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Categories of increased risk for diabetes. ุจูŠู‚ู†ู‘ุง
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ุงู„ูุฆุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู€ diabetes
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุฃุนู„ู‰. ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ุจูŠู‚ู†ู‘ุง impaired glucose
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tolerance. People who have blood glucose
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concentrations above normal, but less than those
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required for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. ูˆู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€
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Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. ูˆุนู†ุฏู†ุง
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00:00:48,890 --> 00:00:55,650
ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุณุงุนุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ
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ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุจูŠู† ู…ุฆุฉ ูˆุฃุฑุจุนูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฆุฉ ูˆุชุณุนุฉ
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชุณุนูŠู†. ุทุจุนุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ู†ู‚ุฏุฑุด ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ diabetes mellitusุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุนุดุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡
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diabetes mellitusุŒ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€ glucose
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concentration ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 200ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ normal ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 140.
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ู„ุฃุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ normalุŒ ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุตุงุจูŠู†
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ุจุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ. ููŠ 140 ู„ู€ 199ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰
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ุจู€ Impaired Glucose ToleranceุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ
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ุจู†ุณู…ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ูŠุนู†ูŠ pre-diabetesุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
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ู…ุง ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ.
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00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:55,620
ู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ. ุตุญูŠุญ. ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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00:02:02,780 --> 00:02:07,560
ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ.
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ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ. ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ
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ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุชุฌู†ุจูˆุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู€ oral glucose
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tolerance testุŒ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ
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category ุฃูˆ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ impaired fasting
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glucose. ูˆ
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชู… ุฅุถุงูุชู‡ุง ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ ADAุŒ ุงู„ู€ American
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Diabetes Association. ูˆู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุชู… ุฅุถุงูุชู‡ุง ู…ู†
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ WHO ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู… ุชุณุนุฉ ูˆุชุณุนูŠู†. ุงู„ู€
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impaired fasting glucose diagnosed by fasting
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glucose value between those of normal and diabetic
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individuals. ูˆู‡ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู€ issue. ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุงู„ุดุฎุต
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ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€ glucose ุนู†ุฏู‡ุŒ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงุญู†ุง ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู„ู‰
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glucose ู„ุดุฎุต ุตุงุฆู…. ุงู„ู€ glucose ุจุฏู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุฅุฐุง
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ูƒุงู† ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุฆุฉุŒ ูˆ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ diabetes ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€
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concentration ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 126. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ concentration
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ู‡ุงู† ุจูŠู† ู…ุฆุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ 125 ู…ู„ูŠ ุฌุฑุงู… per ุฏูŠุณูŠู„ุชุฑ. ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
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00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:32,580
ู„ุง ู‡ูˆ normalุŒ ูˆู„ุง ู‡ูˆ diabetic. ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู‡ูˆ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง pre-diabetesุŒ ุจู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ pre-diabetes
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00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:41,420
ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุดุฎุตู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ู€ Oral Glucose
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00:03:41,420 --> 00:03:45,840
Tolerance TestุŒ ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุณุงุนุชูŠู†
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00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:52,030
ุจุฏู‡ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ concentration ุจูŠู† 140 ู„ู€ 199ุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู†
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00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:58,590
ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุญุต ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ุดุฎุต ุตุงุฆู…ุŒ ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€
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00:03:58,590 --> 00:04:05,910
concentration ุจูŠู† 100 ุฅู„ู‰ 125. ุทุจุนุงู‹ุŒ
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00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:08,930
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ 100 ุฅู„ู‰ 125
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ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ American Diabetes Association. ู„ูƒู†
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ WHOุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ WHO ุจุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃู†ู‡
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ุงู„ู€ cut-off value ู„ู„ู€ normal 110ุŒ ูˆู…ุด
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100. ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู„ู€
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glucose ุงู„ู€ fastingุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ glucose ู…ู† 110 ู„ู€ 125ุŒ
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00:04:42,940 --> 00:04:47,440
ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ WHOุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง
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ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุนู†ุฏู‡ pre-diabetes. ููŠ
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2009 ุชู… ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูุญุต ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
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ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ detection of pre-diabetes statusุŒ
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C.
