PL9fwy3NUQKwa0Sd0s-XLQCrtFM4_s2KMt/AzDd92fJ470_postprocess.srt

1
00:00:13,580 --> 00:00:18,240
Today we are going to see just new area of

2
00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:20,760
pronunciation in English and Arabic.

3
00:00:24,820 --> 00:00:29,610
We are going to touch the stress system of English

4
00:00:29,610 --> 00:00:36,130
and Arabic to see the areas of difficulties of the

5
00:00:36,130 --> 00:00:41,850
stress system in both languages. You know, the

6
00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:47,750
stress is the high pitch where

7
00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:50,850
the sound is quite high or is high.

8
00:00:53,750 --> 00:01:00,060
Here, We have two types of stresses, of stress.

9
00:01:00,960 --> 00:01:07,180
The primary stress and the secondary stress. Then

10
00:01:07,180 --> 00:01:13,000
we have the zero stress or weak form. Our focus

11
00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,260
will be on primary stress. How could we pronounce

12
00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:25,830
Words which are stressed in English, either words

13
00:01:25,830 --> 00:01:31,490
in isolation or words in connected speech. First

14
00:01:31,490 --> 00:01:36,390
of all, the stress is meaningful. It gives

15
00:01:36,390 --> 00:01:36,830
meaning.

16
00:01:40,970 --> 00:01:48,290
And also, it's grammatical. So, grammatically, We

17
00:01:48,290 --> 00:01:52,370
can distinguish between verbs and nouns by using

18
00:01:52,370 --> 00:02:00,350
the stress. I say, for example, subject. It's a

19
00:02:00,350 --> 00:02:08,730
noun. Subject. Verb. Object. Object. Report.

20
00:02:10,210 --> 00:02:16,630
Report. Verb. Okay? So we have, we can distinguish

21
00:02:16,630 --> 00:02:22,870
between the verbal noun by using the stress if the

22
00:02:22,870 --> 00:02:25,330
morphological system of this word is the same in

23
00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:28,810
both the noun structure and the verb structure.

24
00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:39,810
Now, semantically, the location of the stress

25
00:02:39,810 --> 00:02:46,310
differentiates the meaning of a word and of the

26
00:02:46,310 --> 00:02:50,990
sentence as a whole. So, we mentioned subject and

27
00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:54,170
we mentioned that this is a noun and then subject

28
00:02:54,170 --> 00:02:57,470
and this is a verb and both are different

29
00:02:57,470 --> 00:02:58,130
semantically.

30
00:03:04,570 --> 00:03:07,470
In a sentence, we have what is called contrastive

31
00:03:07,470 --> 00:03:14,050
stress, which is placed wherever you like. just to

32
00:03:14,050 --> 00:03:15,410
convey a certain meaning.

33
00:03:21,390 --> 00:03:26,750
Today, today, I want to show you the sound system

34
00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:33,370
of English. This means this day, not any other

35
00:03:33,370 --> 00:03:37,370
day. Today, I want to show you the sound system of

36
00:03:37,370 --> 00:03:42,840
English. This means I, not anyone else. Today I

37
00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:45,800
want to show you the sound system of English. This

38
00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:47,700
means that we are going to explain the sound

39
00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:52,940
system, not any subject else. So wherever you put

40
00:03:52,940 --> 00:03:55,580
the stress, you change the meaning of the

41
00:03:55,580 --> 00:04:01,700
sentence. So we need to tackle the stress system

42
00:04:01,700 --> 00:04:06,420
and see the areas of difficulties facing our

43
00:04:06,420 --> 00:04:10,780
students while learning English. The English

44
00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:11,460
stress.

45
00:04:15,910 --> 00:04:18,670
So, the stress is one of the suprasegmental

46
00:04:18,670 --> 00:04:24,710
features along with the pitch, the intonation, and

47
00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:29,210
length. And it's very important in language since

48
00:04:29,210 --> 00:04:33,210
it has grammatical and semantic functions.

49
00:04:35,670 --> 00:04:40,750
The location of the stress differs from one word

50
00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:44,680
to another. We have what is called estimate rules

51
00:04:44,680 --> 00:04:48,860
for the stress, but cannot cover all words of

52
00:04:48,860 --> 00:04:53,300
English, mainly because these words are derived

53
00:04:53,300 --> 00:04:59,160
from different origins. You know, English relies

54
00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:05,760
on borrowing. So, this language has lots of

55
00:05:05,760 --> 00:05:10,770
borrowing words. In the 20th century only, English

56
00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:15,570
borrowed from more than 100 languages just in the

57
00:05:15,570 --> 00:05:19,450
20th century. So what about going deep in history?

