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1 |
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00:00:02,870 --> 00:00:07,210 |
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Categories of increased risk for diabetes. ุจููููุง |
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2 |
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00:00:07,210 --> 00:00:12,410 |
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ุงููุฆุงุช ุงููู ุงุญุชู
ุงููุฉ ุงูุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู diabetes |
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3 |
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00:00:12,410 --> 00:00:18,710 |
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ุนูุฏูู
ุฃุนูู. ุฃูู ุดูุก ุจููููุง impaired glucose |
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4 |
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00:00:18,710 --> 00:00:22,330 |
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tolerance. People who have blood glucose |
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5 |
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00:00:22,330 --> 00:00:26,490 |
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concentrations above normal, but less than those |
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6 |
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00:00:26,490 --> 00:00:33,290 |
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required for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. ููุฐุง |
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7 |
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00:00:33,290 --> 00:00:43,410 |
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ุงููู ูู ู
ุฑุชุจุท ุจููุงุณ ููุฌููููุฒ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู |
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8 |
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00:00:43,410 --> 00:00:48,890 |
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Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. ูุนูุฏูุง |
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9 |
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00:00:48,890 --> 00:00:55,650 |
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ุงูููุงุณ ูุฌููููุฒ ุจุนุฏ ุณุงุนุชูู ู
ู ุฅุนุทุงุก ุงูุฌุฑุนุฉ |
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10 |
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00:00:55,650 --> 00:01:01,580 |
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ูุฌููููุฒ ุจูููู ุจูู ู
ุฆุฉ ูุฃุฑุจุนูู ุฅูู ู
ุฆุฉ ูุชุณุนุฉ |
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11 |
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00:01:01,580 --> 00:01:06,260 |
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ู ุงูุชุณุนูู. ุทุจุนุงูุ ูู ูุฐู ุงูุญุงูุฉุ ูุนูู ู
ุง ููุฏุฑุด ูููู ุฃู ูุฐุง |
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12 |
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00:01:06,260 --> 00:01:11,420 |
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ุนูุฏู diabetes mellitusุ ูุฃู ุนุดุงู ูููู ุฃูู ุนูุฏู |
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13 |
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00:01:11,420 --> 00:01:14,480 |
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diabetes mellitusุ ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ูููู ุงูู glucose |
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14 |
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00:01:14,480 --> 00:01:22,260 |
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concentration ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 200ุ ู ุงูู normal ุฃูู ู
ู 140. |
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15 |
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00:01:22,260 --> 00:01:28,990 |
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ูุฃุ ูู ู
ุง ูู ู
ุน ุงูู normalุ ููุง ูู ู
ุน ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงููู ู
ุตุงุจูู |
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16 |
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00:01:28,990 --> 00:01:34,650 |
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ุจุงูุณูุฑู. ูู 140 ูู 199ุ ูุฐุง ุงูุดุฎุต ุจูููู ุนูุฏู ู
ุง ูุณู
ู |
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17 |
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00:01:34,650 --> 00:01:41,270 |
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ุจู Impaired Glucose Toleranceุ ุฃู ุงููู ุจูุณู
ููู
ุ ุฃู |
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18 |
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00:01:41,270 --> 00:01:46,010 |
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ุจูุณู
ู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ูุนูู pre-diabetesุ ุงููู ูู ู
ุฑุญูุฉ |
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19 |
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00:01:46,010 --> 00:01:48,490 |
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ู
ุง ูุจู ุงูุณูุฑู. |
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20 |
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00:01:53,340 --> 00:01:55,620 |
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ูุชุฎูุต ู
ู ุฌููููุฒ. ุตุญูุญ. ุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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21 |
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00:01:55,620 --> 00:01:56,320 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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22 |
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00:01:56,320 --> 00:02:02,000 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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23 |
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00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:02,780 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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24 |
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00:02:02,780 --> 00:02:07,560 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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25 |
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00:02:07,560 --> 00:02:08,040 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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26 |
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00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:08,300 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. |
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27 |
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00:02:08,300 --> 00:02:13,500 |
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ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุงูุตุญูุญ. ุจุนุฏ ููู |
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28 |
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00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:16,160 |
