Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Today, inshallah, we are
going to continue with definiteness and
indefiniteness in English and Arabic. Last time,
we spoke about definiteness and indefiniteness in
English, and we just touched Arabic a little bit.
Today, we are going to go deeply on Arabic
definiteness and indefiniteness. And we are going
to start with the use of indefinite article in
standard Arabic.
The indefinite article or the definite article
precedes the nouns in Arabic completely like
English, okay?
The indefinite article, first of all, is zero in
Arabic according to some grammarians. Still some
others believe that the nonation is indefinite
article. رأيت ولدًا يمشي في الشارع I saw a boy
walking at the street okay a boy ولدًا so the
notation n is considered as indefinite article in
Arabic according to some grammarians still some
others believe that the indefiniteness in Arabic
is zero anyway
To introduce indefinite nouns which refer to
objects mentioned for the first time in this
course The object in the sentence which are
mentioned which is mentioned for the first time in
the sentence Must be preceded by the indefinite
article كان هناك ملك يدعى شهريار Okay
Malikun. It is indefinite because it is mentioned
for the first time. Once upon a time there was a
king called Shahrayar. A king. It is the same like
English.
Now the indefinite noun Standing as a predicate in
the sentence must be preceded by also by
indefinite article البيت كبير كبير is a noun okay
it's a predicate and
is preceded by the indefinite article
The nouns here are mainly verbal nouns used as
adjectives It
is
predicate عالم comes from يعلم this is verb okay
and works here as a predicate it is preceded by
the indefinite article it's preceded by the
indefinite article a which is zero or you can
consider it the donation on names of
professions as we mentioned previously okay I say,
for example, once I translate the sentence, the
previous sentence, البيت كبير. How could I
translate it into English? The house is big. Okay.
It's different from English. البيت كبير. Okay. Big
is an adjective in English. كبير is a predicate in
Arabic preceded by the indefinite article or it
has the indefinite article. Zayd is a scientist
because this is a profession. I told you that
professions and handicrafts are preceded by the
indefinite article in English. It is the same in
Arabic.
We mentioned that in English, we have the
professions, the handicrafts and religions are
preceded by A or N. In Arabic, we have the same
thing. We have zero indefinite article or the
nonation on. Zaydun najjarun. Hindun tabibatun.
Hind is a lady doctor. Zayd is a junior. A joiner,
sorry. Zaid is a joiner.
Now, you have the nouns preceded directly by a
particle A, the question particle A or A, okay?
And the negative particle Ma. The noun following
them is always Indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ What book
did you study? What book did you study? We can't
say What a book did you study? What book did you
study? This is English however in Arabic أي or أ
أقرأت؟
Okay Or
ما these question particles are followed by nouns
if followed by nouns they must these nouns must be
indefinite أي كتاب قرأت؟ now
once you have nouns expressing wishes they must be
indefinite
Iqamatun jameelatun Okay, I say in English have a
nice day Have a nice day. We mentioned that we
have the indefiniteness A or N preceding Wishing
or greeting have a nice day. Have a good day. Have
a good quiz Okay It is the same in Arabic Iqamatun
jameelatun
We have also adverbs of circumstances الحال in
Arabic and cognate objects المفعول لأجله which are
always assigned accusative case along with noun
specification تميز الحال
and المفعول لأجله in Arabic have indefiniteness
جاء الرجل مبتسمًا مبتسما The man came smiling ضرب
المعلم الولد ضرب مبرح ضرب
مبرح ضرب المعلم الولد ضرب
Okay.
The teacher hit the boy severely. So you have
three
elements, adverbs of circumstances, الحال, cognate
object, مفعول لأجله and
Tamiz, nouns of specification, are always preceded
by the indefinite article which is either zero or
nonational.
We have the indefinite article in Arabic is used
directly after ربّة
These here are assigned genitive case because you
know we have three cases in Arabic Nominative
accusative and genitive and the nomination can be
nominative can be accusative can be genitive ولد
ولد ولد okay رب ضارة نافع رب ضارة نافع ربّة the
noun following it is indefinite here ضارة okay
perhaps a disaster is useful also the
indefiniteness is used with some idiomatic terms
in Arabic now
we have the definite article in standard Arabic it
refers to part Whole relationship.
Part-whole relationship. When a part of entity
becomes definite in the speaker's mind due to the
effect of situational setting. Okay, an example
for convenience is represented below. Look, افتح
الراديو من فضلك. Radio here is part, whole
relationship. It represents an entity. It is seen,
it is known by the speaker and the listener. So it
is preceded by the indefinite article. Okay? Open
the radio please. It is the same like English. We
don't say open radio please. Open the radio
because you see it is visible. Okay? افتح الراديو
من فضلك.
