1 00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:16,800 Okay, 2 00:00:22,620 --> 00:00:26,540 so today we are going to explain the manner of 3 00:00:26,540 --> 00:00:30,400 articulation of consonants and then We are going 4 00:00:30,400 --> 00:00:34,440 to shift to speak about the diphthongs of English 5 00:00:34,440 --> 00:00:38,040 because we have already explained the place of 6 00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:42,020 articulation, short vowels, and long vowels last 7 00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:44,200 lecture, and we missed the manner of articulation 8 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:47,280 of consonants. Okay? We also spoke about 9 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:51,860 clusterization system. For the place of 10 00:00:51,860 --> 00:00:59,400 articulation, we have the air obstructs in while 11 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:05,420 the air stream passes through the air pipe and the 12 00:01:05,420 --> 00:01:11,360 mouth, producing the consonant sounds. However, in 13 00:01:11,360 --> 00:01:14,340 manner of articulation, we have the air stream 14 00:01:14,340 --> 00:01:21,640 configured in certain positions or certain manners 15 00:01:21,640 --> 00:01:27,690 in the air pipe and the mouth. This comes out with 16 00:01:27,690 --> 00:01:28,870 the manner of articulation. 17 00:01:31,470 --> 00:01:35,090 So, the place of articulation is different from 18 00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:38,590 the manner of articulation. We speak about the 19 00:01:38,590 --> 00:01:43,790 areas where the airstream is stopped. This comes 20 00:01:43,790 --> 00:01:48,010 out with the place of articulation. However, how 21 00:01:48,010 --> 00:01:52,390 the airstream is configured comes out with the 22 00:01:52,390 --> 00:01:59,480 manner of articulation. So, the two sounds, T and 23 00:01:59,480 --> 00:02:03,600 S, are both alveolar sounds in English. This is 24 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:09,060 for the place of articulation. But the way they 25 00:02:09,060 --> 00:02:13,620 are pronounced is called the manner of 26 00:02:13,620 --> 00:02:14,240 articulation. 27 00:02:25,580 --> 00:02:28,900 So we are going to see now the English stop 28 00:02:28,900 --> 00:02:38,160 sounds. We have these 29 00:02:38,160 --> 00:02:45,140 sounds are called stop consonants because the air 30 00:02:45,140 --> 00:02:49,200 stream in the vocal track is completely stopped at 31 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:54,780 some point. So we have the sounds ta, da, 32 00:02:57,570 --> 00:03:04,330 These sounds are stop Okay Now we have the Arabic 33 00:03:04,330 --> 00:03:15,190 sounds We have qa, dha, and ta as well Also we 34 00:03:15,190 --> 00:03:23,830 have ka, qa We have the sound ba as well These are 35 00:03:23,830 --> 00:03:27,610 stop in Arabic So if you compare between these 36 00:03:27,610 --> 00:03:29,710 sounds and the English sounds, you'll find 37 00:03:29,710 --> 00:03:34,990 difference since you have extra sounds in Arabic 38 00:03:34,990 --> 00:03:40,750 which are stopped. Like the dh sound, dh sound, q, 39 00:03:41,210 --> 00:03:48,370 q and k sound. However, in English, we only have 40 00:03:48,370 --> 00:03:53,070 the p sound, the g sound, t sound, okay? 41 00:04:03,570 --> 00:04:05,450 We have the English fricative sounds. 42 00:04:08,110 --> 00:04:11,790 We have, in producing such sounds, we have 43 00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:14,730 incomplete closure at some point in the mouth. 44 00:04:15,390 --> 00:04:18,350 Okay? This manner of articulation is used in 45 00:04:18,350 --> 00:04:21,890 producing a set of sounds which include the 46 00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:27,990 labiodental fricatives like th and th. The dental 47 00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:30,630 fricative th, th. 48 00:04:33,530 --> 00:04:39,910 And the alveopilatal fricatives The alveolar 49 00:04:39,910 --> 00:04:48,490 fricative And the glottal fricative These are 50 00:04:48,490 --> 00:04:53,590 altogether fricative sounds However, in Arabic, we 51 00:04:53,590 --> 00:05:02,730 have the sounds ف ص س ذ ث ش خ 52 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,360 These sounds are fricative in Arabic. So you see 53 00:05:16,360 --> 00:05:20,380 that they are more than English. And you have some 54 00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,800 sounds that are not available in English. So this 55 00:05:22,800 --> 00:05:28,420 causes interlingual errors committed by the 56 00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:33,200 English native speakers of Arabic. Those people 57 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:36,560 commit serious mistakes in pronouncing these 58 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:39,680 sounds because they are not originally found in 59 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:43,180 English. Okay? So, we expect them to commit 60 00:05:43,180 --> 00:05:46,740 serious errors resulting from either the 61 00:05:46,740 --> 00:05:51,760 difficulty of Arabic or negative interference from 62 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:52,180 English. 