1 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:19,640 Good morning everybody. Good. Nice to see you 2 00:00:19,640 --> 00:00:26,620 today. How is poetry like with you? Good? 3 00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:31,750 Are you ready with your reports, responses? 4 00:00:34,170 --> 00:00:40,710 Not yet? You are rewriting them again or what? But 5 00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:44,090 I told you from the very beginning, you have to 6 00:00:44,090 --> 00:00:49,170 make them ready all the time. Now imagine I 7 00:00:49,170 --> 00:00:54,230 collect all of them now, what would you do? And I 8 00:00:54,230 --> 00:00:55,530 started marking them. 9 00:00:58,850 --> 00:01:03,170 So those who are ready, bring them here. Those who 10 00:01:03,170 --> 00:01:07,030 are not ready, I don't know, it's up to you. But I 11 00:01:07,030 --> 00:01:15,150 need them today, yes. Your response? Huh? No, I'm 12 00:01:15,150 --> 00:01:17,130 not taking them next time, you know? 13 00:01:23,770 --> 00:01:28,590 Okay. You have to submit them today, but before, 14 00:01:29,630 --> 00:01:37,290 like, here, you submit them here. Okay? Your 15 00:01:37,290 --> 00:01:38,410 reports and your responses. 16 00:01:52,730 --> 00:01:54,970 All the reports, I said. 17 00:02:06,530 --> 00:02:11,050 I told you, like, the reports and the response 18 00:02:11,050 --> 00:02:14,050 should be every day with you. Okay, go ahead. 19 00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:20,950 Okay. As a teacher, I have two coffee mugs. The 20 00:02:20,950 --> 00:02:23,530 other one, I'll bring home. I'll bring the plate. 21 00:02:26,370 --> 00:02:26,810 Okay. 22 00:02:50,190 --> 00:02:50,670 No, 23 00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,650 you just give all of them. Okay, good. 24 00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:16,470 Okay, so let's start. I'm going to like to pick 25 00:03:16,470 --> 00:03:17,670 out here. 26 00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:22,230 So she didn't write anything. 27 00:03:28,550 --> 00:03:31,630 This is yours? Okay, come and read it. 28 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,220 The Daffodils. William Wordworth, the sensitive 29 00:03:41,220 --> 00:03:43,840 and romantic poet. At the beginning, he was very 30 00:03:43,840 --> 00:03:46,960 sad and had a deep pain of loneliness there. 31 00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:50,580 However, something changed him from the sorrow to 32 00:03:50,580 --> 00:03:53,240 the pleasure completely. It is the daffodils which 33 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:55,920 fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The poet is 34 00:03:55,920 --> 00:03:59,940 an emotional man who feels the daffodils which are 35 00:03:59,940 --> 00:04:05,080 ordinary to anyone. Because of the romanticism era 36 00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:08,750 which had those poets who have the eye, the 37 00:04:08,750 --> 00:04:12,710 emotional eye and the musical eye. Is it a report 38 00:04:12,710 --> 00:04:16,430 or response? Yes, no, it's a report about the last 39 00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,770 pictures. Yeah, but I don't see any reporting, you 40 00:04:19,770 --> 00:04:23,970 know, it is like, it sounds like a response. Is 41 00:04:23,970 --> 00:04:27,250 that a report or response? Report. But it's not 42 00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:30,450 like, it doesn't have a report in a way. Okay, 43 00:04:30,470 --> 00:04:33,210 thank you. Yes. Yes, you. 44 00:04:38,280 --> 00:04:41,640 I appreciate like some people think that it is 45 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:45,560 very frightening to stand here. And I understand 46 00:04:45,560 --> 00:04:50,860 her fear, you know, it's not easy. Yesterday when 47 00:04:50,860 --> 00:04:55,650 I was writing my daily report, Write in my daily 48 00:04:55,650 --> 00:04:58,570 report I imagined myself in front of the camera 49 00:04:58,570 --> 00:05:02,110 and I found that it's very frightening situation I 50 00:05:02,110 --> 00:05:04,710 decided that I wanted to read my report in the 51 00:05:04,710 --> 00:05:07,530 next lecture to break this frightening and I 52 00:05:07,530 --> 00:05:11,330 really will do that That's why she decided you 53 00:05:11,330 --> 00:05:14,670 know Now when I stand up in front of the camera 54 00:05:14,670 --> 00:05:18,110 it's more bitter of my imagination Anyway last 55 00:05:18,110 --> 00:05:21,070 lecture I was absent because I was very ill but I 56 00:05:21,070 --> 00:05:25,340 watched it on my computer Last lecture was a nice 57 00:05:25,340 --> 00:05:28,600 one. At the first, Dr. Akram asked about our 58 00:05:28,600 --> 00:05:33,060 report and chose some students randomly. Then he 59 00:05:33,060 --> 00:05:36,560 explained what was explained in the previous 60 00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,360 lecture by some students. There was an atmosphere 61 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:43,320 of activity and participation. The time of lecture 62 00:05:43,320 --> 00:05:45,920 passed very quickly and the doctor asked us if we 63 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:49,460 