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ูุนูู ุนุดุงู ูุชุฌูุจูุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงูู oral glucose |
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29 |
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00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:21,260 |
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tolerance testุ ุตุงุฑ ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงููู ููุ ุงููู ูู |
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30 |
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00:02:21,260 --> 00:02:24,780 |
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category ุฃู ู
ุตุทูุญ ุขุฎุฑุ ุงููู ูุณู
ู impaired fasting |
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31 |
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00:02:24,780 --> 00:02:29,540 |
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glucose. ู |
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32 |
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00:02:29,540 --> 00:02:35,540 |
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ูุฐู ุชู
ุฅุถุงูุชูุง ุทุจุนุงู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู ADAุ ุงูู American |
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33 |
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00:02:35,540 --> 00:02:42,270 |
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Diabetes Association. ููุงุญูุงู ุจุฑุถู ุชู
ุฅุถุงูุชูุง ู
ู |
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34 |
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00:02:42,270 --> 00:02:49,510 |
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ุฎูุงู ุงูู WHO ูู ุงูุนุงู
ุชุณุนุฉ ูุชุณุนูู. ุงูู |
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35 |
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00:02:49,510 --> 00:02:52,310 |
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impaired fasting glucose diagnosed by fasting |
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36 |
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00:02:52,310 --> 00:02:55,590 |
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glucose value between those of normal and diabetic |
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37 |
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00:02:55,590 --> 00:03:01,330 |
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individuals. ููุง ุจุฑุถู ููุณ ุงูู issue. ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ุงูุดุฎุต |
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38 |
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00:03:01,330 --> 00:03:05,110 |
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ุทุจูุนูุ ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู glucose ุนูุฏูุ ุทุจุนุงู ุงุญูุง ุจูุญูู ุนูู |
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39 |
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00:03:05,110 --> 00:03:10,910 |
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glucose ูุดุฎุต ุตุงุฆู
. ุงูู glucose ุจุฏู ูููู ุทุจูุนูุ ุฅุฐุง |
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40 |
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00:03:10,910 --> 00:03:16,410 |
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ูุงู ุฃูู ู
ู ู
ุฆุฉุ ู ุจุฏู ูููู ุนูุฏู diabetes ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู |
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41 |
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00:03:16,410 --> 00:03:21,030 |
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concentration ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 126. ูุจูู ุงูู concentration |
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42 |
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00:03:21,030 --> 00:03:27,800 |
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ูุงู ุจูู ู
ุฆุฉ ู ุงูู 125 ู
ูู ุฌุฑุงู
per ุฏูุณููุชุฑ. ูุจุงูุชุงูู |
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43 |
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00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:32,580 |
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ูุง ูู normalุ ููุง ูู diabetic. ุจุฑุถู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงููู |
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44 |
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00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:36,280 |
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ูู ุจูุณู
ููุง pre-diabetesุ ุจู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูู pre-diabetes |
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45 |
|
00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:41,420 |
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ู
ู
ูู ูุดุฎุตูุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ุงูู Oral Glucose |
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46 |
|
00:03:41,420 --> 00:03:45,840 |
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Tolerance Testุ ูุฒู ู
ุง ูููุงุ ุงููู ูู ุจุนุฏ ุณุงุนุชูู |
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47 |
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00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:52,030 |
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ุจุฏู ูููู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู concentration ุจูู 140 ูู 199ุ ุฃู ู
ู |
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48 |
|
00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:58,590 |
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ุฎูุงู ูุญุต ุงูุฌููููุฒ ูุดุฎุต ุตุงุฆู
ุ ูุจุชููู ุงูู |
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49 |
|
00:03:58,590 --> 00:04:05,910 |
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concentration ุจูู 100 ุฅูู 125. ุทุจุนุงูุ |
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50 |
|
00:04:05,910 --> 00:04:08,930 |
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ูุฐู ุงูู concentration ุงููู ูู 100 ุฅูู 125 |
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51 |
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00:04:08,930 --> 00:04:14,770 |
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ุจูุงุกู ุนูู ุงูู American Diabetes Association. ููู |
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52 |
|
00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:22,450 |
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ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู WHOุ ุงูุฃุฑูุงู
ู
ุฎุชููุฉุ ู ุงูู WHO ุจุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃูู |
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53 |
|
00:04:22,450 --> 00:04:30,710 |
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ุงูู cut-off value ููู normal 110ุ ูู
ุด |
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54 |
|
00:04:30,710 --> 00:04:36,810 |
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100. ูุจุงูุชุงููุ ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุนูุฏ ุงูุดุฎุต ุงูู concentration ููู |