63 00:05:57,060 --> 00:05:59,220 We have the English affricate. 64 00:06:06,690 --> 00:06:10,450 This is a combination of two sounds, as you see, 65 00:06:11,150 --> 00:06:14,230 which starts with a complete closure, then it is 66 00:06:14,230 --> 00:06:17,490 followed by a slow release of air with friction. 67 00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:25,370 This includes the alveopilatal sounds However, 68 00:06:25,450 --> 00:06:27,970 in Arabic, we only have one sound that is 69 00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:36,040 So, the problem is represented in these two sounds 70 00:06:36,040 --> 00:06:40,180 for the Arab learners because these two sounds are 71 00:06:40,180 --> 00:06:43,560 not originally found in Arabic. So, we expect them 72 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:48,300 to commit interlingual errors. Instead of saying, 73 00:06:48,840 --> 00:06:52,760 they will say, okay? 74 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,560 We have the nasal sounds. 75 00:07:08,130 --> 00:07:11,570 This includes, in pronouncing such sounds, we have 76 00:07:11,570 --> 00:07:18,070 complete closure of the mouth, the velum is 77 00:07:18,070 --> 00:07:20,850 lowered and air stream is allowed to flow out 78 00:07:20,850 --> 00:07:25,270 through the nose producing the bilabial nasal, the 79 00:07:25,270 --> 00:07:31,730 alveolar nasal and the velar nasal. These are the 80 00:07:31,730 --> 00:07:34,730 three soundswhich are called nasal in English. 81 00:07:35,410 --> 00:07:39,390 However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, n and 82 00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,190 n. But we don't have n mainly because this sound 83 00:07:43,190 --> 00:07:46,470 originally was not found in Arabic. So we expect 84 00:07:46,470 --> 00:07:52,010 our students to replace it with the n sound. So 85 00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:54,890 instead of saying playing, they say playing, 86 00:07:55,610 --> 00:08:00,450 reading, reading. There's nothing called Reading, 87 00:08:01,010 --> 00:08:05,850 okay? Singer, singer. Not, so you find your 88 00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:10,950 students say singer, which is wrong. Okay? This is 89 00:08:10,950 --> 00:08:13,970 called interlingual error or interlingual mistake. 90 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:17,450 Resulted from the interference, the negative 91 00:08:17,450 --> 00:08:20,030 interference between Arabic and English. 92 00:08:22,950 --> 00:08:27,050 We have the English lateral sound that is ill 93 00:08:27,050 --> 00:08:35,860 sound. Okay? L sound. It is alveolar for the place 94 00:08:35,860 --> 00:08:39,760 of articulation. It is lateral at the same time. 95 00:08:40,900 --> 00:08:47,220 It is pronounced with partial closure in the mouth 96 00:08:47,220 --> 00:08:51,840 where the air stream is blocked by the tip of the 97 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:54,880 tongue but allowed to escape around the side of 98 00:08:54,880 --> 00:09:00,900 the tongue. This is However, in case of having the 99 00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,360 dark L, you have the right side of the tongue 100 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:10,600 articulating against the alveolar ridge. Okay? So, 101 00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:16,040 we have light L in English, light L, and dark L. 102 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:22,160 But in Arabic, we only have the light L. Okay? So, 103 00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,560 it becomes very difficult for the Arab learners to 104 00:09:25,560 --> 00:09:29,580 pronounce the dark L, okay, which comes at the 105 00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:38,120 final part of a word or before consonant. Okay? I 106 00:09:38,120 --> 00:09:46,500 say will, deal, mill, but leader, lead. 107 00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:56,630 Live, life. This is because it is followed by a 108 00:09:56,630 --> 00:09:59,910 vowel. This comes out with the light l. However, 109 00:10:00,090 --> 00:10:09,250 coming finally or before a consonant, then it is 110 00:10:09,250 --> 00:10:13,430 considered as dark l. In Arabic, we have only the 111 00:10:13,430 --> 00:10:19,270 l sound, which is light l, except only in the name 112 00:10:19,270 --> 00:10:21,890 of Allah, the Almighty, we have Allah. 