58
00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,550
You find English borrowed from Portuguese, from

59
00:05:23,550 --> 00:05:28,330
Latin, from Greek, from Arabic, from even Hebrew,

60
00:05:28,890 --> 00:05:35,880
from different languages. So the system of These

61
00:05:35,880 --> 00:05:40,620
words differ either in pronunciation or even in

62
00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:43,900
grammar, mainly the plural system or the

63
00:05:43,900 --> 00:05:48,900
pluralization system. Okay? So you have to take

64
00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:52,520
care when pronouncing these words. I'll try to

65
00:05:52,520 --> 00:05:57,760
facilitate the case by introducing just estimate

66
00:05:57,760 --> 00:05:59,900
rule as much as I can.

67
00:06:10,320 --> 00:06:15,460
So, the stress is prominent in a word. So, once I

68
00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:20,360
say subject, it's in the first syllable at the

69
00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,120
beginning, and this comes out with a noun. Once I

70
00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:30,160
say subject, this is a verb. Okay? And this is

71
00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,720
available at the second part of the word. Okay?

72
00:06:35,220 --> 00:06:36,640
So, it is prominent.

73
00:06:46,230 --> 00:06:53,690
Now, we have some words that will indicate the

74
00:06:53,690 --> 00:06:59,370
manner of the stress system and how it is located

75
00:06:59,370 --> 00:07:00,170
or pronounced.

76
00:07:05,710 --> 00:07:08,550
Now, the location of the stress, as I mentioned,

77
00:07:09,730 --> 00:07:14,440
is responsible for changing the meaning. I thought

78
00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:19,980
you would eat, I thought you would eat it. I

79
00:07:19,980 --> 00:07:23,100
thought you would eat it. This means that he

80
00:07:23,100 --> 00:07:23,640
intended,

81
00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:31,120
the meaning is intended, I mean, you have eaten

82
00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:35,240
it. I thought that, I thought you eat, you would

83
00:07:35,240 --> 00:07:40,540
eat it. But in the second one, I thought you would

84
00:07:40,540 --> 00:07:45,230
eat it. This means that you haven't eaten it. So,

85
00:07:45,310 --> 00:07:50,170
the meaning is changed according to the different

86
00:07:50,170 --> 00:07:55,430
location of the stress. Now, we have what is

87
00:07:55,430 --> 00:08:00,130
called rhythm in English and Arabic. The rhythm

88
00:08:00,130 --> 00:08:04,830
system is based on the stress. Okay?

89
00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:08,970
So,

90
00:08:11,700 --> 00:08:17,540
The rhythm in the sentence depends on the number

91
00:08:17,540 --> 00:08:23,840
of stressed syllables. Okay? In English, the

92
00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:29,860
sentence or the rhythm, or say the stress, is of

93
00:08:29,860 --> 00:08:34,920
time intervals. This means that not every single

94
00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:37,620
word in the sentence is stressed in English.

95
00:08:39,100 --> 00:08:42,200
However, in Arabic, The situation is different.

96
00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:51,920
Arabic is syllable-time language. It is syllabic

97
00:08:51,920 --> 00:08:55,500
language, syllable-stressed language. Sorry,

98
00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,540
syllable-stressed language. So, this means that

99
00:08:58,540 --> 00:09:06,040
every single word is almost stressed in Arabic. In

100
00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:09,540
English, the situation is different. In connected

101
00:09:09,540 --> 00:09:16,820
speech, we have weak forms. These weak forms are

102
00:09:16,820 --> 00:09:23,080
not stressed. For example, the preposition, the

103
00:09:23,080 --> 00:09:29,240
pronoun, the determinants, the conjunctions, the

104
00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:33,180
one-word syllable is not stressed. These

105
00:09:33,180 --> 00:09:35,440
altogether are not stressed in the sentence.

106
00:09:36,910 --> 00:09:41,110
However, the rest of the words may be stressed,

107
00:09:42,470 --> 00:09:46,130
mainly the topic of the sentence or the topic of

108
00:09:46,130 --> 00:09:50,610
the phrase. It is definitely stressed.