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55 |
|
00:04:36,810 --> 00:04:41,270 |
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glucose ุงูู fastingุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู glucose ู
ู 110 ูู 125ุ |
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56 |
|
00:04:42,940 --> 00:04:47,440 |
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ุจูุงุกู ุทุจุนุงู ุนูู ุงููู ูู ุงูู WHOุ ูุจูู ุจูููู ุฃู ูุฐุง |
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57 |
|
00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:58,420 |
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ุงูุดุฎุต ุนูุฏู pre-diabetes. ูู |
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58 |
|
00:04:58,420 --> 00:05:04,880 |
|
2009 ุชู
ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุงููู ูู ูุญุต ุขุฎุฑุ ุงููู |
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59 |
|
00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:09,280 |
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ูู ุจุฑุถู detection of pre-diabetes statusุ |
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60 |
|
00:05:09,280 --> 00:05:11,660 |
|
ุงููู ูู ุงูู hemoglobin A1C. |
|
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61 |
|
00:05:14,730 --> 00:05:19,910 |
|
ุงููุงุณ ู
ุน ููู
ุฉ hemoglobin A1C ุชุญุช 6.5 diabetes ุฅูู |
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62 |
|
00:05:19,910 --> 00:05:24,890 |
|
ูููู ุฃุนูู ู
ู ุงูููู
ุฉ ุงูุทุจูุนูุฉ ูู
ูู ุญุฑุต ุนุงูู |
|
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63 |
|
00:05:24,890 --> 00:05:32,270 |
|
ููุชุทูุฑ ุฅูู diabetes. ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงูู hemoglobin A1C ุฃุนูู ู
ู |
|
|
|
64 |
|
00:05:32,270 --> 00:05:38,070 |
|
6.5ุ ู
ุนูุงุชู ูุฐุง ุงูุดุฎุต diabetic. |
|
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65 |
|
00:05:39,420 --> 00:05:45,840 |
|
ูุฅุฐุง ุฃูู ู
ู 5.7 normal. ูุจูู ุฅุฐุง ูุงู ูุญุตูุง ุงูู |
|
|
|
66 |
|
00:05:45,840 --> 00:05:50,860 |
|
hemoglobin A1C ููุงูููุงูุง ุจูู 5.7 ู 6.4ุ ูุจูู ุจุฑุถู |
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67 |
|
00:05:50,860 --> 00:05:56,020 |
|
ูุฐุง ุงููู ูู ุงูุดุฎุต ุงููู ูู ู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูู pre-diabetes |
|
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68 |
|
00:05:56,020 --> 00:06:03,480 |
|
ูุนูุฏู ุงูู risk ุนุงูู ููุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู diabetes. ูุจูู |
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|
|
69 |
|
00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:09,390 |
|
ุนูุฏูุง ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู ูุญุต ู
ู
ูู ูุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
ูู
ุ ูู
ู
ูู ู
ู |
|
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70 |
|
00:06:09,390 --> 00:06:16,010 |
|
ุฎูุงููู
ูุญุฏุฏ ุงููุงุณ ุงููู ูุนูู ุฃูุซุฑ ุนุฑุถุฉุ ุฃู at higher |
|
|
|
71 |
|
00:06:16,010 --> 00:06:22,250 |
|
risk ููุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจู diabetes. ุจุงููุณุจุงูู |
|
|
|
72 |
|
00:06:22,250 --> 00:06:28,870 |
|
ุงููุฑู
ููุงุช ุงููู ุจุชูุธู
ู
ุณุชูู ุงูู blood glucose ูู |
|
|
|
73 |
|
00:06:28,870 --> 00:06:34,680 |
|
ุนูุฏูุง ููุนูู ู
ู ุงููุฑู
ููุงุชุ ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู hypoglycemic |
|
|
|
74 |
|
00:06:34,680 --> 00:06:41,360 |
|
hormonesุ ููููุง ุงูู hyperglycemic hormones. ุงูู |
|
|
|
75 |
|
00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:45,680 |
|
hypoglycemic hormones ุทุจุนุงู ุฅููุง ูุฑู
ูู ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
76 |
|
00:06:45,680 --> 00:06:50,620 |
|
insulin. ูุฐุง ุงููุฑู
ูู ุงููุญูุฏ ุงููู ุจูุนู
ู ุนูู ุชุฎููุถ |
|
|
|
77 |
|
00:06:50,620 --> 00:06:55,740 |
|
ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฌููููุฒ ูู ุงูุฏู
. ุจููู
ุง ุงูู hyperglycemic |
|
|
|
78 |
|
00:06:55,740 --> 00:07:02,610 |
|
hormones ุฅููุง ูุฑู
ููุงุช ุนุฏูุฏุฉ ุจุชุนู
ู ุนูู ุฑูุน ู
ุณุชูู |
|
|
|
79 |
|
00:07:02,610 --> 00:07:08,410 |
|
ุงูุฌููููุฒ ูู ุงูุฏู
ุ ุฒู ุนูุฏูุง ุทุจุนุงู ุงูู glucagonุ ุงูู |
|
|
|
80 |
|
00:07:08,410 --> 00:07:13,990 |
|
epinephrineุ ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู growth hormoneุ ุงูู cortisolุ |
|
|
|
81 |
|
00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:19,550 |
|
ูููุง ูุฑู
ููุงุช ุจุชุนู
ู ุนูู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฌููููุฒ |
|
|
|
82 |
|
00:07:19,550 --> 00:07:21,190 |
|
ูู ุงูุฏู
. |
|
|
|
83 |
|
00:07:30,410 --> 00:07:37,970 |
|
Normal glucose disposal depends on. ูุจูู ุนุดุงู ุงูู |
|
|
|
84 |
|
00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:44,890 |
|
glucose ุงููู ุจูุฏุฎู ุงูุฏู
ุ ุนุดุงู ููุฏุฑ ูุฎูุถูุ ูุจูู |
|
|
|
85 |
|
00:07:44,890 --> 00:07:51,090 |
|
ูุง ุจุฏ ุฃู ูููู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูุชุงููุฉ. ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุงูุฃููุ the |
|
|
|
86 |
|
00:07:51,090 --> 00:07:55,250 |
|
ability of the pancreas to secrete insulin. ูุจูู |
|
|
|
87 |
|
00:07:55,250 --> 00:07:58,090 |
|
ูุงุฒู
ูููู ููู ูุฏุฑุฉ ููู pancreas ุทุจุนุงู ุนูู ุฅูุฑุงุฒ |
|
|
|
88 |
|
00:07:58,090 --> 00:08:02,540 |
|
ุงูู insulin. ูุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉุ ability of insulin to |
|
|
|
89 |
|
00:08:02,540 --> 00:08:06,100 |
|
promote uptake of glucose into peripheral tissue. |
|
|
|
90 |
|
00:08:06,100 --> 00:08:11,000 |
|
ูุจูู ุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉุ ุงููู ูู ุฃู ุงูู insulin action |
|
|
|
91 |
|
00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:17,260 |
|
ูุฑุชุจุท ุงูู insulin ู
ุน ุงูุฎูุงูุงุ ููุนููุงู ูุนู
ู ุนูู ุฏุฎูู |
|
|
|
92 |
|
00:08:17,260 --> 00:08:23,320 |
|
ุงูู glucose ููุฎูุงูุง ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ. ูุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุซุงูุซุฉุ the |
|
|
|
93 |
|
00:08:23,320 --> 00:08:26,060 |
|
ability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose |
|
|
|
94 |
|
00:08:26,060 --> 00:08:32,080 |
|
production. ูุจูู ุจุฑุถู ุจุฏูุงุ ูุนูู ุฒู ูุฃู ุงูุฌููููุฒ |
|
|
|
95 |
|
00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:37,440 |
|
ุนุงููุ ุจุฏู ูุชููู ุงููุจุฏ ุนู ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุงูุฌููููุฒ. ุจูุจูู |
|
|
|
96 |
|
00:08:37,440 --> 00:08:41,780 |
|
ุจุฑุถู ูุฐุง ุจูุชู
ุงููู ูู ุชุญุช ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูุงูุณููููุ ุงููู |
|
|
|
97 |
|
00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:49,440 |
|
ุจูุนู
ู suppression ูุฎุฑูุฌ ุงูุฌููููุฒ ู
ู ุงููุจุฏ. The |
|
|
|
98 |
|
00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,200 |
|
major insulin target organs are liver, skeletal |
|
|
|
99 |
|
00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,500 |
|
muscle and adipose tissue. ุจููุฏู ุงูู tissues |
|
|
|
100 |
|
00:08:55,500 --> 00:09:01,100 |
|
ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ ุงููู ุจูุดุชุบู ุนูููุง. Mainlyุ ุงูู insulin these |
|
|
|
101 |
|
00:09:01,100 --> 00:09:03,680 |
|
organs exhibit some differences in their |
