Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today we are going to
continue with adjectives in English and Arabic. We
spoke last time about the definition of adjectives.
And we mentioned that they modify nouns and
pronouns. Okay? They can be predicative or
attributive. In case of being predicative, they
post-modify the noun or the pronoun. Say, the noun
phrase. In case of being attributive, they pre-
modify the noun phrase. Okay? And we cited
examples as those which you see just now in the
slide. We have different types of adjectives,
different morphological types, either we have
solid compounds or hyphenated compounds as you
see, hyphenated adjectives or solid adjectives or
one-word adjective. So morphologically, we have
different types. Syntactically, we have adjectives
in the form of a word, a noun, or adjective, or
pronoun, either universal pronoun, or partitive
pronoun, or possessive pronoun, or even numeral,
number. As we've seen last time,
For the position of the adjective, we mentioned
that they can pre-modify, they precede the noun or
they follow the noun. At that case, they are
called predicative adjectives. In this regard, we
mentioned just two adjectives as I said,
attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives.
We mentioned that we have some sort of exceptions
for some adjectives which they always stand as
predicative adjectives, such as general, secretary
general, president-elect,
court-martial, god-almighty, poet laureate,
attorney general, director general,
okay, these partitive pronouns or universal
pronouns, that means something, partitive pronoun
everything, this is universal pronoun, okay, plus
other pronouns, they stand as adjectives as we
mentioned last time, okay?
Regarding the types of adjectives, we mentioned
the proper adjectives, I mean the nouns, the
adjectives which are derived from nouns.
Palestine, Palestinians. Norway, Norwegian.
America, American. Iraq, Iraqi. Islam, Islamic.
Okay? We also mentioned what is called the
attributive adjective, number two.
Then the predicative adjectives, and every one of
these has its own types, okay?
So these are the types of the attributive
adjectives. For the order of adjectives also, we
mentioned that we have a specific system for the
adjectives. They cannot be written spontaneously
in the sentence. Here we have a point of
difference between English and Arabic adjectives.
In English, as you see, we have a systematic order
of adjectives starting with determiner then size
etc., however in Arabic we have, yes,
the Arabic language, the Arabic language doesn't
have a systematic system for the order of adjectives
it depends on their importance in the sentence so
we start with the most important adjective
followed by the less important ones. Okay.
As you see, we have the
package is small and light. The weather is clear,
cold and dry. Okay. The foot, the footstool is
round and black. We have a systematic system
morphologically or syntactically, we have to
differentiate or to separate between these
adjectives by using a punctuation mark, mainly the
comma, okay. If you have two adjectives, then we have
to separate between them by using a comma, if you
have three, then you use a comma between the first
two, then the conjunctions or the coordinator and,
okay?
It's for the predicative adjective. And this is
also for... is applicable or it corresponds to
what is called predicative adjective. However, if
you have two adjectives standing as both modifiers
of the noun, then we connect between them by using
the connector and. The footstool is round and
black. Teacher. Yes. What do you mean by order of
adjectives exactly? The classification of the
adjectives in the sentence. Sometimes you have
three adjectives modifying one noun. How could you
classify them? You classify them according to
their semantic types. Okay? We have an adjective
denoting size, another adjective denoting color,
the third adjective denoting shape. Age, quantity,
for example, frequency, temperature, humidity,
etc. So, they are classified systematically.
We have some adjectives that stand as predicative,
as we mentioned last time, like afloat, asleep,
alone, alive, afraid, aglow. Okay? These are
always predicative. Okay?
Okay? Now, once you have the predicative and
attributive adjectives in the sentence. Okay? You
have certain order for each one. Some nouns can be
both modified and pre-modified by adjectives. Some
nouns accept both predicative adjectives and
attributive adjectives. But here, the position of
the adjective changes the meaning of the sentence.
The treasurer was present. The prison treasurer.
So, we have different meanings in the two
sentences. As we mentioned last time, Robin Harris
was late. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris كان
متأخرا. The late Robin Harris. Robin Harris
الراحل. Okay? So, yes. My friend is poor. صديقي
فقير. My poor friend. صديقي مسكين. Okay, so
as you see the meaning changes according to the
position of the adjective. We terminated last time
on what is called interpolated adjectives. These
adjectives which are stated or placed in the
sentence spontaneously, okay?
We don't check at last line picture this. Sorry?
We don't check this thing. Yes. Yes. We are going
to explain this just now. Okay? So we have
adjectives denoting or indicating color. These can
be placed elsewhere in a sentence. It cannot be
put just after size or age. The child, happy and
excited, ran along the beach. You can say the
happy and excited child ran along the beach. Okay?