have any questions about this poem. Then he left 64 00:05:49,460 --> 00:05:54,960 the class. Okay. Yes. Yes. 65 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,080 Saturday's class was a memorable day for me, since 66 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:14,480 Dr. Akram started his lecture choosing randomly 67 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,400 students to report. And this was my turn to do. 68 00:06:17,880 --> 00:06:19,820 Really, I don't remember anything except myself 69 00:06:19,820 --> 00:06:22,820 reporting. After the class finished... Did I 70 00:06:22,820 --> 00:06:28,000 choose you last time? Many students asked me the 71 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:30,840 same question that Dr. Akram asked, why I was 72 00:06:30,840 --> 00:06:33,500 shivering. The truth that I had to change some 73 00:06:33,500 --> 00:06:36,880 words in the middle of my report. Therefore, in 74 00:06:36,880 --> 00:06:39,860 the middle, I reported orally. I was afraid not to 75 00:06:39,860 --> 00:06:42,980 find the appropriate words. I learned from that 76 00:06:42,980 --> 00:06:45,140 situation that I have to do what I have to do 77 00:06:45,140 --> 00:06:49,240 without any change. Why didn't you submit it 78 00:06:49,240 --> 00:06:54,760 quickly? Because I... Where is that? 79 00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:03,520 Okay, do not submit any now, you know, that's it. 80 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:13,280 Good. So today we're going like to see, huh? No, 81 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:18,860 realize them at home, you know. Okay, today we're 82 00:07:18,860 --> 00:07:21,400 going to see the Victorian poetry. When we're 83 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,560 talking about Victorian age or Victorian poetry, 84 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:28,340 like, why do we call it Victorian? 85 00:07:31,960 --> 00:07:34,780 Yeah, Queen Victoria, like, 86 00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:46,040 took over. Queen Victoria took over in 1837. 87 00:07:47,270 --> 00:07:55,450 And she died 1901. So she ruled England for a very 88 00:07:55,450 --> 00:08:02,390 long time. Now, the Victorian Age was a different 89 00:08:02,390 --> 00:08:10,390 age. It witnessed many revolutions. It witnessed 90 00:08:10,390 --> 00:08:12,390 like the scientific revolution, the industrial 91 00:08:12,390 --> 00:08:16,620 revolution, Like many revolutions in that age, and 92 00:08:16,620 --> 00:08:20,740 even religious revolution, it was characterized by 93 00:08:20,740 --> 00:08:26,400 a great deal of skepticism and uncertainty. 94 00:08:29,840 --> 00:08:34,400 Why? Why do you think, you know, what was 95 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:37,960 happening in the Victorian Age? As we saw in the 96 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:38,900 Romantic period, 97 00:08:41,660 --> 00:08:45,100 I mean, the Industrial Revolution started to 98 00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:51,600 change the nature of life. So this continued. This 99 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:58,040 case continued in the Victorian Age. Yes? In the 100 00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:00,200 Victorian Age, just like you said, it continued, 101 00:09:00,340 --> 00:09:03,550 but it was even more complicated. It was worse? 102 00:09:03,950 --> 00:09:07,830 Yeah, it was more like deep in the society. So it 103 00:09:07,830 --> 00:09:10,730 created a lot of problems. It became even worse 104 00:09:10,730 --> 00:09:13,310 and there were a lot of things to deal with. So 105 00:09:13,310 --> 00:09:16,630 the poets or the literary writers, they felt like 106 00:09:16,630 --> 00:09:18,790 they need to tackle these problems. They need to 107 00:09:18,790 --> 00:09:22,050 bring them to light and to find something. Okay, 108 00:09:22,150 --> 00:09:24,630 what are these problems? You know, thank you for 109 00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:26,770 mentioning problems, yes? 110 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:33,860 and the government treated the country as if it 111 00:09:33,860 --> 00:09:37,760 was their own property. And they didn't allow the 112 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:39,940 new generation and young generation, especially 113 00:09:39,940 --> 00:09:43,640 the educated people, to make their way through the 114 00:09:43,640 --> 00:09:47,560 government. They made like. So they monopolized. 