|
|
|
102 |
|
00:09:03,680 --> 00:09:08,500 |
|
response to insulin. ูุจูู ุงูุซูุงุซุฉ ุจูุณุชุฌูุจูุง ููู |
|
|
|
103 |
|
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:14,760 |
|
insulinุ ููู ุงูุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ู
ุด ู
ุชุดุงุจูุฉ. ูุจูู ููู ุฃูู ุจุนุถ |
|
|
|
104 |
|
00:09:14,760 --> 00:09:19,780 |
|
ุงูุงุฎุชูุงู ูู ุงูุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ููู tissues ุงูู
ุฎุชููุฉ. For |
|
|
|
105 |
|
00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:23,120 |
|
exampleุ the hormone stimulates glucose uptake |
|
|
|
106 |
|
00:09:23,120 --> 00:09:26,160 |
|
through a specific glucose transporterุ ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
107 |
|
00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:32,040 |
|
GLUT4 into muscle and fat cellsุ but not into liver |
|
|
|
108 |
|
00:09:32,040 --> 00:09:37,640 |
|
cells. ูุจูู ุงูู glucose transporters ู
ู
ูู ูุฎุชูู ู
ู |
|
|
|
109 |
|
00:09:37,640 --> 00:09:43,480 |
|
tissue ุฅูู ุขุฎุฑ. ุจููู
ุง |
|
|
|
110 |
|
00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:46,540 |
|
ูู ุงูู liver ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู transporter ุขุฎุฑุ ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
111 |
|
00:09:46,540 --> 00:09:47,800 |
|
GLUT2. |
|
|
|
112 |
|
00:09:49,830 --> 00:09:55,790 |
|
ุทูุจุ ูุญูู ุดููุฉ ุนู ุงููุฑู
ูู ุงูุฅูุณููููุ ูุนู ุงูู |
|
|
|
113 |
|
00:09:55,790 --> 00:10:02,130 |
|
synthesis ู ุงูู degradation ููุฐุง ุงููุฑู
ูู. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
114 |
|
00:10:02,130 --> 00:10:08,090 |
|
ุนู ุฎู
ุณุฉ ุขูุงู ูุซู
ุงููุฉ ูุซู
ุงููู ุฏุงูุชูู. ุจุฑูุชูู ุจุชููู |
|
|
|
115 |
|
00:10:08,090 --> 00:10:13,530 |
|
ู
ู ูุงุญุฏ ูุฎู
ุณูู amino acidุ ูุจุชููู ู
ู two chainsุ |
|
|
|
116 |
|
00:10:13,530 --> 00:10:21,960 |
|
ุฃู ุงูู chain A ุจุงูุฃุญู
ุฑุ ููู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู chain B. ููุฐูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
117 |
|
00:10:21,960 --> 00:10:25,960 |
|
two chains ู
ุฑุชุจุทูู ู
ุน ุจุนุถูู
ุงูุจุนุถุ ุงููู ูู ุนู ุทุฑูู |
|
|
|
118 |
|
00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:33,800 |
|
disulfide bridge. ุจุงููุณุจุงูู |
|
|
|
119 |
|
00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:40,010 |
|
ุงูู insulin ุงููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุนูุฏ ุงูุฅูุณุงูุ ุงูู amino acid |
|
|
|
120 |
|
00:10:40,010 --> 00:10:43,910 |
|
sequence ููู human insulin differs slightly from |
|
|
|
121 |
|
00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:50,270 |
|
insulin of other species. ูููุง ุงุฎุชูุงู ูู ุจุนุถ ุงูู |
|
|
|
122 |
|
00:10:50,270 --> 00:10:58,270 |
|
amino acidsุ ููู ูููุง ู
ูุงุทู ู
ุชุดุงุจูุฉ ุจุงูุงูุณููููุ ุณูุงุก |
|
|
|
123 |
|
00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:03,340 |
|
ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏ ุจุงูุฅูุณุงู ุฃู ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏ ูู ุงูู other |
|
|
|
124 |
|
00:11:03,340 --> 00:11:07,600 |
|
species. The carboxyl terminal region of the B |
|
|
|
125 |
|
00:11:07,600 --> 00:11:16,200 |
|
chainุ ุงููู ูู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ู
ู B23 ูู B26ุ ูุฐู appears |
|
|
|
126 |
|
00:11:16,200 --> 00:11:20,420 |
|
crucial for the biological action of insulin. ูู
ูู
ุฉ |
|
|
|
127 |
|
00:11:20,420 --> 00:11:24,120 |
|
ููุนู
ู ููุงูุณูููู. ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ highly |
|
|
|
128 |
|
00:11:24,120 --> 00:11:29,960 |
|
conserved among species. ูุจูู ูุนูู ุชู
ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
129 |
|
00:11:29,960 --> 00:11:35,390 |
|
ุงูู
ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนูููุงุ ูู
ุชุดุงุจูุฉ ูู ุงูุงูุณูููู ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏ ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
130 |
|
00:11:35,390 --> 00:11:40,990 |
|
different species. ุจุงููุณุจุงูู |
|
|
|
131 |
|
00:11:40,990 --> 00:11:44,950 |
|
ุงูุงูุณููููุ insulin from most animals is |
|
|
|
132 |
|
00:11:44,950 --> 00:11:49,610 |
|
immunologically and biologically similar to human |
|
|
|
133 |
|
00:11:49,610 --> 00:11:53,970 |
|
insulin. And in the past, patients were treated with |
|
|
|
134 |
|
00:11:53,970 --> 00:12:00,270 |
|
insulin purified from beef or pig pancreas. ูุฃู ุฒู ู
ุง |
|
|
|
135 |
|
00:12:00,270 --> 00:12:05,770 |
|
ูููุงุ ุฅู ูู ู
ูุทูุฉ ุงููู ูู conservedุ ููุนูู |
|
|
|
136 |
|
00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:09,910 |
|
ุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู different speciesุ |
|
|
|
137 |
|
00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:14,550 |
|
ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุชู
ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู
insulin ููุชุฌ ู
ู ุญููุงูุงุช ุฒู |
|
|
|
138 |
|
00:12:14,550 --> 00:12:18,490 |
|
ุงููู ูู ุงูุฃุจูุงุฑ ุฃู ุงููู ูู ุงูุนุฌูู ุฃู ุงูุฎูุฒูุฑุ |
|
|
|
139 |
|
00:12:18,490 --> 00:12:24,570 |
|
ููู
ุนุงูุฌุฉุ ุฃู ููุญุตูู ุนูู insulin ูู
ุนุงูุฌุฉ ุงูู
ุฑุถู. ููู |
|
|
|
140 |
|
00:12:24,570 --> 00:12:29,120 |
|
ุงูุขู ุทุจุนุงู ุจูุชู
ุงููู ูู ุฅูุชุงุฌ ุงูุฅูุณูููู ุงููู ูู ู
ู |
|
|
|
141 |
|
00:12:29,120 --> 00:12:34,600 |
|
ุฎูุงู ุงูู recombinant ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
142 |
|
00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:38,880 |
|
DNA techniques. ููุจูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงููู ูู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุงููู |
|
|
|
143 |
|
00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:46,540 |
|
ูู recombinant human insulin. ุฃูู |
|
|
|
144 |
|
00:12:46,540 --> 00:12:54,580 |
|
ู
ูุชุฌ ุจูุชู
ุงูุญุตูู ุนูููุ ุฃู ุฃูู protein ุจูุชู
ุงูุญุตูู |
|
|
|
145 |
|
00:12:54,580 --> 00:13:00,770 |
|
ุนููู ูู ุงูู pre-proinsulin. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุจุฑูุชูู ุจุชููู ู
ู |
|
|
|
146 |
|
00:13:00,770 --> 00:13:05,250 |
|
110 amino acid formed by ribosomes in the rough |
|
|
|
147 |
|
00:13:05,250 --> 00:13:09,730 |
|
endoplasmic reticulum of the pancreatic beta cells. |
|
|
|
148 |
|
00:13:09,730 --> 00:13:12,870 |
|
Pre- |
|
|
|
149 |
|
00:13:12,870 --> 00:13:16,570 |
|
proinsulin is not detectable in the circulation. |
|
|
|
150 |
|
00:13:16,570 --> 00:13:23,390 |
|
ูู ุจุญุซุช ุนู ุงูู pre-proinsulinุ ู
ุด ูููุงููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ |
|
|
|
151 |
|
00:13:23,390 --> 00:13:30,080 |
|
ูู ุงูู circulationุ ุจุธุฑูู ุทุจูุนูุฉุ ูุฃู ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูุจุดูู |
|
|
|
152 |
|
00:13:30,080 --> 00:13:37,560 |
|
ุณุฑูุน ุจูุตูุฑ ูู cleavageุ ูุจูุชุญูู ุฅูู proinsulinุ ุงููู |
|
|
|
153 |
|
00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:43,560 |
|
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุจุฑูุชูู ุจุชููู ู
ู ุซู
ุงููุฉ ูุซู
ุงููู amino acid. |
|
|
|
154 |
|
00:13:43,560 --> 00:13:47,740 |
|
ูุนูู ุฃูู ุจุฑูุชูู ุจููุชุฌ ู
ู ุงูู pre-proinsulinุ ุจูููุฏ |
|
|
|
155 |
|
00:13:47,740 --> 00:13:56,690 |
|