109
00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,770
So this, I mean, the number of stresses in the

110
00:09:56,770 --> 00:10:03,230
sentence comprise what is called the rhythm of the

111
00:10:03,230 --> 00:10:03,590
sentence.

112
00:10:06,770 --> 00:10:11,970
As I mentioned, we have two main types of stress,

113
00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:17,370
the primary stress and the secondary stress. The

114
00:10:17,370 --> 00:10:22,530
location of these two stresses differs from one

115
00:10:22,530 --> 00:10:26,630
word to another or one group of words to another

116
00:10:26,630 --> 00:10:31,830
mainly because of the difference in the origin of

117
00:10:31,830 --> 00:10:35,710
these words. I told you that we have different

118
00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:39,890
borrowed words in English. So, the system differs

119
00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:46,270
from one group to another. Okay? This is one phase

120
00:10:46,270 --> 00:10:49,350
of the difficulty of pronouncing English.

121
00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:55,690
However, in Arabic, the situation is rule-based.

122
00:10:57,410 --> 00:11:01,570
Arabic is a productive language. English is not.

123
00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:07,120
Okay? So you find some sort of difficulty in

124
00:11:07,120 --> 00:11:17,740
pronouncing certain words. Now, generally, the

125
00:11:17,740 --> 00:11:20,640
word stress is not always in the first syllable in

126
00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:20,980
English.

127
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:29,940
So we have, for example, computer, computer, pew,

128
00:11:31,100 --> 00:11:38,010
language. Pronunciation. So three words of

129
00:11:38,010 --> 00:11:43,050
different stress locations. Okay? So we don't have

130
00:11:43,050 --> 00:11:48,550
exact rules for the position of stress. Still we

131
00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:54,370
have estimate rules that can be applicable to a

132
00:11:54,370 --> 00:11:57,750
certain group of words rather than others.

133
00:12:05,340 --> 00:12:08,000
As I mentioned, we have what is called word

134
00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:13,100
stress. Still, we have phrase stress. And we have

135
00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:16,720
what is called contrastive stress. It is optional.

136
00:12:17,440 --> 00:12:19,980
The contrastive stress can be put wherever you

137
00:12:19,980 --> 00:12:21,780
like, even in Arabic.

138
00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:34,600
I say, for example, أنا سأشرح لكم الدرس أنا سأشرح

139
00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,980
لكم الدرس اليوم. اليوم.

140
00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:45,600
سأشرح لكم الدرس اليوم. So it is the high pitch.

141
00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:50,300
Now, even the three sentences of Arabic differ one

142
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:53,340
from another semantically according to the

143
00:12:53,340 --> 00:12:56,380
position of what is called the contrastive stress.

144
00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,690
This situation is applicable to the contrastive

145
00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:03,950
stress in English, as we are going to see.

146
00:13:15,250 --> 00:13:20,510
Now, the shape of a word itself decides the

147
00:13:20,510 --> 00:13:26,560
position of the word stress. whether the word is

148
00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:31,240
morphologically simple or complex. The grammatical

149
00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:36,680
category of a word itself can decide the position

150
00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:39,360
of the stress. I told you that functional

151
00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,320
morphemes, grammatical morphemes, don't have

152
00:13:44,320 --> 00:13:50,100
stress. They are weak forms. Lexical words are

153
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:54,390
stressed. but the stress differs in position from

154
00:13:54,390 --> 00:13:59,750
one word to another. The number of syllables in a

155
00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,450
word also decides the location of the stress.

156
00:14:10,430 --> 00:14:17,210
So we have stress in two-syllable words. We have,

157
00:14:17,270 --> 00:14:23,730
for example, assessed. This is a verb. This is in

158
00:14:23,730 --> 00:14:30,090
the second syllable. Assist. Okay. Apply. Apply.

159
00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:36,310
Apply. Okay. So it is apply. The second syllable.

160
00:14:37,130 --> 00:14:42,750
I say object. The second syllable. Subject. The

161
00:14:42,750 --> 00:14:46,350
second syllable. Report. The second syllable.

162
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:49,510
However, it can be in the first syllable. Report.

163
00:14:50,510 --> 00:14:54,310
subject, object. Okay?

164
00:15:00,210 --> 00:15:03,950
Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel

165
00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:08,710
and one final consonant, the final syllable of a

166
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:14,130
word, if it contains a short vowel and the final

167
00:15:14,130 --> 00:15:17,680
sound is consonant, Okay, then the stress must be

168
00:15:17,680 --> 00:15:24,340
in the first syllable. I say open, open, equal,

169
00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:34,960
equal. I don't say equal, I say open, open, equal.