113 00:10:23,390 --> 00:10:25,890 Subhanallah, this sound is different. 114 00:10:28,750 --> 00:10:30,250 It's quite dark arrow. 115 00:10:36,450 --> 00:10:41,170 We have the semivowels, the English glide sounds. 116 00:10:43,430 --> 00:10:51,290 We have the rah sound, yah, wah, three sounds. 117 00:10:53,150 --> 00:10:56,230 However, in Arabic, we only have two sounds, wa 118 00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:58,450 and ya. Okay? 119 00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:10,030 This is the manner of articulation. So, we see 120 00:11:10,030 --> 00:11:10,410 that 121 00:11:15,350 --> 00:11:18,810 The consonants of English differ from the 122 00:11:18,810 --> 00:11:21,370 consonants of Arabic in either the place of 123 00:11:21,370 --> 00:11:24,930 articulation and the manner of articulation. So, 124 00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:29,930 they represent a rich area of difficulties of 125 00:11:29,930 --> 00:11:33,910 interlingual and interlingual errors. We've seen 126 00:11:33,910 --> 00:11:37,630 also the short vowels last time and the long 127 00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:42,010 vowels. And we spotted several areas of 128 00:11:42,010 --> 00:11:46,230 difficulties. we came with a conclusion that these 129 00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,210 sounds also differ from the Arabic vowels. We have 130 00:11:53,210 --> 00:12:00,250 a larger number of vowels in English than Arabic. 131 00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:05,230 Okay? So this comes out of intralingual errors. 132 00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,130 Most of the mistakes are intralingual, resulting 133 00:12:09,130 --> 00:12:13,500 from the difficulty of English. Now we need to 134 00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:17,260 shift to what is called the deaf tongues of 135 00:12:17,260 --> 00:12:17,720 English. 136 00:12:23,780 --> 00:12:25,180 And see the situation. 137 00:12:49,210 --> 00:12:53,130 So, the diphthongs, as you know, are a combination 138 00:12:53,130 --> 00:13:01,090 of two vowel sounds which take some duration of 139 00:13:01,090 --> 00:13:04,090 time. Okay? 140 00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:10,850 So, while producing diphthongs, the tongue moves 141 00:13:10,850 --> 00:13:14,290 from one position or one vocalic position to 142 00:13:14,290 --> 00:13:20,940 another. English has eight diphthongs. They are 143 00:13:20,940 --> 00:13:25,100 divided into two types. Centering, centering 144 00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:27,140 diphthongs and closing diphthongs. 145 00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:36,520 So the centering diphthongs, they end with a glide 146 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:41,820 towards the central vowel, a, a, a schwa. 147 00:13:44,620 --> 00:13:57,630 Like Air, air, as in bear, fair. Okay? So we have 148 00:13:57,630 --> 00:14:01,130 the 149 00:14:01,130 --> 00:14:05,930 glide sound or the glide difference that begin, 150 00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:09,330 that have the tongue beginning in a certain 151 00:14:09,330 --> 00:14:12,570 position, then gliding into another position. 152 00:14:13,850 --> 00:14:14,230 Okay? 153 00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:27,400 We are going to see these sounds pronounced. 154 00:14:39,060 --> 00:14:43,040 They are pronounced by native speakers and we are 155 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:43,560 going to 156 00:14:52,330 --> 00:14:54,210 Compare between them and Arabic. 157 00:15:06,390 --> 00:15:10,310 Ear. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth 158 00:15:10,310 --> 00:15:16,270 changed? Again, to the end of the cell. Listen to 159 00:15:16,270 --> 00:15:21,790 your approach. Ear. Now you try. Listen to how I 160 00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:24,910 repeat after you. Ear. Ear. 161 00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,870 Third, this is the same as the word ear. 162 00:15:33,590 --> 00:15:38,350 Now here are some words with this sound in them. 163 00:15:38,870 --> 00:15:46,010 Near, here, weary. Now you try. Listen again and 164 00:15:46,010 --> 00:15:55,490 repeat after me. Near, here, weary. Good. 165 00:16:11,950 --> 00:16:17,170 So it is not fear, it is fear as I pronounce it, 166 00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,850 okay? This is interlingual or intralingual 167 00:16:22,850 --> 00:16:23,310 mistake. 168 00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:31,890 Interlingual, okay? Resulting from the difficulty 169 00:16:31,890 --> 00:16:35,050 of English sounds. Yes? 170 00:16:39,610 --> 00:16:45,810 This diphthong, the centering diphthongs, they end 171 00:16:45,810 --> 00:16:53,750 with a schwa. So, we have fear, beer, not beer. 172 00:16:54,390 --> 00:16:57,290 This is a mistake committed by the Arab learners. 