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุน ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ hemoglobin A1C ุชุญุช 6.5 diabetes ุฅู„ู‰
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู‡ู… ููŠ ุญุฑุต ุนุงู„ูŠ
63
00:05:24,890 --> 00:05:32,270
ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ diabetes. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†
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6.5ุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต diabetic.
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00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:45,840
ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 5.7 normal. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ูุญุตู†ุง ุงู„ู€
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hemoglobin A1C ูˆู„ุงู‚ูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ุจูŠู† 5.7 ูˆ 6.4ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฑุถู‡
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ pre-diabetes
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00:05:56,020 --> 00:06:03,480
ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ risk ุนุงู„ูŠ ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู€ diabetes. ูŠุจู‚ู‰
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00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:09,390
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูุญุต ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ู…ุŒ ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู†
70
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ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ู… ู†ุญุฏุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนุฑุถุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ at higher
71
00:06:16,010 --> 00:06:22,250
risk ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู€ diabetes. ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุงู„ูŠ
72
00:06:22,250 --> 00:06:28,870
ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุธู… ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ blood glucose ููŠ
73
00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:34,680
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ูˆุนูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุชุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ hypoglycemic
74
00:06:34,680 --> 00:06:41,360
hormonesุŒ ูˆููŠู†ุง ุงู„ู€ hyperglycemic hormones. ุงู„ู€
75
00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:45,680
hypoglycemic hormones ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€
76
00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:50,620
insulin. ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฎููŠุถ
77
00:06:50,620 --> 00:06:55,740
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…. ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู€ hyperglycemic
78
00:06:55,740 --> 00:07:02,610
hormones ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑูุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
79
00:07:02,610 --> 00:07:08,410
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุฒูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ู€ glucagonุŒ ุงู„ู€
80
00:07:08,410 --> 00:07:13,990
epinephrineุŒ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ growth hormoneุŒ ุงู„ู€ cortisolุŒ
81
00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:19,550
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุจุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
82
00:07:19,550 --> 00:07:21,190
ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู….
83
00:07:30,410 --> 00:07:37,970
Normal glucose disposal depends on. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ู€
84
00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:44,890
glucose ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุนุดุงู† ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุฎูุถู‡ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰
85
00:07:44,890 --> 00:07:51,090
ู„ุง ุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ. ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ the
86
00:07:51,090 --> 00:07:55,250
ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. ูŠุจู‚ู‰
87
00:07:55,250 --> 00:07:58,090
ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ู„ู„ู€ pancreas ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูุฑุงุฒ
88
00:07:58,090 --> 00:08:02,540
ุงู„ู€ insulin. ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ability of insulin to
89
00:08:02,540 --> 00:08:06,100
promote uptake of glucose into peripheral tissue.
90
00:08:06,100 --> 00:08:11,000
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ insulin action
91
00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:17,260
ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ู€ insulin ู…ุน ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุงุŒ ูˆูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฎูˆู„
92
00:08:17,260 --> 00:08:23,320
ุงู„ู€ glucose ู„ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ. ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉุŒ the
93
00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,060
ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose
94
00:08:26,060 --> 00:08:32,080
production. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจุฏู†ุงุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ
95
00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:37,440
ุนุงู„ูŠุŒ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุชูˆู‚ู ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ุนู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ. ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰
96
00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:41,780
ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุชู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุชุญุช ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
97
00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:49,440
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ suppression ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ. The
98
00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,200
major insulin target organs are liver, skeletal
99
00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,500
muscle and adipose tissue. ุจูŠู‡ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ tissues
100
00:08:55,500 --> 00:09:01,100
ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง. MainlyุŒ ุงู„ู€ insulin these
101
00:09:01,100 --> 00:09:03,680
organs exhibit some differences in their
102
00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:08,500
response to insulin. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจูŠุณุชุฌูŠุจูˆุง ู„ู„ู€
103
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:14,760
insulinุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู…ุด ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุนุถ
104
00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:19,780
ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ููŠ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ tissues ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ. For
105
00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:23,120
exampleุŒ the hormone stimulates glucose uptake
106
00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,160
through a specific glucose transporterุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
107
00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:32,040
GLUT4 into muscle and fat cellsุŒ but not into liver
108
00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:37,640
cells. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ glucose transporters ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฎุชู„ู ู…ู†
109
00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:43,480
tissue ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ. ุจูŠู†ู…ุง
110
00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,540
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ liver ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ transporter ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
111
00:09:46,540 --> 00:09:47,800
GLUT2.