170
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,880
So the stress is in the first syllable. Mainly

171
00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:43,140
because the final part is consonant and it is

172
00:15:43,140 --> 00:15:45,220
preceded by a short vowel.

173
00:15:48,640 --> 00:15:53,980
For the nouns, you have this list maybe or mostly

174
00:15:53,980 --> 00:15:59,400
in the first syllable. I say money, money.

175
00:16:00,960 --> 00:16:06,440
Product, product. It is the first syllable.

176
00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,620
We have adjectives which also have their stress in

177
00:16:16,620 --> 00:16:21,720
the first syllable, as lovely, even, willing,

178
00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:32,380
honest, perfect, but not necessarily having

179
00:16:32,380 --> 00:16:37,520
this rule be applied on all types of animals. So,

180
00:16:37,780 --> 00:16:44,820
we need to see the stress in most of the English

181
00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:50,140
words, I mean the word types. Now we reach the

182
00:16:50,140 --> 00:16:51,960
stress in the three-syllable words.

183
00:16:58,180 --> 00:16:59,440
We have the verb.

184
00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:05,640
So if the last syllable contains a short vowel and

185
00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:09,120
ends with not more than one consonant, The

186
00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:12,540
syllable will be unstressed and the stress will be

187
00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:16,100
placed on the preceding syllable. So we say, for

188
00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:21,600
example, encounter, encounter. Cow, this is

189
00:17:21,600 --> 00:17:25,820
encounter. This is the stress in the middle.

190
00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:32,340
Determine, determine, deter, tear. This is the

191
00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:33,700
stress. Determine.

192
00:17:36,860 --> 00:17:40,080
If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a

193
00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:43,540
diphthong or ends with more than one consonant,

194
00:17:44,940 --> 00:17:49,500
then the final syllable will be stressed. I say,

195
00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:54,860
for example, entertain, entertain, this is

196
00:17:54,860 --> 00:17:58,660
diphthong. So it is stressed.

197
00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:07,970
Now, if the syllable preceding the final syllable

198
00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:13,370
contains a vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with

199
00:18:13,370 --> 00:18:17,310
more than one consonant, then the middle syllable

200
00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:21,010
will be stressed. I say mimosa,

201
00:18:22,450 --> 00:18:26,330
disaster, disaster.

202
00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:28,350
Okay?

203
00:18:31,710 --> 00:18:34,590
Now, if the final syllable contains a short vowel,

204
00:18:35,420 --> 00:18:38,820
And the middle syllable contains also a short

205
00:18:38,820 --> 00:18:41,820
vowel and ends with not more than one consonant,

206
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,040
then both the final and the middle syllables are

207
00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:51,020
unstressed. And the first syllable is definitely

208
00:18:51,020 --> 00:18:54,460
stressed. We have quantity.

209
00:18:57,220 --> 00:18:58,000
Cinema.

210
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:07,230
To put it simply, If you have a word of short

211
00:19:07,230 --> 00:19:10,610
vowels, if you have a word containing short

212
00:19:10,610 --> 00:19:14,910
vowels, then the stress must be in the third

213
00:19:14,910 --> 00:19:18,990
syllable from the end. The third syllable from the

214
00:19:18,990 --> 00:19:22,990
end. Okay? We count from the end, not from the

215
00:19:22,990 --> 00:19:23,370
beginning.

216
00:19:26,050 --> 00:19:34,070
So, cinema. The third syllable is C. Cinema.

217
00:19:36,530 --> 00:19:37,530
Quantity.

218
00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:48,770
We have

219
00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:53,030
adjectives from the same rule. You have this

220
00:19:53,030 --> 00:19:58,570
applied or applicable on some adjectives, like

221
00:19:58,570 --> 00:19:59,650
insulin.

222
00:20:02,410 --> 00:20:03,090
Apportion.

223
00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:13,630
But if the word ends in IC or SION or TION, then

224
00:20:13,630 --> 00:20:17,310
the stress is in the second syllable. So we have

225
00:20:17,310 --> 00:20:20,490
solution, solution,

226
00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,570
terrific, terrific,

227
00:20:31,290 --> 00:20:35,360
terrific. You have your students mix between or

228
00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:38,320
misunderstand, mispronounce the stress, so they

229
00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,320
say terrific. This is not acceptable in English.