Any noun previously mentioned in the paragraph or
in this course must be preceded by the definite
article Okay,
first of all, it is indefinite now once I repeat
it becomes الفلم كان الفيلم شيقا جدا I watched a
film in the TV. The film was very interesting It's
like English a film then the film The
noun preceding the relative pronoun or adjectival
clauses are always definite in Arabic عاد
الرجل الذي سافر إلى لندن I can't say عاد الرجل عاد
الرجل الذي الذي is complementizer is relative
clause it is like English the man who traveled to
London came back the
physical stimulus cases have the definite article
هذا
الرجل جاء لزيارة يعني if you have the
demonstrative pronoun هذا الرجل جاء لزيارة this is
physical stimulus يعني you see a رجل it is seen I
mean the object is seen here هذا الرجل any seen
object must have the definite article هذا الرجل
جاء لزيارتي. The man came to visit us. This man
came to visit us and we have a difference here
between Arabic and English هذا الرجل what do you
call about what do you call هذا this that these
those what do you call this demonstrative pronoun
okay it is followed by the definite article how
could you translate it into Arabic into English
this the man or this man so this means that in
English we have a determiner phrase this man this
is a determiner demonstrative pronoun however in
Arabic we have هذا الرجل هذا is determiner
demonstrative pronoun الرجل is another phrase okay
we call it article phrase So in Arabic, we have
the DB or the terminal phrase followed by an
article phrase. Okay, once you have the sentence
beginning with a demonstrative pronoun. However,
in English, once you translate, you only have the
terminal phrase, this man, I can't say this, the
man, this man. Okay.
So we have here an article, a phrase that is not
available in English. It is called article phrase.
However, in English, we have what is called
determinal phrases, which include the definite and
indefinite articles a and the. Okay.
So this
is
the indefinite and definite articles in Arabic.
They are the same or nearly similar to English
except the zero article which is translated, which
is, so any sentence is zero in English must be,
any zero article in English is translated to
mostly the التعريف in Arabic, okay? We speak about
diseases. They are zero. Days. Months. Sports.
They are zero in English. Meals. The three times
of the day. Morning. Noon. Sunset. Night. I say at
night. So these are translated into Alit Ta'rif in
Arabic. Now how could you teach articles to your
students? They are tricky. And you can see that
they are very tricky for the Arab learners because
we have differences that may cause negative
interference resulting into interlingual errors or
interlingual errors.
Interlingual errors.
Now we
come to teaching articles. Okay.
Teaching must be contextual. Okay. Because giving
your students such a subject with its very overt
name, very clear name, definiteness and
indefiniteness is very difficult for the junior
classes or intermediate or even advanced. Okay. if
you teach them in a formal way becomes very
complicated however you have to teach them
contextually okay connecting between the context
and the discourse so teaching pay attention please
teaching must be inductive or deductive must be
inductive so you have to teach inductively instead
of deductively making use of the situation and the
linguistics. A book. Is this specific or generic?
Specific. I'd like to read a book in linguistics.
Generic. Okay. We have Language Log Activity Test.
The Language Log Activity Test. Here, you have to
give homework, and you are not to give everything
to your students in the class. You have to let
them deduce the rules of articles, either A or the
or whatever. Okay? Here, you can introduce the
language log this language log exercise is given
as assignment to your students it is to be given
at home as homework you introduce wrong sentences
either the wrong sentences which the students
commit during the class, or you can just write
sentences with wrong articles, for example. Okay?
Then you ask your students to discover the error.
Okay? Say, the research, for example. Research is
without the. Okay, so they underline that this is
the error then the rule Okay, why does research?
Cannot cannot take article Okay, so because it is
uncountable now Okay Here we have it with zero
article. Now you have another space for
correction. You say research. Okay. Then you write
the sentence, the correct sentence, the correct
sentence. I have a son and the daughter. Okay. I
have to say, so the mistake is in the. You give
the rule. The noun mentioned for the first time is
always indefinite. Okay? Once repeated, it is
preceded by the. Okay? So I have a son and a
daughter. This is done at home. So your students
can rely on their parents at home, can rely on
anyone. Okay? The family to help them or even
their friends. So they can pay sufficient efforts
at home for understanding the rules because you
are not allowed to give rules in the class. Okay?
Because you teach communicatively and the focus is
on address rather than giving rules. Okay? So you
ask your student to deduce rules at home.
Okay. Fine.
So we have the
articles. Now I'd like to introduce some sentences
for you to answer to check your understanding.
Can you pass sugar, please? The sugar. Why?
Because this is visible. Okay? He's sailing up
the Nile for holidays. Nile. He's sailing up the Nile for
holidays. The Nile. Why? Because we told you that
seas, oceans, and rivers are preceded by the
definite article, the. My favorite sea is
the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea.
I'd love to visit Jerusalem. Jerusalem. Country,
country. So proper nouns, proper nouns,
geographical names are always zero except, except
we say the Sudan or any compound noun.
He is the man who lives next door. He is the man who
lives next door. okay because he is known yes we
have the relative clause who then we have a man
preceding it so we have either the it can be a or
n but mostly the okay i have been looking for work
for a long time i have been looking for work Or a
work or the work. A work. Or work or the work.
Work. It is zero.
I say work.
This is uncountable. This is abstract now. Okay?
It is generic. I am looking for any work. Okay. I
say London Zoo. Do they say the London Zoo or
London Zoo? London Zoo. It is zero. Lake Victoria.
The lake Victoria. Lake is very large. The lake is
very large. I say London Zoo. It is zero. British
Museum. The British Museum. The British Museum,
why?
Because it is very famous and known for both the
speaker and the listener. Like once I say, for
example, the Parliament. The White House. The
White House. The Prime Minister. The Prime
Minister. Okay. Professor is absent today. The
professor is absent today because it is known for
both the speaker and the listener.
Okay.
I need you to answer the following quiz.