The child, happy and excited. This is called
interpolated adjectives. Yeah, you can put it
wherever you like in the sentence. Okay? For the
sake of focus or emphasis. Startled. This is at
the beginning. We've seen it in the middle of the
sentence, happy and excited. Then we see it in the
beginning of the sentence, initial position,
startle the small yellow bird, stop singing. Okay?
So this is called focus. We focus on the
adjective, the quality of the bird itself.
Yes, it is an adjective. It's past participle
form. Tense, expectant and alert, we waited to see
what would happen. So, we focus on the status of
the noun or of the person. Tense, expectant and
alert, we waited. Who are tense, expectant and
alert? This is we. Okay? So, we put them in the
beginning of the sentence. This is called focus.
Okay? It's for emphasis. So, you have the quality
of moving the adjective wherever.
available in the sentence, okay, just for emphasis
or say focus, okay? In that sense, it is called
interpolated adjective. We
have number five, so interpolated adjectives are
number four. Okay. We spoke about proper
adjectives, spoke about attributive, predicative,
then interpolated, and now we are speaking about
the adjectival phrases and clauses in the
sentence. Yes. Interpolated. Yes, we can move the
same adjective in the same sentence in the
beginning, Yes, it depends on the meaning you need
to convey to the listener, to the receiver.
It's up to you to use it wherever you like. For
example, the happy and excited child ran along the
beach. This is a normal sentence. Okay, we can say
the child, happy and excited. We speak about his
condition, his status. We focus only on, not on
the child, but on his condition. Okay? So this is
called interpolated. You move it wherever you
like, but you change the meaning. Okay? Here, we
have a difference between a happy and excited
child.
And we have a difference between the happy and
excited child and the child, happy and excited.
Okay? So the focus is on the adjective in the
second sentence. However, the first sentence is
normal. The focus is on the child himself.
Startled, the focus is on the condition. Okay? The
adjective, small yellow bird stopped singing.
Okay? So, we, the listener, now the speaker draws
the attention of the listener on the status of the
bird startled. The next sentence, as you see, we
can say the small yellow startled bird stopped
singing. Okay? Tense, expectant and alert. These
are modifiers for the noun phrase or the pronoun,
we. Okay? So, they come at the beginning of the
sentence before the subject, just for focus on the
condition of the subject. You see?
We have adjectives, phrases and clauses, number
five as you see. The one on the desk is mine. You
see the one, this one is mine. We speak about the
adverbial clause. It can be preposition phrase,
can be a noun phrase, can have a different form, the
adverbial clause or phrase. So the one on the desk
is mine. On the desk represents semantically an
adjective. The chair which was placed in front of
the window was a higher loom. Okay? So, we have
a long adjectival phrase, adjectival clause, which
was placed in front of the window. The chair which
was placed in front of the window was a higher, was
an heirloom, okay? موروث يعني. Those who decide to
come will not be disappointed. Those who decide to
come will not be disappointed. Okay? Who decide to
come adjectives are closed.
We have present participle number six standing as
an adjective. The falling star. The barking dog.
adjective modify?
The child. And this concerted by the news, we hid
it for the nearest farmhouse. We is the noun which
is pre-modified by this dangling participle
adjective.
Okay? As we mentioned, the description in the
order of the adjective comes before the
classification. An old political idea. An old
political idea. Once we say old, this is
description. Political idea, geographical idea.
economical idea okay these are classifications so
the description comes before classification we
have description classification noun as an old
political idea not political old idea it's wrong
to say political old idea okay It's, you have to
start with description, then classification. The
latest educational reform. Educational
descriptive. Sorry, latest. Latest description.
Educational classification. Okay? So we cannot say
the educational latest. We have to say latest
educational. A green wine bottle. A green, while,
wine bottle. So green again, it is description.
It's color, but it refers here to description.
Wine, this is classification.
Not of wine, sorry. It's wrong to say wine, green
bottle. Leather dancing shoes. Leather, this is
Description then classification dancing not
dancing leather shoes We have opinion before
description a wonderful a wonderful old house
Wonderful
old house wonderful is opinion Okay How about the
weather today I say it's fantastic Okay? It's
cool. It's hot. It's fine. So this is my opinion.
Okay? So we have opinion adjectives and
description adjectives. The opinion comes before
the description.
So we have words which refer to opinion like
lovely, definite, pure, absolute, extreme,
perfect, wonderful, silly. A lovely, cool drink. A
lovely, this is opinion, cool description.
So we cannot say a cool, lovely drink.
Now, the order of descriptive words is not
completely fixed. We have words for origin and
material usually come last. The words referring to
origin or material come last if you have a number
of adjectives modifying one noun. For example,
size, age, shape, color, origin, material. These
are adjectives pre-modifying one noun. So we call
them predicative or attributive. Attributive.