112
00:09:49,830 --> 00:09:55,790
ุทูŠุจุŒ ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุนู† ุงู„ู€
113
00:09:55,790 --> 00:10:02,130
synthesis ูˆ ุงู„ู€ degradation ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ
114
00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:08,090
ุนู† ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุขู„ุงู ูˆุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุซู…ุงู†ูŠู† ุฏุงู„ุชูˆู†. ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจุชูƒูˆู†
115
00:10:08,090 --> 00:10:13,530
ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุฎู…ุณูŠู† amino acidุŒ ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† two chainsุŒ
116
00:10:13,530 --> 00:10:21,960
ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ chain A ุจุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ chain B. ูˆู‡ุฐูˆู„ ุงู„ู€
117
00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:25,960
two chains ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚
118
00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:33,800
disulfide bridge. ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุงู„ูŠ
119
00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:40,010
ุงู„ู€ insulin ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ุงู„ู€ amino acid
120
00:10:40,010 --> 00:10:43,910
sequence ู„ู„ู€ human insulin differs slightly from
121
00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:50,270
insulin of other species. ููŠู†ุง ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู€
122
00:10:50,270 --> 00:10:58,270
amino acidsุŒ ู„ูƒู† ููŠู†ุง ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุณูˆุงุก
123
00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:03,340
ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ other
124
00:11:03,340 --> 00:11:07,600
species. The carboxyl terminal region of the B
125
00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:16,200
chainุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ู† B23 ู„ู€ B26ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ appears
126
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:20,420
crucial for the biological action of insulin. ูˆู…ู‡ู…ุฉ
127
00:11:20,420 --> 00:11:24,120
ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ู„ู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†. ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ highly
128
00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:29,960
conserved among species. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
129
00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:35,390
ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
130
00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:40,990
different species. ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุงู„ูŠ
131
00:11:40,990 --> 00:11:44,950
ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ insulin from most animals is
132
00:11:44,950 --> 00:11:49,610
immunologically and biologically similar to human
133
00:11:49,610 --> 00:11:53,970
insulin. And in the past, patients were treated with
134
00:11:53,970 --> 00:12:00,270
insulin purified from beef or pig pancreas. ู„ุฃู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
135
00:12:00,270 --> 00:12:05,770
ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุฅู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ conservedุŒ ูˆูŠุนู†ูŠ
136
00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:09,910
ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ different speciesุŒ
137
00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:14,550
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… insulin ูŠู†ุชุฌ ู…ู† ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุฒูŠ
138
00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:18,490
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุจู‚ุงุฑ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฌูˆู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฎู†ุฒูŠุฑุŒ
139
00:12:18,490 --> 00:12:24,570
ู„ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ insulin ู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰. ู„ูƒู†
140
00:12:24,570 --> 00:12:29,120
ุงู„ุขู† ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุจูŠุชู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†
141
00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:34,600
ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ recombinant ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
142
00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:38,880
DNA techniques. ู‡ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
143
00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:46,540
ู‡ูˆ recombinant human insulin. ุฃูˆู„
144
00:12:46,540 --> 00:12:54,580
ู…ู†ุชุฌ ุจูŠุชู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฃูˆู„ protein ุจูŠุชู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„
145
00:12:54,580 --> 00:13:00,770
ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ pre-proinsulin. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†
146
00:13:00,770 --> 00:13:05,250
110 amino acid formed by ribosomes in the rough
147
00:13:05,250 --> 00:13:09,730
endoplasmic reticulum of the pancreatic beta cells.
148
00:13:09,730 --> 00:13:12,870
Pre-
149
00:13:12,870 --> 00:13:16,570
proinsulin is not detectable in the circulation.
150
00:13:16,570 --> 00:13:23,390
ู„ูˆ ุจุญุซุช ุนู† ุงู„ู€ pre-proinsulinุŒ ู…ุด ู‡ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
151
00:13:23,390 --> 00:13:30,080
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ circulationุŒ ุจุธุฑูˆู ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูˆุจุดูƒู„
152
00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:37,560
ุณุฑูŠุน ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ cleavageุŒ ูˆุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ proinsulinุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
153
00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:43,560
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุซู…ุงู†ูŠู† amino acid.