115 00:09:47,960 --> 00:09:51,500 They made a lot of educational institutions, but 116 00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:54,740 they didn't use the educated people in the 117 00:09:54,740 --> 00:09:56,860 government. So they created a problem for 118 00:09:56,860 --> 00:09:59,840 themselves. So there was class division, you know. 119 00:10:00,460 --> 00:10:04,120 You know, there was hierarchy and social 120 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:07,320 hierarchy. We're talking about high class, the 121 00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:11,120 aristocratic. We are talking about an emerging 122 00:10:11,120 --> 00:10:13,860 class, which is called, you know, the middle 123 00:10:13,860 --> 00:10:17,780 class, the Philistines or the Philistines, you 124 00:10:17,780 --> 00:10:21,100 know, those materialistic people and the other, 125 00:10:21,400 --> 00:10:25,530 the lay people, you know, the other people. Okay, 126 00:10:25,530 --> 00:10:28,590 so you're talking about the ills, the problems, 127 00:10:28,790 --> 00:10:32,390 the abuses. Do you have anything like in mind 128 00:10:32,390 --> 00:10:36,850 about the abuses? You know, who was abused? Women 129 00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:41,150 were abused. Children were abused in factories. 130 00:10:42,770 --> 00:10:48,190 What else? But what was like the radical or the 131 00:10:48,190 --> 00:10:51,850 element which changed, you know, the whole life of 132 00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:55,610 the people? Religion, what happened to religion? 133 00:10:58,370 --> 00:11:02,490 Yeah, the church was corrupted and we saw that 134 00:11:02,490 --> 00:11:04,050 corruption in the Victorian Age. 135 00:11:14,790 --> 00:11:18,770 What do you mean secularism? Like people became 136 00:11:18,770 --> 00:11:22,410 very secular? Okay, what made them become very 137 00:11:22,410 --> 00:11:27,110 secular? After Darwin, okay, Darwin, who was 138 00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:30,630 Darwin? Now, if you remember, like the 18th 139 00:11:30,630 --> 00:11:34,910 century was, I mean, all the changes came from 140 00:11:34,910 --> 00:11:38,590 physics and mathematics, but now the changes in 141 00:11:38,590 --> 00:11:45,250 life came from biology. Darwin, who came up with 142 00:11:45,250 --> 00:11:50,030 his theory, which is the evolution of species, the 143 00:11:50,030 --> 00:11:54,250 development of species. And in this theory, he 144 00:11:54,250 --> 00:11:57,730 speculated that the origin of man was a descending 145 00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:03,450 monkey. So this changed. This was a fatal blow to 146 00:12:03,450 --> 00:12:10,460 a creed which presupposed that God was a man. If 147 00:12:10,460 --> 00:12:13,360 you are saying that God was a man, here you see 148 00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:19,980 the result. Man, man's image, this image which was 149 00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:24,020 maintained by the Elizabethan, man was seen by the 150 00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:28,640 Elizabethan as a paragon of animals. Man was the 151 00:12:28,640 --> 00:12:34,250 best, the most balanced. Now man is Like only an 152 00:12:34,250 --> 00:12:37,290 animal, it is, you know, like a descendant, 153 00:12:37,550 --> 00:12:41,290 developed species. A developed species. So this 154 00:12:41,290 --> 00:12:46,950 made people feel like what? They are uncertain 155 00:12:46,950 --> 00:12:49,610 about what will happen to them. About what will 156 00:12:49,610 --> 00:12:52,530 happen to them. And there were many theories like 157 00:12:52,530 --> 00:12:56,000 man, there is no... You know, this means like 158 00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:00,940 there is no life thereafter. You know, there is no 159 00:13:00,940 --> 00:13:05,620 doomsday. So all of this created a kind of 160 00:13:05,620 --> 00:13:10,760 uncertainty. And people were like very suspicious. 161 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:15,580 If you don't have religion, because religion is 162 00:13:15,580 --> 00:13:18,380 like a walking stick. So if you don't have 163 00:13:18,380 --> 00:13:24,100 religion, you mean you lose balance in life. And 164 00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:31,580 this state of uncertainty was caught by the poets, 165 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:35,860 the Victorian poets. Tennyson was a main Victorian 166 00:13:35,860 --> 00:13:40,780 poet. In his poem Immemoriam, it's a famous poem, 167 00:13:41,660 --> 00:13:47,160 he said, I'm an infant crying in the night, crying 168 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:53,330 for the light. See what I mean? The light was 169 00:13:53,330 --> 00:13:58,330 religion. So people's lives were governed by 170 00:13:58,330 --> 00:14:02,170 materialistic forces. Everything. People were 171 00:14:02,170 --> 00:14:06,650 exploited. There was a great deal of exploitation. 172 00:14:08,750 --> 00:14:15,610 So that was the case. Poets like Tennyson wrote 173 00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:20,690 poetry of entrapment, poetry of being imprisoned. 