173 00:16:59,010 --> 00:17:05,870 We have o as in show, tour, okay? It glides from a 174 00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:11,730 tongue position. It is used for towards more open 175 00:17:11,730 --> 00:17:16,770 type that is schwa. It appears in the words like 176 00:17:16,770 --> 00:17:27,750 schwa, two. We have e as in chair, stair. 177 00:17:30,270 --> 00:17:35,230 Another centering diphthong. Then we have the 178 00:17:35,230 --> 00:17:36,150 closing diphthongs. 179 00:17:39,010 --> 00:17:48,150 This is a, as in say, way. Okay? Again, the tongue 180 00:17:48,150 --> 00:17:53,150 glides from one position to another. The glide 181 00:17:53,150 --> 00:17:56,350 begins at a point behind the front open position 182 00:17:56,350 --> 00:18:01,370 and moves in direction of the position of a. We 183 00:18:01,370 --> 00:18:09,440 find the words like say, way, gate, hate, date, 184 00:18:10,320 --> 00:18:11,800 place, etc. 185 00:18:14,660 --> 00:18:19,980 We have the closing sound, the closing diphthong, 186 00:18:20,120 --> 00:18:24,440 oy, as in toy, 187 00:18:27,580 --> 00:18:30,940 enjoy, employ, 188 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:37,710 boil, The glide begins with a tongue position that 189 00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:43,490 is for O and moves in the direction of I as in 190 00:18:43,490 --> 00:18:53,650 toy, enjoy, employ, boil, etc. We have the I 191 00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:58,330 sound. The glide begins at a point slightly behind 192 00:18:58,330 --> 00:19:01,830 the front open position and moves in the direction 193 00:19:01,830 --> 00:19:06,720 of the position associated with I sound. It occurs 194 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:15,720 in words such as high, by, by, light, I, yes, 195 00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:24,200 okay, once, stressed, etc. So, let's now see these 196 00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:27,000 sounds pronounced by native speakers. 197 00:19:55,790 --> 00:19:59,570 This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The 198 00:19:59,570 --> 00:20:02,270 shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning 199 00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:08,230 of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ear. Did 200 00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:11,470 you notice how the shape of my mouth changed from 201 00:20:11,470 --> 00:20:16,510 the beginning to the end of the sound? Listen and 202 00:20:16,510 --> 00:20:22,110 watch. Ear. Now you try. Listen again and repeat 203 00:20:22,110 --> 00:20:29,460 after me. Ear. ear in fact this is the same as the 204 00:20:29,460 --> 00:20:35,920 word ear which you hear with now hear are some 205 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:43,140 words with this sound in them near hear weary now 206 00:20:43,140 --> 00:20:50,800 you try listen again and repeat after me near hear 207 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:53,380 weary 208 00:21:04,770 --> 00:21:08,530 Good. This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. 209 00:21:09,230 --> 00:21:11,770 The shape the mouth makes changes from the 210 00:21:11,770 --> 00:21:15,210 beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced 211 00:21:15,210 --> 00:21:20,830 air. Did you notice how my mouth changed from the 212 00:21:20,830 --> 00:21:26,090 beginning to the end of the sound? Watch. Air. Now 213 00:21:26,090 --> 00:21:34,050 you try. Air. Air. Now here are some words that 214 00:21:34,050 --> 00:21:42,610 have the air sound. Square. Fair. Pair. Now you 215 00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:52,490 try. Listen and repeat. Square. Fair. Hair. Good. 216 00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:57,610 So we have here a confusion between the pair, 217 00:21:58,330 --> 00:22:03,630 square, and square. So we have difficulty just in 218 00:22:03,630 --> 00:22:06,830 pronouncing the two sounds, the two diphthongs. A 219 00:22:06,830 --> 00:22:12,810 and air. For each example, I'm going to say the 220 00:22:12,810 --> 00:22:23,330 word with air. Dad, dad. Glad, glad. Mary, Mary. 221 00:22:24,180 --> 00:22:28,240 Now you try, listen again and repeat after me 222 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:44,720 Dared Dad Glared Glad Merry Marry Good Yes, we 223 00:22:44,720 --> 00:22:47,420 have confusion now between the diphthongs and also 224 00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:50,260 the short vowels So this comes out with 225 00:22:50,260 --> 00:22:51,520 intralingual errors 226 00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:17,580 This is the last centering diphthong. 