Attributive. A fat old horse.
Okay. A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
Sorry, boots.
A big new grey Italian woolen sweater boots.
So they are classified as size, age, shape, color,
origin, material, which they describe one now,
boots. Okay? You have numbers.
The number can stand, as I mentioned previously,
as an adjective. Okay? At that sense, it must
precede the adjective itself. So, we have six
large eggs. We cannot say large six eggs. The
second big shock. You cannot say the big second
shock. Okay? So, if you have adjectives, you
start, always the number comes first. The first
three days. So, we have first three days. It is
more common than the three first days. So we start
with cardinal or ordinal number? Cardinal.
Cardinal number first, then ordinal number, which
they stand, both stand as adjectives. So if you
have two numbers, one cardinal and the second
ordinal, then we start with cardinal numbers,
which they appear as adjectives. Okay. My last two
jobs.
Now we come after explaining six types of
adjectives in English, we come to the adjectives
of Arabic. We've seen the order of adjectives that
is rule-based. We have systematic classification
for the adjectives in English. You see? So it is
rule-based system. Yani it is bound to rules, to
grammatical rules. You have to follow. Okay?
English? This is English. However, in Arabic, it
depends. There is no rule for the adjective in
Arabic. What we have is semantic rule relying on
the importance of the adjective. Okay? So
according to the, I mean, the adjectives here are
semantically and contextually ordered according to
their importance in the sentence. He is strong and
honest.
So the
most important description is القوي. Then it
comes, Al-Ameen. So we start with the most
important. It depends on the speaker. Okay? In
praising,
the adjectives start with those which denote
ethics.
We speak about praising. So this means that we
have to speak about or to describe things by using
ethical adjectives or adjectives denoting ethics.
So we start with these ethics or these adjectives
denoting ethics. Okay?
The ethical adjectives also rely on their
importance. So we either start with the first
ethical adjective or the second, the third. It
depends on the importance of the ethical
adjective.
Okay? He's a worshipper or paying, trustful and
charitable.
عبد مطيع صادق أمين متصدق So the most important
adjective is worshiper عابد مدامه عابد يقول أنا
بتوقع أنه يكون أمين يكون صادق يكون متصدق So this
is the most important. Then we have the other
ethical adjectives following one after another
according to their importance. This is what
appears in Arabic.
So in the Holy Quran, Surah At-Tawbah,
التائبون العابدون الحامدون السائحون الراقعون
الساجدون الآمرون بالمعروف وانهون عن المنكر
والحافظون لحدود الله وبشر المؤمنين how many types
of adjectives or how many adjectives appear in
this verse that describes only one noun we speak
about التائبون the repentants okay We have nine
adjectives starting with العبدون. The worship.
Yes, we start with التائبون. Yes. Okay, this is an
adjective. Then عبد, then حامد. Okay, then follows
the other adjectives. Okay, so we start Now we
have two choices for the order of adjectives in
Arabic. If you have a number of adjectives, it
depends on their importance. We speak about normal
adjectives. However, if you have adjectives
denoting ethics, manners, then we start with the
most important characteristic. followed by the
next important characteristic and end with the
least important characteristic. Okay? So, we have
what is called importance. According to the
importance of the adjective, we classify it in the
sentence. This is Arabic. However, in English, we
met with specific rules as we've seen. Okay? Yes.
You start with
the most generic adjective, then the most
specific. No, all of them are specific. They
modify one noun, okay? But the most important one
comes first. The most important for this guy is to
be repentant first. How it could be worshipper
without being repentant?
These are specific adjectives
denoting or describing one noun. All of them
modifying one noun. They are most important. They
are all specific. They modify the same person. But
we just classify them according to their
importance. So all of them are specific, not
generic.
It depends on the speaker. You decide. You as a
speaker, once you describe things, you start with
the most important thing from your own viewpoint.
You see? So, we have the speaker himself or the
subject himself or the doer of the action himself
who can decide. Okay, you are free to decide what
about the importance of the adjective or the
modifier. However, in English, you don't have any
rule. The language decides. We have rules to
follow. So English is rule-based system. It is a
rule-based system. It differs from Arabic. So once
you translate from Arabic to English, you have to
consider, you have to be very familiar with the
order of adjectives. Otherwise, you commit serious
errors resulting from Negative interference
because you are free in Arabic. Arabic is liberal
language. It's more liberal than English in the
field of the adjective order, okay? So you put the
adjective in English wherever you like and that
sense you commit a mistake resulting from Arabic.
So is it called interlingual error or
interlingual? Interlingual. Okay, you see? So
that's it for the chapter of adjectives. We now
would like to see some questions or some
presentations from you about teaching adjectives.