174 00:14:21,790 --> 00:14:24,130 So they were highly philosophical. They were 175 00:14:24,130 --> 00:14:27,950 looking for a solution. Matthew Arnold thought 176 00:14:27,950 --> 00:14:31,410 that culture was a solution because there was no 177 00:14:31,410 --> 00:14:36,430 religion. So he tried 178 00:14:36,430 --> 00:14:40,250 to call people, to call poets, to write poetry of 179 00:14:40,250 --> 00:14:43,390 culture, to write poetry of aesthetics. And he 180 00:14:43,390 --> 00:14:45,890 thought that poetry was the religion of the 181 00:14:45,890 --> 00:14:48,970 future. This is what he thought. So as an 182 00:14:48,970 --> 00:14:53,190 introduction, today we're going to see two poems 183 00:14:53,190 --> 00:14:59,190 as an introduction to Victorian poetry, a poem 184 00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:02,870 which you are familiar with called The Eagle, it's 185 00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:09,350 here, and Dover Beach. So I'm giving these as 186 00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:12,930 introduction because we are studying in this 187 00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:16,410 course, Hardy, the oxen. You see? This is like the 188 00:15:16,410 --> 00:15:20,090 Victorian. So this is today, these two poems are 189 00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:23,610 like introduction to the age. Who can read this 190 00:15:23,610 --> 00:15:23,850 poem? 191 00:15:27,590 --> 00:15:28,190 Yes? 192 00:15:36,450 --> 00:15:37,050 Yes? 193 00:15:39,550 --> 00:15:46,370 He clasps the crag with crocked hands, close to 194 00:15:46,370 --> 00:15:50,050 the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure 195 00:15:50,050 --> 00:15:53,790 word, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him 196 00:15:53,790 --> 00:15:57,990 crawls. He watches from his mountain walls, and 197 00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,570 like a thunderbolt, he falls. What is he talking 198 00:16:01,570 --> 00:16:06,970 about? The eagle. Okay, what is the attitude of 199 00:16:06,970 --> 00:16:10,350 the poet, you know? Of the poet, sorry. Yes, he is 200 00:16:10,350 --> 00:16:13,170 speaking about the eagle and how he is free and 201 00:16:13,170 --> 00:16:15,390 can do whatever he wants to do. So what is the 202 00:16:15,390 --> 00:16:18,990 attitude of the poet? Maybe he is envious. Yeah, 203 00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:24,250 he is envious of the eagle. Why? Because he feels 204 00:16:24,250 --> 00:16:28,070 that he is imprisoned and cannot do anything like 205 00:16:28,070 --> 00:16:34,260 the eagle. So the eagle has the freedom So how did 206 00:16:34,260 --> 00:16:40,600 you reach that interpretation? He can 207 00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:46,680 see the wrinkles beneath him closed. So he can see 208 00:16:46,680 --> 00:16:50,880 it's from when he's flying. 209 00:16:54,180 --> 00:16:58,800 So yes. Do you think is it a positive or a 210 00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:02,440 negative image of the eagle here? Positive. How do 211 00:17:02,440 --> 00:17:07,320 you know it is positive? It is negative, yes? Like 212 00:17:07,320 --> 00:17:09,580 Hughes, she says it's negative. What do you mean 213 00:17:09,580 --> 00:17:14,240 by negative? Because he said close 214 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:17,740 to the sun in lonely hands. You see how the eagle 215 00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,860 can be so close and raised so high in the sky, but 216 00:17:21,860 --> 00:17:26,180 at the end he will fall. Yeah. He falls. He falls. 217 00:17:26,760 --> 00:17:32,080 I think here he talks about the human eagle. Aha, 218 00:17:32,120 --> 00:17:36,700 the human eagle. Yes. So man can rise and then 219 00:17:36,700 --> 00:17:39,960 abruptly fall. 220 00:17:44,140 --> 00:17:47,220 Okay, I think here, like here, the way he's 221 00:17:47,220 --> 00:17:50,760 presenting the eagle is very majestic. You know, 222 00:17:50,960 --> 00:17:54,960 his attitude is one of envy. Yes, you're right. 223 00:17:55,060 --> 00:17:59,220 One of admiration. He's personifying the eagle. He 224 00:17:59,220 --> 00:18:03,390 clasps. What does it mean, clasp? Look at the, you 225 00:18:03,390 --> 00:18:07,610 know, the letters here. He clasps the crag. Look 226 00:18:07,610 --> 00:18:10,290 at the alliteration. So all the alliteration has 227 00:18:10,290 --> 00:18:15,430 to do with power. Power, you know, the powerful 228 00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:18,710 clutch. He clasped the crag with crooked hands. 229 00:18:19,370 --> 00:18:24,480 Crooked hands like this. Crooked hands. close to 230 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:27,520 the sun in lonely lands, and then he goes up 231 00:18:27,520 --> 00:18:31,280 there, close to the, you know, up, up, ring with 232 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:35,300 the azure world, like the highest, you know, in 233 00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:40,740 the highest atmosphere. The sea beneath him, you 234 00:18:40,740 --> 00:18:44,880 know, is crawling. The sea beneath him is like a 235 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:49,880 child which is crawling, is weak, very feeble. So 236 00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,720 look here, the power of the eagle is stressed. 237 00:18:53,610 --> 00:18:58,050 Now, he watches from his mountain walls, and he 238 00:18:58,050 --> 00:19:02,490 watches, and like a thunderbolt, he falls. So why 239 00:19:02,490 --> 00:19:03,850 is he envious of the eagle? 