154
00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:47,740
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ pre-proinsulinุŒ ุจูŠูู‚ุฏ
155
00:13:47,740 --> 00:13:56,690
amino acid. ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ cleavageุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุชู… ู‚ุทุน
156
00:13:56,690 --> 00:14:00,570
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ amino acidุŒ ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ proinsulin ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
157
00:14:00,570 --> 00:14:04,850
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุซู…ุงู†ูŠู† amino acid ุจุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†.
158
00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:13,600
ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู‚ูู„ ููŠ ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุงุช ู…ุฎุตุตุฉ ููŠ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจูŠุชุง ู„ู€
159
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:17,980
beta-cellsุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ู„ู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
160
00:14:17,980 --> 00:14:24,290
ูˆู…ุดุงุฑูƒุฉ ุจูŠุจุชูŠุฏ. ุทุจุนุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุชู… ุฅูุฑุงุฒู‡ ู…ู†
161
00:14:24,290 --> 00:14:32,510
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุงุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุจูŠุจุฏุงู‹ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ translation ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ rough
162
00:14:32,510 --> 00:14:36,450
endoplasmic reticulumุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ protein ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
163
00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:43,230
ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ุง ุจุชุชุฌู‡ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€
164
00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:46,950
ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุฌูˆู„ุฌูŠุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ complex. ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
165
00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:52,320
ุชุนุฏูŠู„ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช. ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ release
166
00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:57,080
ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ proteins ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุญูˆูŠุตู„ุงุชุŒ ุนุดุงู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ
167
00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:03,660
ูŠุตู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ.
168
00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:16,060
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนุดุงู† ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ insulinุŒ ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
169
00:15:16,060 --> 00:15:24,260
cleavage ู„ู„ู€ C-peptide. ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ cleavage ุจูŠุชู… ู…ู†
170
00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:30,900
ุฎู„ุงู„ enzymes ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชุณู…ู‰ prohormone convertases I
171
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:37,880
and II. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† endopeptidasesุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠู‚ุทุนูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
172
00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:45,160
ู‡ูˆ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ู‚ุทุน ู„ู„ู€ C-peptide ุนุดุงู†
173
00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:53,160
ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ enzyme prohormone
174
00:15:53,160 --> 00:16:00,420
convertase I ุจูŠุฌูŠ ูˆุจูŠุชุฑุชุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ C-terminal end
175
00:16:00,420 --> 00:16:12,040
ุงู„ู€ Arg 31 ูˆ Arg 32ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุนู…ู„ ู‚ุทุน ุจูŠู†
176
00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:20,380
ุงู„ู€ amino acid ุฑู‚ู… 32 ูˆ 33ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง
177
00:16:20,380 --> 00:16:28,680
ุงู„ู€ split 32 ูˆ 33 proinsulin. ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
179
00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:30,880
ุงู„ู€ enzyme ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ prohormone
180
00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:35,510
convertase-2ุŒ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ cleavage ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ. Cleaves
181
00:16:35,510 --> 00:16:39,210
proinsulin on the c-terminal side of
223
00:21:03,790 --> 00:21:15,490
ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู€ BC2 ู„ูุฌูุฆูŽ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู‚ุทุน ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุฒูŠ
224
00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:18,450
ู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ slider ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ
225
00:21:18,450 --> 00:21:19,590
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ minor pathway
226
00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:26,510
ูˆุฅู†ู‡ less than 10% of pro-insulin is metabolized
227
00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:32,590
via this 6465 pro-insulin which is present in
228
00:21:32,590 --> 00:21:37,250
negligible amounts in humans ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ูŠุง ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
229
00:21:37,250 --> 00:21:41,930
ุงู„ู€ minor part ูˆ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุฅู† this 3132 pro-insulin is
230
00:21:41,930 --> 00:21:46,510
the major pro-insulin conversion intermediate
231
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:53,560
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชุญูƒู… ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ Synthesis ู„ู€
232
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:58,460
Proinsulin ูˆ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู„ู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ PC-1 ุงู„ู„ูŠ
233
00:21:58,460 --> 00:22:04,180
ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ูˆ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ Proinsulin ุฅู„ู‰
234
00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:08,540
Insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Glucose regulates biosynthesis of
235
00:22:08,540 --> 00:22:14,000