230
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:43,340
Terrific.

231
00:20:53,180 --> 00:20:58,260
Still, we have different types of locations of

232
00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:05,160
stress. I'm giving you the chance to have these

233
00:21:05,160 --> 00:21:08,720
introduced by native speakers now.

234
00:21:33,650 --> 00:21:37,350
Here are some more suffixes that have the stress

235
00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:42,070
immediately before the suffix. This time though,

236
00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:44,790
the suffixes have two syllables.

237
00:21:58,170 --> 00:22:04,490
Listen and repeat Ability

238
00:22:04,490 --> 00:22:14,170
Second Diameter Second Medical First Biography

239
00:22:14,170 --> 00:22:22,950
Second Simplify First Biology Second Here are some

240
00:22:22,950 --> 00:22:27,270
more examples Listen and repeat

241
00:22:30,250 --> 00:22:36,090
nationality thermometer electrical

242
00:22:36,090 --> 00:22:41,870
photography unify

243
00:22:41,870 --> 00:22:44,310
psychology

244
00:23:34,410 --> 00:23:39,470
In English, any syllable can have the stress. For

245
00:23:39,470 --> 00:23:48,940
example, enjoy, document, banana, afternoon.

246
00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:54,580
However, there are some rules. Words that end in

247
00:23:54,580 --> 00:23:56,380
the suffixes ear,

248
00:23:59,100 --> 00:23:59,860
ease,

249
00:24:02,460 --> 00:24:10,540
eek and ee have the stress on the suffix. Listen

250
00:24:10,540 --> 00:24:11,980
and repeat.

251
00:24:16,820 --> 00:24:25,660
volunteer suffix e Japanese unique

252
00:24:25,660 --> 00:24:29,060
employee

253
00:24:29,060 --> 00:24:36,140
here are some more examples listen and repeat

254
00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:39,240
boutique

255
00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:44,000
antique technique

256
00:24:46,950 --> 00:24:48,310
Engineer,

257
00:24:50,190 --> 00:24:54,070
career, mountaineer,

258
00:24:56,410 --> 00:25:02,270
refugee, trainee, referee,

259
00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:05,650
Chinese,

260
00:25:08,470 --> 00:25:10,430
Portuguese, Vietnamese.

261
00:25:13,450 --> 00:25:17,620
Careful, not all words ending in E have the

262
00:25:17,620 --> 00:25:23,140
suffix, which one here has the suffix and the

263
00:25:23,140 --> 00:25:23,700
stress?

264
00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,400
We have only one word which is stressed here.

265
00:25:33,620 --> 00:25:39,320
Honeybee, coffee, devotee, committee.

266
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:50,360
Do you understand?

267
00:26:20,040 --> 00:26:23,380
Here are some rules about stress and suffixes.

268
00:26:25,040 --> 00:26:28,640
Words that end in the suffixes –il,

269
00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:40,260
you, in, shun with an s or shun with a t,

270
00:26:42,920 --> 00:26:55,990
shunt, shus with a c or with a T and IK. All have

271
00:26:55,990 --> 00:27:02,050
the stress immediately before the suffix. Listen

272
00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:03,890
and repeat.

273
00:27:06,310 --> 00:27:11,050
Official Visual

274
00:27:11,050 --> 00:27:14,810
Politician

275
00:27:14,810 --> 00:27:18,430
Addition

276
00:27:23,170 --> 00:27:29,690
Ancient Spacious Organic

277
00:27:29,690 --> 00:27:32,830
Here

278
00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:37,750
are some more examples. Listen and repeat.

279
00:27:40,230 --> 00:27:46,710
Commercial Annual Indian

280
00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:49,310
Television

281
00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:54,980
efficient, delicious,

282
00:27:56,720 --> 00:27:57,420
fantastic.

283
00:28:08,810 --> 00:28:12,430
As you see, once you have these suffixes, the

284
00:28:12,430 --> 00:28:15,330
stress is in the second syllable from the end.

285
00:28:15,930 --> 00:28:21,670
Okay? Before the suffix, you have to stress on the

286
00:28:21,670 --> 00:28:25,410
pitch to produce high pitch or say, primary

287
00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:32,690
stress. I say terrific. Television. Television. V.

288
00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:34,010
Okay?

289
00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:37,390
Fantastic.