240 00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:12,430 Yes? Because he lacks what the eagle has, freedom, 241 00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:15,450 the ability to catch and do things. And all of 242 00:19:15,450 --> 00:19:19,510 this, yes, he lacks the freedom. So this is a 243 00:19:19,510 --> 00:19:25,530 metaphoric expression of man's ability in the 244 00:19:25,530 --> 00:19:29,310 Victorian Age to leave this sense of entrapment, 245 00:19:29,690 --> 00:19:32,910 sense of imprisonment. They were psychologically 246 00:19:32,910 --> 00:19:36,580 imprisoned. As you said, the intellectuals were 247 00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,720 not given the chance. The intellectuals felt that 248 00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:46,560 they were imprisoned by the emergent philosophies, 249 00:19:46,740 --> 00:19:51,740 the emergent values, the church, the corruption, 250 00:19:52,620 --> 00:19:55,640 the evil forces. Because when we are talking about 251 00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:59,600 materialism, we are talking about the evil forces 252 00:19:59,600 --> 00:20:04,600 that clash at night. you know, monopoly, 253 00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:11,260 exploitation. Okay? So this is just... In this 254 00:20:11,260 --> 00:20:16,640 short poem, Tennyson was trying to show that, you 255 00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:20,610 know, the Victorian mind was crippled. You know, 256 00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:24,330 you are not like the eagle. The eagle has the 257 00:20:24,330 --> 00:20:27,690 freedom to go up, to come down, but you are 258 00:20:27,690 --> 00:20:31,610 entrapped. You are psychologically entrapped. And 259 00:20:31,610 --> 00:20:33,970 this shows how, you know, the people were 260 00:20:33,970 --> 00:20:39,070 suffering. Matthew Arnold, in his poem, Dover 261 00:20:39,070 --> 00:20:42,630 Beach, was looking for an answer. You know, 262 00:20:42,730 --> 00:20:47,650 Matthew Arnold was looking for an answer. He 263 00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:48,110 wanted 264 00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:57,040 like people to change. So at the end of the poem, 265 00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,340 he was crying. What was he crying? Matthew Arnold. 266 00:21:04,860 --> 00:21:11,340 No, no. Have you ever read Dover Beach? Do you 267 00:21:11,340 --> 00:21:15,340 know Dover Beach? Have you ever read Dover Beach? 268 00:21:22,140 --> 00:21:27,300 Now, he cried, ah, love, let us be true to one 269 00:21:27,300 --> 00:21:33,600 another for the world. I mean, in his poem, he 270 00:21:33,600 --> 00:21:38,300 depicts, you know, clearly, an image of what was 271 00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:45,680 the Victorian Age like. It was an age of richness 272 00:21:45,680 --> 00:21:54,990 and misery. It was an age of many theories, but a 273 00:21:54,990 --> 00:22:01,990 great deal of skepticism, 274 00:22:02,570 --> 00:22:02,830 doubt. 275 00:22:05,770 --> 00:22:09,510 So this is here, as you see in this poem. 276 00:22:12,650 --> 00:22:17,310 He represents the Victorian Age. This is the past. 277 00:22:19,060 --> 00:22:23,920 was okay. The past of the Victorian Age was okay. 278 00:22:25,140 --> 00:22:28,060 I mean, the early Victorian Age was okay, but the 279 00:22:28,060 --> 00:22:33,180 late Victorian Age was full of suffering, agony. 280 00:22:34,380 --> 00:22:39,480 Here, the word he portrays is a deceptive word. A 281 00:22:39,480 --> 00:22:45,800 word which was rich from the outside, but, you 282 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:50,590 know, impoverished from the inside.a world which 283 00:22:50,590 --> 00:22:55,790 was beautiful, rich, like buildings, factories, 284 00:22:56,850 --> 00:22:59,530 roads, the railway, 285 00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:07,850 a lot of commercial transactions. So England 286 00:23:07,850 --> 00:23:11,450 became the richest country in the world. Even 287 00:23:11,450 --> 00:23:16,150 England became the empire because they became the 288 00:23:16,150 --> 00:23:23,030 largest empire. It was at the expense of the 289 00:23:23,030 --> 00:23:27,890 people themselves. The sea is calm tonight. The 290 00:23:27,890 --> 00:23:28,590 tide is full. 291 00:23:31,570 --> 00:23:36,170 Everything was beautiful. It's very romantic. The 292 00:23:36,170 --> 00:23:38,970 sea is calm tonight. The tide is full. The moon 293 00:23:38,970 --> 00:23:42,070 lights fair upon the straits on the French coast. 294 00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:45,890 The light gleams on his gun, the cliffs of 295 00:23:45,890 --> 00:23:49,390 England. So I think this reminds us of Wordsworth. 296 00:23:50,270 --> 00:23:53,290 It's an image of harmony where everything is 297 00:23:53,290 --> 00:23:59,290 glowing. And like, in fact, in this poem, he was 298 00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,850 with his wife in a hotel near Dover Beach. And 299 00:24:03,850 --> 00:24:07,490 suddenly he tells her, come, come. Come. Sweet is 300 00:24:07,490 --> 00:24:12,240 the night air. Sweet is the night air. But 301 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:18,300 suddenly he heard a voice. Only from the line of 302 00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:23,360 spray where the sea meets the moon, blanched land. 303 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:29,240 Listen, you hear the grating roar. What is the 304 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:33,680 grating roar? Of the pebbles. You know, because 305 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,480 the waves are throwing the pebbles, the stones. 