amino acid. ู
ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ูู ุนู
ููุฉ cleavageุ ุงููู ูู ุจูุชู
ูุทุน |
|
|
|
156 |
|
00:13:56,690 --> 00:14:00,570 |
|
ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ amino acidุ ูุจูุนุทููู proinsulin ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
157 |
|
00:14:00,570 --> 00:14:04,850 |
|
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุซู
ุงููุฉ ูุซู
ุงููู amino acid ุจุงูุจุฑูุชูู. |
|
|
|
158 |
|
00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:13,600 |
|
ูุฐุง ู
ููู ูู ุญููุตูุงุช ู
ุฎุตุตุฉ ูู ุฎูุงูุง ุจูุชุง ูู |
|
|
|
159 |
|
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:17,980 |
|
beta-cellsุ ุญูุซ ูุญุฏุซ ู
ุนุงูุฌุฉ ุจุฑูุชูู ููุงูุณูููู |
|
|
|
160 |
|
00:14:17,980 --> 00:14:24,290 |
|
ูู
ุดุงุฑูุฉ ุจูุจุชูุฏ. ุทุจุนุงูุ ุฃู ุดูุก ุจุฏู ูุชู
ุฅูุฑุงุฒู ู
ู |
|
|
|
161 |
|
00:14:24,290 --> 00:14:32,510 |
|
ุงูุฎูุงูุงุ ูุจูู ุงูู
ูุฑูุถ ุฃูู ุทุจุนุงู ุจูุจุฏุงู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุจูุตูุฑ ูู translation ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู rough |
|
|
|
162 |
|
00:14:32,510 --> 00:14:36,450 |
|
endoplasmic reticulumุ ููุฐุง ุงูู protein ุจูููู ู
ูุฌูุฏ |
|
|
|
163 |
|
00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:43,230 |
|
ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุญููุตูุฉุ ูุงูุญููุตูุฉ ุฐุงุชูุง ุจุชุชุฌู ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
164 |
|
00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:46,950 |
|
ุฌูุงุฒ ุฌููุฌูุ ุงููู ูู complex. ูููุงู ุงููู ูู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
165 |
|
00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:52,320 |
|
ุชุนุฏูู ููุฐู ุงูุจุฑูุชููุงุช. ูุจุนุฏูู ุจูุตูุฑ release |
|
|
|
166 |
|
00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:57,080 |
|
ููุฐู ุงูู proteins ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุญููุตูุงุชุ ุนุดุงู ุจุนุฏ ููู |
|
|
|
167 |
|
00:14:57,080 --> 00:15:03,660 |
|
ูุตููุง ุงููู ูู ุงูุฅูุฑุงุฒ ุฅูู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูุฎููุฉ. |
|
|
|
168 |
|
00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:16,060 |
|
ูุจูู ุนุดุงู ูุญุตู ุนูู ุงูู insulinุ ูุงุจุฏ ุฃู ูุตูุฑ ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
169 |
|
00:15:16,060 --> 00:15:24,260 |
|
cleavage ููู C-peptide. ููุฐุง ุงูู cleavage ุจูุชู
ู
ู |
|
|
|
170 |
|
00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:30,900 |
|
ุฎูุงู enzymes ุงููู ุจูุชุณู
ู prohormone convertases I |
|
|
|
171 |
|
00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:37,880 |
|
and II. ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู endopeptidasesุ ูุจูู ุจููุทุนูุง ูู ุงููู |
|
|
|
172 |
|
00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:45,160 |
|
ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุจุฑูุชููุ ูุจูุนู
ููุง ูุทุน ููู C-peptide ุนุดุงู |
|
|
|
173 |
|
00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:53,160 |
|
ูุญุตู ุนูู ุงูุงูุณูููู. ูุจูู ุฅู ุงูู enzyme prohormone |
|
|
|
174 |
|
00:15:53,160 --> 00:16:00,420 |
|
convertase I ุจูุฌู ูุจูุชุฑุชุจ ุนูู ุงูู C-terminal end |
|
|
|
175 |
|
00:16:00,420 --> 00:16:12,040 |
|
ุงูู Arg 31 ู Arg 32ุ ูุจูุนู
ู ูุทุน ุจูู |
|
|
|
176 |
|
00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:20,380 |
|
ุงูู amino acid ุฑูู
32 ู 33ุ ูุจูุนุทููุง |
|
|
|
177 |
|
00:16:20,380 --> 00:16:28,680 |
|
ุงูู split 32 ู 33 proinsulin. ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
179 |
|
00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:30,880 |
|
ุงูู enzyme ุงูุขุฎุฑ ุงููู ูู ุงูู prohormone |
|
|
|
180 |
|
00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:35,510 |
|
convertase-2ุ ุจูุนู
ู cleavage ูู ู
ูุงู ุขุฎุฑ. Cleaves |
|
|
|
181 |
|
00:16:35,510 --> 00:16:39,210 |
|
proinsulin on the c-terminal side of |
|
|
|
223 |
|
00:21:03,790 --> 00:21:15,490 |
|
ุจููู
ุง ุงูู BC2 ููุฌูุฆู ุฃูู ุจููุทุน ููุท ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ุฒู |
|
|
|
224 |
|
00:21:15,490 --> 00:21:18,450 |
|
ู
ุง ุฐูุฑูุง ูู ุงูู slider ุงูุณุงุจูุฉ ุฃูู ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงููู |
|
|
|
225 |
|
00:21:18,450 --> 00:21:19,590 |
|
ูู ุงูู minor pathway |
|
|
|
226 |
|
00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:26,510 |
|
ูุฅูู less than 10% of pro-insulin is metabolized |
|
|
|
227 |
|
00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:32,590 |
|
via this 6465 pro-insulin which is present in |
|
|
|
228 |
|
00:21:32,590 --> 00:21:37,250 |
|
negligible amounts in humans ุงูู
ูู
ูุง ุฌู
ุงุนุฉ ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
229 |
|
00:21:37,250 --> 00:21:41,930 |
|
ุงูู minor part ู ุจููู
ุง ุฅู this 3132 pro-insulin is |
|
|
|
230 |
|
00:21:41,930 --> 00:21:46,510 |
|
the major pro-insulin conversion intermediate |
|
|
|
231 |
|
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:53,560 |
|
ุงูุฌููููุฒ ูู ุงููู ุจูุชุญูู
ุจูู ุงูู Synthesis ูู |
|
|
|
232 |
|
00:21:53,560 --> 00:21:58,460 |
|
Proinsulin ู ุฃูุถูุง ููุฅูุฒูู
ุงููู ูู ุงูู PC-1 ุงููู |
|
|
|
233 |
|
00:21:58,460 --> 00:22:04,180 |
|
ุจูุนู
ู ุงููุทุน ู ุชุญูููู ุงููู ุจูุญูู ุงูู Proinsulin ุฅูู |
|
|
|
234 |
|
00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:08,540 |
|
Insulin ูุจูู ุงูู Glucose regulates biosynthesis of |
|
|
|
235 |
|
00:22:08,540 --> 00:22:14,000 |
|
both Proinsulin and BC-1 ููู ู
ุงูููุด ุฃู ุชุฃุซูุฑ ุนูู |
|
|
|
236 |
|
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:21,520 |
|
ุงูู BC-2 ุฃู ุนูู ุงูู Carboxypeptidase H ูุจูู ุจุนุฏ ู
ุง |
|
|
|
237 |
|
00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:24,460 |
|
ุงููู ูู ูุชู
ูุชู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงููุทุน ุจุนุฏ ุฐูู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุฃูู |
|
|
|
238 |
|
00:22:24,460 --> 00:22:29,800 |
|
Exocytosis ู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู Release ููุฅูุณูููู ู ููู C |
|
|
|
239 |
|
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:30,640 |
|
-Peptide |
|
|
|
240 |
|
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:40,440 |
|
ูุจูุฏุฎููุง ูููุจุฏ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู portal circulation ูุจูู |
|
|
|
241 |
|
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:44,980 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ ููู inner release ูุจูุฏุฎููุง ููุฏู
ูุจูุฏุฎููุง |
|
|
|
242 |
|
00:22:44,980 --> 00:22:49,300 |
|
ูููุจุฏ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู portal circulation ู ุจุนุฏูู ุทุจุนูุง |
|
|
|
243 |
|
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:54,760 |
|
ุจูุตููุง ุฅูู ุฌู
ูุน ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงูุฌุณู
|
|
|
|
244 |
|
00:22:56,750 --> 00:23:01,410 |
|
ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ููุฅูุณูููู ูุงูู C-peptide ุจุฑุถู ุจููุงูู |
|
|
|
245 |
|
00:23:01,410 --> 00:23:06,110 |
|
small amounts of pro-insulin ูู
ู ุงูู intermediate |
|
|
|
246 |
|
00:23:06,110 --> 00:23:12,970 |
|
cleavage forms ูุฏูู ุจููุงูููู
ุจุฑุถู ู