both Proinsulin and BC-1 ู„ูƒู† ู…ุงู„ู‡ูˆุด ุฃูŠ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰
236
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:21,520
ุงู„ู€ BC-2 ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Carboxypeptidase H ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง
237
00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:24,460
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุชู…ู‘ุชู’ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡
238
00:22:24,460 --> 00:22:29,800
Exocytosis ูˆ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ Release ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆ ู„ู„ู€ C
239
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:30,640
-Peptide
240
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:40,440
ูˆุจูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ู„ู„ูƒุจุฏ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ portal circulation ูŠุจู‚ู‰
241
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:44,980
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ inner release ูˆุจูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ู„ู„ุฏู… ูˆุจูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง
242
00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:49,300
ู„ู„ูƒุจุฏ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ portal circulation ูˆ ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุทุจุนู‹ุง
243
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:54,760
ุจูŠุตู„ูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณู…
244
00:22:56,750 --> 00:23:01,410
ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู€ C-peptide ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ
245
00:23:01,410 --> 00:23:06,110
small amounts of pro-insulin ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ู€ intermediate
246
00:23:06,110 --> 00:23:12,970
cleavage forms ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ู… ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู€
247
00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:17,250
circulation ุทูŠุจุŒ
248
00:23:17,250 --> 00:23:21,470
ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู€ stimulus ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ signal ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
249
00:23:21,470 --> 00:23:26,700
release of insulinุŸ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ is the most important
250
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:32,800
physiological secretagogue for
251
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:37,700
insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ substance that promotes
252
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,060
secretion of insulin ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ substance that
253
00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:45,600
promotes the secretion of insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ
254
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:52,140
ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ stimulation ู„ู„ู€ beta
255
00:23:52,140 --> 00:23:57,680
cells ุนุดุงู† ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ secretion ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆู‡ุฐุง
256
00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,140
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ within minutes insulin release is
257
00:24:01,140 --> 00:24:06,420
potentiated by substances such as the incretin
258
00:24:06,420 --> 00:24:13,680
hormones ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู† ููŠ ุดุบู„ุงุช ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุฅูุฑุงุฒ
259
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:17,560
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุฒูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ incretin hormones ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†
260
00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:23,980
ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง release ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„
261
00:24:23,980 --> 00:24:29,200
ุจุณุจุจ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ู„ู…ุง ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
262
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:34,220
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง release ู„ู„ู€ incretin hormones ุฒูŠ
263
00:24:34,220 --> 00:24:37,440
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ glucagon-like peptide ูˆ ุงู„ู€ glucose
264
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:41,320
-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
265
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:49,440
ูˆยซูƒูˆู„ูŠุณูŠุณุชูˆูƒุงูŠู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุจูŠุจุชุงูŠุฏ YYยป ูˆยซุฅูƒุฒูŠู†ุชูˆู…ูˆุฏูŠูˆู„ูŠู†ยป
266
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:53,100
ูƒู„ู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุจุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง release ุจุนุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„
267
00:24:53,100 --> 00:25:00,380
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ release
268
00:25:00,380 --> 00:25:02,300
ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
269
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,940
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุŒ ุฅู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุนู…ู„
270
00:25:07,940 --> 00:25:12,220
Inhibition ู„ู€ Insulin Release ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€
271
00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:17,000
Hypoglycemia ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ Glucose ุฅู†ู‡
272
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:21,760
ุงู„ู€ Somatostatin ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠูุฑุฒ ุจุฑุถู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Pancreas
273
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:26,440
ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Delta Cells ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Pancreas
274
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:32,010
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ hormone ุจูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ inhibition ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
275
00:25:32,010 --> 00:25:36,030
beta cells ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠู‚ู„ู„ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ inhibition ู„ู„ู€
276
00:25:36,030 --> 00:25:42,650
release ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ drugs ุงู„ู„ูŠ