306 00:24:36,980 --> 00:24:43,510 And what does this make? Grating roar. You know? 307 00:24:44,030 --> 00:24:49,230 And this contradicts with what? Contradicts with 308 00:24:49,230 --> 00:24:53,370 the serenity, the tranquility of the sea is gone. 309 00:24:54,470 --> 00:25:01,750 So metaphorically, he wanted to show how the 310 00:25:01,750 --> 00:25:04,230 Victorian Age was from the outside lovely, 311 00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:10,140 beautiful, but from the inside, It was terrible, 312 00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:17,480 you know? So the Great Engrower is a 313 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,500 metaphor of the withdrawal of religion, the 314 00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:28,640 withdrawal of the moral values, and the advent of 315 00:25:28,640 --> 00:25:36,100 selfishness, hypocrisy, abuses, you know? So he 316 00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:37,940 did that in a very good way. 317 00:25:43,410 --> 00:25:46,730 And this begins and ceases. It is monotonous. It 318 00:25:46,730 --> 00:25:50,670 begins and ceases. You know, it is persistent. It 319 00:25:50,670 --> 00:25:54,510 is not just one time. It is persistent. It keeps 320 00:25:54,510 --> 00:25:58,590 revisiting. Begins and ceases and then begins 321 00:25:58,590 --> 00:26:01,530 again with tremulous cadence. It is not 322 00:26:01,530 --> 00:26:05,570 systematic. So when something is not systematic, 323 00:26:05,890 --> 00:26:10,060 it is not unexpected. It is abrupt. And then it 324 00:26:10,060 --> 00:26:14,180 brings the eternal note of sadness. This makes me 325 00:26:14,180 --> 00:26:19,700 sad. It reminds me. So the sound of the waves 326 00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:25,320 throwing the pebbles reminds him of what? It made 327 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:31,060 him sad. Why? What did this sound remind him of? 328 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,320 It reminded him of the problems of the Victorian 329 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:38,150 Age. It made him sad. Because sometimes when you 330 00:26:38,150 --> 00:26:45,290 see something lovely, okay? Okay. You forget your 331 00:26:45,290 --> 00:26:48,450 trouble, like what happened to Wordsworth, and my 332 00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,970 heart dances with the devils. But here, when he 333 00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:56,130 heard this roaring sound, he remembered the 334 00:26:56,130 --> 00:27:00,010 problems, the corruption, the problems of his age, 335 00:27:00,310 --> 00:27:03,690 and he started complaining. He became very sad. 336 00:27:04,540 --> 00:27:08,100 And he started to generalize that by saying, 337 00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:14,580 Sophocles, long ago, heard it. This eternal 338 00:27:14,580 --> 00:27:19,060 sadness, this note, this sadness is there. As if 339 00:27:19,060 --> 00:27:22,040 he wants to say, this sadness, the corruption, the 340 00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:25,520 abuses have been there since the dawn of history. 341 00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,560 See? And Sophocles, do you know anything about 342 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:35,480 Sophocles? Sophocles. He was a Greek, playwright, 343 00:27:35,940 --> 00:27:42,720 philosopher. What did he write? Oedipus? Antigone? 344 00:27:44,020 --> 00:27:47,040 Have you heard of Antigone? I'll be telling you 345 00:27:47,040 --> 00:27:53,020 later because I think here we have an illusion of 346 00:27:53,020 --> 00:28:02,750 Antigone who was a lady who was engaged to her 347 00:28:02,750 --> 00:28:06,670 cousin, but her cousin, I mean, Phyllis, I think, 348 00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:10,710 wanted to protest against his uncle, the king, I 349 00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:15,930 mean, the father of Antigone. So he, the king 350 00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,490 sentenced him to death and ordered that his body 351 00:28:21,490 --> 00:28:26,120 should not be buried. So Antigone was in a moral 352 00:28:26,120 --> 00:28:31,580 conflict whether to obey her father, you see the 353 00:28:31,580 --> 00:28:36,200 orders of her uncle, father, you know, it is 354 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,980 uncle, sorry, not father, or to bury her, you 355 00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:47,140 know, the body of her brother. And finally, she 356 00:28:47,140 --> 00:28:50,520 decided to bury. She was herself, you know, 357 00:28:50,580 --> 00:28:54,690 executed. She was the fiancé of you know, the 358 00:28:54,690 --> 00:28:57,870 king's son. So the king was in a moral conflict 359 00:28:57,870 --> 00:29:01,630 also. You know what's been a moral conflict? It's 360 00:29:01,630 --> 00:29:05,230 a conflict between two rights, whether to respect, 361 00:29:05,490 --> 00:29:10,750 you know, the law of his country or to respect his 362 00:29:10,750 --> 00:29:14,110 own feelings and passion. But finally, so it is a 363 00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:20,350 story of death, sadness. This is the allusion in 364 00:29:20,350 --> 00:29:21,090 this poem. 365 00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:27,600 And he said, we also find, we here in England, we 366 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:32,660 find this note of human misery. The sea of faith, 367 00:29:32,860 --> 00:29:35,420 and here, this is very essential, the sea of 368 00:29:35,420 --> 00:29:40,160 faith. The sea of faith. What does he mean by the 369 00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:44,160 sea of faith? Because here, we're talking about a 370 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,260 metaphoric sea. The sea of faith should what? 371 00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:53,340 Should have fish? Fish and chips? What is the sea 372 00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:58,160 of faith? What do you think? If we assume that we 373 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:02,740 have a sea of faith, what would it be like? The 374 00:30:02,740 --> 00:30:08,660 sea of faith religion? Morality? Values? So let's 375 00:30:08,660 --> 00:30:12,460 say if we have the sea of faith as full, so it 376 00:30:12,460 --> 00:30:18,580 means we have love? Respect, piety, passion, 377 00:30:19,340 --> 00:30:24,260 compassion. Okay, we have all this. Now when the 378 00:30:24,260 --> 00:30:27,120 sea of faith is full, it means people, we have a 379 00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,000 good society. But when the sea of faith is 380 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,600 retreating, it's a problem. So how was the sea of 381 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,360 faith in England during the late Victorian period? 382 00:30:38,580 --> 00:30:42,260 How was it? It was like there was no sea of faith. 383 00:30:42,580 --> 00:30:46,500 It was retreating. It was evaporating. And this is 384 00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,880 what happened here. The sea of faith was once two 385 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:56,080 at the full round earth shore, lay like the folds 386 00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,840 of bright girded fern. It was full. At the 387 00:30:59,840 --> 00:31:02,980 beginning of the Victorian Age, the sea of faith 388 00:31:02,980 --> 00:31:08,290 was full. But now, this is the problem. Now, I 389 00:31:08,290 --> 00:31:13,030 hear its melancholy, long-withdrawing roar, 390 00:31:14,970 --> 00:31:20,730 retreating to the breath. It is retreating, like 391 00:31:20,730 --> 00:31:28,290 evaporating of the night down the vast, you know, 392 00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:33,450 edges. It is evaporating and naked shingles of the 393 00:31:33,450 --> 00:31:37,700 world and it leaves us like Uncovered, 394 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:38,380 unprotected. 395 00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,040 Then this is what he's calling, how can we 396 00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:50,960 overcome this problem or dilemma? He's calling a 397 00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,860 love. A love, people, friends, you know, let us be 398 00:31:55,860 --> 00:32:01,490 true. to one another. Let us be true. For the 399 00:32:01,490 --> 00:32:04,570 world, this is the Victorian Age. This is how the 400 00:32:04,570 --> 00:32:08,470 Victorian Age was. For the world, which seems to 401 00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:13,830 lie before us like a land with dreams. That was 402 00:32:13,830 --> 00:32:17,650 the, exactly, that was, you know, a perfect 403 00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:21,210 expression of the Victorian Age. It was like the 404 00:32:21,210 --> 00:32:23,610 land of dreams. What is like the land of dreams? 405 00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:32,480 So what distinguishes the land of dream? It's 406 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:37,380 beautiful? It's beautiful. It's attractive, but it 407 00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:44,220 is unreal. It is deceptive. It is illusive. That 408 00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:47,680 was the Victorian Age. He was referring to the 409 00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:53,820 beauty, to the richness of the age, but It was, 410 00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:58,840 you know, from the inside, it was hollow. People 411 00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,880 didn't have the faith. It was hollow. 