ูุฌูุฏูู ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
247 |
|
00:23:12,970 --> 00:23:17,250 |
|
circulation ุทูุจุ |
|
|
|
248 |
|
00:23:17,250 --> 00:23:21,470 |
|
ุฅูุด ุงูู stimulus ุฃู ุงูู signal ุงููู ุจุชุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
249 |
|
00:23:21,470 --> 00:23:26,700 |
|
release of insulinุ ุงูุฌููููุฒ is the most important |
|
|
|
250 |
|
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:32,800 |
|
physiological secretagogue for |
|
|
|
251 |
|
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:37,700 |
|
insulin ูุจูู ูู ุงูู substance that promotes |
|
|
|
252 |
|
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,060 |
|
secretion of insulin ุงูุฌููููุฒ substance that |
|
|
|
253 |
|
00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:45,600 |
|
promotes the secretion of insulin ูุจูู ุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ |
|
|
|
254 |
|
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:52,140 |
|
ูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุฌููููุฒ ุจูุนู
ู stimulation ููู beta |
|
|
|
255 |
|
00:23:52,140 --> 00:23:57,680 |
|
cells ุนุดุงู ุชุนู
ู ุงููู ูู secretion ููุฅูุณูููู ููุฐุง |
|
|
|
256 |
|
00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,140 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ within minutes insulin release is |
|
|
|
257 |
|
00:24:01,140 --> 00:24:06,420 |
|
potentiated by substances such as the incretin |
|
|
|
258 |
|
00:24:06,420 --> 00:24:13,680 |
|
hormones ูุนูู ุฅู ูู ุดุบูุงุช ุจุฑุถู ูุฐู ุจุชุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุฅูุฑุงุฒ |
|
|
|
259 |
|
00:24:14,120 --> 00:24:17,560 |
|
ุงูุฅูุณูููู ุฒู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู incretin hormones ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู |
|
|
|
260 |
|
00:24:17,560 --> 00:24:23,980 |
|
ู
ุฌู
ูุนุฉ ู
ู ุงููุฑู
ููุงุช ุงููู ุจูุตูุฑ ููุง release ุจุนุฏ ุงูุฃูู |
|
|
|
261 |
|
00:24:23,980 --> 00:24:29,200 |
|
ุจุณุจุจ ูุฐู ุงููุฑู
ููุงุช ูู
ุง ุงูุฅูุณุงู ุจูุชูุงูู ุงููู ูู ุงูุทุนุงู
|
|
|
|
262 |
|
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:34,220 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุนูุฏูุง release ููู incretin hormones ุฒู |
|
|
|
263 |
|
00:24:34,220 --> 00:24:37,440 |
|
ุงููู ูู ุงูู glucagon-like peptide ู ุงูู glucose |
|
|
|
264 |
|
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:41,320 |
|
-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
|
|
|
265 |
|
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:49,440 |
|
ูยซููููุณูุณุชููุงููููุ ุจูุจุชุงูุฏ YYยป ูยซุฅูุฒููุชูู
ูุฏูููููยป |
|
|
|
266 |
|
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:53,100 |
|
ูููุง ูุฐู ูุฑู
ููุงุช ุจุณ ุงููู ุจูุตูุฑ ููุง release ุจุนุฏ ุชูุงูู |
|
|
|
267 |
|
00:24:53,100 --> 00:25:00,380 |
|
ุงูุทุนุงู
ููุฐู ุงููุฑู
ููุงุช ูููุง ุจุชุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูู release |
|
|
|
268 |
|
00:25:00,380 --> 00:25:02,300 |
|
ููุฅูุณูููู |
|
|
|
269 |
|
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,940 |
|
ูู ุงูู
ูุงุจูุ ุฅู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูุนูุงู
ู ุงููู ุจุชุนู
ู |
|
|
|
270 |
|
00:25:07,940 --> 00:25:12,220 |
|
Inhibition ูู Insulin Release ูู
ููุง ุงูู |
|
|
|
271 |
|
00:25:12,220 --> 00:25:17,000 |
|
Hypoglycemia ูุนูู ุงูุฎูุงุถ ูู ู
ุณุชูู ุงูู Glucose ุฅูู |
|
|
|
272 |
|
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:21,760 |
|
ุงูู Somatostatin ุงููู ุจููุฑุฒ ุจุฑุถู ูู ุงูู Pancreas |
|
|
|
273 |
|
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:26,440 |
|
ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู Delta Cells ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูู ุงูู Pancreas |
|
|
|
274 |
|
00:25:26,710 --> 00:25:32,010 |
|
ูุฐุง ุงูู hormone ุจูุนู
ู ุงููู ูู inhibition ุนูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
275 |
|
00:25:32,010 --> 00:25:36,030 |
|
beta cells ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุจูููู ุฃู ุจูุนู
ู inhibition ููู |
|
|
|
276 |
|
00:25:36,030 --> 00:25:42,650 |
|
release ููุฅูุณูููู ุจุงูุฅุถุงูุฉ ููุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงูู drugs ุงููู |
|
|
|
277 |
|
00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:47,770 |
|
ู
ู
ูู ุจุชุนู
ู inhibition ููู release ููุฅูุณูููู ู
ู |
|
|
|
278 |
|
00:25:47,770 --> 00:25:52,030 |
|
ุฎูุงู ุชุฃุซูุฑูุง ุนูู ุงูู beta cells |
|
|
|
279 |
|
00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,690 |
|
in healthy individuals insulin is released in a |
|
|
|
280 |
|
00:26:01,690 --> 00:26:05,610 |
|
pulsatile fashion ูุจูู ุจูููู ุงููู ูู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููู |
|
|
|
281 |
|
00:26:05,610 --> 00:26:11,050 |
|
ูู pulses ูุจูู ุนูุฏูุง ูู ูุชุฑุฉ ุจูุตูุฑ ูู release |
|
|
|
282 |
|
00:26:11,050 --> 00:26:15,210 |
|
ููู
ูุฉ ู
ู ุงูู insulin ูุจูู ูู ุนูุฏูุง pulsatile |
|
|
|
283 |
|
00:26:15,210 --> 00:26:20,620 |
|
releaseุ pulses with glucose and insulin the main |
|
|
|
284 |
|
00:26:20,620 --> 00:26:25,140 |
|
signals in the feedback loop ูุจูู ูู
ุงููู .. ู |
|
|
|
285 |
|
00:26:25,140 --> 00:26:28,780 |
|
ุงููู ุจุชุญูู
ู ู ุงููู ุจูุนู
ููุง ุงููู ูู feedback ุฃู |
|
|
|
286 |
|
00:26:28,780 --> 00:26:31,240 |
|
negative feedback ุนูู ุงูู .. ุงูู release ุงููู |
|
|
|
287 |
|
00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:35,500 |
|
glucose ู ุงูู insulin ุงูู glucose ุงููู sets the |
|
|
|
288 |
|
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:39,000 |
|
release of insulin from the pancreas into phases |
|
|
|
289 |
|
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:46,220 |
|
ูุจูู ูู
ุง ุจูุฏุฎู ุงูู glucose ููุฏู
ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุฃูุง |
|
|
|
290 |
|
00:26:46,220 --> 00:26:52,210 |
|
release ููู insulin ุนูู ู
ุฑุญูุชูู ุฃู ุนูู ู
ุฑุญูุชูู |
|
|
|
291 |
|
00:26:52,210 --> 00:27:01,410 |
|
ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฃููู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุฏ ุฏูููุฉ ุฅูู ุฏูููุชูู ู
ู ุฏุฎูู |
|
|
|
292 |
|
00:27:01,410 --> 00:27:09,310 |
|
ุงูู glucose ููุฏู
ู ุจุชูุชูู ุนูุฏ ุนุดุฑ ุฏูุงุฆู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ |
|
|
|
293 |
|
00:27:09,310 --> 00:27:13,330 |
|
ุงูุฃููู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ูุนูู ุจุดูู ุณุฑูุน ุจุนุฏ ุฏูููุฉ ุฃู ุฏูููุชูู |
|
|
|
294 |
|
00:27:13,890 --> 00:27:18,590 |
|
ูุจุชูุชูู ุนูุฏ ุนุดุฑ ุฏูุงุฆู ูุจูุฐู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุจูููู ูู ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
295 |
|
00:27:18,590 --> 00:27:23,190 |
|
release ููู
ูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุจูู sharp spike |
|
|
|
296 |
|
00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:29,130 |
|
represents the rapid release of stored insulin ูุจูู |
|
|
|
297 |
|
00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:34,290 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ release ููู
ูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ุจุนุฏ ููู |
|
|
|
298 |
|
00:27:34,290 --> 00:27:38,070 |
|