227 00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:23,160 This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The 228 00:23:23,160 --> 00:23:26,140 shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning 229 00:23:26,140 --> 00:23:31,540 of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ua. Did 230 00:23:31,540 --> 00:23:34,240 you notice how my mouth changed shape from the 231 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:39,140 beginning of the sound to the end? Ua. Now you 232 00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:46,990 try. Listen and repeat after me. Ua. Ua. Now here 233 00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:51,950 are some words which have this sound Now 234 00:23:51,950 --> 00:24:06,510 you try, listen again and repeat after me Good 235 00:24:06,510 --> 00:24:09,650 Now 236 00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:11,310 we come to closing diphthongs 237 00:24:28,170 --> 00:24:33,330 This is I. This is a diphthong, a double vowel 238 00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:37,730 sound. The shape the mouth makes changes from the 239 00:24:37,730 --> 00:24:41,150 beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced 240 00:24:41,150 --> 00:24:45,070 I. Did you notice how the shape of my mouth 241 00:24:45,070 --> 00:24:52,230 changed? Watch. I. Now you try. Listen again and 242 00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:58,890 repeat after me. I. I. Say I, yeah. It's the same 243 00:24:58,890 --> 00:25:04,730 as the word for I. Now here are some words with 244 00:25:04,730 --> 00:25:13,090 this sound in them. Price. High. Try. Now you try. 245 00:25:13,570 --> 00:25:19,610 Listen again and repeat after me. Price. High. 246 00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,030 Try. Good. 247 00:25:46,880 --> 00:25:50,140 This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. The 248 00:25:50,140 --> 00:25:52,440 shape the mouth makes changes from the beginning 249 00:25:52,440 --> 00:25:57,200 of the sound to the end. It's pronounced ow. Now 250 00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:01,960 did you notice the shape of my mouth? Ow. Now you 251 00:26:01,960 --> 00:26:11,120 try. Watch, listen and repeat. Ow. Ow. Now here 252 00:26:11,120 --> 00:26:15,840 are some words that have the ow sound. Mouth. Now. 253 00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:25,650 Foul. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Mouth, now, 254 00:26:28,090 --> 00:26:31,190 foul. Good. 255 00:26:47,110 --> 00:26:50,270 We have the sound O. This is a diphthong, a double 256 00:26:50,270 --> 00:26:53,550 vowel sound. The shape the mouth makes changes 257 00:26:53,550 --> 00:26:57,410 from the beginning of the sound to the end. It's 258 00:26:57,410 --> 00:27:02,150 pronounced O. Did you notice how my mouth changed 259 00:27:02,150 --> 00:27:09,130 shape? Watch. O. Now you try. Listen, watch and 260 00:27:09,130 --> 00:27:16,480 repeat after me. O. O. Now here are some words 261 00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:24,000 that have the O sound. Boat, show, know. Now you 262 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:33,200 try. Listen and repeat after me. Boat, show, know. 263 00:27:34,380 --> 00:27:38,440 Good. So there is a big difference between know 264 00:27:38,440 --> 00:27:43,250 and no. For speakers of some languages, it may be 265 00:27:43,250 --> 00:27:45,390 difficult to tell the difference between the 266 00:27:45,390 --> 00:27:50,450 diphthong and the long vowel. Listen carefully to 267 00:27:50,450 --> 00:27:53,650 hear the difference. For each example, I shall say 268 00:27:53,650 --> 00:27:59,150 the word with the diphthong O first. coat, court, 269 00:28:00,090 --> 00:28:09,010 dough, door, sew, saw, flow, Floor Now you try 270 00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:18,450 Listen again and repeat after me Coat Court Dough 271 00:28:18,450 --> 00:28:35,290 Door Sew Saw Flow Floor Good This mixing between 272 00:28:35,290 --> 00:28:39,530 the Diphthong and the long vowel comes out with 273 00:28:39,530 --> 00:28:44,310 intralingual errors resulting from the difficulty 274 00:28:44,310 --> 00:28:56,530 of English itself. Now the last diphthong this 275 00:28:56,530 --> 00:29:01,990 is A This is a diphthong, a double vowel sound. 276 00:29:02,430 --> 00:29:04,990 The shape the mouth makes changes from the 277 00:29:04,990 --> 00:29:08,050 beginning of the sound to the end. It's pronounced 278 00:29:08,050 --> 00:29:13,950 A. Did you notice how my mouth changed shape? A. 279 00:29:15,050 --> 00:29:24,570 Now you try. Listen, watch and repeat. A. A. Now 280 00:29:24,570 --> 00:29:27,810 here are some words that have the A sound. Face. 281 00:29:28,570 --> 00:29:34,810 They break. Now you try. Listen and repeat. Face. 282 00:29:36,670 --> 00:29:39,850 They break. 