412 00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:08,160 And Allah let us be true to one another for the 413 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:11,620 world which seems to lie before us like a land of 414 00:33:11,620 --> 00:33:15,620 dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new. It was 415 00:33:15,620 --> 00:33:19,900 rich. Buildings, institutions, factories, plants. 416 00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:24,440 It was rich. And if you go to England now, so it 417 00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:27,640 is still Victorian. Because the Victorian, you 418 00:33:27,640 --> 00:33:31,200 know, most of the roads and the buildings were 419 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:35,140 Victorian. So the Victorian Age was like the age 420 00:33:35,140 --> 00:33:38,970 of the empire itself. So various, so beautiful, so 421 00:33:38,970 --> 00:33:43,970 new. Has really no joy. So here he is diagnosing. 422 00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:49,730 It has no joy, nor love, nor light. As if he is 423 00:33:49,730 --> 00:33:54,130 trying to tell us, no social cooperation, no 424 00:33:54,130 --> 00:33:57,670 social conjugation, no love, no light, no 425 00:33:57,670 --> 00:33:58,070 religion. 426 00:34:01,250 --> 00:34:04,510 No certitude. It's an age of skepticism because of 427 00:34:04,510 --> 00:34:07,390 these theories. The theories of Darwin, the 428 00:34:07,390 --> 00:34:11,090 theories of Huxley, the theories of Tyndale. Like 429 00:34:11,090 --> 00:34:14,690 all those who are scientists who said even if one 430 00:34:14,690 --> 00:34:18,310 man dies, the body will disintegrate and that's 431 00:34:18,310 --> 00:34:19,010 it. This is the end. 432 00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:26,940 No certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. And we 433 00:34:26,940 --> 00:34:31,340 are here, as on a darkened plain, swept. We are 434 00:34:31,340 --> 00:34:35,640 victims. We are swept with the confused alarm of 435 00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:40,860 struggle and flight. It's a metonymy of the forces 436 00:34:40,860 --> 00:34:45,060 of evil, the forces of exploitation, the forces of 437 00:34:45,060 --> 00:34:49,420 monopoly. where ignorant armies clash at night, 438 00:34:49,580 --> 00:34:52,720 where they're planning against us. So that was the 439 00:34:52,720 --> 00:34:57,740 Victorian Age. It was an age of corruption, 440 00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:03,160 hypocrisy, skepticism, an age of, you know, lack 441 00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:09,860 of certitude. But it was rich. Okay. Now, 442 00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:15,150 Tennyson, as we said, As we said in the poem, 443 00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,310 Eagle, he was like, all those intellectual people 444 00:35:19,310 --> 00:35:23,790 were, they had this feeling of entrapment. So they 445 00:35:23,790 --> 00:35:26,530 wrote poetry to capture the spirit of the age. 446 00:35:27,650 --> 00:35:31,030 Now, I hope that today's lecture is only an 447 00:35:31,030 --> 00:35:34,310 introduction to Hardy because Hardy was a 448 00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:36,690 Victorian poet, 449 00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:42,240 you know, who wrote who started his career by 450 00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:46,000 writing novels, but he ended his career by writing 451 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,820 poetry because he thought poetry gives the 452 00:35:49,820 --> 00:35:52,420 messages quickly. So next time, we're going to 453 00:35:52,420 --> 00:35:55,920 study Hardy, The Oxen. But this time, we're going 454 00:35:55,920 --> 00:36:01,300 to conduct stylistic analysis. Okay? If you look 455 00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:06,760 at Hardy, there is stylistic analysis. Okay? It 456 00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:10,600 will be your presentation. Good. So thank you very 457 00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,620 much. Do you have any question? Okay, get ready 458 00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:18,880 for the quiz. So I'm giving the quiz at any time 459 00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:25,900 starting from, you know, the quiz I told you, I'm 460 00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,820 going to give you a line or two from the tiger and 461 00:36:28,820 --> 00:36:31,320 you have to, you know, make a sketch into them. 462 00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:40,510 You know, I told you. Okay, so I'm telling you I 463 00:36:40,510 --> 00:36:45,250 might give you any line, you know, to scan it to 464 00:36:45,250 --> 00:36:52,430 make, you know, the scansion of the line. You have 465 00:36:52,430 --> 00:36:55,650 to study. I know I didn't tell you anything. You 466 00:36:55,650 --> 00:36:57,750 have to research. You have to learn yourself, 467 00:36:58,330 --> 00:37:01,870 okay, about the meter. And then here I'll give you 468 00:37:01,870 --> 00:37:06,450 five minutes, two lines, you know, just to show 469 00:37:06,450 --> 00:37:10,930 the meter, and that's it. Okay, yes. Thank you 470 00:37:10,930 --> 00:37:12,170 very much and take care.