ุจุชุฏุฎู ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ beginning at the point where |
|
|
|
299 |
|
00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:44,010 |
|
the first phase ended ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุนุดุฑ ุฏูุงุฆู ูุจุชุณุชู
ุฑ |
|
|
|
300 |
|
00:27:44,010 --> 00:27:50,030 |
|
ูุบุงูุฉ ู
ุง ูุฑุฌุน ู
ุณุชูู ุงูู glucose ูู ุงูุฏู
ุฅูู |
|
|
|
301 |
|
00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:58,570 |
|
ุงูู
ุณุชูู ุงูุทุจูุนู ููุฐู ู
ู
ูู ุชุณุชู
ุฑ ูุนูู ูู
ุฏุฉ 60 ุฅูู |
|
|
|
302 |
|
00:27:58,570 --> 00:28:08,940 |
|
120 ุฏูููุฉ ุฃู ูุนูู ุชูุชูู ุจุนุฏ 60 ุฅูู 120 ุฏูููุฉ ูุฐุง |
|
|
|
303 |
|
00:28:08,940 --> 00:28:15,200 |
|
ุงูู figure ุจููุถุญ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุฃู |
|
|
|
304 |
|
00:28:15,200 --> 00:28:20,060 |
|
ุงูู concentration ููู ุฅูุณูููู ุจูุงุก ุนูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
305 |
|
00:28:20,060 --> 00:28:28,060 |
|
injection ูุฌููููุฒ ูู ุงูุฏู
ูุจูู ููุง ุฅูู ูู
ูุฉ |
|
|
|
306 |
|
00:28:28,060 --> 00:28:34,720 |
|
ุงูุฅูุณูููู ุงููู ุตุงุฑุช ููุง detection ูู ุงูุฏู
ู ููุง ุฅูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
307 |
|
00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:42,190 |
|
time ููุง ุฅู ูู ุดุฎุต ุทุจูุนู ูุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุฅูู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู |
|
|
|
308 |
|
00:28:42,190 --> 00:28:48,750 |
|
ุฅูู release ููุฅูุณูููู ุนูู ู
ุฑุญูุชูู ููุง ุงููู ูู ูู
ูุฉ |
|
|
|
309 |
|
00:28:48,750 --> 00:28:54,310 |
|
ุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุจู ู
ุง ูุชู
ุญูู ุงูุดุฎุต ุจุนุดุฑูู ุฌุฑุงู
ูุง ู
ู ุงูู |
|
|
|
310 |
|
00:28:54,310 --> 00:28:59,630 |
|
glucose ููุง ุนูุฏ ุตูุฑ ุตุงุฑ ุฅู ุนู
ููุฉ ุงูุญูู ุฒู ู
ุง ุงุญูุง |
|
|
|
311 |
|
00:28:59,630 --> 00:29:03,990 |
|
ุดุงูููู ุฃูู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู phase one ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฃููู |
|
|
|
312 |
|
00:29:03,990 --> 00:29:07,930 |
|
ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุฎูุงู ุฏูููุฉ ุฅูู ุฏูููุชูู ุจูุตูุฑ ูู ุนูุฏู ุงูู |
|
|
|
313 |
|
00:29:07,930 --> 00:29:14,730 |
|
release ููู ุงููู ูู ูู
ูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงูู insulin ุจุนุฏ ููู |
|
|
|
314 |
|
00:29:14,730 --> 00:29:18,050 |
|
ุจุนุฏ ููุฐู ุจุชุณุชู
ุฑ ูุชูุฑูุจูุง ุนุดุฑ ุฏูุงุฆู ุจุนุฏ ููู ุจุชุจุฏุฃ |
|
|
|
315 |
|
00:29:18,050 --> 00:29:22,850 |
|
ุนูุฏู ุงูู concentration ููู insulin ุจุชูู ุจูุจุฏุฃ ุจูู |
|
|
|
316 |
|
00:29:22,850 --> 00:29:27,670 |
|
ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุซุงููุฉ ูู ู
ุง ูุฒู ุงูู glucose concentration |
|
|
|
317 |
|
00:29:27,670 --> 00:29:33,650 |
|
ูู ู
ุง ููุช ูู
ูุฉ ุงูู insulin ุงูู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูุบุงูุฉ ู
ุง ุชุฑุฌุน |
|
|
|
318 |
|
00:29:33,650 --> 00:29:39,070 |
|
ูู
ูุฉ ุงููู ูู ุงูู insulin ููู basal levels ุนูุฏู
ุง |
|
|
|
319 |
|
00:29:39,070 --> 00:29:44,940 |
|
ุชุฑุฌุน ุงููู ูู ุงูู concentration ููู glucose ููู
ุณุชูู |
|
|
|
320 |
|
00:29:44,940 --> 00:29:50,860 |
|
ุงูุทุจูุนู ุงูู figures ุงูุซุงููุฉ ุงููู ูู ุฅูููุง figure B |
|
|
|
321 |
|
00:29:50,860 --> 00:29:57,780 |
|
ูุฐุง ุจููุถุญ ูู
ูุฉ ุงูู insulin ุนูุฏ ุดุฎุต ู
ุตุงุจ ุจุงูู type 2 |
|
|
|
322 |
|
00:29:57,780 --> 00:30:01,640 |
|
diabetes mellitus ู ุงููุงุณ ุงูู
ุตุงุจูู ุจุงูู type 2 |
|
|
|
323 |
|
00:30:01,640 --> 00:30:07,040 |
|
diabetes mellitus ุจูููุฏูุง phase one ุจููููุด ู
ูุฌูุฏ |
|
|
|
324 |
|
00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:13,730 |
|
ุนูุฏูู
phase one ุนุดุงู ููู ูู
ุง ุจูุชูุงูููุง ุงูู |
|
|
|
325 |
|
00:30:13,730 --> 00:30:18,610 |
|
carbohydrates ูุจูุฏุฎู ุงูุฌููููุฒ ููุฏู
ุจููุงูู ุฃูู ุจูุธู |
|
|
|
326 |
|
00:30:18,610 --> 00:30:23,150 |
|
ุงูู ุงูู ุงูู glucose concentration ู
ุฑุชูุนุฉ ูุชุฑุฉ |
|
|
|
327 |
|
00:30:23,150 --> 00:30:28,430 |
|
ุทูููุฉ ูู ุงูุฏู
ูุฃูู ุงูู phase one ุงูู
ุฑุญูุฉ ุงูุฃููู |
|
|
|
328 |
|
00:30:28,430 --> 00:30:34,470 |
|
ู
ูู
ุฉ ููู ุงููู ูู ุฎูุถ ู
ุณุชูู ุงูุณูุฑ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูุฃู ุฒู ู
ุง |
|
|
|
329 |
|
00:30:34,470 --> 00:30:38,070 |
|
ูููุง ุจูุตูุฑ release ููู
ูุฉ ูุจูุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุงููู |
|
|
|
330 |
|
00:30:38,070 --> 00:30:44,370 |
|
ูู ุจุดูู ุณุฑูุน ููู ุงูู type two ุงูู diabetic patients |
|
|
|
331 |
|
00:30:44,370 --> 00:30:48,730 |
|
ุงูู phase one ู
ุด ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุนูุฏูู
ูุนูู ููุง ุนูุฏ ุตูุฑ |
|
|
|
332 |
|
00:30:48,730 --> 00:30:53,330 |
|
ุตุงุฑ ููู ุนูุฏู ุงููู ูู injection ูุนุดุฑูู ุฌุฑุงู
ูุง ู
ู |
|
|
|
333 |
|
00:30:53,330 --> 00:30:57,210 |
|
ุงูุฌููููุฒ ุฒู ู
ุง ุงุญูุง ุดุงูููู ุฃูู ู
ุงููุด ุนูุฏูุง spike |
|
|
|
334 |
|
00:30:57,210 --> 00:31:01,770 |
|
ุฒู ู
ุง ุตุงุฑ ููุง ูุจูู ุงูู phase one ู
ุด ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ููู |
|
|
|
335 |
|
00:31:01,770 --> 00:31:08,150 |
|
ุงูู phase two ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ุจูุจุฏุฃ ูุฑุชูุน ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู insulin |
|
|
|
336 |
|
00:31:11,130 --> 00:31:18,650 |
|
ู ุฒู ู
ุง ุญูููุง ุฅูู ูุฐุง ุจูุงุฎุฐ ูุนูู ูุชุฑุงุช ุทูููุฉ |
|
|
|
337 |
|
00:31:18,650 --> 00:31:27,430 |
|
ูููุตูู ุฅูู ุงูู normal concentration ูุนูู |
|
|
|
338 |
|
00:31:27,430 --> 00:31:30,270 |
|
ูุฃ ุทุจุนูุง ุจุงูู type 2 diabetes ู
ุด ููุตู ููู normal |
|
|
|
339 |
|
00:31:30,270 --> 00:31:34,670 |
|
ูุนูู ุนุดุงู ูุฎูุถ ุงูู glucose ููู ุทุจุนูุง ู
ุด ููุตู ููู |
|
|
|
340 |
|
00:31:34,670 --> 00:31:41,520 |
|
normal ููุธู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู glucose ู
ุฑุชูุน ุจููู
ุง ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
341 |
|
00:31:41,520 --> 00:31:45,920 |
|
patients with type 1 ุทุจุนูุง ุฅูู ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ุฃุตูุงู ุงุญูุง ูู |
|
|
|
342 |
|
00:31:45,920 --> 00:31:52,280 |
|
ุงูู release of insulin ูุฃูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงููู ูู ุตุงุฑ ููู |
|
|
|
343 |
|
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:56,040 |
|
destruction ูู beta cells ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุนูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
344 |
|
00:31:56,040 --> 00:31:59,720 |
|
insulin ู
ุด ู
ูุฌูุฏ ุฃู ู
ูุฌูุฏ ูุนูู ุจู very low |
|
|
|
345 |
|
00:31:59,720 --> 00:32:00,860 |
|
concentrations |
|
|
|
346 |
|
00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:06,720 |
|
ูุจูู ุฒู ู
ุง ุดูููุง ูู ุงูู figure ุงูุณุงุจู with |
|
|
|
347 |
|
00:32:06,720 --> 00:32:09,360 |
|
progressive failure of beta cell function first |
|
|
|
348 |
|
00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:15,740 |
|
phase insulin response ููุฌููููุฒ is lost ููู ุฅู ุงูู |
|
|
|
349 |
|
00:32:15,740 --> 00:32:21,060 |
|
second phase ุจุชุธู ุงููู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ is preserved both |
|
|
|
350 |
|
00:32:21,060 --> 00:32:23,520 |
|
the first phase response and normal pulsatile |
|
|
|
351 |
|