283 00:29:41,410 --> 00:29:49,410 Good. Yes. So we see these areas of difficulties 284 00:29:49,410 --> 00:29:53,210 which produce intralingual errors and most of the 285 00:29:53,210 --> 00:29:57,540 time mainly because these sounds are not found in 286 00:29:57,540 --> 00:30:00,340 Arabic. We only have two diphthongs in Arabic. 287 00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:06,580 This is L and A. So we are going to see just now. 288 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,460 We've seen the centering diphthongs, the three 289 00:30:13,460 --> 00:30:16,880 centering diphthongs and the closing diphthongs. 290 00:30:21,540 --> 00:30:22,200 However, 291 00:30:25,620 --> 00:30:30,220 In Arabic, we only have two sounds. Okay? These 292 00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:33,200 two sounds originally are not found in English. 293 00:30:33,880 --> 00:30:41,160 Okay? So, we have aw, as you see, as in noun, 294 00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:44,680 and ay, 295 00:30:47,420 --> 00:30:52,240 as in bait. So, they completely differ from 296 00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:56,720 English. This means that the difficulties in this 297 00:30:56,720 --> 00:31:02,060 area come to what is called intralingual errors 298 00:31:02,060 --> 00:31:06,120 because the diphthongs of English are not 299 00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:11,640 available in Arabic. So this clarifies clearly the 300 00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:15,160 difficulty of pronouncing English by the Arab 301 00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:20,360 learners. This means that when you need to explain 302 00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:23,540 these sounds to your students, you first of all 303 00:31:23,540 --> 00:31:29,560 must master them very efficiently. Then you must 304 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:34,800 teach them properly and contextually through 305 00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:39,620 dialogues, for example, or other activities of 306 00:31:39,620 --> 00:31:42,400 teaching that facilitate the process of 307 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,160 pronunciation. Better to employ their ears and 308 00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:52,560 their eyes completely like I did now. Okay? So 309 00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:55,600 this helped them very much. Teaching formally 310 00:31:55,600 --> 00:32:01,000 comes out with misunderstanding, comes out of 311 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,580 difficulty in understanding these sounds. So 312 00:32:04,580 --> 00:32:09,870 better to let them Practice pronouncing these 313 00:32:09,870 --> 00:32:13,030 sounds along with the vowels and the short vowels 314 00:32:13,030 --> 00:32:16,810 because, you know, the English sound system 315 00:32:16,810 --> 00:32:22,910 differs from Arabic. As we mentioned earlier, we 316 00:32:22,910 --> 00:32:27,430 have 31 sounds in Arabic while we have 44 sounds 317 00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:31,290 in English. These sounds do not relate to each 318 00:32:31,290 --> 00:32:34,470 other, even the consonants, which we thought that 319 00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:40,750 they are similar. Most of you assumed or believed 320 00:32:40,750 --> 00:32:44,510 that the alveolar sounds are like the dental 321 00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,390 sounds of Arabic, which is completely wrong. So, 322 00:32:50,890 --> 00:32:53,270 you have to take care. You have to understand the 323 00:32:53,270 --> 00:32:55,850 manner and place of articulation of these sounds. 324 00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,410 You have to understand the position of pronouncing 325 00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:02,590 the vowels, either the short vowels, long vowels, 326 00:33:03,060 --> 00:33:06,380 You have to differentiate between them and your 327 00:33:06,380 --> 00:33:10,420 Arabic sounds. Better to use the minimal pairs, 328 00:33:10,980 --> 00:33:14,840 the minimal pairs here, as completely done by the 329 00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:18,540 speaker, by the native speaker, once producing the 330 00:33:18,540 --> 00:33:21,160 diphthongs. The minimal pairs are very, very 331 00:33:21,160 --> 00:33:24,220 important for teaching the sound system of 332 00:33:24,220 --> 00:33:30,320 English. Still, we have other difficulties. It's 333 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,300 not limited just in pronouncing these sounds. 