512
00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:44,830
a way, but he again kills the people who arrested

513
00:34:44,830 --> 00:34:47,450
him. He causes the death of many people. And then

514
00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:50,650
he sends to the Ottomans, who haven't yet received

515
00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,270
the money, tells them, listen, I'll help you

516
00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:57,900
occupy Malta. Conspires with them, they attack

517
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,140
Malta, they occupy the whole island and many

518
00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:03,700
people are killed and they choose him to be the

519
00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,080
ruler. And then that's it? No. He conspires

520
00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680
against other people, wants to kill more people

521
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,520
and causes the death of more probably scores of

522
00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,380
people. I think hundreds of people died because of

523
00:35:18,380 --> 00:35:22,810
Barabbas. and at the end he's discovered they knew

524
00:35:22,810 --> 00:35:26,390
that he was behind most of these evil things and

525
00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:29,330
he was put in a cauldron you know a pot and he was

526
00:35:29,330 --> 00:35:33,410
killed tragedy horrible tragedy i'm not sure

527
00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:35,530
whether you would like to watch something like

528
00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:38,550
this or read something like this it's very tragic

529
00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:43,780
very dark and there's a lot of racism yes I think,

530
00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:45,940
remember in Shakespeare, we asked, is Shakespeare

531
00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,220
a racist or was he exposing racism in his age?

532
00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,820
Many people say Shakespeare was as racist as any

533
00:35:52,820 --> 00:35:59,300
Elizabethan person. But here we have a lot of anti

534
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,040
-Muslim, Islamophobia, anti-Jewish sentiment, anti

535
00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,100
-Semitism, and racism against black people.

536
00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,880
Yeah, it's a matter of question. But I wouldn't

537
00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,880
generally describe Shakespeare as a racist. But he

538
00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,420
discusses racism. In my opinion, he's exposing

539
00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:22,240
racism in his community. But this one, we don't

540
00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:27,340
generally feel one tiny little bit of sorrow for

541
00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:31,480
this man. He's evil. A man who uses his daughter

542
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,560
as a prostitute to kill people. A man who kills

543
00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,500
his own daughter, who poisons her. Notice the

544
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,500
stereotype about Jews poisoning people and

545
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:40,840
everything.

546
00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:48,100
That's Christopher Marlowe. We'll come back to

547
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:59,360
Marlowe as a poet. OK? We'll just, sorry? So why?

548
00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,860
Maybe he wrote this tragedy. No, Hitler is a

549
00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:06,400
racist person. He's a Nazi. He's a horrible person

550
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,800
who hated not only Jews, but Muslims and black

551
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300
people and all people who were different. He was a

552
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,020
white supremacist who believed only that Germans

553
00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:19,940
are the pure race. There's no justification for

554
00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,040
hurting anyone, let alone burning millions and

555
00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,580
millions of people. I read that Hitler loved a

556
00:37:25,580 --> 00:37:29,420
Jewish girl. Many stories about Hitler are really

557
00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:33,750
like fake in so many ways. But what he did is

558
00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,630
horrible. And as Palestinians, we don't like, we

559
00:37:39,630 --> 00:37:44,310
hate Hitler. We shouldn't have any kind of

560
00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:49,410
sentiment. Remember, we detach ourselves from

561
00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,850
these racists. And at the same time, the Jews

562
00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:58,790
generally are not to blame for what's going on to

563
00:37:58,790 --> 00:38:02,980
us. We have the Zionist movement, Israel, many of

564
00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:04,700
them are Jews, and that's the problem, the

565
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:05,260
occupation.

566
00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,980
The Holocaust does not justify the destruction of

567
00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,770
Palestine and the occupation of Palestine. And

568
00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,570
also, the occupation does not mean we should be OK

569
00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,870
with people killing like Hitler and everything.

570
00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:24,270
But that's something else. So in brief, probably

571
00:38:24,270 --> 00:38:27,030
we can leave Ben Johnson for next class. Ben

572
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:30,310
Johnson, very quickly, he was arrested at the

573
00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:34,050
beginning of his life, more than once. And maybe

574
00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:36,170
because he was critical of the monarchy, he was

575
00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:39,790
critical of some people, he went to prison. But

576
00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:44,360
clearly, later on, he realized that, OK, I know

577
00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,500
how to be close to probably the king or the queen.