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:26,760 |
|
insulin secretion are lost ูุจูู ุงูู first phase |
|
|
|
352 |
|
00:32:26,760 --> 00:32:32,790 |
|
ุจูููุฏ ุงูู pulsatile insulin secretion ููู ุงูู |
|
|
|
353 |
|
00:32:32,790 --> 00:32:39,550 |
|
second phase ุจุชุธู ู
ูุฌูุฏุฉ ูุทุจุนูุง ุงูู word type one |
|
|
|
354 |
|
00:32:39,550 --> 00:32:44,510 |
|
ุฃูู ุฃุตูุงู ู
ุดููุฉ ูู ุงูู release ููุฅูุณูููู ูุจุงูุชุงูู |
|
|
|
355 |
|
00:32:44,510 --> 00:32:50,110 |
|
minimal or no insulin response ุงูููุทุฉ ุงูุชุงููุฉ ุงูู |
|
|
|
356 |
|
00:32:50,110 --> 00:32:51,750 |
|
insulin degradation |
|
|
|
357 |
|
00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:58,660 |
|
ุนูู ุงูุทุฑูู ุงูุฃูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู Portal Circulation |
|
|
|
358 |
|
00:32:58,660 --> 00:33:04,300 |
|
ูุญู ุฒู ู
ุง ูููุง ุฃูู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุฅุทูุงู ููุฅูุณูููู ุจูุฏุฎู |
|
|
|
359 |
|
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:09,160 |
|
ูููุจุฏ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู Portal Circulation ูุจูู ุนูุฏูุง |
|
|
|
360 |
|
00:33:09,160 --> 00:33:12,040 |
|
ุงูุทุฑูู ุงูุฃูู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุงูู Portal Circulation |
|
|
|
361 |
|
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:20,050 |
|
ุชูุฑูุจูุง 50% ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุชู
ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู ู
ู ุงููุจุฏ ูุนูู |
|
|
|
362 |
|
00:33:20,050 --> 00:33:25,530 |
|
where it is degraded ูุนูู ู
ุด ู
ู
ูู ุงูู .. ูุนูู ู
ุด ูู |
|
|
|
363 |
|
00:33:25,530 --> 00:33:29,030 |
|
ุงููู
ูุฉ ู
ู
ูู ุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูู degradation ูุนูู ู
ู
ูู ูุตูุฑ |
|
|
|
364 |
|
00:33:29,030 --> 00:33:32,950 |
|
ููู ูุนูููุง extraction ูุฎู
ุณูู ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู |
|
|
|
365 |
|
00:33:32,950 --> 00:33:41,390 |
|
ููู ู
ู
ูู ูุตูุฑ ูุงุญููุง release ูุจุนุถ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููู
ูุฉ |
|
|
|
366 |
|
00:33:41,390 --> 00:33:46,630 |
|
ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู ููู circulation ูู ูุนูู ู
ุด ูุชูุฑ ุฏููู ุฅููู |
|
|
|
367 |
|
00:33:46,990 --> 00:33:51,570 |
|
ุงูุฎู
ุณูู ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ูุฐู ุจูุตูุฑ ููุง degradation ูุจูู ุจูุตูุฑ |
|
|
|
368 |
|
00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,410 |
|
ููู extraction ูุฎู
ุณูู ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ููู ู
ู
ูู |
|
|
|
369 |
|
00:33:55,410 --> 00:33:59,930 |
|
ูุงุญููุง ุจุนุถ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงููู
ูุฉ ุงููู ุตุงุฑุช ููุง ุงูู extraction |
|
|
|
370 |
|
00:33:59,930 --> 00:34:04,190 |
|
ู
ู
ูู ุชุฑุฌุน ุชุฏุฎู ููู circulation ู
ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู |
|
|
|
371 |
|
00:34:04,190 --> 00:34:07,370 |
|
additional insulin degradation occurs in the |
|
|
|
372 |
|
00:34:07,370 --> 00:34:12,300 |
|
kidneys ูุนู
ููุฉ ุงูู degradation ูุง ุจุชุตูุฑ ูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
373 |
|
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:17,280 |
|
tubules ูุจุงูู proximal tubules ุจุดูู ุฎุงุต ูุจูู |
|
|
|
374 |
|
00:34:17,280 --> 00:34:21,580 |
|
ุจูุตูุฑ ููู ุนูุฏูุง filtration ููุฅูุณูููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
375 |
|
00:34:21,580 --> 00:34:27,760 |
|
glomeruli ุจุนุฏ ููู ุจูุตูุฑ ููู reabsorption ููุฅูุณูููู |
|
|
|
376 |
|
00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:31,520 |
|
ูู ุงูู proximal convoluted tubule ูุจุชุตูุฑ |
|
|
|
377 |
|
00:34:31,520 --> 00:34:37,000 |
|
degradation ููุฅูุณูููู ูู ุฏุงุฎู ุฎูุงูุง ุงูู proximal |
|
|
|
378 |
|
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,620 |
|
convoluted tubule |
|
|
|
379 |
|
00:35:01,390 --> 00:35:07,330 |
|
ุจูุณุจุฉ ูู ุงูู Proinsulin ุจุดูู ุทุจูุนู ุฅููุง ุนุฏุฏ ุตุบูุฑ |
|
|
|
380 |
|
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:13,870 |
|
of proinsulin enters the circulation ูุชูุฑูุจูุง ุซูุงุซุฉ |
|
|
|
381 |
|
00:35:13,870 --> 00:35:18,310 |
|
ุจุงูู
ูุฉ of the amount of insulin ุจุชูุงุชุฉ ุจุงูู
ูุฉ ู
ู |
|
|
|
382 |
|
00:35:18,310 --> 00:35:21,230 |
|
ูู
ูุฉ ุงูู insulin ุงููู ุจุชุฏุฎู ุงููู ูู ุนูุฏูุง ุจุชููู |
|
|
|
383 |
|
00:35:21,230 --> 00:35:25,830 |
|
ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูู proinsulin ููู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู proinsulin |
|
|
|
384 |
|
00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,310 |
|
the hepatic clearance rate for proinsulin is only |
|
|
|
385 |
|
00:35:29,310 --> 00:35:34,630 |
|
25% of that for insulin ูุนูู ุนูุฏูุง ุงูู clearance |
|
|
|
386 |
|
00:35:34,630 --> 00:35:41,940 |
|
ุฃูู ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ุจุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุจุงูู
ูุงุจู ุฃูุถูุง ุงูู half-life |
|
|
|
387 |
|
00:35:41,940 --> 00:35:47,260 |
|
ูู ุงูู Proinsulin ุชูุฑูุจูุง ุซูุงุซูู ุฏูููุฉ ูุจูู ุงูู |
|
|
|
388 |
|
00:35:47,260 --> 00:35:50,320 |
|
clearance ุงููู ุตุงุฑุช ูู ุงูู clearance ุฃูู ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ |
|
|
|
389 |
|
00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:54,400 |
|
ุจุงูุฅูุณูููู ุงูู half-life ููู Proinsulin ุฃุนูู |
|
|
|
390 |
|
00:35:54,400 --> 00:36:01,320 |
|
ุชูุฑูุจูุง ุจุณุช ู
ุฑุงุช ู
ู ุงูุฅูุณูููู ูุจุงูุชุงูู ุฎูุงู ุงููู ูู |
|
|
|
391 |
|
00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:04,420 |
|
ุงูู fasting state ู
ู
ูู ููุงูู ุฅู ุงูู circulating |
|
|
|
392 |
|
00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:10,100 |
|
pro-insulin concentration approximately 10% to 15% |
|
|
|
393 |
|
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:15,800 |
|
of insulin concentration ุงููู ูู ุจุณุจุจ .. ุฒู ู
ุง |
|
|
|
394 |
|
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:21,500 |
|
ุฐูุฑูุง ุงูุณุจุจูู ุฅูู ุงูู clearance ุฃูู ูู ุงููุจุฏ ู ุงูู |
|
|
|
395 |
|
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:28,120 |
|
half-life ุฃุทูู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ |
|
|
|
396 |
|
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:29,680 |
|
ููู C-peptide |
|
|
|
397 |
|
00:36:32,210 --> 00:36:34,850 |
|
was initially thought to be devoid of biological |
|
|
|
398 |
|
00:36:34,850 --> 00:36:38,950 |
|
activity ููุงููุง ุจุงูู .. ุจุงูุฃูู ุจูููุฑูุง ุฃูู ู
ุงููุด ุฃู |
|
|
|
399 |
|
00:36:38,950 --> 00:36:45,950 |
|
ูุธููุฉ ู
ูู
ุฉ ููู C-peptide and |
|
|
|
400 |
|
00:36:45,950 --> 00:36:48,510 |
|
was necessary only to ensure the correct structure |
|
|
|
401 |
|
00:36:48,510 --> 00:36:57,150 |
|
of insulin ููู ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงููู ุชู
ูุช ุนูู ุงูู C |
|
|
|
402 |
|
00:36:57,150 --> 00:36:59,770 |
|
-peptide ููุฌูุฆู ุฅูู ุงูู C-peptide ูู ุจููููุฌููุงู |
|
|
|
403 |
|
00:36:59,770 --> 00:37:02,550 |
|
activity but its possible physiological |
|
|
|
404 |
|
00:37:02,550 --> 00:37:07,010 |
|
significance remains controversial ูุนูู ู
ุงููุด ูุณู |
|
|
|
405 |
|
00 |