290
00:28:48,170 --> 00:28:51,810
Here are some more suffixes that have the stress

291
00:28:51,810 --> 00:28:56,550
immediately before the suffix. This time though,

292
00:28:56,770 --> 00:28:59,230
the suffixes have two syllables.

293
00:29:14,260 --> 00:29:15,240
and repeat.

294
00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:18,900
Ability.

295
00:29:21,480 --> 00:29:24,900
Diameter. Medical.

296
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:28,600
Biography.

297
00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:38,500
Simplify. Biology. Here's some more examples.

298
00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:41,720
Listen and repeat.

299
00:29:44,840 --> 00:29:53,240
nationality thermometer electrical photography

300
00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:56,300
unify

301
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,940
psychology

302
00:30:21,420 --> 00:30:22,260
The final one.

303
00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:31,840
Finally, to clear suffixes, they have to stress on

304
00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:37,540
the second syllable before the suffix. Eight,

305
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:47,340
eyes, us, and the double syllable uri. Listen and

306
00:30:47,340 --> 00:30:48,000
repeat.

307
00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:51,180
Operate.

308
00:30:54,320 --> 00:31:02,840
apologize dangerous necessary Here are some more

309
00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:12,540
examples listen and repeat dominate exaggerate

310
00:31:12,540 --> 00:31:20,580
integrate certificate socialize

311
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:28,140
Criticize. Emphasize. Recognize.

312
00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:38,800
Marvelous. Mysterious. Obvious. Miscellaneous.

313
00:31:41,140 --> 00:31:49,040
Secretary. Dictionary. Ordinary. Vocabulary.

314
00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:59,260
So, as you see, the word stress has different

315
00:31:59,260 --> 00:32:03,440
rules. All these rules which I mentioned are

316
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:09,400
estimate rules. So, it's very difficult for the

317
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:15,320
Arab learners to understand such systems unless

318
00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:19,480
they imitate the speakers. The more you expose

319
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:22,480
yourself to English, the more you master the

320
00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:27,880
suprasegmental phonemes. Okay? So you have to be

321
00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,480
very cautious in teaching your students the sound

322
00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:36,320
system. And it depends on their levels, either the

323
00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:41,260
junior, the intermediate, or the advanced. You

324
00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:44,640
have to introduce certain activities that suit

325
00:32:44,640 --> 00:32:49,700
their level in pronunciation, in speaking, in

326
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:55,640
communication. The junior pupils or the junior

327
00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,100
graders can imitate you. This means that the

328
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,240
teacher himself must master the subrasegmental

329
00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:09,320
phonemes very, very perfectly. If you follow, If

330
00:33:09,320 --> 00:33:13,620
you just pronounce wrongly, this means that your

331
00:33:13,620 --> 00:33:21,200
students will follow you and commit mistakes which

332
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:28,530
can be fossilized by the run of time. So, You know

333
00:33:28,530 --> 00:33:32,130
that the reasons for committing errors are of

334
00:33:32,130 --> 00:33:34,630
different types. You have the types of errors.

335
00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:39,150
Some errors result from over-generalization or

336
00:33:39,150 --> 00:33:44,570
faulty teaching, fossilization or simplification.

337
00:33:46,690 --> 00:33:49,550
You've taken this in your methodology, I think,

338
00:33:49,690 --> 00:33:59,220
classes. So, we need to continue. with a system of

339
00:33:59,220 --> 00:33:59,660
stress.

340
00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:10,980
We spoke about these points, and now we mentioned

341
00:34:10,980 --> 00:34:15,340
the different types of word stress, and I think

342
00:34:15,340 --> 00:34:17,420
that we terminated on the phrase stress.

343
00:34:20,280 --> 00:34:25,920
It's very important Stress, it comprises the

344
00:34:25,920 --> 00:34:31,320
rhythm of the sentence and it is bound with time

345
00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:35,100
intervals in English. However, in Arabic, it is

346
00:34:35,100 --> 00:34:39,900
syllabic or syllable intervals. This means that

347
00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:43,800
every single word may be stressed in Arabic, but

348
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,040
not necessarily to have every single word stressed

349
00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:52,800
in English. Okay. I say, Dahabto ila almadrassa.

350
00:34:54,150 --> 00:34:55,190
Translate it, please.

351
00:34:58,730 --> 00:35:04,630
This is

352
00:35:04,630 --> 00:35:08,230
Arabic. Again Arabic.