277
00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:47,770
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจุชุนู…ู„ inhibition ู„ู„ู€ release ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู…ู†
278
00:25:47,770 --> 00:25:52,030
ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ beta cells
279
00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,690
in healthy individuals insulin is released in a
280
00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:05,610
pulsatile fashion ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ
281
00:26:05,610 --> 00:26:11,050
ู‡ูˆ pulses ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒู„ ูุชุฑุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ release
282
00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:15,210
ู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง pulsatile
283
00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:20,620
releaseุŒ pulses with glucose and insulin the main
284
00:26:20,620 --> 00:26:25,140
signals in the feedback loop ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ .. ูˆ
285
00:26:25,140 --> 00:26:28,780
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญูƒู…ู‡ ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุนู…ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ feedback ุฃูˆ
286
00:26:28,780 --> 00:26:31,240
negative feedback ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ .. ุงู„ู€ release ุงู„ู„ูŠ
287
00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:35,500
glucose ูˆ ุงู„ู€ insulin ุงู„ู€ glucose ุงู„ู„ูŠ sets the
288
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:39,000
release of insulin from the pancreas into phases
289
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:46,220
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู…ุง ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ glucose ู„ู„ุฏู… ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ุง
290
00:26:46,220 --> 00:26:52,210
release ู„ู„ู€ insulin ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูŠู†
291
00:26:52,210 --> 00:27:01,410
ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุฏ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ู…ู† ุฏุฎูˆู„
292
00:27:01,410 --> 00:27:09,310
ุงู„ู€ glucose ู„ู„ุฏู… ูˆ ุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุนุดุฑ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ
293
00:27:09,310 --> 00:27:13,330
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ุณุฑูŠุน ุจุนุฏ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุชูŠู†
294
00:27:13,890 --> 00:27:18,590
ูˆุจุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุนุดุฑ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูˆุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
295
00:27:18,590 --> 00:27:23,190
release ู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ sharp spike
296
00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:29,130
represents the rapid release of stored insulin ูŠุจู‚ู‰
297
00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:34,290
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ release ู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ
298
00:27:34,290 --> 00:27:38,070
ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ beginning at the point where
299
00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:44,010
the first phase ended ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุนุดุฑ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ูˆุจุชุณุชู…ุฑ
300
00:27:44,010 --> 00:27:50,030
ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุฑุฌุน ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ glucose ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ุฅู„ู‰
301
00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:58,570
ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุชู…ุฑ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ 60 ุฅู„ู‰
302
00:27:58,570 --> 00:28:08,940
120 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจุนุฏ 60 ุฅู„ู‰ 120 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง
303
00:28:08,940 --> 00:28:15,200
ุงู„ู€ figure ุจูŠูˆุถุญ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุฃูˆ
304
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:20,060
ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู„ู€ ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€
305
00:28:20,060 --> 00:28:28,060
injection ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูŠุจูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
306
00:28:28,060 --> 00:28:34,720
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ู„ู‡ุง detection ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€
307
00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:42,190
time ู‡ู†ุง ุฅู† ู‡ูˆ ุดุฎุต ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูˆุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡
308
00:28:42,190 --> 00:28:48,750
ุฅู†ูŠ release ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
309
00:28:48,750 --> 00:28:54,310
ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ุญู‚ู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุจุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฌุฑุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู€
310
00:28:54,310 --> 00:28:59,630
glucose ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุตูุฑ ุตุงุฑ ุฅู† ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง
311
00:28:59,630 --> 00:29:03,990
ุดุงูŠููŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ phase one ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
312
00:29:03,990 --> 00:29:07,930
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุชูŠู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€
313
00:29:07,930 --> 00:29:14,730
release ู„ู„ู€ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ insulin ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ
314
00:29:14,730 --> 00:29:18,050
ุจุนุฏ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุนุดุฑ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจุชุจุฏุฃ
315
00:29:18,050 --> 00:29:22,850
ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู„ู€ insulin ุจุชู‚ู„ ุจู†ุจุฏุฃ ุจูŠู‡
316
00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:27,670
ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู†ุฒู„ ุงู„ู€ glucose concentration
317
00:29:27,670 --> 00:29:33,650
ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ insulin ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู…ุง ุชุฑุฌุน
318
00:29:33,650 --> 00:29:39,070
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ insulin ู„ู„ู€ basal levels ุนู†ุฏู…ุง
319
00:29:39,070 --> 00:29:44,940