334 00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,180 These sounds are difficult just in isolation once 335 00:33:37,180 --> 00:33:40,700 they are pronounced in one word. However, in 336 00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:47,400 connected speech, we have shift available in 337 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,220 stress, for example. So, we have stress shift. We 338 00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:59,920 have stress both in words in English. Okay? We 339 00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:03,320 have rules for that. So if you master these rules, 340 00:34:03,420 --> 00:34:06,100 this means that you are going to pronounce the 341 00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:08,700 subrasegmental phonemes of English very correctly. 342 00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:13,200 You are going to pronounce the 343 00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:17,040 English sounds in connected utterance very 344 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:21,310 efficiently. So this means that U.S. teachers must 345 00:34:21,310 --> 00:34:26,470 master the consonants, the vowels, the stress, the 346 00:34:26,470 --> 00:34:30,970 intonation, the rhythm of English, because the 347 00:34:30,970 --> 00:34:37,250 child, before producing his language, masters the 348 00:34:37,250 --> 00:34:40,850 subrasegmental phonemes once the musculature of 349 00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:45,680 the mouth is grown. So you find the child, a 350 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,680 language acquisition, you find the child masters 351 00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,140 the sound system of his native tongue, say Arabic, 352 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:57,440 after one year, faith, trust, the child starts 353 00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:02,720 listening and understanding. So he or she 354 00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,020 understands the language, knows about the sound 355 00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,840 system of the language, then you find the child 356 00:35:08,840 --> 00:35:15,060 begins producing Sounds of English starting from 357 00:35:15,060 --> 00:35:21,800 the bilabial sound m, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 358 00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:22,720 b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 359 00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:23,060 b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 360 00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:31,220 b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 361 00:35:31,220 --> 00:35:31,240 b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 362 00:35:31,240 --> 00:35:32,080 b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, b, 363 00:35:33,150 --> 00:35:35,330 through the babbling stage, then one-word 364 00:35:35,330 --> 00:35:37,950 utterance, two-word utterance, three-word 365 00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:41,850 utterance, et cetera, then the simple sentence. So 366 00:35:41,850 --> 00:35:45,730 after three years or four years in maximum, you 367 00:35:45,730 --> 00:35:49,930 find the child producing the language, but after 368 00:35:49,930 --> 00:35:54,310 mastering the subrasegmental phonemes. So you as 369 00:35:54,310 --> 00:35:57,850 teachers must master the subrasegmental phonemes 370 00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:02,060 of English before teaching English. Otherwise, you 371 00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,980 commit serious errors. You produce heavy accents 372 00:36:05,980 --> 00:36:08,640 that can't be understood by native speakers, 373 00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,940 mainly because of the insertion of your Arabic 374 00:36:11,940 --> 00:36:17,260 sounds into English. So this is our area of 375 00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:22,080 contrastive linguistics. We differentiate or we 376 00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:25,820 compare between Arabic sounds and English sounds 377 00:36:25,820 --> 00:36:30,470 and we come with spotting the areas of 378 00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:34,550 difficulties. These are represented... The most 379 00:36:34,550 --> 00:36:39,070 difficult area is the schwa, as we've seen, 380 00:36:40,010 --> 00:36:44,650 because it represents the weak form. Okay? We 381 00:36:44,650 --> 00:36:48,390 don't have weak forms in Arabic. So you find your 382 00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:51,850 students cannot pronounce the weak form correctly, 383 00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,770 as I mentioned previously. Today