353
00:35:10,850 --> 00:35:11,330
Okay,

354
00:35:18,350 --> 00:35:24,090
good. Quite good. Out.

355
00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:27,310
Excellent.

356
00:35:29,850 --> 00:35:34,590
I went to school. I say that the preposition is

357
00:35:34,590 --> 00:35:39,910
zero. It is weak form. So it is not necessarily

358
00:35:39,910 --> 00:35:45,650
every single word stressed. Okay? Today I want to

359
00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:49,670
explain the sound system of English. Today I want

360
00:35:49,670 --> 00:35:52,670
to explain the stress system of English. of

361
00:35:52,670 --> 00:35:58,470
English. I don't say today I want to explain the

362
00:35:58,470 --> 00:36:04,010
sound system of English. This is Arabic. Cannot be

363
00:36:04,010 --> 00:36:06,610
understood by native speakers. This is heavy

364
00:36:06,610 --> 00:36:09,850
accent. Today I want to explain the sound system

365
00:36:09,850 --> 00:36:10,390
of English.

366
00:36:14,070 --> 00:36:18,850
Okay? So this means that we have weak forms and

367
00:36:18,850 --> 00:36:24,700
strong forms. The strong forms and the phrase are

368
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:28,740
stressed. They represent words which are stressed.

369
00:36:29,680 --> 00:36:32,680
Okay? We have also what's called a stress shift.

370
00:36:34,420 --> 00:36:39,780
The stress in isolation, in words, differs from

371
00:36:39,780 --> 00:36:43,840
the stress in a sentence. So, for example, we have

372
00:36:43,840 --> 00:36:50,860
princess. Princess. Where's the stress? In the

373
00:36:50,860 --> 00:36:55,630
second syllable. Now, Princess Diana. Princess

374
00:36:55,630 --> 00:37:03,490
Diana. The stress moves to the beginning. So, this

375
00:37:03,490 --> 00:37:06,290
means that the stress does not locate in a certain

376
00:37:06,290 --> 00:37:10,650
position even on the same word. It depends on

377
00:37:10,650 --> 00:37:17,550
utterance. So, connected utterance Speaking

378
00:37:17,550 --> 00:37:20,590
English in connected utterance is different from

379
00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,790
pronouncing words in isolation. The position of

380
00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:26,010
stress differs.

381
00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:38,490
So,

382
00:37:54,030 --> 00:38:00,130
Now, you hear now two sentences read slowly and

383
00:38:00,130 --> 00:38:03,510
deliberately as if they were said in presentation.

384
00:38:05,310 --> 00:38:10,650
The noisy cars being parked in the garage.

385
00:38:13,270 --> 00:38:16,850
Many people often read the business section of the

386
00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:17,350
newspaper.

387
00:38:22,310 --> 00:38:27,030
This is in slow tune. But we can read them

388
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:29,470
differently.

389
00:38:31,810 --> 00:38:34,730
The noisy cars being parked in the garage.

390
00:38:39,050 --> 00:38:46,890
The noisy cars being parked in the garage. So, we

391
00:38:46,890 --> 00:38:50,740
have The stress, the first stress is the final

392
00:38:50,740 --> 00:38:55,100
syllable of a word. This gives exclamation. Okay?

393
00:38:59,860 --> 00:39:02,900
Many people often read the business section of the

394
00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:09,580
newspaper. The newspaper. Just the business

395
00:39:09,580 --> 00:39:14,100
section is read. Okay? So the focus is on one

396
00:39:14,100 --> 00:39:14,460
word.

397
00:39:20,980 --> 00:39:29,820
Now we have some

398
00:39:29,820 --> 00:39:35,280
affixes, I mean prefixes, also fixes that control

399
00:39:35,280 --> 00:39:41,620
the position of stress in the sentence. It seems

400
00:39:41,620 --> 00:39:47,180
that we are out of time now. I leave these

401
00:39:47,180 --> 00:39:54,210
PowerPoints on my page And this includes the films

402
00:39:54,210 --> 00:39:57,250
about stress which you have already heard. So,

403
00:39:57,330 --> 00:40:01,810
you'll see the whole lecture in my webpage. Okay?

404
00:40:02,590 --> 00:40:05,010
Next time, we are going to continue with the

405
00:40:05,010 --> 00:40:09,190
stress system in both English and Arabic as well.

406
00:40:11,730 --> 00:40:12,590
Thank you.