ุชุฑุฌุน ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู„ู€ glucose ู„ู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰
320
00:29:44,940 --> 00:29:50,860
ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุงู„ู€ figures ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง figure B
321
00:29:50,860 --> 00:29:57,780
ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠูˆุถุญ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ insulin ุนู†ุฏ ุดุฎุต ู…ุตุงุจ ุจุงู„ู€ type 2
322
00:29:57,780 --> 00:30:01,640
diabetes mellitus ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจุงู„ู€ type 2
323
00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:07,040
diabetes mellitus ุจูŠูู‚ุฏูˆุง phase one ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
324
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:13,730
ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… phase one ุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ู„ู…ุง ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู€
325
00:30:13,730 --> 00:30:18,610
carbohydrates ูˆุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ู„ุฏู… ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุธู„
326
00:30:18,610 --> 00:30:23,150
ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ glucose concentration ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ ูุชุฑุฉ
327
00:30:23,150 --> 00:30:28,430
ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู… ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ phase one ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰
328
00:30:28,430 --> 00:30:34,470
ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฎูุถ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
329
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:38,070
ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ release ู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ
330
00:30:38,070 --> 00:30:44,370
ู‡ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ุณุฑูŠุน ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ type two ุงู„ู€ diabetic patients
331
00:30:44,370 --> 00:30:48,730
ุงู„ู€ phase one ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุตูุฑ
332
00:30:48,730 --> 00:30:53,330
ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ injection ู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฌุฑุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ู†
333
00:30:53,330 --> 00:30:57,210
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุดุงูŠููŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุงููŠุด ุนู†ุฏู†ุง spike
334
00:30:57,210 --> 00:31:01,770
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุตุงุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ phase one ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ูƒู†
335
00:31:01,770 --> 00:31:08,150
ุงู„ู€ phase two ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ูŠุฑุชูุน ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ insulin
336
00:31:11,130 --> 00:31:18,650
ูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุงุฎุฐ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูุชุฑุงุช ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ
337
00:31:18,650 --> 00:31:27,430
ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ normal concentration ูŠุนู†ูŠ
338
00:31:27,430 --> 00:31:30,270
ู„ุฃ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู€ type 2 diabetes ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตู„ ู„ู„ู€ normal
339
00:31:30,270 --> 00:31:34,670
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุดุงู† ูŠุฎูุถ ุงู„ู€ glucose ู„ูƒู† ุทุจุนู‹ุง ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตู„ ู„ู„ู€
340
00:31:34,670 --> 00:31:41,520
normal ู‡ูŠุธู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ glucose ู…ุฑุชูุน ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€
341
00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:45,920
patients with type 1 ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุฃุตู„ุงู‹ ุงุญู†ุง ููŠ
342
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:52,280
ุงู„ู€ release of insulin ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡
343
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:56,040
destruction ู„ู€ beta cells ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€
344
00:31:56,040 --> 00:31:59,720
insulin ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจู€ very low
345
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:00,860
concentrations
346
00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:06,720
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุดูˆูู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ figure ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ with
347
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:09,360
progressive failure of beta cell function first
348
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:15,740
phase insulin response ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ is lost ู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ุงู„ู€
349
00:32:15,740 --> 00:32:21,060
second phase ุจุชุธู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ is preserved both
350
00:32:21,060 --> 00:32:23,520
the first phase response and normal pulsatile
351
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:26,760
insulin secretion are lost ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ first phase
352
00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:32,790
ุจูŠูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ู€ pulsatile insulin secretion ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€
353
00:32:32,790 --> 00:32:39,550
second phase ุจุชุธู„ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆุทุจุนู‹ุง ุงู„ู€ word type one
354
00:32:39,550 --> 00:32:44,510
ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุตู„ุงู‹ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ release ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ
355
00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,110
minimal or no insulin response ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€
356
00:32:50,110 --> 00:32:51,750
insulin degradation
357
00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:58,660
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Portal Circulation
358
00:32:58,660 --> 00:33:04,300
ู†ุญู† ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจูŠุฏุฎู„
359
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:09,160
ู„ู„ูƒุจุฏ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ Portal Circulation ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง
360
00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,040
ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ Portal Circulation