I want to show 384 00:36:55,770 --> 00:36:58,910 you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show 385 00:36:58,910 --> 00:37:01,690 you the anatomy of a horse. Today I want to show 386 00:37:01,690 --> 00:37:06,610 you. Today I want to show you this is wrong. So 387 00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:11,030 having all words stressed in English is completely 388 00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,850 wrong. But this is available in Arabic. اليوم 389 00:37:14,850 --> 00:37:21,230 سأريكم تشريح الحصان. So we don't have weak forms 390 00:37:21,230 --> 00:37:23,960 in Arabic, but we have them In English, it is an 391 00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:28,540 area of difficulty causing interlingual or 392 00:37:28,540 --> 00:37:32,680 interlingual errors. Interlingual errors because 393 00:37:32,680 --> 00:37:37,100 you insert Arabic, the Arabic stress system into 394 00:37:37,100 --> 00:37:43,860 English. Okay, we have the glottal sound A, which 395 00:37:43,860 --> 00:37:46,740 is inserted into your pronunciation once you 396 00:37:46,740 --> 00:37:50,140 pronounce English instead of the schwa. So instead 397 00:37:50,140 --> 00:37:54,020 of saying about, you say about instead of saying 398 00:37:54,020 --> 00:38:00,200 above you say above above okay instead of saying 399 00:38:00,200 --> 00:38:04,320 amount you say amount also we have the doubling 400 00:38:04,320 --> 00:38:08,840 state the doubling phenomenon you have university 401 00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:13,660 students insert the gemination of Arabic into 402 00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:18,660 English so instead of saying amount amount they 403 00:38:18,660 --> 00:38:23,590 say amount comment They say comment, collapse. 404 00:38:23,990 --> 00:38:27,950 They say collapse, collapse. Illegal, they say 405 00:38:27,950 --> 00:38:32,090 illegal, which is completely wrong. Okay? So you 406 00:38:32,090 --> 00:38:35,010 have to take this into your consideration once you 407 00:38:35,010 --> 00:38:38,290 pronounce English and once you teach this 408 00:38:38,290 --> 00:38:41,550 language. This language is very simple, it's very 409 00:38:41,550 --> 00:38:45,650 clear, but you have to accustom yourselves to such 410 00:38:45,650 --> 00:38:50,690 language. Now, next time I'm going to speak about 411 00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:56,480 the stress system we have stress and isolation I 412 00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:02,460 mean word stress okay where the nouns have a 413 00:39:02,460 --> 00:39:05,600 certain position of stress that is different from 414 00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:11,860 the verb okay the adjectives have a stress system 415 00:39:11,860 --> 00:39:16,800 that differs from the noun okay we have different 416 00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:25,160 positions of stress The suffix system is always or 417 00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:29,820 is mostly stressed in English except only in 418 00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:34,440 certain cases. We have to understand the stress 419 00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:38,140 system before coming to the class next time. So, 420 00:39:38,520 --> 00:39:42,300 for example, we have the noun stress which is 421 00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,640 available in the first syllable like for example 422 00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:50,900 subject is the first syllable stressed.Subject, 423 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:56,180 this is a verb. Object, this is a noun. Object, 424 00:39:57,240 --> 00:40:01,120 verb. Report, what do you say? Is it a verb or a 425 00:40:01,120 --> 00:40:09,680 noun? It is a verb. Report is a noun. Report is a 426 00:40:09,680 --> 00:40:20,030 verb. Export, noun. Export, verb. Import. in part 427 00:40:20,030 --> 00:40:23,730 there. So you have to be familiar with the stress 428 00:40:23,730 --> 00:40:28,650 system either in word stress and also in sentence 429 00:40:28,650 --> 00:40:32,190 stress. We also have what is called contrastive 430 00:40:32,190 --> 00:40:35,170 stress. I'm sure that you are familiar with these 431 00:40:35,170 --> 00:40:39,810 items in the course which was explained to you 432 00:40:39,810 --> 00:40:42,350 last time which is entitled phonetics and 433 00:40:42,350 --> 00:40:45,970 phonology. I hope that you could revise this area 434 00:40:45,970 --> 00:40:49,120 and come ready for discussion next time and for 435 00:40:49,120 --> 00:40:52,640 understanding just to understand the stress very 436 00:40:52,640 --> 00:40:56,120 neatly and very efficiently. See you next time. 437 00:40:56,540 --> 00:40:57,240 Thank you.