578
00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:52,100
And he was friends, in a way, with King James. So

579
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,500
he, like Shakespeare, he's a veteran. He was

580
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,020
Elizabethan and Jacobian at the same time. He

581
00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,860
wrote several plays, every man in his humor, every

582
00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,960
man out of his humor. And two more important works

583
00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,160
are Volpone and The Alchemist, like chemistry,

584
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,000
alchemist. I'm not going to tell you more about

585
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,540
this because only we need to know the names here.

586
00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,540
But more important than this, and I'll stop here,

587
00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,560
is what is called the mask.

588
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:35,340
The mask. And I'll conclude here. Remember the

589
00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:39,460
play The Globe the stage people would be standing

590
00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,060
and paying probably a penny and people would be in

591
00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:44,860
the rows paying more money rich people Now the

592
00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:53,140
mosque is also a play But But as a play the mosque

593
00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,380
because King James loved the theater, so he

594
00:39:56,380 --> 00:39:58,960
wouldn't go out He brought the theater and the

595
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,820
people and everything inside. He's the king,

596
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,130
right? And Johnson became a friend of hers. He

597
00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,710
wrote several masks. A mask is a short play,

598
00:40:09,110 --> 00:40:11,430
written especially for the king and the royal

599
00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:17,170
family, performed on occasions only once. The king

600
00:40:17,170 --> 00:40:20,470
shouldn't watch something twice. He's a king. So

601
00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,750
short, written particularly for the king and the

602
00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:27,190
royal family, performed once. And generally, we

603
00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,630
don't have professional actors. they would, the

604
00:40:31,630 --> 00:40:36,070
actors would be members of the noble families and

605
00:40:36,070 --> 00:40:39,590
the royal families and this is the mask, mask from

606
00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:44,010
mask because when the actors were on the stage you

607
00:40:44,010 --> 00:40:46,150
know it wasn't good for the royal and noble people

608
00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:49,390
to be actors they would hide their faces or part

609
00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:51,830
of their faces you would still recognize them but

610
00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:57,060
it's still like they're being someone else so the

611
00:40:57,060 --> 00:41:00,020
mask is different from the play it's short it's

612
00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,080
generally written for the royal family about the

613
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,500
royal family performed once and the actors are not

614
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500
professional actors but from the noble from the

615
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,040
noble and the royal families an important text

616
00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:19,560
here is a play written by again Johnson written by

617
00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:25,400
Johnson it's called the mask of queens as the name

618
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:35,160
suggests Mask, a play written by Johnson. Short to

619
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:39,260
be performed once in the court for the king and

620
00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:41,820
the royal family and the noble family.

621
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,420
Now, we finished generally Ben Johnson. I'll stop

622
00:41:48,420 --> 00:41:52,020
here. For next class, we'll have again in brief

623
00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:55,240
two more dramatists, but then we'll speak about a

624
00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,000
very important movement called

625
00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:03,260
The Puritans. And we'll see what happened to

626
00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:10,480
English drama and theater. If you have a question,

627
00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:11,380
please do ask.

628
00:42:14,860 --> 00:42:18,380
Marlow, Shakespeare. Think of comparing and

629
00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:22,840
contrasting Shylock and Barabas.

630
00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:28,100
Any question?

631
00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:32,430
Please. If Shakespeare was a black person,

632
00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,810
wouldn't he be included to the margins? Here? The

633
00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:40,750
canon. The canon, et cetera? Yes, the canon. There

634
00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:45,470
were many black people then, but probably he will

635
00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:47,770
be ignored. Later on, we'll see how women were

636
00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,530
ignored from the canon. Not because they don't

637
00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:54,770
write well, but because they are women. So the

638
00:42:54,770 --> 00:42:59,860
canon is not objective. For example, Afrabin wrote

639
00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:04,700
a novel, a short novel, 50 years before the main

640
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,400
novel, the main novelist, Daniel Defoe. But 50

641
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,860
years later, when a man wrote a prose text, the

642
00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:16,840
novel was like, whoa, this is something new. And

643
00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:20,060
Afrabin was ignored. So I'll stop here. Thank you

644
00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:22,480
very much. And we'll see you next week, inshallah.