361
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:20,050
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง 50% ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูŠุชู… ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
362
00:33:20,050 --> 00:33:25,530
where it is degraded ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ .. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ูƒู„
363
00:33:25,530 --> 00:33:29,030
ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู€ degradation ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ
364
00:33:29,030 --> 00:33:32,950
ููŠู‡ ูุนู„ูŠู‹ุง extraction ู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
365
00:33:32,950 --> 00:33:41,390
ู„ูƒู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง release ู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ
366
00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:46,630
ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ู€ circulation ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุด ูƒุชูŠุฑ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡
367
00:33:46,990 --> 00:33:51,570
ุงู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง degradation ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ
368
00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,410
ููŠู‡ extraction ู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู„ูƒู† ู…ู…ูƒู†
369
00:33:55,410 --> 00:33:59,930
ู„ุงุญู‚ู‹ุง ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ extraction
370
00:33:59,930 --> 00:34:04,190
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฑุฌุน ุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู„ู€ circulation ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
371
00:34:04,190 --> 00:34:07,370
additional insulin degradation occurs in the
372
00:34:07,370 --> 00:34:12,300
kidneys ูˆุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ degradation ู‡ุง ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€
373
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:17,280
tubules ูˆุจุงู„ู€ proximal tubules ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ูŠุจู‚ู‰
374
00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:21,580
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง filtration ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€
375
00:34:21,580 --> 00:34:27,760
glomeruli ุจุนุฏ ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ reabsorption ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†
376
00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:31,520
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ proximal convoluted tubule ูˆุจุชุตูŠุฑ
377
00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:37,000
degradation ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู€ proximal
378
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,620
convoluted tubule
379
00:35:01,390 --> 00:35:07,330
ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู€ Proinsulin ุจุดูƒู„ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุนุฏุฏ ุตุบูŠุฑ
380
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:13,870
of proinsulin enters the circulation ู„ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
381
00:35:13,870 --> 00:35:18,310
ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ of the amount of insulin ุจุชู„ุงุชุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู†
382
00:35:18,310 --> 00:35:21,230
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ insulin ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุชูƒูˆู†
383
00:35:21,230 --> 00:35:25,830
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ proinsulin ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู€ proinsulin
384
00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,310
the hepatic clearance rate for proinsulin is only
385
00:35:29,310 --> 00:35:34,630
25% of that for insulin ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ clearance
386
00:35:34,630 --> 00:35:41,940
ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ู€ half-life
387
00:35:41,940 --> 00:35:47,260
ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ Proinsulin ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€
388
00:35:47,260 --> 00:35:50,320
clearance ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑุช ู„ู‡ ุงู„ู€ clearance ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ
389
00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:54,400
ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุงู„ู€ half-life ู„ู„ู€ Proinsulin ุฃุนู„ู‰
390
00:35:54,400 --> 00:36:01,320
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุจุณุช ู…ุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ
391
00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:04,420
ุงู„ู€ fasting state ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ circulating
392
00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:10,100
pro-insulin concentration approximately 10% to 15%
393
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:15,800
of insulin concentration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุณุจุจ .. ุฒูŠ ู…ุง
394
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:21,500
ุฐูƒุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุณุจุจูŠู† ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ู€ clearance ุฃู‚ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ู€
395
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:28,120
half-life ุฃุทูˆู„ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ
396
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:29,680
ู„ู„ู€ C-peptide
397
00:36:32,210 --> 00:36:34,850
was initially thought to be devoid of biological
398
00:36:34,850 --> 00:36:38,950
activity ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุจุงู„ู€ .. ุจุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุจูŠููƒุฑูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุงููŠุด ุฃูŠ
399
00:36:38,950 --> 00:36:45,950
ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ู„ู€ C-peptide and
400
00:36:45,950 --> 00:36:48,510
was necessary only to ensure the correct structure
401
00:36:48,510 --> 00:36:57,150
of insulin ู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู…ู‘ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ C
402
00:36:57,150 --> 00:36:59,770
-peptide ู„ูุฌูุฆูŽ ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ู€ C-peptide ู„ู‡ ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠูƒุงู„
403
00:36:59,770 --> 00:37:02,550
activity but its possible physiological
404
00:37:02,550 --> 00:37:07,010
significance remains controversial ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุงููŠุด ู„ุณู‡
405
00